:^^^. kV '^ .^■^ ''^. "o \ 4' v^: <> ■% /,- oo' <, -> ■^^' v^„ .A' .^"^ ^. ' NGN MINVS VIRTUTE Sul, QUAM GENKRIS SPLENDORS ILLVSTRISSIMO, GEORGIO BERKLEIO, MILIT7 DE BALNEO, BAHONI DE BERKLEY, MOUBREY, SEGRAVE, D. DE BRUSE, DOMINO SUO MULTIS NOMINIBUS OBSERVANDO, HANC SUHM MELANCHOLIA ANATOMEN, JAM SEXTO REVISAM, D. D. DEMOCRITUS JUNIOR. riv) ADVERTISEMENT TO THE LAST LONDON EDITION. The work now restored to public notice has had an extraordinary fate. At the time of its original publication it obtained a great celebrity, which continued more than half a century. During that period few books were more read, or more de- servedly applauded. It was th" delight of the learned, the solace of the indolent, and the refuge of the uninformed. It passed through at least eight editions, by which the bookseller, as Wood records, got an estate ; and, notwithstanding the objection sometimes opposed against it, of a quaint style, and too great an accumulation of authorities, the fascination of its wit, fancy, and sterling sense, have borne down all censures, and extorted praise from the first writers in the Englisli language. The grave Johnson has praised it in the warmest terms, and the ludicrous Sterne has interwoven many parts of it into his own popular performance. Milton did not dis- dain to build two of his finest poems on it ; and a host of inferior writers have em bellished their works with beauties not their own, culled from a performance which they had not the justice even to mention. Change of times, ana the frivolity of fashion, suspended, in some degree, that fame which had lasted near a century ; and the succeeding generation afiected indifference towards an author, who at length was only looked into by the plunderers of literature, the poachers in obscure volumes. The plagiaiisms of Tristram Shandy, so successfully brought to light by Dr. Fer- RiAR, at length drew the attention of the public towards a writer, who, though then little knowii, might, without impeachment of modesty, lay claim to every mark of respect; and inquiry proved, beyond a doubt, that the rails of justice had been little attended to by others, as well as the facetious Yorick. Wood observed, more thar, a century ago, that several authors had unmercifully stolen matter from Burton without any acknowledgment. The time, however, at ien«jth arrived, when ihe merits of the Jinatomy of Melancholy were to receive their due praise. The book was again sought for and read, and again it became an applauded performance. Its excellencies once more stood confessed, in the increased price which every copy offered for sale produced ; and the increased demand pointed out the necessity of a new edition. This is now presented to the public in a manner not disgraceful to the memory of the author ; and the publisher relies with confidence, that so valuable a lepository of amusement and information will continue to hold the rank to which it has been restored, firmly supported by its own merit, and safe from the influence and blight of any future caprices of fashion. To open its valuable mysteries to those who have not had the advantage of a classical education, translations of the countless quotations from ancient writers which occur in the work, are now for the first time given, and obsolete orthography is in all instances modernized. (V) ACCOUNT OF THE AUTHOR. JloBERT Burton was the son of Ralph Burton, of an ancient and genteel Umily at Lindley, in Leicestershire, and was born there on the 8th of Februarv 1576.* He received the first rudiments of learning at the free school of Sutton Coldfield, in Warwickshire,t from whence he was, at the age of seventeen, in the .ong vacation, l/>93, sent to Brazen Nose College, in the condition of a com- moner, where he made considerable progress in logic and philosophy. In I )9t) ne was elected student of Christ Church, and, for form's sake, was put under the ttiition of Dr. John Bancroft, afterwards Bishop of Oxford. In 1614 he wafl admitted to the reading of the Sentences, and on the 29th of November, 1616, had the vicarage of St. Thomas, in the west suburb of Oxford, conferred on him by the dean and canons of Christ Church, which, with the rectory of Segrave, ir Leicestershire, given to him in the year 1636, by George, Lord Berkeley, he kept to use the words of the Oxford antiquary, with much ado to his dying day. 1I< seems to have been first beneficed at Walsby, in Lincolnshire, through the muni ficence of his noble patroness, Frances, Countess Dowager of Exeter, but resigned the same, as he tells us, for some special reasons. At his vicarage he is remarked to have always given the sacrament in wafers. Wood's character of him is, that ' he was an exact mathematician, a curious calculator of nativities, a general read scholar, a thorough-paced philologist, and one that understood the surveying of lands well. As he was by many accounted a severe student, a devourer of authors, a melancholy and humorous person ; so by others, who knew him well, a person of great honesty, plain dealing and charity. I have heard some of the ancients of Christ Church often say, that his company was very merry, facete, and juvenile; * His elder brother was William Burton, the Leicestershire antiquary, born 24th August, I.'iT.'J, eilucated at Sutton Coldfield, admitted commoner, or jrentleman commoner, of Brazen Nose College, f59] ; at the Innft Temple, 20lh May, 1593; B. A. 2-2d June, 1594 ; and afterwards a barrister and. reporter in the Court of Cotninoii Pleas. "But his natural genius," says Wood, "leading him to the studies of heraldry, genealogies, and anti- quities, he became excellent in those obscure and intricate matters; and look upon him as a gentleman, was accounted, by all that knew him, to be the best of his time for those studies, as may appear by his ' Oescription of Leicestershire.'" His weak constitution not permitting him to follow business, he retired into the country. and his greatest work, " The Description of Leicestershire," was published in folio, 1622. He died at FaUle. »fler suffering much in the civil war, 6th April, 1645, and was buried in the parish church belonging th^■reto. called Hanbury. 1 Th'.s is Wood's account. His will says, Nuneaton; but a passage in this work fsee fol. 304 \ mention* Sutton ')o -I.ield : piobablv he may have been at both schools. A /w vi Account of the Author and no man in his lime did surpass him for his ready and dexterous interlarding his common discourses among them with verses from the poets, or sentences from classic auth')rs; which being then ail the fashion in the University, made Ins compai; y the more acceptable." He appears to have been a universal reader of all kinds of books, and availed himself of his multifarious studies in a very extra- ordinary manner. From the information of Hearne, we learn that John Rouse, the Bodleian librarian, furnished him with choice books for the prosecution of his work. The subject of his labour and amusement, seems to have been adopted from the infirmities of his own habit and constitution. Mr. Granger says, " He composed this book with a view of relieving his own melancholy, but increased it' to such a degree, that nothing could make him laugh, but going to the bridge-foot and hearing the ribaldry of the bargemen, which rarely failed to throw him into a violent fit of laughter. Before he was overcome with this horrid disorder, he, ir the intervals of his vapours, was esteemed one of the most facetious companions ir the University." His residence was chiefly at Oxford ; where, in his chamber in Christ Churcl College, he departed this life, at or very near the time which he had some years before foretold, from the calculation of his own nativity, and which, says Wood, " being exact, several of the students did not forbear to whisper among themselves, that rather than there should be a mistake in the calculation, he sent up his soul to heaven through a slip about his neck." Whether this suggestion is founded m truth, we have no other evidence than an obscure hint in the epitaph hei'eafter inserted, which was written by the author himself, a short time before his death. His body, with due solemnity, was buried near that of Dr. Robert Weston, m the north aisle which joins next to the choir of the cathedral of Christ Church, on the 27th of January 1639-40. Over his grave was soon after erected a comely monu- nrient, on the upper pillar of the said aisle, with his bust, painted to the life. On the right hand is the following calculation of his nativity : 1 discount of the Author. ^^i and under the bust, this inscription of his own composition : — Paucis notus, paucioribus ignotus, Hie jacet Democritus junior Cui vitatn dodit et mortem Melancholia Ob. 8 Id. Jan. A. C. mdcxxxix. *rms- — Azure on a bend O. between three dogs' heads O. a crescent G. A few months before his death, he made his will, of which the following is a copy: Extracted from the Registry of the Prerogative Court of Canterbuht. In nomine Dei Amen. August 15th One thousand six hundred thirty nine because there be so many casualties to which our life is subject besides quarrelling and contention which happen to our Successors after our Death by reason of unsettled Estates I Robert Burton Student of Christ- church Oxon. though my means be but small have thought good by this my last Will and Testa- ment to dispose of that little which I have and being at this present I thank God in perfect health of Bodie and Mind and if this Testament be not so formal according to the nice and strict terms T)f Law and other Circumstances peradventure required of which I am ignorant I desire howsoever this my Will may be accepted and stand good according to my true Intent and meaning First I bequeath Animam Deo Corpus Terrae whensoever it shall please God to call me I give my Land in Higham which my good Father Ralphe Burton of Lindly in the County of Leicester Esquire gave me by Deed of Gift and. that which I have annexed to that Farm by purchase since, now leased for thirty eight pounds per Ann. to mine Elder Brother William Burton of Lindly Esquire during his life and after him to his Reirs I make my said Brother William likewise mine Executor as well as paying such Annuities and Legacies out of my Lands and Goods as are hereafter specified I give to my nephew Cassibilan Burton twenty pounds Annuity per Ann. out of my Land in Higham during his life to be paid at two equall payments at our Lady Day in Lent and Michaelmas or if he be not paid within fourteen Days after the said Feasts to distrain on any part of the Ground or on any of my Lands of Inheritance Item I give to my Sister Katherine Jackson during her life eight pounds per Ann. Annuity to be paid at the two Feasts equally as above said or else to distrain on the Ground if she be not paid after fourteen days at Lindly as the other some is out of the said Land Item I give to my Servant John Upton the Annuity of Forty Shillings out of my said Farme during his life (if till then my Servant) to be paid on Michaelmas day in Lind- ley each year or else after fourteen days to distrain Now for my goods I thus dispose them First I give an Cth pounds to Christ Church in Oxford where I have so long lived to buy five pounds Lands per Ann. to be Yearly bestowed on Books for the Library Item I give an hundredth pound to the University Library of Oxford to be bestowed to purchase five piound Land per Ann. to be paid out Yearly on Books as Mrs. Brooks formerly gave an hundred pounds to buy Land to the same purpose and the Rent to the same use I give to my Brother George Burton twenty pounds and my watch I give to my Brother Ralph Burton five pounds Item I give to the Parish of Sea. grave in Leicestershire where I am now Rector ten pounds to be given to a certain Feoffees to the perpetual good of the said Parish Oxon* Item I give to my Niece Eugenia Burton One hundredth pounds Item I give to my Nephew Richard Burton now Prisoner in London an hundredth pound to redeem him Item I give to the Poor of Higham Forty Shillings where my Land is to the poor of Nuneaton where I was once a Grammar Scholar three pound to my Cousin Purfey of Wadlake [Wadley] my Cousin Purfey of Calcott my Cousin Hales of Coventry my Nephew Bradshaw of Orton twenty shillings a piece for a small remembrance to Mr. Whitehall Rector of Cherkby rnyne own Chamber Fellow twenty shillings I desire my Brother George and my^Cosen Purfey of Cal- cott to be the Overseers of this part of my Will I give moreover five pounds to make a small Monument for my Mother where she is buried in London to my Brother Jackson forty shillings to mv Servant John Upton forty shillings besides his former Annuity if he be my Servant till I die ifhe be till then my Servantf—ROBERT BURTON— Charles Russell Witness — John Peppe» Witness. • So in the Register tSo in the Register. viii „lccount of the Author. An Apjiendix v.i this my Will if I die in Oxford or whilst I am of Christ Chu "h tmi with good Mr. f aynes August the Fifteenth 1639. I give to Mr. Doctor Fell Dean of Christ Church Forty Shillings to the Eight Cauoi t t sf^Wy Shillings a piece as a small remembrance to the poor of St. Thomas Parish 'J'wenly Shii.«ngi ti;«. CWhen I go musing all alone Thinking of divers things fore-known. When I build castles in the air, Void of sorrow and void of fear, Pleasing myself with phantasms sweet, Methinks the time runs very fleet. All my joys to this are folly. Naught so sweet as melancholy. When I lie waking all alone. Recounting what I have ill done, My thoughts on me then tyrannise, Fear and sorrow me surprise, Whether I tarry still or go, Methinks the time moves very slow. All my griefs to this are jolly. Naught so mad as melancholy. When to myself I act and smile. With pleasing thoughts the time beguile. By a brook side or wood so green, Unheard, unsought for, or unseen, A thousand pleasures do me bless. And crown my soul with happiness. All my joys besides are folly, None so sweet as melancholy. When I lie, sit, or walk alone, I sigh, I grieve, making great mone. In a dark grove, or irksome den, With discontents and. Furies then, A thousand miseries at once Mine heavy heart and soul ensonce. All my griefs to this are jolly, None so sour as melancholy. Methinks I hear, methinks I see, Sweet music, wondrous melody, Tqiwns, palaces, and cities fine; Here now, then there ; the world is mine. Rare beauties, gallant ladies shine, Whate'er is lovely or divine. All other joys to this are folly. None so sweet as melancholy. Methinks I hear, methinks I see Ghosts, goblins, fiends ; my phantasy Presents a thousand ugly shapes, [leadless bears, black men, and apes. Doleful outcries, and fearful sights, My sad and dismal soul aflrights. All my griefs to this are jolly. None 30 damn'd as melancholy. Methinks I court, methinks I kiss, Methinks I now embrace my mistress. blessed days, O sweet content. In Paradise my time is spent. Such thoughts may still my fancy move; So may I ever be in love. All my joys to this are folly. Naught so sweet as melancholy. When I recount love's many frights. My sighs and tears, my waking nights, My jealous fits ; O mine hard fate 1 now repent, but 'tis too late. No torment is so bad as love. So bitter to my soul can prove. All my griefs to this are jolly, Naught so harsh as melancholy. Friends and companions get you gone. 'Tis my desire to be alone ; Ne'er well but when my thoughts and 1 Do domineer in privacy. No Gem, no treasure like to this, 'Tis my delight, my crown, my bliss. All my joys to this are folly. Naught so sweet as melancholy. 'Tis my sole plague to be alone, I am a beast, a monster grown, I will no light nor company, I find it now my misery. The scene is turn'd, my joys are gone. Fear, discontent, and sorrows come. All my griefs to this are jolly. Naught so fierce as melancholy. I'll not change life with any king, I ravisht am: can the world bring More joy, than still to laugh and smile, In pleasant toys time to beguile ? Do not, O do not trouble me. So sweet content I feel and see. All my joys to this are folly. None so divine as melancholy. I'll change my state with any wretch, Thou canst from gaol or dunghill fetch • My pain's past cure, another hell, I may not in this torment dwell ! Now desperate I hate my life, ^end me a halter or a knife ; All my griefs to this are jolly. Naught so damn'd as melancholy. (IS) DEMOCRITUS JUNIOR TO THE READER. (^ ENTLE reader. I presume thou wilt be very inquisitive to know what antic or 1 personate actor this is, that so insolently intrudes upon this common theatre, to the world's view, arrogating another man's name; whence he is, why he doth it, and what he hath to say; altliough, as 'he said, Primum si noluero, non rcspondebo^ quis coact.unis est? I am a free man born, and may choose whether I will tell; who can compel me? If I be urged, 1 will as readily reply as that Egyptian in ^Plutarch, when a curious fellow would needs know what he had in his basket, Quum vides velatam, quid inquiris in rem abscondlfam? It was therefore covered, because he should not know what was in it. Seek not after that which is hid; if the contents please thee, ^and be for thy use, suppose the Man in the Moon, or whom thou wilt to be the Author;" 1 would not willingly be known. Yet in some sort to give thee satisfac- tion, which is more than I need, 1 will show a reason, both of tliis usurped name, title, and subject. And first of the name of Democritus; lest any man, by reason of it, should be deceived, expecting a pasquil, a satire, some ridiculous treatise (as I myself should have done), some prodigious tenet, or paradox of the earth's motion, of infinite worlds, in infinito vacuo, ex fortuita atomorum collisione, in an infinite waste, so caused by an accidental collision of motes in the sun, all which Democritus held, Epicurus and their master Lucippus of old maintained, and are lately revived by Copernicus, Brunus, and some others. Besides, it hath been always an ordinary custom, as ^Gellius observes, "for later writers and impostors, to broach many absurd and insolent fictions, under the name of so noble a philosopher as Democritus, to get themselves credit, and by that means the more to be respected," as artificers usually do, JYovo qui marmori ascrihunt Praxatilem suo. 'Tis not so with me. * Non liic Centaurus, non Gorgonas, Harpyasque I No Centaurs here, or Gorgons look to find, Inveniea, hominem pagina no.stra sapit. | My subject is of man and human kind. Thou thyself art the subject of my discourse. " Quicquid agunt homines, votum, timor, ira, voluptas, I Whate'er men do, vows, fears, in ire, in sport, Gaudia, discursus, nostri farrago libelli. | Joys, wand'rings, are the sum of my report. My intent is no otherwise to use his name, than Mercurius Gallobelgicus, Mercu- rius Britannicus, use the name of Mercury, 'Democritus Christianus, &c.; although there be some other circumstances for which I have masked myself under this vizard, and some peculiar respect which I cannot so well express, until I have set down a brief character of this our Democritus, what he was, with an Epitome of his life. \pemocritus, as he is described by * Hippocrates and ^Laertius, was a little wearish old man, very melancholy by nature, averse from company in his latter days,'" and much given to solitariness, a famous philosopher in his ;age, ^^co(zvus with Socrates, wholly addicted to his studies at the last, and to a private life : wrote many excellent works, a great divine, according to the divinity of those times, an expert physician, a politician, an excellent mathematician, as '^Diacosmus and the rest of his works do witness. He was much delighted with the studies of husbandry, saith '* Columella, and often I find him cited by '^ Constantinus and others treating of that subject. He knew the natures, differences of all beasts, plants, fishes, birds ; and, as some say, could '" understand the tunes and voices of them. In a word, he was omnifariam doctus, a general scholar, a great student ; and to the intent he might better contem- ! Seneca in ludo in mortem Claudii Ciesaris. 8 iijp. Epist. Dameget. 9 Laert. lib 9. '" Hor- ' L'b. de Curiositate. s Mod6 hsc tibi usui sint, tulo sibi celtulam seligens, ibique seipsnm includens, quemvis auotorem fingito. Wecker. ^ Lib. 10, c. vixit solitarius. " Floruit Olympiade HO; 700 annis 12 Multa a male feriatis in Democriti nomine com- poslTroiam. " Diacos. quod cunctisoperibus facil* aienta data, nobilitatis, acictoriiaiisque ejus perfugio j excellit. La«!rt. " Col. lib. 1. c 1. '^ Const, lib. iitcntibus. 6 Martialis, lib. 10, epigr. 14. e Juv. de agric. passim. '» Volucrnm voces el lingual *M. 1 ' Auth. Pet. Besseo edit. Colonie, U'6. | intelligere se dicit Abderitans Ep. Hip 16 Democruus to the Reader. f>late, '" I find it related by some, that he put out liis eyes, and was in his old ag** voluntarily blind, yet saw more than all Greece besides, and "writ of every subject, .Vt/u7 in tota opificio naturce., de quo mm scripsit.^^ A man of an excellent wit, pro- found conceit^ and to attain knowledge tlie better in his younger years, he travelled to Egypt and '"Atiiens, to confer with learned men, -""admired of some, despised of others." After a wandering life, he settled at Abdera, a town in Thrace, and was sent for thither to be their law-maker, Recorder, or town-clerk, as some will ; or as others, he was there bred and born. Howsoever it was, there he lived at last in a garden in the suburbs, wholly betaking liimself to his studies and a private life, iti' saving that sometimes he would walk down to the haven, ^^and laugh heartily at \such variety of ridiculous objects, which there he saw." Such a one was Democritus. But in the mean tiiue, how doth tliis concern me, or upon what reference do I usurp liis habit } I confess, indeed, that to compare myself unto him for aught 1 have yet said, were botli impudency and arrogancy. I do not presume to make any parallel, Antistaf mihi milllhus trccentis., ^parvus sum, nuUiis sum, altum nee spiro, nee spero. Yet thus much I will say of myself, and tliat I hope without all suspi- cion of pride, or self-conceit, I have lived a silent, sedentary, solitary, private life,' mihi et musis in the University, as long almost as Xenocrates in Athens, ad senecfam fere to learn wisdom as he did, penned up most part in my study. For I have been brought up a student in the most liourisliing college of Europe,'^^ augustisshno collegio, and can brag with ^^Jovius, almost, in ed luce domicilii Vacicani, tofius orbis cele- herrimi, per 37 annos multa opportunaque didici;'''' for thirty years I have continued (having the use of as good ^^ libraries as ever he had) a scholar, and would be there- fore lotli, either by living as a drone, to be an unprofitable or unworthy member of so learned and noble a society, or to write that which should be any way dishonour- able to such a royal and ample foundation. Something I have done, though by my profession a divine, yet turbine rapfus ingenii, as '^'he said, out of a running wit, an unconstant, unsettled mind, I had a great desire (not able tp attain to a superficial skill in any) to have some smattering in all, to be aliquis in omnibus, nullus in sin- guUs,'^'^ which ^^ Plato commends, out of him ^''Lipsius approves and furthers, "as fit to be imprinted in all curious wits, not to be a slave of one science, or dwell alto- gether in one subject, as most do, but to rove abroad, centum puer artium, to have an oar in every man's boat, to "' taste of every dish, and sip of every cup," which, saith ^^ Montaigne, was well performed by Aristotle, and his learned countryman Adrian Turnebus. This roving humour (though not with like success) I have ever had, and like a ranging spaniel, that barks at every bird he sees, leaving his game, I have followed all, saving that which I should, and may justly complain, and truly, qui uhique est, nusqucan est,^^ whicli ^'Gesner did in modesty, that I have read many books, but to little purpose, for want of good method •, I have confusedly tumbled over divers authors in our libraries, with small profit, for want of art, order, memory, judgment. I never travelled but in map or card, in which my unconfined thoughts have freely expatiated, as having ever been especially delighted with the study of Cosmography. *^ Saturn was lord of my geniture, culminating, &c,, and Mars prin- cipal signifioator of manners, in partile conjunction with my ascendant; both fortunate in their houses, &c. I am not poor, I am not rich ; nihil est, nihil deest, I have little, I want nothing : all my treasure is in Minerva's tower. Greater preferment as I could never get, so am I not in debt for it, I have a competence [laus Deo) from my noble and munificent patrons, though 1 live still a collegiate student, as Democritus in his garden, and lea-d a monastic life, ipse mihi theatrum, sequestered from those tu- mults and troubles of the world, Et tanquam in specula positus, f^as he said) in some '« Sabelliciisexempl, lih. 10. Oculis se privavit, ut me- Hist. '^Keeper of our college library, lately re- ilii.. coiuemplationi operam daret, siiblinii vir ingeiiio, vived by Ollio Nicolson, Esquire. *' Scaliger. profundae cogitationis, &c. " Natiiralia, moralia, ^ Somebody in everything, nobody in each thing, mathematica, liberales disciplinas, artiunique om- 29 in Theat. so phil. Stoic, li. diff. 8. Dogma cu- niiim periliam callebat. '" Nolhini; in nature's pidis et curiosis ingenii.s imprimendum, ut sit talis qui p;iwer to contrive of which he has not written, nulli rei servial, ant exacte ununi aliquid elaboret, alia >' Veni Athcnas, et nemo me novit. '^'> Idem con- nepliaens, ul artifices, &c. si Delibare gralum de temptui et aiimi.'-ationi habitus. '" T^olebal ad qnocnnque cibo, et pittisare de quocunque dolio ju- portam amhulare. et inde, &(;. Hip, Fp Dameg. cundnm. ' Fssays, lib. 3. ■'•< lie thai ia • I'eruptuori.su pulmonem agitare soleb:it Democritiis. everywhere is nowhere. '< Priefat. hililioihef. J» V. Sal. 7. - Nofi sum diL-nus praistare matePa. =* Amtx) fortes et forlunati. Mars idem magisterii do- Mi rl '■'< Christ Church ill (J vford. - I'refat. minus Juztu primani Leoviiii reguiam. <" Hensiu* Democrifus to the Header. 17 high place above you all, like Stoicus Sapiens, omnia scecula., prccterita presentidquc vidciis, uno velut intuitu., I hear and see what is done abroad, how others ^'run, ride, turmoil, and macerate themselves in court and country, far from those wrangling lawsuits, aulcB vanitatem., fori ambitionem., ridere mecum. soleo : I laugh at all, ''^onlj secure, lest my suit go amiss, my ships perish, corn and cattle miscarry, trade decay, I have no wife nor cliildren good or bad to provide for. (A mere spectator of other men's fortunes and adventures, and how they act their parts, which methinks are diversely presented unto me, as from a common theatre or scene. I hear new news e\'ery day, and those ordinary rumours of war, plagues, fires, inundations, thefts, murders, massacres, meteors, comets, speclrums, prodigies, apparitions, of towns taken, cities besieged in France, Germany, Turkey, Persia, Poland, &.c., daily musters and preparations, and such like, which these tempestuous times atlbrd, battles fought, «»o many men slain, raonomachies. shipwrecks, piracies and sea-fights ; peace, leagues, (Stratagems, and fresh alarms. A vast confusion of vows, wishes, actions, edicts, oetitions, lawsuits, pleas, laws, proclamations, complaints, grievances are daily brouglit to our ears. New books every day, pamphlets, currantoes, stories, whole catalogues of volumes of all sorts, new paradoxes, opinions, schisms, heresies, con- troversies in philosophy, religion, &c. Now come tidings of weddings, maskings, mummeries, entertainments, jubilees, embassies, tilts and tournaments, ^trophies, triumphs, revels, sports, plays : then again, as in a new shifted scene, treasons, cheating tricks, robberies, enormous villanies in all kinds, funerals, burials, deaths of princes, new discoveries, expeditions, now comical, then tragical matters. To-day we hear of new lords and officers created, to-morrow of some great men deposed, and then again of fresh honours conferred ; one is let loose, another imprisoned ; jne purchaseth, another breaketh : he thrives, his neighbour turns bankrupt ; now plenty, then again dearth and famine ; one runs, another rides, wrangles, laughs, weeps, &.C. Thus I daily hear, and such like, both private and public news, amidst the gallantry and misery of the world ; jollity, pride, perplexities and cares, simplicity and villany ; subtlety, knavery, candour and integrity, mutually mixed and offering tliemselves ; I lub on privus privatus ; as I have still lived, so I now continue, statu quo priusy left to a solitary life, and mine own domestic discontents : saving that sometimes, ne quid vientiarj as Diogenes went into the city, and Democritus to the haven to see fashions, I did for my recreation now and then walk abroad, look into the world, and could not choose but make some little observation, nan tarn sagax observator., ac simplex recitaior^^ not as they did, to scoff or laugh at all, but with a mixed passion. ■"o Bilem saspd, jociim vestri mov^re tumnltus. Ye wretched mimics, ujioso fond heats have been. How oft! the objects of my luirtli and spleen. I did somethne laugh and scoff with Lucian, and satirically tax with Menippus, lament with Heraclitus, sometimes again I was ^^petulanti splene chachinno, and then Mgain, ^^urere bilis jecur, I was much moved to see that abuse which I could not mend. In which passion howsoever I may sympathize with him or them, 'tis for losuch respect 1 shroud myself under his name; but either in an unknown habit i» assume a little more liberty and freedom of speech, or if you will needs know, for that reason and only respect which Hippocrates relates at large in his Epistle to Damegetus, w^herein he doth express, how coming to visit him one day, he found j^ Democritus in his garden at Abdera, in the suburbs, ''hmder a shady bower, '"with •la book on his knees, busy at his study, sometimes writing, sometimes walking. The subject of his book was melancholy and madness; about him lay the carf'ases of many several beasts, newly by iiim cut up and anatomised ; not that he did con- temn God's creatures, as he told Hippocrates, but to find out tlie seat of this atra ^iUs^ or melancholy, whence it proceeds, and how it was engendered in men's bodies, to the intent he might better cure it in himself, and by his wiitings and observation s'Calideamhientes, policilelitigantes, aut misere ex- i " flor. lib. 1, sat. 9. <= Secundum mcenia locus erat cidenies, voces, .stiepitum conieiilionef=,&c. ^^ Cyp. i frondnsis populis opacus, vitibusque sponle natis, ad Jonat. Unice seciiriis, ne excidani in foro, aiit in j tenuis? prope aqua defluebal, placide murmurans, ubi man Indico bonis eli-a, de dote lilis. patrimonio filii sedile et donius Uemocriti conspiciebatiir. ■»•• Ipse nor. sum siilicilu.s. aj Noi so sagacious an ob- composite considebat, siipe. fienua volumen haben«, '^'^ on''^ '''nip'c a narrate, ■'■' Hor. Ep. lib. 1. et utrinqiie alia patentia parata, dissectaque animaiis '«.,20. *' Per. Alaughter witha >otulantspleen. ' cumulatini mrata, quorum viscera rimabatur. 3 b2 18 Democrifus to the ReaaeT. * teach others how to prevent and avoid it. Which good intent of his, Hippocidiea highly commended : Democritus Junior is therefore bold to imitate, and because ht left it imperfect, and it is now lost, quasi mcccnturiator Democrili, to revive again, prosecute, and fnush in this treatise. You have had a reason of the name. If the title and inscription offend your gravity, were it a sufficient justification to accuse others, I could produce many sober treatises, even sermons themselves, which in their fronts carry more fantastical names. (Howsoever, it is a kind of policy in these days, to prefix a fantastical title lo a book which is to be sold ; for, as larks come down to a day-net, many vain readers will tarry and stand gazing like silly passengers at an antic picture in a painter's shop, that will not look at a judicious piece. And, indeed, as ''^Scaliger observes, " nothing more invites a reader than an argument unlocked for, unthought of, and sells better than a scurrile pamphlet," twn maxime cum novitas excUat *' pa- latum. " Many men," saith Gellius, ^ are very conceited in their inscriptions," " and able (as ''*' Pliny quotes out of Seneca) to make him loiter by the way that went in haste to fetch a midwife for his daughter, now ready to lie down." For my part. I have honourable ^^ precedents for this which I have done : I will cite one for all. Anthony Zara, Pap. Epis., his Anatomy of Wit, in four sections, members, subsec- tions, &c., to be read in our libraries. If any man except against the matter or manner of treating of this my subject, and will demand a reason of it, I can allege more than one ; I Avrite of melanclioly, by being busy to avoid melancholy. There is no greater cause of melancholy than idleness, "no better cure than business," as ^"Rhasis holds : and howbeit, stultus labor est ineptiarum, to be busy in toys is to small purpose, yet hear that divine Seneca, aliud agcre quum luhil., better do to no end, than nothing. I wrote therefore, and busied myself in tliis playing labour, o/iosa^ ; diligenlld ut vitarem torporem fer'umdi with Vectius in Macrobius, atq ; otium in utile verterem negotium. SI Simul et jucunda et idonea dicere vitiB, Lectorem deloctando simiil alque iiionendo. Poets would profit or delight mankin-i. And with the pleasing have th' insvructive joined. v Profit and pleasure, then, to mix with art, T' inform the judgment, nor offend the heart, Shall gain all votes. To this end I write, like them, saith Lucian, that "recite to trees, and declaim to pillars for want of auditors : " as " Paulus .^Egineta ingenuously confesseth, " not that anything was unknown or omitted, but to exercise myself," which course if some took, I think it would be good for their bodies, and much better for their souls ; oi peradventure as others do, for fame, to show myself ( Scire tuum nihil es/, nisi te scire hoc sciat alter). I might be of Thucydides' opinion, ^^"to know a thing and not to express it, is all one as if he knew it not." When I first took this task in hand, et quod ait ^ille^ impellente genio negotium susccpi, this I aimed at; ^'"vel ul lenirem animum scribendo^ to ease my mind by writing ; for I had gravidum cor, foelum caput.) a kind of imposthume in my head, which I was very desirous to be unladen of, and could imagine no fitter evacuation than this. Besides, I might not well refrain, for ubi dolor., ibi digitus, one must needs scratch where it itches. I was not a little offended with this malady, shall I say my mistress "melancholy," my .^geria, or my malus genius ? and for that cause, as he that is stung with a scorpion, I would expel clavum clavo, ^^ comfort one sorrow with another, idleness with idle- ness, ut ex viperd Theriacum, make an antidote out of that which was the prime cause of my disease. Or as he did, of whom "Felix Plater speaks, that thought he had some of Aristophanes' frogs in his belly, still crying Breec, ckex, coax, coax, oop, oop, and for that cause studied physic seven years, and travelled over most part *> Cum mundus extra se sit, et mente captus sit, et 1 Antimony, &c. ^ocont. 1. 4. c. 9. Non est nesciat se languere, ut medelani adhibeat. *'^ Sea- cura m«lior qn&m labor. s' Hor. De Arte Poset. liger, Ep. ad I'atisonem. Nihil magis lectorem invitat ^a jV(,n quod di- novo quid addere, aut 4 veteribus prae- quam in opinatumargumentum, neque vendibilior merx lermissum, sed propri=e exercitationiscausa. "' Qui est quirn petulans liber. " Lib. xx. c. 11. Miras ! novit, neque id quod senlit exprlmil, perirde est ac si (equuntur inseriptionum festivilates. "i" PrEefat. [ ne?citet. '< Jovius Pripf. Hist. '-Erasmus. Nat Ilist. Patri obstetriceni parturicnii filijeaocersenti j ^ )tiumotio dolorem dolore sum pvlatus. ^' Ob- noram injicere possiint. ** Anatomy of Popery, sei vat. 1. 1. Inatomy uf immorlality, Angelus salas. Anatomy of Democritus to the Reader. 19 oi Europe to ease himself. To do myself good I turned over such physicians as our libraries would afford, or my ^^ private friends iaspart, and have taken this jtains. And why not ? Cardan professeth he wrote his book, '^De Consolatione" after Jiis son's death, to comfort himself; so did Tally write of the same subject with like intent after his daughter's departure, if it be his at least, or some impostor's put out in his name, which Lipsius probably suspects. Concerning myself, 1 can peradven- ture atlirm with Marius in Sallust, ^^^ that which others hear or read of, I felt and practised myself; they get their knowledge by books, I mine by melancholising." Experto crede Roberto. Something I can speak out of experience, cerumnabilis expe- rientia me docuit ; and with her in the poet, ^°Haud ignara inali miseris succurrete disco; I would help others out of a fellow-feeling ; and, as that virtuous lady did of o).', "" being a leper herself, bestow all her portion to build an hospital for lepers," /I wdl spend my time and knowledge, which are my greatest fortunes, for the common ^good of all. Yea, but you will infer that this is ^"^ actum agere, an unnecessary work, cramben bis coctam apponnere., the same again and again in other words. To what purpose i "^^ Nothing is omitted that may well be said," so thought Lucian in the like theme. How many excellent physicians have written just volumes and elaborate tracts of this subject? No news here; that which I have is stolen from others, "i>ici/^Me mild mea pagina fur es. If that severe doom of ^''Synesius be true, " it is a greater offence to steal dead men's labours, than their clothes," what shall become of most writers ? I liold up my hand at the bar among others, and am guilty of felony in this kind, ha.bes conjifenlcm reum., I am content to be pressed with the rest. 'Tis most true, tenet insanabile multos scribendi cacoetJies, and ®®" 'there is no end of writing of books," as the Wise-man found of old. in this ^' scribbling age, especially wherein *^" the number of books is without number, (^as a worthy man saith,) presses be oppressed," and out of an itching humour that every man hath to show himself, "'desirous of fame and honour (^scribimus indocti doctique — • — ) he will write no matter what, and scrape together it boots not whence. '""Bewitched with this desire of fame, etiam mediis in morbis, to the disparagement of their health, and scarce able to hold a pen, they must say something, "'"and get themselves a name," saith Scaliger, " though it be to the downfall and ruin of many others." To be counted writers, scriptorcs ut salutentur., to be thought and held Polumathes and Polyhistors, apud imperitum vulgus ob ventosce nomen artis^ to get a paper-kingdom : mdla spe quoistus sed aviplu famcB., in this precipitate, ambitious age, nunc ut est scBculiun, inter immaturam eruditioncm., ambitiosum et prceceps ('tis ''^ Scaliger's cen- sure) ; and they that are scarce auditors, vix auditores, must be masters and teachefs before they be capable and fit hearers. They will rush into all learning, togatam armatam.) divine, human authors, rake over all indexes and pamphlets for notes, as our merchants do strange havens for traffic, write great tomes, Cum non sint re verc doctiores, sed loquaciores., whereas they are not thereby better scholars, but greater praters. They commonly pretend public good, but as "Gesner observes, 'tis pride and vanity that eggs them on ; no news or aught worthy of note, but the same in other terms. JYe feriarentur fortasse typographi., vel idea scribendum est aliquid ut se vixisse testentur. As apothecaries we make new mixtures every day, pour out of one vessel into another ; and as those old Romans robbed all the cities of the world, to set out their bad-sited Rome, we skim off tlie cream of other men's wits, oick the choice flowers of their tilled gardens to set out our own sterile plots. ^astrant alios ut li.bros suos per se graciles alieno adipe sujfarciant (so "Jovius iuveighs.) They lard their lean books with the fat of others' works. Ineruditi fures, &c. A fault that every writer finds, as I do now, and yet faulty themselves, »8 M. Joh. Rous, our Protobib. Oxon. M. Hopper, M. Guthridge, &c. ^a Qu^e illi audire et legere solent, «oruin partim vidi egomet, alia gessi, quae illi literis, ego militando didici, nunc vos existiinale facta an dicta pluris sint. '^I'Dido Virg. "Taught by that Power that pities me, I learn to pity them." •" Cam- den, Ipsa elephantiasi correpta elephantiasis hospicium construxit. "'-Iliada post Hoinerum. «3 Nihil pretermissum quod k quovis dici possit. 64 Mar- tialis. 65 Magis inipium mortuorum lucubrationes, qblUEi vcnes fura> « EccI ult. <' Libroi Eunuchi gignunt, steriles pariunt. '* D. King priefat. lect. Jonas, the late right reverend Lord It. of London. m Homines famelici gloriR ad osten- tationem eriiditionis undique congerunt. Buchananus. ™ Effacinati etiam laudis amore, &c. Justus Baronius. ''> Ex ruinisaliena* exist imationis sibigradum adfamam struunt. « Exercit.288. " Omnessibifamam quserunt et quovis modo in orbem spargi contendunt, uc novs alicujus rei habeantur auctores. PrKf. bibli. oth. 1* Praefat. hist. 20 Democritus to the Reader. "^ Trium Uterarum homines, dX\ thieves; they pilfer out of old writers to stuff up their new comments, scrape Emiius dung-hills, and out of '^Democritus' pit, as I hare Jone. By which means it comes to pass, "'•' that not only libraries and shops are lull of our putrid papers, but every close-stool and jakes, Scribunt carmina qua legunt cacantes ; they serve to put under pies, to "*lap spice in, and keep roast-meaf from burning. "With us in France." saith '" Scaliger, " every man hath liberty t' write, but few ability. ^"Heretofore learning was graced by judicious scholars, but now noble sciences are vilified by base and illiterate scribblers," that either write for vain-glory, need, to get money, or as Parasites to flatter and collogue with some great men, they put out ^' hurras, quisquUUisque ineptiasque. ^^ Amongst so many thousand authors you shall scarce find one, by reading of whom you shall be an} whit better, but rather much worse, quibus inficllur potius, qudm perJicUur, b)' which he is rather infected than any way perfected. -Qui talia legit, Quid diilicit tandem, quid scit nisi soinnia, nugasi So that oftentimes it falls out (which Callimachus taxed of old) a great book is a great mischief. ^'^ Cardan finds fault with Frenclimen and Germans, for their scrib- bling to no purpose, no7i inquit ah edendo detcrreo, modo novum aliquid inveniant, he doth not bar them to write, so that it be some new invention of their own ; but we weave the same web still, twist the same rope again and again ; or if it be a new invention, 'tis but some bauble or toy which idle fellows write, for as idle fellows to read, and who so cannot invent ? *^" He must have a barren wit, that in this scrib- bling age can forge nothing. *^ Princes show their armies, rich men vaunt their build- ings, soldiers their manhood, and scholars vent their toys ;" they must read, they must hear whether they will or no. w Et quodcunque semel cliartis iUeverit, omnes 1 ^^^, ^^^^ j^ ^^jj ^„j ^^^j^ g,, „g„ ^^^j ,^ Gestiet a furno redeiinteg scire lacuque, o,j ^^j^g^ ^^j children as they come and go. Et pueros et anus | " What a company of poets hath this year brought out," as Pliny complains to Sossius Sinesius. ^'^"•This April every day some or other have recited." What a catalogue of new books all this year, all this age (I say), have our Frankfort Marts, our domestic Marts brouglit out ? Twice a year, ^^" Proferunt se noim ingenia et ostentant, we stretch our wits out, and set them to sale, magno conatu nihil agimiis. So that which ^"Gesner "much desires, if a speedy reformation be not had, by some Prince's Edicts and grave Supervisors, to restrain this liberty, it will run on in infi- nitum. Quis tarn avidus llbrorum helluo, who can read them ? As already, we .shall have a vast Chaos and confusion of books, we are *' oppressed with them, ^'oui eyes ache with reading, our fingers with turning. For my part I am one of the number, nos numerus sumus, (we are mere cyphers) : I do not deny it, I have only this of Macrobius to say for myself, Omne mewn, nihil meum, 'tis all mine, and none mine. As a good housewife out of divers fleeces weaves one piece of cloth, a bee gathers wax and honey out of many flowers, and makes a new bundle of all, Flori- feris ut apes in saltibus omnia libant, I have laboriously ®^ collected this Cento out of divers writers, and that sine injuria, I have wronged no authors, but given every man his own ; which ^^Hierom so much commends in Nepotian ; he stole not whole verses, pages, tracts, as some do now-a-days, concealing their authors' names, but still said this was Cyprian's, that Lactantius, that Hilarius, so said Minutius Felix, so Victorinus, thus far Arnobiiift : I cite and quote mine authors (which, howsoever some illiterate scribblers account pedantical, as a cloak of ignorance, and opposite 'spiautus. '6 E Democriti puteo. "Non ' mense Aprili nullus fere dies quo non aliquis recitavit. lam refertE hibliother.iE quani cloaca;. '" Et quic- , !"• Idem. >» Principibus et docloribus deliberandum quid cariis aniicitur ineptis. ^'Epist. ad I'etas. i relinquo, ut arguantur auctoruni furta et milies repe- in regno Francia; omnibus scribendi dalur libertas, ! lita tollantur, et temere scribendi libido coerceatur, paucis facultas. >*Olim literie ob homines m aliter in infinitum prngressura. si Onerabuntur precio, nunc sordent ob homines. *" Ans. pac. I ingenia, nemo legendissufficit. 92 Librisobruimur, "tnte, tot niille volumina vix unus a cujus lectione oculi legondo, inanus volilando dolent. Fam. Strad9 ^luis melior evadat, irnmo potius non pejnr. " Palin- Momo. Lucretius. "< Quicquid ubiqiie bene dictum genius. What does ai;y one, who reads such works, ' facio nit-uni, et illud nunc nieis ad compendium, nunc learn or know but dreams and trifling things. "-i Lib. I ad fidem et auctoriiatem alienis e.ipriino verbi.s, omnee 5. de Sap. ^s Sterile oporlel esse ingenium quod | auctores meos clientes esse ofbitror, &c. Sarisburi- in hoc scripturientum pruritus, &c. "e Cardan, l ensis ad Polycral. prol. »< In Epitaph. Nep. i''..a' prip ad Consol. <^ Hor. lib. 1, sat. 4. an Epist. I Cyp. hoc Lact. illud Hilar. e§t, ita Victorii\«s, in !.unt lib. 1. Magnum poetarum proventum annus hie attulit, j modum loquutua est Arnobius, &c Democnt'is to the Reader. 21 i'o their affeLied fine style, I must and will use) sumpsi,^ non suripui, and what Varro, lib. 6. de re rust, speaks of bees, minime malcjicce. nullius opus veUicantes faciunl deter ms^ I can say of myself, Whom have I injured ? The matter is theirs raos* part, and yet mine, apparel unde sumptum sit (which Seneca approves), aliud tamen qunm unde sumptum sit apparet, which nature doth with the aliment of our bodies incorporate, digest, assimilate, I do toncoquere quod kausi., dispose of what I take. I make them pay tribute, to set out this my Maceronicon, the method only is mine own, I must usurp that of ''^ Weckcr e Tcr. nihil dicium quod non dicturi prius, methodus sola artijicem ostendit.^ we can say nothing but what hath been said, the composition and method is ours only, and shows a scholar. Oribasius, iEsius, Avi- cenna, have all out of Galen, but to their own method, diverso stilo, non divtrsa fide. Our poets steal from Homer ; he spews, saith iElian, they lick it up. Pivines use Austin's words verbatim still, and our story-dressers do as much \ he that comes last is commonly best, donee quid grandius setas Postera sorsque ferat inelior. 98 Though there were many giants of old in Physic and Philosophy, yet I say with ^'Didacus Stella, " A dwarf standing on the shoulders of a giant may see farther than a giant himself;" I may likely add, alter, and see farther tlian my predecessors ; and it is no greater prejudice for me to indite after others, than for iElianus Montaltus, that famous physician, to write de morhis capitis after Jason Pratensis, Heurnius, Hildesheim, Slc, many horses to run in a race, one logician, one rhetorician, after another. Oppose then what thou wilt, Allatres licet usque nos et usque Be gaunitibus iiiiprobis lacessas. I solve it thus. And for those other faults of barbarism, ^ Doric dialect, extempora- nean style, tautologies, apish imitation, a rhapsody of rags gathered together from several dung-hills, excrements of authors, toys and fopperies confusedly tumbled out, without art, invention, judgment, wit, learning, harsh, raw, rude, fantastical, absurd, insolent, indiscreet, ill-composed, indigested, vain, scurrile, idle, dull, and dry ; 1 confess all ('tis_ partly affected), thou canst not think worse of me than I do of myself. 'Tis not worth the reading, 1 yield it, I desire thee not to lose time in perusing so vain a subject, I should be perad venture loth myself to read him or thee so writing; 'tis not opercz pretium. All 1 say is this, that J have ^^ precedents for it, which Isocrates calls perfugium iis qui peccant, others as absurd, vain, idle, illiterate, &.C. jVonnulli alii idem Jecerunt ; others have done as much, it may be more, and perhaps thou thyself, JVoviimis et qui ie, Slc. We have all our faults ; scimus, et hanc, veniam, &c.; '""thou censurest me, so have 1 done others, and may do thee, Cedimus inque vicem, &c., 'tis lex talionis, quid pro quo. Go now, censure, criti- cise, scofl^ and rail. » Nasutus ris usque licer, sis denique nasus: I ^ert thou all scoffs and flouts, a very Momus, Aon poles in nugas dicere plura iiieas, .^-^^.^^ .^g ourselves, thou canst not say worse of us. Ipse ego quiin dixi, &.c. | ' Thus, as when women scold, have I cried whore first, and in some men's censures I am afraid I have overshot myself, Laudare se vani, vituperare stulii, as J do not arrogate, 1 will not derogate. Primus vestrum non sum., nee imus, I am none of the best, 1 am none of the meanest of you. As I am an inch, or so many feet, so many parasangs, after him or him, I may be'peradventure an ace before thee. Be it there- fore as it is, well or ill, I have essayed, put myself upon the stage ; I must abide the censure, I may not escape it. It is most true, stylus virum arguU,, our style bewrays us, and as ^hunters find their game by the trace, so is a man's genius descried by his works, Multb melius ex sermone quam lineamentisy de moribus hominum judi- '•amus; it was old Cato's rule. I have laid myself open (I know it) in this treatise, •ned mine inside outward : I shall be censured, I doubt not ; for, to say truth with v/asmus, nihil morosius hominum judiciis, there is nought so peevish as men's judg- 85 Prffif. ad Syntax, med. si" Until a later age and I apes. Lipsius adversus dialogist. 'supoabsurdo • happier lot produce something more truly grand. I dato niille sequunlur. >»'> Non duhito multos lec- »'In Luc. 10. toin. 2. Tigmei Gigantuni huniens ' tores hie fore stultos. ' Martial, 13, 2. '.i lit iniposili plusqiiani ipsi Gigantes vident. "" Nee j venatores feram ft vestigio impresso, virum Bcriptiuu- aranearum textus ideo melior quia ex se fila gignuntur, culi Lips, nee noster idjo vilior, quia ex alienis libamus ut ' 22 Democriius to the Reader. nieuts ; ye' this is some comfort, ut palata, sic judicia., our censures are as varlou# as OU7 palates. » n ... J. .■ J . I Three Biiests 1 have, (lissRntine at my feast, • Ires mihi convivre prope dissenlire videntur, Oonnirin,, on^i, i« „,-,ii»-„ i>io ..Li„ J' "= i n . 1.1- 1 . o I Kentiirins each lo ^ratiiy nis tasle Poscenles vario muUum diversa palato, &c. | ^Vjih different food. (Our writings are as so many dishes, our readers guests, our books like beauty, hat which one admires another rejects ; so are we approved as men's fancies are mclined. Pro captu Iccl.oris habent sua fata libellL Tliat which is most pleasing to one is amaracum sui, most harsh to another. Quot homines, tot sentenlice, so many men, so many minds : that which thou condemnest he commends. "* Qiwa petis, id sane est invisum acidumque duohus. He respects matter, thou art wholly for words ; he loves a loose and free style, thou art all for neat composition, strong lines, hyperboles, allegories ; he desires a fine frontispiece, enticing pictures, such as ^ Hieron. Natali the Jesuit hath cut to the Dominicals, to draw on the reader's atten- tion, which thou rejectest; that which one admires, another explodes as most absurd and ridiculous. If it be not pointblank to his humour, his method, his conceit, ^ si quid forsan omissum, quod is animo conceperit, si quce diclio, &c. If aught be omit- ted, or added, which he likes, or dislikes, thou art mancipium paucce lectionis, an idiot, an ass, nullus es, or plagiarius, a trifler, a trivant, thou art an idle fellow ; or else it is a thing of mere industry, a collection without wit or invention, a very toy. ' Facilia sic putant omnes qucB jam facta, ncc de salebris cogitant, ubi via strata ; so men are valued, their labours vilified by fellows of no worth themselves, as things of nought, who could not have done as much. Unusquisque abundat sensu suo, every man abounds in his own sense ; and whilst each particular party is so affected, how should one please all .-' SQuiddemI quidnondemi Reiiuis tu quod jubet ille. What courses must I chuse 1 What noti What both would order you refuse. How shall I hope to express myself to each man's humour and ® conceit, or to give satisfaction to all : Some understand too little, some too much, qui similiter in legendos libros, atque in salutandos homines irruunt, non cogitantes quales, sed quibus vestibus induti sint, as '"Austin observes, not regarding what, but who write, " orexin habet auctores celebritas, not valuing the metal, but stamp that is upon it, Cantharum aspiciunt, non quid in eo. If he be not rich, in great place, polite and brave, a great doctor, or full fraught with grand titles, though never so well qualified, he is a dunce ; but, as '^Baronius hath it of Cardinal Carafla's works, he is a mere hog that rejects any man for his poverty. Some are too partial, as friends to overween, others come with a prejudice to carp, vilify, detract, and scoff; (qui de me forsan, quicquid est, omni contemptu conlemptius judicant) some as bees for honey, some as spiders to gather poison. What shall I do in this case .'' As a Dutch host, if you come to an inn in Germany, and dislike your fare, diet, lodging, &c., replies in a surly tone, "" aliud tibi quceras diver sorium,'''' if you like not this, get you to another inn : 1 resolve, if you like not my writing, go read something else. I do not much esteem thy censure, take thy course, it is not as thou wilt, nor as I will, but when we have both done, that of '^ Plinius Secundus to Trajan will prove true, " Every man's v/itty labour takes not, except the matter, subject, occasion, and some commending favour ite happen to it." If I be taxed, exploded by thee and some such, I shall haply be approved and commended by others, and so have been (Expertus loquor), and may truly say with '^ Jovius in like case, (absit verho jactantia) herown quorundam, pon tificum, et virorum nobiUum familiar itatcm et amicitiam, gratasque graHas, et multO' rum '^ bene laudatorum laudcs sum hide promerilus, as I have been honoured by some worthy men, so have I been vilified by others, and shall be. At the first pub lishing of this book, (which "Probus of Persius satires), editum librum continuo mirari homines, atque avide deripere coeperunt, I may in some sort apply to this m^ vii vrk. The first, second, and third edition were suddoily gone, eagerly read, an as I have said, not so much approved by some, as scornfully rejectetl by otheiy " Hor. < Hor. ' Antwerp, fol. 1607. 6 Mu- I dotem ex amplitudine redituum sordide deineCitur retus. ' Lipj-ius. *■ Hor. " Fieri non po- '3 Erasni. dial. »< Episi lib. 6. Cujusque iiige ■ test, ut quod quist,ue cogitat, dicat unus. Murelus. niiim non statiin emergi*. risi niateriie fauior, occasio, ■'•Lib. 1. de ord., cap. 11. " Erasmus. '-An- conimendatorque contingat. 'o Prsf. hist. '^i.au. Dal. Tom. 3. ad annum 360. Est porcus ille qui socer- | dari it laudato laua e»t. •'' Vii. Peraii. Democritus to the Reader. 23 5b< it was Democritus his fortune, Idem admirationi et " irridoni habitus. 'Twas 3f>rtcca's fate, that superintendent of wit, learning, judgment, '® ad stuporem doctus, the best of Greek and Latin writers, in Plutarch's opinion ; that renowned correc- toi of vice," as ^°Fabius terms him, "and painfu' omniscious philosopher, that writ so excellently and admirably well," could not please all parties, or escape censure. Ht»w is he vilified by ^' Caligula, Agellius, Fabius, and Lispsius himself, his chief ptupugner ? In eo pleraque pernitiosa, saith the same Fabius, many childish tracts anti sentences he hath, ser7no illahoratus^ too negligent often and remiss, as Agellius observes, oratio vulgaris et protrita, dicaces et ineptce, sent entice., eruditio pleheia, an homely shallow writer as he is. In partibus spinas etfastidia habet, saith ^^Lip- sius ; and, as in all his other works, so especially in his epistles, alicB in argufiis et ineptiis occupontur., intricaUis alicubi^ et parum compositus., sine copid rerum hoc fecit., he jumbles up many things together immethodically, after the Stoics' fashion, parum ordinavit., multa accumulavit.., kc. If Seneca be thus lashed, and many famous men that I could name, what shall I expect ? How shall 1 that am vix umbra tanti philosophi., hope to please ? " No man so absolute (^ Erasmus holds) to satisfy all, except antiquity, prescription, &c., set a bar." But as I have proved in Seneca, this will not always take place, how shall I evade } 'Tis the common doom of all writers, I must (I say) abide it; I seek not applause; ''"* jYon ego ventosce. venor sujfragia pleb'is : again, non sum adeo informis., I would not be ^ vilified. 26 laudatus abiinde, Non fastiilitus si libi, lector, ero. I fear good mtn's censures, and to their favourable acceptance 1 submit my labours, 2' et linguas mancipiorum Conteiniio. As the barking of a dog, I securely contemn those malicious and scurnle obloquies, flouts, calumnies of railers and detractors ; I scorn the rest. What therefore I have said, pro tenuitate meci,, I have ■'aid. One or two things yet I was u*^sirous to have amended if I could, concerning the nmnner of handling this my subject, for which I must apologise, deprecari., and upon better advice give the friendly resder notice : it was not mine intent to prosti- tute my muse in English, or to divulge recreta Minerva:, but to have exposed this more contract in Latin, if I could have gr>t it printed. Any scurrile pamphlet is welcome, to our meiEier parrhesiam 3' Qui rebus se exercet, verba tieuliait, et qui callet arteui dicetuli, iiullam disciplinam hahet recopiiitam. :* I'alin- geuius. Words may he resplendent with ornament, liatur ejus professores, quod liti^juani duiitaxal, non autem mentem redderent erudiliorem. •" llic enim, quod Seneca de I'nnio, bos herbam, ciconia larisam, canis leporem, virgo flurem legal. <-' Pel. Nanniu.i not. in Hor. '•' Non bic colonus domicilium habeo, l)ul they contain no marrow within. "Cnjuscun- 1 sed lopiarii in tnorem, hinc inde floreir vellico, ui ca que orationem vides politani e* sollicilam, sciio ani- ' niB Niluni lambeni. mum in |iu«ilis occupatuni, in ecriptis nil sulidiim. I Dcmocntus to the Reader. 25 he hath done in Cardan's subleties, as many notable errors as *" Gul Laurenibergius. a late professor of Rostocke, discovers in that anatomy of Laurentius, or Barocius the Venetian in Sacro boscus. And although this be a sixth edition, in which I should have been more accurate, corrected a[l those former escapes, yet it was magni lahoris xpus^i so difficu.lt and tedious, that as carpenter* do find out of experience, 'tis much better build a new sometimes, than repair an old house ; I could as soon write as much more, as alter ihat which is written. If aught therefore be amiss (as 1 grant mere is), I require a friendly admonition, no bitter invective, ^^Slnt musis socii Chariie^^ turia omnis ubesfOy otherwise, as in ordinary controversies, yimem co«/en/<07ifcs necta- mus., sed cut bono? We may contend, and likely m.isuse each othei, but to what purpose ? We are both scholars, say, 40 Arcades amho I Both youns Arcadians, b »th alike inspir'd Et Cantare pares, el respondere parati. | To sing and answer as the song requlr'd. If we ^o wrangle, what shall M^e get by it ? Trouble and wronsf ourselves, make sport to others. If I be convict of an error, I will yield, I will amend. Si quid bonis moribus., si quid veritati dissent ancum., in sacris vel humanis Uteris a vie dictum sit, id nee dictum esto. In the mean time I require a favourable censure of all faults omitted, harsh compositions, pleonasms of words, tautological repetitions (though Seneca bear me out, nunquam nimis dicitur. quod nunquam satis dicitur) perturbations of tenses, numbers, printers' faults, &c. My translations are sometimes ratlier para- phrases than interpretations, non ad vcrbuvi, but as an author, I use more liberty, and that's only taken which was to my purpose. Quotations are often inserted in the text, which makes the style more harsh, or in the margin as it happened. Greek authors, Plato, Plutarch, Athenaeus, &c., I have cited out of their interpreters, because the original was not so ready. I have mingled sacra propha.nis, but I hope not pro- pliancd, and in repetition of authors' names, ranked thein per accidcns, not according to chronology ; sometimes Neotericks before Ancients, as my memory suggested. Some things are here altered, expunged in this sixth edition, others amended, much added, because many good ''^authors in all kinds are come to my hands since, and 'tis no prejudice, no such indecorum, or oversight. ^* Nunquam ita quicquam bene subductd ratione ad vitam fuil, Quin res, Virg. lib. 18, cap. 3. ' Frainhesa'ius, Sennertus, Ferandus, &.C <* Ter. I «6 Democntns to the Reader. iuxuriaied, and better satisfied myself and others ; but that at this tinv* I was fatally driven upon this rock of melancholy, and carried away by this by-stream, which, as a rillet, is deducted from the main channel of my studies, in which I have pleased and busied myself at idle hours, as a subject most necessary and commodious. Not that I prefer it before divinity, which I do acknowledge to be the queen of professions, and to which all the rest are as handmaids, but that in divinity 1 saw no such great need. For had I written positively, there be so many books in that kind, so many commentators, treatises, pamphlets, expositions, sermons, that whole teams of oxen cannot draw them ; and had I been as forward and ambitious as some others, I might have haply printed a sermoi\ at Paul's Cross, a sermon in St. Marie's Oxon, a sermon in Christ-Church, or a sermon before the right honourable, right reverend, a sermon before the riglit worshipful, a sermon in Latin, in English, a sermon with a name, a sermon witliout, a sermon, a sermon, &c. But I have been ever as desitous u. suppress my labours in this kind, as others have been to press and publish theirs To have written in controversy had been to cut off an hydra's head, ^'Zis litem generate one begets another, so many (kiplications, triplications, and swarms of ques- tions. In sacro hello hoc quod still mucrone agifur., that having once begun, I should never make an end. One had much better, as ^^ Alexander, tlie sixth pope, long since observed, provoke a great prince than a begging friar, a Jesuit, or a semhiary priest, I will add, for incxpugnabile genus hoc hominum., they are an irrefragable society, they must and will have the last word ; and that with such eagerness, impudence, abominable lying, falsifying, and bitterness in their questions they proceed, that as he *' said, /urome coicus^ an rapit vis acrior^ an culpa., responsum date ? Blind fury, or error, or rashness, or what it is that eggs them, 1 know not, I am sure many times, which *^ Austin perceived long since, tempestate content ionis., sercnitas charitatis ohnubilatur, with this tempest of contention, the serenity of charity is overclouded, and there be too many spirits conjured up already in th.is kind in all sciences, and more than we can tell how to lay, which do so furiously rage, and keep such a racket, that as '^^Fabius said, '^ It had been much better for some of them to have been born dumb, and altogether illiterate, than so far to dote to their own destruction. tr At melius fiierat non scribere, namque tacere^ Tuliini semper erit, _ is a general fault, so Severinus the Dane complains "in physic, "unhappy men as we are, we spend our days in unprofitable questions and disputations," intricate subtleties, de lani caprina about moonshine in the water, " leaving in the mean time those chiefest treasures of nature untouched, wherein the best medicines for all manner of diseases are to be found, and do not only neglect them ourselves, but hinder, condemn, forbid, and scoff at others, that are willing to inquire after them. These motives at this present have induced me to make choice of this medicinal subject. If any physician in the mean time shall infer, JV*e sutor ultra crepidam., and find himself grieved that I have intruded into his profession, I will tell him in brief, I do not otherwise by them, than tliey do by us. If it be for their advantage, I know many of their sect which have taken orders, in hope of a benefice, 'tis a common transition, and why may not a melancholy divine, tliat can get nothing but by simony, profess physic ? Drusianus an Italian (Crusianus, but corruptly, Trithemius calls him) ■'^^" because he was not fortunate in his practice, forsook his profession, and writ afterwards in divinity." Marcilius Ficinus was scmel et si7nul ; a priest and a physician at once, and ^^T. Linacer in his old age took orders. The Jesuits, profess both at this time, divers of them permissu superiorum, chirurgeons, panders, bawds, and midwives, &.c. (Many poor country-vicars, for want of other means, are driven to their shifts; to turn mountebanks, quacksalvers, empirics, and if our SI nt inrte catena qusedam fit. quae hseredes etiam •igat. Car Lib. '28, cap. 1. Synt. art. mir. Morbus amis miindi turbines intuere, jam siiniil ant ridebis niliil est aliud quam dissolntio qusdam ac perlurbalio «ut misereberis, &c. " Controv. 1. 2. cont. 7. et fccderis in corpore existenlis, sicul et sanitag est coa- . 6. cont. 7.iHoratius. "Idem, Hor. 1. 2. I seutientis bene corporis consummatio qusdaio. A Dtmocriliis to tha Reader. 29 not passion, anger, envy, disconlont, fear and soitow reign ? Who labours not cf this disease ? Give me but a littlo leave, and you shall see by what testimonies, con- fessions, arguments, I will evince it, that most men are mad, that they had as much need to go a pilgrimage to the Anticyree (as in ""Strabo's time they did) as in our days they run to Compostella, our Lady of Sichem, or Lauretta, to seek for help ; that it is like to be as prosperous a voyage as that of Guiana, and that there is much more need of hellebore than of tobacco. That men are so misaflected, melancholy, mad, giddy-headed, hear the testimou} of Solomon, Eccl. ii. 12. " And I turned to behold wisdom, madness and folly,' &c. And ver. 23 : " All his days are sorrow, his travel grief, and his heart taketb no rest in the night." So that take melancholy in what sense you will, properlj or improperly, in disposition or habit, for pleasure or for pain, dotage, discontent, fear, sorrow, madness, for part, or all, truly, or metaphorically, 'tis all one. Laugh- ter itself is madness according to Solomon, and as St. Paul nath it, " Worldly sorrow brings death." " The hearts of the sons of men are evil, and madness is in theii hearts while they live," Eccl. ix. 3. " Wise men themselves are no better." Eccl. i. 18. " In the multitude of wisdom is much grief, and he that increaseth wisdom increaseth sorrow," chap. ii. 17. He hated life itself, nothing pleased him : he hated his labour, all, as '' he concludes, is " sorrow, grief, vanity, vexation of spirit." Ana though he were the wisest man in the world, sanctuarium sapientice^ and had wisdom in abundance, he will not vindicate himself, or justify his own actions. " Surely J am more foolish than any man, and have not the understanding of a man in me," Prov. XXX. 2. Be they Solomon's words, or the words of Agur, the son of Jakeh, they are canonical. David, a man after God's own heart, confesseth as much of himself, Psal. xxxvii. 2 1 , 22. " So foolish was I and ignorant, I was even as a beast be- fore thee." And condemns all for fools, Psal. xciii. ; xxxii. 9 ; xlix. 20. He com- pares them to "beasts, horses, and mules, in which there is no imderstanding." The apostle Paul accuseth himself in like sort, 2 Cor. ix. 21. "I would you would suifer a little my foolishness, I speak foolishly." '•' The whole head is sick," saith Esay, *' and the heart is heavy," cap. i. 5. And makes lighter of them than of oxen and asses, " the ox knows his owner," &c. : read Deut. xxxii. 6 ; Jer. iv. ; Amos, iii. 1 ; Ephes. v. 6. " Be not mad, be not deceived, foolish Galatians, who hath bewitched you r" How often are they branded with this epithet of madness and folly } No word so frequent amongst the fathers of the Church and divines ; you may see what an opinion they had of the world, and how they valued men's actions. J I know that we think far otlierwise, and hold them most part wise men that are in authority, princes, magistrates, '^ rich men, they are wise men born, all politicians and statesmen must needs be so, for who dare speak against them .? And on the other, so corrupt is our judgment, we esteem wise and honest men fools. Which Democritus well signified in an epistle of his to Hippocrates : "^ the " Abderites account virtue madness," and so do most men living. Shall I tell you the reason of it .'' ''"' Fortune and Virtue, Wisdom and Folly, their seconds, upon a time contended in the Olympics ; every man thought that Fortune and Folly would have the worst, and pitied their cases •, but it fell out otherwise. Fortune was blind and cared not where she stroke, nor whom, without laws, Audahatarum instar., &c. Folly, rash and inconsiderate, esteemed as little what she said or did. Virtue and Wisdom gave •*' place, were hissed out, and exploded by the common people ; Folly and Fortune admired, and so are all their followers ever since : knaves and fools commonly fare and deserve best in worldlings' eyes and opinions. Many good men have no better fate in their ages : Achish, 1 Sam. xxi. 1 4, held David for a madman. ^^ Elisha and the rest were no otherwise esteemed. David was derided of the common people, Ps. ix. 7, " I am become a monster to many." And generally we are accounted fools for Christ, I Cor. xiv. " We fools thought his life madness, and his end without honour," Wisd. v. 4. , Christ and his Apostles were censured in like sort, John x. ; "« I.ib. 9. Geogr. Phires olim gentes navigabant illuc siiriitatis causa. ■" Ecclei. i. 24. '^ Jure hsBredi- t.ario papere jubentur. Euphnrmio Satyr. '"Apud •juiig virtus, insania et furor esse dicitur. "o Cal- eagiiinua Apol. omnes mirabaiitur, putantes illisain iri c 2 stultitiain. Sed praeter expectationem res evemt, Au- dax stultitia in earn irruit, &c. ilia cedit irrisa, et plures hinc habet sectatores stultitia. <" Noii est respondendum stulto secundum stultitiam. >« Reg. 7. 30 Democritus to tlic Reader. Maik lii. ; Acts xxvi. And so were all Christians in *' Pliny's ixme^fuerunt el alu sinulis dementicp^ &c. And called not long after, " Fes«n/<2 scclatores^ eversores homi' num., polluti nouatorcs^ fanatici., canes., malcfici^ vewfici^ Galilce.i homunciones^ &.c. Tis an ordinary thing with us, to account honest, devout, orthodox, divine, religious, plain-dealing men, idiots, asses, that cannot, or will not lie and dissemble, shift, flatter, accommodare se ad eum locum uhi natl sunt^ make good bargains, supplant, thrive, palronis inservire ; solennes ascendcndi modos apprchcndere., leges, mores, consuetu- dincs recte ohservare, candide laudare, forliter defcndere, sententias amplecti, duhi- tare de nuUus, credere omnia, accipere omnia, nihil reprehendere, cceleraque quce promotionem ferimt et securitatcm, qua: sine amhage foilicem, rcddunt hominem, et vere sapientem apud nos ; that cannot temporise as other men do, **^ hand and take bribes, &c. but fear God, and make a conscience of their doings. But the Holy Ghost that knows better how to judge, he calls them fools. " The fool hath said in his heart," Psal. liii. \f " And their ways utter their folly," Psal. xlix. 14. " ** For what can be more mad, than for a little worldly pleasure to procure unto ihemselves eternal punishment .''" As Gregory and others inculcate imto us. /-J Yea even all those great philosophers the world hath ever had in admiration, whose works we do so much esteem, that gave precepts of wisdom to others, inventors of Arts and Sciences, Socrates the wisest man of his time by the Oracle of Apollo, whom his two scholars, "Plato and ''^Xenophon, so much extol and magnify with those honourable titles, " best and wisest of all mortal men, the happiest, and most just ;" and as *^ Alcibiades incomparably commends him ; Achilles was a worthy man, but Bracides and others were as worthy as himself; Antenor and Nes- tor were as good as Pericles, and so of the rest ; but none present, before, or after Socrates, nemo veteritm ncque eorum qui nunc sunt, were ever such, will match, or come near him. Those seven wise men of Greece, those Britain Druids, Indian Brachmanni, J^thiopian Gymnosophist, Magi of the Persians, ApoUonius, of whom Philostratus, Aon doctus, sed natus sapiens, wise from his cradle, Eoicurus so much admired by his scholar Lucretius : (im genus humanum ingenio superavit, et omnea Perslrinxit Stellas exortus ut a;tlierius sol. Or that so much renowned Empedocles, 8" Ut vix luimana videatur stirpe creatus. All those of v.'hom we read such ^' hyperbolical eulogiums, as of Arigtotle, that he was wisdom itself in the abstract, ®'a miracle of nature, breathing libraries, as Euna- pius of Longinus, lights of nature, giants for wit, quintessence of wit, divine spirits, eagles in the clouds, fallen from heaven, gods, spirits, lamps of the world, dictators, .Yulla ferant talem sccla futura viriim : monarchs, miracles, superintendents of wit and learning, oceanus, phcenix, atlas, monstrum, portentum hominis, orbis universi mnsoium, ullimus humana, nalurie «onatus, natures maritus, tiieril6 ciii (Inctior orliis Subinissis defert fascihtis iiiiperium. As /Elian writ of Protagoras and Gorgias, we may say of them all, tanfiim a sapierdibns abfuerunt, quantum a viris pueri, they were children in respect, infants, not eagles, but kites ; novices, illiterate, Eunuchi sapientice. And although they were the wisest, and most admired in their age, as he censured '\lexander, 1 do them, there were 10,000 in his army as worthy captains (had they been in place of command) as valiant as himself ; there were myriads of men wiser in those days, and yet all short of what they ought to be. ^^Lactantius, in his book of wisdom, proves them to be dizards, fools, asses, madmen, so full of absurd and ridiculous tenets, and brain-sick positions, that to his thinking never any old woman or sick person doted worse. '■' Democritus took all from Leucippus, and left, saith he, " the inheritance of his folly Whose wU excell'd the wits of men as far. As the sun rising doih obscure a star, S3 Lib. 10. ep. 97. 8^ Aug. ep. 178. ss Qujg lllsi mentis innps, &c. *"' Quid insanius qiiani pro Oiomentanea fcelioitate teternis te mancipare siippliciis'! "" In fine Phwdonis. Hie finis fuit aniici nostri 6 En- crates, nostro quidem judicio omnium quos experti eumus optimi et apprime sapif..iiis!.i &c. The like he holds ot Plato, Aristippus, And the rest, making no difference '*" betwixt them and beasts, saving that they could speak." ^'Theodoret in his tract, De cur. grec. a feet, manifestly evinces as much of Socrates, whom though that Oracle of Apollo confirmed to be the wisest man then living, and saved him from plague, whom 2000 years have admired, of v, honi some will as soon speak evil as of Christ, yet re vera, he was an illiterate idiot, aa '* Aristophanes calls him, irriscor et ambitiosus^ as his master Aristotle terms him, scurra Alticus^ as Zeno, an ^* enemy to all arts and sciences, as Athaeneus, to philoso- phers and travellers, an opiniative ass, a caviller, a kind of pedant ; for his manners, as Theod. Cyrensis describes him, a ^^ sodomite, an atheist, (so convict by Anytus) iracundus et ebrius^ dicax, &c. a pot-companion, by '"Plato's own confession, a sturdy drinker ; and that of all others he was most sottish, a very madman in his actions and opinions. Pythagoras was part philosopher, part magician, or part witch. If you desire to hear more of Apollonius, a great wise man, sometime paralleled by Julian the apostate to Christ, I refer you to that learned tract of Eusebius against Hierocles, and for them all to Lucian's Piscator^ Icaromenippus^ JYecyomantia : their actions, opinions in general were so prodigious, absurd, ridiculous, Avhich they broached and maintained, their books and elaborate treatises were full of dotage, which TuUy ad Atticum long since observed, deliranl plerumq , scriptores in llhris suis^ their lives being opposite to their words, they commended poverty to others, and were most covetous themselves, extolled love and peace, and yet persecuted one another with virulent hate and malice. They could give precepts for verse and prose, but not a man of them (as ' Seneca tells them home) could moderate his affec- tions. Their music did show us Jlebiles viodos., Stc. how to rise and fall, but they could not so contain themselves as in adversity not to make a lamentable tone. They will measure ground by geometry, set down limits, divide and subdivide, but cannot yet prescribe quantum hom'mi satis., or keep within compass of reason ana discretion. They can square circles, but understand not the state of their own souls, describe right lines and crooked, &.c. but know not what is right in this life, quid in vita rectum sit., ignorant ; so t, at as he said, JVescio an Jlnticyram ratio illis destinet omncm. I think all the Anticyrai will not restore them to their wits, ^ if these men now, that held ^Xenodotus heart. Crates liver, Epictetus lanthorn, were so sottish, and had no more brains than so many beetles, what shall we think of the com- monalty ? Vi hat of the rest .'' X Qf ea, but you will infer, that is true of heathens, if they be conferred with Chris- tians, 1 Cor. iii. 19. "The wisdom of this world is foolishness with God, earthly and devilish," as James calls it, iii. 15. " They were vain in their imaginations, and their foolish heart was full of darkness," Rom. i. 21, 22. "When they professed themselves wise, became fools." Their witty works are admired here on earth, whilst their souls are tonnented in hell fire, hi some sense, Christiani Crassiani., Christians are Crassians, and if compared to that wisdom, no better than fools. Qtds est sapiens? Solus Deus., ''Pythagoras replies, "God is only wise," Rom. xvi. Paul determines " only good," as Austin well contends, " and no man living can be justified in his sight." ''• God looked down from heaven upon the children ot men, to see if any did understand," Psalm liii. 2, 3, but all are corrupt, err. Rom. iii. 12, "None doeth good, no, not one." Job aggravates this, iv. 18, "Behold he found no stedfastness in his servants, and laid folly upon his angels," 19. "How much more on them that dwell in houses of clay .-'" In this sense we are all fools, and the ° Scripture alone is arx Minervce, we and our writings are shallow and imperfect. But I do not so mean ; even in our ordinary dealings we are no bette: than fools. "All our actions," as ^ Pliny told Trajan, " upbraid us of folly," oui whole course oi" life is but matter of laughter : we are not soberly wise , and the world itself, which ought at least to be wise by reason of his antiquity, as 'Hugo de * Hor. car. lib. 1. od. 34. 1. epicur. 9" Nihil interest inter hos et bestias nisi quod loquantur. de ba. 1. 2ti. c. 8. 9' Cap de virt. 9" Neb. et Ranis. sfJ Omnium disciplinarum ignarus. "i» Pul- throruni adolescenttim uiusd freqnentur gymnasium, abibnt &c. i Seneca. Seis rotunda metiri, sod tati csBcutire non possunt. 3 Cor Xenodoti et jecur Cratetis. ■• Lib. de nat. boni. 5 Hie profundissimsE Sopliiie fodins. c Panegyr. 7ra- jano omnes actiones exprobrare Btultitiam videntiir ' Ser. 4 in domi Pal. Mundus qui ob antiqiiitatcm de- beret e.s3e sapiens, semper stultizat, et nullis flacellit Qon tuum aniiDum. ' Ab uberibus sapientia lac- • aiieratur, sed ut puer vult rosis f.t floribus coronari 32 JJemocntus to the Render. Prato Fiorido will have it, semper stuUizaU is every day more foolish than other the more it is whipped, the worse it is, and as a child will still be crowned witl roses and flowers." We are apish in it, asini bipcdcs^ and every place is full inver- sormn Apuleiornm., of metamorphosed ;«ul two-legged asses, inver sorum Silenorum^ childish, pueri inslar himuli^ trevmla palris dormientis in ulna. Jovianus Pon- tanus, Antonio Dial, briiags in some laughing at an old man, that by reason of his age was a little fond, but as he admonisheth there, JVe v\ireris mi hospes tie hoc scne, marvel not at him only, for iota hcec civitas delirium, a\\ our town dotes in like sort, ^we are a company of fools. Ask not with him in the poet, ^ Larva hunc intempericB insania:que agitant senem ? What madness ghosts this old man. but what madness ghosts us all ? For we are ad unum omnes, all mad, seinel insani- vimus omnes, not once, but alway so, et semel, ct simul, et semper, ever and altogether AS bad as he; and not senex bis pucr, delira arvus., but say it of us all, scinper pueri, young and old, all dote, as Lactantius proves out of Seneca ; and no difference betwixt us and children, saving that, majora ludimus, et grandioribus pupis, they play with babies of clouts and such toys, we sport with greater baubles. We cannot accuse or condemn one another, being faulty ourselves, deliramenta loqueris, you talk idly, or as '"Mitio upbraided Demea, insanis, auferte, for we are as mad our ownselves, and it is hard to say which is the worst. Nay, 'tis universally so, 'Ti/am regit fortuna, nan sapicntia. When '^Socrates had taken great pains to find out a wise man, and to that purpose had consulted with philosophers, poets, artificers, he concludes all men were fools ; and though it procured him both anger and much envy, yet in all companies he would openly profess it. When '^Supputius in Pontanus had travelled all over Europe to confer with a wise man, he returned at last without his errand, and could find none. "Cardan concurs with him, "Few there are (for auglit 1 can perceive) well in their wits." So doth '^Tully, " 1 see everything to be done foolishly and unadvisedly." nie sinislrorsuin, hie dextrorsum, iinus utrique I One reels to this, another to that wall, Errnr, sed variis illudit partihvis omnes. | 'Tis the same error lliat deludes tlieiii all. '^Thp.y dote all, but not alike, Maw'a yap Ttdrjiv u^ota, not in the same kind, " One is covetous, a .^econd lascivious, ^ third ambitious, a fourth envious, &.c." as Dama- sippus t'he Stoic hath well illustrated in the poet, n Uesipiunt omnes Kque ac tu. I And Ihey who call you fool, with equal claim I May plead an ample title to the name. 'Tis an inbred malady in every one of us, there is seminarium slultitice, a seminary of folly, " which if it be stirred up, or get a-head, will run in infinittim, and infinitely varies, as we ourselves are severally addicted," saith '* Balthazar Castillo : and cannot so easily be rooted out, it takes such fast hold, as Tully holds, altce radices stuUili,T,, '^so we are bred, and so we continue. Some say there be two main defects of wit, error and ignorance, to which all others are reduced ; by ignorance we know not things necessary, by error we know them falsely. Ignorance is a privation, error a positive act. From ignorance comes vice, from error heresy, &c. But make how many kinds you will, divide and subdivide, few men arc free, or that do not impinge on some one kind or other. ^° Sic plerumque agifat stultos inscitia, as he that .examines his own and other men's actions shall find. _^1' Charon in Lucian, as he wittily feigns, Avas conducted by Mercury to such a place, where he might see all the world at once ; after he had sufficiently viewed, and looked about. Mercury would needs know of him what he had observed : He told him that he saw a vast multitude and a promiscuous, their habitations like •nolehills, the men as emmets, " he could discern cities like so many hives of bees, wherein every bee had a sting, and they did nought else but sting one another, some domineering like hornets bigger than the rest, some like filching wasps, others as " Insanum te omnes pueri, clamantqiie puelliB. Hor. alius alio morho laboret, hie libidinis, ille avaritiee, 'Plautus Aubular. '» Adelph. act. 5. seen. 8. ambitionis, invidis. " Hor. 1. 2. sat. 3. '« Lib. •'Tally Tusc. 5. fortune, not wisdom, governs our l.deaiilico Est in unoquoq ; nostrum seminarium lives. '2 Plato Apologia Socratis. '^ Ant. aliqiiod stultitiao, quod si quaiidoexcitetur, in infinitum Dial. " Lib. 3. de sap. paiici ut video sanJE mentis fa<:ile exere.scit. '^ Priiiiaqiie lux vitae prima sunt. 16 stulte et incaiite omni-a agi video, j jiiroris erat. ^c Tibullns, siiilii pr;plereunt dies, '* Insania non omnibus eadem, Erasm. chil. 3. cent. ' their wits are a wool-gathering. So fools comnioniv 10. nemo mortalium qui non aliqua in re desipit, licet dote. ^i Dial, conteniplantes, Tom. 2 Democritus to the Reader. 33 drones." sOver their heads were hoverhig- a confused company of perturbations, hope, fear, anger, avarice, ignorance, &c., and a multitude of diseases hanging, which they still pulled on their pates. ' Some were brawling, some lighting, riding, running, ftnllicite amhicntes, cnllide lUiganies^ for toys and triiles, and such momentary things, (Their towns and provinces mere factions, rich against pltor, poor against rich, nobles against artificers, they against nobles, and so the rest, hi conclusion, he condemned them all for madmen, fools, idiots, asses, O sfuUi, qiiccnam licRC est amentia ? O fools, O madmen, he exclaims, insana stiidia, insani laborcs, &c. Mad endeavours, mad actions, mad, mad, mad, ^^O scclum insijnens ct infacctnm^ a giddy-headed age. JHeraclitus the philosopher, out of a serious meditation of men's lives, fell a weeping, and with continual tears bewailed their misery, madness, and folly. Democritus on the oilier side, burst out a laughing, their whole life seemed to him so ridiculous, and he was so far carried with this ironical passion, that the citiso^.o of /vouera luon. him to be mad, and sent therefore ambassadors to Hippocrates, the pnysician, that he would exercise his skill upon him. But the story is set down at large by Hippocrates, in his epistle to Damogetus, which because it is not impertinent to this discourse, 1 will insert verbatim almost as it is delivered by Hippocrates himself, with all the circum- stances belonging unto it. (when Hippocrates was now come to Abdera, the people of the city came flocking about him, some weeping, some intreating of him, that he would do his best. After some little repast, he went to see Democritus, the people' following him, whom he found (as before) in his garden in the suburbs all alone, ^^" sitting upon a stone under a plane tree, without hose or shoes, with a book on his knees, cutting up several beasts, and busy at his study." The multitude stood gazi4ig round about to see the congress. Hippocrates, after a little pause, saluted him by his name, whom he resaluted, ashamed almost that he could not call him likewise by his, or that he had forgot it. Hippocrates demanded of him what he was doing : he told him that he was ^■'" busy in cutting up several beasts, to find out the cause of madness and melancholy." Hippocrates commended his work, admiring his happiness and leisure. (And why, quoth Democritus, have not you that leisure f) Because, replied Hip- pocrates, domestic affairs hinder, necessary to be done ^or ourselves, neighbours, friends ; expenses, diseases, frailties and mortalities which happen ; wife, children, servants, and such business which deprive us of our time.'^'i^At this speech Demo- critus profusely laughed (his friends and the people standing by, weeping in the mean time, and lamenting his madness). ^Hippocrates asked the reason why he laughed. He told him, at the vanities and the fopperies of the time, to see men so empty of all virtuous actions, to hunt so far after gold, having no end of ambition ; to take such infinite pains for a little glory, and to be favoured of men •, to make such deep mines into the earth for gold, and many times to find nothing, with loss of their lives and fortunes. > Some to love dogs, others horses, some to desire to be obeyed in many provinces,^^ and yet themselves will know no obediencel ^^ome to love their wives dearly at first, and after a while to forsake and hate tliem ; begetting children, with much care and cost for their education, yet when they grow to man's estate, ^'^ to despise, neglect, and leave them naked to the world's mercy^ ^'Do not these behaviours express their intolerable folly ? When men live in peace, they covet war, detesting quietness, ^^ deposing kings, and advancing others in their stead, murdering some men to beget children of their wives?) How many strange humours are in men ! When they are poor and needy, they seek riches, and when they have them, they do not enjoy them, but hide them under ground, or else wastefuUy spend them. O wise Hippocrates, I laugh at such things being done, but much more when no good comes of them, and when they are done to so ill purpose. ^here is no truth or justice found amongst them, for they daily plead one against another, ''"the son against the father and the mother, brother against brother, kindred w CatullMs. 23 Suh ramosa platano sedentem, bilisq ; natdram disquirens. m Aust. 1. 1. in Gen. solum, dis:alceatum. super lapidein, valde pallidum Juiiienti & servi tiii obsequium ripide postulas, et tn BC maciler.tuni, prumissa barba, librum super geiiihus nullum priEslas aliis, ner, ipsi Deo. -»> C xorn« babeiilem. -* I)e furore, mania melancholia srribo, ducunt, mox foras ejiciunt. 2' Pueros amant. mox ut sciam quo pacto in hnniinibus giirnatur, fiat, crescat, fistidiunt. -'" Qi'id hoc ab insania deesi ■• » R«- citmulelur, minuatur ; hsec inquit animalia quae vides ges eligunt, depon jut. :™ Contra parentes, fratmn, oropierea seco, non Dei opera perosus, sed fellis cives, perpetuo rixantur. et initnintias agunt. 34 Dtmocritus to the Reader. and friends of the same quality ; and all this for riches, whereof after death they cannot '»e possessors. j And yet notwithstanding they Avill defame and kill onV another, commit all unlawful actions, contemning God and men, friends and countrv /They make great account of many senseless things, esteeming them as a great pa) i of tlieir treasure, statues, pictures, and such like movables, dear bouglit, and so cun- ningly wrought, as nothing but speech wanteth in them, ^'and yet they hate li'/ing persons speaking to theni^ Others affect difficult things ; if they dwell on finn land they will remove to an island, and thence to land again, being no way constant to their desires, i They conunend courage and strength in wars, and let tliemselves be conquered by lust and avarice ; tliey are, in brief, as disordered in their minds, as Tlicrsites was in his body, j And now, methinks, O most worthy Hippocrates, you should not reprehend my laughing, perceiving so many fooleries in men"; \^^ for no man will mock his own folly, but that which he seeth in a second, and so they justly mock one another.) The drunkard calls him a glutton whom he knows to be sober.) Many men love the sea, others husbandry ; briefly, they cannot agree in their own trades and professions, much loss in their lives and actions. When Hippocrates heard these words so readily uttered, without premeditation, to declare the world's vanity, full of ridiculous contrariety, lie made answer, That necessity compelled men to many such actions, and divers wills ensuing from divine permission, that we might not be idle, being nothing is so odious to them as sloth and negligence. Besides, men cannot foresee future events, m this uncertainty ol human aflairs ; they would not so marry, if they could foretel the causes of "their dislike and separation ; or parents, if they knew the hour of their children's death. so tenderly provide for thein ; or an husbandman- sow, if he thought there would be no increase ; or a merchant adventure to sea, if he foresaw shipwreck ; or be a magis- trate, if presently to be deposed. Alas, worthy Democritus, every man hopes the best, and to that end he doth it, and therefore no such cause, or ridiculous occasion of laucrhter. (Democritus hearing this poor excuse, laughed again aloud, perceiving he wholly mistook him, and did not well understand what he had said concerning perturbations and tranquillity of the mind. Insomuch, that if men would govern their actions by discretion and providence, they would not declare themselves fools as now they do. and he should have no cause of laughter; but (quoth he) they swell in this life as if they were immortal, and demigods, for want of understanding. It were enough to make them wise, if they would hut consider the mutability of this world, and ho«' it wheels about,- nothing being- firm and sure. He that is now above, to-morrow is beneath ; he that sate on this side to-day, to-morrow is hurled on tlie other : and not considering these matters, they fall into many inconveniences and troubles, coveting things of no profit, and thirsting after them, tumbling headlong into many ■calamities.': \So that if men would attempt no more than what they can bear, they should lead contented lives, and learning to know themselves, would limit their ambition, ^''they would perceive then that nature hath enough without seeking such superfluities, and unprofitable things, which bring nothing with them but grief and molestation.^ As a fat body is more subject to diseases, so are rich men to absurdities and fooleries, to many casualties and cross inconveniences. Tliere are many that take no heed what happeneth to others by bad conversation, and there- fore overthrow themselves in the same manner through their own fault, not foreseeing dangers manifest?! These are things (O more than mad, quoth he) that give me matter of laughter, by suffering the pains of your impieties, as your avarice, envy, malice, enormous villanies, mutinies, unsatiable desires, conspiracies, and othei inciiL-able vices ; besides your ^'dissimulation and hypocrisy, bearing deadly hatred one to the other, and yet shadowing it with a good face, flying out into all filthy lusts, and transgressions of all laws, both of nature and civility. Many things which they have left off, after a while, they fall to again, husbandry, navigation ; and leave " Idola inanimata amant, aiiimata odio habent, sic I et finire laborem incipias, partis quod avebas, iiterc pnnlificii. 3J Credo equidem vivos ducent ft mar- Ilr.r. ■'•'' Astiitam vapido serv.it sub pectoie viilpern more viiltus. s 8iiain stiiltitiam perspicit nemo, I Et cum vulpo positus pariter viilpinarifi Cretisae »ed alter allerum deridet. 3' I)etii(|ue sil finis que- I diiui cum Crete. Mndi, cuiiique habere plus, paupurieiii meluus miuua, | Vemocntus to the Reader. 35 again, nr kle and inconstant as they are." When liiey are young, they wonld be old _ and old, young. ^*^Pnnces commend a private life ; private men itch after honour ; a magistrate commends a quiet life; a quiet man \vould be in his oflice, and obeyed as he is : and what is the cause of all this, but that they know not themselves ? Some delight to destroy, ^~ one to build, another to spoil one country to enrich another and himself ^'*In all these things they are like children, in whom is no judgment or counsel and resemble beasts, saving that beasts are better than they, as being contented with nature. - ^^ When shall you see a lion hide gold in the ground, or a bull conrend for better pasture ? When a boar is thirsty, he drinks what will sei-ve him, and no more ; and when his belly is full, ceaseth to eat : but men are immoderate in both, as in lust — they covet carnal copulation at set times •, men always, ruinating thereby the health of their bodies^ And doth it not deserve laughter to see an amor- ous fool torment himself for a wench ; weep, howl for a mis-shapen slut, a dowdy sometimes, that might have his choice of the finest beauties ? Is there any remedy for this in physic h I do anatomise and cut up these poor beasts, ''"to see these dis- tempers, vanities, and follies, yet such proof were better made on man's body, if my kind nature would endure it : '''(who from the hour of his birth is most miserable weak, and sickly \ when he sucks he is guided by others, when he is grown great practisetli unhappiness ''^and is sturdy, and when old, a child again, and repenteth him of his life past. '■ And here being interrupted by one that brouglit books, he fell to it again, that all were mad, careless, stupid. To prove my former speeches, look into courts, or private houses. ' "'Judges give judgment according to their own advantage, doing manifest wrong to poor innocents to please others. Notaries altei sentences, and for monty lose their deeds. Some make false monies ; others coun- terfeit false weights. Some abuse their parents, yea corrupt their own sisters ; others make long libels and pasquils, defaming men of good life, and extol such as are lewd and vicious. Some rob one, some another : ''^magistrates make laws against thieves, and are the veriest thieves themselves. Some kill themselves, others despair, not obtaining their desires.. Some dance, sing, laugh, feast and banquet, whilst others sigh, languish, mourn and lament, having neither meat, drink, nor clothes. '"^Some prank up their bodies, and have their minds full of execrable vices. Some trot about ^''to bear false witness, and say anything for money, and though judges know of it, yet for a bribe they wink at it, and suHer false contracts to prevail against equity Women are all day a dressing* to pleasure other men abroad, and go like sluts at home,jnot caring to please their own husbands whom they should., Seeing men are so fickle, ^o sottish,,^o intemperate, why should not 1 laugh at those to whom ''''folly seems wisdom, will not be cured, and perceive it not }■ It grew late : Hippocrates left him ; and no sooner was he come away, but all the citizens came about flocking, So know how he liked him. (He told them in brief, that notwithstanding those small neglects of his attire, body, ""diet, ''*the world had not a wiser, a more learned, a more honest man, and they were much deceived to say that he was mad?) Thus Democritus esteemed of the world in his time, and .this was the cause of his laughter : and good cause he had. *3 Olim jure quidem, nunc plus Deniocrite ride ; Quill rides? vita haec nunc niag6 ridicula est. Democritus did well to langh of old, Good cause lie had, Init iicvv much more ; This life of ours is more ridiculous Than that of liis, or long before. :' Never so much cause of laughter as now, never so many fools and madmen. Tis 1 rot one *" Democritus will serve turn to laugh in these days ; we have now need of a 3«Qui fit MecEPnas ut nemo quam sibi sortem. Seu Damnat foras judex, quod intus operatur, Cyprian ratio dederit, sen sors objecerit, ill^ conlentus vivat, '"Vultus magna cura, magna animi incuria. Am. 4tc. Hor. =<" Diruit, EBuificat, mutat quadrata rotun- Marcel. ^n Ilorretida res est, vix duo verba sine Jis. Trajanus ponlen struxit super Danubium, quern niendacio proferunliir : et qiiamvis solenniter lioniines successor ejus Adrianus st.itim demolitus. ^^ Qui ad veritatem dicenduin invitentur, pejerare tanien non vid in re ah infantibus differunt, quih\is mens et sen- duhitant, ut ex decem testihus vix uuus veruni dicat. Btla sine ratioTie incst, quicquid sese his offert volupe Calv. in 8 John, Serni 1. 4' SapiCTiliam insaniam est. 3«Idem Plut. ■><'Ut insania; causam dis- esse dicunt. ■S'^ Siquidem sapientiie sua; adniira- quiram bruta macto et seco, cum hoc potius in honii- tione me complevit, offerdi sapieniissimum virum, nibus inve.atii rii ,ri>t perniciem. "'■^ Rich. Uinoth. prsfut. belli civilis Gal. ai Jovius. Dcmocritus to the Reader. 39 ".port of, and wil! do it to their friends and confederates, against oaths, voavs, pro- mises, by treachery or otherwise; ^^ dqlas an virtus? quis in haste requiratf leagues and laws of arms, {^^ silent leges inter arma^) for their adva'^tage, omnia mra, divina, hiimana, proculcata plerintique sunt ,• God's and men's laws are trampled under foot, the sword alone determines all ; to satisfy their lust and spleen, they care not what thfsy attempt, say, or do, ^Rara fides, probitasque viris qui castra sequuntur. ■ Nothing so common as to have *"" father tight against the son, brother against i brother, kinsman against kinsman, kingdom against kingdom, province against pro- evince, Christians against Christians :" a quibus nee unquam cogitatione fuerunt Ichsi^ o( whom they never had offence in thought, word, or deed, hifinite treasures con- bUiued, towns burned, flourishing cities sacked and ruinated, quodque animus memi- nisse 'lorret, goodly countries depopulated and left desolate, old inhabitants expelled, trade and trafHc decayed, maids deflowered," Virgines nondum thalamis jugatcB, et comis nondum posUis cphcBbl ; chaste matrons cry out with Andromache, ^** Concu • hitum niox cogar pati ejus, qui interemit Hectorem, they shall be compelled perad- venture to lie with them that erst killed their husbands : to see rich, poor, sick, sound, lords, servants, eodem omnes incommodo macti, consumed all or maimed, &c. Et quicquid gaudcns scelere animus audet, et perversa mens, saith Cyprian, and whatsoever torment, misery, mischief, hell itself, the devil, ^^ fury and rage can invent to their own ruin and destruction ; so abominable a thing is ■'"war, as Gerbelius Con- cludes, adeo fceda et abominanda res est bellum, ex quo hominum ccedes, vastationeSy &c., the scourge of God, cause, eflect, fruit and punishment of sin, and not lonsura liumani generis as TertuUian calls it, but ruina. /-Had Democritus been present at the late civil wars in France, those abominable wars bellaque matribus detestata, ^' " where in less than ten years, ten thousand men were consumed, saith CoUignius, twenty thousand churches overthrown ; nay, the whole kingdom subverted (as ''"Richard Dinoth adds).VSo many myriads of the commons were l)iitchered up, with sword, famine, war, tanto odio utrinque ut barbari ad abhorrendam lanienam ohsfupcscerrnt, with such feral hatred, the world was amazed at it : or at our late Pharsalian fields m the time of Henry the Sixth, betwixt the houses of Lancaster and York, a hundred thousand men slain, ^^one writes; ^"'another, ten thousand families were rooted out, Y That no man can but marvel, saith Comineus, at that barbarous immariity, feral madness, committed betwixt men of the same nation, language, and religion." ^^ Quis furor, O cives? "Why do the Gentiles so furiously rage," saith the Prophet David, Psal. ii. I. But we may ask, why do the Christians so furiously rage ? ^^Arma volunt, quare poscunt, rapiuntque juventus ? Unfit for Gentiles, nmch less for us so to tyrannize, as the Spaniard in the West Indies, that killed up in 42 years (if we may believe ^'Bartholomseus a Casa, their own bishop) 12 millions of men, with stupend and exquisite torments ; neither should F lie (said he) if I said 50 millions. I omit those French massacres, Sicilian evensongs, ^Hhe Duke of Alva's tyrannies, our gunpowder machinations, and that fourth fury, as ^^one calls it, the Spanish inquisition, which quite obscures those ten persecutions, "^ S(2vil toto Mars impius orbe. Js not this ' mundus furiosus, a mad world, as he term.s it, insanum beUum ? are not these mad men, as ^Scaliger concludes, qui in prceJio acerbd morte, i7isaniai suce memoriam pro perpetuo teste relinquunl posterifati ; which leave so frequent battles, as perpetual memorials of their madness to all succeeding ages r /Would this, think you, have enforced our Democritus to laughter, or rather made him turn his tune, alter his I .le, and weep with ^Heraclitus, or rather howl, ""roar, and tear his hair in commiseration, stand amazed ; or as the poets feign, that Niobe • "•• Dolus, asperitas, in jiistilia propria belloruni ne- gladio, bello, fame miserabiliter periertint. ^^ Pont, gotta. T«;rtiil. "^ Tully. "' Liicaii, « Paler lluterus. '■'■' Comineus. lit iiulliis noii execrelur et ill filiiini affinis in affineiii, amicus in amicuni, &c. adniiretur crudelitalem, et barbaram insairium, qua^ Regin aiiin regione, resnuni regno colliditur. l'op\ilus inter homines eodem sub coslo natos, ejusdem lineuii!ia ceciderunt. Ecclelfiaris 20 niillia fundanientis Gallobelgicus 159fi. Mundus furiosns, inscriptio Jjbri. excisa »- Belli civilis Gal. 1. 1. hoc ferali bello et 2 Exercitat. 250. serm 4. Fitat ileraclitiis aa ce.*Mbu= omnia repleverunt, et regnum ampli.ssimum & i rideat Democritus. < Cure levss lo Non aus; niutire, &c. JEfiop. ''Imfirobum et stultum, s divitem multos lionos viros in servitutem habentem, ob id dunlaxat quod ei contiugat aureorum numis- matun) cumulus, ut appendices, et addilamenta nu- mismatum. Morus Utopia. -''Eorumq; detes- taritur Utoplenses insaniam, qui divinos honores iis impendunt, quos sordidos et avaros agnoscunt; non alio respeciu honorantes, quam quod diles £iDt. Idem. lib. 2. 42 Democritus to the Reader. elab>,fa(.e works, as proiul of his clothes as a chikl of his new toals ; and a goodiy person, of an angel-like divine countenance, a saint, an humble mind, a meet spirit clotlied in rags, beg, and now ready to be starved ? To see a silly contemptible sloven in apparel, ragged in his coat, polite in speecli, of a divine spirit, wise ? another neat in dotlies, spruce, full of courtesy, empty of grace, wit, talk nonsense?/ ■^To see so many lawyers, advocates, so many tribunals, so little justice ; so many magistrates, so little care of common good ; so many laws, yet nevermore disorders ; Tribunal lUium scgctcm., the Tribunal a labyrinth, so many thousand suits in one cjurt sometimes, so violently followed? To see injuslissimum scppe juri prcesklen- /em, impium rcUgioni., imperil issijnum eruditioni, olioslssi/mim labori, moTtslrosum Immanilaii? to see a lamb ^^ executed, a wolf pronounce sentence, latro arraigned, and fur sit on the bench, tlie judge severely punish others, and do worse himself, ^° emidem furtum facere et punire., '^Wapinam plectere., quum sii ipse raptor? Laws altered, misconstrued, interpreted pro and con^ as the ^^ Judge is made by friends, bribed, or otherwise affected as a nose of wax, good to-day, none to-morrow ; or firm in his opinion, cast in his ? Sentence prolonged, changed, ad arbitrium judicis., still the same case, '^ " one thrust out of his inheritance, another falsely put in by favour, false forged deeds or wills." InciscB leges ncgliguntur., laws are made and lot kept •, or if put in execution, '^^ tliey be some silly ones that are punislaed. As, put case it be fornication, the father will disinherit or abdicate his chikl, quite cashiei him (out, villain, be gone, come no more in my sight) ; a poor man is miserably tormented willi loss of his estate p^rliaps, goods, fortunes, good name, for 'ever dis- graced, forsaken, and must do penance to the utmost ; a mortal sin, and yet make the worst of it, nunquid aliud fecit., saiih Tranio in the ^'poct, nisi quod faciunt sum- mis nali gencribus? he liath done no more than what gentlemen usually do. "^JYe- que novum., neque mirum., ncque secus quam alii solent. For in a great person, right worshipful Sir, a right honourable Grandy, 'tis not a venial sin, no, not a peccadillo.^ 'tis no offence at all, a common and ordinary thing, no man takes notice of it ; he justifies it in public, aiul peradventure brags of it, 3' " Natii (jiiod turpe bonis, Titio', Seioque, deceliat Crispin mil" r For wliat would be base in good men, Titius, and Seius, became Crnpinus. ^^Many poor men, younger brothers. Sec. by reason of bad policy and idle education (for they are likely brouglit up in no calling), are compelled to beg or steal, and then hanged for theft ; than which, what can be more ignominious, non minus enim turpe principi mult a supplicia., quam medico multa funera., 'tis the governor's fault. Libentius verberant quam doccnt, as sclioolmasters do rather correct th^ir pupils, than teach them when they do amiss. ^^"i-Tliey had more need provide ther*? should be no more thieves and beggars, as they ought with good policy, and take away the occa- sions, than let them run on, as they do to their own destruction : root out likewise those causes of wrangling, a multitude of lawyers, and compose contioversies, lites lustralcs et seculares^ by some more compendious means.". ; Whereas uowfoisevery to}^ and trifle they go to law, '^"Mugit litibus insanum forum^ et scsvit invirem di&cor- dantium rabies., they are ready to pull out one another's throats ; and for mmmodity "to squeeze blood," saith Hierom, " out of their brother's heart," defamo lie, dis- grace, backbite, rail, bear false witness, swear, forswear, fight and wrani'"'e- spend their goods, lives, fortunes, friends, undo one another, to enrich an harp}' advocate^ that preys upon them both, and cries Eia Socrates, Eia Xantippe ; or soi^e corrupt Judge, that like the ''^Kite in Jilsop, while the mouse and frog fought, cauied both away. Generally they prey one upon another as so many ravenous birds, brute beasts, devouring fishes, no medium, ■'^o?Hnes hie aut capdanlur aid captant ; autcada- vera quce'lacerantur, aut corvi qui lacerant, either deceive or be deceived ; tear others '^sCyp. 2. ad Donat. ep. Ut reus innoceiis pereat, i tratinim culpa fit, qui malos iinitantir prteceptore* , sit nocens. Judex damnat foras, quod intus operatiir. qui diseipiilos libentius verbeca-^v •\.iain docunl. Mo '"Sidonius Apo si galvianiis 1.3. de orovMeu. i riis, Ulnp. lib. 1. ^a Uecemuotur \uri frravia el (n i.A • . .1- . _ . ;t ■. .?.!.._ . I .__._-_ J, I- ;_ „., .: i I. .. J I.I ** Krgo judicium nihil est nisi publica merces. letro- nius. Quid faciaiit leges ubi sola pecunia regiiaf? Idem. 33|lic arcentur hareditatibus liberi, hrc donatiir bonis alienls, falsuni consulit, alter testaiiien- tii.Ti corrumpit, &;c. Idem. "i Vexat censura co- liicahas. ^- IMaut. niDstel. so idem. ■'"Jiiven. Bat. 4. *^Quod lot sint I'ures et uiendici, inagis- horrenda supplicia, quum potius iioviilenduiii miiUJ. fofet lie fures sint, ne cuiquaiii tn»(i'a furandi aul pereundi sit necessitas Idem. ■'o 'i.^tenis de aug- ment, urb. lib. 3. cap. 3 '' F f A* po cordc sau- guineni eliciunt. ■*■-' Milvus .11" «c deglubit " Petronius de C.'otone civil. Democritus to the Reader. 43 : r be torn in pieces themselves ; like so many buckets in a well, as on': riseth another falleth, one's empty, another's full; his ruin is a ladder to the third; such are our ordinary proceedings, f What's the market ? A place, according to ''■* Ana- charsis, wherein they cozen one another, a trap; nay, what's the world itself? '^A vast chaos, a confusion of manners, as tickle as the air, domicilium insanoruniy a turbulent troop full of impurities, a mart of walking spirits, goblins, the theatre of hypocrisy, a shop of knavery, flattery, a nursery of villany, tlie scene of babbling, the school of giddiness, the academy of vice ; a warfare, ubi ? ells noils pvgnamlum aut vijicas aut sucamibas, in which kill or be killed ; wherein every man is for him' self, his private ends, and stands upon his own guard* No charity, '*'' love, friendship, fear of God, alliance, affinity, consanguinity, Christianity, can contain them, but if they be any ways offended, or tliat string of commodity be touched, they fall foul. Old friends become bitter enemies on a suddeif for toys and small offences, and they that erst were willing to do all mutual offices of love and kindness, now revile and ^ persecute one another to death, with more than Vatinian hatred, and will not be reconciled. So long as they are behoveful, they love, or may bestead each other, but when there is no more good to be expected, as they do by an old dog, hang him up or cashier him : which ""'Cato counts a great indecorum, to use men like old shoes or broken glasses, which are flung to the dunghill ; he could not find in his heart to sell an old ox, much less to turn away an old servant : but they instead of recompense, revile him, and when they have made him an instrument of their villany, as ■'^Bajazet the second Emperor of the Turks did by Acomethes Bassa, make him away, or instead of ''^reward, hate him to death, as Sdius was served by Tiberius. In a word, every man for his own ends. Our summuvi honwn is commodity, and the goddess we adore Dca monetdj Queen money, to whom we daily offer sacrifice, which steers our hearts, hands, ^"affections, all : that most powerful goddess, by whom we are reared, depressed, elevated, *' esteemed the sole commandress of our actions, for which we pray, run, ride, go, come, labour, and contend as fishes do for a crvmib that falleth into the water. It's not worth, virtue, (that's homim theatrale^) wisdom, valour, learning, honesty, religion, or any sufficiency for which we are respected, but ^^ money, greatness, office, lionour, authority ; honesty is accounted fol- ly ; knavery, policy ; *^men admired out «)f opinion, not as they are, but as they seem to be : such shifting, lying, cogging, plotting, counterplotting, temporizing, ffattering, cozening, dissembling, ^■'" that of necessity one must highly offend God if he be con- formable to the world," Crctlzare cvm Cretc^'"'- or else live in contempt, disgrace and misery." One takes upon him temperance, holiness, another austerity, a third an affected kind of simplicity, when as indeed, he, and he, and he, and the rest are *"" hypocrites, ambidexters," out-sides, so many turning pictures, a lion on the one side, a lamb on the other.*^ How would Democritus have been affected to see these things ! " To see a man turn himself into all shapes like a camelion, or as Proteus, omnia transformans sese in miracula rcrum., to act twenty parts and persons at once, for his advantage, to temporize and vary like Mercury the Planet, good with good ; bad with bad ; having a several face, garb, and character for every one he meets ; of all religions, humours, inclinations ; to fawn like a spaniel, mcntitls et mlmicls obscquis, rage like a lion, bark like a cur, fight like a dragon, sting like a serpent, as meek as a lamb, and yet again grin like a tiger, weep like a crocodile, insult over some, and yet others domineer over him, here command* there crouch, tyrannize in one place, be baffled in another, a wise man at home, a fool abroad to make others merry. Jo s'ee so much difference betwixt words and deeds, so many parasangs betwixt ''■'Qnid forum 1 locus quo alius aliuni circumvenit. <^Vaslum chaos, larvarum emporium, tlipatriim hypo- crisios, &c. '"'Nemo cosliim, nemo jusjurandum, nemo Jovem pliiris facit, sed omnes apertis oculis bona sua computant. Petron. '"Plutarch, vit. ejus. Indecorum animatis ui viiiceis uti aut vitris, qu£e ubI fracta ahjicimus, nam ut de nieipso dicam, nee bovem senem vendideram, neduni honiinem natu giandem laboris socium. ■'fjovius. Cum innu- mera illius beneticia rependere non posset aliter, in- lerfici jussit. ^^ Bcneficia eo usque lata sunt duni videnlur solvi posse, ubi niultum antevenere pro gra- tia odium redditur. Tac. 'oPaucis charior est fides quani pecunia. Salust. ° Prima fere vota et cuiietis, &c. 5'-Et genus et formam regina pecu- nia donat. Quantum quisque sua nunimorum servat in area, tanluni habet et fidei, ^ Non t periti^ sed ab ornatu et vulgi vocibus habemur excellentes. Car- dan. 1. 2. de cons. ^^ Perjurata suo postponit nu- mina lucro, Mercator. Ut netessarium sit vcl Deo displicere, vel ab hominibus contemni, vexari, neg- llgi. 'SQui Curios simulant et Bacchanalia vivunt. °'' Tragelapho similes vel centauris, sursum bumineai deorsum equi. 44 Democntus to the Reader. • tongae and neart, men like stage-players act variety of parts, ^'give good precepts to others, soar aloft, whilst they themselves grovel on the ground. .^ ^To see a man protest friendship, kiss his hand, ''^ quern mallet truncatum videre% '^ smile with an. intent to do mischief, or cozen him whom he salutes, ^"magnify his friend unworthy with hyperbolical eulogiums ; his enemy albeit a good man, tc vilify and disgrace him, yea all his actions, with the utmost that livor and malice can invent. .^^ To see a " servant able to buy out his master, him that canies the mace more worth than the magistrate, which Plato, lib. 11, de leg., absolutely forbids, Epictetus abhors. A horse that tills the f^ land fed with chaff, an idle jade have provender in abundance ; him that makes shoes go barefoot himself, him that sells meat almost pined ;. a toiling drudge starve, a drone flourish. To see men Lviy smoke for wares, castles built with fools' heads, men like apes follow the fashions in tires, gestures, actions : if the king laugh, all laugh ; S3 "Rides'? majore chachinno Conciititiir, flet si laclirymas conspexit amici." "Alexander stooped, so %1 his courtiers ; Alphonsus turned his head, and so did his parasites. ^^ Sabina Popjjea, Nero's wife, wore amber-coloured hair, so did all the Roman ladies in an instant, her fashion was theirs. \ To see men wholly led by affection, admired and censured out of opinion with- out judgment : an inconsiderate multitude, like so many dogs in a village, if one bark all bark without a cause : as fortune's fan turns, if a man be in favour, or com- manded by some great one, all the world applauds him \ ^ if in disgrace, in an instant all hate him, and as at the sun when he is eclipsed, that erst took no notice, now gaze and stare upon him. To see a man ^' wear his brains in his belly, his guts in his head, an hundred oaks on his back, to devour a hundred oxen at a meal, nay more, to devour houses and towns, or as those Antliropophagi, ®^to eat one another. To see a man roll himself up like a snowball, from base beggary to right worship- ful and right honourable titles, unjustly to screw himself into honours and offices; another to starve his genius, damn liis soul to gather wealth, which he shall not en- joy, which his prodigal son melts and consumes in an instant."^ To see the xa,xo(,7fKMv of our times, a man bend all his forces, means, time, fortunes, to be a favorite's favorite's favorite, Stc, a parasite's parasite's parasite, that may scorn the servile world as having enough already. To see an hirsute beggar's brat, that lately fed on scraps, crept and whined, crying to all, and for an old jerkin ran of errands, now ruffle in silk and satin, bravely mounted, jovial and polite, now scorn his old friends and familiars, neglect his kin- dred, insult over his betters, domineer over all. . To see a scholar crouch and creep to an illiterate peasant for a meal's meat ; a scrivener better paid for an obligation ; a falconer receive greater wages than a student : a lawyer get more in a day than a philosopher in a year, better reward for an hour, than a scholar for a twelvemonth's study ; him that can '"paint Thais, play on a fiddle, curl hair, &c., sooner get preferment than a philologer or a poet." To see a fond mother, like Assop's ape, hug her child to death, a "wittol wink at his wife's honesty, and too perspicuous in all other aflairs ; one stumble at a straw, and leap over a block ; rob Peter, and pay Paul ; scrape unjust sums with one hand, purchase great manors by corruption,* fraud and cozenage, and liberally to distribuce to the poor with the other, give a remnant to pious uses, &c. Penny wise, pound foolish; blind men judge of colours; wise men silent, fools talk; "find fault with '"Praeceptis siiis coeluin promittunt, ipsi interim nius 1.37. cap. 3. capillos liabuit succineos, exinde pulveris terieni vilia uiancipia. ■^''jEneas Sily. factum ut omnes piiellK RomaiicE colorem ilium affee- "lArridere lininines ut sreviant, blandiri ut fallaiit. tareut. •^e Odit damnatos. Juv. ^-.Agrippa Cyp. ad Doiiatuin. ""Love and hate are like the ep. 28. 1. 7. Quorum cerelirum est in ventre, ingenU 'wo ends of a perspective glass, the one nuilliplies, uni in patinis. '^"Psal. They eat up my people the other makes less. "i Ministri locupletiores iis as bread. ^i^Absumil hsres ciecuba iignior ser- quihus ministratnr, servus majnres opes habens qusm vata centum clavibiis, et mero distinguet paviinentis patroiius. li-Qniterram colunt equi paleis pas- siiperbo, pontificum potiore coenis. Hor. '"Q-ii cuntur, qui ntiantiir cahalli aveii4 saainantur, discal-. Thaideiri pinsere, inflare libiam, crispare crines ceatus discurrit qui calces aliis facit. ''^Juven. " Doctus spoctare lacunar. '■'Tullius. Est .eniin Do you laugh 1 he is shaken by still greater laughter l ; proprium slultitite aliorum cernere vitia, oblicisci su- 70 weeps also when he has beheld the tears of liis j orum. Idem Aristippus Charidemo apud Lucianui;. %iend. "Bodin, lib. 4. de repub. cap. 6. espij. | Umnino stultitise cujusdam esse puto, &c Dtmocritus to the Reader. 45 others, and do worse themselves; '^denounce that in public which he doth in secret, and which Aurelius Victor gives out of Augustus, severely censure that in a third, of which he is most guilty himself. ^:\ To see a poor fellow, or an hired servant venture his life for his new master that will scarce give him his wages at year's end ; A country; colone toil and moil, till and drudge for a prodigal idle drone, that devours all the gain, or lasciviously con- sumes with phantastical expences •, A noble man in a bravado to encounter death and for a small flash of honour tc^cast away himself; A worldling tremble at an ex ecutor, and yet not fear hell-fire ; To wish and hope for immortality, desire to b( happy, and yet by all' means avoid death, a necessary passage to bring him to it. To see a fool-hardy fellow like those old Danes, qui dccollari malunt quam verbcrari, die rather than be punished, in a sottish humour embrace death with alacrity, yet "''scorn to lament his own sins and miseries, or his dearest friends' departures. To see wise men degraded, fools preferred, one govern toMms and cities, and yet a silly woman overrules him at home ; '^ Command a province, and yet his own ser- vants or children prescribe laws to him, as Themistocles' son did in Greece ; v6a\vhat I will (said he) my mother will, and what my mother will, my father doth." To see horses ride in a coach, men draw it ; dogs devour their masters ; towers build masons; children rule; old men go to school; women wear the breeches ; '' sheep demolish towns, devour men, &c. And in a word, the world turned upside downward. O viveret Democritus. '^To insist in every particular were one of Hercules' labours, there's so many ridiculous instances, as motes in the sun. Quantum est in rebus inane ? (How much vanity there is in things !) And who can speak of all ? Crimine ab uno disce omnes, take this for a taste. But these are obvious to sense, trivial and well known, easy to be discerned. How would Democritus have been moved, had he seen ™ the secrets of their hearts ? If every man had a window in his breast, which Momus would have had in Vulcan's man, or that which TuUy so much wislied it were written in every man's forehead, Quid quisque de rcpublicd senliret^ what he thought ; or that it could be effected in an instant, which Mercury did by Charon in Lucian, by touching of his eyes, to make him discern semel et simul rumores et susurros. " Spes hnniiniim ctccas, mnibos, votutnque labores, I "Blind hopes and wishes, their thoughts and affairs, Et passim toto volitantes iethere curas." | Whispers and rumours, and those flying cares." That he could cubiculorum obductas foras recludere et secreta cordium penetrare^ which *° Cyprian desired, open doors and locks, shoot bolts, as Lucian's Gallus did with a feather of his tail : or Gyges' invisible ring, or some rare perspective glass, or Otacousticon, which would so multiply species, that a man might hear and see all at once (as *' Martianus Capella's Jupiter did in a spear which he held in his hand, which did present unto him all that was daily done upon the face of the earth), observe cuckolds' horns, forgeries of alchemists, the philosopher's stone, new pro- jectors, &c., and all those works of darkness, foolish vows, hopes, fears and wishes, what a deal of laughter would it have afforded ? He should have seen windmills in one man's head, an hornet's nest in another. Or had he been present with Icarome- nippus in Lucian at Jupiter's whispering place, ^^ and heard one pray for rain, an- other for fair weather ; one for his wife's, another for his father's death, &c ; " to ask tha-t at God's hand which they are abashed any. man should hear :" How would he have been confounded .? Would he, think you, or any man else, say that these men were well in their wits ? Hcec sani esse hominis quis sanus juret Orestes ? 'SExecrari publice quod occulta agat. Salvianus | ep. praed. Hos. dejerantes et potantes deprehendet lib. de pro. acres ulciscendis vitiis quibus ipsi vehe- | hos vomentes, illos litigantes, insidias molientes, siif- inenter indulgent. '^ Adamus eccl. hist. cap. 212. Si(]uis damnatus fuerit, laetus esse gloria est'; nam lachrymas et planctum csteraqiie coinpunctionum genera qus nos salubria censemus, ita abominantur Da-i, ut nee pro peccatis nee pro defunctis amicis ullt flcie liceat. ''•Orbi dat leges foras, vix famulum fragantes, venena niiscentes, in amicoruni accusalio- nem subscribentes, hos gloria, illos ambitione, ciipidi- tate, mente captos, &c. '-> Ad Doiiat. ep. 2. I. 1. O si posses in specula sublimi cnnslilulus, &c. "' Lib. 1. de nup Philol. in qua quid singuli nationum popull quotidianis niotibus agitarent. relutebat. *- O Ju- rogit sine strepitu domi. 'i^Quicquid esro volo hoc piter contiiigat mihi aurum h' Eoque gravior morbus quo if;- pro stiillis babent juvenes. B;ilth. Cast. MClodiiii notior peiitlitanti. f^'QufB Isediint ociilos, fcstiiias aciusat nifechos. «> Omniiiiii stultissimi qui auri- deiiiere ; si quid est aniiiiuu), differs curandi teuipiis culas sIudios6 tegurt. Sal. Meiiip. 9i Hor. Epist. 2. in aniiiini. Hor. ^^ Si caput, crus dolet, bracliiuni, "-Prosper. >*■' Statitn sapiunt, statirn sciunt, nemi- &c. Medicuni acrersiuius, recte et honeste, si par nem reverentiir, nemineni iinituntur, ipsi sibi exem- etiam iiidustria ill animi morbis poueretur. Job. Pe- plo. I'lin. Epist. lib. 8. S'lNulli alteri sa|x.r« tenus .lesuita. lib. 2. de liuiu. affec. inorborumque cura. i concedit, ne desipere videatur. A»rip. ""OninU •" Et quoli'squisque tamen est qui contra tot pestes I orbis persecbio a persis ad Lusitaniam. ssS Florid, mediciiin ."(juiral vel icgrotare se agnoscat? ebullit b? August. Qiialis in ociilis honiinum qui invfrsi* «« di- Ira, &c. Et nos tamen ffigms esse tiegamus. Inco- j bus anibulat, talis in ociilis sapipniuni et »:ige>t»a» unies medicum recusant. Prresens stag stultitiam i qui sibi placet, aut cui passiones dominantur. Ifemocntus to the Reader. 47 /teels upwards." So thou laughest at me, and I at thee, both at a third ; and he ro- turns that of the poet upon us again. ^^Hei mild,, insanire me aiiinf, qnum ipsi ultra insan'iant. We accuse others of madness, of folly, and are the veriest dizards our- selves. For it is a great sign and property of a fool (which Eccl. x. 3, points at) out of pride and self-conceit to insult, vilify, condemn, censure, and call other mer. fools (JVon vidcmus manticcs quod a tergo est) to tax that in others of which we are most faulty; teach that which we follow not ourselves : For an inconstant man lo write of constancy, a profane liver prescribe rules of sanctity and piety, a dizard liimself make a treatise of wisdom, or with Sallust to rail downright at spoilers of countries, and yet in ^^ office to be a most grievous poler himself. Tiiis argues weakness, and is an evident sign of such parties' indiscretion. ^°°Peccnt uter nostrum cruce dignius ? " Who is the fool now .?" Or else peradventure in some places we are all mad for company, and so 'tis not seen, Satiefas erroris et dementice., pariter absurditatcm et admirationem tollit. 'Tis with us, as it was of old (in ' TuUy's cen- sure at least) with C. Fimbria in Rome, a bold, hair-brain, mad fellow, and so es- teemed of all, such only excepted, that were as mad as himself: now in such a case there is ^ no notice taken of it. " Nimiium insanus paucis videatur ; et) quod I " When all are mad, where all are like opprest Maxima pars hnminum morbo jactalur eodem." [ Who can discern one mad man from the resf!" But put case they do perceive it, and some one be manifestly convicted of madness ' he now takes notice of his folly, be it in action, gesture, speech, a vain humour he hath in building, br gging, jangling, spending, gaming, courting, scribbling, prating, for which he is rid-> ulous to others, ^ on which he dotes, he dotli acknowledge as much : yet with all the rhetoric thou hast, thou canst not so recall him, out to the contrary notwithstanding, he will persevere in his dotage. 'Tis amahilis insania,i et mcniis gratissimus error,, so pleasing, so delicious, that he * cannot leave it. He knows his error, but will not seek to decline it, tell him what the event will be, beggary, sorrow, sickness, disgrace, shame, loss, madness, yet ^"'an angry man will prefer vengeanpe, a lascivious his whore, a thief his booty, a glutton his belly, before his welfare." ( Tell an epicure, a covetous man, an ambitious man of his irregular course, wean him from it a little, pol me occidlslls amici, he cries anon, you have undone him, and as 'a "dog to his vomit," he returns to it again; no persuasion will take place, no counsel, say what thou canst, " Clames licet et mare coelo Coiifundas, surdo narras,"^ demonstrate as Ulysses did to ^Elpenor and Gryllus, and the rest of his companions ''those swinish men," he is irrefragable in his humour, he will be a hog still; bray him in a mortar, he will be the same. If he be in an heresy, or some perverse opi- nion, settled as some of our ignorant Papists are, convince his understanding, show him the several follies and absurd fopperies of that sect, force him to say, veris vin- cor,, make it as clear as the sun, '"he will err still, peevish and obstinate as he is ; and as he said " si in hoc erro,, Uhcnter erro,, nee hunc error em aufcrri mihi volo ; 1 will do as T have done, as my predecessors have done, '^and as my friends now do : I will dote for company. Say now, are these men '^ mad or no, '^Heus age responde ? are they ridiculous .? cedo qucmvis arbitrum, are they sanm mentis,, sober, wise, and discreet .? have they common sense ? ■ '^ uter est insanior horum f I am of De- mocritus' opinion for my part, I hold them worthy to be laughed at ; a company of brain-sick dizards, as mad as '''Orestes and Athamas, that they may go "ride tht iss," and all sail along to the Anticyrae, in the " ship of fools" for company together. I need not much labour to prove this which I say otherwise than thus, make any 98 Piautus Menechmi. '"Governor of Asnich by honores, avariis opes, &c. odimus hiec et accercimus. C8Bsar"s appointment. i™ Nunc satiitatis patroci- Cardan. I. 2. de conso. ' I'rov. xxvi. 11. » Al- nium est insanienlinm turba. Sen. i Pro Rnseio ; thnu-jh you call out, and confound the sea and sky, Amerino, et quod inter omnes constat insanissimus, ; yon still address a deaf man. '■> Plutarch. Gryllo. nisi inter cos. qui ipsi quoque insaiiiunt.* '-i Ne- j snilli linmines sic Clem. Alex. vo. '"Non per- cesse est cum iiisanientihus furere, nisi solus relin- j suadebis, etiamsi persuaseris. nTully. '•^Malo queris. Pelronius. 3 Q,io,|jn,i, ^on est genus ! cum illis insanire, quam cum aliis bene sentire. unum stuliitisB qua me insanire putas. < Stultum ' I'Qui inter hos enurriuntur, non magissai)ere possunt, me fatenr, liceat coiicedcre verum, Alque etiam insa- qn4m qui in culind bene olere. Patron. '^ Per- num. Hor. ' Odi ner possum cupiens nee esse sins. i6Uor.2. ser. which of these is the more quod odi. Ovid. Ermre prato libenter omnes insani- mad. i^Vesanum exagitant fueri, innuptaequ) myy" " Amator s( ortnm viias prieponit, iracundns puellte. »ir.ili( tam : fir Ufatdam. narasitus iulam, ambitiosiis 48 Democritus to tlie Reader. sofemn protestation, or swear, I think yoii will believe me without an oath ; say at a woril. are they fools ? I refer it to you, though you be likewise fools and madmen yourselves, and I as mad to ask the question ; for what said our comical Mercury r " " Justuin ab injustis petere insipientia est." | I'll stand to your censure yet, what think you •? ^But forasmucli as 1 undertook at first, that kingdoms, provinces, families, were melancholy as well as private men, I will examine them in particular, and that which I have hitherto dilated at random, in more general terms, I will particularly insis* in, prove with more special and evident arguments, testimonies, illustrations, and that in brief. ^^JVunc accipe quare desipi.ant omnes ceque ac tu. My first argument is borrowed from Solomon, an arrow drawn OMt of his sententious quiver. Pro. iii. 7, " Be not wise in thine own eyes.'" And xxv 12, " Seest thou a man wise in his own conceit .'' more hope is of a fool than of him." Isaiah pronounceth a woe against such men, cap. v. 21, " that are wise in their own eyes, and prudent in thei' own sight." For hence we may gather, that it is a great offence, and men are much deceived that think too well of themselves, an especial argument to convince them of folly. Many men (saito '^Seneca) " had been without question wise, had they not had an opinion that they had attained to perfection of knowledge already, even before they had gone half wa /," too forward, too ripe, prcBpropcri, too quick ai^d 'leady, ^"citd prudentes., cito ph., citd marili, cilo patres^ clIo sacerdotes., cito 07miis officii capaces et curiosi, they had too good a conceit of themselves, And that marred all ; of their worth, valour, skill, art, learning, judgment, eloquence, their good parts ; all their geese are swans, and that manifestly proves them to be no better than fools. In foi-mer times they had but seven wise men, now you can scarce find so many fools. Thales sent the golden Tripos, which the fishermen found, and the oracle commanded to be ^' " given to the wisest, to Bias, Bias to Solon," &c. If such a thing were now found, we should all fight for it, as the three goddesses did for the golden apple, we are so wise : Ave have woirien politicians, children metaphysicians ; every silly fellow can square a circle, make perpetual motions, find the philosopher'* stone, interpret Apocalypses, make new Theories, a new system of the world, new Logic, new Philosophy, &c. JYostra utique rcgio, saith ^^Petronius, "our country is so full of deified spirits, divine souls, that you may sooner find a God than a man amongst us," we think so well of ourselves, and that is an ^mple testimony of much folly. My second argument is grounded upon the like place of Scripture, which though before mentioned in effect, yet for some reasons is to be repeated (and by Plato's good leave, I may do it, ^^6ii to xaxbv p-i^eev ov6ev ^■KuTttci) "• Fools (saith David) by reason of their transgressions." &,c. Psal. cvii. 17. Hence Musculus infers all transgressors must needs be fools. So we read Rom. ii., " Tribulation and anguish on the soul of every man that doeth evil;" but all do evil. And Isaiah, Ixv. 14, "My servant shall sing for joy, and ^^ye shall cry for sorrow of heart, and vexation of mind." 'TIS ratified by the common consent of -all philosophers. " Dishonesty (saith Cardan) is nothing else but folly and madness. ^ Probus quis nohiscum vivif.? Show me an honest man, J^emo malus qui non sfidhis., 'tis Fabius' apliorism to the same end. If none honest, none wise, then all fools. And well may they be so accounted : for who will account him otherwise, •Q(/i iter adorned in nccidentcm^ quum properaret in oricnfcm ? that goes backwarc^ all his life, westward, when he is bound to the east .'' or hold him a wise man (saith ^''Musculus) " that prefers momen- tary pleasures to eternity, that spends his master's goods in his absence, forthwith to be condemned for it ?" JYeqiiicquam sapit qui sibi non sapif^ who M'ill say that a sick man is wise, that eats and drinks to overthrow the temperature of his body ? (Can you account him wise or discreet that would willingly have his health, and yet will do nothing that should procure or continue it.'' ^'Theodoret, out of Plotinus the Platonist, " holds it a ridiculous thing for a man^ to live after his own laws, to do " Plaulus. '« Hor. 1. 2. sat. 2. Superbam stulti- I =« Malefactors. a^who can find a faitbful mani tiam Plinius vocat. 7. epist. 21. quod semel dixi,ti.\um ' Prov. xx. 6. ''^ii, Psiil. xlix. Qui moitientanea ratumque sit. '^ Multisapientes proculdn^io fuis- sempilernis, qui delapidat heri ahsenlis bona, iriox in sent, si se non putassent ad sapientiae snmmum per- I jus vocandiis et datniiandus. '-'' Perquain ridi- venisse. -"Idem. '^' Plutarchus Solone. culuin est homines ex animi sententia vivere, el qu* For how <'saith he) shall I know ^thee to be a man, when thou kickest iike an ass. neighest like a horse after women, jravest in lust like a bull, ravenest Ifke a bear, stingest like a scorpion, rakest like a wolf, as subtle as a fox, as impudent as a dog.? Shall I say thou art a man, that 'hast all the symptoms of a beast .? How shall I know thee to be a man ? by thy ' shape .? That affi-ights me more, when I see a beast in likeness of a man. ^Seneca calls that of Epicurus, magnijicam rocem, an heroical speech, "A fool still begins to live," and accounts it a filthy lightness in men, every day to lay new foundations of their life, but who doth otherwise .? One travels, another builds ; one for this, another for that business, and old folks are as far out as the rest ; O demen- tem senectutcm, Tully exclaims. Therefore young, old, middle age, are all stupid, and dote. ?^iEneas Sylvius, amongst many other, sets down three special ways to find a fool hf. He is a fool that seeks that he cannot find : he is a fool that seeks that, which neing found will do him more harm than good : he is a fool, that having variety of ways to bring him to his journey's end, takes that which is worst. If so, methinks most men are fools ; examine their courses, and you shall soon perceive what dizards and mad men the major part are. J, Beroaldus will have drunkards, afternoon men, and such as more than ordinarily delight in drink, to be mad. The first pot quencheth thirst, so Panyasis the poet determines in Jithencpus, sccunda gratiis, horis et Dyonisio : the second makes merry, the third for pleasure, quarta ad insaniam, the fourth makes them mad. If this posi- tion be true, what a catalogue of mad men shall we have .? what shall they be that drink four times four ? JYomie supra oinnejn furorem, supra omnem insanian red- dunt insanissimos ? I am of his opinion, they are more than mad, much worse than mad. wThe ''"Abderites condemned Democritus for a mad man, because he was sometimes sad, and sometimes again profusely merry. Hac Patria (saith Hippocrates) ob risvm furere et insanire dicunt, his countrymen hold him mad because he laughs; ^^and therefore " he desires him to advise all his friends at Rhodes, that they do not laugh too much, or be over sad." Had those Abderites been conversant with us, and but 28 Sapiens sibi qui imperiosus, &c. Hor. 2. ser. 7. ^''Conclus. lib. de vie. offer, certuin est aninii morbis laboranles pro mortuis coiisemios. 3" Lib. de sap. llbi timor aiest, sapientia ade.-\ Cardan, in his Sixteenth Book of Subtilties, reckons up twelve super-eminent, acute philosophers, for worth, subtlety, and wisdom: Archimedes, Galen, Vitruvius, Ar- chitas Tarentinus, Euclid, Geber, that first inventor of Algebra, Alkindus the Mathe- matician, both Arabians, with others. But his triumviri terrarum far beyond the rest, are PtoloniiEus, Plotinus, .Hippocrates. Scaliger exereltat.' 224, scofk at this censure of his, calls some of them carpenters and mechanicians, he makes Galen fimhrlam Hippocralis, a skirt of Hippocrates : and the said ■*'' Cardan himself else- where condemns botli Galen and Hippocrates for tediousncss, obscurity, confusion. Paracelsus will have them both mere idiots, infants in physic and philosophy. Sca- liger and Cardan admire Suisset the Calculator, qui pene modum excessll humani in- genll, and yet '"'Lod. Vives calls them nugas Suisset lens : and Cardan, opposite to himself in another place, contemns those ancients in respect of times present, ''^Ma- jorcsque nostras ad presentes collatos juste pueros appellari. In conclusion, the said '^"Cardan and Saint Bernard will admit none into this catalogue of wise men, ^' but only prophets and apostles ; how they esteem themselves, you have heard before. We are worldly-wise, admire ourselves, and s(;ek for applause : but heai Saint ^^ Bernard, quant o magis foras es sapiens, tanfo rruigis intus stultus efficerls, &c. in omnibus es prudens, circa teipsum Inslplcns : the more wise thou art to others, the more fool to thyself. I may not deny but that there is some folly approved, a divine fury, a holy madness, even a spiritual drunkenness in the saints of God them- selves ; sanctum Insanlum Bernard calls it (though not as blaspheming ^^Vorstius, would infer it as a passion incident to God himself, but) familiar to good men, as ■loPer multum risnm poteris cognoscere stultum. Offic 3. c. 9 ^'Sapientes liheii, sttiiti servi, li- berlas est potestas, &c. •'-Hor. 2. ser. 7. ■'■'Ju- ven. "Good people are scarce." •wilypocrit. ">Ut niulier aiilica nullius pudens. ■•''Epist 33. Quanito fatuo delertari volo, iion e.ii Innge quaerendus, BtH video. *" Primo conlradicenti'im. '"Lib. de causis corrupt, artium. ■'^ Actions ad subtil, in Seal. fol. 12'26. ^oLih. 1. de sap. ^i Vide miser homo, quia totum est vanitas, tntum gtultitia. totuin (Ifmentia, quic(iuid facis in hoc iiiurjilo, pra;ter hoc so- lum quod propter Deum facis. Ser. de miser, hom. ^ In 2 Pl.itiiiiis dial. I de justo ^iDm,, iram CI udiuiu in Deo revera ponit. Democntus to the Reader. 51 •lat of Paul, 2 Cor. " he was a fool," &c. and Rom. ix. he wisheth himself to he anathematized for them. Such is that drunkenness which Ficinus speaks of, when the soul is elevated and ravished with a divine taste of that heavenly nectar, wnich poets deciphered by the sacrifice of Dionysius, and in this sense with the poet, '^insanire lubet, as Austin exhorts us, ad ehrietatem se quisque paret., let's all be mad and ^'^ drunk. But we commonly mistake, and go beyond our commission, we reel to the opposite part, ^ we are not capable of it, "'and as he said of the Greeks, Vos Grcpci semper pueri^ vos Britanni, Galli, Germanic Itali, &.c. you are a company .of fools. i^' Proceed now a parfibus ad totwn^ or from the whole to parts, and you shall find no other issue, the parts shall be sufliciently dilated in this following Preface. The whole must needs follow by a sorites or induction. Every multitude is mad, '^ bcllua multorum capitum^ (a many-headed beast), precipitate and rash without judgment, stultum animal., a roaring rout. *^ Roger Bacon proves it out of Aristotle, Viilgus dividi in oppositum cordra sapicnlcs., quod vulgo vidclur vcrum., falswn est • that which the commonalty accounts true, is most part false, they are still opposite to wise men, but all the world is of this humour (vnlgus)^ and thou thyself art de vulgo., one of the commonalty; and he, and he, and so are all the rest; and there- fore, as Phocion concludes, to be approved in nought you say or do, mere idiots and asses. Begin then where you will, go backward or forward, choose out of the whole pack, wink and choose, you shall find them all alike, "• never a barrel better herring." X- Copernicus, Atlas his successor, is of opinion, the earth is a planet, moves and '^^shines to others, as the moon doth to us. Digges, Gilbert, Keplerus, Origanus, and others, defend this hypothesis of his in sober sadness, and that the moon is inhabi- ted : if itir be so that ^he earth is a moon, then are we also giddy, vertigenous and lunatic within this sublunary maze. I could produce such arguments till dark night : if you should hear the rest. 'Ante diem clauso component vesper Oliinpo: " Tliroi|o;li such a train of words if I should run, The day would sooner Ihan the tale be done :' but according to my promise, I will descend to particulars. This melancholy extends itself not to men only, but even to vegetals and sensibles. I speak not of those creatures which are saturnine, melancholy by nature, as lead, and such like mine- rals, or those plants, rue, cypress, &.c. and hellebore itself, of which '^"Agrippa treats, fishes, birds, and beasts, hares, conies, dormice, &c., owls, bats, nightbirds, but that artificial, which is perceived in them all. Remove a plant, it will pine away, which is especially perceived in date trees, as you may read at large in Constantine's hus- bandry, that antipathy betwixt the vine and the cabbage, vine and oil. Put a bird in a cage, he will die for suUenness, or a beast in a pen, or take his young ones or companions from him, and see what effect it will cause. But who perceives not these common passions of sensible creatures, fear, sorrow, &c. Of all other, dogs are most subject to this malady, insomuch some hold they dream as men do, and through' violence of melancholy run mad ; I could relate many stories of dogs that have died ' for grief, and pined away for loss of their masters, but they are common in every ^' author. Kingdoms, provinces, and politic bodies are likewise sensible and subject to this disease, as "^^Boterus in his politics hath proved at large. "■As in human bodies (saith he) there be divers alterations proceeding from humours, so be there many dis- eases 111 a commonwealth, which do as diversely happen from several distempers," as you may easily percieve by their particular symptoms. For where you shall see the people civil, obedient to God and princes, judicious, peaceable and quiet, rich, fortunate, '^^ and flourish, to live in peace, in unity and concord, a country well tilled, many fair built and populous cities, ubi incolce nitcnt as old ® ' Cato said, the peo})le are neat, polite and terse, ubi bene., beateque vivunt, which our politicians make the " Vir^. 1. Eccl. 3. 66 ps. inebriahuntur ab uber- tate doiniis. "■ In Psal. civ. Austin. '" In Pla- • tonis Tim. sacerdos .Slgyplius. '« Hor. t jigis iii- «anum w Palet ea diviso probabilis, &c. cy. Ar^at. Top. ib. 1. c. 8. Rog. Bac. Epist. de secret. <.rt. et nat. c. 8. non est judicium in vulgo. eojje occult. Pbi- losop. 1. 1. c. 25 et 19. ejusd. 1. Lib. 10. cap. 4. s' See Lipeius epist. "-De politai illustrium lib. 1. cap. 4. ut in hunianis coporibus varia' accidunt mutationes corporis, aniniique, sic in republica, &:c. oa ujjj reges pliiiosophantur, Plato. "Lib. de re rust. 52 Democntus to the Reader. chief end of a commonwealth; and which ^"^ Jiristotle PoUt. lib. 3., cap. 4 calls Cam.' mune boniim., Polyhius lib. 6, optabilem et sclcclum stalum, that country is free from ' melancholy ; as it was in Italy in the time of Augustus, now in China, now in many other flourisliing kingdoms of Europe. But whereas you shall see many discontents, common grievances, complaints, poverty, barbarism, beggary, plagues, wars, rebel- lions, seditions, mutinies, contentions, idleness, riot, epicurism, the land lie untilled, waste, full of bogs, fens, deserts, &c., cities decayed, base and poor towns, villages depopulated, the people squalid, ugly, uncivil ; that kingdom, that country, must needs be. discontent, melancholy, hath a sick body, and had need to be reformed. Now that cannot well be effected, till tlie causes of these maladies be first removed, which commonly proceed from their own default, or some accidental inconvenience • as to be situated in a bad clime, too far north, sterile, in a barren place, as the desert of Lybia, deserts of Arabia, places void of waters, as those of Lop and Belgian in Asia, or in a bad air, as at Mexandretta., Bantam.^ Pisa, Durrazzo, S. John de Ulloa, Stc, or in danger of tlie sea's continual inundations, as in many places of the Low Countries and elsewhere, or near some bad neighbours, as Hungarians to Turks, Podolians to Tartars, or almost any bordering countries, they live in fear still, and by reason of hostile incursions are oftentimes left desolate. So are cities by reason *®of wars, fires, plagues, inundations, "'wild beasts, decay of trades, barred havens, the sea's violence, as Antwerp may witness of late, Syracuse of old, Brundu- sium in Italy, Rye and Dover with us, and many tliat at this day suspect the sea''s fury and rage, and labour against it as tlie Venetians to their inestimable charge. But the most frequent maladies are such as proceed from themselves, as first when religion and God's service is neglected, innovated or altered, where they do not fear God, obey their prince, where atheism, epicurism, sacrilege, simony, &.C., and all such impieties are freely committed, that country cannot prosper. WheiiiAbraham came to Gerar, and saw a bad land, he said, sure the fear of God was not in that place. ''^ Cyprian Echovius, a Spanish chorographer, above all other cities of Spain, commends '' Borcino, in wliich there was no beggar, no man poor. Sec, but all rich, and in good estate, and he gives the reason, because they were more religious tlian their neighbours :" why was Israel so often spoiled by their enemies, led into capti- vity, Slc, but for their idolatry, neglect of God's word, for sacrilege, even for one Achau's fault } And what sliall we except that have such multitudes of Achans, church robbers, simoniacal patrons, &.C., how can they hope to flourish, that neglect divine duties, that live most part lilce Epicures .? Other common grievances are generally noxious to a body politic •, alteration of laws and customs, breaking privileges, general oppressions, seditions, &c., observed by '^^Aristotle, Bodin, Boterus, Junius, Arnisc.us, &c. I will only point at some of chiefest. ""^Impofenlia giibernandi., afaxia., confusion, ill oovernment, which proceeds from unskilfid, slothful, griping, covetous, unjust, ras,i, or tyrannizing magistrates, when they are fools, idiots, children, proud, wilful, partial, indiscreet, oppressors, giddy heads, tyrants, not able or unfit to manage such offices : '" many nobic cities and flourishing kingdoms by that means are desolate, the whole body groans under such heads, and all the members must needs be disaffected, as at this day those goodly provinces in Asia Minor, &c. groan under the burthen of a Turkish govern- ment ; and those vast kingdoms of Muscovia, Russia, "'^ under a tyrannizing duke. Who ever heard of more civil and rich populous countries than those of " Greece, Asia Minor, abounding with all "wealth, multitudes of inhabitants, force, power, splendour and magnificence .''" and that miracle of countries, '■* the Holy Land, that in so small a compass of ground could maintain so many towns, cities, produce so many fighting men ? Egypt another paradise, now barbarous and desert, and almost waste, by the despotical government of an imperious Turk, intolerabili servitutis ^5 Vel publicam utilitatem: salus piiblica supreiiia ex esto. Beata civilas noii iihi paiici bcati, sed lota civitas beata. Plato qiiarlo de republica. "Maii- vua VEE iiiisera; nimiiim vicjna Crenionae. 6'lnter- dum a feris, lit olim Mauritania, &c. esDeliciig Hisparias anno 1604. Nemo mains, nemo pauper, op- tiniiis quisque atqiie ditissimus. Pie, sancteque vive. 5. c. 3. '0 Boterus Polit. lib. 1. c. 1. Cum nempe princeps rerum perendarum imperitus, segiii.s, osci- tans, snique miineris irnniemor, ant faluus est. " Non viget respublica cujus caput infirniatur. Sa- lisburiensis. c. 22. '.* See Dr. Fletcher's rela- tion, and Alexander Gairninus' history. '^ Abiin-* dans nmni diviiiarum affluentia incolarnm mullitudina bant sumniaqiie cum venoratione, et timore divino spleridnre ac poientia. "Not above 200 niiles ii' eijJtui, eacrisque rebus inr.umbebant. ™ Polit. i. letisth. 60 in breadth, accordine to Adricomii'a Dcmocritus to the Reader. 53 jngo premitnr ('^one saith) not «,»n)y fire and water, goods or lands, sed ipse spirituh ah insoJcnlissimi victorls vendct nutUj siich is tb.eir slavery, their lives and souls depend upon his insolent v>all and command. A tyrant that spoils all wheresoever he comes, insomuch that an '^historian complains, " if an old inhabitant should now see them, he would not know them, if a traveller, or stranger, it would grieve his heart to behold them." Whereas '''Aristotle notes, JVods; exactiones., nova onera itnposita, new burdens and exactiojis daily come upon them, like those of which Zosimus, lib. 2, so grievous, ut viri uxores., patrcs fdios prostituerent ut exadorihus e quesl.u.^ &.C., they must needs be discontent, June civitatum gemitus et ploratus, as ''^TuUy holds, hence come those complaints and tears of cities, " poor, miserable, rebellious, and desperate subjects, as '^Hippolitus adds; and ""as a judicious countryman of ours observed not long since, in a survey of that great Duchy of Tuscany, the people lived much grieved and discontent, as appeared by their manifold and manifest com- plainings in that kind. "XThat the state was like a sick body which had lately taken physic, whose humours are not yet well settled, and weakened so much by purging, that nothing was left but melancholy." ' Whereas the princes and potentates are immoderate in lUst, hypocrites, epicures, of no religion, but in show : Quid hi/pocrisl fragUius f wliat so brittle and unsure '. what sooner subverts their estates than wandering and raging lusts, on their subjects' wives, daughters .? to say no worse. That they should faecm pripferre., lead the way to all virtuous actions, are the ringleaders oftentimes of all mischief and disso- lute courses, and by that means their countries are plagued, ^' '•' and they themselves often ruined, banished, or murdered by conspiracy of their subjects, as Sardanapalus was, Diouysius, junior, Heliogabalus, Periander, Pisistratus, Tarquinius, Timocrates, Childericus, Appius Claudius, Andronicus, Galeacius Sforsia, Alexander Medices," &.c. Whereas the princes or great men are malicious, envious, factious, ambitious, emulators, they tear a commonwealth asunder, as so many Guelfs and Gibelines disturb the quietness of it, ^and with mutual murders let it bleed to death; our his- tories are too full of such barbarous inhumanities, and the miseries that issue from them. • ^^hereas they be like so many horse-leeches, hungry, griping, corrupt, ^^ covetous. avariticE mancipia., ravenous as wolves, for as TuUy writes : qui prcecst prodest, et qui pccudihus prceest, debet eorum utiUtati inservire : or such as prefer their private before the public good. For as ^^he said long since, res privatoi publicis semper officere. Or whereas they be illiterate, ignorant, empirics in policy, nbi deest facul- las, ^virtus (^Jlristot. pot. 5, cap. 8.,) et scientia., wise only by inheriiance, and ir authority by birth-right, favour, or for their wealth and titles ; there must needs be a fault, ^^ a great defect : because as an " old pliilosopher affirms, such men are noi always fit. " Of an infinite number, few alone are senators, and of those few, fewer good, and of that small number of honest, good, and noble men, few that are learned, wise, discreet and sufficient, able to discharge such places, it must needs turn to the confusion of a state." For as the **\Princes are, so are the people ; Qiialis Rex., talis grex : and which ^Antigonus right well said of old, qui Macedonixz rcgcm erudil^ omnes etiani subditos erudit,, he that teacheth the king of Macedon, teacheth all his subjects, is a true saying still. "For Princes are the stass, the school, the hook, I f, rT " Velocius et cilius iios Where subjects' eyes do learn, do read, do look." Corn.mpnni v.iion.m exemp la do mesfca, n.ag n.3 •' •' ' ' I Cum subeant aminos auctoribus." ^d Their examples are soonest followed, vices entertained, if they be profane, irreli- " Romulus Ainascus. '^Sabellicus. Si quis in- ' plant and overthrow their adversaries, enrich thcnrio cola vefiis, non agnosceret, si qiiis pcregrinus in?e- | selves, get honours, dissemble ; but whit is this to the niisceret. '' Polit. 1. 5. c. 6. Crudelitas p\incipum, bene esse, or preservation of a Coiiimonwe.Tttlil impunitas scelerum, violatio leguni, peculates pc^uniee f^Iinperiiim suapte sponte ccrruit. ^■^ Apul. I'rim. publicEB, etc. '6 Epist. '" De increm. urb. cap. | Flor. Ex innumerabiUbus, pauci Senatores genere i20. snbditi niiseri, i.;belles, riesperali, &c. '' R. i nobiles, 6 consularibus pauci boni, 6 bonis adhuc pauci D.irlington. 151)6. conclusio libri. •" Botcrus !. 9. eruditi. ^^ Non solum viiia coni'ipi-int ipsi princi- c. 4. Polit. Quo fit ut aut rebus desperatis exulenc, I pes, sed eliam infundunt in civitatem, plusque e.-em;jlo aut conjuratione subditorum crudclissime tandem Iru- [ quam peccato nocetit. Cic. 1. de legibus. Ifpist. cidentur. »- Mutuis odiis et ca=dihus exhausti, &c. ; aj Zen. Juvcn. .Sat. 4. Paupertas se^litionem gi^nit " 63 Lucra ex malis, scelerastisqne cavisis. .«' Salust. et maleficium. Arist. Pol. '2. c. 7. s* Vicioijs, c*i •■ For nio?f part we mistake the name of Politicians, inesiic examples opc.Tttc more quickly" upon us wb f accounting such as read Machiavcl and 1 acitus, great Buggepted to our minds by high authorities. > et sanguine civinm, thieves and seminaries of discord ; worse than any polers by the highway side, auri accipi- tres, auri extercbronides, pecuniarum hamiolce^ quadruplatores^ curice harpagones, fori tinlinahula.1 monstra hominum, mangoncs, &.c. tliat take upon them_ to make peace, but are indeed the very disturbers of our peace, a company of irreligious har- pies, scraping, griping catchpoles, (I mean our common hungry pettifoggers, ^ rabu- las forenses^ love and honour in the meantime all good laws, and worthy lawyers, that are so many ^'''oracles and pilots of a well-governed coiumonwealth). Without art, without judgment, that do more harm, as ^**Livy said, quam hella externa,, fa?nes, morbive., than sickness, wars, hunger, diseases •, "• and cause a most incredible de- struction of a commonwealth," saith ®^ Sesellius, a famous civilian sometimes in Paris, as ivy doth by an oak, embrace it so long, until it hath got the heart out of it, so do they by such places they inhabit; no counsel at all, no justice, no speech to be had, nisi cum premulscris, he must be fed still, or else he is as mute as a fish, better open an oyster without a knife. Experto crede (saith '^ Salisburiensis) in manus eorum millies incidi, et Charon immitis qui nulli pepcrcit unquam, his longe clementior est ; " 1 speak out of experience, I have been a thousand times amongst them, and Charon himself is more gentle tlian they ; ' he is contented with his single pay, but they multiply still, they are never satisfied," besides they liave damnijicas linguas^ as he terms it, nisi funibus argenteis vincias, they must be fed to say nothing, and '^ get more to hold their peace than we can to say our best. They will speak their clients fair, and invite them to their tables, but as he follows it, '' " of all injustice there is none so pernicious as that of theirs, which when they deceive most, will seem to be honest men." They take upon them to be peacemakers, et fovere cansas humi- hum, to help them to their right., patrocina7itur afflictis, * hut aW is for their own good, lit loculos plenioro/n exhauriant, they plead for poor men gratis, but they are but as a stale to catch others. If there be no jar, ''they can make a jar, out of the law itself find still some quirk or other, to set them at odds, and continue causes so long, lustra aliquot., I know not how many years before the cause is heard, and when 'tis judged and determined by reason of some tricks and errors, it is as fresh to begin, after twice seven years sometimes, as it was at first ; and so they prolong 91 Salust. Semper in civitate quibus opes nulls sunt bonis invident, vctera oderfi, nova exoptant, odio su- aruni renini mutari omnia petunt. ^ De lesiibus. profligatffi in repiib. dir.ciplinffi est indicium jurisperi- toriim nnmeriis, ot medii;orum copia. "•< In pra;f. stud, juris. Mulliplicantur nunc in tcrris m locustee non pairife parentes, sed pestes, pessinii homines, ma- jore ex parta snperciliosi contentiosi, &c. licit uni latrociiiium exerrent. "' Dousa epid loquieleia lurba, vultures logati, 96 Bare. Argen. --li Juris xiDBulti doiuus orariilum civuatis. Tully. ^ Lib. 3. w Lib. 3. !»Lib. 1. de rep. Gallorum, incredibilem reipub. porniciom afferunt. »« Polycrat. lib. 'Is stipo contentus. et hi asses integros sibi niiiltiplicari^ jubent. '^ Plus accipiunt tacore, quam nos loqui.' ■' Totiu.s inj\tstitiiB nulla capitalior, qiiAm eorum qui cum ma.i;ime decipiunt, id asunt. ut boni viri esse vi- deanlur. * Nam quocunque mndo causa procedat, hoc semper agitur, ut loculi impleantur, etsi avarii a nrqiiit saiiari. ^ Camdei- in Norfolk ; qui si niliU sit litiiim £ juris apicibus litob tamen serere callenl. Democritus to the Reader. i>5 time, delay suit* till they have enriched themselves, and beggared their clients. And, as ''Cato inveighed against Isocrates' scholars, we may justly tax our wrangling law yers, they do consenescere in litibus, are so litigious and busy here on earth, that I " think they will plead their client's causes hereafter, some of them in hell. 'Sinilerus complains amongst the Snisseres of the advocates in his time, tliat when they should make an end, they began controversies, and " protract their causes many years, ner- suading them their title is good, till their patrimonies be consumed, and tliat they have spent more in seeking than the thing is worth, or they shall get by the recovery.' So that he that goes to law, as the proverb is, ** holds a wolf by the ears, or as a sheep in a storm runs for shelter to a brier, if he prosecute his cause he is consumed, if he surcease his suit he loseth all; ^what difference .'' They had wont heretofore, saith Austin, to end matters, per communes arbitros ; and so in Switzerland (we are informed by '"Simlerus), "they had some common arbitrators or daysmen in every town, that made a friendly composition betwixt man and man, and he much wonders at their honest simplicity, that could keep peace so well, and end such great causes by that means. At "Fez in Africa, they have neither lawyers nor advocates; but if there be any controversies amongst them, both parties plaintiff and defendant come to their Alfakins or chief judge, '■'• and at once without any farther appeals or pitiful delays, the cause is heard and ended." Our forefathers, as '^a worthy chorographer of ours observes, had wont paucuUs crucuUs cmreis^ with a few golden crosses, and lines in verse, make all conveyances, assurances. '\And such was the candour and integrity of succeeding ages, that a deed (as I have oft seen) to convey a whole manor, was impllcite contained in some twenty lines or thereabouts ; like that scede or Sytala Laconica, so much renowned of old in all contracts, which '"TuUy so earnestly commends to Atticus, Plutarch in his Lysander, Arisioile polity : Tlmcy- dides., Uh. 1, '^Diodorus and Suidus approve and magnify, for that laconic brevity in this kind; and well they might, for, according to '^TertuUian, certa sunt paucis^ there is much more certainty in fewer words. And so was it of old throughout ; but now many skins of parchment will scarce serve turn; he that buys and sells a house, must have a house full of writings, there be so many circumstances, so many words, such tautological repetitions of all particulars (to avoid cavillation they say) ; but we find by our woful experience, that to subtle wits it is a cause of much more contention and variance, and scarce any conveyance so accurately penned by one, which another will not find a crack in, or cavil at ; if any one word be mis- placed, any little error, all is disannulled. ; That which is a law to-day, is none to- morrow ; that which is sound in one man's opinion, is most faulty to another ; that in conclusion, here is nothing amongst us but contention and confusion, we bandy one against another. .And that which long since "^ Plutarch complained of them in Asia, may be verified in our times. " These men here assembled, come not to sacri- fice to their gods, to offer Jupiter their first-fruits, or merriments to Bacchus ; but an yearly disease exasperating Asia hath brought them hither, to make an end of their controversies and lawsuits." 'Tis multitudo perdentiimi et percuntlum,., a destructive rout that seek one another's ruin. Such most part are our ordinary suitors, termers- clients, new stirs every day, mistakes, errors, cavils, and at this present, as I have heard in some one court, I know not how many thousand causes : no person free, no title almost good, with such bitterness in following, so many slights, procrastina- tions, delays, forgery, such cost (for infinite sums are inconsiderately spent), violence and malice, I know not by whose fault, lawyers, clients, laws, both or all : but as Paul reprehended the ''Corinthians long since, I may more positively infer now : '7, "There is a fault amongst you, and I speak it to your shame. Is there not a '^wise / man amongst you, to judge between his brethren .'' but that a brother goes to law » Plutarch, vit. Cat. causas apud inferos quas in " Clenard. 1. 1. ep. Si quae controversiae utraqne pam •uam fidem receperunt, patrocinio suo tuebiintiir. judicem adit, is seniul et siiiiul rem transiirit, audit : " ' Lib. 2. de llelvet. repub. iion explicandis, sed nioli- nee quid sit appelliitio, lachrymosceque morjE noscunt endis cinlroversiis operam dant, ita utliies in niultos '* Camden. '3 Lib. 10. epist. ad Attiruni, epist. II. annns extrahantur siimnia cum molesti^ utrisque ; i'' Biblioth. 1. 3. '■''Lib. de Aniui. '"Lib. major partis el dum interea palrimotjia e.\liaiiriaiitur, iiiorb. corp. an animi. Hi non conveniunt ut diis nior« " Lupuni auribus leneiit. " Hor. '"Lib. de majnrum sacra faciant, non ut Jnvi primitras offerarit, Helvet. repub. Judices quocunque pago constiluunt aut Baccho commessaliones, sed anniversariiis nior- qui amica aliqua Iransactione «■ fieri po.qsit, lites tol- bus exasperans Asiaui hue eo.s coegit, ut coiitentione* lant. Ego majorum nosirorum siniplicitatein adiui- hie peragant. " 1 Cor. vi. 5, 6. '"cstulti quands rur, qui ei: lausas gravissimas composueiint, Sec. deniutn sapietis 1 Fs. xlix.8. .')0 Democritus to the Reader. with a broiher." And "Christ's counsel concerning lawsuits, was never so'fit to be incu cated as in this age : ^^ Agree with thine adversary l' worthy senators, a learned clergy, an obedient commonalty, Stc Yet amongst many roses, some thistles gi'ow, some bad weeds and enormities, which much disturb the leace of this body politic, eclipse the honour and glory of it, iit to be rooted ou.. find with all speed to be reformed. N,The first is idleness, by reason of wliich we have many swarms of roguei;, anc" oeggars, thieves, drunkards, and discontented persons (M-hom Lycurgus in Plutarch calls morbos reipublicce, the boils of the commonwealth), many poor people in all our towns. Civitates ignobiles, as ^^Polydore calls them, base-built cities, inglorious, ooor, small, rare in sight, ruinous, and thin of inhabitants. Our land is fertile we may not deny, full of all good things, and why doth it not then abound with cities, as well as Italy, France, Germany, the Low Countries ? because their policy hath been other- wise, and we' are not so thrifty, circumspect, industrious. Idleness is the malus genius of our nation. For as ''* Boterus justly argues, fertility of a country is not enough, except art and industry be joined unto it, according to Aristotle, riches are either natural or artificial ; natural are good land, fair mines, &c. artificial, are manu- factures, coins, &c. Many kingdoms are fertile, but thin of inhabitants, as that Duchy of Piedmont in Italy, which Leander Albertus so much magnifies for corn, wine, fruits, &.c., yet nothing near so populous as those which are more barren. ^"^ England," saith he, " London only excepted, hath never a populous city, and yet a fruitlul country. I find 46 cities and walled towns in Alsatia, a small province i ma, ob OrienliB negotiationes et Occidentis Democritus to the Reader. 59 try, that wants water, amongst the rocks (as Vertomanus describes it), and yet it is a most elegant and pleasant city, by reason of the traftic of the east and west. Ormus in Persia is a most famous mart-town, hath nought else but the opportunity of the haven to make it flourish. Corinth, a noble city (Lumen Grecioe, Tully calls it) the Eye of Greece, by reason of Cenchreas and Lecheus, those excellent ports, drew all that traffic of the Ionian and ^Egean seas to it ; and yet the country about it was curva et superciliosa^ as ^^Strabo terms it, rugged and harsh. We may say the same of Athens, Actium, Thebes, Sparta, and most of those toviiis in Greece. (Nuremberg in Germany is sited in a most barren soil, yet a noble imperial city by tKe" sole industry of artificers, and cunning trades, they draw the riches of most coun- tries to them, so expert in manufactures, that as Sallust long since gave out of the like, Scdem anbncK in extremis digltls habent, their soul, or intelkctus agcns, was placed in their fingers' end ; and so we may say of Basil, Spire, Cambray, Frankfort, &c. It is almost incredible to speak wliat some write of Mexico and the cities adjoining to it, no place in the world at their first discovery more populous, "^ Mat. Riccius, the Jesuit, and some others, relate of the industry of the Chinese most populous coun- tries, not a beggar or an idle person to be seen, and how by that means they prosper and flourish. We have the same means, able bodies, pliant wits, matter of ali sorts, wool, flax, iron, tin, lead, wood, Slc.^ many excf;llent subjects to work upon, only industry is wanting. We send our best commodities beyond the seas, which they make good use of to their necessities, set themselves a work about, and severally improve, sending the same to us back at dear rates, or else make toys and baubles of the tails of them, which they sell to us again, at as great a reckoning as the whole." , In most of our cities, some few excepted, like ^^ Spanish loiterers, we live wholly by tippling-inns and ale-houses. Malting are their best ploughs, their great- est trafhc to sell ale. ^^Meteran and some others object to us, that we are no whit so industrious as the Hollanders : " Manual trades (saith he) which are more cu- rious or troublesome, are wholly exercised by strangers : they dwell in a sea full of fish, but they are so idle, they will not catch so much as shall serve their own turns, but buy it of their neighbours." Tush^** Mare Uberum, they fish under our noses, and sell it to us when they have done, at their own prices. ■ Pudet hsec opprobria nobis Et dici potuisse, et iion potiiisse refelli." , I am ashamed to hear this objected by strangers, and know not how to answer it Amongst our towns, there is only "London that bears the face of a city, ^^ Epitome Britannicg^ a famous emporium., second to none beyond seas, a noble mart : but sola crescit^ decrescentibus aliis ; and yet, in my slender judgment, defective in many things. The rest C^" some few excepted) are in mean estate, ruinous most part, poor, and full of beggars, by reason of their decayed trades, neglected or bad policy, idle- ness of their inhabitants, riot, which had rather beg or loiter, and be ready to starve, than work. I cannot deny but that something may be said in defence of our cities, *" that they are not so fair built, (for the sole magnificence of this kingdom (concerning build- ings) hath been of old in those Norman castles and religious houses,) so rich, thick sited, populous, as in some other countries ; besides the reasons Cardan gives, Subtil. Lib. H. we want wine and oil, their two harvests, we dwell in a colder air, and for tliat cause must a little more liberally ^' feed of flesh, as all northern countries do : our provisions will not therefore extend to the maintenance of so many ; yet notwith- standing we have matter of all sorts, an open sea for traffic, as well as the rest, goodly havens. And how can we excuse our negligence, our riot, drunkenness, &c., 5-I,ib 8. Genrgr . ob asperiini situm. m Lib. | ^s Camden, so York, Bristow, Norwich, Worcester, &c. Edit, a Nic Tre^'ant. Bel". A. 1(516. expedit. in Sinag. fo M. Gainsford'.,; Argument : Because sentlenien dwell s-i Ubi nobiles probi loco habent artem aliqnam profi- with ua in the country villajres, our cities are less, is teri. Cleonard. cf.. 1. 1. 6=Mb. 13. Belg. Hist, i nothing to the purpose: put three hundred or four non tarn laboriosi ut Belgac, sed ut Hispani otiatores hundred villages in a shire, and every village yield a vitam ut plnrinuim otiosam auentes : artes manuarise gentleman, what is four hundred families to increase >)\i!P plurimum liahent in so laboris et dillicultatis, ma- one of our cities, or to contend with theirs, which joremq ; requirunt industriam. a peregrinis et exteris stand thicker? And whereas ours usually consist of exercentnr; habitant in piscosissimo mari, interea seven thousand, theirs consist of forty thousand inha- • antuni non pi?caniur quantum insulie suffecetit sed 4 bitants. 6' Maxima pars victus i;i came coi sisti; vicinif eniere coL'unti'r. £' Grotii t^iber. STXjtba Polyd. Lib. 1. (list, aniniis nuineroque potens, e<. roDure gentis. Sraliger ' 60 Uemocritus to the Reader. and such enormities that follow it ? We have excellent laws enacted, you will say, severe statutes, houses of correction, &c., to "jinall purpose it seems; it is not houses will serve, but cities of correction ; "our trades generally ought to be reformed, wants supplied. In other countries they have the same grievances, I confess, but that doth not excuse us, '"^ wants, defects, enormities, idle drones, tumults, discords, contention, law-suits, many laws made against them to repress those innumerable brawls and law-suits, excess in apparel, diet, decay of tillage, depopulations, ''^especially against rogues, beggars, Egyptiau vagabonds (so termed at least) which have "swarmed all over Germany, France, Italy, Poland, as you may read in '^'^Munster, Cranzius, and Aventinus ; as those Tartars and Arabians at this day do in the eastern countries : yet such has been the iniquity of all ages, as it seems to small purpose. JVe7no m nostra cloifate mendicus eslo,^'' saith Plato : he will have tliem purged from a ^'^ com- monwealth, "^^"as a bad humour from the body," that are like so many ulcers and boils, and must be cured before the melancholy body can be eased. What Carolus Magnus, the Chinese', the Spaniards, the duke of Saxony and many other states have decreed in this case, read ^rniseus, cap. 19 ; Botenis^ libra 8, cap. 2 ; Osorius de Riibus gest. Einan. lib. 11. When a country is overstocked with people, as a pasture is oft overlaid with cattle, they had wont in former times to disburden themselves, by sending out colonies, or by wars, as those old Romans ; or by em- ploying them at home about some public buildings, as bridges, road-ways, for wliich those Romans were famous in this island ; as Augustus Caesar did in Rome, the Spaniards in their Indian mines, as at Potosi in Peru, where some 30,000 men are still at work, 6000 furnaces ever boiling, &c. '"aqueducts, bridges, havens, those stupend works of Trajan, Claudius, at ''Ostium, Dioclesiani Therma, Fucinus Lacus, that Piraeum in Athens, made by Themistocles, ampitheatrums of curious marble, as at Verona, Ci vitas Philippi, and Heraclea in Thrace, those Appian and Fla- minian ways, prodigious works all may witness ; and rather than they should be '^idle, as those "Egyptian Pharaohs, Maris, and Sesostris did, to task their subjects to build unnecessary pyramids, obelisks, labyrinths, channels, lakes, gigantic works all, to divert them from rebellion, riot, drunkenness, '^ Quo scilicet alaniur et ne vagando laborare desuescant. Another eye-sore is that want of conduct and navigable rivers, a great blemish as ''Boterus, ''^Hippolitus a Collibus, and other politicians hold, if it be neglected in a commonwealth. Admirable cost and charge is bestowed in the Low Countries on this behalf, in the dutchy of Milan, territory of Padua, in " France, Italy, China, and so likewise about corrivations of water to moisten and refresh barren grounds, to drain fens, bogs, and moors. Massinissa made many inward parts of Barbary and Numidia in Africa, before his time incult and horrid, fruitful and bartable by this means. Great industry is generally used all over the eastern countries in this kind, especially in Egypt, about Babylon and Damascus, as Vertomannus and '^Gotardus Arthus relate ; about Barcelona, Segovia, Murcia, and many other places of Spain, Milan in Italy ; by reason of which, their soil is much impoverished, and inhnite commodities arise to the inhabitants. .X^The Turks of late attempted to cut that Isthmus betwixt Africa and Asia, which '^Sesostris and Darius, and some Pharaohs of Egypt had formerly undertaken, but with ill success, as *°Diodorus Siculus records, and Pliny, for that Red-sea being three ^' cubits higher than Egypt, would have drowned all the country, ccBpto des- '•^ Refrsnate monopolii licentiam, pauciores alantiir otio, redinlegretur agricolatio, liinificiuiii instauretiir, ut sil hiiiiestiiiii iie^ntiiiiii quo se exerceat otiosa ilia tiirha. Nisi his malis medentiir, friistraexercent jiis- tiliain Mor. Ltop. Lib. 1. ''■' Mancipiis lociiples eget a^ris Cappadncum ri'X. Hnr. ^^ Regis diiini- tatis nop est exercere imperiuin in mendicos sed in opulentos. Non est reuni decus, sed carceris esse custos. Idem. '■'' Ccdiiivies liotriinum mirahiles ciirratur, opificia condlscantur, tenues subleventur. Biidin. I. 6. c. 2. num. 6,7. " Amasis ^sypti rex legem prniniilgavit. ut omnes subdili quntannis ratio- hem redderent unde viverent. '■> Buscnidus dis- cursii polit. cap. 2. "whereby they are supported, and do not become vagrants by being less accustomed to labour." is Lib. 1. de increm. tJrb. cap. 6. 'eCap. 5. de increm. urb Qiias fliimen, larus, aut mare alluit Incredihilem conimoditalem, vectur^ mercir.m Ires excocti solo, immundi vestes fiedi visu, furti imprimis Ifliivii navigabiles, &c. Koterus de Galli4. '"He- acres, &c. «''Cosmog. lili. 3. cap. 5. ti' "Let j rodotus. ■"Und. Orient, cap. 2. Rotam in medio ~ia one in our city be a heugar." es Seneca. Ilaud Iflumirie conslituunt, cui ex pellibus animaliiim >onsu minus turpia principi niulta supplicia, qua.m medico ! tos uteres appendunt, hi duin rota movetur, aquam multa funera. ''« Ac pituitam el bilem a corpore per canales, &c. no Centum pedes lata fossa 30 (J J. de leg ) omnes vult exterminari. ™See Lip- alta. "i Ciiiitrary to that of Archimedes^ wh« iiUS Adniiranda. "" De quo Suet, in Claudio, et holds the superficies of all waters even, riinius, c. 36. "Ut egestati simul et ignaviae oc- i Democritus to the Reader. <»1 tlterayit. they left off; yet as the same ^^Diodorus writes, Ptolemy renewed the work many years after, and absolved in it a more opportune place. That Isthmus of Corinth was likewise undertaken to be made navigable by Deme- trius, by Julius Caesar, Nero, Domitian, Herodes Atticus, to make a speedy ^^ passage, and less dangerous, from the Ionian and iEgean seas ; but because it could not be so well effected, the Peloponnesians built a wall like our Picts' wall about Schfe- nute, where Neptune's temple stood, and in the shortest cut over the Isthmus, of which Diodorus, lib. 1 1 . Herodotus, lib. 8. Vran. Our latter writers call it Hexa- milium, which Amurath the Turk demolished, the Venetians, anno 145:?, repaired in 15 days with 30,000 men. Some, saith Acosta, would have a passage cut from Panama to Nombre de Dios in America ; but Thuanus and Serres the French his- torians speak of a famous aqueduct in France, intended in Flenry the Fourth's time, from the Loire to the Seine, and from Rhodanus to the Loire. The like to which was formerly assayed by Domitian the emperor, ^M'i'om Arar to Moselle, which Cornelius Tacitus speaks of in the 13 of his annals, after by Charles the Great and others. Much cost hath in former times been bestowed in either new making or mending channels of rivers, and their passages, (as Aurelianus did by Tiber to make it navigable to Rome, to convey corn from Egypt to the city, vadiim olvei tumcn/is effodit saith Vopiscus, et Tiheris ripas extruxit he cut fords, made banks, &c.) decayed havens, which Claudius the emperor with infinite pains and charges attempted at Ostia, as I have said, the Venetians at this day to preserve their city ; many ex- cellent means to enrich their territories, have been fostered, invented in most provin- ces of Euprope, as planting some Indian plants amongst us, silk-worms, ^*^ the very mulberry leaves in the plains of Granada yield 30,000 crowns per annum to the king of Spain's coflers, besides those many trades and artificers that are busied about them in the kingdom of Granada, Murcia, and all over Spain. In France a great benefit is raised by salt, &.C., whether these things might not be as happily attempted with us, and with like success, it may be controverted, silk-worms (1 mean) vines, fir trees, &c. Cardan exhorts Edward the Sixth to plant olives, and is fully per- suaded they would prosper in this island. With us, navigable rivers are most part neglected ; our streams are not great, I confess, by reason of the narrowness of the island, yet tliey run smoothly and even, not headlong, swift, or amongst rocks and shelves, as foaming Rhodanus and Loire in France, Tigris in Mesopotamia, violent Durius in Sj)ain, with cataracts and whirlpools, as jhe Rhine, and Danubius, about Shaffausen, Lausenburgh, Linz, and Cremmes, to endanger navigators ; or broad shalloAV, as Neckar in the Palatinate, Tibris in ItaiV ; but calm and fair as Arar in France, Hobrus in Macedonia, Eurotas in Laconia, they gently glide along, and might as well be repaired many of them (I mean Wye, Trent, Ouse, Thamisfs at Oxford, the defect of which we feel in the mean time) as the river of Lee from Ware to London. B. Atwater of old, or as some will Henry I. ^^made a channel from Trent to Lincoln, navigable ; which now, saith Mr. Camden, is decayed, and much men- tion is made of anchors, and such like monuments found about old *' Verulamium, ffood ships have formerly come to Exeter, and many such places, whose channels, liavens, ports are now barred and rejected. We contemn this benefit of carriage by waters, and are therefore compelled in the inner parts of this island, because por- tage is so dear, to eat up our commodities ourselves, and live like so many boars in a sty, for want of vent and utterance. ,^- i We have many excellent havens, royal havens, Falmouth, Portsmouth, Milford, &c. equivalent if not to be preferred to that Indian Havanna, old Brundusium in Italy, Aulia in (ireece, Ambracia in Acarnia, Suda in Crete, which liave tew ships in them, little or no traffic or trade, which have scarce a village on them, able to bear great cities, sed vi- derint pnlilici. ! could here justly tax many other neglects, abuses, errors, defects among us, and in other countries, depopulations, riot, drunkenness, &c. and many such, qucp nunc in^aurem susurrare non libet. But I must take heed, nc quid gravius dicam, ^ Lib. 1. cap. 3. raiHon. Paiisanias, et Nic. Ger- heliiis. Munster. Cosm. Lib. 4. cap. 36. Ut brevinr foret navigatin el minus periciilosa. "■• Charles the grea'.^fint about tn make a channe' from the Rhine to the I iiiube. Bil. Pirkimerus descript. Ger. the ruins ai' Tet seen about VVessenburg from Rednich to Altimul. lit navigabilia inter se Occidentis et Sep- tentrionis littora fierent. ''■' Maginiis Georpr. Siiti- leriis de rep. Helvet. lib. 1. describit. * Cariiden in Lintolrishire, Fopsedike. " Near St. Albiiiii. '• which must not now be whispered in the ear " 62 DemocrUus to the Reader. that I do not overshoot myself, Sus Mincrvam., I am forth of my element, as you perad- t'eiuure suppose; and sometimes Veritas odium parit., as he said, "verjuice and oat- meal IS good for a parrot." For as Lucian said of an historian, I say of a politician. 'He tliat will freely speak and write, must be for ever no subject, under no prince or ■ law, but lay out the matter truly as it is, not caring what any can, wdl, like or dislike. We have good laws, I deny not, to rectify such enormities, and so in all other countries, but it seems not always to good purpose. We had need of some general visitor in our age, that sliould reform what is amiss; a just army of Rosie-crosse men, for they will amend all matters (they say) religion, policy, manners, with arts, sciences, &.C. Another Attila, Tamerlane, Hercules, to strive with Achelous, Jiugea stabnluin piirgare^i to sub(hie tyrants, as *"" he did Diomedes and Busirisvto expel thieves, as he did Cacus and Lacinius : to vindicate poor captives, as he did Hesione to pass the torrid zone, the deserts of Lybia, and purge the world of monsters and Centaurs : or another Theban Crates to reform our manners, to compose quarrels and controversies, as in his time he did, and was therefore adored for a god in Alliens '^As Hercules ''^purged the world of monsters, and subdued them, so did he light against envy, lust, anger, avarice, &c. and all tliose feral vices and monsters of tlie mind." It were to be wished we had some such visitor, or if Avishing would serve, 'one had such a ring or rings, as Timolaus desired in '"Lucian, by virtue of which he "should be as strong as 10,000 men, or an army of giants, go invisible, open gates and castle doors, have what treasure he would, transport himself in an instant to Avhat place he desired, alter afi'ections, cure all manner of diseases, tliat he might range over the world, and reform all distressed states and persons, as lie would himself -.He might reduce tliose wandering Tartars in order, that infest China on the one side, Muscovy, Poland, on the otlier ; and tame the vagabond Arabians that rob and spoil those east- • crn countries, that they sliould never use more caravans, or janizaries to conduct them. He might root out barbarism out of America,, and fully discover Terra Jlus- tralis Incngnila, find out the nortli-east and north-west passages, drain those mighty Mitotian fens, cut down those vast Hircinian woods, Irrigate those barren Arabian deserts, &c. cure us of our epidemical diseases, scorhulum^ plica^ morbus JYeapolita- nus^i &.C. end all our idle controversies, cut off our tumultuous desires, inordinate lusts, root out atheism, impiety, heresy, schism and superstition, which now so cru- cify the world, catechise gross ignorance, purge Italy of luxury and riot, Spain of superstition and jealousy, Germany of drunkenness, all our northern country of glut- tony antl intemperance, castigate our hard-hearted parents, masters, tutors ; laeh disobedient children, negligent servants, correct these spendthrifts and prodigal sons, enforce idle persons to work, drive drunkards off the alehouse, repress thieves, visit corrupt and tyrannizing magistrates, Sec. But as L. Licinius taxed Timolaus, you may us. Tiiese are vain, absurd and ridiculous wishes not to be hoped : all must be as it is, ^'Bocchalinus may cite commonwealths to come before Apollo, and seek to reform the world itself by commissioners, but there is no remedy, it may not be redressed, desinent homines twn demum slullescere quando esse desinc7it, so long as they can wag their beards, they will play the knaves and fools. Because, therefore, it is a thing so difficult, impossible, and far beyond Hercules labours to be performed ; let them be rude, stupid, ignorant, incult, lapis super lapi- dem sedeat^ and as tlie '■'^apologist will, resp. /«ss/, et graveolentia laboret, mundus vdio^ let them be barbarous as they are, let them ®* tyrannize, epicurize, oppress, luxuriate, consume themselves with factions, superetitions, lawsuits, wars and con- tentions, live in riot, poverty, want, misery ; rebel, wallow as so many swine in their own dung, with Ulysses' companions, stultos jubeo esse lihenter. I will yet, to satisfy and please myself, make an Utopia of mine own, a new Atlantis, a poetical common- wealth of mine own, in which I will freely domineer, build cities,* make laws, sta- tutes, as I list myself And why may I not .^ ^^Pictoribus atque poetis, &c. You know what liberty poets ever had, and besides, my predecessor Democritus ssLisiiis Girald. Nat. comes. b^ Apuleius, lib. 4. I monstra philosopluis iste Hercules fuit. Pestes ea» Flor. I.ar. fainiliaris inter linmines retaiis sure ciiltus nifiitihus e^egil oinnes, &c. w Votis navig. est, liliuin oiiiiiiiiin et jiirgionmi inter propinquns ar- " Racmialios, part 2, cap. 2, et part 3, c. 17. '^' Ve- bitrer et discepiatcir. A(iver«us iracundiam, invidiam, lent. Andrea? A|)nlo<». manip. (i04. s-* Qui sottlidu* 4v^r0Ve his Plin. epist. 42. lib. 2. et Tacit. Annal. 13. lib. ""Vide patritinni, lib 8. lit. 10. de Instit. Reipcib. | i Vide ISiisdniiiiii de regno Perse lib. 3. de his et Ve * Si(, ohni Hlppodanms Milesins Aris. pnlit. cap. 11. getiimi, lib 2. cap. 3. de Annona. 2 Not to nialti« « v;tri)viu:. I. I.- nit ™ With walls of earth, &c. | Ruld, but for niatteis of phvsic. 04 Democritus to the Reader i^'W arts and sciences may sooner be perfected and better learned ; and public hi? - loriographer?, as amongst those ancient ^Persians, <77/i m comment arios refcrel)an. quce memoralu digna gercbanlur^ informed and appointed by the state to register all tanious acts, and not by each insnfficient scriliblers, partial or parasitical pedant, as in our times. I will provide public schools of all kinds, singing, dancing, fencing, Stc especially of grammar and languages, not to be tauglit by thosp tedious precepts ordi- narily used, but by use, example, conversation,'' as travellers learn abroad, and nurses teach their children : as 1 will liave all such places, so will I ordain * public govern- ors, fit odicers to each place, treasurers, .ediles, cpiestors, overseers of pupils, widows' goods, and all public houses, Stc. and tliose once a year to make strict accounts of all receipts, expenses, to avoid confusion, e/ sicfiet ut 7wn absinnant {as Pliny to Trajan,) quad pudeat dicere. They shall be subordinate to tliose higher officers and govern- ors of each city, which shall not be poor tradesmen, and mean artificers, but noble- men and gentlemen, which sliall be tied to residence in those towns they dwell next, at such set times and seasons: for I see no reason (which " Ilippolitus com- plains of) " that it should be more dishonourable for noblemen to govern the city than the country, or unseendy to dwell there now, than of old. , ^I will have no bogs, fens, marshes, vast woods, deserts, heaths, commons, but all inclosed ; (yet not depopulated, and therefore take heed you ndstake me not) for that which is common, and every man's, is no man's ; the richest countries are still inclosed, as Essex, Kent, with us, &c. Spain, Italy ; and where inclosures are least in quantity, they are best * husbanded, as about I'lorence in Italy, Damascus in Syria, Stc which are liker gardens than fields. ^^ I will not have a barren acre in all my territories, not so much as the tops of mountains : where nature fails, it s-hall be supplied by art : ^ lakes and rivers shall not be left desolate. All common Jiighways, bridges, banks, corrivations of waters, aqueducts, channels, public works, buildings, &.c. out of a '"common stock, curiously maintained and kept in repair; no depopulations, engross- ings, alterations of wood, arable, but by the consent of some supervisors that shall be appointed for that purpose, to see what reformation ought to be had in all'places what is amiss, how to help it, et quid qucsque ferat regio. el quid qucsque rrci/set what ground is aptest for wood, what for corn, what for cattle, gardens, orchards, fishponds, &c. with a charitable division in every village, (not one domineering house greedily to SM'allow up all, which is too common with us) what for lords, " what for tenants; and because they shall be better encouraged to improve such lands they hold, manure, plant trees, drain, fence, &c. they shall have long leases, a known rent, and known fine to free them from those intolerable exactions of tyran- nizing landlords. Tliese supervisors shall likewise appoint what quantity of land in each manor is fit for the lord's demesnes, '^ what for liokhng of tenants, how it ought to be husbanded, ut ^' magnetis equis, Minyce gens cngnita rcmis.how to be manured, tilled, rectified, 'Vt/'c segetes vcniimt, illic foelicius wee, arhorci foetus alihi, atque injussa virescunt Gramina, and what proportion is fit for all callings, because privatjL professors are many times idiots, ill husbands, oppressors, covetous, and know not how to improve their own, or else wholly respect their own, and not public good. Utopian parity is a kind of government, to be wished for, '* rather than effected, Respuh. Christianopolilana, Campanellas city of the Sun, and that new Atlantis, viritty fictions, but mere chimeras; and Plato's community in many things is impious 3 Bresonins Josephns, lib. 9,1. antiqiiit. Jiid. cap. 6. Herod, lib. 3. ■< So I,od. Vives thinks best, Coiti- mineiis, and others. ■■ I'lato 3. de le^. .EdilHS creari vult, qui fora. fontes, vias, portiis, plateas, et id genus alia procurent. Vide Isaacuin I'ontanum de civ. Ainstel. hajc omnia, &c. Rotarduni et alios, •i De Increni. urb. cap. 13. Ingen>i6 faleor ine non in- telligere cur tgnobilius sit urbes bene niunitas colere nunc quiin olim. aut casie rusticse pra;sse quiin nrbi. Idem Ubertus Foliot, de Neapoli. ' Ne lantillum quidem soli incullum relinquitur, ut verum sit ne pol- licetn quidein asrri in his reginnibus slerilem aut infoe- cundum reperiri. Marcus riemltiKias Augustanus de regno CliiiuB, I. 1. c. 3. «" M. Carew, in his survey- but since inclosure, they live decently, and have inonej to spend (fol. 23); when their fields were coniinnn, their wool was coarse, Cornish hair; but since inclo- sure, it is almost as good as (,'olswol, and Ibeir soil much mended. Tusser. cap. 52. of his husbandry, is of his opinion, one acre inclosed, is worth three.com- inon. The country inclosed I praise; the other de- liKhleth not me, for nothing of wealth it doth raise, &c. " Incredibilis navi^ioruiu copia, niliilo paiiciores in aqiiis, quilni in continent! commoi-anlur M. Ricceu» e.\nedit. in Sinas, !. 1. c. 3. "'To this purpise, Arist. |)olit. 2. c. 6. allows a third part of their reve- nues, Ilippodamus half. nita lex Agraria olim Roiriie. '- Hie segetes, illic veniunt fa-licius nvw. of Cornwall, saith that before that country was in- I Arborei fa-tus alibi, atq ; injussa virescunt Gramina :!ospd. the husbandmen drnnk water, did eat little or j Virg. 1. Georg. i-'Lucanus, 1. 6. •< if_j, 'uead, fol. f)6, lib. 1. their apparel was coarse, they | i5Joh. Valent Andreas, Lord Verulam It bare legged, their dwelling was correspondent ; Deniocr'dus to the Reader. 65 absurd and ridici.lous, it takes away all splendour and magnificence. I will have seveial ortlers, degrees of nobility, and those hereditary, not rejecting younger bro- thers in the mean time, for they shall be sufficiently provided for by pensions, or so qualified, brought up in some honest calling, they shall be able to live of themsclvef< I will have such a proportion of ground belonging to every barony, he that buys the land shall, buy the barony, he that by riot consumes his patrimony, and ancient demesnes, shall forfeit his honours.'^ As some dignities shall be hereditary, so some again by election, or by gift (besides free ofiicers, pensions, annuities,) like oui bishoprics, prebends, the Bassa's palaces in Turkey, the '^procurator's houses and offices in Venice, which, like tlie golden apple, shall be given to the worthiest, and best deserving botli in war and peace, as a reward of their worth and good service, as so many goals for all to aim at, [Itotios edit artes) and encouragements to others Tor I hate these severe, unnatural, harsh, German, French, and Venetian decrees, which exclude plebeians from lionours, be they never so wise, rich, virtuous, valiant, and well qualified, they must not be patricians, but keep their own rank, this is naiu- rce helium inferre., odious to God and men, I abhor it. My form of government «hall be monarciiical. ■ " nunquaiii libertas gralior extat, Quaiii sub Re!;e pio," Ate. Few laws, but those severely kept, plainly put down, and in the mother tongue, that every man may understand. Every city shall have a peculiar trade or privilege, by which it shall be chiefly maintained : '^and parents shall teach their children one of three at least, bring up aiul instruct them in the mysteries of their own trade. Jn each town these several tradesmen shall be so aptly disposed, as they shall free the rest froiu danger or oflence : fire-trades, as smiths, forge-men, brewers, bakers, metal- men, &c., shall dwell aj)art by themselves : dyers, tanners, felmongers, and such as use water in convenient places by themselves : noisome or fulsome for bad smells, as butchers' slaughter-houses, chandlers, curriers, in remotv<5 places, and some back lanes. Fraternities aiul companies, I approve of, as merchants' bourses, colleges of drug- gists, physicians, nuisicians, Stc, but all trades to be rated in the sale of wares, as our clerks of the luarket do bakers and brewers ; corn itself, what scarcity soever shall come, not to exteml such a price. Of such wares as are transported or brought in, ™if they be necessary, commodious, and such as nearly concern man's life, as corn, wood, coal, &c., and such provision we cannot want, I will have little or no custom j)aid, no taxes ; but for such things as are for pleasure, delight, or ornament, as wme, spice, tobacco, silk, velvet, cloth of gold, lace, jewels, &.c., a greater impost. I will have certain ships sent out for new discoveries every year, ^'and some dis- creet men appointed to travel into all neighbouring kingdoms by land, which shall observe what artificial inventions and good laws are in other countries, customs, alterations, or aught else, concerning war or peace, which may tend to the common good. Ecclesiastical discipline, 'penes Episcopos, subordinate as the other. No impropriations, no lay patrons of church livings, or one private man, but common societies, corporations, &.C., and those rectors of benefices to be chosen out of the Universities, examined and approved, as the Uterali in China. No parish to con- tain above a thousand auditors. If it were possible, I would have such priest as should imitate Christ, charitable lawyers should love their neighbours as themselves, temperate and modest physicians, politicians contemn the world, pliilosoj/hers should know themselves, noblemen live honestly, tradesmen leave lying and cozoiing. magistrates corruption, &c., but this is impossible, I must get such as I may. I will therefore have ^^of lawyers, judges, advocates, physicians, chirurgeons, &c., a set number, ^'^and every man, if it be possible, to plead his own cause, to tell that tale '8 So is it in the kinpdom of Naples and France. " See Contarenus and Osorius de rebus gestis Enui- nuelis. If Claudian 1. 7. '• I.iberly never is more gratifying than under a pious king." '^ Herodotus Erato lib. 6. Cum jEgyptiis I.acedemonii in lioc coii- gruunt, quod eoruni pra-cnnes, tibiciiu-s, coqui, et re- iqui artifices, in pnterno artificio succedunt,et coquus A coquo gigniliir, et patcrno opere perseverat. Idem Marcus polus de Quinzay. Idem Osorius de Emanuele "cge Lusitano. Riccius de Sinis. 'onippnl. & c.oliibus (Ic iiicrem. urb. c. 20. Plato idem 7. de legi- t'ls, quae ad vitam necessaria, et quibus carere non Q f2 imssumus, nullum dependi vectigal, &c 21 piato 12. de legibus, 40. aiinos natos vult, ut si quid memo- rabile viderent apud e.xleros, hoc ipsum in rempuh recipiatur. ■■^- 8iui!erus in Helvetia. - IJlo- pieuses causidicos exchidunt, qui causas callide el val're tractent et dispntent. Iniquissimimi censens hominem ullis obligaii legibus, qua; aut nnmerosioic' sunt, quam ut perlegi queant, aut obscurinres qu&ni ut a quovis possint intelligi. Voluiit ut siiam qu-sq ; causam agat, eamij ; referal .ludici quaui narraturua fueral patrono, sic minus eril ambagum, el Veritas facilius elicielur. Mor. Utop. I. 2. 66 Democritwi to the Reader. to ihc judge v^liich he Joth to his advocate, as at Fez in Africa, Bantam, Aleppi>, Kao-usa, suam qiiisq ; causam dicere tcnetur. Those advocates, chirurgeons, and "physicians, which are allowed to be maintained out of the ^'conniion treasury, n<. fees to be given or taken upon pain of losing their places ; or if they do, very small fees, and when the ^"^ cause is fully ended. /^He that sues any man shall put in a pledge, which if it be proved he hath wrongfully sued his advcrsqj-y, rashly or maliciously, he shall forfeit, and lose. Or else before any suit begin, the plaintiff shall have his complaint approved by a set delegacy to that purpose ; if it be of moment he shall be suffered as before, to proceed, if otherwise they shall determine It. All causes shall be pleaded suppresso nomine.^ the parties' names concealed, if some circumstances do not otherwise require. Judges and otlier officers shall be aptly disposed in each province, villages, cities, as common arbitrators to hear causes, and end all controversies, and those not single, but three at least on the bench at once, to determine or give sentence, and those again to sit by turns or lots, and not to continue still in the same office. No controversy to depend above a year, but without all delays and further appeals to be speedily despatched, and finally concluded in that time allotted.^ These and all other inferior magistrates to be chosen ^*as the literati, in Ciiina, or by those exact suffrages of the ^'^ Venetians, and such again not to be eligible, or capable of magistracies, honours, offices, except they be sufficiently '"qualified for learning, manners, and that by the strict approbation of deputed ex- aminers : ^' first scholars to take place, then soldiers ; for 1 am of Vigetius his opin- ion, a scholar deserves better than a soldier, because Unius cBtatis sunt quce fortiter fiunt^ qucB vera pro utilitate Reipub. scrihuntur., cpterna : a soldier's work lasts for an age, a scholar's for ever. If they ''^misbehave themselves, they shall be deposed, and accordingly punished, and whether their offices be annual '^or otherwise, once a year they shall be called in question, and give an account ; for men are partial and pas- sionate, merciless, covetous, corrupt, subject to love, hate, fear, favour, &.c., omne sub regno graviore regniim : like Solon's Areopagites, or those Roman Censors, some shall visit others, and *^ be visited inviccm themselves, ^Hhey shall oversee that no prowling officer, under colour of authority, shall insult over his inferiors, as so many wild beasts, oppress, domineer, flea, grind, or trample on, be partial or corrupt, but that there be cEquabile jus, justice equally done, live as friends and brethren together ; and which ^"^ Sesellius would have and so much desires in his kingdom of France, "• a diapason an-d sweet harmony of kings, princes, nobles, and plebeians so mutually tied and involved in love, as well as laws and authority, as that they never disagree, insult, or encroach one upon another." If any man deserve well in his office he shall be rewarded. " quis etiiiri virlulein amplectitur ipsam, Proemia si tollas V "' He that invents anything for public good in any art or science, writes a treatise, ^^or performs any noble exploit, at home or abroad, ^^ shall be accordingly enriched, ^"honoured, and preferred. ! say with Hannibal in Ennius, Hostem quiferiet erit milii Carthaginensis, let him be of what condition he will, in all offices, actions, he that deserves best shall have best. Tilianus in Philonius, out of a charitable mind no doubt, wished all his books were gold and silver, jewels and precious stones, ^' to redeem captives, set free '" iMedici ex publico victum siimunt. Boter. 1. 1. c. 5. de ^siyptiis. '^Da his leiie I'alrit. 1. 3. lit. 8. (ie reip. Instit. '''' Nihil i clieiitibiis palroni accipiant, priusquatn lis finila est. Barcl. Arfjen. lib. 3. '^' It is so ill most fiee cities in Germany. '-^Mat. Ric- rius exped. in Sinas, 1. 1. c. ."J. de examinatione elec- tionum copios* a!»it, &c. -^iContar. de repub. Ve- net. !. 1. suOsor. 1. 11. de reb. gest. Eman. Qui iti lileri.'i maximos proaressus fecerint inaximis hono- .'ilins afficiunlur, secundus honoris gradus mililibus years, Arist. polit. 5. c.8. 3 In defuncti locum eum jussit siihro- et qui a piuriinis apprnbatur, ampliores in rep. digni- gari, qui inter majores Tirtute reliquis pra'irel ; non tales consequilur. Qui in hoc examine primas habet, ' fuit apud mortales ullum excellentius cert.uneii, aut insigni per totamvitam dignitate insianitur, marchioni cujus victoria magis esset expetenda, non eiiim inter eimilis, aut duci apud nos. 3i Cedant arma toese. celpres,celerrimo, non inter robustos robuslissimo, &c. =« As in I'erne, Lucerne. Friburge in Switzerland, a <' Nullum videres vol in hac vel in vicinis regionibu* vicious liver is uncapable of any ofRce ; if a Senator, paupereiii, nullum oba;raluin, &c. instantly deposed. Siui'erus. aa Not above three . Democritus to the Reader. 67 prisoners, and relieve all poor distressed souls that wanted niPins ; religiously done. f deny not, but to what purpose ? Suppose this were so well done, within a little after, though a man had Croesus' wealth to bestow, there would be as many more Wherefore I will suffer no "'^beggars, rogues, vagabonds, or idle persons at all, that cannot give an account of their lives how they ''^maintain themselves. If they be im- potent, lame, blind, and single, they shall be sufficiently maintained in several boss- pilals, built for that purpose ; if married and infirm, past work, or by inevitable loss. or some such like misfortune cast behind, by distribution of "corn, house-rent free, annual pensions or money, they shall be relieved, and highly rewarded for their good service they have formerly done; if able, they shall be enforced to work. ^^"•For 1 see no reason (as ''^he said) why an epicure or idle drone, a rich glutton, a usurer, shouW live at ease, and do nothing, live in honour, in all manner of pleasures, and oppress others, when as in the meantime a poor labourer, a smith, a carpenter, an husbandman that hath spent, his time in continual labour, as an ass to carry burdens, to do the commonwealth good, and without whom we cannot live, shall be left in his old age to beg or starve, and lead a miserable life worse than a jument." As "all conditions shall be tied to their task, so none shall be overtired, but have theii set times of recreations and holidays, indulgere genio., feasts and merry meetings, even to the meanest artificer, or basest servant, once a week to sing or dance, (though not all at once) or do whatsoever he shall please; like ''^that Saccarum festmn amongst the Persians, those Saturnals in Rome, as well as his master. ''^ If any be drunk, he shall drink no more wine or strong drink in a twelvemonth after. A bankrupt shall be '° Caladoniatus in JlmphUheatro, publicly shamed, and he that cannot pay his debts, if by riot or negligence he have been impoverished, shall be for a twelve- month imprisoned, if in that space his creditors be not satisfied, ^'he shall be hanged. He ^^that commits sacrilege shall lose his bauds ; he th&t bears false witness, or is of perjury convicted, shall have his tongue cut out, excep*, he redeem it with his head. Murder, ^^ adultery, shall be punished by death, ^''but not theft, except it be some more grievous offence, or notorious offenders : otherwise they shall be con- demned to the galleys, mines, be his slaves whom they have ofl^ended, during their lives. I hate all hereditary slaves, and that duram Persarnm legen^ as ^^Brisonius calls it; or as "^ Jlmviianvs^ iiripcndio formidatas et abominandas leges, per quas oh noxam nnius, 07nni-'i vrojnv.qniius peril hard law that wife and children, friends and allies, should suff^er for the father's offence. No man shall marry until he ^'bo 25, no woman till she be 20, ^^nisi alitur dis- pensatum fuerit. If one ^^die, the other party shall not marry till six months after ; and because many families are compelled to live niggardly, exhaust and undone by great dowers, *°none shall be given at all, or very little, and that by supervisors rated, they that are foul shall have a greater portion ; if fair, none at all, or very little: ^'howsoever not to exceed such a rate as those supervisors shall think fit. And when once they come to those years, poverty shall hinder no man from marriage, or any olher respect, ^^but all shall be rather enforced than hindered, « Nullus mendicus apiid Sinas, nemini sano quam- i septennis puer. Paiilus Heuzner Itiner. ■'s Atl e- vis oculis turbatus sit mendicare perinittiliir, nmnes iiasus, I. 12. ^ Simlerus de repub. Helvet. pro viiibiis laborare, cogiinlur, CKci molis ttusalilibus , M Spartian. olim Rome sic. i*' He that provide* versaiidis addiciintur, soli hospitiis gaudent, qui ad labores sunt iiiepti. Osor. 1. 11. de reb. gest. Enian. Heniins de reg. Chin. I. I. c. 3. Go'tard. Arth. Orient. Ind. descr. " Alex, ab Alex. 3. c. 12. "Sic dim Romae Isaac. Pontan. de his optime. Amstol. 1. 2. c. 9. ■'"Idem Arislot. pol. 5. c. 8. Vitiosutn quuui soli pauperum liberi educantnr ad labores, no- nol for his family, is worse than a tliief. Paul. '^Alfrerii lex. iitraq ; manus et lingua pra-cidatur, nisi earn capite redemerit. ^s gj quis nuptam stuprJl- fit, virga virilis ei prasciditur ; si mulier, nasus et au- ricula prfficidatur. Alfredi lex. En leges ipsi Veneri Martiq ; timendas. '■^ Pauperes non peccant, quum extrenia necessitate coacti rem alienam capiunt. MaU biliutn et divitum in voluptatibus etdeliciis. «Qu!B ' donat. summula quaist. 8. art. 3. Egocnm illis sentio ha;c injusiitia ut nobilis quispiam, aut fosnerator qui qui licere putant i divite clam accipere, qui tenetui nihil agat, lautam et spleiididam vitam agat, otio et ' pauperi subvenire. Emmanuel Sa Aphor. confess. delitiis,quum interim auriga.faber.agricola, quo res- ^c Lib. 2. de Reg. Persaruni. »> £,ib. 24. ^7 Alitei pub. carere non potest, vitam adeo miseram ducat, ut Aristoteles, a man at 25, a woman at 20. polit. pejor quam jumentonim sit ejus conditio 1 Iniqua ^Lex olim Licurgi, hodie Chinensiuni ; vide Plutarch- um, Riccium, Hemmingium, Arniseum, Nevisanum, et alios de hac quaestione. '■'■' Alfredus. ™ ^pujj Lacones olim virgines fine dote nubebant. Boter. 1. 3. c. 3. 61 Lege cautum non ita pridem apud Venetos, ne quis Patrilius doteni excederet ISOOcoron. c- Bux Synag. Jud. Sic .ludffii. Leo Afer Africs descript. n« sint aliter inconlitientes ob reipub. bonum. Ut Kn- gasC. Cxsar. orat. ad cielibes Ronianos olim edocuit. resp. qnai dat parasitis, adulatoribus, inanium volup latum artificibus generosis et otiosis tanta munera prodigit, at contri agricolis, carbonariis, aurigis, fa- bris, &c. nihil prospicit, sed eorum abusa labore flo- rentis ffitatis fame penset et serumnis, Mor. Utop. I. 2. <'ln Segovia nemo otiosus, nemo mendicus nisi per etatem aut morbum opus facere non potest : nulli deest unde victum quaerat, aut quo se exerceat. Cypr. Echovius Delit. Hispan. NuIIus Genevee otiosus, ne 68 Democritus to the Reader. "except they be ^dismembered, or grievously deformed, infirm, or visited with some snorinous hereditary disease, in body or mind ; in such cases upon a great pain, ■)T mulct, ^^man or woman shall not marry, other order shall be taken for them to their content. .1 If people overabound, they shall be eased by "^"^ colonies. ^'No man shall wear weapons in any city. The same attire shall be kept, and that proper to several callings, by which they shall be distinguished. ^^ Ltixus funC' rum shall be taken away, that intempestive expense moderated, and many others. Brokers, takers of pawns, biting usurers, I will not admit ; yet because hie cum hominibus non cum diis ogitur., we converse here with men, not with gods, and for the hardness of men's hearts I will tolerate some kind of usury .^^ If we were honest, I confess, si probi essemns, we should have no use of it, but being as it is, we must necessarily admit it. Howsoever most divines contradict it, dicimus injicias^ sed vox ea sola reperta est., it must be winked at by politicians. And yet some great d;ictors approve of it, Calvin, Bucer, Zanchius, P. Martyr, because by so many grand law- yers, decrees of emperors, princes' statutes, customs of commonwealths, churches' approbations it is permitted, &c. J will therefore allow it. But to no private persons, nor to every man that will, to orphans only, maids, widows, or such as by reason of their age, sex, education, ignorance of trading, know not otherwise how to em- ploy it; and those so approved, not to let it out apart, but to bring their money to a '"common bank which shall be allowed in every city, as in Genoa, Geneva, Nurem- berg, Venice, at " 5, 6, 7, not above 8 per centum, as the supervisors, or cerarii prcb- fecti shall think fit. '^And as it shall not be lawful for each man to be an usurer that will, so shall it not be lawful for all to take up money at use, not to prodigals and spendthrifts, but to merchants, young tradesmen, such as stand in need, or know honestly how to employ it, whose necessity, cause and condition the said super- visors shall approve of. J I will have no private monopolies, to enrich one man, and beggar a multitude, '^''multiplicity of offices, of supplying by deputies, weights and measures, the same throughout, and those rectified by the Primmn mobile., and sun's motion, three- score miles to a degree according to observation, 1000 geometrical paces to a mile, five foot to a pace, twelve inches to a foot, &.c. and from measures known it is an easy matter to rectify weights, &.c. to cast up all, and resolve bodies by algebra, stereometry. I hate wars if they be not ad popnli sahdem, upon urgent occasion, '"'■'• odimus accipifrim, quia semper vivit in armis.,'''' "offensive wars, except the cause be very just, I will not allow of For I do highly magnify that saying of Hannibal to Scipio, in "^Livy, " It had been a blessed thing for you and us, if God had given that mind to our predecessors, that you had been content with Italy, we with Africa. For neither Sicily nor Sardinia are worth such cost and, pains, so many fleets and armies, or so many famous Captains' lives." Omnia prius tentanda^ fair means shall first be tried. '•'' Peragit tranquilla poteslas.. Quod violenla nequit. I will have them proceed with all moderation : but hear you, Fabius my general, not Minutius, nam ''^qui Consilio nititur plus hostibus nocet., quam qui sini animi ratione., viribus : And in such wars to obstain as much as is possible from '^depopulations, burning of towns, raassacreing of infants, &c. For defensive wars, I will have forces still ready at a small warning, by land and sea, a prepared navy, soldiers in procinctu., et quam ^Bonjinius apud Hungaros suos vult., virgam ferream., and money, which is nerves MM-orbo lahorans, qui in prolem fticile diffunditiir, dearer, and better improved, as he hath jiidicia'ly ne genus huinanuni foeda confagione hfdalur, juven- proved in his tract of usury, exhibited to the Parlia- tute castratur, niulieres tales prociiiaconsorliovi.ro- inent anno 1621. ''^ Hoc fere Zanchius com. in 4 rum ablesantur, &c. Hector Boethius hist. lib. 1. de cap. ad Ephes. aequissimam vocaJ usuram, et charitati vet. Scotorum moribus. "■• Speciosissimi juvenes Christianie consentaneani, inodo non exigant, &;c. nee libtris dabunt operam. Plato 5. de iegUius. "^The omnes dent ad foenus, sed ii qui in pecuniis bona lia- Saxons exclude dutub, blind, leprous, and such like bent, et ob a;talem, sexum, ariis alicujus ignorantiam, persons from all iiibc'ritatuc, as we do fools. '"'Ut nnn possunt uti. Nee omnibus, sed mercatoribus et dim Komani, nispani hodie, &c. "Rjccius lib. 11. iis qiiihoneste impendent, &c. "' Idem apud Per- cap. 5. de 8inarum. expedit. sic Hispani couunt Mau- sas olim, lege Brisonium. '< " We hale the hawk, ros arma deponere. So it is in most Italian cities, because he always lives in battle." '■'• Idem Plato 6" Idem Plato 12. de legibus, it hath ever been immode- j de legibus. ""Lib, 30. Optimum qiiidem fuerat rate, vide Guil. Stuckium antiq. convival. lib. 1. cap. 26. ' eain patribus nostris mentem a diis datam esse, ut vos '* Plato 9. de legibus. "' As those Lombards beyond Italim, nos Africae imperio contenti essemus. Neque ^eas, though with some reformation, inons ptetatis, or enini Sicilia aut Sardinia satis digna precio sunt pro bank of charity, as Malines terms if, cap. 33. Lax tot classibus, &c. " Claudian. '"Inucid'des. mertat. part 2. that lend money upon easy pawns, or '^A depopulatione, asrorum incendiia, ei ejiis'nodi take money upon adventure for men's lives. "That factis iiiimanibus. Piato. "'Hungar. dec i< nroportion will make merchandise increase, land lib 9 Democritus to t/ie Reader. 69 belli, sti:l in a readiness, and a sufficient revenue, a third part as in old ^'Rome and Egypt, reserved for tlie commonwealth ; to avoid those heavy taxes and impositions as well to defray this charge of wars, as also all other public defalcations, expenses foes, pensions, reparations, chaste sports, feasts, donaries, rewards, and entertainments ^11 tilings in this nature especially 1 will have maturely done, and with great **^ deli- beration : tiP quid *^ Icmere, ne quid remisse ac limide fiat ; Sed quo feror hospes ? To prosecute the rest would require a volume. Manii.m de tabellcti J have been over tedious in this subject ; I could have here willingly ranged, but these straits wherein I am included will not permit. ^ From commonwealths and cities, I will descend to families, which have as many corslves and molestations, as frequent discontents as the rest. Great affinity there 's beUvixt a political and economical body; they differ only in magnitude and pro- portion of business (so Scaliger^'' writes) as they have both likely the same period, as ^Bodin and "'^Peucer hold, out of Plato, six or seven hundred years, so many times they have the same means of their vexation and overthrows ; as namely, riot, a com- mon ruin of both, riot in building, riot in profuse spending, riot in apparel, &c. be it in what kind soever, it produceth the same effects. A **' corographer of ours speaking obiter of ancient families, why they are so frequent in the north, continue so long, are so soon extinguished in the south, and so few, gives no other reason but this, luxus ovinia dissipuvii.^ riot hath consumed all, fine clothes and curious buildings came into this island, as he notes in his annals, not so many years since ; nonsine dispendin hospitalifatis, to the decay of hospitality. Howbeit many times that word is mistaken, and under the name of bounty and hospitality, is shrowded riot and prodigality, and that which is eommendable in itself well used, hath been mistaken heretofore, is become by his abus?, thd bane and utter ruin of many a noble family. ; For some men live like the rich glutton, consuming themselves and their substance by continual feasting and invitations, with ^^Axilon in Homer, keep open house for all comers, giving entertainment to such as visit them, ""^ keeping a table beyond their means, and a company of idle servants (though not so frequent as of old) are blown up on a sudden ; and as Acta^on was by his hounds, devoured by their kinsmen, friends, and multitude of followers. ^"It is a wonder that Faulus Jovius relates of our norihsni countries, what an infinite deal of meat we consume on our tables ; that I nfi.-.y truly say, 'tis not bounty, not hospitality, as it is often abused, but riot and excess, gluttony and prodigality, a mere vice; it brings in debt, want, and beggary, herediUuy diseases, consumes their fortunes, and overthrows the good temperature of their bodies. To this I might here well add their inordinate expense in building, those fantastical houses, turrets, walks, parks, Stc. gaming, excess of pleasure, and that prodigious riot in apparel, by which means they are compelled to break up house, and creep into holes. SeselliMs in his commonwealth of '"France, gives three reasons why the French nobility were so frequently bankrupts : " First, because they had so many law-suits and contentions one upon another, which were tedious and costly ; by which means it came to pass, that commonly lawyers bought them out of their possessions A second cause was their riot, they lived beyond their means, and were therefore swallowed up by merchants." (La Nove, a French writer, yields five reasons of his countrymen's poverty, to the same effect almost, and thinks verily if the gentry of France were divided into ten parts, eight of them would be found much impaired, by saJes, mortgages, and debts, or wholly sunk in their estates.) "-The last was immodtrate excess in apparel, which consumed their reve- nues." How this concerns and agrees with our present state, look you. But of this elsewhere. As it is in a man's body, if either head, heart, stomach, liver, spleen, or any one part be misaftected, all the rest suffer with it : so is it with this economical body *' Seselliiis, lib. 2. de repiib. Gal. valde enim est in- decorum, ubi quod praeter opiriionem accidit dicere, Non putaram, presertim si res preecaveri potuerit. Livius, lib. 1. Dion. lib. 2. Diodorus Siculus, lib. 2. — '• Peragit tranqiiilla potestas. Quod violenta nequit. — t^laudian. '^■' Belluin nee tiniendum nee provocan- dum. Plir.. Tanegyr. Trajano. "^Lib. 3. poet, cap. 19. 66 Lib. 4. de repub. cap. 2. sepeuier. lib. 1. de divinat. •■' Camden in Cheshire. ""Iliad. 6. lib. S9 Vide Puteaiii Comum, Gocletiium de por- tentosis cosnis nostrorum teinporum. soMirabile diet!! est, quantum opsoniorum una domiis singulii diehus absumat, slernuntur iiiens '"Scaliger exerriiat. 3"^l. " Vii. ejus. i'-^ Enni' s. '■' Lu- cian 'I'ei mille drachmis dim empta ; atudens iniie sapientiam adipiscetur. '■i Epist. 21. 1. lib. Non oportet oratioiiem snpientis esse politam aut solicitam. "Lib. 3. cap. 13. miilto anhelitu jactalione furentes pectus, frontem csdentes, &c. '* Lipsius, voces sunt, priEterea nihil. ''' Lib. 30. plus mali facere videtur qui oratione quim qui pra?tio quemvis cor- rumpit: nam,&c. "^ In Gorg. Platonis. '"In nauoerio. -» Si furor sit Lyseus, &c. quoties furiv furit, furit, amana, bibens, et f'oeta. &;c. 72 JJemocritus to the Reader. of them in general, which Sir Thomas More once did of Germanub Brixius' poems in particular. -^ " vehiintur In rate stultitise sylvam habitant Furise-"^' , Budseus, in an epistle of his to Lupsetiis, will liave civil law vO ©e l»ie towei of wisdom ; another honours physic, the quintessence of nature ; a tnird tumbles them both down, and sets up the flag of his own peculiar science. Your supercilious critics, grammatical tritlers, note-makers, curious antiquaries, find out all the ruins of wit, incptiarum delicias^i amongst the rubbish of old writers •, ^^Pro stultis habeni nisi ahqiiid siijjiciant invcnire., quod in aliorum scrijjiis vertant vitio., all fools witli them that cannot find fault; they correct others, and are hot in a cold cause, puzzle themselves to find out how many streets in Kome, houses, gates, towers. Homer's country, ^Eneas's mother, Niobe's daughters, an Sappho puhlica fuerit ? ovum ■^''jjrius exlUerit an gall'ma! &c. et alia qucB dediscenda esscnt scire,, si scires., as ''^Seneca holds. What clothes the senators did wear in Rome, what shoes, how they sat, where they went to the closestool, how many dishes in a mess, what sauce, which for the present for an historian to relate, "according to Lodovic. Vives, is very ridiculous, is to them most precious elaborate stufl^, they admired for it, and as proud, as triumphant in the meantime for this discovery, as if they had won a city, or con- quered a province ; as rich as if they had found a mine of gold ore. Quosvis aucto- res absurdis commcntis suis percacant et slercorant, one saith, they bewray and daub a company of books and good authors, with their absurd comments, correctorum ster- quilinia "^^Scaliger calls them, and show their wit in censuring others, a company of foolish note-makers, humble-bees, dors, or beedles, inter siercora ulplurinunn versan- tur, they rake over all those rubbish and dunghills, and prefer a manuscript many times before the Gospel itself, ^'//iesa^^rM7rt crit.icum^ before any treasure, and with their deleaturs., alii legunt sic, mens codex sic habct., with their postremce editiones., anno- tations, castigations, &c. make books dear, themselves ridiculous, and do nobody good, yet if any man dare oppose or contradict, they are mad, up in anns on a sud- den, how many sheets are written in defence, how bitter invectives, what apologies ? '^Epiph.illcdes hce sunt ut merce niigce. But I dare say no more of, for, with, or against them, because I am liable to their lash as well as others. Of these and the rest of our artists and philosophers, 1 will generally conclude they are a kind of madmen, as ^^ Seneca esteems of them, to make doubts and scruples, how to read them truly, to mend old authors, but will not mend their own lives, or teach us ingevia sanare^ mcmoriam ojjiciorum ingerere^ ac ftdem in rebus humanis retincre, to keep our wits in order, or rectify our manners. JYumquid tibi demens videtur^ si islis operam impenderit f Is not he mad that draws lines with Archimedes, whilst his house is ransacked, and his city besieged, when the whole world is in combustion, or we whilst our souls are in danger, {mors sequitur, viiafugit) to spend our time in toys, idle questions, and things of no worth } That ^"loveis are mad, I think no man will deny, Jlmare simul et sapere, ipsi Jovi non datur^ Jupiter himself cannot intend both at once. SI " Non ben6 cnnveniiitit, nee in unA sede morantur Majestas et amor." Tully, when he was invited to a second marriage, replied, he could not simul amare et sopere be wise and love both together. ^^Est orcus ille^ vis est immedicabiUs^ est "abies insana., love is madness, a hell, an incurable disease ; inpotentem et insanam Hbidinem ^'Seneca calls it, an impotent and raging lust. I shall dilate this sub- ject apart ; in the meantime let lovers sigh out the rest. "^ Nevisanus the lawyer holds it for an axiom, " most women are fools," ^^ consilium fceminis invalidum ; Seneca, men, be they young or old ; who doubts it, youth is mad as Elius in Tidly, Stvlli adolescenluli., old age little better, deliri senes, &c. Theoplirastes. in the 107th year of his age, ''^said he then began to be to wise, turn II "They are borne in the bark of folly, and dwell I ^i Ovid. Met. " Majesty and Love do not apree well, tn the grove of madness." •'- Morns tJtop. lib. 11. nor dwell toaether." ^'-Plutarch. Amatorio est ^^Macrob. Satiir. 7. 16. ^lEpist. 16. W'Lib. lamnr insaniis. w Epjgt. 39. 3< Sylvan niiptl- de caiisis corrup. artiiim. 21; j.it,. 2. in Ausonium, alls, 1. 1. num. 11. Onines nuilieres ul pliiiiniinn cap. 19 et 32. '-'Edit. 7. volnm. .lario CJutero. stiiUie 3-' Aristotle. ^cDoigre se dixit quod ** \ristophanis Ranis. ^aj.jti ^e bereficiis. tuni vila egredereiur. '•Pclirus et amen? dicatur mer'- Hor. Seneca. Democritus to the Reader. 73 sapere coppit, and therefore lamented his departure. If wisdom come so late, where shall we iind a wise man ? Our old ones doat at threescore-and-ten. I would cite more proofs, and a better author, but for the present, let one fool point at another "Nevisanus hath as hard an opinion of '^^rich men, "wealth and wisdom canno* (^dwell together," stuliltiam patiuntur opes, ^^and they do commonly '^° infutuarc cor hominls, besot men ; and as we see it, " fools have fortune :" '^' Sapient ia non inve nilur in terra suavitcr viventium. For beside a natural contempt of learning, which accompanies such kind of men, innate idleness (for they will take no pains), ami which ^^ Aristotle observes, uhi mens plurima, ihi minima fortuna, uhi plurima for- tuna^ihi mens pcrea;(^?ifl, great wealth and little wit go commonly together : they have as much brains some of them in their heads as in their heels ; besides this inbred neglect of liberal sciences, and all arts, which should excolere mentcm, polish the mind, they have most part some gullish humour or other, by which they are led ; one is an Epicure, an Atheist, a second a gamester, a third a whore-master (fit sub- jects all for a satirist to work upon) ; « " Hie nuptarum insanit amoribus, hie puerorum." I ^ne burns to madness for the wedded dame ; •^ 1 Unnatural lusts another's heart inflame. *'' one is mad of hawking, hunting, cocking ; another of carousing, horse-riding, spending ; a fourth of building, fighting, &c., Insanit veteres statuas Damasippus emcndo, Damasippus hath an humour of his own, to be talked of: ""^ Heliodorus the Carthaginian another. In a word, as Scaliger concludes of them all, they are Sta- tute erectcs stultitiie, the very statutes or pillars of folly. Choose out of all stories lim that hath been most admired, you shall still find, mitlla ad laudem, muUa ad lituperationem magnifica, as ""^Berosus of Semiramis ; omnes mor tales militia trium- phis, divitiis., &c., turn et luxu, ccede, cceterisque vitiis antecessit, as she had some good, so had she many bad parts. ^ Alexander, a worthy man, but furious in his anger, overtaken in drink : Caesar and Scipio valiant and wise, but vain-glorious, ambitious : Vespasian a worthy prince, but covetous : ^''Hannibal, as he had mighty virtues, so had he many vices ; unam virtutem mille vitia comitanfur^ as Machiavel of Cosmo de Medici, he had two dis- tinct persons in him.SJ will determine of them all, they are like these double or turning pictures ; stand before which you see a fair maid, on the one side an ape, on the other an owl ; look upon them at the first sight, all is well, but farther ex- amine, you shall find them wise on the one side, and fools on the other ; in some few things praiseworthy, in the rest incomparably faulty:- I will say nothing of meir diseases, emulations, discontents, wants, and such miseries : let poverty plead the rest in Aristophanes' Plutus. \ ^ Covetous men, amongst others, are most mad, ''Hhey have all the symptoms of melancholy, fear, sadness, suspicion. See, as shall be proved in its proper place, I Misers make Anticvra their own ; " Danda est Hellebori multo pars maxima avaris. | jjg hellebore reserved for them alone. And yet methinks prodigals are much madder than they, be of what condition they will, that bear a public or private purse ; as a ''^ Dutch writer censured Richard the rich duke of Cornwall, suing to be emperor, for his profuse spending, qui effudxi pecuniam ante pedes principium Electorum sicut aquam, that scattered money like water ; I do censure them, Stulta Anglia (saith he) quce tot denariis sponte est pri- vatum stulti principes Memanice^ qui nobile jus suum pro pecunid vendiderunt ; spend- thrifts, bribers, and bribe-takers are fools, and so are °°all they that cannot keep, dis- burse, or spend their moneys well. 1 might say the like of angry, peevish, envious, ambitious ; ^^Jlnticyras melior aorbere meracas ; Epicures, Atheists, Schismatics, Heretics ; hi omnes hahcnt imagina- 3' Lib. 1. num. 11. sapientia et divitiae vix simul pos- ' hie jussi condier, et ut viderem an quis insanior ad me «ideri possunt. "'They get their wisdom by eat- j visendum usque ad hKc loca penetraret. Ortelius in ing pie-crust some. ^*>o«y■' Insana giila, in- san.'E obstructiones, insanum venandi stiidiuni discor- dia demens. Virs. JEn. * Heliodorus (^arthagi- , ^ DensiB ad extremuni orbis Karcophago teslamento me auuax iiavigel Anticyras 10 G suspects. ■<" Livy, Ingentes viitutes ingentia vitia. ^^Hor. Quisquis ainbitione mala aut argenti pallet amore, Quisquis lu.Nuria, tristique superstitione. Per. ■isiCronica .Slavonica ad annum 1257. de cujns pecun'.a jam incredibilia dixerunt. "A fool and his money are soon parted. Oral, de iniag. ambitiosua el 74 Democritus to the Reader. lionem Icesam (saith Nymannus) " and their madness shall be evident," 2 Tim. iii. 9, 'Tabatus, an Italian, holds seafaring men all mad; "the ship is mad, for it never stands still ; the mariners are mad, to expose themselves to such imminent dangers : the waters are raging mad, in perpetual motion : the winds are as mad as the rest, they know not whence they come, whither they would go : and those men are maddest of all that go to sea; for one fool at home, they find forty abroad." He was a madman that said it, and thoii peradventure as mad to read it. ^^Faelix Platerus is of opinion all alchemists are mad, out of their wits ; ^""Atheneus saith as much of fiddlers, et musarum luscinias^, ^^ Musicians, omnes tibicines insaniunf^ tiM semel ejjfanf. avolat Ulico mens., in comes music at one ear, out goes wit at another. Proud and vain-glorious persons are certainly mad ; and so are °® lascivious ; 1 can feel theii pulses beat hither; horn-mad some of them, to let others lie with their wives, and wink at it. To insist" in all particulars, Avere an Herculean task, to ^^ reckon up ^^insanas subsfrucfiones, insanos labores., insanum hixum, mad labours, mad books, endeavours carriages, gross ignorance, ridiculous actions, absurd gestures ; insanam gulam., insa- nlam villarum., insana jurgiuj as Tully terms them, madness of villages, stupend structures ; as those ^Egyptian Pyramids, Labyrinths and Spliinxes, which a com- pany of crowned asses, ad ostentationem oputn., vainly built, when neither the archi- tect nor king that made them, or to what use and purpose, are yet known : to insist in their hypocrisy, inconstancy, blindness, rashness, dementcm temeritatcm., fraud, cozenage, malice, anger, impudence, ingratitude, ambition, gross superstition, ^^tem- pora infecta et adulalione sordida^ as in Tiberius' times, such base flattery, stupend, parisitical fawning and colloguing, &c. brawls, conflicts, desires, contentions, it would ask an expert Vesalius to anatomise every member. Shall I say ? Jupiter himself, Apollo, Mars, &c. doated ; and monster-conquering Hercules that subdued the world, and helped others, could not relieve himself in this, but mad he was at last. And where shall a man walk, converse with whom, in Avhat province, city, and not meet with Signior Deliro, or Hercules Furens, Ma^nades, and Corybantes ? Tlieir speeches say no less. ''^Efungis nati homines^ or else they fetched their pedigree from those that were struck by Samson with the jaw-bone of an ass. Or from Deucalion and Pyrrha's stones, for durum genus su7nus^ ^^marmorei sumns^ we are stony-hearted, and savour too much of the stock, as if they had all heard that enchanted horn of Astolpho, thai English duke in Ariosto, which never sounded but all his auditors were mad, and for fear ready to make away with themselves ; ^^ or landed in the mad haven in the Euxine sea of Daphnis insana., which had a secret quality to dementate ; they are a company of giddy-heads, afternoon men, it is ]\Iidsummer moon still, and the dog- days last all the year long, they are all mad. Whom shall I then except ? Ulricus Huttenus ^^nemo., nam., nemo omnibus horis sapit, JVemo nascitur sine vitiis^ Crimine JVcmo caret, JYemo sorte sua vivit confentus, JYemo in amore sajni., JS'em.o bonus., JS'erao sapiens., JVemo, est ex omni parti beatus, &c. ®^ and therefore Nicholas Nemo, or Monsieur No-body shall go free, Quid valeat nemo, JYemo referre potest? But whom shall I except in the second place } such as are silent, vir sapit qui pauca loquitur ; ^^ no better way to avoid folly and madness, than by taciturnity. Whom in a third .'' all senators, magistrates ; for all fortunate men are wise, and conquerors valiant, and so are all great men, non est bonum ludere cum diis, they are wise by authority, good by their office and place, his licet impune pessimos esse, (some say) we must not speak of them, neither is it fit ; per me sint omnia protinus alba, 1 will not think amiss of them. Whom next ? Stoics .? Sapiens Stoicus, and he alone is '^Navis stulla, quap continuo movetiir nautsB stulti [ lidi et fatui fungis nati dicebantur, idem et alibi qui se periculis exponunt, aqua insana qna; sic fre- | dicag. i^^Famian. Slrade de bajulis, de imrinore mil, cfec. aer jactatur, &c. qui inari se comniiltit stoli- dum ununi terra fiigiens, 40. inari invenit. Caspar Ens. Moros. i^sCap. de alien, mentis. ^Dip. nosopliist. lib. 8. 'sxibiclnes mente Capti. Erasm. Chi. 14. cer. 7. ^eprov. 30. Insana libido, Hie rogo non furor est, non est h»c mentula demens. Mart, ep. 74. I. 3. " Mille puellarum el puerorum mille jiirorrs. MUter est insanior horuni. Hor. Ovid. Virg. Plin. 69 pn,,. lii,. 36. w Tacitus 3. An- nal. 6' Ovid. 7. met. E. fungis nati homines ut •liiu Corinllii prmisvi illius loci accolae, quia sto - semisculpti. ii^Arianus periplo maris Euxiiii pnr- tus ejus meminit, et Gilliiis, 1. 3. de Bosphe, . Thra- cio et laurus insana qus allafa in coiiviviuni convivas omnes insania affecit. Guliel. Stucchius comment, &c ''■'Lepidum poema sic inscriptnm. s-'" No one is wise at all hours, — no one born without faults, — nd one free from crime,— no one content witl nis lot,- no one in love wise, — no good, or wise man perfectly liappy." <>i> Stultitiain simulare non potes ni> tacitiirnitate. Dcmocritus to the Reader. 75 Bubject to no perturbations, as ^''Plutarch scoffs at him, "he is not vexed with tor« ments, or burnt with fire, foiled by his adversary, sold of his enemy : though he be wrinkleG, sana-olind, toothless, and deformed ; yet he is most beautiful, and like a god, a king in conceit, though not worth a groat. He never doats, never mad, never sad, drunk, because virtue cannot be taken away," as ^^Zeno holds, "by reason of strong apprehension," but he was mad to say so. ^^JlnlicyrcB ccelo huic est opus aut dolabrd, he had need to be bored, and so had all his fellows, as wise as they would seem to be. Chrysippus himself liberally grants them to be fools as Avell as others, at certain times, upon some occasions, amitti virtuiem ait per ehriefatem, aut atrihi- larium morhuvi^ it may be lost by drunkenness or melancholy, he may be sometimes crazed as well as the rest : ''^ad suramum sapiens nisi quum piiuita molesf.a. I should here except some Cynics, Menippus, Diogenes, that Theban Crates ; or to descend to these times, that omniscious, only wise fraternity "" of the Rosicrucians, those great theologues, politicians, philosophers, physicians, philologers, artists, &c. of whom S. Bridget, Albas Joacchimus, Leicenbergius, and such divine spirits have pro- phesied, and made promise to the world, if at least there be any such (Hen. '^ Neu- husius makes a doubt of it, '''' Valentinus Andreas and others) or an Elias artifex their Theophrastian master; whom though Libavius and many deride and carp at, yet some Avill have to be " the " renewer of all arts and sciences," reformer of the world, and now living, for so Johannes Montanus Strigoniensis, that great patron of Para- celsus, contends, and certainly avers '^" a most divine man," and the quintessence of wisdom wheresoever he is ; for he, his fraternity, friends, &c. are all '® " betrothed to wisdom," if we may believe their disciples and followers. I must needs except Lipsius and the Pope, and expunge their name out of the catalogue of fools. For besides that parasitical testimony of Dousa, "A Sole exoriente Mieotidas usque paludes, Nemo est qui jiisto se sequiparare queat." " Lipsius saith of himself, that he was ''^Immani generis quidem pcedagogus voce et stylo^ a grand signior, a master, a tutor of us all, and for thirteen years he brags how he sowed wisdom in the Low Countries, as Ammonius the philosopher sometimes did in Alexandria, ™c'fm Immanltate literas et sapientiam cum prudentia : antistes sapien- ticB^he shall be Sapient urn Octavus. The Pope is more than a man, as ^"his parats often make him, a demi-god, and besides his holiness cannot err, in Cathedra belike: and yet some of them have been magicians. Heretics, Atheists, children, and as Pla- tina saith of John 22, Et si vir Uteratus^ multa stoUditatem et Icevitatem prcE se fereniia egit, stolidi et socordis vir ingenii^ a scholar sufficient, yet many things he did foolishly, lightly. I can say no more than in particular, but in general terms to the rest, they are all mad, their wits are evaporated, and, as Ariosto feigns, 1. 34, kept in jars above the moon. "Some lose their wits with love, some with ambition. Some following »i Lordu and men of high condition. Some in fair jewels rich and costly set, Others in Poetry their wits forget. Another thinks to be an Alchemist, Till all be spent, and that his number's mist." Convicted fools they are, madmen upon record •, and I am afraid past cure many of them, ^'crepunt inguina, the symptoms are manifest, they are all of Gotam parish : ^3" Quum furor hnud dubius, quum sit manifesta plirenesis," Since madness is indisputable, since frenzy is obvious. what remains then ^ but to send forvLorarios, those officers to carry them all together for company to Bedlam, and set Rabelais to be their physician. If any man shall ask in the meantime, who I am that so boldly censure others, *'Extortus non cruciatur, ambustus non laeditnr, prostratiis in lucla, non vincitur; non fit captiviis ab hnsle veniindatus. Et si rugosus, senex edentnlus, luscus, deformis, formostis tamen, et deo similis, felix, dives, rex nullius egens, et si denario non sit dignus. *" Ilium contendunt non injuria aftici, non insania, non inebriari, quia virtus non eripitu- -•: constanles com- prehensiones. Lips. phvs. Stoic, lib, 3. diffi. IS. "STarreus Hebus epig. 102. 1. 8. ™ Hor. '' Fra- ires sanrt. RoseiB crucis. '^ An sint, quales sint, unde nomen illud asciverint. '^Turri Babel. ■• Omnium artium et scientia rum instaurator. 's oj. vinus ille vir auctor notarum. in epist. Rog Bacon, ed. Ilambur. 1608. ™ Sapieiitioe desponsati, ''"From the Rising Sun to the Mseotid Lake, there was not one that could fairly be put in comparison with them." "^ Solus hie est sapiens alii volitant velut umliriB. '^In ep. ad Balthas. Morftum. ^o Rejectiunculaj ad Patavum. Felinus cum rel-quia, *' Magnum virum sequi est sapere, son^e think ; c ihers desipere. Catul. i^" Plant. Menec. »■< In Sat. 14. S'lOr to send for a cook to the AniicyriE to make Hel lebore pottage, settle-brain pottage. •0 Democritus to tfie Reader. til rvuilane Tiabes vitiaf have I no faults ? *^ Yes, more than thou nast, whatsoever Uiou art. JYos numcrus sumus^ I confess it again, I am as foolish, as mad as any one '>6"Insainis vol)is videor, run deprecor ipse, Quo iiiiims insanus,"' I do not deny it, dcmens de populo demalnr. My comfort is, I have more fellows, and tno^^e of excellent note. And though I be not so right or so discreet as I should be, yet not so mad, so bad neither, as thou perhaps takest me to be. To conclude, this being granted, that all the world is melancholy, or mad, doats, and every member of it, I have ended my task, and sufliciently illustrated that which I took upon me to demonstrate at first. At this present I have no more to say ; His sanam menfem DctnocrUuSf I can but wish myself and them a good physician, and all of us a better mind. And although for the abovenamed reasons, I had a just cause to undertake this subject, to point at these particular species of dotage, that so men might acknow- ledge their imperfections, and seek to reform what is amiss ; yet I have a more serious intent at this time; and to omit all impertinent digressions, to say no more of such as are improperly melancholy, or metaphorically mad, lightly mad, or in dispo- sition, as stupid, angry, drunken, silly, sottish, sullen, proud, vain-glorious, ridicu- lous, beastly, peevisli, obstinate, impudent, extravagant, dry, doating, dull, desperate, harebrain, &c. mad, frantic, foolish, heteroclites, which no new ^'hospital can hold, no physic help ; my purpose and endeavour is, in the following discourse to anato- mize this humour of melancholy, through all its parts and species, as it is an habit, or an ordinary disease, and that philosophically, medicinally, to show the causes, symptoms, and several cures of it, that it may be the better avoider" Moved there- unto for the generality of it, and to do good, it being a disease so frequent, as **Mercurialis observes, " in these our days ; so often happening," saith ^^Laurentius, " in our miserable times," as few there are that feel not the smart of it. Of the same mind is jElian Montalius, ^° Melancthon, and others ; ^'Julius Caesar Claudinus calls it the "fountain of all other diseases, and so common in this crazed age of ours, that scarce one of a thousand is free from it ; " and that splenetic hypochondriacal wind especially, which proceeds from the spleen and short ribs. Being then a disease so grievous, so common, I know not wherein to do a more general service, and spend my time better, than to prescribe means how to prevent and cure so universal a malady, an epidemical disease, that so often, so much crucifies the body and mind. If I have overshot myself in this which hath been hitherto said, or that it is, which I am sure some will object, too fantastical, " too liglit and comical for a Divine, too satirical for one of my profession, I will presume to answer with °^ Erasmus, in like case, 'tis not I, but Democritus, Democritus divit : yon must consider what it is to speak in one's own or another's person, an assumed habit and name; a difler- ence betwixt him that affects or acts a prince's, a philosopher's, a magistrate's, a fool's part, and him that is so indeed ; and what liberty those old satirists have had : it is a cento collected from others ; not I, but they that say it. ^ " Dixero si quid fnrt^ jocogiuj, hoc mihi juris I Yet some indulgence I nfiay justly claim, Cum veniil dal)is" | If too familiar with another's fame. Take heed you mistake me not. If I do a little forget myself, I hope you will par- don it. And to say truth, why should any man be oflended, or take exceptions at it.' "Licuit, setnperqiie licebit, I It lawful was of old, and still will he, Parcere personis, dicere de vitiis." | To speak of vice, but let the name go free. I hate their vices, not their persons. If any be displeased, or take aught unto him- self, let him not expostulate or cavil with him that said it (so did ®^ Erasmus excuse tiimself to Dorpius, si pariui licei componere magnis) and so do I ; " but let him be angry with himself, that so betrayed and opened his own faults in applying it to himself: ^*if he be guilty and deserve it, let him amend, whoever he is, and not M AliqnantuUim tamen inde me solabor, quod uni borum occasio existat. 9^ Mor. Encom si quis ca- tum multis et sapientibns et celeberriniis viris ipse lumnietur levins esse quam decet Theolopum, aul hnsipiens sim, quod se Menippus I.uciani in Necyo- mordacius quam deceat Christianum. s- Hor. Sat. mantia. i'" Pelronius in Caialect. ""That I 4.1.1. '•" Epi. ad Dorpium de Moria. si quispiam mean of Andr. Vale. Apoloi;. Manip 1. 1 et 26. Apol. I offendatur et sibi vindicel, non habet qund expostulet w H«PC affeftio nostris temporibus frequentissima. | cum eo qui scripsit, ipse si volet, secuni agat injuriain, *• ( ap. 15 de Mel. '-i" De anima. Nostro hoc sa-ciilo ntpote sui proditor. qui derlaravit hoc ad se [iroprie morbus frequentissimus. 9' Consult. 98, adeo pertincre. ="' Si quis sr la;suni clamabit, aul ron- nostris temiiorilins f'requeiitpr insruit ut nulliis fere sciciiiiam prodit suam, aul ~erte metuni, Phffidr lib lb ej'is labe ininiunis reperiaiut ot omnium fere mor- 3. i£sop. Fab. Democrilus to the Reader. 77 be angry '' He that hateth correction is a fool," Prov. xii. 1 ' ff he be not guilty, it concerns him not ;\ it is not my freeness of speech, but a guilty conscience, a galled back of his own that makes him wince. "Siispicione si quis eirrabit su^, Et riipiet ad se, quod erit coiniiiiine omnium, StuU6 luidabjt animi coiiscienliam."^'' I deny not this which I have said savours a little of Democritus ; ^Quamvis ridev- tem dlcere veriim quid vetat ; one may speak in jest, and yet speak truth. It is somewhat tart, I grant it; acriora orexim excitant embainmata^ as he said, sharp sauces increase appetite, ^'^nec cihus ipse jiivat morsu fraudatus aceli. Object then and cavil what thou wilt, I ward all v/ith ^^Democritus's buckler, his medicine shall salve it ; strike where tliou wilt, and when : Democrilus dixit, Democritus will answer it. It was written by an idle fellow, at idle times, about our Saturnalian or Dyonisian feasts, when as he said, nullum liberlati periculum est, servants in old Rome had liberty to say and do what them list Wlien our countrymen sacrificed to their goddess '°°Vacuna, and sat tippling by their Vacunal fires. I writ this, and published this oiitij Ixsysv, it is neminis riihil. The time, place, persons, and all Circumstances apologise for me, and why may not I then be idle with others .'' speak my mind freely ? If you deny me this liberty, upon these presumptions I will take it : I say again, I will take it. ' "Si quis est qui dictum in se inclenientius Existiniavit esse, sic existiniet." If any man take exceptions, let him turn the buckle of his girdle, I care not. I owe thee nothing (Reader), I look for no favour at thy hands, I am independent, I fear not. No, I recant, I will not, I care, I fear, I confess my fault, acknowledge a great offence, " motos prmstat componere fluctus." | let's first assuage the troubled wavt, I have overshot myself, 1 have spoken foolish! Vs rashly, unadvisedly, absurdly, I nave anatomized mine own folly. And now melhmks upon a sudden I am awaked as it were out of a dream ; I have had a raving fit, a fantastical fit, ranged up aiwl down, in and out, I have insulted over the most kind of men, abused some, ofl^ended others, wronged myself; and now being recovered, and perceiving mine error, cry with 'Orlando, Sohite me, pardon (o boni) that which is past, and I will make you amends in that which is to come ; I promise you a more sober discourse in my following treatise. If through weakness, folly, passion, ^discontent, ignorance, I have said amiss, let it be forgotten and forgiven. I acknowledge that of ''Tacitus to be true, Jisperas faceticB ubi nimis ex vero traxere, acrem sui memoriam relinquunt, a bitter jest leaves a sting behind it : and as an honourable man observes, ^" They fear a satirist's wit, he their memories." I may justly suspect the worst; and though I hope I have wronged no man, yet in Medea's words I will crave pardon, -—- " Ulud jam voce extrema peto, I ^nd in my last words this I do desire, Ne SI qua noster dubius effudit dolor, -p„^j ^^,,/j ;„ -^^^ , ^^^^^ ^^j,, „/; Maneant Ml annuo verba sedmeliortibi May be forgotten, and a better mind Mnmoria nostri subeat, hiee irs data g^ |,^d ^^ „^ hereafter as you find. Obliterentur I ■' f earnestly request every private man, as Scaliger did Cardan, not to take offencb f will conclude in his lines, SI me cognitum haberes, non solum donares nobis has facetias nostras, sed eliam indignum duceres, tarn humanum aninum, lene ingenium, t)i' minimam suspicionem deprecari oportere. If thou knewest my* modesty and simplicity, thou wouldst easily pardon and forgive what is here amiss, or by thee misconceived. If hereafter anatomizing this surly humour, my hand slip, as an unskilful 'prentice I lance too deep, and cut through skin and all at unawares, make It smart, or cut awry, ''pardon a rude hand, an unskilful knife, 'tis a most dif- s" If any one shall err through his own suspicion, and shall apply to himself what is common to all, he will foolishly betray a consciousness of guilt. »!Hor. as Mart. 1. 7. 22. tia Ut lubet feriat, abstergant hos ictus Democriti pharniacos. ""• Rus- ticorum dea preesse vacaiitibus et oliosis putabatur, Rosinus. > Ter. prol. Eunuch. ^ Ariost. I. 39 Staf. 58. 3 Ut enim ex siudiis gaudium sic studia ex hilaritate proveniunt. Plinius Maximo suo, ep. lib. 8. ■! Annal. 15. ^ Sir Francis Bacon in his Essays, now Viscount St. Albans. s Quod Probus Persii /?/oT-pajoc virginali verecundi4 Persium cui post labores agricola sacrificabat. Plin. 1. 3. c 12. , fuisse dicit, ego, &c. ' Quas aut iricuria fudit, Ovid. I. 6. Fast. Jam quoque cum fiunt antique; sacra 1 aut hurnana parum cavit natura. Uor. Vaciins, ante Vacunales stantque sedentque focos. { g2 78 Democritus to the Reader. ficult thing to keep an even tone, a perpetual tenor, and not sometimes to lash out , dlffic'^e. est Salyrum non scribere, there be so many objects to divert, inward pertur- bations to molest, and the very best may sometimes err ; aliquando bonus dormitat Homerus (some times that excellent Homer takes a nap), it is impossible not in so much to overshoot ; opere in longo fas est obrepere sumnum. But what needs all this ? I hope there will no such cause of ofl'ence be given ; if there be, ^JS'cmo aUquid recognoscat, nos mcniimur omnia. Til deny all (my last refuge), recant all, rftnounce all I have said, if any man except, and with as much facility excuse, as he ran ar;cuse ; but I presume of thy good favour, and gracious acceptance (gentle rea- ilcir,. Out of an assured hope and confidence thereof, I will begin. • PtoI -e these tilings to himself, they are all but Qctiona." I 79 \ LECTORI MALE FERL\TO. Tt vero cavesis edico quisquis es, ne temere sugilles Auctorem hujusce operis, aut cavillator irrideas. Imo ne vel ex aliorum censura tacite obloquaris (vis dicam ver- bo) nequid nasutulus inepte improbes, aut falso fingas. Nam si \&\is revera sit, qua- lem praj se fert Junior Democritus, seniori DemocrUo saltern affinis, aut ejus Genium vel tantillum sapiat ; actum de te, censorem aeque ac delatorem ' agret poontra (petu- lardi splene cuTn stt) sufflabit te in jocos, commirmet in sales, addo p'.iuin ci deo risui te sacrificabit. Iterum moneo, ne quid cavillere, ne dum Democritum Juniorem conviciis infames, ut ignominiose vituperes, de te non male sentientem, tu idem audias ab amico cor- date, quod olim vulgus Abderltanum ab ^Hippocrate, concivem bene meritum et po- pularem suum Democritum, pro insano habens. JYe tu Democrile sapis, stulti aulem et insani Abderitce. 3 " Abderitanae pectora plebis habes." Haec te paucis admonitum volo (male feriate Lector) abi. TO THE READER AT LEISURE. Whoever you may be, I caution you against rashly defaming the author of this work, or cavilling Jn jest against him. Nay, do not silently reproach him in con- sequence of others' censure, nor employ your wit in foolish disapproval, or false accusation. For, should Democritus Junior prove to be what he professes, even a kinsman of his elder namesake, or be ever so little of the same kidney, it is all over with you : he will become both accuser and judge of you in your spleen, will dissi- pate you in jests, pulverise you into salt, and sacrifice you, I can promise you, to the God of Mirth. I further advise you, not to asperse, or calumniate, or slander, Democritus Junior, who possibly does not think ill of you, lest you may hear from some discreet friend, the same remark the people of Abdera did from Hippocrates, of their meritorious and popular fellow-citizen, whom tney hud looked on as a madman ; " It is not that you, Democritus, that art wise, but that the people of Abdera are fools and madmen.'' "You have yourself an Abderitian soul;" and having just given you, gentle reader, these few words of admonition, farewell. ' Si me commdrit, melius non tangere clamo. Hot. I omnium receptaculum deprehentll, ejusque in<;enium ' Hippoc. epist. Daniageto, accercitus sum ut Demo- demiratus sum. Ahderitanos vero tanquam non sanos crituni tanquam insanum curarem,sed postquamcon- accusavi, veralri potione ipsos potiua eguisse dicen*. Teni, non per Jovem desipientiee negotium, sed rerum "'art. ISO) HllACLiTE fleas, misero sic convenit aevo, Nil nisi turpe vides, nil nisi triste vides. Ride etiam, quantumque lubet, Democrite ride Non nisi vana vides, non nisi stulta vides. Is fletu, his risu modo gaudeat, uniis utrique Sit licet usque labor, sit licet usque dolor. Nunc opes est (nam totus eheu jam desipit orbis) Mille Heraclitis, milleque Democritis. Nunc opus est (tanta est insania) transeat omnis Mundus in Anticyras, gramen in Helleborum. Weep, O Heraclitus, it suits the age, Unless you see nothing base, nothing sad. Laugh, O Democritus, as much as you please, Unless you see nothing either vain or foolish. Let one rejoice in smiles, tlie other in tears ; Let the same labour or pain be the office of both. Now (for alas ! how foolish the world has become), A thousand Heraclitus', a thousand Democritus' are required. Now (so much does madness prevail), all the world must oe Sent to Anticyra, to graze on Hellebore. (81) THE SYNOPSIS OF THE FIRST PARTITION. CM? Melancholy in which (onsider f Their Causes, Subs. 1. Impulsive ; < Sin, concupiscence, &c. Instrumental ; J Intemperance, all second causes, Ace. In diseases, consider | Sect. 1. < Memb 1. Or Definition, Member, Division. Subs. 2. Of the body 300, which are Or Of the head or mind. Subs. 3. {Epidemical, as Plague, Plica, &c. or Particular, as Gout, Dropsy, &c. fin disposition ; as all perturbations, evil «Hec tion, &c. Or Habits, as Subs. 4. ("Dotage Frenzy. Madness. Ecstasy. Lycanthropia. j Chorus sancti Viti. I Hydrophol)ia. I Possession or obsession Devils. [ Melancholy. See T. fits Equivocations, in Disposition, Improper, &c. Subsect. 5. Memb. 2. To its ex- plication, a digression of anatomy, in which observe parts of Subs. 1. r Body hath parts Subs. 2. r ... fHun^ours, 4. Blood, Phlegm, &-c contanied as J „ . .. ... . , . , I Spirits ; vital, natural, animal. r Similar; spermatical, or flesh, bones, nerves, &c. Subs. 3. Dissimilar; brain, heart, liver, Subs. 4. containing &c I Soul and its faculties, as L r Vegetal. Subs. 5. I Sensible. Subs. 6, 7, 8. (.Rational. Subsect. 9, 10, 11. Memb. 3. Its definition, name, difference, Subs. 1. The part and parties aB'ected, affection, &c. Subs, 2. The matter of melancholy, natural, se s \. noii- liH'nral things abused. f Inward Outward f Inward Synopsis of the First Partition. 83 Diet offend- ing in Subs.X Bread ; coarse and black, &c. Drink ; thick, thin, sour, &c. Water unclean, milk, oil, vinegar, wine, spices, &c. -gylj. fParts; heads, feef, entrails, fat, bacon, blood, &c. stance ^ Flesh < rr- i JBeef, pork, venison, hares, goats, pigeons, pea- ' [ 1 cocks, fen-fowl, &c. ] Herbs, [Of fish ; all shell-fish, hard and slimy fish, &c. I Fish, i Of herbs ; pulse, cabbage, melons, garlick, onions, &c. l&c. [All roots, raw fruits, hard and windy meats. Preparing, dressing, sharp sauces, salt meats, indurate, soused, fried, broiled, or made-dishes, &c. Disorder in eating, immoderate eating, or at unseasonabh' times, &c. Siibs. 2. [Custom; delight, appetite, altered, &c. THE FIRST PARTITION. THE FIRST SECTION, MEMBER, SUBSECTION. Man's Excellency^ Fall, Miseries., Infirmities; The causes of them. jlf ■) P , jj 1 ]\/r AN, the most excellent and noble creature of the workl, '^^ * '^ ^^■-' ^^■'- '*■ tlie principal and mighty work of God, wonder oi N'ature," as Zoroaster calls him; audncis naturcB miraculum, "the 'marvel of mar- vels," as Plato-, "the ^abridgment and epitome of the world," as Pliny, Microcos- mus, a little world, a model of the world, ^ sovereign lord of the earth, viceroy ot the world, sole commander and governor of all the creatures in it ; to whose empire they are subject in particular, and yield obedience; far surpassing all the rest, not in body only, but in soul; ^Imaginis Imago, ^created to God's own "^'image, to that immortal and incorporeal substance, with all the faculties and powers belonging unto it ; was at first pure, divine, perfect, happy, ^^ created after God in true holiness and right- eousness ;" Deo congruens, free from all manner of infirmities, and put in Paradise, to know God, to praise and glorify him, to do his will, Ut diis consimiles parturiat deos (as an old poet saith) to propagate the church. Man''s Fall and Misery.] But this most noble creature, Heu tristis, et lachry- mosa commutatio (^ one exclaims) O pitiful change ! is fallen from that he was, and forfeited his estate, become miserabitis homuncio, a cast-away, a caitiff", one of the most miserable creatures of the world, if he be considered in his own nature, an unregenerate man, and so much obscured by his fall that (some few reliques excepted) he is inferior to a beast, ® " Man in honour that understandeth not, is like unto beasts that perish," so David esteems him : a monster by stupend metamorphoses, '°a fox, a dog, a hog, what not ? Quantum mutatus ab illo? How much altered from that he was; before blessed and happy, now miserable and accursed ; " " He must eat his meat in sorrow," subject to death and all manner of infirmities, all kind of calamities. Jl Descripiion of Melancholy.] '^^ Great travail is created for all men, and aui heavy yoke on the sons of Adam, from the day that they go out of their motlier's"' womb, unto that day they return to the mother of all things. Namely, their thoughts,' and fear of their hearts, and their imagination of things they wait for, and the day of death. From him that sitteth in the glorious throne, to him that sitteth beneath in the earth and aslies ; from him that is clothed in blue silk and weareth a crown, to him that is clothed in simple linen. Wrath, envy, trouble, and unquietness, and fear of death, and rigour, and strife, and such things come to both man and beast,' but sevenfold to the ungodly." All this befalls him in this life, and peradventurc eternal misery in the life to come. Impulsive Cause of Man^s Misery and Infirmities?^ The impulsive cause of these miseries in man, this privation or destruction of God's image, the cause of death and 'Magnum miraculum. ^Mundi epitome, na- I est in imagine parva. ' Eph. iv. 24. epaian luta; deliciEB. 3 Finis rerum omnium, cui sublu- terius. "Psal. xlix. 90. 'oLascivi^ superal iiaria serviunt. ScaliK. exercit 365. sec. 3. Vales, de ' equum, impudentia canera, a :tu vulpein, furore leo- sacr. Phil. c. 5. ■'Ul in niiir..smate Ca>saris imago, | nem. Chrys. 23. Gen. v Gen. iii. 13. '^ Ec- Jhrysostom well observes. "' '■'• Fools by reason of their transgression, and because of their iniquities, are afflicted." " •■' Fear cometh like sudden desolation, and destruction like a whirl- wind, afliiction and anguish," because they did not fear God. '^" Are you shaken with wars .?" as Cyprian well urgeth to Demetrius, " are you molested with deartli and famine ? is your health crushed with raging diseases } is mankind generally tormented with epidemical maladies? 'tis all for your sins," Hag. i. 9, 10; Amos i. ; Jer. vii God is angry, punisheth and threateneth, because of their obstinacy and stubborn- ness, they will not turn unto him. '^'^If the earth be barren then for want of rain, if dry and squalid, it yield no fruit, if your fountains be dried up, your wine, corn, and oil blasted, if the air be corrupted, and men troubled with diseases, 'tis by rea- son of their sins :" which like the blood of Abel cry loud to heaven for vengeance. Lam. V. 15. " That we have sinned, therefore our hearts are heavy," Isa. lix. 11, 12. " We roar like bears, and mourn like doves, and want health, &.c. for our sins and trespasses." But this we cannot endure to hear or to take notice of, Jer. ii. 30. " We are smitten in vain and receive no correction ; " and cap. v. 3. "• Thou hast stricken them, but they have not sorrowed; they have refused to receive correction f they have not returned. Pestilence he hath sent, but they have not turned to him," Amos iv. ^° Herod could not abide John Baptist, nor ^' Domitian endure ApoUonius to tell the causes of the plague atEphesus, his injustice, incest, adultery, and the like To punish therefore this blindness and obstinacy of ours as a concomitant cause and principal agent, is God's just judgment in bringing these calamities upon us, to cliastise us, I say, for our sins, and to satisfy God's wrath. For the law requires obedience or punishment, as you may read at large, Deut. xxviii. 1 5. " If they will not obey the Lord, and keep his commandments and ordinances, then all these curses shall come upon them." ^^" Cursed in the town and in the field, &c." ^^" Cursed in the fruit of the body, &c." ^^ " The Lord shall send thee trouble anu shame, because of thy wickedness." And a little after, ^*" The Lord shall smite thee with the botch of Egypt, and with emrods, and scab, and itch, and thou canst not be healed ; "Svith madness, blindness, and astonishing of heart." This Paul seconds, Kom. ii. 9. " Tri- bulation and anguish on the soul of every man that doeth evil." Oi else these chas- tisements are inflicted upon us for our humiliation, to exercise and try our patience here in this life to bring us home, to make us to know God ourselves, to inform and leach us wisdom. ^''"Therefore is my people gone into captivity, because they had no knowledge ; therefore is the wi;^th of the Lord kindled against his people, and he hath stretched out his hand upon them." He is desirous of our salvaiion. ^^JYosircs saUiiiS avidus, saith Lemnius, and for that cause pulls us by the ear miny times, to put us in mind of our duties : '' That they which erred might have under- standing, (as Isaiah speaks xxix. 24) and so to be reformed." ^^ " 1 am afflicted, and at the point of death," so David confesseth of himself, Psal. Ixxxvih. v. 1 5, v. 9, " Mine eyes are sorrowful through mine affliction :" and that made hhn turn unto God. Great Alexander in the midst of all his prosperity, by a company of parasites •3 Gen. iii. 17. '■'Ilia cadens tegnien manibus gleba producat, si turbo viiieam debilitet, &c. Cypr. decussit, et uni perniciem iinniisit miseris mortalibua -"Mat. xiv. 3. '^i Philoslratiis. lib. 8. vit. Apollonii. atram. Hesiod. 1. oper. '^Honi. 5. ad pop. An- Injustitiam ejus, et sceleralas nuptias, et ctetera quas .tioch. "> Psal. cvii. 17. "Pro. i. 27. i^Qiidd praMer rationem fecerat, morboriim cansas dixit. *- 16. autem crebrius bella concutiant, quod sterilitas et --'18. ••'•20. ■-'■■> Verse 17. -"iaS Deos qnog lames snlicitudineni cumulent, qii6d sievieiitibiis mnr- diligit, castigat. ^^ Tsa. v. 13. Verse 15. -'«iNos- bis valitudofrangitur, qii6d1)uiiianiini genus luis pnpu- tree saluiis avidiis continenter aures vellicat, ac cala- latione vastatur ; ob peccatnni omnia. Cypr. '•'Si mitate subinde nos exercet. Levinus Lemn. 1. 2. c. 29. raro desuper pluvia descendat, si terra situ pulveris i de occult, nat. inir. 2«Vexatio dat intellectum ^qualleat, si vix jejunas el pallidal herbas sterilia Isa xxviii. 19. *Iem. 1. ^uTo. i.J Diseases in General. 87 deified, and now made a god, when he saw one of his wounds bleed, remembered that he was but a man, and remitted of his pride. In morho recolligit se animus,'* as ^' Pliny well perceived ; " In sickness the mind reflects upon itself, with judgment surveys itself, and abhors its former courses ;" insomuch that he concludes to his friend Marius, '^^"that it were the period of all philosophy, if we could so continue sound, or perform but a part of that which we promised to do, being sick. Whoso is wise then, will consider these things," as David did {^Psal. cxliv., verse last); and whatsoever fortune befall him, make use of it. " If he be in sorrow, need, sickness, or any other adversity, seriously to recount with himself, why this or that malady, misery, this or that incurable disease is inflicted upon him ; it may be for his good, '^ sic expedite as Peter said of his daughter's ague. Bodily sickness is for his soul's, heaud, periisset nisi periissef, had he not been visited, he had utterly perished ; for ** " the Lord correcteth him whom he loveth, even as a father doth his child in whom he delighteth." If he be safe and sound on the other side, and free from all mannei ofinflrinity; ^'etcui "Gralia, forma, valetudo contiiigat abuiidS Et iiiuiidiis victus, noil deficieiile cruiiieni." "And that he have grace, beauty, favour, health, A cleanly diet, and abound in wealth." Yet in the midst of his prosperity, let him remember that caveat of Moses, ^®" Beware that he do not forget the Lord his God ;" that he be not pufled up, but acknowledge , them to be his good gifts and benefits, and ^' " the more he hath, to be more thank - ful," (as Agapetianus adviseth) and use them aright. Instrumental Causes of our Infirmities?\ Now the instrumental causes of these our infirmities, are as diverse as the infirmities themselves ; stars, heavens, ele- ments, &c. And all those creatures which God hath made, are armed against sin- ners. They were indeed once good in themselves, and that they are now many of them pernicious unto us, is not in their nature, but our corruption, which hath caused it. For from the fall of our first parent Adam, they have been changed, the earth accursed, the influence of stars altered, the four elements, beasts, birds, plants, are now ready to oflend us. " The principal things for the use of man, are water, fire, iron, salt, meal, wheat, honey, milk, oil, wine, clothing, good to the godly, to the sinners turned to evil,'' Ecclus. xxxix. 26. " Fire, and hail, and famine, and dearth, all these are created for vengeance," Ecclus. xxxix. 29. The heavens threaten us with their comets, stars, planets, with their great conjunctions, eclipses, oppositions, quartdes, and such unfriendly aspects. The air with his meteors, thunder and lightning, intemperate heat and cold, mighty winds, tempests, unseasonable weather; from which proceed dearth, famine, plague, and all sorts of epidemical diseases, con- suming infinite myriads of men. At Cairo in Egypt, every third year, (as it is re- lated by ^^Boterus, and others) 300,000 die of the plague; and 200,000, in Con- stantinople, every fifth or seventh at the utmost. How doth the earth terrify and oppress us with terrible earthquakes, which are most frequent in '^'^ China, Japan, and those eastern climes, swallowing up sometimes six cities at once .? IIow doth the water rage with his inundations, irruptions, flinging down towns, cities, villages, bridges, &c. besides shipwrecks ; whole islands are sometimes suddenly overwhelmed with all their inhabitants in ''"Zealand, Holland, and many parts of the continent drowned, as the "" lake Erne in Ireland ? '^^JYihilque prceter arcium cadavera patenti cernimus freto. In the fens of Friesland 1230, by reason of tempests, "^ the sea drowned 7Jiulta hominum millia, etjumenta sine numero, all the country almost, men and cattle in it. How doth the fire rage, that merciless element, consuming in an instant whole cities .'' What town of any antiquity or note hath not been once, again and again, by the fury of this merciless element, defaced, ruinated, and left desolate ? In a word, ""Ignis pepercit, unda mergit, agris Vis peslilentis fequori ereptiira necat, Bello superstes, tabidus inorbo peril." " Whom fire spares, sea doth drown ; whom sea. Pestilent air doth send to clay ; Whom war 'scapes, sickness takes away." "oin sickness the mind recollects itself. " Lib. 7. Cum judicio, mores et facta recognoscit et se intuetur. l)um fero languorein, fero religionis amorem. Expers languoris non sum memor hujus amoris. ^-Sum- mum esse totius philosophis, ut tales esse persevere- miis, quales nos futures esse infiriiii profiteinur. »» Petrarch »i Prov. iii. 12. 3** Ilor. Epis. lib. 1.4 '~Deu' vi'" U. Qui stat videat ne nadat. s'Quanto majoribiis beneliciis a Deo cumulatur, lanto obligatiorein se debitorem fateri. •'"Boteriis de Inst, urbium. ^JJ^ege hist, relationem I.od. Froli de rebus Japoricis ad annum 1596. ■'"Guicciard. descript. Belg. anno 1421. •" Giraldus Cambrens. ■•-Janus Dousa, ep. lib 1. car. 10. And we perceive n«- thing, except the dead bodies of cities in I lie open sea "Munsler. I. 3. Cos. cap. 462. *» Builiaiian. BaptL§t B8 Diseases in General. [Part. 1. Sec. 1 To descend to more particulars, how many creatures are at deadly feud with men ? Lions, wolves, bears, &.c. Some with hoofs, horns, tusks, teeth, nails : How many noxious serpents and venemous creatures, ready to offend us with stings, breath, sight, or quite kill us ? How many pernicious fishes, y)lants, gums, fruits, seeds, flowers, &c. could I reckon up on a sudden, which by their very smell many of them, touch, taste, cause some grievous malady, if not death itself? Some make mention of a thousand several poisons : but these are but trifles in respect. The greatest enemy to man, is man, who by the devil's instigation is still ready to do mischief, his own executioner, a wolf, a devil to himself, and others. ""^ We are all brethren in Christ, or at least' should be, members of one body, servants of one Lord, and yet no fiend can so torment, insult over, tyrannize, vex, as one man doth another. Let me not fall tlierefore (saith David, when wars, plague, famine were offered) into the hands of mf ', merciless and wicked men : <^ " Vix sunt homines hoc nomine digni, Quimque hipi, sjevje plus ftritatis habenl." We can most part foresee these epidemical diseases, and likely avoid them; Dearths, tempests, plagues, our astrologers fortel us; Earthquakes, inundations, ruins of houses, consuming fires, come by little and little, or make some noise be- forehand ; but the knaveries, impostures, injuries and villanies of men no art can avoid. We can keep our professed enemies from our cities, by gates, walls and towers, defend oui-selves from thieves and robbers by watchfulness and weapons ; but this malice of men, and their pernicious endeavours, no caution can divert, no vigilancy foresee, we have so many secret plots and devices to mischief one another. Sometimes by the devil's help as magicians, "witches : sometimes by impostures, mixtures, poisons, stratagems, single combats, wars, we liack and hew, as if we were ad hiternccionem nafi, like Cadmus' soldiers born to consume one another. 'Tis an ordinary tiling to read of a hundred and two hundred thousand men slain in a battle. Besides all manner of tortures, brazen bulls, racks, wheels, strappadoes, guns, en- gines, &c. '^^Jld uni/m corpus humanum siipplicia plura^ quam membra : We have invented more torturing instruments, than there be several members in a man's body, as Cyprian well observes. . To come nearer yet, our own parents by their offences, indiscretion and intemperance, are our mortal enemies. ''®"The fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children's teeth an-e set on edge." They cause our grief many times, and put upon^us hereditary diseases, inevitable infirmities: they torment us, and we are ready to injure our posterity ; 60 "moxdaturiprogeniemvitiosiorem." I "And yet with crimes to us unknown, I Our sons shall mark the coming age their own ; and the latter end of the world, as ^'Paul foretold, is still like to be the worst. We are thus bad by nature, bad by kind, but far worse by art, every man the greatest enemy unto himself. We study many times to undo ourselves, abusing those good gifts which God hath bestowed upon us, health, wealth, strength, wit, learning, art, memory to our own destruction, ^^Perdit'io tua ex te. As ^'^ Judas Maccabeus killed Apollonius with his own weapons, we arm ourselves to our own overthrows ; and use reason, art, judgment, all that should help us, as so many instruments to undo us. Hector gave Ajax a sword, which so long as he fought against enemies, served for his help and defence ; but after he began to hurt harmless creatures with it, turn- ed to his own hurtless bowels. Those excellent means God hath bestowed on us, well employed, cannot but much avail us; but if otherwise perverted, they ruin and confound us : and so by reason of our indiscretion and weakness they com- monly do, we have too many instances. This St. Austin acknowledgeth of hi>a- solf in his humble confessions, "promptness of wit, memory, eloquen<"e, they were God's good gifts, but he did not use them to his glory." If you will particularly know how, and by what means, consult physicians, and they will tell you, that it is jji ofl'ending in some of those six non-natural things, of which I shall ^'' dilate more at large ; they are the causes of our infirmities, our surfeiting, and drunkenness, oiu '^Horno homini lunus, homo homini daemon. I xviii 2. '^Hor. I. 3. Od. 6. s' 2 Tim iii. i •■'♦tvid de Trist. I. 5. lileg. 8. <■ Mifcent acoiiita ■■• Eze. iviii. 31. Thy desiriiciion is from thvselt novrtr.x. -^Lib. 2. Epist.2. ad Doiiatum. *" Kz«. | « iJI Alacc. iii. 12. ' •'•< I'art. i Sec. 2. Menib. 2 Mem. 1. Subs, 2.] Def. JYum. Div. of Diseases. 99 Immoderate insatiable lust, and prodigious riot. Plures crapula, quam gladius^i is a true saying, the board consumes more than the sword. Our intemperance it is, thai pulls so many several incurable diseases upon our heads, that hastens **old age, per- verts our temperature, and brings upon us sudden death. And last of all, that wliich crucifies us most, is our own folly, madness [quos Jupiter perdit., dement at ; by su1)trac- tion of his assisting grace God permits it) weakness, want of government, our facility and proneness in yielding to several lusts, in giving way to every passion and pertur- bation of the mind : by which means we metamorphose ourselves and degenerate into beasts. All whicli that prince of ^'^ poets observed of Agamemnon, that when he was well pleased, and could moderate his passion, he was — os ocuhsque Jovi j^ar : like Jupiter in feature. Mars in valour, Pallas in wisdom, another god ; but when he be- came angry, he was a lion, a tiger, a dog, &c., there appeared no sign or likeness oi Jupiter in him ; so we, as long as we are ruled by reason, correct our inordinate ap petite, and conform ourselves to God's v.'ord, are as so many saints : but if we givf reins to lust, anger, ambition, pride, and follow our own ways, we degenerate into beasts, transform ourselves, overthrow our constitutions, ^^ provoke God to anger and heap upon us this of melancholy, and all kinds of incurable diseases, as a jusi and deserved punishment of our sins. Sub SEC. II. — The Definition^ JYumher, Division of Diseases. What a disease is, almost every physician defines. '^^ Fernelius calleth it an " Affection of the body contrary to nature." °^ Fuschius and Crato, " an hinderance, hurt, or alteration of any action of the body, or part of it." ™ Tholosanus, " a dis- solution of that league which is between body and soul, and a perturbation of it ; as health the perfection, and makes to the preservation of it." ^' Labeo in Agellius, " an ill habit of the body, opposite to nature, hindering the use of it." Others otherwise, all to this effect. JYumber of Diseases.] How many diseases there are, is a question not yet deter- mined ; *' Pliny reckons up 300 from the crown of the head to the sole of the foo : elsewhere he saith, morhorum infmita multittido, their number is infinite. Hows )- ever it was in those times, it boots not ; in our days I am sure the number is much ausfmented : ^3 "macies, et nova febrium Terris incubit cohors." For besides many epidemical diseases unheard of, and altogether unknown to Galen and Hippocrates, as scorbutum, small-pox, plica, sweating sickness, morbus Gallicus, &c., we have many proper and peculiar almost to every part. JVo man free from some' Disease or otheri\ /;'No man amongst us so sound, of so good a constitution, that hath not some impediment of body or mind.^\ Quisque suos patimi/r manes., we have all our infirmities, first or last, more or less. There will be peradventure in an age, or one of a thousand, like Zenophilus the musician in *^ Pliny, that may happily live 105 years without any manner of impediment ; a Pol- lio Romulus, that can preserve himself ^^"with wine and oil;" a man as fortunate as Q. Metellus, of whom Valerius so much brags; a man as healthy as Otto Ilerwar- dus, a senator of Augsburg in Germany, whom ^'' Leovitius the astrologer brings in for an example and instance of certainty in his art; who because he had the sign' ficators in his geniture fortunate, and free from the hostile aspects of Saturn and Mars, being a very cold man, ^" " could not remember that ever he was sick." ^^ Paracel- sus may brag that he could make a man live 400 years or more, if he might bring him up from his infancy, and diet him as he list ; and some physicians hold, that Iheir is no certain period of man's life ; but it may still by temperance and physic "Nequitia est qiiEe te non sinet esse senem. i «^ Cap. 11. lib. 7. es ijorat. ' b. 1. ode 3. "Etui- iHoiner. Iliad. s" Intemperaritia. luxus, itiglu vios, et infiiiita liiijusiiiodi flagitia, qiite divinas poeiias nerentur. Crato. '*Ferii. Path. I. 1. c 1. Mor- bus est affertus contra, naturain corpori insides. '^Fusch. Instit. I. 3. sect. 1. c. 3. k quo priinuin vitia- tur actio. i" Dissolutio foederis in corpore, ut sa- nitas est consuminaiio. <>' Lib. 4. cap. 2. Morbus Ml habitue contra naturam, qui usiiin ejus, &c. 12 h2 ciation, and a new cohort of ffers broods o\er th« earth." ^'Cap ^0. lib. 7. Cetituni et qiiipque vixit annos sine ullo inconimodo eii Jumg ,|,,iiso foras oleo. Bi^Exemplis genitur. pra^fixis Epheiner cap. de intirmitat. ''■ Qui, quoad pueiilia; ullinian inemoriam recordari potest non memiiiit se ieyrotun dw.ubuisse. '''" Lib. de vita longa 90 Div. of the Diseases of the Head. [Part. l.Sect. 1 be \)i Aonged. We find in the meantime, by common experience, that no man can escaf e, but that of "'' Hesiod is true ; "Th' earth's full of maladies, ami full the sea, Which set upon us both by night and day." Division of Diseases.] If you require a more exact division of these ordinary diseases which are incident to men, 1 refer you to physicians ;™ they will tell you of acute and chronic, first and secondary, lethales, salutares, errant, fixed, simple, compound, connexed, or consequent, belonging to parts or the whole, in habit, or in disposition, &c. iVIy division at this time (as most befitting my purpose) shall be into those of the body and mind. For them of the body, a brief catalogue of which Fuschius hath made, Institut. lib. 3, sect. 1, cap. 11. I -refer you to the vo- luminous tomes of Galen, Areteus, Rhasis, Avicenna, Alexander, Paulus ^Etius, Gor- (^onerius : and those exact Neoterics, Savanarola, Ca'^ivaccius, Donatus Altomarus, Hercules de Saxonia, Mercurialis, Victorius F? /entinus. Wecker, Piso, &.C., that have methodically and elaborately written of them all. Those of the mind and head I will briefly handle, and apart. SuBSECT. III. — Division of the Diseases of the Head. These diseases of the mind, forasmuch as they have their chief seat and organs in the head, which are commonly repeated amongst the diseases of the head which are divers, and vary much according to their site. For in the head, as there be several parts, so there be divers grievances, which according to that division of 'Heurnius, (which he takes out of Arculanus,) are inward or outward (to omit all others which pertain to eyes and ears, nostrils, gums, teeth, mouth, palate, tongue, wesel, chops, face, &c.) belonging properly to the brain, as baldi^ess, falling of hair, furfaire, lice, Stc. '^Inward belonging to the skins next to the brain, called dura and pia mater., as all head-aches, &c., or to the ventricles, caules, kels, tunicles, creeks, and parts of it, and their passions, as caro, vertigo, incubus, apoplexy, falling sickness. The diseases of the nerves, cramps, stupor, convulsion, tremor, palsy : or belonging to the excrements of the brain, catarrhs, sneezing, rheums, distillations : or else those that pertain to the substance of the brain itself, in which are conceived phrensy, lethargy, melancholy, madness, weak memory, sopor, or Coma VigiJ.ia el vigil Coma. Out of these again 1 will single such as properly belong to the phan- tasy, or imagination, or reason itself, which "Laurentius calls the disease of the mind ; and Hildesheim, morhos imaginationis., aut rationis IcEsce, (diseases of the imagination, or of injured reason,) which are three or four in number, phrensy, madness, melancholy, dotage, and their kinds : as hydrophobia, lycanthropia. Chorus sancti viti^ morhi damoniaci., (St. Vitus's dance, possession of devils,) which I will briefly touch and point at, insisting especially in this of melancholy, as n^ore eminent than the rest, and that through all his kinds, causes, symptoms, prognostics, cures as Lonicerus hath done dc apoplexid., and many other of such particular diseases Not that I find fault with those which have written of this subject; before, as Jason Pratensis, Laurentius, Montaltus, T. Bright, &c., they have done very well in their several kinds and methods ; yet that which one omits, another may haply see ; thai which one contracts, another may enlarge. To conclude with ^''Scrihanius, " that which they had neglected, or profunctorily handled, we may more thoroughly ex- amine; that which is obscurely delivered in them, may be perspicuously dilated and amplified by us :" and so made more familiar and easy for every man's capacity, and the common good, which is the chief end of my discourse. St'BSECT. IV. — Dotage., Phrensy., Madness., Hydrophobia^ Lycanthropia., Chorvs sancti Viti., Extasis. Delirium., Dotage.] Dotage, fatuity, or folly, is a common name to all the fol iowing species, as some will have it. "^Laurentius and ''* Altomarus comprehended esQper. et dies. '"See Fenielius Path. lib. 1. cap. 9,10, 11, 12. Fuschi\is Instil. 1. 3. sect. 1. c. 7. Wecker. Synt. '' Priefat. de inorbis capitis. In capile ut varise ^aI)itant paries, ila varia' querelae ibi •"leuiunt. '-Of which read Heurnius, Montal- tus, Hildesheim, Quercetan, Jason Praten-^is, &c '3 Cap. 2. de nielanchol. '^ Cap. 2. de Phisiologia sagarum : Quod alii, minus recte fortasse dixerint, nos examinare, melius dijudicare, coriigere studea nius. 's Cap. 4. de mol. '^Arl. Med. 7. Mem. 1. Subs 4.] Diseases of the Mind. 91 madness, melancholy, and tlie rest under this name, and call it the t,ummum genus of ihem all. If it be distinguished from them, it is natural or ingenite, which cornea by some defect of the organs, and over-much brain, as we see in our common fools; and is for the most part intended or remitted in particular men, and thereupon some are wiser than others : or else it is acquisite, an appendix or sympton. of some other disease, which comes or goes ; or if it continue, a sign of melancholy itself. Prensy?[ ' Phrrn'tis., which the Greeks derive from the word tp*/"; is a disease of the mind, with a continual madness or dotage, which hath an acute fever annexed, or else an inflammation of the brain, or the membranes or kels of it, with an acute fever, which causeth madness and dotage. It diflers from melancholy and madness, because their dotage is without an ague : this continual, with waking, or memory decayed, &c. Melancholy is most part silent, this clamorous ; and many such like differences are assigned by physicians. Madness.] Madness, phrensy, and melancholy are confounded by Celsus, and many writers ; others leave out phrensy, and make madness and melancholy but one disease, which "Jason Pratensis especially labours, and that they ditfer only secun- dam majus or minus., in quantity alone, the one being a degree to the other, and both proceeding from one cause. They differ intenso et remisso gradu^ saith "^Gordonius, as the humour is intended or remitted. Of the same mind is '^Areteus, Alexander Tertullianus, Guianerius, Savanarola, Heiirnius ; and Galen himself writes promis- cuously of tliem both -by reason of their aflinity : but most of our neoterics do handle them apart, whom I will follow in this treatise. Madness is therefore defined to be a vehement dotage ; or raving without a fever, far more violent than melan- choly, full of anger and clamour, horrible looks, actions, gestures, troubling the patients with far greater vehemency both of body and mind, without all fear and sorrow, with such impetuous force and boldness, that sometimes three or four men cannot hold them. Differing only in this from phrensy, that it is without a fever, and their memory is most part better. It hath the same causes as the other, as choler adust, and blood Incensed, brains inflamed, &c. ^^ Fracastorius adds, "a due time, and full age to this definition, to distinguish it from children, and will have it con- firmed impotency, to separate it from such as accidentally come and go again, as by taking henbane, nightshade, wine, &c. Of this fury there be divers kinds ; *' ecstasy, which is familiar with some persons, as Cardan saith of himself, he could be in one when he list;, in which the Indian priests deliver their oracles, and the witches in Lapland, as Olaus Magnus writeth, 1. 3, cap. 18. Extasi omnia prccdiccre., answer ail questions in an extasis you will ask ; what your friends do, where they are, how they fare, &c. The other species of this fury are e'ntluisiasms, revelations, and visions, so often mentioned by Gregory and Becla in their Vr'orks-, obsession or pos- session of devils, sibylline prophets, and poetical furies •, such as come by eating noxious herbs, tarantulas stinging, &c., which some reduce to this. The most known 9re these, lycanthropia, hydrophobia, chorus sancti viti. Lycanlhropia.] Lycanthropia, which Avicenna calls Cucubuth, others Lupinam fisaniam, or Wolf-madness, when men run howling about graves and fields in the night, and will not be persuaded but that they are wolves, or some such beasts. *'^Jiitius and ^^Paulus call it a kind of melancholy, but I should rather refer it to madness, as most do. Some make a doubt of it whether there be any such disease ^''Donat ab Altomari saith, that he saw two of them in his time: ''^Wierus tells a story of such a one at Padua 1541, that would not believe to the contrary, but that he was a wolf. He hath another instance of a Spaniard, who thought himself a bear-, ^Torrestus confirms as much by many examples; one amongst the rest of which he was an eye-witness, at Alcmaer in Holland, a poor husbandman that still hunted about graves, and kept in churchyards, of a pale, black, ugly, and fearful Ic^k Such belike, or little better, were king Prstus' *' daughters, that thought '' I'leriqne medici uiio complexii perstringunt hos firmatatn habet impotentiam bene operandi circa in- duos iiiorbos, quod ex eadem causa nriantiir, quodque tellectum. lib. 2. de inlelleclioiie. "'Of which leai' inagnitudine et rnodo solilin distent, et alter {.'radiis ad Fflslix Plater, cap. 3. de mentis alienatione. "-Lib altoriini e.xistat. Jasnii I'ratens. '"Lib. Med- , 6. cap. 11. "a Lib. 3. cap 16. "^ Cap. 9. An "Pars mania; milii videtnr. ''"Insanus est, qui j med. «■ De . prEestic. Djemonum, 1 3. cap. 'it date debits, et tempore debito per se, non momenta- | »o Observat. "ib. 10. je morbis cerebri, cap. 15. v Ilij' neb n et fiigacem, iit vini, solani, llyoscyami, sedcon- I pocrates lib. dc insania. 92 Diseases of the Mini. [Part. 1. Sec. 1 themselves kine. And Nebuchadnezzar in Daniel, as some interpreters hold, was only troubled with this kind of madness. This disease perhaps gave occasion to that bold assertion of ^** Pliny, '^ some men were turned into wolves in his time, anc from wolves to men again :" and to that ("able of Pausanias, of a man that was ten years a wolf, and afterwards turned to his former shape : to *'' Ovid's tale of Lycaon, &c. He that is desirous to hear of this disease, or more examples, let him read Austin in his 18th book de Civitate Dei, cap. 5. Mizaldus, cent. a. 77.* Sckenkius^ lib. 1. Hildesheim, spicel. 2. de Mania. Forreslus lib. IQ.de morbis cerebri. Olaus Magnus, Vincentius'' Bellavlcensis, spec. met. lib. 31. c. 122. Pierius, Bodine, Zuinger, Zeilger, Peucer, Wierus, Spranger, &c. This malady, saith Avicenna, trou- bletli men most in February, and is now-a-days frequent in Bohemia and Hungary, according to ^"Heurnius. Schernitzius will have it common in Livonia. They lie hid most part all day, and go abroad in the night, barking, howling, at graves and deserts ; ^' '' they have usually hollow eyes, scabbed legs and thighs, very dry and pale," ^^ saith Altomarus ; he gives a reason there of all the symptoms, and sets down a brief cure of them. Hi/drophobia is a kind of madness, well known in every village, which comes by the biting of a mad dog, or scratching, saith ^^Aurelianus ; touching, or smelling alone sometimes as ^^Sckenkius proves, and is incident to many other creatures as well as men : so called because the parties affected cannot endure the sight of water, or any liquor, supposing still they see a mad dog in it. And»which is more wonder- ful ; though they be very dry, (as in this malady they are) tliey will rather die than drink : ^^Caelius Aurelianus, an ancient writer, makes a doubt whether this Hydro- phobia be a passion of the body or the mind. The part affected is the brain : the cause, poison that comes from the mad dog, which is so hot and dry, that it con- sumes all the moisture in the body. ^''Hildesheim relates of some that died so mad ; and being cut up, had no water, scarce blood, or any moisture left in them. To such as are so aflected, the fear of water begins at fourteen days after they are bitten, to some again not till forty or sixty days after : commonly saith Heurnius, they begin to rave, fly water and glasses, to look red, and swell in the face, about twenty days after (if some remedy be not taken in the meantime) to lie awake, to be pen- sive, sad, to see strange visions, to bark and howl, to fall into a swoon, and often- times tits of the falling sickness. ^"Some say, little things like whelps will be seen in their urine. If any of these signs appear, they are past recovery. Many times these symptoms will not appear till six or seven months after, saith ^^Codronchus ; and sometimes not till seven or eight years, as Guianerius ; twelve as Albertus ; six or eiglit months after, as Gafen holds. Baldus the great lawyer died of it : an Au- gustine friar, and a woman in Delft, that were ^Torrestus patients, were miserably consumed with it. The common cure in the country (for such at least as dwell near the sea-side) is to duck them over iiead and ears in sea water •, some use charms : every good wife can prescribe medicines. But the best cure to be had in such cases, is from the most approved physicians; they that will read of them, may consult with Dioscorides, lib. 6. c. 37, Heurnius, Hildesheim, Capivaccius, Forrestus, Scken- kius, and before all others Codronchus an Italian, who hath lately written two ex- quisite books on the subject. Chorus sancti Viti, or St. Vitus'' s dance ; the lascivious dance, '°° Paracelsus calls it, because they that are taken from it, can do nothing but dance till they be dead, or cured. It is so called, for that the parties so troubled were wont to go to St. Vitus for help, and after they had danced there awhile, they were 'certainly freed. 'Tis strange to hear how long they will dance, and in what manner, over stools, forms, tables ; even great bellied women sometimes (and yet never hurt their children) will dance so long that they can stir neither hand nor foot, but seem to be quite deaa. One in red clothes they cannot abide. Music above all things they love, and there- fore magistrates in Germany will hire musicians to play to them, and some lusty sturdy companions to dance with them. This disease hath been very common in * Lib. 8. cap. 22. Homines interdiim liipos feri; el 13. de morbis aculis. "cgpicel. 2. »' Sckenki'ie, con«ra. >^Met.lih. 1. "" Cap. de Man. >*' III- , 7 lib. de Veiieni.s. se l^ji,. de Hydrophobia. B»Cyb- eerata «ruii, silis ipsis adest iriimodica, pallidi, lingua I serval. lib. 10.25. '""Lascivam ( hoream. To 4. sicca. 'ifJap. 9. art. Hydrophobia. "''Lib 3. de iiiorhi..' anienti\im. Tract. 1. • Eventu ut D.u- 'ap 9 »■' Lih. 7. de \enenis. "'•Lib. 3. cap | rlinuni rem ipsam coniprobante. Mem. 1. Subs. 5.J Melancholy in Disposition. 9.? Germai y, as appears by those relations of ^ Sckenkius, and Paracelsus in his book of Madness, who bra^s how many several persons he hath cured of it. Fchx Plateras de mentis allenat. cap. 3, reports of a woman in Basil whom he saw, thai ianced a whole month together. The Arabians call it a kind of palsy; Bodine in nis 5th book de Repub. cap. 1, speaks of this infirmity ; Monavius in his last epistU £o Scoltizius, and in another to Dudithus, where you may read more of it. The last kind of madness or melancholy, is that demonaical (if I may so call it) obsession or possession of devils, which Platerus and others would have to be pre- rernatural : stupend things are said of them, their actions, gestures, contortions, lasting, prophesying, speaking languages they were never taught, &c. Many strange stories are related of them, which because some will not allow, (for Deacon and Darrel have written large volumes on this subject pro and con.) I voluntarily omit. ^Fuschius, Institut. lib. 'S. sec. 1. cap. 11, Felix Plater, " Laurentius, add to these inother fury that proceeds from love, and another from study, another divine or ry /igious fury ; but these more properly belong to melancholy •, of all which I will speak ^ apart, intending to write a whole book of them. SuBSECT. V. — Melancholy in Disposition, improperly so called., Equivocations. tbC^ Melancholy, the subject of our present discourse, is eithpr in disposition or habit. In disposition, is that transitory melancholy which goes and comes upon every small occasion of sorrow, need, sickness, trouble, fear, grief, passion, or per- turbation of the mind, any manner of care, discontent, or thought, which causeth anguish, dulness, heaviness and vexation of spirit, any ways opposite to pleasure, mirth, joy, delight, causing frowardness in us, or a dislike. In which equivocal and improper sense, we call him melancholy that is dull, sad, sour, lumpish, ill disposed, solitary, any way moved, or displeased. And from these melancholy dispositions, ' no man living is free, no stoic, none so wise, none so happy, none so patient, so generous, so godly, so divine, that can vindicate himself; so well composed, but more or less, some time or other he feels the smart of it. Melancholy in this sense is the character of mortality. '"Man that is born of a woman, is of short con- tinuance, and full of trouble." Zeno, Cato, Socrates himself, whom ^^lian so highly commends for a moderate temper, that " nothing could disturb him, but going out, and coming in, still Socrates kept the same serenity of countenance, what misery soever befel him," (if we may believe Plato his disciple) was much tormented with it. Q. Metellus, in whom ® Valerius gives instance of all happiness, " the most for- tunate man then living, born in tliat most flourishing city of Rome, of noble parentage, a proper man of person, well qualified, healthful, rich, honourable, a senator, a con- sul, happy in his wife, happy in his children," Stc. yet this man was not void of melancholy, he had his share of sorrow. '"Polycrates Samius, that flung his ring into the sea, because he would participate of discontent with others, and had il miraculously restored to him again shortly after, by a fish taken as he angled, was not free from melancholy dispositions. No man can cure himself; the very gods had bitter pangs, and frequent passions, as their own "poets put upon them. In general, '^'\as the heaven, so is our life, sometimes fair, sometimes overcast, tem- pestuous, and serene;; as in a rose, flowers and prickles; in the year itself, a tempe- rate summer sometimes, a hard winter, a drought, and then again pleasant showers : so is our life intermixed with joys, hopes, fears, sorrows, calumnies : Invicem cedur^ dolor et voluptas, there is a succession of pleasure and pain. 13 " medio de foiite lepfirum Siirgit amari aliquid, in ip^is floribus angat." '\^Even ii\ the midst of laughing there is sorrow," (as ^ Solomon holds) : even in the "Lib. 1. v,ap. de Mania. sCap. 3. de mentis alienat. < Cap. 4. de mel. & PART. 3. * Ue quo homine securitas, de quo certum gaiidlnm ■? qtiocunqiie se convertit, in terrenis rebus amaritudi- nem aniiiii inveniel. Aug. in Psal. viii. 5. ' Job. i. 14. "Omni tempore Sorrateni eodeni vultu videri, sive domum rediret, sive domo egrederetur. si.ib. 7. cap. I. Natus in florentissima totius orbis civitate, nohilLssimis parentibus, corpores vires habuit et raris- kunas animi dotes, uxorein conspicuain, pudicam, fa;lices liberos, consulare decus, sequentes triiimphois, &c. lOjElian. . " Homer. Iliad. '^Lipsius, cent. 3. ep. 45, ut cesium, sic nos boin'nes sumus : illud ex intervallo nubibus obducitur et nbscuratur In rosario flores spinis intfrtnixti. Vita similis aeri, udum modo, suduni, tempestas, serenitas : ita vices rerum sunt, prffmia gaudiis, et sequaces curie. i3 Lu- cretius, 1. 4. 1124. "Prov. xiv. 13. Extremua gaudii luctas occiipat. 94 Melancholy in Disposaion. I^Part. 1 . Sec. 1 midst of all our feasting and jollity, as '^Austin infers in his Com on the 41st Psalm, there is grief and discontent. Inter dcUcias semper aUquid scevi nos strangtdat, for a pint of honey thou shalt here likely find a gallon of gall, for a dram of pleasure a pound of pain, for an inch of mirth an ell of moan ; as ivy doth an oak, these mise- ries encompass our life. ' And it is most absurd and ridiculous for any mortal man to look for a perpetual tenure of happiness in his life.\ Nothing so prosperous and pleasant, but it hath '* some bitterness in it, some complaining, some grudging ; it is all yXxixvTtLxpov, a mixed passion, and like a chequer table black and white : men, fami- lies, cities, have their falls and wanes ; now trines, sextiles, then quartiles and oppo- sitions. We are not here as those angels, celestial powers and bodies, sun and moon, to finish our course without all offence, with such constancy, to continue for so many ages :\ but subject to infirmities, miseries, interrupted, tossed and tumbled up and down, carried about with every small blast, often molested and disquieted upon each slender occasion, " uncertain, brittle, and so is all that we trust unto. '*" And he that knows not this is not armed to endure it, is not fit to live in this world (as one condoles our time), he knows not the condition of it, where with a reciprocalty, pleasure and pain are still united, and succeed one another in a ring.*' Exi e mundo, get thee gone hence if thou canst not brook it; there is no way to avoid it, but to arm thyself with patience, with magnanimit^y, to '^oppose thyself unto it, to suffer aflliclion as a good soldier of Christ ; as '^° Paul adviseth constantly to bear it. But forasmuch as so few can embrace this good council of his, or use it aright, but rathei as so many brute beasts give away to their passion, voluntary subject and precipitate themselves iuto a labyrinth of cares, woes, miseries, and suffer their souls to be overcome by them, cannot arm themselves with that patience as they ought to do, ii falleth out oftentimes that these dispositions become habits, and " many affects contemned (as ^'Seneca notes) make a disease. Even as one distillation, not yet grown to custom, makes a cough ; but continual and inveterate causeth a consump- tion of the lungs;" so do these our melancholy provocations : and according .^s thn humour itself is intended, or remitted in men, as their temperature of body, or ra- tion.^! soul is better able to make resistance ; so are they more or less affected. [For lliat which is but a ffea-biting to one, causeth insufferable torment to another); and whiM one by his singular moderation, and well-composed carriage can happily over- come, a second is no whit able to sustain, but upon every small occasion of miscon- ceived abuse, injury, grief, disgrace, loss, cross, humour, &c. (if solitary, or idle) yiei is so far to passion, that his complexion is altered, his digestion hindered, his sleeo gone, his spirits obscured, and his heart heavy, his hypochondries misaffected ; win d, crudity, on a sudden overtake him, and he himself overcome with melancholy. As It is witli a man imprisoned for debt, if once in the gaol, every creditor will bring his action against him, and there likely hold him. If any discontent seize upon a patient, in an instant all other perturbations (for — qua data porta ruunt) will set upon him, and then like a lame dog or broken-winged goose he droops and pines aW'iy, and is brought at last to that ill habit or malady of melancholy itself. So that as the philosophers make ^^ eight degrees of heat and cold, we may make eiglity- eight of melancholy, as the parts affected are diversely seized with it, or have been plunged more or less into this infernal gulf, or waded deeper into it. But all these mdancholy fits, howsoever pleasing at first, or displeasing, violent and tyrannizing over those whom they seize on for the time; yet these fits I say, or men affected, are but improperly so called, because they continue not, but come and go, as by some objects tliey are moved. This melancholy of which we are to treat, is a habit, mosbus sonticus, or chronicus, a chronic or continuate disease, a settled humour, as isNatalitia inqiiit celebrantnr, niipliae hie sunt ; at deslitiitris in prnfundn iniseriarum valle miserabiliter ibi quid celebratiir quod iion dolet. qiKid non transit i iminerguiit. Valerius, lib. 6. cap. 11. 's Huic '8 Apuleius 4. florid. Nihil quicqiiid hoiiiini !am pros- , seculo parum aptus es, ant potius omnium nostrorum perum divinitus datuin, quiii ei admixtiim sit aliqnid 1 conriitionem ignoras, quibus reciproco quodani nexu. difficultatis ut eliam atnplissima quaqua Istitid, subsit quiP[)iani vel parva querimonia conjusatione quadaui mellis, et ftellis. " Caduca nimirum et frngilia, et puerilihiis ronsentanea crepnndiis sunt ista qure vires et opes huinanse vncantur, affluunt snbilb, repente de- Inbuiitur, nullo in loco, nulla in persona, Ptaliilil)ns nixa radicibus consistunt, sed incertissimo flalu for- uns quos in sublime exlulerunt nnproviso recursu &c. Lorchanus Gollobelsicus, lib. 3. ad annum 1598. "Horsum omnia studia diriui debent> ut humana for- tiler feramus. '-0 2 Tim. ii. 3. J' Epist. 96. lib. 10. AfFeclus frequentes contemptiqiie morbuni faciunt, Uistillatio una ner, adtiuc in morem adaucta, lussin. facit, assidna et violenta pihisim. ^- Calidum ad octo : frigidum ad octo. Una hirundo non facit cestatem. Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Digression of Anatomy. 95 "Aurelianiis and ^* others call it, not errant, but fixed ; and as it was long increasing ISO now being (pleasant, or painful) grown to an habit, it will hardly be removed. SECT. I. MEMB. II. Sub SECT. I. — Digression of Anatomy. Before I proceed to define the disease of melancholy, what it is, or to discourse farthc of It, I hold it not impertinent to make a brief digression of the anatomy of the body and faculties of the soul, for the better understanding of that which is to follow ; because many hard words will often occur, as myrache, hypocondries, emrods, &c., imagination, reason, humours, spirits, vital, natural, animal, nerves, veins, arteries, chylus, pituita; which by the vulgar will not so easily be perceived, what they are, how cited, and to what end they serve. And besides, it may perad- venture give occasion to some men to examine more accurately, search further into this most excellent subject, and thereupon with that royal ^^ prophet to praise God, (" for a man is fearfully and wonderfully made, and curiously wrought") that have time and leisure enough, and are sufliciently informed in all other worldly businesses, as to make a good bargain, buy and sell, to keep and make choice of a fair hawk, hound, horse, &c. But for such matters as concern the knowledge of themselves, they are wholly ignorant and careless ; they know not what tliis body and soul are, how combined, of what parts and faculties they consist, or how a man difiers from a dog. 'And what can be more ignominious and filthy (as ^'^Melancthon well inveighs) '•' tlian for a man not to know the structure and composition of his own body, espe- cially since the knowledge of it^tends so much to the preservation of his health, and information of his manners ?"'' To stir them up therefore to this study, to peruse those elaborate works of "^' Galen, Bauhines, Plater, Vesalius, Falopius, Laurentius, Remelinus, Stc, which have written copiously in Latin; or that which some of our industrious countrymen have done in our mother tongue, not long since, as that translation of ^** Columbus and ^^Microcosmograjihia, in thirteen books, I have made this brief digression. Also because ^"Wecker, "QVIelancthon, "'Fernelius, ^^Fuschius, and those tedirms Tracts cle Animct (which have more compendiously liandled and written of this matter,) are not at all times ready to be had, to give them some small taste, or notice of the rest, let this epitome suffice. SuBSECT. II. — Division of the Body, Humours, Spirits. Of the pans of the body there may be many divisions : the most approved is that of ^* Laurentius, out of Hippocrates : which is, into parts contained, or containing. Contained, are either humours or spirits. Hiunonrs.] A humour is a liquid or fluent part of the body, comprehended m it, for the preservation of it ; and is either innate or born with us, or adventitious and acquisite. The radical or innate, is daily supplied by nourishment, which some call cambium, and make those secondary humours of ros and gluten to main- tain it : or acquisite, to maintain these four first primary humours, coming and pro- ceeding from the first concoction in the liver, by whioh means chylus is excluded. Some cuvide them into profitable and excrementitious. But ^^Crato out of Hippo- crates will have all four to be juice, and not excrements, Avithout which no living creature can be sustained : which four, though they be comprehended in the mass of blood, yet they have their several affections, by which they are distinguished fi om one another, and from those adventitious, peccant, or ^^ diseased humours, a« iilelancihon calls them. Blood.] Blood is a hot, sweet, temperate, red humour, prepared in the miseraic veins, and made of the most temperate parts of the chylus in the liver, whose offi»;e i^Lib. 1. c. 6. 2- the other, which serve the whole body ; the other goes to the lungs, to fetch ••r to refrigerate the heart. Veins.] Veins are hollow and round, like pipes, arising from the liver, cam'ing blood and natural spirits ; they feed all the parts. Of tliese there be two chief, ^ena porta and Vena coffl, from which the rest are corrivated. That Vena porta is a vRm coming from the concave of the liver, and receiving those meseraical veins, by WMom he takes the chylus from the stomach and guts, and conveys it lo the liver, i'he other derives blood from the liver to nourish all the other dispersed members, f'^ie branches of that Vena porta are the meseraical and liaemorrhoides. The branches of the cava are inward or outward. Inward, seminal or emulgent. Outward, in the head, arms, feet, Sec, and have several names. Fibrcp, Fat, Flesh.] Fibrre are strings, white and solid, dispersed through "hi; whole member, and right, oblique, transverse, all which have their several v ps. Fat is a similar part, moist, without blood, composed of the most thick and v» 'c- tious matter of the b'ood. The ^°skiu covers the rest, and hath cMlicuhim, or ah 'Ift skin under it. Flesh is soft and ruddy, composed of the congealing of blood, &.( SuBSECT. IV. — Dissimilar Parts. Dissimilar parts are those which we call organical, or instrumental, and they be inward or outward. Tiie chiefest outv/ard parts are situate forward or backward — fi fward, the crown and foretop of the head, skull, face, foreliead, temples, chin, eyes, ears, nose, &c., neck, breast, chest, upper and lower part of the belly, hypocondries. navel, groin, flan'k, &c. ; backward, the hinder part of the head, back, shoulders, sides, loins, hipbones, os sacrum., buttocks, &c. Or joints, arms, hands, feet, legs, thighs, knees, &c. Or common to both, which, because they are obvious and well known, I have carelessly repeated, eaque prcecipua el grandiora tantiim ; quod reliquum ex Hhris de anima qui volet, accipiat. Inward organical parts, which cannot be seen, are divers in number, and have several names, functions, and divisions; but that of '*'Laurentius is most notable, into noble or ignoble parts. Of tlie noble there be three principal parts, to which all the rest belong, and whom they serve — brain, heart, liver ; according to whose site, three regions, or a threefold division, is made of the whole body. As first of the head, in wliich the animal organs are contained, and brain itself, which by his nerves give sense and motion to the rest, and is, as it were, a privy counsellor and chancellor to the heart. The second region is the chest, or middle belly, in which the heart as king keeps his court, and by his arteries communicates life lo the whole body. The third region is the lower belly, in which the liver resides as a Legat a latere., with the rest of those natural organs, serving for concoction, nourishment, expelUng of excrements. This lower region is distinguished from the upper by the midriff, or diaphragma, and is subdivided again by ""^some into three concavities or regions, upper, middle, and lower. The upper of the hypocondries, in whose right side is the liver, the left the spleen ; from which is denominated hypochondriacal melan- choly. The second of the navel and flanks, divided from the first by the rim. The last of the water course, which is again subdivided into three other parts. The Ara- bians inake two parts of this region. Epigastrium and 'Hi/pogastriu?n, upper or lower Epigastrium they call Miracli, from whence comes Mirachialis Melancholia, some- times mentioned of them. Of these several regions I Avill treat in brief apart ; and first of the third region, in which tlie natural organs are contained. De Jinima. — The Loioer Region, JYalural Organs.] But you that are readers in - tie meantime, "Suppose you were now brought into some sacred temple, or majes- ^ tical palace (as "^ Melancthon saith), to behold not the matter only, but the singular art, workmanship, and counsel of this our great Creator. And it is a pleasant and profitable speculation, if it be considered aright.'' The parts of this region, which ™ In tliesi! they observe the beating of the puUe. "oCiijiis est pars sininlaris a vi cutifica iit inlenora niuniat. Capivac. Anat. pag. 252. ■" Anat. lib. 1. «• 19. Celebris est et pervulgata partiiim divisio in 13 I principes et ijrnohjles partes. <- D. Crool Lib. 19. cap. 2. ' Phis. 1. 5. c. 8 Mem. 2. Subs. 8.j Jinalomy of the Soul. 103 monstrous and prodigious things, especially if it be stirred up by some terrible object, presented to it irom common sense or memory. In poets and painters ima- gination forcibly works, as appears by their several fictions, antics, images : as Ovid's house of sleep. Psyche's palace in Apuleius, &c. In men it is subject and governed by reason, or at least should be ; but in brutes it hath no superior, and is alio bruLorwn.1 all the reason they have. McTHory.] Memory lays up all the species which the senses have brought in, and records them as a good register, that they may be forthcoming when they are called for by phantasy and reason. His object is the same with phantasy, his seat and exaxoa, a coir ^ E.Tercit. 280. "T. W. Jefluite, in hia Passions of tlie Minde. " Vekurio. 104 Anatomy of the Soul. [Part. 1. Sec 1 pound aflcction of joy and hate, when we rejoice at other men's mischief, and are grieved at their prosperity, pride, self-love, emulation, envy, shame, &.C., of wliieh elsew here. Mooing from place to place, is a faculty necessarily following the other. For in vain were it otherwise to desire and to abhor, if we had not likewise power to pro- secute or eschew, by moving the body from place to place : by this faculty therefore we locally move the body, or any part of it, and go from one place to another. To the better performance of which, three things are requisite : that which moves ; by what it moves ; that which is moved. That which moves, is either the elficieni cause, or end. The end is the object, which is desired or eschewed ; as in a dog to catch a hare, &c. The efficient cause in man is reason, or his subordinate phantasy, which apprehends good or bad objects : in brutes imagination alone, which moves the appetite, the appetite this faculty, which by an admirable league of nature, and by meditation of the spirit, commands the ort^an by which it moves : and that con- sists of nerves, muscles, cords, dispersed throagli iiib whole body, contracted and relaxed as the spirits will, which move the muscles, or ''''nerves in the midst of them, and draw the cord, and so per consequens the joint, to the place intended.^ Thai which is moved, is the body or some member apt to move. The motion of the body is divers, as going, running, leaping, dancing, sitting, and such like, referred to the predicam.ent of situs. Worms creep, birds fly, iishes swim ; and so of parts, the chief of which is respiration or breathing, and is thus performed. The outward air is drawn in by the vocal artery, and sent by mediation of the midriff to the lungs, which, dilating themselves as a pair of bellows, reciprocally fetch it in, and send it out to the heart to cool it ; and from thence now being hot, convey it again, still talking in fresh. Such a like motion is that of the pulse, of which, because manv have written whole books, I will say nothing. SuBSECT. IX. — Of the Rational Soul. :/ In the precedent subsections I have anatomized those inferior faculties of the soul; the rational remaineth, "a pleasant, but a doubtful subject" (as ^^one terms it), and with the like brevity to be discussed. Many erroneous opinions are about the essence and original of it ; whether it be fire, as Zeno held ; harmony, as Aristoxe- nus ; number, as Xenocrates; whether it be organical, or inorganical; seated in the brain, heart or blood; mortal or immortal; how it comes into the body. Some hold that it is ex traduce., as Fhtl. 1. de Jlnimd., TcrtuUian., Lactantius de opific. Dei, cap. 19. Hugo, lib. de Spiritu et Anam't, Vinccntius Bellavic. spec, natural, lib. 23. cap. 2. e/ 1 1. Hippocrates, Avicenna, and many '*^late writers; that one man begets another, body and soul; or as a candle from a candle, to be produced from the seed : otherwise, say tlrey, a man begets but half a man, and is worse than a beast that begets both matter and form ; and, besides, the tlires faculties of the soul must be together infused, which is most absurd as they hold, because in beasts they are begot, the two inferior I mean, and may not be well separated in men. "Galen sup- poseth the soul crasin esse, to be the temperature itself; Trismegistus, Musaeus, Orpheus, Homer, Pindarus, Phserecides Syrus, Epictetus, with the Chaldees and Egyptians, affirmed the soul to be immortal, as did those British '* Druids of old. The '^ Pythagoreans defend Metempsychosis ; and Palingenesia, that souls go from ine body to another, epotd prius Lethes undci, as men into wolves, bears, dogs, hogs, as they were inclined in their lives, or participated in conditions : *o "inque ferinas Possumus ire donms, pecudumque in corpora condi." *'Lucian's cock was first Euphorbxis, a captain: "Ille eso (nam meniini) Trojani tempore belli, Panllioides Euphorbus eram. A horse, a man, a sponge. ^Uulian the Apostate thought AlexanoBr s soul was lescended into his body: Plato in Timseo, and in his Phaedon, (for aught 1 can per- " Nervi a. spirit!! moventiir, spiritiis ab anima. Me- ! sequantur, &c. 'sCasar. 6. coin. ''Read •anct. 'i Velciirio. .luciindum et anceps suhjec- jEneas Gazeus dial, of the immortality of the Soul, mill. "Goclenius in 'irvj/iK paj. 302. Bright in »"OviiI. Mel. 15. " We, who may take up our abode in Phys. i=!rrih. 1. 1. Divid Crusius, Melancthon, Hipoius wild beae'.s. or be lodged iii the breasts of cattle." Ueruiug, Uvinus Leminus. &.. " Lib. an mores i »' In Gall Idem. «^ Nicephorus. hist fib. 10. c 35. Mom. 2. Subs. 9.] Anatomy of the Soul. lOP ceive,) dillers not much from this opinion, that it was from God at first, and knew dll, but being inclosed in the body, it forgets, and learns anew, which he calls remi liisceniia, or recalling, and that it was put into the body for a punisliment ; and dience it goes into a beast's, or man's, as appears by his pleasant fiction de sortitione animariim, lib. 10. de rep. and after ^ten thousand years is to return into the fomier body again, S4 "post varios annos, jier inille fisuras, Rursus ad liumaiiiE fertur primordia vila;." Others deny the immortality of it, which Pomponatus of Padua decided out of Aris totle not long since, Plinias Avunculus, cap. 1 . lib. 2, et lib. 7. cap. 55 ; Seneca., lib. 7 epist. ad Lucilium., epist. 55; Dicearchus in Tull. Tusc. Epicurus., Aratus., Hippocra- tes, Galen, Lucretius, lib. 1. " (PrEEterei gigiii pariter cum corpore. et uni Cresere sentimus, pariterque senescere iiientem.)" "^^ Averroes, and I know not how many Neoterics. ^^"This question of the mmor- tality of the soul, is diversly and wonderfully impugned and disputed, especially among the Italians of late," saith Jab. Colerus, lib. de vmnort. aniincB, cap. 1. The popes themselves have doubted of it : Leo Decimus, that Epicurean pope, as ^'some Tecord of liini, caused this question to be discussed pro and con before him, and con- cluded at last, as a profane and atheistical moderator, with that verse of Cornelius Gallus, Et red it in nihilum, quod f nit ante nihil. It began of nothing, and in nothing it ends. Zeno and his Stoics, as '^'*Aastin quotes him, supposed the soul so long to continue, till the body was fully putrilied, and resolved into materia prima : but after that, m fumos evanescere, to be extinguished and vanished; and in the meantime, whilst the body was consuming, it wandered all abroad, et e longinqi/o mult a annun- ciare, and (as that Clazomenian Hermotimus averred) saw pretty visions, and suffered I know not what. ^^Errant exangues sine corpore et ossihiis umbra. Others grant the immortality thereof, but they make many fabulous fictions in the meantime of it, after the departure from the body: like Plato's Elysian fields, and that Turkey para- dise. The souls of good men they deified; the bad (saith ''"Austin) became devils, as they supposed; with many such absurd tenets, which he hath confuted. Hierome, Austin, and other Fathers of the church, hold that the soul is immortal, created of nothing, and so infused into the child or embryo in his mother's womb, six months after the ^'conception; not as those of brutes, which are ex traduce, and dying with them vanish into nothing. To whose divine treatises, and to the Scriptures them- selves, I rejourn all such atheistical spirits, as Tully did Atticus, doubting of this point, to Plato's Phaidon. Or if they desire philosophical proofs and demonstra- tions, I refer them to Niphus, Nic. Faventinus' tracts of this subject. To Fran, and fohn Picus in digress : sup. 3. de Anima, Tholosanus, Eugubinus, To. Soto, Canas, Thomas, Peresius, Dandinus, Colerus, to that elaborate tract in Zanchius, to Tolet's Sixty Reasons, and Lessius' Twenty-two Arguments, to prove the immortality of the soul. Campanella, lib. de scnsu rerimi, is large in the same discourse, Albertinus the Schoolman, Jacob. Naclantus, tom. 2. op. handleth it in four questions, Antony Bru- nus, Aonius Palearius, Marinus Marcennus, with many others. This reasonable soul, which Austin calls a spiritual substance moving itself, is defined bv philosophers to be " the first substantial act of a natural, humane, organical body, by \\hich a man lives, perceives, and underbcands, freely doing all things, and with election." Out of which definition we may gather, that this rational soul includes the powers, and per- forms the duties of the two other, which are contained in it, and all three facilties make one soul, which is inorganical of itself, although it be in all parts, and incor- poreal, using their organs, and working by them. It is divided into two chief parts, differing in oflice only, not in essence. The understanding, which is the rational power apprehending ; the will, which is the rational power moving : to which two, all the other rational powers are subject and reduced. '^Phffdo. i*^ Cla;- vicus Vives in his Fable of Man hath elegantly declared. \ -As many doubts almost arise about the -'affection, whether it be imagination or reason alone, or both, Hercules de Saxonia proves it out of Galen, iEtius, and Altomarus, that tlie sole fault is in "imagination. Bruel is of the same mind : Mon- taltus in his 2 cap. of Melancholy confutes this tenet of theirs, and illustrates tlie contrary by many examples : as of him that thought himself a shell-fish, of a nun, and of a desperate monk that would not be persuaded but that he was danmed ; reason was in fault as well as imagination, which did not correct this error : they make away themselves oftentimes, and suppose many absurd and ridiculous things. Why doth not reason detect the fallacy, settle and persuade, if she be free ? ^Avi- cenna therefore holds both corrupt, to whom most Arabians subscribe. The same is maintained by -^Areteus, -'Gorgonius. Guianerius, &.c. To end llie controversy, no man doubts of imagination, but tliat it is hurt and misaffected here ; tor the other 1 determine with ^^ Albertinus Bottonus, a doctor of Padua, that it is first in '^ imagi- "Cnp. 4. de iiiel. "Per consensum sive per ] «> Rarii qiiisqiiani liimorpin effugit lienis, qui hoc essentinin. '^ oa^.. f . de iiiel. '»Sef. 7. de niorho alticilur. Piso. Qiiis affHcliis. '-' .^e«' Dmiat mor. vuljrar. lib. 6. I'Spicel. de melaiiclinlia. i ab Altniiiar. -• Facultas iiiiapinaiidi, noii cogitaiidi, '• Cv*p. 3 de met. Pars a^'^c a cerebrum sive per con- nee iiiemorandi la;sa hie. -• Lib. 3. Fen. 1. Trad. senSiiMi, sive per crrt:nrnni contiiisjat, et proceriim 4. cap. 8. -^ Lib. S. cap. 5. "Lib. Med. cap. a»;ctoritale el ratioiie slabilitiir. '8 Lib. de niel. 19. pari. 2. Tract. 15. cap. '2. ■« Hildesheini, spicel C> I vero viciiiitatis ratione uni nfficilur, atcepluni i 2 de Melanc. fol. 207, el fol. 127. Quaiidoque etiam tran.^vers ini ac sumiachus cum dorsali spina, &;r. rationalis .u aflectus inveieratu.s sit w Lib. I cap. 10. Sutijectuni est cerebrum inierius. | no Matter of Melanchoty. [Part. 1 Sec . ■latioii, and afterwards in reason ; if the disease be inveterate, or as it is more or less of continuance ;" but by accident, as '■^' Here, de Saxonia adds ; *■' faith, opinion, discourse, ratiocination, are all accidentally depraved by the default of imagination." Parties affected.] To the part affected, I may here add the parties, which shall be more opportunely spoken of elsewhere, now only signified. Such as have the moon, Saturn, Mercury misaffected in their genilures, such as live in over cold or over hot climes : such as are born of melanclioly parents ; as offend in those six non-natural things, are black, or of a high sanguine complexion, '^^ that have little heads, that have a hot heart, moist brain, hot liver and cold stomach, have been long sick : such as are solitary by nature, great students, given to much contemplation, lead a life out of action, are most subject to melancholy. Of sexes both, but men more often; yet ''^ women misaffected are far more violent, and grievously troubled. Of seasons of the year, the autumn is most melancholy. Of peculiar times : old age, from which natural melancholy is almost an inseparable accident ; but tliis arti- ficial malady is more frequent in such as are of a ^° middle age. Some assign 40 years, Gariopontus 30. Jubertus excepts neither young nor old from this adventi- tious. Daniel Sennertus involves all of all sorts, out of common experience, ^' in omnihus omnino corporibus cujuscunque conslilutionis dominatar. ^tius and Aretius^ ascribe into the number " not only ^^discontented, passionate, and miserable persons, swartiiy, black; but such as are most merry and pleasant, scoffers, and high colour- ed." " Generally," saitli Rhasis, ^' " the finest wits and most generous spirits, are before other obnoxious to it ;" I cannot except any complexion, any condition, sex, or age, but ^^ fools and stoics, which, according to ^'^ Synesius, are never troubled with any manner of passion, but as Anacreon's cicada, sine sanguine et dolore ; sinulcs fere diis sunt. Erasmus vindicates fools from this melancholy catalogue, because they have most part moist brains and light hearts ; ''^ they are free iVom am- bition, envy, shame and fear ; they are neither troubled in conscience, nor macerated with cares, to which our whole life is most subject. SuBSECT. III. — Of the Matter of Melancholy. Of the matter of melancholy, there is much question betwixt Avicen and Galen as you may read in '^Cardan's Contradictions, '''' Valesius' Controversies, Montanus, Prosper Calenus, Capivaccius, ""^ Bright, ■" Ficinus, that have written either whole tracts, or copiously of it, in their several treatises of this subject. ''^'•'' What this humour is, or whence it proceeds, how it is engendered in the body, neither Galen, nor any old writer hath sufficiently discussed," as Jacchinus thinks : the Neoterics cannot agree. Montanus, in his Consultations, holds melancholy to be material or immaterial : and so doth Arculanus : the material is one of the four humours before mentioned, and natural. The immaterial or adventitous, acquisite, redundant, unna- tural, artificial; which '''Hercules de Saxonia will have reside in the spirits alone, and to proceed from a " hot, cold, dry, moist distemperature, which, without matter, alter the brain and functions of it." Paracelsus -wholly rejects and derides this divi- sion of four humours and complexions, but our Galenists generally approve of it, subscribing to this opinion of Montanus. Tliis material melancholy is either simple or mixed; offending in quantity or quality, varying according to his place, where it settleth, as brain, sjaleen, meseraic veins, heart, womb, and stomach ; or differing according to the mixture of those natural humours amongst themselves, or four unnatural adust humours, ts uhey are diversely tempered and mingled. If natural melancholy abound in the body, which 'T/ih. pnsthnmo de Mebinc. edit. 1620. Deprivatiir land, calvit. "? Vacant cnnscientiK carniflcina, fides, disciirsiis, opinio, &c. per viiiiim linagiiuitiories, nee piideliiint. nee verentnr, nee riilacerantur niillibiig ex Acciilenti. * Qui parvum caput liahent, in- ciiraniin, quilius tola vita olinoxia est. 3^IJ(). i sensati pleriqne .'iinl. Arist. in pliysio2;iioniia. tract. 3. contradic. 18. '''Lib. I.cont. 21. « Hrisht, ''■' Aretciis, lih. 3. cap, 5. ™Qni prop6 statuni sunt. ca. Ifi. ■" Lib. 1. cap. 6. de saiiit. tnenda. '•'-Qiiisve Aret. Mediis cnnvenit setatibiis, Piso. ^' l)e ant qiialis sit liiunor ant qua; istins differentia, et quo- quartano. 3- Lib. 1. part. 2. cap. 11. Mpfjmus modo cisnantur in corpore, &crutandnrn, liSc eniin r* art Melancholiatn iion tain inoBstus sed et hilares, inulli veleruni laboravernnt, nee fieile aci ipere et jocosi, cachinnantes, irrisores, et, qui plerunique Galeno sententiam ob loqnendi varietatein. Leon, praerubri .sunt. ^jQuj sunt subtilis inpenii, et Jaccli. com. in 9. Rhasis, cap 15. cap. 16. in 9. Rhasis. mullte perspicacitatis de facili incidiint in Melancho- ■'•'Lib. postnin. de Melan. edit. Venetiis, 1620. c.i\p. 1 liain, lib. 1 cont. tract. 9. ^Nnnquam sanitate et 8. Ab inteniperie calid^, humida, &c. mentis excidit aut dulore capitur. Erasm. ^1d Wein. 3. Subs. 4.J Species of Melancholy. IP: js cokl and dry, " so that it be more ''^ than the body is well able to bear, it must needs be distempered," saith Faventius, " and diseased ;" and so the other, if it be depraved, whether it arise from that other melancholy of choler adust, or from blood, produceth the like effects, and is, as Montaltus contends, if it come by adus- tion of humours, most part hot and dry. Some difference I find, whether this me- lancholy matter may be engendered of all four humours, about the colour and temper of it. Galen holds it may be engendered of three alone, excluding phlegm, or pituiia, whose true assertion ''^ Valesius and Menardus stiffly maintain, and so doth ""Fuschius, Montaltus, "Montanus. How (say they) can white become black? But Hercules de Saxonia, lih. post, de mel.a. c. 8, and ■** Cardan are of the opposite part (it may be engendered of phlegm, etsi rarb confingat., though it seldom come it, pass), so is ""^Guianerius and Laurentius, c. I. with Melanct. in his book de Anima, and Chap, of Humours ; he calls it Asininam, dull, swinish melancholy, and saith that he was an eye-witness of it: so is ^"Wecker. From melancholy adust ariseth one kind ; from choler another, which is most brutish ; another from phlegm, which is dull ; and the last from blood, which is best. Of these some are cold and dry, others hot and dry, ^' varying according to their mixtures, as they are intended, an-d remitted. And indeed as Kodericus a Fons. cons. 12. 1. determines, ichors, and those serous matters being thickened become phlegm, and phlegm degenerates into choler, choler adust becomes cBruginosa mchmchoUa., as vinegar out of purest wine putrified or by exhalation of purer spirits is so matLe, and becomes sour and sharp; and from the sharpness of this bumour proceeds much waking, troublesome thoughts and dreams, &c. so tliat I conclude as before. If the humour be cold, it is, saith ^^Faventinus, "a cause of dotage, and produceth milder symptoms : if hot, they are rash, raving mad, or inclining to it." If the brain be hot, the animal spirits are hot; much madness follows, with violent actions : if cold, fatuity and sottishness, ^^Capi- vaccius. ^^"The colour of this mixture varies likewise according to the mixture, be it hot or cold ; 'tis sometimes black, sometimes not, Altomarus. The same "^ Melanelius proves out of Galen; and Hippocrates in his Book of Melancholy (if at least it be his), giving instance in a burning coal, " which when it is hot, shines ; w hen it is cold, looks black ; and so doth the humour." This diversity of melan- choly matter produceth diversity of effects. If it be within the ^^body, and not putrified, it causeth black jaundice ; if putrified, a quartan ague ; if it break out to tJie skin, leprosy ; if to parts, several maladies, as scurvy^ &c. If it trouble the mind ; as it is diversly mixed, it produceth several kinds of madness and dotage • of which in their place. SuBSEOT. IV. — Of the species or kinds of Melancholy. When the matter is divers and confused, how should it otherwise be, but that the species should be divers and confused .'' Many new and old writers have spoken con- fusedly of it, confounding melancholy and madness, as ^'Heurnius, Guianerius, Gor- donius, Salustius, Salvianus, .Jason Pratensis, Savanarola, that will have madness no other than melancholy in extent, differing (as I have said) in degrees. Some make two distinct species, as Ruffus Ephesius, an old writer, Constantinus Africanus, Aretasus, '^Aurelianus, ^^Paulus ^gineta : others acknowledge a multitude of kinds, and leave them indefinite, as iEtius in his Tetrabiblos, ^"Avicenna, Uh. 3. Fen. 1. Tract. 4. cap 18. Arculanus, cap. 10. in 'J. Rasis. Montanus, med. part. 1. *'"If natural me- lancholy be adust, it maketh one kind; if blood, another; if choler, a third, differ- ing from the first ; and so many several opinions there are about the kinds, as there " Secundum niagis ant mintis si in corpnrp fuerit, ad intcrnpeiiem |iliisqiiaiii turpiis saluhritiT ferre potpril : imie corpus niorbosiiiii effitnr. -"'Lih. 1. cmitinvrrs. cap. 21. -"Lih. I. ?ect. 4. cap. 4. «C(incil. 26. Jf Mb. 2. contradic.cap. II. J" De feb. tract. (iilT. 2. cap. r. Nnii est iiegaiidum exhac fieri Melanclinlicos. n In Syntax. ^' Varie adnriliir, et niiscetur. nude varia* amentiiim «pecies. Melanct. O' Humor frigidns delirii causa, furoris calidus, &c. K'LiI:. I. cap 10. de affect, cap. 64Njg,escit flic hun)or, aliquando superralefactns, aliqando super fiigefiicius. ca. 7. ■'■ Humor hie nisfir aliquando prEEter modiim calefactus, et alias refriireratus evadit nam recentihus carbonibus ei quid simile accidit, quy duriinte flHmnia pellucidissinie candent, ed extincU prtirsus nigrescunt. Hippocrates ■' Guianerius, ditr 2. cap. 7. 6' Non est mania, nisi exten.sa me- lancholia. 58 Cap. tj. lib. 1. -"2 Ser. 2. cap 9. Morbus hie est omnifarius. ™ Species indefinitw sunt. i" Si aduratiir naturalis nielancliolia, aliE fit species, si sanguis, alia, si flavibilis alia, diversa I primis : mn.xima est inter has differentia, et tot Dut torum sententise, quot ipsi numero sunt. 1 12 Species of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 1. be men lliemselves." ^'Hercules de Saxonia sets down two kinds, "material and iinmalerial ; one from spirits alone, the other from humours and spirits." Savana- rola, Ruh. 11. Tract. 6. cap. 1. le cegrilud. capitis^ will have the kinds to be infi- nite, one from the myracn, called myrachialis of tlie Arabians; anotlier stomachalis, irom the stomach ; another from the liver, heart, womb, hemrods, ''^'•' one beginning, inotiier consummate." Melancthon seconds him, ''^"■as the humour is diversly adust and mixed, so are tlie species divers ;" but what these men speak of species J think ought to be understood of symptoms, and so doth "^'Arculanus interpret him- self: infinite species, id esl^ symptoms ; and in that sense, as Jo. Gorrheus acknow- ledgeth in his medicinal definitions, the species are infinite, but they may be reduced to three kinds by reason of their seat; head, body, and hypochrondries. This threefold division is approved by Hippocrates in his Book of Melancholy, (if it be his, which some suspect) by Galen, lib. 3. de loc. ajfectis^ cap. 6. by Alexander, lib. 1. cap. 16. Rasis, lib. 1. Continent . Tract. 9. lib. 1. cap. 16. Avicenna and most of our new Avriters. Th. Eraslus makes two kinds ; one perpetual, which is head me- lancholy ; the other interrupt, which comes and goes by fits, which he subdivides into the other two kinds, so that all comes to the same pass. Some again make four or five kinds, with Rodericus a Castro, de morbis mulier. lib. 2. cap. 3. and Lod. Mercatus, who in his second book de mulier. affect, cap. 4. will have tliat me- lancholy of nuns, widows, and more ancient maids, to be a peculiar species of melancholy differing from the rest : some will reduce enthusiasts, extatical and de- moniacal persons to this rank, adding "^"love melancholy to the first, and lycanlhro- pia. The most received division is into three kinds. The first proceeds from the sole fault of the brainy and is called head melancholy ; tlie second sympathetically proceeds from the whole body, when the whole temperature is melancholy : the ■third ariselh from the bowels, liver, spleen, or membrane, called inesenterium, named hypochondriacal or windy melancholy, which " Laurentius subdivides into three parts, from those three members, hepatic, splenetic, meseraic. Love melancholy, which Avicenna calls liisha : and Lycanthropia, which he calls cucubuthe, are com- monly included in head melancholy ; but of this last, which Gerardus de Solo calls amoreus, and most knight melancholy, with that of religious melancholy, virgimm et viduarum., maintained by Rod. a Castro and Mercatus, and the other kinds ol" lovfc melancholy, I will speak of apart by themselves in my third partition. The three precedent species are the subject of my present discourse, which I will analoinize and treat of through all their causes, symptoms, cures, together and apart; that every man that is in any measure affected with this malady, may know how to ex- amine it in himself, and apply remedies unto it. ]t is a hard matter, I confess, to distinguish these three species one from the other, to express their several causes, symptoms, cures, being that they are so often con- founded amongst themselves, having such affinity, that they can scarce be discerned by the most accurate physicians ; and so often intermixed witii other diseases, that the best experienced have been plunged. Montanus consil. 26, names a patient that had this disease of melancholy and caninus appetitus both together; and consil. 23, with vertigo, ^Mulius Caesar Claudinus with stone, gout, jaundice. Tiincavellius with an ague, jaundice, caninus appetitus, &c. '^^'Paulus Regoline, a great doctor in his time, consulted in this case, was so confounded with a confusion of symptoms, that he knew not to what kind of melancholy to refer it. '"Trincavellius, Fallopius, and Francanzanus, famous doctors in Italy, all three conferred with about one party, at the same time, gave three difl'erent opinions. And in another place, Trincavellius being demanded what he thought of a melancholy young man to whom he was sent for, ingenuously confessed that he was indeed melancholy, but he knew not to Avhat kind to reduce it. In his seventeenth consultation there is the like dis- agreement about a melancholy monk. Those symptoms, which others ascribe to misaffected parts and humours, " Here, de Saxonia attributes wholly to distempered spirits, and tlwse immaterial, as I have said. Sometimes they cannot well discern «'^ Tract, de met. cap. 7. "Quiedam incipiens i Rasis. «" Laurentius, cnp. 4. de mel. "TCap. 13 quiedam consummala. "Cap. de humnr.llb.de «'480. et 116. consult, consil. 12. «" lllldesheiin anima. Varle aduritur et miscetur ipsa melancholia, spicil 2. fol. 166. "o Trincavellius, torn. 2. consil Jnde varitB amentium species. e." Cap. 16. in 9. | 15 et 16. ''Cap. 13. tract, posth.de nielan. Mem. 3. Subs. 4.] Causes of Mclanchnly. 113 iliis disease from others. In Reinerus Solinander's counsels, (^Seci consil. 5,) he and Dr. Brande both agreed, that the patient's disease was hypocondriacal melancholy. Dr. Matholdus said it was asthma, and nothinsf else. '^Solinander ana Giiarionius, lately sent for to the melancholy Duke of Cleve, with others, could not define what species it was, or agree amongst themselves. The species are so confounded, as in Caesar Claudinus his forty-fourth consultation for a Polonian Count, in his judgment "" he laboured of head melancholy, and that which proceeds from the whole tem- perature both at once." I could give instance of some that have had all three kinds semel el simul^ and some successively. So that I conclude of our melancholy spe- cies, as '■'many politicians do of their pure forms of commonwealths, monarchies, aristocracies, democracies, are most famous in contemplation, but in practice they are temperate and usually mixed, (so "Polybius informeth us) as the Lac(idaemonian, the Roman of old, German now, and many others. What physicians say of distinct species in their books it much matters not, since that in their patients' bodies they are commonly mixed. In such obscurity, therefore, variety and confused mixture of symptoms, causes, how diflicult a thing is it to treat of several kinds apart; to make any certainty or distinction among so many casualties, (hstractions, when seldom two men shall be like effected per ovinia? 'Tis hard, I confess, yet never- theless I will adventure througli the midst of these perplexities, and, led by the clue or thread of the best writers, extricate myself out of a labyrinth of doubts and errors, and so proceed to the causes. SECT. II. MEMB. I. Sub SECT. I. — Causes of Melancholy. God a cause. " It is in vain to speak of cures, or think of remedies, until such time as we have considered of the causes," so '''Galen prescribes Glauco : and the common expe- rience of others confirms that those cures must be imperfect, lame, and to no pur- pose, wherein the causes have not first been searched, as '^Prosper Calenius well observes in his tract de atra bile to Cardinal CiTesius. Insomuch that "*"• Fernelius puts a kind of necessity in the knowledge of the causes, and without which it is impossible to cure or prevent any manner of disease." Empirics may ease, and sometimes help, but not thoroughly root out ; suhlata causa tollllur effeclus^ as the saying is, if the cause be removed, the effect is likewise vanquished. It is a most difficult thing (I confess) to be able to discern these causes whence they are, and in such '''variety to say what the beginning was. *^°He is happy that can perform it aright. I will adventure to guess as near as I can, and rip them all up, from the first to the last, general and particular, to every species, that so they may the better be described. General causes, are either supernatural, or natural. " Supernatural are from God and hi? angels, or by God's permission from the devil" and his ministers. That God himself is a cause for the punishment of sin, and satisfaction of his justice, many examples and testimonies of holy Scriptures make evident unto us, Ps. cvii. 17. " Foolish men are plagued for their offence, and by reason of their wickedness." Gehazi was strucken with leprosy, 2 Reg. v. 27. Jehoram with dysentery and fluxi and great diseases of the bowels, 2 Chron. xxi. 1.5. David plagued for numbering his people, 1 Par. 21. Sodom and Gomorrah swallowed up. And this disease if peculiarly specified. Psalm cxxvii. 12. "He brought down their heart through heaviness." Deut. xxviii. 28. " He struck them with madness, blindness, and as- t>usas in- dagare ; ris ipsa hortari videtur, nam alioqui eariim cu.atio, mhnca et inutilis esaet. '"Path. lib. 1. cap. 11. Rerup^. cognoscere cansas, mcdicis imprimit necessariuir., sine qua nee morbiim curare, nee pre- cavere licet. '"Tanta enini morlii varietas ac differentia ut non lacile dignosc.alur, unde initiiiig morbus surnpserit. Melanelius 6 Galeoo MF4oij^ qui potuit reruin cognusccre causas *' 1 8a>u xvi. 14. 15 k2 il4 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec 2. him." ^Nebuchadnezzar did eat grass like an ox, anc? his "heart was made like the beasts of tlie field.'' Heathen stories are full of such punisluuents. Lycurgus, because he cut down the vines in the country, was by Bacchus driven into madness ; so was Pentheus and his mother Agave for neglecting their sacrifice. "Censor Fi.l- vius ran mad for untiling Juno's temple, to cover a new one of his own, which lie had dedicated to Fortune, """and was confounded to death with grief and sorrow of heart." When Xerxes would have spoiled ^'Apollo's temple at Delphos of those infinite riches it posse.ssed, a terrible thunder came from heaven and struck four thousand men dead, the rest ran mad. ^^A little after, the like happened to Breiuius, lightning, thunder, earthquakes, upon such a sacrilegious occasion. If we may be- lieve our pontifical writers, they will relate unto us many strange and prodigious punishments in this kind, inflicted by their saints. How ^'Clodoveus, sometime king of France, tlie son of Dagobert, lost his wits for uncovering the body of St. Denis : and how a ''*' sacrilegious Frenchman, that would have stolen a silver image of St. John, at Birgburge, became IVautic on a sudden, raging, and tyrannising over his own flesh: of a ^^''Lord of Rhadnor, that coming from hunting late at night, put his dogs into St. Avan's church, (Llan Avan they called it) and rising betimes next morning, as hunters use to do, found all his dogs mad, himself being suddenly stricken blind. Of Tyridates an ^"Armenian king, for violating some iioly nuns, that was punished in like sort, with loss of his wits. But poets and papists may go together for fabulous tales; let them free their own credits: howsoever they feign of their Nemesis, and of their saints, or by the devil's means may be deluded ; we find it true, that ultor a tergo Deus^ '""He is God the avenger," as David styles him ; and that it is our crying sins that pull this and many other maladies on our own lieads. That lie can by his angels, which are his ministers, strilce and heal (saith ^^Dionysius) whom he will; that he can plague us by his creatures, sun, moon, and stars, which he useth as his instruments, as a husbandman (saith Zan- chius) doth a hatchet : hail, snow, winds, &c. ^^^ Ei conjurati veniunt in classica vend ;" as in Joshua's time, as in Pharaoh's reign in Egypt ; they are but as so many executioners of his justice. He can make the proudest spirits stoop, and cry out with Julian the Apostate, Vicisti GalUo'c : or with Apollo's priest in ^^Chrysos- tom, O ccehim ! 6 terra! undo hostis hie? What an enemy is this ? And pray with David, acknowledging his power, " 1 am weakened and sore broken, I roar for the grief of mine heart, mine heart panteth, Sj.c." Psalm xxxviii. 8. " O Lord, rebuke, me not in thine anger, neither chastise me iu thy wrath," Psalm xxxviii. 1. |''- Make me to hear joy and gladness, that the bones which thou hast broken, may rejoice," Psalm li. 8. and verse 12. *•' Resto?;e to me the joy of thy salvation, and stablish me with thy free spirit." For these causes belike ^^Hippocrates would have a phy- sician take special notice whether the disease come not from a divine supernatural cause, or whetlier it follow the course of nature. But this is farther discussed by Fran. Valesius, de sacr. philos. cap. 8. ^^Fernelius, and ^'J. Coesar Claudinus, to whom I refer you, how this place of Hippocrates is to be understood. Paracelsus is of opinion, that such spiritual diseases (for so he calls them) are spiritually to be cured, and not otherwise. Ordinary means in sucli cases will not avail : JYun est reluctandum euni Deo (we must not struggle with God.) When that monster-taming Hercules overcame all in the Olympics, Jupiter at last in an unknown shape wrestled with him ; the victory was uncertain, till at length Jupiter descried himself, and Her- cules yielded. No striving with supreme powers. Nil jiwat immensos Cratero proniiUere rnontes, physicians and physic can do no good, ^'*-'- we must submit our- selves unto the miglity hand of God, acknowledge our oflTences, call to him for mercy. If he strike us una eademque manus vulnus opetnque ferel^ as it is with them that are wounded with the spear of Achilles, he alone must help ; otherwise our diseases are incurable, and we not to be relieved. 82Dan. V. 21. MLactant. irislit. lib. 2. cap. 8. versat, nee mora sacritegus mentis inops, atque ir ■*• Meiiie captus, et sumino aniiiii moerore consuiiiptiis. ! semet insaiiieiis in proprios artiis ilesajvlt. ^'i Gi- *" Mu.iSler cosniog. lil). 4. cap. 43. Ue coelo sul)sienie- 1 raldiis Canilirensis, lili 1. c. 1. llinerar. Canihrii* ■lantii:-, tanqtiain ins:ini de sa.xis priecipilati, &c. I "n Delrio, toiii. ,S. lili. 0. sect. 3. qiwsl 3. ■' Psal "•■Livliis lib. 38. "■ Gafjuin. I. 3. c. 4. Quod Dionysii .\lvl. 1. J l,ib. 8. cap. de Ilierar. 'J^ Claudian corpus discooperiierat, in iiisanani iiicidit. ^~ Idt-iii "' De liabili Martyre. ^ Lib. cap. 5, ,.ro«[. *■ Lib lib. 9- sub. Carol. 6. Sacroruni coiitenipt(U, tenipli fori- 1. de Abditis reruni i iusis. " Ri <;ions. med 19 bus eU actis, diini D Johannis .iru'enteiini siniulacriim resp. ^'1 i'el. v t> rapere contendit, siiiiiilac.riiiii aversu facie dorsum fi Mem. 1. Subs. 2.1 JVature of Devils. IIA SiBSECT. II. — A Digression of Ike nature of Spirits., had Angels., or Devils., and how they cause Melancholy. How far llie power of spirits and devils doth extend, and whether they can cause /, this, or any other disease, is a serious question, and worthy to be consulered : for the belter understanding of which, I will make a brief digression of the nature of spirits. And altliough tlie question be very obscure, according to ^"Postellus, "full of contro- versy and ambiguity," beyond the reach of human capacity, yrt/eor excedcre vires inlcnlionis mece., saith '""Austin, I confess I am not able to understand \\.,finilum de infinilo nan jmlest stalucre., we can sooner determine witb Tully, de nat. denrunu quid nan sin/., quam quid sint., our subtle schoolmen. Cardans, Scaligers, profound Tliom- ists. Fracastoriana and Ferneliana acies., are weak, dry, obscure, defective in these mysteries, and all our quickest wits, as an owl's eyes at the sun's light, wax dull, and are not sufficient to appreliend tliem ; yet, as in the rest, I will adventure to say something to this point. In former times, as we read. Acts xxiii., the Sadducees de- nied that there were any such spirits, devils, or angels. So did Galen the physician, the Peripatetics, even Aristotle himself, as Pomponatius stoutly maintains, and Scali ger in some sort grants. Though Dandinus the Jesuit, com. in lib. 2. de animc. stiffly denies it; subslanlice separatee and intelligences, are the same wliicli Chris- tians call angels, and Platonists devils, for they name all the spirits, da^mnncs., be they good or bad angels, as Julius Pollux Onomasticon, lib. 1. cap. 1. observes. Epi- cures and atheists are of the same mind in general, because they never saw tliem. Plato, Plotinus, Porpliyrius, Jamblichus, Proclus, insisting in tlie steps of Trisme- gistus, Pythagoras and Socrates, make no doubt of it : nor Stoics, but tliat there are such spirits, though much erring from tlie truth. Concerning the first beginning of them, the 'Talmudists say tliat Adam had a wife called Lilis, before he married Eve, and of her he begat nothing but devils. The Turks' ^Alcoran is altogether as absurd and ridiculous in this point : but the Scripture informs us Christians, how Luciler, the chief of them, with his associates, ^fell from heaven for his pride and ambition ; created of God, placed in heaven, and sometimes an angel of light, now cast down into the lower aerial sublunary parts, or into hell, "• and delivered into chains of darkness (2 Pet. ii. 4.) to be kept unto damnation." JVature of Devils.] There is a foolish opinion which some hold, that they are the souls of men departed, good and more noI)le were deified, tlie baser grovelled on the ground, or in the lower parts, and were devils, the which with Tertullian, Por- phyrins the philosopher, M. Tyrius, ser. 27 maintains. "These spirits," he ^ saith, " which we call angels and devils, are nought but souls of men departed, which either through love and pity of their friends yet living, help and assist them, or else persecute their enemies, whom they hated," as Dido threatened to persecute ^neas : "Oninil)us uinl)ra locis adero : dahis iniprobe pcEiias." " My aiijiry glinst arising fruin tlie deep, Sliall liaiint tliee waliiiij;, ami disturl) thy sleep; At least Tiiy sliade thy piiiiisluiient shall know. And Fame shall siiiead Uie l)leasing news below." They are (as others suppose) appointed by those higher powers to keep men from their nativity, and to protect or punisli them as they see cause : and are called honi et mall Genii by the Romans. Heroes, lares, if good,lemures or larv^e if bad, by the stoics, governors of countries, men, cities, saith ^Apuleius, Deos appellant qui ex hominum numero iuste ac prudenter vita curricula gulyernato., pro nvmine., postea ab hominibus prcediti fanis et ceremoniis vulgo admittuntur., ut in jEgypto Osyris, &.C. Pro'stites., Capella calls them, " which protected particular men as well as princes,'' Socrates had his Dcemonium Saturninum et ignium., which of all spirits is best, ad sublimes cogitationes animum erigentem., as the Platonists supposed ; Plotinus his, 9' Lib. 1. c 7. de orbis contordia. In nulla re major fiiit altercatio, major obsciiritas, minor opitiionum con- tordia, quini de dtemonibus et siibstantiis separatis. '"'Lib. 3. de Trinit. cap. 1. ' Pererius in Genesin. lib. 4. in cap. 3. v. 23. =See Strozzuis Cicogna omnifarise. Mag. lib. 2. c. 15. Jo. Anbanns, Hredenba- ehiiig sAngeliis per superhiatn separalns & Ueo, lai in veritate nor. stetit. Austin. riii>« ''^Ovorianua in Epist. monies etiam et animalia fransferri possunts as the devil did Christ to the top of the pinnacle; and witches are often translated. See more in Strozzius Cicogna, lib. 3. rap. 4. omnif. mag. Per aera subdu- cere et in sublime corpora ferre possunt, Biarmanua. Percussi dolent et uruntur in conspicuos cineres, Agrippa, lib. 3. cap. de occiil. I'hilos. '^ Agrsppa, de occult. Philos. lib. 3. cap. 18. "i Part. 3. Sect 1 Mem. 1. Subs 1. J.ove Melancholy. Mem. 1 . Subs. 2 . Nature of Devils. 1 17 aisls, will have the air to be as full of them as snow falling in the skies, and that thev may be seen, and withal sets down the means how men may see them ; Si irrever bcratus ocuUs sole splcndente versus caelum continuaverint. oblutus, &c.,'* and saith moreover he tried it, prcEmissnrum feci experi7nenfum^ and it was true, that the Pla- tonists said. Paracelsus confesseth that he saw them divers times, and conferred with them, and so doth Alexander ab "'Alexandro, " that he so found it by expe- rience, when as before he doubted of it." Many deny it, saith Lavater, de spectris, lart i. c. 2, and part ii. c. 11, "-because they never saw them themselves;" but as he •eports at large all over his book, especially c. 19. part 1, they are often seen and heard, and familiarly converse with men, as Lod. Vives assureth us, innumerable records, histories, and testimonies evince in all ages, times, places, and "all travel- lers besides ; in the West Indies and our northern climes, J\'ihil faviiliarius quam in agris ct urbibus spiritus videre, midire qui vetent, jtiheanl, &.c. Hieronimus vita Pauli, Basil ser. 40, Nicephorus, Eusebius, Socrates, Sozomenus, '* Jacobus Boissar- dus in his tract de spirituum ajipari.lionihus., Petrus Loyerus 1. de spectris, Wierus 1. 1. have infinite variety of such examples of apparitions of spirits, for him to read that farther doubts, to his ample satisfaction. /' One alone I will briefly insert. A nobleman in Germany was sent ambassador to the King of Sweden (for his name, the time, and such circumstances, I refer you to Boissardus, mine '^Author). After be had done his business, he sailed to Livonia, on set purpose to see those familiar spirits, \vhich are there said to be conversant with men, and do their drudgery works. Amongst other matters, one of tliem told him where his wife was, in what room, in what clothes, what doing, and brought him a ring from her, wiiich at his return, ?/on sine omniiwi admiratioiK'., he found to be true ; and so believed that ever after, which before he doubted of Cardan, 1. 19. de subtil, relates of his father, Facius Cardan, that after the accustomed solemnities. An. 1491, 13 August, he conjured up seven devils, in Greek apparel, about forty years of age, some ruddy of complexion, and some pale, as he thought ; he asked them many questions, and they made ready answer, that they were aerial devils, that ihey lived and died as men did, save that they were far longer lived (700 or 800 ^''years); they did as much excel men in dignity as we do juments, and were as far excelled again of those that were above them ; our ^' governors and keepers they are moreover, which ^^ Plato in Critias de- livered of old, and subordinate to one another, Ut enim homo homini, sic dcemon dcemoni dominatur, they rule themselves as well as us, and the spirits of the meaner sort had commonly such offices, as we make horse-keepers, neat-herds, and the basest of us, overseers of our cattle ; and that we can no more apprehend their na- tures and functions, than a horse a man''s. They knew all things, but might not reveal them to men ; and ruled and domineered over us, as we do over our horses ; the best kings amongst us, and the most generous spirits, were not comparable to the basest of them. Sometimes they did instruct men, and communicate their skill, reward and cherish, and sometimes, again, terrify and punish, to keep them in awe, as they thought fit, JVihil magis cupicntes (saith Lysius, Phis. Stoicorum) quam ado- rationem hominumP The same Author, Cardan, m his Hyperchen, out of the doc- trine of Stoics, will have some of these Genii (for so he calls them) to be ^' desirous of men's company, very affable and familiar with them, as dogs are ; others, again^ to abhor as serpents, and care not for them. The same belike Tritemius calls Ignios et sublunares, qui nunquam demergunt ad inferiora^ aut vix ullum habcnt in terris commercium : ''^Generally they far excel men in worth, as a man the meanest worm ; though some of them are inferior to those of their own rank in worth, as the black- guard in a prince's court, and to men again, as some degenerate, base, rational crea- tures, are excelled of brute beasts." That the} are mortal, besides these testimonies of Cardan, Martianus, &c., many 16 "By gazing steadfastly on the sun illuminated with his brightest rays." leQenial. dierum. na Blbi visum et compertum quum prius an essent ambi- geret Fidera suam liberel. " Lib. I. de verit. Fidei. Benzo, &c. "^Lib. de Divinatiotie et magia. '"Cap. 8. Transportavit in Llvoniani cupiditate vi- hominibus, quanto hi brutis animantibus. 22 Prse- sides Pastores, Guhernatorcs hominiim, et illi anima- lium. 23 "Coveting nothing more than the admi- ration of mankind." '•'•'Natura familiares ut cane* hominibus miilti aversantiir el abhorrent. '''Ab honiinc plus distant quam homo ab ignobilissimo ver- Jendi, &c. -"Sic Hesiodus de Nymphis vivere ne, et tanien quidam ex hts ab hominibus superantur Jii'it. 10. aetates phaenicum vel. 9. 7. 20. 21 cus- j ut homines & ieris, &c. UMlcK hominum et provii ciarum, &.C. tanto meliores I 1 18 JS'alure of Spirits. [Pait. 1. Sec, 2 ither divines and philosophers hold, post prolixum tempiis viorluntur omnes ; The '^Platonists, and some Rabbins, Porphyrins and Plutarch, as appears by that relation of Tliainus : -'" The great God Pan is dead ; Apollo Pythius ceased; and so the rest. St. Hierome, in the life of Paul the Hermit, tells a story how one of them ap- peared lo St. Anthony in the wdderness, and told him as much. ^^ Paracelsus of our late writers stiffly maintains that they are mortal, live and die as otlier creatures Jo. Zozimus, 1. 2, farther adds, that religion and policy dies and alters with them. The ^^Gentiles' gods, he saith, were expelled by Constantine, and together with them. Imperii Romani mojestas, ct fortuna interiit, et proftigata est ; The fortune and ma- jesty of the Roman Empire decayed and vanished, as that heathen in ^''Minutius for- merly bragged, wlien the Jews were overcome by the R( mans, the Jew's God was likewise captivated by that of Rome ; and Rabsakeh to the Israelites, no God should deliver them out of the hands of the Assyrians. But these paradoxes of their power, corporeity, mortality, taking of shapes, transposing bodies, and carnal copulations, are sufficiently confuted by Zanch. c. 10, 1.4. Pererius in his comment, and Tos- tatus questions on the 6th of Gen. Th. Aquin., St. Austin, Wierus, Th. Erastus, Delrio, tom. 2, 1. 2, qu.Bst. 29 ; Sebastian Michaelis, c. 2, de spiritibus, D. Reinolds Lect. 47. They may deceive the eyes of men, yet not lake true bodies, or make a real metamorphosis; but as Cicogna proves at large, they are ^^lUusorioe. et prasti- giatrices transfor mat lone s^ omnif. mag. lib. 4, cap. 4, mere illusions and cozenings, like that tale of Pasetis obulus in Suidas, or that of Autolicus, Mercury's son, that dwelt in Parnassus, who got so much treasure by cozenage and stealth. His fatlier Mercury, because he could leave him no wealth, tauglit him many fine tricks to get means, ^^for he could drive away men's catile, and if any pursued him, turn them into what shapes he would, and so did mightily enrich himself, hoc astu maximam pra>dam est adsccuius. This, no doubt, is as true as the rest ; yet thus much in general. Thomas, Durand, and others, grant that they hsve understanding far be- yond men, can probably conjecture and ^^foretel many things; they can cause and cure most diseases, deceive our senses.; they have excellent skill in all Arts and Sciences ; and that the most illiterate devil is Quovis Iwvdne scientior (more know- ing than any man), as ^''Cicogna maintains out of others. They know the virtues of herbs, plants, stones, minerals, &c. ; of all creatures, birds, beasts, the four ele- ments, stars, planets, can aptly apply and make use of them as tliey see good ; per- ceiving the causes of all meteors, and the like : Dant se colorihus (as ''^Austin hath it) accommodant sejigiiris, adhcerent sonis., subjiciunt se odoribus, infundunt se sapo- Hbus, omnes sensus etiam ipsam intelligentiam dcRmoncs fallunt^i tliey deceive all our senses, even our understanding itself at once. ''^They can produce miraculous alter- ations in the air, and most wonderful effects, conquer armies, give victories, help, "urther, hurt, cross and alter human attempts and projects [Dei pennissu) as they see good themselves. '^'When Charles the Great intended to make a channel betwixt the Rhine and the Danube, look what his workmen did in the day, these spirits flung down in the night, Ut conatu Rex desisteret^ pervicere. Such feats can they do. But tliat which Bodine, 1. 4, Theat. nat. thinks (following Tyrius belike, and the Platonists,) they can tell the secrets of a man's heart, aut cogitationes Jiominum, is most false ; his reasons are weak, and sufficiently confuted by Zanch. lib. 4, cap. 9, Hierom. lib. 2, com. in Mat. ad cap. 15, Athanasius qua^st. 27, ad Antiochum Prin- cipem, and others. Orders.] As for those orders of good and bad devils, which the Platonists hold, is altogether erroneous, and those Ethnics boni et mail Genii., are to be exploded : these heathen writers agree not in this point among themselves, as Dandinus notes, " Cib ) et pom uti et venere cum hominibus ac tan- cap. 17. Partim quia snhtilioris sensus aciimine, par- den' niori, Cicoiina. 1. part. lib. 2. c 3. -' Plutarch, tiiri scientia calidiore vigent et experientia propter de defect, oraculorum. ■"'Lib. de Zilphis et Pig- j inaRnam longitudineni vitoe, partim ab Angelis dis- meis. '^^ Dii sentium a Constantio prostigati sunt, cunt, &c. '■ 1 ib 3. omnif. mag. cap. 3. '^^h 18. &c. -"Octovian. dial. JudiRorum deum fuisse quest. ^e Qumn tanti sit et tarn profunda opiritum Romanorum numinibus una cum gente captivum. scientia, mirum non est tot tantJsque res visu admi- ■' Omnia spiritiiius olena, et ex eorum concordia et I raliiles ab ipsis patrari, et quidem rerun) ^laturaliuin discordia omnes boni et mali effectus pronianant. om- ope quas multo melius intellisunt, multcqHe pcritius nia humana reguntur: paradoxa veterum de quft Ci- suis locis et temporibus applicaii. norunt, quain homo, cogna. omnif. mag. 1. 2. c. 3. -ijOves quas abac- , Cicogna. 3' Aventinus, quicquid interdiu exhau- tur-:.nd subordi- nations, with their several names, numbers, ofiices, &c., but Gazaeus cited by ''^Lip- sius will have all places full of Angels, Spirits, and Devils, above and beneath the Moon,^^ aetherial and aerial, which Austin cites out of Varro 1. vii. de Civ. Dei, c. 6. •' The celestial Devils above, and aerial beneath," or, as some will, g-ods above, Se- midei or half gods beneath. Lares, Heroes, Genii, which climb higher, if they live^l well, as the Stoics held ; but grovel on the ground as they were baser in their lives, nearer to the earth : and are Manes, Lemures, Lamia?, Stc. ""^ They will have no place but all full of Spirits, Devils, or some other inhabitants ; Plenum Ccelum^ aer, aqua terra^ et omnia sub ierrct^ saith '''Gazaeus; though Anthony Rusca in his book de Inferno, lib. v. cap. 7. would confine them to the middle Region, yet they will have them everywhere. " Not so much as a hair-breadth empty in heaven, earth, or waters, above or under the earth." The air is not so full of flies in summer, as it is at all times of invisible devils : this *** Paracelsus stiffly maintains, and that they .ave every one their several Chaos, others will have infinite worlds, and each world his peculiar Spirits, Gods, Angels, and Devils to govern and punish it. " Singula *'> nonnulli crediint quoqiie sidera posse I " Some persons believe each star to he a world, an£ Dici orbes, terramque appellant sidus opacum, this earth an opaque star, over which the least of the Cui minimus divuni prtesit." | gods presides." *■ In lib. 2. de Anima text 29. Homerus discrimina- ' " Vasa irte. c. 13. ■'^ Quibus datum cr-i ru.tere t.:tra am ou-.nes spiritus da;mone3 vocat. •>' A Jove ad ' et niari, &c. ^* Physiol. Stoicorum 6 Senec. l.o. 1. tnferos pulsi, &c. ■"' De Deo Socratis adesl mihi cap. 28. ^^Usque ad luniun animas esse Kthereas divina sorte Dipmonium qnodd.im i prima pueritia me vocarique heroas, lares, genios. ^" Marl. Capella gfeculum, R»Epp dissuadet, imi)ellit nonniinquam instar <' Nihil vacuum ab his uhi vel capillum in aere vel ovis, Plato. ^' Aarippa lib. 3. de occul. ph. c. 18. aqua jaceas. *» Lib. de Zilp. *" Palingeniua. /.^nch. Pirtorus, Perer'us Ciuogna. I. 3 cap. 1. V40 Digression of Spirits. Tart. 1. Sect. 2 ""Gregorius Tholsanus makes seven kinds of aetherial Spiri^ or Angels, according to the number of the seven Planets, Saturnine, Jovial, Martial, of which Cardan dis.- courseth lib. xx. de subtil, he calls them suhslanlias pritnas., Olpnpicos dcemonts IVilemliis, qui prcEmnt Zodiaco, &c., and will have them to be good Angels above. Devils beneath the Moon, their several names and ofHces he there sets down, and which Dionysius of Angels, will have several spirits for several countries, men, offices, &.C., which live about them, and as so many assisting powers cause their operations, will have in a word, innumerable, as many of them as there be Stars in the Skies. ^' Marcilius Ficinus seems to second this opinion, out of Plato, or from himself, I know not, (still ruling their inferiors, as they do those under them again, all subordinate, and the nearest to the earth rule us, whom we subdivide into good and bad angels, call Gods or Devils, as they h«lp or hurt us, and so adore, love or hate) but it is most likely from Plato, for he relying wholly on Socrates, qucm mori potius quam menliri voluisse scribit, whom he says would rather die than tell a false- hood, out of Socrates' authority alone, made nine kinds of them : which opinion be- like Socrates took from Pythagoras, and he from Trismegistus, he from Zoroastes, first God, second idea, 3. Intelligences, 4. Arch-Angels, 5. Angels, 6. Devils, 7. He- roes, 8. Principalities, 9. Princes : of which some were absolutely good, as Gods, some bad, some indifferent inter deos el hominrs., as heroes and daemons, which ruled men, and were called genii, or as ^^ Proclus and Jamblichus will, the middle betwixt (Jxod and men. Principalities and Princes, which commanded and swayed Kings and countries ; and had several places in the Spheres pei-haps, for as every sphere is higher, so hath it more excellent inhabitants : which belike is that GaliliEus a Gali- leo and Kepler aims at in his nuncio Syderio, when he will have ''^Saturnine and Jovial inhabitants : and which Tycho Brahe doth in some sort touch or insinuate in one of his Epistles: but these things ^'Zanchius justly explodes, cap. 3. lib. 4. P. Martyr, in 4, Sam. 28. So that according to these men the number of aetherial spirits must needs be infi- nite : for if that be true that some of our mathematicians say : if a stone could fall from the starry heaven, or eighth sphere, and should pass every hour an hundred miles, it would be 65 years, or more, before it would come to ground, by reason of the great distance of heaven from earth, which contains as some say 170 millions 800 miles, besides those other heavens, whether they be crystalline or watery which Maginus adds, which peradventure holds as much more, how many such spirits may It contain ? And yet for all this ^^ Thomas Albertus, and most hold that there be far more angels than devils. Sublunary drvils^ and their Iii7ids.\ But be thev more or less. Quod supra nos nihil ad nos i^what is beyond our comprehension does not concern us). Howsoever as Marlianns foolislily supposeth, Miherii Dcpmones non curant res humanas^ they care not for us, do not attend our actions, or look for us, tVioeo getherial spirits have other worlds to reign in belike or business to foiiow. We are only now to speak m brief of these sublunary spirits or devus : for the rest, our divines determine that the Devil had no power over stars, or heavens ; ''^ Car minibus cailo possunt deducere htnam, &c., (by their charms (verses) they can seduce the moon from the heavens). Those are poetical fictions, and that they can ^"^ sister e aqua?7ijluviis, et vert ere sidcra ret.roy &c., (stop rivers and turn the stars backward in their courses) as Canadia in Horace, 'tis all false. "They are confined until the day of judgment to this sublu- nary world, and can work no farther than the four elements, and as God permits them. Wherefore of these sublunary devils, though others divide them otherwise according to their several places and offices, Psellus makes six kinds, fiery, aerial, terrestrial, watery, and subterranean devils, besides thofe fairies, satyrs, nymphs, &.c. Fiery spirits or devils are such as commonly wort by blazing stars, fire-drakes, •* r.ib 7. cap. 34 et 5. Syntax, art. niirab. s' Com- mmil in dial. Plat, de aiiiore, cap. 5. Ut sphara qiiae- libet super nns, ita praestaiitiores habent habitatores suae sphieriE cniisortes, ut habet nostra. ^'' Lib de Arnica, et da?iiiotie nie \. inter deos et homines, dica ad nos el iiosira lequalitei id deos ferunt. °a^ai„rni. na« ot Jovialns accolas. '^ ]n Inr.a detrnsi snnt lufia t.-slestes orbes in aerem scilicet el infra ubi Ju- dicio geneiali reservantur. ""^q. 36 art. 9. 66 Vir>r. 8. Eg. ^' JEn. i. w Austin : hoc dixi, ne quis existiniet habiiare ibi inala dEEinonia ubi Solem et Lunam et Stellas Deus ordinavit, et alibi nenio ar- bitraretur Dienionem coelis habitare cum Angelis suis unde lapsiim credinius Idem. Zanch. 1. 4. c. 3. d«i Angel, nialis. Pererius in fien. cap. 6. lib- 8. in v<»r 9 \ltiii . ouDs. 2.] Digression af Spirus. 12 J or ignes fat.ui ; which lead men often in Jlnmina aut prcBcipUia, saith Bodino, lib. 2. Theat. Naturae, fell. 221. Quos inquit arccre si volunt viatorcs^ clara once Deum appellarer aid pronam facie terram contingente adorare oportct, et hoc amuletu7n ma- joribus nostris acceplum ferre dehcmus^ &c., (whom if travellers wish to keep off they must pronounce the name of God with a clear voice, or adore him with their faces in contact with the ground, &c.) ; likewise they counterfeit suns and moons, stars oftentimes, and sit on ship masts : In navigiorum summilatibus visuntnr ; and are called dioscuri, as Eusebius 1. contra Philosophos, c. xlviii. informeth us, out of tile authority of Zeno-phanes ; or little clouds, ud niotuin nescio quern volantes ; which never appear, saith Cardan, but they signify some mischief or other to come .into men, though some again will have them to pretend good, and victory to that side they come towards in sea fights, St. Elmo's fires they commonly call them, and they do likely appear after a sea storm ; Radzivilius, the JPolonian duke, calls this appari- tion, Sancli Gcrmani sidus ; and saith moreover that lie saw the same after in a storm, as he was sailing, 1582, from Alexandria to Rhodes.^'' Our stories are full of such apparitions in all kinds. Some tliink they keep their residence in that Hecla, a mountain in Iceland, Ji^tna in Sicily, Lipari, Vesuvius, &c. These devils were worshipped heretofore by that superstitious rivpo/xavTita^" and the like. - Aerial spirits or devils, are such as keep quarter most part in the *^' air, cause many /tempests, thunder, and liglitnings, tear oaks, fire steeples, houses, strike men and beasts, make it rain stones, as in Livy's time, wool, frogs, &c. Counterfeit armies in tiie air, strange noises, swords, &c., as at Vienna before the coming of the Turks, and many times in Rome, as Scheretzius 1. de spect. c. 1. part 1. Lavater de spect. part. i. c. 17. Julius Obsequens, an old Roman, in his book of prodigies, ab urb. cond. 505. ^^ Machiavel hath illustrated by many examples, and Josephus, in his book de bello Judaico, before the destruction of Jerusalem. All whicli Guil. Postel- lus, in his first book, c. 7, de orbis concordia, useth as an eflectual argument (as in- deed it is) to persuade them that Avill not believe there be spirits or devils. They cause whirlwinds on a sudden, and tempestuous storms ; which though our meteoro- logists generally refer to natural causes, yet I am of Bodine's mind, Theat. Nat. 1. 2. they are more ot\en caused by those aerial devils, in their several quarters ; for Tem- vestatibus se moenm^, saith ''^ Rich. Argentine; as when a despeiate man makes awav with himself, which by hanging or drowning they frequently do, as Kornmanns ob- serves, de mirac. mort. part. 7, c. 76. tripudium ageyifes, dancing and rejoicing at the death of a sinner. These can corrupt the air, and cause plagues, sickness, storms, shipwrecks, fires, inundations. At Mons Draconis in Italy, there is a most memor- able example in "Jovianus Pontanus : and nothing so familiar (if we may believe those relations of Saxo Grammaticns, Olaus Majjnus, Damianus A. Goes) as for witches and sorcerers, in Lapland, Litluiania, and all over Scandia, to sell winds to mariners, and cause tempests, which Marcus Paulus the Venetian relates likewise of the Tartars. These kind of devils are much ^Melighted in sacrifices (saith Porphyry), held all the world in awe, and had several names, idols, sacrifices, in Rome, Greece, Egypt, and at this day tyrannise over, and deceive those Ethnics and hidians, being adored and worshipped for ^°gods. For the Gentiles' gods were devils (as "Trisnic- gistus confesseth in his Asclepius), and he himself could make them come to their images by magic spells : and are now as much " respected by our papists (saUh **Pictorius) under tlie name of saints." These are they which Cardan thinks desire so much carnal copulation with witches (/nczi^i and Swcc//i/), transform bodies, and jre so very cold, if they be touched ; and that serve magicians. His father had one of them (as he is not ashamed to relate), '^^ an aerial devil, bound to him for twenty and eight years. As Agrippa's dog had a devil tied to his collar; some think that Paracelsus (or else Erastus belies him) had one confined to his sword pummel ; others wear them in rings, &c. Jannes and Jambres did many things of old by their help ; Simon Magus, Cinops, ApoUonius Tianeus, Jamblichus, and Tritemius «9Perigram. Jlierosol. ""Fire worship, or divl- I bello Neapniitano, lib. 5. «Suffitibus gaiident. nation by fire. <>' Domus Diruunt, niurns dejitiimt. Idem .lust. Mart. Apol. pro Christiaiiis. ''■In Dei immisceiit se turbinibus et procellis et pulvereiii instar | imitationem, saith Eusebius. <^' Dii gentium Da-iiio- eolumns evehunt. L'icogna 1. 5. c. 5. e- Quest, iiia, &c. e?o ii\ eorum statuas pellexi. ''Tt nunc in Liv. ''^ De prfestigiis ds-monum. c. 16. Con- snb divoruin nimiine coluntur i I'ontiflciis. •^'' Lib velli culmina videmus, prostenii sata, &c. "' De I 11. de rerum ver. 16 L 122 Digression of Spiruy. [Part. 1 Sec 2 of late, that sliowed Maximilian the emperor his wife, after she was dead ; Et ver- rucam in collo ejus (saith ™Godolman) so much as the wart in her neck. Delric. lib. ii. hath divers examples of their feats : Cicogna, lib. iii. cap. 3. and Wierus in his book de prccsllg. dcEmonum. Bolssardus de magis et vcncficis. Water-devils are those JVaiads or water nymphs wiiich have been heretofore con- veisant about waters and rivers. The water (^as Paracelsus thinks) is their chaos, wherein they live ; some call them fairies, and say that Ilabundia is their queen ; these cause inundations, many times shipwrecks, and deceive men diveis ways, as Succuba, or otherwise, appearing most part (saith Tritemius) in women's shapes. "' Paracelsus hath several stories of them that have lived and been married to mortal men, and so continued for certain years with them, and after, upon some dislike, have forsaken Lhem. Such a one as ^geria, wilii whom Numa was so familiar, Diana, Ceres, &c. "Olaus Magnus hath a long narration of one Hotherus, a king of Sweden, that having lost his company, as he was hunting one day, met with these v/ater nymphs or fairies, and was feasted by them ; and Hector Boethius, or Macbelii, and Banquo, two Scottish lords, that as they were wandering in the woods, had tlieir fortunes told them by three strange women. To these, heretofore, they did use to sacrifice, by that vbpoixavriM, or divination by waters. Terrestrial devils are those "Lares, Genii, Fauns, Satyrs, "^Wood-nymphs, Foliots, Fairies, Robin Goodfellows, TruUi, Sic, which as they are most conversant with men, so they do them most harm. Some think it was they alone that kept the heathen people in awe of old, and had so many idols and temples erected to them. Of this range was Dagon amongst the Philistines, Bel amongst the Babylonians, Astartes amongst the Sidonians, Baal amongst the Samaritans, Isis and Osiris amongst the Egyptians, Slc. ; some put our "^faries into this rank, which have been in formei times adored with much superstition, with sweeping their houses, and setting of a pail of clean water, good victuals, and the like, and then they should not be pinched, but find money in their shoes, and be fortunate in their enterprises. These are they that dance on heaths and greens, as ''^Lavater thinks with Tritemius, and as "Olaus Magnus adds, leave that green circle, which we commonly find in plain fields, which others hold to proceed from a meteor falling, or some accidental rankness of the ground, so nature sports herself; they are sometimes seen by old women and chil- dren. Hierom. Pauli, in his description of tlie city of Bercino in Spain relates how they have been familiarly seen near that town, about fountains and hilis ; JVonnun- qtiam (saith Tritemius) in sua latihula montium simpliciorcs homines ducunt^ stu- penda miranlibiis ostentes miracula, nolnrum sonUus, spectacula^ &c." Giraldus Cambrensis gives instance in a monk of Wales that was so deluded. '^Paracelsus reckons up many places in Germany, where they do usually walk in little coats', some two feet long. A bigger kind there is of them called with us hobgoblins, and Robin Goodfellows, that would in those superstitious times grind corn for a mess of ailk, cut wood, or do any manner of drudgery work. They would mend old irons in those Jilolian isles of Lipari, in former ages, and have been often seen and heard. '"'Tholosanus calls them TruUos and Getulos, and saith, that in his days they were common in many places of France. Dithmarus Bleskenius, in his description of Iceland, reports for a certainty, that almost in every family they have yet some such familiar spirits ; and Foelix Malleolus, in his book de crudel. dcemon. affirms as much, that these Trolli or Telchines are very common in Norway, '' and *'seen to do drudgery work;" to draw water, saith Wierus, lib. 1. cap. 22, dress meat, or any such thing. Another sort of these there are, \\ hich frequent forlorn *^ houses, which the Italians call foliots, most part innoxous, ^"^ Cardan holds; " They will make strange noises in the night, howl sometimes pitifully, and then laugh again, cause great fiame and sudden lights, fling stones, rattle cliains, shave men, open doors and "Lib. 3. cap. 3. De magis etveneficis, &c. Nereides. 1 treats, where they exhibit wonderful sisrhts to their ■"Lib. de Zilphis. ''^Lib. 3. '^ Pro salute marvelling eyes, and astonish their ears by the soiin J honiinuin e.\cul)are se simulant, sed in eorum periii- l of bells, See. '''Lib. de Zil|ih. et Pisnisus Olaiis cicm omnia moliuiitur. Aust. "■' Dryades, Oriades, lib. 3. m Lib. 7. cap. 14. Qui et in famulitio viri« Hamadryades. '"Elvas Glaus voc. at lib. 3 "^ Part r. cap. 19. ''Lib. 3. cap. 11. Elvarum choreas OIlmir lib. 3. vocat sallum adeo profundi in terras iinpriiriunl, ut locus iiisigni deinceps virore or- bicularis sit, et gramen non pereat. "Sometimes committed. "Lib. 16. de rerum varietal tbey Reduce too simple men into their moantaiii re- el fa;minis inserviunt, conclavia scopis purgant, pati- nas muiidant, ligna portant, equos ciirant, &c. "' Ad minisleria utuntur. '■- Where ireasure is .1 d (ai» some think) or some murder, or such like v ..an) Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Digression of Spirits. \2ii «hut them, fling down platters^ stools, chests, sometimes appear in the likeness of /larc s, crows, black dogs, &c." of which read *^ Pet ThyraGus the Jesuit, in his Tra-*t. de locis infestis^ part. 1. et cap. 4, who will have them to be devils or the souls of damned men that seek revenge, or else souls out of purgatory that seek ease; for such examples peruse ^Sigismundus Scheretzius, lib. de spectris, part 1. c. 1. which he saith lie took out of Luther most part; there be many instances. *®Pli- nius Secundus remembers such a house at Athens, which Athenodoius the philoso pher hired, which no man durst inhabit for fear of devils. Austin, dc Civ. Dei. lib. 22, cap. 1. relates as much of Hesperius the Tribune's house, at Zubeda, near their city of Hippos, vexed with evil spirits, to his great hindrance, Cum afflictione anima- lium et servorum suorum. Many such instances are to be read in Niderius Formicar, lih. 5. cap. xii. 3. &c. Whether I may call these Zim and Ochim, which Isaiah, cap. xiii. 21. speaks of, I make a doubt. See more of these in the said Scheretz. lib. 1. de spect. cap. 4. he is full of examples. These kind of devds many times appear to men, and aflright them out of their wits, sometimes walking at **' noon-day, some- times at nights, counterfeiting dead men's ghosts, as that of Caligula, which (saith Suetonius) was seen to walk in Lavinia's garden, where his body was buried, spirits haunted, and the house where he died, ^^JYulla nox sine lerrore transacta, donee in- cendio consiimpta ; every night this happened, there was no quietness, till the house W9S burned. About Hecla, in Iceland, gliosis commonly walk, animas mortuorum simulunles., saith Job. Anan, lih. .3. de nat. deem. Olaiis. lib. 2. cap. 2. JYatal Tal- lopid. lib. de apparil. spir. Kornmannus de mirac. mort. part. 1. cap. 44. such sight.<5 are frequently seen circa sepulchra et monasteria., saith Lavat. lib. 1. cap. 19. in monasteries and about churchyards, loca pahidinosa., ampla cexlijicia., solitaria^ e: ccede hominum notata, Stc. (marshes, great buildings, solitary places, or remarkable as the scene of some murder.) Thyreus adds, ubi gravius pcccatum est commissum^ impii, pauperum oppressores et nequiter insignes habitant (where some very henious crime was committed, there the impious and infamous generally dwell). These spirits often foretel men's deaths by several signs, as knocking, groanings, &c. ^Hhougli Rich. Argentine, c. 18. de prcEstigiis damonum., will ascribe these predictions to good angels, out of the authority of Ficinus and others ; prodigia in obitu principnm scepius con- tingunf., &c. (prodigies frequently occur at the deaths of illustrious men), as in the Lateran church in ^"Rouje, the popes' deaths are foretold by Sylvester's tomb. Near Rupes Nova in Finland, in the kingdom of Sweden, there is a lake, in which, before the governor of the castle dies, a spectrum, in the habit of Arion with his harp, appears, and makes excellent music, like those blocks in Cheshire, which (they say) presage death to the master of the family; or that ^' oak in Lanthadran park in Cornwall, which foreshows as much. Many families in Europe are so put in mind of their last by such predictions, and many men are forewarned (if we may believe Paracelsus) by familiar spirits in divers shapes, as cocks, crows, owls, which often hover about sick men's chambers, vel quia morientium fceditatem sentiunt, as '-^^ Baracellus conjectures, et idea super ledum injirmorum crocitant^ because they smell a corse; or for that (as ^'^Ber- nardinus de Bustis thinketh) God permits the devil to appear in the form of crows, and such like creatures, to scare such as live wickedly here on earth. A little before Tully's death (saith Plutarch) the crows made a mighty noise about him, tumulluose perstre- "pcntes., they pulled the pillow from under his head. Rob. Gaguinus, hist. Franc, lib 8, telleth such another wonderful story at ihe death of Johannes de Monteforti, a French lord, anno 1345, tanta corvorrim multiludo cedibus morientis inscdit^ quantam esse in Gallia nemo judicasset (a multitude of crows alighted on the house of the dying man, such as no one ii^iagined existed in France). Such prodigies are very frequent in authors. See more of these in the said Lavater, Thyreus de locis infestis part 3, cap. 58. Pictorius, Delrio, Cicogna, lib. 3, cap. 9. Necromancers take upon them to raise and lay them at their pleasures : and so likewise, those which Mizaldus calls Ambulones, that walk about midnight on great heaths and desert !« Vel spiritus sunt hujnsmodi datniiatorutn, vel 6 jiurgatorio, vel ipsi dsemoiies, c. 4. I'-Quidarn le- Inuros doniesticis instrumeniis noctii liidiint : putinas, ^lla^■, caiilharas, et alia vasa dejii;iunt, et qiiidam s'Meridionales Dtemones Cicngna calls them, or Alas- tores, 1. 3. cap. 9. «'Sueton. c. 69. in Caligula. b" Strozzius Cicogna. lih. 3. tiiag. cap. 5 sn idem. c. 18. 91 M. Carew. Survey of Cornwall, lib. 2 folio 140 »oceB emitiunt, ejulant, risuin emittuut, &c. ut canes S'JHortoGeniali, folio 137. ^' Part I.e. 19. AhducunI «igri< feles variis formis, &c. «sEp;st. lib. 7. eos & recta via, et viain iUr fatientibus inter cludi"* 124 Digression of Spirits. Part. 1. Sect. 2 places, which (saith ^''Luvater) "draw men out of the way, and lead them all night a bye-way, or quite bar them of their way ;" these have several names in several places ; vve commonly call them Pucks. In the deserts of Lop, in Asia, such illusions of walking spirits are often perceived, as you may read in M. Paulus the Venetian his travels ; if one lose his company by chance, these devils will call him by his name, and counterfeit voices of his companions to seduce him. Hieronym. Pauli, in his book of the hills of Spain, relates of a great ^^ mount in .Cantabria, where such spectrums are to be seen ; Lavater and Cicogna have variety of examples of spirits and walking devils in this kind. Sometimes they sit by the highway side, to give men falls, and make their horses stumble and start as they ride (if you will believe the relation of that holy man Ketellus in ^Nubrigensis), that had an especial grace to see devils, Gratiam divinitus collat am, and talk with them, Et im- pavidus cum spiritihus sermonevi miscere, without offence, and if a man curse or spur his horse for stumbling, they do heartily rejoice at it; with many such pretty feats. Subterranean devils are as common as the rest, and do as much harm. Olaus Magnus, lib. (5, cap. 19, make six kinds of them; some bigger, some less. These (saith "'Munster) are commonly seen about mines of metals, and are some of them noxious ; some again do no harm. The metal-men in many places account it good luck, a sign of treasure and rich ore when they see them. Georgius Agricola, in his book de sahterraneis animantibus. cap. 37, reckons two more notable kinds of them, which he calls ''^Getuli and Cobali, both '■'' are clothed after the manner of metal-men, and will many times imitate their works." Their office, as Pictorius and Paracelsus think, is to keep treasure in the earth, that it be not all at once revealed; and be- sides, ^^ Cicogna avers that they are the frequent causes of those horrible earthquakes "which often swallow up, not only houses, but whole islands and cities;" in his third book, cap. 11, lie gives many instances. The last are conversant about the centre of the earth to torture the souls of damned men to the day of judgment; their egress and regress some suppose to be about Ji^tna, Lipari, Mons Hecla in Iceland, Vesuvius, Terra del Fuego, Si-c., because many shrieks and fearful cries are continually heard thereabouts, and familiar appa- ritions of dead men, ghosts and goblins. Their Offices., Operations., Study.] Tiius the devil reigns, and in a thousand several shapes, " as a roaring lion still seeks whom he may devour," 1 Pet. v., by sea, land, air, as yet unconfined, though '*" some will have his proper place tlie air ; all that space between us and the moon for them that transgressed least, and hell for the wickedest of them. Hie velut in carcere ad Jincm mundi, tunc in locum funestio- rum trudendi, as Austin holds de Civit Dei., c. 22, lib. 14, cap. 3 et 23; but be where he will, he rageth while he may to comfort himself, as ' Lactantius thinks, with other men's falls, he labours all he can to bring them into the same pit of per- dition with him. "Foremen's miseries, calamities, and ruins are the devil's ban- queting dishes. By many temptations and several engines, he seeks to captivate our souls. The Lord of Lies, saith ''Austin, " as he was deceived himself, he seeks to deceive others, the ringleader to all naughtiness, as he did by Eve and Cain, Sodom and Gomorrah, so would he do by all the world. Sometimes he tempts by covet- ousness, drunkenness, pleasure, pride, &c., errs, dejects, saves, kills, protects, and rides some men, as they do their horses. He studies our overthrow, and generally ___ ., *< Lib. 1. cap. 44. Dffimonum cernunliir et audiuntiir I dis honiinihiis operantur. ^^ Mnrtalium calami- ibi frequentes illii^ioiies, nude viatoribus caveiidum | tales epula; sunt maloruni da^iiinnuiii, Synesius. ne ce dissocietil, aiit & tergo inaneaiit, voces enim ^ Daminus inendacii cl seipso deceptus, alios decipere fingiint socioriiiii, ut i recto ilinere abducanl, &c, "•^ Mons sterilis et nivosus, iibi inteiiipesla iiocte urii- bree apparent. "''Lib. 2. cap. 21, Offendicula fa- ciiint transeunlibus in viaet petulanter ridet cum vel liotniiieni 7el jmnentuni ejus pedes attprere faciant, et maxima si homo nialedictus et calcaiibiis sa^vint. '>* In Cosinogr. ""Vesliii more metallicorum, ciipit, adversarius hiimani generis. Inventor mortis, superbite instiiutor, radix maliliiE, scelerum caput, princeps omnium viliorum, fuit inde in Dei contunie- iiam, homiiuim perniciem : de liorum conatibus el operaiionibus lege Epiphaniutn. 2. Tom. lib. 2. Dio- nysiiun. c. 4. Amhros. Epistol. lib. 10. ep. et 84. Au- gust, de civ. Dei lib. 5. c. 9. lib. 8. cap. 22. lib. 9. 18. gestus et opera eorum imitanlur. "'■' Immisso in i lib. 10. 21. Theophil. in 12. Mat. Pasil. ep. 141. Leonem terra; carceres vento norribiles terrae molus efRciunt, Ser. Theodoret. in 11. Cnr. ep. 22. Chrys. hom. 53. in quibus s!Epe non domiis modo et turres, sed civitates 12. Gen. Greg, in 1. c. John. Uarlhol. de prop. 1. 2. c. iTitegriB et insulse haustse sunt. '""Hierom. in 3. 20. Zancli. 1. 4. de malis angelis. I'erer. in Gen. I. 8. Ephes. Idem Michaelis. c. 4. de spiritibus. Idem in c. 6. 2. Origen. saepe prasliis intersunt, itinera el Thyreus de locis iiifeslis. 'Lactantius 2. de I negotia nostra qufecumqiie dirigunt, clandestinis sob- Uigitie error'" cap. 15. lii nialigni spiritns per oinnem ' sidils optatos sjepe prasbent succisaus, Pet. yar. in .erram vagantur. et solatium perditionifi sua: perden- i iiam. &c. Ruscam de Infcno. Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Digression of Spirits. 125 .seeks our destruction ; and although he pretend many times numan good, anu vin- dicate himself for a god by curing of several diseases, agris sanit.atem^ et ccecis himinis usum restiluendo, as Austin declares, lib. 10, de civit Dei., cap. 6, as Apollo .-Esculapius, Isis, of old have done ; divert plagues, assist them in wars, pretenc? then- happiness, yet nihil his hnpurius., scelestiiis, nihil humano gencri infestiiis, nothing so impure, nothing so pernicious, as may well appear by their tyrannical uid bloody sacrifices of men to Saturn and Moloch, which are still in use among those barbarous Indians, their several deceits and cozenings to keep men in obe- dience, their false oracles, sacrifices, their superstitious impositions of fasts, penury, &.C. Heresies, superstitious observations of meats, times, &c., by which they ""cru cify the souls of mortal men, as shall be showed in our Treatise of Religious Me- lancholy. Modi CO adhuc tempore sinitur malignari, as ^Bernard expresseth it, by God's permission he rageth a while, hereafter to be confined to hell and darkness, " M'hich is prepared for him and his angels," Mat. xxv. How far their power doth extend it is hard to determine ; what the ancients held of their effects, force and operations, I will briefly show you : Plato in Critias, and after him his followers, gave out that these spirits or devils, " were men's governors and keepers, our lords and masters, as we are of our cattle." ^''They govern pro- vinces and kingdoms by oracles, auguries," dreams, rewards and punishments, pro- phecies, inspirations, sacrifices, and religious superstitions, varied in as many forms as there be diversity of spirits ; they send wars, plagues, peace, sickness, health, dearth, plenty, ''Adstanfes hie jam nobis, spectanfes, et arbitrantes., &c. as appears by those histories of Thucydides, Livius, Dionysius Halicarnassus, with many others that are full of their wonderful stratagems, and were therefore by those Roman and Greek commonwealths adored and worshipped for gods with prayers and sacrifices, &c. 'In a word, JVUiil magis qucErunt quam mctum et admirationem hominum ; ®and as another hath it, Did non potest,, quam impotenti ard.ore in homines dominium^ et Divinos cultus mnligni spiritus offectent.^° Tritemius in his book de septem secun- dis, assigns names to such angels as are governors of particular provinces, by what authority I know not, and gives them several jurisdictions. Asclepiades a Grecian, Rabbi Achiba the Jew, Abraham Avenezra, and Rabbi Azariel, Arabians, (as 1 find them cited by "Cicogna) farther add, that they are not our governors only, Sfd ex eoriim concordid et discordia, boni et mali affectus promanant, but as they agree, so do we and our princes, or disagree ; stand or fall. Juno was a bitter enemy to Troy, Apollo a good friend, Jupiter incUfferent, jilqua Venus Tcucris., Pallas iniquafnii . some are for us still, some against us, Prtmente Deo, fcrt Deus alter opcm. Reli- gion, policy, public and private quarrels, wars are procured by them, and they are '^delighted perhaps to see men fight, as men are with cocks, bulls and dogs, bears, &cc., plagues, dearths depend on them, our bene and male esse, and almost all o"r other peculiar actions, (for as Anthony Rusea contends, lib. 5, cap. 18, every ma;? hath a good and a bad angel attending on him in particular, all his life long, which Jamblichus calls dcemnnem,) preferments, losses, weddings, deaths, rewards and ptmishments, and as '^ Proclus will, all offices whatsoever, alii gcnetricem, alii op'/icem potesiatem habent, &c. and several names they give them according to their offices, as Lares, Indegites, Preestites, &c. When the Arcades in that battle at Che- rona;, which was fought against King Phdip for the liberty of Greece, had deceitfully carried themselves, long after, in the very same place, Diis Grcscia; ultoribus (saith mine author) they were miserably slain by Metellus the Roman : so likewise, in smaller matters, they will have things fall out, as these boni and mali genii favour or dislike us : Saturni non conveniunt Jovialibus, &c. He that is Saturninus shall never likely be preferred. '''That base fellows are often advanced, undeserving Gnathoes, and vicious parasites, whereas discreet, wise, virtuous and worthy men 4 Et veliit mancipia circumfert Psellus. s i,ib. de ttiehnnour of being divinely worshipped." " Oinnif trans, milt. Malar,, pp. " Ciistodes sunt hominiiiii, mag. lib. 2. cap. 2."!. '-Liidus deorum sumus. et eonim, ut nos animaliuni : turn et prnvinciis prEepo- '-'Lib. de aniina et deemono- n Quoties fit, iil Bili regiint aui!uriis, soniniis, nraciilis, pramiis, &;c. Principes novitiiim aiilicuni divitiis et dijiiitatibus ■> Lipsius, Physiol. Stoic, lib. 1. cap. 19. " Leo pene obriiant, et iniiltoriim aiinoniiTi niinistriiiii. qui Suavis idem et Trileiiiitis. » " They seek nothing non semel pro hern peticiilum siiblit, ne lernntio (lo- inore earnestly than the fear and admiration of men." , nent, &c. Idem. Quod I'hilosophi non remunerentur '""It is scarcely possible to describe the impotent ' cum scurra et ineplus oh insulsumjocuia saepe pne- ferduur with which these malignant spirits aspire to mmm reportet, inde fit, &.c. 1.2 126 Digression of Spirits. , Part. 1. 3eC. 1 are neglected and unrewarded ; they refer to those domineering spirits, or suhordi- nate Genii; as they are inclined, or favour men, so they tlirive, are ruled an(hover- conie ; for as '^Libanius supposeth in our ordinary conflicts and contentions. Genius Genio cedU et oblcmperat, one genius yields and is overcome by another. All par- ticular events almost they refer to these private spirits ; and (as Paracelsus acids) they direct, teach, inspire, and instruct men. Never was any man extraoniinary famous in any art, action, or great commander, that had not famillarcm dcumonerr to inform him, as Nnma, Socrates, and many such, as Cardan illustrates, cap. 128. Arcanis prudentice civilis, ^^Spe.c'iall siquidmi gratia, se a Deo donari asserunt magi, a Gcniis ccelestibus instrui, ab lis doceri. But these are most erroneous paradoxes. incptcE et fabulosce nugcp,, rejected by our divines and Christian churches. 'Tis tiue they have, by God's permission, power over us, and we find by experience, that they can 'Miurt not our fields only, cattle, goods, but our bodies and minds. At Hammel in Saxony, Jin. 1484. 20 Junii, the devil, in likeness of a pied piper, carried away 130 children that were never after seen. Many times men are '^ affrighted out of tiici" wits, carried away quite, as Scheretzius illustrates, lib. 1, c. iv., and seve- rally molested by his means, Plotinus the Platonist, lib. 14, advers. Gnos. laughs them to scorn, that hold the devil or spirits can cause any such diseases. Many think he can work upon the body, but not upon the mind. But experience pro- nounceth otherwise, that he can work both upon body and mind. Tertullian is of this opinion, c. 22. '^" That he can cause both sickness and health," and that secretly. '^° Taurellus adds " by clancuiar poisons he can infect the bodies, and hinder the operations of the bowels, though we perceive it not, closely creeping into them," saith ^' Lipsius, and so crucify our souls : El nociva melancholia furiosos ejficil. For being a spiritual body, he struggles with our spirits, saith Rogers, and suggests (according to ^^ Cardan, verba sine voce, species sine visu, envy, lust, anger &.C.) as he sees men inclined. The manner how he performs it, Biarmannus in his Oration against Bodine, suffi- ciently declares. ^^" He begins first with the phantasy, and moves that so strongly, that no reason is able to resist. Now the phantasy he moves by mediation of hu- mours ; although many physicians are of opinion, that the devil can alter the mind, and produce this disease of himself. Quibusdam medicorum visum, saith ^^Avicenna, quod Melancholia contingat a dcemonio. Of the same mind is Fsellus and Rhasis the Arab. lib. 1. Tract. 9. Cont. ^^"That this disease proceeds especially from the devil, and from him alone." Arculanus, cap. 6. in 9. Rhasis, JTilianus Montaltus, in his 9. cap. Daniel Sennertus, lib. 1. part. 2. cap. 11. confirm as much, that the devil can cause this disease ; by reason many times that the parlies affected prophesy, speak strange language, but non sine intcrventu humoris, not without the humour, as he interprets himself; no more doth Avicenna, si contingat a dcsmonio, sujjicit nobis ut convertat complexionem ad choleram nigram, et sit causa ejus propinqua cholera nigra; the immediate cause is choler adust, which ^^Pomponatius likewise labours to make good : Galgerandus of Mantua, a famous Physician, so cured a dajmoniacal woman in his time, that spake all languages, by purging black choler, and thereupon belike this humour of Melancholy is called Balneum Diaboli, the Devil's Bath; the devil spying his opportunity of such humours drives them many times to despair, fury, rage, Stc, mingling himself among these humours. This is that which Tertul- lian avers, Corporibus infligunt acerbos casus, animceque repenlinos, membra distor- qiient, occulte repentes, &c. and which Lemnius goes about to prove, Immiscent se. mali Genii pr avis humoribus, atque atrce bili, &c. And "Jason Pratensis, " that the i^I/ib. de cruelt. Cadaver. "i Boissardus, c. 6 i neqiiit, primum movit phantasiam, et ita obfirmat va- ma;;ia. »■ Godelmanus, cap. 3. lib. 1. de Masjis. ' nis conceptibus aut ut ne quern faciiltati jEstimativK Jem Zanchius, lib. 4. cap. 10 et 11. de nialis anjielis. • rationi locum relinquat. Spiritus inalus invadit ani- "■ Nociva Melancholia furiosos efficit, el quaiul6que i mam, turbat sen.=!us, in furorem conjicit. Austin, de penitus interficit. G. Picolominens Idemque Zanch. vit. Beat. '^■' Lib. 3 Fen. 1. Tract. 4. c. 18. --"'A cap. 10. ib. 4. si Deus permittat, corpora nostra mo- Usemone maxime proficisci, et SEepe solo. -lo Lib. vere possunt, alterare, quovis morboruin et malorum de incant. -■ Ca^p. de mania lib. de morbis cere- genere afficere, imo et in ipsa penetrare et sfRvire. hri ; Dajinones, quurn sint tenues et incomprehensi- '* Inducere potest morbos et sanitates. -o Visce- biles spiritus, se insinuare corporibus hunianis pos- rum actiones potest inhibere latenter, et venenis no- sunt, et occulte in visceribus operti, valeiudinem vi- bis isnotis corpus inficere. 'i jfrepentes corporibus tiare, somniis aiiimas terrcre et mentes fiiroribus occult6 morbos flngunt, mentes terrent, membra dis- quatere. Insinuant se melancholicorum penetralibu>, lorquent. Lips. I'tiil. Stoic. 1. 1. c. 19. ''- De reriim intus ibiqiie coiisidiiiit et deliciantur tanquam in regi- rar. 1. 16. c 93 ■'^ Quum mens immediate decipi one clarissimnruui sideriini, coguntque afmum furij\«. Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] JYature of Spirits. 127 ^evil, being a slender incomprehensible spirit, can easily insinuate and wind himself into human bodies, and cunningly couched in our bowels vitiate our healths, terrify our souls with fearful dreams, and shake our minds with furies." And in anotiier place, '' These unclean spirits settled in our bodies, and now mixed with our melan- clioly humours, do triumph as it were, and sport themselves as m another heaven." Thus he argues, and that they go in and out of our bodies, as bees do in a hive, and so provoke and tempt us as they percefve our temperature inclined of itself and most apt; to be deluded. ^^Agrippa and ^Lavater are persuaded, that this humour invites the devil to it, wheresoever it is in extremity, and of all other, melancholy persons are most subject to diabolical temptations and illusions, and most apt to en- tertain them, and the Devil best able to work upon them. But whether by obsession, or possession, or otherwise, I will not determine ; 'tis a difficult question. Delrio the Jesuit, Tom. 3. lib. 6. Springer and his colleague, mall, malef. Pet. Thyreus the Jesuit, lib. de damoniacis, de locis infestis, dc Terrificationibus nocturnis., Kieroni- mus Mengus Flagel. dam. and others of that rank of pontifical writers, it seems, by their exorcisms and conjurations approve of it, having forged many stories to that purpose. A nun did eat a lettuce ''"without grace, or signing it with the sign of the cross, and was instantly possessed. Durand. lib. 6. Rational!, c. 8G. numb. 8. relates that he saw a wench possessed in Bononia with two devils, by eating an unhallowed pomegranate, as she did afterwards confess, when she was cured by exorcisms. And therefore our Papists do sign themselves so often with the sign of the cross, JVe dce- mon ingredi ausif., and exorcise all manner of meats, as being unclean or accursed otherwise, as Bellarmine defends. Many such stories I find amongst pontifical writ- ers, to prove their assertions, let them free their own credits ; some few 1 will recite in this kind out of most approved physicians. Cornelius Gemma, lib. 2. de nat. mi- rac. c. 4. relates of a young maid, called Katherine Gualter, a cooper's daughter, ./Sn. 1571. that had such strange passions and convulsions, three men could not some- times hold her; she purged a live eel, which he saw, a foot and a half long, and touched it himself; but the eel afterwards vanished; she vomited some twenty-four pounds of fulsome stuff" of all colours, twice a day for fourteen days; and after that she voided great balls of hair, peices of wood, pigeon's dung, parchment, goose dung, coals ; and after them two pounds of pure blood, and then again coals and stones, of which some had inscriptions bigger than a walnut, some of them pieces of glass, brass, &c. besides paroxysms of laughing, weeping and ecstasies, &.c. Et hoc {inquit) cum horore indi., this [ saw with horror. They could do no good on her by physic, but left her to the clergy. Marcellus Donatus, lib. 2. c. I. de med. mirab. hath such another story of a country fellow, that had four l^'nives in his belly, Instar serrce den- tatos, indented like a saw, every one a span long, and a wreath of hair like a globe, with much baggage of like sort, wonderful to behold : how it should come into his guts, he concludes, Ccrfe nan alio qua7n dofmonis astuiia et dolo, (could assuredly only have been through the artifice of the devil). Langius, Epist. med. lib. 1. Epist. 38. hath many relations to this effect, and so hath Christopherus a Vega : Wierus, Skenkius, Scribonius, all agree that they are done by the subtilty and illusion of the devil. If you shall ask a reason of this, 'tis to exercise our patience; for as ^'Ter- tullian holds. Virtus non est virtus., nisi comparem habet aliquein., in quo superando vhn suam osicndat 'tis to try us and our faith, 'tis for our offences, and for the pun- ishment of our sins, by God's permission they do it, Carnifices vindictcB jusicc Dei as ^^Tolasanus styles them, Executioners of his will ; or rather as David, Ps. 78. ver.49. '\He cast upon them the fierceness of his anger, indignation, wrath, and vexation, by s^enclinw out of evil angels : so did he afflict Job, Saul, the Lunatics and da?moniacal persons whom Christ cured. Mat. iv. 8. Luke iv. 11. Luke xiii. Mark ix. Tobit. viii. 3 &c. This, I say, happeneth for a punishment of sin, for their want of faith, incredu lity, weakness, distrust, &c. 28Lib 1. cap. C. occult. Philos. part 1. cap. 1. de j demone obsessa. dial. soGrea;. pag. c. 9. 3i p«. •pectris ^'i Sine cruce et sanctificatione sic ft | null, de pnific. Dei. ^Lib. 2S. caj). 26. torn. U. 128 J^ature of Devils. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. SuBSECT. III. — Of Witches and Magicians, how they cause Melanchclv. You have heard what the devil can do of himself, now^ you shall liear what he can perform by liis instruments, who are many times worse (if it be possible) than he himself, and to satisfy their revenge and lust cause more mischief, Malta en\m mala non egisset dcBtnon, nisi provocatus a sagis, as ^^Erastus thinlis ; much harm had never been done, had he not been provoked by witches to it. He had not appeared in Samuel's shape, if the Witch of Endor had let him alone ; or represented those serpents in Pharaoh's presence, had not the magicians urged him unto it ; JYec morbos vel hominibus., vel brutis infigeret (Erastus maintains) si saga: quiesccrcnt ; men and cattle might go free, if the witches would let him alone. Many deny witches at all, or if there be any they can do no harm ; of this opinion is Wierus, lib. 3. cap. 53. de prcEStig. daim. Austin Lerchemer a Dutch wiiter, Biarmanus, Ewichius, E.uwaldus, our countryman Scot ; with him in Horace, • Somnia, terrores Macicos, miractila, nagas, I ^.^7' '=''." y"" """^'i. in'li?nant at the schemes Noclurnos l.emures, portentaque Thessala risu L'» "'■'g'" '"'■"'■^; visionary dreams, ir.„ ;.,;,..>. >> Portentous wonilers. wilcliin;; iinps of llell, h'xci piuiit. n^. ■ , ., I, . , . 11-1 ' I 1 he iiij;ntly gohlm, anil enihanting spein Fhey laugh at all sucli stories ; but on the contrary are most lawyers, divines, phy- sicians, philosophers, Austin, Hemingius, Danseus, Chyti-aeus, Zanchius, Aretius,- &c. Delrio, Springer, ''^Niderius, lib. .?. Fornicar. Guiatius, Bartolus, consil. 6. torn. 1. Bodine., dcRmoniant. lib 2. cap. 8. Godelman, Damhoderius, &c. Paracelsus, Erastus, Scribanius, Camerarius, &c. The parties by whom the devil deals, may be retkiced to these two, such as command him in show at least, as conjurors, and magicians, whose detestable and horrid mysteries are contained in their book called '^Arbatell; diemonis enim advocati prcesto sunt., seque exorcismis et conjurationibas quasi cogi patiuniur.1 ut miscrum magorum genvs, in impictate detincant. Or such as are com- manded, as witches, that deal ex parte implicite., or cxplicite., as the ^'^king hath well defined ; many subdivisions there are, and many several species of sorcerers, witches, enchanters, charmers, &c. They have been tolerated lieretofore some of them ; and magic hath been publicly professed in former times, i-n ^'Salamanca, ^* Cracow, and other places, though after censured by several ^° Universities, and now generally con- tradicted, though practised by some still, maintained and excused, Tanquam res se- crcta qu,cB nnn nisi viris magnis et peculiari bencficio de Coelo instructis communicatnr (I use '"'BtEsartus his words) and so far approved by some princes, Ut nihil ausi ag- gredi in poUlicis., in sacris, in consiliis., sine eonmi arbilrio ; they consult still with them, and dare indeed do nothing without their advice. Nero and Heliogabalus, Maxentius, a-nd Julianus Apostata, were never so much addicted to majjic of old, as some of our modern princes and popes themselves are now-a-days. Erricus, King of Sweden, had an '" enchanted cap, by virtue of which, and some magical mur- mur or whispering terms, he could command spirits, trouble the air, and make the wind stand which way he would, insomuch that when there was any great wind oi storm, the common people were wont to say, the king now had on his conjuring cap But such examples are mfinite. That which they can do, is as much almost as the devil himself, who is still ready to satisfy their desires, to oblige them the more untc him. They can cause tempests, storms, which is familiarly practised by witches »n Norway, Iceland, as 1 liave proved. They can make friends enemies, and enemies friends by philters; *' Tnrpes amores conciliaix., enforpe love, tell any nian where his friends are, about what employed, though in llie most remote places ] and if they will, '"'"bring their sweethearts to them by niglit, upon a goat's back flying in the air.'? Sigismund Scheretzius, part. 1. cap. 9. de spect. reports confidently, that hr conferred with sundry such, that had been so carried many miles, and that he heard witches themselves confess as much ; hurt and infect men and beasts, vines, corr cattle, plants, make women abortive, not to conceive. ** barren, men and women un- 53 De Lamiis. '•" El quomodo \etiefici tiant enar- rat. 3^De quo phira legas in Bnissardo, lib. 1. de prsstig. sSRox .lacohus, naemonnl. 1. 1. c. 3. "An university in Spain in old Castile. '*The chief town in Poland. ■'•'Oxford and Paris, see «nem P. Lombardi. •"' Prefat de magis et vene- ficis. '" Rotatum Pileum habebat, quo ventox violentos cieret, aerein tutbaret, el in qiiam partem &c. <'^ Kraslus. <» Minjsterio hirci nocliirni ^' Steriles nnptos el inhabiles, vide Petrum de Palliide lib. 4. distinct. M. Paiilum Guiclanduin d^em 1. Subs. 3/ Causes of Melancholy. 129 apt and unable, married and unmarried, fifty several ways, saith Bodine, lib. 2. c. 2. fl) in the air, meet when and where they will, as Cicogna proves, and Lavat. de spec, part. 2. c. 17. "steal young children out of their cradles, ministerio dcBmonum., and put deformed in their rooms, which we call changelings," saith ""^Scheretzius, part. 1. c. (5. make men victorious, fortunate, eloquent; and therefore in those ancient mono machies and combats they were searched of old, *Hhey had no magical charms ; they can make ^^ stick frees, such as shall endure a rapier's point, musket shot, and never be wounded : of which read more in Boissardus, cap. 6. de Magid^ the manner of the adjuration, and by whom 'tis made, where and how to be used in expeditionihus bellicis, prceliis., due.lUs., &c., with many peculiar instances an'< examples ; they can walk in fiery furnaces, make men feel no pain on the rackjrt'',/ alias torlur as senlire ; they can stanch blood, ''^represent dead men's shapes, alter and turn themselves and others into several forms, at their pleasures. ''^Agaberta, a famous witch in Lapland, would do as much publicly to all spectators, Modb Pusilla, modo anus, modb procera lit qitciLUS, modo vacca, avis, cohiier, Sec. Now young, now old, high, low, like a cow, like a bird, a snake, and what not ? She could represent tc others what forms they most desired to see, sliow them friends absent, reveal secrets, maxinid omnium admiratione, &c. And yet for all this sublilty of theirs, as Lipsius well observes, Physiolog. Stoicor. lib. 1. cap. 17. neither these magicians nor devils themselves can take away gold or letters out of mine or Crassus' chest, et Clientelis suis largiri, for they are base, poor, contemptible fellows most part; as ^° Bodine notes, they can do nothing inJudicum decreta aut poenas, in regum concilia vcl arcana, nihil in rem nummariam aut thesauros, they cannot give money to their clients, alter judges'" de- crees, or councils of kings, these niinuti Genii cannot do it, altiores Genii hoc sibi adscrvarunt, the higher powers reserve these things to themselves. Now and then peradventure there may be some more famous magicians like Simon Magns, ^'Apol- lonius Tyaneus, Pasetes, Jamblicus, ^^Odo de Stellis, that for a time can build castles in the air, represent armies, &c., as they are ^*said to have done, command wealth and treasure, feed thousands with all variety of meats upon a sudden, protect them- selves and their followers from all princes' persecutions, by removing from place to place in an instant, reveal secrets, future events, tell what is done in far countries, make them appear that died long since, and do many such miracles, to the world's terror, admiration and opinion of deity to themselves, yet the devil forsakes them at last, they come to wicked ends, and rarb aut nunquam such impostors are to be found. The vulgar sort of them can work no such feats. But to my purpose, they can, last of all, cure and cause most diseases to such as they love or hate, and this of ** melancholy amongst the rest. Paracelsus, Tom. 4. de morbis amentium. Tract. 1. in express words affirms ; MuUi fascinantur in melancholiam, many are bewitched into melancholy, out of his experience. The same saith Danaeus, lib. 3. de sortiariis. Vidi, inquit, qui Melancholicos morbos gravissimos induxerunt : I have seen those that have caused melancholy in the most grievous manner, ^^ dried up women's paps, cured gout, palsy ; this and apoplexy, falling sickness, which no physic could help, solu tactu, by touch alone. Ruland in his 3 Cent. Cura 91. gives an instance of one David Helde, a young man, who by eating cakes which a witch gave him, mox deli- rare caepit, began to dote on a sudden, and was instantly mad : F. H. D. in ^''Hildes- heim, consulted about a melancholy man, thought his disease was partly magical, and partly natural, because he vomited pieces of iron and lead, and spake such languages as he had never been taught; but such examples are common in Scribanius, Hercules de Saxonia, and others. The means by which they work are usually charms, images, as that in Hector Bcethius of King DufTe ; characters stamped of sundry metals, and at such and such constellations, knots, amulets, words, pliilters, &c., which generally make the parties affected, melancholy ; as "Monavius discourseth at large in an epistle ^Infantes matribus suffurantur, aliis suppositivis n locum veroriim conjectis. ■'^Milles. ■" D. I.iithpr, in primuin prseceptniti, et Leon. Varius, \\h. 1. 4e Fascino. ■'*' Lavat- Cicog. ■'^ Boissardus de Vlaeis. ^oDa-mon. lib. 3. rap. 3. divide Hhi- mstratuin, vita ejus ; Boissarduin de Magis. ^'^Nu- hrigeiises lef;e lib. 1. c. 19. Vide .Suidam de Paset. De Cruent. Cadaver. ™ Erastus. Adolphus Scri- »a-'ins. w Virg, JEneii. 4, Incantatricein descr> 17 bens: Hrec se r.arminibug promittit solvere mentes. Qiias velit, ast aliis liuras immitlere curaa. s=Go- delniannus, cap. 7. lib. 1. Nutricum mammas praesic- caiit. solo tactu pndagram, Apoplexiam, Paralysin, el alios morbos, quos mediciiia curare non poterat. ^Factiis inde Maniacus, spic. 2. fol. 147. w Om- nia philtra etsi inter se difFerant, hoc habent commune, quod hominem elliciant melancholicum. epist 33L Scholtzii. 130 Catises of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2 of his to AcoImus, j^iving instance in a Bohemian baron that was so troubled by a philter taken. Not that there is any power at all in those spells, charms, characters, anil barbarous words ; but that the devil doth use such means to delude them. TJt fidelcs inde magos (saith '^^Libanius) in officio retineat., turn in consortium malef ado- rum vocel.. SuBSECT. IV. — Stars a cause. Signs from Physiognomy., Metoposcopy.) Chiromancy Natural causes are either primary and universal, or secondary and more particu- lar. Primary causes are the heavens, planets, stars, &c., by their influence (as our astroloifers hold) producing this and such like effects. I will not here stand to dis- cuss obiter., whetber stars be causes, or signs; or to apologise for judical astrology. If either Sextus Empericus, Picus Mirandula, Sextus ab Heminga, Pererius, Erastus, Chambers, &c., have so far prevailed with any man, that he will attribute no virtue at ail to the heavens, or to sun, or moon, more than he doth to their signs at an inn- keeper's post, or tradesman's shop, or generally condemn all such astrological apho- risms approved by experience : I refer him to Bellantius, Pirovanus, Marascallerus, Gocienius, Sir Christopher Heidon, &c. If thou shall ask me what I think, I must answer, nam ct doctis hisce erroribus versatus sum., (for I am conversant with these learned errors,) they do incline, but not compel ; no necessity at all : ^°agunt nan cogant : and so gently incline, that a wise man may resist them ; sapiens domlnabilur astris : they ride us, but God rules them. All this (methinks) ^"Joh. de hidagine hath comprised in brief, Quceris a me quantum in nobis operantiir asira ? &c. "■ Wilt thou know how far the stars work upon us ? I say they do but incline, and that S( gently, that if we will be ruled by reason, they have no power over us ; but if wi* follow our own nature, and be led by sense, they do as much in us as in brute beasts, and we are no better." So that, I hope, I may justly conclude with ®' Cajetan, Cae- lum est vehiculam divincB virtutis, &c., that the heaven is God's instrument, by me- diation of which he governs and disposeth these elementary bodies ; or a great book, whose letters are the stars, (as one calls it,) wherein are written many strange things for such as can read, " '•'■ or an excellent harp, made by an eminent workman, on which, he that can but play, will make most admirable music." But to the purpose. ®^ Paracelsus is of opinion, " that a physician without the knowledge of stars can neither understand the cause or cure of any disease, either of this or gout, not so much as toothache ; except he see the peculiar geniture and scheme of the party ef- fected." And for this proper malady, he will have the principal and primary cause of it proceed from the heaven, ascribing more to stars than humours, ®^"and that the constellation alone many times produceth melancholy, all other causes set apart." He gives instance in lunatic persons, that are deprived of their wits by the moon's motion ; and in another place refers all to tlie ascendant, and will have the true and chief cause of it to be sought from the stars. Neither is it his opinion only, but of many Galenists and philosophers, though they do not so peremptorily maintain as much. " This variety of melancholy symptoms proceeds from the stars," saith **Melancthon : the most generous melancholy, as that of Augustus, comes from the conjunction of Saturn and Jupiter in Libra : the bad, as that of Catiline's, from tht meeting of Saturn and the moon in Scorpio. Jovianus Pontanus, in his tentii book, and thirteenth chapter de rebus coelestibus, discourseth to tliis purpose at large, Ex atra bile varii generantnr morbi., &c., ''^"•many diseases proceed from black choler, as it shall be hot or cold ; and though it be cold in its own nature, yet it is apt to he heated, as water may be made to boil, and burn as bad as fire ; or made cold as ice : 68 De cruent. Cadaver. ^^ Astra regiint homi- nes, et rnuit astra Deus. s" ChirDin. HI). Qusris 4 me qiianliitn operantiir astra ? dico, in nos nihil asIra argere, sed aninios prteclivea trahere : qui sic tanien liberi sunt, ut si ducein sequantur ralionem, nihil ef- ficiant. sin vero naturam, id agere quod in brutis fere. 61 Ctelum vehiculum divins virtutis, cujus mediante motu, lumine et iiiflupntia, Deus I eleinentaria corpora ordinal et disponit Th.de Vio. Cajetanus in Psa. 104. «' Mnndug isle quasi lyra ab excellentissimo quodain artiflre concinnata, queni qui norit mirahiles eliciet barnionias. J. Dee. Apiiorisino 11. "3 Medicus sine eiBli peritia nihil est, &.c. nisi genesiin sciverit, ne tantillum poterit. lib. de podaa;. ^ Constellatio it causa est; et influentia cceli inorhum hunc movet, in- terdum omnibus aliis auiotis. Et alibi. Origo eju.s 4 CobIo petenda est. Tr. de niorbis amentium. '^'^Lib. daanima, cap. de huinorib. Ea varietas in Melancho- lia, habet cailestes causas (f f^ et Tj. in Q (5 r?' et (J in Vy. 66 Ex atra bile varii p-eiierantur morbi pe. rii.de ut ipse inultum calidi aut frigidi in se liabueril quum utrique siiscipiendo quam aptissinia sit, tamelij suapte nalura frigida sit. Annon aqua sic afficitur a calore ut ardeat ; et a frigore. ut in glaciein concres- ca 1 et ha;c varietas distinctionum, alii flent, rideni Slc Mem. 1. Subs, 4.] Causes of Melancholy. 131 and thence proceed such variety of symptoms, some mad, some solitary, some ia»ign, some rage," &c. The cause of all whicli intemperance he will have chiefly and pri- marily proceed from the heavens,'^''"' from the position of Mars, Saturn, and Mercury." Bis aphorisms be these, ''**'•'• Mercury in any geniture, if he sliall be found in Virgo, or Pisces his opposite sign, and that in the horoscope, irradiaieu by those quartile aspects of Saturn or Mars, the child shall be mad or melancholy." Again, ^^"•He that shall have Saturn and Mars, the one culminating, tlie other in the fourth house, when he shall be born, shall be melancholy, of which he shall be cured in time, if Mercury behold them. ™ If tlie moon be in conjunction or opposition at the birth time v.'ith the sun, Saturn or Mars, or in a quartile aspect with them, (e 7naJo cueli Zoco, Leovitnis adds,) many diseases are signified, especially the head and brain is like to be misaf- fected with pernicious humours, to be melancholy, lunatic, or mad," Cardan adds, quarto, lima natos, eclipses, eartliquakes. Garcfeus and Leovitius will have tlie chief judgment to be taken from the lord of the geniture, or where there is an aspect be- tween the moon and Mercury, and neither behold the horoscope, or Saturn and Mars shall be lord of the present conjunction or opposition in Sagittarius or Pisces, of the sun or moon, such persons are commonly epileptic, dote, da^moniacal, melancholy ; but see more of tliese aphorisms in the above-named Pontanus. Garcaeus, cap. 23. de Jud. genitiir. Schoner. lib. 1. cap. 8, which he hath gathered out of "Ptolemy, Albubater, and some other Arabians, Junctine, Ranzovius, Lindhout, Origen, &.c. But these men you will reject peradventure, as astrologers, and therefore partial judges; then hear the testimony of physicians, Gaienists themselves. ^^Carto confesseth the influence of stars to have a great hand to this peculiar disease, so doth Jason Praten- sis, Lonicerius prccfat. de Apoplcxid.i Ficinus, Fernelius, &c. ''^P. Cnemander ac- knowledgeth the stars an universal cause, the particular from parents, and the use of the six non-natural things. Baptista Port. jnag. I. I.e. 10, 12, 15, will have them causes to every particular individi.um. Instances and examples, to evince the truth of those aphorisms, are common amongst those astrologian treatises. Cardan, in his thirty- seventh geniture, gives instance in Alatth. Bolognius. Camerar. hor. natalit. ccntur. 7. genit. 6. ef 7. of Daniel Gare, and others ; but see Garcaeus, cap. 3.3. Luc. Gauricus, Tract. 6. de Jlzemenis., &.c. The time of this melancholy is, when the significators of any geniture are directed according to art, as the hor : moon, hylech, &c. to the hostile beams or terms of ^ and o* especially, or any fixed star of their nature, or if k by his revolution or transitus, shall ofiend any of those radical promissora in the geniture. Otlier signs there are taken from physiognomy, metoposcopy, chiromancy, which because Joh. de ludagine, and Rotman, the landgrave of Hesse his mathematician, not long since in his Chiromancy ^ Baptista Porta, in his celestial Physiognomy, have proved to hold great affinity with astrology, to satisfy the curious, 1 am the more willing to insert. The general notions ^"^ physiognomers give, be these ; " black colour argues natural melancholy, so doth leanness, hirsuteness, broad veins, much hair on the brows," saith '^Gratanarolus, cap. 7, and a little head, out of Aristotle, high sanguine, red colour, shows head melancholy ; they that stutter and are bald, will be soonest me- lancholy, (as Avicenna supposeth,) by reason of the dryness of their brains ; but he that will know more of the several signs of humour and wits out of physiognomy, let him consult with old Adamantus and Polemus, that comment, or rather para- phrase upon Aristotle's Physiognomy, Baptista Porta's four pleasant books, Michael Scot de secretis naturce, John de Indagine, Montaltus, Antony Zara. anat. ingeniorum, sect. 1. memb. 13. et lib.i. Chiromancy hath these aphorisms to foretel melancholy. Tasneir. lib. 5. cap. 2, «' Hanc ad iiitemperantiam gigripndam plurimum iiiiim melancholicorum symptoma siderum infliientis. confert rT et I7 positus, &c. ^^ ^ Qiiolies aliciijus '^^rte Medica. accediint ad hiis causas affeclionei genitura in 1t\ et J^ adverso signn posiliis, horosco- siderum. Plurimum iucitant et provocant iiifluentis pum partiliter tenneret atque etiam a i^ vel T^ H ra- ca>lestes. Velciirio, lib. 4. cap. 15. '^ Hildesheim, din percussus fuerit. natus ab insania vexahitur. spicel. 2. de mel. '^ Joh. de Indag. cap. 9 <" Qui )-> et rf habet, alterum in culrnine, allerum imo Montaltus, cap. 22. " Caput parrum qui habeni cobIo, cum in lucem venerit. melancholicus erit, i. qua cerebrum et spirilus plerumque insuslos, facile inci- eanebitur, si ^ illos irradiarit. 'o Hac cnnfigu- dent in Melancholiam rubicund]. iEtius. Idem Men- ratione natus, Aut Lunaticus, aut mente captus. taltus, c. 21. 6 Galeno. " PtoloniaiUA centiloquio, et quadripartito tribuit om- 1 132 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. who liath comprehended the sum of John de Indagine : Tvi^assus, Corvinus, and others in his book, thus hath it ; '^ " The Saturnine line going from the rascetta through the hand, to Saturn's mount, and there intersected by certain Httle lines, argues melancholy; so if the vital and natural make an acute angle. Aphorism 100. The saturnine, epatic, and natural lines, making a gross triangle in the hand, argue as much ;" which Goclenius, cap. 5. Chiros. repeats verbatim out of him. In general they conclude all, that if Saturn's mount be full of many small lines and intersec- tions, ""such men are most part melancholy, miserable and full of disquietness, care and trouble, continually vexed with anxious and bitter thoughts, always sor- rowful, feaiful, suspicious; they delight in husbandry, buildings, pools, marshes, springs, woods, walks," &c. ThaddiEus Haggesius, in his Metoposcopia, hath cer- tain aphorisms derived from Saturn's lines in the forehead, by which he collects a melancholy disposition ; and ''* Baptista Porta makes observations from those other parts of the body, as if a spot be over the spleen ; '^'^ or in tlie nails ; if it appear black, it signilieth much care, grief, contention, and melancholy ;" the reason he refers to the humours, and gives instance in himself, that for seven years space he had such black spots in his nails, and all that while was in perpetual law-suits, con- troversies for his inheritance, fear, loss of honour, banishment, grief, care, &c. and when his miseries ended, the black spots vanished. Cardan, in his book de Ubris proj)riis, tells such a story of his own person, that a little before his son''s death, he had a black spot, which appeared in one of his nails ; and dilated itself as he came nearer to his end. But I am over tedious in these toys, which howsoever, in some iiVcn's too severe censures, they may be held absurd and ridiculous, I am the bolder to insert, as not borrowed from circumforanean rogues and gipsies, but out of the writings of worthy philosophers and physicians, yet living some of them, and reli- gious professors in famous universities, who are able to patronize that which they have said, and vindicate themselves from all cavillers and ignorant persons. Sub SECT. V. — Old age a cause. Secondary peculiar causes efficient, so called in respect of the other precedent, are either congenitcR.1 internee., innata.., as they term them, inward, innate, inbred ; or else outward and adventitious, which happen to us after we are born : congenite or born with us, are either natural, as old age, or prater naturam (as ^Fernelius calls it) that distemperature, Avhich we have from our parent's seed, it being an hereditary disease. The first of these, which is natural to all, and which no man living can avoid, is ^'old age, which being cold and dry, and of the same quality as melancholy is, must needs cause it, by diminution of spirits and substance, and increasing of adust humours ; therefore **^Melancthon avers out of Aristotle, as an undoubted truth, Srnes plerunqjie delirasse in senect/t., that old men familiarly dote, oh atram bilem. for black choler, which is then superabundant in them : and Rliasis, that Arabian physician, in his Cont. lib. 1. cap. 9, calls it ^^" a necessary and inseparable accident," to all old and decrepit persons. After seventy years (as the Psalmist saith) ^^" all is trouble and sorrow," and common experience confirms the truth of it in weak and old persons, especially such as have lived in action all their lives, had great employ- ment, much business, much command, and many servants to oversee, and leave oil ex abrupto ; as ^fcharles the Fifth did to King Philip, resign up all on a sudden ; they are overcome with melancholy in an instant : or if they do continue in such courses, they dote at last, [senex bis puer.,) and are not able to manage their estates through common infirmities incident in their age ; full of ache, sorro\v and grief, children again. dizzards, they carle many times as they sit, and talk to themselves, they are angry, waspish, displeased with every thing, " suspicious of all, wayward, covetous, hard 'sSaturniiia b. Rascetta per mediam maiium decur- Idem macula; in ungulis nisjrfe, lites, rixas, melancho- rens, usque ad radicem montis Saturiii, & parvis I liam significant, ab humnre in corde tali. "> Lib. I lineis inteiaecta, arguit melancliolicos. Aplioris. 78. Path. cap. II. "' Venit enini properata ma'iis " Agitanlur miseriis, rontinuis inquietudinihus, neqiie | innpina senectus : et dolor tetatem jussit inesse meam ■inquam isolitudine liberi sunt, anxie affigunturama- I Boethius, met. 1. de consol. Philos. "'^ Cap. de rissimis intra cogitationibus, semper tristes, suspitiosi, 1 humoribus, lib. de Aniuia. ""^ Necessarium acrl meticulosi: coiiitaliones sunt, velle afrriim colere, den.-< decrepilis, et inseparabile. "< Psal. xc. 1# •tagna amant et paliides, &c. Jo. de Indagine, lib. 1. >^Meteran. Belg. hist. lib. 1. « Caeleslid Physiognom. lib. 10. '"Cap. 14. lib. 5. I i»irim. 1. Subs. 6.1 Causes of Melancholy. 133 jsaith Tully,) self-willed, superstitious, self-conceited, braggers and admirers of them- selves," as ^''Balthasar Castalio hath truly noted of them.*'. This natural infirmity is most eminent in old women,, and such as are poor, solitary, live in most base esteem and beggary, or such as are witches ; insomuch that Wierus, Baptista Porta, Ulncu Molitor, Edwicus, do refer all that witches are said to do, to imagination alone, ant tliis humour of melancholy. And wliereas it is controverted, whether they can be- witch cattle to death, ride in the air upon a coulstaff out of a chimney-top, trans- form themselves into cats, dogs, &c., translate bodies from place to place, meet in companies, and dance, as they do, or have carnal copulation with the devil, they ascribe all to this redundant melancholy, which domineers in them, to ^^somnilerous potions, and natural causes, the devil's policy. JYon Icedunt omnind (saith Wierus) aut. quid mirum facAunt^ i^de LamiiSj lib. 3. cap. 36), ut pjifatur, solum viliatam habent phantasiam ; they do no such wonders at all, only tlieir ^^brahis are crazed. """•They think they are witches, and can do hurt, but do not." But this opinion Bodine, Erastus, Danaeus, Scribanius, Sebastian Michaelis, Campanella de Sensu rerum., lib. 4. cap. 9. ^'Dandinus the Jesuit, lib. 2. de Anima explode ; ^^Cicogna confutes at large. Tliat witches are melancholy, they deny not, but not out of corrupt phantasy alone, so to delude themselves and others, or to produce such effects. SuBSECT. VI. — Parents a cause hy Propagation. That other inward inbred cause of Melancholy is our temperature, in whole or part, whicli we receive from our parents, whicli ^Ternelius calls Pro'ter naturam^ or unnatural, it being an hereditary disease; for as he justifies ^* Quale parentum maxime patris semen obtigeritj tales evadunt similares spermatic (e que partes., quocun- que etiam morbo Pater quimi generat tenelur., cum semine transfert in Prolcm ; such as the temperature of the father is, such is the son's, and look wnAt disease the father had when he begot him, his son will have after him; ^'"and is as well inhe- ritor of his infirmities, as of his lands. And where the complexion and constitution of the father is corrupt, there (^° saith Roger Bacon) the complexion and constitution of the son must needs be corrupt, and so the corruption is derived from the father to the son." '.Now this doth not so much appear in the composition of the body according to that of Hippocrates, ^''" in habit, proportion, scars, and other lineaments ; but in manners and conditions of the mind, Et patrum in natos abeunt cum semine mores. Seleucus had an anchor on his thigh, so had his posterity, as Trogus records 1. 15. Lepidiis, in Pliny 1. 7. c. 17, was purblind, so was his son. That famous family of .lEnobarbi were known of old, and so surnamed from their red beards ; the Aus- trian lip, and those Indian flat noses are propagated, the Bavarian chin, and goggle eyes amongst the Jews, as ®** Buxtorfius observes ; their voice, pace, gesture, looks, are likewise derived with all the rest of their conditions and infirmities ; such a m.other such a daugliter; their very ^^ affections Lemnius contends " to follow their seed, and the malice and bad conditions of children are many times wholly to be imputed to tlieir parents;" I need not therefore make any doubt of Melancholy, but that it is an hereditary disease. '°° Paracelsus in express words affirms it, lib. de morb. amen- tium to. 4. tr. 1 ; so doth ' Crato in an Epistle of his to Monavius. So doth Bruno Seidelius in his book de morbo incurab. Montaltus proves, cap. 11, out of Hippo- crates and Plutarch, that such hereditary dispositions are frequent, et hanc {Jnquit) Jieri rear ob participatam melancholicam intemperantiam (speaking of a patient) I "s Sunt morosi anxii, et iracundi et difliciles senes, Bi qiiieriiiius, etiam avari, Tull. de senectute. "' Lib. 2. de Aulico. Senes avari, morosi, jaclabundi, plii- lauii, deliri, superstitiosi, suspiciosi, &c. Lib. 3. de Laniiis, cap. 17. et 18. >■» Solanum, opium lupiadeps, lacr. asmi, &c sanjiuis infantum, &c. ""J Cornipla est iisal) huinire Melancliolico phantasia. Nymanus. *oPulanl se liedere quando non ladunt. "Qui 1i:ec in imagiiiationis vim referre conaii sunt, atrae bilis, inanem proisus laborem susceperunt. "'Lib. 3. cap. 4. omnif. mafr. "^ Lib. 1, cap. 11. path. ^^^Ut corrupt! sunt, generant filios corruptae complex iotiis, et compositionis, et filii eorum eadem de causa se corrumpunt, et sic derivatur cnrruplio a pairibus ad filios. "^ Non tarn (inquit Hippocrates) j;ii)hos el cicatrices oris et corporis liabitum agiioscis ex iis, sed verun; incessum gestns, mores, morbos, &.c. "" Sy ■ nagog. Jud. ""Aflectus parentum in t'oetus tran- seunt, et puerorum malicia parenlibus impuianda, lib 4. cap. 3. de occult, nat. niirac. '""Ex pituiiosis pituitosi, ex biliosis biliosi, ex lienosis et melancho- iicis melancholici. ' Epist. 174. in Scoltz. Nascitur arlbritici Epilep. &c. ssut fjiji non tam posses- j nobiscum ilia aliturque et una. cum parentibus liabe sionum quam morborum tietedes sint. ""^ Epist. de mus malum hunc assem. Jo. Pelesius, lib. 2. de cur* •cretifi artis et nature, c. 7. Nam in hoc quod patres I humanorum affectuuni. M Idi Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec think he became so by participation of Melancholy. Daniel Sennertus, lib. I part 2 cap. 9, will have his melancholy constitution derived not only from the father to the son, but to the whole family sometimes ; Quandoqiie tolls favuUls hereditati' vam^ '■' Forestus, in his medicinal observations, illustrates this point, with an ■example of a merchant, his patient, that had this inhrmity by inheritance ; so doth Rodericus a Fonseca, torn. 1. consid. (59, by an instance of a young man tliat was so affected ex maire melajicholica^ had a melancholy mother, el victu melanchoUco. and bad diet together. Ludovicus Mercatus, a Spanish physician, in that excellent Tract which he hath lately written of hereditary diseases, tom. 2. oper. lib. 5, reckons np leprosy, as those ''Galbots in Gascony, hereditary lepers, pox, stone, gout, epilepsy, &c. Amongst the rest, this and madness after a set time comes to many, which he calls a miraculous thing in nature, and sticks for ever to them as an incurable habit. And that which is more to be wondered at, it skips in some families the fatlier, and goes to the son, ''"or takes every other, and sometimes every third in a lineal descent, and doth not always produce the same, but some like, and a symbolizing disease." These secondary causes hence derived, are commonly so powerful, that (as '^Wol- phius holds) sccpe mutant decreta siderum^ they do often alter the primary causes, and decrees of the heavens. For these reasons, belike, the Church and common- wealth, human and Divine laws, have conspired to avoid hereditary diseases, forbid- ding such marriages as are any whit allied ; and as Mercatus adviseth all families to take such, si fieri, possit quce maxime distant natura, and to make choice of those that are most differing in complexion from them ; if they love their own, and respect the common good. And sure, I think, it hath been ordered by God's especial pro- vidence, that in all ages there should be (as usually there is) once in ^600 years, a transmigration of nations, to amend and purify their blood, as we alter seed upon our land, and that there should be as it were an inundation of those northern Goths and Vandals, and many such like people which came out of that continent of Scan- dia and Sarmatia (as some suppose) and over-ran, as a deluge, most part of Europe and Africa, to alter for our good, our complexions, which were much defaced with hereditary infirmities, which by our lust and intemperance we had contracted. A sound generation of strong and able men were sent amongst us, as those northern men usually are, innocuous, free from riot, and free from diseases ; to qualify and make us as those poor naked Indians a:? generally at this day ; and those about Brazil (as a late ''writer observes), in the Isle of Maragnan, free from all hereditary diseases, or other contagion, whereas without help of physic they live commonly 120 years or more, as in the Orcades and many other places. Such are the commoi) effects of temperance and intemperance, but I will descend to particular, and show by what means, and by whom especially, this infirmity is derived unto us. Filii ex senibus nnti., rarb sunt firmi temperamcnti^ old men's children are seldom of a good temperament, as Scoltzius supposeth, consult. 177, and therefore most apt to this disease; and as ^Levinus Lemnius farther adds, old men beget most part wayward, peevish, sad, melancholy sons, and seldom merry. He that begets a child on a full stomach, will either have a sick child, or a crazed son (as "Cardan thinks), '.ontradict. med. lib. 1. contradict. 18, or if the parents be sick, or have any great ^>ain of the head, or megrim, headache, (Hieronimus Wolfius '"doth instance in a child of Sebastian Castalio's) •, if a drunken man get a child, it will never likely have a good brain, as Gellius argues, lib. 12. cap. 1. Ebrii gigniint Ebrios., one drunkard begets another, saith "Plutarch, si/mp. lib. I. quest. 5, whose sentence '^Lemnius approves, 1. I.e. 4. Alsarius Crutius, Gen. de qui sit med. cent. 3. fol. 182. Ma- crobius, lib. 1. Avicenna, lib. 3. Fen. 21. Tract 1. cap. 8, and Aristotle himself, sect. 2. prob. 4, foolish, drunken, or hair-brain women, most part bring forth children like unto themselves, morosos et langaidos, and so likewise he that lies with n men- " Lib. 10. obs^?rvat. 15. s Maginus Geog. -i StEpe non euiuleni, sed similem producit affectum, et illteso parente transit, in nepotem. ^ Dial. pia;fix. gen Damianus i Goes de Seandia. s Lib. 4, c. U. de occult, nat. niir. Tetricos plenimque filios senes pro. generant et Iristes, rarios exhilara.os. ^ Coitus tuns I.eovitii. " Bodin. de rep. cap. de periodis reip. super repletioiiem pessimus, et fill, -jui turn gignuntur, ' Claudius Abaville, Capuchion, in his voyage to Ma- \ ant inorbosi sunt, aut stolidi lODial. prifis ragnan. 1614. cap. 45. Nfuio fere Kirrotus. sano ontines | Leovito. >' L de ed. Iilieri.v ''^De -.cciit. nat. »t robusto corpore, vivunt annos. 120, 110. sine Medi- : mir. temiilentse et Ktolids niul-»re» li leros ».'eM>niqu< tina. Idem Hector Boethius de insulis Orchad. et | producunt aibi similes. Mem. 1. Subs. 6.] Causes of Melancholy. 135 «truous woman. Intemperanfia veneris^ quam in nautis prcEsertim insectutur '^ Lem- iiiiis, qui uxores ineunt^ nulla menstrui decursus ratione hahita nee observato inter- lunio^ prcBcipua causa cst^ noxia, pernitiosa^ concuhi Itun hunc cxitialem ideo, et pes- tiferum vocat. '"' Rodoriciis a Castro Lucitanus, dclrstanlur ad vnum omnes med.ci^ turn et quartd bind conccpti^ infcelices pleriiinque et amcn/cs, deliri, stolidly morbosi, impuri,, invalidi, tetra lue sordldi minime v it ales, omnibus bonis corporis at que animi (iestifuti : ad laborem nati, si seniores, inquit Eustathius, iit Hercules, et alii. '"Judcei maxime insectantur foediim hunc, et iinmundum apiid Christianos Concubilum, tit illicitum abhorrent, ct apud suos prohibent ; et quod Christian! totics leprosi, avienles, tot morbili, impetigincs, alphi, psora., cutis et faciei de color ati ones, tarn multi morbi epidemici, acerbi, et venciiosi sint, in hunc immundum co7icubitum rejici.unt, et cru- deles in pignora vocant, qui quartd lund profluentc hdc mensium illuvie concubitum hunc non perhorrescunt. Damnavit olim divina Lex et morte mulctavit hujusinodi homines, Lev. 18, 20, et inde nafi, si qui dcformes aut mutiVu pater dilapidatus, quod non contineret ab '^ immundd muliere. Gregorius Magnus, petcnti Augustino nunquid ajjud '^ Britannos hujusmodi concubitum toleraret, severe prohibuit viris suis turn misceri foeminas in consuetis suis menstruis, Sic. I spare to English this which 1 have said. Another cause some give, inordinate diet, as if a man eat garlic, onions, last overmuch, study too hard, be over-sorrowful, dull, heavy, dejected in mind, perplexed in his thoughts, fearful. Sec, " their children (saith '^Cardan subtil, lib. 18) will be much subject to madness and melancholy ; for if the spirits of the brain b" fusled, or misaffected by such means, at such a time, their children will be fusled i" the brain : they will be dull, heavy, timorous, discontented all their lives." Some are of opinion, and maintain that paradox or problem, that wisg men beget com- monly fools ; Suidas gives instance in Aristarchus the Grammarian, duos reliquii filios Jlristarchum et Aristachorum, ambos stultos ; and which '" Erasmus urgeth in his Moria, fools beget wise men. Card. subi. I. 12, gives this cause, Qiioniam spi- ritus sapienium ob studium resolvuntur, et in cerebrum fenintur a cordc : because their natural spirits are resolved by study, and turned into animal ; drawn from tk" heart, and those other parts to the brain. Lemnius subscribes to that of Cardan, an. assigns this reason, Quod persolvant debitum languide, et obscitanter, unde fa^lus remissly, by which means their children are weaklings, and many times idiots and fools. Some other causes are given, which properly pertain, and do proceed from the mother : if she be over-dull, heavy, angry, peevish, discontented, and melancholy, not only at the time of conception, but even all the while she carries the child in her womb (saith Fernelius, path. 1. 1, 11) her son will be so likewise affected, and worse, as ^Lemnius adds, 1. 4. c. 7, if she grieve overmuch, be disquieted, or by any casualty be affrighted and terrified by some fearful object, heard or seen, she en- dangers her child, and spoils the temperature of it ; for the strange imagination of a woman works effectually upon her infant, that as Baptista Porta proves, Physiog. ccelestis 1. 5. c. 2, she leaves a mark upon it, which is most especially seen in such as prodigiously long for such and such meats, the child will love those meats, saith Fernelius, and be addicted to like humours : ^'" if a great-bellied woman see a hare, her child will often have a hare-lip," as we call it. Garccpus, de Judiciis gemfura- rum, cap. 33, hath a memorable example of one Thomas Nickell, born in the city of Brandebnrg, 1551, ^^" that went reeling and staggering all the days of his life, a?, if he would fall to the ground, because his mother being great with child saw a drunken man reeling in -the street. Such another 1 find in Martin Wenrichius, com. de ortu monstrorum, c. 17, I saw (saith he) at Wittenberg, in Germany, a citizen that locked like a. carcass; I asked him the cause, he replied,^ "His mother, when she "Lib. 2. c. 8. de occult, nat. mir. Good Master Schoolmaster do not English this. '4 De nat. mul. lib. 3. cap. 4. '^ Buxdornhiiis, c. 31. Synag. .Iiid. Ezek. 18. 16 Drusius obs. lib. 3. cap. 20. " Beda. Eccl. hist. lib. 1. c. 27. respons. 10. i*^ Nam spiritus 129. mer. Socrates' children were fools. Sabel. ™ De occiil. nat mir. Pica morbus muliernm '■'• Bap- tista Porta, loco praed. Ex leporiiin intuiln plerique infaiiles edunt bifido snperiore labello. - Quasi mox in terram collapsiirus, per oiiiiie vitam incedebal cerebri si turn male afficiantur. ta.- ^s procreant. et j cum mater gravia ebrlum honiinem sic incedenteni quale-i fiierm' affecUis, tales 6 lonim ; tx tristil)us I viderat. '.^Civem facie cadaverosa. qui dixit, fcc •"Istes. PT fucundis jucundi nascuntur fee. 'spol. I 136 Causes of Mdancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 1. bore him in her womb, saw a carcass by chance, and was so sore affrighted with it, that ex eo foetus ei assimilatus^ from a ghastly impression the child was like it." So many several ways are we plagued and punished for our faLher''s defaults; in somueh that as Fernelius truly saith, ^^'^ It is the greatest part of our felicity to be well born, and it were happy for human kind, if only such parents as are sound oj body and mind should be suffered to marry." An husbandman will sow none but the best and choicest seed upon his land, he will not rear a bull or a horse, except he be right shapen in all parts, or permit him to cover a mare, except he be well assured of his breed ; we make clioice of the best rams for our sheep, rear the neatest kine, and keep the best dogs, Quanto id diligentms in procreandis liheris observandum f And how careful then should we be in begetting of our children ? In former times some ''^ countries have been so chary in this behalf, so stern, that if a child were crooked or deformed in body or mind, they made him away ; so did tlie Indians of old by the relation of Curtius, and many other well-governed commonwealths, according to the discipline of those times. Heretofore in Scotland, saith ■^''Hect. Boethius, '■• if any were visited with the falling sickness, madness, gout, leprosy, or any such dangerous disease, which was likely to be propagated from the father to the son, he was instantly gelded ; a woman kept from all company of men ; and if by chance having some such disease, she were found to be with child, she with her brood were buried alive : and this was done for the common good, lest the whole nation should be injured or corrupted. A severe doom you will say, and not to be used amongst Christians, yet more to be looked into than it is. For now by our too much facility in this kind, in giving way for all to marry that will, too much liberty and indulg'ence in tolerating all sorts, there is a vast confusion of hereditary diseases, no family secure, no man almost free from some griev^ous infirmity or other wlien no choice is had, but still the eldest must marry, as so many stallions of the race ; or if rich, be they fools or dizzards, lame or maimed, unable, intemperate, dissolute, exhaust through riot, as he said, ^^jura h(jeredltario sapere jubenlur ; they must be wise and able by inheritance : it comes to pass that our generation is cor- rupt, we have many weak persons, both in body and mind, many feral diseases"^ raging amongst us, crazed families, parentes^ peremptores ; our fathers bad, and we are like to be worse., MEMB. II. SuBSECT. I. — Bad Diet a cause. Substance. Quality of Meats. AccoRDiivG to my proposed method, having opened hitherto these secondary causes, which are inbred with us, I must now proceed to the outward and adventi- tious, which happen unto us after we are born. And those are either evident, re- mote, or inward, antecedent, and the nearest : continent causes some call them. These outward, remote, precedent causes are subdivided again into necessary and not necessary. Necessary (because we cannot avoid them, but they will alter us, as they are used, or abused) are tliose six non-natural things, so much spoken of amongst physicians, which are principal causes of this disease. For almost in every consultation, whereas they sliall come to speak of the causes, the fault is found, and this most part objected to the patient; Peccavit circa res sex non nalurules : he hath still oflended in one of those six. Montanus, consil. 22, consulted about a melan- choly Jew, gives that sentence, so did Frisemelica in the same place ; and in his 244 counsel, censuring a melancholy soldier, assigns that reason of his malady, ^^"lie >t Optimum bene nasci, maxima para fa;licitatis in prolem transmittitnr, laborantes inter eos, ingenti tiostriE bene nasci ; qiiamobrem pra!clere hiimano j facta indagiiie, inventos, ne {jens foeda contaui'me generi consulliini videretur, si solis parentis bene ' leederetiir, ex iis nata, castraveriint, mulieres hiijAis liabiti et sani, liberis operani darenl. '■'^ Infantes modi procul a viroriim cnnsnrtio abiegarunl, quofl »i .DArmi praecipilio necati. Bohemus, lib. 3. c. 3. Apiid liarum aliqua concepisse inveniebatur, simnl cum Lacnnes olini. Lipsius, episl. 85. cent, ad Helgas, foBtii nnndum edito, det'odiebatiir viva. ''■ Eiiphoi Dionysio Villerio, si qnns aliqiia membrorum parte mio Satyr. '^ Fecil omnia delicla qure fieri pos ■nutiles notaverint, necnri jubent. -tii ib. 1. De sunt circa res sex non natiirales, et eas fnerunt causa 7ettiruin Scotorum moiibus. Morbo corn ."ali, de- extrinsecs, ex quibus postea orltt sunt obstructione* Mentia, mania, lepra. &c. aut siniila labt- /v facil<' Mem. 2 Subs. 1. Causes of Melancholy. 137 tjffended in all those six non-natural things, which were the outward caus from which came those inward obstructions ; and so in the rest. These six uon- natural tilings are diet, retention and evacuation, which are more material than the other because they make new matter, or else are conversant in keeping or expelling of it. The other four are air, exercise, sleeping, waking, anc perturbations of the mind, which only alter the matter. The first of these is diet, which consists in meat and drink, and causeth melancholy, as it offends in substance, or accidents, that is, quantity, quality, or the like. And well it may be called a ma« lerial cause, since that, as ^^ Fernelius holds, "it hath such a power in begetting ot diseases, and yields the matter and sustenance of them ; for neither air, nor pertur- bations, nor any of those ot'ner evident causes take place, or work this eftect, except the constitution of body, and preparation of humours, do concur. That a man may say this diet is the mother of diseases, let the father be what he will, and from this alone melancholy and frequent other maladies arise." Many physicians. I confess, have written copious volumes of this one subject, of the nature and qualities of all mannei of meats ; as namely, Galen, Isaac the Jew, Halyabbas, Avicenna, Mesne, also fouT Arabians, Gordonius, Villanovanus, Wecker, Johannes Bruerinus, sitologia de Esculen- tis et Pocukntis, Michael Savanarola, Tract 2. c. 8, Anthony Fumanellus, lib. de rcgi- mine senum.. Curio in his comment on Schola Salerna, Godefridus Steckius arte mcd.. Marcilius Cognatus, Ficinus, Ranzovius, Fonseca, Lessius, Magninus, regim. sanitatis, Frietagius, Hugo Fridevallius, &c., besides many other in *" English, and almost every peculiar physician, discourseth at large of all peculiar meats in his chapter of melan- choly : yet because these books are not at liand to every man, I will briefly touch what kind of meats engender this humour, through their several species, and which are to be avoided. How they alter and cliange the matter, spirits first, and after hu- mours, by which we are preserved, and the constitution of our body, Fernelius and others will show you. I hasten to the thing itself: and first of such diet as offends in substance. Beef.] Beef, a strong and hearty meat (cold in the first degree, dry in the second, saith Gal. I. 3. c. 1. de alim.fac.) is condemned by him and all succeeding Authors to breed gross melancholy blood : good for such as are sound, and of a strong con stitution, for labouring men if ordered aright, corned, young, of an ox (for all geldeJ meats in every species are held best), or if old, ^' such as have been tired out wi h labour, are preferred. Aubanus and Sabellicus commend Portugal beef to be the nir/st savoury, best and easiest of digestion ; we conmiend ours : but all is rejected, f ,nd unfit for such as lead a resty life, any ways inclined to Melancholy, or dry of com- plexion : Talcs (Galen thinks) de facile melancholicis cegritudinibus capiuntur. Pork.] Pork, of all meats, is most nutritive in his own nature, ^^but altogi.'ther unfit for such as live at ease, are any ways unsound of body or mind : too moist, full of humours, and therefore noxia delicatis., saith Savanarola, ex earum usu ul dubitetur an febris quartana generetii.r : naught for queasy stomachs, insomuch that frequent use of it may breed a quartan ague. Goat.] Savanarola discommends goat's flesh, and so doth ^Bruerinus, /. 13. c. lii, calling it a filthy beast, and rammish : and therefore supposeth it will breed rank and filthy substance ; yet kid, such as are young and tender, Isaac accepts, Bruerinus and Galen, I. I. c. I. de alimerdorum facullatibus. Hart.] Hart and red deer ^■' hath an evil name : it yields gross nutriment : a strong and great grained meat, next unto a horse. Which although some countries eat, as Tartars, and they of China; yet ''^Galen condemns. Young foals are as commonly eaten in -Spain as red deer, and to furnish their navies, about Malaga especially, often used ; but such meats ask long baking, or seething, to qualify them, and yet all will not serve. Venison.) Falloio Deer.] All venison is melancholy, and begets bad blood ; a 58 Path. I. 1. c. 2. Maximam in gignendis morbis vim obtinet, pabulum, malerianique tiiorbi sugaerens : nam ncc ab aere, nee i perturhationibus, vel aliis evidenli- bus causis morbi sunt, nisj consentiat corporis prspa- ratio, et hiimorum constilulio. Ut seme! dicam, una fula est omnium morborum mater, etiamsi alius est genitor. Ab hac morbi eponte sspd eniauant, nulla alia cogente causa. soCogan, Eliot, Vauhan, Vener. ^i prjetagius. sjjgaag, a -Non laudatur quia melaiicholicnm praebet alimentuni. 3' Male a!il cerrina (inquit Fiietagius) crassissimuni et atribi'arium suppeditat alimentum. ^''I.ib. d« snbtiliss. dieia. Kquina care etasinina equinis dand& est hominibus el asininis. 1ft M 2 138 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. I. Sect 2 pleasaiil meal : in great esteem with us (for we liave more parks in England than there are in all Europe besides) in our solemn feasts. 'Tis somewhat better hunted than otherwise, and well prepared by cookery ; but generally bad, and seldom to be used. Hare.] Hare, a black meat, melancholy, and hard of digestion, it breeds incuhis., often eaten, and causetli fearful dreams, so doth all venison, and is condemned by a jury of physicians. Mizaldus and some otliers say, that hare is a merry meat, and hat it will make one fair, as Martial's Epigram testiries to Gellia; but this is per r/c- :«VZcM'• Ulanda- oilis succi nauseam provncant. '•'*> Piso. Allouiar. 'J Curio. Frieta^'ius, Mafiiiinus, part. 3. cap. 17. Mercu- "ialis, de affect, lih 1. c. lU. excepts all milk meats in Hypochondriacal Melancholy. ■'" Wecker, Syntax. theor. p. 2. Isaac, Uriier. lib. 15. cap 30. et 31. ■•' Cap. 18. part. 3. <'^Omni loco et omni temprre medici detestantur anjiuillas pursertiiii cjr-a solft;. tium. Daniuaiitur turn sanis tuiii Kgri.'> ~< C:if 6 in liis Tract of Melancholy. MeMi. 2. Subs. 1.] Causes of Melancholy. l3iS accounts it a muddy fish. Hippolitus Salvianus, in liis Book de Pischim naiura el pra'parailone., whicli was printed at Rome in folio, 1S54, with most elegant pictures, esteems carp no better than a slimy watery meat. Paulus Joviiis on the other side disallowing tench, approves of it; so doth Dubravius in his Books of Fish-ponds. Freitagius ''^extols it for an excellent wholesome meat, and puts it amongst the tishes of the best rank ; and so do most of our country gentlemen, that store their ponds almost )vith no other fish. But this controversy is easily decided, in my judgment, by Bruerinus, /. 22. c. 13. The diilerence riseth from the site and nature of pool^^^,^ ■■^ sonietnnes muddy, sometimes sweet; they are in taste as the place is from whence they be taken. In like manner almost we may conclude of other fresh fish. But see more in Rondoletius, Bellonius, Oribasius, llh. 7. caj). 22, Isaac, /. 1, especially Hippolitus Salvianus, who is instar omnium solus., &c. Howsoever they may be wholesome and approved, mucli use of them is not good ; P. Forestus, in his medi- cinal observations, ''^ relates, tliat Carthiisirin friars, whose living is most part fish, arp more subject to melancholy than any other order, and that he found by experi- ence, being sometimes their physician ordinary at Delft, in Holland. He exemplifies It with an instance of one Buscodnese, a Carthusian of a ruddy colour, and well -king, tiiat by solitary living, and fish-eating, became so misaflected. Herbs.] Amongst herbs to be eaten 1 find gourds, cucumbers, coleworts, melons, disallowed, but especially cabbage. It causelh troublesome dreams, and sends up bl.ick vapours to tlie brain. Galen, loc. ajfect. I. 3. c. 6, of all herbs condemns cab- bage ; and Isaac, lib. 2. c. 1. AnivuE gravilatem facll.i it brings heaviness to the soul. Some are of opinion that all raw herbs and salads breed melancholy blood, except bugloss and lettuce. Crato, consil. 21. lib. 2, speaks against all herbs and worts, except borage, bugloss, fennel, parsley, dill, balm, succory. Maguinus, regim. sanl- tads., pari. 8. caj). 31. Omnes her bee sinipliciler mahe., via cihi ; all herbs are simplj' evil to feed on (as he thinks). So did that scoffing cook in "Plautus hold : " Non eso ctEiiiim condio ut alii coqui snient, I " L'ke other cooks I do not su|M'er dress. Qui iiiilii condita prata in palinis profyriint, . ^''^' '"" ^^''"''^ meadows into a plattor, Boves qui convivas faciunt, lierl.asque aggertint." ^"i' "!^ '•^ "" '"^"^ °' "'•'''' "'"^f^ "'i'" '^«''^es, "^ I Willi herbs and grass to feed them latter." Our Italians and Spaniards do make a whole dinner of herbs and salads (which our said Plautus calls ccenas terreslras^ Horace, ccenas sine sanguine), by which means, as he follows it, *" " Hie homines tani breveni vitam colunt I " Tlieir lives, that eat such lierbs, must needs be short, Qui herbas hujusmodi in alvum snum congerunt, | And 'lis a fearful thing for to report, Formidolnsnm dictu, non esu mod6, I That men shoiilij feed on such a kind of meat, Qnas herhas jiecudes nnn edunt, homines edunt." | Which very jiiments would refuse to eat." ••^They are windy, and not fit therefore to be eaten of all men raw, though quali- fied with oil, but in broths, or otherwise. See more of these in every ^"husbandman . and herbalist. Roots.] Roots, Eisi qxiorundam gentium opes sint, saith Bruerinus, the wealth of some countries, and sole food, are windy and bad, or troublesome to the head : as onions, garlic, scallions, turnips, carrots, radishes, parsnips : Crato, lib. 2. consil. 1'., disallows all roots, tliough ''some approve of parsnips and potatoes. "Magninus ^ of Crato's opinion, ^^'•'' They trouble the mind, sending gross fumes to the brain, make men mad, especially garlic, onions, if a man liberally feed on them a year to- gether. Guianerius, trad. 15. cap. 2, complains of all manner of roots, and so doth ^ Bruerinus, even parsnips themselves, which are the best. Lib. 9. cap. 14. Fruits.] Paslinacarum usus succos gignit improbos. Crato, consil. 21. lib. 1, ut terly forbids all manner of fruits, as pears, apples, plums, cherries, strawberries, nuts, medlars, serves, &c. Sanguinem inficiunt., saith Villanovanus, they infect the blood, and putrefy it, Magninus holds, and must not therefore be taken via cibi, aut quan- tilale magnA, not to make a meal of, or in any great quantity. ^Cardan makes tha* « Optima rmtrit omnium judicio inter prims notse pisces giistu prtestanli. ■'SNon est duhium, quin pro variorum situ, ac natiira, magnas aliiiienlorum Bortiantur differentias, alibi suaviores, alibi lutulen- tlores. -icGbservat. 10. lib. 10. -i; Psendoliis ^^ In Mizaldo de Ilorto, P. Crescer.t. Herhastein, &c fi' Cap. 13. part. 3. Bricht, in his Tract of Mel. ^■^Intellectum turbant, producunt insaniani. f-'Au- divi (inquit Magnin.) quod si quis ex iis per annum continue coinedat, in insaniani caderet. cap. 13. Ini- act. 3. seen. 2. ■<*< Plautus, ibid. ''<' Qnare rec- probi succi sunt. cap. 12. ^^ De reruni varietal. tius valedutini su!C quisque consulet, qui lapsus prio- In Fessa plerumque morbosi, quod fruclus comei'uiil rum parentum memor, eas plane vel oniisent vel ter in die. parce desustari'. Kersleius, cap. 4, de vero usu n^jd. I 140 Causes of Melancholy. (Part. 1. Sec 2 B rai.se of their continual sickness at Fessa in Africa, " because liiey live so much on fruits, eating them tiirice a day." Laurentius approves of many fruits, in his Tract of Melancholy, which others disallow, and amongst the rest apples, which some likewise connnend, sweetings, pairmains, pippins, as good against melancholy; but to him that is any way inclined to, or touched with this malady, ^'^ Nicholas Piso in his Practics, forbids all fruits, as windy, or to be sparingly eaten at least, and not raw. Amongst otlier fruits, ^''Bruerinus, out of Galen, excepts grapes and figs, but I find them likewise rejected. Pulse.] All pulse are naught, beans, peas, vetches. Sec, they fill the brain (saith Isaac) with gross fumes, breed black thick blood, and cause troublesome dreams. And therefore, that which Pythagoras said to his scholars of old, may be for ever ap- plied to melancholy men, A fabis abstinete, eat no peas, nor beans ; yet to such as will needs eat them, I would give this counsel, to prepare them according to those rules that Arnoldus Villanovanus, and Frietagius prescribe, for eating, and dressing, fruits, herbs, roots, pulse, &c. Spices.] Spices cause hot and head melancholy, and are for that cause forbidden Vy ;-ur physicians to such men as are inclined to this malady, as pepper, ginger, cin- namo.j, cloves, mace, dates, &c. honey and sugar. "Some except honey; to those that are cold, it may be tolerable, but ^^Dulcia se in bileni vertunf., (sweets turn into bile,) they are obstructive. Crato therefore forbids all spice, in a consultation of his, for a melancholy schoolmaster. Omnia aromatica ct quicquid sanguineyn adurit : so doth Fernelius, consil. 45. Guianerius, tract 15. cup. i. Mercurialis, cons. 189. To these I may add all sharp and sour things, luscious and over-sweet, or fat, as oil, vinegar, verjuice, mustard, salt; as sweet things are obstructive, so these are cor- rosive. Gomesius, in his books, de sale., I. 1. c. 21, highly commends salt ; so doth Codronchus in his tract, de sale Msjinthii., Lenm. I. 3. c. 9. de occult, nat. mir. yet common experience finds salt, and salt-meats, to be great procurers of this disease. And for that cause belike those Egyptian priests abstained from salt, even so much, as in their bread, ut sine pcrturbatione anima esset, saith mine author, that their souls might be free from perturbations. Bread.] Bread that is made of baser grain, as peas, beans, oats, rye, or *^over-hard baked, crusty, and black, is often spoken against, as causing melancholy juice and wind. Joh. Mayor, in the first book of his History of Scotland, contends much for the wholesomeness of oaten bread : it was objected to him then living at Paris in France, that his countrymen fed on oats, and base grain, as a disgrace ; but he doth ingenuously confess, Scotland, Wales, and a third part of England, did most part use that kind of bread, that it was as wliolesome as any grain, and yielded as good nou- rishment. And yet Wecker out of Galen calls it horse-meat, and fitter for juments than men to feed on. But read Galen himselt". Lib. 1. De cibls boni et mall succi^ more largely discoursing of corn and bread. Wine^ All black wines, over-hot, compound, strong thick drinks, as Muscadine, Malmsey, ^licant, Rumney, Brownbastard, Metheglen, and the like, of which they have thirty several kinds in Muscovy, all such made drinks are hurtful in this case, to such as are hot, or of a sanguine choleric complexion, young, or inclined to head- melancholy. For many times the drinking of wine alone causeth it. Arculanus, c. it), in d.Rhasis, puts in ''"wine for a great cause, especially if it be immoderately used. Guianerius, tract. 15. c. 2, tells a story of two Dutchmen, to whom he gave entertainment in his house, " that '^' in one month's space were both melancholy by ' drinking of wine, one did nought but sing, the other sigh. Galen, I. de causis morb. :. 3. Matthiolus on Dioscorides, and above all other Andreas Bachius, I. 3. 18, 19, 20, have reckoned upon those inconveniences that come by wine : yet notwithstand- ing all this, to such as are cold, or.sluggish melancholy, a cup of wine is good physic, and so doth Mercurialis grant, consil. 25, in that case, if the temperature be cold, as to most melancholy men it is, wine is much commended, if it be moderately used, i/ Cider., Perry.] Cider and perry are both cold and windy drinks, and for that cause to be neglected, and so are all those hot spiced strong drinks. » Cap. de Mel. "Lib. 11. c. 3. »' Bright, I quia gignit adustatn. Scliol. Sa.. «> vimitn liirbi- «. 6. excepts honey. »* Hor. apiid Scoltziiim, dum. ei Ex vini parentis bibitinne, duo Alefliai> 'Oiif'il. 186 6a Ne comedas crustam, chuleraiu | in uno mense inelaiichulici facti sunt. Mem. 2. Subs. 1.1 Causes of Melancholy. 141 Beer.] Beer, if it be over-new or over-stale, over-stiong, or not socklen, smell of the cask, sliarp, or sour, is most unwholesome, frets, and galls, &c. Henrirus Ayre- rus, in a ^^consultation of his, for one that laboured of hypochondriacal melancholy, diicommends beer. So doth ''^ Crato in that excellent counsel of his. Lib. 2. coras/Z. 21, as too windy, because of the hop. But he means belike that thick black Bohemian boer used in some other parts of ^''Germany. " nil spissiue' ilia Diiiii hibitur, nil chirius esl duin niingitur, unde Constat, quOd multas faeces in coipore linquat." ' Nnthinj; comes in so thick, Nothing goes out so thin. It must needs follow then The dregs are left within." As that ^^ old poet scoffed, calling it Slygice monstrum conforme paludi, a monstrous drink, like the river Styx. But let them say as they list, to such as are accustomed unto it, " 'tis a most wholesome (so ^Tolydor Virgil calleth it) and a pleasant drink," it is more subtile and better, for the hop that rarefies it, hath an especial virtue against melancholy, as our herbalists confess, Fuchsius approves, Lib. 2. sec. 2. instit. cap. 11, and many others. Waters.] Standing waters, thick and ill-coloured, such as como forth of pools, and moats, where hemp hath been steeped, or slimy fishes live, are most unwhole- some, putrefied, and full of mites, creepers, slimy, muddy, unclean, corrupt, impure, by reason of the sun's heat, and still-standing'; they cause foul distemperatures in the body and mind of man, are unfit to make drink oi', to dress meat with, or to be ^' used about men inwardly or outwardly. They are good for many domestic uses, to wash horses, water cattle, Slc, or in time of necessity, but not otherwise. Some are of opi- nion, that such fat standing waters make the best beer, and that seething doth defecate it, as ^^ Cardan holds. Lib. 1 3. subtil. " It mends the substance, and savour of it," but it is a paradox. Such beer may be stronger, but not so wholesome as the other, as "^Jobertus truly justifieth out of Galen, Paradox, dec. 1. Paradox 5, that the seething of such impure waters doth not purge or purify them, Pliny, lib. 31. c. 3, is of the same tenet, and P. Crescentius, agricult. lib. 1. et lib. 4. c. l\. et c. 45. Pamphilius Herilachus, I. 4. de nat. aquarum, such waters are naught, not to be used, and by the testimony of ""Galen, '■' breed agues, dropsies, pleurisies, splenetic and melancholy pas- sions, hurt the eyes, cause a bad temperature, and ill disposition of the whole body, with bad colour." This Jobertus stiffly maintains, Paradox, lib. 1. part. 5, that it causeth blear eyes, bad colour, and many loathsome diseases to such as use it: this which they say, stands with, good reason; for as geographers relate, the water of Astracan breeds worms in such as drink it. "Axius, or as now called Verduri, the fairest river in Macedonia, makes all cattle black that taste of it. Aleacman now Peleca, another stream in Thessaly, turns cattle most part white, si potui ducas, L. Aubanus Rohemus refers that "^ struma or poke of the Bavarians and Styrians to the nature of their waters, as "Munster doth that of Valesians in the Alps, and "'' Bodine supposeth the stuttering of some families in Aquitania, about Labden, to proceed from the same cause, " and that the filth is derived from the water to their bodies." So that they that use filthy, standing, ill-coloured, thick, muddy water, must needs have muddy, ill-coloured, impure, and infirm bodies. And because the body works upon the mind, they shall have grosser understandings, dull, foggy, melancholy spi- rits, and be really subject to all manner of infirmities. To these noxious simples, we raav reduce an infinite number of compound, artifi cial, made dishes, of which our cooks afford us a great variety, as tailors do fashions in our apparel. Si :;h are '^puddings stuffed with blood, or otherwise composed; baked, meats, soused indurate meats, fried and' broiled buttered meats ; condite, pow- dered, and over-dried, '^all cakes, simnels, buns, cracknels made with butter, spice, Stc, fritters, pancakes, pies, sausages, and those several sauces, sharp, or over-sweet, "^Hildesheim, spicel. fol. 273. ^^Crassum gene- ral sanKuinen.. 64^^1,0111 Datitzic in Spruce, Haiii- our;;h, Leips''' ^Henricus Abrincensis. ej po- tiis turn salii'--=s turn jucundns, 1. 1. "■ Galen, 1. 1. de san. tuend Cavendae sunt aquas qiife ex stagnis Ifjiuriuntur, et qua; turbidae and mal6 olentes, &c. •"Innoxiuin reddit et bene olentum. '!< Contendit hfec vitia coctione noii eniendari. ™Lib. de honi- tale aqutp, hydropem auget, fehres pulridas, spleneni, i, et polus quan- i Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Diet^ a Cause. 143 U) satisfy the gut. " A cook of old was a base knave (as ^Livy complains), but now great man in request ; cookery is become an art, a noble science : cooks are gen- tlemen :" Venter Deus : They wear " their brains in their bellies, and their guts in their heads," as ^^Agrippa taxed some parasites of his time, rushing on their own lestruction, as if a man should run upon the point of a sword, usque clum rwnjpantur cnmcdunt, '' They eat till they burst ■.■" "^All day, all night, let the physician say what he will, imminent danger, and feral diseases are now ready to seize u})on them that will eat till they vomit, Edunt ut vomanf^ vomut ul edayif^ saith Seneca; which Dion relates of Vitellius, SoJo transitu cihorum nutriri judicatus : His meat did pass through and away, or till they burst again. ^^Strage animantluni ventrcm one rant^am] rake over all the world, as so many °® slaves, belly-gods, and land-serpents, Ef totus orhis ventri nirnis angustus.) the whole world cannot satisfy their appetite. ^" Sea, land, rivers, lakes, &.C., may not give content to their raging guts." ^To make up the mess, what immoderate drinking in every place? Senem potumpotu trahebat anus., how they flock to the tavern : as if they were fruges consumere nati, born to no other end but to eat and drink, like Ofiellius Bibulus, tliat famous Roman parasite, Qui dum vixit, aut hibit aut minxit ; as so many casks to hold wine, yea worse than a cask, that mars wine, and itself is not marred by it, yet these are brave men, Silenus Ebrius was no braver. Et quce fuerunt vitia., mores sunt : 'tis now the fashion of our times, an honour : JVunc verb res ista eo rediit (as Chrysost. serm. 30. in V. Ephes. comments) Ut effeminatcB ridendcEque ignavice loco habeutur., nolle inebriari ; 'tis now come to that pass that he is no gentleman, a very milk-sop, a clown, of no bringing up, that will not drink ; fit for no company ; he is your only gallant that plays it off finest, no disparagement now to stagger in the streets, reel, rave, &c., but much to his fame and renown ; as in like case Epidicus told Thesprio his fellow-servant, in the ^^Poet. jEdipol f acinus improbum, one urged, the other replied. Jit jam alii fccere idem., erit illi ilia res honori., 'tis now no fault, there be so many brave examples to bear one out ; 'tis a credit to have a strong brain, and carry his liquor well ; the sole contention who can drink most, and fox his fellow the soonest. 'Tis the summum bonum of our tradesmen, their felicity, life, and soul, Tanta dulcedine afectant., saith Pliny, lib. 14. cap. 12. Ut magna pars nan aliud vitce proimium intelligat., their chief comfort, to be merry together in an alehouse or lavern, as our modern Muscovites do in their mede-inns, and Turks in their coffee- houses, which much resemble our taverns ; they will labour hard all day long to be drunk at night, and spend totius anni labores., as St. Ambrose adds, in a tippling feast; convert day into night, as Seneca taxes some in his times, Perveriunt officia anoctis et lucis ; when we rise, they commonly go to bed, like our antipodes, " Nosque ubi primus equis oriens afflavit anhelis, lllis sera rubens ascendit luinina vesper." So did Petronius in Tacitus, Heliogabalus in Lampridius. 89 "Noctes vieilibat ad ipsum I "He drank the nicht away Mane, diem totum stertebat." | Till rising dawn, then snored out all the day." Snymdiris the Sybarite never saw the sun rise or set so much as once in twenty years. Verres, against whom Tidly so much inveighs, in winter he never was extra tectum vix extra lectum, never almost out of bed, '""still wenching and drinking; so did he spend his time, and so do myriads in our days. They have gipnnasia bibo- num., schools and rendezvous ; these centaurs and lapitha? toss pots and bowls as so many balls ; invent new tricks, as sausages, anchovies, tobacco, caviare, pickled oysters, herrings, fumadoes, &.c. : innumerable salt meats to increase their appetite.^ and study how to hurt themselves by taking antidotes '"to carry their drink the better; ^and when nought else serves, they will go forth, or be conveyed out, to empty their gorge, that they may retm-n to drink afresh." They make laws, insanas leges, contra bibendi fallacias, and ^ brag of it when they have done, crowning that "Olim vile mantipium, nunc in omni lestimatione, ' de miser, curial. sepiautus. m fjor. lib. 1. /luncarshaberica-pta. &c. "3 Epist. 28, I. 7. Quorum Sat. 3. looDiei brevitas conviviis, noctis longi- in ventre ingenium, in patinis, &c. s^ In lucem tudo stupris conterebratur. ' Et quo plus capiant, coenat. Strtorius. 9ss Qui iriedice vivit, miserfe vivit. -o Consuetudo altera naliira. '•'' Herefordshire, Gloucestershire, Wor- cestershire. 2'-I,eo Afer. 1. 1. solo c.ainelorum lacte contenti, nil prmterea deliciaruni anibiiint. wpiandri viniim butyro dilutum bihuiit (nauseo refe- 'ens) uliique butyruni inter omnia fercula et bellaria Tcum ohtinet. Sleph. prsefat. Herod. 24 Delec- .iintur GrEEci piscibus niagis quam carnibus. 25 Lib. I. hist. Atig. '^fi P. Jnvius descript. Britonum. They nit, eat and drink all day at dinner in Ireland, Mus- covy, and those nortliern parts. 27 Snidas, vict. Herod, nihilo cum eo melius quam si quis Cicutam, Aconiti.in, &c. ''» Expedlt. in Sinas, lib. 1. c. 3. ^or'TO'uni herbarum et olerum, apud Sinas quam 19 K apud nos longe frequentior usus, complures qiiippe de vulgo reperias nulla alia re vel tenuitatis, vel reli- pionis causa vescentes. Equus, Mulus, Asellus, &c. jequS fer6 vescuntur ac pahula omnia. Mat. Riccius, lib. 5. cap. 12 '^"Tartari mulis. eqiiis vescuntur et crudis carnibus, et fruges contemnunt, dicentes, hoc jumentorum pabulum et boniim, non hominum. s^IslandijE descri|itione victus corum butyro, lacte, caseo consistit : pIsces loco panis habent, potus aqua, atit serum, sic viviint sine medicina multa ad aniioii 200. a' Laet. Occident. Ind. descrip. lib. 11. cap. 10 Aquam marinam bibere sueti absque nox&. sa Dg. vies 2. voyage. ^a paiagones. ^4 Henzo et Fer. Corteslus, lib. novus orbis inscrip seizing. cnTten, c. 56. Palme instar tolius orbis arboribui longe piEstantior. l4fi Retention and Evacuation, Causes. [Part. 1. Sec. 2 nuts, meat and drink, fire, fuel, apparel ; with his leaves, oil, vinegar, cover foi houses, &.C., and yet these men going naked, feeding coarse, live commonly a hun dred years, are seldom or never sick ; all which diet our physicians forbid. In West- phalia they feed most part on fat meats and vvourts, knuckle deep, and call it ''^cerr- hrum lovis : in tlie Low Countries with roots, in Italy frogs and snails are used. Tlie Turks, saith Busbequius, delight most in fried meats. In Muscovy, garlic and onions are ordinary meat and sauce, which would be pernicious to such as are unaccustomed to them, delightsome to others; and all is ^'because they liave been brought up unto •t. Husbandmen, and such as labour, can eat fat bacon, salt gross meat, hard cheese, &.C., (O dura messorum ilia)., coarse bread at all times, go to bed and labour upon a full stomach, which to some idle persons would be present death, and is against the rules of physic, so that custom is all in all. Our travellers find this by common ex- perience wlien they come in far countvies, and use their diet, they are suddenly offended,^* as our Hollanders and Englishmen when they touch upon the coasts of Africa, those Indian capes and islands, are commonly molested with calentures, fluxes, and much distempered by reason of their fruits, ^^Peregrina., etsi suavia, Solent vescentibus per turba Hones insignes adferre, strange meats, though pleasant, cause notable alterations and distempers. On the other side, use or custom miti- gates or makes all good again. Mithridates by often use, which Pliny wonders at, was able to drink poison; and a maid, as Curtius records, sent to Alexander from K. Porus, was brought up with poison from her infancy. The Turks, saith Bello- nius, lib. 3. c. 15, eat opium familiarly, a drachm at once, which we dare not take in grains. '"'Garcius ab Horto writes of one whom he saw at Goa in the East Indies, that took ten drachms of opium in three days ; and yet consultb loquebalur^ spake understandingly, so much can custom do. ■" Theophrastus speaks of a shepherd that could eat hellebore in substance. And therefore Cardan concludes out of Galen. Consuetudinem ulcunqne fcrendam, nisi valde malum. Custom is howsoever to be kept, except it be extremely bad : he adviseth all men to keep their old customs, and that by the authority of '''* Hippocrates himself, Dandum aliquid tempori., cElati, re- gioni.) consuetudini, and therefore to ''^continue as they began, be it diet, bath, exer- cise, &c., or whatsoever else. Another exception is delight, or appetite, to such and such meats : though they be hard of digestion, melancholy ; yet as Fuchsius excepts, cap. 6. lib. 2. Instit. sect. 2. *^"The stomach doth readily digest, and willingly entertain such meats we love most, and are pleasing to us, abhors on the other side such as we distaste." Which Hippocrates confirms, Aphoris. 2. 38. Some cannot endure clieese, out of a secret antipathy ; or to see a roasted duck, which to others is a *^ delightsome meat. The last exception is necessity, poverty, want, hunger, which drives men many times to do that which otherwise they are loth, cannot endure, and thankfully to accept of it : as beverage in ships, and in sieges of great cities, to feed on dogs, cats, rats, and men themselves. Three outlaws in '"^Hector Boethius, being driven to their shifts, did eat raw flesh, and flesh of such fowl as they could catch, in one of the Hebrides for some few months. These things do mitigate or disannul that which hath been said of melancholy meats, and make it more tolerable ; but to such as are wealthy, live plenteously, at ease, may take their choice, and refrain if they will, these viands are to be forborne, if they be inclined to, or suspect melancholy, as they tender their healths : Otherwise if they be intemperate, or disordered in theii diet, at their peril be it. Qui monet amat, .Ave et cave. He who advises is your friend Farewell, and to your health attend. SuBSEcr. IV. — Retention and Evacuation a cause., and how. Of retention and evacuation, there be divers kinds, which are either concomitant, assisting, or sole causes many times of melancholy. '"Galen reduceth defect and abundance to this head ; others ■**" All that is separated, or remains.". Lips, epist. sixeneris apsuescere multum. •SRepentinse mutationes nnxam pariunt. Hippocrat. Aphorism. 21. Epist. 6. set.. 3. Brueriiius, lit). 1. cap. 23. Sinipl. iiied. c. 4. 1. I. ■"• Heurnius. /. 3. e. 19. prax. ined. ■•' .\phiiris. 17. In dubiis coneuetudinem sequatur adolescene, et inceptis perseveret. <■• Qui cum voluptate assumuntur cihi ventriciihis avidlus rnmplectitur, expeditiusqiie con coquit, et quiP displicent aversatur. ■"> Noth:n| asrainsi ;i good stomaoh. as 'he sayinf? is. *' ^ib Hist. Scot. <■• 30. artis. ' ■"Qua .ixcerniintur au subgiciuiit. Mem. 2. Subs. 4.] Retention and Evacuation, Causes. 47 Cosfiveness.] In the first rank of tliese, I may well reckon up costivene.% lind keeping in of onr ordinary excrements, which as it often causeth other diseases, so this of melancholy in particular. ''^Celsus, hb. 1. cap. 3, saith, " It produceth inflamma- tion of the head, dulness, cloufliness, headache," &c. Prosper Calenus, lib. de aird bile, will have it distemper not the organ only, ^°" but the mind itself by troubling of it :*' and sometimes it is a sole cause of madness, as you may read in the first book of ^'Skenkius's Medicinal Observations. A young merchant going to Nordeling fair ill Germany, for ten days' space never went to stool ; at his return he was ^^grievously melancholy, thinking that he was robbed, and would not be persuaded but that all his money was gone ; his friends thought he had some philtrum given him, but Cnelius, a physician, being sent for, found his ^^ costiveness alone to be the cause, and thereupon gave him a clyster, by which he was speedily recovered. Trincavellius, consult. 35. lib. 1, saith as much of a melancholy lawyer, to whom he administered physic, and Rodericus a Fonseca, consult. 85. torn. 2, ^^of a patient of his, that for eight days was bound, and therefore melancholy affected. Other retentions and evacuations there are, not simply necessary, but at some times ; as Fernelius accounts them. Path. lib. 1. cap. 15, as suppression of haemorrhoids, monthly issues in women, bleeding at nose, immoderate or no use at all of Venus : or any other ordinary issues. ^'Detention of h.nemorrhoids, or monthly issues, Villanovanus Breviar. lib. 1. cap 18. Arculanus, cap. 16. in 9. Rhasis, Vittorius Faventinus, pract. mag. Tract. 2. cap. 15. Bruel, Slc. put for ordinary causes. Fuchsius, 1. 2. sect. 5. c. 30, goes farther, and saith, ''^'•' That many men unseasonably cured of the haemorrhoids have been corrupted with melancholy, seeking to avoid Scylla, they fall into Charybdis. Galen, /. de hum. commrn. 3. ad text. 2(), ilUistrates this by an example of Lucius Martius, whom he cured of madness, contracted by this means: And ^'Skenkius hath two other instances of two melancholy and mad women, so caused from the suppression of their months. The same may be said of bleeding at the nose, if it be suddenly stopped, and have been formerly used, as ^^Villanovanus urgeth : And ^^ Fuchsius, lib. 2. sect. 5. cap. 33, stilHy maintains, '' That without great danger, such an issue may not be stayed." Venus omitted produceth like effects. Mathiolus, epist. 5. /. penult., °°"avoucheth of his knowledge, that some through bashfulness abstained from venery, and there- upon became very heavy and didl ; and some others that were very timorous, me lancholy, and beyond all measure sad." Oribasius, med. collect. I. 6. c. 37, speaks of some, *' " That if they do not use carnal copulation, are continually troubled with heaviness and headache ; and some in the same case by intermission of it." Not use of it hurts many, Arculanus, c. 6. in 9. Rhasis, et Magninus, part. 3. cap. 5, think, because it ^^" sends up poisoned vapours to the brain and heart." And so doth Galen himself hold, " That if this natural seed be over-long kept (in some parties) it turns to poison." HieronymusMercurialis, in his chapter of Melancholy, cites it for an especial cause of this malach, ^^Priapismus, Satyriasis, &c. Haliabbas, 5. Theor. c. 36, reckons up this and many other diseases. Villanovanus Breviar. I. 1. c. 18, saith, " He knew ®^many monks and widows grievously troubled with melan- choly, and that from this sole cause. ^^Ludovicus Mercatus, I. 2. de muliemm ajject. cap. 4, and Rodericus a, Castro, de morbis mulier. I. 2. c. 3, treat largely of this sub- ject, and will have it produce a peculiar kind of melancholy in stale maids, nuns, and widows, Ob suppressionem mensiiim et venerem omissam, timidcE, mcestce, anxicc.^ vcrecundce, suspiciosce, languentes, consilii inopes, cum sumnia vitcp et rervm melio- rum desperatione, &c., they are melancholy in the highest degree, and all for want ^'Ex ventre suppresso, inflammationes, capitis do-, coitu abstinentes, turpidog, pigrooque factos ; nonnuU lores, calieines crescunt. '" ExcreiTienta retenta j los etiam nielancholicos, prfeter modiim nioestos, limi- .nentis agitationem parere snient. ^' Cap. de Mel. ' dosqiie. ''' Nfmnulli nisi cr"hoidPS. "> Mniti inteinpestiv6 ab hn-niorrhoidi- bus cjrati, melai/cholia corrupt! sunt. Incidit in Scyl- lain, &c. 57 i,ib. 1. de Mania. sb Breviar. 1.7. c. 18. 69 IS' on sine niagno incommodo ejus, cui languis & naribus promanat, noxii sanguinis vacuatio wpiidiri potest. '"Novi quosdam prae pudote & gravitate infestantur. Dicit se novisse quosdam tristes el ita factos ex inlermissione Veneris. 6. Vapores venenatos niiltit dperina a(l cor fit cerebrum, tlperma plus diu relenturn, transit in venenum. ^^Craveg producit corporis et aninii Eegritudintrs. ^ Ex sper- mate supra modum retento nionachos et vidua? ine- lancholicos sie^e fieri vidi. ^ Melancholia urta A vasis seniinarilis in utero. 148 Retention and Evar.uation, Causes. [Part. 1. Sec. 2 of husbands^"^ ^lianus Montaltiis, cap. 37. de melanchol.., confirms as much out of Galen; so cloth Wierus, Chrrsloferus a Vega de art. med. lih. 3. c. 14, relates many such examples of men and women, that he had seen so melancholy. Ftelix Plater in the first book of his Observations, ^^" tells a story of an ancient gentleman in Alsatia, that married a young wife, and was not able to pay his debts in lliat kind for a long time together, by reason of his several infirmities : but she, because of this inhibition of Venus, fell into a horrible fury, and desired every one that came to see her, by words, looks, and gestures, to have to do with her, Stc."- "Bernardus Pater- nus, a physician, saith, •' lie knew a good honest godly priest, that because he would neither willingly marry, nor make use of the stews, fell into grievous melancholy fits." Hddesheira, spicel. 2, hath such another example of an Italian melancholy priest, in a consultation had ^/iwo 1580. Jason Pratensis gives instance in a married man, that from his wife's death abstaining, ^'" after marriage, became exceedingly me- lancholy," Rodericus a Fonseca in a young man so misaffected, Tom. 2. consult. 85. To these you may add, if you please, that conceited tale of a Jew, so visited in like sort, and so cured, out of Poggius Florentinus. Intemperate Verms is all but as bad in the other extreme. Galen, I. 6. de morhis popu- lar, sect. 5. text. 26, reckons up melancholy amongst those diseases wliich are ^®'' ex- asperated by venery :" so doth Avicenna, 2, 3, c. II. Oribasius, loc. cltat. Ficinus, lib. 2. de sanitate tuendf'i. Marsilius Cognatns, Montaltus, cap. 27. Guianerius, Tract. 3. cap. 2. Magninus, cap. 5. part. 3, '"gives the reason, because ''"it infri- gidates and dries up the body, consumes the spirits ; and would therefore have all such as are cold and dry to take heed of and to avoid it as a mortal enemy." Jac- chinus m 9 Rhasis., cap. 15, ascribes the same cause, and instanceth in a patient of his, that married a young wife in a hot summer, '^'•' and so dried himself with cham- ber-work, that he became in short space from melancholy, mad :" he cured him by moistening remedies. The like example I find in La;lius a Fonte Eugubinus, consult. 129, of a gentleman of Venice, that upon tlie same occasion was first melancholy, afterwards mad. Read in him the story at large. Any other evacuation stopped will cause it, as well as these above named, bn i\ bile, "ulcer, issue, &c. Hercules de Saxonia, lib. 1. c. 16, and Gordonius, vfi.t'y this out of their experience. They saw one wounded in the head who as long as the sore was open, Lucida habuit mentis, inlervalla, was well ; but when it wai* stopped, Rediit melancholia.^ his melancholy fit seized on him again. Artificial evacuations are much like in efl^ect, as hot houses, baths, blood-letting purging, unseasonably and immoderately used. '''Baths dry too much, if used in es cess, be they natural or artificial, and ofl^end extreme hot, or cold ; ''" one dries, the other refrigerates overmuch. Montanus, consil. 137, saith, they over-heat the liver. Joh. Struthius, Sligmat. artis. I. 4. c. 9, contends, ■'^"•that if one stay longer than or- dinary at the bath, go in too oft, or at unseasonable times, he putrefies the humours in his body." To this purpose writes Magninus, I. 3. c. 5. Guianerius, Tract. 15. c. 21, utterly disallows all hot baihs in melanclioly adust. ""I saw (saith he) a man that laboured of the gout, who to be freed of this malady came to the bath, and was instantly cured of his disease, but got another worse, and that was madness." But this judgment varies as the humour doth, in hot or cold : baths may be good for one melancholy man, bad for another ; that which will cure it in this party, may cause it ui a second. Phlebotomy.] Phlebotomy, many times neglected, may do much harm to the body, when there is a manifest redundance of bad humours, and melancholy blood ; and when these humours heat and boil, if this be not used in time, the parties affected, •'•'Nohilia senex Alsatiis jiivenem iixorem duxit, at (corpus, spiritvis cnnsumit, &c. caveant ab hoc sicci, ve- Hie colico dolore, et iiniltis inorbis correptus, non po- I liit iiiiniico iriortaU. '-i Ita exsiccatiis ut 6 melancho- tuit priEstare officimn iiiariti, vix itiiio niatrimonio j lico statim fiieril insaniis, ab hiiinectanlibus curatus ej.rotiis. Ula in horrfiiidiim fiiroriim inciilil, ob Ve- '-'Ex cauterio et ulcere exsiccato. '• Gord. c. 10 nerem cohibitam ut oiniiimn earn invisenlium con- i lib. 1. Uiscoinnieiids cold baths as noxious. '-'Sic- gressum, voce, vultu, gestii expeteret, et qiuim non cum reddunt corpus. '''Siquis loncius moretuf onsentirent, molossos Anylicanos inagno expeiiil cla- I in iis, aut niuiis frequenter, aut iuiportunft utatur, more. e? vidi sacerdotern optimum et pium, qui humores putrefacit. "t E20 anno superiore, qunn. quod nollet uti Venere, in inelaucholica symptoinata dam euttosuni vidi adiistum, qui ut liberareiur de gut- incidit. '"Tliey perish in' clouds of sand." Mafjiiiiis I'ers. n» Pantheo sen Piact. med. I. 1. tap. 16. Venetjc mulieres quis diu 8ub sole vivunt, aliquando u)el:incho!lr!e evadunt. ""Navig. lib. 2 cap. 4. commercia nocte, liorasecuiida '>b nimios, qui .sa-viunt intRrdiu n?stU9 exerceiit. ^Jo Morbo Gallico laboraiites, exponunt ad solem ut vnrbus exsiccent. > Sir Richard Hawkins in hi* Observations, sect. 13. ^ Hippocrates, 3. Aphoris- uiorum idem ait. 3 Idem Maniniis in Persia ^ Descrip. Ter. sanctae. s^tiuuui ad solis radioK in leoiie loiipam inoram tralieret, ul capillos slavoi redderet, in inaiiiani incidit. 6 (lundus alter el idem, sen Terra Australis inc^^nits ' Crassm ettuipidus aer, tristem elficit animam. 'Cow- tnon'.y called Scandaroon in Asia Miaor. Mem. 2 Subs, 6.] Bad Air, a Cause. HI tries, as Bruges, Ghent, Amstertlam, Leyden, Utrecht, &c. the air is bad ; anu so at Stockliohn in Sweden; Kegiuni iu lialy, Salisbury with us, Hull and Lynn: they may be commodious for navigation, this new kind of fortification, and many other good necessary uses ; but are they so wliolesome ? Old Rome hath descended from the hills to the valley, 'tis the site of most of our new cities, and held best to build in plains, to take the opportunity of rivers. Leander Albertus pleads hard for the air and site of Venice, though the black moorish lands appear at every low water : the sea, fire, and smoke (as he thinks) qualify the air; and ''some suppose, that a thick foggy air helps the memory, as in them of Pisa in Italy ; and our Camden, out of Plato, commends the site of Cambridge, because it is so near the fens. But let the site of such places be as it may, how can tiiey be excused that have a delicious seat, a pleasant air, and all that nature can afford, and yet through their own nastiness, and sluttishness, immund and sordid manner of life, suffer tlieir air to putrefy, and themselves to be chocked up .' Many cities in Turkey do male aiulire in this kind . Constantinople itself, where commonly carrion lies in the street. Some find the same fault in Spain, even in Madrid, tiie king's seat, a most excellent air, a pleasant site; but the inhabitants are slovens, and the streets uncleanly kept. A troublesome tem])cstuuus air is a? bad as impure, rough and foul weather, im- petuous winds, cloudy dark uays, as it is commonly with us, Ccelutu visu /(jcdum, '"Polydore calls it a filthy sky, et in quo facile generanlur nubes ; as TuUy's brother Quintus wrote to him in Rome, being then Quaestor in Britain. "• In a thick and cloudy air (saith Lemnius) men are tetric, sad, and peevish : And if the western winds blow, and thai there be a calm, or a fair sunshine day, there is a kind of alacrity in men's minds ; it cheers up men and beasts : but if it be a turbulent, rough, cloudy, stormy weather, men are sad, lumpish, and much dejected, angry, waspish, dull, and melancholy." This was "Virgil's experiment of old, Verum iibi lempestas, et coeli tnobilis hiiinor I "But wlien the face of Heaven changed U Mulavere vices, et Ju|)iler hiiniidiis Austro, | To tempests, rain, from season fair . Vertuntiir species anirnoruni, el pectore motus | Our minds are altered, and in our hreasis Coticipiunt alios" | Forthwitli some new conceits appear." And who is not weather-wise against such and 'such conjunctions of planets, moved ni fonl weather, dull and heavy in such tempestuous seasons .'' ^^Gelidum contristal Jlquarius annum : the time requires, and the autumn breeds it; winter is like unto it, ugly, foul, squalid, the air works on all men, more or less, but especially on such as are melancholy, or inclined to it, as Lemnius holds, '^"-They are most moved with it, and those which are already mail, rave downright, either in, or against a tempest. Besides, the devil many times takes his opportunity of such storms, and when the humours by the air be stirred; he goes in with them, exagitates our spirits, and vexeth our souls; as the sea waves, so are the spirits and humours in our bodies tossed with tempestuous winds and storms." To such as are melancholy therefore, Montanus, consil. 24, will have tempestuous and rough air to be avoided, and consil. 27, all niglit air, and would not have them to walk abroad, but in a pleasant day. Lemnius, l. 3. c. 3, discommends the south and eastern winds, commends the north. Montanus, consil. 31. '''"Will not any windows to be opened in the night." Consil. 229. et consil. 230, he discommends especially the south wind, and nocturnal air : So doth '^Plutarch. The night and darkness makes men sad, the like do all sub- terranean vaults, dark houses in caves and rocks, desert places cause melancholy iu an instant, especially such as have not been used to it, or otherwise accustomed. Read more of air in Hippocrates, yE//?/s, I. 3. a c. 171. ad 175. Oribasius, del. ad 21. Avicen, /. 1. can. Fen. 2. doc. 2. Fen. 1. C.-123 to the 12, &c. SuBSECT. VI. — Immoderate Exercise a cause., andhoio. Solitariness, Idleness. 'Nothing so good but it may be abused : nothing better than exercise (if oppor- tunely used) for the preservation of the body : nothing so bad if it be unseasonable, ' Atlas gpo<;raphicus memoria, valent Pisani, quod I afire cito offenduiitur, et niulti insani apud Belgas ante crassiore fruanturaere. '"Lib. 1 hist. lib. 2. cap. 41. tempestales sa-viunt, aliter quieti. Spiritus quoqiie Aura deiisa ac caligiiiosa .etrici homines exislunt, et ; afris et niali penii aliqiiando se tempestatibus inge- subsiristes, et cap. 3. stante siibsolano et Zepliyro, j runt, et meiiti liuniana' se bitenter insinuant, eainqiie maxima in mentibus honiinum alarritas existit, men Itsqiie erectio uhi teUim solis splendore nitescit. Ma- xima dejectio microrqiie si quando aura caliginosa est. "Gcor. "Hor. >''Mens quibus vacillai, ab vexaiit, exagitant, et ul ductus marini, humanuni cor- pus ventis agitatur. '•' Aer iioctu densalur, et cogil mcestitiam. ''Lib. de Iside et Osyride. 152 Causes of Melancholy. Part. 1. Sec. 2 violent, ov overmuch. Fernelius out of Galen, Pa//t. lib. I.e. 16, saith, '^''Tliai much exercise and weariness consumes the spirits and substance, refrigerates the body; and such humours which Nature wouUI have otherwise concocted and ex- pelled, it stirs up and makes them rage : whicli being so enraged, diversely affect and trouble the body and mind." So doth it, if it be unseasonably used, upon a full stomach, or when tlie body is full of crutiities, which Fuchsius so mucii inveighs against, lib. 2. ijislil. sec. 2. c. 4, giving that for a cause, why school-boys in Ger- many are so often scabbed, because they use exercise presently after meats. " Bayerus puts in a caveat against such exercise, because " it '* corrupts the meat in the stomach, and carries the same juice raw, and as yet undigested, into the veins (saith Lemnius), which there putrefies and confounds the animal spirits." Crato, consil. 21. I. 2, '" protests against all such exercise after meal, as being the greatest enemy to con- coction that may be, and cause of corruption of humours, which produce this, and many other diseases. Not without good reason then doth Salust. Salvianus, /. 2. c. 1, and Leonartus Jacchinus, in 9. Rhasis., Mercurialis, Arcubanus, and many other, set down '^"immoderate exercise as a most forcible cause of melancholy. t ^Opposite to exercise is idleness (the badge of gentry) or watit of exercise, the ane of body and mind, the nurse of naughtiness, stepmother of discipline, the chief author of all mischief, one of the seven deadly sins, and a sole cause of this and many other maladies, the devil's cushion^ as ^'Gualter calls it, his pillow and chief reposal. '' For the mind can never rest, but still meditates on one thing or other, except it be occupied about some honest business, of his own accord it rusheUi into melancholy. ^^As too much and violent exercise offends on the one side, so doth an idle life on the other (saith Crato), it fills the body full of phlegm, gross humours, and all manner of obstructions, rheums, catarrhs," 8t.c. Rhasis, cont. lib. 1. tract. 9, accounts of it as the greatest cause of melancholy. '■^^"I have often seen (saith he) that idleness begets tliis humour more than anything else." Montaltus, c. 1, seconds him out of his experience, ^'^ '•' They that are idle are far more subject to melancholy tlian such as are conversant or employed about any oflice or business." ^^ Plutarch reckons up idleness for a sole cause" of the sickness of the soul : "• There are they (saith he) troubled in mind, that have no other cause but this." Homer, Iliad. 1, brings in Achilles eating of his own heart in his idleness, because he might not fight. Mercurialis, consil. 86, for a melancholy young man urgeth, ^'^it as a cliief cause ; why was he melancholy .? because idle. Nothing begets it sooner, increaseth and conti- rmeth it oftener than idleness.'^' A disease familiar to all idle persons, an inseparable companion to such as live at ease, Pingui otio desidiose agcntes., a life out of action, and have no calling or ordinary employment to busy themselves about, that have small occasions ; and though they have, such is their laziness, dulness, they will not compose themselves to do aught; they cannot abide work, though it be necessary; easy as to dress themselves, write a letter, or the like; yet as he that is benumbed with cold sits still shaking, that might relieve himself with a little exercise or stirring, do they complain, but will not use the facile and ready means to do themselves good ; and so are still tormented with melancholy. Especially if they have been formerly brought up to business, or to keep much company, and upon a sudden come to lead a sedentary life ; it crucifies their souls, and seizeth on them in an instant ; for whilst they are any ways employed, in action, discourse, about any business, sport or re- creation, or in company to their liking, they are very well ; but if alone ^r idle, tormented instantly again ; one day's solitariness, one hour's sometimes, doth them '^Multa defalieatio, spiritus, virininque substantiam I poris exercitatio iiocet cnrporihiis, ita vita deses, e' pxhiuirit, Ht corpus refii^erat. Hiiiiiores corriiptos qui ! otiosa : otiUMi, aiiiuial pituitosum reddit, visceium aliii'i d. ii.ilura loncDqui et douiari poss-int, et demuin ' obstrncliones et crebras fluxiones. et morhos concital lilaiidg exi ludi, iriilat, et (piasi in furorem asjit, qui ! •» Et vide quod una do rebus quae inagis general nie poslea iiiota camcrina, tetro vapore corpus vari6 la- , lancholiam, est otiosilas. -'-i Reponitur olium at cessuiit, animurii((ue. " hi VenI iiiecuin : I-ibro sic j aliis causa, et hoc h nobis observaluin eos liuic male u.3cri|)to. '"Inslit. ad vit. Christ, cap. 44. cibos maeis obnoxjos qui plane otiosi sunt, quam eos qu' crudos 111 vena.^ rapit, qui pntrescenles illic spiritus I aliquo munere versanlur exequendo. ^^'DeTran- ttninialis inticiunt. ■•' Crudi liicc hiinioris copia per ! quil. anima;. Sunt qua ipsum otium in animi conjici\ »enas aggredilur, iinde morbi innlliplices. 'Olni- i ffigritiidinein. ■'■•Nihil est quod seqiie nielancholi- modicuiTi exerclliuni. -' Hoin. 31. in 1 Cor. vi. am alat ac auseat, ac otiuni el abstinenlia 4 corporii Nam qua mens honiiiiis qiiiscere nnn possil, sed con- et animi exercitalionihus. - Nihil magis exctecal linuo circa varias cogitutiones discurrat, nisi honesto intelleclum. quam olium. Gordonius de observat. Vll aliqiin iiegotio occnpelur. nd melancholiani spoiile hum. lib. 1. d«labilur. '-^Crato. consil. 21. Ul iinmodica cot. I Mtm. 2, Subs. 6.] Idleness a Cause. 153 more harm, than a week's physu. labour, and company can do good. Melar.choly scizeih on them forthwith being ah^ne, and is such a torture, that as wise Seneca well saith, Malo mild male quam moH'iler esse, I had rather be sick tlian idle. This idleness is either of body or mind. That of body is nothing but a kind of benumb- ing laziness, mtermitting exercise, whicli, if we may believe '^^ Fernelius, " causeth cradities, obstructions, excremental humours, quencheth the natural heat, dulls the •■■pirits, and makes them unapt to do any thing whatsoever." .,„,.., , .. , „,. . .. . ,, I " for, a neglected field -i"' Neglectis urenda fil.x innascitur agris." j g,,^,, f,„ j^g g^^'^g ^t,,^^,,, ^„j j^j^^jg^ ^(^1^ „ As fern grows in untilled grounds, and all manner of weeds, so do gross humours in an idle body, Ignavum corriimpunt otia corpus. A horse in a stable that never tra- vels, a hawk in a mew that seldom flies, are both subject to diseases ; which left unto tliemselves, are most free from any such incumbrances. An idle dog will be mangy, and how shall an idle person think to escape ? Idleness of the mind is much worse than this of the body ; wit without employment is a disease ''^JErugo animi, rubigo ingenii: the rust of the soul, '"a plague, a liell itself. Maximum animi nocumcntum, Galen calls it. ^^" As in a standing pool, worms and filthy creepers increase, [el vi- tium capivnl ni movecmtiir aqvcB, the water itself putrefies, and air likewise, if it be not continually stirred by the wind) so do evil and corrupt thoughts in an idle person," the soul is contaminated. In a connnonwealth, where is no public enemy, there is likely civil wars, and they rage upon themselves: this body of ours, when it is idle, and knows not how to bestow itself, macerates and vexeth itself with cares, griefs, false fears, discontents, and suspicions ; it tortures and preys upon his own bowels, and is never at rest. Thus much I dare boldly say, '•' He or she that is idle, be they of what condition they will, never so rich, so well allied, fortunate, happv, let them have all things in abundance and felicity that heart can wish and desire, all content- ment, so long as he or she or they are idle, they shall never be pleased, never well in body and mind, but weary still, sickly still, vexed still, loathing still, weeping, sigh- ing, grieving, suspecting, offended with the world, with every object, wishing them- selves gone or dead, or else carried away with some foolish phantasy or other. And this is the true cause that so many great men, ladies, and gentlewomen, labour of this disease in country and city; for idleness is an appendix to nobility; they count it a disgrace to work, and spend all their days in sports, recreations, and pastimes, and will therefore take no pains ; be of no vocation : they feed liberally, fare well, want exercise, action, employment, (for to work, I say, they may not abide,) and company to their desires, and thence their bodies become full of gross humours, wind, crudities; their minds disquieted, dull, heavy, &.c. care, jealonsy, fear of some diseases, sullen fits, weeping fits seize too ^^ familiarly on them. For what will not feai and phantasy work in an idle body ? what distempers will they not cause ? when the children of ^^ Israel murmured against Pharoah in Egypt, he commanded his officers to double their task, and let them get straw themselves, and yet make their full num- ber of bricks ; for the sole cause why they mutiny, and are evil at ease, is, " they are idle." When you shall hear and see so many discontented persons in all places where you come, so many several grievances, unnecessary complaints, fears, suspi- cions, ''" the best means to redress it is to set them awork, so to busy their minds ; for for the truth is, they are idle. Well diey may build castles in the air for a time, and soodi up themselves with phantastical and pleasant humours, but in the end they will prove as bitter as gall, they shall be still I say discontent, suspicious, ^^ fearful, jealous, sad, fretting and vexing of themselves; so long as they be idle, it is impossible to please them. Olio qui nescil uti, phis habel negotii quam qui negolium in ncgotio, as that ''Agellius could observe: He that knows not how to spend his time, hath more busi- ness, care, grief, anguish of mind, than he that is most busy in the midst of all his business Oliosus animus nescit quid volet: An idle person (as he follows it) knows ''^Patli. lib. 1, cap. 17. exercitationis intermissio, | Sen. sspjow this leg, now that arm, now theU inertem calorerii, languidos spiritus, et ignavos, et ad , head, heart, &t,. ^j gxod. v. ^- (For they canno' omiies actinnes sejiiiinres reddil, rriiditates, obsructio- < well tell what aileth them, or what they would have lies, et excrenientoriiin proventus facit. ^^ Hor. | themselves) my heart, my head, my husband, my son, Ser. 1. Sat. 3. sogeneca. 3' Moerorem animi, I &.C. ^e prov. xviii. IMgriim dejiciet timor. Heau< et maciem, Plutarch calls it. '- Sicut in stagno { tonlimorumenon. s? Ljb. 19. c. 10. generaiitur verme ^, sic et otioso lualx cogitationes | 20 ; 154 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. '4 not vviien ht is well, what he would have, or whither he would go, Quum illut ventum cst^ illinc lubct^ he is tired out with everytliing, displeased with all, weary of his life -. JYcc bene domi^ nee milUice, neither at home nor abroad, errat, et prceter vi- tain vittilur, he wanders and lives besides himself. In a word. What the mischievous effects of laziness and idleness are, 1 do not find any where more accurately expres- sed, than in these verses of Pliilolaches in the ^"Comical I oet, which for their elegancy I will in part insert. 'Nn^ariim ieciium esse arbitror similem ego hominem, Qiiaiiilo hie iiiitiis est : Ei rei arjiumenia dicam. iKdos ijiiaiulo sum ad anuissiiii ex|)iililx>, Qiiisqiie liiiidat fahniiii, atque exeinpliim expetit, &c. At ul)i illC) ii)i?;rat iiequatii homo iiidiligensque, &c. 'I'l/iniH'stas venit, conlringit tegulas, iinbricesqiie, I'ulrit'arit aer operam fabri, &.c. Dicaiii lit homines similes esse ajdiuni arbitremini, Fabri parentes fuiidanieiitum substriiunt liberorum, Expoliiitit, doceiil literas, nee parcuiit siimptui, 1'j!.'o aiitem sub fabroruin potestate frugi fui, Postqiiani autem inigravi in inf,'enium meum, Perdidi operani fabroruin illicC) oppidi), Venil ignavia, ea niihi tempestas fiiit, Adventuqne siio grandineni et imbrem attulit, Ilia mihi virtnteni deturbavit, &c. ^•>A young man is like a fair new house, the carpenter leaves it well built, in good repair, of solid stuff; but a bad tenant lets it rain in, and for want of reparation, fall to decay, &c. Our parents, tutors, friends, spare no cost to bring us up in our youth, in all manner of virtuous education ; but when we are left to ourselves, idleness as a tempest drives all virtuous motions out of our minds, et nihili sumus., on a sudden, by sloth and such bad ways, we come to nought." Cousin german to idleness, and a concomitant cause, which goes hand in hand with it, is '^'^nimia soUludo, too much solitariness, by the testimony of all physicians, cause and symptom botli ; but as it is here put for a cause, it is either coact, en- forced, or else voluntary. Enforced solitariness is commonly seen in students, monks, friars, anchorites, that by their order and course of life must abandon all company, society of other men, and betake themselves to a private cell : Otio super- sLilioso seclusi, as Bale and Hospinian well term it, such as are the Carthusians of our time, that eat no flesh (by their order), keep perpetual silence, never go abroad. Such as live in prison, or some desert place, ?.iid cannot have company, as many of our country gentlemen do in solitary houses, they must eitlier be alone without companions, or live beyond tlieir means, and entertain all comers as so many hosts, or else converse with their servants and hinds, such as are unequal, inferior to them, and of a contrary disposition : or else as some do, to avoid solitariness, spend their time with lewd fellows in taverns, and in alehouses, and thence addict themselves to some unlawful disports, or dissolute courses. Divers again are cast upon this rock of solitariness lor want of means, or out of a strong apprehension of some infirmity, disgrace, or through bashfulness, rudeness, simplicity, they cannot apply themselves to others' company. JYullum solum infellci gratius soUtudlne^ uhl millns sit qui miseriam exprobret ; this enforced solitariness takes place, and produceth his effect soonest in such as have spent their time jovially, peradventure in all honest recrea- tions, in good company, in some great family or populous city, and are upon a sud- den confined to a desert country cottage far off, restrained of their liberty, and barred from their ordinary associates ; solitariness is very irksome to such, most tedious, and a sudden cause of great inconvenience. Voluntary solitariness is that which is familiar with melancholy, and gently brings on like a syren, a shoeiiig-horn, or some sphynx to this irrevocable gulf, ''"a primary cause, Piso calls it; most pleasant it is at first, to such as are melancholy given, to lie in bed whole days, and keep their chambers, to walk alone in some solitary grove, betwixt wood and water, by a brook side, to meditate upon some delightsome and pleasant subject, which shall affect them most; a7nabiUs insania, el mentis gratissi- mus error: a most incomparable delight it is so to melancholize, and build castles in the air, to go smiling to themselves, acting an i jfinite variety of parts, which they sup- pose and strongly imagine they represent, or that they see acted or done : Blandcs quidem ah initio., saith Lemnius, to conceive and meditate of such pleasant things, sometimes, ■"" present, past, or to come," as Rhasis speaks. So delightsome these toys are at first, they could spend whole days and nights without sleep, even 'vhole years alone in such contemplations, and fantastical meditations, which are like un lo dreams, and they will hardly be drav.'n from them, or willingly interrupt, so pleasant '"Plantus, Prol. Mostel. 3^ Piso, Montaltus, Mer- j causa, occasionem nactiim est. « Jucunda reruin eurialis, &c. ^ Aquibus malum, veliit A primaria | prsRsentiuni, pra:terilarum, et futurarum nieditatio. Mem. 2. Subs. 6.] Idleness, a Came. !55 tneir vain conceits are, that they hinder their ordinary tasks and necessary ousniess, iney cannot address themselves to them, or almost to any study or employment, these fantastical and bewitching thoughts so covertly, so feelingly, so urgently, so continually set upon, creep in, insinuate, possess, overcome, distract, and detain tliem, they cannot, I say, go about their more necessary business, stave off or extricate themselves, but are ever musing, melancholizing, and carried along, as he (they say that is led round about a heath with a Puck in the night, they run earnestly on in this labyrinth of anxious and solicitous melancholy meditations, and cannot well or willingly refrain, or easily leave off, winding and unwinding themselves, as so n^any clocks, and still pleasing their humours, until at last the scene is turned upon a sud- den, by some bad object, and they being now habituated to such vain meditations and solitary places, can endure no company, can ruminate of nothing but harsh and distasteful subjects. Fear, sorrow, suspicion, subruslicus piidor, discontent, cares, and weariness of life surprise them in a moment, and they can think of nothing else, continually suspecting, no sooner are their eyes open, but this infernal plao-ue oi melancholy seizelh on them, and terrifies their souls, representing some dismal ob- ject to their minds, whicli now by no means, no labour, no persuasions they can avoid, hceref latcri Icthalis aric§do, (the arrow of death still remains in the side), they may not be rid of it, ''^they cannot resist. I may not deny but that there is some profitable meditation, contemplation, and kind of solitariness to be embraced, which the fathers so highly commended, ''^Ilierom, Chrysostom, Cyprian, Austin, in whole tracts, which Petrarch, Erasmus, Stella, and others, so much magnify in their books ; a paradise, a heaven on earth, if it be used aright, good for the body, and better for the soul : as many of those old monks used it, to divine contemplations, as Simulus, a courtier in Adrian's time, Dioclesian the emperor, retired themselves, &.C., in that sense, Vatia solus scit vivere, Vatia lives alone, which the Romans were wont to say, when they commended a country life. Or to the bettering of their knowledge, as Demccritus, Cleanthes, and those excellent philosophers have ever done, to sequester themselves from the tumultuous world, or as in Pliny's villa Lau- rentana, Tully's Tusculan, Jovius' study, that they might better vacare studiiset Deo, serve God, and follow their studies. Methinks, therefore, our too zealous innovators were not so well advised in that general subversion of abbeys and religious houses, promiscuously to fling down all ; they might have taken away those gross abuses crept in amongst them, rectified such inconveniences, and not so far to have raved and raged against ttose fair buildings, and everlasting monuments of our forefathers' devotion, consecrated to pious uses ; some monasteries and collegiate cells might have been well spared, and their revenues otherwise employed, here and there one, in good towns or cities at least, for men and women of all sorts and conditions to live in, to sequester themselves from the cares and tumults of the world, that were not desirous, or fit to marry ; or otherwise willing to be troubled with common aflairs, and know not well where to bestow themselves, to live apart in, for more con- veniency, good education, better company sake, to follow their studies (I say), to the perfection of arts and sciences, common good, and as some truly devoted monks of old had done, freely and truly to serve God. For these men are neither solitary nor idle, as the poet made answer to the husbandman in iEsop, that objected idle- ness to him ; he was never so idle as in his company ; or that Scipio Africanus in "Tuily, JYunquam minus solus, quam cum solus; nunquam minus otiosus, quam quum essci otiosus; never less solitary, than when he was alone, never more busy, than when he seemed to be most idle. It is reported by Plato in his dialogue de Amore, m that prodigious commendation of Socrates, how a deep meditation coming into Socrates' mind by chance, he stood still musing, eodem vestigia cogitahundus, frons morning to noon, and when as then he had not yet finished his meditation, perstabai cogitans., he so continued till the evening, the soldiers (for he then followed th« camp) observed him with admiration, and on set purpose watched all night, but he persevered immoveable ad exhoriim solis, till the sun rose in the morning, and then "Facilis descensus Averni: Sed revocarp gradum, I solum scorpionibus infectnm, sacco amictiis, humi siiperasque evadere ad auras, Hie labor, hot opus est. | Cubans, aqua et herbis viclitans, Ronianis pra;iulil Virg. ■•sHieronimus, ep. 72. dixit oppida et urbes deliciis. *'Offic. 3. irlderi sibi tetroB carceres, soIsMidineni Paradisum • I loo Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec 2 salufing the sun, Avent his ways. In what humuur constant Socrates did thus, I unow not, or how he might be affected, but tins would be pernicious to another man; what intricate business might so really possess him, I cannot easily guess; but this is oliosum oliiuh, it is far otherwise with these men, j> .cording to Seneca, Omnia nobis mala solitiulo persuade!.; this solitude undoeth us, piignat cum vild sociali; 'tis a destructive solitariness. Tliese men are devils alone, as the saying is, Horn) solus aui Deus, aut DiBinon: a man alone, is either a saint or a devil, ?nens ejus aut Ian guescit, aut tumescit ; and '*^V(b soli in this sense, woe be to him that is so alone. These wretches do frequently degenerate from men, and of sociable creatures be-' come beasts, monsters, inhumane, ugly to behold, Misanthrnpi; they do even loathe themselves, and luite the company of men, as so many Timons, Nebuchadnezzars, by too much indulging to these pleasii\g humours, and through their own default. So that which Mercurialis, consil. 11, sometimes expostulated with his melancholy patient, may be justly applied to every solitary and idle person in particular. '"'JVa- tura de te videtur conqueri posse, &c. "Nature may justly complain of thee, that whereas she gave thee a good wholesome temperature, a sound body, and God hath given thee so divine and excellent a soul, so many good parts, and profitable gifts, thou hast not only contemned and rejected, but hast corrupted them, polluted them, overthrown their temperature, and perverted those gifts with riot, idleness, solitari- ness, and many other ways, thou art a traitor to God and nature, an, enemy to thy- self and to the world." Perditio tiia ex te; thou hast lost thyself wilfully, cast away thyself," thou thyself ait the efficient cause of thine own misery, by not resist- ing such vain cogitations, but giving way unto them." '^i SuBSECT. VII. — Sleeping and Waking, Causes. ^HAT I have formerly said of exercise, I may now repeat of sleep. Nothing better than moderate sleep, nothing worse than it, if it be in extremes, or unseasonably used. It is a received opinion, that a melancholy man cannot sleep overmuch; Somnus supra modum prodesf, as an only antidote, and nothing offends them more, or causeth this malady sooner, than waking, yet in some cases sleep may do more harm than good, in that phlegmatic, swinish, cold, and sluggish melancholy which Melancthon speaks of, that thinks of waters, sighing most part, &,c. "It dulls the spirits, if overmuch, and senses; fills the head full of gross humours; causeth dis- tillations, rheums, great store of excrements in the brain, and all the other parts, as *^Fuchsius speaks of them, that sleep like so many dormice. OF if it be used in the day-time, upon a full stomach, the body ill-composed to rest, or after hard meats, it increaseth fearful dreams, incubus, night walking, crying out, and much unquietness; such sleep prepares the body, as ^^one observes, " to many >erilous diseases." Pur. as I have said, waking overmuch, is both a symptom, and an ordinary cause. It causeth dryness of the brain, frenzy, dotage, and makes the body dry, lean, hard, and ugly to behold," as ^"Lemnius hath it. "The temperature of the brain is cor- rupted by it, the humours adust, the eyes made to sink into the head, clioler in- creased, and the whole body inflamed :" and, as may be added out of Galen, 3. de sanitate tiiendo, Avicenna 3. 1. ^'"It overthrows the natural heat, it causeth crudi- ties, hurts concoction," and what not ? Not without good cause therefore Crato, consil. 21. lib.2\ Hildesheim, spicel. 2. de delir. et JV/an/a, Jacchinus, Arculanus on Rhasis, Guianerius and Mercurialis, reckon up this overmuch waking as a principal cause. *■'' Eccl. 4. ^^Natiira de te videtur conqueri posse, parat corpus talis somnus ad multas perir.ulosas scgri- ^uod cum ab ea teinperatissiiiiiim corpus adeptiis sis, tudiiies. ^' Instit. ad vitam optimani, cap. 26. tere- '.aiii pra-clariini 4 Deo ac utilelioiuiin, non contenip- bro siccitatem adferl, phrenesin et delirium, corpus sisli iiiodo, verum corrupisti, sedasti, prodidisti. opti- aridiim facit, sqiialidnm, slrigosum, huniores adurit, mam temperaturam otio, crapiila, el allis vita; errnri- temperamentuiii cerebri corrunifiit, macieni inducit* bus, &c. ■" Path. lib. cap. 17. Fernel. corpus exsiccat corpus, bilem accendit, profundos reddit ocu- i'lfri^idat, omnes sensus, meiilisque vires torpore de- los, calorem augit. ^' Natiiralem calorem dissiptt jilitat. ■"' Lib. 9. sect. 2. cap 4. Magnain excre- \atsn. concoctiotie cruditates facit. Altenuant ywa mentorum vim cerebro et aliis partibus coiiservat. num vigilatse corpora noctes. »Jo. Rcizius, lib. de rebus C iion naluralibus. Pise- Mom. 3. Subs. 1.] Perturbations of the Mind. IW MEMB. III. SvRSECT, I. — Passions and Perturbations of the Mind, how they cause Melancholy As that gymnosopnist in YPl"tarch made answer to Alexander (demanding which spake best), Every one of hiVfellows did speak better than the other : so may I say of these causes ; to him that shall require which is the greatest, every one is more previous than other, and this of passion the greatest of all. A most frequent and ordinary cause of melancholy, ^fiilmen pertiirbationum (Piccolomineus calls it) this thunder and lightning of perturbation, which causeth such violent and speedy altera- tions in this our microcosm, and many times subverts the good estate and tempera- ture of it. For as the body works upon the mind by his bad humours, troubling the spirits, sending gross fumes into the brain, and so per consequens disturbing the soul, and all the faculties of it, ' Corpus onustuiii, Heslernis vitiis aiiiinuin quoque praegravat una," with fear, sorrow. Sec, which are ordinary symptoms of this disease : so on the other side, the mind most effectually works upon the body, producing by his passions and perturbations miraculous alterations, as melancholy, despair, cruel diseases, and sometimes death itself Insomuch that it is most true which Plato saith in his Charmides, omnia corporis mala ab anima procedere ; all the "^mischiefs of the body proceed from the soul : and Democritus in ^^Plutarch nrgeth, Dmnnatam iri animam a corpore, if the body should in this behalf bring an action against the soul, surely the soul would be cast and convicted, that by her supine negligence had caused such inconveniences, having authority over the body, and using it for an instrument, as a smith doth his hammer (saith ^'Cyprian), imputing all tl>ose vices and maladies to the mind. Even so doth ^'^Philostratus, won coinquinatur corpus^ nisi consensuawmcE ; the body is not corrupted, but by the soul. Lodovicus Vives will have such turbu- lent commotions proceed from ignorance and indiscretion.^^ All philosophers im- ute the miseries of the body to the soul, that should have governed it better, by jommand of reason, and hath not done it. The Stoics ?ire altogether of opinion (as ^Lipsius and ^' Piccolomineus record), that a wise man should be aTraSjj?, without all manner of passions and perturbations whatsoever, as ^^ Seneca reports of Cato, the ''''Greeks of Socrates, and "lo. Aubanus of a nation in Africa, so free from passion, or ratlier so stupid, that if they be wounded with a sword, they will only look back "' Lactantius, 2 inslif., will exclude " fear from a wise man :" others except all, somt the greatest passions. But let them dispute how they will, set down in Thesi, give precepts to the contrary; we find that of ^^Lemnius true by common experience " No mortal man is free from these perturbations : or if he be so, sure he is either god, or a block. They are born and bred with us, we have them from our parents by inheritance. Jl parentibus habemiis malum hiinc assem^ saith '''Pelezius, JYascitur una nobiscum, alilurque, 'tis propagated from Adam, Cain was melancholy, ^^'as Austin hath it, and who is not.'' Good discipline, education, philosophy, divinity (I iTannot deny), may mitigate and restrain these passions in some few men at somie times, but most part they domineer, and are so violent, *^ that as a torrent {iorrens velut aggere rupto) bears down all before, and overflows his banks, sternit agrns, sternii sata, (lays waste the fields, prostrates the crops,) they overwhelm reason, judgment, and pervert, the temperature of the body ; Fertur '°equis anriga, nee audit currua habenas. /Now such a man (saith '"Austin) " that is so led, in a wise man's eye, is no better man he that stands upon his head. It is doubted by some, Gravioresne morbi a perturbationibus, an ab humoribus, whether humours or perturbations cause 5'^ Vita Alexan. ssGrad. 1. c. 14. "Hor. "Ine body oppressed by yesterday's vires weighs down thi- spirit also." ;>■■ Perlurbationes clavi sunt, qiiibus corpnri animus seu palibulo a(fif;itur. Jainh. de mist. '**'Lih. de sanitat. tuend. '^ Pro- log Ac. virtute Christi ; Quce utiiur corpore, ut fabcr luulleo » Vila Apolionij, Ub.4. "'-Tib. de anim. ab inconsiderantia, at iunoranlia omnes animi motiis. so De phvsiol. Stoic. ei Grad. 1. t,. 3'2. •«EDi8l. 104 ea^lianus. <« I.ih. 1. cap. 6. si quis ense percusserit eos, f antum respiciunt. *^ Ter- ror in sapiente e.'se mm debfi. "• De occult nat. mir. 1. 1. c. 16. Nemo niortalium qui affectibus non ducatur : qui noii movetur, ant saxum, aut Deus est. " Instit. I. 2. de linmanorum afTect. morbornmque curat. '*Epist. 10.5. I'-'CJranaieiisis. 'O Vir;,' " De civit. Dei. I. 14. c 9. (irsili? in oc\ilis homiiium qui in vers is pedibus ambiilit, i alls in oculissapientum, cui passiones doipi»a>itur. () 158 Causes oj Melancholy. [Pail. i. 5ect. 2. .he more grievous maladies. But we find that of our Saviour, Mat. xxvi. 4 1, most true, "-The spirit is willing, the ilesh is weak," we cannot resist; and this of "Philo Judreus, " Perturbations often offend the body, and are most frequent causes of melancholy, turnino: it out of the hinges of his health.'? Vives compares them to "'■'Winds upon the sea, some only move as those great gales, but others turbulent quite overturn the ship. Those which are light, easy, and more seldom, to our thinking, do us little harm, and are therefore contemned of us : yet if they be re- iterated, '^"as the rain (saith Austin) doth a stone, so do these perturbations pene- trate the mind : '^and (as one observes) '^produce a habit of melancholy at the last, which having gotten the mastery in our souls, may 'vell be called diseases. How these passions produce this effect, '"^Agrippa ^'ath handled at large, Occult. Philos. I. 11. c. 63. Cardan, I. 14. subfil. Lemnius, I. 1. c. 12, de occult, nat. niir. et lib. 1. cap. 16. Siiarez, McL disput. 18. sect. 1. art. 25. T. Bright, cap. 12, of his Melancholy Treatise. Wright the Jesuit, in his Book of the Passions of tlie Mind^ &.C. Thus in brief, to our imagination cometh by the outward sense or memory, some object to be known (residing in the foremost part of the brain), which he mis- conceiving or amplifying presently communicates to tlie heart, the seat of all affec- tions. The pure spirits forthwith flock from tlie brain to the heart, by certain secret channels, and signify what good or bad object was presented; "which immediately bends itself to prosecute, or avoid it; and withal, draweth with it other humours to help it : so in pleasure, concur great store of purer spirits ; in sadness, much melan- choly blood ; in ire, choler. If the imagination be very apprehensive, intent, and violent, it sends great store of spirits to, or from the heart, and makes a deeper im- pression, and greater tumult, as the humours in the body be likewise prepared, and the temperature itself ill or well disposed, the passions are longer and stronger; so that the first step and fountain of all our grievances in this kind, is '''Iccsa maginatio, which misinforming the heart, causeth all these distemperatures, alteration and confu- sion of spirits and humours. By means of which, so disturbed, concoction is hindered, and the principal parts are much debilitated ; as "Dr. Navarra well declared, being consulted by Montanus about a melancholy Jew. The spirits so confounded, the nourishment must needs be abated, bad humours increased, crudities and thick spirits engendered with melancholy blood. The other parts cannot perform their functions, having the spirits drawn from them by vehement passion, but fail in sense and motion ; so we look upon a thing, and see it not ; hear, and observe not ; which otherwise would much affect us, had we been free. I may therefore conclude with ^Arnoldus, Maxima vis est phantasies., et hide uni fere^ nan out em corporis intem- periei^ omnis melancholice causa est ascribenda : " Great is the force of imagination, and much more ought the cause of melancholy to be ascribed to this alone, tlian to the distemperature of the body." Of which imagination, because it hath so great a stroke in producing this malady, and is so powerful of itself, it will not be im- proper to my discourse, to make a brief digression, and speak of the force of it, and how it causeth this alteration. Which manner of digression, howsoever some dis- like, as frivolous and impertinent, yet I am of ^'Beroaldus's opinion, "•Such digres- sions do mightily deliglit and refresh a weary reader, they are like sauce to a bad stomach, and I do therefore most willingly use them." SuBSECT. II. — Of the Force of Imagination. . What imagination is, I have sufficiently declared in my digression of the anatomy of the soul. I will only now point at the wonderful effects and power of it ; which. '^Lib. de Decal. passiones inaxime corpus offendiint et animain, et freqiientissiiiiie causs melancliolue. dimnventes ab ingeiiio et simitaie pristitiii, 1, 3. de aniiiia. '-iFrienaet siimiili aniiiii, veliit in mari quKdam aurse leves, qiuedaiii placidse, qusdam tiir- buler.j;t> : sic in corpore iiuiBdam affectiones excitant tantuin, quaedain ita movent, ut de statu jiidicli depel- lant. '< Ut gulta lapideni, sic paiilatim hs pene- Ihe countenance to good or evil, and distraction o the mind causeth distemperature of the body.* isSpiritus etsanijiiis i l*sa Imaginatione containinan- tnr, humores enim niutati actiones aninii iinmulanl, Piso. '^Miintani, consil. 22. Ua; vero qiinmodo canseiit melancholiani, ciariim ; et quod conco'tionem impediant, et membra principaliadebililent 'oBre- viar. 1. 1. cap. 18. "' Solent liujusmodi egressiones trant animum. '^ llsii valentes recte morbi animi favorabiliter oblectare. et lectorem la.ssum jiiciinde vocanlur. '^Imaginatio movet corpus, ad cujus refovere, stoinaehuinque nauseantem, qundam quanl aiotum excitantur humores, et spiritus vltales, qnibus condimento reficere, et ego libenter excurro. Altei'itur " Eccles. xiii. 26. "The heart altera i AT:Tn. 3. Subs. 2.] Of the Force of ImaginaiiOK. 159 as it is eminent in all, so most especially it rageth in melancholy persons, in keep- ing the species of objects so long, mistaking, amplifying them by continual and "^strong meditation, until at length it producetli in some parties real effects, causeth this, and many other maladies. And although this pliantasy of ours be a subordinate faculty to reason, and should be ruled by it, yet in many men, through inward or '>ut\vard distemperatures. defect of organs, which are unapt, or otherwise contami- nated, it is likewise unapv, or hindered, and hurt. This we see verified in sleepers, which by reason of humours and concourse of vapours troubling the phantasy, ima gine many times absurd and prodigious things, and in such as are troubled with incubus, or witch-ridden (as we call it), if they lie on their backs, they suppose an old woman rides, and sits so hard upon them, that they are almost stifled for want of breath; when there is nothing offends, but a concourse of bad humours, wliich trouble the phantasy. This is likewise evident in such as walk in the niglit in their sleep, and do strange feats : ^^ these vapours move the phantasy, the phantasy the appe- tite, which moving the animal spirits causeth tlie body to walk up and down as ii they were awake. Fracast. I. 3. de intellect, refers all ecstasies to this force of imagi- nation, such as lie whole days together in a trance : as that priest whom ^^Celsus speaks of, that could separate himself from his senses when he list, and lie like a dead man, void of life and sense. Cardan brags of himself, that he could do as much, and that "when he list. Many times such men when they come to thera- selvies, tell strange tilings of heaven and hell, what visions they have seen ; as that St. Owen, in Matthew Paris, that went into St. Patrick's purgatory, and the monk o*" Evesham in the same author. Those common apparitions in Bede and Gregory, Saint Bridget's revelations, Wier. I. 3. de lamiis, c. 11. Caesar Vanninus, in his Dia- logues, &c. reduceth (as I have formerly said), with all those tales of witches' progresses, dancing, riding, transformations, operations,_ &c. to the force of ^^imagi- nation, and the *'' devil's illusions. The like effects almost are to be seen in such as are awake : how many chima;ras, antics, golden mountains and castles in the air do they build unto themselves } I appeal to painters, mechanicians, mathematicians. Some ascribe all vices to a false and corrupt imagination, anger, revenge, lust, am- bition, covetousness, which prefers falsehood before that which is right and good, deluding the soul with false shows and suppositions. ^'Bernardus Penottus will have heresy and superstition to proceed from this fountain ; as he falsely imagineth, so he believeth ; and as he conceiveth of it, so it must be, and it shall be, contra gentes^ he will have it so. But most especially in passions and affections, it shows strange and evident effects : what will not a fearful man conceive in the dark ? What strange forms of bugbears, devils, witches, goblins ? Lavater imputes the greatest cause of spectrums, and the like apparitions, to fear, which above all other passions begets the strongest imagination (saith ^^Wierus), and so likewise love, sorrow, joy, &c. Some die suddenly, as she that saw her son come from the battle at Cannae, &c. Jacob the patriarch, by force of imagination, made speckled lambs, laying speckled rods before his sheep. Persina, that Ji^thiopian queen in Heliodorus, by seeing the picture of Persius and Andromeda, instead of a blackamoor, was brought to bed of a fair white child. In imitation of whom belike, a hard-favoured fellow in Greece, be- cause he and his wife were both deformed, to get a good brood of children, Elcgan- tissimas Imagines inthalamo collocavit, &c. hung the fairest pictures he could buy for money in his chamber, "• That his wife by frequent sight of them, might conceive and bear such children." And if we may believe Bale, one of Pope Nicholas the Third's concubines by seeing of ^^a bear was brought to bed of a monster. "If a woman (saith ''"Lemnius), at the time of her conception think of another man present v.i c.b- eent, the child will be like him." Great-bellied women, when they long, yield us prodigious examples in this kind, as moles, warts, scars, harelips, monsters, especially *2Ah imaainatione oriuiitiir affeotiones, quihiis ani- vero eariim sine sensn permanent, qute iimbia coope- ma conipinritiir, aut turbata deturbatiir, .lo. Sarisbur. rit diabolus, ut niilli sint coiispicua, et post, unibui Matolog. lib. 4. c. 10. «* Scalig. exercit. "Qui sublata, propriis corporibus eas restituit, 1. 3. c. 11. qiir.tis volebat, iiiortuo similis jacehat auferens se ft Wier. f' Denario luedico. **• Solet tinior, iensibus, et quiirr pungerelur dolorem non sensit. prie omnibus affectibus, fortes imaginationes gignrie, «* Idem Nymannus orat. de Imaginat. ee Verbis post amor, &c. 1. 3. c. 8. taEx viso urso, tai-'oi et linctionibus se conserrant deenioni pcssima; mu- penerit. ''"Lib. 1. cap. 4. de octnlt. nat. 'nir. ^i ieres qui iis ad opus snum iititiir, et earuni phantasi- i. r amplexns et siiavia cogilet de iino, aut aiio \'i- tw; jegil, aucitqiie ad loca ab ipsis desiderata, corpora sew" ejus effigies solet in futu eluoere. 160 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2 wiused in their children by force of a depraved phantasy in them : fysam speciem quam ammo e[figlat., firJul inducit : Slie imprints that s'amp upon her child which she *■ cot- reives unto herself. And therefore Lodovicus Vives, Uh. 2. de Christ, fcem.., gives a special caution to great-bellied women, ®^That they do not admit such absurd con- ceits and cogitations, but by all means avoid those horrible objects, heard or seen, or filthy spectacles." Some will laugh, weep, sigh, groan, blush, tremble, sweat, at such tilings as are suggested unto tliem by their imagination. Avicenna speaks of one that could cast himself into a palsy when he list; and some can imitate the tunes of birds and beasts that they can hardly be discerned : Dagebertus' and Saint Francis' scars and wounds, like those of Christ's (if at the least any such were), ^^Agrippa supposeth to have happened by force of imagination : that some are turned to wolves, from men to women, and women again to men (which is constantly believed) to the same imagination ; or from men to asses, dogs, or any other shapes. ^* Wierus as- cribes all those famous transformations to imagination ; that in hydrophobia they seem to see the picture of a dog, still in their water, '^^that melancholy men and sick men conceive so many phantastical visions, apparitions to themselves, and have such absurd apparitions, as that they are kings, lords, cocks, bears, apes, owls ; that they are heavy, light, transparent, great and little, senseless and dead (as shall be showed more at large, in our ""sections of symptoms), can be imputed to nought else, but to corrupt, false, and violent imagination. It works not in sick and melancholy jnen only, but even most forcibly sometimes in such as are sound : it makes them sud- denly sick, and '''alters their temperature in an instant. And sometimes a strong conceit or apprehension, as ^^Valesius proves, will take away diseases : in both kinds it will produce real effects. Men, if they see but another man tremble, giddy or sick of some fearful disease, their apprehension and fear is so strong in this Jcind, that they will have the same disease.. Or if by some soothsayer, wiseman, fortune-teller, or physician, they be told they shall have such a disease, they will so seriously appre- hend it, that they will instantly labour of it. A thing familiar in China (sailh Ric- cius the Jesuit), ^^'^ If it be told them they shall be sick on such a day, when that day comes they will surely be sick, and will be so terribly afflicted, that somethnes they die upon it. Dr. Cotta in his discovery of ignorant practitioners of physic, cap. 8, hath two strange stories to this purpose, what fancy is able to do. The one of a parson's wife in Northamptonshire, .^n. 1607, that coming to a physician, and told by him that she was troubled with the sciatica, as he conjectured (a disease she was free from), the same night after her return, upon his words, fell into a grievous fit of a sciatica : and such another example he hath of another good wife, that was so troubled with the cramp, after the same manner she came by it, because hej^^hy- siciandid but name it. Sometimes death itself is caused by force of phantasy. '4^ have heard of one that coming by chance in company of him that v/as thought to be sick of the plague (which was not so) fell down suddenly dead. Another was sick of the plague with conceit. One seeing his fellow let blood fails down in a swoon Another (saith '""Cardan out of Aristotle), fell down dead (which is familiar to wo- men at any ghastly sight), seeing but a man hanged. A Jew in France (saith ' Lo- dovicus Vives), came by chance over a dangerous passage or plank, that lay over a brook in the dark, without harm, the next day perceiving what danger he was in. fell down dead. Many will not believe such stories to be true, but laugh commonly, and deride when they hear of them ; but let these men consider with themselves, as- ^ Peter Byarus illustrates it, If they were set to walk upon a plank on high, they would be giddy, upon which they dare securely walk upon the ground. Many (saith Agrippa), ^" strong-hearted men otherwise, tremble at such sights, dazzle, and «' Qiiidnon fffitui adhuc matri unito, suhitaspiritiium I s^Fr. Vales. I. 5. cont. 6. nonnnnqiiam etiam morbl vibratioiiH per iiervos, qiiiluis matrix cerebro con- diuturiiicnnsequuntur, qiiandoque curantiir. »>» Ex- juncta est, iiiipriiuit inipresnatie imaKinalio ■> ul si pfdit. in Sinas, 1. 1. c. 9. tantiim porro inuiti prsedicto- imaginetnr malum eranaluiii, illins notas secum pro- ribiis hisce trihuunt ut ipse metns fidem facial : nam ferel fretus : Si jeporem, inCans edilur supremo labello si priedicinm iis fuerit tali die eos morbo corripiend(»a, hilido, et dis.^eclo : Vehemeiis coj;ilatio niovet renim ii nbi dies advenerit, in mnrbum incidiint, et vi metiis upecies. Wier. lib. 3. cap. 8. 'J- Ne diim iiternm i afflitti, cum sgritudine, aliquando etiam cum morle gestent, admittant absurdas cogitationes, sail et visu, I colhutantur. i"" Subtil. 18. ' Lib. 3. rie anima. audituque fa^da et horrenda devitent. WQccult. ' cap. de mcl. ^i^ib. de Peste. 3 Lib. 1, cap. 6.3. Phiios. i Bello victus, per tres dies sedit ii. prora navis, abstinens ah omni consortio, etiam Cieopati'E, postea se interfecit. ei Cum male re- citasset Argoiiautica, ob pudorem exulavit. '''■ Qui- dam pre verecundia simul et dolore in insaniam incl- dukit, eo quod a titeralorum gradu in examine exclu- quippeni Ps. furcifer. B. factum optiine. Ps. socl fraude. B. sunt mea istaec Ps. parricida B. perge t«l Ps. sacrilege. B. fateor. Ps. perjure B. vera dicis. Ps per!i!ties adolescentum B. acerrime. Ps. fur. B. babe rs. fugitive. B. bombax. Ps. fraus populi. B. Plants- sinie. Ps. impure leno, cosnum. B cantnres probos. Pseudoius. ad. 1 Seen. 3. "'Melicerta exclaims, "all shame lias vanished from human transactions.' Pereius. Sat. V. «» Cent. 7. « Plinio. 166 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec 2 SuBSECT. VII. — Envy, Malice, Hatred, Causes. Envy and malice are two links of this chain, and both, as Guianerius, Tract. 15. cap. 2, proves out of Galen, 3 Aphorism, com. 22, '^*" cause this malady by them- selves, especially if their bodies be otherwise disposed to melancholy." 'Tis Va- lescus de Taranta, and Foelix Platerus' observation, ™"Envy so gnaws many men's hearts, that they become altogether melancholy." And therefore belike Solomon, Prov. xiv. 13, calls it, " the rotting of the bones," Cyprian, vulnus occullum ; '1 " Siciili non invenfere tyranni Majus tornientuiii" The Sicilian tyrants never invented the like torment. It crucifies their souls, withers their bodies, makes them hollow-eyed, '^ pale, lean, and ghastly to behold. Cyprian, ser. 2. de zelo et livore. "" As a moth gnaws a garment, so," saith Chrysostom, " doth envy consume a man ;" to be a living anatomy : a " skeleton, to be a lean and '""pale carcass, quickened with a "fiend. Hall in Charact." for so often as an envious wretch sees another man prosper, to be enriched, to thrive, and be fortunate in the world, to get honours, offices, or the like, he repines and grieves. '" " intabescitque videndo Successus homiiuiin suppliciuiiiqiie suum est." He tortures himself if his equal, friend, neighbour, be preferred, commended, do well ; if he understand of it, it galls him afresh ; and no greater pain can come to him than to hear of another man's well-doing ; 'tis a dagger at his heart every such object. He looks at him as they that fell down in Lucian's rock of honour, with an envious eye, and will damage himself, to do another a mischief: Jltque cadet subito, dum super hoste cadat. As he did in ^Esop, lose one eye willingly, that his fellow miglit lose both, or that rich man in "Quintilian that poisoned the flowers in his garden, because his neighbour's bees sliould get no more honey from them. His whole life is sorrow, and every word he speaks a satire : nothing fats him but other men's ruins. For to speak in a word, envy is nought else but Tristitia de bonis alienis, sorrow for other men's good, be it present, past, or to come : et gaudium de adversis, and "^joy at their harms, opposite to mercy, '''which grieves at other men's mischances, and misafFects the body in another kind ; so Damascen defines it, lib. 2. de art hod. fid. Thomas, 2. 2. quasi. 36. art. I. Aristotle, Z. 2. Rhet. c. 4. et JO. Plato Philebo. TuUy, 3. Tusc. Greg. JYic. I. de virt. animce, c. 12. Basil, de Invi- dia. Pindarus Od. 1. ser. 5, and we find it true. 'Tis a common disease, and almost natural to us, as ^Tacitus holds, to envy another man's prosperity. And 'tis in most men an incurable disease. *'" I have read," saith Marcus Aurelius, " Greek, Hebrew, Chaldee authors ; I have consulted with many wise men for a remedy for envy, 1 could find none, but to renounce all happiness, and to be a wretch, and miserable for ever." 'Tis the beginning of hell in this life, and a passion not to be excused. '^"(.Every other sin hath some pleasure annexed to it, or will admit of an excuse; envy alone wants both. Other sins last but for awhile ; ihe gut may be satisfied, anger remits, hatred hath an end, envy never ceaseth." Cardan, lib. 2. de sap. Divine and humane examples are very familiar; you may run and read them, as that of Saul and David, Cain and Abel, angebat ilium non propriuin peccatum, sedfratris prosperitas, saith Theodoret, it was his brother's good fortune galled him. Rachel envied her sister, being barren, Gen. xxx. Joseph's brethren him. Gen. xxxvii. ]Javid had a touch of this vice, as he confesseth, ^ Ps. 37. *^ Jeremy and ^Habbakulj, "^ Multos vide m\is propter invidiam et odium in in venenum niella convertens. 's Statuis cereis melancholiam incidissft : et illos polissimum quorum Basilius eos comparat, qui liquefiunt ad pra'sentiam corpora ad lianc apta sunt. '"Invidia affligil lio- | solis, qua alii (jaudent et ornaiitur. Muscis alii, quae mines adeo et corrodit, ut hi nielancholici penilus fiaiit. " Hor. '-His vultus minax, torvus aspectus, pallor in facie, in labils tremor, stridor in dentibus, &c. '•■lit tinea corrodit vestimentum sic, invidia; eum qui zelatur consumit. '■■* Pallor in ore sedet, macies ulceribus gaudent, aniffina prauereiint sistunt in feti- dis. "i* Misericordia etiam qua; trislilia quffidaiD est, saepe miserantis corpus male afficit Agrippa. 1. 1. cap. fi3. "'Insituin mortalibus a r.atura recenteni aliorem fselicitatem iesris oculis intueri, hist. I. 2 in corpore toto. Nusquam recta acies, livent rubigine ' Tacit. ■*' Legi Chalda-os, Gra'.os, llebrtEos, con- dentes. '^Dijidoij expressa Imago, toxicum cha- sului sapientes proremedio invidiie. hoc enim inveni, ritatis, venenum amiciliffi, abyssus mentis, non est eo renunciare felicitati, et perpetub miser ease ''^Onane monstrosius monstrum, damnosius damnum, urit, tor- I peccatum aut excusationem secum habet, aut vohip ret, discruciat niacie et squalore conficit. Austin, tatem, sola iiividia utraque caret, reliqua vitia fineui Domin primi. Advent. "''Ovid. lie pines away habent, ira defervescit, gula saliatur, odi ••m firem at ibe sight of another's success it is his special i habet, invidii nunquam quiescit. mi t^bat m« •.oiture. '' Declam. 1.^ Univil ^-es maleticissuccis I Kmulatio propter stultos. i*^Hier. 12. 1. "^Hal.J Mem. 3 Subs. 8.] Emulatum^ Hatred, 8fc. 167 they repined at others' good, but in tlie end they corrected themselves, Ps. 75, " frel not thyself," &c. Domitian spited i\giicola for his worth, ^®" that a private man should be so much glorified. '^''Cecinna Avas envied of his fellow-citizens, because he was more richly adorned. But of all others, ^^" women are most weak, ob pvl~ dintudinem invkice sunt fcemincB (^Musceiis) aut amat, aid odit, nihil est tertium ( Granatensis.) (They love or bate, no medium amongst them. Tmplacabiles ple- rumquc lasce rmilieres, Agrippina like, ^^" A woman, if she see her neighbour more r^at or elegant, richer in tires, jewels, or apparel, is enraged, and like a lioness sets upon her husband, rails at her, scoffs at her, and cannot abide her ;" so the Roman ladies in Tacitus did at Solonina, Cecinna's wife, ®°" because she had a better horse, and better furniture, as if she had hurt them Avith it; they were much offended. In like sort our gentlewomen do at their usual meetings, one repines or scoffs at another's bravery and happiness. Myrsine, an Attic wench, was murdered of her fellows, ^'"because she did excel the rest in beauty," Constantine. Agrlcult. Z. 11 c. 7. Every village will yield such examples. SuBSECT. VIII. — Emulation, Haired, Faction, Desire of Revenge, Causes. Out of this root of envy ®^ spring those feral branches of faction, hatred, livor, emulation, which cause the like grievances, and are, serrce animce, the saws of the soul, ^^ consternaiionis pleni affectus, affections full of desperate amazement; or as Cyprian describes emulation, it is '*^''' a moth of the soul, a consumption, to make another man's happiness his misery, to torture, crucify, and execute himself, to eat his own heart. Meat and drink can do such men no good, they do always grieve, sigh, and groan, day and night without intermission, their breast is torn asunder:" and a little after, ^^" Whomsoever he is whom thou dost emulate and envy, he may avoid thee, but thou canst neither avoid him nor thyself; wheresoever thou art he is with thee, thine enemy is ever in thy breast, thy destruction is within thee, thou art a captive, bound hand and foot, as long as thou art malicious and envious, and canst rot be comforted. It was the devil's overthrow ;" and whensoever thou art thoroughly affected with this passion, it will be thine. Yet no perturbation so frequent, no passion so common. ^ „,,,., I A potter emulates a potter: ** Ka/ x.(PAfAo\t: ni^Aust hothi icctt Tinlovi retHacv, \ One siiiilh envies another : Ka.t Tii'Ji/jji Trlai^S T^'cviei »st« ac.'tToc ao/JW. | A beggar emulates a beggar ; I A singing man his brother. Every society, corporation, and private family is full of it, it takes hold almost of all sorts of men, from the prince to the ploughman, even amongst gossips it is to be seen, scarce three in a company but there is siding, faction, emulation, between two of them, some simuUas, jar, private grudge, heart-burning in the midst of them. Scarce two gentlemen dwell together in the country, (if they be not near kin or linked in marriage) but there is emulation betwixt them and their servants, some quarrel or some grudge betwixt their wives or children, friends and followers, some contention about wealth, gentry, precedency, &c., by means of which, like the frog,, in "jEsop, " that would swell till she was as big as an ox, burst herself at last ;" they will stretch beyond their fortunes, callings, and strive so long that they con- sume their substance in law-suits, or otherwise in hospitality, feasting, fine clothes, to get a few bombast titles, for amhitiosa pavpertate lahoramus omnes, to outbrave one another, they will tire their bodies, macerate their souls, and through conten- tions or mutual invitations beggar themselves. Scarce two great scholars in an age, e^Invidit privati nomen supra principis altolli. ] facere niiseriani, et velut quosdam pectori suo admo- •^ Tacit. Hist. lib. 2. part. 6. fsPeritiirie dolore et vere carnifices, cogitationibus et sensibus suis adhi- liividia, si quern viderint ornatiorem se in publicum bt^re tortores, qui se inteslinis cruciatihus lacerent. prodiisse. Platina dial, amorum. "« Ant. Guianerius, Non cibus talibus lietus, non potus potest esse jucun- lib. 2. cap. 8. vim. M. Aurelii feinina vicinam elegan- dus ; snspiratur semper et gemitur, et doletur dies et -ius se vestitam videns, leaenje instar in virum insur- noctes, pectus sine interniissione laceratur. s-^Quis- git, &c ""Quod insigni equo et ostro veheretiir, ' quis est ille quem smularis, cui invides is tesubter- juanquam nullius cum injuria, ornatum ilium tan- ■juam lassae gravabantur. s" Quod pulchriludine amnes excelleret, puellje inriignats occiderunt. Late patet invidiie foicundfe pernilies, et livor radix fugere potest, at tu non te ubicunque fugeris adversa rius tuus tecum est, hostis tuus semper in pectore tuo est, periiicies intus inclusa, ligatus es, victiis, zelo do- minaiite captivus : .iCC solatia tibi iilla subveniunt* i>mnium malorum, fons cladiun., inde odium surgit ' hinc diabohis inter initia statim niundi, e; periit pri- emutatio Cyprian, ser 2. de Livore. as Valerius, mns, et perdidil, Cyprian, ser. 2 dc zelo et li7ore ■ 3. cap, 9. '-iQualis est aninii tinea, qua; tabes si^Hesiod op dies. "' Rama cupida sequaiidi b^vem, MctoiiB zeia.e in alte"" vet al'orum felicitatem suam se distendebat, tec. 168 Causes of Melcmcliohj. fPail. 1. Sec 2 out with hitler invectives tliey fall foul one on the oilier, and their adlierenis; Scotisis Thonii.sts, Reals, Noniinals, Plato and Aristotle, Galenists and Paracelsians, Stc, it holds in all professions. Honest ''^einnlalion in studies, in all callings is not to he disliiced, 'lis ingeniorum CVS. as one calls it, the whetstone of wit, the luu'se of wit and valour, and those nol)le l{onians out of this spirit did brave exploits. There is a modest ambition, as Theniistocles was roused up wilii the glory of Milliades; Achilles' trophies moved Alexander, »'■*" Aml)ir(; ^ciiippr sliill;i CKiirKlciili.i est, Aiiiliiit; iiiiiii|Ii;mii iIl'sus arn)gaiiliii (;.st." 'Ti'^ a sluggish huni'^.r not to emulate or to sue at all, to withdraw himself, neglect, refrain from such places, honours, ollices, ihrougii sloth, niggardliness, fear, bashful- iiess, or otherwise, lo which by his birth, place, fortunes, education, he is called, apt, fit, and well able to xmdergo ; but when it is innn(Klerate, it is a plague and a miserable pain. What a deal of money did Henry VIII. and Francis I. king of France, spend at that '""fannnis interview ? and how many vain courtiers, seeking each to outbrave other, spent themselves, their livelihood and fortunes, aiul died beggars ' 'Adrian the Emperor was so galled with it, thai he killed all his equals; so did Nero. This passion made ^Dionysius the tyrant banish Plato and Philoxenus the poel, because they (hd excel and eclipse his glory, as he tlunight ; the Romans exile Coriolainis, confine Camillus, murder Scipio; the Greeks by ostracism to expel Aristides, Nicias, Alcibiades, imprison Theseus, make away Phocion, Stc. Wlien Richard I. and Philip of France were fellow soldiers together, at the siege of Aeon in the Holy Land, and Richard had approved himself lo be the more valiant man, insonuich that all men's eyes were upon him, it so galled Philip, Franaim urrlxil Rrg'is vlclnria^ saith mine ^author, /'crat cpgre ferehal Ricliardi glori'im^'nl carpcre ilicta, ca/iunniari facia; that he cavilled at all ids proceedings, and fell at length to open deliance-, he could contain no longer, but hasting home, invaded Ids territories, and professed open war. "■ Haired stirs up contention," Prov. x. 12, and they break out at last into immortal enmity, into virulency, and more than Valinian hate and rage; ''they persecute each other, their friends, followers, and all their posterity, with bitter taunts liostile wars, scurrile invectives, libels, calumnies, lire, sword, and the like, and will not be reconciled. Witness that Guelph and Ghibelline faction in Italy; that of the Adurni and Fregosi in Genoa; that of Ciieius Papirius, and Quintus ^"'abius in Rome; Cnssar and Pompey; Orleans and Burgundy in France; York and Lancaster in England : yea, this passion so rageth^ many times, that it subverts not men only, and families, but even populous cities. ® Carthage and Corinth can witness as much, nay, nourishing kingdoms are brought into a wilderness by it. This hatred, malice, faction, and desire of revenge, invented tirst all those racks and wheels, strappadoes, brazen bulls, feral engines, prisons, inquisitions, severe laws to macerate and torment one another. How happy might we be, and G\\i\ our lime with blessed days and sweet content, if we could contain ourselves, and, as we ought lo do, put up mjuries, learn humility, meekness, patience, forget and forgive, as in "God's word we are enjoined, compose such final controversies amongst ourselves, moderate our passions in this kind, "and think better of others," as ^Paul woidd have us, "than of our- selves : be of like alleclion one towards another, and not avenge ourselves, but have peace with all men." But being that we are so peevish and perverse, insolent and proud, so factious and se(hlious, so malicious and envious; we do invicem angariare. maul and vex one another, torture, disquiet, and precipitate ourselves into that gulf of woes and cares, aggravate our misery and melancholy, heap upon us hell and eternal damnation. "" ffliiiulatio aUt jnjienia . Paterciilus poster. Vol. •"Grotiiis. Epij;. lil). 1. " Aiiiliitinn always is a foolish confidence, never a plotlifiil arroirance." '""Anno 1519. Iietween Arties and (-iume. ' Sparlian. ' Plutarch. ' Johannes Ileraldus, I. 2 c. 12. de oello sat. 4 Nulla dies taninin poterit leniie fu- .orein. jEteina bella pace sublata gernnl. Jurat tdiuiii, nee ante invisuiii esse desinit, quam esse desiit. Paterciilus, vol. 1. 6 ita stevit hEc stysria ministra ut iirhes sulivertat allquarido, deleat pnpulos, provincias alionnl florenles redi^'at in solitudines, niortales vero n'tseros in profunda iniserianiin valle niiserabiliter iuiinergat. « (,'arlhaf!o leniula Ro- inani imperii fundilus Interiit. Saliist. C'util. '' Paul. 3. Col. * Rom. 12. Mem. 3. Subs. 9.j ^nger^ a Lavse. 169 Sun SECT. IX. — Anger, a Cause. Anger, a perturbation, which carries llie spirits outwards, preparmg the body to mehiiicholy, and inachiess itself: Ira furor hrevis es/, 'f anger is temporary madness^" and as ^Piccoioniineus accounts it, one of the three most violent passions. '"Areteus sets it down for an especial cause (so doth Seneca, ep. 18. /. 1,) of this malady. "Mag- niniis gives the reason, Ex frequent i ir a supra modum calefmnt. j it overheats their boches, and if it be too frequent, it breaks out into manifest madness, saith St. Ambrose 'Tis a known saying. Furor fit Iczsa Scepius palienlia, the most patient spirit that is. if he lie often provoked, will be incensed to madness; it will make a devil of a saint : and therefore Basil (belike) in his Homily de Ira, calls it lenchras ralionis, viorbum animo'^ et dccmonem pessimum; the darkening of our understanding, and a bad angel. ''' Lucian, in Jihdicalo, lorn. 1, will have this passion to work this effect, especially in old men and women. "Anger and calumny (saith he) trouble them at first, and after a while break out into madness : many things cause fury in women, especially if they love or hate overnuich, or envy, be much grieved or angry ; these things by little and little lead them on to this malady." From a disposition they proceed to an habit, for there is no dillerence between a mad man, and an angry man, in the time of his fit; anger, as Lactantius describes it, L. de Ira Dei., ad Donaluin, c, 5, is ^^scEva uniim le7npestas,&LC.,a cruel tempest of the mind; '■'•making his eye sparkle fire, and stare teeth gnash in his head, his tongue stutter, his face pale, or red, and what more rilthy imitation can be of a nuul man .'" U"()r:i tiiiiiciil irn, fcrvt smut siinguiiie ven:e, l.iiiniiiii (Jor^'i'tM'j oteviO.' iiiij;iie iMic:iiit." They are void of reason, inexorable, b'lir.J, i, Ovid dainnosie, inquietae, ,^^l (funevruc cri^-jurjum i(Jyivo! utO'^ceTrm TcKviait Mart^Urentes Kodentes. Mant. &c. ^^Galen, L3. ^^.^ ,i^g..^>^ -^ Lachrvmans natus sum, ei e. ; . de locis affectis, honnnes sunt maxime melancho- f.„,, ....^..^ ,„„rior, &c. ■» Ad Marinum. " Hoe- .01, quando v.g.his mult.s. et solicu.idinibus, el lal.o- ,,,i„^f ,„ j^^,;,,,,, ^,^^.j,^^ progressun, labor, exiium .ib-is, et curis iuer.nt c.rcumventi. ^■■Lucian. Po- j^,^ ^..^^^ „„,^.^ . traiiquillnm qum.o, quein .i"« „i ■''^'""'•' ""Peifec a ronfusa, et perturba- | ,aboriosu.n aut anxium d.en. et;imus1 Pelr.rcU none plena, Cardan. '''Lib. 7. nat. hist. cap. I. j ° Mem. 3. Subs. 10.] Discontents^ Cares, Sfc. 171 but poor; a third hath means, but ho wants health perach enture, or wit to manage his estate; children vex one, wife a second, &c. JYiwio facile cum conditione sua ..oncordat, no man is pleased with his fortune, a pound of sorrow is familiarly mixed w^th a Oram of content, little or no joy, little comfort, but ^^ everywhere danger, con- tention, anxiety, in all places : go where thou wilt, and thou shalt find discontents, cares, woes, complaints, sickness, diseases, incumbrances, exclamations : " If thou look into the market, there (saith ''^Chrysostom) is brawling and contention; if to the court, there knavery and flattery, &lc. ; if to a private man's house, there's cark and care, heaviness," '&c. As he said of old, ''^A"/7 homine in terra spirat miserum magis almdf'.'No creature so miserable as man, so generally molested, '^in mise- ries of body, in miseries of mind, miseries of heart, in miseries asleep, in miseries awake, in miseries wheresoever he turns," as Bernard found, JYunquid icntatio est vita liumana. super terrain? A mere temptation is our life, (Austin, confess, lib. 10. cap. 28,) catena perpetuorum malormn., et quis potest molestias et dijjicultates pati ? Who can endure the miseries of it ? ^'^ " hi prosperity we are insolent and intolerable, de- jected in adversity, in all fortunes foolish and miserable. ^' (n adversity I wish for prosperity., and in prosperity J' am atVaid of adversity. What mediocrity may be found.? Where is no temptation ? What condition of life is free.? ^** Wisdom hath labour annexed to it, glory, envy; riches and cares, children and incumbrances, plea- sure and diseases, rest and beggary, go together : as if a man were therefore born (as the Platonists hold) to be punished in this life for some precedent sins." Or that, as '^ Pliny complains, ^' Nature may be rather accounted a step-mother, than a mother unto us, all things considered : no creature's life so brittle, so full of fear, so mad, so furious ; only man is plagued with envy, discontent, griefs, covetousness, ambition, superstition." Our whole life is an Irish sea, wherein there is nought to be expected but tempestuous storms and troublesome waves, and those infinite, «"Taiituiii malorum pelasiis aspicio Ul noil sit inde enataiidi copia," no halcyonian times, wherein a man can hold himself secure, or agree with his pre- sent estate ; but as Boethius infers, ■" There is something in every one of us which before trial we seek, and having tried abhor : ''^ we earnestly wish, and eagerly covet, and are eftsoons weary of it." Thus between hope and fear, suspicions, angers, '^'^ Inter spemque mrlumque., timores inter et iras., betwixt falling in, falling out, &.C., we bangle away our best days, befool out our times, we lead a contentious, discontent, tumultuous, melancholy, miserable life ; insomuch, that if we could foretell what was to come, and it put to our choice, we should rather refuse than accept of this painful life. In a word, the world itself is a maze, a labyrinth of errors, a desert, a wilder- ness, a den of thieves, cheaters, Sec, full of fllthy puddles, horrid rocks, precipi- tinms, an ocean of adversity, an heavy yoke, wherein infirmities and calamities over- take, and follow one another, as the sea waves ; and if we scape Scylla, we fall foul on Charybdis, and so in perpetual fear, labour, anguish, we run from one plague, one mischief, one burden to another, duram servientes serviluiem., and you may as soon separate weight from lead, heat from fire, nioistness from water, brightness from the sun, as misery, discontent, care, calamity, danger, from a man. Our towns and cities are b»U so many dwellings of human misery. " In which grief and sorrow ''''(as hf right well observes out of Solon) innumerable troubles, labours of mortal men, ant. all manner of vices, are included, as in so many pens." Our villages are like mole- hills, and men as so many emmets, busy, busy still, going to and fro, in and out, and "-Ilbique pericnlum, iibique dolor, ubique naufra- giiiiii, in hoc ainbitii q\iocunque ine vertaiii. Lipsius. •'■'lioiii. 10. Si in forum iveris, ibi rixae, et piignse ; si .u curiam, ibi fraus, adulatio : si in doniiim priva- Uun, &c. siijomer. soMultis repletiir liomo .iiiseriis, corporis miseriis, aniini niiseriis, diim dor- mit, diim vigilat, qiiocunqne se verlit. Lusiisque re- rum, temporumque nascimur. s'ln blandiente fortuna intolerandi, in calamitatibus lugnbres, semper stuiti et miseri. Cardan. 3? Prospera iu adversis desidero. et adversa prosperis timeo, quis inter lia-c medius locus, ubi iion fit linmaniB vits tentatiot *^ Cardan, consol Sapientia? Labor annexus, gloria; in- vidia, divitiis curse, soholi soliciludo, voluptati morbl, luieii paupertas, 'Jt quasi Tiucndorum scelerum causa nasci hominem possis cum Piatonistis agnoscere. ^^Lib. 7. ca]). 1. Non satis testimare, an melior parens natura lioniini, an tristior noverca fuerit: Nulli fra- gilior vita, paver, confusio, rabie.s major, uni animan- tium ambitio data, hictus, avaritia, uni superstitio. ''"Euripides. "I perceive such an ocean of troubles before me, that no means of escape remain." ■*> De consol. 1. 2. Nemo facil6 cum conditione sua concor- dat, inest singulis quod imperiti petant, experti horre- ant. ■!- Esse in honore juvat, mox displicfct. ■••' Hor. ■" Horrheus in 6. Job. Urbes et oppida nihil aliud sunt quani hiimanarnm Ecrumnarum domicilla i|uib!is luctu* et mturor et iriorlalinni varii intinltiqui; labores, el oninis generis vilia, quasi septis includuptur. 172 Causes of Melanctioiv. ""^art. 1. Sect. 2 crossing one another's projects, as the lines of several sea-cards cm each other in a fjiobe or map. '• Now light and merry, but ""'(as one follows it) by-and-by sorrowful and heavy ; now hoping, tlien distrusting ; now patient, to-morrow crying out ; now pale, then red ; running, sitting, sweating, trembling, halting," &.c. Some few amongst the rest, or perhaps one of a thousand, may be PuUus Jovis, in the world's esteem. GallincB filius albce^ an happy and fortunate man, ad invidiam ftllx^ because rich, fair, well allied, in honour and office ; yet peradventure ask himself, and he will say- that of all others ""^ he is most miserable and unliappy. A fair shoe. Hie soccus nouns, elcgans, as he "^said, sed nescis uhi urat^ but thou knowest not where it pincheth, It is not another man's opinion can make me happy: but as ""^ Seneca well hath it, ^Ile is a miserable wretch that doth not account himself happy, though he be sove- eign lord of a world : he is not happy, if he think himself not to be so ; for what availeth it what thine estate is, or seem to others, if thou thyself dislike it ?" A com- mon liumour it is of all men to think well of other men's fortunes, and dislike thcii own: *^Cui placet aUerius, sua nimirum est odio sors ; but ^° qui fit Meccenas, &.C., h43w comes it to pass, what's the cause of it ? Many men are of such a perverse nature, they are well pleased with nothing, (saith ^' Theodoret,) " neither with riches nor poverty, they complain when tliey are well and when tiiey are sick, grumble at all fortunes, prosperity and adversity ; they are troubled in a cheap year, in a barren, plenty or not plenty, notliing pleaseth them, war nor peace, with children, nor with- out." This for the most part is tlie humour of us all, to be discontent, miserable, and most unhappy, as we think at least ; and show me him that is not so, or that ever was otherwise. Ouintus ftletellus his felicity is infinitely admired amongst the Romans, insomuch that as ^^ Faterculus mejitioneth of him, you can scarce find of any nation, order, age, sex, one for happiness to be compared unto him : he had, in a word, Bona animi^ corporis et fortunes, goods of mind, body, and fortune, so had P. Mutianus, ^^ Crassus. Lampsaca, that Lacedemonian lady, was such another in " Pliny's conceit, a king's wife, a king's mother, a king's daughter : and all the world esteemed as much of Polycrates of Samos. The Greeks brag of their Socrates, Phocion, Aristides ; the Psophidians in particular of their Aglaus, Omni vita felix, ah omni periculo immunis (which by the way Pausanias held impossible ;) the Romans of their ^* Cato, Curius, Fabricius, for their composed fortunes, and retired estates, government of passions, and contempt of the world : yet none of all these were happy, or free from discontent, neither Metellus, Crassus, nor Polycrates, for he died a violent death, and so did Cato ; and how much evil doth Lactantius and Theodoret speak of Socrates, a weak man, and so of the rest. There is no content in this life, but as ^^ he said, " All is vanity and vexation of spirit ;" lame and imperfect. Hadst thou Sampson's hair, Milo's strength, Scanderbeg's arm, Solomon's wisdom, Absa- lom's beauty, Croesus' wealth, Pasetis ohulum, CcEsar's valour, Alexander's spirit, Tully's or Demosthenes' eloquence, Gyges' ring, Perseus' Pegasus, and Gorgon's head, Nestor's years to come, all this would not make thee absolute ; give thee con- tent, and true happiness in this life, or so continue it. Even in the midst of all our mirth, jollity, and laughter, is sorrow and grief, or if there be true happiness amongst us, 'tis but for a time, '^'"Desinat in piscem mulier formosa supern6:" | " A handsome woman with a fish's tail," d fair morning turns to a lowering afternoon. Brutus and Cassius, once renowned both eminently happy, yet you shall scarce find two (saith Paterculus) quos fortuna malurius destUurit, whom fortune sooner forsook. Hannibal, a conqueror all his life, met with his match, and was subdued at last, Occiirrit forti, qui mage fortis erit. One is brought in triumph, as Caesar into Rome, Alcibiades into Athens, coronis *^ Nat. Chytreus de lit. Europsp. Ltetus nunc, mox tris- i graviter ferunt, atqne ut semel dicam, nihil ens delee- lis ; nunc sperans, paiilo post diffidens ; patiens hodie, tat, &c. " Vix uUiiis gentis, iHtatis, orilinis, homi- cras fjiilans; nunc pallens, rubens, curiens, sedens, nem invenies cujus felicitatem fortunsc Metelli com- claudicans, tremens, &c. ^^ Sua cuique calaniilas j pares. Vol. 1. sa p Crassus Mutianus, quinquo prsecipua. ■" Cn. OrKciniis. -"fEpist. 9. 1. 7. Miser est qui se beatissimum non judical, licet inipo- ret mumlo non est beatus, qui se non pulat: quid enim refert quails status luus sit, si tibi videtur ma- • us. i^Hor. ep. 1. 1. 4. m Hor. Ser. 1. Sat. 1. " Lib. de curat, griec. affect, cap. 6. de provident. Multls nihil placet atque adeo et divitias damnant, et oaupcrtatena d<> mnrbiM exoostulant, bene valentes habulsse dicitur rerum bonarum maxima, quod esse, ditissimus, quod esset nobillsslmus, eloqueniissimus Juriscnnsultissimus, Pontifex maxirnus. m Lib. 7. Regis filla. Regis uxor. Regis mater. s-' Qui nihB unquam mali aut dixit, aut fecit, aut seniil, qui l:en* semper fecit, quod aliter facerc non poiuii «* Solo- mon. Eccles. 1. 14. " Hor ah. Poet Vlem. 3. Subs 10.] Discontents, Cares, Sfc 173 aureis do?iatus, crowned, honoured, admired ; by-and-by his statues demolished, he liissed out, massacred, &c. ^^ Magnus Gonsalva, that famous Spaniard, was of the prince and people at first honoured, approved ; forthwith confined and banished. Admirandas actiones ; graves plerunquc sequuntur invidice, et acres cahwinice : 'tis Polybius his observation, grievous enmities, and bitter calumnies, commonly follow renowned actions. (One is born rich, dies a beggar ; sound to-day, sick to-morrow ; now in most flourisinng estate, fortunate and happy, by-and-by deprived of his goods by foreign enemies, robbed by thieves, spoiled, captivated, impoverished, as they of "" Rabbah put under iron saws, and under iron harrows, and under axes of iron, and cast into the tile kiln," 50 " Quid me felicem toties jactistis amici, Qui cecidit, stabili non erat ille gradu." He that erst marched like Xerxes with innumerable armies, as rich as Croesus, now shifts for himself in a poor cock-boat, is bound in iron chains, with Bajazet the Turk, and a footstool with Aurelian, for a tyrannising conqueror to trample on. So many casualties there are, that as Seneca said of a city consumed with fire, Una dies interest inter maximam civitatem et nullam, one day betwixt a great city and none : so many grievances from outward accidents, and from ourselves, our own indiscre- tion, inordinate appetite, one day betwixt a man and no man. And which is worse, as if discontents and miseries would not come fast enough upon us : homo homini dcemon, we maul, persecute, and study how to sting, gall, and vex one another witii mutual hatred, abuses, injuries; preying upon and devouring as so many ®' ravenous birds ; and as jugglers, panders, bawds, cozening one another ; or raging as "wolves, tigers, and devils, we take a delight to torment one another ; men are evil, wicked, malicious, treacherous, and ''^naught, not loving one another, or loving themselves, not hospitable, charitable, nor sociable as they ought to be, but counterfeit, dissem- blers, ambidexters, all for their own ends, hard-hearted, merciless, pitiless, and to benefit themselves, they care not what mischief they procure to others. ®^ Praxinoe and Gorgo in the poet, when they had got in to see those costly sights, they then cried bene est, and would thrust out all the rest : when they are rich themselves, in honour, preferred, full, an(J have even that they would, they debar others of those pleasures which youth requires, and they formerly have enjoyed. He sits at table in a soft chair at ease, but he doth remember in the mean time that a tired waiter stands behind him, " an hungry fellow ministers to him full, he is athirst that gives him drink (saith '''^Epictelus) and is silent whilst he speaks his pleasure: pensive, sad, when he laughs." Plcno se prolnit auro : he feasts, revels, and profusely spends, hath variety of robes, sweet music, ease, and all the pleasure the world can afford, whilst many an hunger-starved poor creature pines in the street, wants clothes to cover him, labours hard all day long, runs, rides for a trifle, fights peradventure from sun to sun, sick and ill, weary, full of pain and grief, is in great distress and sorrow of heart. He loathes and scorns his inferior, hates or emulates his equal, envies his superior, insults over all such as are under him, as if he were of another species, a demi-god, not subject to any fall, or human infirmities. Generally they love not, are not beloved again : they tire out others' bodies with continual labour, they themselves living at ease, caring for none else, sihi nati ; and are so far many times from putting to their helping hand, that they seek all means to depress, oven most worthy and well deserving, better than themselves, those whom they are by the laws of nature bound to relieve and help, as much as in them lies, they will let them caterwaul, starve, beg, and hang, before they will any ways (though it be in their power) assist or ease : ^® so unnatural are they for the most part, so unregardful ; so hard-hearted, so churlish, proud, insolent, so dogged, of so bad a disposition And being so brutish, so devilishly bent one towards another, how is it possible bu that we should be discontent of all sides, full of cares, woes, and miseries ' If this be not a sufficient proof of their discontent and misery, examine every con- s'^ Jovius,vit4ejua. 59 2 Sam. xii. 31. eoBoethius, Mb. 1. Met. Met. 1. s: Omnes hie aut captantur, aut captant : aut cadavers qus laceranlur, aut corvi )ui lacerant. Petron. 4-Homoonine monstrum est, ille nam susperat fera;!, luposqne et ursos peclore ohscuro teirit. Hens. «■' Quod Paterculiis de populo Romiiio durante bello Punico per annos 115, aut bel p2 lum inter eos, aut belli praparatio, aut infida pax, idem ego de mundi accolis. <>' Theocritus Edyll. \^ 6iQui sedet in mensa, non meniinit sibi otioso minis- trare negotiosos, edenti esurientes, bibenti sitientes, (fee. f'''Quando in adolescentia suaipsi vixeriiit, lautius et liberiiis voluptales suas expleveiint, ill] gnatis impeniint duriores continentiae leges. 174 Causes of Melancholy. I^i*art. 1. Scc. 2 ditictii and calling apart. C Kings, princes, monarchs, and magistrates seem to be most happy, but look into their estate, ycu shall '''find them to be most encumbered with cares, in perpetual fear, agony, suspicion, jealousy : that, as ^^he said of a crown, if they knew but the discontents that accompany it, they would not stoop to take it up. Qucm mihi rcgem dabis (saith Chrysostom) non cur'is plenum? What king canst thou show me, not full of cares? '^'•'"■Look not on his crown, but consider his affliction!5 ; attend not his number of servants, but multitude of crosses.''' JVlhil uliud polestas culminis., quam lempestas menlis., as Gregory seconds him ; sovereignty If a tempest of the soul : Sylla like they have brave titles, but terrible fits : svlen- dorem fitulo, cruciatum animo : which made '"Demosthenes vow, si vel ad tribunal^ vcl ad interilum duccretur : if to be a judge, or to be condemned, were put to his choice, he would be condemned. Rich men are in the same predicament; what dieir pains are, siiilti nesciunt, ipsi se'ntiunt : they feel, fools perceive not, as I shall prove elsewhere, and their wealth is brittle, like children's rattles : they come and go, there is no certainty in them: those whom they elevate, they do as suddtnly depress, and leave in a vale of misery. The middle sort of men are as so many asses to bear burdens ; or if they be free, and live at ease, they spend themselves, and consume their bodies and fortunes with luxury and riot, contention, emulation, &.C. The poor I reserve for another '" place and their discontents. :!^or particular professions, 1 hold as of the rest, there's no content or security in any; on what course will you pitch, how resolve .^ to be a divine, 'tis contemptible in the world's esteem ; to be a lawyer, 'tis to be a wrangler ; to be a physician, '"'pudet lotii, 'tis loathed ; a philosopher, a madman ; an alchymist, a beggar ; a poet, esurit^ nn hungry jack; a musician, a player; a schoolmaster, a drudge; an hus- bandman, an emniet ; a merchant, his gains are uncertain ; a mechanician, base ; a chirurgeon, fulsome; a tradesman, a "liar; a tailor, a thief; a serving-man, a slave; a soldier, a butcher; a smith, or a metalman, the pot's never from his nose ; a cour- tier a parasite, as he could find no tree in the wood to hang himself; I can show no state of life to give content. The like you may say of all ages ; children live in a perpetual slavery, still under that tyrannical government of masters ; young men, and of riper years, subject to labour, and a thousand cares. of the world, to treachery, falsehood, and cozenage, '■■ "Incedit per ignes, I "you incautious tread Suppositos ciiieri doloso," | On fires, with faitliless asnes overhead." ^^old are full of aches in their bones, cramps and convulsions, silicernia, dull of hearing, weak sighted, hoary, wrinkled, harsh, so much altered as that they cannot know their own face in a glass, a burthen to themselves and others, after 70 years, " all is sorrow" (as David hath it), they do not live but linger. If they be sound, they fear diseases ; if sick, weary of their lives : JVon est vivere, sed valere vita. One complains of want, a second of servitude, ''^another of a secret or incurable disease; of some deformity of body, of some loss, danger, death of friends, ship- wreck, persecution, imprisonment, disgrace, repulse, " contumely, calumny, abuse, injury, contempt, ingratitude, unkindness, scoffs, flouts, unfortunate marriage, single life, too many children, no children, false servants, unhappy children, barrenness, banishment, oppression, frustrate hopes and ill-success, &c. '8 " Talia de genere hoc adeo sunt niulta, loquacem ut I " But, every various instance to repeat, Delassare valent Fabium." | Would tire even Fabius of incessant prate." Talking Fabius will be tired before he can tell halt of them ; they are the subject of whole volumes, and shall (some of them) be more opportunely dilated elsewhere. In the meantime thus much I may say of them, that generally they crucify the soul of man, '® attenuate our bodies, dry them, wither them, shrivel them up like old apples, make them as so many anatomies ^"(^ossa afque pellis est totus, ita curis macet) they cause tempus fcedum et squalidum, cumbersome days, ingrataque tempore/^ slow, dull, and heavy times : make us howl, roar, and tear our hairs, as sorrow did 67 Lugubris Ate luctuque fero Regum tumidas obsi- det arces. Res est inquieta fa?licitas. espius aloes quam mellis habet. Non hunii jacentem tolleres. Valer. I. 7. c. 3. •'"Non diadenia aspicias, sed vitatn afflictiono refertam, non catervas satellitum. Bed curaruni multitudineni. '"As Plutarch re- el urina, medicorum ferciila prima. "Nihil lu- crantur, nisi adniodum mentiendo. Tull. OfRc. '■• Hor. I. 2. od. 1. ""Rarus Mix idemque senex. Seneca in Her. ateo. 'e Ornifto tPgros, exules, mendicos, quos nemo audet foelices dicere. Card. lib. 8. c. 46. de rer. var. '■ Spretaeque injuria formae. ■"• Hor. ^te'h " Sect. 2. nienib. 4. subsect. 6. '-i Sterr.us I ''^Attenuanl visileDcortiusraiserabile cursR. 6opiaiKii« Mem. 3. Subs. 1).] Ambition, a Cause. 175 in ^' Cebes' table, and groan for the very anguish of onr souls. Our hearts fail us as David's did, Psal. xl. 12, " for innumerable troubles that compassed hnn ;" and we are ready to confess with Hezekiah, Isaiah Iviii. 17, " behold, for felicity I had bitter grief;" to weep with Heraclitus, to curse the day of our birth with Jeremy, xx. 14, and our stars with Job : to hold that axiom of Silenus, ^^" better never to have bee** born, and the best next of all, to die quickly :" or if we must live, to abandon the world, as Timon did ; creep into caves and holes, as our anchorites ; cast all into the sea, as Crartes Thebanus ; or as Theombrotus Ambrociato's 400 auditoia, preci- pitate ourselves to be rid of these miseries. SuBSECT. XI. — Concupiscible Appetite, as Desires, Amhition, Causes. These concupiscible and irascible appetites are as the two twists of a rope, mutu ally mixed one with the other, and both twining about the heart : both good, as Austin holds, I. 14. c. 9. de civ. Dei, ^^"if they be moderate; both pernicious if they be exorbitant. This concupiscible appetite, howsoever it may seem to carry with it a show of pleasure and delight, and our concupiscences most part affect us with con- tent and a pleasing object, yet if they be in extremes, they rack and wring us on the other side. A true saying it is, "Desire hath no rest;" is infinite in itself, endless; and as ^■^ one calls it, a perpetual rack, ^' or horse-mill, according to Austin, still going round as in a ring. They are not so continual, as divers, jTc //cms alomos denu- merare possem, saith ^'^ Bernard, quam motus cordis ; nunc hcec, nunc ilia cogito, you may as well reckon up the motes in the sun as them. *'" It extends itself to every- thing," as Guianerius will have it, " that is superfluously sought after :" or to any °^ fervent desire, as Fernelius interprets it ; be it in what kind soever, it tortures if immoderate, and is (according to ^^ Plater and otliers) an especial cause of melancholy. Mulluosis concupisccntiis dilaniantur cogitationes niece, ^''Austin confessed, that he was torn a pieces with his manifold desires : and so doth ®' Bernard complain, " that he could not rest for them a minute of an hour : this I would have, and that, and then I desire to be such and such." 'Tis a hard matter therefore to confine them, being they are so various and many, impossible to apprehend all. I will only insist upon some feAV of the chief, and most noxious in their kind, as that exorbitant appetite and desire of honour, which we commonly call ambition ; love of money, which is covetousness, and that greedy desire of gain : self-love, pride, and inordinate desire of vain-glory or applause, love of study in excess ; love of women (which will re- quire a just volume of itself), of the othe^ I will briefly speak, and in their order. //"-Ambition, a proud covetousness, or a dry thirst of honour, a great torture of the mind, composed of envy, pride, and covetousness, a gallant madness, one ^ defines it a pleasant poison, Ambrose, "a canker of the soul, an hidden plague :" ^''Bernard, " a secret poison, the father of livor, and mother of hypocrisy, the moth of holiness, and cause of madness, crucifying and disquieting all that it takes hold of" ^^ Seneca calls it, rem soUcitam, timidam, vanam, ventosam, a windy thing, a vain, solicitous, and fearful thing. For commonly they that, like Sysiphus, roll this restless stone of ambition, are in a perpetual agony, still ^^ perplexed, semper taciti, tritesque recedvnt (Lucretius), doubtful, timorous, suspicious, loath to offend in word or deed, still cog- ging and collogueing, embracing, capping, cringing, applauding, flattering, fleering, visiting, waiting at men's doors, with all aflability, counterfeit honesty and humility."* If that will not serve, if once this humour (as ^'' Cyprian describes it) possess his thirsty soul, amhitionis salsvgo uhi hibulam animam possidet, by hook and by crook he will obtain it, " and from his hole he will climb to all honours and offices, if it 81 Hkc qu£E crines evellit, serumna. ^ Optimum molestius inquietat, secretum virus, pest's occulta, &c. non Tiasci, aut cito niori. '■sBoniE si rectaiii ra- epist. 126. ^^ Ep. 68. "•''Nihil infelicius his, tionem sequuntur, mala; si exorbitant. "Tho. quantus iis titnor, quanta duhitatio, quantus conatus, Biiovie. Prob. 18. ""Molani asinariam. ''6 Tract. | quanta solicitvuio, nulla illis A. molestiis vacua hora. de Inter, c. 92. ^t Circa quainlibet rem miindi lia-c ' '-"^ Semper attonitus, semper pavidus quid .licat, faci- passio fieri potest, qua; superfine diligatur. Tract 15. atve : ne displiceat humilitatem simulat, lionestatem c. 17. s"*Ferventius desideriiim. s'' Imprimis nientitur. i" Cypr. Prolog, ad ser. To. 2. cunctos ver6 Appetitus. &c 3. de alien, ment. "o Conf. I honorat, universis inclinat, subsequitur. obseqiiitur 1. c. 29. "I Per diversa loca vagor, nullo temporis | frequentar rnrias, visitat, optiniates amplexatur, ap momento quiesco. talis et talis esse cnpio, illud atqiie plaudit, adiilalur: per fas et nefas 6 latebris, in om IWu"* habere desidero. "- Aribros. 1. 3. super Lu- 1 nem gr:idum uhi aditus patet se ingerit, discurrit. caw «ru"o animae. s^ Nihil animum crucial, nihi; | 176 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1 Sec. %. be possible for him to get up, flattering one, bribing another, he will leave no means unessay'd to win all." "^ It is a wonder to see how slavishly these kind of men sub- ject themselves, when they are about a suit, to every inferior person ; what pains Ihey will take, run, ride, cast, plot, countermine, protest and swear, vow, promise, what labours undergo, early up, down late ; how obsequious and affable they are, bow popular and courteous, how thev grin and fleer upon every man they meet ; with what feasting and inviting, how they spend themselves and their fortunes, in seeking that many times, which they had much better be without; a« ^'Cyneas the orator told Pyrrhus : Avith what waking nights, painful hours, anxious thouglits, and bitterness of mind, inter spemque metwnque^ distracted and tired, ihey consume the in- terim of their time. There can be no greater plague for the present. If they do ob- tain their suit, which with such cost and solicitude they have sought, they are not 50 freed, their anxiety is anew to begin, for they are never satisfied, nihil aliiid nisi •mperium spirant., their thoughts, actions, endeavours are all for sovereignty and ho- nour, like '"^ Lugs Sforsia that huffing Duke of Milan, "a man of singular wisdom, out profound ambition, born to his own, and to the destruction of Italy," though it De to their own ruin, and friends' undoing, they will contend, they may not cease, DUt as a dog in a wheel, a bird in a cage, or a squirrel in. a chain, so ' Budaeus com- pares them ; ^they climb and climb still, with much labour, but never make an end, never at the top. A knight would be a baronet, and then a lord, and then a viscount, and then an earl, Stc. ; a doctor, a dean, and then a bishop; from tribune to pra;tor; from badiffto major; first this office, and then that; as Pyrrhus in ^Plutarch, they will first have Greece, then Africa, and then Asia, and swell with Aesop's frog so long, till in the end they burst, or come down with Sejanus, ad Gemonias scalas, and break their own necks ; or as Evangelus the piper in Lucian, that blew his pipe so long, till he fell down dead. If he chance to miss, and have a canvass, he is in a hell on the other side ; so dejected, that he is ready to hang himself, turn heretic, Turk, or traitor in an instant. Enraged against his enemies, he rails, swears, fights, slanders, detracts, envies, murders : and for his own part, si appetitum explere nnn potest,, furore corripitur; if he cannot satisfy his desire (as ''Bodine writes) he runs mad. So that both ways, hit or miss, he is distracted so long as his ambition lasts, he can look for no other but anxiety and care, discontent and grief in the meantime, * madness itself, or violent death in the end. The event of this is common to be seen in populous cities, or -in princes' courts, for a courtier's life (as Budfeus describes it) "is a ® gallimaufry of ambition, lust, fraud, imposture, dissimulation, detraction, envy, pride ; " the court, a common conventicle of flatterers, time-servers, politicians, St-c. ;" or as ^Anthony Perez will, " the suburbs of hell itself" If you will see such dis- contented persons, there you shall likely find them. ^And which he observed of the markets of old Rome, "Qui nprjiirum convenire vult hominRm, mittn in Oomitium ; Qui mendacem et gloriosiim, apud Cliiasina; sacriini ; Bites, diimnosos marilos, sub basilicd quierito, &c," Perjured knaves, knights of the post, liars, crackers, bad husj^ands, &c. Reep their several stations ; they do still, and always did in every commonwealth. Sub SECT. XII. — OiXapynpia, Covetousness., a Cause. ' Plutarch, in his '"book whether the diseases of the body be more grievous than those of the soul, is of opinion, " if you will examine all the causes of our miseries m this life, you shall find them most part to have had their beginning from stubborn anger, that furious desire of contention, or some unjust or immoderate affection. w'Turbre cogit ambitio reffem inservire, iit Homerus alicujns, honest* vel inhnnestse, phantasiam la-dunt ; Agameninnnein querentem indiicit. s^ Plutarclius. nnde niniti anibiliosi, philauti, irati, avari, insaiii, &c. Quin conviveiniir, et in otio nos obiectemur, qiioiiiani FcrHx Plater, 1. 3. de mentis alien. ' Aulica vita in promptu id nobis sii. cfec. nKijovius hist. I. 1. cblluvies anibilionis, cupidiiatls. siiniilatinnis, impo* vir singulari prudentia, sed profunda ambitinne, ad tura;, fraiidis, invidiae, superbia' Titannicsediversoriiim exitium Italia; nalus. ' Ut hedera arbori adlisret, aula, et commune conventiculum assentandi ariifir.um, air ambiiio, &c. '^ Lib. 3. de conteinptu rerum &c. BudtEiis rie asse. lib. 5. "^In his Aphor. f'jriuitaruni. Maa;no conatu et inipelu nioventur, super 1 b piautus Currul. Act. 4. See. 1. '"Tom. 2. Si Mtitem centre rotati, noii proficiunt, nee ad finem per- examines. oi?;nes niiserise catisas vel a fiiriosn contrn- veniunt. 'Vita Pyrrhi. < Ambitio in insa- dendi studio, vel ab itijusta cupiditate,origin6 Iraxisnn niam facile delahitur,si excediit. Patrilius, I 4. tit. 20. scies. Idem fere Chrysostouuis com. in « « «(5 H->- cadaverosi scnes ufplurimum impingunl., and that which is their greatest corrosive, they are in continual suspicion, fear, and distrust. He thinks his own wife and children are so many thieves, and go about to cozen him, his servants are all false : "Rem su:im periisse, seque eradicarier, Et divuni atqiie homimiin claniat conlinub (idem, Ue euo ligillo si qua exit foras." ' If his doors creek, then ont he cries anon. His goods are gone, and he is quite undone." Timidus Plutus, an old proverb. As fearful as Plutus : so doth Aristophanes and Lucian bring him in fearful still, pale, anxious, suspicious, and trusting no man, ''f'^They are afraid of tempests for their corn; they are afraid of their friends lest they should ask something of them, beg or borrow ; they are afraid of their enemies lest they hurt them, thieves lest they rob them ; they are afraid of war and afraid of peace, afraid of rich and afraid of poor ; afraid of all." Last of all, they are afraid of want, that they shall die beggars, which makes them lay up still, and dare not use that they have : what if a dear year come, or dearth, or some loss ? and were it not that •hey are loth to "-lay out money on a rope, they would be hanged forthwith, and sometimes die to save charges, and make away themselves, if their corn and cattle !»Luke. xii. 20. StJille, hac nocte eripiam animam tuain. "Opesquideni niortalihus sunt dementia Tlieog. •""Ell. 2 lib. 2. Exonerare cum se possit et relevare pnndHribus pergit niagis fortunis augenti- hus pertinaciter im-uhare. '■" Non amicis, nori 1i- beris, non ipsi silii qiiidquam impertit, possidet ad hoc tantum, ne possidere alteri liceat, &c. Hieron. ad Paulin. tani dcest quod haliet quam quod non habet. MEpist. 2. lib. 2. Sus-pirat in con vivio, bibat licet gem- tois et torn molliore marcidnin corpus condiderit, vigi- lat in pluina. ■" Ansnistatur ex abnndantia. con- iristalur ex opulcntia, inlVli.x prH-seniihus bonis, in- frljcioi ir luluris. 3.;ii|oruui cogitatio nunqaam cessat qui pecuniae supplere diligunt. Guianer. tract. 15. c. 17. s-'Hor. 3. Od. 21. Quo plus sunt polae, plus sitiunter aquse. <^ Hor 1. 2. Sat. 6. O si an- gulns ille proximus accedat, qui nunc deformal agcl- iuin. 3o[,,b. 3 de lib. arbit. luiinoritur studiis, el amore senescit habendi. W'Avanis vir inferno est similis, &c. nioduni non habet, hoc egentior quo pluia habet. =^ Erasm. Adag. chil. 3. cent. 7. pro. 72 Nulli fidentes omnium formidanl opes, ideo pa\idiiin malum vocat Euripides : metuunt tenipeslates oh fru- inentum, amicos tie rogeiit, inimicus ne Irt-dniil. fure* ne rapiant, helium tinient, p:i( eui liuient, summon, medios, infinos, ^'■H;ill Char, Mem. 3. Subs. 13.] Love of Gaming^ tsc. 179 miscarry; though ihey have abundance left, as ^''Agellius notes. '"'Valerhis makes mention of one that in a famine sold a mouse for 200 pence, and famished himself* sucli are their cares, ■" griefs and perpetual fears. These symptoms are elegantly ex- pressed by Theophrastus in his character of a covetous man ; ''^'■Mying in bed, he asked his wife whether she shut the trunks and chests fast, the capcase be sealed, and wliether the hall door be bolted \ and though she say all is well, he riseth out of his bed in his shirt, barefoot and barelegged, to see whether it be so, with a dark lanthorn searching every corner, scarce sleeping a wink all night." Lucian in that pleasant and witty dialogue called Gallus, brings in Mycillus the cobfer disputing with his cock, sometimes Pythagoras ; where after much speech pro and con, to prove the happiness of a mean estate, and discontents of a rich man, Pythagoras' cock in the end, to illustrate by examples that which he had said, brings him to Guyplion the usurer's house at midnight, and after that to Eucrates •, whom they found both awake, casting up their accounts,- and telling of their money, '"'lean, dry, pale and anxious, still suspecting lest somebody should make a hole through the wall, and so get in ; or if a rat or mouse did but stir, starting upon a sudden, and run- ning to the door to see whether all were fast.\ Plautus, in his Aulularia, makes o':d Eiiclio ■'■' commanding Staphyla his wife to shut the doors fast, and the fire to be put out, tt'st anybody should make that an errand to come to his house : when he washed his hands, ■*' he was loath to fling away the foul water, complaining that he was undone, because the smoke got out of his roof And as he went from home, seeing a crow scratch upon the muck-hill, returned in all haste, taking it for malum omcn^ an ill sign, his money was digged up ; with many such. He that will but observe their actions, shall find these and many such passages not feigned for sport, but really per- formed, verified indeed by such covetous and miserable wretches, and that it is, ■!« " niuiiifosia phrenesis Ut lociiples nioriaris egenti vivere fato." (a mere madness, to live like a wretch, and die rich. SuBSECT. XIII. — Love of Gaming^ ^ To say truth, 'tis the common humour of all gamesters, as Galataeus observes, if they win, no men living are so jovial and merry, but ®'if they lose, though it be but a trifle,, two or three games at tables, or a dealing at cards for two pence a game, they are so choleric and testy that no man may speak with them, and break many times into violent passions, oaths, imprecations, and unbeseeming speeches, little difl^ering from mad men for the time.' Generally of all gamesters and gaming, if it be excessive, thus much we may conclude, that whether they win or lose for the present, theii winnings are not Munera fortuncB., sed insidicc, as that wise Seneca determines, not fortune's gifts, but baits, the common catastrophe is "^^ beggary, ®^ Ut pestis vitam, sic adimit alca pecuniam, as the plague takes away life, doth gaming goods, for ^'^omnes nudi, inopes el egeni ; "''"Alea Scylla vorax, species certissima fiirti, Noil coiitenta bonis aniniuin quoque perfida mergit, Focda, furax, infaiiiis, iners, fiiriosa, ruiiia." For a little pleasure they take, and some small gains and gettings now and then, their wives and children are jinged in the meantime, and they themselves with loss of body and soul rue it in the end. I will say nothing of those prodigious prodigals, per- dendcB pecunicB genitos., as he ^^ taxed Anthony, Qui pntrinio7iium sine ulla fori calum- nia amittunt., saith "Cyprian, and ^^mad Sybaritical spendthrifts, Quiqiw una come dunt patrimonia ccena ; that eat up all at a breakfast, at a supper, or amongst bawds parasites, and players, consume tliemselves in an instant, as if they had flung it into '® Tiber, with great wages, vain and idle expenses, &c., not themselves only, but even all their friends, as a man desperately swimming drowns him that comes to help him, by suretyship and borrowing they will willingly undo all their associates and allies. '°Irati pecuniis, as he saith, angry with their money: ''"what with a wanton eye, a liquorish tong-ue, and a gamesome hand, when they have indiscreetly impoverished themselves, mortgaged their wits, together with their lands, and entombed their ances- tors' fair possessions in their bowels, they may lead the rest of their days in prison^ as many times they do; they repent at leisure; and when all is gone begin to be thrifty: but Sera est in f undo parsimonia, 'tis then too late to look about; their '^end is misery, sorrow, shame, and discontent. And well they deserve to be infa- mous and discontent. ''^ Calami diari in Jlmphitheatro, as by Adrian the emperor's edict they were of old, decoclores lonorum suorum, so he calls them, prodigal fools, to be publicly shamed, and hissed out of all societies, rather than to be pitied or relieved.'''' ^The Tuscans and Boetians brought their bankrupts into the market-place in a bier with an empty purse carried before them, all the boys following, where they sat all day circumslanle jdebe., to be infamous and ridiculous. At '° Padua in Italy they have a stone called the stone of turpitude, near the senate-house, where spendthrifts, and such as disclaim non-payment of debts, do sit with their hinder parts bare, that by that note of disgrace others may be terrified from all such vain expense, or borrowing more than they can tell how to pay. 'The '^ civilians of old set guardians over such brain-sick prodigals, as they did over madmen, to moderate their expenses, that they should not so loosely consume their fortunes, to the utter undoing of their families. ' i may not here omit those two main plagues, and common dotages of human kind, wme and women, which have infatuated and besotted myriads of people ; they gc commonly together. ""dui vino indulget, quemque alea decoquit, ille In venerem putret"— "HJnicuiqueantera hoc a natura insitum est, utdoleat siculii erraverit aut deceptus sit. ^-iuven. Sat. 8. Vec enim loculis comilan tibus itur, ad casum tabulse, <)Osita sed luditur area Lemnius instit. ca. 44. menda- .iorum qiiidein.et perjuriorum et paupertatis mater est alea, niillain liabens patrimonii reverentiam, quum illud effiiderit, sensim in furta delabitur et rapinas. Saris, polycrat. I. 1. c. 5. ^3 Damhoderus. <^^Daii. Bouter. espetrar. dial. 27. eegalust. 6? Tom. 3. Ser. de Allea. wpintus in Aristop. calls all such (aiiiesters madmen. Si in insanum bomiiiem contigero. Spontaneum ad se trahunt furorem, et ns, et nares e oculnsrivos faciuiit furoris et diversoria.Chrys. horn. ] . 69 Pascasius Justus 1. 1. de alea. ™Seneca. "Hall. ■i^Iii Sat. II. Sed deficieiite crumena; et crescente gula qnis te manet exitus — rebus in ventrein mer.-iis "Spartiaii. Adriano. '4 Alex. ab. Alex. lib. fl. c. 10 Idem Gnrbelius, lib. 5. GrjE. disc. '^ Fines Mori* '6 Justinian ■ Dijestis. " Persiiis Sal. 5. "On inilult'es in wine, another the die coiAuines, a ihirrt i. decomposed by venery." 183 Causes of Melancholy. Pan. I. Sec. 2 To who n is sorrow, saitli Solomon, Pro. xxiii. 39, to whom is woe, but lo such it one as loves drink? it causeth torture, (^vino tortus et ird) and bitterness of inind, Sirac. 31 21. Vinum furoris, Jeremy calls it, 15. cap. wine of nmdness, as well he may, for insanirc facd sanos, it makes sound men sick and sad, and wise men '^mad, to say and do they know not what. Accldlt hodid terrlbilis casus (saith '^S. Austin") hear a miserable accident; Cyrillus' son this day in his drink, Matrem prcRgnantem nequitcr opprcssi.t., sororcm violare voluil., patrcm occidit fere, et duas alias sorores ad mortem vulnera'vit, would have violated his sister, killed his father, &c. A true saying it was of him. Vino dari Iccliliam et dolorem, drink causeth mirth, and drink causeth sorrow, drink causeth "poverty and want," (Prov. xxi.) shame and disgrace. Midti ignohiles evascre oh vhil potum, et (Austin) amissis honoribus prqfngi aberrd- runt : many men have made shipwreck of their fortunes, and go like rogues and beggars, having turned all their substance into auriim potabile, that otherwise might have lived in good worship and happy estate, and for a iew hours' pleasure, for their Hilary term's but short, or *'free madness, as Seneca calls it, purchase unto them- selves eternal tediousness and trouble. That other madness is on women, Apostatare facit cor, saith the wise man, ^^Atque homini cerebrum minuit. Pleasant at first she is, like Dioscorides Rhododaphne, that fair plant to the eye, but poison to the taste, the rest as bitter as wormwood in the end (Prov. v. 4.) and sharp as a two-edged sword, (vii. 27.) " Her house is the way to hell, and goes down to the chambers of death." What more sorrowful can be said .? they are miserable in this life, mad, beasts, led like ^" oxen to the slaughter :" and that which is worse, Avhoremasters and drunkards shall be judged, amittunt gra' tiarn, saitli Austin, perdunt gloriam, incurrunt damnationem ceternam. They lose prace and glory; ■" brevis ilia voluptas Abrogat seternuin ca!li decus' they gain hell and eternal damnation. SuBSECT. XIV. — Philavtia, or Self-love, Vain-glory, Praise, Honour, Immoderate Applause, Pride, over-much Joy, (^c, Causes. Self-love, pride, and vain-glory, ^ccecus amor sui, which Chrysostom calls one of the devil's three great nets; ^^" Bernard, an arrow which pierceth the soul through, uid slays it; a sly, insensible enemy, not perceived," are main causes. Where neither anger, lust, covetousness, fear, sorrow, &c., nor any other perturbation can lay hold; this will slily and insensibly pervert us, Que?n non gula vicit, Philautia, superavit, (saith Cypirian) whom surfeiting could not overtake, self-love hath over- come. ^"He hath scorned all money, bribes, gifts, upright otherwise and sincere, hath inserted himself to no fond imagination, and sustained all tliose tyrannical con- cupiscences of the body, hath lost all his honour, captivated by vain-glory." Chry- sostom, sup. lo. Tu sola animum mentemque peruris, gloria. A great assault and cause of our present malady, although we do most part neglect, take no notice of it, yet this is a vrolent batterer of our souls, causeth melancholy and dotage. This pleas- ing humour; this soft and whispering popular air, Amahilis insania ; this deJectable frenzy, most irrefragable passion. Mentis gratissimus error, this acceptable disease, which so sweetly sets upon us, ravisheth our senses, lulls our souls asleep, puffs up our hearts as so many bladders, and that without all feeling, *' insomuch as '*• those that are misaffected with it, never so much as once perceive it, or think of any cure. We commonly love him best in this **' malady, that doth us most harm, and are very willing to be hurt; adulationibus nostris li bent ur fav emus (saith ^^ Jerome) we love him, we love hi.m for it: ^O Bonciari suave, suave fuit a te tali hcec tribui; 'Twus sweet to hear it. And as ^' Pliny doth ingenuously confess to his dear friend Augu- 'fPociiltini quasi sinus in quo sspe naiifra^iuni fa- ciiint, jaclura tiiin peciinia; tnin mentis Eras::!, in Prov. caliciiin remigcs. chil. 4. cent. 7. Pro. 41. '"Ser. 33. art frat. in Ereino. 'OLilierse iinius horn; insaniam iBterno teinporis tipiiio pensanl. 8' Menanrter. 'B Prov. 5. "3 ivierlin. cocc. " That momentary plea- suie h.ots out the eternal glory of a heavenly life." M Hor ''"Sagitta quie animam penetrat, leviter peneirat, sed non Icve inflij;it vulnus sup. cant, oe^ui omiicm pecuniarum contemptum liabent, et nt.lli iim- ginationis totius munrti se inunir^ciierint, et tyriniiic:>s corporis concupiscpntias sustiriuerint, hi mnltoties cap .i ii vana gloria omnia perdirteruiit. •■' Hac correpti non cogitant de medela. "SDii talem a terris avertite pestem. "^Epad Eustoclnum, de cnstod virgin. »" Lyps. Ep. ad Bonciarinin "' Ep. lib. 9. Omnia tua scripta pulcherrina exiilimo, mdxime tamen illd, qu« de tiobia. Mem. 3. Subs. 14.j Philautia, or Self-love, Sfc. 183 rinus, "all thy writings are most acceptable, but those especially that speak of us." Again, :i little after to Maximus, "^" I cannot express how pleasing it is to me to hear myself commended." Tliough we smile to ourselves, at least ironically, when para- sites bedauli us with false encomiums, as many princes cannot choose but do, Quum 'ah quid nihil intra se rcjiercrint, when they know they come as far short, as a mouse to an elepliant, of any sucli virtues ; yet it doth us good. Though we seem many times to be angry, ^^'■'•and blush at our own praises,- yet our souls inwardly rejoice, it puffs us up;" ''iisfallax situvitas, blandiis dceinon, "-makes us swell beyond our bounds, and forget ourselves." Her two daughters are lightness of mind, immode- rate joy and pride, not excluding those other concomitant vices, which ^Modocus Lorichius reckons up ; bragging, hypocrisy, peevishness, and curiosity. Now the common cause of this mischief, ariseth from ourselves or others, ^^we are active and passive. It proceeds inwardly from ourselves, as we are active causes, from an overweening conceit we have of our good parts, own worth, (which indeed is no worth) our bounty, favour, grace, valour, strength, wealth, patience, meekness, hospitality, beauty, temperance, gentry, knowledge, wit, science, art, learning, our ** excellent gifts and fortunes, for which. Narcissus-like, we admire, flatter, and ap- plaud ourselves, and think all the world esteems so of us ; and as deformed women easily believe those that tell them they be fair, we are too credulous of our own good parts and praises, too well persuaded of ourselves. We brag and venditate our ®'ovvn works, and scorn all others in respect of us; Inflati scientia, (saith Paul) our wis- dom, ''^our learning, all our geese are swans, and we as basely esteem and vilify other men's, as we do over-highly prize and value our own. We will not suffer them to be in secundis, no, not in tertiis ; what, Mccuvi confer tur Ulysses ? they are Mures, Muscce, culices prcp se, nits and flies compared to his inexorable and supercilious, eminpnt and arrogant worship : though indeed they be far before him. Only wise, only rich, only fortunate, valorous, and fair, puffed up with this tympany of self-con- ceit ; "^as that proud pharisee, they are not (as they suppose) " like other men," of a purer and more precious metal : '°°Soli rei gerendi sunt ejicaces, which that wise Periander held of such: ^meditantur omne qui prius negotium^ &c. JVovi quendam saith ^Erasmus) I knew one so arrogant that he thought himself inferior to no man living, like ^Callisthenes the philosopher, that neither held Alexander's acts, or any other subject worthy of his pen, such was his insolency ; or Seleucus king of Syria, who thought none fit to contend with him but the Romans. ''Eos solos dignos ratus quibusctim de iinperio certaret. That which TuUy writ to Atticus long since, is still in force. ^ " There was never yet true poet nor orator, that thought any otlier better than himself.'' And such for the most part are your princes, potentates, great philo- sophers, historiographers, authors of sects or heresies, and all our great scholars, as ^Hierom defines; "a natural philosopher is a glorious creature, and a very slave of rumour, fame, and popular opinion," and though they write de contemjjfu glorice, yet as he observes, they will put their names to their books. Vohis etfanuB me semper dedi, saith Trebellius PoUio, I have wholly consecrated myself to you and fame. "'Tis all my desire, night and day, 'tis all my study to raise my name." Proud 'Pliny secouils him; Quaviquam O! &c. and that vain-glorious ^orator is not ashamed to confes.s in an Epistle of his to Marcus Lecceius, Jlrdeo incredihili cupi'J idate, &c. " I burn with an incredible desire to have my ^name registered in thy book. Out of this foun- tain proceed all those cracks and brags, ^"speramus carminafingi Posse linenda cedro^ ei leni servanda cuprcsso "Aon uvtata nee tenuiferarpcnna. 7iec in terra morahor longius. JYil parvum aut humili modo, nil mortale loquor. Dicar qua violens obstrepit Ausidus. Exegi monumenium cere perennius. lamque opus exegi, WExpriinere non possum quarn sit jucundum, &c. •s Hieroin. et licet nos indi|^nos dicinius et calidiis rubor ora perfundat, nttamen ad laudem suani intrinsecus aniiiiEe laetantur. "■'Thesaur. Theo. s^Xeceniin mihi roriiea libra est. Per. '•* E inanibus illis, Nasceii- tur vioI». Pers. 1. Sat. ^^ Omnia enlin no.sira, supra moduiii placeiit. s^Fab. 1. 10. c. 3. Ridentur mala Mjmponut.t carmina, verum gaudeut scribentes, et se venerantur, et ultra. Si taceas laudant, quicquid scrip- •ere beati. Hor. ep. -2. 1.2. 9!>Luke xviii. 10. looDe Weliore luto iiii.xit p"a!cordia Tit;>T ' Auson. sap. Chii n. cent. 10 pr.,. d'l. Qui sc crederet neminem ulla • r« I rsstaiitiurem. ^Tantofastu scripsit, ut Alexandri gesta inferioia scriptis suis existimaret, In. Vnssius lib. 1. cap. SI. de hist. < Plutarch, vit. Catn- nis. 5 Neuio unquain Poeta aut Orator, qui queu- quam se meliorem arbitraretur. ^Consol. ad Pain machium mundi Philosoplius. gloria: animal, et pupula. ris aura; et runiorum venale uiancipium. ' Epist. 5. (;apitoMi suo Diebus ac noctibus, hoc solum cogiii) si qua nie possum levare huino. Id volo nieo suflicit, &.c, STullius. 9Ut nouien meum scriptis, tuis illu^tretiir. Inquies animus studio »tern)tatis, noctes et dies ange- batur. Hensius for^it. uneb. de Sral. '» Hor. art. P . us ,n 186 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2 postremiis in pugnd., primus in fiigd.) and such a one as never durst look his enemy in tlie face. If he be a big man, then is he a Samson, another Hercules; if he pro- nounce a speech, another Tully or Demosthenes ; as of Herod in the Acts, " the voice of God and not of man :" if he can make a verse, Homer, Virgil, Stc. And then my silly wt;ak patient takes all these eulogiums to himself; if he be a scholar so commended for his much reading, excellent style, method, &c., he will eviscerate huiiself like a spider, study to death, Laudatas ostendit avis Junonia pcnnas., pea- cock-like he will display all his featliers. If he be a soldier, and so applauded, his valour extolled, tliough it be impar congressus., as that of Troilus and Acliilles, Infe- lix jmcr^ he will combat with a giant, run first upon a breach, as another ^^Piiilippus, he will ride mto the thickest of his enemies. Commend his housekeepijig, and he will beggar himself; commend his temperance, he will starve himself " laudataqiie virtus Crt'scit, et imiiifiipum gloria calcar hal)et."M he is mad, mad, mad, no woe with him : impatiens consortis erit., he will over the ''■'Alps to be talked of, or to maintain his credit. Commend an ambitious man, some proud prince or potentate, si plus cequo laudctur (saith ''''Erasmus) cristas eri- git^ exuit homincm, Deum se putat., he sets up his crest, and will be no longer a man but a God. 36 " nihil est quod credere do se Noil audel qijiiiii laudalur diis iequa potestas."^' How did this work with Alexander, that would needs be Jupiter's son, and go like Hercules in a lion's skin ? Domitian a god, ^^ (^Dominus Deus noster sic Jitri jvhet^) like the ^^ Persian kings, whose image was adored by all that came into the city of Babylon. Commodus the emperor was so gulled by his flattering parasites, that he must be called Hercules. ''"Antonius the Roman would be crowned with ivy, car- ried in a chariot, and adored for Bacchus. Cotys, king of Thrace, was married to " Minerva, and sent three several messengers one after another, to see if she were come to his bed-chamber. Such a one was ^"Jupiter Menecrates, Maximinus, Jovia- nus, Dioclesianus Herculeus, Sapor the Persian king,, brother of the sun and moon, and our modern Turks, that will be gods on earih, kings of kings, God's shadow, commanders of all that may be commanded, our kings of Ciiina and Tartary in this present age. Such a one was Xerxes, that would whip the sea, fetter Neptune, stulta jactanlid, and send a challenge to Mount Athos ; and such are many sottish princes, brought into a fool's paradise by their parasites, 'tis a common humour, incident to all men, when they are in great places, or come to the solstice of honour, have done, or deserved well, to applaud and flatter themselves. StuUitiam suam produm, Stc, (saith ''^Platerus) your very tradesmen if they be excellent, will crack and brag, and show their folly in excess. They have good parts, and they know it, you need not tell them of it ; out of a conceit of their worth, they go smiling to themselves, a perpetual meditation of their trophies and plaudits, they run at last quite mad, and lose their wits.''^ Petrarch, lib. I de conte.mpiu rmmdi., confessed as much of himself, and Cardan, in his fifth book of wisdom, gives an instance in a smith of Milan, a fel- low-citizen of his, ''"one Galeus de Rubeis, that being commended for refining of an instrument of Archimedes, for joy ran mad. Plutarch in the life of Artaxerxes, hath such a like story of one Chamus, a soldier, that wounded king Cyrus in battle, and '•' grew thereupon so ''^arrogant, that in a short space after he lost his wits." So many men, if any new honour, office, preferment, booty, treasure, possession, or patrimony, €x inspera/o fall unto them for immoderate joy, and continual meditation of it, can- not sleep ■•' or tell what they say or do, they are so ravished on a sudden ; and with 52Livius. Giorin tantiiin elatiis, non ira, in medics | Alexandrite. Pater, vol post. <' Minervae nuptias uostes irruere, quod coinplHtisinuriscoiispici se pugnan- aiiihit, tarito furore percitus, iit satellites iiiitteret ad leni, a inuro fpuctaiitibus.egregium diicebat. 33"/\p. | videiiduin nunidea in thalainis venisset,&c. «^|ian. plaiKled virtue grows apace, and glory includes within I li. 12. *^ Do mentis alieiiat. cap. .3. «Se(iui- it an immense impulse." 3-i I demens, et sceva.^ curre ! turque siiperbia formam. Livius li. H. Oraculurn est. per i*lpi'S. Aude Aliquid, &c. ut pueris placeas, et de- clamalio fias. Juv. Sat. 10. 35 in inoriae Encoin. « Juvenal. Sat. 4. 3' " There is nothing which over- lauded power will not presume to iuiagine of itself" '(■Sueton. r. 12. in Domitiano. 3^ Brisonius. iisi,ue succinctus curru velut I.iUer pater vectus est vivida seepe ingenia, liixuriare bar, et evanescere mul tosque sensum peiiitus amisisse. Homines intuenliir ac si ipsi non essent homines. ■•^ Galeus de ruhris, civis nosier faher ferrarius, oh inventioneni instrume -ti CocleiE oliin Archimedis dicti, prs i:etitia insaniiit ■"^Insania postmodum correptus, oh nimiam indeairo gantiam. ■" Bene ferre magnam disce fortun* v Hor. Forlunam reverenter habe, quicunque repel 14 Dives ab exili progrediere loco. Ausouius Alem. 3. Subs. 15.] Study, a Cause. 187 vain conceits transported, there is no rule with inem. " Epaminondas, therefore, tlie next (lay after his Leuctrian victory, ''**'• came abroad all squalid and subniiss," anc gave no other reason to his friends of so doing, than that he perceived himself the ■Jay before, by reason of his good fortune, to be too insolent, overmuch joyed. That wise and virtuous lady, ""^ Queen Katherine, Dowager of England, in private taHc upon like occasion, said, "that '"she would not willingly endure the extremity of either fortune ; but if it were so, that of necessity she must undergo the one, she would be in adversity, because comfort was never wanting in it, but still counsel and government were defective in the other:" they could not moderate themselves. SuBSECT. XV. — Love of Learning, or overmuch study. With a Digression of the misery of Scholars, and why the Muses are Melancholy. Leonartus Fuchsius Instil, lib. iii. sect. 1. cap. I. Faelix Plater, lib. in. de mentis alienat. Here, de Saxonia, IVact. post, de melanch. cap. 3, speak of a ^'peculiar fury, which comes by overmucii study. Fernelius, lib. 1, cap. 18, ^■^puts study, contem- plation, and continual meditation, as an especial cause of madness : and in his 86 consul, cites the same words. Jo. Arculanus, in lib. 9, Rhasis ad Jilnansorem, cap. 16, amongst other causes reckons up stadium vehemens : so doth Levinus Lemnius, lib. de pccul. nat. mirac. lib. 1, cap. 16. *^"Many men (saith he) come to this malady by continual ^ study, and night-waking, and of all other men, scholars are most sub- ject to it:" and such Rhasis adds, ^^''that have commonly the finest \^its." Cont. lib. 1, tract. 9, Marsilius Ficinus, de sanit. tuenda, lib. 1. cap. 7, puts melancholy amongst one of those five principal plagues of students, 'tis a common Maul unto them all, and almost in some measure an inseparable companion. Varro belike for that cause calls Tristes Philosophos et severos, severe, sad, dry, tetric, are common epithets to scholars: and '"''Fatritius therefore, in the institution of princes, would not have them to be great students. For (as Machiavel holds) study weakens their bodies, dulls the spirits, abates their strength and courage; and good scholars are never good soldiers, which a certain Goth well perceived, for when his countrymen came into Greece, and would have burned all their books, he cried out against it, by no means they should do it, *' " leave them that plague, which in time will consume all tlieir vigour, and martial spirits." The ^^ Turks abdicated Cornutus the next heir from the empire, because he was so much given to his book : and 'tis the common tenet of the world, that learning dulls and diminisheth the spirits, and so per conse- quens produceth melancholy. Two main reasons may be given of it, why students should be more subject to this malady than others. The one is, they live a sedentary, solitary life, sibi et ?)iusis free from bodily exercise, and those ordinary disports which other men use : anu many times if discontent and idleness concur with it, which is too frequent, they are precipitated into this gulf on a sudden : but the common cause is overmuch study ; too much learning (as ^'^Festus told Paul) hath made thee mad; 'tis that other extreme which effects it. So did Trincavelius, lib. 1, consil. 12 and 13, find by his experi- ence, in two of his patients, a young baron, and another that contracted this malady by too vehement study. So Forestus, observat. I. 10, obscrv. 13, in a young divine m Louvaine, that was mad, and said ^'^ ^ he had a Bible in his head :" Marsilius Ficinus de sanit. tuend. lib. 1, cap. 1, 3, 4, and lib. 2, cap. 16, gives many reasons, *'''•'• why students dote more often than others." The first is their negligence; *^" other men w Processit sqiialidiis et siibmissus, ut hesterni Diei aaiiiliiini iiiteiiiperaiis tiodie casligaret. ^^Uxor Hen. 8. ^ Neutriiis se fortunte extreinuni libenter exjv;! turairi dixit: sed si necessitas alterius subinde iiii|)oneretur, optare sc difficilem et adversain : quod in Imc iiiilli iii.quain defiiit solatium, in altera multis con- siliuiii, etc L,od. ViVKS. SI Peculiaris t'uror, qui ex lileris til. ^^ Nihil niaf;i9 auget, ac assidua studia, et profunds cogilationes. o3 Non desunt, qui ex /uj;i studio, ei lutempestiva lucubratione, hue devene- ruiit, hi prw cteteris eiiim pleruiique melancholia solent itife;lan. m study is a continual and earnest medi- tation applied to soiiiethinj; with great desire. Tully. 55 Et ill) qui sunt suhliiis iiigenii, et multai prsmedita- tio'iis, de f'acili inridunl in mclancholiam. "«Ob tiidiorum solicitiilinen] lib. 5. Tit. 5. ^^Gaspar j Ens Thesaur Polit. Apoteles. 31. GriBcis hanc pestem relinquite qnffi dubium non est, quiu brevi omnein is vigorem ereptura Martiosque spirilus exhaiistura sit; Ut ad anna tractanda plane inliabiles fiituri sint. ssRnoles Turk. Hist. s" Acts, xxvi. 24. i*" Niuiiia stiidiis nielancliolicusevasit, dicens se Biblium in capite habere. S' Cur melancholia assidua, crebrisque de- liramentis vexentur eoruni auiuii nt desipere cogantur, ^^Solers quilibet artifex instruinenta sua diligeiitissime curat, penicollos pictor ; malleos incudesque faber fer- rarius; miles equos, anna venator, auceps aves, e^ canes, Cytharam Cylhara^dus, ruui exskfutur. coruo'a sensim gracilescunt °^ Stu- diosi sunt Cacectici ct nunquarn bene colorati, propter dehililatem digustivie facullatis, mulliphcantur in iis superHuitates. Jo. Voscbius parte 2. cap. 5. de peste. 6" Niillus mihi (ler otium dies exit, partem noctis sludiis dedico, non vero somno, sed iiculos vigilia fatigatos ca- dentesquo, in operani detineo. ^9 Johannes Hanus* cliius liohemus. iiat. 1516. eruditus vir, nimiis studiisin Phrenesin iiicidit. Montanus instances in a F.'ench mail of Tolosa. '"('ardinalis Ctecius; ch laboreor vigiliam, et diuturna studia factus Melanchuiinus Vleni. 3. Subs. 15.J Study^ a Cause. 189 Because they cannot riiJe a horse, which every clown can do ; salute and court gentlewoman, carve at table, cringe and make conges, which every common swasher can do, '^'hos populus ridet, &.c., they are laughed to scorn, and accounted silly foola by our gallants. Yea, many times, such is their misery, they deserve it : "a merp scholar, a mere ass. ' Obstipo capite, et figentes lumine terram, Muriiiura cum serum, et rabiosa silerjtia rodunt, Atque experreclo trutinantur verba labello, ^groti veteris meditantes somnia, gigni De nihilo nihilum; in iiihilum nil posse reverti." .74 •' who do lean awry Their heads, piercing tlie earth with a fixt eye, When, by themselves, they gnaw their murmuring, And furious silence, as 'twere balancing Each word upun their outstretched lip, and when 'I'hey meditate the dreams of old sick men. As, 'Out of nothing, nothing can he brought; And that which is, can ne'er be turn'd to nought.'" Tkus they go commonly meditating unto themselves, thus they sit, such is their action and gesture. Fulgosus, I. 8, c. 7, makes mention how Th. Aquinas supping with king Lewis of France, upon a sudden knocked his fist upon the table, and cried, concliisum est contra Manichcsos, his wits were a wool-gathering, as they say, and his head busied about other matters, when he perceived his error, he was much '^abashed. Such a story there is of Archimedes in Vitruvius, that having found out the means to know how much gold was mingled with the silver in king Hieron's crown, ran naked forth of the bath and cried supjyxa, I have found : '® " and was com- monly so intent to his studies, that he never perceived what was done about him : when the city was taken, and the soldiers now ready to rifle his house, he took no notice of it." St. Bernard rode all day long by the Lemnian lake, and asked at last where he was, Marullus, lib. 2, cap. 4. It was Democritus's carriage alone that made the Abderites suppose him to have been mad, and send for Hippocrates to cure him : if he had been in any solemn company, he would upon all occasions fall a laughing. Theoplirastus saith as much of Heraclitus, for that he continually wept, and Laertius of Menedemus Lampsacus, because he ran like a madman, " saying,- •'■ he came from hell as a spy, to tell the devils what mortal men did." Your greatest students are commonly no better, silly, soft fellows in their outward behaviour, absuid, ridiculous to others, and no whit experienced in worldly business; they can measure the heavens, range over the world, teach others wisdom, and yet in bargains and contracts they are circumvented by every base tradesman. Are not these men fools.? and how should they be otherwise, "but as so many sots in schools, when (as '^ he well observed) they neither hear nor see such things as are commonly practised abroad ?" how should t.hey get experience, by what means .' "'■' 1 knew in my time many scholars," saith ^neas Sylvius (in an epistle of his to Gasper Scitick, chancellor to the emperor), " excellent well learned, but so rude, so silly, tha they had no common civility, nor knew how to manage their domestic or public affairs." "■ Paglarensis was amazed, and said his farmer had surely cozened him, when he lieard him tell that his sow had eleven pigs, and his ass had but one foal." To say the best of this profession, 1 can give no otner testimony of them in general, than that of Pliny of Isasus ; ^" He is yet a scholar, than which kind of men there is nothing so simple, so sincere, none better, they are most part harmless, honest, upright, innocent, plain-dealing men." Now because they are commonly subject to such hazards and inconveniences as dotage, madness, -simplicity, &c. Jo. Voschius would have good scholars to be highly rewarded, and had in some extraordinary respect above other men, " to have greatei *' privileges than the rest, that adventure themselves and abbreviate their lives for the public good." But our patrons of learning are so far now-a-days from respecting the muses, and giving that honour to scholars, or reward which they deserve, and are allowed by those indulgent privileges of many noble princes, that after all their 'ipers. Sat. 3. They cannot fiddle; but, as Themisto- cata. 'spelronins. E^o arbjtror in srholis ?tultis- cles said, he could make a small town become a great sitnos fieri, quia nihil eoriiin (iii;e in usu habemiis hiM city. '■•'Pers. Sat. '^Ingenium sibi quod vanas audiunt a(it vident. "Novi meis .liebus, plerosque desumpsit Athenas et septem studiis annos dedit, in senuitque. Libris et curis statua taciturnius exit, I'lerunqiie et risu popijlum quatit, Hor. ep. 1. lib. 2. "Translated by M. B. Holiday. ''5 Thomas rnbore sonfusus dixit se de arguniento coaitasse. '"'Plutarch, vita Marcelli, Nee seiisit urhem captain. n-JC milites in lioniuni irriientes, adeo intentus studiis, &c. "Sub Furiie larv.i circumivit urbeni, dictitansseexploratorem all inferisi enissc,delaturum dsmonibus inorlalium pec- tudiis literarum deditos.qui disci pi in is admodum abun- dabant, sed si nihil civilitatis hahent, nee rem piibl. ner domesticam Tenure norant. Stnpuit Paglarensis e' fiirti vilicum accusavit, qui fueni fcetani undecim por cellos, asinani unum duntaxat piilliiin enixam retulerai «)Lib. 1. Epist. 3. Adhuc scholasticus taiuium est; qii' genere hominum, nihil aut est simplicius au? sino-rnu aut melius. i-'Jure privilegiaiuu, qui ob coaimuiu bonum abbreviant sihi vltam. iOw Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sect S pains taken in the universities, cost and charge, expenses, irksome hours, laboriou* tasks, wearisome days, dangers, hazards, (barred interim from all pleasures whicl other men have, mewed up like hawks all their lives) if they chance to wade througl. them, they sliall in the end be rejected, contemned, and which is their greatest misery driven to their shifts, exposed to want, poverty, and beggary. Their familis" attend ants are, «2«' Piilleiites morbi, luctus, cur.Tque labnrque 1 'j Grief, labour, care, pale sickness, miseries, El nu'lus, et inalnsiiada fames, et turpis egcstas, [ Fear, filthy puverTy, hiinaer that cries, Terrililles visu forma;" | \Terrible monsters to be seen with eyes." If there were nothing else to trouble them, the conceit of this alone were enough to make them all melancholy. Most other trades and professions, after some seven years' apprenticeship, are enabled by their craft to live of themselves. A merchan adventures his goods at sea, and though his hazard be greit, yet if one ship return of four, he likely makes a saving voyage. An husbandm-^n's gains are almost cer tain; qu'ihus ipse Jupiter nocere non potest (whom Jove himself can't harm) ('tis ^'Cato's hyperbole, a great husband himself); only scholars methinks are most un- certain, unrespected, subject to all casualties, and hazards. For first, not one of a many proves to be a scholar, all are not capable and docile, ^* ex omniligno non fit Mercurius: we can make majors and officers every year, but not scholars : kings can invest knights and barons, as Sigismund the emperor confessed ; universities can give degrees ; and Tu quod es, e populo quilibet esse potest; but he nor they, nor all the world, can give learning, make philosopliers, artists, orators, poets ; we can soon say, as Seneca well notes, O virum ionum^ o divitem.) point at a rich man, a good, a happy man, a prosperous man, sumptuose vestiium^ Calamistratum., bene olentem, magno temporis impendio constat hcic laudatioj 6 virum Uterarum^ but 'tis not so easily performed to find out a learned man. Learning is not so quickly got, though they may be willing to take pains, to that end sufficiently informed, and liberally maintained by their patrons and parents, yet few can compass it. Or if they be docile, yet all men's wills are not answerable to their wits, they can apprehend, but will not take pains ; they are either seduced by bad companions, vel in puellam im- pingunt., vel in poculum (they fall in with women or wine) and so spend their time to their friends' grief and their own undoings. Or put case they be studious, indus- trious, of ripe wits, and perhaps good capacities, then how many diseases of body and mind must they encounter } No labour in the world like unto study. It may be, their temperature will not endure it, but striving to be excellent to know all, they lose health, wealth, wit, life and all. Let him yet happily escape all these hazards, cereis intestinis^ with a body of brass, and is now consummate and ripe, he hath pro- fited in his studies, and proceeded with all applause : after many expenses, he is fit for preferment, where shall he have it.? he is as far to seek it as he was (after twenty years' standing) at the first day of his coming to the University. For what course shall he take, being now capable and ready } The most parable and easy, and about which many are employed, is to teach a school, turn lecturer or curate, and for that he shall have falconer's wages, ten pound per annum, and liis diet, or some small stipend, so long as he can please his patron or the parish ; if they approve him not (for usually they do but a year or two) as inconstant, as ^^ they that cried " Hosanna" one day, and " Crucify him" the other; serving-man-like, he must go look a new master; if they do, what is his reward ? M " Hoc qiinque te manet lit piieros eleinenta docentem I " At last thy snow-white age in suburb schools, Occupet extremis in vicis alba senectus." | Sliall toil in teaching boys their grammar rules." Like an ass, he wears out his time for provender, and can show a stum rod, togam iritajii et laceram.) saith ^' Hajdus, an old torn gown, an ensign of his infelicity, he iiatli his labour for his pain, a modicum to keep him till he be decrepid, and tiiat is .all. Grammaticus non estfcelix^ <^c. If he be a trencher chaplain in a gentleman's tioiiso, as it befel *^ Euphormio, after some seven years' service, he may perchance nave a living to the halves, or some small rectory with the mother of the maids at length, a poor kinswoman, or a cracked chambermaid, to have and to hold during « Virg 6. Mn. ^ Plutarch, vita ejus. Certiim I ciliir. «> Mat. '.!!. *^6 Hor. epis. 2U. 1. 1 •" !/• agricolatioriis lucrum, &.c. ''^(iuoiaiiiiis fiuut cmi- 1. tie contem. amor. ^t gatyrjcoa «u)''.9 et orticoiistiles. Ki-x el Poetaqunlaiiiiis non iias- | Mem. 3. Subs. 15.] the time of his life. in the mean time, Study, a Cause. 191 Buv if he offend his good patron, or displease his lad^ mistress W" Diicetiir Planta velut ictus ab Her.-ule Cacu3, I'onetuique foras, si quid teiilaveril unquain Hiscere" as Hercules did by Cacus, he shall be dragged forth of doors by the heels, away with him. If he bend his forces to some other studies, with an intent to be a secretis to some nobleman, or in such a place with an ambassador, he shall find that these per- sons rise like apprentices one under another, and in so many tradesmen's shops, when the master is dead, the foreman of the shop commonly steps in his place Now for poets, rhetoricians, historians, philosophers, ^"mathematicians, sopl.istei !, &c. ; they are like grasslioppers, sing they must in summer, and pine in the winter, for there is no preferment for them. Even so they were at first, if you will believe that pleasant tale of Socrates, wiiich he told fair Pha^drus under a plane-tree, at the banks of the river Iseus ; about noon when it was hot, and the grasshoppers made a noise, he took that sweet occasion to tell him a tale, how grasshoppers were once scholars, musicians, poets, &,c., before the Muses were born, and lived without meat and drink, and for that cause were turned by Jupiter into grasshoppers. And may be turned again. In Tythoni Cicadas, aid Lyclorum ranas, for any reward I see they are like to have : or else in the mean time, I would they could live, as they did, without any viaticum, like so many ^' manucodiatse, those Indian birds of paradise, as we commonly call them, those 1 mean that live with the air and dew of heaven, and need no other food ; for being as they are, their ^^ " rlietoric only serves them to curse their bad fortunes," and many of them for want of means are driven to hard shifts ; from grasslioppers they turn humble-bees and wasps, plain parasites, and make the muses, mules, to satisfy their hunger-starved paunches, and get a meal's meat. To say truth, 'tis the common fortune of most scholars, to be servile anO poor, to complain pitifully, and lay open their wants to their respectless patrons, as '^Cardan doth, as ''■*Xilander and many others : and which is too common in those dedicatory epistles, for hope of gain, to lie, flatter, and with hyperbolical eulogiums and commendations, to magnify and extol an illiterate unworthy idiot, for his excel- lent virtues, whom they should rath-er, as ^' Machiavel observes, vilify, and rail at downright for his most notorious viilanies and vices. So they prostitute themselves as fiddlers, or mercenary tradesmen, to serve great meii^s turns for a small reward. They are like ®^ Indians, they have store of gold, but know not the worth of it : for I am of Synesius's opinion, ^^^'Kiiig Hieron got more by Simonides' acquaintance, than Simonides did by his 5" they have their best education, good institution, sole qualification from us, and when they have done well, their honour and immortality from us : we are the living tombs, registers, and as so many trumpeters of their fames : what was Achilles without Homer .'' Alexander without Arian and Curtius .'' who had known the Caisars, but for Suetonius and Dion ? »8"Vixerunt fortes ante Agamemtiona Mulli : sed oriines illaclirymabiles llrgentur, ienotique lojiga Nocte, careiit quia vate sacro." " Before great Agamemnon reign'd, Reigii'd kings as great as he, and brave, VVliose huge ambition's now contain'd In the small compass of a grave: In endless night they sleep, unwept, unknown. No bard they had to make all time their own." they are more beholden to scholars, than scholars to them ; but they undervalue themselves, and so by those great men are kept down. Let them have that encyclo- pfedian, all the learning in the world; they must keep it to themselves, ^^"•live in base esteem, and starve, except they will submit," as Budajus well hath it, " so man} good parts, so many ensigns of arts, virtues, be slavishly obnoxious to some illiterate potentate, and live under his insolent worship, or honour, like parasites," Qui tan- quam rmires alienum jjanem comedunf. For to say trutli, arlcs hce non sunt Lucra- fivcr,, as Guido Bonat that great astrologer could foresee, they be not gainful a;ts these, sed esuricntes et famclicce, but poor and hungry. S9juv. Sat. 5. 90 Arscolit astra. «' Aldrovandu.* de Avihns. 1. \-i. Gesner, &c. 9' Literas habent queis cibi el fortuniE suae maledicant. Sat. Menip. "Lib. \c lihri* Propriis fol. 24. »» Priefat translat. Plutarch. Polit. disput laudihiis exlollunt eos ac si virtutibus poljerent quos ob iiitinita si-.eleia potius vituperare osorterel. *<• Ur as horses know not tlieir strength, they con.oider not their own worth. 9' Phira ex Simonidi* familiaritate Hieron consequutusest.quamex Hieronij Simonides. 98 Hor. lib. 4. od. 9. '^ Inter iiierte.'= el Plebeins fere jacet, ultimum locum habens, nisi tot atl't virtutisqiie insijniii, turpitcr obnoxie, .^upparisilandc fascibussubji'cerit proterv Buchanan, eleg. lib. ' In Satyricon. intrat senex, ed culta non ita speciosus, ut facile appareret euni hao nota literatum esse, quos divites odisse solent. Ego inquit Poetasuni: (luare ergo tani male vestitus es ? Prop'er hoc ipsum ; amor ingenii neminem unquam diviiem fecit. ^ Petronius Arbiter. 'Oppressus paupertate animus nihil eximium, aiit sublime cogitare potest, aniCBiiitates literarnm, ant elegantiani,<|uoniam nihil prajsidii in his ad viti comnioduin vidi.t, primft negligere, mox odisse incipit. Hens. « Epistol. qnaest. lib. 4. £p. 31. "Ciceroii. dial. 'ftpibt lib. 2. Mem 3 Sabs. 15.] Study, a Cause. 193 great skill, that I make great doubt how they shall be maintained, or who shall be their patients. Besides, there are so many of both sorts, and some of them euoh harpies, so covetous, so clamorous, so impudent; and as ''he said, litigious idiots, 'duibus Inqiiacis affatim arrogantiffi est, Periti;e parum aut niliil, Neo iilla mica literarii salis, Crumenimulga natio: Loquiiteleia turba, litium stroptiiE, Maligna litigantiuiii cnhurs, togati vultures, " Which have no skill but prating arrogsnce, No learning, such a pnrse-inilking nation: Gown'd vultures, thieves, and a litiiiioiis rout Of cozeners, that haunt this occupation," Laverrjie alumni, Agyrta;," &.C. that they cannot well tell how to live one by another, but as he jested in the Comedy of Clocks, they were so many, ^ major pars popiili aridd replant fame, they are almost starved a great part of tliem, and ready to devour their fellows, ^ Et noxia calllditate se corripere, such a multitude of pettifoggers and empirics, such impostore, that an honest man knows not in what sort to compose and beliave himself in their society, to carry himself with credit in so vile a rout, scienticE nomcn, tot sumptibus partmn et iiigiliis^ profileri dispudeat, postqitam, S^c. Last of all to come to our divines, the most noble profession and worthy of double honour, but of all others the most distressed and miserable. If you will not believe me, hear a brief of it, as it was not many years since publicly preached at Paul's cross, '° by a grave minister then, and now a reverend bishop of this land : "/We that are bred up in learning", and destinated by our parents to this end, we suffer our childhood in the grammar-school, which Austin calls magnam tyrannidem, et grave malum, and compares it to the torments of martyrdom ; when we come to the uni- versity, if we live of the college allowance, as Phalaris objected to the Leontines, Hav rwi' £f6«? 7i%riv Xt^ov xai ^o'^ov, needy of all things but hunger and fear, or if we be maintained but partly by our parents' cost, do expend in unnecessary maintenance, books. and degrees, before we come to any perfection, five hundred pounds, or a thousand marks. If by this price of the expense of time, our bodies and spirits, our substance and patrimonies, we cannot purchase those small rewards, which are ours by law, and the right of inheritance, a poor parsonage, or a vicarage of 50Z. per annum, but we must pay to the patron for the lease of a life (a spent and out-worn life) either in annual pension, or above the rate of a copyhold, and that with the hazard and loss of our souls, by simony and perjury, and tlie forfeiture of all our spiritual preferments, in esse and posse, both present and to come. What father after a while will be so improvident to bring up his son to his great charge, to this neces- sary beggary ? What christinn will be so irreligious, to bring up his son in that course of life, which by all probability and necessity, cogit ad turpia, enforcing to sin, will entangle him in simony and perjury," when as the poet said, Invitatus ad hcec aUquis de ponJe negabit : "a beggar's brat taken from the bridge where he sits a begging, if he knew the inconvenience, had cause to refuse it." Tiiis being thus, have not we fished fair all this while, that are initiate divines, to find no better fruits v'f our labours, ^' hoc est cur palles, cur quis non prandeat hoc est? do we macerate ourselves for this ? Is it for this we rise so early all the year long.? '^"leaping (as he saith) out of our beds, when we hear the bell ring, as if we had heard a thunder- clap." If this be all the respect, reward and honour we shall have, ^^frange leves calamos, et scinde Thalia libeJIos : let us give over our books, and betake ourselves to some other course of life ; to what end should we study } '■• Quid me litterulas stulti docuere parentes, what did our parents mean to make us scholars, to be as far to seek of preferment after twenty years' study, as we were at first : why do we take such pains } Quid tantum insanis juvat impallescere chartis ? If there be no more hope of reward, no better encouragement, I say again, Frange leves calamos, et scinde Thalia libellos ; let 's turn soldiers, sell our books, and buy swords, guns, and pikes, or stop bottles with them, turn our philosopher's gowns, as Cleanthes once did, into millers' coats, leave all and rather betake ourselves to any other course of life, than to continue longer in this misery. '* PrcBStat dentiscalpia radere, quant literarils monumentis magnatum favof-em emendicare. Yea, but methinks 1 hear some man except at these words, that though this bf ' Ja. Donsa Epodoii. lib. 2. car. 2. "Plautus. I " Pers. Sat. 3. "E lecto exsilientes, ad subitum tin Barr. Argenis lib. 3. "> Joh. Howson 4 Novembris tinnabuli plaii8um quasi Tuluiino territi. 1. "Marl 1^97. the sermon was printed by Arnold Harttield. | ^Mart. ''Sat. Menip. 25 R 194 Causes of Melanchily. [Pan, 1. Sec. 2 true wliich I liave said of the estate of scholars, and especially of divines, that it is miserable and distressed at this time, that the church suffers shipwreck of her goods, and that they liave just cause to complain ; there is a fault, but whence proceeds it ? If the cause were justly examined, it would be retorted upon ourselves, if we were cited at that tribunal of truth, we should be found guilty, and not able to excuse it That there is a fault among us, I confess, and were there not a buyer, there would not be a seller; but to him that will consider better of it, it will more than mani- festly appear, that tlie fountain of lliese miseries proceeds from these griping patrons. In accusing them, I do not altogether excuse us ; both are faulty, they and we : yet in my judgment, theirs is the greater fault, more apparent causes and much to be condemned. For my part, if it be not with me as 1 would, or as it should, I do ascribe the cause, as '* Cardan did in the like case; meo infortunio potius quam illo- rum scelfri^ to "mine own infelicity rather than their naughtiness: altliough I have been baffled in my time by some of them, and have as just cause to complain as another : or rather indeed to mine own negligence ; for I was ever like that Alexan- der in '^Plutarch, Crassus his tutor in pliilosophy, who, though he lived many years familiarly with rich Crassus, was even as j)oor when from, (which many wondered at) as when he came first to him ; he never asked, the other never gave him any- thing; when he travelled with Crassus he borrowed a hat of him, at his return restored it again. I have had some such noble friends' acquaintance and scholars, but most part (common courtesies and ordinary respects excepted) they and I parted as we met, thev gave me as much as I requested, and that was — And as Alexander ah Jllexandro Genial, dier. I. 6. c. 16. made answer to Hieronimus Massainus, that wondered, quum pliires ignavos et ignohiles ad dignilates et sacerdolia promotos quo- tidie videret^ when other men rose, still he was in the same state, eodcm tenore et fortuna citi merccdem laborum studiorumque deberi putaret^ whom he thought to deserve as well as the rest. He made answer, that he was content with his present estate, was not ambitious, and although ohjurgabundus suam segnitiem accusaret, cum obscures sortis homines ad sacerdotia et pontijicatus evectos^ (S|-c., he chid him for his backwardness, yet he was still the same : and for my part (though I be not worthy perhaps to carry Alexander's books) yet by some overweening and well-wishing friends, the like speeches have been used to me ; but I replied .still with Alexander, that J had enough, and more peradventure than I deserved ; and with Libanius So- phista, that rather chose (when honours and offices by the emperor were offered unto him) to be talis Sophista, quain talis Magistratus. 1 had as lief be still Democritus junior, and privus privalus^ si mild jam daretur optio, quam talis fortasse Doctor^ talis Domirais. Sed quorsum hcec ? For the rest 'tis on both sides f acinus detestandum^ to buy and sell livings, to detain from the church, that which God's and men's laws have bestowed on it ; but in them most, and that from the covetousness and ignorance of such as are interested in this business ; 1 name covetousness in the first place, as the root of all these mischiefs, which, Achan-like, compels them to ■commit sacrilege, and to make simoniacal compacts, (and what not) to their own ends, '^ that kindles God's wrath, brings a plague, vengeance, and a heavy visitation upon themselves and others. Some out of that insatiable desire of filthy lucre, to be enriched, care not how they come by it per fas et nefas^ hook or crook, so they have it. And others when they have with riot and prodigality embezzled their estates, to recover themselves, make a prey of the church, robbing it, as '"Julian the apostate did, spoil parsons of their revenues (in keeping half back, ^' as a great man amongst us observes :) "• and that maintenance on which they should live :" by means whereof, barbarism is increased, and a great decay of christian professors : for who will apply himself to these divine studies, his son, or friend, when after great pains taken, they shall have nothing whereupon to live .•• But with what event Jc ihey these things .? M"Opesque totis virihus venamini, At inde mossis accidit miserrima." '"Lib. 3. (ie cons. "I had no money, I wanted im- 1 nee facile jiidicare potest utrum paiiperinr cum primo pndence, I could not scramble, temporise, dinsemhle : | ad Crassiim, &c. "Deum habent iratiini, Ribiqiie noil prande'et olus, &;c. vis dicam, ad palpaiuiiini et j mortem aslernain acquirunl, aliis miserabilem ruinaiti. adulnndiiin penitus insiilsuB, reciidi non possum, jam I Serrariiis in Josiiain, 7. Euripides. 3» \icppliorus lib neniorin sim talis, el fingi nolo, utciinque male cedat in 10. cap, 5. 2' Lord Cook, in liis Reports, second par tain aieam et obscurud inde delitescam. '^ Vit. Crassi. | fol. 44 ^ Euripides. Mem. 3. Subs. 15.] Study, a Cause. 193 They toil and moil, but what reap they.? They are commonly i/nfortunate tamilie» that use it, accursed in their progeny, and, as common experience evinceth, accurseu 'Jieniselves in all their proceedings. "With what face (as ^he quotes out of Aust.^ can tliey expect a blessing or inheritance from Christ in heaven, that defraud Christ of his inheritance here on earth .'" I would all our simoniacal patrons, and such as detain tithes, would read those judicious tracts of Sir Henry Spelman, and Sir James Sempill, knights ; those late elaborate and learned treatises of Dr. Tilflye, and Mr Montague, which they have written of that subject. But though they should read, it would be to small purpose, dames licet et mare coelo Confundas ; thunder, lighten, preach hell and damnation, tell them 'tis a sin, they will not believe it ; denounce and terrify, they have ^^ cauterised consciences, they do not attend, as the enchanted adder, they stop their ears. Call them base, irreligious, profane, barbarous, pagans, atheists, epicures, (as some of them surely are) with the bawd in Plautus, Euge, oplime^ they cry and applaud themselves with that miser, ^'simul ac nummos con- tcmplor in area : say what you will, quocunque modo rem : as a dog barks at the moon, to no purpose are your savings ; Take your heaven, let them have money. A base, profane, epicurean, hypocritical rout : for my part, let them pretend what zeal they will, counterfeit religion, blear the world's eyes, bombast themselves, and stuff" out their greatness with church spoils, shine like so many peacocks ; so cold is my charity, so defective in this behalf, that I shall never think better of them, than that they are rotten at core, their bones are full of epicurean hypocrisy, and atheistical marrow, they are worse than heathens. For as Dionysius Halicarnasseus observes, Antiq. Horn. lib. 7. ^^Primjim locum, Stc. " Greeks and Barbarians observe all reli- gious rites, and dare not break them for fear of offending their gods ; but our simo- niacal contractors, our senseless Achans, our stupifled patrons, fear neither God nor devil, they have evasions for it, it is no sin, or not due jure divino, or if a sin, no great sin, &c. And though they be daily punished for it, and they do manifestly per- ceive, that as he said, frost and fraud come to foul ends; yet as "Chrysostom fol- lows it JYulla ex pcend sit correctio, et quasi adversis malitia hominum provocetur, crescit quotidie quod puniatur : they are rather worse than better, — iram atque ani- mos u criminc sumurd, and the more they are corrected, the more they offend : but let them take their course, ^^Rode caper vites, go on still as they begin, 'tis no sin, let them rejoice secure, God's vengeance will overtake them in the end, and these ill-gotten goods, as an eagle's feathers, '^^will consume the rest of their substance; it is ^° aurum Tholosanum, and will produce no better effects. *" " Let them lay it up safe, and make their conveyances never so close, lock and shut door," saith Chry- sostom, "■ yet fraud and covetousness, two most violent thieves are still included, and a little gain evil gotten will subvert the rest of their goods. The eagle in jEsop, seeing a piece of flesh now ready to be sacrificed, swept it away with her claws, and carried it to her nest ; but there was a burning coal stuck to it by chance, which unawares consumed her young ones, nest, and all together. Let our simoniacal church-chopping patrons, and sacrilegious harpies, look for no better success. A second cause is ignorance, and from thence contempt, successit odium in lif.eras ab ignorantid vulgi ; which ^^ Junius well perceived: this hatred and contempt of learn- ing proceeds out of ^^ ignorance ; as they are themselves barbarous, idiots, dull, illiterate, and proud, so they esteem of others. Sint Meccanates, non dcerimt Flacce Marones: Let tiiere be bountiful patrons, and there will be painful scholars in all scit.ices. But when they contemn learning, and think themselves sufficiently qualified, if they can write and read, scramble at a piece of evidence, or have so much Latin as that em- peror had, ^qui nescit dissimulare, nescit vivere, they are unfit to do their country service, to perform or undertake any action or employment, which may tend to the good of a commonwealth, except it be to fight, or to do country justice, with com- mon sense, which every yeoman can likewise do^JjAnd so the/ bring up their chil- dren, rude as they are themselves, unqualified, untaught, uncivil most part: '^"Quis i 23 Sir Henry Spelman, de non temerandis Ecclosiis. •'I Tim. 4,!. ^ Hor. asPrimiim lociiin apiid oiniies gentps hahet patritiiis deorum cultiis, et genio- ruin, nam hijnc iliutissiine custodiiint, lam Grsci qiiain Uaihari, &c. '■"Tom. 1. de steril. irium arinorum mb Elia sermone. -"Ovid. Fast. ^^ De male QHR'sitis viz gaudet tertins tixres. ^Strabo. lib. 4. -f. Geng. 3' Nihil faciliiis opes evertet, qiiam avaritia el fraiide parta. Et si enim seram addas tali arcsB et exti'riore j.iniia ejt vecte eam commiiiiias, ititiis tamen fraiidem et avaritiam, &,c. In 5. (..'oriiitli ^ Acad, cap, 7. 3^Ars nemineiii hahet inimiciim prfBlei ignorantem. ^* Me that cannot dissemble rannst live. ^Epist. quest, lib. 4. epist. 31. Lipsiua. 196 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1 rfec. *< noslrd juventule legitime instituitur Uteris? Quis oratores aut Philosophos tangitf quis historiam legit, illam rerum agcndarum quasi animam? 'prcecipitant parenles xwta sua, 8fc. 'twas Lipsius' complaint to liis illiterate countrymen, it may be ours. Now shall these men judge of a scholar's worth, that have no worth, that know not what belongs to a student's labours, that cannot distinguish between a true scholar and a drone ? or him that by reason of a voluble tongue, a strong voice, a pleasing tone, and some trivially polyanthean helps, steals and gleans a few notes from otlier men's harvests, and so makes a fairer show, than he that is truly learned indeed : that hinks it no more to preach, than to speak, ^^ " or to run away with an empty cart \ RS a orrave man said : and thereupon vilify us, and our pains ; scorn us, and all learn- ing. ^" Because they are rich, and have other means to live, they think it concerns them not to know, or to trouble themselves with it; a fitter task for younger bro- thers, or poor men's sons, to be pen and inkhorn men, pedantical slaves, and no whit beseeming the calling of a gentleman, as Frenchmen and Germans commonly do, neglect therefore all human learning, what have they to do whh it ? Let mariners learn astronomy ; merchants, factors study arithmetic ; surveyors get them geometry ; spectacle-makers optics; landleapers geography; town-clerks rhetoric, what should he do with a spade, that hath no ground to dig; or they with learning, that have no use of it ? thus they reason, and are not ashamed to let mariners, apprentices, and the basest servants, be better qualified than themselves. In former times, kings, princes, and emperors, were the only scholars, excellent in all faculties. Julius Caesar mended the year, and writ his own Commentaries, 38 " media inter prslia semper, Stellarum cGBlicjuc plagis, superisque vacavit." •'Antonius, Adrian, Nero, Seve. Jul. &c. '"' Michael the emperor, and Isacius, vs^ere so much given to their studies, that no base fellow would take so much pains : Orion, Perseus, Alphonsus, Ptolomeus, famous astronomers ; Sabor, Mithridates, Lysima- chus, admired physicians : Plato's kings all : Evax, that Arabian prince, a most expert jeweller, and an exquisite philosopher ; the kings of Egypt were priests of old, chosen and from thence, — Idem rex hominum, Phmhique sacerdos : but those heroical times are past; the Muses are now banished in this bastard age, ad sordida tuguriola, to meaner persons, and confined alone almost to universities. In those days, scholar? were highly beloved, ■*' honoured, esteemed ; as old Ennius by Scipio Africanus, Vir- gil by Augustus ; Horace by MecaBuas : princes' companions ; dear to them, as Ana- creon to Polycrates ; Philoxenus to Dionysius, and highly rewarded. Alexander sent Xenocrates the philosopher fifty talents, because he was poor, visu rermn, aut eru- ditione prcestantes viri, mensis olim rcgum adhihili, as Philostratus relates of Adrian and Lampridius of Alexander Severus : famous clerks came to these princes' courts, velut in Lycceum, as to a university, and were admitted to their tables, quasi diviim epulis accumbentes ; Archilaus, that Macedonian king, would not willingly sup with- out Euripides, (amongst the rest he drank to liim at supper one night, and gave him a cup of gold for his pains) dcler.tatus poetce siiavi sermone ; and it was fit it should be so ; because as ^^ Plato in his Protagoras well saith, a good philosopher as much excels other men, as a great king doth the commons of his country; and again, *^quoniam illis nihil decsf, et minime egere solent, ei disciplinas qiias profit entur, soli a contemptu vindicare possunt, they needed not to beg so basely, as they compel ** scholars in our times to complain of poverty, or crouch to a rich chuff for a meal's meat, but could vindicate themselves, and those arts which they professed. Now they would and cannot : for it is held by some of them, as an axiom, that to keen them poor, will make them study ; they must be dieted, as horses to a race, not pam- pered, '^^Jllendos volant, non saginandos, ne mclioris mentis fammula extinguatur ; a fat bird will not sing, a fat dog cannot hunt, and so by this. depression of theirs ^ some want means, others will, all want '*'' encouragement, as being forsaken almost ; S6Dr. King, in his last lecture on Jonah, sometime right revereiid lord hishop of London. ^t Ciujims opes et otiiim, hi barbaro f,isty literas contemnutit. •" Lucan. lib. H. ^^Spartian. feoliciti ile rebus niniis. *> Nicet. 1. Anal. Fiiniis liicnbrationum sorriebant. ♦iGramniaticis olim e! dialeclicis Jiirisqiie Professori- 0U8. qui specimen erudilionis dedissent eadem diRui hatit lieroas. Flrasm. ep. Jo. Fahio epis. Vien. « Pro bus vir et Philnsophus magis pra:stat inter alios homi- nes, quatn rex iriclitus inter plcbeios. lleinsi'H pra-fat. Poematum. ■•'Servile nomen Scholaris jam *^ Seneca. ■*'• Hand facile emergun ;, &c. <' Media qund noctis ab liora sedisti qua nem ) faber, qua nemc sedebat, qui docet obliquo lanam deJucere ferro : rar» alia insignia decreverunt Imperaiures, quibus orna- < tamen merces. Juv. Sat. 7. Wem 3. Subs. 15.] Study, a Cause. 197 and generally contemned. ^Tis an old saying, Sint Meccenaies, non deerunt Flacce Marones, and 'tis a true saying still. Yet oftentimes I may not deny it tlie main fault is in ourselves. Our academics too frequently offend in neglecting patrons, as '^'Erasnms well taxeth, or making ill choice of them ; negligimus oblatos aid amplec- ti.mur parum uptos, or if we get a good one, non studemus mutuis officii s favor em p.jiu alere, we do not ply and follow him as we should. Idem mini accidit Molescenti (saith Erasmus) acknowledging his fault, et gravissime pcccain, and so may ''''I say myself, I have offended in this, and so peradventure have many others. We did not spondere magnaium favoribus, qui cmperunt nos amplecti, apply ourselves with that readiness we should : idleness, love of liberty, immodicus amor libertatis effecit ut dill cum perfidis amicis, as he confesseth, et pertinaci pauperate colluctarer, bashful- ness, melancholy, timorousness, cause many of us to be too backward and remiss. So some offend in one extreme, but too many on the other, we are most part too forward, too solicitous, too ambitious, too impudent; we coumionly complain deesse McBcenates, of want of encouragement, want of means, when as the true defect is in our own want of worth, our insufficiency : did Mascenas take notice of Horace or Virgil till they had shown tliemselves first .' or had Bavins and Mevius any patrons ? Egregium specimen dent., saith Erasmus, let them approve themselves worthy first, sufficiently qualified for learning and manners, before they presume or impudently intrude and put themselves on great men as too many do, with such base flattery, parasitical colloguing, such hyperbolical elogies they do usually insinuate that it is a shame to hear and see. ImmodiccR laudes conciliant invidiam., potius quam laudem^ and vain commendations derogate from truth, and we think in conclusion, non melius dc laudato, pejus de laudante, ill of both, the commender and commended. So we offend, but the main fault is in their harshness, defect of patrons. - How beloved of old, and how much respected was Plato to Dionysius } VHow dear to Alexander was Arijtotle, Demeratus to Philip, Solon to Croesus, Anexarcus and Trebatius to Augus- tus, Cassius to Vespatian, Plutarch to Trajan, Seneca to Nero, Simonides to Hieron? how honoured ?V w " Sed h!EC prius fiiere, nunc recondita Senent qtiiete," those days are gone ; Et spes, et ratio studiorum in CcRsare tantum : *' as he said of old, we may truly say now, he is our amulet, our ^^ sun, our sole comfort and refuge, our Ptolemy, our common Maecenas, Jacobus munijiciis, Jacobus pacijicus, mysta JMu- sarum, Rex Platonicus : Grande decus, columenque nostrum : a famous scholar him- self, and the sole patron, pillar, and sustainer of learning : but his worth in this kind is so well known, that as Paterculus of Cato, Jam ipsum laudare nefas sit: and which ^^ Pliny to Trajan. Seria te carmina, honorque ceternus annalium, non hac bre- vis et pudenda prcedicatio colet. But he is now gone, the sun of ours set, and yet no night follows, Sol occubuif, nox nulla sequuta est. We have such another in his room, ^''aureus ak.ter. Avulsus, simili frondescit virga met.allo, and long may he reign and flourish amongst us. Let me not be malicious, and lie against my genius, I may not deny, but that we have a sprinkling of our gentry, here and there one, excellently well learned, like those Fuggeri in Germany; Dubartus, Du Plessis, Sadael, in France; Picus Miran- dula, Schottus, Barotius, in Italy ; .Apparent rari nantes in gurgite vasto. But they are but few in respect of the multitude, the major part (and some again excepted, that are indifferent) are wholly bent for haw-ks and hounds, and carried away many times with intemperate lust, gaming and drinking. If they read a book at any time (^si quod eU interim otii d venatu, poculis, alea, scortis) 'tis an English Chroni- cl:" St. Huon of Bordeaux, Amadis de Gaul, &.C., a play-book, or some pamphlet of news, and that at such seasons only, when they cannot stir abroad, to drive away time, ^' their sole discourse is dogs, hawks, horses, and what news .'' \ If some one have been a traveller in Italy, or as far as the enlperor's court, wintered in Orleans, and can court his mistress in broken French, wear his clothes neatly in the newest fashion, sing some choice outlandish tunes, discourse of lords, ladies, towns, palaces, <*()hil. 4. Cent. 1. adag. J. <8 Had I done as others l are centred in Cepsar alone. '■^ ^femo est qiiein non did, put myself forward, I might have liaply been as | PhEebiiP hie noster, solo intuitu Inhentiorem reddat great a nnan as many of my equals. MCatullus, I *3 panegyr. s^VirKil. ^* Rarus enim ferine Juven. "All our hope* and inducements to studv | sensus communis in ilia Fortuna. Juv. Sat. 8. r2 198 Causes of Melancholy. [Van. Sec. 'Z and cities, lie is complete and to be admired : ^^ otherwise he and they are much at one ; no difference between the master and the man, but worshipful titles ; wink and choose betwixt him that sits down (clothes excepted) and him that holds the trenche. behind him : yet these men must be our patrons, our governors too sometimes, states- men, magistrates, noble, great, and wise by inheritance. Mistake me not (I say again) Vos o PatrUius sanguis., you that are worthy sena- tors, gentlemen, I honour your names and persons, and with all submissiveness, pros- trate myself to your censirre and service. There are amongst you, I do ingenuously confess, many well-deserving patrons, and true patriots, of my knowledge, besides many hundreds which I never saw, no doubt, or heard of, pillars of our common- wealth, "whose worth, bounty, learning, forwardness, true zeal in religion, and good esteem of all scholars, ought to be consecrated to all posterity ; but of your rank, there are a debauched, corrupt, covetous, illiterate crew again, no better than stocks merum peats (testor Deum, non mihi videri dignos ingenui hominis appellatione) barbarous Thracians, tt quis ille thrax qui hoc neget? a sordid, profane, pernicious company, irreligious, impudent and stupid, I know not what epithets to give them, enemies to learning, confounders of the church, and the ruin of a commonwealth ; patrons they are by right of inheritance, and put in trust freely to dispose of such livings to the church's good ; but (hard task-masters they prove) they take away their straw, and compel them to make their number of brick : they commonly respect their own ends, commodity is the steer of all their actions, and him they present in conclusion, as a man of greatest gifts, that will give most ; no penny, ^^ no pater- noster, as the saying is. JVtsi preces auro fulclas, amplius irritas : ut Cerberus offa^ their attendants and officers must be bribed, feed, and made, as Cerberus is with a sop by him that goes to hell. It was an old saying. Omnia RomcR venalia^ (all things are venal at Rome,) 'tis a rag of Popery, which will never be rooted out, there is no hope, no good to be done without money. A clerk may offer himself, approve his '^ worth, learning, honesty, religion, zeal, they will commend him for it •, but ^°pro~ hitas latidalur et alget. If he be a man of extraordinary parts, they will flock afar off to hear him, as they did in Apuleius, to see Psyche : multi mortales conjluebant ad videndum sceculi dccus., speculum gloriosum^ laudatur ah omnibus., spectatur ob om- Kibus, nee quisquam non rex., non re gins., cupidus ejus nuptiarium petitor accedit; rairan- tur quidem divinam formam omnes., sed ut simulacrum fabre politum mirantur ; many mortal men came to see fair Psyche the glory of her age, they did admire her, com- mend, desire her for her divine beauty, and gaze upon her ; but as on a picture ; none would merry her, quod indotata., fair Psyche had no money. ^' So they do by learning ; ' di(lii-it jam dives avarus Tanliiiii adiiiirari, tantuin laudare disertos, Ut pueri Juiioiiis avein" Your ricli men have now learn'd of latter days T' admire, commend, and come togelher To hear and see a wortny scholar spealt, As children da scieiitia sibique congiariuin est. "Uuat.ior ad portas E xlesias itus ad omnes-; sanguinia aut S nionia, pripsiilif? atque Dei. Holcot. MLib. coi.tra 0.:nlilei de Sa'/ a martvre. Mem. 3. Subs. 15.] Study^ a Cause. 199 mm cogunt eos^ et. ipsos tanquam canes ad mensas suas enutriuiit, eorumque impudenles fentrci \niquarum, coznarum reliquiis dijfertiunt, iisdem pro arhitro abulenl.es :' Rich men keep these lecturers, and fawning parasites, like so many dogs at their tables, and filling their hungry guts with the offals of their meat, they abuse them at their pleasure, and make them say what they propose. ''^'■^As children do by a bird or a butterfly in a string, pull in and let him out as they list, do they by their trencher chaplains, prescribe, command their wits, let in and out as to them it seems best, [f the patron be precise, so must his chaplain be ; if he be papistical, his clerk must be .so too, or else be turned out. These are those clerks which serve the turn, whom they commonly entertain, and present to church livings, whilst in the meantime we that are University men, like so many hide-bound calves in a pasture, tarry out our time, wither away as a flower ungathered in a garden, and are never used ; or as so many i.u,ndles, illuminate ourselves alone, obscuring one another's light, and are not discerned here at all, the least of which, translated to a dark room, or to some coun- try benefice, where it might shine apart, would give a fair light, and be seen over all. Whilst we lie waiting here as those sick men did at the Pool of " Bethesda, till the Angel stirred the water, expecting a good hour, they step between, and beguile us of our preferment. I have not yet said, if after long expectation, much expense, travel, earnest suit of ourselves and friends, we obtain a small benefice at last ] our misery begins afresh, we are suddenly encountered with the flesh, world, and "devil, with a new onset ; we change a quiet life for an ocean of troubles, we come to a ruinous house, which before it be habitable, must be necessarily to our great damage repaired ; we are compelled to sue for dilapidations, or else sued ourselves, and scarce yet settled, we are called upon for our predecessor's arrearages; first-fruits, tenths, subsidies, are instantly to be paid, benevolence, procurations, Stc, and which is most to be feared, we light upon a cracked title, as it befel Clenard of Brabant, for his rec- tory, and charge of his Begin \^. I. — JSTon-necessary, remote, outward, adventitious, or accvdental causes : a> first from the JYurse. Of those remote, outward, ambient, necessary causes, I have sufficiently discoursed in the precedent member, the non-necessary follow ; of which, saith *^ Fuchsias, no art can be made, by reason of their uncertainty, casualty, and multitude ; so called " not necessary" because according to ""^ Fernelius, " they may be avoided, and used without necessity." Many of these accidental causes, which I shall entreat of here, might have well been reduced to tlie former, because they cannot be avoided, but fatally happen to us, though accidentally, and unawares, at some time or other ; the rest are contingent and inevitable, and more properly inserted in this rank of causes. To reckon up all is a thing impossible; of some therefore most remarkable of these contingent causes which product melancholy, I will briefly speak and in their order. From a child's nativity, the first ill accident that can likely befall him in this kind is a bad nurse, by.whose means alone he may be tainted with this *' malady fcom his cradle, Aulus Gellius /. 12. c. 1. brings in Phavorinus, that eloquent philosopher, proving this at large, *"'" that there is the same virtue and property in the milk as in the seed, and not in men alone, but in all other creatures ; he gives instance in a kid and lamb, if either of them suck of the other's milk, the lamb of the goat's, or the kid of the ewe's, the wool of the one will be hard, and the hair of the other soft." Giraldus Cambrensis Itinerar Cambria:, I. I.e. 2. confirms this by a notable example which happened in his time. A sow-pig by chance sucked a brach, and when she was grown ****" would miraculously hunt all manner of deer, and that as well, or rather better, than any ordinary hound." His conclusion is, *"that men and beasts any public hall or city ready to accept of any employ- ment Uial may otfer. "A thing of wood and wires by others played." Following the paste as the parrot, they stutter out any- tliiiiK in hopes of reward: nhsequions parasites, says Erasmus, teach, say, write, admire, approve, cojitrary to their conviction, anything you please, not to benefit the people but to improve their own fortunes. Tliey subscribe to any opinion* and decisions contrary to the word of God, that they may not otl'end their patron, hut retain the favour of llie great, the applause of the multitude, and thereby acquire riches for themselves; for they approach Theology, not that they may perform a sacred duty, but make a fortune: nor to promote tlie interests of the church, but to pillage it: seeking, as I'aul says, not the things which are of Jesus Christ, but what may be their own : not the treasure of their Lord, but the enrichment of themselves and their followers. Nor does this evil belong to those of humbler l)irth and oriunes only, it possesses the middle and higher ranks, ois/iojis excepted. "O Pont ills, tell the efficacy of gold in sacred mat- ters 1" Avarice often leads the highest men astray, and men, admirable in all other respects: these find a salvo for simony; and, striking against tliis rock of corrup- tion, they do not shear but flay the flock ; and, wher- ever they teem, plunder, exhaust, raze, making ship- wreck of their reputation, if not of their souls also. Hence it appears that this malady did not flow from the humblest to the highest classes, hut vice versa, so that the maxim is true although spoken in jest— " he bought first, therefore has the best right to sell." For a Siinoniac (that [ may use the phraseology of Leo) has not reci-ived a favour; since he has not received one he does not possess one; and since he does not possess one he cannot confer one. So far indeed are some of those who are placed at the helm from promoting others, that they completely obstruct them, from a consciousness of the means by which themselves obtained the honour. For he who iniagines that they emerged from their ob- scurity through their learning, is deceived; indeed, *noever supposes promotion to be the reward of genius, erudition, experience, probity, piety, and poetry (which formerly was the case, but now-a-days is only promised) is evidently deranged. How or when this malady com- menced, I shall not further inquire; but from these be- ginnings, this accumulation of vices, all her calamines Bid miseries have been brought upon the Church ; hence lueh frequent acts »i"sia;ony. compla'"'3, fraud, impos- tures—from this one fountain spring all its conspicuous iniquities. I shall not press the question of ambition and courtly flattery, lest they may be chagrined about luxury, base examples of life, which oftund the honest, wanton drinking parties, &c. Yet; hence is that aca- demic squalor, the muses now look sari, since every low fellow ignorant of the arts, by those very arts rises, is promoted, and grows rich, distinguished by ambitious titles, and puft'ed up by his numerous honours, he just shows himself to the vulgar, and by his stately carriage displays a species of majesty, a remarkable solicitude, letting down a flowing beard, decked in a brilliant toga resplendent with purple, and respected al.so on account of the splendour of his household and number of hia servants. There are certain statues placed in sacred edifices that seem to sink under their load, and almost to perspire, when in reality they are void of sensation, and do not contribute to the stony stability, so these men would wish to look like Atlases, when they are no better than statues of stone, insignificant scrubs, fun- guses, dolls, little difl>>rent from stone. Meanwhile really learned men, endowed with all that can adorn a holy life, men who have endured the heat of mid-day, by some unjust lot obey these dizzards, content prob- ably with a miserable salary, known by Inmest appel- lations, humble, obscure, although eminently worth;' needy, leading a private life without honour, buriea alive ill some poor benefice, or incarcerated for ever in their college chambers, lying hid ingloriously. But I am unwilling to stir this sink any longer or any deeper ; hence those tears, this melancholy habit of the muses' hence (that I may speak with Secellius) is it that reli- gion is brought into disrepute and contempt, and the priesthood abject; (and since this is so, I must speak out and use a filthy witticism of the filthy) a fJBtid crowd, poor, sordid, melancholy, miserable, despicable, contemptible. 85 Proem lib. 2. Nulla ars constitui poset *6 L,ib. 1. c. 1!). de niorborum causis. (iuas declinare licet aut nulla necessitate iitimur. "Quo semel est imbuta receiis servaiiit odorem Testa diu. Hor. *" S'cut valet ad fingendas corporis atque animi siniilitud nes vis et iiatura seminis, sic quoque lactis proprietas. Neque id in hominibus solum, sed in pecinlibus ani- madversuin. Nam si nviiim lacte hoedi. aut capraruir ai;ni alerenlur, constat fieri in his lanain duriorem, i^ illis capillum gigni severiorein. *" Adulta in ferarun persequutione ad miraculum usque sagax. "^Tan animal quodlibet qnam homo ab ilia cnjijs lad nutl tur, natiiraiii contrahit. Mem. 4. Subs. 1.] JYurse, a Cause. 203 participate of her nature and conditions by whose milk they are fed." Phavorinus urges it farther, and demonstrates it more evidently, that if a nurse be ^'"misshapen, unchaste, dishonest, impudent, ^^ cruel, or the like, the child that sucks upon ha breast will be so too ;" all other affections of the mind and diseases are almost ingrafted, as it were, and imprinted into the temperature of the infant, by the nurse's milk; as pox, leprosy, melancholy, &c. Cato for some such reason would make his servants' children suck upon his wife's breast, because by that means they would love him and his the better, and in all likelihood agree with them. A more evi- dent example that the minds are altered by milk cannot be given, than that of ^'Dion, which he relates of Caligula's cruelty; it could neither be imputed to father nor mother, but to his cruel nurse alone, that anointed her paps with blood still when he sucked, which made him such a murderer, and to express her cruelty to a hair: and that of Tiberius, who was a common drunkard, because his nurse was such a one. Et si dclira fucrit (^'' one observes) infanlulum ddinim faciei^ if she be a fool or dolt, the child she nurseth will take after her, or otherwise be misaffected ; which Franciscus Barbarus I. 2. c. nit. dc re uxorid proves at full, and Ant. Guivarra, lib. 2. de Marco Aurclio : the child will surely participate. For bodily sickness there is no doubt to be made. Titus, Vespasian's son, was therefore sickly, because the nurse was so, Lampridius. And if we may believe physicians, many times children catch the pox from a bad nurse, Botaldus cap. 61. de hie vener. Besides evil attend ance, negligence, and many gross inconveniences, which are incident to nurses, much danger may so come to the child. ®^For these causes Aristotle Polit. lib. 7. c. 17. Phavorinus and Marcus Aurelius would not have a child put to nurse at all, but every mother to bring up her own, of what condition soever she be; for a sound and able mother to put out her child to nurse, is naturcE intemperies., so ^® Guatso calls it, 'tis fit therefore she should be nurse herself; the mother will be more careful, loving and attendant, than any servile woman, or such hired creatures ; this all the world acknowledgeth, convenientissimum est (as Rod. a Castro de nat. mulierum. lib. 4. c 12. in many words confesseth) matrevi ipsam laciare infanfein., " It is most fit that the mother should suckle her own infant" — who denies that it should be so .'' — and which some women most curiously observe ; amongst the rest, ^^ that queen of France, a Spaniard by birth, that was so precise and zealous in this behalf, that when in her absence a strange nurse had suckled her child, she was never quiet till she had made the infant vomit it up again. But she was too jealous. If it be so, as many times it is, they must be put forth, the mother be not fit or well able to be a nurse, I would then advise such mothers, as ''^Plutarch doth in his book de llberis educandis., and '®S. Hierom, li. 2. epist. 27. Lcptcn de institut. Jil. Magninus part 2. Reg. sanit. cap. 7. and the said Rodericus, that they make choice of a sound woman, of a good complexion, honest, free from bodily diseases, if it be possible, all pas- sions and perturbations of the mind, as sorrow, fear, grief, ^ folly, melancholy. For such passions corrupt the milk, and alter the temperature of the child, which now being ' Udum et molle latum, " a moist and soft clay," is easily seasoned and per- verted. And if such a nurse may be found out, that will be diligent and careful withal, let Phavorinus and M. Aurelius plead how they can against it, I had rather accept of her in some cases than the mother herself, and wliich Bonacialus the phy- sycian, Nic. Biesius the politician, lib. 4. de repub. cap. 8. approves, ^'■'Some nurses are much to be preferred to some mothers.", v For why may not the mother be naught, a peevish drunken flirt, a waspish choleric slut, a crazed piece, a fool (as many mothers are), unsound as soon as tlie nurse } There is more choice of nurses than mothers ; and therefore except the mother be most virtuous, staid, a woman of ( xcellent good parts, and of a sound complexion, 1 would have all children in such cases committed to discreet strangers. Ai.d 'tis the only way ; as by marriage they are ingrafted to other families to alter the breed, or if anything be amiss in the mother, as Ludovicus Mercatus contends, Tom 2. lib. de morb. hcered. to prevent »i Inipioba, informis. inipiiriica, temulenta nutrix, ji.sitivo lactis interdum rratribus sunt lueliores. al mento degeneret corpus, et animus corrunipatur. | 204 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2 diseases and future maladies, to correct and qualify the child's ill-disposed tempera- lure, which he had from his parents. This is an excellent remedy, if good choict be made of such a nurse. SuBSECT. II. — Education a Cause of Melancholy. Education, of these accidental causes of Melancholy, may justly challenge the ■ next place, for if a man escape a bad nurse, he may be undone by evil bringing up,*^ Jason Pratcnsis puts thi.« of education for a principal cause; bad parents, stcp-mo-"* thers, tutors, masters, teachers, too rigorous, too severe, too remiss or indulgent on ' the other side, are often fountains and furtherers of this disease. Parents and such as have the tuition and oversight of children, offend many times in that they are too stern, always threatening, chiding, brawling, whipping, or striking; by means of which their poor children are so disheartened and cowed, that they never after have any courage, a merry hour in their lives, or take pleasure in anything. There is a great moderation to be had in such things, as matters of so great moment to the making or marring of a child. Some fright their children with beggars, bugbears^" and hobgoblins, if they cry, or be otherwise unruly : but they are much to blame iti it, many times, saith Lavater, de spectris, part 1, cap. 5. ex vietu in morbos graves incidunt et noctu dorjnicntes clamant., for fear they fall into many diseases, and cry out in their sleep, and are much the worse for it all their lives : these things ought not at all, or to be sparingly done, and upon just occasion. Tyrannical, impatient, hair-brain schoolmasters, aridi 7nagistri, so ^ Fabius terms them, Jljaces JlageJUferi.f are in this kind as bad as hangmen and executioners, they make many children endure a martyrdom all the while they are at school, with bad diet, if they board in their houses, too much severity and ill-usage, they quite pervert their temperature of body and mind : still chiding, railing, frowning, lashing, tasking, keeping, tliat they arefracti animis., moped many times, weary of their lives, ^ nimia sevcritate deficiunJ. et desperant, and think no slavery in the world (as once I did myself) like to that of a grammar scholar. Praiceptoruvi ineptds discruciantur ingeni a puerorum.,^ saiih Erasmus, they tremble at his voice, looks, coming in. St. Austin, in the first bookj> of his confess, et 4 ca. calls this schooling meliculosam necessitatcm., and elsewhere a martyrdom, and confesselh of himself, how cruelly he was tortured in mind for learning Greek, nulla verba noveram., et scevis terroribus et pcenls^ ut nossem., insta- batur mild vehetnenter., I know nothing, and with cruel terrors and punishment ] was daily compelled. 'Beza complains in like case of a rigorous schoolmaster in Paris, that made him by his continual thunder and threats once in a mind to drown him- self, had he not met by the way with an uncle of his that vindicated him from that misery for the thne, by taking him to his house. Trincavellius, lib. 1. consil. 16. had a patient nineteen years of age, extremely melancholy, ob nimium studiuni., Tar- vitii et prcBceptoris minus, hy reason of overmucli study, and his ^tutor's threats. Many masters are hard-hearted, and bitter to their servants, and by that means do so deject, with terrible speeches and hard usage so crucify them, that they become des- perate, and can never be recalled. Others again, in that opposite extreme, do as great harm by their too much remiss- ness, they give them no bringing up, no calling to busy themselves about, or to live in, teach them no trade, or set them in any good course ; by means of which their servants, children, scholars, are carried away with that stream of drunkenness, idle- ness, gaming, and many such irregular courses, that in the end they rue it, curse their parents, and mischief themselves. Too much indulgence causeth the like, ^inepta patris lenitas et facilitas prava., when as Mitio-like, with too much liberty and too great allowance, they feed their children's humours, let them revel, wench, riot, swagger, and do what they will themselves, and then punish them with a noise of musicians ; s Lib. de morbis capitis, cap. de mania ; Haud pogtre- ma causa supputatiir ediicatio, inter has mentis alialie- nationis causas. Injnsta iioverca. * Lib. 2. cap. 4. i Idjni. El quod niaxime nocet, dum in tenei-is ita iinio in nihil coiiantur. '"The pupil's faculties are perverted by the indiscretion of the master." ' PrtEfal ad Testam. ' Plus mentis pferiagogico supercilio ab» stulit, quam unquam preeceptis suis sapieiiti Hor. ser. lib. 2. Sat. 4. " Provided he can only excite lauffhter, he spares not his best friend." ^' Lib. 2. '^Diiorat. 63 ],audaii(lo, et inira iis persuadendo '* Et vann inflatus opinione, incredibilia ac ridendn qiKBdam Musices prscepta comiiientar<.'tur, &c. ''SI.'I voces nudis parietibus illi.'siB, suavius ac acutius resili rent. w immortalitati et gloriie suae prorsijB ifvi Mem. 4. ISubs. 4.J Scoff's, Calumnies.) bitter Jests, S(c. 209 Ko gulled. But what cannot such scoffers do, especially if they find a soft creature, on whom they may work? nay, to say truth, who is so wise, or so discrt^et, that may not be humoured in this kind, especially if some excellent wits shall set upon him ; he that mads others, if he were so humoured, would be as mad himself, as much grieved and tormented; he might cry with him in the comedy, Proh Jupiter, tu homo me. adigas ad insaninm. For all is in these things as they are taken ; if he be a silly soul, and do not perceive it, 'tis well, he may haply make others sport, and be no whit troubled himself; but if he be apprehensive of his folly, and take it to heart, then it torments him worse than any lash : a bitter jest, a slander, a calumny piercelh deeper than any loss, danger, bodily pain, or injury whatsoever; levitcr cnim vnlat^ (it flies swiftly) as Bernard of an arrow, sed graviter viilncrat, (but woimds deeply), especially if it shall proceed from a virulent tongue, '•'it cuts (saith David) like a two-edged sword. They shoot bitter words as arrows," Psal. Ixiv. 5. "•And they smote with their tongues," .Ter. xviii. 18, and that so hard, that they leave an incurable wound beliind them. Many men are undone by this means, lnoped, and so dejected, that they are never to be recovered ; and of all other men living, those which are actually melancholy, or inclined to it, are most sensible, (as being suspi- cious, choleric, apt to mistake) and impatient of an injury in that kind : they aggra- vate, and so meditate continually of it, that it is a perpetual corrosive, not to be removed, till time wear it out. Altliough they peradventure that so scoff, do it alone n mirth and merriment, and hold it optimum alien'l frui insanid,an excellent thing to enjoy another man's madness; yet they must know, that it is a mortal sin (as " Thomas holds) and as the prophet '•* David denounceth, " they that use it, shall never dwell in God's tabernacle." Such scurrilous jests, flouts, and sarcasms, therefore, ought not at all to be used especially to our betters, to those that are in misery, or any way distressed : for t( such, cerumnarum incremenfa sunt they multiply grief, and as ^^he perceived. In mul- tis piidor, in muJj.is iracundia, S^c, many are ashamed, many vexed, angered, and there is no greater cause or furtherer of melancholy. Martin Cromerus, in the Sixth book of his history, hath a pretty story to this purpose, of Uladislaus, the second king of Poland, and Peter Dunnius, earl of Shrine ; they had been hunting late, and were enforced to lodge in a poor cottage. When they went to bed, Uladislaus told the earl in jest, that his wife lay softer with the abbot of Shrine ; he not able to contain, replied. El tua cuyn Dabesso, and yours with Dabessus, a gallant young gentleman in the court, whom Christina the queen loved. Tetigit id dictum Principis animum, these words of his so galled the prince, that he was long after tristis et cogitabundus, very sad and melancholy for many months ; but they were the earl's utter undoing ; Tor when Christina heard of it, she persecuted him to death. Sophia the empress Justinian's wife, broke a bitter jest upon Narsetes the eunuch, a famous captain then disquieted for an overthrow which he lately had: that he was fitter for a (Hstaff and to keep women company, than to wield a sword, or to be general of an army: b'll it cost her dear, for he so far distasted it, that he went forthwith to the adverse part, much troubled in his thoughts, caused the Lombards to rebel, and thence procured many miseries to the commonwealth. Tiberius the emperor withheld a legacy from the people of Rome, which his predecessor Augustus had lately given, and perceiv- ing a fellow round a dead corse in the ear, would needs know wherefore he did so the fellow replied, that he wished the departed soul to signify to Augustus, the con> mons of Rome were yet unpaid : for this bitter jest the emperor caused him forth- with to be slain, and carry the news himself For this reason, all those that otlier- wise approve of jests in some cases, and facete companions, (as who doth not.'' let them laugh and be merry, rumpantur et ilia Codro, 'tis laudable and fit, those ye' will by no means admit them in their companies, that are any way inclined to this malady : non jocandum cum iis qui iniseri sunt, et cerumnosi, no jesting with a discon- tented person. 'Tis Castillo's caveat, ''"Jo. Fontanus, and *'Galateus, and every good nan's. •' Play with me, but hurt me not: ' Jcsl with iwe, but shame me not." "S. 2 dae quaest. 75. Irrisio morlalc pnctntum. j au.jr/i. "Dt sermnne lib. 4. cap. 3. «>Fil ii > Pual. XV. :l ^''Balthasar Uastilio lib. i. de | Galateus. 27 si. 210 Causes of Melancholy. fPHrt. 1 . 3ec. 2. Comitas is a virtii,- between rusticity and .saurrilit}, iwo extremes, as affability is Setvveen flattery and contention, it must not exceed ; but be still accompanied with •liat ^^rtfixa.'fifM, or innocency, quce. nemini nocet^ omnem injuricR ohlationem abhorrens^i nurts no man, abhors all olfer of injury. Though a man be liable to such a jest or obloquy, havt been overseen, or committed a foul fact, yet it is no good manners or humanity, to upbraid, to hit him in the teeth with his offence, or to scoff at such a one ; tis an old axiom, turpis in reum omnis exprobratio.^^ 1 speak not of such as generally tax vice, Barclay, Gentilis, Erasmus, Agrippa, Fishcartus, &.C., the Varron- isfs and Lucians of our time, satirists, epigrammists, comedians, apologists, &c., but such as personate, rail, scotl^ calumniate, perstringe by name, or in presence offend ; 61" Ludit qui stolula procacitate Noil est Sestius ille sed caballus:" 'Tis horse-play this, and those jests (as he ^^saith) "are no better than injuries,'* biting jests, mordentes et aculeati, they are poisoned jests, leave a sting behind them and ought fiot to be used. 8«"Scl not tliy foot to make the blind to fall; Nor wilfully offend thy weaker brother: Nor wound the ileail with thy tongue's bitter gall, Neither rejoice thou in the fiill of other." If these rules could be kept, we should have much more ease and quietness than we have, less melancholy; whereas on the contrary, we study to misuse each other, how to sting and gall, like two fighting boors, bending all our force and wit, friends, for- tune, to crucify " one another's souls ; by means of which, there is little content and ■ charity, much virulency, hatred, malice, and disquietness among us. SuBSECT. V. — Loss of Liberty, Servitude, Imprisonment, how they cause Melancholy. To this catalogue of causes, I may well annex loss of liberty, servitude, or impri- sonment, which to some persons is as great a torture as any of the rest. Though they have all things convenient, sumptuous houses to their use, fair walks and gardens, delicious bowers, galleries, good fare and diet, and all things correspondent, yet they are not content, because they are confined, may not come and go at their pleasure, have and do what they will, but live ^^ aliena quadra, at another man's table and command. As it is ®^in meats so it is in all other things, places, societies, sports; let them be never so pleasant, commodious, wholesome, so good ; yet omnium rerum est saiietas, there is a loathing satiety of all things. The children of Israel were tired with manna, it is irksome to them so to live, as to a bird in his cage, or a dog in his kennel, they are weary of it. They are happy, it is true, and have all things, to another man's judgment, that heart can wish, or that they themselves can desire, bona si sua norint: yet they loathe it, and are tired with the present: Est natura hominum novitatis avida ; men's nature is still desirous of news, variety, delights ; and our wandering affections are so irregular in this kind, that they nmst change, though it must be to the worst. Bachelors must be married, and married men would, be bachelors ; they do not love their own wives, though otherwise fair, wise, vir- tuous, and well qualified, because they are theirs ; our present estate is still the worst, we cannot endure one course of life long, et quod modu vovcrat, odit, one callinorlong, esse in honor e jiiv at, max displicet ; one place long, '"' Roince Tibur amu, ventosus Tybure Romam, that which we earnestly sought, we now contemn. Hoc quosdam agil ad mortem, (saith "" Seneca) quod proposita scepe mutando in eade.m revolvuntur, et non relinquunt novitati locum : Fastidio cccpit esse vita, et ipsus muu' dus, et subit illud rapidissimarum deHciarum,Quousque eadem ? this alone kills many a man, that they are tied to the same still, as a horse in a mill, a dog in a wheel, tJiey run round, without alteration or news, their life groweth odious, the world~" loathsome, and that which crosselh their furious delights, what .^ still the same? Marcus Aurelius and Solomon, that had experience of all worldly delights and plea- sure, confessed as much of themselves ; what they most desired, was tedious ai last, and that their lust could never be satisfied, all was vanity and affliction of mmd. •^ Tilly Tiisc. qusest. "" Every reproach uttered jgainst one already condemned is mean-spirited.' •4 Mart. lib. 1. epit;. ?i5. 66 |';,ies joci ab iiijuriis non KiSBiJit discerni. Ga.ateiis fo. 55. m Pybrac in his Q.uadraint 37. " Ego hujiis inisera fatuitate et de inenlia conflirtor. Tull.adAtticli.il. ^^ Miserufii est aliena vivere quadra. Juv. ^9 cramba- Ids c< ctoe Vine me redde ermri. ") Hor. " He "-Mnquil ai>>iits. Mem. 4. Subs. 6.] Poverty and Want^ Causes 211 Now il it be death itself, another hell, to be glutted with one kind of sport, dieted with one dish, tied to one place; though they have all things otherwisp as thi"" can desire, and are in heaven to another man's opinion, what misery and discontent shall they have, that live in slavery, or in prison itself? Quod tristi.us morte^ in se.rvitute vivcndtim, as Hermolaus told Alexander in '^ Curtius, worse than death is bondaffe : '"^ hoc animo scilo omnes fortes^ ut mortem servituti anteponant, All brave men ai arms (Tally holds) are so affected. ''^ Equidem ego is sum, qui servitulem extrerrMm om- nium malorum esse arbitror : I am he (saith Boterus) that account servitude the extremity of misery. And what calamity do they endure, that live with those liard taskmasters, in gold mines (like those 30,000 'Mndian slaves at Potosi, in Peru), tin- mines, lead-mines, stone-quarries, coal-pits, like so many jnouldwarps under ground, condemned to the galleys, to perpetual drudgery, hunger, tliirst, and stripes, without all hope of delivery ? How are those women in Turkey affected, that most part of the year come not abroad ; those Italian and Spanish dames, that are mewed up like hawks, and locked up by their jealous husbands .? how tedious is it to them that live in stoves and caves half a year together .? as in Iceland, Muscovy, or under the '® pole itself, where they have six niontlis' perpetual night. Nay, wliat misery and discon- tent do they enihire, tiiat are in prison .? They want all those six non-natural things at once, good air, good diet, exercise, company, sleep, rest, ea.se, &c., that are bound in cliains all day long, sufl^er hunger, and (as "Lucian describes it) "must abide that Hltiiy stink, and rattling of chains, bowlings, pitiful outcries, that prisoners usually make ; these things are not only troublesome, but intolerable." They lie nastily among toads and fiogs in a dark dungeon, in their own dung, in pain of body, in pain of soul, as Joseph did, Psal. cv. 1 8, " They hurt his feet in the stocks, the iron entered his soul." They live solitary, alone, sequestered from all company but heart- eating melancholy ; and for want of meat, must eat that bread of affliction, prey upon themselves. Well might "^Arculanus put long imprisonment for a cause, espe- cially to such as have lived jovially, in all sensuality and lus^, upon a sudden are estranged and debarred from all manner of pleasures : as were Huniades, Edward, and Richard II., Valerian the Emperor, Bajazet the Turk. If it be irksome to miss our ordinary companions and repast for once a day, or an hour, what shall it be to lose them for ever ? If it be so great a delight to live at liberty, and to enjoy that variety of objects the world affords; what misery and discontent must it needs bring to him, that shall now be cast headlong into that Spanish inquisition, to fall from heaven to hell, to be cubbed up upon a sudden, how shall he be perplexed, what shall become of him ? ™ Robert Duke of Normandy being imprisoned by his youngest brother Henry I., ab illo die inconsolabiU dolore in carcere contabuil, saith Matthew Paris, from that day forward pined away with grief ^ Jugurtha that gene- rous captain, "■ brought to Rome in triumph, and after imprisoned, through anguish of his soul, and melancholy, died." *' Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, the second man from King Stephen (he that built that famous castle of *^ Devizes in Wiltshire,) was so tortured in prison with hunger, and all those calamities accompanying such men, ^ut vivere noluerit., mori nescierit, he would not live, and could not die, between fear of death, and torments of life. Francis King of France was taken prisoner by Charles V., ad mortem fere melancholicus, saith Guicciardini, melancholy almost to death, and that in an instant. But this is as clear as the sun, and needs no further illustration. Sub SECT. VI. — Poverty and Want^ Causes oj Melancholy. Poverty and want are so violent oppugners, so unwelcome guests, so much itb- horred of all men, that I may not omit to speak of them apart. Poverty, although (if considered aright, to a wise, understanding, truly regenerate, and contented man) 11 be donum Dei^ a blessed estate, the way to heaven, as *^ Chrysostom calls it, God's "Lib. 8. 'STullius Lepido Fam. 10. 27. , '< Bote- I "William the Conqueror's eldest son eogaiust. Ro- rus I. 1. polit. cap. 4. ''Liet. descrjp. America. "If there he any inhabitants. "InTaxari. Ititerdiu anideni colliim vinctnni est, et manus con.stricta, noctu vero totum cnrpus viricitiir. ad has miserias acciilit cor- poris fii'tor, strepitus ejiilantiuni, sninni hrevitas, hiec iinnia plane molesta et intolerabilia. ''^la 9 RliasiD. niani triuniphoductustandemqiiein carcerernconjeriiis, animi dolore periit. sipainden in Wiltsh. niisernm senem ita fame et c^a'riitatibns in carcere fregit, intei mortis metum, et vilte tormenta, &.c. *" Vies hodie ts Seneca. s'Coin. ad Hebr«os. 212 Causes of Melancliohj. [Part. 1 . Ser. gift, the mother of modesty, and much to be preferred before liches (as shall br sliown in his ^ place), yet as it is esteemed in the world's censure, it is a most odious calling, vile and base, a severe torture, summum scelus^ a most intolerable burden ; we ^ shun it all, cane pejus et angue (worse than a dog or a snake), we abhor the name of it., '^^ Pajipertas fiigUur, totoqnc arcessitur orbe, as being the fountain of all otlier mise- ries, cares, woes, labours, and grievances whatsoever. To avoid which, we will take any pains, — extremos currit mercator ad Jndos, we will leave no haven, no coast, no creek of the world unsearched, though it be to the hazard of our lives, we will dive to the bottom of the sea, to the bowels of the earth, ^^five, six, seven, eight, nine hundred fathom deep, through all five zones, and both extremes of heat and cold : ^ we will turn parasites and slaves, prostitute ourselves, swear and lie, damn our bodies and souls, forsake God, abjure religion, steal, rob, murder, rather than endure^ this insufferable yoke of poverty, which doth so tyrannise, crucify, and generally depress us. For look into the world, and you shall see men most part esteemed according to their means, and happy as they are rich : ^^Ubique tanti quisque quantum habuit fiiit. If he be likely to thrive, and in the way of preferment, who but he ? In the vulgar opinion, if a man be wealthy, no matter how he gets it, of what parentage, how qualified, how virtuously endowed, or villanously inclined ; let him be a bawd, a gripe, an usurer, a villain, a pagan, a barbarian, a wretch, ^ Lucian's tyrant, " on whom you may look with less security than on the sun ;" so that he be rich (and liberal withal) he shall be honoured, admired, adored, reverenced, and highly ^' mag- nified. "The rich is had in reputation because of his goods," Eccl. x. 31. He shall be befriended : " for riches gather many friends," Prov. xix. 4, — multos numerabit umicos, all '^ happiness ebbs and flows with his money. He shall be accounted a gracious lord, a Mecssnas, a benefactor, a wise, discreet, a proper, a valiant, a fortu- nate man, of a generous spirit, Piillus Jovis^et gaUino' JiJius albce: a hopeful, a good man, a virtuous, hongst man. Quando ego tc Junonium puerum., et matris partvm vere aureum, as ^^Tully said of Octavianus, while he was adopted Caesar, and an heir ^ apparent of so great a monarchy, he was a golden child. AH *' honour, offices, applause, grand titles, and turgent epithets are put upon him, omncs omnia bona dicere ; all men's eyes are upon him, God bless his good worship, his honour; * every man speaks well of him, every man presents him, seeks and sues to him for his love, favour, and protection, to serve him, belong unto him, every man riseth to him, as to Thcmistocles in the Olympics, if he speak, as of Plerod, Vox Dei^ non hominis^ the voice of God, not of man. All the graces. Veneres, pleasures, elegances attend him, ^^ golden fortune accompanies and lodgeth with him ; and as to those Roman emperors, is placed in his chamber. 38 "Secura nnvitet aura, Fonunamque suo leinperel arbitrio:" he may sail as he will himself, and temper his estate at his pleasure, jovial days, splendour and magnificence, sweet music, dainty fare, the good things, and fat of the land, fine clothes, rich attires, soft beds, down pillows are at his command, all the world labours for him, thousands of artificers are his slaves to drudge for him, run, ride, and post for him : ®^ Divines (for Pythia Philippisal) lawyers, physicians, phi- losophers, scholars are his, wholly devote to his service. Every man seeks his '"^acquaintance, his kindred, to match with him, though he be an oaf, a ninny, a monster, a goosecap, uxorem ducat Danaen^ ' when, and whom he will, hunc optant generum Rex et Regma -he is an excellent ^ match for my son, my daughter, my niece, Etc. Quicquid calcaverit hie, Rosajiet, let him go whither he will, trumpets » Part. 2. Sect. 3. Memb 3. eiCliiem ut difficilem mnrbuiii piipris trailere fi)rmidatiiiis. I'liit. *' Liicnii. 1. 1. "6 As in the silver mines at Friburgli in Gin- niany. Fines Murison. "'Euripides. ""Tom. 4. dial, minore periculo Solem quam hunc defixis oculis licet intunri. ^i Oninis enim res, virtns, fama, decus, riivina, humanaqtie pulchris Divitiis parect. Hor. Ser. I. 2. Sat. 3. Clarus eris, fortis jnstus, sapiens, ptiam lex. Et quicquid volet. Hor. i* Et genus, et formani, legina pecunia donat. Money adds spirits, courage, tc. »3 Episl. ull. ad Atticum. '* Our young iiias- er, a line towardly gentleman, Gud bless him, and hopeful; why? he is heir apparent to the right wor- shipful, to the riglit honourable, &.C. KsOnumm' nummi : vohis .'lunc pra"stat honorem. ^ Exinde sapere euni otnnes dicimus, ac quisque fortunam habet. Plaut. Pseud. i"Aurea fortuna, principiim cuhic.ulis reponi soUta. Julius Capitolinus vita Antmiini. 9» I'e- tronius. s'j'j'deologi opulentis adh8eren.t, Jiirisperiti pecuniosis, literati nuiniaosis, liberalihus artifices. J"" Multi ilium jiivenes, multa; petiere puella^ ' " llf may have Daiiae to wife." ^Dummndo sit rii"-' bfj-barus, ille plate Tcio. 4. Subs. 6.] Poverty and Want^ Causes. 213 sound, bells ring, Stc, all happiness attends him, every man is willing to entertain him, he sups in ^Apollo wheresoever he comes ; what preparation is made for his 'entertainment? fish and fowl, spices and perfumes, all that sea and land affords, What cookery, masking, mirth to exhilarate his person r S" Da Treliio, p'liie ad Treliium, vis fralor ab illis llibus ?" "Sweet apples, and whateVr thy fields afford, Before tliy Gods be serv'd, let serve thy Lord, What dish will your good worship eat of.? * " diilcia poinn, I Et qiioKciuiqiie ft-rel ciiltiis tibi fundus honores, I Ante Lareni, guste' venerabilior Lare dives." | Wliat sport will your honour have .? hawking, hunting, fishing, fowling, bulls, bears cards, dice, cocks, players, tumblers, fiddlers, jesters, &c., they are at your good wor- sliip's command. Fair houses, gardens, orchards, terraces, galleries, cabinets, plea- sant walks, delightsome places, they are at hand : ' in uurcis /dc, vinum in argenfeis, adohscentulce ad nutum specioscB., wine, wenches, &r. a Turkish paradise, a heaven uj)on earth. Though lie be a silly soft fellow, and scarce have common sense, yet if he be borne to fortunes (as 1 have said) ^jure hcereditario sapere jubctur^ he must «have honour and office in his course: ^JYemonisi dives honore dignus (Ambros. offic. 21.) none so worthy as himself: he shall have it, atque esto quicquid Servius uiit Labeo. Get money enough and command '° kingdoms, provinces, armies, hearts, hands, and affections ; thou shalt have popes, patriarchs to be thy chaplains and parasites : thou shalt have (Tamerlane-like) kings to draw thy coach, queens to be thy laundresses, emperors thy footstools, build more towns and cities than great Alexander, Babel towers, pyramids and mausolean tombs, &.c. command heaven and earth, and tell the world it is thy vassal, auro emilur diadema^ argento coelum pan- dllur., denarius philosophum conducit^ numnms jus cogit, oboliis literatum pascit. 7iietallum sanitatem conciliate as amices conglutinat. " And therefore not without good cause, John de Medicis, that rich Florentine, when he lay upon his death-bed, calling his sons, Cosmo and Laurence, before him, amongs't other sober sayings^ repeated this, animo quieto digredior^ quod vos sanos et divites post me relinquam. " It doth me good to think yet, though I be dying, that I shall leave you, my cliil- dren, sound and rich:" for wealth sways all. It is not with us, as amongst those Lacedemonian senators of Lycurgus in Plutarch, " He preferred that deserved best, was most virtuous and worthy of the place, '^not swiftness, or strength, or wealth, or friends carried it'in those days :" but inter optimos optimus., inter temperantes tem- peranlissimus, the most temperate and best. We have no aristocracies but in con- templation, all oligarchies, wiierein a few rich men domineer, do what they list, and are privileged by their greatness. '^They may freely trespass, and do as they please, no man dare accuse them, no not so much as mutter against them, there is no notice taken of it, they may securely do it, live after their own laws, and for their money get pardons, indulgences, redeem their souls from purgatory and hell itself, clausum possidet area Jovem. Let them be epicures, or atheists, libertines, machia- velians, (as they often are) ^'^'•'•Et quamvis perjuris erit, sine gente, cruentus,'''' they may go to heaven through the eye of a needle, if they will themselves, they may be canonised for saints, they shall be '* honourably interred in mausolean tombs, com- mended by poets, registered in histories, have temples and statues erected to their names, e manibus illis — nascentur violce. \{ he be bountiful in his life, and liberal at his death, he shall have one to swear, as he did by Claudius the Emperor in Tacitus, he saw his soul go to heaven, and be miserably lamented at his funeral Jitmbubaiarum collegia, Sfc. Trimalcionis topanta in Petronius recta in coelum abiit^ went right to heaven: a base quean, '^"thou wouldst have scorned once in thy misery to have a penny from her ;" and why .'' modio nummos metiif, she measured .ler money by the bushel. These prerogatives do not usually belong to rich men 3 Plut. in IjUcuIIo, a rich chamber so called. * Panis pane iiielior. ' j^v. Sat. 5. ^ Hor. Sat. 5. lib. 2. ' Bolienius de Turciset Bredenbach. 8 Eiiphorinio. ' Q,iii pixuniani haberit, elati sunt animis, lofty spirits, brave men at arms; all rich men are generous, courage- f'Us. fi.c. '"Nunimus ait pro me nubat Ooriiiibia Ronne. '>"A diadem is purchased with gold-, silver ■»ieiis tl\e way to heaven ; philosophy may be hired for 4 penny ; money controls justice; one obolus satisfies a man of letters; precious metal procures health wealth attaches friends." i^Non fuit apud niortalea ullum excellentius ceriamen, non inter celeres celerri mo, non inter robustos robustissimo, Sec. '^duicqiiid libet licet. i'' Hor. Sat. 5. lib. '2. "^Cuni inoritur dives conciirrunt undique cives : Pauperis ad fuiius vln est ex millibus unus. '« Et modo quid fuit i^noscal niihi genius tuus, noluisses de manu ejus nummos ac cipere. 214 Causes of Melancholy [Part. 1. Sec. out lO such as aie most part seeming rich, let him have but a good '^ outside, he car ries it, and shall be adored for a god, as '^ Cyrus was amongst the Persians, oi splen- didum apparatum^ for his gay attires; now most men are esteemed according to their clothes. In our gullish times, whom you peradventure in modesty would give place ■ to, as being deceived by his habit, and presuming him some great worshipful man, believe it, if you shall examine his estate, he will likely be proved a serving man of no great note, my lady's tailor, his lordship's barber, or some such gull, a Fastidius Brisk, Sir Petronel Flash, a mere outside. Only this respect is given him, tha wheresoever he comes, he may call for what he will, and take place by reason of his outward habit. But on the contrary, if he be poor, Prov. xv. 15, "all his days are miserable," he is under hatches, dejected, rejected and forsaken, poor in purse, poor in spirit; ^^prout res nohisjluit^ ita et animus se hahel ; '"money gives life and soul. Though he be honest, wise, learned, well-deserving, noble by birth, and of excellent good parts ; yet in that he is poor, unlikely to rise, come to honour, office, or good means, he is contemned, neglected, frustra sapit^ inter litcras esiirit., amicus moleslus. ^' " If he speak, what babbler is this ? Ecclus, his nobility without wealth, is ^'projecta viUor^ alga, and he not esteemed : nos viles pulli nati mfelicibus avis, if once poor, we are metamorphosed in an instant, base slaves, villains, and vile drudges ; ^^ for to be poor, is to be a knave, a fool, a wretch, a wicked, an odious fellow, a common eye-sore, say poor and say all ; they are born to labour, to misery, to carry burdens like juments, pistum sterciis comedere .w'lih. Ulysses' companions, and as Chremilus objected in Aristophanes, ^*salem lingere, lick salt, to empty jakes, fay channels, ^ carry out dirt and dunghills, sweep chimneys, rub horse-heels, &o. ) I say nothing of Turks, golley-slaves, which are bought ■^^and sold like juments, or those African negroes, or poor -' Indian drudges, qui indies hinc inde dcferendis oneribus occnm- hunl, nam quod apud nos haves et asini vehnnt, Irahunt, cfc.^'* Id omne misellis Indis, they are ugly to behold, and though erst spruce, now rusty and squalid, because poor, ^^ imviundas fortunas a;quum est squalorem sequi, it is ordinarily so. ^""Others cat to live, but they live to drudge," ^' servilis et misera gens nihil recusare auder, a servile generation, that dare refuse no task. ^^^Heus tu Dromo, cape hoc Jlabellum, venlulum hinc facito dum lavamus,^'' sirrah blow wind upon us while we wash, and bid your fellow get him up betimes in the morning, be it fair or foul, he shall run fifty miles a-foot to-morrow, to carry me a letter to my mistress," Socia ad pistrinam, Socia shall tarry at home and grind malt all day long, Tristan thresh. Thus are they commanded, being indeed some of them as so many footstools for rich men to tread on^ blocks for them to get on horseback, or as *"" walls for them to piss on." They are commonly such people, rude, silly, superstitious idiots, nasty, unclean, lousy, poor, dejected, slavishly humble : and as ^^Leo Afer observes of the commonalty of Africa, naturd viUores sunt, nee apud suos duces majore in precio quum si canes essent : '^base by nature, and no more esteemed than dogs, miseram, lahoriosam, calamito- sam vitam agunt, et inopem^infoelietm^rudiores asinis,ut e. brut is plane natos dicas . no learning, no knowledge, no civility, scarce common sense, nought but barbarism amongst them, belluino more vivunt, neque calceos gestant, nequc vestes, like rogues and vagabonds, they go barefooted and barelegged, the soles of their feet being as hard as horse-hoofs, as "** Radzivilus observed at Damietta in Egypt, leading a labo- rious, miserable, wretched, unhappy life, ^' " like beasts and juments, if not worse :" (for a ^^ Spaniard in Incatan, sold three Indian boys for a cheese, and a hundred negrc slaves for a horse) their discourse is scurrility, their sumtnum bonuvi, a pot of ale There is not any slavery which these villains will not undergo, inter illos plerique latrinas evacuant, alii culinariam curant, alii stabularios agunt, urinatores, et id ""He that wears silk, satin, velvet, and gold lace, must needs he a gentleman. "* Est sanguis atqiie epirilus pecunia ninrtalibus. '^ Euripides. "oXeno- phon. Cyropoed.' 1. 8. '^' In tenui rara est facuiidia panno. juv. 22 ||or. " more worthless than rejected weeds." 23 Egere est offendere, et indigere scelestum esse. Sat. Menip. 24 piaut. act. 4. 25 Nullum tarn harharum, tain vile munus est, quod non lubentis- einie obire velit gens vilissirna. ^eLausius orat. in Hispaniam. 27 Laet. descrip. Americcora q,iiibus splendor rationis emortuuf:. i"iPertgrin. Hierog. 3' Nihil oninino meliorem vitam degiint, quam fe-«B in silvis, jumenta in terris. Leo \fer. so Bart, olo meus a Casa. Mum. 4. Subs. 6.J Poverty and Want., Causes. 21£ genus simrJ.ia exercenu Sfc. like those people that dwell in the "^Alps, chimney- sweepers, jakes-farmers, dirt-daubers, vagrant rogues, they labour hard some, and yet cannot get clothes to put on, or bread to eat. For what can filthy poverty give else, but ''"beggary, fulsome nastiness, squalor, contempt, drudgery, labour, ugliness, hun- ger and thirst; pediculorum., et puUcum numerum? as '"he well followed it in Aris- tophanes, fleas and lice, pro pallJo vestem laceram., et pro pulvinari lapidem bene magnum ad caput^i rags for his raiment, and a stone for his pillow, pro cathedra., ruptie caput urnc?, he sits in a broken pitcher, or on a block for a chair, et rnaluce rainos pro panibus coviedit., he drinks water, and lives on wort leaves, pulse, like a hog, or scraps like a dog, ut nunc nobis vita afficitur., quis non putabit insaniam esse^ infelicitatcmque? as Chremilus concludes his speech, as we poor men live now-a- days, who will not take our life to be "^infelicity, misery, and madness } If they be of little better condition than those base villains, hunger-starved beggars Wandering rogues, those ordinary slaves, and day-labouring drudges; yet they are commonly so preyed upon by '*'' polling officers for breaking the laws, by their tyran- nising landlords, so flayed and fleeced by perpetual ** exactions, that though they do drudge, fare hard, and starve their genius, they cannot live in "^some countries; but what they have is instantly taken from them, the very care they take to live, to be drudges, to maintain their poor families, their trouble and anxiety " takes away their sleep," Sirac. xxxi. 1, it makes them weary of their lives: when they have taken all pains, done their utmost and honest endeavours, if they be cast behind by sick- ness, or overtaken with years, no man pities them, hard-hearted and merciless, uncha- ritable as they are, they leave them so distressed, to beg, steal, murmur, and ''^ rebel, or else starve. The feeling and fear of this misery compelled those old Romans, whom Menenius Agrippa pacified, to resist their governors : outljfws, and rebels in most places, to take up seditious arms, and in all ages hath caused uproars, murmur ings, seditions, rebellions, thefts, murders, mutinies, jars and contentions in every commonwealth : grudging, repining, complaining, discontent in each private family, because they want means to live according to their callings, bring up their children it breaks their hearts, they cannot do as they would. No greater misery than for a lord to have a knight's living, a gentleman a yeoman's, not to be able to live as his birth and place require. Poverty and want are generally corrosives to all kinds of men, especially to such as have been in good and flourishing estate, are suddenly distressed, *'' nobly born, liberally brought up, and by some disaster and casualty miserably dejected. ^^For the rest, as they have base fortunes, so have they base minds corre-' spondent, like beetles, e stercore orti, e stercore luclus, in stercore delicium., as they were obscurely born and bred, so they delight in obscenity; they are not thoroughly touched with it., Angustas animas anguslo in pectore versant.*^ Yet, that which is no sm'^rl cause of their torments, if once they come to be in distress, they are for- saken of their fellows, most part neglected, and left unto themselves ; as poor *^ Terence in Rome was by Scipio, Lselius, and Furius, his great and noble friend.s. " Nil Piihliiis Scipio profuit, nil ei I.rplius, nil Furius, Tres per idem iPinpns qui agitabant nohiles facillime, Horuiii ille opera ne doinum quideni habuit conductitiam."60 'Tis generally so, Tempora si fuerint nubila., solas eris., he is left cold and comfortless, nullas ad amissas ibit amicus opes, all flee from him as from a rotten wall, now ready to fall on their heads. Prov. xix. 4. " Poverty separates them from their ^' neighbours." '2" DuMi fortuna favet vultiitn servatis amici, I " Wiiilst fortune favour'd, friends, you smil'd on nie. Cum cecidit, turpi vertitis ora fuga." | Bui when she fled, a friend I could not see." Which is worse yet, if he be poor ^^ every man contemns him, insults over him, oppresseth him, scoffs at, aggravates his misery. ss'OrtpIins in Helvetia. Qui habitant in Cffisia valle ut plurimum latoini, in Oscella valle cultroruni fabri fumarii, in Vijietia sordidum genus hominum, quod repurgandis carninis victiini parat. ■"> I write not this any ways to upbraid, or scoff at, or misuse poor men, but rather to condole (tnd pity them by express- ing, &c. «i Chremilus, act. 4. Plaut <-iPau- pertas durum onus miseris morialihus. w Vexat ;ensura columbas. "Deux ace non possunt, et ^ixcinque solvere nolunt; Omnibus est notum qiiater Uc solvere ttr.-im. ■'sScandia, Africa, Lituania. 1" Montaigne, in his Essays, speaks of certain Indians ii> f'rauce. thai bein-f asked how they liked the coun- try, wondered how a few rich men could keep so many poor men in subjection, that they did not cut their throats." *' Augustas animas anitnoso in pectore versans. *^" A narrow breast conceals a narrow- soul." 49Donatus vit. ejus. so" Pubiius Scipio, Lslins and Furius, three of the most distinguished noblemen at that day in Rome, were of so liltle service to him, that he could scarcely procure a lodging through their patronage." s' Prov. xix. 7. "Though he ha instant, yet they will not." s'-' Petronius. ^ Non est qui doleat vicem ut Petrus Christum, urant hominem non novisse 21 fi Games of Melancholy. [Part, i Seci. "i ''•"Q.mirv ".Tpit qiiHS<:.it., doniiis subsidere, partes I " Wht'n oncfi the tottering hdiise hefji'is to shrink, 111 urxclinatus onine recuinbit onus." | Thither comes all the weij-ht liy an instinct." Nay they are odious to their own brethren, and dearest friends, Pro. xix. 7. " His brethren hate liini if he be poor," ^^ omnes vicini oderunt, " his neighbours hate him," Pro. xiv. 20, ^omncs me noli ac ignofi deserunt^i as he complained in the comedy, friends and strangers, all forsake me. Which is most grievous, poverty makes men ridiculous, JVil hahet infelix pauperias durius in se, qiiam quod ridiculos homines facit., tiiey musi endure "jests, taunts, flouts, blows of their betters, and take all in good part to get a meal's meat: ^^ magnum paitperies opprohriwiu juhet quid vis et facere et pati. He must turn parasite, jester, fool, cum dcsi.pientibus desipere ; saith •^"Euripides, slave, villain, drudge to get a poor living, apply himself to each man's humours, to win and please, &c., and be buffeted when he hath all done, as Ulysses was by Melanthius ^° in Homer, be reviled, baffled, insulted over, for ^^ potentiorum slultitia pcrferenda est, and may not so much as mutter against it. He must turn rogue and "villain ; for as the saying is, JVecessitas cogit ad turpia, poverty alone makes men thieves, rebels, murderers, traitors, assassins, " because of poverty we V have sinned," Ecclus xxvii. 1, swear and forswear, bear false witness, lie, dissemble, anything, as I say, to advantage themselves, and to relieve their necessities: ^^ Culpa scelcrisque magistra est, vVhen a man is driven to his shifts, what will he not do.-* ra " si misprum fnrtiina SInonein Fiiixit, vaniiiii eliain mendaceiiiqiie improba finget " ne will betray his father, prince, and country, turn Turk, forsake religion, abjure God and all, nulla tarn horrenda proditio, quam illi lucri causa (saith ®^Leo Afer) perpetrarc nolint. ®* Plato, therefore, calls poverty, "thievish, sacrilegious, filthy, wicked, and mischievous :" and well he might. For it makes many an upright man otherwise, had he not been in want, to take bribes, to be corrupt, to do against his conscience, to sell his tongue, heart, hand, &c., to be churlish, hard, unmerciful, uncivil, to use indirect means to help his present estate. It makes princes to exact upon their subjects, great men tyrannise, landlords oppress, justice mercenary, lawyers vultures, physicians harpies, friends importunate, tradesmen liars, honest men thieves devout assassins, great men to prostitute their wives, daughters, and themselves, middle sort to repine, commons to mutiny, all to grudge, murmur, and complain.^ A great temptation to all mischief, it compels some miserable wretches to counterfeit several diseases, to dismember, make themselves blind, lame, to have a more plausible cause to beg, and lose their limbs to recover their present wants. Jodocus Damho- derius, a lawyer of Bruges, praxi rerum criminal, c. 1 12. hath some notable examples of such counterfeit cranks, and every village almost will yield abundant testimonies amongst us ; we have dummerers, Abraham men, &c. And that which is the extent of misery, it enforceth them througli anguish and wearisomeness of their lives, to make away themselves ; they had rather be hanged, drowned, &c., than to live with- out means. I " Much belter tis to break thy neck, 66" In mare c-Etiferiinn, ne te premat aspera egestas, | Or drown thyself i" the sea, Desili, et a celsis corrue Cerne jugir^." , Than s^iffi-r irksomn poverty ; I Go make thyself away." ^A Sybarite of old, as I find it registered in "Athenreus, supping in Phiditiis in Sparta, and observing their hard fai-t, said it was no marvel if the Lacedaemonians were valiant men ; " for his part, he would rather run upon a sword point (and so would any man in his wits,) than live with such base diet, or lead so wretclied a life." '^^In Japoiiia, ''tis a common thing to stifle their children if they be poor, or to make an abortion, which Aristotle commends. In that civil commonwealth of China, ^^the mother stranjjles her child, if she be not able to bring it up, and had ratlier lose, than sell it, or have it endure such misery as poor men do. Arnobius, lib. 7, adversus genies, '° Lactantius, lib. 5. cap. 9. objects as much to those ancient Greeks and MOvid. in Trist. =6 Horat. 66Ter. Eunuchus, I 66Tlieognis. or Dipnosophist lib. 12. Millies potiiis act. '2. 6iQ.uld quod materiam prEBbet causamque moriturum (si qiiis sibi mente constaret) quam tain jotandi : Si toca sordida sit, Juv. Sat. 2. f* Hor. vilis et acrumnosi victus coinniunionem habere. «« Cas- ts In [Miasms. «i()ilyss. 17. 0' Idem. ffi Maiituan. per Vilela Jesuita epist. Japon. lib. eu Mat. Ricciui »" Since cruel fortune has made Sinon poor, she has ! expedit in Sinas lib. I. c. ;^. '» Vos Romani prr uiarte him vain and mendacious." " De Africa t creatos filios fen* et iambus exponitis, nunc strangu jb. 1 cap. ult. 6>4. tl,; li'gilius. furacissima pauperlas, i latis vel in saxum elidilis, &c. ■acrileKa, turbis, flagiliosa, ouiniuni maiorum opifex. j i\f ( m. 4 Sub. 6.] Poverty and Want, Causes. 217 Romans, "they did expose their children to wild beasts, strangle, or knock out thi' r bruins against a stone, in sucli cases." If we may give credit to " Munster, among'* .IS Christians in Lithuania, they voluntarily niancipate and sell themselves, thci. wives and children to rich men, to avoid hunger and beggary; ^^niany make away tliemseives in this extremity. Apicjus the Roman, when he cast up his accounts, and found but 100,000 crowns left, murdered himself for fear he should be famished to death. P. Forestus, in his medicinal observations, hath a memorable example o two brotliers of Louvain that, being destitute of means, became both melancholy, and in a discontented liumour massacred themselves. Another of a merchant, learned, wise otherwise and discreet, but out of a deep apprehension he had of a loss at seas, would not be persuaded but as '^Ventidius in the poet, he should die a beggar. In a word, thus much I may conclude of poor men, that though tliey have good '^ parts they cannot show or make use of them: ''"ab inopil ad virtutem obscpta est via, 'tis hard for a poor man to '^rise, hand facile emergunt, quorum virtutibus obstai res angusta dorni.'"' " The wisdom of the poor is despised, and his words are not heard.'' Eccles. vi. 19. His works are rejected, contemned, for the baseness and obscurit}' of the author, though laudable and good in themselves, they will not likely take. " Nulla platere diii, neqiiH vivere carmiiia possuiit, Q,iKR scrihiiniur atqiia? potf.ribiis." " No verses can please men or live long that are written by water-drinkers." I'oor men cannot please, their actions, counsels, consultations, projects, are vilified in the world's esteem, amitlunt consilium in re, which Gnatho long since observed. '^Sapiens crepidas sibi nunquavi ncc soleas fecit, a wise man never cobbled shoes, as he said of old, but how doth he prove it ? I am sure we find it otherwise in our days, ''^ prtiinosis horret facmidia paiinis.'^^ Homer himself must hcg if he want means, and as by report sometimes he, did '^°" go from door to door, and smg ballads, with a company of boys about him.'^ iThis common misery r,| theirs must needs distract, make them discontent and melancholy, as ordinarily they are, way ward, peevish, like a weary traveller, for ^^Fames et mora bilem in narcs conciunt, still murmuring and repining : Ob inopiam morosi sunt, quibus est male, as Plutarch quotes out of Euripides, and that comical poet well seconds, /. 82" Onines qiiibiis res sunt iiiinfis seciitidie, nesrio quomoilo Suspitiosi, ad coiitiiineliKin omnia accipiuiit iiiagis, Propter suaiii iinpntenliam se credunt iieglifji." If they be in adversity, they are more suspicious and apt to mistake : they thiuk themselves scorned by reason of tlieir misery :" and therefore many generous spirits in such cases withdraw themselves from all company, as that comedian *^Terence is said to have done ; when he perceived himself to be forsaken and poor, he volun- tarily banished himself to Stymphalus, a base town in Arcadia, and there miserably died. 84 "ad siimmarn innpiam reilactiis, Itaqiie e conspectu oiiiniuin abiit Gra>(is in terram iiltimain." x\ either is it without cause, for we see men commonly respected according to theii means, {^^an dives sit omncs queer unt, nemo an bonus) and vilified if tliey be in bad clothes. ^"^ Philophoemen the orator was set to cut wood, because he was so homely attired, "Terentius was placed at the lower end of Cecilius' table, because of his homely outside. ^^Dante, that famous Italian poet, by reason his clothes were but mean, could not be admitted to sit down at a feast. Gnatho scorned his old familiar friend because of his apparel, ^^ Hominem video pannis, annisque obsitum, hic egc ..Hum contempsi prcB me. King Persius overcome sent a letter to ^"Paulus jEmilius. the Roman general ; Persius P. Consuli. S. but he scorned him any answer, tacit'e erprobrans forlunam suam (saith mine author) upbraiding him with a present fortune: 5I-Carolus Pugnax, that great duke of Burgundy, made H. Holland, late duke of J^ 'i(Jn5mo!j.4. lib. cap. 2-2. vendunt liberosvictu carentes tanquain ppcora interdiim et seipsns; nt apud divites sat \rentur cibis. '2 Vel honnriiin desperatione vel malnrunn porpessione fracti et fatigati, pliires violentas mams sih' inferuiit. '■! Hnr. ■" Ingenio pote- ram snperas volitare per arres : (It me plunia levat, sic grave Miergit onns. 'sTerent. 'f' Hor. Sat. H. ib. 1. " " They cannot easily rise in the world who ire linclied by povertv at home." '8 paschalius. fttronius. MHerodotus vita ejus. Scaliger in 28 poet. Potentinrurn sdes ostratim adiens, aliqiiid acci piebat, canens carinina sua, concomitante eiini pnero riitn choro. *•! Plantiis Ainpl. ^^'rer. Art. 4 Seen '^. Adelph. Hesio. "3 Oonat. vita ejus. •■■•'■ Reilucei to the greatest necessity, he withdrew from the L'aze o" the piihlic to the most remote village in Grnece " Kuri pules. 86 pintarch. vita ejus e'Vil.iTei 8'^Gomi'sius ill. :!. c. 21 de sale. f«Ter. Eunuch. Act 2. &-,en. 2. » Liv. dec. 9. I 2 mCoimueus. 218 Causes of Melancholy. I Fart. 1. Sec. 2 Exeter, exiled, run after his horse like a lackey, and would take no notice of him . ^^'tis the common fashion of the world. So that such men as are poor may justly be discontent, melancholy, and complain of their present misery, and all may pray with ''^Solomon, "•Give me, O Lord, neither riches nor poverty; feed me with food convenient for me." SuBSECT. VII. — A heap of other Accidents causing Melancholy, Death of Friends. Losses, Sfc. In this labyrinth of accidental causes, the farther I wander, the more intricate I find the passage, multcE ambages, and new causes as so manv by-paths offer them selves to be discussed : to search out all, were an Herculean work, and fitter for Theseus : I will follow mine intended thread ; and point only at some few of the chiefest. Death of Friends^ Amongst which, loss and death of friends may challenge a first place, multi tristantur, as ®'* Vives well observes, jdos/ deUcias, convivia, dies ftstos, many are melancholy after a feast, holiday, merry meeting, or some pleasing sport, if they be solitary by chance, left alone to themselves, without employment, sport, or want their ordinary companions, some at the departure of friends only whom they shall shortly see again, weep and howl, and look after them as a cow lows after her calf, or a child takes on that goes to school after holidays. Ut me levdrat tuus advcnfus, sic discessus affixit, (which ''^Tully writ to Atticus) thy coming was not so welcome to me, as ihy departure was harsh. Montanus, consil. 1 32. makes men- tion of a country woman that parting with her friends and native place, became grievously melancholy for many years ; and Trallianus of cmother, so caused for the absence of her husband : which is an ordinary passion amongst our good wives if their husband tarry out a day longer than his appointed time, or break his hour they take on presently with sighs and tears, he is either robbed, or dead, some mis chance or other is surely befallen him, they cannot eat, drink, sleep, or be quiet in mind, till they see him again. _ If parting of friends, absence alone can work such violent efl^ects, what shall death do, when they must eternally be separated, never in this world to meet again .' This is so grievous a torment for the time, that it takes away their appetite, desire of life, extinguisheth all delights, it causeth deep sighs and groans, tears, exclamations, (" O dulce gernien matris, 6 sanguis mi'us, Eheii tepcntfis, &.C. 6 flns tener.") s' howling, roaring, many bitter pangs, ^"^ lamentis gemituque etfcemineo ululatu Tecta frcmunt) and by frequent meditation extends so far sometimes, "^"they think they see their dead friends continually in their eyes," ohservantes imagines, as Conciliator confesseth he saw his mother's ghost presenting herself still before him. Quod nimts miseri volunt, hoc facile credimt, still, still, still, that good father, that good >on, that good wife, that dear friend runs in their minds : Totus animus hac una ■..gaatione defixus est, all the year long, as ^^ Pliny complains to Romanus, " me- thinks I see Virginius, I hear Virginius, I talk with Virginius, &c." 100" Te sine, v:e misero iiiihi, lilia niura videntiir, Palleiitesciue rostp, nee dulee nihens hyacintlius, Niillos nee in) rtus, iiec laurus spiral odores." They that are most staid and patient, are so furiously carried headlong by the pas- sion of sorrow in this case, that brave discreet men otherwise, oftentimes forget themselves, and weep like children many months together, '"as if that they to water would," and will not be comforted. They are gone, they are gone ; wha shall I do .? " Alistulit alra dies et funere mersit acerbo, Quis dabit in laclirynias fontein inihi ? quissatis altos Arxendet fremitus, et acerbo verba dolori ? Exhaurit pietas oculos, et hiantia frangit Pectora, nee plenos avido sinit edere questus, Magna adeo jactura preniit," &c. ' Fountains 6f tears who cives, who lends nie groans, Deep sii;hs sufficient to express my moans? Mine eyes are dry, my breast in pieee.i torn, My loss so great, I cannot enough mourn." 92 He that hath 5/. per annum coming in more than others, scorns him that hath less, and is a better man. " Prov. \xx. H. !*•' De anima. cap. de nisrore. 65 Lib. 12. epist. ''8"Oh sweet offsprint;; oh my very blond; Jh tender flower, ice." S7Vir. 4. JEn. "("Patres ■nortuus coram astantes et filios,&.c. MarcellusDunutus. "'Epist. lib. 2. Virginium video audio defnnctum cogito alloquor. lO^Calphurnius Gr.tcus. "Without ihee ah! wretched me, tlie lillies lose their whiteness. i Pint, vita ejns. 6 Nohilis matrona iiit-lanrholiCrt '>.i mortem iiiariti. ' Ex inatris obitu in desperationem iiicidit. ^ Maihias a Micliou. Boter. Am|iliitheat. ^ Lo Vertniiian. M. Polus Venelus lib. t. ca|). 54. pnrimunt eos quos in via obvios habent, di- e<'nie.«, he, et domino nostro regi servile in alia vita. Nee tain in homines insaiii int sed in equoi?, &cc. "> Vita ejus. " Lib. 4. vitsB ejus, aurearn EBtatem condiderat ad humani generis salulem quum nos statim ab optirni principis exci-ssu, vere ferream patereniur, fau-em, pes- teni, &;c. i2Lib. 5. de asse. i3 Maph. ' 'IMiey be- c.inie fallen in feelings, as the great forest laments ita fallen leaves." '''Orlelius Itinerario: ob annum integrum a cantu, tripudiis et saltatiunibub totacivita* abstinere jubelur. 220 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1 &ec. Vi forty days were all shut up, no prayers nor masses, but in that room where she waa The senators all seen in black, " and for a twelvemonth's space throughout the city, they were forbid to sing or dance.'' "'• \on ulli pastos illis egre iliehiis I " Tilt- swains forgot their sheep, nor ne.Tr the brink Friffida (Daphne) boves ail fluiiiina, nulla nee | Of runnin;; waters brought their herils to ilrink aniiiein The thirsty cattle, of themselves, abstained Libavil quadrupes, nee Kraniiiiis attigit herbani." | From water, and their grassy fare disdain'd." How were we allected here in England for our Titus, dellcicB. himiani generis, Prince Henry's immature deatli, as if all our dearest friends' lives had exhaled with his ? '^ Scanderbeg's death was not so much lamented in Epirus. In a word, as "he saith of Edward the First at the news of Edward of Caernarvon his son's birth, immor' talUer gavisas, he was immortally glad, may we say on the contrary of friends' deaths, immortalUcr gemenles, we are diverse of us as so many turtles, eternally dejected with it. There is another sorrow, which arises from the loss of temporal goods and for- tunes, which equally afHicts, and may go hand in hand with the preceding ; loss of time, loss of honour, office, of good name, of labour, frustrate hopes, will much torment-, but in my judgment, there is no torture like unto it, or that sooner pro- cureth this malady and mischief: 18" Ploratur lachrymis amissa pecunia veris:" | " Lost money is bewailed with grief sincere." it wrings true tears from our eyes, many sighs, nmch sorrow from our hearts, and often causes habitual melancholy itself, Guianerius tract. 15. 5. repeats this for an especial cause: "'"Loss -of friends, and loss of goods, make many men melancholy, as I have often seen by continual meditation of such things." The same causes Arnoldus Villanovanus inculcates, Breviar. I. I.e. 18. ex rcrum amissions, damno^' amicorum morte., &;c. Want alone will make a man mad, to be Sans argent will cause a deep and grievous melancholy. Many persons are affected like '^ Irishmen in this behalf, who if they have a good scimitar, had rather have a blow on their arm, than their weapon hurt : they will sooner lose their life, than their goods : and the grief that cometh hence, continueth long (saith ^' Plater) " and out of many dis- positions, procureth an habit." '"Montanus and Frisemelica cured a young man of 22 years of age, that so became melancholy, ab amissam pecuniam., for a sum of " money which he had unhappily lost. Sckenkius hath such another story of one melancholy, because he overshot himself, and spent his stock in unnecessary build- ing. ^^ Roger that rich bishop of Salisbury, exutus opihus et castris a Rege Siephuito, spoiled of his goods by king Stephen, ui doloris absorptus.i atque in amentiam versus, indecentia fecit, through grief ran mad, spoke and did he knew not what. Nothing so familiar, as for men in such cases, through anguish of mind to make away them- selves. A poor fellow went to hang himself, (which Ausonius hath elegantly expressed in a neat ^^ Epigram) but finding by chance a pot of money, flung away \^ the rope, and went merrily home, but he that hid the gold, when he missed it, hanged himself with that rope which the other man had left, in a discontented humour. "At qui condiderat, postquani non reperit auruin, Aptavit collo, quern reperit laqueuni." Such feral accidents can want and penury produce. Be it by suretyship, shipwreck, fire, spoil and pillage of soldiers, or what loss soever, it boots not, it will work the like effect, the same desolation in provinces and cities, as well as private persons. The Romans were miserably dejected after the battle of Cannae, the men amazed for fear, the stupid women tore their hair and cried. The Hungarians, when their king Ladislaus and bravest soldiers were slain by the Turks, Lucius publicus, Sec. The Venetians when their forces were overcome by the French king Lewis, the French and Spanish kings, pope, emperor, all conspired against them, at Cambray, the French herald denounced open war in the senate : Lauredane Vcnctorum dux, ^c, and they had lost Padua, Biixia, Verona, Forum Julii, their territories in the continent, and had now nothing left, but the city of Venice itself, et urbi qvoque ipsi (saith ^* Bern- bus) timendum putarent, and the loss of that was likewise to be feared, tantus repente 1^ Virg. '6 See Barletius de vita et ob. Scanderbeg. "b. 13. hist. "Mat. Paris. isjuvenalis. lUMuIti qui res amatas perdirierant, ut filiiis, opes, non speran- Icsrecuperare, propter assiduain taliiini considerationeni aieiancliulici fiunt, ul iuse vidi. '" '^'.aniburslus Hib. Hist. "'Cap. 3. Melancholia semper venit ab jactu- ram pecuniie, victoriaj, repulsain, mortem lilteroruin. quibus longo post tempore animus torquetur, et a dis- positione sit habitus. ^soonsil. 20. s* \ubrigeiisi» ••'< Epig. 22. " Lib. 8. Venet. hisl Mem. 4. Subs. 7.] Other Accidents and Grievances. 221 dolor omncs tenuity ul nunquam.^ alias., 4'C., they were pitifully plunged, nevei before in such lamentable distress. Anno 1527, when Rome was sacked by Burbonius, the common soldiers made such spoil, that fair '**' churches were turned to stables, old monuments and books made horse-litter, or burned like straw ; relics, costly pictures defaced; altars demolished, rich hangings, carpets, Stc, trampled in the dirt. ^'Theii wives and loveliest daughters constuprated by every base cullion, as Sejanus' daughter was by the hangman in public, before their fathers and husbands' faces. Noblemen's children, and of the wealthiest citizens, reserved for princes' beds, were prostitute to every common soldier, and kept for concubines ; senators and cardinals themselves dragged along the streets, and put to exquisite torments, to confess where their money was hid ; the rest, murdered on heaps, lay stinking in the streets ; infants' brains dashed out before their mothers' eyes. A lamentable sight it was to see so goodly a city so suddenly defaced, rich citizens sent a begging to Venice, Naples, Ancona, Stc, that erst lived in all manner of delights. '^** " Those proud palaces that even now vaunted their tops up to heaven, were dejected as low as hell in an instant," Whom will not such misery make discontent .? Terence the poet drowned himsdf (some say) for die loss of his comedies, which suffered shipwreck. When a pc»or man hath made many hungry meals, got together a small sum, which he loseth in an instant; a scholar spent many an hour's study to no purpose, his labours lost, &c., how should it otherwise be .'' I may conclude with Gregory, temporali^tm amor., quantum ajicit, cum hcpret possessio, tantum quum subtrahitur., urit do! ir; riches do not so much exhilarate us with their possession, as they torment us \\ (th their loss. Next to sorrow still I may annex such accidents as procure fear ; for besides th )se terrors which I have ^^ before touched, and many other fears (which are infinite) there is a superstitious fear, one of the three great causes of fear in Aristotle, commoily caused by prodigies and dismal accidents, whicli much trouble many of us. {^JYei.cio quid animus mi/ii prcesagit mali.) As if a hare cross the way at our going forth, or a mouse gnaw our clothes : if they bleed three drops at nose, the salt falls towtrds them, a black spot appear in their nails, &c., with many such, which Delrio Tom, 2. I. 3. sect. 4. Austin Niphus in his book de Auguriis. Polydore Virg. I. 3. de Prodigiis. Sarishuricnsis Polycrat. l.l.c. 13. discuss at large. They are so much affected, that with the very strength of imagination, fear, and the devil's craft, ''""they pull those misfortunes they suspect, upon their own heads, and that which they fear shall come upon them," as Solomon fortelleth, Prov. x. 24. and Isaiah denouncelh Ixvi. 4. which if *' " they could neglect and contemn, would not come to pass, Eorum vires nostra resident opinione, ut morhi gravitas cpgrotantium cogitatione., they are intended and remitted, as our opinion is fixed, more or less. N. N. dat pcenas., saitli '^ Crato of such a one, utinam non attraheret : he is punished, and is the cause of it ''himself: ^Dum fata fugimus fata stulti incurrimus, the thing that I feared, saith Job, is fallen upon me. As much we may say of them that are troubled with their fortunes ; or ill desti- nies foreseen : multos angit prcescientia raalorum: The foreknowledge of what shall come to pass, crucifies many men : foretold by astrologers, or wizards, iratum oh coelum,., be it ill accident, or death itself: which often falls out by God's permission; quia dcBmonem Lbnent (saith Chrysostom) Deus ideo permittit accidere. Severus, Adrian, Domitian, can testify as much, of whose fear and suspicion, Sueton, Hero- dian, and the rest of those writers, tell strange stories in this behalf ^^Montanus consil. 31. hath one example of a young man, exceeding melancholy upon this occa- sion. Such fears have still tormented mortal men in all ages, by reason of those lying oracles, and juggling priests. ''^ There was a fountain in Greece, near Ceres' temple in Achaia, where the event of such diseases was to be known ; '"A glass let 28Templa ornamentis nudata, spoliata, in stahula equormii et asinoruiii versa, &c. IiisuliE humi conciil- caliE, peditae, {u"'ii9 &.C. t2 2n Causes of MelancTwly. Part. 1 . Sec. « c.o\v 1 by a thread, &c." Amongst those Cyanean rocks at the springs of Lycia, was the oracle of Thrixeus Apollo, " where all fortunes were foretold, sickness, health, or what they would besides :" so common people have been always deluded with future events. At tliis (hy^Metusfutiirorinn inaxime torquet Sinas, this foolish fear, mightily crucifies them in China: as ^'Matthew Riccius the Jesuit informeth us, in his commentaries of those countries, of all nations they are most superstitious, and much tormented in tliis kind, attributing so much to their divinators, ut ipse metus Jidem facial^ that fear itself and conceit, cause it to ^*fall out: If he foretell sickness sucli a day, that very time they will be sick, vi mefiis ajfficti in cpgrifudincm cadnnt , and many times die as it is foretold. A true saying, Timor mortis^ morte pejor^ the fear of death is worse than death itself, and the memory of that sad hour, to some fortunate and rich men, " is as bitter as gall," Eccl. xli. 1. Inqiiietam nobis vit am facit. mortis metus^ a worse plague cannot happen to a man, than to be so troubled in his mind ; 'tis trist.c divortium^ a heavy separation, to leave their goods, with so much labour got, pleasures of the world, which they have so deliciously enjoyed, friends and companions whom they so dearly loved, all at once.. Axicchus the phi- losopher was bold and courageous all his life, and gave good precepts de contcmnenda mortCi and against the vanity of the world, to others ; but being now ready to die himself, he was mightily dejected, hdc luce privahor? his orbabor bonis f^^ he lamented like a child, &c. And though Socrates himself was there to comfort him, ubi prisfina virtutum jaclatio O Jlx'ioche f " where is all your boasted virtue now, my friend .'"' yet he was very timorous and impatient of death, much troubled in his mind, ImbeUis pavor et impafienfia, S^-c. "■ O Clotho," Megapetus the tyrant in Lucian exclaims, now ready to depart,>' let me live awhile longer. ^° J will give thee a thousand talents of gold, and two boles besides, which I took from Cleocritus, worth a hundred talents apiece." '•^■Woe's me," ■" saith another," what goodly manors shall 1 leave! what fertile fields! what a fine house! what pretty children ! how many servants ! who shall gather my grapes, my corn .'' Must I now die so well settled ? Leave all, so richly and well provided } Woe's me, what shall I do .'"' *^Jlnimula vagula, blandula, qua nunc abibis in loca? To these tortures of fear and sorrow, may well be annexed curiosity, that irksome, that tyrannising care, nimia so//c/7m(Zo, ''^"superfluous industry about unprofitable things, and their qualities," as Thomas defines it : an itcliing humour or a kind of longing to see that which is not to be seen, to do that which ought not to be done, to know that ''''secret which should not be known, to eat of the forbidden fruit. We commonly molest and tire ourselves about things unfit and unnecessary, as Martha troubled herseJf to little purpose. Be it in religion, humanity, magic, philo- sophy, policy, any action or study, 'lis a needless trouble, a mere torment. ' For what else is school divinity, how many doth it puzzle ? what fruitless questions about the Trinity, resurrection, election, predestination, reprobation, hell-fire, Stc, how many shall be saved, damned .^ What else is all superstition, but an endless observation of idle ceremonies, traditions .'' What is most of our philosophy but a labyrinth of opinions, idle questions, propositions, metaphysical terms ? Socrates, therefore, held all philosupuers, cavillers, and mad men, circa subtiUa Cavillatore^ pro insanis habuif.) palam eos arguens^ saith ""^Eusebius, because they commonly sought after such things qucB ncc percipi. d nobis neque comprehetidi posset^ or put case they did understand, yet they were altogether unprofitable. For what matter is it for us to know how high the Pleiades are, how far distant Perseus and Cassiopea from us, how deep the sta, &c., we are neither wiser, as he follows it, nor modester, nor better, nor richer, nor stronger for the knowledge of it. Quod supra nos nihil ad nos, I may say the same of those genethliacal studies, what is astrology but vain elections, predictions .'' all magic, but a troublesome error, a pernicious foppery ? physic, but intricate rules and prescriptions .•* philology, but vain criticisms .'' logic, needless sophisms ? metaphysics themselves, but intricate subtilties, and fruitless abstractions } alchemy, but a bundle of errors .? to what end are such great tomes ? '■'Expedil. in Sinas, lih. 1. c. 3. ssTimendo praRoc- cupat, quod vital, ultro provncuique quod fugil, gau- detque niceroiis et luliens miser fiiit. Heinsius Austriac. >9'lVIusl 1 be deprived of this life,— of those posses- »ion3?' "Tom 4. dis' S Cataph Auri pun iijille talenla,nie hodie tihi datiirum proniitto, &<;. <' Ibidem. Hei inihi qu* relinquenda pr^dia? quaiii fertile." agri I &c. "Adrian. ^ liidiistria superiiua circa rea Inu tiles. " Flav» secreta Minerva; ut videral Aglaurot Uv. Mel. y. <6(;oiiira Pliilos. cap. 61. Mem. 4, Subs. 7.] Other Accidents ana Grievances. '12'A why do we spend so many years in their studies ? Much better to know nothing at all, as those barbarous Indians are wholly ignorant, than as some of us, to be so sore vexed about unprofitable toys: stuUus labor est me/j/iarzim, to build a house A'ithout pins, nialce a rope of sand, to what end } cui bono P tie studies on, but as Jie boy told St. Austin, when I have laved tlie sea dry, thou shall understand the mystery of the Trinity, He makes observations, keeps limes and seasons ; and as "' Conradus tlie emperor would not touch liis new bride, till an astrologer had told him a masculine hour, but witlr what success ? He travels into Europe, Africa Asia, searchelh every creek, sea, city, mountain, gulf, to what end } See one promontory ;^sai(l Socrates of old), one mountain, one sea, one river, and see all. An alchemist spends liis fortunes to find out the philosopher's stone forsooth, cure all diseases, make men long-lived, victorious, fortunate, invisible, and beggars himself, misled by those seducing impostors (which he shall never attain) to make gold; an antiquary consumes his treasure and time to scrape up a company of old coins, statues, rules, edicts, manuscripts, &c., he must know what was done of old in Athens, Rome, what lodging, diet, houses they had, and have all the present news at first, though never so remote, before all others, what projects, counsels, consultations, &c., quid Juno in aurQii insusurret Jovi, what's now decreed in France, what in Italy : who was he, whence comes he, which way, whither goes he, &c. Aristotle must find out the motion of Euripus ; Pliny must needs see Vesuvius, but how sped they .^ One loselh goods, another his life ; Pyrrhus will conquer Africa first, and then Asia : he will be a sole monarch, a second immortal, a third rich ; a fourth commands. *'' Turbine magno spes solicitce in urbibus errant; we run, ride, take indefatigable pams, all up early, down late, striving to get that which we had better be without , 'Ardelion's busy-bodies as we are) it were much fitter for us to be quiet, sit still, and take our case. His sole study is for words, that they be Lepidce lexeis com- postcR ut tesserulce omnes^ not a syllable misplaced, to set out a stramineous subject : as thine is about apparel, to follow the fashion, to be terse and polite, 'tis thy sole business : both with like profit. . His only delight is building, he spends himself to get curious pictures, intricate models and plots, another is wholly ceremonious about titles, degrees, inscriptions : a third is over-solicitous about his diet, he must have such and such exquisite sauces, meat so dressed, so far-fetclied, peregrini aeris volu- cres, so cooked, &c., something to provoke thirst, something anon to quench his thirst. Thus he redeems his appetite with extraordinary charge to his purse, is sel- dom pleased with any meal, whilst a trivial stomach useth all with delight and is never olfended. Another must have roses in winter, alieni temporis flores^ snow- water m summer, fruits before they can be or are usually ripe, artificial gardens and fish-ponds on the tops of houses, all things opposite to the vulgar sort, intricate and rare, or else they are nothing worth. So busv, nice, curious wits, make that insup- portable in all vocations, trades, actions, employments, which to duller apprehensions is not offensive, earnestly seeking that which others so scornfully neglect. Thus through our foolish curiosity do we macerate ourselves, tire our souls, and run head- long, through our indiscretion, perverse will, and want of government, into many needless cares, and troubles, vain expenses, tedious journeys, painful hours ; and when ail is done, quorsum hcec f cui bono ? to what end .' 48" Nescire velle quve Mngister inaximus Docere iion vult, erudita luscitia est." Unfortunate marriage.] Amongst these passions and irksome accidents, unfortu- iiate marriage may be ranked : a condition of life appointed by God himself in Para- '^ise, an honourable and happy estate, and as great a felicity as can befall a man in chis world, ""^ if the parties can agree as they ought, and live as ^Seneca lived with nis Paulina; but if they be unequally matched, or at discord, a greater misery cannot be expected, to have a scold, a slut, a harlot, a fool, a fury or a fiend, there can be no such plague. Eccles, xxvi. 1 4, " He that hath her is as if he held a scorpion, &c." xxvi. 25, " a wicked wife makes a sorry countenance, a heavy heart, and he had rather dwell with a lion than keep house with such a wife.A' Her ^' properties Jovianus <'Mat. Paris. ""Scnera. <8 Jqs. Scaliger in | ^^"\ virtuous woman is the crown of her hiishaiiri," Gnoniit. " 'I\) pnifr^s? a i.'jsinclination for that know- Prov. \ij. 4. " liut shf," fee Slc. ^o ijb. 17. ejiisl '05. te.lge which s beyond our reach, is pedantic ignorance " | 6i Titionalur, candelabratur, flum ejus morti ijihio, egomet mortuus LHvo inter vivos., whilst I gape after her death, 1 live a dead man amongst the living, or if they dislike upon any occasion. 6'J" Judge who that are iinforlimatRly w«(l What 'lis to (oiiie into a hialhed bed." The same inconvenience befals women. 53" At vos o duri iniseram liijcte parentes. Si ferro aiil laqiieo liEVa liac ine exsolvere sorte Susliiieo :" ' Hard hearted parents both lament my fate, If self I kill or hang, to ease my state." ''A young gentlewoman in Basil was married, saith Felix Plater, observat. Z. 1, to an ancient man against her will, whom she could not affect ; she was continually melan- choly, and pined away for grief; and though her husband did all he could possibly U) give her C3ntent, in a discontented humour at length she hanged herself Many 'ther stories he relates in this kind. Thus men are plagued with women ; they again with men, when they aie of divers humours and conditions; he a spendthrift, she paring; one honest, the other dishonest, &c. Parents many times disquiet their children, and they their parents. ^^''A foolish son is an heaviness to his mother." Injusta noverca : a stepmother often vexeth a whole family, is matter of repentance, exercise of patience, fuel of dissension, which made Cato's son expostulate with his father, why he should offer to marry his client Solinius' daughter, a young wench, Cujus causa novercam induccret ; what offence had he done, that he should marry again ? Unkind, unnatural friends, evil neighbours, bad servants, dehts arid debates, &c., 'twas Chilon's sentence, comes ceris alieni et litis est miserin, misery and usury do commonly together ; suretyship is the bane of many families, Sponde., prcpstd noxa est : " he shall be' sore vexed that is surety for a stranger," Prov. xi. 15, " and he that hateth suretyship is sure." Contention, brawling, lawsuits, falling put of neighbours and friends. discordia demcns ( Virg. ^n. 6,) are equal to tlie first, grieve many a man, and vex his soul. JVihil sane miserabiUus eorum mentibus., (as ^Boter holds) •' nothing so miserable as such men, full of cares, griefs, anxieties, as if thev were stabbed with a sharp sword, fear, suspicion, desperation, sorrow, are their ordinarv companions." Our Welshmen are noted by some of their "own writers, to con- sume one another in this kind ; but whosoever they are that use it, these are their common symptoms, especially if they be convict or overcome, ** cast in a suit. Arius put out of a bishopric by Eustathius, turned heretic, and lived after discon- tented all his life. ^^ Every repulse is of like nature ; heu quanta de spe dccidi ! Dis- grace, infamy, detraction, will almost effect as much, and that a long time after. Hipponax, a satirical poet, so vilified and lashed two painters in his iambics, ut ambo laqueo se suffocarent., ®" Pliny saith, both hanged themselves. All oppositions, dan- gers, perplexities, discontents, ^' to live in any suspense, are of the same rank: potes hoc sub casu ducere somnos? Who can be secure in such cases } Ill-bestowed bene- fits, ingratitude, unthankful friends, much disquiet and molest some. Unkind s|)eeches trouble as many; uncivil carriage or dogged answers, weak women above the rest, if they proceed from their surly husbands, are as bitter as gall, and not to be digested. A glassman's wife in Basil became melancholy because her husband said he would marry again if she died. "• No cut to unkindness," as the saying is, a frown and hard speech, ill respect, a brow-beating, or bad look, especially to courtiers, or such as attend upon great persons, is present death: Ingenium vuUu statque caditqne sun, they ebb and flow with their masters' favours. Some persons are at their wits' ends, if by chance they overshoot themselves, in their ordinary speeches, or actions, which may after turn to their disadvantage or disgrace, or have any secret disclosed. Ronseus epist. miscel. 2, reports of a gentlewoman 25 years old, that falling foul with one of 52 Daniel in Rosamund. sachniinofus lib. !). de repuli. Angl. w Klegans virgn iiivita ciiidarn e nos- tratilms impsit, &c. ^a prov. ^c Df. increm. iirli lih. :i. c. ;l. tanquani diro inucrone coiifossi, his nulla reqiiiea, nulla delectatio, solicitudine, gemitii, furore, desperatione, titnore, tanquain ad perpetiinni airumnam infeliciter rapti. •''i Humfredus (,hiyd epi6t. ad Abrahamnin <^lrlelium. M. Vaiighan in hi» Golden Fleece. Litibus et controversiis usque ad om niiiin bonornm consuniptioneni cotitcMidiint. *■> Spre- txque injuria forniiK. ' ''''Qua>que repulsa gravis. '"Lib. 3l>. e. .'>. ^i Nihil seque ainaruni, quam iliu pendere : quidam tpquiore aniiiio fiTuiit [tfmciii .■!po!ii suam quaM tralii. Scier? cap. 3. lib. "2. de Uen. Vin Plater obsrvat. M'. 1 Mem. 4. Subs. 7.] Other Accidents and Grievances. 22J> her gossips, was upbraided with a secret infirmity (no matter what) in public, and Si} much grieved with it, that she did thereupon solitudines qucsrere., omnes ab st ahlegare. ac tandem in gravissimnm incidens inelancholiam, contabescere^ forsake all company, (piite moped, and in a melancholy humour pine away. Others are as much tortured to see themselves rejected, contemned, scorned, disabled, defamed, detracted, undervalued, or ®^"left behind their fellows." Lucian brings in Ji^tamacles, a philo- sopher in his Lapith. convivio^ much discontented that he was not invited amongst the rest, expostulating the matter, in a long epistle, with Aristenetus their host Praetextatus, a robed gentleman in JPlutarch, would not sit down at a feast, because he might not sit highest, but went" his ways all in a chafe. We see the common quarrelings, that are ordinary with us, for taking of the wall, precedency, and the like, which though toys in themselves, and things of no moment, yet they cause many distempers, much heart-burning amongst us. Nothing pierceth deeper than a contempt or disgrace, ''^ especially if they be generous spirits, scarce anything affects them more than to be despised or vilified. Crato, consil. 16, J. 2, exemplifies it, and common experience confirms it. Of the same nature is oppression, Ecclus. 77, "surely oppression makes a man mad," loss of liberty, which made Brutus venture his life, Cato kill himself, and *^'' Tully complain, Omnem hilaritatcm in perpetuum amisi.) mine heart's broken, I shall never look up, or be merry again, ^^hcec jactura intolerabilis., to some parties 'tis a most intolerable loss. Banishment a great misery as Tyrteus describes it in an epigram of his, ' Nam ruiseriim est patria ainissa, larihusque vagari Mendicuni, el timida voce ro{;are cibns: Omnibus invisus, qnociinque accesserit exul Semper erit, semper spretus egensque jacet," &c. "A miserable thing 'tis so to wander, And like a begsjar for to wiiine at door, Cdnteiiin'rt of all the world, an exile is, Hated, rejected, needy still and poor." Polynices in his conference with Jocasta in ^^ Euripides, reckons up five miseries of a banished man, the least of which alone were enough to deject some pusillanimous creatures. Oftentimes a too great feeling of our own infirmities or imperfections of , body or mind, will shrivel us up ; as if we be long sick : " O beata sanitas, te prssente, anifenum ^ Ver florit gratiis, absque te nemo beatns:" (O blessed health! "thou art above all gold and treasure," Ecclns. xxx. 15, (the poor man's riches, the rich man's bliss, without thee there can be no happiness : or visited with some loathsome disease, offensive to others, or troublesome to ourselves ; as a stinking breath, deformity of our limbs, crookedness, loss of an eye, leg, hand, pale- ness, leanness, redness, baldness, loss or want of hair, &.C., hie ubifluere ccp/pit, diros ictus cordi infert, saith ^'Synesius, he himself troubled not a little ob comce defectum., the loss of hair alone, strikes a cruel stroke to the heart. Acco, an old woman, seeing by chance her face in a true glass (for she used false flattering glasses belike at other times, as most gentlewomen do,) animi dolore in insaniam dclapsa est., (Cailius Rho/liginus I. 17, c. 2,) ran mad.* ^^Brotheus, the son of Vulcan, because he was ridiculous for his imperfections, flung himself into the fire. Lais of Corinth, now grown old, gave up her glass to Venus, for she could not abide to look upon it ^"^Qualis sum nolo., qualis eram nequeo. Generally to fair nice pieces, old age and foul linen are two most odious things, a torment of torments, they may not abide the thought of it. - 6 deornm Q.iiisquis ha^c aiidis, utinam inter errem Nuda leones, Antequani turpis macies decentea Occnpet malas, tenersque succiis Deflnat praedae, speciosa quierro Pascere tigres." ' Hear me, some gracious lieaveniy power. Let lions dire this naked corse devour. My cheeks ere hollow wrinkles seize, Ere yet their rosy bloom decays : While youth yet rolls its vital flood. Let tigers friendly riot in my blood " To be foul, ugly, and deformed, much better be buried alive. Some are fair but barren, and that galls them. " Hannah wept sore, did not eat, and was troubled ir. spirit, and all for her barrenness," 1 Sam. 1. and Gen. 30. Rachel said "in the anguish of her soul, give me a child, or I shall die :" another hath too manv . one was never married, and that's his hell, another is, and that's his plague. Some are troubled in that they are obscure ; others by being traduced, slandered, abused, dis- ^'^Turpe relinqui est, Hor. wgcimus enim gene- I epist. lib. 12. csEpist. ad Brutura. osinPhsenisf 'osas nafruras, nulla re citius moveri, aut gravius affici \^ In laudem calvit. oe (jvid. w E Ore' '"> Hf qiiam contemptu ac despicientia 64 Ad Atticum | Car. Lib. 3. Ode. 27 29 226 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2 graced, vilified, or any way injured : minime miror eos (as he said) ([ui insanire cccu piunt ex injuria, 1 marvel not at all if offences make men mad. Seventeen particular causes of anger and offence Aristotle reckons them up, which for brevity's sake 1 must omit. No tidings troubles one ; ill reports, rumours, bad tidings or news, hard 5iap, ill success, cast in a suit, vain hopes, or hope deferred, another : expectation, adeo omnibus in rebus molcsla semper est. expeclatio, as " Polybius observes; one is too eminent, another loo base born, and that alone *.ortures him as much as the rest : one is out of action, company, employment ; aiiother overcome and tormented with worldly cares, and onerous business. But what "tongue can suffice to speak of all? Many men catch this malady by eating certain meals, herbs, roots, at unawares; as henl)ane, nightshade, cicula, mandrakes, &.c. "A company of young men at Agrigeiitum in Sicily, came into a tavern ; where after they had freely taken their iquor, whether it were the wine itself, or something mixed with it 'tis not yet known, '■* but upon a sudden they began to be so troubled m their brains, and their phantasy BO erased, that tiiey thought they were in a ship at sea, and now ready to be cast away by reason of a tempest. Wherefore to avoid shipwreck and present drowning, they flung all tlie goods in the house out at the windows into the street, or into the sea, as they supposed ; thus they continued mad a pretty season, and being brought before the magistrate to give an account of this their fact, they told him (not yet recovered of their madness) that what was done they did for fear of death, and to avoid imminent danger : the spectators were all amazed at this their stupidity, and gazed on them still, whilst one of the ancientest of the company, in a grave tone, excused himself to the magistrate upon his knees, O viri TritoneSj ego in imnjucui, I beseech your deities, &c. for J was in the bottom of the ship all the while : another besought them as so many sea gods to be good unto them, and if ever he and his fellows came to land again, ''* he would build an altar to their service. The magis- trate could not sufficiently laugh at this their madness, bid them sleep it out, and so went his ways. Many such accidents frequently happen, upon these unknown occa- sions. Some are so caused by pliilters, wandering in the sun, biting of a mad dog, a blow on the head, stinging with that kind of spider called tarantula, an ordinary thing if we may believe Skenck. I. 6. de Venrnis, in Calabria and Apulia in Italy, Cardan. suhtiJ. I. 9. Scaliger exrrcitat. 185. Their symptoms are merrily described by Jovianus Pontanus, ^n/. dial, how they dance altogether, and are cured by music. ^''Cardan speaks of certain stones, if they be carried about one, vvhich will cause melancholy and madness; he calls them unhappy, as an '"^ adamant, sclcnites, 6^~c. " which dry up ihe body, increase cares, diminish sleep :" Ctesias in Persicis, makes mention of a well in those parts, of which if any man drink, '^" he is mad for 24 hours." Some lose their wits by terrible objects (as elsewhere I have more '^copi- ously dilated) and life itself many times, as Hippolitus affrighted by Neptune's sea- horses, Athemas by Juno's furies : but these relations are connnon in all writers. BO" Hie alias potcram, et pliires siibnectere caiisas, SeJ jiimeiita vocant, et Sol iiiclinat, Eundiim est.' " Many such causes, much more could 1 say. But th.tt for provender my cattle stay: The sun declines, and I must needs away." These causes if they be considered, and come alone, I do easily yield, can do little of themselves, seidom, or apart (an old oak is not felled at a blow) though many times they are all sufficient every one: yet if they concur, as often they do, xiis unila forlior; et quce nan obsunt singula, multa nocent, they may batter a strong con- stitution ; as ^'Austin said, "many grains and small sands sink a ship, many small drops make a flood," &c., often reiterated ; many dispositions produce an habit. '1 Hist. lib. 6. '-Non mihi si centum linguffi sint, oraque centum. Omnia caiisarum percurrere nomina possem. '3CeIius I. 17. cap. 2. '^ Ita uiente exagi- tati sunt, ut in triremi se constitutos piitaient, marique vadatmndo tempestate jactatos, proiiide naufragium veriti, egestis undique rehus vasa omnia in yiam e fenestris, seu in mare pnecipitarunt : postriilie, Slc. 10 .\xan\ vohis servatorihus diis erij;emus. '• Lih. de |!«iutnJ8. ''Quae gestatte infelicein et tristem reddiint. curas augent, corpus siccant, somnum minuunt. ".Ad unnni die mente alienatns. '^ Part. I. Sect. 2. Sul>- sect. 3. w Juven .Sat. 3. "i Intus bestir minnti multcE necanl. Numqnid minutissjma sunt graiia areuDE? sed si arena auiplius in navem mitlatur, mergit illam ; quam minutae gutla;, pluvicB? et tann'n irnplent tlumina. domus ejiciujil, tinienda ergo ruina multitu- diiiis, si non inagiiitudinis. Vlem. 5. Subs. 1.] Continent, inv^ard Causes, <^c, 25i7 MEMB. V. SiTBSECT. I. — Continent, imvard, antexedent, next cfi , v Hildesheim. ^ Habuit sseva animi symptomata qusE inipediunt concoctionem, &c. 'sUsitatissimus morbus cum sit, utile est hujus visceris accidentia coti- sideraie, nee lave periculum hujus causas morhi igno- 'antibus. ^Jtcur aptum ad generandum talera bu- morem, splen natura imbecillior. Piso, Altnmaru? Guianerius. " Melanchnliam, quie fit a redutidaiiti* hunioris in toto core ore, victus imprimis generat qur eum humorem parit, ssAusoniiis. 232 Symptoms of Melancholy. I Pan. 1. Sec 3 SECT. III. MEMB. I. SuBSECT. I. — Symptoms., or Signs of Melancholy in the Body. Parrhasius, a painter of Athens, amongst those Olynthian captives Philip of Macedon brought home to sell, ^ bougiit one very old man ; and when he had him at Athens, put him to extreme torture and torment, the better by his example tc express the pains and passions of his Prometheus, whom he was then about to paint 1 need not be so barbarous, inhuman, curious, or cruel, for this purpose to torture any poor melancholy man, their symptoms are plain, obvious and familiar, there needs no such accurate observation or far-fetched object, they delineate themselves, they voluntarily betray themselves, they are too frequent in all places, I meet them stili as I go, they cannot conceal it, their grievances are too well known, I need not seek far to describe them. Symptoms tlierefore are either ^^ universal or particular, saith Gordonius, lih. med. cap. 19, part. 2, to persons, to species ; " some signs are serret, some manifest, some in the body, some in the mind, and diversely vary, according to the inward or out- ward causes," Cappivaccius : or from stars, according to Jovianus Pontanus, de r&b. calest. lib. 10, cap. 13, and celestial influences, or from the humours diversely mixed, Ficinus, lib. 1, cap. 4, de sanit. tnendd : as they are hot, cold, natural, unnatural, intended, or remitted, so will J^tius have melancholica deliria multiformia., diversity of melancholy signs. Laurentius ascribes them to their several temperatures, delights, natures, inclinations, continuance of time, as they are simple or mixed with other diseases, as the causes are divers, so must the signs be, almost infinite, Altomarus <:ap. 7, art. med. And as wine produceth divers effects, or that herb Tortocolla in •'* Laurentius, " which makes some laugh, some weep, some sleep, some dance, some sing, some howl, some drink, &c." so doth this our melancholy humour work several signs in several parties. But to confine them, these general symptoms may be reduced to those of the body or the mind. Those usual signs appearing in the bodies of such as are melancholy, be these cold and dry, or they are hot and dry, as the humour is more or less adust. From ^ these first qualities arise many other second, as that of ^'' colour, black, swarthy, pale, ruddy, &c., some are impcnse rubric as Montaltus cap. 16 observes out of Galen, lib. 3, de locis ajfcctis., very red and high coloured. Hippocrates in his book '^^de insanla et melan. reckons up these signs, that they are ^^ " lean, withered, hollow-eyed, look old, wrinkled, harsh, much troubled with wind, and a griping in their bellies, or belly-ache, belch often, dry bellies and hard, dejected looks, flaggy beards, singing of the ears, vertigo, light-headed, little or no sleep, and that interrupt, terrible and fearful dreams," "^^Annasoror., qucz me suspensam insomnia terrent? The fame symptoms are repeated by Melanelius in his book of melancholy collected out of Galen, Ruffus, jEtius, by Pvhasis, Gordonius, and all the juniors, '"continual, sharp, and stinking belchings, as ii' their meat in their stomachs were putrefied, or that they had eaten fish, dry bellies, absurd and interrupt dreams, and many fantastical visions about their eyes, vertiginous, apt to tremble, and prone to venery." ''^Some add pal- pitation of the heart, cold sweat, as usual symptoms, and a leapmg in many parts of the body, saltum in multis corporis partibus., a kind of itcliing, saith Laurentius, on the superficies of the skin, like a flea-biting sometimes. "'Montaltus cap. 21. puts fixed eyes and much twinkling of their eyes for a sign, and so doth Avicenna, ocft/os habentcs palpitantes, trauli, veJiemcnter rubicundi., ^'c, lib. 3. Fen. 1 . Tract. 4. cap. 1 8. They stut most part, which he took out of Hippocrates' aphorisms. "^ Rhasis makes 33 Seneca cont. lib. 10. cnnt. 5. "'duoeilain uni- VHisalia, partioularirp, quiEil^rn inanifesta, qiiaxlani in ci>rpi)ie, (|iifEilain in cogitalione el aniino, quaidani a slellis, quaidani ab huiiiDribiis, qiije lit vinuni corpus vane rlisponit, &c. Diversa pliaiitasniata pro v.uiotate caiisai externa;, interna;. 35 Lib 1. iJt» risu. fol. 17. Ad ejns esurn alii sudant, alii voinnnt, stent, bibunt, saltant, alii rident, tremunt, dorniinnt, &c. 3r. 'i'. Bright, cap. 20. si Nififescit hie hniner aliqnando snpercalet'actns, aliqnando snperfrigefactus. Melanel. ? GhI. 3«lnterprete F. Calvo. auQcnlihis rxeavanlnr, venti gignuntur cirrnin priecordia et acidi (II -Ins. siici fere ventres, vertiuo, tinnitus auriuin. somni pusilli, somnia lerribilia et interrupta. ^o Vir? JRn. ■n AssiiluEe eiKqne acidae ruclationes qnt cibnm virulentum cnlentitmqiie nidorein, et si nil tiilr incestnin sit, referant ob cruditatein. Ventres hisre aridi, soinnns plernniqne parens et interruptus, soninia absnrdissima, Inrhnlenla, corporis tremor, capitis gra vedo, strepitua circa aures et visiones ante ocnios, aa venerem prodigi. ■'•i Altomarus, Bruel, Piso, Mon. taltns. "13 Freqiicntes habent ocnioruin nictationes, aliqiii laivien fixis ncniis plerunKjiie sunt. •'MJent. lib. I. 'I'racl. St. Sii'iia hnjns inorliisnnt pinrimns sallns, soiiitns anrinni, capitis gravedo, Iji.gua titubat, oc'iii excavaiilur. &c. Mem. 1 . Subs. 2.] Symptoms in the Mind. 233 ' head-ache and a binding heaviness for a principal token, much leaf5ing of wmd about the skin, as well as stutting, or tripping in speech, Stc, hollow eyes, gross veins, and broad lips." To some too, if they be for gone, mimical gestures are too familiar, lauglung, grinning, fleering, murmuring, talking to themselves, with strange mouths an^ faces, inarticulate voices, exclamations, &c. And although they be com- monly lean, hirsute, uncheerful in countenance, withered, and not so pleasant to behold, by reason of those continual fears, griefs, and vexations, dull, heavy, lazy, restless, unapt to go about any business ; yet their memories are most part good, they have happy wits, and excellent apprehensions. Tiieir hot and drv brains make them they cannot sleep, Ingentes habent et crebras vigllias (Arteus) mighty and often watchings, sometimes waking for a month, a year together. ''^Hercules de Saxonia faithfully averreth, that he hath heard his mother swear, she slept not for seven months together: Trincavelius, Tom.2. cons. IG. speaks of (»ne that waked 50 days, and Skenkius hath examples of two years, and all without offence, hi natural actions their appetite is greater than their concoction, mult.a appetunt., pauca digerunt^ as Rhasis hath it. they covet to eat, but cannot digest. And although they '^^'•'^ do eat much, yet they are lean, ill-liking," saith Areteus, "-withered and hard, much troubled with costiveness," crudities, oppilations, spitting, belching, &c. Their pulse is rare and slow, except it be of the ''Carotides, which is very strong; but that varies according to their intended passions or perturbations, as Struthius hath proved at large, Spiginaticce artis I. 4. c. ,13. To say truth, in such chronic diseases the pulse is not much to be respected, there being so much superstition in it, as '^^ Crato notes, and so many diff*erences in Galen, that he dares say they may not be observed, or understood of any man. Their urine is most part pale, and low coloured, urina pauca^ acris., biJiosa, (Areteus), not much in quantity; but this, in my judgment, is all out as uncertain as the other, varying so often according to several persons, habits, and other occasions not to be respected in chronic diseases. ''^'■'' Their melancholy excrements in some very much, in others little, as the spleen plays his part," and thence proceeds wind, palpitation of the heart, short breath, plenty of humidity in the stomach, heaviness of heart and heartache, and intolerable stupidity and dullness of spirits. Their excrements or stool hard, black to some and little. l( the heart, brain, liver, spleen, be misafiected, as usually they are, many inconveniences proceed from them, many diseases accompany, as incubus, ^"apoplexy, epilepsy, vertigo, those frequent wakings and terrible dreams, *' intempestive laughing, weeping, sighing, sobbing, bashfulness, blushing, trembling, sweating, swooning, &c. ^^ All their senses are troubled, they think they see, hear, smell, and touch that which they do not, as shall be proved in the folio winar discourse. Sub SECT. II. — Symptoms or Signs in the Mind. Fear.] Arculanus in 9. Rhasis ad Almansor.cap. 16. will have these symptoms to be ii-vhniie, as indeed they are, varying according to the parties,"' for scarce is there one of a thousand that dotes alike," ^^Laurentius c. 16. Some k\w of greater note I will point at ; and amongst the rest, fear and sorrow, which as they are frequent causes, so if they persevere long, according to Hippocrates *^ and Galen's aphorisms, they are most assured signs, inseparable companions, and characters of melancholy; of present melancholy and habituated, saith Montaltus cap. 11. and common to them all, as the said Hippocrates, Galen, Avicenna, and all Neoterics hold. But as hounds many times run away with a false cry, never perceiving themselves to be at a fault, so do they. For Diodes of old, (whom Galen confutes,) and amongst the juniors, "^Hercules de Saxonia, with Lod. Mercatus cap. 17. I. l.de melan. takes just excep- tions!, at this aphorism of Hippocrates, 'tis not aiv/ays true, or so generally to be *s In Pantheon cap. de Melancholia. <« Alvus arida nihil dejiciens cibi capaces, nihilominus tanien ex- tenuati sunt. *i Nic Piso Iiiflalio carotidum, &c. *6Andra;as Dudith Rahamo.ep. lib. 3. Crat. epist. miilta in pulsibiis superslitio, ausini etiam dicere, tnt diffe- lentiasqiis desciihuntnr a Galeno. ncque intelliv'i a .moqiiani ncc observari posse. *^T. l{n]|;ht. cap. 20. ** Post. 40. iftat. aiiniini, saith Jar.chiniis in 1;). 9. l!ha is. Idem. Merciirialis coiisil. 8(i. 'I' >ncave us, i'oiii. 2 cons. 17. siGordonius, modo rident, niodo (lent, silent, &c. ^2 Pernelius consil. 43. el 45. M iiita- nus consil. 230. Galen de locis afleclis, lib. 3. cap. 6. S3 Aphnrisrn et lib. de Melan. 64 lji,, a. cap. 6. de locis affect, liinor et nioesiitia, si dintiTis persevvrent, &c. 66 Tract, posihutuo de Mflan edit. Venetiig 16-.'0. per Bolzeltain Bibliop. Mihi diliL'entius hanc rem coiisideranti. patel quosdani esse, qui non iaburan) iii:rrore et timure. 30 v'i 234 Symptoms of MelancJwI.y. [Part. 1. Sec. 3 understood, " fear and sorrow are no common symptoms to all melancholy ; upon m )ip serious consideration, I find some (sailh he) that are not so at all. Some indeed are sa'^', and not fearful ; some fearful and not sad ; some neither fearful nor sad ; some fjoth." Four kinds he excepts, fanatical persons, such as were Cassandra, Nant-v, Nicostrata, Mopsus, Proteus, the Sybils, whom '^'^Aristotle confesseth to have been deeply melancholy. Baptista Porta seconds him, Physiog. lib. \^ cap. 8, they were aird bile pcrcifi: dcTcmoniacal persons, and such as speak strange languages, are of this rank : some poets, such as laugh always, and think themselves kings, cardinals, &e., sanguine they are, pleasantly disposed most part, and so continue. " Baptista Portia confines fear and sorrow to them that are cold ; but lovers, sybils, enthusiasts, he wholly excludes. So that 1 think I may truly conclude, they are not always sad and fearful, but usually so : and that ^^ without a cause, timcnt de non timendis., (Gordonius,) qucBquc momentl non stmt, "although not all alike (saitii Alto- marus), ^^ yet all likely fear, ^° some with an extraordinary and a mighty fear," Areieus. ^' " Many fear death, and yet in a contrary humour, make away themselves," Galen, lib. 3. de he. affec. cap. 7. Some are afraid that heaven will fall on their heads some they are damned, or shall be. " " 1'hey are troubled with scruples of con sciences, distrusting God's mercies, think they shall go certainly to hell, the devil will have them, and make great lamentation," Jason Pratensis. Fear of devils, death, that they shall be so sick, of some such or such disease, ready to tremble at every object, they shall die themselves forthwith, or that some of their dear friends or near allies are certainly dead ; imminent danger, loss, disgrace still torment others, &.c. ; that they are all glass, and therefore will sufTer no man to come near them : that they are all cork, as light as feathers ; others as heavy as lead ; some are afraid their heads will fall off' tlieir shoulders, that they have frogs in their bellies, &c. ^^ Mon- tanus consil. 23, speaks of one '•'• that durst not walk alone from home, for fear he should swoon or die." A second ^^ '-'• fears every man he meets will rob him, quarrel with him, or kill him." A third dares not venture to walk alone, for fear he should meet the devil, a thief, be sick \ fears all old women as witches, and every black dog or cat he sees he suspectetli to be a devil, every person comes near him is malifi- ciated, every creature, all intend to hurt him, seek his ruin ; another dares not go over a bridge, come near a pool, rock, steep hill, lie in a chamber where cross beams are, for fear he be tempted to hang, drown, or precipitate himself. If he be in a silent auditory, as at a sermon, he is afraid he shall speak aloud at unawares, some- thing indecent, unfit to be said. If he be locked in a close room, he is afraid of being stifled for want of air, and still carries biscuit, aquavitse, or some strong waters about him, for fear of deliquiums, or being sick ; or if he be in a throng, middle of a church, multitude, where he may not well get out, though he sit at ease, he is so misafTected. He will freely promise, undertake any business beforehand, but when it comes to be performed, he dare not adventure, but fears an infinite number of dangers, disasters, &c. Some are •=*" afraid to be burned, or that the ^^ ground will sink under them, or ®^ swallow them quick, or that the king will call them in ques- tion for some feet they never did (Pihasis cont.) and that they shall surely be exe- cuted." The terror of such a death troubles them, and they fear as much and are equally tormented in mind, '^^"as they that have committed a murder, and are pensive without a cause, as if they were now presently to \e put to death." Plater, cap. 3 le mentis alienat. They are afraid of some loss, daiige* that they shall surely lose their lives, goods, and all they have, but why they kr>.)W not. Trincavelius, consil. 13. lib. l.had a patient that would needs make away himself, for fear of being hanged, and could not be persuaded for three years together, but that he had killed a man. Plater, observat. lib. I. hath two other examples of such as feared to be executed without a cause. If they come in a place where a robbery, theft, or any ^ "rr-b. lib. 3. " Physiog lib. 1. c. 8. Qiiibiis multa iVi^ida bilis atra, stolidi et timitli, at qui calidi, inge- niosi. aiiiasii, riiviiKisi, spiritii instipati, ice. ssom- nes exercent metus ei tristitia, et sine causa. ^"Om- nfs timent licet non omnibus idem timendi modus iEtius Tetrali. lib. 2. sect. c. 9. ^ ln<;enli pavoie Iropidaiit. ^i Multi mortem tinient, et tamen sibi i|>sis mortem conscisjnnt, alii c(rli iiiinani timent. B Affligit eo6 plena scrupulis coiiscieiitia, diviuie niise- ricordiffi diffidentes, Oreo se destinant fceda lameuta- tione deplorantes. m jVon ausus esiredi domj n« rieficeret. O'' Multi dajmones tirneiit, latrones. insi- riias, Aviceniia. "s Alii c(Utiliiiri, alii de Rege, Khasis, 6f' N'e terra alisorbeantur. Forestus. ^i Ne terra dehisoat. Gordon. M A ii timore mortis timentui et mala gratia principuu. 'Mutant se aliquid commisidsa et ad supplicium requiri. Mem. 1 . Subs. 2.J Symptoms in the Mind. 235 such offence hath been done, they presently fear they are suspected, and many times betray themselves without a cause. Lewis X]., the French king, suspected every man a traitor that came about him, durst trust no officer. JiU.i formidolosl omnium^ alii quorundam (^Fracatorius lib. 2. de Intellect.) ^^"soine fear all alike, some certair iiien, and cannot endure their companies, are sick in them, or if they be from home.''' Some suspect ™ treason still, others '^ are afraid c^" their '^' dearest and nearest friends." 'yMelanelius e Galeno^ Ruffo^ jEtio.,) and dare not be alone in the dark for fear of hobgoblins and devils : he suspects everything he hears or sees to be a devil, or enchanted, and imagineth a thousand cliimeras and visions, which to his thinking he certainly sees, bugbears, talks with black men, ghosts, goblins, &.C., ''^Omnes se ter- rent aura'., sonus excited, omnis. Another through bashfulness, suspicion, and timo- rousness will not be seen abroad, ""loves darkness as life, and cannot endure the light," or to sit in lightsome places, his hat still in his eyes, he wdl neither see nor be seen by his goodwill, Hippocrates, lih. de Insaida ct Melancholia. He dare not come in company for fear he should be misused, disgraced, overshoot himself in gesture or speeches, or be sick ; he thinks every man observes him, aims at him, derides him, owes him malice. Most part ^^" they are afraid they are bewitched, possessed, or poisoned by their enemies, and sometimes they suspect their nearest friends : he thinks something speaks or talks within him, and he belcheth of the poison." Christopherus a Vega, lib. 2. cap. 1. had a patient so troubled, that by no persuasion or physic he could be reclaimed. Some are afraid that they shall have every I'earful disease they see others have, hear of, or read, and dare not therefore hear or read of any such subject, no not of melancholy itself, lest by applying to themselves that which they hear or read, they should aggravate and increase it. If they see one possessed, bewitched, an epileptic paroxysm, a man shaking with the palsy, or giddy-headed, reeling or standing in a dangerous place, Stc, for many days after it runs in their minds, they are afraid they shall be so too, they are in like dan- ger, as Perk. c. 12. sc. 12. well observes in his Cases of Consc. and many times by violence of' imagination they produce it. They cannot endure to see any terrible object, as a monster, a man executed, a carcase, hear the devil named, or any tragical relation seen, but they quake for fear, Hecatas somniare sibi videntur (Lucian) they dream of hobgoblins, and may not get it out of their minds a long time after: they apply (as I have said) all they hear, see, read, to themselves; as ''* Felix Plater notes of some young physicians, that study to cure diseases, catch them themselves, wdl be sick, and appropriate all symptoms they find related of others, to their own per- sons. And therefore (^quod itertim monco., licet nauseam paret lectori^ mala decern potius verba., decies repetita licet abundare., quam unum desiderari) I would advise him that is actually melancholy not to read this tract of Symptoms, lest he disquiet or make himself for a time worse, and more melancholy than he was before. Gene- rally of them all take this, de inanibus semper conqueruntur et timent., saith Aretius; they complain of toys, and fear '"' without a cause, and still think their melancholy to be most grievous, none so bad as they are, though it be nothing in respect, yet never any man sure was so troubled, or in this sort. As really tormented and per- plexed, in as great an agony for toys and trifles (such things as they will after laugh at themselves) as if they were most material and essential matters indeed, worthy to be feared, and will not be satisfied. Pacify them for one, they are instantly troubled with some other fear ; always afraid of something which they foolishly imagine or conceive to diemselves, which never peradventure was, never can be, never likely will be ; troubled in mind upon every small occasion, unquiet, still complaining; grieving, vexing, suspecting, grudging, discontent, and cannot be freed so long as melancholy continues. Or if their minds be more quiet for the present, and they free from foreign fears, outward accidents, yet their bodies are out of tune, they sus- pect some part or other to be amiss, now their head aches, heart, stomach, s])leen, M Alius domesticos timet, alius omnes. iEtius. '"Alii ( tioiiem se veneficam sumpsisse putat, et de hac riictaw tirnent insiili.is. Aurel. lib. J. de mnrb. C'liron. cap. 6. ' sibi crebro videtur. Idem Montaltus cap. 21. ^tius lib. *' Ille chanssiinns, hie oinnes honijties citra discriinen 2. et alii. Trallianus 1. 1. cap. 16. '^Observat. I. 1, timet. "Virgil. " Hie in lucem prodire timet, Quando iis nil nocet, nisi quod mulieribiis iiielaMcho leiiehrasquequierit, contra, illecalit'inosafuirit. "Ciui- licis. "s— timeo tamen metusqiie cai'sffi it<>»cius am larvas. et mains spintus ab inimicis veneficius et causa est mttus. Heinsius Austriaco. liicaiitationibus sibi putant objectari, Hippocrates, po- 1 236 Symptoms of Melancholy. I Part. 1. Seel A &c. IS misaifected, they shall surely have this or that disease ; still troubled in body mind, or both, and through wind, corrupt fantasy, some accidental distemper, conti- nually molested. Yet for all this, as " Jacchinus notes, " in all other things they are wise, staid, discreet, and do nothing unbeseeming their dignity, person, or place, this foolish, ridiculous, and childish fear excepted ; which so much, so continually tor- tures and cruciries their souls, like a barking dog that always bawls, but seldom bites, his fear ever molesteth, and so long as melancholy lasteth, cannot be avoided." Sorrow is that oilier character, and inseparable companion, as individual as Saint Cosmus and Damian, fulus Jlchafes^ as all writers witness, a common symptom, a continual, and still without any evident cause, ''* mmrent omnes, et si rages eos rrdderf causam^ non possunt: grieving still, but why they cannot tell : Agelasli., masti., cogt- tabundi^ they look as if they had newly come forth of Trophonius' den. And though they laugh many times, and seem to be extraordinary merry (as they will by fits), yet extreme lumpish again in an instant, dull and heavy, semel et simul, merry and sad, but most part sad : '^■ Vel. 1. 4. r. 5. '"Sect, .herbis, vel ad aquarum crebra et qiiiela fluenta, &c. ' 2. Meinb. 1. Subs. 4. *' De reb. cinlest lib. W.c. 13 •'fiaudet tenebris, aiiturqiie dolor. Ps. Ixii. Vigilavi I Mem. 1. Subs. 3.J Symptoms of the Stars, Humours, <^c. 241 «-holy ill his temperature, then ^^he shall be very austere, sullen, churlish, black of oolour, profound in his cogitations, full of cares, miseries, and discontents, sad and 'earful, always'silent, solitary, still delighting in husbandry, in woods, orchards, gar- dens, rivers, ponds, pools, dark walks and close : Coglfationes sunt velle (sdijicare. Vslle ar bores plantar e, agros colere, S^c. To catch birds, fishes, &c. still contriving and musing of such matters. If Jupiter domineers, they are more ambitious, still meditating of kingdoms, magistracies, offices, honours, or that they are princes, potentates, and how they would carry themselves, &c. If Mars, they are all for wars, brave combats, monomachies, testy, choleric, harebrain, rash, furious, and violent in their actions. They will feign themselves victors, commanders, are passionate and satirical in their speeches, great braggers, ruddy of colour. And though they be poor in shew, vile and base, yet like Telephus and Peleus in the '^^ poet, Jlmpullas jactant et sesquipedalia verba, "forget their swelling and gigantic words," their knouths are full of myriads, and tetrarchs at their tongues' end. If the sun, they will be lords, emperors, in conceit at least, and monarchs, give offices, honours, &c. If Venus, they are still courting of their mistresses, and most apt to love, amorously given, they seem to hear music, plays, see fine pictures, dancers, merriments, and the like. Ever in love, and dote on all they see. Mercurialists are solitary, much in contemplation, subtile, poets, philosophers, and musing most part about such matters. If the moon have a hand, they are alt for peregrinations, sea voyages, much affected with travels, to discourse, read, meditate of such things ; wandering in their thoughts, diverse, much delighting in waters, to fish, fowl, &c. But the most immediate symptoms proceed from the temperature itself, and the organical parts, as head, liver, spleen, meseraic veins, heart, womb, stomach, &c., and most especially from distemperature of spirits (which, as ^^ Hercules de Saxonia contends, are wholly immaterial), or from the four humours in those seats, whether they be hot or cold, natural, unnatural, innate or adventitious, intended or remitted, simple or mixed, their diverse mixtures, and several adustions, combinations, which may be as diversely varied, as those^^ four first qualities in ^^Clavius, and produce as many several symptoms and monstrous fictions as wine doth effect, which as Andreas Bachius observes, lib. 3. de vino, cap. 20. are infinite. Of greater note be these. If it. be natural melancholy, as Lod. Mcrcatus, lib. 1. cap. 17. de melan. T. Bright, c. 16. hath largely described, either of the spleen, or of the veins, faulty by excess of quantity, or thickness of substance, it is a cold and dry humour, as Montanus affirms, consil. 26. the parties are sad, timorous and fearful. Prosper Calenus, in his book de atra bile, will have them to be more stupid than ordinary, cold, heavy, soli- tary, sluggish. Si multam atram bilcm et frigickun habent. Hercules de Saxonia, c. 19. /. 7. ^'"•'' holds these that are naturally melancholy, to be of a leaden colour or black," and so doth Guianerius, c. 3. tract. 15. and such as think themselves dead manv times, or that they see, talk with black men, dead men, spirits and goblins frequently, if it be in excess. These symptoms vary according to the mixture of those four humours adust, which is unnatural melancholy. For as Trallianus hath written, cap. 16. Z. 7. "*" There is not one cause of this melancholy, nor one humour which begets, but divers diversely intermixed, from whence proceeds this variety of symptoms :" and those varying again as they are hot or cold. ^^ " Cold melancholy (saith Benedic. Vittorius Faventinus pract. mag.) is a cause of dotage, and more mild symptoms, if hot or more adust, of more violent passions, and furies." Fracastorius, I. 2. de intellect, will have us to consider well of it, '"'" with what kind of melancholy every one is troubled, for it much avails to know it ; one is enraged by fervent heat, another is possessed by sad and cold ; one is fearful, shamefaced ; the other impudent and bold ; as Ajax, Jlrma rapit superosque furens in prcelia pos- - Melati. •" Hor. ep. lib. 2. quidani hand et alho. Her. de Saxon. a'JSavaiiarola. wMuros ignobilis Ar^iis. &c. « [,ib. de rehrnir. "(Uin- CBilere in se, ant sub-ner 'i tinient, cum torp^^e et ,*?b- inter coiicionaiidiini miilierdormiense siibS(>llio caileret nitic, et fluvios airarl tales, Ale.vand. c. 16 lib. 7. el omncs reljqu' qui id viilerenl, riderunt, trihus posi •' Semper fere dormit 8erature of spirits in the brain, as they are hot, cold, dry, moist, " all without matter from the Wierus, lib. 3. cap. 31. ""Michael 4 musian. 1 rent nee sanguis male alTectiis, et aiisiint timor et mms- 99Mallf;o nialef. 'oo Lih. de atra bile. ' Part. 1. I titia.cerehnini ipsuin e.\istiinandiim est, &c. * Tract Babs. :2 Meiiil).'2. ^ De dclirio, melancholia et mania, de inel. cap. 13, ic. Gx Intempene spirituuin.et cerebr ^ Niri.olas Hi»o. Si sii^na circa ventriculum non appa- { iiiutu, tenebrositaie. 248 Symptoms of Melancholy. [Pari. 1. Sect. 3 motion alone, and tenebrosity of spirits ;" of melancholy whic . proceeds from hnmours by adustion, he treats apart, with their several symptoms and cures. The common signs, if it be by essence in the head, •■' are ruddiness of face, high sanguine complexion, most part rubore saturaio^'''' ^ one calls it a blueish, and sometimes fuh of pimples, with red eyes. Avicenna Z. 3, Fen. 2, Tract. 4, c. 18. Durelus and others out of Galen, de affect. I. 3, c. 6. ''Hercules de Saxonia to this of redness of face, adds " heaviness of the head, fixed and hollow eyes. ' If it proceed from dryness of the brain, then their heads will be light, vertiginous, and they most apt to wake, and to continue whole montlis together without sleep. Few excrements in their eyes and nostrils, and often bald by reason of excess of dryness," Montaltus adds, c. 17. If it proceed from moisture : dulness, drowsiness, headache follows ; and as Salust. Salvianus, c. 1, /. 2, out of his own experience found, epileptical, with a multitude of humours in the head. They are very bashful, if ruddy, apt to blush, and to be red upon all occasions, prasertiin si metus acccsserit. But the chiefest symptom to discern this species, as I have said, is this, that there be no notable signs in the sto- mach, iiypochondries, or elsewhere, digna, as '^ Montaltus terms them, or of greater noie, because oftentimes the passions of the stomach concur with them. Wind is conimon to all three species, and is not excluded, only that of the hypochondries is ** more windy than the rest, saith Hollerius. jElius ietrah. I. 2, sc. 2, c. 9 and 10, maintains the same, '" if there be more signs, and more evident in the head than else- wnere, the brain is primarily affected, and prescribes head-melancholy to be cured iiv meats amongst the rest, void of wind, and good juice, not excluding wind, or (;<'rrupt blood, even in head-melancholy itself: but these species are often confounded, c.id so are their symptoms, as I have ah'eady proved. The symptoms of the mind are superfluous and continual cogitations; "''for when the head is heated, it scorcheth the blood, and from thence proceed melancholy fumes, which trouble the mind," Avicenna. They are very choleric, and soon hot, solitary, sad, often silent, watch- ful, discontent, Montaltus, cap. 24. If anything trouble them, they cannot sleep, but fret themselves still, till another object mitigate, or time wear it out. They have grievous passions, and immoderate perturbations of the mind, fear, sorrow, &c., yet not so continuate, but that they are sometimes merry, apt to prof'ise lauijhter, which is more to be wondered at, and that by the authority of '^ Galen himself, by reason of mixture of blood, prceruhri jocosis delectantur., et irrisorcs plerumque sunt, if they be ruddv, they are delighted in jests, and oftentimes scoffers themselves, conceited: and as Rhodericus a Vega comments on that place of Galen, merry, witty, of a pleasant disposiiion, and yet grievously melancholy anon after: omnia discunt sine docforc. saith Aretus, the\- learn wiiliout a teacher: and as '^Laurentms supposelh, those feral passions and symptoms of such as thiidv themselves glass, pitchers, feathers, &c., speak strange languages, a colore cerebri (if it be in excess) from the brain's disleju- pered heat. SuBSECT. II. — Sympfom,s of windy Hypochondriacal Melancholy. " In this hypochondriacal or flatuous melancholy, the symptoms are so ambigu- ous," saith '■' Crato in a counsel of his for a noblewoman, ''• that the most exquisite physicians cannot determine of the part affected." Matthew Flaccius, consulted about a noble matron, confessed as much, that in this malady he with Hollerius, Fracastorius, Falopius, and others, being to give their sentence of a party labouring of hypochondriacal melancholy, could not find out by the symptoms which part was most especially affected ; some said the womb, some heart, some stomach, &.C., and therefore Crato, consil. 24. lib. 1. boldly avers, that in this diversity of symptoms, which commonly accompany this disease, '^''no physician can truly say what part • Fa^ie sunt nibeiite et livesceiite, quibiis etiatii ali- qiiarido adsiint poXij'*. " Jo. I'antheon. cap. de MhI. Si cerebrum ^riinario afficiatiir adsunt capilis Kravilas, tixi ociili, &c. ' Laurent, cap. 5. si a cerebrn ex siccitale, turn capitis erit levitas, sitis, vigi- li«, paucitas siiperfiultatuin in iiculi.s et iiaribus. i* Si nulla digria la:sio, ventriculo, quoiiiam in hac melan- "holia capilis, exipua nonnniiquain venlriculi pathe- lis cerebrum primario afficitur, et curare oportet hui'c affectum, per cibos tiatus exortes, et Ijimiee concoctioiiis. &c. rarocerebrnui alficitur sine ventricnio. n Sar gninem adurit caput calidius,et inde furiii melaucholici adusti, aniniurn exasjitant. '^ Lib. de loc. affect, cap. 6. '^Cnp.e. " Hildeslieim spicel. L de iiiel. In Hypochondnaca melancholia adeoarnbigua sunt syiripUim.ita, ut etiam exercitatissiini inedici de lore uiata cneunt, duo eriim hiEc membra sibi invicem affec- afT'Clo statuere non possint. i' Medici de iocc louein transmittunt. » Postreiiia maiiis Haluosa. , atfecto nequeunl statue 'Si minus iiiolestiae circa voMtriculuin aut ventrein. in !VIem. 2 Subs. 2.] Syinploms of Head-Melancholy. 249 i? jlTert(;d." Galen lih. 3. de loc.ajject. reckons up these ordinary symptoms, wh^li all the Neoterics repeat of Diodes; only this fault he finds with him, that he p'>.e not fear and sorrow amon by fits it takes them now and then, except the malady ob inveterate, and then 'tis more frequent, vehement, and continuate. Many of them cannot tell now to express themselves in words, or how it holds them, what ails them, you cannot understand them, or well tell what to make of their sayings ; so far gone sometimes, so stupi- fied and distracted, they think themselves bewitched, they are in despair, aptce ad jleiwiu desperationem.^ dolores manimis cl hypocondriis. Mercatus therefore adds, now heir breasts, now their hypochondries, belly and sides, then their heart and head aches, now Iieat, then wind, now this, now that offends, they are weary of all ; *^and yet will not, cannot again tell how, where or what offends them, though they be in great pain, agony, and frequently complain, grieving, sighing, weepmg, and dis- contented still, sine causa manifestct., most part, yet I say they will complain, grudge, lament, and not be persuaded, but that they are troubled with an evil spirit, which is frequent in Germany, saith Rodericus, amongst the common sort : and to such as are most grievously affected, (for he makes three degrees of this disease in women,) they are in despair, surely forespoken or bewitched, and in extremity of their dotage, (weary of their lives,) some of them will attempt to make away themselves. Some think they see visions, confer with spirits and devils, they shall surely be damned, are afraid of some treachery, imminent danger, and the like, they will not speak, make answer to any question, but are almost distracted, mad, or stupid for the time, and by fits : and thus it holds them, ah they are more or less affected, and as the inner humour is intended or remitted, or by outward objects and perturbations aggra- vated, solitariness, idleness, &c. Many other maladies there are incident to young women, out of that one and only cause above specified, many feral diseases. I will not so much as mention their names, melancholy alone is the subject of my present discourse, from which I will not swerve. The several cures of this infirmity, concerning diet, which must be very sparing, phlebotomy, physic, internal, external remedies, are at large in great variety in ^^ Rodericus a Castro, Sennertus, and Mercatus, which whoso will, as occa- sion serves, may make use of But the best and surest remedy of all, is to see them well placed, and married to good husbands in due time, hinc illce lachrymo', that is the primary cause, and this the ready cure, to give them content to their desires. T write not this to patronise any wanton, idle flirt, lascivious or light housewives, which are loo forward many times, unruly, and apt to cast away themselves on him that comes next, without all care, counsel, circumspection, and judgment. If religion, good discipline, honest education, wholesome exhortation, fair promises, fame and loss of good name cannot inhibit and deter such, (which to chaste and sober maids cannot choose but avail much,) labour and exercise, strict diet, rigour and threats may more opportunely be used, and are able of themselves to qualify and divert an ill-disposed temperament. For seldom should you see an hired servant, a poor handmaid, though ancient, that is kept hard to her work, and bodily labour, a coarse country wench troubled in this kind, but noble virgins, nice gentlewomen, such as are solitary and idle, live at ease, lead a life out of action and employment, that fare well, in great houses and jovial companies, ill-disposed peradventure of themselves, and not will- ing to make any resistance, discontented otherwise, of weak judgment, able bodies, and subject to passions, (grandiores virgincs, saith Mercatus, steriles et viduce ple- rumque melanchoUc" lUius viiiuae, aiit patronum Virginis hiijiis, Ne me tone putes, verbum non ainplius Hddaiii." MEMB. III. Immediate cause of these precedent Symptoms. To .rive some satisfaction to melancholy men that are troubled with these symp- toms, a better means in my judgment caniiot be taken, than to show them the causes whence thev proceed; not from devils as they suppose, or that they are bewitched or forsaken" of God, hear or see, &c. as many of them think, but from natural ano nward causes, that so knowing them, they may better avoid the effects, or at least endure them with more patience. The most grievous and common symptoms are fear and sorrow, and that without a cause to the wisest and discreetest men, in this aialddy not to be avoided. The reason why they are so, TEtius discusseth at large, Tetrabib 2 2. in his first problem out of Galen, lib. 2. de causis sympt. I. For Galen imputeth ali to the cold that is black, and thinks that the spirits being darkened, and '^Examen cone. Trident, de cielit.atii sacerd. ^Cap. I that widow or this virgin. I shall not add another df Satvr. et Prinpis. S9 part. 3. sert. 2. Memh. 5. word." aub 5 *"'• Lest you may imagine that I patronise | w Symptoms of Melancholy [Part. 1. Sec. S 254 tho subj!tauce of the brain cloudy and dark, all the objects thereof appear terrible and the ■" mind itself, by those dark, obscure, gross fumes, ascending from black humours, is in continual darkness, fear, and sorrow; divers terrible monstrous fictions m a thousand shapes and apparitions occur, with violent passions, by which the brain and fantasy are troubled and eclipsed. ''^ Fracastorius, lib. 2. de intellect. ' 'will have cold to be the cause of fear and sorrow; for such as are cold are ill-disposed to mirth, dull, and heavy, by nature solitary, silent; and not for any inward dark- ness (as physicians tliink) for many melancholy men dare boldly be, continue, an J walk in the dark, and delight in it:" soUtm frigldi thnidi: if they be hot, they are merry; and the more hot, the more furious, and void of fear, as we see in madmen; but this reason holds not, for then no melancholy, proceeding from choler adust, should fear. ''^Averroes scoffs at Galen for his reasons, and brings five arguments to repel them : so doth Here, de Saxonia, Tract, de Melanch. cap. 3. assigning other causes, which are copiously censured and confuted by iElianus Montaltus, cap. 5 and 6. Lod. Mercatus de Inter, morh. cur. lib. 1. cap. 17. Altomarus, cap. 7. de mel. Guianerius, tract. 15. c. I. Bright cap. 37. Laurentius, cap. 5. Valesius, med. cant, lib. 5, C071. 1. ''•'" Distemperature," they conclude, '■'■makes black juice, blackness obscures the spirits, the spirits obscured, cause fear and sorrow." Laurentius, cap. 13. supposeth these black fumes offend specially the diaphragma o' midriff^, and so per consequens the mind, which is obscured as *'" the sun by a clonrl To this opinion of Galen, almost all the Greeks and Arabians subscribe, the Latins new and old, interna, tenebrcc ojfuscant anitmmi, ut externa noccnt pueris., as cliildren are affrighted in the dark, so are melancholy men at all times, ''^as having the inward cause with them, and still carrying it about. Which black vapours, whether they proceed from the black blood about the heart, as T. W. Jes. thinks in his Treatise of the passions of the mind, or stomach, spleen, midrifti or all the misaffected parts together, it boots not, they keep the mind in a perpetual dungeon, and oppress it with continual fears, anxieties, sorrows, &.c. It is an ordinary thing for such as are sound to l^ugh at this dejected pusillanimity, and those other symptoms of melancholy, to make them- selves merry with them, and to wonder at such, as toys and trifles, which may be resisted and withstood, if they will themselves : but let him that so wonders, con- sider with himself, that if a man should tell him on a sudden, some of his especial friends were dead, could he choose but grieve } Or set him upon a steep rock, where he should be in danger to be precipitated, could he be secure ? His heart would tremble for. fear, and his head be giddy. P. Byarus, Tract, de pest, gives instance (as I have said) ''''"•and put case (saith he) in one that walks upon a plank, if it lie on the ground, he can safely do it : but if the same plank be laid over some deep water, instead of a bridge, he is vehemently moved, and 'tis nothing but his imagination, ybrwia cadendi impressa, to which his other members and faculties obey." Yea, but you infer, that such men have a just cause to fear, a true object of fear; so have melancholy men an inward cause, a perpetual fume and darkness, causing fear, grief, suspicion, which they carry with them, an object which cannot be removed ; but sticks as close, and is as inseparable as a shadow to a body, and who can expel or overrun his shadow .? Remove heat of the liver, a cold stomach, weak spleen : remove those adust humours and vapours arising from them, black blood from the heart, all outward perturbations, take away the cause, and then bid them not grieve nor fear, or be heavy, dull, lumpish, otherwise counsel can do little good ; you may as well bid him that is sick of an ague not to be a dry; or him that is wounded not to feel pain. Suspicion follows fear and sorrow at heels, arising out of the same fountain, so thinks ■•* Fracastorius, "• that fear is the cause of suspicion, and still they suspect somo treachery, or some secret machination to be framed against them, still they distrust." 4'Vapores crHPsi et nigri, a veiitriciilo in cerebrum exhalant. Fel. Platerus. "Calidi hilares, frigifli indispopiti ad liBtitiain, et ideo snlitarii, taciturni, non Ob tenehras interiias, ut niedici voluiil, sed ob friffus: miilti tiTilaiicholici iiocte ainhulant iiitrepidi. w Va- pores iiiutanchnlici. spiritibiis niisti, tenebrariim caiisff a> nt, cap. 1. •" Intemperies facit succum niffnim, nigrities, obsciirat spiriiuni, obsciiratio spiritiis far-it metiitii et tristiain. ■•^IJl nubecula Solem otfuscat. yiinstantinus lib. de inulaiich. <6 Altomarus c. 7. Causam timnris circiimfert aler humor pa?sionls mate, ria, ft atri spiritus perpeluam animffi domicllio offun- dunt nocteni. ■" Pone rxoioplum, quod quis potest ambulare super trahem qiias est in via: sed si sil super aq{iam profundani, loco pontis, non ambulabit super eam.eo quod imat'ineturiii animoet timet vehementer, forma cadendi luiprpssa, cui obediunt membra omnia el facullales reliquse. 46 |,jh. 2. de intellect one. Suspiclosi ob timorem et obliqu'.im discuriui'i, ol ieni- per inde putant sibi fieri insidias. Lauren. .5 ^Um. 3 J Causes of these Symptomx. 25.'. Restlessness proi^ern;^ trom the same spring, variety of fumes make them like anil dislike. SoUtormess, avoiding of light, that they are weary of their lives, hate int- world, arise from me same causes, for their spirits and humours are opposite to light, fear makes them avow company, and absent themselves, lest they should be misused, hissed at, or oveisrioot themselves, which still they suspect. They are prone to veneii bv reasoii of wirtd. Angry, waspish, and fretting still, out of abundance of chole.) wnxch CAiiseih tearful dreams and violent perturbations to them, both sleep- ing ant. waking ; Thui they suppose they have no heads, fly, sink, they are polb, glasses, (xt.. is wind in their heads. ""^ Here, de Saxonia doth ascribe this to the several m grati, hilari s, at iion insreniosi ; cholerici r^^cres mot,; et ob id eontemplationis impatientes : Melancholici solum excellentes. &.c. 23'3 Symptoms of Melancholy. [Pan 1. Sec. S. ill re. 'le Saxonia, Trad posth. de mel. cap. 3. Lodovicus Mercatus, de inter morb. cur. lib. cap. 17. Baptista Porta, Physiog. lib. I.e. 13. and many others. Weeping, sighing, laughing, itching, trembling, sweating, blushing, hearing and seeing strange noises, visions, wind, crudity, afe motions of the body, depending upon these precedent motions of the mind : neither are tears, affections, but actions (as Scaliger holds) ^'^" the voice of such as are afraid, trembles, because tlie heart is shaken" (^Conimb. prob. 6. sec. 3. de som.) why they stutter or falter in their speech, Mercurialis and Montaltus, cflj9. 17. give like reasons out of Hippocrates, "" dryness, which makes the nerves of the tongue torpid." Fast speaking (which is a symptom of some few) ^tius will have caused ^* ^ from abundance of wind, and swiftness of imagination: ^^ baldness comi's from excess of dryness," hirsuteness from a dry teni perature. The cause of much waking in a dry brain, continual meditation, discon- tent, fears and cares, that suffer not the mind to be at rest, incontinency is from wind, and a hot liver, Montanus, cons. 26. Rumbling in the guts is caused from wind, and wmd from ill concoction, weakness of natural heat, or a distempered heat and cold ; ®° Palpitation of the heart from vapours, heaviness and aching from the same cause. That the belly is hard, wind is a cause, and of that leaping in many parts. Redness of the face, and itching, as if they were flea-bitten, or stung with pismires, from a sharp subtile wind. ^' Cold sweat from vapours arising from the hypochondries, which pitch upon the skin; leanness for want of good nourishment. Why their appetite is so great, "^^jEtius answers : Os ventris frigesot., cold in those inner parts, cold belly, and hot liver, canseth crudity, and intention proceeds from perturba- tions, *^ our souls for want of spirits cannot attend exactly to so many intenti've operations, being exhaust, and overswayed by passion, she cannot consider the reasons which may dissuade her from such affections. " Bashfulness and blushing, is a passion proper to men alone, and is not only caused for ®^some shame and ignominy, or that they are guilty unto themselves of some foul fact committed, but as '^'^ Fracastorius well determines, ob defectum pro- prium.1 et t'wiorem., ^ from fear, and a conceit of our defects ; the face labours and is troubled at his presence that sees our defects, and nature willing to help, sends thither heat, heat draws the subtilest blood, and so we blush. ^They that are bold, arrogant, and careless, seldom or never blush, but such as are fearful."^ Anthonius Lodovicus, in his book de pudore., will have this subtile blood to arise in the face, not so much for the reverence of our betters in presence, ^'"-but for joy and pleasure, or if any- thing at unawares shall pass from us, a sudden accident, occurse, or meeting:" (which Disarius m ^^Macrobius confirms) any object heard or seen, for blind men never blush, as Dandinus observes, the night and darkness makp men impudent. Or that we be staid before our betters, or in company we like not, or if anything molest and offend us, erubescentia turns to rubor., blushing to a continuate redness. *^ Sometimes the extremity of the ears tingle, and are red, sometimes the whole face, Etsi nihil vitiosum commiseris, as Lodovicus holds : though Aristotle is of opinion, ovinis jmdor ex vitio commlsso.. all shame for some offence. But we find otlierwise, it may as well proceed ™from fear, from force and inexperience, i^so "Dandinus holds) as vice; a hot liver, saith Duretus {noiis in Holkrium:) "from a hot brain, from wind, the lungs heated, or after drinking of wine, strong drink, perturba- tions," &c. Laughter what it is, saith '^TuUy, "how caused, where, and so suddenly breaks out, that desirous to stay it, we cannot, how it comes to possess and stir our face, veins, eyes, countenance, mouth, sides, let Democtitus determine." The cause thai it often affects melancholy men so much, is given by Gomesius, lib. 3. de sale genial. seTrppidantiuin vox tremiila, quia cor quatitur. et voliiptatpm foras exit sanguis, aut ob rnelioris reve- 5' Ob ariditatc'iu qiis reddit nervos lingus torpidos. reiuiam, aut ob jsubituni occursum, aut si quid incau- VI Incontinentia lingua; ex copia flatuum, et velocitate , tius exciderit. ^ Coin, in Arist. de aninia. CoBci iiaginationis. f^'J Calvitii-s ob ficcilati? exces.suin 'u^tius. S' Lauren, c. IS. Hi'petrab. 2. ser. '2. cap. 10. 63 Ant. Lodovicus prob. lib. 1. sect. 5. do alrabilariis. «< Suhrusticus pudor vitiosus pudnr. o.'Ob ignoniiniain aut lurpedineni fncti, &c. "O Dy ut plurlmuin impudentes, mix facit impudenies •i^ Alexander Aphrodisiensis makes all basbfulness a virtue, eanique se refert in seipso experiri solitum, etsi esset ariinodnni senex. '0Sa;pe post cibi in apti ad ruboreni, ex potu vini ex timore saepe, et ab 'lepate ca- „yinp. et Antip cap. l-i. laborat facies ob praesentiam ' lido, cerehro calido, &c. "Com in Arist. lie aiilma, ejus qui defeclnrn nostrum videl, »-■» ..utura qua.^i opem ■ tarn a vj et inexperientia .piam a vitin '» Oe '.aliira calorem illnc niittit, calor sanguinem trahit, ' oratore, quid ipse risus, quo p«ct3 ooncitatiir uoi ni unde rubor, audaces noii rubent, &c. •' Ob eaudium ' &.C. Mein H.| Causes of these Symptoms. 257 cap. 18. abundance of pleasant vapours, which, in sanguine melancholy especial!)', break from the heart, ""and tickle the niidriif, because it is transverse and full of nerves : by which titillation the sense being moved, and arteries distended, or pulled, the spirits from thence move and possess the sides, veins, countenance, eyes. See more in Jossius de risu et Jletu, Vives 3 de Anlma. Tears, as Scaliger defines proceed I'rom grief and pity, ^^ " or from the heating of a moist brain, for a dry cannot weep.'" That they see and hear so many phantasms, chimeras, noises, visions, Stc. as Fienus hath discoursed at large in his book of imagination, and ''^, Lavater dt- spectris, part. 1. cap. 2. 3. 4. their corrupt phantasy makes them see analiear that which indeed is neither heard nor seen, Qui muUum jejunant., aut nodes ducunt insomnes., they that much fast, or want sleep, as melancholy or sick men commonly do, see visions, or such as aie weak-sighted, very timorous by nature, mad, distracted, or earnestly seek. Sabini quod volant somniant., as the saying is, they dream of that they desire. Like Sarmiento the Spaniard, who when he was sent to discover the straits of Magellan, and confine places, by the Prorex of Peru, standing on the top of a hill, JlmcBnissimayn planilltm despicere slbl vlsuS fait., cedijicia magn'ifica., quam- plurimos Pagos., altas Turres, splendida Templa.) and brave cities, built like ours in Europe, not, saith mine '^author-, that there was any such thing, but that he was vanissimus et nimis credulus, and would fain have had it so. Or as " Lod. Mercatus proves, by reason of inward vapours, and humours froiu blood, choler, Stc. diversely mixed, they apprehend and see outwardly, as they suppose, divers images, which indeed are not. As they that drink wine think all runs round, when it is in their own brain ; so is it with these men, the fault and cause is inward, as Galen affirms, '* mad men and such as are near death, quas extra se vldere putant Liiagines., intra oculos habcni., 'tis in their brain, which seems to be before them ; the brain as a concave glass reflects solid bodies. Senes etiam decrepiti cerebrum habent concavum ci aridu.m.1 ut imaginentur se videre (saith ™Boissardus) qucs non sunt, old men are too frequently mistaken and dote in like case : or as he that looketh through a piece of red glass, judgeth everytliing he sees to be red; corrupt vapours mounting Irom the body to the head, and distilling again from thence to the eyes, wlien they have mingled themselves with the watery crystal which receiveth the shadows of thina"s lo be seen, make all things appear of the same colour, which remains in the humour that overspreads our sight, as to melancholy men all is black, to phlegmatic all while, &.C. Or else as before the organs corrupt by a corrupt phantasy, as Lemnius, Jib. 1. cap. 16. well quotes, ^''" cause a great agitation of spirits, and humours, which wan- der to and fro in all the creeks of the brain, and cause such apparitions beiore ttieir eyes." One thinks he reads something written in the moon, as Pythagoras is said to have done of old, another smells brimstone, hears Cerberus bark : Oi'estes now mad supposed he saw the furies tormenting him, and his mother still ready to run upon him — 6' " O mater obsecro noli me persequi His fiiriis, aspuctu anouineis, horribilihiis, Ecce L'coe iiic iiivadunt, in nie jam ruuiit ;" but Electra told him thus raving in his mad fit, he saw no such sights at all, it was but his crazed imagination. 82" Qiiipsce, quiesr.e miser in linteis tuis, Noil ceriiis etenim qus videre te putas." So Pentheus (in Bacchis Euripidis) saw two suns, two Thebes, his bram alone was troubled. Sickness is an ordinary cause of such sights. Car-dan, subtil. 8. Menx (Bgra laboribus et jejuniis fracta.,facit eos videre., audire^ S^c. And. Osiander beheiu strange visions, and Alexander ab Alexandre both, in their sickness, which he relates de rerum varietaf. lib. 8. cap. 44. Albategnius that uoble Arabian, on his death-bed, «aw a ship ascending and descending, which Fracastorius records of his friend Bap- ■" Diaphragma titillant, quia transversuin et nerve- I sunt, res quas extra se videre putant, intra oculus ua- siim, quia titillatlone niotosensu atque arteriis disten- | hent. '^Cap. 10. de Spirit apparitione. >^ De tig, spiriius Hide latera, venas, os, oculos occupant. '< Ex calefactione humidi cerebri: nam ex sicco lachry- •na; non fluuiit. '^ Res niirandas iniaginantur : et putant se videre quEP nee vident, nee audiunt. '« Laet. 'i''. 13. cap. 2. deseript. India? Occident. " Lib. I. «i 17 rap. de inel. ■"• Inaani, et qui raorti vicini 33 w 9. occult. Nat. mirac. «' " O mother! I beseech yo4i not to persecute me with those horrible-looking furies. See! seel they attack, they assault me !" S'^ ' Peace ' peace! unhappy being, for you do not see what you think you see." a^S Causes of these Symptoms. [Fart. 1. Sec S tista Tirriaiius. Weak sight and a vain persuasion withal, may effect as much, and second causes concurring, as an oar in water makes a refraction, and seems bigger, bended double, &.c. Tiie thickness of the air may cause such effects, or any objec' not well-discerned in the dark, fear and phantasy will suspect to be a ghost, a devil, Stc. ^'^Quod nimis miseri fi7nrnf^ hoc facile credunt^ we are apt to believe, and mistake in such cases. Marcellus Donatus, lih. 2. cap. I. brings in a story out of Aristotle, of one Antepharon which likely saw, wheresoever he was, his own image in the air, as in a glass. Vitellio, lib. \0. perspect. hath such another instance of a familiar acquaintance of his, that after the want of three or four nights sleep, as he was ri(Ung by a river side, saw another riding with him, and using all such gestures as he did, but when more light appeared, it vanished. Eremites and anchorites have frequendy such absurd visions, revelations by reason of much fasting, and bad diet, many are deceived by legerdemain, as Scot hath well showed in his book of the dis- covery of witchcraft, and Cardan, suhtil. 18. sulfites, perfumes, suflimiigations, mixed candles, perspective glasses, and such natural causes, make men look as if they were dead, or with horse-heads, buU's-horns, and such like brutish shapes, tlie room full of snakes, adders, dark, light, green, red, of all colours, as you may perceive in Bap- tista Porta, Alexis, Albertus, and others, glow-worms, fire-drakes, meteors, Ignis fatimsj which Plinius, /ib. 2. cap. 37. calls Castor and Pollux, with many such that appear in moorisli grounds, about church-yards, moist valleys, or where battles have been fought, the causes of whicli read in Goclenius, Velouris, Fickius, &c. such fears are often done, to frighten children with squibs, rotten wood, &c. to make folks look as if tliey were dead, ^■'so/Z/o majores., b'gger, lesser, fairer, fouler, xit aslantcs sine capitibus videanfur ; aut toll igniti., aut forma dcemonum., accipc piJos canis nigri., 6fc. saitli Albertus; and so 'tis ordinary to see strange uncouth sights by catoptrics: who knows not that if in a dark room, the light be admitted at one only little hole, and a paper or glass put upon it, the sun shining, will represent on the opposite wall all such objects as are illuminated by his mys ? with concave and cylinder glasses, we may reflect any shape of men, devils, antics, (as magicians most part do, to gull a silly spectator in a dark room), we will ourselves, and that hanging in the air, when 'tis nothing but such an horrible image as ^^Agrippa demonstrates, placed in another room. Roger Bacon of old is said to have represented his own image walking in the air by this art, though no such thing appeal in his perspectives. But most part it is in the brain that deceives them, although 1 may not deny, but that oftentimes the devil deludes them, takes his opportunity to suggest, and represent vain objects to melancholy men, and such as are ill affected. To these you may add the knavish impostures ol jugglers, exorcists, mass-priests, and mountebanks, of whom Roger Bacon speaks, &c. de miraculis nafurce et artis. cap. 1. ^^they can counterfeit th( voices of all birds and brute beasts almost, all tones and tunes of men, and speak within their throats, as if they spoke afar off, that they make their auditors believe they hear spirits, and are dience much astonished and aflVighted with it. Besides, those artificial devices to over-hear their confessions, like that whispering place of Gloucester**' with us, or like the duke's place at Mantua in Italy, where the sound is reverberated by a concave wall ; a reason of which Blancanus in his Echomelria gives, and mathematically demonstrates. So that the hearing is as frequently deluded as the sight, from the same causes almost, as he that hears bells, will make them sound what he list. "As the fool thmketh, so the bell clinketh." Theophilus in Galen thought he heard music, from vapours which made his ears sound, &c. Some are deceived by echoes, some by roaring of waters, or concaves and reverberation of air in the ground, hollow places an-d walls. "'At Cadurcum, in Aquitaine, words and sentences are repeated by a strange echo to the full, or whatsoever you shall play upon a musical aistrumtm, more distinctly and louder, than they are spoken at first. Some echoes repeat a thing spoken seven times, as at Olympus, in Macedonia, as Pliny relates, lib. 36. cap. 15 •"Seneca. Q.iind inctuunt iiiniis, niinqiiani amoveri I vocnm varielateui in venire et giittiire fingentes, for- posFe, nee ti)lli piiiaMt. « Pra-fat lamblif,! niysteriis. s' Si melanchnli<:is h^inorroides superve- nerint varices, vel ut quibusilani placet, aqua intet cutein, solvitur malum. s^Cap. 10. de quartana. Prognostics of Melancholy. [Fart. 1. Sec. 4. 26U lum from this mala.ly, 'tis a question ; for many physicians ascribe all long agues for especial causes, and a quartan ague amongst the rest. '' Rhasis conl. hb. 1 . tract, 9 '•'• When melancholy gets out at the superficies of the skin, or settles breaking out in scabs, leprosy, morphew, or is purged by stools, or by the urine, or that the galeen is enlarged, and those varices appear, the disease is dissolved." Guianerius, cap. 5, tract. 15, adds dropsy, jaundice, dysentery, leprosy, as good signs, to these scubs, morphews, and breaking out, and proves it out of the 6lh of Hippocrates Apliorisms. , 7- • tt c ■ \ Evil prognostics on the other part. Inveterata melancholia incural)ilis, it it be inveterate, !t is ™ incurable, a common axiom, aut difficulter curahi.lis as they say thut make the best, hardly cured. This Galen witnesseth, I. 3, de he. affect, cap. *) '"be it in whom it will, or from what cause soever, it is ever long, wayward, tedious, antl hard to be cured, if once it be habituated. As Lucian said of the gout, she was ^"the queen of diseases, and inexorable," may we say of melancholy. Yet Paracelsus will have all diseases whatsoever curable, and laughs at them which think olherwi-e, as T. Erastus par. 3, objects to him ; although in another place, heredi- tary diseases he accounts hicurable, and by no art to be removed. ^ llddesheim spicel 2, tZe mel. holds it less dangerous if only ^ " imagination be hurt, and not reason, ' tlie o-entlest is from blood. Worse from choler adust, but the worst of all from melanclioly putrefied." ' Bruel esteems hypochondriacal least dangerous, and the other two species (opposite to Galen) hardest to be cured. 'The cure is hard in man, but much more ditticult in women. And both men and women must take notice of that saying of Montanus consil. 230, pro Mate Italo, «'' This malady doth commonly accompany them to their grave ; physicians may ease, and it may lie hid for a time, but they cannot quite cure it, but it will return again more violent •ind sharp than at first, and that upon every small occasion or error :" as in Mer- cury's weatlier-beaten statue, that was once all over gilt, the open parts were clean, vet there was infmbriis aurum, in the chinks a remnant of gold : there will be some relics of melancholy left in the purest bodies (if once tainted) not so easdy to be rooted out. ' Ol'lentimes it degenerates into epilepsy, apoplexy, convulsions, and blindness: by the aulhoriiy of Hippocrates and Galen, '"all aver, if once it possess the ventricles of the brain, Frambesarius, and Salust. Salvianus adds, if it get into the optic nerves, blindness. Mercurialis, consil. 20, had a woman to his patient, that from melancholy became epileptic and blind. " If it come trom a cold cause, or so continue cold,' or increase, epilepsy ; convulsions follow, and blindness, or else in the end they are moped, sottish, and in all their actions, speeches, and gestures, ridiculous. '^ If it come from a hot cause, they are more furious, and boisterous, and in conclusion mad. Calescentem melancholnim scepius seqiutur mama. If it heat and increase, that is the common event, >er clrcuitus, aut semper insanit.he is mad by fits or altoirPther. For as '^ Sennertus contends out of Crato, there is sermnarim ignis in this humour, the very seeds of fire. If it come from melancholy natural a'dust, and in excess, they are often demoniacal, Montanus. '« Seldom this malady procures death, except (which is the greatest, most grievous calamity, and the misery of all miseries,) they make away tliemselves, which is a frequent thing, and familiar amongst them. 'Tis '^ Hippocrates' observation, Galen s sentence, Etsi mortem timent, tamcn plerumque sibi ipsis mortem consciscunt, I. 3. dt locisaffLcap.l. The doom of all physicians. ^Tis -Rabbi Moses' Aphorism, the pro.r„osticon of Avicenna, Rhasis, Jitius,Gordonius, Valescus, Altomarus, SalusL Salvianus, Capivaccius, Mercatus, Hercules de Saxonia, Piso, Bruel, I uchsius, all, &.c. »Cum sanguis i-xit por superficiem et residet melan- cholia prr !-caliiem, inorphram iiigraiii, vcl expurgatur per interiorcs partes, vel uriiiani, &c, non erit, &c. splcn iiiajiiiificaluret. varices apparent. lucama jam toiiv&-<:a ill naturaiii. ' In quocunqiie sit a qiia- ciir.Mue causa Hypocon. pra;sertini, semper est longa, morosa, nee facile ciirari potest ^ Regina niorbonim et inexoraliilis. » Oiiine delirium quod oritur a pau- citalecoiehriincurahile, Hildesheiiii,spicel.2. de mania. < Si sola imaginatio la;datiir, et nnn ratio. » Mala a saneuine fervente, deterior a bile assata, pessiiiia ah atra hile putrefaHa. « Dillicilior cura ejus qua; fit *,tio corporis tolius et cerebri. ' Difficilis curatu iii ."1-3 niiiilo difficilior in fieniinis. " Ad interituin plerumque homines comitatur, licet medici levent ple- rumque, tamen non tolluiit unquam, sed recidet arer- bior quain anlea minima occasione, aut errore. » Peri- ciilum est ne degunereret in Epil.psiam, Apoplexiam, Convulsionem, cfficitatem. '« Montal. c. 25. Lauren tins Nic I'lso. 11 Her. de Saxonia, Aristotle, Capi- vaccius i2Favent. Humor frigidiis sola delirii causa, liiroris vero humor caliJus. '^ Heurnius calls mad ness sobolem nielaiicholiie. » Alexander I. 1. c. )H. IS Lib. 1. part. 2. c. 11. " Montalt. c. 15. Raro mur» aut nunquam, nisi sibi ipsis inferant '■ Lib. i- Insan. Fabio Calico luterprf te. '« Nonulli vialenU- manus sibi inferunt. Mem. l.J Prognostics of Melanclwly. 2f)l ■>'" Et SiEpe usque adeo mortis forniidine vitae I'ercipit infelix (idiuiii liicisqiie videndae. Ut siLii CDiisciscat maurenli peclore lelliuin." ' And so far forth death's terror doth affright, He makes away Intnself, and hates the ligh To make an end of fear and grief of lieart. He voluntary dies to ease his smart." J:i such sort doth the torture and extremity of his misery torment him, that he cau u-\ke no pleasure in liis life, but is in a manner enforced to offer violence unto him self, to be freed from his present insufferable pains. So some (saith ^° Fracas tori us; '' in fury, but most in despair, sorrow, fear, and out of the anguish and vexation of their souls, offer violence to themselves : for their life is unhappy and miserable. They can take no rest in the night, nor sleep, or if they do slumber, fearful dreams astonish them." In the day-time they are atfrighted still by some terrible object, and torn in pieces with suspicion, fear, sorrow, discontents, cares, shame, anguish, &tc. as so many wild horses, that they cannot be quiet an hour, a minute of time, but even against their wills they are intent, and still thinking of it, they cannot forget it, it grinds their souls day and night, they are perpetually tormented, a burden to them- selves, as Job was, they can neither eat, drink or sleep. Psal. cvii. 18. "•Their soul abhorreth all meat, and they are brought to death's door, '^' being bound in misery aad iron :" they ^" curse their stars with Job, '^''"and day of their birth, and wish for death :" for as Pineda and most interpreters hold. Job was even melancholy to despair, and almost ^madness itself; they murmur many times against the world, friends, allies, all mankind, even against God himself in the bitterness of their pas- sion, ^'' vivere nolunt^ morl nesclunt^ live they will not, die they cannot. And in the midst of these squalid, ugly, and such irksome days, they seek at last, finding no comfort, ^^ no remedy in this wretched life, to be eased of all by death. Omnia ap- pcf.unt bonum, all creatures seek the best, and for their good as they hope, sub specie^ in show at least, vel quia mori pulchrum jnitant (saith ^' Hippocrates) vel quia putant inde se majoribus malis liberari^ to be freed as they wish. Though many times, as iEsop's fishes, they leap from the frying-pan into the fire itself, yet they hope to be eased by this means : and therefore (saith Felix ^* Flaterus) " after many tedious days at last, either by drowning, hanging, or some such fearful end," they precipitate or make away themselves : " inany lamentable examples are daily seen amongst us :" alius ante fores se laqueo suspendit (as Seneca notes), alius se prcecipitavit a tecto, ne dominum stomachantem audiret^ alius ne reduceretur a fuga ferrum redegit in viscera^ "■ one hangs himself before his own door, — another throws himself from the house-top, to avoid his master's anger, — a third, to escape expulsion, plunges a dag- ger into his heart," — so many causes there are His amor exitio est, furor his love, grief, anger, madness, and shame, 8j.c. 'Tis a common calamity, ^^ a fatal end to this disease, they are condemned to a violent death, by a jury of physicians, furi- ously disposed, carried headlong by their tyrannising wills, enforced by miseries, and there remains no more to such persons, if that heavenly Physician, by his assisting grace and mercy alone do not prevent, (for no human persuasion or art can help) but to be their own butchers, and execute themselves. Socrates his cicuta, Lucretia's dagger, Timon's halter, are yet to be had ; Cato's knife, and Nero's sword are left behind them, as so many fatal engines, bequeathed to posterity, and will be used to the world's end, by such distressed souls : so intolerable, insuflerable, grievous, and violent is their pain, '^so unspeakable and continuate. One day of grief is an hun- dred years, as Cardan observes : 'Tis carnificina hominum, angor animi, as Avell saith Aretpus, a plague of the soul, the cramp and convulsion of the soul, an epitome of hell ; and if there be a hell upon earth, it is to be found in a melancholy man's heart. " For that deep torture may be call'd an hell, When more is felt, than one hath power to tell." Yea, that which scoffing Lucian said of the gout in jest, I may truly affirm of melan- choly in earnest. WLucret. I. 3. 20Lib_o, je jntell. saspe mortem sibi consciscunt ob timorem et tristitiam la;di() vitae afl'ecti ob furorem et desperationem. Est enim infera, &c. Ergo sic perpetuo affliclati vitam oderunt, se prajcipi- tant, his malis carituri aut interficiunt se, ant tale quid committunl. ^' Psal. cvii. 10. ssjobxxxiii. "Job vi. a. ^ Vi doloris et tristitise ad insaniam »ene redact js. ''^Seneca. "^ in salutis suiE desperatione proponunt sibi mortis desiderium, Oct. Horat. 1. 2. c. 5. ^^ Lib. de insania. Sicsicjuvat ire per umbras. ^^Cap. 3. de mentis alienat. ma-sti degunt, dutii tandem mortem qiiam timetit, suspendio aut submersione, aut aliqua alia vi, nt multa tristia exempla vidimus. 29 Arculanus in 9. Rhasjs, c. lb caveiidum iie ex alto se prsecipitent aut alias lafdaut 80 O omnium opinionibus incogitaliile malum. Lucian. Mortesque mille, mille flun', vivit neces gent, peritque Heirjsius Aiistriaco. 262 Prognostics of Melancholy. [Pan. 1 Sec. * "O 'riste nomeii . o diis odibile Mtlanchdiia lacrymosa, Cocyti fliia, Tu Tarlari speciilids oi)acis edita Eriiinys utero quaiii Mejjara suo tulit, Et ab u^»iriblls aliiit, ciiiiiiie parviilte Amaruletitiiin in os lac Alecto dedit, Oiiiiies ahoininahilein tp diEiiiones Prodiixeie in luceni cxilio morlalium. Non Jupiter ferit tale tekim fulniinis, Noil ulla sic procella sievit iequoris, Non impetiiosi taiita vis est turbinis. An asppros sustineo ninrsiis Cerberi ? Nuni virus EchidniE membra mea ilepascitur? Aut tunica sanie tincla Nessi sanguinis? Illacryniabile et immedicabile malum hoc." " O sad and odious name \ a name so fell. Is this of melancholy, brat of hell. There born in hellish darkness doth v dwell. The Furies brought it up, Megara's 'eat, Alecto gave it bitter milk to eat. And all conspir'd a bane to mortal men, Et paulo To bring this devil out of that black den. post, Jupiter's thunderbolt, not storm at sea. Nor whirl-wind doth our hearts so much dismay What? am I bit by that fierce Cerberus ? Or stung by s^gerpent so pestiferous? Or put on shirt that's dipt in Nessus' blood? My pain's past cure ; physic can do no good." No torture of body like unto it, SicuU non invenere tyranni majus tormentum, no strappadoes, hot irons, Plialaris' bulls, 33" ]Vec ira deiim tantiim, nee tela, nee hostis, Quaiituni sola noces aiiimis illapsa." *' Jove's wrath, not devils can Do so much harm to th' soul of man. All fears, griefs, suspicions, discontents, imbonites, insuavities are swallowed up, and drowned in this Euripus, this Irish sea, this ocean of misery, as so many small brooks ; 'tis coaguhmi omnium (srumnarum: which ^* Ammianus applied to his dis- tressed Palladius. I say of our melancholy man, he is the cream of human adver- sity, the ^^quintessence, and upshot; all other diseases whatsoever, are but flea- bitings to melancholy in extent: 'Tis the pith of them all, ^^ Hospitium est calami- tatis; quid verbis opus est? -auamcunque n.alam rem qu.ris. iUic reperies:" | The^e^r a::7:^^c.S 'fi^wiu^n?"' and a melancholy man is that true Prometheus, which is bound to Caucasus ; the true Titius, whose bowels are still by a vulture devoured (as poets feign) for so doih ^ Lilius Geraldus interpret it, of anxieties, and those griping cares, and so ought it to be understood. In all other maladies, we seek for help, if a leg or an arm ache, through any distemperature or wound, or that we have an ordinary disease, above all tilings whatsoever, we desire help and health, a present recovery, if by any means possible it may be procured ; we will freely part with all our other fortunes, sub- stance, endure any misery, drink bitter potions, swallow those distasteful pills, suffer our joints to be seared, to be cut off, anything for future health : so sweet, so dear, so precious above all other things in this world is life : 'tis that we chiefly desire, long life and happy days, ^^ multos da Jupiter annos, increase of years all men wish; but to a melancholy man, nothing so tedious, nothing so odious ; that which they so carefully seek lo preserve "^he abhors, he alone; so intolerable are his pains; some make a question, graviores morbi corporis an animi^ whether the diseases of he body or mind be more grievous, but there is no comparison, no doubt to be made of it, multo cnim scuvior longeque est alrocior animi., quam corporis cruciatus (^Lem I. 1. c. 12-) the diseases of the mind are far more grievous. — Totum hie pro vulnere corpus, body and soul is misaffected here, but the soul especially. So Cardan testifies de rerum var. lib. 8. 40. '"'Maximus Tyrius a Platonist, and Plutarch, have made just volumes to prove it. '^^Dies adimit cpgritudinem hominibus, in other diseases there is some hope likely, but these unhappy men are born to misery, past all hope of recovery, incurably sick, the longer they live the worse they are, and death alone must ease them. '.Another doubt is made by some philosophers, whether it be lawful for a man in such extremity of pain and grief, to make away himself: and how these men that so do are to be censured. '. The Platonists approve of it, that it is lawful in such cases, and upon a necessity ; Plotinus I. de beatitud. c. 7. and Socrates himself de- fends it, in Plato's Phajdon, " if any man labour of an incurable disease, he may despatch himself, if it be to his good." Epicurus and his followers, the cynics and stoics in general affirm it, Epictetus and *^ Seneca amongst the rest, quamcunque veram esse viam ad libertatem, any way is allowable that leads to liberty, ''^"let us give God thanks, that no man is compelled to live against his will;" ^^quid ad himinem SI Regina morborum cni famulantur omnes et obedi- i.nt. Cardan. s- Eheu quis intus Scorpio, &c. Seneca Act. 4. Here. O Et. sagiijug italiciis. *< Lib. 29. 35 Hie omnis imhonitas et insuavitas consistit, ut Tertulliaiii verbis utar, orat. ad. martvr. «Plautus. 87 Vit. Hnrculis. 3* Persius. K>auid esi mjseriusin vita. c nam velle mori ? Seneca. *>Toni. 2. Libello, an graviores passiones, &c. *' Ter. ■"2 Patet exitus ; si pugnare non vultis, lii et fugere ; quii vos tenet invilos ? De provid. cap. 8. ''^Agamu* Deo gratias, quod nemo invitus in vita tene i potest *^ Epist. 26. Seneca et de sacra. 2. cap. 15. it Epial 7(. et 12. Mem. l.J Prognostics of Melancholy. 263 claustra., career, cusfodla? liberum ostium habei, death is aiways reanyand at hand. Vides ilium prcEcipitem locum, ilhul fhimcn, dost thou see that steep place, that river, that pit, that tree, there's liberty at hand, effugia servitutis et doloris sunt, as that '^coniaii lad cast himself lieadlong [n^n seroiam aiehat p^ier) to be freed of his misery : every vein in thy body, if tliese be nimi$ operosi exiius, will set thee free, ■juid tua refert finem facias an accipias? there's no necessity for a man to live in misery. Malum est neccssitati vivere ; sed in necessitate vivere, necessitas nulla est. Ignavus qui sine causa moritur, et stultus qui cum dolore vivit, Idem epi. 58. Where- fore hath our mother the earth brought out poisons, saith ""^ Pliny, in so great a quantity, but that men in distress might make away themselves ? which kings of old Kdd ever in a readiness, ad incerta fortunce venenum sub cuslode promptum. Livy writes, and executioners always at hand. Speusippes being sick was met by Dio- genes, and carried on his slaves' shoulders, he made his moan to the philosopher ; but I pity thee not, quoth Diogenes, qui cum talis vivere sustines, thou mayst be freed when thou wilt, meaning by death. ^^ Seneca therefore commends Cato, Dido, and Lucretia, for their generous courage in so doing, and others that voluntarily die, to avoid a greater mischief, to free themselves from misery, to save their honour, or vindicate their good name, as Cleopatra did, as Sophonisba, Syphax's wife did, Han- nibal did, as Junius Brutus, as Vibius Virus, and those Campanian senators in Livy [Dec. 3. lib. G.) to escape the Roman tyranny, that poisoned themselves. Themis- tocles drank bull's blood, rather than he would figlit against his country, and Demos- thenes chose rather to drink poison, Publius Crassi filius, Censorius and Plancus, those heroical Romans to make away themselves, than to fall into their enemies' hands. How many myriads besides in all ages might I remember, qui sibi lethum Insontes pepperere rtianu, Sfc. ''' Rliasis in the Maccabees is magnified for it, Sam- son's death approved. So did Saul and Jonas sin, and many worthy men and women, quorum memoria celebratur in Ecclesia, saith ^^Leminchus, for killing themselves to save their chastity and honour, when Rome was taken, as Austin instances, I. I. de Civ it. Dei, cap. 16. Jerom vindicateth the same in lonam et Ambrose, I. 3. de vir- ginitate commendeth Pelagia for so doing. Eusebius, lib. 8. cap. 15. admires a Roman matron for the same fact to save herself from the lust of Maxentius the Tyrant. Adelhelmus, abbot of Malmesbury, calls them Beatas virgines quce sic, &,c. Titus Pomponius Atticus, that wise, discreet, renowned Roman senator, Tully'sdeai friend, when he had been long sick, as he supposed, of an incurable disease, vitam- que produceret ad augendos dolores, sine spe salutis, was resolved voluntarily by famine to despatch himself to be rid of his pain; and when as Agrippa, and the rest of his weeping friends earnestly besought him, osculantes obsecrarent ne id quod natura cogeret, ipse acceleraret, not to offer violence to himself, " with a settled resolution he desired again they would approve of his good intent, and not seek to dehort him from it :" and so constantly died, precesque eorum taciturnd sua obstina- tione depressit. Even so did Corellius Rufus, another grave senator, by the relation of Plinius Secundus, epist, lib. I. epist. 12. famish himself to death; pedibus correptus cum incredibil.es cruciatus et indignissima formenta pateretur, d cibis omnino absti- nuit;*^ neither he nor Hispilla his wife could divert him, but destinat us mori obstinate magis. Sec. die he would, and die he did. So did Lycurgus, Aristotle, Zeno, Chry- sippus, Empedocles, with myriads. Sec. In wars for a man to run rashly upon imminent danger, and present death, is accounted valour and magnanimity, ^ to be the cause of his own, and many a thousand's ruin besides, to commit wilful murd^ir in a manner, of himself and others, is a glorious thing, and he shall be crowned f'>r it. The ^' Massegatae in former times, ^^ Barbiccians, and I know not what natlon^5 besides, did stifle their old men, after seventy years, to free them from those griev- ances incident to that age. So did the inhabitants of the island of Choa, because their air was pure and good, and the people generally long lived, antevertebant fatum suum, p^iusquam manci forent, aut imbecillitas accederet, papavere vel cicufa, with poppy or Hemlock they prevented death. Sir Thomas More in las Utopia commends <6Lib. 2. cap. 83. Terrs mater nostri miserta. | tionai tortures, he abstained from food altogether. «6 Epist. 24. 71. 22. " Mac, 11. 42. ■«* Vindi- so As amongst Turlis and others. 6i Boheiniis de entio Apoc. lib. i^" Finding that he would be des- morihus gent. ^''^'Eliaii. lib 4. cap. 1. oiunes 70 tin«d tu endure excruciating nam of the feet, and addi- | annum egressos interliciunt. 2<»4 Prognostics of Melancholy. Part. 1 . sttt. 4 voluntary death, if he bo .m.''/ aut aids molestus, troublesome lo .limself or others. ^ "'*'•' especially if lo live be a torment to him,) let him free liimself with his ovvr hands from this techous life, as from a prison, or suHer himself lo be freed by others.' '^ And 'lis the same tenet wiiich Ijaerlius relates of Zeno, of old. Juste sapiens siM mortem consciscit^ si in acerbis doloribiis verselur^ mevibrorurn mutilatione aul morhif ctgre curandis^ and which Plalo 9. de legibus approves, if old age, poverty, igno miny, &,c. oppress, and which Fabius expresseth in effect. i^Prcpfai. 7. Instituf.) JYemo nisi sua culpa diu dolet. It is an ordinary thing in China, (sailh Mat. Kiccius the Jesuit,) =^"if they be in despair of better fortunes, or tired and tortured with misery, to bereave themselves of life, and many limes, to spite their enemies th more, lo hang at their door." Tacitus the historian, Plutarch the philosopher, muc approve a voluntary departure, and Aust. de civ. Dei^ I. I.e. 29. defends a violen death, so that it be undertaken in a good cause, nemo sic mortuus., qui non fuerat aUquando moriturus; quid aulcm interest., quo mortis gcnere vita isia Jiniutur., quando die cuifinilur., iterum mori non cogitur? Sfc. ^no man so voluntarily dies, but uoZens nolens., he must die at last, and our life is subject to innumerable casualties, who knows when they may happen, utrum satius est unam perpeti moriendo^ an omnes timere vivcndo., " rather suffer one, ihan fear all. " Death is belter than a bitter life,"' Eccl. XXX. 17. ^^and a harder choice tu live in fear, than by once dying, to be freed from all. Theombrolus Ambracioles persuaded I know not how many hundreds of his auditors, by a luculenl oration he made of the miseries of this, and happiness of that other life, to precipitate themselves. And having read Plato's divine tract de anima^ for example's sake led the way first. That neat epigram of Callimachus will tell you as much, S3" Jaiiuiue vale Soli ciitn dicprft Ainbrocioles, III St>'is;i(is f'tTtiir desiliiisse laciis. Mofte nihil digiuiiii passus: scd forte Platonis Uivini eiiiiiuiii de iiece If^git opiis." '^'Calenus and his hidians hated of old to die a natural death: the Circumcellians and Donalisls, loathing life, compelled others to make them away, with many such : "but these are false and pagan positions, profane stoical paradoxes, wicked exam "les, it boots not what headien philosophers determine in this kind, they are impious abominable, and upon a wrong ground. "• No evil is lo be done that good may comi of it;" rcclamat Christus., reclamat Scriptura., God, and all good men are ^^agains- it: He that stabs another, can kill his body; but he tliat stabs himself, kills his own soul. "^ Male meretur^ qui dat mendico., quod edat; nam et illud quod dat, pent; et illi producit vitam ad miser iain: he that gives a beggar an alms (as that comical poet said) doth ill, because he doth but prolong his miseries. But Lactanlius /. 6. c. 7. de vero cultu^ calls it a detestable opinion, and fully confutes it, lib. 3. de sap. cap. 18. and S. Austin, ep. 52. ad Maccdoniuin,cap.Ql. ad Dulcitium Tri.bunum: so doth fiierom to Marcella of Blesilla's death, JVon recipio tales animas., Sfc, he calls such men martyres stultce Philosophice: so doth Cyprian de duplici martyrio; Si qui sic Moriantur., aut infirmitas., aut ambitio., aut dementia cogit eos; 'tis mere madness so to do, '''^furore est ne moriare mori. To this effect writes Arist. 3. Ethic. Lipsius Manuduc. ad Stoicam Philosophicp.m lib. 3. disserlat. 23. but it needs no confuta- tion. This only let me add, that in some cases, those "^^hard censures of such as offer violence to their own persons, or in some de-sperate fit to others, which some- limes they do, by slabbing, slashing, &.c. are to be mitigated, as in such as are n)ad, beside themselves for the time, or found to have been long melancholy, and that in • 53Li|)_ t>. Prffisertiin quiim tonneiitum ei vila sit, bona spe fretus, acerba vita velut a carrere se exinial, vil ab aliis eximi sua voluutale paliatnr. s4 iVam qiiis ainphoram exsiccaiis f'CErx'in exorUeret (Smieca epist. 58.) 'uis in poeiias et risuni viveret? stiilti est inanere in /ita nini sit miser. ^ Expedit. ad Sinas I. I. c. 9. Vel bnnoriiin desperatione, vel iiialoruni per- pessione fracti et fagitati, vel manus violeiitas sibi in- fi-rnnt vol ul iiiiniicis siiis sere faciant, &c. '^" No one ever died in this way, who would not have died some time or other ; hut what does it signify how life iiself may be ended, since he who comes to the end is not oblised to die a second time?" " So did An- thony, Galba, Vitelliiis, Oiho, Aristotle himself. Set:. Ajax in despair; Cleopatra to save her honour. »" In- semel moriendo, nullum deinceps formidare. •'''"And now when Ambrociotes was bidding farewell to tlie light of day, and about to cast himself into the Stygian pool, although he had not been guilty of any crime that merited death: but, perhaps, he liad read that divine work of Plato upon Death." ^ocurtius I. l(i. 6' Laqiieus pra:cisus, conl. 1. I. 5. quidam naufragio facto, amissis tribus liberis, el uxore, suspeiidit se pra?cidit illi quidam ex prfetereuntibus laqiieum : A li berato reus fit maleficii. Seneca. 6'l?ee l,ipsius Manuduc. ad Stoicam philosophiam lib. 3. dissert. 22 D. Kings 14. Lect. on Jonas. D. Abbot's ti I.ect. on the same prophet, 63 pi^utus. " lyiartial. ''•''Aii to be buried out of Christian burial with a stake. Idem. Plato 9. de legibus, viill separatim se|)eliri, qui siin ij "■rtiuB deligitur d i vivere quam in limore tot morborum [ sis mortem coiisciscunt, &c. lose their goods. &r Mem. l.j Prognostics of Melancholy. 265 extremilv, they know not what they do, deprived of reason, judgment, all, ^^as a ship that is void of a pilot, must needs impinge upon the next rock or sands, ant' suffer shipwreck. ^T. Foresius hath a story of two melancholy bretliren, that made away themselves, and for so foul a fact, were accordingly censured to be infamously buried, as in such cases they use : to terrify others, as it did the Milesian virgins oi old ; but upon farther examination of their misery and madness, the ceJisure was ""revoked^ and they were solemnly interred, as Saul was by David, 2 Sam. ii. 4. and Seneca well adviseth., Irascere inlcrfeclori^sed miserere interfecti; be justly oflended witii him as he was a murderer, but pity him now as a dead man. Thus of their goods and bodies we can dispose; but what shall become of their souls, God alone can tell; his mercy may come inter ponfcm el fontevi., inter gladium et jiigulum., betwixt the bridge and the brook, the knife and the throat. Quod cuiquam contigit^ quivis potest: Who knows how he may be tempted ? It is his case, it may be thine: '^ QiicB sua sors hodie est, eras fore vestra potest. We ought not to be so rash and rigorous in our censures, as some are ; charity will judge and hope the best : God be merciful unto us all. * Navis destituta nauclero, in terribilera aliqueni Bropuluin impiiigit. i>7 Qbservat. ss' Seneca '.lact 1. I. 8. c. 4. Lex, Homicida in se jnsepultus al>ji- ^atur, conlradicitur ; Eo quod afferre sibi inanus coac- tus sit assiduis malis; siiminam infteliciiatem siatri m line reiiinvit, quoil exiftiiiiattat licero n)i4»>^ uiori, «8 Btictiaiian. Kkg. lib. 34 (266) THE SY^^OrSIS OF THE SECOND PArxTITION, Cure of ;f ^ hellebore, bugloss, &c. I 1 Solid, as lapis Armenus, and lazuli, pills g_ I of Indae, pills of fumitory, &c. Q Electuaries, diasena. confection of hainech, I hierologladium, &;c. Not swallowed, as gargarisms, masticatories, «&c. Nostrils, sneezing powders, odoraments, perfumes, &c. Inferior paits, as clysters strong and weak, and suppositories of Casti lian soap, honey boiled, &c. ("Phlebotomy, to all parts almost, and all the distinct species I With knife, horseleeches. j Cupping-glasses. ] Cauteries, and searing with hot irons, boring. Dropax and sinapismus. L issues to several parts, and upon several occasions. Sect. 5. Cure of head-melan- choly. Mernb. 1 f 1. Subsect. Moderate diet, meat of good juice, moistening, easy of digestion. Good air. Sleep more than ordinary. Excrements daily to be voided by art or nature. Exercise of body and mind not too violent, or too remiss, passions of the mind, and perturbations to be avoided. 2. Blood-letting, if there be need, or that the blood be corrupt, in the arm, fore- head, &c., or with cupping-glasses. f Preparatives ; as syrup of borage, bugloss, epithyme, hops, with their distilled waters, &c. 3. Prepara- Purgers ; as Montanus, and Matthiolus helleborismus, Quercplanus, lives and .; syrup of hellebore, extract of hellebore, pulvis Hali, antimony purgers. prepared, Ru/aiidi aqua tjiirabilis ,■ which are used, if gentler medicines will not take place, with Arnoldus, vinum buglossa- tuni, senna, cassia, mirohalanes. aurnni pofabile, or before Hamech, Pil. Indse, Hiera. Pil. de lap. Armeno, lazuli. Cardan's nettles, frictions, clysters, suppositories, sneezings, iiiasti- calories, nasals, cupping-glasses. To open the haemorrhoids with horseleeches, to apply horse- ] leeches to the forehead without scarification, to the shoulders, thighs. Issues, boring, cauteries, hot irons in the suturo of the crown (A cup of wine or strong drink. Bezars stone, amber, spice. Conserves of borage, bugloss, roses, fumitory, r' f .■ (-11 Confection of alchermes. Electuarium Isiiijicans Galeni et Rhasi^, <^c. \. Diumargarilum frig, diuburairinatum, <\f. 4. Averters. 6. Cordials, resol hinderers. Synopsis of the ''i>'r.07id Partition. 209 6. Correctors of accidents, f Odoraments of roses, violets. Irrigations of the head, with the decoctions of nj mphea, lettuce 1 mallows, &c. I Epithymes, ointments, bags to the heart. I Fomentations of oil for the belly. Baths of sweet water, in which were sod mallows, violets, roses water-lilies, borage flowers, ramsheads, &c. i Poppy, nymphea, lettuce, roses, purs- lane, henbane, mandrake, night- shade, opium, &c. i..„«.^._, , or f Liquid, as syrups of poppy, verbasco, taken, violets, roses. Com- ^ Solid, as requies Nicholai, Phi- pounds. Ionium, Romanum, Laudanum ^ ^ J I Paracclsi. Oil of nymphea, poppy, violets, roses, mandrake, nutmegs. Odoraments of vinegar, rose-water, opium. Frontals of rose-cake, rose-vinegar, nutmeg. . Ointments, alablastritum, unguentum populeum, simple or mixed with opium. Irrigations of the head, feet, sponges, music, niur mur and noise of waters. Frictions of the head and outward parts, sacculi j^ of henbane, wormwood at his pillow, &c. Against terrible dreams; not to sup late, or eat peas, cabbage, venison, meats heavy of digestion, use balm, hart's-tongue, &c. (^Against ruddiness and blushing, inward and outward remedies. Si 2. Memb. cDiet, preparatives, purges, averters, cordials, correctors, as before. 'Jure of me- j Phlebotomy in this kind more necessary, and more frequent, "ancholy over ') To correct and cleanse the blood with fumitory, senna, succory, dandelion die body. I. endive, &c. r Subsect. Phlebotomy, if need require. Diet, preparatives, averters, cordials, purgers, as before, saving that fney must not be so vehement. Use of pennyroyal, wormwood, centaury sod, which alone hath cured many. To provoke urine with aniseed, daucus, asarum, &c., and stools, if need be, by clysters and suppositories. To respect the spleen, stomach, liver, hypochondries. To use treacle now and then in winter. To vomit after meals sometimes, if it be inveterate. Outward- . ly used, as "R Cure of hypo- chondria- cal or windy melan- choly. ^. Memb. 2. To ex- (pel wind. Inwardly taken. Herbs, Spices, Seeds, TGalanga, gentian, enula, angelica, calamus Roots, •! aromaticus, zedoary, china, condite giii- [ ger, &c. Pennyroyal, rue, calamint, bay leaves, and berries, scordium, bethany, lavender, camo- mile, centaury, wormwood, cummin, broom, [ orange pills. Saffron, cinnamon, mace, nutmeg, pepper, musk, zedoary with wine, &c. Aniseed, fennel-seed, ammi, cary, cummin I. ' [ nettle, bays, parsley, grana, paradisi. ^ rDianisum, diagalanga, diaciminum, diacalaminthes, eler- § i tuarium de baccis lauri, benedicla laxativa, &c. pulvis m" I carminativus, and pulvis descrip. Antidotario Fioren- » l tino, aromaticum, rosatutn, Mithridate. Outwardly used, as cupping-glasses to the hy[)ochondries without scarifi. cation, oil of camomile, rue, aniseed, their decoctions, lern. I Patient. 21 i Tragaltius writes) that they can do by their extraordinary skill in physic, anc some of our modern chemists by their strange limbecks, by their spells, philosopher's stones and charms. *"Many doubt," saith Nicholas Taurellus, "whether the devil can cure such diseases he hath not made, and some flatly deny it, howsoever com- mon experience confirms to our astonishment, that magicians can work such feats, and that the devil without impediment can penetrate through all the parts of our bodies, and cure such maladies by means to us unknown." Daneus in his tract de Sortlarils subscribes to this of Taurellus ; Erasius de lamiis, maintaineth as much and so do most divines, out of their excellent knowledge and long experience' they can commit ^agentes cum patientibus, colligere semina reriim^ eaqite materice appli- care, as Austin infers de Civ. Dei et de Trinit. lib. 3. cap. 7. ct 8. they can work stu- pendous and admirable conclusions ; we see the effects only, but not the causes of them. Nothing so familiar as to hear of such cures. Sorcerers are too common ; cunning men, wizards, and white-witches, as they call them, in every village, which if they be sought unto, will help almost all infirmities of body and mind, Servatores in Latin, and they have commonly St. Catherine's wheel printed in the roof of their mouth, or in some other part about them, resistunt incqntatoru7n prcestigiis., (^Bois- sardus writes) morbos d sagis motos propulsdnt, Sfc, that to doubt of it any longer, ''•'or not to believe, were to run into that other sceptical extreme of incredulity," saith Taurellus. Leo Sauvius in his comment upon Paracelsus seems to make it an art, which ought to be approved; Pistorius and others stiffly maintain the use of charms, words, characters, &c. ^rs vera est, sed pauci artifices reperiuntur ; the art is true, but there be but a few that have skill in it. Marcellius Donatus lib. 2. de hist, mir. cap. 1. proves out of Josephus' eight books of antiquities, that ^"Solomon so cured all the diseases of the mind by spells, charms, and drove away devils, and that Eleazer did as much before Vespasian." Langius in his med. epist. holds Jupitei Menecrates, that did so many stupendous cures in his time, to have used this art and that he was no other than a magician. Many famous cures are daily done in this kind, the devil is an expert physician, as Godelman calls him, lib. \. cap. 18 and God permits oftentimes these witches and magicians to produce such effects, as Lavater cap. 3. lib. 8. part. 3. cap. I. Polid. Virg. lib. 1. de prodigiis, Delrio and others admit. Such cures may be done, and as Paracels. Tom. 4. de morb. ament. stiffly maintains, '" they cannot otherwise be cured but by spells, seals, and spiritual physic." " Arnoldus, lib. de sigillis, sets down the making of them, so doth Rulandus and many others. Hoc posito, they can effect such cures, the main question is, whether it be lawful j in a desperate case to crave their help, or ask a wizard's advice. 'Tis a common practice of some men to go first to a witch, and then to a physician, if one cannot 1 the other shall, Flectere si nequeant superos Jlcheronta movebunt. '^" It matters not," Viaith Paracelsus, " whether it be God or the devil, angels, or unclean spirits cure him, so that he be eased." If a man fall into a ditch, as he prosecutes it, what mat- ter is it whether a friend or an enemy help him out ? and if I be troubled with such a malady, what care I whether the devil himself, or any of his ministers by God'.s permission, redeem me ? He calls a '* magician, God's minister and his vicar, apply- ing that of vos estis dii profanely to them, for which he is lashed by T. Erastus part, l.fol. 45. And elsewhere he encourageth his patients to have a good faith, '■* " a strong imagination, and they shall find the eilects : let divines say to the con- trary what they will." He proves and contends that many diseases cannot otherwise be cured. Incaniatione orti incantatione curari debent; if they be caused' by incan- tation, 'Hhey must be cured by incantation. Constantinus lib. 4. approves of such remedies : Bartolus the lawyer, Peter jErodius rerum Judic. lib. 3. tit. 7. Salicetus Godefridus, with others of that sect, allow of them ; mpdb sint ad sanitatem qucz a sAlii dubitant an da;moii possit morbos curare qnos not! fticit, alii nej;aiit, sed qiioiidiana experieiiliii con- firmat, niasros inagiio multoriiin stupore morbos curare, einsiulas corporis paru- citra impfdiiiieiitiiiii pernicare, el niediis nobis iirnotis curare. SA»eiilia cuni patienlibus coiiJMguiit ' Cap. U. de Servat. ^HaBC aiii rii'i'Mt, sed vereor ne duin nolumiis esse creduli, vitium noil effniiiainus iricri'd.ilitatis. " Referl Solo- nioniMii niHiiiis uiorlms cur.isse, el da-mones alieaisso itw^a carininihiiR. nuoj e rorain Vespa(>iano I'ecil Elea zar. 'oSpiritualcs morhi spiritualiter curari debent. " .Sigilluni ex auro peculiari ad Melancholiain, &c. '^Lib. 1. de occult. Philos. nihil refert an Deus an Dia- holus, angeli an iminiindi spiritus aearo opem ferant, morbus curetur. '^ Magus minister et Vicariiis Oei. 1^ Utere forti imaginationeet experieris elfectuin, dicanl in ailversurn qiiictjuid volunt 'I'heolosi. i"" Idem I'linius coriteiidit quosdam esse morbos qui incanta tionibus solum curenlur. 272 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 1 magis Jiunf, secus non., so they be for the parties good, or not at all. But these men are confuted by Remigius, Bodinus, deem. lib. 3. cap 2. Godelmanus lib. 1. cap. 8, Wierus, Delrio lib. 6. qucest. 2. Tom. 3. mag. inquis. Erastus de Lainris; all our "* (Hvines, schoolmen, and such as write cases of conscience are against it, the scripturn itself absolutely forbids it as a mortal sin, Levit. cap. xviii. xix. xx. Deut. xviii. &c. Horn. viii. 19. "Evil is not to be done, that good may come of it." Much better it were for such patients that are so troubled, to endure a little misery in this life, than to hazard their souls' health for ever, and as Delrio counselleth, ''' " much better die than be so cured." Some take upon them to expel devils by natural remedies, and magical exorcisms, which they seem to approve out of the practice of the primitive church, as that above cited of Josephus, Eleazer, Iraeneus, Tertullian, Austin. Euse- bius ii.akes mention of such, and magic itself hath been publicly professed in somr uni\ersities, as of old in Salamanca in Spain, and Cracow in Poland: but condemned anno 1318, by the chancellor and university of '^ Paris. Our pontifical writers retain many of these adjurations and forms of exorcisms still in the church ; besides those in baptism used, they exorcise meats, and such as are possessed, as they hold, in Christ's name. Read flieron. Mengus cap. 3. Pet. Tyreus, part. 3. cap. 8. what exor- cisms they prescribe, besides those ordinary means of '^" fire suffumigations, lights, cutting the air with swords," cap. 57. herbs, odours : of which Tostatus treats, 2. Reg. cap. 16. qucest 43, you shall find many vain and frivolous superstitious forms of exorcisms among them, not to be tolerated, or endured. MEMB. II. Lawful Cures, frst from God. Being so clearly evinced, as it is, all unlawful cures are to be refused, it remains to treat of such as are to be admitted, and those are commonly such which God hath appointed, ^°by virtue of stones, herbs, plants, meats. Sic. and the like, which are prepared and applied to our use, by art and industry of physicians, who are the dis- pensers of such treasures for our good, and to be ^' " honoured for necessities' sake," God's intermediate ministers, to whom in our infirmities we are to seek for help. Yet not so that we rely too much, or wholly upon them : a Jove principiumy we must first begin with ^^ prayer, and then use physic ; not one without the otlier, but both together. To pray alone, anct reject ordinary means, is to do like him in iEsop, that when his cart was stalled, lay flat on his back, and cried aloud help Her- cules, but that was to little purpose, except as his friend advised him, rotis tute ipse annitaris., he whipped his horses withal, and put his shoulder to the wheel. God works by means, as Christ cured the blind man with clay and spittle ; " Orandiim est ut sit mens sana in corpore sano.^^ As we must pray for healtli of body and mind, so we must use our utmost endeavours to preserve and continue it. Some kind of devils are not cast out but by fasting and prayer, and both necessarily re- quired, not one without the other. For all the physic we can use^ art, excellent industry, is to no purpose without calling upon God, nil jiivat immeiisos Cratero promittere montes: it is in vain to seek for help, run, ride, except God bless us. "noil Siculi dapes Dulcem elahnrahiint sapnrem. Noil animuin cythersve cantns. I 24iVon domiis el fundus, iion iBris acerviis et auri I M'iroUt possiint domino rieducere febres." 26 ••With house, with land, with money, and with gold, 1 Tile master's fever will not be controll'd." We must use our prayer and physic both together : and so no doubt but our prayers will be available, and our physic take effect. 'Tis that Hezekiah practised, 2 King. XX. Luke the Evangelist: and which we are enjoined, Coloss. iv. not the patient only, but the physician himself Hippocrates, a heathen, required this in a good ractitioner, and so did Galen, lib. de Plat, et Hipp. dog. lib. 9. cap. 15. and in that •*Q.iii talihus credimt, aut ad eoriim domos euntes, ant snis doniilins inlroducunt, ant interrogant, sriaiit se fidem Christianam et haptismum prsEvaricasse, et Apostatas e.'iso. Austin de superstit. ohserv. Hoc pacio a Deo deficilur ad diabidum, P. Mart. "Mori prastat quaiii snpersiitiose sanari, Disqnis. mag. 1. 2. c. 2. sect. 1. qucEst. 1. Tom. H. i* P. Luinhard. »»Siif- fitns, gladioriim irtus, &.c. ^oxhe Lord hath created medicines of the earth, and he that is wise will not ab- hor them, Ecc.lus. xxxviii. 4. -' My son fall not in thy sickness, but pray unto the Lord, and he will make thee whole Ecclus .vxxviii. i). '^ Hue omne prin- cipiuin, hue refer exitum. Hor. 3. carm. (Jil.6. '■" Miisir and fine fare can do no good. ^^ Uor I I. ep. z 25SintCrffisi et < rassi licet, non hos PactoluH aurea* undas ageiis erioiet unouitm e iniseriis Mem. 2. Cure of Melancholy. 273 tract of his, mi mores sequanfur temp. cor. ca. 11. 'tis a rule which he doth inculcate ^and many others. Hyperius in his first book de sacr. script, led. speaking of tl.a happiness and good success wliicli all physicians desire and hope for in their cures, *!. tells them that it is not to be expected, except with a true faith they call upon God, and teach their patients to do the like." i^ The council of Lateran, Canon 22 decreed they should do so : the fathers of the church have still advised as much : whatso- ever thou takest in hand (sailh "^^ Gregory) let God be of thy counsel, consult with him; that healeth those that are broken in heart, (Psal. cxlvii. 3.) and bindeth up their sores." Otherwise as the prophet Jeremiah, cap. xlvi. 1 1. denounced" to Egypt, In vain shalt thou use many medicines, for thou shalt have no health. It is the same counsel which ^^ Comineus that politic historiographer gives to all christian princes, upon occasion of that unhappy overthrow of Charles Duke of Burgundy. by means of which he was extremely melancholy, and sick to death: insomuch that neither physic nor persuasion could do him any good, perceiving his preposterous error belike, adviseth all great. men in such cases, ^°" to pray first to God with all submission and penitency, to confess their sins, and then to use physic." The very same fault it was, which the prophet reprehends in Asa king of Judah, that he relied more on physic than on God, and by all means would have him to amend it. And 'tis a fit caution to be observed of all other sorts of men. The prophet David was so observant of this precept, that in his greatest misery and vexation of mind, he put this rule first in practice. Psal. Ixxvii. 3. " When I am in heaviness, I will think on God." Psal. Ixxxvi. 4. " Comfort the soul of thy servant, for unto thee I lift up my soul :" and verse 7. " In the day of trouble will 1 call upon thee, for thou hearest me." Psal. liv. I. "Save me, O God, by thy name," 8tc. Psal. Ixxxii. psal. XX. And 'tis the common practice of all good men, Psal. cvii. 13. "when their heart was humbled with heaviness, they cried to the Lord in their troubles, and lie delivered them from their distress." And they have found good success in so doing. as David confesseth, Psal. xxx. 12. " Thou hast turned my mourning into joy, tlioi\ hast loosed my sackcloth, and girded me with gladness." Therefore he adviseth all others to do the like, Psal. xxxi. 24. " All ye that trust in the Lord, be strong, and he shall establish your heart." It is reported by ^' Suidas, speaking of Hezekiali, that there was a great book of old, of King Solomon's writing, which containt'd medicines for all manner of diseases, and lay open still as they came into the temple : but Hezekiah king of Jerusalem, caused it to be taken away, because it made the people secure, to neglect their duty in calling and relying upon God, out of a con- fidence on those remedies. ^^ Minutius that worthy consul of Rome in an oration he made to his soldiers, was much offended with them, and taxed their ignorance. that in their misery called more on him than upon God. A general fault it is all over the world, and Minutius's speech concerns us all, we rely more on physic, and seek oftener to physicians, than to God himself As much faulty are they that pre- scribe, as they that ask, respecting wholly their gain, and trusting more to their ordi- nary receipts and medicines many times, than to him that made them. I would wish all patients in this behalf, in the midst of their melancholy, to remember that of Siracides, Ecc.*i. IL and 12. "The fear of the Lord is glory and gladness, and re- joicing. The fear of the Lord maketh a merry heart, and giveth gladness, and joy, and long life :" and all such as prescribe physic, to begin in nomine Dei., as ^^ Mesne did, to imitate Lsebius a Fonte Eugubinus, that in all his consultations, still concludes with a prayer for the good success of his business ; and to remember that of Creto one of their predecessors, ^M^e avaritimn., et sine oralione et invocatione Dei nihil facias, avoid covetousness, and do nothing without invocation upon God. MScientia de Deo debet in medico infixa esse, Mesue Arabs. Saiiat oiniies languores Deus. For you shall pray to your Lord, that tie would prosper that which is given for ease, and then use physic for the prolonging of life, Ecclus. xxxviii 4. 3' Onines optant quandam IK Miedicina faelicitatein, sed hanc non est quod expec- lont, nisi deum vera tide invocent, atque cegros siinili- tei ad ardentem vocalionem excitent. ssijemnius e Grezor. exhor. ad vitam opt. instit. cap. 48. Guicquid meditaris aggredi aut perticere. Deuin in consilium adhibeto. sacommentar. lib. 7. oh infelicem pug- lam contristatus, in xgritudinera incidit, ita ut a me- 35 dicis curari non posset. so in his animi malis priii ceps imprimis ad Drtum preceiur, et peccatis veniam exoret, inde ad niedicinam,&c. 3' Greg. Tholoss. To 2. I. 28. c. 7. Syntax. In vestibulo templi Solomon, libet remediorum cujusqiie niorbi fuit, qnem revtilsit Ezechi as, quod populus neglecto Deo nee invocato, sanitatem inde peteret. ^j ijvins 1.23. Strepunt aares clan\o. ribus plorantium aociorum, siepius nos quam deoruni invocantium opem. ^sRulandus adjungit optiman orationem ad fiiiem Empyricorum. Mercuria'is consi' 23. ita concludit. Moiitanus passim, &c. et plureg alii Slc. S74 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. I, MEMB. III. Whether it be lawful to seek to Saints for Aid in this Disease. Th\t we must pray to God, no man doubts; but whether we should pray ii» saints in such cases, or whether they can do us any good, it may be lawfully con- troverted. Whether their images, shrines, relics, consecrated things, holy water, medals, benedictions, those divine amulets, holy exorcisms, and the sign of the cross, be available in this disease ? The papists on the one side stiffly maintaki how many melancholy, mad, demoniacal persons are daily cured at St. Anthony's Church in Padua, at St. Vitus' in Germany, by our Lady of Loretto in Italy, our Lady of Sicheni in the Low Countries: *'Q//.« et ccRcis lumen, cegris salutem., mortuis vitam., clandii gressum reddit, omnes mnrhos corporis, animi, curat, et in ipsos dcEmones imperium exercet; she cures halt, lame, blind, all diseases of body and mind, and commands the devil himself, saith Lipsius. '■'twenty-live thousand in a day come thither," '^''quis nisi numen in ilium Inciim sic induxit; who brought them.'' in aurihus.in oculis om- nium gesla, novcE novitin; new news lately done, our eyes and ears are full of her cures, and who can relate them all ? They have a proper saint almost for every peculiar infirmity : for poison, gouts, agues, Petronella : St. Romanus for such as are possessed ; Valentine for the falling sickness ; St. Vitus for madmen, &.c. and as of old ^'' Pliny reckons up Gods for all diseases, [Febri fanum dicatum est) Lilius Giral- dus repeats many of her ceremonies : all aflections of the mind were heretofore accounted gods,^' love, and sorrow, virtue, honour, liberty, contumely, impudency, had their temples, tempests, seasons. Crepitus Ventris, dea Vacuna, dca Cloacinn, there was a goddess of idleness, a goddess of the draught, or jakes, Prrma, Pre- munda, Priapus, bawdy gods, and gods for all ^^ offices. Varro reckons up 30,000 gods : Lucian makes Podagra the gout a goddess, and assigns her priests and minis- ters : and melancholy comes not behind; for as Austin mentioneth, lib. 4. de Cirit. Dsi, cap. 9. there was of old Angerona dea, and she had her cliapel and feasts, to whom (saith ^^Macrobius) they did offer sacrifice yearly, that she might be pacified as well as the rest. 'Tis no new thing, you see this of papists; and in my judg- ment, that old doting Lipsius might have fitter dedicated his '"' pen after all his labours, to this our goddess of melancholy, than to his Virgo Halensi.s, and been her chap- lain, it would have become him better : but he, poor man, thought no harm in that which he did, and will not be persuaded but that he doth well, he hath so many patrons, and honourable precedents in the like kind, that justify as much, as eagerly, and more than he there saith of his lady and mistress : read but superstitious Coster and Gretser's Tract de Cruce, Laur. Arcturus Fanteus de Invoc. Sanct. Bellarmine, Delrio dis. mag. Tom. 3. /. 6. qucest. 2. sect. 3. Greg. Tolosanus To?}i. 2. lib. 8. cap. 24. Syntax. Strozius Cicogna lib. 4. cap. 9. Tyreus, Ilieronymus Mengus, and you shall find infinite examples of cures done in this kind, by holy waters, relics, crosses, exorcisms, amulets, images, consecrated beads, Sec. Barradius the Jesuit boldly gives it out, that Christ's countenance, and the Virgin Mary's, would cure ^melancholy, if one had looked steadfastly on them. P. Morales the Spaniard in his book de pulch. Jes. et Mar. confirms the same out of Carthusianus, and I know not whom, that it was a common proverb in those days, for such as were troubled in mind to say, eamus ad videndum filnim Marice, let us see the son of Mary, as they now do post to St. Anthony's in Padua, or to St. Hilary's at Poictiers in France. ■" In a closet of that church, there is at this day St. Hilary's bed to be seen, " to which they bring all the madmen in the country, and after some prayers and other ceremonies, they lav them down there to sleep, and so they recover." It is an ordinary thing in those parts, to send all their madmen to St. Hilary's cradle. They say the like of St. Tubery in ''^another place. Giraldus Cambrensis Jtin. Camb. c. 1. tells strange stories of St. Ciricius' staff", that would cure this and all other diseases. Others say as much ** Lipsius. 3' Cap. 26. s« Lib. 2. cap. 7. de •^ ljipslU«. ""^up. *u. — Ijtii. *. t€r|j iJco Morbisque in genera descriptis deos reperimns. "Belileii piolop. rap :f. de diis Syiis. Rofinus. 3n S|.e I^illi Giralili syntagma de diis, &r,. s» 12Cal. Jniiiiarii ferias celebrant, ut anj;ores et animi snlicitudii'os pru- pitiata depellat. <» (lane div-T pennam cnnserravi. Lipsius. <' JodocMis Sincerus ilin. fJallia'. I()17. Huf mente c.iptos dediiciint, el stalls oratioiiilms, saorisniif P'raelis, In llluni lectuin doniiltnm ponuiit. See. '^ Ir Gallia Narboucnsi Mem. S.] Patient. 275 (as ''^Hosj inian observes) of the three khigs of Cologne; their names writlea in parchment, and hung about a patient's neck, with the sjo-n of the cross, will produce like elfects. Read Lipomannus, or that golden legend of Jacobus ac Voragine., yoi« shall have infinite stories, or those new relations of our "Jesuits in Japan and China of Mat. Riccius, Acosta, Loyola, Xaverius's life, &c. Jasper Belga, a Jesuit, cured a mad woman by hanging St. John's gospel about her neck, and many such. Holy water did as much in Japan, See. Nothing so familiar in their works, as such ex- amples But we on the other side seek to God alone. We say with David, Psal. xlvi. 1. " Goa is our hope and strength, and help m trouble, ready to be found." For their catalogue of examples, we make no other answer, but that they are false fictions, or diabolical illusions, counterfeit miracles. We cannot deny but that it is an ordinary thing on St. Anthony's day in Padua, to bring diverse madmen and demoniacal per- sons to be cured : yet we make a doubt whether such parties be so affected indeed, but prepared by their priests, by certain ointments and drams, to cozen the common- alty, as ""^ Hildesheim well saith ; the like is commonly practised in Bohemia as Mathiolus gives us to understand in his preface to his comment upon Dioscorides. But we need not run so far for examples in this kind, we have a just volume pub- lished at home to this purpose. ""^^ A declaration of egregious popish impostures, to w ithdraw the hearts of religious men under the pretence of casting out of devils, practised by Father Edmunds, alias Weston, a Jesuit, and divers Romish priests, his wicked associates, with the several parties' names, confessions, examinations, &,c. which were pretended to be possessed." But these are ordinary tricks only to get opinion and money, mere impostures. 'jEsculapius of old, that counterfeit God, did as many faitious cures ; his temple (as '*'' Strabo relates) was daily full of patients, and as many several tables, inscriptions, pendants, donories, &c. to be seen in his church, as at this day our Lady of Loretto's in Italy. It was a custom long since, " susperulis Vtstiineiita maris ie potent! deo." 48 Hor. Od. 1. lib. 5. To do the like, in former times they were seduced and deluded as they are now. 'Tis the same devil still, called heretofore Apollo, Mars, Neptune, Venus, Jilscula- pius, &c. as ""^ Lactantius lib. 2. de orig. erroris^ c. 17. observes. The same Jupiter and those bad angels are now worshipped and adored by the name of St. Sebastian, Barbara, &.c. Christopher and George are come in their places. Our lady succeeds Venus (as they use her in many offices), the rest are otherwise supplied, as ^"Lavater writes, and so they are deluded. ^' "And God often winks at these impostures, be- cause diey forsake his word, and betake themselves to the devil, as they do that seek after holy water, crosses," &.c. Wierus, lib. 4. cap. 3. What can these men plead for themselves more than those heathen gods, the same cures done by both, the same spirit that seduceth ; but read more of the Pagan god's effects in Austin de Civitale Dei, I. 10. cap. 6. and of ^sculapius especially in Cicogna I. 3. cap. 8. or put case they could help, why should we rather seek to them, than to Christ him- self, since that he so kindly invites us unto him, "Come unto me all ye that are '4ieavy laden, and I will ease you," Mat. xi. and we know that there is one God, " one Mediator between God and man, Jesus Christ, (1 Tim. ii. 5) who gave himself a ransom for all men. We know that we have an ^^ advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ (1 Joh. ii. L) that there is no other name under heaven, by which we can be saved, but by his," who is always ready to hear us, and sits at the right hand of God, and from ^^ whom we can have no repulse, solus vult, solus potest, curat uni- versos tanquam singulos, et " unumquemque nostrum et solum, we are all as one to him, he cares for us all as one, and why should we then seek to any other but lo him. <3Lib. de orig. Festorum. Collo suspensa et perga- ineno iriscripta, cuin signo cruci;:, &c. '* Em. Acosta com. rerum in Uriente gest. a societat. Jesu, Anno 15ti3. Ep'st. Gonsalvi Fernaiulis, Anno 1560. e Japo- r,ia. *' Spicel. de morbis djEnioniacis, sic a sacnfi- ciilis parati unguentis Magicis corpnri illitis, ut stultx nlebeciilie persuadeant tales curari a Saiicto Antonio. «6 Printed at liondon 41° by J. Roberts. 1()()5. "Greg. lib. 8. Ciijus fanum sgrotantiuin inultitmline refertum, jndiquaqiie et lat>ellis pendeiitihns. in quibns sanati jnguores eranl inscnpti. *^ "To offer the sailors' garments to the deity of the deep." <' Mali angeU siiiiipsiTunt oliin nomeii Jnvis, junonis, Apollinis, icJL- qnos Gentiles deos credeLaiit, nunc S. Sebastiani, I'ar- bariB, &r. noinen habent, et aliorum. w Part. vJ. cap. U. de spect. Veneri siibstitiiunl Virginem Mariam ^' Ad hiRC ludibria Dens connivet frequentvr, ubi relicio verho Dei, ad Satanam cnrritur, qiiales hi sunt, qui aqiiam InstraiiMii crncem, &.c. lubricx tiilei hominiliii» olferiint. 'sciiarior est ipsis homo quain sibi, I'au' -3 Bernard. '< Austin. 270 Cure of Melancholy. ("Part. 2. Sue. 1 MEMB. IV. SuBSECT. I. — Physician^ Patient, Physic. Of tliose diverse gifts which our apostle Paul saith God hath bestowed on man, this of physic is not the least, but most necessary, and especially conducing to the good of mankind. Next therefore to God in all our extremities (" for of tlie most high Cometh healing," Ecclus. xxxviii. 2.) we must seek to, and rely upon the Phy- sician, " wlro is Manns Dei., saith Hierophilus, and to whom he hath given know- ledge, that he might be glorified in lus wondrous works. "With such doth lie heal men, and take away their pains," Ecclus. xxxviii. 6. 7. " when thou hast need of him, let him not go from, thee. The hour may come that their enterprises may have good success," ver. 13. It is not therefore to be doubted, that if we seek a physician as we ought, we may be eased of our infirmities, such a one I mean as is sufficient, and worthily so called ; for there be many mountebanks, quacksalvers, empirics, in every street almost, and in every village, that take upon them this name, make this noble and profitable art to be evil spoken of and contemned, by reason of these base and illiterate artificers : but such a physician I speak of, as is approved, learned, skil- ful, honest, &c., of whose duty Wecker, Jlntid. cap. 2 et Syntax, med. Crato. Julius Alexandrmus medic. Heurn'ms pr ax. 7ued. lib. 3. cap. 1. Sfc. treat at large. For this particular disease, him that shall take upon him to cure it, ^^ Paracelsus will have to be a magician, a chemist, a philosopher, an astrologer ; Thurnesserus, Severinus the Dane, and some other of his followers, require as much : " many of them cannot be cured but by magic." "Paracelsus is so stifi' for those chemical medicines, that in his cures he will admit almost of no other physic, deriding in the mean time Hippo- crates, Galen, and all their followers: but magic, and all such remedies- I have already censured, and shall speak of chemistry '''elsewhere. Astrology is required by many famous physicians, by Ficinus, Crato, Fernelius ; '^^ doubted of, and exploded by others : 1 will not take upon me to decide the controversy myself, Johanne* Hossurtus, Thomas Boderius, and Maginus in the preface to his mathematical physic, shall determine for me. Many physicians explode astrology in physic (saith he), there is no use of it, unam artem ac quasi temerariiun inseclantur, ac gloriam sibi ab ejus i7nperitia.i aucupari: but 1 will reprove physicians by physicians, that defend and profess it, Hippocrates, Galen, Avicen. Stc, that count them butchers without it, homicidas medicos Jlstrologice ignaros, Sfc. Paracelsus goes farther, and will have his physician ^"predestinated to this man's cure, this malady; and time of cure, the scheme of each genilure inspected, gathering of herbs, of administering astrologically observed ; in which Thurnesserus and some iatromathematical professors, are too superstitious in my judgment. ^'Hellebore will help, but not alway, not given by every phvsician, &c." but these men are too peremptory and self-conceited as I think. But what do I do, interposing in that which is beyond my reach .'' A blind man cannot judge of colours, nor I perad venture of these things. Only thus much ] would require, honesty in every physician, that he be not over-careless or covetous, harpy-like to make a prey of his patient ; Carnificis namque est (as ^" Wecker notes) inter ipsos cruciatus ingens precium exposcere, as a hungry chirurgeon often produces and wire-draws his cure, so long as there is any hope of pay, '■'• J\'on missura cutemy nisi plena cruoris hirudo.'''' ^* Many of them, to get a fee, will give physic to every one that comes, when there is no cause, and they do so irritare silentem morbuin, as^^Heurnius complains, stir up a silent disease, as it often falleth out, which by good counsel, good advice alone, might have been happily composed, or by rectifica- tion of those six non-natural things otherwise cured. Tiiis is JYaturcB bellum inferre, to oppugn nature, and to make a strong body weak. Arnoldus in his 8 and 1 1 Aphorisms gives cautions against, and expressly forbiddeth it. ®^"A wise physician 6s Ekicliis. xxxviii. In the sight of great men he sliall i cap. 2. ^s " The leech never releases the skin until be ill admiration. soToiii. 4. Tract. 3. de inorbis \ he is filled with hlood." "Quod sa-pe evenit, lib. 3. 4 amentium, horuin multi noii nisi a Magis ciirandi et Astrologis, quoniain origo ejus a cmlis petenda t'st. »' Lib. lie Podagra. "* Sect. 5. '"' Langius. J. CiEsar Claudinus consult. »o Praedestinatuui ad hunc curaiidum. " Helleborus curat, sed quod ao cap. 1. cum non sit necessitas. Frusira fatigaiit reuie- dji.^ ^Egros, qui victus ratioiie curari pnssunt, Hcuniius. ^^ Modestus el sapiens inedicus, nun(|uaiii properahit ad pliarmaciim, nisi cogente necessitate, 4i Aplior. prudens el pius mfdicus cihis prius Piedicinal quaiii ip.eil:.''ii>>' onini datus medico vanuiii est. S'' Antid. gen. lib 3 , puris ui'^r>>'im expellere sata^at. Mem. 4. Subs. 2.] t'alient. 211 will not give physic, but upon necessity, and first try medicinal diet, before he pro- ceed to medicinal cure." ^ In another place he laughs those men to scorn, that think loncris syrupis expugnare dcemoncs et animi phantasmata, they can purge fantastica imagmations and the devil by physic. Another caution is, that they proceed upon good grounds, if so be there be need of physic, and not mistake the disease; they are often deceived by the ""^ similitude of symptoms, saith Heurnius, and I could give instance in many consultations, wherein they have prescribed opposite physic. Sometimes they go too perfunctorily to work, in not prescribing a just ^^ course of physic : To stir up the humour, and not to purge it, doth often more harm than good. Montanus consil. 30. inveighs against such perturbations, " that purge to the halves, tire nature, and molest the body to no purpose." 'Tis a crabbed humour to purge, and as Laurentius calls this disease, the reproach of physicians : Bcssardus, iagellum medlcorum^ their lash ; and for that cause, more carefully to be respected. Though the patient be averse, saith Laurentius, desire help, and refuse it again, though he neglect his own health, it behoves a good physician not to leave him helpless. But most part they offend in that other extreme, they prescribe too much physic, and tire out their bodies with continual potions, to no purpose. JEitius tetrabib. 2. 2. ser. cap. 90. will have them by all means therefore ''^"to give some respite to nature," to leave off now and then ; aud Laelius a Fonte Eugubinus in his consulta- tions, found it (as he there witnesseth) often verified by experience, ™"that after a deal of physic to no purpose, left to themselves, they have recovered." 'Tis that which Nic. Piso, Donatus Altomarus, still inculcate, dare requiem naturce, to give nature rest. Sub SECT. II. — •Concerning the Patient. When these precedent cautions are accurately kept^ and that we have now got a skilful, an honest physician to our mind, if his patient will not be conformable, and content to be ruled by him, all his endeavours will come to no good end. Many things are necessarily to be observed and continued on the patient's behalf: First that he be not too niggardly miserable of his purse, or think it too much he bestows upon himself, and to save charges endanger his health. The Abderites, when they sent for " Hippocrates, promised him what reward he would, "" all the gold they had, if all the city were gold he should have it." Naaman the Syrian, when he went into Israel to Elisha to be cured of his leprosy, took with him ten talents of silver, six thousand pieces of gold, and ten changes of raiment, (2 Kings v. 5.) Another thing is, that out of bashfulness he do not conceal his grief; if aught trouble his mind, let him freely disclose it, '•'• Stultorum incurata pudor vialus ulcera celat :" by that means he procures to himself much mischief, and runs into a greater inconvenience : he must be willing to be cured, and earnestly desire it. Pars saniiatis velle sanai..juit, (Seneca). 'Tis a part of his cure to wish his own health, and not to defer it too long '3" (iiii blandiendo dulce nutrivit malum, Slto recusal ferre quod subiit juguni." '< " Helleborum frustra cum jam cutis itgra tiittiebit, Poscentes vjdeas ; veiiienti occurrile morbo." ' He that by cberishing a mischief doth provoke, Too late at last refuseth to cast off his yoke," " When the skin swells, to seek it to appease With hellebore, is vain ; meet your disease." By this means many times, or through their ignorance in not taking notice of their grievance and danger of it, contempt, supine negligence, extenuation, wretchedness and peevishness; they undo themselves. The citizens, 1 know not of what city now when rumour was brought their enemies were coming, could not abide to hear it and when the plague begins in many places and they certainly know it, they com mand silence and hush it up ; but after they see their foes now marching to theii gates, and ready to surprise them, they begin to fortify and resist when 'tis too late: when the sickness breaks out and can be no longer concealed, then they lament thei? supine negligence : 'tis no otherwise with these men. And often out of prejudice, a loathing, and distaste of physic, they had rather die, or do worse, than take any of "6 Brev, ]. c. 18. *' Similitudo sfepe bonis medicis imponii. fisQui melancholicis pra;bent remedia non tatis valida Loiijriores mnrhi imprimis solertiani medici jioBtulant et fidelitatem, qui enim tumultuario hos trac- ant, vires absque iillocoiiimodo l* Per. 3. Sat. 278 '"'^re of Melancholy. I Part. 2. Set. 1. it. "Barbarous imnianity ('^ Melauctlion terms it) and folly to be Jeplored, so lo fontenni the p^rccepts of health, good remedies, and voluntarily to pull death, and many maladies upon their own heads." Though many again are in that other extreme too profuse, suspicious, and jealous of their health, too apt to take physic on every small occasion, to aggravate every slender passion, imperfection, impedi- ment : if their finger do but ache, run, ride, send for a physician, as many gentlewo- men do, that are sick, without a cause, even when they will themselves, dpon every toy or small discontent, and when he comes, they make it worse than it is, by ampli- fj ing that which is not. "^ Hier. Cappivaccius sets it down as a common fault of all •'• melancholy persons to say their symptoms are greater than they are, to help them- selves." And which ■" Mercurialis notes, consil. 53. " to be more troublesome to their physicians, than other ordinary patients, that they may have change of physic." A third thing to be required in a patient, is confidence, to be of good cheer, and have sure hope that his physician can help him. '"Damascen the Arabian requires likewise in the physician himself, that he be confident he can cure him, otherwise his physic will not be effectual, and promise withal that he will certainly help him, make him believe so at least. "Galeottus gives this reason, because the form of health is contained in the physician's mind, and as Galen holds *"" confidence and hope to be more good than physic," he cures. most in whom most are confident. Axiocus sick almost to death, at the very sight of Socrates recovered his former health. Paracelsus assigns it for an orfly cause, why Hippocrates was so fortunate in his cures, not for any extraordinary skill he had; ^' but '■'• because the common people had a most strongX conceit of his worth." To this of confidence we may add perseverance, obedience, and constancy, not to change his physician, or dislike him upon every toy; for he that so doth (saith ^^ Janus Damascen) "or consults with many, falls into many errors; or tnat useth many medicines." It was a chief caveat of ^'^ Seneca to his friend Lucilius, that he should not alter his physician, or prescribed physic: "JNTo- ihing hinders .leallh more ; a wound can never be cured, that hath sevural plasters." Crato consil. 186. taxeth all melancholy persons of this fault: ^'"'Tis proper to them, if things fall not out to their mind, and that they have not present ease, to seek another and another;" (as they do commonly that have sore eyes) twenty-one after another, and they still promise all to cure them, try a thousand remedies ; and by this means they increase their malady, make it most dangerous and difficult to be cured. They try many (saith ^^ Montanus) and profit by none :" and for this cause, consil. 24. he enjoins his patient before he take him in hand, ^^"perseverance and sufferance, for in such a small time no great matter can be effected, and upon that condition he will administer physic, otherwise all his endeavour and counsel would be to small purpose." And in his 3 1 . counsel for a notable matron, he tells her, ^' " if she will be cured, she must be of a most abiding patience, faithful obedience, and singular per- severance ; if she remit, or despair, she can expect or hope for no good success." Consil. 230. for an Italian Abbot, he makes it one of the greatest reasons why this disease is so incurable, *^" because the parties are so restless, and impatient, and will therefore have him that intends to be eased, ^^ tq>.take physic, not for a month, a year, but to apply himself to their prescriptions all the days of his life." Last of all, it is required that the patient be not too bold to practise upon himself, without an approved physician's consent, or to try conclusions, if he read a receipt in a book ; for so. many grossly mistake, and do 'themselves more harm than good. Tiiat which is conducing to one man, in one case, the same time is opposite to another. ^An ass 'sDeanima. Barbara tanien immanitatp, et rieplo- randa iiiscilia conleinniiiit priecppla sanitalis mortem et niorbos ultro accersiint. "<>Cmisiil. 17:5. e Scoltzio Melanch. il^groruiii hoc fere prnprium est, ul gravinra ilicant esse symptoinata, quam revera sunt. " Melaii uhnlici plerumque medicis sunt niolesti. ut alia aliis adjiingant. '^Oporlet iiitirmo imprimere salulem, iitcnnqiie pron'iltere, etsi ipse desperet. Nullum inedi- caiiientum effica.\,nisi medicus etiam. fiierit fnrtis ima ginationis, "De promise, doct. cap. 15. Qiiouiain saiiitatls formam animi nieriici continent. 8" Spas et confidenlia, plus valent quam medicina. 8i Frelicinr in medicina ob fideni Ethnicoruni. S2 Aphorig. 8!t. A^ffer qui plurimos consulit medicos, plerumque ir crrorem singulurum cadit. m Nihil ita sanitaten impedit, ac remediorum crehra mutatio, nee veiiit vul- nus ad eicatricem in quo diversa medicamenta tentan- tur. !*< Melancholicorum proprium, qiium e.v eorum arbitrio tion fit subita mutatio in melius, aiterare medicos qui quidvis, &;c. Consil. 31. Dum ad varia se conferunt, nullo prosunt. >^ hnprimi.s hoe statuere oportet, requiri perseverantiam, et tolerantiam. Exigiio enitn tempore nihil ex, &c. «' Si curari vult npua est pertinaci perseverantia, fideli obedientia, et pa- tientia singulari, si ttedet aul desperet, nullum hibebil eirecluni. ^"yEgritudine amittunt patientid Xi, el inde inorbi incurahiles. 80 \on ad menser.i aiil annum, sed opportet toto vitir curricuio curationi ope ram dare. *>Camerarius emb. 55 cent. 2. Mem. 4. Subs. 3.] Patient. 279 and a mule went laden over a brook, the one with salt, the oihei with wool : the mule's pack was wet by chance, the salt melted, his burden the lighter, and he thereby much eased • he told the ass, who, thinking to speed as well, wet his pack likewise at the next vvater, but it was much the heavier, he quite tired. So one thing may be good and bad to several parties, upon diverse occasions. "Many things (saith "' Penottus) are written in our books, which seem to the reader to be excellent reme- dies, but they that make use of them are often deceived, and take for physic poison."" I remember in Valleriola's observations, a story of one John Baptist a Neapolitan, that finding by chance a pamphlet in Italian, written in praise of hellebore, would rtf-eds adventure on himself, and took one dram for one scruple, and had not he been sent for, the poor fellow had poisoned himself. From whence he concludes out of Damascenus 2 et 3. Aphoris. "^"that without exquisite knowledge, to work out of books is most dangerous : how unsavoury a thing it is to believe writers, and take upon trust, as this patient perceived by his own peril." 1 could reciie such another example of mine own knowledge, of a friend of mine, that finding a receipt in Bras- sivola, would needs take hellebore in substance, and try it on his own person ; but liad not some of his familiars come to visit him by chance, he had by his indiscre- tion hazarded himself: many such I have observed. These are those ordinary cau- tions, which I should tliink fit to be noted, and he that shall keep them, as **Mon- lanus saith, shall surely be much eased, if not thoroughly cured. SuBSECT. III. — Concerning Physic. Physic itself in the last place is to be considered ; " for the Lord hath createi medicines of the earth, and he that is wise will not abhor them." Ecclus. xxxviii. 4 ver. 8. " of such doth the apothecary make a confection, &c." Of these medicines there be diverse and infinite kinds, plants, metals, animals, &c., and those of several natures, some good for one, hurtful to another : some noxious in themselves, cor- rected by art, very wholesome and good, simples, mixed, &c., and therefore left to be managed by discreet and skilful physicians, and thence applied to man's use. To his purpose they have invented method, and several rules of art, to put these reme- dies in order, for their particular ends. Physic (as Hippocrates defines it) is nought else but ^''"addition and subtraction;" and as it is required in all other diseases, so in this of melancholy it ought to be most accurate, it being (as ^^ Mercurialis acknow- ledgeth) so common an afi^ection in these our times, and therefore fit to be understood. Several prescripts and methods I find in several men, some take upon them to cure all maladies with one medicine, severally applied, as that Panacea Jlurum potabile, so much controverted in these days, Herba solis, Sfc. Paracelsus reduceth all dis- eases to four principal heads, to whom Severinus, Ravelascus, Leo Suavius, and others adhere and imitate : those are leprosy, gout, dropsy, falling-sickness. To which they reduce the rest; as to leprosy, ulcers, itches, furfurs, scabs, &c. To gout, stone, cholic, toothache, headache, &c. To dropsy, agues, jaundice, cachexia, &.C. To the falling-sickness, belong palsy, vertigo, cramps, convulsions, incubus, apoplexy, &c. ^^" If any of these four principal be cured (saith Ravelascus) all the inferior are cured," and the same remedies commonly serve : but this is loo genera), and by some contradicted : for this peculiar disease of melancholy, of which I au' now to speak, I find several cures, several methods and prescripts. Thev that intend the practic cure of melancholy, saith Duretus in his notes to HoUerius, set down nine peculiar scopes or ends ; Savanarola prescribes seven especial canons. ^Klianus Montaltus cap. 26. Faventinus in his empirics, Hercules de Saxonia, &.c., have their eeveral injunctions and rules, all tending to one end. The ordinary is threefold, which I mean to follow. Aiatr fjtixri., Pharmaceutical and Chirurgica, diet, or living, apothecary, chirurgery, which Wecker, Crato, Guianerius, &c., and most, prescribe; >f which I will insist, and speak in their order. » Praefat. de nar. med. In libellis qus viilgo versan- tur apiid literatos, incautiores niulta leeunt, a quibus oei.ipiuntur, eximia illis, sed portPtilosum haiirinnt v»- nenuin. woperari ex lihris, ahsqiie ci giiit'.wnp ot solerti ingenio, periciilnsuni est. Unde nioneinur, quaiii insipiduni scriptis auctori bus credere, quod hie siio di- oil6 noil sint aiistera et acida. 3i>oiera omnia pro3 1613. '^ M. Brigs, his map, and Northwest FoK. i6Lih. 2. ca. 64. de nob. civitat. Quinsay, el cap. 10. de Cambalu. "'Lib. 4. e.xped.ad Sinas, ca. 3. et lib. 5 c. 18. " M. Polus in Asia Fref b. Job. meminit lib. 2. cap. 30. i* Alluaresius et alii. '" Lat. lU. Gr. Ausl. «> Ferdinando de (iuif Anno Mem. 3.] Digression of Air 289 a more convenient passage to Mare pacijicum: metninks srme of our modern argo- nauts should prosecute the rest. As 1 go by Madagascar, I would see that great bird ^' ruck, that can carry a man and horse or an elephant, with that Arabian plioenix described by ^^ Adricomius ; see the pelicans of Egypt, those Scythian gryphes in Asia : and afterwards in Africa examine the fountains of Nilus, whether Hero dotus, ^^ Seneca, Plin. lib. 5. cap. 9. Strabo. lib. 5. give a true cause of hi>. annril flowing, "'' Pagaphetta discourse rightly of it, or of Niger and Senegal , examine Cardan, ^'' Scaliger's reasons, and the rest. Is it from those Etesian winds, or melting of snow in the mountains under the equator (for Jordan yearly overflows when the snow melts in Mount Libanus), or from those great dropping perpetual showers v^hich are so frequent to the inhabitants within the tropics, when the sun is vertical, and cause such vast inundations in Senegal, Marag- nan, Oronoco and the rest of those great rivers in Zona Torrida, which have all commonly the same passions at set times : and by good husbandry and policy here- after no doubt may come to be as populous, as well tilled, as fruitful, as Egypt itself or Cauchinthina ? I would observe all those motions of the sea, and from what cause they proceed, from the moon (as the vulgar hold) or eartli's motion, which Galileus, in the fourth dialogue of his system of tlie world, so eagerly proves, and flrmly demonstrates ; or winds, as -'' some will. Why in that quiet ocean of Zi.r, in mari pacifico^ it is scarce perceived, in our British seas most violent, in the Mediter- ranean and Red Sea so vehement, irregular, and diverse ? Why the current in that Atlantic Ocean should still be in some places fi'om, in some again towards the north, and why they come sooner than go .'' and so from Moabar to Madagascar in that Indian Ocean, the merchants come in three weeks, as ^'Scaliger discusseth, they return scarce in three months, with the same or like winds : the continual current is from east to west. Whether Mount Athos, Pelion, Olympus, Ossa, Caucasus, Atlas, be so high as Pliny, Solinus, Mela relate, above clouds, meteors, uhi nee aurce ner. venti spirant., (insomuch that they that ascend die suddenly very often, the air is so subtile,) 1250 paces hiffh, according to that measure of Dicearchus, or 78 miles per- pendicularly high, as Jacobus Mazonius, sec. 3. et 4. expounding that place of Aris- totle about Caucasus ; and as ^' Blancanus the Jesuit contends out of Clavius and Nonius demonstrations de Crepusculis: or rather 32 stadiums, as the most received opinion is ; or 4 miles, which the height of no mountain doth perpendicularly exceed, and is equal to the greatest depths of the sea, which is, as Scaliger holds, 1580 paces, Exer. 38, others 100 paces. I would see those inner parts of Americit^/ whether there be any such great city of Manoa, or Eldorado, in that golden empire, V^ where the highways are as much beaten (one reports) as between Madrid and Vala- dolid in Spain; or any such Amazons as he relates, or gigantic Patagones in Chica; with that miraculous mountain ^^Ybouyapab in the Northern Bva^iil., cujiis jiigum slcrnilur in amcenissimavi planitiem., pass? Do they sleep in winter, like Gesner's Alpine mice; or do they lie hid (as '^Olaus affirms) "in the bottom of lakes and rivers, splritum conlinentes? often so found by fishermen in Poland and Scandia, two togellier, mouth to mouth, wing to wing; and when the sprmg conies they revive again, or if they be brought into a stove, or to the fire-side." Or do they follow the sun, as Peter Martyr legal Baby- lonica I. 2. manifestly convicts, out of his own knowledge ; for when he was ambas- sador in Egypt, he saw swallows, Spanish kites, ^'' and many such other European birds, in December and January very familiarly flying, and in great abundance, about Alexandria, uhi. Jioridce, tunc arhores ac viridaria. Or lie they hid in caves, rocks, and hollow trees, as most think, in deep tin-mines or sea-cliffs, as ^' Mr. Carew gives out } I conclude of them all, for my part, as ^^ Munster doth of cranes and storks ; whence tliey come, whither they go, incompertum adhuc^ as yet we know not. We see them here, some in summer, some in winter; "-their coming and going is sure in the night: in tlie plains of Asia (saith he) the storks meet on such a set day, he that comes last is torn in pieces, and so tliey get tliem gone." Many strange places, Isthmi, Euripi, Chersonesi, creeks, havens, promontories, straits, lakes, baths, rocks, mountains, places, and fields, where cities have been ruined or swallowed, battles fought, creatures, sea-monsters, remora, Slc. minerals, vegetals. Zoophytes were fit to be considered in such an expedition, and amongst the rest that of ^'■' Ilarbastein bis Tartar lamb, '"'Hector Boethius goosebearing tree in the orchards, to which Car- dan lib. 7. cap. 36. dc rcrii/n varietat. subscribes : ^' Vertomannus wonderl'ul palm, that '*'' fly in Hispaniola, that shines like a torch in the night, that one may well see to write; those spherical stones in Cuba which nature hath so made, and those like birds, beasts, fishes, crowns, swords, saws, pots, &c usually found in the metal mines in Saxony about Mansfield, and in Poland near Nokow and Pallukie, as ''^Munster and others relate. Many rare creatures and novelties each part of the world aflbrds: amongst the rest, I would know for a certain whether there be any such men, as Leo Suavius, in his comment on Paracelsus dc sanit. tuend. and ^''Gaguinus records in his description of Muscovy, " that in Lucomoria, a province in Russia, lie fast asleep as dead all winter, from the 27 of Novendjer, like frogs and swallows, benumbed with cold, but about the 24 of April in the spring they revive again, and go about their business." I would examine that demonstration of Alexander Picolomiueus, whe- ther the eartli's superficies be bigger than the seas : or that of Archimedes be true the superficies of all water is even .'* Search the depth, and see that variety of sea- monsters and fishes, mermaids, sea-men, horses, &c. which it aflbrds. Or whether that be true which Jordanus Brunus scofis at, that if God did not detain it, the sea S3 In campis Lovicen. soliini visiintiir in iiive, et iibi- ns.u vere, a;stale, autuiiino se cjccultdiil. Hermes Polit. I. 1. Jul. Bellius. 34Staliiri ineiintn vere sylvae slrepiitit eorum caiitilenis. Muscovil. coiiiiiieiit. "> liiiijiergunl se Huiiiinibus, lacubusque per liyemeiu totaiii, &c. ^iCaitcrasque volucres Pdiituin hyeiiie adveiijente c nostris regioiiibus Europeistraiisvolaiitee. " Survey of Cornwall. ** Porro cicouice quoriam e loco veriiant, quo se couferant, inconipertiim adliuc, agiiien veiiientiuin, descenileiitium, iit gruuni veiiiiise oerninius, norturiiis npiiior te.iiporibiiH. In pateiitlhiis Asiae campis certo die cungre^ant se, eaiii qii.T novis- I posteu redeunte vere-il. Ap lis revivi8i;eie ♦■me advuiit laceranl, inde avolaut. Ciismofi. i. 4 c. | 126. 39 Comment. Muscov. •'o Hist. Scot. I 1 <' Vertomannus I. 5. c. 10. meritioneth a trie that hi-ars fruits to eat, wood to burn, h.irk to n.iake ropes, wine and water to drink, oil and sugar, and leaves as lile> to cover houses, tlovvers. for clothes, &c. '•'- Aniniaj infectum Uusino, ut quis legere vel scribere possit sine alterius ope luminis. •'^Cosmog. lib. I. cap. 4:i5 et lib. 3 cap. 1. hahent ollas a natura formatas e terra extractas, similes illis a fisrulis factis, coronas, pisces. aves, et onines aniuiHritiuin species. ^- lit soleiit hirundines et ranic pra; friffo'is niaenitudine mon. el Mem. 3.] Digression of Air 291 would overflow the earth by reason of his higher site, and which Josepnus Blancanus the Jesuit in his interpretation on those mathematical places of Aristotle, foolishly fears, and in a just tract proves by many circumstances, that in time the sea will waste away the land, and all the globe of the earth shall be covered with waiers ; risum tcncalis amicl ? what the sea takes away in one place it adds in another. Methiidvs he might rather suspect the sea should in time be filled by land, trees grow up, carcasses, &lc. that all-devouring fire, omnia devorans et consiimens^ will sooner cover and dry up the vast ocean with sand and ashes. I would examine the true seat of that terrestrial •*' paradise, and where Ophir was whence Solomon did fetch his gold : from Peruana, which some suppose, or that Aurea Chersonesus, as Domi- nicus Niger, Arias Montanns, Goropius, and others will. I would censure all Pliny's, Soliinis', Strabo's, Sir John Mandeville's, Olaus Magnus', Marcus Polus' lies, correct those errors in navigation, reform cosmographical charts, and rectify longitudes, if it were possible ; not by the compass, as some dream, with Mark Ridley in his treatise of magnetical bodies, cap. 43. for as Cabeus magnet philos. lib. 3. cap. 4. fully resolves, there is no hope thence, yet I would observe some better means to find v them but. y 1 would have a convenient place to go down with Orpheus, Ulysses, Hercules, /t^Lucian's Menippus, at St. Patrick's purgatory, at Trophonius' den, Hecla in Iceland, ' JCtna in Sicily, to descend and see what is done in the bowels of the earth: do stones and metals grow there still ? how come fir trees to be ''''digged out from tops of hills. as in our mosses, and marshes all over Europe } How come they to dig up fish bones, shells, beams, ironworks, many fathoms under ground, and anchors in moun- tains far remote from all seas } ^^ Anno 1460 at Bern in Switzerland 50 fathom deep a ship was digged out of a mountain, where they got metal ore, in which were 48 carcasses of men, with other merchandise. That such things are ordinarily found in tops of hills, Aristotle insinuates in his meteors, ''^ Pomponius Mela in his first book, c. de JYimiidia., and familiarly in the Alps, saith ^"Blancanus the Jesuit, the like is to be seen : came this from earthquakes, or from Noah's flood, as Christians sup- pose, or is there a vicissitude of sea and land, as Anaximenes held of old, the moun- tains of Thessaly would become seas, and seas again mountains ? The whole world belike should be new moulded, when it seemed good to those all-commanding powers, and turned inside out, as we do haycocks in harvest, top to bottom, or bot- tom to top: or as we turn apples to the fire, move the world upon his centre; that which is under the poles now, should be translated to the equinoctial, and that which is under the torrid zone to the circle arctic and antarctic another while, and so be reciprocally warmed by the sun : or if the worlds be infinite, and every fixed star a sun, with his compassing planets (as Brunus and Campanella conclude) cast three or four worlds into one ; or else of one world make three or four new, as it shall seem to them best. To proceed, if the earth be 21,500 miles in ^'compass, its diameter is 7,000 from us to our antipodes, and what shall be comprehended in all that space .-' What is the centre of the earth ? is it pure element only, as Aristotle decrees, inha- bited (as ^^ Paracelsus thinks) with creatures, whose chaos is the earth: or with fairies, as the woods and waters (according to him) are with nymphs, or as the air with spirits } Dionisiodorus, a mathematician in ^^ Pliny, that sent a letter, ad superos after he was dead, from the centre of the earth, to signify what distance the same centre was from the superficies of the same, viz. 42,000 stadiums, might have done well to have satisfied all these doubts. Or is it the place of hell, as Virgil in his iEnides, Plato, Lucian, Dante, and others poetically describe it, and as many of our divines think ^ In good earnest, Anthony Rusca, one of the society of that Ambro^ sian Collf^ge, in Milan, in his great volume de Inferno, lib. I. cap. 47. is stiff in this tenet, 'tis a corporeal fire tow, cap. 5. 1.2. as he there disputes. '•'Whatsoever philo- sophers write (saith ^ Surius) there be certain mouths of hell, and places appointed "•^Vid. Pereriuin in Gen. Cor. a Lapide, et alios, land some others, held of old as round as a trencher. *In Necyoiiiantia Tom. '2. ■" Pracasloriiis lib. de '■^ Li. de Zilphia et Pigineis, they penetrate the earth as simp. Georgiiis Menila lib. de mem. Julius Billiiis,&r. we do the air. 'is Lib. 2. c. 112. MCommeiitar. <«Simlerus, Ortelius, Brachiis centum subterra reperta ad annum 15:t7. Quicquid diciinl, Philosophi. quKdain est, in qua quadrasinta octo cadavera inerant. An- sunt Tarrari ostia, et loca punienriis animis destlnata. ehorEE, -fee. •'3 Pi.sces et conchse in montibus repe- ut Hecla moos, &,c. ulii mortuorum spiritus vi.«uutur,itt riiit-«..r. 60 Lib. de locis Mathemat. Arisiot. &' Or voluit Deus exlare lalia loca, »l d'«cant mo"ile8 pUiii, us Patricius holds, which Austin, Lactantius, | 292 Cure of Melancholy. [Part, 2. Set . 2 !or the punishment of men's souls, as at Hecla in Iceland, where the ghosts of dead men are familiarly seen, and sometimes talk with the living: God would have sucli visihle places, that mortal men might be certainly informed, that there be such pun- ishments after death, and learn hence to fear God." Kranzius Dan. hist. lib. 2. cap 24. subscribes to this opinion of Surius, so doth Colerus cap. 12. lib. de immortal animcE (out of the authority belike of St. Gregory, Durand, and the rest of the school- men, who derive as much from ^tna in Sicily, Lipari, Hiera, and those sulphureous vulcanian islands) making Terra del Fuego, and tiiose frequent volcanoes in Amis rica, of which Acosta lib. 3. cap. 24. that fearful mount Ilecklebirg in Norway, an especial argument to prove it, *^" where lamentable screeches and bowlings are con- ^ tinnally heard, which strike a terror to the auditors ; fiery chariots are commonly- seen to bring in tlie souls of men in the likeness of crows, and devils ordinarily go in and out." Such another proof is that place near the Pyramids in Egypt, by Cairo. as well to confirm this as the resurrection, mentioned by '"^ Kornmannus mirac. viort. lib. 1. cap. 38. Camerarius oper. sue. cap. 37. Bredenbachius pereg. ter. sanct. and some others, "where once a year dead bodies arise about March, and walk, after awhile hide themselves again : thousands of people come yearly to see them." But these and such like testimonies others reject, as fables, illusions of spirits, and they will have no such local known place, more than Styx or Phlegethon, Pluto's court, or that poetical fnferniis.. where Homer's soul was seen hanging on a tree, &c., to which they ferried over in Charon's boat, or went down at Hermione in Greece, com- paidiaria ad Infernos via, which is the shortest cut, quia nullum a inortuis naulum eo loci exposeuntj (saith "Gerbelius) and besides there were no fees to be paid. Well then, is it hell, or purgatory, as Bellarmine : or Limbus patrum., as Gallucius will, and as Rusca will (for they have made maps of it) **or Ignatius parler ? Virgil, sometimes bishop of Saltburg (as Aventinus Anno. 745 relates) by Bonifacius bishop of Mentz was therefore called in question, because he held antipodes (which they made a doubt whether Christ died for) and so by that means took away the seat of hell, or so contracted it, that it could bear no proportion to heaven, and contradicted tliat opinion of Austin, Basil, Lactantius that held the earth round as a trencher (whom Acosta and common experience more largely confute) but not as a ball; and Jerusalem where Christ died the middle of it; or Delos, as the fabulous Greeks feigned : because when .Jupiter let two eagles loose, to fly from the world's ends east and west, they met at Delos. But that scruple of Bonifacius is now quite taken away by our latter divines : Franciscus Ribera, in cap. 14. Jjpocalyps. will have hell a material and local fire in the centre of the earth, 200 Italian miles in diameter, as he defines it out of those words, Exivit sanguis de terra per stadia mille .y a secret virtue of that air they are instantly consumed, and all our P^uropean veni.in almost, saith Ortelius. Kgypt is watered with Nilus not far from the sea, and yet tliere it seldom or never rains : Rhodes, an island of the same nature, yields not a cloud, and yet our islands ever dropfHJg and inclining to rain. The Atlantic Ocean is still subject to storjns, but in Del Zur, or Mare pacijico^ sel- dom or never any. Is it from tropic stars, aperilo porl.arum, in the dodecotemories or constellations, the moon's mansions, such aspects of planets, such winds, or flis~ solving air, or thick, air, which causeth this and the like differences of heat and cold.' Bodin relates of a Poi'tugal ambassador, tiiat coming from "Lisbon to " Dantzic in Spruce, found greater heat there than at any time at home. Don Garcia de Sylva, legate to Philip III., king of Spain, residing at Ispahan in Persia, 1619, in his letter to the Marquess of Bedmar, makes mention of greater cold in Ispahan, whose lat. is 31. gr. than ever he felt in Spain, or any part of Europe. The torrid zone was by our predecessors held to be uninhabitable, but by our modern travellers found to be most temperate, bedewed with frequent rains, and moistening showers, the breeze and cooling blasts in some parts, as ''* Acosta describes, most pleasant and fertile. Arica in Chili is by report one of the sweetest places that ever the sun shined on, Olympua ttrrce^ a heaven on earth : how incomparably do some extol Mexico in Nova His- pania, Peru, Brazil, &c., in some again hard, dry, sandy, barren, a very desert, and still in the same latitude. Many times we find great diversity of air in the same '' country, by reason of the site to seas, hills or dales, want of water, nature of soil, and the like : as in Spain Arragon is aspera et sicca^ harsli and evil inhabited ; Estre- madura is dry, sandy, barren most part, extreme hot by reason of his plains; Anda- lusia another paradise ; Valencia a most pleasant air, and continually green ; so is it about "^Granada, on the one side fertile plains, on the other, continual snow to be seen all summer long on the hill tops. That their houses in the Alps are three quar- ters of the year covered with snow, who knows not ? That Teneriffe is so cold at the top, extreme hot at the bottom : Mons Atlas in Africa, Libanus in Palestine, with many such, /fln/05 inter ardores fidos nivibus,''' Tacitus calls them, and Radzivilus epist. 'i.fol. 27. yields it to be far hotter there than in any part of Italy : 'tis true; but they are highly elevated, near the middle region, and therefore cold, oh paucam solarium radiorum refractioncm^ as Serrarius answers, com. in. 3. cap. Josua qucest. 5. Abulensis qucEst. 37. In the heat of summer, in the king's palace in Escurial, the air is most temperate, by reason of a cold blast which comes from the snowy moun- tains of Sierra de Cadarania hard by, when as in Toledo it is very hot : so in all other countries. The causes of these alterations are commonly by reason of their nearness (I say) to the middle region; but this diversity of air, in places equally situated, elevated and distant from the pole, can hardly be satisfied with that diversity of plants, birds, beasts, which is so familiar with us : with Indians, everywhere, the sun is equally distant, the same vertical stars, the same irradiations of planets, as- pects like, the same nearness of seas, the same superficies, the same soil, or not much different. Under the equator itself, amongst the Sierras, Andes, Lanos, as Herrera, Laet, and '* Acosta contend, there is tarn mirahiUs el inopinata varietas, such variety of weather, ut meritb excrceat ingcnia, that no philosophy can yet find out the true cause of it. When I consider how tempetate it is in one place, saith '^Acosta, with- in the tropic of Capricorn, as about Laplata, and yet hard by at Potosi, in that same altitude, mountainous alike, extreme cold ; extreme hot in Brazil, &c. Hie ego^ saith Acosta, philosophiam Aristotelis meteorologicam vchcmenter irrisi, cum,, «Sfc., when the sun comes nearest to them, they have great tempests, storms, thunder and lightning, great store of rain, snow, and the foulest weather : when the sun is ver- tical, their rivers overflow, the morning fair and hot, noon-day cold and moist : all which is opposite to us. How pomes it to pass .^ ScaViger poetices I. 3. c. 16. dis- courseth thus of this subject. How comes, or wherefore is this temeraria siderum disposition, this rash placing of stars, or as Epicurus will, fortuita, or accidental t "Lansius oral, contra Hungaros. '2 Lisbon lat. | betwixt Liege and Ajax not fnr distant, descripl. Belg 38. "Dantzic lat 54. 14 De nat. novi orbis lib. I ^Magin. aiiadus. " Hist. lib. 5 'fLIbJl 1. cap. 9. Suavjssimus omnium locus, &c. '& Tlie cap. 7. '" Lib. '2. cap. !l. Cur. Potosi el Pf ita, :ii bc« rauiK variety of weather Lol. Guicciardine observes I in tain teiiui intervallo, utra<|iie muni osa, &e Vlem. 3,] Digression of Air. 295 Why are some big, some little, why are tliey so confusedly, unequally situiteil m the heavens, and set so much out of order? In all other things nature is equal, pro- portionable, and constant; there he juslce dimensiones, et prudcns jjari'mm Jispositio, as in the fabric of man, his eyes, ears, nose, face, members are correspondent, cur nan idem coclo opcre omnium pulcherrimo? Why are the heavens so irregular, ncque paribus molibus, ncque paribus intervaills^ whence is this difierence ? Diversos {\ie concludes) cjjlcere iocorum Gcnios, to make diversity of countries, soils, manners, ■justoms, characters, and constitutions among us, ut quantum vicinia ad charitatem addati sldera distrahant ad pcrnlciem^ and so by this means Jhwiovcl monte dislincti ■iuni dissimiles^ tlie same places almost shall.be distinguished in manners. But this reason is weak and most insufficient. The fixed stars are removed since Ptolemy's^. tune 26. gr. I'rom the first of Aries, and if the earth be immovable, as their site varies so should countries vary, and diverse alterations would follow. But this we per- ce[\e not; as in TuUy's time with us in Britain, coelum visu fczdum^ el in quo facile generaniur nubes^ Sfc, 'tis so still. Wherefore Bodine Theal. nal. lib. 2. and some others, will have all these alterations and eftects immediately to proceed from those genii, spirits, angels, which rule and domineer in several places ; they cause storms, thunder, lightning, earthquakes, ruins, teflipests, great winds, floods, &c., the phi- 'osopliers of Conimbra, will refer tliis diversity to the influence of tliat empyrean heaven : for some say the eccentricity of the sun is come nearer to the earth than in Ftolemy''s lime, the virtue therefore of all tlie vegetals is decayed, ^''men grow less, Ike. Tiiere are that observe new motions of the heavens, new stars, palantia sldera., comets, clouds, call them what you will, like those Medicean, Burbonian, Austrian planets, lately detected, which do not decay, but come and go, rise higher and lower, hide and show themselves amongst the fixed stars, amongst the planets, above and beneath the moon, at set times, now nearer, now farther off, together, asunder ; as he that plays upon a sackbut by pulling it up and down alters his tones and tunes, do they their stations and places, though to us undiscerned ; and from those motions proceed (as they conceive) diverse alterations. Clavius conjectures otherwise, but they be but conjectures. About Damascus in Coeli-Syria is a ^' Paradise, by reason of the plenty of waters, in promptu causa est, and the deserts of Arabia barren, be- cause of roclis, rolling seas of sands, and dry mountains quod inaquosa (saith Adri- comius) monies habens asperos, saxosos, prcecipites, horroris et mortis spccicm prce se fercnl.es, ^ uninhabitable tlierefore of men, birds, beasts, void of all green trees, plants, and fruits, a vast rocky horrid wilderness, which by no art can be manured, 'tis evi- dent." Bohemia is cold, for that it lies all along to the north. But why should it be so hot in Egypt, or there i^ever rain.'' Why should those '^^etesian and north- eastern winds blow continually and constantly so long together, in some places, at set times, one way still, in the dog-days only : lit re perpetual drought, there drop- ping showers; here foggy mists, there a pleasant air; here ^'^ terrible thunder and lightning at such set seasons, here frozen seas all the year, there open in the same latitude, to the rest no such thing, nay quite opposite is to be found .? Sometimes (as in ^^ Peru) on the one side of the mountaiiis it is hot, on the other cold, here snow, there wind, with infinite such. Fromundus in his Meteors will excuse or solve all this by the sun's motion, but when there is such diversity to such as PericBci, or very near site, how can that position hold .? Who can give a reason of this diversity of meteors, that it should rain *^ stones, frogs, mice, &c. Rats, which they call Leinmer in Norway, and are manifestly ob- served (as ''"Munster writes) by the inhabitants, to descend and fall with some feci, lent showers, and like so many locusts, consume all that is green. Leo Afer speaks as much of locusts, about Fez in Barbary there be infinite swarms in their fields upoiK a sudden : so at Aries in France, 1553, the like happened by the same mischief all their grass and fruits were devoured, magna incolarum admiratione et consternatione (as Valeriola obscr. med. lib. 1. obser. 1. relates) caelum subitb obumbrabanl, 6fc. ho concludes, ^'it could not be from natural causes, they cannot imagine whence they- suTcrra malos homines nunc educat atque pusillos. i Livie. 8«Cosniou;. lib. 4. cap. '2-i. Hie teinpcstati- »' Nav. I. 1. c. 5. n^Strabo. s^ ,^s under the bus decidunt e niibibus feculentls, ricpascuntiirqiie niort equator in many parts, stiowers here at such a lime, locuj^torum omnia virputia. e^ Hort. Genial. Ai\ a winds at such a time, the Brise they call it. ^ Ferd. terra sursum rapiuritur a solo iterumque cum phiviir Cnrlesius. lib. Novus orbis inscripi. ^ Lapidatuin est. | prsecipitaiitur ? &c. 296 Cure, of Melancholy. Tart. 2. Sec. 2 i;oiiie, but from heaven. Are these and such creatures, co'tu vvoo^I, stones, worms, vvool, bh:)o(l, &.c. lifted up into the middle region by the sunbeams, as **Baracellus the physician disputes, and thence let fall with showers, or there engendered .'' ^Cor- nelius Gemma is of that opinion, they are there conceived by celestial influences : others suppose they are immediately from God, or prodigies raised by art and dhisions of spirits, which are princes of the air; to wiiom Bodin. Z/Z». 2. Theat. jyat. subscribes. In fine, of meteors in general, Aristotle's reasons are exploded by Hernarchnus Telesius, by Paracelsus his principles confuted, and other causes assigned, sal, sulphur, mercury, in which his disciples are so expert, that they can alter elements, and separate at their pleasure, make perpetual motions, not as Cardan, Tasneir, Peregrinus, by some magnetical virtue, but by mixture of elements; imitate iriiunder, like Sahnoneus, snow, hail, the sea's ebbing and flowing, give life to crea- tures (^as they say) without generation, and what not.? P. Nonius Saluciensis and Kepler take upon them to demonstrate that no meteors, clouds, fogs, ""vapours, arise higher than til'ty or eighty miles, and all the rest to be purer air or element of fire : wliich ^' Cardan, ^^Tycho, and ^^John Pena manifestly confute by refractions, and many other arguments, there is no such element of fire at all. Jf, as Tycho proves, the moon be distant from us fifty and sixty semi-diameters of the earth : and as Peter No- nius will have it, the air be so angust, what proportion is there betwixt the other three elements and it.'' To what use serves it.'' Is it full of spirits which inhabit it, as-^ the Paracelsians and Platonists hold, the higher the more noble, ^^ full of birds, or a mere tH/c?ii nulliut orhis dui'tuni coniitautur. id ipsuni sullicit nter ret'ciiuii.= Tycho astr. eoisl. paae 107. Mem. 3.] Digression of Air. 297 IS so mad to think that there should be so many circles, like subordinate wheels in i clock, all impenetrable and hard, as they feign, add and subtract at their pleasure. Mao-iiuis makes eleven heavens, subdivided into tlieir orbs and circles, and all too little to serve tliose particular appearances : Fracastorius, seventy-two homocentrics ; Tycho Bralie, Nicliolas Ramerus, Heliseus Roeslin,have pecidiar hypotheses of their own inventions ; and they be but inventions, as most of them acknowledge, as we admit of equators, tropics, colures, circles arctic and antarctic, for doctrine's sake (though Ramus thinks them all unnecessarj'), they will have them supposed only for method and order. Tycho hath feigned I know not how many subdivisions of epicycles in epicycles, &c., to calculate and express the moon's motion : but when all is done, as a supposition, and no otherwise ; not (as he holds) hard, impenetra- ble, subtile, transparent, &c., or making music, as Pythagoras maintained of old. and Robert Constantine of late, but still, quiet, liquid, open, &c. If the heavens then be penetrable, as these men deliver, and no lets, it were not amiss in this aerial progress, to make wings and fly up, which that Turk in Busbe- quius made his fellow-citizens in Constantinople believe he would perform : and. some new-fangled wits, methinks, should some time or other find out: or if that may ncfl be, yet with a Galileo's glass, or Icaromenippus' wings in Lucian, command the spheres and heavens, and see what is done amongst them. Whether there be gene- ration and corruption, as some think, by reason of etherial comets, that in Cassiopea, 1572, that in Cygno, 1600, that in Sagittarius, 1604, and many like, which by no means Jul. Caesar la Galla, that Italian philosopher, in his physical disputation with Galileis de plienomenis in orbe luna:^ cap. 9. will admit: or that they were' created ab initio., and show themselves at set times . and as " Helis.Teus Rceslin contends, have poles, axle-trees, circles of their own, and regular motions. For, 7ion pereunt^ sed minuuntur et rfisjoareni, " Blancanus holds they come and go by fits, casting their tads still from the sun :. some of them, as a burning-glass, projects the sunbeams from it ; though not always neither : for sometimes a comet casts his tail from Venus, as Tycho observes. And as ■* Helisteus Rceslin of some otiiers, from the moon, with little stars about them ad stuporem aslmnomorum ; cum mii.It.is aJils in cmlo miracu- //s, all which argue with those Medicean, Austrian, and Burbonian siars, that the heaven of the planets is indistinct, pure, and open, in wliich the planets move certis legibus ac metis. Examine likewise., An cesium sU coloratuDi? Whether the stars be of that bigness, distance, as astronomers relate, so many in ^ number, 1026, or 1725, as J. Bayerus ; or as some Rabbins, 29,000 myriads ; or as Galileo discovers by his glasses, infinite, and that via lactea^ a confused light of small stars, like so many nails in a door: or all in a row, like those 12,000 isles of the Maldives in the Indian ocean ? , Whether the least visible star in the eighth sphere be eighteen times bigger than the earth; and as Tycho calculates, 14,000 semi-diameters distant from it i Whether they be thicker parts of the orbs, as Aristotle delivers : or so many habitable worlds, as Democritus ? Whether they have light of their own, or from tlie sun, or give 'ight round, as Patritius discourseth .'' Jin ceque distent a Centra mundi? Whether light be of their essence ; and that light be a substance or an accident .'' Whether they be hot by themselves, or by accident cause heat .? Whether there be such a precession of the equinoxes as Copernicus holds, or that the eighth sphere move .'' An bene philosophentur^ R. Bacon and J. Dee, Aphorism, de muUiplicatione specierum ? Whether there be any such images ascending with each degree of the zodiac in the east, as Aliacensis feigns .'' An aqua super coelumf as Patritius and the schoolmen will, a crystalline ® watery heaven, which is 'certainly to be understood of that in the middle region ? for otherwise, if at Noah's flood the water came from thence, it must be above a Irundred years fall- ing down to us, as ^ some calculate. Besides, An terra sit animata ? which some so confidently believe, with Orpheus, Hermes, Averroes, from which all other souls of men, beasts, devils, plants, fishes, &c. are derived, and into which again, after some -evolutions, as Plato in his Timeus, Plotinus in his Enneades more largely discuss, 1 In Thenricis planelarum, three above llie firiiia- •nerit, whicli all wise men reject. ^ Theiir. nova Melest. Meteor. '-'■ Lih de lalirira iJtiindi. ^ l.ilj. de Coraetis & An sit cru.v el nubecula ir. coelii' ad 38 Poliini Antarcticuni, quod ex Oorsalio refert Patritius. cGilberliis Orisanus. 'See this discussed in Sir W'Hiter Kaleifjii's liistnry.iii Zrtiicli.ail Gasman. "* V d. Froniuiiduni (le AJeteons, lib. o. arlic. 6. et Lansbergiuin 298 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2 they .eturn (see Chalcidius and Bennius, Plato's commentators), as all philosophical malt« r, in matcriam primam. Keplerus, Patritus, and some other Ncoterics, have in part nivived this opinion. ,'And tiiat every star in heaven hath a soul, angel or intel- ligence to animate or move it, &,c/ Or to omit all smaller controversies, as matters of le^s moment, and examine that main paradox, of the earth's motion, now so much in question : Aristarchiis Samius, Pythagoras maintained it of old, D'emocritus and many ol llieir scholars, Didacus Astunica, Anthony Fascarinus, a Carmelite, and some otiier ronmientators, will have Job to insinuate as much, cap. 9. ver. 4. Qvi com* r.iocer. 'erravi de toco suo^i &.c., and that this one place of scripture makes more for the earth's motion than all the other prove against it ; whom Pineda confutes moFl contradict. Howsoever, it is revived since by Copernicus, not as a truth, but a sup- position, as he himself confesseth in the preface to pope Nicholas, but now main- tained in good earnest by ^Calcagninus, Telesius, Kepler, Rotman, Gilbert, Digges, Galileo, Campanella, and especially by '° Lansbergius, nat.urce.)ratlojii,et veritatl con- scntuneum, by Origanus, and some " others of his followers. For if the earth be the centre of the world, stand still, and the heavens move, as the most received '^opinion is, which ihey call inordinatam coeli dispos'itioncm.1 though stiffly main- tained by Tycho, Ptolemeus, and their adherents, quis ille furor? &c. what fury is that, saith '^Dr. Gilbert, sails anijnose., as Cabeus notes, that shall drive the heavens about with such incomprehensible celerity in twenty-four hours, when as every point of the firmament, and in the equator, must needs move (so ''' Clavius calculates) 176,Gt)0 in one 24tJth part of an hour, and an arrow out of a bow must go seven times about the earth, wiiilst a man can say an Ave Maria, if it keep the same space, or compass the earth 1884 times in an hour, which is supra humanam cogitaiionem. beyond human conceit : ocyor el jaculo., et ventos., cequante sagitra. A man could not ride so much ground, going 40 miles a day, in 2904 years, as the firmament goes in 23 hours : or so much in 203 years, as the firmame^^t in one minute : quod incrcdi- hile videtur: and the '^pole-star, which to our thinking scarce moveth out of his place, goeth a bigger circuit than the sun, whose diameter is much larger than the diameter of the heaven of the sun, and 20,000 semi-diameters of the earth from us, with the rest of the fixed stars, as Tycho proves. To avoid therefore these impos- sibilities, they ascribe a triple motion to the earth, the sun immovable in the centre of the whole world, the earth centre of the moon, alone, above j and ^), beneath ht %•) d"? (or as "^ Origanus and others will, one single motion to the earth, still placed in the centre of tiie world, which is more probable) a single motion to the firma- ment, which moves in 30 or 26 thousand years ; and so the planets, Saturn in 30 years absolves his sole and proper motion, Jupiter in 12, Mars in 3, &c. and so solve all appearances better than any way whatsoever : calculate all motions, be they in longum or latum., direct, stationary, retrograde^ ascent or descent, without epicycles, intricate eccentrics, Stc. rcclius commodiusque per unicum motum terrce^ saith Lansber- gius, mucli morft certain than by those Alphonsine, or any such tables, which are grounded from those other suppositions. And 'tis true they say, according to optic principles, the visible appearances of the planets do so indeed answer to their mag- nitudes and orbs, and come nearest to mathematical observations and precedent cal- culations, there is no repugnancy to physical axioms, because no penetration of orbs; but then between the sphere of Saturn and the firmament, there is such an incredible \nd vast '"space or distance (7,000,000 semi-diameters of the earth, as Tycho cal- culates) void of stars : and besides, they do so enhance the bigness of the stars, enlarge tiieir circuit, to solve those ordinary objections of parallaxes and retrograda- tions of the fixed stars, that alteration of the poles, elevation in several places or latitude of cities here on earth (for, say they, if a man's eye were in the firmament, he should not at all discern that great annual motion of the earth, but it would still appear tmnctum indivisibile, and seem to be fixed in one place, of the same bigness) that it, is quite opposite to reason, to natural philosophy, and all out as absurd as disproportional (so some will) as prodigious, as that of the sun's swift motion of 'Peculiari libello. ■"Comment, in mortum tPirae Miuui-jltergi JbHv). " ['"niliai; ii'jellf. '^See Ml. C;ir|i<;iitfr's Geoar. cap. "t. :■) 1. Campanella et Origanus pitef. Ephenier. wi.ert ssiriplnrn places are «n8iv«red. "U^ Maguete. '^Cotoaieiit. in 2 cap. syiiiBr. Jo. de Sacr. Bosc. i^Dist. 3. jir I. i Polo. 16 Pripf. Kphem. " VVhicli may te full of planets, f. 3' Anno. 1(516. lere nclle, el tyraiiiiidein exercert, iit eos falsis dogma- 32 i,i Hypothes. de inundo. Edit. 1597. ^ I^iigilunl tibus.sunerstiiioiiibus.cl religioiie Catbolica detiiieaut. | l(i33. Mem. 3.J Digression of Jiir. 301 vitani stuUi. vifia in contraria airrunt,'^* as a tinker stops one hole ana makes two, he corrects them, and doth worse himself: reforms some, and mars all. In the meAn time, the world is tossed in a blanket amongst them, they hoist the earth up and down like a ball, make it stand and go at their pleasures : one saith the sun stands, another he moves; a third comes in, taking them all at rebound, and lest there should any paradox be wanting, he ^*iinds certain spots and clouds in the sun by the help of glasses, which multiply (saith Keplerus) a thing seen a thousand times bigger in plano^ and makes it come thirty-two times nearer to the eye of the beholder: but see the demonstration of this glass in "''Tarde, by means of which, the sun must turn round upon his own centre, or they about the sun. Fabricius puts only three, and those in the sun : Apelles 1 5, and those without the sun, float- injr like the Cyauean Isles in the Euxine sea. *' Tarde, the Frenchman, hath observed thirtv-three, and those neither spots nor clouds, as Galileo, Epist. ad Val- ferum, supposeth, but planets concentric with the sun, and not far from him with regular motions. ^^Christopher Shemer, a German Suisser Jesuit, Ursicd Rosa, divides them in macv.las ef. faculas,?in(\ will have them to be fixed in Solis superfici e : and to absolve their periodical and regular motion in twenty-seven or twenty-eight days, holding witlial the rotation of the sun upon his centre ; and all are so confi- dent, that they have made schemes and tables of their motions. The ^"Hollander, in his dissertatiunculd cum Jlpelle, censures all ; and thus they disagree amongst themselves, old and new, irreconcileable in their opinions ; thus Aristarchus, thus Hipparchus, thus Ptolemeus, thus Albateginus, thus Alfraganus, thus Tycho, thus Ramerus, thus Rceslinus, thus Fracastorius, thus Copernicus and his adherents, thus Clavius and Maginus, &c., with their followers, vary and determine of these celestial orbs and bodies : and so whilst these men contend about the sun and moon, like the philosophers in Lucian, it is to be feared, the sun and moon will hide themselves, and be as much ofiended as ''"she was with those, and send another messenger to Jupiter, by some new-fangled Icaromenippus, to make an end of all those curious controver- sies, and scatter them abroad. But why should the sun and moon be angry, or take exceptions at mathematicians and philosophers ? when as the like measure is offered unto God himself, by a com- pany of theologasters : they are not contented to see the sun and moon, measure their site and biggest distance in a glass, calculate their motions, or visit the moon in a poetical fiction, or a dream, as he saith, '^Kriiidax f acinus el memorabile nunc in- cipiam, neque hoc scecuIo usurpatum prius, quid in Lunce regno hdc node gestuin sit exponam, et. quo nemo unquam nisi somniando pervrnit, ■'^but he and Menippus: or as ■•^ Peter Cuneus, Bonri fide agam, nihil eorum quce scripturus sum^ verum esse scitote, 8fc. qucc nee facta., nee fulura sunt, dicam, ^'^stili tantum et ingenii causa, not in jest, but in good earnest these gigantical Cyclops will transcend spheres, heaven, stars, into that Empyrean heaven; soar higher yet, and see what God himself doth. The Jewish Talmudists take upon them to determine how God spends his whole time, sometimes playing with Leviathan, sometimes overseeing the world, Stc, like Lucian's Tupiter, that spent much of the year in painting butterflies' wings, and seeing who offered sacrifice; telling the hours when it should rain, how much snow should fall in such a place, which way the wind should stand in Greece, which way in Africa. In the Turks' Alcoran, Mahomet is taken up to heaven, upon a Pegasus sent on pur- pose for him, as he lay in bed with his wife, and after some conference with God is set on ground again. The pagans paint him and mangle him after a thousand fashions; our heretics, schismatics, and some schoolmen, come not far .behind : some paint him :n the habit of an old man, and make maps of heaven, number the angels, tell their several ""^ names, offices : feome deny God and his providence, some take his oflice out of his hands, will "^bind and loose in heaven, release, pardon, forgive, and be J4 •' vVhilst these blockheads avoid one fault, they fall into its opposite." 3= Jo. Fabritiiis de niaculis in sole. Witt'li. Ifill. 36 (n Burboniis sideribii.s. 37 [,jb. de Bnrboniis sid. Stcllae sunt erraticae, quiC propriis orhihus feruntur, non lonee a Sole dissitis, sed juxta Solein. 3B Brarxini fol. 16;i0. lib. 4. cap. 52. 55. 5'J. &c. =9 l.utrdun. Bat. An. Itjl2. *" Ne se subducaiit, et relicta stalioue deressum parent, ut curiositatis fineni faorld .' if he con- found that which is good, how shall himself continue good.' If he pull it down because evil, how shall he be free from the evil tUat made it evil .' &c., with many sucIj absurd and brain-sick questions, intricacies, froth of human wit, and excrements of curiosity, &c., v/hich, as our Saviour told his inquisitive disciples, are not fit for them to know. But hoo! I am now gone quite out of sight, I am aliuost giddy with roving about: I could have ranged farther yet; but I am an infant, and not '^"able to dive into these profundities, or sound these depths; not able to understand, much less to discuss. 1 leave the contemplation of these things to stronger wits, that have better ability, and happier leisure to wade into such philosophical mysteries ; for put case I were as able as willing, yet what can one man do .' I will conclude with *' Scaliger, JYequaquam nos homines sumus, sed partes hominis^ ex omnihus aliquid fieri potest^ idque non magnum; ex singulis fore nihil. Besides (as Nazianzen hath it) Deus latere nos multa voluit ; and with Seneca, cap. 35. de Comelis, Q^iid miramxir tam rara mundi sper.tacula non teneri cert is legibus, nondum intelliglf multcp. sunt gentes quce tantum de facie sciunt ccehmi, vcnief, ienipus fortasse., quo ista quce nunc latent in lucem dies exirahat longioris cevi diligentia, una cetas non sufficit., pos- teri, (Src, when God sees his time, he will reveal these mysteries to mortal men, and show that to some few at last, which he hath concealed so long. For I am of*" his mind, that Columbus did not find out America by chance, but God directed him at that time to discover it : it was contingent to him, but necessary to God ; he reveals and conceals to whom and when he will. And which *'one said of liistory and records of former times, "God in his providence, to check our presumptuous inqui- sition, wraps up all things in uncertainty, bars us from long antiquity, and bounds our search within the compass of some few ages :" many good things are lost, which our predecessors made use of, as Pancirola will better inform you ; many new things are daily invented, to the public good; so kingdoms, men, and knowledge ebb and flow, are hid and revealed, and when you have all done, as the Preacher concluded, JVihil est sub sole novum (nothing new under the sun.) But my melancholy spaniel's quest, my game is sprung, and 1 must suddenly come down and fotlow. Jason Pratensis, in his book dc morhis capitis., and chapter of Melancholy, hath these words out of Galen, ^ "• Let them come to me to know what meat and drink *^ In Miniiliiis, sine delectu tenippstate.s lanffunt Inca eacra tl pr.ifaria, bonnrinn et irialoniin fata, jiixta, nnllo online res fiunt, snlnta legilms fortiina doiniiiatiir. •■> Vel mains vel iinpotens, qni peccatnm pRrinitlit, &c. unde ha?c snperstitio? <" Q,n id fecit Deiis ante mnn- liuni crfatnm? nbi vixit otiosns a snn snbjocto, &c. * Lib. 3. recoc. Pet. cap. 3. I'eter answers by the simile iif an c.sz shell, which is cunningly mad", \el nf neces- sity to be brnken; si> is the wnrld.&c that tlie excellent state nf heaven might be made manifest. ^Vx me pliima levat, sic grave mergit onus. 6' Exercil. 184. ^'^ Laet. descrip. ooid. Indiae. ss Daniel principio his- loria;. M Veniant ad me audituri quo esoiilento qno item porulentn nti debeant, et priEter aliiiin ituin ipsnm, polumqne veiitos ipsos doceho, item aeri'i 'im n- enti.s temperiem, ins(jper regiones quas eligere, quai vita e ex uRU sit. Mem. 3. J Digression of Mr. 303 ihey shall use. and besides that, I will teach them what temper of ambient air they shall make choice of, what wind, what countries they shall choose, and what avoid." Out of which lines of his, thus much we may gather, that to this cure of melancholy, amongst other things, the rectification of air is necessarily required. Tins is performed, either in reforming natural or artificial air. Natural is that which is in our election to choose or avoid : and 'tis either general, to countries, provinces; particular, to cities, towns, villages, or private houses. What harm those extremi- ties of heat or cold do in this malady, I have formerly shown : the medium must needs be good, where the air is temperate, serene, quiet, free from bogs, fens, mists, all manner of putrefaction, contagious and filihy noisome smells. The ^^ Egyptians by all geographers are commended to be hilares^ a conceited and merry nation which 1 can ascribe to no other cause than the serenity of their air. They that live hi the Orcades are registered by ^'' Hector Boethius and ^'Cardan, to be of fair com- plexion, long-lived, most healthful, free from all manner of infirmities of body and mind, by reason of a sharp purifying air, which comes from the sea. The Boeotians in Greece were dull and heavy, crassi Bceoti, by reason of a foggy air in which they lived, ^^Bceotiati in crasso jurares aere 7iatu?n, Attica most acute, pleasant, and refined. The clime changes not so much customs, manners, wits (as Aristotle PoUl. lib. 6. cap. 4. Vegetius, Plato, Bodine, method, hist. cap. 5. hath proved at large) as consti- tutions of their bodies, and temperature itself. In all particular provinces we see it confirmed by experience, as the air is, so are the inhabitants, dull, heavy, witty, sub- tle, neat, cleanly, clownish, sick, and sound, in ^^ Perigord in , France the air is subtle, healthful, seldom any plague or contagious disease, but hilly and barren : the men sound, nimble, and lusty ; but in some parts of Guienne, full of moors and marshes, the people dull, heavy, and subject to many infirmities. Who sees not a great difference between Surrey, Sussex, and Romney Marsh, the wolds in Lincoln- shire and the fens. lie therel'ore that loves his health, if his ability will give him leave, must often shift places, and make choice of such as are wholesome, pleasant, and convenient : there is nothing better than change of air in this malady, and gene- rally fi:ir health to wander up and down, as those ^° Tartari Zamolhenses^ tliat live in hordes, and take opportunity of times, places, seasons. The kings of Persia had their summer and winter houses; in winter at Sardis, in summer at Susa; now at Persepolis, then at Pasargada. Cyrus lived seven cold months at Babylon, three at Susa, two at Ecbatana, saith '"' Xenophon, and had by that means a perpetual spring. The great Turk sojourns sometimes at Constantinople, sometimes at Adrianople, Stc. The kings of Spain have their Escurial in heat of summer, '^^ Madrid for a wholesome seat, Valladolid a pleasant site, &.C., variety of secessus as all princes and great men have, and their several progresses to this purpose. Lucullus the Roman had his house at Rome, at Bai^, &.c. ^^ When Cn. Pompeius, Marcus Cicero (saith Plutarch) and many noble men in the summer came to see him, at supper Pompeius jested with him, that it was an elegant and pleasant village, full of windows, galleries, and all offices fit for a summer house; but in his judgment very unfit for winter: Lucullus made answer that the lord of the house had wit like a crane, that changeth her country with the season ; he had other houses furnished, and built for that purpose, all out as commodious as this. So Tully had his Tusculan, Plinius his Lauretan village, and every gentleman of any fashion in our times hath the like. The ®'' bishop of Exeter had fourteen several houses all furnished, in times past. In Italy, though they bide in cities in winter, which is more gentleman-like, all the summer they come abroad to their country-houses, to recreate themselves. Our gentry in England live most part in the country (except it be some few castles) building still in bottom? (saith ''* Jovius) or near woods, corona arborum virentium; you shall know a village by a tuft of trees at or about it, to avoid those strong winds wherewith the island is infested, and cold winter blasts. Some discommend moated houses, as tmwhole- some ; so Camden saith of ^^ Ew-elme, that it was therefore unfrequented, ob stagni «s Leo Afer, ]VIas,'iniis, &c. soLib. 1. Scot. hist. | inultique nohiles viri L. Lucullum aistivo tempore con- t' Lib. 1. lie rer. var. ^e Horat. ss* Magiiiui •» Hailomis tie Turtaiis. ^i Cyr()ita3(l. li. 8. perpetuuiii hide ver. "Si'iie air sn .;lear, it never breeds tlie ^layiK^. s^LHander Albertus in Cainp.inia, e Pin- . . . f Leander Albertiis. e^Oap. 21. de vit. horn, prorof. i Lord Berkley. 6<>Sir Francis Willoughhy. "i [vjon «3The possession of Robert Bradsliaw, Esq. '» OV \Hn'\ et Mnritiiiii salnhriorcs, atclives et ad Boreain Geor^ie PiireCey, Ksq. 'I'l'iie possession of William ream vertrentes. WTtie dwelling of Sir To. Burilei. Fnrefey, Esq. "The seat of Sir John Reppin-jton, i Knight, Baronet. *« In his Survey of Cornwall, Kt. '3 Sir Henry Goodieres, lately deceased. '^The I book '2. "■' Propfi paludes stagna, et loca concuvj, liwelling house of Hum. AdUerley, Esq. "Sir John vel ad Auslriini, vel ad Occidentern incliiiatie, donius Harpar's, lately deceased. '"Sir George Greselies, ' sunt morbosa!. Oportet igitiir ad saiiitatem do Kt. ■'■ Lib. 1. lap. 2. ""'/'he seat of G. Purefey, | inns iti altioril)us redificare, et ad speculalioneni. »« B> Esq. ■'» For I am now incumbent of that rectory, ' John Bancroft, Dr. of Divinity, my qiion^m tutor in presented thereto by my right honourable patron, the | Christ-church, Oxon now llie Right Ueverend Lord Mem. 3.1 Air rectified. 305 so easily to be matched. P. Ciescentius, in his lih. 1. de Agric. cap. 5. is very copious ill this subject, how a house should be wholesomely sited, in a good coast good air, wind, &c., Varro de re rust. lib. 1. cap. 12. ^^ forbids lakes and rivers, marshy and manured grounds, they cause a bad air, gross tfiseases, hard to be cured : ^^"if it be so that he cannot help it, better (as he adviseth) sell thy house and land than lose thine health." He that respects not this in choosing of his seat, or building his house, is rnente captus., mad, *^Cato saith, "•and his dwelling next to hell itself," according to Columella : he commends, in conclusion, the middle of a hill, upon a descent. Baptista, Porta Villce, Jib. 1. cap. 22. censures Varro, Cato, Columella, and those ancient rustics, approving many things, disallowing some, and will by all means have the front of a house stand to the south, which how it may be good in Italy and hotter climes, I know not, in our northern countries I am sure it is best: Stephanus, a Frenchman, j?rcedto rustic. lib. 1. cap. 4. subscribes to this, approving especially the descent of a hill south or south-east, with trees to the north, so that it be well watered; a condition in all sites which must not be omitted, as Herbastein incul- cates, lib. 1. Julius Caesar Claudinus, a physician, consult. 24, for a nobleman in Poland, melancholy given, adviseth him to dwell in a house inclining to the ^east, and ^' by all means to provide the air be clear and sweet ; which Montanus, consil, 229, counselleth the earl of Monfort, his patient, to inhabit a pleasant house, and in a good air. If it be so the natural site may not be altered of our city, town, village, yet by artificial means it may be helped. In hot countries, therefore, they make the streets of their cities very narrow, all over Spain, Africa, Italy, Greece, and many cities of France, in Languedoc especially, and Provence, those southern parts: Mont- pelier, the habitation and university of physicians, is so built, with high houses, narrow streets, to divert the sun's scalding rays, which Tacitus commends, lib. 15. Annat.., as most agreeing to their health, ^^ •■' because the height of buildings, and narrowness of streets, keep away the sunbeams." Some cities use galleries, oi arched cloisters towards the street, as Damascus, Bologna, Padua, Berne in Switzer- land, Westchester with us, as well to avoid tempests, as the sun's scorching heat. They build on high hills, in hot countries, for more air ; or to the seaside, as Baiae, Naples, &.C. In our northern countries we are opposite, we commend straight, broad, open, fair streets, as most befitting and agreeing to our clime. We build in bottoms for warmth : and that site of Mitylene in the island of Lesbos, in the Ji^gean sea, which Vitruvius so much discommends, magnificently built with fair houses, sed imprudenter positam., unadvisedly sited, because it lay along to the south, and wlien the south wind blew, the people were all sick, would make an excellent site in our northern climes. Of that artificial site of houses I have sufficiently discoursed : if the plan of the dwelling may not be altered, yet there is much in choice of such a chamber or room, in opportune opening and shutting of windows, excluding foreign air and winds, and walking abroad at convenient times. ^^ Crato, a German, commends east and south site (disallowing cold air and northern winds in this case, rainy weather and misty days), free from putrefaction, fens, bogs, and muck-hills. If the air be sucli, open no windows, come not abroad. Montanus will have his patient not to ^^stir at all, if the wind be big or tempestuous, as most part in March it is with us ; or in cloudy, lowering, dark days, as in November, which we commonly call the black month ; or stormy, let the wind stand how it will, consil. 27. and 30. he must not *•*" open a casement in bad weather," or in a boisterous season, const/. 299, he especially for- bids us to open windows to a south wind. The best sites for chamber windows, in my judgment, are north, east, south, and which is the worst, west. Levinus Lera- nius, lib. 3. cap. 3, de occult, nat. mir. attributes so much to air, and rectifying of wind and windows, that he holds it alone sufficient to make a man sick or well ; to alter body and mind. ^®"A clear air cheers up the spirits, exhilarates the mind; a Bishop Oxon, who built this house for himself and his successors. »' Hyeuie erit vetiementer frigida, cl aestare noii saluhris: piiludes euim fariunt crassuiii aerein, et difticiles morbos. ss Vendasquot assibiis po.ssis, et si nequeas, relinqiias. "» Lib. 1. cap. 2. in (>rco habita. ^ .Aurora musis amica, Vitruv. ■" jEdes Orieiitem Sf eclantes vir nobillissiuiu.^, inhabi- !«»., et ciirel ut sit aer clarus, lucidua, odoriferus. Eligat 39 habitationenti optimo aere jucundatn. MQ.uoniani angustiae ilinerura et altitudo tectorum, non pcrinde Solis calorem admittit. »3 Consil. 21. li. 2. Frigi- dus aer, nubilosus, densus, vitatuhis, wque ac venti sep- tentrionales, &c. "iCoiisil. 24. "spenestram non aperiat. osDiscutit Sol horrorem crassi spiri- tus, innntem exbilaral, noti enini tain corpora, (iiiain p' aniiui (itutatioaem inde subeunt, pro coel- -i ventorum 2a3 3U6 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2 tliick. black, misty, tempestuous, contracts, overthrows." Great heed is therefore to be taken at what times we walk, liow we place our windows, lights, and liouses, how we let in or exclude this ambient air. The Egyptians, to avoid immoderate heat, make tlieir windows on the top of the house like chimneys, with two tunnels to draw a tliorough air. hi Spain they commonly make great opposite windows without glass, still siuitling those wliich are next to the sun : so likewise in Turkey and 'taly (Venice excepted, which brags of her stalely glazed palaces) they use pap^r windows to like purpose ; and lie, sub dio^ in the top of their llat-roofed houses, so sh.'eping under the canopy of heaven. In some parts of *' Italy they have windmills, to draw a cooling air out of hollow caves, and disperse the same through all the chambers of their palaces, to refresh them ; as at Costoza, the house of Caesareo Trento, a gentleman of Vicenza, and elsewhere. Many excellent means are invented to coi- recl nature by art. If none of these courses help, the best way is to make artificial air, which howsoever is profitable and good, still to be made hot and moist, and to be seasoned with sweet perfumes, ^* pleasant and liglitsome as it may be; to have roses, violets, and sweet-smelling fiowers ever in their windows, posies in their hand. Laurentius commends water-lilies, a vessel of warm water to evaporate in the room, which will make a more delightful perfume, if there be added orange-flowers, pills of citrons, rosemary, cloves, bays, rosewater, rose-vinegar, benzoin, laudanum, styrax, and such like gums, which make a pleasant and acceptable perfume. ^^Bes- sardijs Bisantinus prefers the smoke of juniper to melancholy persons, which is in great request with us at Oxford, to sweeten our chambers. '""Guianerius prescribes the air to be moistened with water, and sweet herbs boiled in it, vine, and sallow (eaves, Sic, 'to besprinkle the ground and posts with rose-Water, rose-vinegar, which Avicenna much approves. Of colours it is good to behold green, red, yellow, and white, and by all means to have light enough, with windows in the day, wax candle.s in the night, neat chambers, good fires in winter, merry companions ; for though melancholy persons love to be dark and alone, yet darkness is a great increaser ot the humour. All'iough our ordinary air be good by nature or art, yet it is not amiss, as I have said, still lo alter it; no better physic for a melancholy man than change of air, and variety of places, to travel abroad and see fashions. ^Leo Afer speaks of many of his countrymen so cured, without all other physic : amongst the negroes, '■ there is such an excellent air, that if any of them be sick elsewhere, and brought thither, he is instantly recovered, of which he was often an eye-witness." " Lipsius, Zuinger, and some others, add as much of ordinary travel. No man, saitli Lipsius, in an epistle to Phil. Lanoius, a noble friend of his, now ready to make a voynge, *" can be such a stock or stone, whom that pleasant speculation of countries, cities, towns, rivers, will not affect." '^Seneca the philosopher was infinitely taken with the sight of Scipio Africanus' house, near Linternum, to view those old buildings, cisterns, baths, tombs, &.c. And how was ^TuUy pleased with the sight of Athens, to behold '.hose ancient and fair buildings, with a remembrance of their worthy inhabitants. Paulus .Emilius, that renowned Roman captain, after he had conquered Perseus, the last king of Macedonia, and now made an end of his tedious wars, though he had been long absent from Rome, and much there desired, about the beginning of autumn Aiit Pliilus. cap lie iiielanc. '!'<' Cracl. 15 r. 9. e\ redolenlibus herbin et foliis viti.s viiiifer*, salicis, &c. ' Pan- qieDluiii accto, ui aqua r sacea irrnrare. LaifKnt, u. H. «Lih. 1. cap. de morb. Afroriim In Nigritaruni regione taiila aeris tHnipcris, ut siqnis alibi iiiorbf>siis eo adve- hatur, nptiins statiiii saiiituti restituatiir, qiind innllia acciilisse, ipse nieis oculis vidi. 3L,jb. de pere grinat. < Epist. '2. con. 1. Nee qiiisqnain tniii lapii aiit frutcx, qiiiMn non titillat an>(BMa ilia, vanaqiii spectic) loconiin, urbiuni, ueiiliiini. tc. ^ Bpist. tjf • '2. lib. dt; legihus. ' Lib. -15. Kt-rti rmaii orirfal polit. Mem 3.] Air rectified. 307 v?\vn or public good ? (as it is to many gallants that travel out their best days, together with their means, manners, honesty, religion) yet it availeth howsoever. For pere- grination charms our senses with such unspeakable and sweet variety, ® that some counf him unhappy that never travelled, and pity his case, that from his cradle to his old age beholds the same still ; still, still the same, the same. Insomuch that '"Rhasis, conf. lib. 1. Tract. 2. doth not only commend, but enjoin travel, and such variety of objects to a melancholy man, "and to lie in diverse inns, to be drawn into several companies :" Montaltus, cap. 30. and many neoterics are of the same mind : Celsus adviseth him therefore that will continue his health, to have varium vitce genus^ diversity of callings, occupations, to be busied about, ""• sometimes to live in the city, sometimes in the country; now to study or work, to be intent, then again to hawk or hunt, swim, run. ride, or exercise himself." A good prospect alone will ease melancholy, as Comesius contends, lib. 2. c. 7. de Sale. The citizens of "'Barcino, saith he, otherwise penned in, melancholy, and stirring little abroad, are much de- lighted with that pleasant prospect their city hath into the sea, which like that of old Athens besides ^Egina Salamina, and many pleasant islands, had all the variety of delicious objects : so are those Neapolitans and inhabitants of Genoa, to see the ships, boats, and passengers go bv, out of their windows, their whole cities being situated on the side of a hill, like Pera by Constantinople, so that each house almost hath a free prospect to the sea, as some part of London to the Thames : or to have a free prospect all over the city at once, as at Granada in Spain, and Fez in Africa, the river running betwixt two declining hills, the steepness causeth each house almost, as well to oversee, as to be overseen of the rest. Every country is full of such '^delight- some prospects, as well within land, as by sea, as Hermon and '''Rama in Palestina, Colalto in Italy, the top of Magetus, or Acrocorinthus, that' old decayed castle in Corinth, from which Peloponessus, Greece, the Ionian and Aegean seas were se?nel el simul at one view to be taken. In Egypt the square top of the great pyramid, tliree hundred yards in height, and so the Sultan's palace in Grand Cairo, the country being plain, hath a marvellous fair prospect as well over Nilus, as that great city, five Italian miles long, and two broad, by the river side : from, mount Sion in Jerusalem, the Holy Land is of all sides to be seen : such high places are infinite : with us those of the best note are Glastonbury tower. Box Hill in Surrey, Bever castle, Rodway Grange, 'HValsby in Lincolnshire, where I lately received a real kindness, by the munificence of the right honourable my noble lady and patroness, the Lady Frances, countess dowager of Exeter : and two amongst the rest, which I may not omit for vicinity's sake, Oldbury in the confines of Warwickshire, where I have often looked about me with great delight, at the foot of which hill '® I was born : and Hanbury in Staffordshire, contiguous to which is Falde, a pleasant village, and an ancient patri- mony belonging to our family, now in the possession of mine elder brother, William Burton, Esquire. "Barclay the Scot commends that of Greenwich tower for ona of the best prospects in Europe, to see London on the one side, the Thames, ships, and pleasant meadows on the other. There be those that say as much and more of St. Mark's steeple in Venice. 'Yet these are at too great a distance : some are espe- cially aflected with such objects as be near, to see passengers go by in some great road-way, or boats in a river, in siibjectvm forum despicere^ to oversee a fair, a mar- ket-place, or out of a pleasant window into some thoroughfare street, to behold a continual concourse, a promiscuous rout, coming and going, or a multitude of spec- tators at a theatre, a mask, or some such like show. But I rove : the sum is this, that variety of actions, objects, air, places, are excellent good in this infirmity, and all others, good for man, good for beast, '^Constantine the emperor, lib. 18. cap. 13. ex Leontio, " holds it an only cure for rotten sheep, and any manner of sick cattle." Laelius a fonte ^gubinus, that great doctor, at the latter end of many of his consul- tations (as commonly he doth set down what success his physic had,) in melancholy s Fines Morison c. 3. part. 1. "> Mutatio de loco in locum, Itinera, et voiagia longa et iniielerrniiiata, et hospitare in rtiversis diversoriis. " Modo ruri esse, niodo in urlie, scepius in agro venari, &.c. ''^In Catalonia in Spain. i' Laudatiirqiie domog longos PfUiB prospicit asns. '* Many towns there are of :hat name, saitli \dricocnius, all high-sited. I'Latelj' resigned for some special reasons. w At Ijiidley in Leicestershire, the possession and dwelling place of Ralph Burton, Esquire, my late deceased father. " In Icon animoruin. is iEgrolantes oves in alium locum transportandiP sunt, ut alium aerem et aipin n participantes, coalescant et corrobentur. 3G8 Cuie of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2 most especially approves of this above all other remedies whatsi^ever, as appears consult. 69. consult. 22U. &c. '^" Many other things helped, but change of air was that which wrought the cure and did most good." MEMB. IV. Exercise rectified of Body and Mind. To that great inconvenience, which comes on the one side by immoderate and unseasonable exercise, too much solitariness and idleness on the other, must be opposed as an antidote, a moderate and seasonable use of it, and that both of body and mind, as a most material circumstaiice, much conducing to this cure, and to the general preservation of our health. The heavens themselves run continually round, the sun riseth and sets, the moon increaseth and decreaseth, stars and planets keep their constant motions, the air is still tossed by the winds, the waters ebb and flow to their conservation no doubt, to teach us that we should ever be in action. For which cause Hieron prescribes Rusticus tlie monk, that he be always occupied about some business or other, "^ " that the devil do not find him idle." ^' Seneca would^ have a man do something, though it be to no purpose. '^^Xenophon wisheth one rather to play at tables, dice, or make a jester of himself (though he might be far belter employed) than do nothing. The ^^ Egyptians of old, and many flourishing commonwealths since, have enjoined labour and exercise to all sorts of men, to be of some vocation and calling, and give an account of their time, to prevent those grievous mischiefs that come by idleness : " for as fodder, whip, and burthen belong to the ass : so meat, correction, and work iinto the servant," Ecclus. xxxiii. 23. Tiie Turks enjoin all men whatsoever, of what degree, to be of some trade or other, the Grand Seignior himself is not excused. ^" In our m.emory (saith Sabellicus) Maho- met the Turk, he that conquered Greece, at that very time when he heard ambassa- dors of other princes, did either carve or cut wooden spoons, or frame something upon a table." ^^ This present sultan makes notches for bows. The Jews are most severe in* this examination of time. /AH well-governed places, towns, families, and every discreet person will be a law unto himself. But amongst us the badge of gentry is idleness : to be of no calling, not to labour, for that's derogatory to their birth, to be a mere spectator, a drone, /r?/^es consumere nalus., to have no necessary employment to busy himself about in church and commonwealth (some few govern- ors exempted), " but to rise to eat," Ss.c., to spend his days in hawking, hunting, &c., and such like disports and recreations (^^ which our casuists tax), are the sole exer- cise almost, and ordinary actions of our nobility, and in which they are too immo- derate. : And thence it comes to pass, that in city and country so many grievances of body and mind, and this feral disease of melancholy so frequently ragerth, and now domineers almost all over Europe amongst our great ones. They know not how to spend their time (disports excepted, which are all their business), what to do, or otherwise how to bestow themselves : like our modern Frenchmen, that had rather lose a pound of blood in a single combat, than a drop of sweat in any honest labour. Every man almost hath something or other to employ himself about, some vocation, some trade, but they do all by ministers and servants, ad otia diinlaxat se natos ex- istimant.1 imb ad sui ipsius plerumque ef aliorum jiernickm^ ^' as one freely taxeih such kind of men, they are all for pastimes, 'tis all their study, all their invention tends to this alone, to drive away time, as if they were born some of them to no other ends. Therefore to correct and avoid these errors and inconveniences, oui divines, physicians, and politicians, so much labour, and so seriously exhort ; and i9Alia ulilia, sed ex miitatione aeris j)otissimiim cu- ratus. 2" Ne le dsmoii otiosiiiri inveniat. '■" Pi;es- tat Blind agere quatu nihil. ''■'■ Lib. 3. de dictis Socratis, ftui lessens et risui excitando vacant, aliquid faciiint, et si liceret his meliora agere. "^ Aiiiasis compelled every man once a year to tell how he lived. *• Nostra inenioria Mahometes Othomannus qui Grsciae iniite- R riiitn subvertit, cum oratorum postulata audiret exter- naruui gentium, cochlearia lignea assidue CiElahat, aut ali(|iiid in tabula affingebal. '^'■> Sands, fol. 37. of bin voyage to Jerusalem. 5* Perkins, Cases of Con- science, I. 3. c. 4. q. 3. s'LusciniiiB Grnnnio. " They seem to think they were horn to iijltness,— nay more, for the deslrurlion of themselves and otherc " Mem. 4.J Exercise rectified 309 ibr this disease in particular, '^'" (here can be no better cure than continual business," as Rhasis holds, '• to have some employment or other, which may set their mind awork,and distract their cogitations. Riches may not easily be had without labour and industry, nor learning without study, neither can our health be preserved without bodily exer- cise. If it be of the body, Guianerius allows that exercise which is gende, ^''"and still after those ordinary frications" which must be used every morning. Montaltus cap. 26. and Jason Pratensis use almost the same words, highly commending exer- cise if it be moderate ; " a wonderful help so used," Crato calls it, " and a great means to preserve our health, as adding strength to the whole body, increasing natu- ral heat, by means of which the nutriment is well concocted in the stomach, liver, and veins, few or no crudities left, is happily distributed over all the body." Be- sides, it expels excrements by sweat and other insensible vapours ; insomuch, that ''"Galen prefers exercise before all physic, rectification of diet, or any regimen in what kind soever ; 'tis nature's physician. '^ Fulgentius, out of Gordonius de con- serv. vit. horn. lib. 1. cap. 7. terms exercise, "a spur of a dull, sleepy nature, the comforter of the members, cure of infirmity, death of diseases, destruction of all mischiefs and vices." The fittest time for exercise is a little before dinner, a little before supper, ^^or at any time when the body is empty. Montanus, consil. 31. pre- scribes it every morning to his patient, and that, as ''^Calenus adds, "after he hath done his ordinary needs, rubbed his body, washed his hands and face, combed his head and gargarised." What kind of exercise he should use, Galen tells us, lib. 2 et 3. de snnit. tiiend. and in what measure, ^* "• till the body be ready to sweat," and roused up ; ad ruborem^ some say, non ad sudorem., lest it should dry the body too much ; others enjoin those wholesome businesses, as to dig so long in his garden, to hold the plough, and the like. Some prescribe frequent and violent labour and ex- ercises, as sawing every day so long together (epid. 6. Hippocrates confounds them). but that is in some cases, to some peculiar men ; ''^ the most forbid, and by no means will have it go farther than a begimiing sweat, as being ^ perilous if it exceed. Of these labours, exercises, and recreations, which are likewise included, some properly belong to the body, some to the mind, some more easy, some hard, some with delight, some without, some within doors, some natural, some are artificial. Amongst bodily exercises, Galen commends ludum parvcB piles, to play at ball, be it with the hand or racket, in tennis-courts or otherwise, it exerciseth each part of the body, and doth much good, so that they sweat not too much. It was in great re- quest of old amongst the Greeks, Romans, Barbarians, mentioned by Homer, Hero- dotus, and Plinius. Some wTite, that Aganclla, a fair maid of Corcyra, was the in- ventor of it, for she presented the- first ball that ever was made to Nausica, the daughter of King Alcinous, and taught her how to use it. The ordinary sports which are used abroad are hawking, hunting, hilares venandi labores, *' one calls them, because they recreate body and mind, ^'^ another, the *^"besl exercise that is, by which alone many have been "^ freed from all feral diseases." Hegesippus, lib. 1. cap. 37. relates of Herod, that he was eased of a grievous melan- choly by that means. Plato, 7. de leg. highly magnifies it, dividing it into three parts, " by land, water, air." Xenophon, in Cyropced. graces it with a great name, Deorum munus, the gift of the gods, a princely sport, which they have ever used, .saith Langius, epist. 59. lib. 2. as well for health as pleasare, and do at this day, it being the sole almost and ordinary sport of our noblemen in Europe, and elsewhere all over the world. Bohemus, de mor. gent. lib. 3. cap. 12. styles it therefore, stu- dium nobilium., communiter venantur, quod sibi solis licere contendunt, 'tis all their study, their exercise, ordinary business, all their talk : and indeed some dote too M Non est cura melior quam injunpere iis necessaria, !t opportuna ; openiin adiiiinislratio illis magnum sani- tatis incrcniuntiim, et qiice repleant aiiimns eoriim et incutiant iis diversas cogitationes. Cont. 1. tract. 9. »9 Ante exercilium, leves toto corpore frictiones conve- niiint. Ad liuiic morbiim exercitationes, quuni recte et Buo tempore fiiint, mirifice conducunt, et sanilatem luentiir, &,c. ^o i.ji,. j. d^ ggn. tiiend. 3' Exercilium natura: dorniientjs stimulatio, membrorum solatium, ^orhorum medela, fuga viliorum, medicina languorum, deslructio omnium malorum, Crato M Alimentis in venlriculo proheconcoctis. MJejuno ventre vesica el alvo ab uxrrpuientis purj-ato, fricatis mc-mbris, lotis manibus et oculis, Stc. lib. de atra bile. ^ Quoiisque corpus universum iiitumescat, et floriduni appareat, su- doreque, &c. ssomnino sudorem vitenl. cap. 7. lib 1. Valescus de Tar. 36 Exercitluin si exccdat, valde periculosum. SaUist. Salvianus de remed, lib. 2 cap. 1. s' Camden in Staffordshire. 3*Fridevallius, lib. 1. cap. 2. optima omnium exercitationum miiiti ab hac solummodo morhls liberali. ^a Josephus Quer- cetaiius dinloct. polit. sect. 2. cap. 11. Inter omnia ex- ercitia priEstantiie laudem merelur. ■'"Chyron iD monte I'elio, pra;ceptor lieroiim eos a morbis aaimi ve- nationibus et puns cibis tuebatur. M. Tyrius. 310 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. tiiucli afte, it, they can d ; nolliing else, discourse of naught else. Paulus Jovius, desr.r Bnt. doth in some sort tax our '" " English nobility for it, for living in the country so much, and too frequent use of it, as if they had no other means but hawking and hunting to approve themselves gentlemen with." Hawking comes near to hunting, the one in tlie air, as the other on the earth, a sport as much alfected as the other, by some preferred. ''" It was never heard of amongst the Romans, invented some twelve hundred years since, and first mentioned by Firmicus, lib. 5. cap. 8. The Greek emperors began it, and now nothing so fre- quent : he is nobody that in the season hath not a hawk on his fist. A great art, and many *'^ books written of it. It is a wonder to hear ^* what is related of the Turks' officers in this behalf, how many thousand men are employe*! about it, how many hawks of all sorts, how much revenues consumed on that only disport, how much time is spent at Adrianople alone every year to that purpose. The ""^ Persian kings hawk after butterflies with sparrows made to that use, and stares : lesser hawks for lesser games they have, and bigger for the rest, that they may produce their .''port to all seasons. The Muscovian emperors reclaim eagles to fly at hinds, foxes, &c., and such a one was sent for a present to ^^ Queen Elizabeth : some reclaim ravens, caslrils, pies, &.C., and man them for their pleasures. FowHng is more troublesome, but all out as delightsome to some sorts of men, be it with guns, lime, nets, glades, gins, strings, baits, pitfalls, pipes, calls, stalking- horses, setting-dogs, decoy-ducks, &c., or otherwise. Some much delight to take larks with day-nets, small birds with chaflT-nets, plovers, partridge, herons, snipe, &.c. Henry the Third, king of Castile (as Mariana the .Tesuit reports of him, lib. 3, cap. 7.) was much affected "'"with catching of quails," and many genilemen lake a sin- gular pleasure at morning and evening to go abroad with their quail-pipes, and will take any pains to satisfy their delight in that kind. The ^^ Italians have gardens fitted to such use, with nets, bushes, glades, sparing no cost or industry, and are very much affected with the sport. Tycho Brahe, that great astronomer, in the choro- graphy of his Isle of Huena, and Castle of Uraniburge, puts down his nets, and manner of catching small birds, as an ornament and a recreation, wherein he himself was sometimes employed. Fishing is a kind of hunting by water, be it with nets, weeles, baits, angling, or otherwise, and yields all out as much pleasure to some men as dogs or hawks ; •9 u When they draw their fish upon the bank," saith Nic. Henselius Silesiographiae, cap. 3. speaking of that extraordinary delight his countrymen took in fishing, and in making of pools. James Dubravius, that Moravian, in his book dc pise, telleth, how • travelling by the highway side in Silesia, he found a nobleman, ^""booted up to the- groins," wading himself, pulling the nets, and labouring as much as any fisherman of them all : and when some belike objected to him the baseness of his office, he excused himself, ^' *•' that if other men might hunt hares, why should not he hunt" carps .-•" Many gentlemen in like sort with us will wade up to the arm-holes upon such occasions, and voluntarily undertake that to satisfy their pleasures, which a poor man for a good stipend would scarce be hired to undergo. Plutarch, in his book de soler. aidmal. speaks against all fishing, ^^" as a filthy, base, illiberal employ- ment, having neither wit nor perspicacity in it, nor worth the labour." But he that shall consider the variety of baits for all seasons, and pretty devices which our anglers have invented, peculiar lines, false flies, several sleights, &c. will, say, that it deserves like commendation, requires as much study and perspicacity as the rest, and is to be preferred before many of them. Because hawking and hunting are very laborious, much riding, and many dangers accompany them ; but this is still and quiet : and if so be the angler catch no fish, yet he hath a wholesome walk to the « Nobilitas nmnis fere urbes fastidit, castellis, et libe- riore coeIo gaiiilet, generisque dignitatt'iii una inaxiiiie venatione, et falr.oniiin aiiciipiis tiielur. ••-Jos. Bcaliger. comiiieii. in Cir. in fol. 344. Salmuth 23. ile Novrepert. corn, in Paiicir. " IX'metrius Constan- linop. de re accipitraria, liher a P.Gillir latine reddi- tus. jlillius.episl. AquilJE Symaclii et Tneodotionis ad Ptolomeuin, &c. << Lonicerus, Geftrcns, jovius. • S. Antony Sherlie's relations. ^^Hacluit. 'Goturnicum aufcupio. •«< Fines Morison, part 3. c. 8. " Non majotem voluptatein animo capiiint, qiiam qui Teras insect.intur.aiit missis canibiis, com- prebemiunt, qnuiii retia Irabentis, squamosas pecudes in ripiis adducuril. ^o More piscatoruni crurihus ocreatus. "Si principibns venatio Icporis non sit inhonesta, nescio quoniodo piscatio cyprinornui videri debf'nt pu(leiida. ''^Uniiiino turpis piscatio, naUo studio digna, illiberalis crediia est, quod nullum babet iugenium, nullam perspicaciam. Hfiui. 4.J Exercise rectified. 311 brookside, pleasant shade by the sweet silver streams ; he hath good air, and sw^^el smells of fine fresh meadow flowers, he hears the melodious harmony of birds, tie sees the swans, herons, ducks, water-horns, coots, &tc., and many other fowl, with thoir brood, which he thinketh better than the noise of hounds, or blast of horns, and all the sport that they can make. Many otlier sports and recreations there be, much in use, as ringing, bowling, shooting, which Ascam recommends in a just volume, and hath in former limey been enjoined by statute, as a defensive exercise, and an ^* honour to our land, as well may witness our victories in France. Keelpins, tronks, quoits, pitching bars, hurl- ing, wrestling, leaping, running, fencing, mustring, swimming, wasters, foils, football, baloon, quintan, ^Sf(' I^ipsius Aiuphith*- atruui Rosinus lib. 5. Mearsius de ludis GriecuruiB 40 2B 314 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sect. 2. rtfle the people; ^gladiators, combats of men with themselves, with wiid beasts, and •vild beasts oi e with another, like our bull-baitings, or bear-baitmgs (in which many countrymen a id citizens amongst us so much delight and so frequently use), dancers on ropes. Jugglers, wrestlers, comedies, tragedies, publicly exhibited at the cmpe- •or's and city's charge, and that with incredible cost and magnificence. In the Low Countries (as '''Meteran relates) before these wars, they had many solemn feasts, plays, challenges, artillery gardens, colleges of rhymers, rhetoricians, poets : and to this day, such places are curiously maintained in Amsterdam, as appears by that description of Isaacus Ponlanus, rrrum Amslelrod. lib. 2. cap. 25. So likewise not long since at Friburg in Germany, as is evident by that relation of ""'Neander, they had Ludos septennales.i solemn plays every seven years, which Bocerus, one of their own poets, hath elegantly described : "O" At nunc inagiiifico spectariila structa paratu Cluid iiieiiioreiri, veteri non coiicessura Quirino, Luiloruin poinpa," &c. In Italy they have solemn declamations of certain select young gentlemen in Florence (like those reciters in old Rome), and public theatres in most of their cities, for stage-players and others, to exercise and recreate themselves. All seasons almost, all places, have their several pastimes; some in summer, some in winter; some abroad, some within : some of the body, some of the mind : and diverse men have diverse recreations and exercises. Domitian, the emperor, was much delighted with- catching flies ; Augustus to play with nuts amongst children; ^'Alexander Severus was often pleased to play with whelps ami young pigs. ^^ Adrian was so wholly enamoured with dogs and horses, that he bestowed monuments and tombs of them, and buried them in graves. In foul weather, or when they can use no other conve- nient sports, by reason of the time, as we do cock-fighting, to avoid idleness, I think, (though some be more seriously taken with it, spend much time, cost and charges, and are too solicitous about it) "^Severus used partridges and quails, as many Frenchmen do still, and to keep birds in cages, with which he was much pleased, when at any time he had leisure from public cares and businesses. He had (saith Lampridius) lame pheasants, ducks, partridges, peacocks, and some 20,000 ringdoves and pigeons. Busbequius, the emperor's orator, when he lay in Constantinople, and could not stir much abroad, kept for his recreation, busying himself to see them fed, almost all manner of strange birds and beasts ; this was something, though not to exercise his body, yet to refresh his mind. Conradus Gesner, at Zurich in Switzer- • land, kept so likewise for his pleasure, a great company of wild beasts ; and (as he saith) took great delight to see them eat their meat. Turkey gentlewomen, that are perpetual prisoners, still mewed up according to the custom of the place, have little else beside their household business, or to play with their children to drive away time, but to dally with their cats, which they have in delitiis, as many of our ladies and gentlewomen use monkeys and little dogs. The ordinary recreations which we have in winter, and in most solitary times busy our minds with, are cards, tables and dice, shovelboard, chess-play, the philosopher's game, small trunks, shuttlecock, billiards, music, masks, singing, dancing, ulegames, frolics, jests, riddles, catches, purposes,' questions and commands, ^'' merry tales of errant knights, queens, lovers, lords, ladies, giants, dwarfs, thieves, cheaters, witches, fairies, goblins, friars, &.C., such as the old woman told Psyche in ^^Apuleius, Boccace novels, and the rest, quarum auditione puerl delectantur., senes narraiione., which some delight !■ hear, some to tell ; all are well pleased with. Amaranthus, the philosopher, met Hermocles, Dio- phantus and Philolaus, his companions, one day busily discoursing about Epicurus and Democritus' tenets, very solicitous which was most probable and came nearest to truth : to put them out of that surly controversy, and to refresh their spirits, he told them a pleasant tale of Stratocles the physician's wedding, and of all the parti- s' 1500 men at once, tigers, lions, elephants, horses, l their spectacles produced with the most mairnificent dogs, lii'ars, &c. «* Lib. nit. et I. 1. ad tinem con- suelridine non minds laudahili, quam veteri contuher- nia Rhetoruni Rythinoruni in urbibus et municipiis, cer- lisque diebus exercebaiit se sajtillarii, pladiatores, &c. Alia ingenii, aniniiqiie exerritia, quorum prapcipuum Btiidiuni, princineni poptiium iraetcdiis, coinoediis, fabu- lis scenicis, aliisque id genus ludis recreare. MOrhis «rra> descript. part. 3. so "What shall I say of decorations,— a degree of costliness never inilulgi'd even by the Romans." »' Lampridius. s^Spailian. 83Delectatus liisis catuloruni, pnrcellorum, ut perdice* inter se pugnarent, aut ut avcs parvulae sursu n el deorsum volitarent, his maxima delfctatus, ut S' litu dines publicas suhlevaret. " Bru males lice ul possint producere nodes. "Miles. 4. Mem. 4 Exercise rectified. 315 culars, the company, the cheer, the music, Stc, for he was new come rrorn it; with which relation they were so much (.'fUghted, that Philolaus wished a blessing to his heart, and many a good wedding, ^"many such merry meetings might he be at, " to please himself with the sight, and others with the narration of it." News are gene- rally welcome to all our ears, avi.de audimtis,, aures enim hominum novitat.e latanlur ("'as Pliny observes), we long after rumour to hear and listen to it, ^densum huineris Mbit aurc viiJgus. 'We are most part too inquisitive and apt to hearken after news, which Ctesar, in his "" Commentaries, observes of the old Gauls, they would be inquiring of every carrier and passenger what they had heard or seen, what news abroad ? " quid tnto fiat ill orbe, duid Seres, quid Tliraci'S agant, pecreta noverca;, Et pucri, qiiis aiiiet," &.C. ' as at an ordinary with us, bakehouse or barber's shop. When that great Gonsalva was upon some displeasure confined by King Ferdinand to the city of Loxa in Anda- lusia, the only comfort (saiih '°°.Jovius) he had to ease his melancholy thoughts, was to hear news, and to listen after those ordinary occurrences which were brought him cu7n primis, by letters or otherwise out of the remotest parts of Europe. Some men's whole delight is, to take tobacco, and drink all day long in a tavern or alehouse, to discourse, sing, jest, roar, talk of a cock and bull over a pot, &c. Or when three or four good companions meet, tell old stories by the fireside, or in the sun, as old folks usually do, qiice aprici mcminere senes., remembering afresh and with pleasure ancient matters, and such like accidents, which happened in their younger years : others' best pastime is to game, nothing to them so pleasant. ^Hic. Veneri indidget., hiinc decoquit alca — 'many too nicely take exceptions at cards, ^ tables, and dice, and such mixed lusorious lots, whom Gataker well confutes. Which though they be honest recrea- tions in themselves, yet may justly be otherwise excepted at, as they are often abused, and forbidden as things most pernicious; insanam rem et damnosam,, ''Lemnius calls it. " For most part in these kind of disports 'tis not art or skill, but subtlety, cun- nycalching, knavery, chance and fortune carries all away:" 'tis ambulatorla pccunia, *" piincto mohilis horse Permulal doininos, et cedit in altera jura." They labour most part not to pass their time in honest disport, but for filthy lucre, and covetousness of money. In foedissimum lucrum et avaritiam hominum convcr- litur^ as Dancus observes, Fons fraudum et maleftciorurn., 'tis tlie fountain of cozenage and villany. '"A thing so common all over Europe at this day, and so generally abused, that many men are utterly undone by it," their means spent, patri- monies consumed, they and their posterity beggared ; besides swearing, wrangling, drinking, loss of time, and such inconveniences, which are ordinary concomitants : *''for when once they have got a haunt of such companies, and habit of gaming, they can hardly be drawn from it, but as an itch it will tickle them, and as it is with whoremasters, once entered, hey cannot easily leave it off:" Vexat menfes insania cupido., they are mad upon their sport. And in conclusion (which Charles the Seventh, that good French king, published in an edict against gamesters) unde pice, et hilar is vita, sujfugium sihi suisque liberis., totique fa7nilice., Sfc. "Th?t which was. once their livelihood, should have maintained wife, children, family, i.-> now spent and gone ;" mceror et egestas, ^'c, sorrow and beggary succeeds. So good things may be abused, and that which was first invented to ''refresh men's weary spirits, when they come from other labours and studies to exhilarate the mind, to entertain time and company, tedious otherwise in those long solitary winter nights, and keep tiiem from worse matters, an honest exercise is contranly perverted. 08O dii similibus siepe conviviis date ut ipse videndo ileltctPtur, et pnstmoduiu uarrando delectet. Theoil. proiirnrnus Auioruin dial, interpret. GilbertoGiaulinio. *» Kpist. lil). 8. Ruffino. «» Hor. «*> Lib. 4. Gal- !]ca> consuetudinis est ut viatores etiam invitos consis- t-re cngaiit. et quill quisque eoruni audierit autcognorit de qua re quierunt. lo" Vilce ejus lib. ult. ' Juven. riR'y account them unlawful because sortilegious. • [nslit. c. 44. In his ludis plerunique non ars aut peri- tia vijiet.sed fraus, fallacia, dolus astulia, casus, forluna, '.eiuerits:' locum hahent, non ratio consilium, sapien- liu ke. « ' In a moment of tleeting lime it changes masters and submits to new control." ^Abusus tani frequens liodie in Europa ut pleriquecrebro liarum iisu palrimonium profundant, exhaustisque faciiltati- bus, ad iuopiani redisantur. eUbi semel prurigo ista animum occup^it a;gre discuti potest, solicitantibus undique ejusilem farinas honiiiiibns, damnosas illas vo- luptates repetunt, quod et scnrtatoribus insitum, &c. ' Instituitur ista exercitatio, non lucri, sed valetudiiiig et oblectamenti ratione, et quo animus defaligatua re spiret, novasque vires ad subeundos laborer denuc concipiat. 816 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. See V Chess-j;lay is a goDcl and witty exercise of the mind for some kmd of men, and fit for such melancholy, Rhasis holds, as are idle, and have extravagant impertinent thouglits, or troubled with cares, nothing better to distract their mind, and alter their meditations: invented (some say) by the * general of an army in a famine, to keep soldiers from nmtiny : but if it proceed from overmuch study, in such a case it may do more harm than good ; it is a game too troublesome for some men's brains, too fp.U of anxiety, all out as bad as study; besides it is a testy choleric game, and very offensive to him that loseth the mate. ® William the Conqueror, in his younger years, playing at chess with the Prince of France (Dauphine was not annexed to that crown in those days) losing a mate, knocked the chess-board about his pate. which was a cause afterward of much enmity between them. For some such reason it is belike, that Patrilius, in his 3. book., tit. 12. dc reg. instlt. forbids his prince to play at chess ; hawking and hunting, riding, &c. he will allow ; and this to other men, but by no means to him. In Muscovy, where they live in stoves and hot houses all winter long, come seldom or little abroad, it is again very necessary, and therefore in those parts, ( saith "^ Herbastein) nmch used. At Fez in Africa, where the like inconvenience of keeping within doors is through heat, it is very laudable; and (as " Leo Afer relates) as much frequented. A sport fit for idle gentlewomen, soldiers in garrison, and courtiers that have nought but love matters to busy them- selves about, but not altogether so convenient for such as are students. The like I may say of Col. Bruxer's philosophy game, D. Fulke's Metromachia and his Ouro- no?nachia, with the rest of those intricate astrological and geometrical fictions, for such especially as are mathematically given; and the rest of those curious games. Dancing, singing, masking, mumming, stage plays, howsoever they be heavily censured by some severe Catos, yet if opportunely and soberly used, may justly be approved. Melius est fodcre, quam scdtare,'^ saith Austin : but what is that if they delight in it? '^ JYemo saltal. sobrius. But in what kind of dance.'' I know these sports have many oppugners, whole volumes writ against them ; when as all they say (if duly considered) is but ignoratio Elcnchi; and some again, because they are now cold and wayward, past themselves, cavil at all such youthful sports in others, as he did in the comedy; they think them, ?7/ico nasci scnes, Sfc. Some out of pre- posterous zeal object many times trivial arguments, and because of some abuse, will quite take away the good use, as ii' they should forbid wine because it makes men drunk; but in my judgment they are too stern: there '•'is a time for all things, a time to mourn, a time to dance," Eccles. iii. 4. " a time to embrace, a time not to embrace, (verse 5.) and nothing better than that a man should rejoice in his own works," verse 22. ; for my part, I will subscribe to the king's declaration, and was ever of that mind, those May games, wakes, and Whitsun ales, Stc, if they be not at unseasonable hours, may justly be permitted. Let them freely feast, sing and dance, have their puppet-plays hobby-horses, tabors, crowds, bagpipes, Stc, play at ball, and barley-breaks, and what sports and recreations they like best. In Fran- conia, a province of Germany, (saith '^Aubanus Bohemus) the old folks, after even- ing prayer, went to the alehr use, the younger sort to dance : and to say truth with '^ Salisburiensis, salius fiierat sic oliari., quam hirpius occiipari^ better to do so than worse, as without question otlierwise (such is the corruption of man's nature) many of them will do. For that cause, plays, masks, jesters, gladiators, tumblers, jugglers, &c., and all that crew is admitted aud winked at: "^Tota jocuJarium scena procedit^ et idea spectamla admissa sunt., et infinita tyrocinia vanitahwi., ut his occupcmur., qui perniciosii/s otiuri solenl: that the) might be busied about such toys, that would otherwise more perniciously be idle So that as " Tacitus said of the astrologers in Rome, we may say of tliein, genus homimwi est quod in civitate nostra et vilabitur semper et retinebifur, tiiey are a debi uched company most part, still spoken against, as well they deserve some of them ^for I so relish and distinguish them as fiddlers, and musicians), and yet evei retained. "■ Evil is not to be done (I confess) that good s I.atninciiloriim Iiidiis inventus est a liuc-, ut cum ! latriinculnriim ludus est usitatissimus, lib. 3, de Afrxck miles intnlerabili fame lalHiiarct, alterodieedens altero ludens, faniis iibliviscereUir. Hellonius. See n ore of Ibis game in Daniel Sonter's I'alamedes, vel de variis ludis, I. 3. " D Hayward in vita ejus. 'o Mus- eovit. coiQiDentariuin. » later cives Fessanus IS" It is belter to dig than to dance." 'STullii.-* "No sensible man dances." '* De mor. fjeal. isPolycrat. I. 1. cap. 8. i« Idem SalisburionBit "Hist. lib. 1. Mom. 4.j Exercise rectified. 31? may come of ii •" but this is evil per accidens, and in a r£ualified sense, to avoul a greater inconvenience, may justly be tolerated. Sir Thomas More, in his Utopian Commonwealth, '*as he will have none idle, so will he have no man labour over hard, to be toiled out like a horse, 'tis more than slavish infelicity, the life oi most of our hired servants and tradesmen elsewhere (excepting his Utopians) but half the day allotted for work, and Kalf for honest recreation, or whatsoever employment the' shall think fit for themselves." If one half day in a week were allowed to our house hold servants for their merry meetings, by their hard masters, or in a year some feas^ts, like those Roman Saturnals, I think they would labour harder all the rest of their time, and both parties be better pleased : but this needs not (you will say), for some of them^do nought but loiter all the week long. This which I aim at, is for such as are fracf I animis^ troubled in mind, to ease them, over-toiled on the one part, to refresh : over idle on the other, to keep them- selves busied. And to this purpose, as any labour or employment will serve to the one, any honest recreation will conduce to the other, so that it be moderate and sparing, as the use of meat and drink; not to «pend all their life in gaming, playing, and pastimes, as too many gentlemen do; but to revive our bodies and recreate our souls with honest sports : of which as there be diverse sorts, and peculiar to several callings, ages, sexes, conditions, so there be proper for several seasons, and those o distinct natnreg, to fit that variety of humours which is amongst them, that if on will not, another may : some in summer, some in winter, some gentle, some more violent, some for the mind alone, some for the body and mind : (as to some it is both business and a pleasant recreation to oversee workmen of all sorts, husbandry, cattle, horses, Slc. To build, plot, project, to make models, cast up accounts, &.c.) some without, some within doors ; new, old, &c., as the season serveth, and as men are inclined, it is reported of Philippus Bonus, that good duke of Burgundy (by Lodovicus Vives, in Epist. and Pont. "*Heuter in his history) that the said duke, at the marriage of Eleonora, sister to the king of Portugal, at Bruges in Flanders, which was solemnized in the deep of winter, when, as by reason of unseasonable weather, he could neither hawk nor hunt, and was now tired with cards, dice, &c., and such other domestic sports, or to see ladies dance, with some of his courtiers, he would m the evening walk disguised all about the town. It so fortuned, as he was walking late one night, he found a country fellow dead drunk, snorting on a bulk; ^°he caused his followers to bring him to his palace, and there stripping him of his old clothes, and attiring him after tlie court fashion, when he waked, he and they were all ready to attend upon his excellency, persuading him he was some great duke. The poor fellow admiring how he came there, was served in stale all the day long ; A after supper he saw them dance, heard music, and the rest of those court-like plea- sures : bat late at night, when he was well tippled, and again fast asleep, they put on his old robes, and so conveyed him to the place where they first found him. Nom the fellow had not made them so good sport the day before as he did when he re- turned to himself; all the jest was, to see how he ^' looked upon it. In conclusion after some little admiration, the poor man told his friends he had seen a vision, con- stantly believed it, would not otherwise be persuaded, and so the jest ended. ^^An- tiochus Epiphanes would often disguise himself, steal from his court, and go into merchants', goldsmiths', and other tradesmen's sliops, sit and talk with them, and sometimes ride or walk alone, and fall aboard with any tinker, clown, serving man, carrier, or whomsoever he met first. Sometimes he did ex insperato give a poor fel- low money, to see how he would look, or on set purpose lose his purse as he went, to watch who found it, and withal how he would be afl^ected, and with such objects he was much delighted. Many such tricks are ordinarily put in practice by great men. to exhilarate themselves and others, all which are harmless jests, and have their good uses. But amongst those exercises, or recreations of the mind within doors, there is 16 Nemo (losidet otiosus, ita nemo asinino more ad ■eram iiocteni labural; iiamea pliii^quaiii siTvilis srum- na, qucE npjfiruiii vita est, exceptis Utopiensibus qui iliem in !i4. hnras dividiini, sexdiiiitaxat operi (iepiitant, reliquiiiii i eomno et cibo cujusque arl)itrio permittitiir. '* fteruai Biir^unii. lib. 4. ^Jiissit hoiiiinem de- 2b2 ferri ad palatiiim et ler.to ducali collucari, &c. mtran homo ubi se eo loci videt. '' Q,iiid interest, inquil Lod'ivicus Vives, (epist. ad Francisc. Barduccm) intnl diem illiu.s el POKlros aliquot aiinos? nihil punilni nisi quod, &f ""Hen. Stephaii. priE'at. Htiri)iii.ti 318 Cure of Melancholy. Part. 2. Sec. 2 aone so general, so aptly to he applied to all sorts of men, so fit and proper to expe'. idleness and melancholy, as that of study : Sindia seneclutem oblectant, adolescentiam alunt^ sccundas res nniani., adversis perfugium et solatium, prcebenf^ domi dehctont. (See find the rest in Tully pro Archia PoetaP What so full of content, as lo read walk, and see maps, pictures, statues, jewels, marbles, which some so much mag nify, as those that Phidias made of old so exquisite and pleasing to be beheld, that as ^^Chrysostom thinketh, "•if any man be sickly, troubled in mind, or that cannot sleep for grief, and shall but stand over against one of Phidias' images, he will forget all care, or whatsoever else may molest him, in an instant ?" There be those as much taken with Michacd Angelo's, Raphael de Urbino's, Francesco Francia's pieces, and many of those Italian and Dutch painters, which were excellent in their ages ; and esteem of it as a most pleasing sight, to view those neat architectures, devices, escutcheons, coats v-f arms, read such books, to peruse old coins of several sorts in a fair gallery ; artificial works, perspective glasses, old relics, Roman antiquities, variety of colours. A good picture is falsa Veritas., et muta poesis: and though (as '^Vives saith) artificialia delcctant, ssd mox fasti dimus., artificial toys please but for a time ; yet who is he that will not be moved with them for the present ? When Achilles was tormented and sad for tlie loss of his dear friend Patroclus, his mother Thetis brought him a most elaborate and curious buckler made by Vulcan, in which were engraven sun, moon, stars, planets, sea, land, men fighting, running, riding, women scolding, hills, dales, towns, castles, brooks, rivers, trees. Sec, witli many pretty landscapes, and perspective pieces : with sight of which he was infinitely de lighted, and much eased of his grief. 2ti"Continuo eo spectaculo captus deleiiito mnsrore Oblectabiitur, in iiianibus lenens dei spleiidida dona." Who will not be affected so in like case, or see those well-furnished cloisters and galleries of the Roman cardinals, so riclily stored with all modern pictures, old statues and antiquities.^ Cum se spcclando recreet siinul et legendo, to see.thei'" pictures alone and read the descriptioji, as " Boisardus well adds, whom will it not affect } which Bozius, Pomponius, Lfetus, Marlianus, Schottus, Cavelerius, Ligorius. &c., and he himself hath well performed of late. Or in some prince's cabinets, like that of the great dukes in Florence, of Felix Platerus in Basil, or noblemen's houses, to see such variety of attires, faces, so many, so rare, and such exquisite pieces, of men, birds, beasts, &c., to see those excellent landscapes, Dutch works, and curious cuts of Sadlier of Prague, Albertus Durer, Goltzius Vrintes, &c., such pleasant pieces of perspective, Indian pictures made of feathers, China works, frames, thaumaturgi- cal motions, exotic toys, &c. Who is he that is now wholly overcome with idle- ness, or otherwise involved in a labyrinth of- worldly cares, troubles and discontents that will not be much lightened in his mind by reading of some enticing story, true or feigned, whereas in a glass he shall observe what our forefathers have done, the begiiniings, ruins, falls, periods of commonwealths, private men's actions displayed to the life, &c. '^'^ Plutarch therefore calls them, se'cundas mensas et hellaria., the second .course and junkets, because they were usually read at noblemen's feasts Who is not earnestly affected with a passionate speech, well penned, an elegani poem, or some pleasant bewitching discourse, like that of '^^Heliodorus, ubi ohlectatio qucpdafn placidefuii, cum hllaritate conjuncta? Julian the Apostate was so taken with an oration of Libanius, the sophister, that, as he confesseth, he could not be quiet till he had read it all out. Legi orationem tuam magna ex parte., hesterna die ante prandium^ pransus vera sine ulld intermissione totam absolvi?° O argumcnta ! O compositionem ! I may say the same of this or that pleasing tract, which will draw his attention along with it. To most kind of men it is an extraordinary de- light to study. For what a world of books offers itself, in all subjects, arts, and sciences, to the sweet content and capacity of the reader } In arithmetic, geometry, perspective, optics, astronomy, architecture, sculpture, painting, of which so many «" Study is the delight of old age, the support of youth, the ornament of prosperity, the solace and refuge of adversity, the comfort of domestic lile, &c." ^^Orat. 12. siqnis animo fiierit atfliclus aut a-ger, riec somnum •dinittens, is inihi videtur e resione stans talis iinagi- nis, oblivieci oinniuni posse, qiiie Ininiaine vitse nirucia et difficilia accidere sclent. s* De anima. "'Ilihii. 19. !>• Topogr. Rom. part. 1. sfQuod heroiiir convivlis legi solil;e. ^ Melancthon de Heliodoro. 30 I read a considerable part of your speech before din niT, but after I had dined I finished it complexly. Ok what arguments, what eloquence I Mem. 4.J Exercise reclined. 319 and such elab jrate treatises are of late written : in mechanics and their mysteries, military matters, navigation, ^'riding of horses, *^ fencing, swimming, gardening, planting, ffreat tomes of husbandry, cookery, falconry, hunting, fishing, fowling, &.c., with exquisite pictures of all sports, games, and what not ? In music, metaphysics, natural and moral philosophy, philology, in policy, heraldry, genealogy, chronology &c., they afford great tomes, or those studies of ^^ antiquity, &.C., et ^* quid subtiliiis Arithmeticis inventionihus^ quid jucundius Musicis ralioiiibus, quid divinius ^Islrono- micis, quid rectius Geometricis demonstrationihis? What so sure, what so pleasant.' He that shall but see that geometrical tower of Garezenda at Bologna in Italy, the steeple and clock at Sirasburg, will admire the effects of art, or that engine of Archi- medes, to remove the earth itself, if he had but a place to fasten his instrument : Archimedes Coclea, and rare devices to corrivate waters, musical instruments, and tri-syllable echoes again, again, and again repeated, with myriads of such. What vast tomes are extant in law, physic, and divinity, for profit, pleasure, practice, specu- lation, in verse or prose, Slc. ! their names alone are the subject of whole volumes, we have thousands of authors of all sorts, many great libraries full well furnished. like so many dishes of meat, served out for several palates ; and he is a very block that is affected with none of them. Some take an infinite delight to study the very languages wherein these books are written, Hebrew, Greek, Syriac, Chaldee, Arabic, &c. Methinks it would please any man to look upon a geographical map, ^'^ sauvi animum delectatione allicere, oh incredibilem rerum varietatcm et jucunditatem, et ad pleniorem sui cognilionein excitare, chorographical, topographical delineations, to behold, as it were, all the remote provinces, towns, cities of the world, and never to go forth of the limits of his study, to measure by the scale -ind compass their extent, distance, examine their site. Charles the Great, as Platina writes, had three fair silver tables, in one of which superficies was a large map of Constantinople, in the second Rome neatly engraved, in the third an exquisite description of the whole worjd, and much deliglit he took in them. What greater pleasure can there now be, than to view those elaborate maps of Ortelius, '^ Mercator, Hondius, &,c. .'' To peruse those books of cities, put out by Braunus and Hogenbergius ? To read those exqui- site descriptions of Maginus, Munster, Herrera, Laet, Merula, Boterus, Leander, Albertus, Camden, Leo Al'er, Adricomius, Nic. Gerbelius, &c. .? Those famous expe- ditions of Christoph. Columbus, Americus Vespucius, Marcus Polus the Venetian, Lod. Vertomannus, Aloysius Cadamustus, &c. .'' Those accurate diaries of Portu- guese, Hollanders, of Bartison, Oliver a Nort, &c. Hakluyt's voyages, Pet. Martyr's Decades, Benzo, Lerius, Linschoten's relations, those Hodaeporicons of Jod. a Meg- gen, Brocard the monk, Bredenbacliius, Jo. Dublinius, Sands, Slc, to Jerusalem, Egypt, and other remote places of the world .^ those pleasant itineraries of Paulus Hentzerus, Jodocus Sincerus, Dux Polonus, Sec, to read Bellonius' observations, P. GiUius his surveys ; those parts of America, set out, and curiously cut in pictures, by Fratres a Bry. To see a well-cut herbal, herbs, trees, flowers, plants, all vegeta- bles expressed in their proper colours to the life, as that of Matthiolus upon Dios- corides, Delacampius, Lobel, Bauhinus, and that last voluminous and mighty herbal of Beslar of Nuremburg, wherein almt>.dt every plant is to his own bigness. Tc see birds, beasts, and fishes of the sea, spiders, gnats, serpents, flies, Slc, all crea- tures set out by the same art, and truly expressed in lively colours, with an exact description of their natures, virtues, qualities, Slc, as hath been accurately performed by ^lian, Gesner, Ulysses Aldrovandus, Bellonius, Rondoletius^ Hippolytus Salvia- nus, Slc ^''Arcana cceli^ naturce secreta, ordinem universi scire majoris felicitatis el dv.lcedinis est^ quam cogitati,one quis asseqxd possit^ aut mortalis sperare. What more pleasing studies can there be than the mathematics, theoretical or practical parts r as to survey land, make maps, models, dials, Slc, with which 1 was ever much de- " PIdvinos. s^Thibault. as As in travelling i jirsefat. Mercatoris. " It allures the mind hy its asree- the rest go (brwariJ and look before tbem, an aiitiqiinry able attraction, on account of .lie incredible variety and alone looks round about him, seeing things past, &c, hath a complete horizon. Janus liilrons. s^Car- Jan. " Wtiiit is more subtle Ihan arithmetical conclu- sions; what more agreeable than musical harmonies; what more divine than astronomical, what more cer- tain than ^('ome'ncal den onstra^iuns?" ^ Hondius pleasantness of the subjects, a id excites to a further step in knowledge." se Atlas Geog. s' Cardan. "To learn the mysteries of the heavens, the secret workings of nature, the order of the universe, i« a greater happiness and gralifiralion Ihan any mortal can think or exited to obtain." 320 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2 lighted mysef. Talis est Mathemafum pulchritudo (saith "^Plutarcli) u( his indignum sit dicitiarum phaleras istas et bullas^ ef puellaria sped acuta comparari; such is the excellency of these studies, that all those ornaments and childish bubbles of wealth, xre not worthy to be compared to them : credi mihi (™ saith one) extingid dulce erii Mat hc7na tic arum artium studio, I could even live and die with such meditation, '"'and lake more delight, true content of mind in them, than thou hast in all thy wealth iud sport, how rich soever thou art. And as "" Cardan well seconds me,^ Honorifi' cum magis est et gloriosum hccc inleUigere, quam prnvinciis pra;esse, forjnosurn au ditcm juvenem esse.'*'^ The like pleasure there is in all other studies, to such as an truly addicted to them, '^^ ca suavitas (one holds) ut cum quis ea degustaverit, quasi poculis Circeis captus, non possit iinquam ah illis divelli; the like sweetness, which us Circe's cup bewitcheth a student, he cannot leave off, as well may witness those many laborious hours, days and nights, spent in the voluminous treatises written by them; the same content. ''^Julius Scaliger was so much affected with poetry, that he brake out into a pathetical protestation, he had rather be the author of twelve verses in Lucan, or such an ode in '"Horace, than emperor of Germany. ^^ Nicho- las Gerbelius, that good old man, was so much ravished with a few Greek authors restored to light, with hope and desire of enjoying the rest, that he exclaims forth- with, Jlrahihus atque Indis omnibus erimus ditiores, we shall be riclier than alJ the Arabic or Indian princes; of such '"esteem they were M'ith him, incomparabh worth and value. Seneca prefers Zeno and Chrysippus, two doting stoics (he wa' so much enamoured of their works), before any prince or general of an army; and Orontius, the mathematician, so far admires Archimedes, that he calls him Divinum et homine majorcm, a petty god, more than a man ; and well he might, for aught I see, if you respect fame or worth. Pindarus, of Thebes, is as much renowned for his poems, as Epaminondas, Pelopidas, Hercules or Bacchus, his fellow citizens, for their warlike actions ; et si famam respicias, non pauciores Jiristotelis quam Alexandri meminerunt (as Cardon notes), Aristotle is more known than Alexander ; for we have a bare relation of Alexander's deeds, but Aristotle, totus vivit in monumentis, is whole in his works : yet 1 stand not upon this ; the delight is it, which I aim at, so great pleasure, such sweet content there is in study. '"^King James, 1605, when he came to see our University of Oxford, and amongst other edifices now went to view that famous library, renewed by Sir Thomas Bodley, in imitation of Alexander, at his departure brake out into that noble speecli. If J were not a king, I would be a university man: ''^''and if it were so that I must be a prisoner, if I might have my wish, I would desire to have no other prison than that library, and to \)e chained together with so many good authors et mortuis magistris.'''' So sweet is the delight of study, the more learning they have (as he that hath a dropsy, the more he drinks the thirstier he is) the more they covet to learn, and the last day is prioris discipulus; harsh at first learning is, radices amarcB, but fr act us duices^ according to that of Isocrates, pleasant at last ; the longer they live, the more they are enamoured with the Muses. Heinsius, the keeper of the library at Leyden in Holland, was mewed up in it all the year long: and that which to thy thinking should have bred a loathing, caused in him a greater liking. ^"'* 1 no sooner (saith he) come into the library, but I bolt the door to me, excluding lust, ambition, avarice-, and all such vices, whose nurse is idleness, the mother of ignorance, and melancholy, hei- self, and in the very lap of eternity, amongst so many divine souls, I take my seat, with so lofty a spirit and sweet content, that I pity all our great ones, and rich men that know not this happiness." I am not ignorant in the meantime (notwithstanding this which I have said) how barbarously and basely, for the most part, our ruder gentry esteem of libraries and books, how they neglect and contemn so great a trea- sure, so inestimable a benefit, as ^sop's cock did the jewel he found in the dung-/| s* Lib. dft ciipid. divitiarum S9 Leon. Disgs. prrefat. «d pprpet. prognost. '"'Plus capio volnplalis, &c. •In Hipperchen. divis. 3. <2 " it js more lionoiirahle and glorious to understand these truths than to govern provinces, to be beautiful or to be young." <3 Cardan, prififat. rernm variet. ••< f'oelices lib. i^Lib. 3. Ode 0. Donee grains eram tihi, &c. « f)e Pelopones. lib. 6. ilescript. (Jr.TC. <' Quos si integros habere- nius. Oii boni, quas opes, quos thesauros tenereinus. • ■' Isaark Wake musa: regnaiites. "Si unquani rnihi in fatis sit.ut captivus ducar. si mihi daretur optin, hoc cuperem carcere concludi, hiscatenis illigari, cum hisce captivis c.oncatenatis oetatem agere. so Kpisi. Pri- niiero. Pleriinque in qua sirnul ac pedem posui, foribu* pessulnm ahdo; nmhilionein autem, amnrem, libidi nein.etc. e.\clU(lo,qnorinn parens est ignavia, iinperiiia iiutrix, et in ipso a^ternitatis greinio, inter tot illustret animas scdem mihi sumo, cum ingeiitl quidern aniiiic. ut subinde magnatum nie misereat. qui fjElivitalem hanc ignorant. Mem 4.' Exercise rectified. 321 hill ; and all tlirough error, ignorance, and want of education. And hiS a wonder, witlial, to observe how much they will vainly cast away in unnecessary expenses, qiiot modis percant (saith ^' Erasmus) magnalibns pecimice., quantum absiimant alea^ scoria., co?npotationeSj prof ect tones non neccssaricB.i jjompcz, bella qucBsita., amhllio., colax, morio., ludio, Sfc, what in hawks, hounds, lawsuits, vain building, gormandising, drinking, sports, plays, pastimes, &c. If a well-minded man to the Muses, would sue to some of them for an exhibition, to the farther maintenance or enlargement of such a work, be it college, lecture, library, or whatsoever else may tend to the advance- ment of learning, they are so unwilling, so averse, that they had rather see these which are already, with such cost and care erected, utterly ruined, demolished or otherwise employed ; for they repine many and grudge at such gifts and revenues so bestowed : and therefore it were in vain, as Erasmus well notes, vel ah his., vel a negolialoribus qui se MammoncB dediderunt., improbum fortasse tale ojjicium exigere, to solicit or ask anything of such men that are likely damned to riches; to tliis pur- pose. 'For my part 1 pity these men, stultos jubeo esse libenter, let them go as they are, iii the catalogue of Ignoramus. How much, on the other side, are all we bound that are scholars, to those munificent Ptolemies, bountiful Maecenases, heroical patrons, divine spirits, '- ' qui nobis hffic otio fecerunt, namqne erit ille tnihi semper Deus" "These blpssings, friend, a Deity bestovv'd. For never can I deem him less than God." That have provided for us so many well-fuinished libraries, as well in our public academies in most cities, as in our private colleges .'' How shail I remember ^^ Sir Thomas Bodley, amongst the rest, ^^ Otho Nicholson, and the Right Reverend John Williams, Lord Bishop of Lincoln (with many other pious acts), who besides that at St. John's College in Cambridge, that in Westminster, is now likewise in Fieri with a library at Lincoln (a noble precedent for all corporate towns and cities to imi- tate), O quam te memorem [vir illustrissime) quibus elogiis? But to my task again. y> Whosoever he is therefore that is overrun with solitariness, or carried away with ^^pleasing melancholy and vain conceits, and for want of employment knows not how to spend his time, or crucified with worldly care, I can prescribe him no better remedy than this of study, to compose himself to the learning of some art or science. Provided always that this malady proceed not from overmuch study; for in such case he adds fuel to the fire, and nothing can be more pernicious : let him take heed he do not overstretch his wits, and make a skeleton of himself; or such inamoratoes as read nothing but play-books, idle poems, jests, Amadis de Gaul, the Knight of the Sun, the Seven Champions, Palmerin de Oliva, Huon of Bourdeaux, &c. Such many times prove in the end as mad as Don Quixote. Study is only prescribed to those that are otherwise idle, troubled in mind, or carried headlong with vain thoughts and imaginations, to distract their cogitations (although variety of study, or some serious subject, would do the former no harm) and divert their continual meditations another way. Nottiing in this case better than study; semper aliquid memoriter ediscant, saith Piso, let them learn something without book, transcribe, translate, &c. Read the Scriptures, which Hyperius, lib. 1. de quotid. script, lec.fol. 77. holds available of itself, "^^the mind is erected thereby from all worldly cares, and hath much quiet and tranquillity." For as ^^ Austin well hath it. 'tis scientia scicnfiarum., omni melle dulcior, omni pane, suavior., omni vino., hilarior : 'tis the best nepenthe, surest cordial, sweetest alterative, presentest diverter: for neither as "Chrysostom well adds, "those boughs and leaves of trees which are plashed for cattle to stand under, in the heat of the day, in summer, so much refresh them with their acceptable shade, as the ■ ^j^eaii'mg of the Scripture doth recreate and comfort a distressed soul, in sorrow and (affliction." Paul bids "pray continually;" quod cibus corpori, lectio animm facit^ saith Seneca, as meat is to the body, such is reading to the soul. *^"To be at leisure without books is another hell, and to be buried alive." *^ Cardan calls a library the physic of the soul; '^"divine authors fortify the mind, make men bold and constant; f-Chil. 2. Cent. 1. Adag. I. 62Virg. eclog. 1. *• Founder of our public library in Oxon. ^^Oursin Christ Church, Oxon. ^ Animus levatur inde a cuiis_multa quieti! at tranqiiillitate frnens. "'Ser. 38. meridie per restatem, optabilem exhibeiites umbram nve* ila reficiunt, ac scripturariim lectio afflictas anjrorr- animas solatur et recrcat. MOtiuni sine Uteris mor> est. et vivi hominis st-piiltura, Seneca. 69Cap iH; a- Pratres Erem. '''' Hoiii. 4. de pcenitentia. Nam I. 57. de rer. var. '« Porteni reddunt anir>iim ri cmi 'HI: iwi arhnruai conix pro pticoruiu tuguriis facts, | stanteio ; et piuni colloquium nun permil'il aiiimum 41 322 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec '£ and (as Ilyp^rius adds) godly conference will not permit the mind to be tortuied with absurd cogitations." Rhasis enjoins continual conference to such melancholy men, perpetual 'discourse of some history, tale, poem, news, Stc, allernos sermones tdere ac biberc, ceque jucundum quam cibiis,sive polus, wliich feeds the mind as mea and drink doth the body, and pleaseth as much : and therefore the said Rhasis, not without good cause, would have somebody still talk seriously, or dispute with them, and sometimes "•*' to cavil and wrangle (so that it break not out to a violent pertur- bation), for sucli altercation is like stirring of a dead fire to make it burn afresh," it whets a dull spirit, '" and will not suffer the mind to be drowned in those profound cogitations, which melancholy men are commonly troubled with." "Ferdinand and Alphonsus, kings of Arragon and Sicily, were both cured by reading the history, one of Curtius, the other of Livy, when no prescribed physic would take place. ^^Came rarius relates as much of Lorenzo de' Medici. Heathen philosophers are so full ol divine precepts in this kind, tliat, as some think, they alone are able to settle a dis- tressed mind. ^''Sunt verba et. voces., quibus hunc lenire dolorem., Sfc. Epicletus, Plu- tarch, *and Seneca; qualis tile., quce tela., saith Lipsius, adversus omnes animi casus adrainislrati et ipsam morlem., quomodu vitia eripit., infert virtutes? when I read Seneca, ^^ " methinks I am beyond all human fortunes, on the top of a hill above mortality." Plutarch saith as much of Homer, for which cause belike Niceratus, in Xenoplion, was made by his parents to con Homer's Iliads and Odysseys without book, ut in virum bonum evadereU as well to make him a good and honest man. as to avoid idleness. If this comfort be got from philosophy, what shall be had from divinity.' What shall Austin, Cyprian, Gregory, Bernard's divine meditations afford us .' ^" dui qui«i sit piilohnim, quid tiirpe, quid utile, quid non, rienius el melius Clirysippo et Ciantore dicuiit." Nay, what shall the Scripture itself.'' Which is like an apothecary's shop, wherein are all remedies for all infirmities of mind, purgatives, cordials, alteratives, corrobo- ratives, lenitives, &c. " Every disease of the soul," saith ^' Austin, " hath a peculiar medicine in the Scripture ; this only is required, that the sick man take the potion which God hath already tempered." ®^ Gregory calls it "a glass wherein we may see all our infirmities," ?'^7i(7M//i coUoqiiium., Psalm cxix. 140. ^^Origen a charm. And therefore Hierom prescribes Rusticus the monk, '"" continually to read the Scripture, and to meditate on that which he hath read ; for as mastication is to meal, so is meditation on that which we read." I would for these causes wish him that is melancholy to use both human and divine authors, voluntarily to impose some task upon himself, to divert his melancholy thoughts : to study the art of memory, •Cosmus Rosselius, Pet. Ravennas, Scenkelius' Detectus, or practise Brachygraphy, &.C., that will ask a great deal of attention : or let him demonstrate a proposition in Euclid, in his five last books, extract a square root, or study Algebra : than which, as " Clavius holds, " in all human disciplines nothing can be more excellent and plea- sant, so abstruse and recondite, so bewitching, so miraculous, so ravishing, so easy withal and full of delight," omnem humanuni captuni supe.rare videtur. By this means you may define ex ungiie leoncm, as the diverb is, by his thumb alone the bigness of Hercules, or the true dimensions of the great " Colossus, Solomon's tem- ple, and Domitian's amphitheatre out of a little part. By this art you may contem- plate the variation of the twenty-three letters, which may be so infinitely varied, that the words complicated and deduced thence will not be contained within the compass of the firmament ; ten words may be varied 40,320 several ways : by this art you may examine how many men may stand one by another in the whole superficies of the earth, some say 148,456,800,000,000, assignando singulis passum quadrat um abaurda co>;itati one torqueri. °i Altercationibus ■Mtantur, i]iix non permittunt animuni subinergi pro- fundis cogitalionibiis, de quibus otiose cogitat et trisla- tur in iis. «- Bodin. prefat. ad iiieth. hist. 63 Ope- rum siibcis. cap. 15. "■• Hor. ^liFateMduni est racuniine Olynipi constitutus supra ventos et procellas, at omnes res humanas. 66 '• yv ho explain what is .fair foul, useful, worthless, more fully and faithfully Ihati Ohrysippus and Craiitor?" «' In Ps. xxxvi. oiiinis morbus aniini in scriptura hahet iiiedicinaui ; lantum opus est ut qui sit a:ger, noti recuse! potionein quam Deus temperavit. os [p moral, speculum quo nos intueri possiinus. cs Horn 28. Ut ineanta- tione viris fiigatur, ita lectione malum. '° [teruin atque, iteruni in'oneo, ut aniniam sacra; scripturae lec- tione occupe-s. Masticat divinuni pabulum meditatin. " Ad 2. definit. 2. elem. In disciplinis hiimaiiis nihil pr.'Bstantius rrperitur: qiiippe miraciila quteilam nume rorurn emit tani ahstrusa et reronilita, tantii nii>iio minus facilitate et voluptate, ut. &c. '^Whith contained ^USU.UOO weights of brass. Mom. 4.] Exercise rectified. 323 assigning a square foot to each), how many men, supposing all the world as habit- sbiv as France, as fruitCul and so long-lived, may be born in 60,000 years, and so ma}^ you demonstrate with "Archimedes how many sands the mass of the wh(>le world might contain if all sandy, if you did but first know how much a small cube as big as a muslard-seed might hold, with infinite such. But in all nature what is there so stupendous as to examine and calculate the motion of the planets, their magnitudes, apogees, perigees, eccentricities, how far distant from the earth, the bigness, thick- ness, compass of the firmament, each star, with their diameters and circumference, apparent area, superficies, by those curious helps of glasses, astrolabes, sextants, quadrants, of which Tycho Brahe in his mechanics, optics (" divine optics) arithmetic, geometry, and such like arts and instruments .'' What so intricate and pleasing withal, as to peruse and practise Heron Alexandrinus's works, de spiritalibus, de machinis heUicis^ de machind.se movente^ Jordani JYemorarii de ponderibus proposit. 13, that pleasant tract of Machometes Bragdedinus de superficierum ofbistoni^MS, Apollonius's Conies, or Commandif Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2 as the speculation of these things, to read and examine such experiments, or if a man be more mathematically given, to calculate, or peruse Napier's Logarithms, or those tables of artificial "sines and tangents, not long since set out by mine old col- legiate, good friend, and late fellow-student of Christ-church in Oxford, " Mr. Ed- mund Gunter, which will perform that by addition and substraction only, which heretofore Regiomontanus's tables did by multiplication and division, or those elabo- rate conclusions of his '^ sector, quadrant, and cross-staff Or let him that is melan- choly calculate spherical triangles, square a circle, cast a nativity, which howsoever some tax, I say with ^^Garcaeus, dahimus hoc petulantibus ingeniis^ we will in some cases allow : or let him make an ephemerides, read Suisset the calculator's works Scaliger de emendatione temporum^ and Petavius his adversary, till he understand them, peruse subtle Scotus and Suarez's metaphysics, or school divinity, Occam, Thomas, Entisberus, Durand, &c. If those other do not afiect him, and his means be great, to employ his purse and fill his head, he may go find the philosopher's stone; he may apply his mind, I say, to heraldry, antiquity, invent impresses, em- blems ; make epithalaniiums, epitaphs, elegies, epigrams, palindroma epigrammata, anagrams, chronograms, acrostics, upon his friends' names ; or write a comment on Martianus Capella, TertoUian de pallio, the Nubian geography, or upon J£\ia Lselia Crispis, as many idle fellows have essayed ; and rather than do nothing, vary a *' verse a thousand ways with Putean, so torturing his wits, or as Rainnerus of Lune- burg, ^^2150 times in his Proteus PoeticuSj or Scaliger, Chrysolithus, Cleppissius, and others, have in like sort done. If such voluntary tasks, pleasure and delight, or crabbedness of these studies, will not yet divert their idle thoughts, and alienate their imaginations, they must be compelled, saith Christophorus a Vega, cogi de- bent^ I. 5. c. 14, upon some mulct, if they perform it not, quod ex officio incumhat^ loss of credit or disgrace, such as our public University exercises. For, as he that plays for nothing will not heed his game ; no more will voluntary employment so thoroughly affect a student, except he be very intent of himself, and t^ke an extra- ordinary delight in the study, about which he is conversant. It should be of that nature his business, which volcns nolens he must necessarily undergo, and without great loss, mulct, shame, or hindrance, he may not omit. Now for women, instead of laborious studies, they have curious needleworks, cut-works, spinning, bone-lace, and many pretty devices of their own making, to adorn their houses, cushions, carpets, chairs, stools, ('^ for she eats not the bread of idleness," Prov xxxi. 27. qucesivit lanam et linum) confections, conserves, distilla- tions, &c., which they show to strangers. 8>" Ipsa comes praesesqiie operis venientibus tillro I "Which to her guests she shows, with all her pelf, Hospltibiis inonslraro solet, iioii segniier lioras Thus far my uiaids, but this 1 did myself." Coutestata suas, sed ncc silii deperiisse." | This they have to busy themselves about, household offices, &c., ^* neat gardens, full of exotic, versicolour, diversely varied, sweet-smelling flowers, and plants in all kinds, which they are most ambitious to get, curious to preserve and keep, proud to possess, and much many times brag of. Their merry meetings and frequent visita- tions, mutual invitations in good towns, I voluntarily omit, which are so much in use, gossipping among the meaner sort, Sic, old folks have their beads : an excel- lent invention to keep them from idleness, that are by nature melancholy, and past all affairs, to say so many paternosters, avemarias, creeds, if it were not profane and superstitious. In a word, body and mind must be exercised, not one, but both, and that in a mediocrity ; otherwise it will cause a great inconvenience. If the body be overtired, it tires the mind. The mind oppresseth the body, as with students it often- times falls out, who ^as *** Plutarch observes) have no care of the body, "but compel that which is mortal to do as much as that which is immortal : that which is earthly, as that which is ethereal. But as the ox tired, told the camel, (both serving one ■"Printed at London, Anno 1620. '8 Once astrono- '■ mortalem immortali, terrestrem SEthereiEsequalem prses- my reader at Gresham College. " Printed at Lon- I tare industriam : Caiteruin ut Caniftio usu vetiit, quod don by William Jones, 1623. ^opi-fjfat. Melli. Astrnl. ei bos proedixerat, cum eidem servirent domino et parte *' Tot tihi sunt doles Virgo, quot sidera coelo. fS Da 1 oneris levare ilium Caint-lus recusasset, pajjo post et pie Christe urbi bona sit pax tempore nostro. *3Cha- ipsius culem, et totum onus cogerctur gt-stare (quod ionerus, lib. 9. de Rep. Angel. "■' Hortus Coronarius | mortuo bove impletum) Ita aniaio quoqud conticB*' nedicus et culinarius, &c. "'Tom. I. de •nuit. .duiii defatigato r.orpori, &.C. tuend. Qui rationem corporis non habent, sed coguKt Mem. 5.] Waking and dreams rectijied. 326 master) that refused to carry some part of his burden, before it were long he should he compelled to carry all his pack, and skin to boot (which by and by, the ox beinj* dead, fell out), tlie body may say to the soul, that will give him no respite or remis ' sion : a little after, an ague, vertigo, consumption, seizeth on them both, all hii study is omitted, and they must be compelled to be sick together :" he that tenders his own good estate, and health, must let them draw with equal yoke, both alike, ^ '•' that so they may happily enjoy their wished health." MEMB. V. Waking and terrible Dreams rectified. As waking that hurts, by all means must be avoided, so sleep, which so muc»i helps, by like ways, ^'" must be procured, by nature or art, inward or outward medi- cines, and be protracted longer than ordinary, if it may be, as being an especial help." It moistens and fattens the body, concocts, and Jielps digestion (as we see in dor- mice, and those Alpine mice that sleep all winter), which Gesner speaks of, when they are so found sleeping under the snow in the dead of winter, as fat as butter. It expels cares, pacifies the mind, refresheth the weary limbs after long work : M " Somne qiiies rerum, placidissitne somne dcorum, I "Sleep, rest of tilings, O ple.ising deity. Pax aniini, qiiein cura fiigit, (lui corpora duris Peace of the soul, which cares dost crucify, Fessa iniuisteriis inulces reparasque labori." | Weary bodies refresh and mollify." The chiefest thing in all physic, ^ Paracelsus calls it, omnia arcana gemmarum su- perans et metallorum. The fittest time is "" two or three hours after supper, when as the meat is now settled at the bottom of the stomach, and 'tis good to lie on the right side first, because at that site the liver doth rest under the stomach, not molest- ing any way, but heating him as a fire doth a kettle, that is put to it. After tlie first sleep 'tis not amiss to lie on the left side, that the meat may the better descend ;" and sometimes again on the belly, but never on the back. Seven or eight hours is a competent time for a melancholy man to rest, as Crato thinks ; but as some do, to lie in bed and not sleep, a day, or half a day together, to give assent to pleasing con- ceits and vain imaginations, is many ways pernicious. To procure this sweet moist- ening sleep, it's best to take away the occasions (if it be possible) that hinder it, and then to use such inward or outward remedies, which may cause it. Constat hodie (saith Boissardus in his tract de Tnagid, cap. 4.) muUos ita fascinari ut noctes inlcgras exigant insomnes, swnmil inqa'ictudlne animorum et corporum; many cannot sleep for witches and fascmations, which are too familiar in some places ; they call it, dare alicui malum noctcm.. But the ordinary causes are heat and dryness, which must first be removed : ^' a hot and dry brain never sleeps well : grief, fears, cares, expectations, anxieties, great businesses, ^'In aurum utramque otiose ut dormias, and all violent perturbations of the mind, must in some sort be qualified, before we can hope for any good repose. He that sleeps in the day-time, or is in suspense, fear, any way troubled in mind, or goes to bed upon a full ^^ stomach, may never hope for quiet rest in flie night ; nee enim meritoria somnos admittunt^ as the ^^ poet saith ; inns and such like troublesome places are not for sleep ; one calls ostler, another tapster, one cries and shouts, another sings, whoops, halloos, 96 " abseiitem cantat aniicam, Miilta prolutus vappa nauta atque viator." Who not accustomed to such noises can sleep amongst them .'' He that will intend to take his rest must go to bed ammo securo^ quieto et libero., with a ®* secure and tjomposed mind, in a quiet place: omnia noctes erunt placida compdsta quiete: and * ITt pulchram illam et amabilem sanitatem prffiste. mus. 87 interdicendae Vigilis, somni paulo longio- res coiiriliandi. Altomarus cap. 7. Somiius supra iiio- dum prodest, qiiovismodo conciliandus, Piso. eeovid. w In Hippoc. Aplinris. 9* Crato cons. 21. lib. 2. duabiis aiit tribus horis post ca;nain,quuin jamcihusad fundum ventriculi resederit, prinium super latere dextro quies- cendum, quod in tali decnbitij jecur sub ventricnlo qui- e»cat, non gravans sed cihnm calfaciens, perinde ac »|"'s lebcteni qui illi aduiovetur; post primuin somnuin 2C quiescendum latere sinistro, &c. 9' Siepius accidit mclancholicis, ut nimiuni e.xsiccato cerebro vigiliis at- tenuentur. Ficinus, lib. ]. cap. 29. 93Ter. "That you may sleep calmly on either ear." 93 Ut sis nocte levis, sit tibi, csna brevis. 94 juven. Sat. 3. 95 Hor. Scr. lib. I. Sat. 5. " The tipsy sailor and his travellin,; companion sing the praises of their absent sweethearts.' 9sSepL>sitis ruris omnibus quantum fieri potest, una cum vestibuii, &.C. Kirkst. 3'26 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2 if" that will not serve, or may nov be obtained, to seek then such means as are requi- site. To lie in clean linen and sweet; before he goes to bed, or in bed, to hear *'" sweet music," which Ficinus commends, lib. 1. cap. 24, or as Jobertus, med. vracf. lib. 3. cap. 10. ^^"to read some pleasant author till he be asleep, to have a bason of water still dropping by his bedside," or to lie near that pleasant murmur. lene sonantis aquce. Some floodgates, arches, falls of water, like London Bridge, or some continuate noise which may benumb the senses, lenis motus, silentium et iene- bra, turn et ipsa voluntas somnos faciunt ; as a gentle noise to some procures sleep, so, which Bernardinus Tilesius, lib. de somno, well observes, silence, in a dark room, and the will itself, is most available to others. Piso commends frications, Andrew Borde a good draught of strong drink before one goes to bed ; I say, a nutmeg and ale, or a good draught of muscadine, with a toast and nutmeg, or a posset of the same, which many use in a morning, but methinks, for such as have dry brains, are much more proper at night; some prescribe a ^^sup of vinegar as they go to bed, a spoonful, saith ^tius Tetrabib. lib. 2. scr. 2. cap. 10. lib. 6. cop. 10. jEgineia, lib. 3. cap. 14. Piso, "a little after meat, "'*' because it rarefies melancholy, and procures an appetite to sleep." Donat. ab Mtoinar. cap. 7. and Mercurialis approve of it, if the malady proceed from the ' spleen. Salust. Salvian. lib. 2. cap. 1. de remed. Hercules de Saxonia in Pan. ^linus, Montaltus de morb. capitis, cap. 28. de Melan. are alto- gether against it. Lod. Mercatus, de inter. Morb. can. lib. 1. cap. 17. in some cases doth allow it. ^Rhasis seems to deliberate of it, though Simeon commend it (in sauce peradventure) he makes a question of it : as for baths, fomentations, oils, potions, simples or compounds, inwardly taken to this purpose, ^ I shall speak of them elsewhere. If, in the midst of the night, when they lie awake, which is usual to toss and tumble, and not sleep, '' Ranzovius would have them, if it be in warm weather, to rise and walk three or four turns (till they be cold) about the chamber and then go to bed again. Against fearful and troublesome dreams. Incubus and such inconveniences, where- with melancholy men are molested, the best remedy is to eat a light supper, and of such meats as are easy of digestion, no hare, venison, beef, &c., not to lie on hia back, not to meditate or think in the day-time of any terrible objects, or especially talk of them before he goes to bed. For, as he said in Lucian after such conference, Hecates somniare mihi videor, I can think of nothing but hobgoblins : and as Tully notes, ^"for the most part our speeches in the day-time cause our fantasy to work ■*.pon the like in our sleep," which Ennius writes of Homer : Et cants in sovinis leporis vestigia latrat: as a dog dreams of ^ hare, so do men on such subjects they thought on last. 6"Soninia qua", mentes ludunt volitantibus iinibris, Nee delubra deiim, nee ab SBthcre numiiia niittuiit, Sed sibi quisque facil," &c. For that cause when Ptolemy, king of Egypt, had posed the seventy interpreters in order, and asked the nineteenth man what would make one sleep quietly in the night, he told him, ' " the best way was to have divine and celestial meditations, and to use rtonest actions in the day-time. * Lod. Vives wonders how schoolmen could sleep quietly, and were not terrified in the night, or walk in the dark, they had such mon- strous questions, and thought of such terrible matters all day long." They had need, amongst the rest, to sacrifice to god Morpheus, whom ^Philostratus paints in a white and black coat, with a horn and ivory box full of dreams, of the same colours, to signify good and bad. If you will know how to interpret them, read Artemidorus, Sambucus and Cardan ; but how to help them, '" I must refer you to a more convenient place. 8' Ad liorain somni aiires suavibus carilibus et sonis delinire. i"* Lectio juciiiida, aut sermo, ad queni atteiitior animus convi-rtiitijr, aut aqua ab alto in sub- jectatn pelvini delabatiir, &c. Ovid. ^ Aceti snr- bitio. ">i'Attenuat uielancholiam, et adconcilian- dum snmruim juvat. iQuod lieni acetuni coiiveuiat. * Cont. 1. tract. 9. meditanrium de aceto. 3 Sect. 5. nieitib. 1. Suhsect. (i. < Lib. de sanit. tuenda. »lri Som. Scip. fit eniin fere ut cofjitationes nostras et ser- moiies pariant aliquid in somno, quale de Honiero scri- ••it Ennius, de quo videlicet sxpissimS vigilans solebat cofitare el loqui. 6 Aristee hist. " Neither th« shrines of the gods, nor the deities themselves, send down from the heavens those dreams which mock oui minds with these flitting shadows, — we cau.^e them to ourselves." ' Optimum de coelestibus et honestia meilitari, et ea facere. *'Lih. 3. de causis corr. art. tarn mira monstra qua;stionuin sa.'pe nascuntur inter eos, ut mirer eos interdum in soijiniis non terreri. aut de illis in tenebris audere verba f'tci- !, ad;o re5 «unt mon.^trosae. »Icon. lib. I. wSert. 5. IVIe«ii>.I Subs. 6. Mem. 6. Subs. 1.] Passions rectified. 327 MEMB. Vi. SuBSECT. I. — Perturbations of the mind rectified. From himself., by resisting to the utmost, confessing his grief to a friend., ^c. Whosoever he is that shall hope to cure this malady in himself or any other, m'ust first rectify these passions and perturbations of the mind : the chiefest cure consists in them. A quiet mind is that voluptas, or summum bonum of Epicurus, no7i dolere, curls vacare, animo tranquillo esse., not to grieve, but to want cares, and have a quiet soul, is the only pleasure of the world, as Seneca truly recites his opi oion, not that of eating and drinking, which injurious Aristotle maliciously puts upon him, and for which he is still mistaken, male audit et vapulat., slandered with- out a cause, and lashed by all posterity. ""Fear and sorrow, therefore, are espe- cially to be avoided, and the mind to be mitigated with mirth, constancy, good hope ,' vain terror, bad objects are to be removed, and all such persons in whose companies they be not well pleased." Gualter Bruel. Fernelius, consil. 43. Mercurialis, consil 6. Piso, Jacchinus, c«j9. 15. mQ.Rhasis, Capivaccius, Hildesheim, &c., all inculcate this as an especial means of their cure, that their '^ " minds be quietly pacified, vain conceits diverted, if it be possible, with terrors, cares, '^ fixed studies, cogitations, and whatsoever it is that shall any way molest or trouble the soul," because that otherwise there is no good to be done. '''"The body's mischiefs," as Plato proves, " proceed from the soul : and if the mind be not first satisfied, the body can never be cured." Alcibiades raves (saith '^Maximus Tyrius) and is sick, his furious desires carry him from Lyceus to the pleading place, thence to the sea, so into Sicily, thence to Lacedaemon, thence to Persia- thence to Samos, then again to Athens ; Critias tyranniseth over all the city ; /'^^rdanapalus is love-sick ; these men are ill-affected all, and can never be cured, tlil their minds be otherwise qualified. Crato, therefore, in that often-cited Counsel of his for a nobleman his patient, when he had sufficiently informed him in diet, air, exercise, Venus, sleep, concludes with these as matters of greatest moment. Quod reliquuin est., animce, accidentia corrigantur., from which alone proceeds melancholy ; they are the fountain, the subject, the hinges whereon it turns, and must necessarily be reformed. '^ "• For anger stirs choler, heats the blood and vital spirits ; sorrow on the other side refrigerates the body, and extinguisheth natural heat, overthrows appetite, hinders concoction, dries up the temperature, and perverts the understanding :" fear dissolves the spirits, infects the heart, attenuates the soul : and for these causes all passions and perturbations must, to the uttermost of our power and most seriously, be removed, ^lianus Montallus attributes so much to them, " " that he holds the rectification of them alone to be sufficient to the cure of melancholy in most patients." Many are fully cured when they have seen or heard, &.c., enjoy their desires, or be secured and satisfied in tbeir minds; Galen, the common master of them all, from whose fountain they fetch water, brags, lib. 1. de san. tuend., that he, for his part, hath cured divers of this infirmity, solum animis ad rectum institutis, by right settling alone of their minds. Yea, but you will here infer, that this is excellent good indeed if it could be done; but how shall it be effected, by whom, what art, what means } hie labor, hoc opm est. 'Tis a natural infirmity, a most powerful adversary, all men are subject to pas- sions, and melancholy above all others, as being distempered by their innate humours, abundance of choler adust, weakness of parts, outward occurrences ; and how shall they be avoided .? the wisest men, greatest philosophers of most excellent wit, rea- son, judgment, divine spirits, cannot moderate themselves in this behalf; such as are sound in body and mind. Stoics, heroes, Homer's gods, all are passionate, and '• Animi pfirturbationes summe fugiendae, inetus po- (issimurii et tristilia : enriinique loco animus deinulceii- ilus hilaiitate, aniini constantia, bona s()e ; reniovendi terrores, et eoruin consortium quos non probant. wPhantasicB eorum placide subverlenda>, terrores ab a^'rao removendi. '^ Ab oniiii fixa cogitatione quovismodo avertantur. KCuncla mala corporis ab animo procedunt, quie nisi cursntur, corpus curari rniniine potest, Cbarmid. "Disputat. An morbi gtaviores corporis an animi. Renoldo interpret, ut parum absit a furore, rapitur a Lyceo in concionem, a concione ad mare, a mari in Siciliam, &c. >° Ira hilem movet, sanguinem adurit, vitales spiritus accen- dit, mcestitia universum corpus infrijidat, calorem if,, natuin extinguit, appctilum destruit, concoctionera inipedit, corpus exsiccat, intellecluni pervertit. Qua- mobrem lisc omnia pto.'-sus vitanda sunt, et pro virili fugienda. "De mel. c. 2t. ex lllis solum remediuio; inuiti ex vUis, audilis, &c. sanati sunt. a28 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. bee. 'i furiously carried sometimes ; and how shall we that are already crazed., fracti animis, sick in body, sick in mind, resist? we cannot perform it. You niav advise and giv* good precepts, as vvlio cannot } But how shall they be put in practice .'' I may not deny but our passions are violent, and tyrannise of us, yet tiiere be means to curb them ; though they be headstrong, they may be tamed, tliey may be qualified, if he himself or his friends will but use their honest endeavours, or make use of such ordinary helps as are commonly prescribed. He himself (I say); from the patient himself the first and chiefest remedy must be had ; for if he be averse, peevish, waspish, give way wholly to his passions, will not seek to be helped, or be ruled by his friends, how is it possible he should be cured ? But if he be willing at least, gentle, tractable, and desire his own good, no doubt but he may viagnam morbi deponere partem., be eased at least, if not cured.' He himself must do his utmost endeavour to resist and withstand the beginnings. Principiis obsta., "■ Give not water passage, no not a little," Ecclus. xxv. 27. If they open a little, they will make a greater breach at length. Whatsoever it is that run neth in his mind, vain conceit, be it pleasing or displeasing, which so much affects or troubleth him, "*"by all possible means he must withstand it, expel those vain, false, frivolous imaginations, absurd conceits, feigned fears and sorrows; from which," saith Piso, " this disease primarily proceeds, and takes his first occasion or begin- ning, by doing something or other that shall be opposite unto them, thinking of something else, persuading by reason, or howsoever to make a sudden alteration of them. "^^. Though he have hitherto run in a full career, and precipitated himself, fol- lowing his passions, giving reins to his appetite, let him now stop upon a sudden, curb himself in; and as '"Lemnius adviseth, "strive against with all his power, to the utmost of his endeavour, and not cherish those fond imaginations, which so covertly creep into his mind, most pleasing and amiable at first, but bitter as gall at last, and so headstrong, that by no reason, art, counsel, or persuasion, they may be shaken off." Though he be far gone, and habituated unto such fantastical imagina- tions, yet as ^"Tully and Plutarch advise, let him oppose, fortify, or prepare himself against them, by pre-meditation, reason, or as we do by a crooked staff, bend him- self another way. " In thn meantime expel tliem fVom ttiy mind, • Pale fears, sad cares, and jrriefs which do it ^rind, Revengeful aiiger, pain and discontent, I Let all thy soul be set on merriment." Curas tolle graves, irasci crede profanum. If it be idleness hath caused this in- firmity, or that he perceive himself given to solitariness, to walk alone, and please his mind with fond imaginations, let him by all means avoid it; 'tis a bosom enemy, 'tis delightsome melancholy, a friend in show, but a secret devil, a sweet poison, it will in the end be his undoing; let him go presently, task or set himself a work, get some good company. If he proceed, as a gnat flies about a candle, so long till at length he burn his bodv, so in the end he will undo himself: if it be any harsh object, ill company, let him presently go from it. If by his own default, through ill diet, bad air, want of exercise, &c., let him now begin to reform himself. " It would be a perfect remedy against all corruption, if," as " Roger Bacon hath it, " we could but moderate ourselves in those six non-natural things. ^^ If it be any dis- grace, abuse, temporal loss, calumny, death of friends, imprisonment, banisliment, be not troubled with it, do not fear, be not angry, grieve not at it, but with all courage sustain it." (Gordonius, lib. 1. c. l^.de conser. vit.) Tu contra audenlior ito. ^^ If it be sickness, ill success, or any adversity that hath caused it, oppose an invmcible courage, "■ fortify thyself by God's word, or otherwise," 7nala bonis persiiadenda. set prosperity against adversity, as we refresh our eyes by seeing some pleasant meadow. 21 "Tu tamen iiiterea effugito qnce tristia mentem Sniicitant, prociil esse jiibe ciirasque metuirKiue Pallentuin, ultrices iras, sint omnia Ixta." 'spro viribus annitendum in pra-dlctis, turn in aliis, I qiiibus malum velut a primaria causa occasionem fiactum est, imaginationes ahsurdtB fals.Tqueet mosstitia i,uiecunque subierit propulsetiir, aut aliud agendo, auf tatinne persuadendo earuni iniitationem subito facere. ''J L.ib. 2. c. 16. de occult, iiat. Ciuisqnis huic main ob- aoxiiis est, acriter ohsistat, et suninia cura oblucfetur, aer alio inodo foveat imacinationes tacite nbrepontes aniino, hlandas ab initio et hmahiles, sed qus adeocon- va escuiit, >n nulla ratione excuti qiieant. ""S. Tusc. ad Apollonium. » Fracasturius. ^Epist.do secretis artis et natursecap. 7. de retard, .sen. Kemediillu psset contra corruptionem propriam, si quilibet exerce- ret regimen saiiilatis, quod cousrstit in rebus sex noii naturalibus. ^^ Pro aliqui) vituperio non indi-gneris, neo pro amissione alicujus rei, pro inorte alicnjiis, iiec pro carcere, nee pro exilio, nee pro alia re, nee irascaris, iiec limeas, nee doleas, sed cum suuiina pr;esentia hiec sustineas. ^tQuodsi incommoda adversiiaiis infor- tnnia hoc nialinn invexerint, bis infraetnm animum op ponas, Uei verbo ejusque tiducia te siitl'iilcias, &c.. I«n» nius, lib. 1. c. 16. jttom. 6. Subs. l.J • Passions rectijied. 329 fountain, picture, or the like : recreate thy mind by some contrary object, with so..■>^ more pleasing meditation divert thy thoughts. Yea, but you infer again, yaci/e consilium damns aids, we can easily give ounsel lo others; every man, as the saying is, can tame a shrew but he that hath her; si hie esses, aliter sent ires; if you were in our misery, you would find it otheiwise, 'tis not so easily performed. We know this to be true; we should moderate our- selves, but we are furiously carried, we cannot make use of such precepts, we ar*^ overcome, sick, male sani, distempered and habituated to these courses, we can make no resistance ; you may as well bid him that is diseased not to feel pain, as a melai>- choly man not to fear, not to be sad ; 'tis within his blood, his brains, his whole tem- perature, it cannot be removed. But he may choose whether he will give way too far unto it, he may in some sort correct himself A philosopher was bitlen with a mad dog, and as the nature of that disease is to abhor all waters, and liquid things, and to think still they see the picture of a dog before them : he went for all this, reluctantc sf , to the bath, and seeing there (as he thought) in the water the picture of a dog, with reason overcame this conceit, quid cani cum balneof what should a dog do in a bath? a mere conceit. Thou thinkest thou hearest and seest devils, black men, &c., 'tis not so, 'tis thy corrupt fantasy; settle thine imagination, thou art well. Thou thinkest thou hast a great nose, thou art sick, every man observes thee, laughs thee to scorn ; persuade thyself 'tis no such matter : this is fear only, and vain suspicion. Thou art discontent, thou art sad and heavy; but why. ^ upon what ground .^ con- sider of it: thou art jealous, timorous, suspicious; for what cause? examine it thoroughly, thou shalt find none at all, or such as is to be contemned; such as thou wilt surely deride, and contemn in thyself, when it is past. Rule thyself then with reason, satisfy thyself, accustom thyself, wean thyself from such fond conceits, vain fears, strong imaginations, restless thoughts. Thou mayest do it; Est in nobis assuescere (as Plutarch saith), we may frame ourselves as we will. As he that useth an upright shoe, may correct the obliquity, or crookedness, by wearing it on the other side ; we may overcome passions if we will. Quicquid sihi imperavit ani?nus obtinuit (as ^® Seneca saith) niiUi tarn fcri ajfecfus^ ut nan discipUnd perdomentur^ whatsoever the will desires, she may command: no such cruel affections, but by dis- cipline they may be tamed ; voluntarily thou wilt not do this or that, which thou oughtest to do, or refrain, &c., but when thou art lashed like a dull jade, thou wilt reform it : fear of a whip will make thee do, or not do. Do that voluntarily then which thou canst do, and must do by compulsion ; thou mayest refrain if thou wilt, and master thine affections. '^''As in a city (saith Melancthon) they do by stubborn rebellious rogues, that will not submit themselves to political judgment, compel them by force; so must we do by our affections. If the heart will not lay aside those vicious motions, and the fantasy those fond imaginations, we have another form of government to enforce and refrain our outward members, that they be not led by our passions." If appetite will not obey, let the moving faculty overrule her, let her resist and compel her to do otherwise. In an ague the appetite would drink ; sore eyes that itch would be rubbed ; but reason saith no, and therefore the moving faculty will not do it. Our fantasy would intrude a thousand fears, suspicions, chi- meras upon us, but we have reason to resist, yet we let it be overborne by our appe- tite; ^'"•imagination enforceth spirits, which, by an admirable league of nature, compel the nerves to obey, and they our several limbs :" we give too much way to our pas- sions. And as to him that is sick of an ague, all things are distasteful and unplea- sant, non ex cibi vitio, saith Plutarch, not in the meat, but in our taste : so many things are offensive to us, not of themselves, but out of our corrupt judgment, jealousy, suspicion, and the like : we pull these mischiefs upon our own heads. If then our judgment be so depraved, our reason overruled, will precipitated, that we cannot seek our own good, or moderate ourselves, as in this disease commonly it is, the best vvay for ease is to impart our misery to some friend, not to smother it up in our own breast: aliter vitium crescitque tegendo, ::ctus 42 2 c 3 impellat: et locomotiva, qus herili imporioobtemperat. alteri resistat. 2? |ina!;inatio inipcllit spiritns, el inde nervi nioventur. &c et oblernperant imaeina tioni et appetitui iiiirat)ili fivdere, ud exequenduin quoi jnlient. 330 Cure of Melancholy. [Part 2 =ect. 2 offensive to us, a cause of fear and grief, quod nunc te coquif., another hell ; for '^strangulat inclusus dolor atque excestuat intus, grief concealed strangles the soul; but when as we shall but impart it to some discreet, trusty, loving friend, it is '•''instantly removed, by his counsel happily, wisdom, persuasion, advice, bis good means, which we could not otherwise apply unto ourselves. A friend's counsel is a charm, like mandrake wine, ciiras sopit. ; and as a ^'bull that is tied to a lig-tree becomes gentle on a sudden (which some, saith ^' Plutarch, interpret of good words), so is a savage, obdurate heart mollified by fair speeches. " All adversity finds ease in complaining (as ^Msidore holds), "and 'tis a solace to relate it," ^'AyaOride rfopou,'- papt,^ iotiv troipov. Friends' confabulations are comfortable at all times, as fire in winter, shade in summer, quale sopor fcssis in gramine, meat and drink to him that is hungry or athirst ; Democritus's coUyrium is not so sovereign to the eyes as this !s to the heart; good words are cheerful and powerful of themselves, but much more from friends, as so many props, mutually sustaining 'each other like ivy and a waif, which Camerarius hath well illustrated in an emblem. Lenit animum simplex vel scppe narralio, the simple narration many times easeth our distressed mind, and in the midst of greatest extremities; so diverse have been relieved, by ** exonerating themselves to a faithful friend : he sees that which we cannot see for passion and discontent, he pacifies our minds, he will ease our pain, assuage our anger ; quavla inde voluplas, quanta securitas, Chrysostom adds, what pleasure, what security by that means ! ^^^ Nothing so available, or that so much refresheth the soul of man." Tully, as I remember, in an epistle to his dear friend Atticus, much condoles the defect of such a friend, ^.'•'■fl live here (saith he) in a great city, where I have a multi- tude of acquaintance, but not a man of all that company with whom I dare familiarly breathe, or freely jest. Wherefore I expect thee, I desire thee, I send for thee; for there be many things which trouble and molest me, which had I but thee in presence. I could quickly disburden myself of in a walking discourse."' The like, perad- venture, may he and he say with ihat old man in the comedy, 37" Neinn est inrorum amicorum hodie, Apud quein e.xpromere occulta niea audeani." and much inconvenience may both he and he suffer in the meantime by it. He or he, or whosoever then labours of this malady, by all means let him get some trusty friend, ^* Semper habens Pylademquc aliquem qui curet Orestem, a Pylades, to whom freely and securely he may open himself For as in all other occurrences, so it is in this, Si quia in caelum ascendisset, 8fc. as he said in ^^ Tully, if a man had gone to heaven, " seen the beauty of the skies," stars errant, fixed, &c., insuavis erit admiratio^ it will do him no pleasure, except he have somebody to impart what he hath seen. It is the best thing in the world, as ■'° Seneca therefore adviseth in such a case, " to get a trusty friend, to whom we may freely and sincerely pour out our secrets ; nothing so delightelh and easeth the mind, as when we have a prepared bosom, to which our secrets may descend, of whose conscience we are assured as our own, whose speech may ease our succourless estate, counsel relieve, mirth expel our mourning, and whose very sight may be acceptable unto us." It was the counsel which that politic *" Commineus gave to all princes, and others distressed in mind. by occasion of Charles Duke of Burgundy, that was much perplexed, " first to pray (to God, and lay himself open to him, and then to some special friend, whom we hold most dear, to tell all our grievances to him; nothing so forcible to strengthen, recreate, and heal the wounded soul of a miserable man." ^eOvidTrist. lib. 5. 29 Participes inde calaiiiltatis nostra; sunt, et velut exonerata in eos sarcina onere Icvamiir. Arist. Kth. lib. 9. ao Camerarius Enibl. 26. Cen. 2. 31 Sympos. lib. 6. cap. 10. sa Epist. 8. lib. 3. Adversa I'ortuna liabet in querelis levanientum ; et nialorumj^latio, &,c. ^ Alloquium chari jiivat, et solanien aiiiici. Eiiiblem. 54. cent. 1. 3^ As David did to Jonathan, 1 Sam. xx. ^Seneca Epist. t)7 86 Hie in civitale macna et turb.^ magna neminem feperire po.-isntnus quocum suspirare familiariter aut jocari libere possimns. dnare te expectamus, te desi- deramus, te arcessinnis. Multa sunt enim (\uve nie solicit.'i'it et angunt, quae mihi videor aures tuas nactus, dnius ambulatiunis serinone ezhaurire posse. '^ I have not a single friend this rlay, to whom I dare to disclose my secrets." s^Ovid. so Oe amicitia, ^oDe tranquil, c. 7. Optimum est amiciim fidelem nan- cisci in quem secreta nostra infundaniiis; nihil aique oblectat animum, quam uhi sint pra'parata pc^ctora, in quEE tuto secreta descendant, quorum coiiscientia teque ao tua: quorum sernio solitudineni leniat, seiit<;ntia consilium expediat, hilaritas tristitjam dissipet, con- spectusque ipse delectet. 4' Comment. /. 7. Ad Deum confugiamus, et peccatis veniam precemur 'Tide ad aniicos, et cni pluriinum trihuimus, nos pat'.^oia mus lotos, et animi vnlniis quo aflligimur: n Ai! a(t reficiendum animum edicacius. Mem. 6. Subs. 2. J Mind rectified. 331 SuBSECT. II. — Help from friends by counsel^ comfort.^ fair and foul mcans^ witty devices., satisfaction., alteration of his course of life., removing objects., &jc. When the patient of himself is not able to resist, or overcome these heart-eating passions, his friends or physician must be ready to supply that which is wanting. Suce. erit humanitalis et sapicnti.cE (which "'^Tully enjoinetii in like case) siquid erra~ ttim., curare., aiit improvisum., sua diligcntia corrigere. Tliey must all join ; nee satis medico., sailh ^^ Hippocrates, suum fecisse ojficiwn., nisi suum quoque cegrotus, suum astantes, 6fc. First, tliey must especially beware, a melancholy discontented person (be it in what kind of melancholy soever) never be lei't alone or idle : but as physi- cians prescribe physic, cum cuslodid, let them not be left unto themselves, but with some company or other, lest by that means they aggravate and increase their dis- ease; non oportet cegros humjusmodi esse solos vel inter ignotos., vcl inter eos quos non amant aut negligunt, as Rod. a. Fonseca, torn. 1. consul. 35. prescribes. Lugentes custodire solemus (saith ''■' Seneca) ne solitudme male utantur; we watch a sorrowful person, lest he abuse his solitariness, and so should we do a melancholy man; set him about some business, exercise or recreation, which may divert his thoughts, and still keep him otherwise intent; for his fantasy is so restless, operative and quick, that if it be not in perpetual action, ever employed, it will work upon itself, melan- cholise, and be carried away instantly, with some fear, jealousy, discontent, suspi- cion, some vain conceit or other. If his weakness' be such that he cannot discern what is amiss, correct, or satisfy, it behoves them by counsel, comfort, or persua- sion, by fair or foul means, to alienate his rnind, by some artificial invention, or some contrary persuasion, to remove all objects, causes, companies, occasions, as may any ways molest him, to humour him, please him, divert him, and if it be possible, by altering his course of life, to give him security and satisfaction. If he conceal his grievances, and will not be known of them, ■'^''' they must observe by his looks, gestures, motions, fantasy, what it is that offends," and then to apply remedies unto him : many are instantly cured, when their minds aie satisfied. ""^ Alexander makes mention of a woman, " that by reason of her husband's long absence in travel, was exceeding peevish and melancholy, but when she heard her husband was returned, beyond all expectation, at the first sight of him, she was freed from all fear, without help of any other physic restored to her former health." Trincavellius, consil. 12, lib. I. hath such a story of a Venetian, that being much troubled with melancholy, ■•'"•and ready to die for grief, when he heard his wife was brought to bed of a son, instantly recovered." As Alexander concludes, ^**" If our imaginations be not in- veterate, by this art they may be cured, especially if they proceed from such a cause." No better way to satisfy, than to remove the object, cause, occasion, if by any art or means possible we may find it out. If he grieve, stand in fear, be in 'suspicion, suspense, or any way molested, secure him, Solvitur malum, give him satisfaction, the cure is ended ; alter his course of life, there needs no other physic. If the party be sad, or otherwise aflected, ^^ consider (saith ''^Trallianus) the manner of it, all circumstances, and forthwith make a sudden alteration," by removing the occasions, avoid all terrible objects, heard or seen, ^"'^ monstrous and prodigious aspects," tales of devils, spirits, ghosts, tragical stories ; to such as are in fear they strike a great impression, renewed many times, and recall such chimeras and terrible fictions into their minds. ^' " Make not so much as mention of them in private talk, or a dunib show tending to that purpose : such things (saith Galateus) are offensive to their imaginations." And to those that are now in sorrow, ^' Seneca " forbids all sad companions, and such as lament ; a groaning companion is an enemy to quiet- « Ep. a. frat. « Aphor. prim. ** Epist. \0. «6 Observando motus, gfcstus, inatuis, pedes, oculos, ^liaiitasiam, Piso. *^M\i\ier melaricliolia correpta ex loiiga viri peregrinatione, et iracuiide omnibus respon- Jens, qiiurn maritus domum reversiis, priEler spam, &c. PriB dolore morituriis quuiii niincialum esset uxorem peperisse Asertiin ubi malum ah Ins velut a pri- piaria causa occasionem habuerit. 4" Lib. 1. cap. lU. Si ex tristitia aut alio aftectu caeperit, sfieciem cotisi- dera, aut aliud qui eorum, qu;E siibitam alteraliouem facere possuiit. ^o Evitaiidi moiistrifici aspectus, &,c. 61 Neque eriim tarn actio, aut recordatio rpruui tiujus. modi displicet, sed iis vel gestus alterius Imaginationi adumbrarc, vehementer molestum. Galat. de mor. rap. 7. sai'mnqiiil. Pra-cipue vitentur tristcs, et i>mnia deplorarites ; tranquillitati iriimicus est comes porlur batus, omnia gemens. 332 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2 aess. ' '''Or if tlieru be any such party, at whose presence the patient is not wt^i pleaded, he must be removed : gentle speeches, and fair means, must first be tried; no harsh language used, or uncomfortable words ; and not expel, as some do, one madness with another; he that so doth, is madder than the patient himself:" all things must be quietly composed ; evcrsa nan evertenda, sed erigenda, things down must not be dejected, but reared, as Crato counselleth ; ^''"he must be quietly and gently used," and we should not do anything against his mind, but by little and little effect it. As a horse that starts at a drum or trumpet, and will not endure the shoot- ing of a piece, may be so manned by art, and animated, that he cannot only endure, but is much more generous at the hearing of sucli things, much more courageous than before, and much delighteth in it : they must not be reformed ex ahrupto,, bul by all art and insinuation, made to such companies, aspects, objects they could not formerly away with. Many at tirst cannot endure the sight of a green wound, a sick man, which afterward become good chirurgeons, bold empirics : a horse starts at a rotten post afar oi\\ whiih coming near he quietly passeth. 'Tis much in the manner of making such kind of persons, be they never so averse from company, bashful, solitary, timorous, they may be made at last with those Roman matrons, to desire nothing more than in a public show, to see a full company of gladiators breathe out their last. If they may not otherwise be accustomed to brook such distasteful and displeas- ing objects, the best way then is generally to avoid them. Montanus, consil. 229. to the Earl of Montfort, a courtier, and his melancholy patient, adviseth him to leave the court, by reason of those continual discontents, crosses, abuses, ^^" cares, suspi- cions, emulations, ambition, anger, jealousy, which that place afforded, and which surely caused him to be so melancholy at the first :" Maxima quceque domus servis est plena superbis : a company of scoffers and proud jacks are commonly conversant and attend in such places, and able to make any man that is of a soft, quiet disposi- tion (as many tinses they do) ex stullo insanum, if once they humour him, a very idiot, or stark mad. A thing too much practised in all common societies, and they have no better sport than to make themselves merry by abusing some silly fellow. or to take advantage of another man's weakness. \i\ such cases as in a plague, the best remedy is cild., huge tarde: (for to such a party, especially if he be apprehen- sive, there can be no greater misery) to get him quickly gone far enough off, and not to be overhasty in his return. If he be so stupid that he do not apprehend it, his friends should take some order, and by their discretion supply that which is want- ing in him, as in all otiier cases they ought to do. If they see a man melancholy given, solitary, averse from company, please himself with such private and vain medi- tations, though he delight in it, they ought by all means seek to divert him, to dehorl him, to tell him of the event and danger that may come of it. If they see a man idle, that by reason of his means otherwise will betake himself to no course of life, they ought seriously to admonish him, he makes a noose to entangle himself, his want of employment will be his undoing. If he have sustained any great loss, suf- fered a repulse, disgrace, 8cc., if it be possible, relieve him. If he desire aught, let him be satisfied ; if in suspense, fear, suspicion, let him be secured : and if it may conveniently be, give him his heart's content; for the body cannot be cured till the mind be satisfied. ^® Socrates, in Plato, would prescribe no physic for Charmides' headache, " till first he had eased his troubled mind ; body and soul must be cured together, as head and eyes. M" Oculum noil curabis sine toto capite. Nee caput sine toto corpore, Nee tolum corpus sine anima." [f that may not be hoped or expected, yet ease him with comfort, cheerful speeches, fair promises, and good words, persuade him, advise him. " Many," saith ^* Galen, Mlllorum qnoque hominum, a quorum consortio ab- lancholicum. ceNisi prius animura turbatissimum horrent, pra-sentia aniovenda, nee sermonibus iiigralis obtudendi ; si quis iiisariiain ab insania sic curari iBsti- met, ot prnterve utilnr, inagis qiiam iEger iiisanit. Crato consil. 184. Scoltzii. " Molliter ac suaviter eger tractetur, nee ad ea adicatur qus non curat curasset; oculi sine capite, nee corpus sine anima cu- rari potest. " E grajco. " You sliall not cure the eye, unless you cure the whole head also ; nor the head, unh'ss the whole body; nor the whole body, unless the soul besides." "* Kt nos non paucos sanavimus. •'Ob suspiciones curas, a?ni(ilaiionem, ambitionein, I animj motibus ad debitum revocatis, lib 1. de sanit iias, &c. quas locus ille ministrat, et quee fecisseut me- tuend. Mem. 6. Subs. 2.] Mind rectified. 333 '*■ have been cured by good counsel and persuasion alone. Heaviness of the heart of man doth bring it down, but a good word rejoiceth it," Prov. xii. 25. "And there is he that speaketh words lil^e the pricking of a sword, but the tongue of a wise man is health," ver. 18. Oratio^namqrie saiicii animi est, remedium., a gentle speed; IS the true cure of a wounded soul, as ^^ Plutarch contends out of ^schylus anc> Euripides : " if it be wisely administered it easeth grief and pain, as diverse remedies do many other diseases." 'Tis incaniattonis instarj a charm, cestuantis animi refri- gerium., that true Nepenthe of Homer, which was no Indian plant, or feigned medi- cine, which Epidamna, Thonis' wife, sent Helena for a token, as Macrobius, 7. Saturnal. Goropius Hermat. lih. 9. Greg. Nazianzen, and others suppose, but oppor- tunity of speech : for Helena's bowl, Medea's unction, Venus's girdle, Circe's cup, cannot so enchant, so forcibly move or alter as it doth. A letter sent or read will do as much •, multum allevor quum tuas iiteras lego, I am much eased, as *" TuUy wrote to Pomponius Atticus, when I read thy letters, and as Julianus the Apostate once signified to Maximus the philosopher ; as Alexander slept with Homer's works, so do I with thine epistles, tanquam PcEoniis medicamentis, easqiie assidue lanquam recentes et novas iteramus; scribe ergo, et assidue scribe, or else come thyself; ami- cus ad amicuni venies. Assuredly a wise and well-spoken man may do what he will in such a case ; a good orator alone, as ^' TuUy holds, can alter affections by power of his eloquence, ^ comfort such as are afflicted, erect such as are depressed, expel and mitigate fear, lust, anger," &c. And how powerful is the charm of a discreet and dear friend .'' IlJe regit dictis animos et temperat iras. What may not he effect ? As ^^Chremes told Menedemus, '■^ Fear not, conceal it not, O friend ! but tell me what it is that troubles thee, and I shall surely help thee by comfort, counsel, or in the matter itself./ ""Arnoldus, lib. 1. breviar. cap. 18. speaks of a usurer in his time, thai upon a loss, much melancholy and discontent, was so cured. As imagination, fear, grief, cause such passions, so conceits alone, rectified by good hope, counsel, Stc, are able again to help : and 'tis incredible how much they can do in such a case, as ^Trincavellius illustrates by an example of a patient of his; Porphyrins, the philo- sopher, in Plotinus's life (written by him), relates, that being in a discontented humour through insufl^erable anguish of mind, he was going to make away himself: but meeting by chance his master Plotinus, who perceiving by his distracted looks all was not wfll, urged him to confess his grief: which when he had heard, he used such comfortable speeches, that he redeemed him e faucibus Ercbi, pacified his unquiet mind, insomuch that he was easily reconciled to himself, and much abashed to think afterwards that he should ever entertain so vile a motion. By all means, therefore, fair promises, good words, gentle persuasions, are to be used, not to be too rigorous at first, *^" or to insult over them, not to deride, neglect, or contemn," but rather, as Lemnius exhorteth, " to pity, and by all plausible means to seek to redress them :" but if satisfaction may not be had, mild courses, promises, comfort- able speeches, and good counsel will not take place ; then as Christopherus a Vega determines, lib. 3. cap. 14. de Mel. to handle them more roughly, to threaten and chide, saith ^® Altomarus, terrify sometimes, or as Salvianus will have them, to be lashed and whipped, as we do by a starting horse, ^' that is affrighted without a cause, or as ^ Rhasis adviseth, " one while to speak fair and flatter, another while to terrify ai\d chide, as they shall see cause." When none of these precedent remedies will avail, it will not be amiss, which Savanarola and jElian Montaltus so much commend, clav7im clavo pellere,^^''\tn drive out one passion with another, or by some contrary passion," as they do Ideed- Ing at nose by letting blood in the arm, to expel one fear with another, one grief with another. ™ Christopherus a Vega accounts it rational pliysic, non alienum a MConsol. ad Apolloniiim. Si quis sapionter et siio lsin))(>re adliiheat, Remedia morbis diversis diversa ■luiit ; dolenteni sermo benignus sublevat. ^ Lib. /'.'. Epist. "' De nat. deorum coiisolatiir afHictos, ilcdiicit perterritos a timore, cupidilales iinpriniis, et •raciindias cimipriiiiit. ^2 Heauton. Act. 1. Seen. ]. Ne metiie, ne verere, crede iriquam mihi, aiit consolan hominibus insultet, ant in illns sit severior, veruin mi- seria> pntiiis inilolescat, vicfMiique deplorct. lib. 2. cap. 11). ('ai- de Mania. Admiranda profeclo res est, et difrna expei.- sione, quod sniinrnm concinnitas nientem emolliat, t-is- tatque procellnsas ipsius aflecliones. »' Lansuens animus inde erigitnr et reviviscit, nee tarn anres afficit, sed et sonitu per arterias undiqiie diffiisn, spiritus tuni vitales turn aninialps exci'lt. nientPin reddens anilem, Sci:. <« Musica venustate sua mentes severiores capit., &c. Mem. 6, Subs. 3.J Perturbations rectified. 335 powerfully it wipes thepi al. away," Salisbur. 7)o//7. lib. 1. cap. 6. and that which is more, it will perform all this in an instant: ^^" Cheer up the countenance, expel austerity, bring in hilarity (Girakl. Cnmb. cap. 12. Topog. Hiber.) inform our man- • iiers, mitigate anger;" Athenseus (Dipnosophist. lib. 14. cap. 10.) calleth it an infinite treasure to such as are endowed with it : Dulcisonum reficit tristia corda melos. Eobunas Hessus. Many other properties ^^ Cassiodorus, epist. 4. reckons up of this our divine music, not only to expel the greatest griefs, but " it doth extenuate fears and furies, appeaseth cruelty, abateth heaviness, and to such as are watchful it causelli quiet rest ; it takes away spleen and hatred," be it instrumental, vocal, with strings, wind, ^^Qu.ce. a spiritu., sine manuum dexteritate gubernet.ur.i Sfc. it cures all irksomeness and heaviness of the soul. "^^ Labouring men that sing to their work, can tell as much, and so can soldiers when they go to fight, whom terror of death cannot so much affright, as the sound of trumpet, drum, fife, and such like music animates ; metus enim mortis., as **' Censorinus informeth us, mnsica depellUur. '( It makes a child quiet," the nurse's song, and many times the sound of a trumpet on a sudtTen, bells ringing, a carman's whistle, a boy singing some ballad tune early in the streets, alters, revives, recreates a restless patient that cannot sleep in the night, &c. In a word, it is so powerful a thing that it ravisheth the soul, regina sensuum, the queen of the senses, by sweet pleasure (which is a happy cure), and corporal tunes pacify our incorporeal soul, sine ore loquens, dominatum in animam exercet, and carries it beyond itself, helps, elevates, extends it. Scaliger, exercit. 302, gives a reason of these effects, ^'*'*' because the spirits about the heart take in that trembling and dancing air into the body, are moved together, and stirred up with it," or else the mind, as some suppose harmonically composed, is rbused up at the tunes of , music. And 'tis not only men that are so affected, but almost all other creatures J-'You know the tale of Hercules Gallus, Orpheus, and Amphlon, fcelices ani mas Ovid calls them, that could saxa movere sono testudinis., S^c. make stocks and stones, as well as beasts and other animals, dance after their pipes : the dog and hare, wolf and lamb; viciniimque lupo prcebuit agna latus ; clamosus gracalus^ stridula comix., ei Jovis aquilaf as Philostratus describes it in his images, stood all gaping upon Or- pheus ; and *^ trees pulled up by the roots came to hear him, Et comitem quercum pivMS arnica trahit. Arion made fishes follow him, which, as common experience evinceth, ^°are much affected with music. All singing birds are much pleased with it, especially nightin- fi^ales, if we may believe Calcagninus ; and bees amongst the rest, though they be fly- mg away, when they hear any tingling sound, will tarry behind. ^' " Harts, hinds, horses, dogs, bears, are exceedingly delighted with it." Seal, exerc. 302. Elephants, Agrippa adds, lib. 2. cap. 24.- and in Lydia in the midst of a lake there be certain floating islands (if ye will believe it), that after music will dance. ' But to leave all declamatory speeches in praise ^^ of divine music, i will confine myself to my proper subject : besides that excellent power it hath to expel many other diseases, it is a sovereign remedy against ®^ despair and melancholy, and will drive away the devil himself. Canus, a Rhodian fiddler, in ^'' Philostratus, when ApoUonius was inquisitive to know what he could do with his pipe, told him, "That he would make a melancholy man merry, and him that was merry much merrier than before, a lover more enamoured, a religious man more devout. Ismenias the Theban, ^' Chiron the centaur, is said to have cured this and many other diseases by music alone : as now they do those, saith '"^ Bodine, that are troubled with St. Vitus's Bedlam dance. ®' Timotheus, the musician, compelled Alexander to skip up and down, and leave his dinner (like the tale of the Friar and the Boy), whom Austin, de civ. *3 Animns tristes subiloexhilarat, niibilos viiUiis sere- show tliemselves dancing at the sounil of a Trumpet, nal, ausle -ilalein reponit, jiiciiiiditatHm exponit, har- fol. 35. 1. et fol. 1,54. iJ huok. ^i f)e cervo, eqim, cane, barieiiiriue facit deponere geriles, mores iiisiitiiit, ira- ; urso idem compertum ; musica afficiiiritiir. ^-Sfuir.eii ciiiidiam initigat. 64(;jthara Iristitiain jucundat, ; inest numeris. ^13 S;epe graves iikorbos modiilatiuri tJmidos furores attenuat, cnieiitam sa;vitiain blande re- ; carmen abef;it. Et desperatis conciliavit opem. ^"^ Lib. fic.it, laiigiioreiii. &c. "'Pet Aretiiie. s'-Castilio ' 5. cap. 7. IMoBrentibus moBrorem adimam. lEtatitem de aiilic. lib 1. ibl. 27. ^' Lib. de Natali. cap. 12. vero seipso reddam hilariorem, amantem calidioreiii, •"(iuod spiritiis qui in corde agilarit Ireniulem et sub- religiosiim divine numine rorreptnm, et ad Deos colen- •altaiitem recipiunt aerem in pectus, et Inde excitantur, dos paratiorem. ^ Natalis Comes .Myth. lib. 4. cap. i spiritu niusculi moventiir, &c. '» Arhores radicihiis | 12 "6 Lib. 5. de rep. Curat. iMu. Kxiliro 6 convivio. Cardan, subtil, lib. 11. Ciiriiwall, saith of vt'liales, that they will come and j 336 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec 2. Dei^ lib. 17. cap. 14. so much commends for it. Who hath not heard how David's harmony drove away tlie evil spirits from king Saul, 1 Sam.xvi. and Elisha when he was much troubled by importunate kings, called" for a minstrel, "and when he played, the hand of the Lord came upon him," 2 Kings iii. Censorinus de natali., cap. 12. re- ports how Asclepiades the physician helped many frantic persons by this means, p/ire- neLicorummentes morho turbatas — Jason Pratensis, cap.de Mania., hath many examples, how Clinias and Empedocles cured some desperately melancholy, and some mad by this our nmsic. Which because it hath such excellent virtues, belike ®^ Homer brings in Phemius playing, and the Muses singing at the banquet of the gods. Aristotle, Polit. I. 8. c. 5, Plato 2, de legibus, highly approve it, and so do all politicians. The Greeks, Romans, have graced music, and made it one of the liberal sciences, though it be now become mercenary. All civil Commonwealths allow it : Cneius Manlius (as ^^Livius relates) anno ab urb. cond. 567. brought first out of Asia to Rome singing wenches, players, jesters, and all kinds of music to their feasts. Your princes, emperors, and persons of any quality, maintain it in their courts ; no mirth without music. Sir Thomas More, in his absolute Utopian commonwealth, allows music as an appendix to every meal, and that throughout, to all sorts. Epic- tetus calls mensam mulam prcesepe, a table without music a manger : for " the con- cert of musicians at a banquet is a carbuncle set in gold ; and as the signet of an emerald well trimmed with gold, so is tlie melody of music in a pleasant banquet. Ecclus. xxxii. 5, 6. '"'^ Louis the Eleventh, when he invited Edward the Fourth to come to Paris, told him that as a principal part of his entertainment, he should hear sweet voices of children, Ionic and Lydian tunes, exquisite music, he should have a , and the cardinal of Bourbon to be his confessor, which he used as a most plausible argument : as to a sensual man indeed it- is. ' Lucian in his book, de salla- fione, is not ashamed to confess that he took infinite delight in singing, dancing, music, women's company, and such like pleasures : " and if thou (saith he) didsl but hear them play and dance, I know thou wouldst be so well pleased with the object, that thou wouldst dance for company thyself, without doubt thou wilt be taken with it." So Scaliger ingenuously confesseth, erercit. 274. ^" I am beyond all measure affected with music, I do most willingly behold them dance, I am mightily detained and allured with that grace and comeliness of fair women, 1 am well pleased to be idle amongst them." And what young man is not } As it is acceptable and conducing to most, so especially to a melancholy man. Provided always, his disease proceed not originally from it, that lie be not some light ina7narato, some idle phan- tastic, who capers in conceit all the day long, and thinks of nothing else, but how to make jigs, sonnets, madrigals, in commendation of his mistress, hi such cases music is most pernicious, as a spur to a free horse will make him run himself blind, or break his wind; Incitamenfum enim amoris musica., for music enchants, as Menander holds, it will make such melancholy persons mad, and the sound of those jigs and hornpipes will not be removed out of the ears a week after. ^ Plato for this reason forbids music and wine to al' young men, because they are most part amorous, ne ignis addalur igni., lest one fire increase another. Many men are melancholy by hearing music, but it is a p'.easing melancholy that it causeth ; and therefore to such as are discontent, in woe, fear, sorrow, or dejected, it is a most present remedy: it expels cares, alters their grieved minds, and easeth in an instant. Otherwise, saith * Plutarch, Musica magis dementat quam vinum ; music makes some men mad as a tiger; like Astolplios' horn in Ariosto ; or Mercury's golden wand in Homer, that made some wake, others sleep, it hath divers effects : and ^ Tlieophrastus right well prophesied, that diseases were either procured by music, or mitigated. SuBSECT. IV. — Mirth and merry company., fair objects., remedies. Mirth and merry company may not be separated from music, both concerning and necessarily required in this business. "Mirth," (saith ^Vives) " purge th the wiliad. I. M Libro 9. cap. 1. Psaltrias. Sambij- ] aspicio, pulchrariim fceminartim venustate detineor, cistrasque et rnnvivalia ludoriiiii ohlectanninla addita cpiiliis ex Asia iiivexH in urbein. nwcomineiis. > Ista libenter et maj2;iia cum voliiplate spectare soleo. Et scio tH illecehris lusce caf)tum iri et insuper tripiidia- tiiruin, haud dubiS demulcebere. * In iniisicis supra niauem tidem capior et oblector; choreas libentivsime otiari inter lias snliitus niris possum. '3. De legibuo ♦ Sympiis. quest. 5. Musica iniiltus tnasis detneiitil qiiaiM vinnin. ^ Animi moriti vel a ninsica curantui vel interuiitur. e l,j|). ;). jg aiiinia Lajtitia piTgal sangiiinem, valettidinem coiiiservat, colorem induri flurenteiii, nitidum gratiim. M-3in 6 Subs. 4.] Mind rectified by Mirth. 337 biood, confirms health, causeth a fresh, pleasing, and fine colour," , rorogues life, whets the wit, makes tlie body young, lively and fit for any manner of employment. Tlie merrier the heart the longer the life ; " A merry heart is the life of the flesh," Prov. xiv. 30. "Gladness prolongs fiis days," Ecclus. xxx. 22; and tliis is one of the three Salernitan doctors. Dr. Merryman, Dr. Diet, Dr. Quiet, 'which cure all diseases Mens hilaris, reqnics, moderata dieta. ^ Go7nesius, prtsfat. lib. 3. de sal. en. is a great magnifier of honest mirth, by which (saith he) "we cure many pas- sions of the mind in ourselves, and in our friends ;" which ^ Galateus assigns for a cause why we love merry companions : and well they deserve it, being that as '" Magninus holds, a merry companion is better than any music, and as the saying is, comes jucundus in via pro vehicul.o.i as a waggon to him that is wearied on the way. Jucunda confabulatio., sales., joci., pleasant discourse, jests, conceits, merry tales, melliti verborum globuli.) as Petr'onius, "Pliny, '^Spondanus, '^Caelius, and many good authors plead, are that sole Nepenthes of Homer, Helena's bowl, Venus's girdle, so renowned of old '■* to expel grief and care, to cause mirth and gladness of heart, if they be rightly understood, or seasonably applied. In a word, ■o" Amor, voluptas, Venus, gaudium, Jocus, luiliis, sernin suavis, suaviatio." "Gratification, pleasure, love, joy, Mirth, sport, pleasant words and no alloy," are the true Nepenthes. For these causes our physicians generally prescribe this as a principal engine to batter the walls of melancholy, a chief antidote, and a suffi- cient cure of itself " By all means (saith '^ Mesne) procure mirth to these men in such things as are heard, seen, tasted, or smelled, or any way perceived, and let them have all enticements and fair promises, the sight of excellent beauties, attires, orna- ments, delightsome passages to distract their minds from fear and sorrow, and such things on which they are so fixed and intent. "Let them use hunting, sports, plays, jests, merry company," as Rhasis prescribes, "which will not let the mind be molested, a cup of good drink now and then, hear music, and have such companions with whom they are especially delighted; '^ merry tales or toys, drinking, singing, dancing, and whatsoever else may procure mirth : and by no means, saith Guianerius Buffer them to be alone. Benedictus Victorius Faventinus, in his empirics, accounts it an especial remedy against melancholy, '*"to hear and see singing, dancing, maskers, mummers, to converse with such merry fellows and fair maids. For the beauty of a woman cheereth the countenance," Ecclus. xxxvi. 22. ^"Beauty alone s a sovereign remedy against fear, grief, and all melancholy fits; a charm, as Peter je la Seine and many other writers affirm, a banquet itself; he gives instance in dis- contented Menelaus, that was so often freed by Helena's fair face : and ^' TuUy, 3 Tusc. cites Epicurus as a chief patron of this tenet. To expel grief, and procure pleasure, sweet smells, good diet, touch, taste, embracing, singing, dancing, spor plays, and above the rest, exquisite beauties, quibus oCuli jucunde moventur et animi.., are most powerful means, obvia forma., to meet or see a fair maid pass by, or to be in company with her. He found it by experience, and made good use of it in his own person, if Plutarch belie him not; for he reckons up the names of some more elegant pieces; ^^Leontia, Boedina, Hedieia, Nicedia, that were frequently seen in Epicurus' garden, and very familiar in his house. Neither did he try it himself alone, but if we may give credit to ^' Atheneus, he practised it upon others. For when a sad and sick patient was brought unto him to be cured, "he laid him on a down bed, crowned him with a garland of sweet-smelling flowers, in a fair perfumed closet delicately set out, and after a portion or two of good drink, which he administered. ■" s^piritiis temperat, calorem excitat, naturalem virtu- tern corroborat, juvenile corpus din servat, vitani pro- rogat, ingeiiiutn aciiit et hominum negotii quibuslibet aptiorem rediiit. Schola Salem. * Dum contuiiielia vacant et festiva lenitate mordent, mediocres aiiiini fjgritudines sanari solent, &c. o De mor. fol. 57. A namusideo eos qui sunt faceti et jucundi. 'ORegiin. annit. part. '2. Nota quod amicus bonus et dilectus »i)cius, narrationibus suis jucundis superat omnein nielodiam. " Lib. 21. cap. 27. i^ Comment, in 4 Odyss. i3Lib. 2G. c. 1.5. " Homericum illud Vepenthes quod niicrorem tollit, et cuthimiam, et liila- iitatem parit. '5 Plaui. Bacch. '« De Kgritud. :apitis. (Jmni modo generet Ifetitiam in iis, de iis quse idiuntur et videntur, aut odorantur, aut gustantiir, •ut quocunque modo sentiri possunt, et aspectu forma- •'(« iDulli decoris et ornatus, et negotialioiie ; jucunda, et blandieiitihus liidis,et promissis distrahantur, eorum animi, de re aliqua qiiani timeiit et dolent. " Ulan tur ve nalionibus luilis, jocis, amicorum consortiis qua- non sinunt animun\ turbari, vinoetcantu et loci niuta tlone, et biberia. et gandio, ex quibus pra!cipue delec- tantur. '» Piso ex fabniis et ludis qucerenda delec tatio. His versetur qui maxinie grati, sunt, cantus pt chorea ad la;titiam profunf. i3Pra;cipue valet ad expelleiidam nielancholiam stare in cantihus, ludis, et sonis et habilare cum familiaribus, et praecipue cum puellis jucundis. ™ Par. 5. de avocamentis lib. df absolvendo luctu. "Corporiim coinplexus, cantus liidi, formae, &c. ^^circa hortos Epiruri frequente*. ■•'^ Dypnosoph. lib. 10. Coronavit florido Si^rto incendens odores, in culcitra plumea collocavit dulciculam Jf» tionem propinans psaltriam adduxit. Slc. 43 2D 338 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2 he brought iii a Deautiful young ^'' wench that could play upon a lute, sing, and dance," &c. TuUy, 3. Tusc. scoffs at Epicurus, for this his profane physic (as well he deserved), and yet Phavorinus and Sfobeu^ highly approve of it ; most of our looser physicians in some cases, to such parties especially, allow of this ; and all of them will have a melancholy, sad, and discontented person, make frequent use ol honest sports, companies, and recreations, et incilandos ad Venerem, as ^^ Rodericus a Fohseca will, asprclu et contaclu pulcherrimarum fcBminarum, to be drawn to such consorts, whether they will or no. Not to be an auditor only, or a spectator, but sometimes an actor himself. Dulce est desipere in loco^ to play the fool now am! then is not amiss, there is a time for all things. Grave Socrates would be merry b> tits, sing, dance, and take his liquor too, or else Theodoret belies him; so would old Cato, "''Tully by his own confession, and the rest. Xenophon, in his Sympos. brings in Socrates as a principal actor, no man merrier than himself, and sometimes he would ''"'ride a cockhorse with his children." equitare in arundine longa. (Though Alcibiades scoffed at him for it) and well he might; for now and then (sailh Plu- tarch) the most virtuous, honest, and gravest men will use feasts, jests, and toys, as we do sauce to our meats. So did Scipio and Laelius, '""Qui ul)i se a vulgo et scena in secreta remorant, Virlus Scipiada; et niitis sapientia L^li, Nugari cum illo, et disci ncli ludere, donee Decoquerelur olus, soliti" " Valorous Scipio and gentle Lsliiis, Removed from tlie scene and rout so clamorous. Were wont to recreate themselves their robes laid b) Whilst supper by the cook was making ready." Machiavel, in the eighth book of his Florentine history, gives this note of Cosmo de Medici, the wisest and gravest man of his time in Italy, that he would ^^"now and then play the most egregious fool in his carriage, and was so much given to jesters, players and childish sports, to make himself merry, that he that should but consider his gravity on the one part, his folly and lightness on the other, would surely sav, there were two distinct persons in him." Now methinks he did well in it, though '"Salisburiensis be of opinion, that magistrates, senators, and. grave men, should not descend to lighter sports, ne respublica hidere videatur: but as Themistocles, still keep a stern and constant carriage. 1 commend Cosmo de Medici and Castruccius Castrucanus, than whom Iialy never knew a worthier captain, another Alexander, If "Machiavel do not deceive us in his life: "when a friend of his reprehended him for dancing beside his dignity," (belike at some cushion dance) he told him again, qui sapit interdiu., vix unquam noctu desipit, he that is wise in the day may do4e a little in the night. ^ Paulus Jovius relates as much of Pope Leo Decimus, that he was a grave, discreet, staid man, yet sometimes most free, and too open in his sports. And 'tis not altogether '^^ unfit or misbeseeming the gravity of such a man, if that decorum of time, place, and such circumstances be observed. ^^ Misce slullitiam consiliis brevem; and as ^ he said in an epigram to his wife, I would have every mar say to himself, or to his friend, ' Moll, once in pleasant company by chance, I wished that you tor company would dance: Which you ""efus'd, and said, your years re(iuire, Now, matron. like, both manners and attire. Well, M(dl, if needs you will be matron-like, Then trust to this, I will thee matron like : Ye^ so to you my love may never lessen, As you for church, house, bed, observe this lesson : Sit in the church as solemn as a saint, No deed, word, thought, your due devotion taint: Veil, if you will, your head, your soul reveal To him that only wounded souls can heal: Be in my house as busy as a bee. Having a sling for every one but me; Buzzing in every corner, gath'ring honey. Let nothing waste, that costs or yieldeth mon<»y. s^ ;'\nd when thou seest my heart to mirth incline. Thy tongue, wit, blood, warm with good cheer and wine 'I'hen of sweet sports let no occasion scape. But be as wanton, toying as an ape." 'fhose old ^Greeks had their Lubentiam Deam, goddess of pleasure, and the Lace- daimonians, instructed from Lycurgus, did Deo Risui siicrijicare, after their wars especially, and in times of peace, v/hich was used in Thessaly, as it appears by that of ^' Apuleius, who was made an instrument of their laughter himself: ''^"Because laughter and merriment was to season their labours and modester life," ^^Risus enirn **Vt reclinata sua' iter in tectum puella,&c. "'Tom. 2. consult. fS. 26 Epist. fam. lib. 7. 22. epist. Heri demum bene potus, seroque reMieram. s; Valer. Max. cap. 8. lib. 8. Inlerposita arundine cruribus suis, cum hiiis ludens. ab Alcihiade risus est. ^ Hor. *' Hoininibus facetis, et liidis puerilibns ultra modum deditus adeo ut s. cui in eo tain gravitatem, quam levi. tatem considerare liberet. dims personas riistinctas in lo esse riiceret. 3o De iiugis curia I. lib. I. ca(i. 4. ^fa^istratus et viri graves, a ludis leviuribus arccndi. 31 Machiavel vita ejus. Ab amico reprehensus, quod priBter dignitatem tripudiis operam daret, respondet, &.C. -^There is a time for all things, to weep, laugh, mourn, dance, Eccles. iii. 4. S3 Hor. *iSir John Harrington, Epigr. .50. S6i^„cretia toto sig licet usque die, Thaida nocte volo. 36 Lil. Giraldu" hist, deor Syntag. I. 3' Lib. 2. de aur. as. ^ Eo quod risus essel laboris et luudesti victuscondiiiientum. 3'»Caicag. epig. Mem. 6. Subs. 4.] Mind rectified hy Mirth. 339 diourn at que; hominum est (Sterna volupfas. Princes use jesters, players, ana have • hose masters of revels in their courts. The Romans at every supper (for they had no solemn dinner) used music, gladi^U^ors, jesters, &c. as '"'Suetonius relates of Tibe- rius, Dion of Commodus, and so did the Greeks. Besides music, in Xenophon's Sijmpos. Phdippus ridendi artifex, Philip, a jester, was brought to make sport. Paulus Jovius, in the eleventh book of his history, hath a pretty digression of our English customs, whiph howsoever some may misconstrue, I, for my part, will inter- pret to the best. '"^'The whole nation beyond all other mortal men, is most given to banquetting and feasts; for they prolong them many hours together, with dainw 3heer, exquisite music, and facete jesters, and afterwards they fall a dancing an ' courting their mistresses, till it be late in the night." Volateran gives the same tes- timon}^ of this island, commending our jovial manner of entertainment and good mirth, and methiijks he saith well, there is no harm in it ; long may they use it, and all such modest sports. Ctesias reports of a Persian king, that had 150 maids attenthne at his table, to play, sing, and dance by turns; and ''^Lil. Geraldus of an Egyptian prmce, that kept nine virgins still to wait upon him, and those of most excellent feature, and sweet voices, which afterwards gave occasion to the Greeks of that fiction of the nine Muses. The king of ^Ethiopia in Africa, most of oui Asiatic princes have done so and do ; those Sophies, Mogors, Turks, &c. solace themselves after supper amongst their queens and concubines, quce jucundioris oblec- lamenti causa ('^ saith mine author) coram rege psallere et saltare consueverant, taKmg great pleasure to see and hear them sing and dance. This and many such means to exhilarate the heart of men, have been still practised in all ages, as knowing there is no better thing to the preservation of man's life. What shall I say, then, but to every melancholy man, *•> ■' Utere convivis, noii tristihus ulere amicis, duos iiuga! el risun, t-t jdca salsa juvaiil." ' Feast often, and use friends not still so sad, VV'hose jests and merriments may make thee glad." Use honest and chaste sports, scenical shows, plays, games ; ^^Jlccedant juvennmque. Chori, mistceque ■pueiion. And as Marsilius Ficinus concludes an epistle to Bernard Canisianus, and some other of his friends, will I this tract to all good students^ **'■'. Live merrily, O my friends, free from cares, perplexity, anguish, grief of mind live'mernly," Icetitia c(Elu7n vos creavit: '''"Again and again J request you to bf- merry, it anything trouble your hearts, or vex your souls, neglect and contemn it, *^let it pass. ''^And tms I enjoin you, not as a divine alone, but as a physician; foi without this mirth, wnich is the life and qiiintessence of physic, medicines, and whatsoever is used ano applied to prolong the life of man, is dull, dead, and of no force." Dumfata sinurUf vivite Iccti (Seneca), I say be merry. '0"Nec lusibus virentem Viduenius lianc juventam." It was Tircsias the prophet's council to *' Menippus, that travelled all the world over, even down to hell itseli to seek content, and his last farewell to Menippus, to be merry. *^" Contemn the world (saith he) and count that is in it vanity and toys, this only cover all thy lile (ong ; be not curious, or over solicitous in anything, but with a well composed and contented estate to enjoy thyself, and above all things to be merry." 63 "Si Nnmerns nti censet sine amore jocisque. Nil est jucundiim, vivas in amore jocisqiie." Nothing better (to conclude with Solomon, Ecclus. iii. 22), "Than that a mau should rejoice in his affairs." 'Tis the same advice which every physician in this case rings to his patient, as Capivaccius to his, ^'' " avoid overmuch study and per- ^Cap. 61. In delicijs habuit scurras et adulatores. •*Uni versa gens supra mortales caeteros conviviorum stndiosissima. Ea eniin per varias et exquisilas dapes, interpnsitis niusicis et jorulatorihus, in multas sa;pius hor.is extrahunt, ac subinde productis choreis et amori- bus foRuiinariim indulgent, &i;. ■'^Syntag. de Musis. "Atheneus lib 12 et 14. assiduis mulierum vocihus, cantuque fymplioniEe Palatiurn Persarum regis totun personabat. Jovius hist lib. 18. ** Eobanus Hessus. <6 Fracastorius. <8 vivite ergo l:eti, O amici, procul ab angustia, vivite leeti. *' Iterum precor et nittestor, vivite laeti : illud quod cor urit, ne- gligite. <* Lstiis in priEsens animus quod ultra oderit curate. Hot. He was both Sar.erdos et Mediouf. <9 Hsc autem non tarn ut Sacerdos, aniici, mando vobis, quam ut inedicus; nam absque hac una tanqiiani medi- iinarum vita, medicins omnes ad vitam producendam jdh bitae moriuntur : vivite la;ti. Mjjocheus Ana- :reon. s' Lucian. Necyomantia. Tom. 2. '^ Om- nia mundana nugas sestima. Hoc solum tota vita pur- sequere, ut praesentibus bene composilis, minimu curio- sus. aut ulla in re solicitus,quam plurimum potes vitam hilareni traducas. ^^" If the world think that no- thing can be happy without love and mirth, then liv< in love and jollity." ^ Hildesheim spicel. 2. dn Mania, fol. 161. Studia literarum ot animi perturba tiunes fugiat, et quantum potest jucundd vivat. 340 Cure of Melancholy. [Part 2. Sec 2 turbations of the mind, and as much as in thee lies live at heart's-ease ' Procpej Calenus to that melancholy Cardinal Caesius, ^'"amidst thy serious studies and busi- ness, use jests and conceits, plays and toys, and whatsoever else may re reate thy mind." Nothing better than mirth and merry company in this malady. ^^''It begin.* with sorrow (sailh Montanus), it must be expelled with hilarity." But see the mischief; many men, knowing that merry company is the only medi cine against melancholy, will therefore neglect their business ; and i i anotl.ei extreme, spend all their days among good fellows in a tavern or an ale-1 ouse, and know not otherwise how to bestow their time but in drinking; malt-wo-ms, men- fishes, or water-snakes, ^'' Qui bibunf. solum ranarum more^ nihil comedentrs, like so many frogs in a puddle. 'Tis their sole exercise to eat, and drink ; to SAcrifice to Volupia, Rumina, Eckilica, Potina, Mellona, is all their religion. They wish for Phihixenus' neck, Jupiter's trinoctium, and that the sun would stand J'till as in Joshua's time, to satisfy their lust, that they might dies noctesque perrrcecari et bibere. Flourishing wits, and men of good parts, good fashion, and good worth, basely prostitute themselves to every rogue's company, to take tobaccovand drink, to roar and sing scurrilous songs in base places. W" Invenies aliquem cum perciissore jacentem, Peniiistuin iiautis, aut furibus, aut fugitivis." Which Thomas Erastus objects to Paracelsus, that he Vv'ould be drinkinij^ all daj long with carmen and tapsters in a brothel-house„ is too frequent among us, with men of better note : like Timocreon of Rhodes, multa bibens, el. multa vorans, Sfc. They drown their wits, seethe their brains in ale, consume their fortunes, lose their time, weaken their temperatures, contract filthy diseases, rheums, dropsies, calen- tures, tremor, get swoln jugulars, pimpled red faces, sore eyes, &c. ; heat their livers, alter their complexions, spoil their stomachs, overthrow their bodies; for drink drowns more than the sea and all tiie rivers that fall into it (mere funges and casks.), confound their souls, suppress reason, go from Scylla to Charybdis, and use that which is a help to their undoing. ^^Quid refert inorbo an ferro perearnve riiind? *" When the Black Prince went to set the exiled king of Castile into his kingdom, there was a terrible battle fought between the English and the Spanish : at last the Spanish fled, the English followed tliem to the river side, where some drowned them- selves to avoid their enemies, the rest were killed. Now tell me what difference is between drowning and killing } As good be melancholy still, as drunken beasts and beggars. Company a sole comfort, and an only remedy to all kind of discontent, is their sole misery and cause of perdition. As Hermione lamented in Euripides, ma/<« niulieres me fecerunt malam. Evil company marred her, may they justly complain, bad companions have been their bane. For, ®' malus malum vult ut sit sui similis; one drunkard in a company, one thief, one whoremaster, will by his goodwill make all the rest as bad as himself. Nocturnos jiires te formidare vapores," be of what complexion you will, inclination, love or hate, be it good or bad, if you come amongst them, you must do as they do; yea, *^ though it be to the prejudice of your health, you must drink vencnum pro vino. And so like grasshoppers, whilst they sing over their cups all summer, they starve in winter ; and for a little vain merriment shall find a sorrowful reckoning in the end. 65 Lib. de atra bile. Gravioribuii curis udus et face- I "What does it signify whether I perish by diseaa« crf ♦ ias aliquando inlerpone, jocos, et qiiJC soU it aniiiium I by the sword !" ^ Frossard. hist. lib. 1. Hispani iclaxare. seconsil.SO. mala valeiudo ancta et con- cum Angloruin vires ferre non possent, in fiigani M tracta est tristitia, ac proptera exhilara ,oiie animi dederunt, &c. PriRcipites in fluvium se dederunt, ne ir lemovenda. c? Athen. dypnosoph. lib. I. ^sjuven. nostiiim manus venirent. "i Ter. *2 Him sat. 8. " You will find him besiue some cut-throat, ' Although you swear that you dread the night aj^. »tonj with sailors, or iliieves, or rur.awav8. 5»Hor. »' "H jr^ic r. (iiri^i. •' Either drink or deoart ' Mem. 1 . i. ubs. 1 .J Remedies against Discontents. 34 1 SECT. II]. MEMB. I. SuBSECx. I. — 'A Condolatory Digression., containing the Remedies of all manner of Discontents. Because in the preceding section I hav made mention of good counsel, comfort- able speeches, persuasion, how necessarily tncy are required to the cure of a discon- t/^nted or troubled mind, how present a remedy they yield, and many times a sole surticient cure of themselves; I have thought fit in this following section, a little to digress (if at least it be to digress in this subject), to collect and glean a few reme- dies, and comfortable speeches out of our best orators, philosophers, divines, and fathers of the church, tending to this purpose. ] confess, many have copiously written of this subject, Plato, Seneca, Plutarch, Xenophon, Epictetus, Theophrastus, Xenocrates, Grantor, Luciaii, Boethius : and some of late, Sadoletus, Cardan, Bu- daeus, Stella, Petrarch, Erasmus, besides Austin, Cyprian, Bernard, &c. And they so well, tiiat as Hierome in like case said, si nostrum areret ingeniu?n, de illorum posset fontibus irrigari, if our barren wits were dried up, they might be copiously irrigated from those well-springs : and I shall but actum agere; yet because these tracts are not so obvious and common, I will epitomise, and briefly insert some of their divine precepts, reducing their voluminous and vast treatises to my small scale; for it were otherwise impossible to bring so great vessels into so little a creek. And although (as Cardan said of his book de consol.) ^'' " I know beforehand, this tract of mine many will contemn and reject; they thai are fortunate, happy, and in hour- ishing estate, have no need of such consolatory speeches ; they that are miserable and unhappy, think them insufhcient to ease their grieved minds, and comfort their misery :" yet I will go on ; for this must needs do some good to such as are happy to bring them to a moderation, and make them reflect and know themselves, by seeing the inconstancy of human felicity, others' misery ; and to such as are dis- tressed, if they will but attend and consider of this, it cannot choose but give some content and comfort. " " 'Tis true, no medicine can cure all diseases, some affec- tions of the mind are altogether incurable ; yet these helps of art, physic, and philosophy must not be contemvied." Arrianus and Plo'tinus are stiff in the contrary opinion, that such precepts can do little good. Boethius himself cannot comfort in some cases, they will reject such speeches like bread of stones., Insana stultce mentis hcec solatia.^ Words add no courage, which ^'^ Catiline once said to his soldiers, " a captain's oration doth not make a coward a valiant man :" and as Job ®^ feelingly said to his friends, " you are but miserable comforters all." 'Tis to no purpose in that vulgar phrase to use a company of obsolete sentences, and familiar sayings: as '^^Plmius Secundus, being now sorrowful and heavy for the departure of his dear friend Cor- nelius Rufus, a Roman senator, wrote to his fellow Tiro in like case, adhibe solatia., sed nova uliqua., sed fortia., qucp. audierim nuaquam., legerim nunquam: nam quce audivi., quce legi omnia., lanto dolore supcrantur., either say something that I never "ead nor heard of before, or else hold thy peace. Most men will here except trivial consolations, ordinary speeches, and known persuasions in this behalf will be of small force ; what can any man say that hath not been said .? To what end are such paraenetical discourses .? you may as soon remove Mount Caucasus, as alter some men's affections. Yet sure I think they cannot choose but do some good, and com- fort and ease a little, though it be the same again, I will say it, and upon that hope I will adventure. ''°JS'on mens hie ser?no, 'tis not my speech this, but of Seneca. Plutarch, Epictetus, Austin, Bernard, Christ and his Apostles. If I make nothing, as '"■ Montaigne said in like case, I will mar nothing ; 'tis not my doctrine but my study, I hope I shall do nobody wrong to speak what I think, and deserve not blame 64 Lib. de lib. propriis. Hos lihros scio multos i animi qui prorsiis gunt insanabiles? non tamen artis epernere, nam felices his se noii indigere imtant, infe- opus sperm debc-l, aiit inedicinae, ant philosopbiae. ices ad polalidnein iiiiseriae non suflicere. El lariien ««" Tne insane consolations of a foolish mind." feiicibus nioderaticiiiein, dnm inconstantiiini huinana^ I e? Salust. Verba virtutem non addunt, nee iniperatoris felicitatis docent, pra'stant, infelices si omnia rrcle I oratio facile tiniido forlem. f^^.Toh, cjip. 16. ^a Epiat «»timare velitit, felices reddere possunt 66 Nnlluin | 13. lib. 1. '" Hor. 'i Lib. 2. Essays, rap. 6. 3P«dicamentuni onines sanare potest su.il affectu:^ ' 2d 2 318 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. ?. Sec. 3 ;n imparting my mind. If it be not for thy ease, it may for mine own ; so T'ully, Cardan, and Boethius wrote de consol. as well to help themselves as others ; be U as it may I will essay. Discontents and grievances are either general or particular; general are wars^ plagues, dearths, famine, fires, inundations, unseasonable weathei, epidemical diseases which afflict whole kingdoms, territories, cities; or peculiar to private men, '^ as cares, crosses, losses, death of friends, poverty, want, sickness, orbities, injuries, abuses, &c. Generally all discontent, "/(ommes ^'Ma/mwrybr/MWo; saZo. No condi- tion free, quisque suos patlmur manes. Even in tlie midst of our mirth and jollity, > there is some grudging, some complaint ; as '■* he saith, our whole liie '« a glucupri-^ con, a bitter sweet passion, honey and gall mixed together, we are all miserable and discontent, who can deny it.? If all, and that it be a common calamity, an mevitable necessity, all distressed, then as Cardan infers, ^^ " who art thou that hopest to go free .? Why dost thou not grieve thou art a mortal man, and not governor of the world ?" Ferre quam sortetn patlunlur omncs^ JVemo recusei, '^ " If it be common to all, why should one man be more disquieted than another ?" If thou alone wert distressed, it were indeed more irksome, and less to be endured ; but when the calamity is connnon, comfort thyself with this, thou hast more fellows, Solamen miseris socios habulssc doloris; 'tis not thy sole case, and why shouldst thou be so impatient .? " " I, but alas we are more miserable than others, what shall we do } Besides private miseries, we live in perpetual fear and danger of common enemies : we have Bellona's whips, and pitiful outcries, for epithalamiums ; for pleasant music, that fearful noise of ordnance, drums, and warlike trumpets still sounding in oui ears ; instead of nuptial torches, we have firing of towns and cities ; for triumphs, lamentations; for joy, tears. "*So it is, and so it was, and so it ever will be. He,^ that refusetli to see and hear, to suffer this, is not fit to live in this world, and knows not the common condition of all men, to whom so long as they live, with a recipro- cal course, joys and sorrows are annexed, and succeed one another." It is inevita- ble, it may not be avoided, and why then shouldst thou be so much troubled .? Grave nihil est homin'i quodfert nccessiias, as ™ Tully deems out of an old poet, " that which is necessary cannot be grievous." If it be so, then comfort thyself in this, ^ " tha whether thou wilt or no, it must be endured :" make a virtue of necessity, and con form thyself to undergo it. ^'Si longa est, Levis est; si gravis est., brevis est. If it be long, 'tis light; if grievous, it cannot last. It will away, dies dolorem minuit. and if nought else, time will wear it out ; custom will ease it ; *^ oblivion is a com mon medicine for all losses, injuries, griefs, and detriments whatsoever, ^^"and when they are once past, this commodity comes of infelicity, it makes the rest of our life sweeter unto us :" ^^Atqiie hcBc olim meminlsse juvabit, '^ recollection of the past is pleasant :" " the privation and want of a thing many times makes it more pleasant and delightsome than before it was." We must not think the happiest of us all to escape here without some misfortunes, 85 " Usque adeo nulla esl sincera voluptas, Soliciturmiue aliquid la;tis interveiiit." Heaven and earth are much unlike: ''^" Those heavenly bodies indeed are freelj carried in their orbs without any impediment or interruption, to continue their course for innumerable ages, and make their conversions : but men are urged with many difficulties, and have diverse hindrances, oppositions still crossing, interrupting their " Alium paupertas, alium orliitas, liiinc morbi, ilium i es, aut potius ndstroruin omnium conditionem ignoras, tinior, alium injuriae, hunc insidine, ilium uxor, filii dis- quil)us reciproco quoriam hhxu lata tristlDus, tristia trahunt, Cardan. '^ Bnptliius 1. 1. met. 5. '^ Apu- liflis inviceni siicceduiit. '" In Tusc. e V'^tere pi)eta leius 4. florid. Nihil houjini tarn prospere datum divi- ""Cardan lili. ]. de consol. Est consolationis genus non nilus, qiiin ei adniixtum sit aliquid diflicultalis, in leve, quod a necessitate fit; sivp feras, sive non fera.i aniplissinia quaque la'titia subest quaidam querinionia, ferendum est tanieii. si Senecn. sJOnini dolori conjuijatione qudilam tnellis et fellis. '''Si onines tenipus est medicina ; ipsum Inctum extinguit, injurirtt premantur, quis tu es qui solus evadere cupis ah ea lege ddet, omnis mail oldiviDiiem adfert. ^s Ilabet hoc qua; nemiiiem praeterit? cur te non mortalem factum ! quoque comuiodnni omnis infelicilas. suaviorem vitam et nniversi orbis re^'em fieri non doles ? "■puteaiiui ep. 75. Neqne cuiquam pra-cipue dolendum eo quod accidit universis. "Lorchan. Gallobelgicus lib. 3. Anno ]5!I8. de Belgis. Sed elieu iriquis euge quid agenius ? nbi pro Epithalamio Bellonae flagellnm, pro musica liarmonia terribiluni lituornm et ttibarum au- dias clangorem, pro tsedis nuptialibus. villarnm, pajio- run), nrbinm videas inceiidia ; ubi pro jubilo lanienta, oro risu fietus aerem complent. '" Ita est profi-cto, ft quisquis liiEc videre abnuis, liuic seculi paruni aptus cum abierit relinquit. "^Virg. "^Ovid. " Foi there is no pleasure perfect, some aniety always in terveues." i^^ l,orchan Siini namqi. = infera superis, humatia terrenis longe disparia. Etemrn beats nietilef feruntur libere, et sine ullo impedimento, stellae, £Ethe reique orbes cursus et couversionessuas jam saculis in numcrahilibus constantissiuie ronficiunt ; veru ti liomi nes magnis angustiis. Neque 'bc natura; 'cge est quis quam mortalium solutus. Mem 1. Subs. 1.] Remedies against Discontents. 343 enaeavours and desires, and no mortal man is free from tliis law of nature." We -tiust not therefore hope to have all things answer our own expectation, to hare a continuance of good success and fortunes, Forluna nunquam perpeiud est bona. And as Minutius Felix, the Roman consul, told that insulting Coriolanus, drunk with his good fortunes, look not for that success thou hast hitherto had ; *'"' "• It never yet hap- pened to any man since the beginning of the world, nor ever will, to have all things according to his desire, or to whom fortune was never opposite and adverse." Even so it fell out to him as he foretold. And so to others, even to that happiness of Augustus ; though he were Jupiter's almoner, Pluto's treasurer, Neptune's admiral it could not secure him. Such was Alcibiades's fortune, Narsetes, that great Gon- salvus, and most famous men's, that as **Jovius concludes, " it is almost fatal to great princes, through their own default or otherwise circumvented with envy and malice, to lose their honours, and die contumeliously." 'Tis so, still hath been, and ever will be, JVihil est ab omni parte beatum, "There's no perfection is so absolute, That some impurity doth not pollute." Whatsoever is under the moon is subject to corruption, alteration ; and so long a« t.hou livest upon earth look not for other. ^^ " Thou shalt not here find peaceable and cheerful days, quiet times, but rather clouds, storms, calumnies, such is our fate." And as those errant planets in their distinct orbs have their several motions, sometimes direct, stationary, retrograde, in apogee, perigee, oriental, occidental, com- bust, feral, free, and as our astrologers will, have their fortitudes and debilities, by reason of those good and bad irradiations, conferred to each other's site in the hea- vens, in their terms, houses, case, detriments, &lc. So we rise and fall in this world, ebb and flow, in and out, reared and dejected, lead a troublesome life, subject to many accidents and casualties of fortunes, variety of passions, infirmities as well from ourselves as others. Yea, but thou thinkest thou art more miserable than the rest, other men are happy but in respect of thee, their miseries are but flea-bitings to thine, thou alone art un- happy, none so bad as thyself ^''e* if, as Socrates said, ^'''•'' All men in the world should come and bring their grievantsb together, of body, mind, fortune, sores, ulcers, madness, epilepsies, agues, and all those common calamities of beggary, want, servi- tude, imprisonment, and lay them on a heap to he equally divided, wouldst thou share alike, and take thy portion ^ or be as thou art.? Without question thou wouldst be as thou art. If some Jupiter should say, to give us all content. ' Jam faciam quod vultis ; eris tu, qui modo miles, Mercator; tu consiiltus modo rusticus ; hinc vos, Voshinc mutatis riiscedite partibus; eia Quidstatis? nolint." ' ^ell he't so then : you master soldier Shall be a merchant; you sir lawyer A country {jentlemen ; go you to this, That side you ; why stand ye ? It's well as 'tis.' '^"Everyman knows his own, but not others' defects and miseries; and 'tis the nature of all men still to reflect upon themselves, their own misfortunes," not to examine or consider other men's, not to compare themselves with others : To re- count their miseries, but not their good gifts, fortunes, benefits, which they have, oi- ruminate on their adversity, but not once to think on their prosperity, not what they have, but what they want : to look still on them that go before, but not on those infinite numbers that come after. ®''" Whereas many a man would think himself in heaven, a pretty prince, if he had but the least part of that fortune which thou so much repirrest at, abhorrest and accountest a most vile and wretched estate." How many thousands want that which thou hast? how many myriads of poor slaves, captives, of such as work day and niglit in coal-pits, tin-iuines, with sore toil to maintain a poor living, of such as labour in body and mind, live in extreme anguish, and pain, all which thou art free from ? Ofortunatos nimium bona si suanorint: Thou art most happy if thou couldst be content, and acknowledge thy happiness ; ^ Dionysius Halicar. lib. 8. nonenitp unquam contigit, ••c post homines natos invenieg nuenquam, cui omnia ex aniuii i^ententia successerint, ita ut nulla in re (or- tuna sil ei adversata. "^ Vit. Gonsalvi lib. ult. ut ducibus fatale sit clarissimis a culpa sua, secus circum- veniri cum malitia et invidia, imminutaque dignitate jier contumeliam mori. "^In terris purum ilium etiierem non invenies, et ventos serenos; nimbos po- lius, prof^ilas luUurucia* Lips. cent. misc. ep. 8. 3" Si omnes homines sua mala suasquf curas in unum cumulum coiiCerrent, requis divisuri pnrtionibus, &c. 81 Hor. ser. lib. I. 92Q,||od uiiusquisque propria mala novit, aliorum nesciat, in causa est, ut se infer alios miserum pulet. Cardan, lib 3 de ronsol. Plutarch de corisol. ad Apollonium. ^^Quam multos putaa qui se coelo proximos putarent. tolidem reguloa, si de fdrtunae ture reliquiis pars iis min'ma contingat. Boetb. de consol. lib. 2. pros. 4. 84 i Cure of Mclunclioly. fParl. 2, Sec. 3. **Rem carendo^ non fruendo cognoscimus, when thou shall hereafter come to want that which thou now loathest, abhorrest, and art weary of, and tired with, when 'tis past thou wilt say thou wert most happy : and after a little miss, wish with all thine heart thou hadst the same content again, mightst lead but such a life, a world for such a life : the remembrance of it is pleasant. Be silent then* "^ rest satisfied, desine^ .lUuensque in aliorum inforl.unia solare incntem^ comfort thyself with other men's misfortunes, and as the n^.oldiwarp in iEsop told the fox, complaining for want of a uiil, and the rest of his companions, tacete^ quando me occiiUs cwplum videtis^ you complain of toys, but I am blind, be quiet. I say to thee be thou satisfied. It is ■"recorded of the hares, that with a general consent they went to drown themselves, out of a feeling of their misery ; but when they saw a com})any of frogs more fear- ful than they were, they began to take courage, and comfort again. Compare thine estate with others. Similes aliorum respice casus, mitiusisla feres. Be content and rest satisfied, for thou art well in respect to others : be thankful for that thou hast, that God hath done for thee, he hath not made thee a monster, a beast, a base crea- ture, as he might, but a man, a Christian, such a man ; consider aright of it, thou art full well as thou art. ^' Quicquid vult habere nemo potest, no man can have what he will, Illud potest nolle quod non hahet, he may choose whether he will desire that which he hath not. Thy lot is fallen, make the best of it. ^'^''If we should all sleep at all times, (as Endymion is said to have done) who then were happier than his fellow V Our life is but short, a very dream, and while we look about ^^ immor- lalitas adest, eternity is at hand : ""'•'■ Our life is a pilgrimage on earth, which wise men pass with great alacrity." If thou be in woe, sorrow, want, distress, in pain, or sickness, think of that of our apostle, " God chastiseth them whom he loveth : they that sow in tears, shall reap in joy," Psal. cxxvi. 6. "As the furnace proveth the potter's vessel, so doth temptation try men's thouglits," Eccl. xxv. 5, 'tis for ' thy good, Periisses nisi periisses: hadst thou not been so visited, thou hadst been utterly undone : "as gold in the fire," so men are tried in adversity.^ Tribulatio ditvt : and which Camerarius hath well shadowed in an emblem of a thresher and corn. " Si tritura absil paleis sunt abdita grana, Nos crux miitulaiiis separal A paleis :" " As tlireshing separates from straw the corn, Bv crosses from the world's chali" are we born.' 'Tis the very same which '^Chrysostom comments, horn. 2. in 3 Mat. " Corn is not separated but by threshing, nor men from worldly impediments but by tribulation.''\ 'Tis that which ^Cyprian ingeminates, Ser.4. de immort. 'Tis that which "* Hierom, which all the fathers inculcate, " so we are catechised for eternity." 'Tis that which the proverb insinuates. JVocumcntum documentum; 'tis that which all the world rings in our oars. Deus unicum huhet flium sine peccato, nullum sine Jlagello: God, saith ^Austin, hath one son without sin, none w;thout correction. ^^ An expert sea- man is tried in a tempest, a runner in a race, a captain in a battle, a valiant man in adversity, a Christian in tentation and misery." Basil, horn. 8. We are sent as so many soldiers into this world, to st'-ive with it, the flesh, the devil ; our life is a warfare, and who knows it not.' '' JS'on est ad astra mollis e terrisvia: ^" and there- fore peradventure this world here is made troublesome unto us," that, as Gregory notes, " we should not be dejighted by the way, and forget whither we are going." 8" Ite nunc fortes, nbi celsa niagni Ducit exempli via, Iem. 2. J Remedies against Discontents. 345 Or put case thou art now forsaken of the world, dejected, contemned, yet ccmfor. thyself, as it was said to Agar in the wilderness, '" " God sees thee, he takes notice of thee :" there is a God above that can vindicate thy cause, that can relieve thee. And surely "Seneca thinks he takes delight in seeing thee. "The gods are well pleased when they see great men contending with adversity," as we are to see men fight, or a man with a beast. But these are toys in respect, '^•'Behold," saith he, •' a spectacle worthy of God ; a good man contented with his estate." A tyrant is the best sacrifice to Jupiter, as the ancients held, and his best object " a contented mind." For thy part then rest satisfied, " cast all thy care on him, thy burthen on him, "rely on him, trust on him, and he shall nourish thee, care for thee, give thet thine heart's desire;" say with David, "God is our hope and strength, in troubles ready to be found," Psal. xlvi. 1. "for they that trust in the Lord shall be as Mount Zion, which cannot be removed," Psal. cxxiv. 1.2. "as the mountains are about Jerusalem, so is the Lord about his people, from henceforth and for ever." MEMB. n. Deformity of body^ sickness., ^baseness of birth.) peculiar discontents. Particular discontents and grievances, are either of body, mind, or fortune, which as they wound the soul of man, produce tliis melancholy, and many great inconveniences, by that antidote of good counsel and persuasion may be eased or expelled. Deformities and imperfections of our bodies, as lameness, crookedness, deafness, blindness, be they innate or accidental, torture many men : yet this may comfort them, that those imperfections of the body do not a whit blemish the soul, or hinder the operations of it, but rather help and much increase it. Thou art lame of body, deformed to the eye, yet this hinders not but that thou mayest be a good, a wise, upright, honest man. '^"Seldom," saith Plutarch, "honesty and beauty dwell together," and oftentimes under a thread-bare coat lies an excellent under- standing, scp.pe sub attrita latitat sapientia veste. '* Cornelius Mussus, that famous preacher in Italy, when he came first into the pulpit in Venice, was so much con- temned by reason of his outside, a little lean, poor, dejected person, '^ tliey were all ready to leave the church ; but when they heard his voice they did admire him, and ■happy was that senator could enjoy his company, or invite him first to his house. A silly fellow to look to, may have more wit, learning, honesty, than he that struts it out Ampullis jactans., tSfc. grandia gradiens, and is admired in the world's opi- nion : Vilis scepe cadus nobile nectar habct., the best wine comes out of an old vessel ilow many deformed princes, kings, emperors, could I reckon up, phili -sophers, orators ? Hannibal had but one eye, Appius Claudius, Timoleon, blind, Mnleasse, king of Tunis, John, king of Bohemia, and Tiresias the propiiet. " " The night hath his pleasure ;" and for the loss of that one sense such men are commonly recom- pensed in the rest ; they have excellent memories, other good parts, music, and many recreations ; much happiness, great wisdom, as Tully well discourseth in his '^Tus- culan questions: Homer was blind, yet who (saith he) made more accurate, lively, or better descriptions, with both his eyes? Demociitus was blind, yet as Laertius writes of him, he saw more than all Greece besides, as '^ Plato concludes. Turn sane mentis oculus acute incipit cernere., quum primum corporis oculus deflorescit., when our bodily eyes are at worst, generally the eyes of our soul see best. Some philosophers and divines have evirated themselves, and put out their eyes voluntarily, the better l; contemplate. Angelus Politianus had a tetter in his nose continually running, fulsome in company, yet no man so eloquent and pleasing in his works. jEsop was crooked, Socrates purblind, long-legged, hairy ; Democritus withered, Seneca lean an(J harsh, ugly to behold, yet show me so many fiourishing wits, such divine spirits i^Boeth. pro. ult. Manet spectator ccinctoriim desuper praescius deus, bonis proemia, malissupplicia dispensans. " Lib. de provid. voluptalem capi ..it dii siqiiando irias;- Bo« viros (;i>lliiclantes ciim i-alaiiiitate videiit. '^ Kcce spectaculum Deo dimium. Vir fortis mala fortiina roiri- pusitus. '3 ] Pel. V. 7. Psal. Iv. 22. '■• Raro sub j sapiens et bealus, &c. 'n In Coiivivio lib. 25, 44 eodem lare honestas et forma habitant. i* Josepliiis Mussus vita ejus. '^ Homuncio brevis, macilentus. umbra lioininis, &c. Ad stuporein ejus friiditioiiem e( elo()uentiain adniirali sunt. >'' Nox liabet » viiliiptaies "Lib. 5. ad finetn cinrii? potest esue U6 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3. Horace a little blear-eyed contemptible fellow, yet who so sententious and wiser Marcilius I'lcinus, Faber Stapulcnsis, a couple of dwarfs, ^° Melancthon a short hard- favoured man, parvus erul, sed magnus crat, Sfc, yet of incomparable parts all three. ' Ignatius Loyola the founder of the Jesuits, by reason of a hurt he received in his leg, at the siege of Pampeluna, the chief town of Navarre in Spain, unfit for wars and less serviceable at court, upon that accident betook himself to his beads, and by those means got more honour than ever he should have done with the use of his limbs, and properness of person?' '^^ Vulnus non penetrat animum^ a wound hurts not the soul. Galba the emperor was crook-backed, Epictetus lame: that great Alexan- der a little man of stature, *' Augustus Caesar of the same pitch: Agesilaus despicabi/i formri ; Boccharis a most deformed prince as ever Egypt had, yet as ''* Diodorus Siculus records of him, in wisdom and knowledge far beyond his predecessors. .^. Dom. 1306. *^ Uladeslaus Cubitalis that pigmy king of Poland reigned and fought more victorious battles than any of his long-shanked predecessors. JS'ullam virtus respuit siaturam, virtue refuseth no stature, and commonly your great vast bodies, and fine features, are sottish, dull, and leaden spirits.; What's in them ? '*^Quid nisi pondus iners sto- lidcBque ferocia niemtis, What in Osus and Ephialtes (Neptune's sons in Homer), nine acres long ? ""ftiii lit niaKiius Orion, C'liiii pedes iiicedit, medii per maxima Nerei Sl.igiia, viam findeiis huiiiero siipereminet undas.' " Like tall Orion stalking o'er the flood : When with liis brawny breast he cuts the waves, His shoulder scarce the topmost billow laves." What in Maximinus, Ajax, Caligula, and the rest of those great Zanzummins, or gigantical Anakims, heavy, vast, barbarous lubbers .'' 28" si membra tibi dant grandia ParcEB, Mentis eges ?" Their body, saith ^^Lemiiius, "is a burden to them, and their spirits not so lively, i:or they so erect and merry :" JVon est in mngno corpore mica salis : a little diamond is more worth than a rocky mountain : which made Alexander Aphrodiseus posi- tively conclude, "The lesser, the ^"wiser, because the soul was more contracted in such a body." Let Bodine in his 5. c. method, hist, plead the rest; the lesser they are, as in Asia, Greece, they have generally the finest wits. And for bodily stature which some so much admire, and goodly presence, 'tis true, to say the best of them, great men are proper, and tall, 1 grant, caput inter niibiJa condunt., (hide their heads in the clouds); but belli jmsilli., little men are pretty: " 6Vd si bcllus homo est Colta., pusillus homo est.''"' Sickness, diseases, trouble many, but without a cause; ^' It may be 'tis for the good of their souls :" Pars fati f nit, the flesh rebels against the spirit; that which hurts the one, must needs help the other. Sickness is the mother of modesty, putteth us in mind of our mortality; and when we are in the full career of worldly pomp and jollity, she pulleth us by the ear, and maketh us know our- selves. '^^ Pliny calls it, the sum of philosophy, " If we could but perform that in our health, which we promise in our sickness." Quum injirmi sumus, optimi sumusf'^ for what sick man (as ^^Secundus expostulates with Rufus) was ever "lascivious," covetous, or ambitious } he envies no man, admires no man, flatters no man, despiseth no man', listens not after lies and tales, &c." And were it not for such gentle remem- brances, men would have no moderation of themselves, they would be worse than tigers, wolves, and lions : who should keep them in awe' "princes, masters, parents, magistrates, judges, friends, enemies, fair or foul means cannot contain us, but a little sickness, (as ^'Chrysostom observes) will correct and amend us." And therefore with good discretion, '^^ Jovianus Pontanus caused this short sentence to be engraven on his tomb in Naples " Labour, sorrow, grief, sickness, want and woe, to serve proud masters, bear tha^ superstitious yoke, and bury your dearest friends, &.c., are *> Joachimus Camerarius vit. ejus. !" Riber. vit. Jus. 2iiviacrobius. aaSueton. c. 7. 9. ^^Lib. 1. Corpore exili et (lespecto, sed ingenioet prudentia loiige ante se reges cffiteros praiveniens. 2» Alexander Gaguinis hist. Polandis. Corpore parvus eram, cubito vix altior niio, Sed lamen in parvo corpore magnis eram. ^eOvid. "v vir. ^nei. 30. *8"Iftie fateg give you large proportions, do you not require faculties ?" 29 Ljb. '2. cap. 20. oneri est iUis corporis innles, et spiritus minus vividi. 3» Corpore breves orudentiores q..nni coarctata sit anima. Ingenio pollet tui vim nature negavit. si Mullia ad salutem anima; profuit corporis iBgritudo, Petrarch. 3^ 1 ;(,. 7 Siimnia est totius PhilosophiEe, si talis, &c. 3- ' When we are sick we are most amiable." 34 piinius ep.'«t. 7. lib. Cluem inhrmum libido solicital, aut avarilia, au^ honores? tiemini invidet, Jieminem miratur, nemineni ilespicit, serinoiie mallgno non alitur. 3^ Non terre< priiiceps, magister, parens, judex; at aesritiido super- veniens, omnia correxit. sejvat. Ch)trrrus Europ deliciis. Labor, dolor, sgritudo, liictus, .sei 'ire s iperbi» dominis, jugum ferre superstionis, quos nabet charon sepelire, &c. condtmenta vitx sunt. RIem 2 ] Remedies against Discontents. 347 the sauces of our life." If thy disease be continuate ai>d [/ainful to thee, it will not surely last : " and a liglit affliction, which is but for a moment, causeth unto us a far more excellent and eternal weight of glory." 2 Cor. iv. 17. bear it with patience; women endure much sorrow in cliildbed, and yet they will not contain-, and those that are barren, wish for this pain ; "• be courageous, '^^ there is as much valour to be shown in thy bed, as in an army, or at a sea fight :" aut vincetur, aut vincet, thou shalt be rid at last. In the mean time, let it take its course, thy mind is not any way disabled. Bilibaldus Pirkimerus, senator to Charles the Fifth, ruled all Germany, lying most part of his days sick of the gout upon his bed. The more violent thy torture is, the less it will continue : and though it be severe and hideous for the time, comfort thyself as martyrs do, with honour and immortality. "'^That famous philosopher Epicurus, being in as miserable pain of stone and cholic, as a man might endure, solaced himself with a conceit of immortality ; " the joy of his soul for his rare inventions, repelled the pain of his bodily torments." Baseness of birth is a great disparagement to some men, especially if they be wealthy, bear office, and come to promotion in a commonweahh ; then (as ^^he observes) if their b-irtli be not answerable to their calling, and to their fellows, they are much abaslied and asliamed of themselves. Some scorn their own father and mother, deny brothers and sisters, with the rest of their kindred and friends, and wiU not suffer them to come near them, when they are in their pomp, accounting it a scandal to their greatness to have such beggarly beginnings. Simon in Lucian, hav- ing now got a little wealth, changed his name from Simon to Simonides, for that there were so many beggars of his kin, and set the house on fire where he was born, because no body should point at it. Others buy titles, coats of arms, and by all means screw themselves into ancient families, falsifying pedigrees, usurping scutch- eons, and all because they would not seem to be base. The reason is, for that this gentility is so much admired by a company of outsides, and such honour attributed unto it, as amongst '"'Germans, Frenchmen, and Venetians, the gentry scorn the commonalty, and will not suffer them to match with them ; they depress, and make them as so many asses, to carry burdens. In our ordinary talk and fallings out, the most opprobrious and scurrile name we can fasten upon a man, or first give, is to call him base rogue, beggarly rascal, and the like : Whereas in my judgment, this ought of all other grievances to trouble men least. Of all vanities'and fopperies, to braff of gentility is the greatest ; for what is it they crack so much of, and challenge such superiority, a? if they were demi-gods ? Birth } Tantane vos generis tenuit jiducia vestri ? '" It is non ens., a mere flash, a ceremony, a toy, a thing of nought. ( Consider the beginning, present estate, progress, ending of gentry, and then tell me what it is. '^'•'Oppression, fraud, cozening, usury, knavery, bawdery, murder, and tyranny, are the beginning of many ancient families : ""^ one hath been a blood-sucker, a parricide, the death of many a silly soul in some unjust quarrels, seditions, made many an orphan and poor widow, and for that he is made a lord or an earl, and his posterity gentlemen for ever after. Another hath been a bawd, a pander to some great men, a parasite, a slave, ''^ prostituted himself, his wife, daughter," to some las- civious prince, and for that he is exalted. Tiberius preferred many to honours in his time, because they were famous whoremasters and sturdy drinkers ; many come into this parchment-row (so "^ one calls it) by flattery or cozening; search your old fami- lies, and you shall scarce find of a multitude (as ^neas Sylvius observes) qui seek- ratum non hahent ortum^ that have not a wicked beginning; aut qui vi et dolo eo fastigii non ascendunt, as that plebeian in ''^ Machiavel in a set oration proved to his fellows, that do not rise by knavery, force, foolery, villany, or such indirect means. "Non tam mari quam proelio virlus, etiam lectn ex- | caJumniis, &c. Agrip. de vanit. scien. « Ex ho liibulur: viiicetiir aut viiicet ; aut tu febreiii reliiiques, micidio s»pe oria iiohilitas eJ strenua carnidcina aui ipsa te. Seneca. asTulliiis lib. 7. ftim. ep. ■•'Phires ob prostitutas filias, uxores, nobiles facti; Ves,iciP morbo lahnrans, et urin.-E mittenriff: (iifficultate multos venatioiies, rapiiia;, caides, prastie;ia,&c. i^Sat. tanta, iil vix increinentum caperet ; repellehat hsec oui Ilia aiiimi yaudium ob rneinoriain inveiitoruin. so Boeth. lib. '2. pr. 4. Huic senpiis exuperat, sed est piidori de- erier sanguis. 4° Caspar Ens polit. tbes. ■ii " Does Bnch presumption in your origin possess you?" WAlii pro pecunia emtinl nobilitateni, alii illam leno- - , finio. ali' yflneficiis, alii parricidiis; multis perditio faciunt, plerique ex oavis, itc. Florent. hist lib. a Aohiiitate coucilliit, pleriau* adulatione, detractione. Menip. •'^Cuin eiiim hos riici nobiles viilemus, qui divitiis abundant, divitis vero raro virtutis sunt comi- tes, quis non videt ortnin nobilitatis degenereni? hunc usurse ditarunt, ilium spolia, proditiones; hir veneficiia ditatus, ille adulationib.is, huic adulteria lucrum prs bent, nnnullis menda'-ia, cpiidam ex conjuge qua^stum 348 Cure of Melancholy. 'Part. 2. Sec. 3 "Tiiey are commonly able that are wealthy ; virtue and riclies seldom settle on one ;aan : who then sees not the beginning of nobility ? spoils enrich one, usury an- other, treason a tliird, witchcraft a fourth, flattery a fifth, lying, stealing, bearing false witness a sixth, adultery the seventh," &cc. One makes a fool of himself to make his lord merry, another dandles my young master, bestows a little nag on him, a third marries a cracked piece, &c. Now may it please your good worship, your iordsliip, who was the first founder of your family ? The poet answers, " '■'■^ut Pastor fuit^ aid illud quod dicere nolo^ Are he or you the better gentleman .' If he, then we have traced him to his form. If you, what is it of which thou boastest so much .'' That thou art his son. It may be his heir, his reputed son, and yet indeed a panest or a serving man may be the true father of him ; but we will not controvert tliat now ; married wornen are all honest ; thou art his son's son's son, begotten and born infra quatuor maria^ &^c. Thy great great great grandfather was a rich citizen, and then in all likelihood a usurer, a lawyer, and then a a courtier, and then a a country gentleman, and then he scraped it out of sheep, &c. And you are the heir of all his virtues, fortunes, titles ; so then, what is your gentry, but as Hierom saith. Opes antique., inveteratce divitice, ancient Avealth .? that is the deh nition of gentility. The father goes often to the devil, to make his sdn a gentleman For tbe present, what is it.' "It began (saith ''^Agrippa) with strong impiety, with tyranny, oppression, Stc." and so it is maintained : wealth began it (no matter how got), wealth continueth and increaseth it. Those Roman knights were so called, if they could dispend per annum so much. *^ In the kingdom of Naples and France, he that buys such lands, buys the honour, title, barony, together with it; and they that can dispend so much amongst us, must be called to bear ofliice, to be knights, or fine for it, as one observes, ^ nobillorum ex censu judicant^ our nobles are measured by their means. And wliat now is the object of honour .? What maintains our gentry but wealth .' ^^ JYobUUas sine re project.d vilior alga. Without means gentry is naught worth, notliing so contemptible and base. ^'^Disputare de nobililate generis, sine divUiis, est dispulare de nobilitale stercoris., saith Nevisanus the lawyer, to dis- pute of gentry without wealth, is (saving your reverence) to discuss the original of a mard. So that it is wealth alone tliat denominates, money which maintains it, gives esse to it, for which every man may have it. And what is their ordinary exercise } ^'^"sit to eat, drink, lie down to sleep, and rise to play:" wherein lies their worth and sufficiency .-* in a few coats of arms, eagles, lions, serpents, bears, tigers, dogs, crosses, bends, fesses, Slc, and such like baubles, which they commonly set up in their gal- leries, porches, windows, on bowls, platters, coaches, in tombs, churches, men's sleeves, &c. ^^"If he can hawk and hunt, ride a horse, play at cards and dice, swagger, drink, swear," take tobacco with a grace, sing, dance, wear his clothes in fashion, court and please his mistress, talk big fustian, *^ insult, scorn, strut, contemn others, and use a little mimical and aoish compliment above the rest, he is a com- plete, (^Egregiam verb laudem) a well-qualified gentleman ; these are most of their employments, this their greatest commendation. What is gentry, this parchment nobility then, but as '^^Agrappa defines it, "a sanctuary of knavery and naughtiness, a cJoak for wickedness and execrable vices, of pride, fraud, contempt, boasting, op- pression, dissimulation, lust, gluttony, malice, fornication, adultery, ignorance, im- piety V A nobleman therefore in some likelihood, as he concludes, is an "• atheist, an oppressor, an epicure, a "gull, a dizard, an illiterate idiot, an outside, a glow- worm, a proud fool, an arrant ass," Ventris et inguinis mancipium., a slave to his lust and belly, solaque libidine fords. And as Salvianus observed of his countrymen the Aquitanes in France, sicut titulis pri?nifue.re, sic et viliis (as they were the first in rank so also in rottenness) ; and Cabinet du Roy, their own writer, distinctly of the rest. " The nobles of Berry are most part lechers, they of Touraine thieves, they of Narbonne covetous, they of Guienne coiners, they of Provence atheists, they of <'Juven. "A sheplirrd, or something that I should rather not tell." ■'» Robiista iniprobitas a tyrannide incepta, &c. i^Gasper Ens Ihesauro polit. 'OGres- ierus Itinerar. fol. 2Gti. " Hor. " Nobility without ivealtli is more worthless than sea-weed." s-gyi. Tiup. lib 4. nutn 111. 'S Cxod. xxxii. '■'Omnium Dobilium sutiiciiwitia in eo prubatur si venatica nove- 1 mask, 'twas apposite. rint, SI aleani, si corporis vires ingentibus pociilis com- inoiistrent, si iiaturie robur iiunierosa venere probent &c. ^^ Difficile est, ut non sit superlms dives, Aus tin. ser. 24. ^e fjobilitas nihil aliud nisi improfcitas furor, rapina, latrorinium. homiculiuni, luxus, venatio violentia, &.c. "The fool took away uiy lord in Itu Mem. 2.1 Remedies against Discontents. 34& Kheims superstitious, they of Lyons treaclierous, of Normandy proud, of Picardy insolent, &c." We may generally conclude, the greater men, the more vicious. In fine, as ^^jEneas Sylvius adds, " they are most part miserable, sottish, and lilthy fel- lows, like the walls of their houses, fair without, foul within." What dost thou vaunt of now } ***" What dost thou gape and wonder at.? admire him for his brave apparel, horses, dogs, fine houses, manors, orchards, gardens, walks? Why.'' a fool may be possessor of this as well as he ; and he that accounts him a better man, a nobleman for having of it, he is a fool himself." Now go and brag of thy gentility This is it belike which makes the '''' Turks at this day scorn nobility, and all those hufhng bombast titles, which so much elevate their poles : except it be such as havv^ got it at hrfat, maintain it by some supereminent quality, or excellent worth. And for this cause, the Ragusian commonwealth, Swit2*rs, and the united provinces, in all their aristocracies, or democratical monarchies, (if I may so call them,) exclude all these degrees of hereditary honours, and will admit .of none to bear oflice, but such as are learned, like those Athenian Areopagites, wise, discreet, and well brought up. The '''Chinese observe the same customs, no man amongst them noble by birth ; out of their philosophers and doctors tliey choose magistrates : their politic nobles are taken from such as be moraUter nohiles, virtuous noble ; nohilUas ut olim ab officio^ non a naiurd, as in Israel of old, and their office was to defend and govern their country in war and peace, not to hawk, hunt, eat, drink, game alone, as too many do. Their Loysii, Mandarini, literati, licentiati, and such as have raised them- selves by their worth, are their noblemen only, though fit to govern a stale : and why then should any that is otherwise of worth be ashamed of his birth } why should not he be as much respected that leaves a noble posterity, as he that hath had noble ancestors } nay why not more .? for ])lures sohm orientem^ we adore the sun rising most part ; and how luuch better is it to say. Ego meis majorihus virtute prce- luxi, (1 have outshone my ancestors in virtues), to boast himself of his virtues, than of his birth .? Cathesbeius, sultan of Egypt and Syria, was by his condition a slave, but for worth, valour, and manhood second to no king, and for that cause (as ''^ Jovius writes) elected emperor of the Mamelukes. That poor Spanish Pizarro for his valoui made by Charles the Fifth Marquess of Anatillo ; the Turkey Pashas are all such. Pertinax, Phillippus Arabs, Maximinus, Probus, Aurelius, Sec, from common soldiers, became emperors, Cato, Cincinnatus, &c. consuls. Pius Secundus, Sixtus Quintus, Johan, Secundus, Nicholas Quintus, Stc. popes. Socrates, Virgil, Horace, libertino parte natus. *^The kings of Denmark fetch their pedigree, as some say, from one Ulfo, that was the son of a bear. ^^£ tenui. casa scepe vir magnus exit., many a (^worthy man comes out of a poor cottage. Hercules, Romulus, Alexander (by , Olympia's confession), Themistocles, Jugurtha, King Arthur, William the Conqueror, Homer, Demosthenes, P. Lumbard, P. Comestor, Bartholus, Adrian the fourth Pope, &c., bastards ; and almost in every kingdom, the most ancient families have been at first princes' bastards : their worthiest captains, best wits, greatest scholars, bravest spirits in all our annals, have been base. ^^ Cardan, in his subtleties, gives a reason why they are most part better able than others in body and mind, and so, per csn- sequens, more fortunate. Castruccius Castrucanus, a poor child, found in the field, exposed to misery, became prince of Lucca and Senes in Italy, a most complete soldier and worthy captain; Machiavel compares him to Scipio or Alexander. " And\ 'tis a wonderful thing (^® saith he) to him that shall consider of it, that all those, or the greatest part of them, that have done the bravest exploits here upon earth, and excelled the rest of the nobles of their time, have been still born in some abject, ob- scure place, or of base and obscure abject parents." A most memorable observation, 's I)e miser, curial. Miseri sunt, inepti sunt, turpes liunl, iniiUi ul parietes ajilium suarum speciosi. saivjj. •aris Hiireas vestes, equos, canes, ordiiiem fainuliiruin, Uiitas laensas, aedes, villas, pra^dia, piscinas, sylvas, to iiSbC cninia scaltus asseqiii potest. Pandalus noster lenocinio nobilitalus est, jEneas Sylvius. ^o Bellunius observ. lib. 2. "i Mat. Riccins lib. 1. cap, 3. Ad re- gendain re in p. soli dnctores, aut licentiati adsciscuntur, tc. "^Lib. 1. hist, cmiditione servus, weterum acer beilo, et pninii magniludine niaximoruni reguni neniini aeciindus- ob ha-c a Mainelnchis in regeni electus. " Ut merito dicam, quod sinipliciter eentiam, Paulum Schalicliium scriptorein, et doctorem, pluris facio quam con\itrm Hunnoruui, et Baroneui Skradinum; Encyclopajdiam tuam, et orbem discip'.ina- rum omiiibns provinciia aiitefero. Calajus epist. nun- cupat. ad 5 cent, ultimam script. Brit. " Priefat hist. lib. I. virtute tua major, quam aut Hetrusci im- perii fortuna, aut nuinerosa et decora prolis fielicitate lu.-alior evadiB. '^'.'Curlius. ''^Bodiiie de rep. lib. 3. cap. 8. '< .lErieas Siivius, lib. 2. cap. 20. ">" If children he proud, haughty, foolish, they defile the nobility of their kindred," Eccl.xxii. 8. '^Cujus possessio nee furto eripi, nee incendio absumi, nee aquarum vorasine absorberi, vel vi morbi destrui po- test. "Send them both to some strange place naked, ad ignotos, as Aristippus said, you shall see the difference. Bacon's Essays. '* Familiae splendor nihil opis attulit. Sec. '^Fluvius hie illusJris, humaiiarum reruin imago, qiise parvis ductce sub inltiis, in immensum irescunt, et siibit.i evanesrunt. E.xilii hie priiiio fluviiis, in admirandam magnitudinem ex crescit, laiidemque in mari Euxino evanesnit. 1 Siunii ius pere^. iiiar. Euxini Mem. 2.] Remedies against Discontents. 351 at first, sometimes broad, sometimes narrow, now slow, then swift, increased at last o an incredible greatness by the confluence of sixty navigable rivers, it vanishetb in conclusion, loseth his name, and is suddenly swallowed up of the Euxine st^a • ^ may say of our greatest families, they were mean at first, augmented by rich mar- riages, purchases, ofiices, they continue for some ages, with some little alteration oi circumstances, fortunes, places, &c., by some prodigal son, for some default, or for , ep 1.5. Nalus sor- tido tiigunolo et paupere (^oiiio, qui vix inilio rugien- tem vent rem, &c. *« Nihil fortunato insipienie intolenibilius. sepiaud. I. 9. in Eiitrop. »' Lib. J.deRep. Gal. duoniain el coinniodiore utiinturcon- ditione, el nonesiiore loco nati, jam indo a parviilis a"* moruni civiliiatem educali sunt, el assuefacli. 352 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 3. theii infancy trained to all manner of civility." For learning and virtue in a noble- man is more eminent, and, as a jewel set in gold is more precious, and much to be respected, such a man deserves better than others, and is as great an honour to hi.s family as his noble family to him. In a word, many noblemen are an ornament to their order : many poor men's sons are singularly well endowed, most eminent, and well deserving for their worth, wisdom, learning, virtue, valour, integrity; excellent members and pillars of a commonwealth. And therefore to conclude that which I first intended, to be base by birth, meanly born is no such disparagement. El sic demonstraiur, quod erat dernonstrandum. MEMB. 111. .Against Poverty and Want, with such other Adversities. One of the greatest miseries that can befal a man, in the world's esteem, is poverty )r want, which makes men steal, bear false witness, swear, forswear, contend, mur- der and rebel, which breaketh sleep, and causeth death itself, ovbtv rtfw'a; fiapvtipov iazi ^optuov, no burden (saith ^^Menander) so intolerable as poverty: it makes men desperate, it erects and dejects, census honorcs., census amicitias; money makes, but poverty mars, &c. and all this in the world's esteem : yet if considered aright, it is a great blessing in itself, a happy estate, and yields no cause of discontent, or that men should therefore account themselves vile, hated of God, forsaken, miserable, unfor- tunate. Christ himself was poor, born in a manger, and had not a house to hide his head in all his life, ^''"lest any man should make poverty a judgment of God, or an odious estate." And as he was himself, so he informed his Apostles and Disciples, they were all poor. Prophets poor. Apostles poor, (Act, iii. " Sil/ver and gold have J none.") "As sorrowing (saith Paul) and yet always rejoicing;' as having nothing, and yet possessing all things," 1 Cor. vi. 10. Your great Philosophers have been voluntarily poor, not only Christians, but many others. Crates Thebanus was adored for a God in Athens, ""^ a nobleman by birth, many servants he had, an honourable attendance, much wealth, many manors, fine apparel; but when he saw this, that ai the wealth of the world was but brittle, uncertain and no whit availing to live well,"" he flung his burden into the sea, and renounced his estate." Those Curii and Fabricii will be ever renowned for contempt of these fopperies, wherewith the world is so much afl^ected. Amongst Christians I could reckon up many kings and queens, that have forsaken their crowns and fortunes, and wilfully abdicated themselves from these so much esteemed toys ; ^' many that have refused honours, titles, and all this vain pomp and happiness, which others so ambitiously seek, and carefully study to "ompass and attain. Riches I deny not are God's good gifts, and blessings; and honoj est in honorante, honours are from God; both rewards of virtue, and fit to be sought after, sued for, and may well be possessed : yet no such great happiness in having. or misery in wanting of them. Dantur quidem bonis, saith Austin, ne quis mala trsti- met : mails autem ne quis nimis bona, good men have wealth that we should not think it evil ; and bad men that they should not rely on or hold it so good ; as the rain falls on both sorts, so are riches given to good and bad, sed bonis in bonum, but they are good only to the godly. But ^^ compare both estates, for natural parts they are not unlike ; and a beggar's child, as ®^ Cardan well observes, " is no whit inferior to a prince's, most part better;" and for those accidents of fortune, it will easily appear there is no such odds, no such extraordinary happiness in the one, or misery in the other. He is rich, wealthy, fat; what gets he by it? pride, insolency, lust, ambition, cares, fears, suspicion, trouble, anger, emulation, and many filthy diseases of body and mind. , He hath indeed variety of dishes, better fare, sweet wine, pleasant sauce, 8" Nullum paupertate gravius onus. *• Ne quis irse diviniE judicium putaret, ant paupertas exosa foret. Gault. in cap. 2. ver. 18. Lucsb. winter proceres Tliebanns iiumeratus, lectum habuit grnus, frequens famulitium, domus amplas, &c Apuleiiis Florid. 1. 4. " P. Blesensis ep. 72. et 232. oblatos respui hcmores px •>n»te meliens; iiiotus ambitiosos rogaiiis non ivi. &c. ^Sudat pauper forasin opere, dives in cogitatione : hic OS aperit oscitatione, ille ructatione ; pravius ille fasli riio, quam hic inedia nruciatur. Ber. ser. "^ In Hy« perchen Natura a>qua est, puprosque videmus meuiil corum nulla ex pane repmu filiis dissimiles, plerumou* saniores. Mem. 3 Remefi.iS asainst Discontents. 353 dainty iDUsic, gay clothes, lordci it bravely out, Stc, and all that which Misillus admired in ^'^ Lucian ; but with them he hath the gout, dropsies, apoplexies, palsies, stone, pox, rheums, catarrhs, crudities, oppiliations, ®^ melancholy, &.c., lust enters in, anger, ambition, according to ■'^Chrysostom, "-the sequel of riches is pride, riot intemperance, arrogancy, fury, and all irrational courses." "" turpi fregenint s«cula luxu DiviticE molles" with their variety of dishes, many such maladies of body and mind get in, which the poor man knows not of As Saturn in *** Lucian answered the discontented common- alty, (which because of their neglected Saturnal feasts in Rome, made a grievous complaint ana exclamation against rich men) that they were much mistaken in sup- posing such happiness in riches; ^^"you see the best (said he) but you know not their several gripings and discontents :" they are like painted walls, fair without, rot- ten within: diseased, filthy, crazy, full of intemperance's effects; '"""•and who can reckon half? if you but knew their fears, cares, anguish of mind and vexation, to which they are subject, you wouid hereafter renounce all riches." " O si pateant peclora divitiiin, Qiiantos iiitus siiblimi:< a.^il Fortuna metus? Briitia Coro Pulsaiite fretum iiiitior unda est." " O that their breasts were but conspicuous How full of fear within, hcuv furious? The narrow seas are not so boisterous." Tea, but he hath the world at will that is rich, the good things of the earth : suave est de magno tollere acervo, (it is sweet to draw from a great heap) he is a happy man, ^adored like a god, a prince, every man seeks to him, applauds, honours,. ad- mires him. He hath honours indeed, abundance of all things; but (as I said) withal '" pride, lust, anger, faction, emulation, fears, cares, suspicion enter with his wealth;" for his intemperance he hath aches, crudities, gouts, and as fruits of his idleness, and fulness, lust, surfeiting and drunkenness, all manner of diseases : pecuniis augetur improbitas., the wealthier, the more dishonest. ''"He is exposed to hatred, envy, peril and treason, fear of death, degredation," &c. 'tis lubrica slatio et proxima prcn- cipitioj and the higher he climbs, the greater is his fall. 5 " celssE graviore casu Decidunt turres, feriuntque summo8 Fulgura montes," the lightning commonly sets on fire the highest towers; ^in the more eminent place he is, the more subject to fall. " Rumpitur innumeris arbos uberrima pomis, Et suhito niniiie prsecipitantur opes." As a tree that is heavy laden with fruit breaks her own boughs, with their own great- ness they ruin themselves : which Joachimus Camerarius hath elegantly expressed in his 13 Emblem, cent. 1. Inopem se copia fecit. Their means is their misery, though they do apply themselves to the times, to lie, dissemble, collogue and flatter their lieges, obey, second his will and commands as much as may be, yet too frequently they miscarr)^, they fat themselves like so many hogs, as ''^Eneas Sylvius observes, that when they are full fed, they may be devoured by their princes, as Seneca by Nero was served, Sejanus by Tiberius, and Haman by Ahasuerus : I resolve with Gregory, potestas culminis^ est tempestas mentis ; et quo dignitns altlor., casus gravi.or honour is a tempest, the higher they are elevated, the more grievously depressed. For the rest of his prerogatives which wealth affords, as he hath more his expenses are the greater. -'When goods increase, they are increased that eat them; and what good Cometh to the owners, but the beholding thereof with the eyes.''" Eccles. iv. 10 • Millia frumenti tua triverit area centum, Non tuus hinc capiet venter plus quam rheus"- " an evil sickness," Solomon calls it, " and reserved to them for an evil," 1 2 verse. T.^hey that will be rich fall into many fears and temptations, into many foolish and i: »«GalloTom. 2. s^Et 6 contubernio foedi atnue olidi ventris mors tandem educit. Seneca ep. WX •••Divitianim sequela, luxus, intemperies, arroganta, Siiperbia. furor injustus, omnisque irrationibilis motus. •' juven. Sat. (j. " Effeminate riches have destroyed the ase by the introduction of shameful luxury." *Saturn. Kpist. 89 Vos quidem divites putatis felices, sed ne^citis eoriim miserias loogt quota pars ha!c eonim qua isios disrruciant ? si nossetis metus etcuras, <)uri)us chnoxii sunt, plaii6 fugiendas vobis divilias mistimjretis. ' Seneca in Here. Oeteo. ^Et diis similes stulta cogitatio facit. ^ Flamma simu libidinis ingreditur ; ira, furor tt superbia, divitiaruni sequela. Chrys. 4 Omnium oculis, odio, insidiis expo situs, semper solicitus, fortune ludibrium. ^ Hor. 2 I. od. 10. ^(iuid nie felicem toties jactastis amici (iui cecidit, stabili non fuit ille loco. Boelh. ' Ui postquam impinguati fuerint, devorentur. *Hor "Although a hundred thousand bushels of wheat may have been threshed in your granaries, year stomach will not contain more than mine. 45 2e2 354 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. h noisome lusts, which drown men in perdition." 1 Tim. vi. 9. " Gold and silver hath destroyed many," Ecclus. viii. 2. dividcp, scecull sunt laquei diaboli: so writes Ber- nard , worldly wealth is the devil's bait : and as the Moon when she is fuller of light is still farthest from the Sun, the more wealth they have, the farther they are commonly from God. (If I had said this of myself, rich men would have pulled me to pieces ; but hear who saith, and who seconds it, an Apostle) therefore St iames bids them " weep and howl for the miseries that shall come upon them ; their ra'd shall rust and canker, and eat their flesh as fire," James v. 1, 2, 3. I may then yoldly conclude with ^Theodoret, quoliescunque divitiis affiuentem, Sfc. "As often as you shall see a man abounding in wealth," qui gernmis Mbit ct Serrano dormit in ostro, " and naught withal, I beseech you call him not happy, but esteem him unfor- tunate, because he hath many occasions offered to live unjustly; on the other side, a poor man is not miserable, if he be good, but therefore happy, that those evil occa- sions are taken from him." io"Non possidontem multa vocaveris Recte heatiiiii ; rectius occupat Noriien buati, qui deoruni JWuiierihiis sapienter uli, Durainque callet paiiperiem pati, Pejusque Istho flagiliuiii timet." ' He is not happy that is rich, And hath the world at will, But he that wisely can God's gifts Possess and use theni still : That suffers and with patience Abides hard poverty. And tliooseth rather tor to die; Than do such villany." Wherein now consists his happiness ? what privileges hath he more than other men.' or rather what miseries, what cares and discontents hath he not more than other men ? 1' " Non enim gazse, neque consularis Summovet lictor triiseros luinultus Mentis, et curas laqueata circum Tecta volantes." " Jlifor treasures, nor majors officers remove The miserable tumults of the mind: -'-' Or cares that lie about, or fly above [bin'd." Their high-roofed houses, with huge beams com- 'Tis not his wealth can vindicate him, let him have Job's inventory, sint Croesi ei Crassi licet, non hos Pactolus aureus undas agens, eripiat unquum e miseriis, CrcEsus or rich Crassus cannot now command health, or get himself a stomach. '^"His worship," as Apuleius describes him, " in all his plenty and great provision, is for- bidden to eat, or else hath no appetite, (sick in bed, can take no rest, sore grieved with some chronic disease, contracted with full diet and ease, or troubled in mind) when as, in the meantime, all his household are merry, and the poorest servant that he keeps doth continually feast." 'Tis Bracteaia fclicitas, as '^Seneca terms it, tin- foiled happiness, infelixf elicit as, an unhappy kind of happiness, if it be happiness at all. His gold, guard, clattering of harness, and fortifications against outward ene- mies, cannot free him from inward fears and cares. 'Reveraque inetus hominum, curfeque sequaces Nee metuunt fremitus armoruni, ant feerea tela, Audacterque inter reges, regumque potentes Versantur, neque fulgorem reverentur ab auro." " Indeed men still attending fears and cares Nor armours clashing, nor fierce weapons fears: With kings converse they boldly, ami kings peers, Fearing no flashing that from gold appears." Look how many servants he hath, and so many enemies he suspects; for liberty he entertains ambition ; his pleasures are no pleasures ; and that which is worst, he cannot be private or enjoy himself as other men do, his state is a servitude. "A countryman may travel from kingdom to kingdom, province to province, city to city, and glut his eyes with delightful objects, hawk, hunt, and use those ordinary dis- ports, without any notice taken, all which a prince or a great man cannot do. He keeps in for state, nc majestatis dignitas evilescat, as our China kings, of Borneo, and Tartarian Chams, those aurea mancipia, are said to do, seldom or never seen abroad, ut major sit hominum erga se observantia, which the '^ Persian kings so pre- cisely observed of old. A poor man takes more delight in an ordinary meal's meat, which he hath but seldom, than they do with all their exotic dainties and continual viands ; Quippe voluptaiem commendat rarior usus, 'tis the rarity and necessity that makes a thing acceptable and pleasant. Darius, put to flight by Alexander, drank puddle water to quench his thirst, and it was pleasanter, he swore, than any wine or • Cap. 6. de curat, grsc. affect, rap. de providentia; quoliescunque divitiis atBuentem hominem videmus, cumque pessimuni, ne quceso hunc beatissimnni pute- Diiis, sed infelicrm, censpamus, &c. "> Hor. I '2. ()rl.9. k^H"- 'v^.2. "Pond. lib. 4. Dives iile cit),> luier- dicitur, et in omni copia sua cibum non accipit, euro interea totuin ejus servitiuin hilare sit, atque epuh^tur. 15 Rpist. 11.5. '■> H r. et mihi ciirto Ire licet >«ulo vel si libet usque Tarentum. '5 Brisoiuus. Alem 3. Remedies against Discontents. 355 meaJ. All excess, as '^ Epictetus argues, will cause a dislike ; sweet will ne sour which made that temperate Epicurus sometimes voluntarily fast. But they Deing always accustomed to the same "dishes, (which are nastily dressed by slovenly cooks, that after their obscenities never wash their bawdy hands) be they fish, flesh, compounded, made dishes, or whatsoever else, are therefore cloyed; nectar's self grows loathsome to them, they are weary of all their fine palaces, they are to them but as so many prisons. A poor man drinks in a wooden dish, and eats his meat in wooden spoons, wooden platters, earthen vessels, and such homely stuff": the other in gold, silver, and precious stones ; but with what success ? in auro hihilur venerium, fear of poison in the one, security in the other. A poor man is able to write, to speak his mind, to do his own business himself; locuples milt it parasitum, saith '^Philostratus, a rich man employs a parasite, and as the major of a city, speaks by the town clerk, or by Mr. Recorder, when he cannot express himself. "* Nonius the senator hath a purple coat as stiff with jewels as his mind is full of vices ; rings on his fingers worth 20,000 sesterces, and as ^° Perox the Persian king, an union in his ear worth one hundred pounds weight of gold : "*' Cleopatra hath whole boars and sheep served up to her table at once, drinks jewels dissolved, 40,000 sesterces in value ; but to what end ? 22" Num tibi rum fauces urit sitis, aurea quceris Pociila ?" Doth a man that is adry desire to drink in gold ? Doth not a cloth suit become him as well, and keep him as warm, as all their silks, satins, damasks, taffeties and tis- sues ? . Is not homespun cloth as great a preservative against cold, as a coat of Tartar lamb's-wool, died in grain, or a gown of giant's beards ? Nero, saith ^^ Sueton , never put on one garment twice, and thou hast scarce one to put on } what's the difference ? one's sick, the other sound : such is the whole tenor of their lives, and that which is the consummation and upshot of all, death itself makes the greatest difl^erence. One like a hen feeds on the dunghill all his days, but is served up at last to his Lord's table ; the other as a falcon is fed with partridge and pigeons, and carried on his master's fist, but when he dies is flung to the muckhill, and there lies The rich man lives like Dives jovially here on earth, temulentus divitiis, make the best of it ; and " boasts himself in the multitude of his riches," Psalm xlix. 6. 1 1 he thinks his house " called after his own name," shall continue for ever; "■ but he perisheth like a beast," verse 20. "his way utters his folly," verse 13. male parta, male dilabuntur ; "like sheep they lie in the grave," verse 14. Puncto descendunt ad infernum, " they spend their days in wealth, and go suddenly down to hell," Job xxi. 13. For all physicians and medicines enforcing nature, a swooning wife, fami- lies' complaints, friends' tears, dirges, masses, ncenias, funerals, for all orations, coun- terfeit hired acclamations, eulogiums, epitaphs, hearses, heralds, black mourners solemnities, obelisks, and Mausolean tombs, if he have them, at least, ^^ he, like hog, goes to hell with a guilty conscience [propter hos dilaiavit infernos os suum), and a poor man's curse ; his memory stinks like the snuff' of a candle when it is put out ; scurrilous libels, and infamous obloquies accompany him. When as poor Lazarus is Dei sacrarium, the temple of God, lives and dies in true devotion, hath no more attendants, but his own innocency, the heaven a tomb, desires to be dis- solved, buried in his mother's lap, and hath a company of ^^ Angels ready to convey his soul into Abraham's bosom, he leaves an everlasting and a sweet memory behind hmi. Crassus and Sylla are indeed still recorded, but not so much for their wealth as for their victories : Croesus for his end, Solomon for his wisdom. In a word, * " to get wealth is a great trouble, anxiety to keep, grief to lose it." ^ " Uiiid dignum stolidis mentibus imprecer? Opes, honores ainhiaiit: Et cum falsa gravi mole paraverint, Turn vera cognoscant bona." '^Si modum excesseris, suavissima sunt molesta. "Et in cupidiis gulae, coquus et pueri illotis manibus ab exoneratione ventris omnia tractant, &c. Cardan. I. 8. cap. 46. de rerum varielate. '^ Epist. 'spiin. !ib. 57. cap. 6. ^ozonaras 3. aniial. 21 Plutarch, vit. ejua «Hor Ser. lib. 1. Sat. 2. 23Cap. 30. gullam vestem bis iiiduit. !"< Ad generum Cereris »ine f.ffide et sanguine pauci descendunt reges, et sicca worte tyranni. ^a "God shall deliver his snul from the povifer of the grave," Psal. xlix. 15. "^Conterapl. Idiot. Cap. 37. divitiarum acquisitio magni lahoris, possessio magni timoris, amissio magni doloris. 2' Boethius de consol. phil. I. 3. "How contemptible stolid minds! They covet riches and titles, and when they have obtained these commodities of false weight and measures, then, and Taot before, 't!'iv understand what is truly valuable. 350 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3. But consider all those other unknown, concealed happinesses, which a poor man hath (I call them unknown, because they be not acknowledged in the world's esteem, or so taken) O fortunatos nimium bona si sua norint: happy they are in the mean- time if tliey would take notice of it, make use, or apply it to themselves. "A poor man wise is better ttian a foolish king," Eccles. ii. 13. ^*" Poverty is the way to heaven, ^'the mistress of philosophy, ^° the mother of religion, virtue, sobriety, sister of innocency, and an upright mind." How many such encomiums might I add out of the fathers, philosophers, orators .'' It troubles many that are poor, they account of it as a great plague, curse, a sign of God's hatred, ipsu7n scelus, damned villany itself, a disgrace, shame and reproach; but to whom, or why.? *'"]f fortune hath envied me wealth, thieves have robbed me, my father have not left me such revenues us others have, that I am a younger brother, basely born, cvi sine luce genuSj surdumque parentum nomen^ of mean parentage, a dirt-dauber's son, am I there- fore to be blamed.? an eagle, a bull, a lion is not rejected for his poverty, and why should a man.?" 'Tis ^^fortunce telum^ non ciilpce, fortune's fault, not mine. "-Gjod Sir, 1 am a servant, (to use '^^ Seneca's words) howsoever your poor friend ; a servant, and yet your chamber-fellow, and if you consider better of it, your fellow-servant." I am thy drudge in the world's eyes, yet in God's .sight peradventure thy bettrr, my soul is more precious, and I dearer unto him. Etiam servi diis curcB sunt., as Evan- gelus at large proves in Macrobius, the meanest servant is most precious in his sigiit. Thou art an epicure, I am a good Christian ; thou art many parasangs before me in means, favour, wealtli, honour, Claudius's Narcissus, Nero's Massa, Domitian's Par- ihenius, a favourite, a golden slave ; thou coverest thy floors with marble, thy roofs with gold, thy walls with statues, fine pictures, curious hangings, &c., what of all this .? calcas opes., 8fc., what 's all this to true happiness .? I live and breathe undei that glorious heaven, that august capitol of nature, enjoy the brightness of stars, that clear light of sun and moon, those infinite creatures, plants, birds, beasts, fishes, herbs, all that sea and land afford, far surpassing all that art and opulentia can give. 1 am free, and which ** Seneca said of Rome, culmen liberos texii., sub marmore ct auro postea servitus habitavit, thou hast JlmalthecB cornu, plenty, pleasure, the world at will, I am despicable and poor; but a word overshot, a blow in choler, a game at tables, a loss at sea, a sudden fire, the prince's dislike, a little sickness, &c., may make us equal in an instant ; howsoever take thy time, triumph and insult awhile, cinis ccquat.1 as ^^Alphonsus said, death will equalise us all at last. I live sparingly, in the mean time, am clad homely, fare hardly ; is this a reproach .? am I the worse for it .? am I contemptible for it ? am I to be reprehended .? A learned man in ^ Nevi- sanus was taken down for sitting amongst gentlemen, but he replied, " my nobility is about the head, yours declines to the tail," and they were silent. Let them mock, scoff and revile, 'tis not thy scorn, but his that made thee so; " he that mocketh the poor, reproacheth him that made him," Prov. xi. 5. "'•and he that rejoiceth at afflic- tion, shall not be unpunished." For the rest, the poorer thou art, the happier thou art, dilior est, at non melior, saith *' Epictetus, he is richer, not better than thou art, not so free from lust, envy, hatred, ambition. " Beatus ille qui prnciil nesrofiis Pateriia rura bolius exercet suis." Happy he, in that he is "^ freed from the tumults of the world, he seeks no honourSj_ gapes after no preferment, flatters not, envies not, temporiseth not, but lives privately, and well contented with his estate ; Nee spes corde avidas, nee curani paseit inanem Securus quo fata cadaiil." He is not troubled with state matters, whether kingdoms thrive better by succession or election ; whether monarchies should be mixed, temperate, or absolute ; the house 2* Austin in Ps. Ixxvi. omnis Philosophiae niagistra, ad coBluni via. *JBonie mentis soror paupertas. •0 Pffidagoga pietat'a sohria, pia mater, cullu simplex, habitu secura, consilio benesuada. Apul. ^i cardan. Opprobrium non est paupertas: quod latro eripit, aut conservus si cogitaveris. ** Epist. 66 et 90. 35 pa- norniitan. rebus gestis Alph. ss Lib. 4. num. 218 quidam depreliensus quod sederet loco nohilium, mea nobilitas, ait. est circa caput, vestra declinat ad can- dam. 37 Taiito beatior es, qiianto sollectior. ss jvop pater non reliquit, cur mihi vitio daretur, si fortuna amoribus inservit, non appetit houores, et qualitercun divitias invidit ? non aquilse, non, &c. s^Tully. que relictus satis habet, honiinem se esse meminit, if " Kpist 74. scrvus summe homo; gervus sum, immo videt nemini, nemiueni despicit, neminem miratur,se> lontubernalis, servus sum, at humilis amicus, immo monibus ir.alignis non atteiidit aut al'tur. Pliniua Mem. 3.] Remedies aaaimt Discontents. 35? of Ottomon's and Austria is all one to him ; he inquires not after colonies or new discoveries ; whether Peter were at Rome, or Constantine's donation be of force , what comets or new stars signify, whether the earth stand or move, there be a new world in the moon, or infinite worlds, &c. He is not touched with fear o<" invasions, factions or emulations ; 39" Fcelix iile anirni, divisque simillimiis ipsis, Quem non niordaci resplendens j;luria fuco Solicitat, non fastosi mala gaudia luxus, Sed tacitos sinit ire dies, ct paupere ciiitu ^oExigit innocuae Iranquilla silentia vitae." "A happy soul, and like to God himself, Whom not vain a;lory macerates or strife, Or wicked joys of that proud swelling pelf, But leads a still, poor, and contented life." A secure, quiet, blissful state he hath, if he could acknowledge it. But here is the misery, that he will not take notice of it ; he repines at rich men's wealth, brave hangings, dainty fare, as '" Simonides objected to Hieron, he hath all the pleasures of the world, ''^ in lectis eburneis dormit, vinum phialis Mbit., optimis unguentis delibuitur, " he knows not the affliction of Joseph, stretching himself on ivory beds, and singing to the sound of the viol." And it troubles him that he hath not the like : there is a dil- ference (he grumbles) between LaploUy and Pheasants, to tumble i'th' straw and lie in a down bed, betwixt wine and water, a cottage and a palace. " He hates nature (as *^ Pliny chaiacteriseth him) that she hath made him lower than a god, and is angry with the gods that any man goes before him;" and although he hath received much, yet (as ^''Seneca follows it) "-he thinks it an injury that he hath no more, and is so far from giving thanks for his tribuneship, that he complains he is not praetor, neither doth that please him, except he may be consul." Why is he not a prince, why not a monarch, why not an emperor .'' Why should one man have so much more than his fellows, one have all, another nothing ^ Why should one man be a slave or drudge to another ? One surfeit, another starve, one live at ease, another labour, without any hope of better fortune .'' Thus they grumble, mutter, and repine : not considering that inconstancy of human affairs, judicially conferring one condition with another, or well weighing their own present estate. What they are now, thou mayest shortly be ; and what thou art they sh&U likely be. Expect a little, compare future and times past with the present, see the event, and comfort thyself with it. It is as well to be discerned in commonwealths, cities, families, as in private men's estates, Italy was once lord of the world, Rome the queen of cities, vaunted herself of two •'^ myriads of inhabitants ; now that all-commanding country is possessed by petty princes, ''^ Rome a small village in respect. Greece of old the seat of civility, mother of sciences and humanity; now forlorn, the nurse of barbarism, a den of thieves. Germany then, saith Tacitus, was incult and horrid, now full of magnifi- cent cities : Athens, Corinth, Carthage, how flourishing cities, now buried in their own ruins! Corvorum.,ferarum^ aprorum et bestiarum lustra, like so many wilder- nesses, a receptacle of wild beasts. Venice a poor fisher-town; Paris, London, small cottages in Caesar's time, now most noble emporiums. Valois, Plantagenet, and Sca- liger how fortunate families, how likely to continue! now quite extinguished and rooted out. He stands aloft to-day, full of favour, wealth, honour, and prosperity, in the top of fortune's wheel : to-morrow in prison, worse than nothing, his son 's a beggar. Thou art a poor servile drudge, Fcex populi, a very slave, thy son may come to be a prince, with Maximinus, Agathocles, &c. a senator, a general of an army; thou standest bare to him now, workest for him, drudgest for him and his,"takest an alms of him: stay but a little, and his next heir peradventure shall consume all with riot, be degraded, thou exalted, and he sliall beg of thee. Thou shalt be his most honourable patron, he thy devout servant, his posterity sliall run, ride, and do as much for thine, as it was with ''■' Frisgobald and Cromwell, it may b. for thee. Citizens devour country gentlemen, and settle in their seats ; after two or three descents, they consume all in riot, it returns to the city again. 39PoIitianus in Rnstico. •"OGyges regno Lydiae I «De ira cap. 31. lib. 3. Et si multiim acceperit, injuriam •nflatussciscitatummisit Apollineman quis mortalium pntat plura non accepi?se ; non agit pro Irihunatii ge felicior essel. Aglaium Arcadnm paiiperrimum gratias, sed quoritur quod non sit ad prseturam perdue- Apollo prstulit, qui terminos agri sui nunquam exces- I tus; neque lifec grata, si desit conanlatus. ■'^^Lips. serat, rure suo contentus. Val. lib. I. c. 7. ii Hor. admir. wQf some 90,000 iiihabilants now. •"Read •jiec est Vita solitorurn misera amhitione, graviqne. the story at large in John Fox, his Acts and Monu «>Amo8. 6. M Prsefat. lib. 7. Odit natiiram quod ments. infra decs sit* irascitur diis quud quis illi antecedat. 358 Cure of Melancholy. Tait. 2. ate. 3. ' " Noviis incola venit; N'am iiroprix lelluris lierum natura, neque ilium, Nen inc, nee qiienr|ua.'ii statuit; nos expulit ille: Ilium aul nequities, aut vafri iiiscitia juris." "have we liv'd at a more frugal rate. Since this new stranger seiz'd on our estate? Nature will no perpetual heir assign. Or make the farm liis properly or mine. He turn'd us out : but follies all his own. Or lawsuits and their knaveries yet unknown, Or, all his follies and his law-suits past, Some long-liv'd heir shall turn him out at last." A lawyer buys out his poor client, after a while his client's posterity buy out him and his ; so things go round, ebb and flow. ' Nunc ager Umbreni sub nomine, nuper Ofclli Dictus erat, nulli proprius sed cedit in usum Nunc mihi, nunc aliis ;" 'The farm, once mine, now bears Umbrenus' name; The use alone, not property, we claim ; Then be not with your present lot deprest. And meet the future with undaunted breast;" us he said then, agcr ciijus^ quot habes Dominos? So say I of land, houses, move- ables and money, mine to-day, his anon, whose to-morrow ? In fine, (as ''^ Machiavel observes) "virtue and prosperity beget rest; rest idleness; idleness riot; riot destruc- tion; from which we come again to good laws ; good laws engender virtuous actions; virtue, glory, and prosperity; and 'tis no dishonour then (as Guicciardine adds) for a flourishing man, city, or state to come to ruin, ^°nor infelicity to be subject to the law of nature." Ergo terrena calcanda, sitienda coelestia, (therefore I say) scorn this transitory state, look up to heaven, think not what others are, but what thou art : ^' Qua parte locatus es in re : and what thou shalt be, what thou mayest be. Do (I say) as Christ himself did, when he lived here on earth, imitate him as much as in thee lies. How many great Caesars, mighty monarchs, tetrarchs, dynasties, prmces lived in his days, in what plenty, what delicacy, how bravely attended, what a deal of gold and silver, what treasure, how many sumptuous palaces had they, what provinces and cities, ample territories, fields, rivers, fountains, parks, forests, lawns, woods, cells, &.c. } Yet Christ had none of all this, he would have none of this, he voluntarily rejected all this, he could not be ignorant, he could not err in his choice, he contemned all this, he chose that which was safer, better, and more certain, and less to be repented, a mean estate, even poverty itself; and why dost thou then doubt to follow him, to imitate him, and his apostles, to imitate all good men : so do thou tread in his divine steps, and thou shalt not err eternally, as too many worldlings do, that run on in their own dissolute courses, to their confusion and ruin, thou shalt not do amiss. Whatsoever thy fortune is, be contented with it, trust in him, rely on him, refer thyself wholly to him. For know this, in conclu- sion, JYon est, vokntis nee currentis^ sed miserenlis Dei^ 'tis not as men, but as God will. " The Lord maketh poor and makelh rich, bringeth low, and exalteth (1 Sam. ii. ver. 7. 8), he lifteth the poor from the dust, and raiseth the beggar from the dunghill, to set them amongst princes, and make them inherit the seat of glory ;" 'tis all as he pleaseth, how, and when, and whom ; he that appoints the end (though to us unknown) appoints the means likewise subordinate to the end. Yea, but their present estate crucifies and torments most mortal men, they have no such forecast, to see what may be, what shall likely be, but what is, though not wherefore, or from whom, hoc anget^ their present misfortunes grind their souls, and an envious eye which they cast upon other men's prosperities, Vicinumque pecus grandius uher hahet., how rich, how fortunate, how happy is he .? But in the mean- time he doth not consider the other miseries, his infirmities of body and mind, that accompany his estate, but still reflects upon his own false conceived woes and wants, whereas if the matter were duly examined, ^^ he is in no distress at all. he hath no cause to complain. • tolle querelas, " Then cease complaining, friend, and learn to live. He is not poor to v\hom kind fortune grants. Even with a frugal hand, what Nature wants." Pauper enim non est cui rerum suppetit usus," he is not poor, he is not in need. ^ " Nature is content with bread and water ; and lie that can rest satisfied with that, may contend with Jupiter him.self for happiness.'^ In that golden age, °^somnos dedit umbra sahibres., potuin quoque Inbricus amnis^ the tree gave wholesome shade to sleep under, and the clear rivers drink. The Israelites <* Hor. Sat. 2. ser. lib. 2. ^^5 Florent. hist, virtus I divites qui roelo et terra frui possunt. m Hor. lib. 1. qiiietem parat, quies otium, otium porro luxum gene- | epis. 12. " geneca epist. 15. panem et aquam natura rat, luxus interitum, a quo iterum ad saluberriinas, &c. desiderat, et haec qui hahet, ipso cum Jove de felicitate soGuicciard. in Hiponest nulla infelicitas subjectum I contendat. Cihus simplex famem sedat, vestis V null «8se leg laturae &c. 6i Persius. wOinnes frigii s arcet. Senec. epist. 8. ^Boethius- Mem. 3.1 Remedies against Discontents. 351* drank water in the wilderness; Samson, David, Saul, Abraham's servant when he went for Isaac's wife, tlie Samaritan woman, and how many besides mio-ht I reckon up, Egypt, Palestine, whole countries in the ^'^ Indies, that drank pure water all their lives. "Tlie Persian kings themselves drank no other drink than the water o. Chaospis, that runs by Susa, which was carried in bottles after them, whithersoevo* they went. Jacob desired no more of God, but bread to eat, and clothes to put or in his journey, Gen. xxviii. 20. Bene est cui deus obtiiJit Parca quod satis est manii, bread is enough ^^ " to strengthen the heart." And if you study philosophy aright, saith ^"Maudarensis, "whatsoever is beyond this moderation, is not useful, but trouble- some." ^"Agellius, out of Euripides, accounts bread and water enough to satisfy nature, "■ of which there is no surfeit, the rest is not a feast, but a riot." ®' S. Hierome esteems him rich ' that hath bread to eat, and a potent man that is not compelled to be a slave ; hunger is not ambitious, so that it have to eat, and thirst doth not prefer a cup of gold." It was no epicurean speech of an epicure, he that is not satisfied with a little will nover have enough: and very good counsel of him in the ^^poet, ''O my son, mediocrity of means agrees best with men ; too much is pernicious." " DivitiE grandes homini sunt vivere parcS, ^quo aniino." And if thou canst be content, thou hast abundance, nihil est^ nihil deest^ thou hast little, thou wantest nothing. 'Tis all one to be hanged in a chain of gold, or in a rope ; to be filled with dainties or coarser meat. ' Si ventri henp, si lateri, pedibusqiie luis, nil DivilicE poterunt regales addere iriajus." ' If helly, sides and feet be well at ease, A prince's treasure can thee no more please. Socrates in a fair, seeing so many things bought and sold, such a multitude of people convented to that purpose, exclaimed forthwith, " O ye gods what a sight of things do not I want ? 'Tis thy want alone that keeps thee in health of body and mind, and that which thou persecutest and abhorrest as a feral plague is thy physician and ''■' chiefest friend, which makes thee a good man, a healthful, a sound, a virtuous, an honest and happy man." For when virtue came from heaven (as the poet feigns) rich men kicked her up, wicked men abhorred her, courtiers scoffed at her, citizens hated her, ^^ and that she was thrust out of doors in every place, she came at last to / her sister Poverty, where she had found good entertainment. Poverty and Virtue I dwell together. "" 8*" O vits tiita facultas Pauperis, angiistique lares, 6 inunera nondum Intellecta deiim." ' How happy art thou if thou couldst be content. " Godliness is a great gain, if a man can be content with that which he hath," 1 Tim. vi. 6. And all true happiness is in a mean estate. I have a little wealth, as he said, ^''sed quas animus magnas facit, a kingdom in conceit : 68 " nil atnpllns opto Maia nate, nisi ut propria haec inihi munera faxis;" have enough and desire no more. 69" n-ii bene fecerunt inopia Fecerurit animi" me quodque pusilli 'tis very well, and to my content. ""'Vestem ei fortunam concinnam potius quam laxam vrobo, let my fortune and my garments be both alike fit for me. And which "Sebas- tian Foscarinus, sometime Duke of Venice, caused to be engraven on his tomb in St. Mark's Church, " Hear, O ye Venetians, and I will tell you which is the best thing in the world : to contemn it." I will engrave it in my heart, it shall be my whole study to contemn it. Let them take wealth, Stercora stercus amet, so that i may have security: bene qui latuit, bene vixit; though I live obscure, '^yet 1 live clean and honest; and when as the lofty oak is blown down, the silky reed may '6 MiifTsus et alii. s? gi-jssnnius. 6S Psal. Ixxxiv. "Si "icte philosophemini, quiequid aptain modera- tionem BU|)ergreditur, oneri potius quam Usui est. •"Lib. 7. 16. Cereris munus et aquae poculum mortales qusrunt habere, et quorum saties nunquam est, luxus ^utem, sunt CiBtera, non epulae. 6i Satis est dives qui pane non indiget; niniium potens qui sfrvire non cogitur. Anibitiosa non est fames, &c. 62 Euripides Menalip, O fili, mediocres divitiie hominihus conve- liunt, nimia vero moles perniciosa. 63 Hor. 64 o Joctes coenxque deum. 66 per mille fraudes doctos- que dolos ejicitur, apud sociain paupertatem ejusque cultores divertens in eorum sinu et tutela deliciatur. 66 Lucan. " O protecting quality of a poor man's life, frugal means, gifts scarce yet understood by the gods themselves." 67 L,ip. miscell. ep. 40. 68 gai 6. lib. 2. 69Hor. Sat. 4. 'OApuleius. "Chytreus in Europse deliciis. Accipite cives Veneti quod est optimum in rebus humanis, res hiirnanas contemnere. '2 Yah, vivere etiain nunc lubel, as Demea said, Adelph. Act. 4. Quam multis non egeo, quam niulta non desi dero, ut Socrates in pompa, ille in nund>ni« 360 Cure of Melancholy. I Part. 2. Sec. o Bland. TiPt them take glory, for that's their misery ; let them take honour, so liiai I may liave heart's ease. Due me O Jupiter el tu fatum^^ S^c. Lead me, O God. whither thou wilt, I am ready to follow, command, I will obey. I do not envy at their wealth, titles, offices; '<"Stet qiiiciiriqne volet poteiis AulsE ciilmiiie lubrjco, -Me diilcis saluret quies." let me live quiet and at ease. ''^ Erimus forfasse (as he comforted himself) quando Hli non erunt., when they are dead and gone, and all their pomp vanished, our memory may flourish : '6 '• dant perennes Steininata non peritura Miisa;." Let him be my lord, patron, baron, earl, and possess so many goodly castles, 'tis well for me" that I have a poor house, and a little wood, and a well by it, &.c. " His me coiisolor victuriiiii siiaviiis, ac si I " Willi wiiicli 1 feel myself more truly hiest (lua;slor avus paler atqiie mens, iiatruusquefuisseiit." | Than if my sires the qiia.'stc)r's power possess'd." I live, I thank God. as merrily as he, and triumph as much in this my mean estate, as if my father and uncle had been lord treasurer, or my lord mayor. He feeds of many dislies, 1 of one: ''^qui Chrishim curat., non muUum curat quam de preciosis cibis stercus conficiat., what care I of what stuff my excrements be made .? '^"^ He that lives according to nature cannot be poor, and he that exceeds can never have enough," lotus non sufficit orbis, the whole world cannot give him content. " A small thing that the righteous hath, is better than the riches of the ungodly," Psal. xxxvii. 19; "■ and better is a poor morsel with quietness, than abundance with strife," Prov. xvii. 7 Be content then, enjoy thyself, and as ^"Chrysostora adviseth, "-be not angry foi what thou hast not, but give God hearty thanks for what tliou hast received." ' Si dat oliiscula Merita niinuscula pace referta, Nepete grandia, Laiituque prandia lite repleta." But what wantest thou, to expostulate the matter? or what hast thou not better than a rich man? ^^" health, competent wealth, children, security, sleep, friends, liberty, diet, apparel, and what not," or at least mayest have (the means being so obvious, easy, and well known) for as he inculcated to himself, •S" Vitam quifi faciunt beatiorem, Jucundissirne Martialis, liiec snnf Kes non [larta laliore, sed relicta, Lis nunqnain, (tc." say again thou hast, or at least mayest have it, if thou wilt thyself, and that which am sure he wants, a merry heart. ^ Passing by a village in the territory of Milan," saith ^""St. Austin, " I saw a poor beggar that liad got belike his bellyful of meat, jesting and merry; I sighed, and said to some of my friends that were then with me, what a deal of trouble, madness, pain and grief do we sustain and exaggerate unto ourselves, to get that secure happiness which this poor beggar hath prevented us of, and which we peradventure shall never have ? For that which he hath now attained with the begging of some small pieces of silver, a temporal happiness, and present heart's ease, 1 cannot compass with all my careful windings, and running in and out, ^^And surely the beggar was very merry, but I was heavy; he was secure, but I timorous. And if any man should ask me now, whether I had rather be merry, or still so solicitous and sad, I should say, merry. If he should ask me again, whether I had rather be as 1 am, or as this beggar was, J should sure choose lo be as I am, tortured still with cares and fears ; but out of peevishness, and not out of truth.'' That which St. Austin said of himself here in this place, I may truly sa^ " Epictetus 77. cap. quo sum destinatus, et sequar alacriter. ''•'•' Let whosoever covets it, occupy the highest pinnacle of fame, sweet tranquillity shall satisfy me." ''^ Puteanus ep. 02. "-Marullus. "The immortal Muses confer imperishable pride of origin." " Hoc erit in votis, modus agri non ita parvus, Hortus iibi et tecto vicinus jiigis aquaj fons, et paulum sylv;e,&;c. Hnr. Sat. 6. lib. 2. St^r. '"Hieronym. '^Seneca consil ad Albinum c. J I. qui continet se intra natnro: limites, paupertatem non sentit; qui excedit, eum in opibus paupertas sequitur. so Hotn. 12. pro iHs qiiie accepisli gratias age, noli indignare pro his qua; non accepisli. »' Nat. Chylreus deliciis Europ. 3iU'»onii in a-dibus Hnbi.tiiis in cffiiiaculo 6 regione iiensa:. "If your table afford frugal fare with peace. seek not, in strife, to load it lavishly." »-Q,uid non habet melius pauper quain dives? vitam, valetudineni, ciburn, somnum, liliertalem, &c. Card. "^Martial 1. 10. epig. 47. read it out thyself in the author, sj Con- fess, lib. 6. Traiisiens per vicum quendain Mediolanen- sein, aniniadverti pauperem queudam mendicuin, jam credo saturum,jocantein atque ridentem, et ingemui et locutus sum cum nniicis qui mecum erant, &.(. 85 M certe ille la;tabalur, ego anxius; securus ille, ego trept. dus. El si peritontarplur me quispiain an exiillaro mallem, an meluere, responderein, exiillare : el si rursu* interrogaret an ego talis es.sem, an qualis nunc sura me ipsis curis confectuin eligerem ; sed pervcrsitat«, non vcrilaic. Mem. 3.J Remedies against Discontents. 361 to thee, thou discontented wretch, thou covetous niggard, thou churl, tl.ou ambitious and swelling toad, 'tis not want but peevishness which is the cause of thy w^jes; settle thme affection, thou hast enough. *6 " Denique isit liiiis qutpreiuli, qiioque habeas plus, • Pauperiem iiietiias iiiiiiiis, et liiiire labureiii liicipias; parto, quod avebas, utetf." Make an end of scraping, purchasing this manor, this field, that house, for this anrl that child ; thou hast enough for thyself and them : 85 " Quofl pelis hie est. Est Ulubris, animus si te mm deticit lEquiis," 'Tis at hand, at home already, which thou so earnestly seekest. But • " O si angulus ille Proxiiiius accedat, qui nunc denormal agellum," O that I had but that one nook of ground, that field there, that pasture, O si venam argentifors quis miki monslret . O that J could but find a pot of money now, to purchase, &c., to build me a new house, to marry my daughter, place my son, &.C. »"*"0 if I might but live a while longer to see all things settled, some two or three years, i would pay my debts," make all my reckonings even : but they are come and past, and thou hast more business than Ijefore. '•'• O madness, to think to settle that in tiiine old age when thou hast more, which in thy youth thou canst not low compose having but a little." ^^ Pyrrhus would first conquer Africa, and then \sia, et turn suaviter agcre, and then live merrily and take his ease : but when Cyneas 'he orator told him he might do that already, id jam posse Jieri, rested satisfied, con- vlemning his own folly. Si parva licet componere magnis.f thou mayest do tlie like, dnd therefore be composed in thy fortune. Thou iiast enough : he that is wet m a uatli, can be no more wet if he be fiung into Tiber, or into the ocean itself: and if thou hadst all the world, or a solid mass of gold as big as the world, thou canst not have more than enough; enjoy thyself at length, and that which thou hast; the mind is all ; be content, thou art not poor, but rich, and so much the richer as '* Censorinus well writ to Cerellius, quanta pandora optas., non quo plura possides, in wishing less, not having more. 1 say then, JVon adjice opes, sod minue cupiditatcs ('tis ^'Epicurus' advice), add no more wealth, but diminish thy desires; and as '^Chrysostom well seconds him. Si vis ditari., co?itcmne dlvaias; that's true plenty, not to have, but not to want riches, no/t haberCi sed non indigere, vera ahundantia: 'tis more glory to contemn, than to- possess ; et nihil agere., est. deorum., " and to want nothing is divine." How many deaf, dumb, halt, lame, blind, miserable persons could 1 reckon up that are poor, and withal distressed, in imjjrisonment, banishment, galley slaves, condemned to the mines, quarries, to gyves, in dungeons, perpetual ihraldom, than all which thou art richer, thou art more happy, to whom thou art able to give an alms, a lord, in respect, a petty prince : ^^ be contented then 1 say, lepine and mutter no more, '•'•for thou art not poor indeed but in opinion." Yea, but this is very good counsel, and rightly applied to such as have it, and will not use it, that have a competency, that are able to work and get their living by the sweat of their brows, by their trade, that have something yet ; he that hath birds, may catch birds ; but what shall we do that are slaves by nature, impotent, and unable to help ourselves, mere beggars, that languish and pine away, that have no means at all, no hope of means, no trust of delivery, or of better success } as those old Britons complained to their lords and masters the Romans oppressed by the Ficts, mare ad barbaros, barbari ad mare, the barbarians drove them to the sea, the sea drove them back to the barbarians : our present misery compels us to cry out and howl, to make our moan to rich men : they turn us back witli a scornful answer to oui misfortune again, and will take no pity of us ; they commonly overlook their f oor friends in adversity ; if they chance to meet tliem, they voluntarily forget and will take no notice of them; they will not, they cannot help us. histead of com- e«Hoi. e'Hor. ep. lib. 1. mq ?i nunc morerer, , in juventa, in senecla impositurum ? Odemenliani, inquit, quanta et qualia niihi imperfecta manerent : quum ob curas et negotia tuo judicin sis infelix, quid sed pi mensihus decern vel octo super vixero, omnia re- putas futurum quum plura supererint ? Tandari lib.tf. ligan. ad lihellum, ab onini debito creditoque nie expli- cap. -lO. de rer. var. "S pimarch. so Tiih. de niuali. eabo ; praetereunt interim menses docem.et octo, et cum cap. I. oi Apud Stobeum sei. 17. "^ Horn. lli. in 2. llisai.ni.et adhuc restant phira quam prius; quid igitur | «' Nun in paiipcrtaie, sed in jiaupere (Seiiei'.j iioii re, aei ipeias. O iiisare, fiiieni q'4eni rebus luis non inveueras "piiiione labures. 46 2 F 3G2 Cure of Melancholy. Part. 2. Sec. 3 fort they threaten us, miscal, scoff at us, to aggravate our misery, give us had lan- guage, or if they do give good words, what's that to relieve us ? According lo that of Thales, Facile est alios monere; who cannot give good counsel ? 'tis ciicap, it costs them nothing. It is an easy matter when one's belly is full to declaim against fasting. Qui satur est plena laudat jejunia ventre; " Doth the wild ass bray when he hath grass, or loweth the ox when he hath fodder .'"' Job vi. 5. ^*J\'eque enim popalo Romano quidquam potest esse Icetius., no man living so jocund, so merry as the people of Rome wlien they had plenty; but when they came to want, to be hunger-starved, " neither shame, nor laws, nor arms, nor magistrates could keep them in obedience." Seneca pleadeth hard for poverty, and so did those lazy plii- losophers : but in the meantime "^ he was rich, they had wherewithal to maintain themselves; but doth any poor man extol it.'' There "are those (saith ^^ Bernard that approve of a mean estate, but on that condition they never want themselves and some again are meek so long as tliey may say or do what they list ; but if oc- casion be offered, how far are tliey from all patience .?" I would to God (as he said) ""No man should commend povert}', but he that is poor," or he that so much admires it, would relieve, help, or ease others. ' Nunc si nos audis, atque es diviiius Apollo, Die inihi, qui nurniiios non liabot, uiide petal :" ' Now if thou hear'st us, and art a good man. Tell him that wants, to get means, if you can.' But no man hears us, we are most miserably dejected, the scum of the world. ^Vix kahet in nobis jam nova plaga locum. We can get no relief, no comfort, no succour, *°°El nihil inveni quod mihi ferret opem. We have tried all means, yet find no re- medy : no man living can express the anguish and bitterness of our souls, but we that endure it ; we are distressed, forsaken, in torture of body and mind, in another hell : and what shall we do } When ' Crassus the Roman consul warred against the Partliians, after an unlucky battle fought, he fled away in the night, and left four thousand men, sore, sick, and wounded in his tents, to the fury of the enemy, which, when the poor men perceived, clamoribus et ululatihus omnia, complrrunt, they made lamentable moan, and roared downright, as loud as Homer's Mars when he was hurt, which the noise of 10,000 men could not drown, and all for fear of present death. But our estate is far more tragical and miserable, much more to be deplored, and far greater cause have we to lament; the devil and the world persecute us, all good for- tune hath forsaken us, we are left to the rage of beggary, cold, hunger, thirst, nasti- ness, sickness, irksomeness, to continue all torment, labour and pain, to derision and contempt, bitter enemies all, and far worse than any death ; death alone we desire, death we seek, yet cannot have it, and what shall we do ? Qtiod male fers, assuesce; feres bene accustom thyself to it, and it will be tolerable at last. Yea, but 1 may not, I cannot, In me consumpsit vires fortuna noccndo^ I am in the extremity of human adversity; and as a shadow leaves the body when the sun is gone, I am now left and lost, and quite forsaken of the world. Qui jacet in terra, non habet unde cadat; comfort thyself with this yet, thou art at the worst, and before it be long it will either overcome thee or thou it. If it be violent, it cannot endure, aut solvetur, atU iolvet: let the devil himself and all the plagues of Egypt come upon thee at once, JSTe tu cede malis., sed contra audentior ito, be of good courage ; misery is virtue's 'vhetstone. » "serpens, sitis, ardor, arenac, Dulcia virtuti," IS Cato told his soldiers marching in the deserts of Lybia, "Thirst, heat, sands, ser- pents, were pleasant to a valiant man ;" honourable enterprises are accompanied with langers and damages, as experience evinceth : they will make the rest of thy life relish the better. But put case they continue ; thou art not so poor as thou wast born, and as some hold, much better to be pitied than envied. But be it so thou hast lost all, poor thou art, dejected, in pain of body, grief of mind, thine enemies nsult over thee, thou art as bad as Job ; yet tell me (saith Chrysostom) " was Job ''Vobiscus Aureliano, sod si populus famelicus inedia laboret, nee arma, leges, pudor, magistratus, coercere Talent. "One of the richest men in Rome '^germ. ftniilam sunt qui pauperes esse volunt ita nt nihil illis licsit, SIC cummendant ut nullam patiantur inopiam ; sunt et alii mites, quamdiu dicitur et agitur ad eorum arbitrinm, &c. 8? Nemo paupertatem commendarel nisi pauper. 98 Petronius Catalec. oKOvid " There is no space left on our bodies for a fresh stripi;." looovid. • Plutarch, vit. Urassi. "Lucan. lib. 9 Mem. 3 ] Remedies against DisconU nls. 363 or the devil the greater conqueror ? surely Job ; the ^ devil had his g :)ods, he sat oi. the muck-hill and kept his good name; he lost his children, health, friends, but h« kept his innocency ; he lost his money, but he kept his conhdence in God, which was better than any treasure." Do tliou then as Job did, triumph as Job did, ^and be not molested as every fool is. Scd qua ratione pottro? How shall this be done' Chrysostom answers, facile si cceium cogitaveris, with great facility, if thou shall but meditate on heaven. * Hannah wept sore, and troubled in mind, could not eat; " but why weepest thou," said Elkanah her husband, '■' and why eatest thou not.? why is thine heart troubled .'' am not ] better to thee than ten sons ?" and she was quiet. Thou art here ^ vexed in this world; but say to thyself, " Why art thou troubled, O my soul .'" Is not God better to thee than all temporalities, and mo- mentary pleasures of the world } be then pacified. And though thou beest now peradventure in extreme want, '' it may be 'tis for thy further good, to try thy patience, as it did Job's, and exercise thee in this life : trust in God, and rely upon him, and thou shall be * crowned in the end. What's this life to eternity .? The world hath forsaken thee, thy friends and fortunes all are gone : yet know this, that the very hairs of thine head are numbered, tliat God is a spectator of all thy miseries, he sees thy wrongs, woes, and wants. ®" 'Tis his good-will and pleasure it should be so, and he knows better what is for thy good than thou thyself. His providence is over all, at all times ; he hath set a guard of angels over us, and keeps us as the apple of his eye," Ps. xvii. 8. Some he doth exalt, prefer, bless with worldly riches, lionours, offices, and preferments, as so many glistering stars he makes to shine above the rest : some he doth miraculously protect from thieves, incursions, sword, fire, and all violent mischances, and as the '° poet feigns of that Lycian Pandarus, Lycaon's son, when he shot at Menelaus the Grecian with a strong arm, and deadly arrow, Pallas, as a good mother keeps flies from her child's face asleep, turned by the shaft, and made it hit on the buckle of his girdle ; so some he solicitously de- fends, others he exposeth to danger, poverty, sickness, want, misery, he chastiseth and corrects, as to him seems best, in his deep, unsearchable and secret judgment, and all for our good. " The tyrant took the city (saith " Chrysostom), God did not hinder it; led them away captives, so God would have it; he bound them, God yielded to it : flung them into the furnace, God permitted it : heat the oven hotter, it was granted : and when the tyrant had done his .worst, God showed his power, and the children's patience ; he freed them :" so can he thee, and can '^ help in an instant, when it seems to him good. '^"•Rejoice not against me, O my enemy; for though I fall, I shall rise : when I sit in darkness, the Lord shall lighten me." Re- member all those martyrs what they have endured, the utmost that human rage and fury could invent, with what '^ patience they have borne, with what willingness em- braced it. "Though he kill me," saith Job, " ] will trust in him." Justus '^inex- pug7iabilis, as Chrysostom holds, a just man is impregnable, and not to be overcome. Tiie gout may hurt his hands, lameness his feet, convulsions may torture his joints, but not rectam mentem^ his soul is free. nempe pecus, rem, Lectos, argentum lollas licet; in nianicis, et Coiiipedibus saevo teiieas cuslode" " Perha'^, you mean, My cattle, money, moveables or laiiil. Then take them all. — Hul, slave, if I command, A cruel jailor shall thy freedom seize." "Take away his money, his treasure is in heaven : banish him his country, he is an inhabitant of that heavenly Jerusalem : cast him into bands, his conscience ia » An quum super fimo sedit Job, an eum omnia ab- gtulit diabolus, &c. peciiniis privatus (iduciam deo lia- buit, omiii thesauro preciosiorem. * H;ec videnles uponte philosophemini, nee insipientum affectibus agi- leiiiur. »lSam. i.8. «Jamesi. 2. " My brethren, count it an exceeding joy, when you fall into divers teniptations." ■> Atflictio dat intellectum ; quos Deus diligit castigat. Deus optimum quemque aut mala vale- •udiiie aut luctu afficit. Seneca. » tluam sordet mihi eerra quum ccDlum intueor. »Senec de providentia Clip. 2. Diis ita visum, dii melius norunt quid sit in connnodum meum. '"Horn. Uiad. 4. 'i Hom. 9. voluit urbem tyrannuseverterre, el Deus non probibuit ; voluit caplivos ducere, non impedivit; voluit ligare, concessit, &c. i^ Psal. cxiii. De terra inopem, da steicore erigit pauperem. '^ Micali. viii. 7. " Freme, prenie, ego cum Pindaro, aSdirriaTOi f«^t 11)5 (ptXXoi in' aX/ia immersibilis sum sicut suber super mans sep- tum. Lipsius. IS Hie ure, hie seca, ut in ajternura parcas, Austin. Diis fruitur iratis, superat et cresc.it nialis. Mutium ignis, Fabricium paiipertas, Reguliim tormenta, Socralem venenuin superare non potuit. '•■• Hor. epist. Iti. lib. 1. " Hom. 5. Auferet pecunias' at habet in coelis: patria dejiciet ? at in coRlestem civi- tateni mittet: vinciila injiciet? at habet solutam con- scientiam: corpus interhciet, at iterum resurgei; cum umbra pugnat qui cum Justo pugiiat. S64 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sect. 3 free ; kill liis body, it shall rise again ; he fights with a shadow that contends with an upright man :" he will not be moved. " si fractus illahatiir orhis, Impaviduin ferienl ruiiisE." Though heaven itself should fall on his head, he will not be offended. He is im- penetrable, as an 'anvil hard, as constant as Job. '*"' Ipse deus simul atqiio volot ine solvet opinor." | " A God shall set nie free whene'er I please.'" Be thou such a one ; let thy misery be what it will, what it can, with patience en- dure it; thou mayest be restored as he was. Tcrris proscriptus, ad cailum propera', ab hominihus descrtus, ad detimfitge. " The poor shall not always be forgotten, the patient abiding of the meek shall not perish for ever," Psal. x. xviii. ver. 9. " The Lord will be a refuge of the oppressed, and a defence in the time of trouble." " Servus Epictclus!, miillilati corporis, Iriis Pauper: at h;fc inter charus erat superis.' " Lame was' Epictetiis, and poor Irus, Yet to Ihem both God was propitious.' Lodovicus Vertomannus, that famous traveller, endured much misery, yet surely, saith Scaliger, he was inr deo charus,^ in that he did escape so many dangers, "God especially protected him, he vvas dear unto him :" Modo in egesta/e.^ iribulatione, convalle deploralionis., cSfc. " Thou art now in the vale of misery, in poverty, in_ agony, '^ in temptation; rest, eternity, happiness, immortality, shall be thy rewartl,"7 as Chrysostom pleads, " if thou trust in God, and keep thine innocency." JYon si male nunc^ et olim sic erit sernper; a good hour may come upon a sudden ; ^° expect a little. Yea, but this expectation is it which tortures me in the mean time ; ^'futura expecfans prcBsentibus angor, whilst the grass grows the horse starves : ^ despair not. but hope well, 23" Spera Batte, tihi melius lux Crastina ducet ; Dum spiras spera" Cheer up, I say, be not dismayed ; Spes alit agricolas: " he that sows in tears, shall reap in joy," Psal. cxxvi. 7. " Si fortune me tormente, Esperance me contente." Hope refresheth, as much as misery depresseth ; hard beginnings have many times prosperous events, and that may happen at last which never was yet. " A desire accomplished delights the soul," Prov. xiii. 19. '^" Grata superveniet qus non sperabitur hora :" " Which makes m' enjoy my joys long wish'd at last, Welcome that hour shall come when hopp is past:" a lowering morning may turn to a fair afternoon, -'JYube solef pulsa candidus ire dies. " The hope that is deferred, is the fainting of the heart, but when the desire Cometh, it is a tree of life," Prov. xiii. 12, '^^ suavissimum est volt comjws fieri. Many men are both wretched and miserable at first, but afterwards most happy : and oftentimes it so falls out, as "" JVlachiavel relates of Cosmo de Medici, that fortunate and renowned citizen of Europe, "that all his youth was full of per- plexity, danger, and misery, till forty years were past, and then upon a sudden the sun of his honour broke out as through a cloud." Hunniades was fetched out of prison, and Henry the Third of Portugal out of a poor monastery, to be crowned kings. " Multa cadunt inter calicem supremaque labra," | " Many things happen between the cup and the lip," beyond all hope and expectation many things fall out, and who knows what may happen } JYondum omnium dierum Soles occidenmf, as Philippus said, all the suns are not yet set, a day may come to make amends for all. " Though my father and mother forsake me, yet the Lord will gather me up," Psal. xxvii. 10. " Wait patiently on the Lord, and hope in him," Psal. xxxvii. 7. " Be strong, hope and trust in the Lord, and he will comfort thee, and give thee thine heart's desire," Psal xxvii. 14. " Sperate et vosmet rebus servate secundis." " Hope, and reserve yourself for prosperity." MLeonides. 'o Modo in pressura, in tentationi bus, erit postea bnnum Iwtm reqiiies, ffitcrnitas, immor- lalitas. 20 Dabit Deus his quoque finem. 2' Se- neca. 22 ivemo desperet mi'liora lapsus. 23Thfo t'ltua. " Hope on, Battus, to-uiorrow may bring belter luck; while there's life there's hope." **X/vii. aiOvid. 26Th3les. 27ijb. 7. Flor. hist Ora. iiiuui f;elicissimus, et locupletissimus, &c. incarc-.ratiit sspr- adolescoitiam periculo mortis habuir Bona mens nullum trisiioris fortunse recipit irvursum, Val. lib. 4- c. 1. Q,ui nil po- test sporare, desperet nihil, s' Hor. =" iEquam. memento rebus in ardnis servare mentem, lib. 2. Od. 'i. ssEpict. c. 18. lo'jvr. Adel. act. 4. Sc. /. «' Una- quiEque res duas habot ansas, alteram qu£B teneri, alle ram qua; non potest; in manu nostra quani voluiii *■ accipere. ^^Ter. And. Act. 4. sc. (i 366 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3 •* Be contented with thy loss, stale, and calling, whatsoever it is, and fst is well satisfied with thy present condition in this life:" " Esto quod es; quod sunt alii, sine queinlibnt esse; | " Be as thou art ; and as they are, so let Quod Mon es, nolis ; quod poles esse, velis " | Others he still; what is and may be covet." And as he that is ■** invited to a feast eats what is set before him, and looks for no other, enjoy that thou hast, and ask no more of God than what he thinks fit to bestow upon thee. JYon cuivis cont'mglt odire Corinfhmn^ we mav not be all gen- tlemen, all Catos, or Lfelii, as Tully telleth us, all honourable, illustrious, and serene, all rich; but because mortal men want many things, '''*" therefore," saith Theodoret, " hath God diversely distributed his gifts, wealth to one, skill to another, that rich men might encourage and set poor men at work, poor men might learn several trades to the common good." As a piece of arras is composed of several parcels, some wrought of silk, some of gold, silver, crewel of diverse colours, all to serve for the exornation of the whole : music is made of diverse discords and keys, a total sum of many small numbers, so is a commonwealth of several unequal trades and call- ings. "^ H all should be Croesi and Darii, all idle, all in fortunes equal, who should till the land.? As '''^Menenius Agrippa well satisfied the tumultuous rout of Rome, in his elegant apologue of the belly and the rest of the members. Who should build houses, make our several stuffs for raiments ? We should all be starved for com- pany, as Poverty declared at large in Aristophanes' Plutus, and sue at last to be as we were at first. And therefore God hath appointed this inequality of states, orders, and degrees, a subordination, as in all other things. The earth yields nourishment to vegetables, sensible creatures feed on vegetables, both are substitutes to reasonable souls, and men are subject amongst themselves, and all to higher powers, so God would have it. All things then being rightly examined and duly considered as they ought, there is no such cause of so general discontent, 'tis not in the matter itself, but in our mind, as we moderate our passions and esteem of things. JYihil aliud necessarium ut sis miser fsaith ''^ Cardan) quam ut te miserum credas, let thy fortune be what it will, 'tis thy mind alone that makes thee poor or rich, miserable or happy, Vidi ego (saith divine Seneca) in villa hilari et aynmna mcpstos., et medid solitudine occupatos; non locus sed aninms facit ad tranquillitalem. I have seen men misera- bly dejected in a pleasant village, and some again well occupied and at good ease in a solitary desert. 'Tis the mind not the place causeth tranquillity, and that gives true content. I will yet add a word or two for a corollary. Many rich men, I dare boldly say it, that lie on down beds, with delicacies pampered every day, in their well-furnished houses, live at less heart's ease, with more anguish, more bodily pain, and through their intemperance, more bitter hours, than many a prisoner or galley- slave ; ^^ McEcenas in plumci ceque vigilat ac Reguliis in dolio: those poor starved Hollanders, whom ''^Bartison their captain left in Nova Zembla, anno 1596, or those ^^ eight miserable Englishmen that were lately left behind, to winter in a stove in Greenland, in 77 deg. of lat., 1630, so pitifully fonsaken, and forced to shift for themselves in avast, dark, and desert place, to strive and struggle with hunger, cold, desperation, and death itself. 'Tis a patient and quiet mind (1 say it again and again) gives true peace and content. So for all other things, they are, as old " Chremes told us, as we use them. " Parentes, patriam, amicos, genus, co^natos, divitias, H-Tc perinde sunt a<: illius aniinus qui ea possidet; I Q.ui uti scit, ei bona; qui utitur non recte, inula." " Parents, friends, fortunes, country, birth, alliance, &c., ebb and flow with our con- ceit ; please or displease, as we accept and construe them, or apply them to our- selves." Faber quisque fortuncp, suce, and in some sort I may trulv say, prosperity and adversity are in our own hands. JVatmG Iceditur nisi a seipso, and which Seneca confirms out of his judgment and experience. ^^" Every man's mind is stronger than fortune, and leads him to what side he will ; a cause to himself each one is ot his «Epictetns. Tnvitatus ad convivium, quas apponun- tur coniedis, non queeris ultra ; in mundo multa rogilas quae dii negaiit. •"Cap. 6. do providentia. Mor- lalf.s cum sint rerum omnium indigi, ideo deus aliis divitias, aliis paupertalem distrrbuit. ut qui opibus liollent, materiani subministrent ; qui vero inopes, ex- ercitatiis artibus nianus admoveaiit. ■li s^i suit quis aratro terram sulcaret, quis sementem faceret, quis plantas sereret, quis vinum exprimeret? <«Liv lib. 1. « Lib. X de cons. «'Seneca. <9Vid>.- Isaacum Pontanum descript. Amsterdam, lib. 2. e. 2i i-o Vide Ed. Pelhams book edit. 11)30. " Heauton tim. Act. 1. So. 2. ^^ Epist. 9t<. Omni fortuna va lenlior ipse animus, in iilramque parter- tunt: 'twas ^^Cato's note, "they cannot contain." For that car.oe belike W" Eiitrapilus ciiicuiique nocere volebat, In Veslimenta dabat pretiosa : beatus enim jam, " Eulrapilus when he would hurt a knave, Cum piilchris tunicis sumet nova coiisilia ct spes, ^'*'"- "'"' ?'">' tlothes and wealth to make him brave : Dormiet in lucem scorlo, postponet honestum I R^cause now rich he would quite change his mind, Officium" Keep whores, fly out, set honesty behind." On the other side, in adversity many mutter and repine, despair. Sec, both bad, I confess, SJ " ut calceus olim Si pede major erit, subvertet: si minor, uret." "As a shoe too big or too little, one pincheth, the other sets the foot awry," sed e malts minimum. If adversity hath killed his thousand, prosperity hath killed his ten thousand : therefore adversity is to be preferred ; ^* hcBc froeno indiget, ilia solatia: ilia fallit, hcBc instruit: the one deceives, the other instructs; the one miserably happy, the other happily miserable; and therefore many philosophers have volunta- rily sought adversity, and so much commend it in their precepts. Demetrius, in Seneca, esteemed it a great infelicity, that in his lifetime he had no misfortune, mise- rum cui nihil unquam accidisset adversi. Adversity then is not so heavily to be taken, and we ought not in such cases so much to macerate ourselves: there is no such odds in poverty and riches. To conclude in "^ Hierom's words, " I will ask our roagnificoes that build with marble, and bestow a whole manor on a thread, what difference between them and Paul the Eremite, that bare old man "> They drink in jewels, he in his hand : he is poor and goes to heaven, they are rich and go to hell." MEMB. IV. ^ Against Servitude, Loss of Liberty, Imprisonment., Banishment. Servitude, loss of liberty, imprisonment, are no such miseries as they are held to be : we are slaves and servants the best of us all : as we do reverence our mas- ters, so do our masters their superiors : gentlemen serve nobles, and nobles subordi- nate to kings, 07nne sub regno graviore regnum, princes themselves are God's servants, reges in ipsos imperium est Jovis. They are subject to their own laws, and as the kings of China endure more than slavish imprisonment, to maintain their state and greatness, they never come abroad. Alexander was a slave to fear, Caesar of pride, Vespasian to his money [nihil enim refert, rerinn sis servus an hominum),^ Helioga- balus to his gut, and so of the rest. ; Lovers are slaves to their mistresses, rich men to their gold, courtiers generally to lust and ambition, and all slaves to our affec- aons, as Evangelus well discourseth in ®' Macrobius, and *^ Seneca the philosopher, assiduam servitutem extremam et ineluctabilem he calls it, a continual slavery, to be so captivated by vices ; and who is free.? Why then dosi thou repine.' Satis est poti'ns, Hierom saith, qui servire non cogitur. Thou carriest no burdens, thou art no prisoner, no drudge, and thousands want that liberty, those pleasures which thou M t'ortuna quern nimiiim fovet stulium facil. Pub. Mimiis. 64 Seneca de beat. vit. cap. 14. miseri si dese- rantur ab ea, miseriores si obruantur. s6 Plutarch, tit. ejus. 's Hnr. episl. I. I. ep. 18. »' H(.r. '^Boelh, 2. sifEpist. lib. :i. vit. Paul. Erniit. Libet eo^ iiunr intirrogarc qui d'lmus niarnioribii3 vestiunt, j spei, omiies tiiuori. ^^Nat. lib. 3. lu into ti!n viilartim ponunt precia, huic Mini modo quid nnqiiam defiiit? vos gemma bibitis, ille concavii manibus iialnrae satisfecit; ille pauper paradisiini capjt, vos avaros gehenna susciniet. «" n maitern little wliether we are enslaved by men or thincs." oiggtuy I. I!. Alius libidini scrvit, alius ambitioni, oiu«M 368 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3 ndst. Tluni art not sick, and what woiildst thou have ? But nitimur in vetitum^ \ve must all eat of" the forhidden fruit. Were we enjoined to go to such and such places, we would not willingly go : but being barred of our liberty, this alone torments our wandering soul that we may not go. A citizen of ours, saith ®^ Cardan, was sixty ^ years of age, and had never been forth of the walls of the city of Milan; the prince hearing of it, commanded him not to stir out : being now forbidden that which all his life he had neglected, he earnestly desired, and being denied, dolore confcctus mortem ohUt., he died for grief. What I have said of servitude, I again say of imprisonment, we are all prisoners. •^What is our life but a prison .'' We are all imprisoned in an island. The world itself to some men is a prison, our narrow seas as so many ditches, and when they have compassed the globe of the earth, they would fain go see what is done in the moon. In ^^ Muscovy and many other northern parts, all over Scandia, they are imprisoned half the year in stoves, they dare not peep out for cold. At ''^ Aden in Arabia they are penned in all day long with that other extreme of heat, and keep iheir markets in the night. What is a ship but a prison .'' And so many cities are but as so many hives of bees, ant-hills ; but that which thou abhorrest, many seek: women keep in all winter, and most part of summer, to preserve their beauties ; some for love of study: Demosthenes shaved his beard because he would cut olf all occasions from going abroad : how many monks and friars, anchorites, abandon the world. Monachus in urbc, piscis in arido. Art in prison .'' Make right use of it, and mortify thyself; ""Where may a man contemplate better than in solitariness," or :>tudy more than in quietness } Many worthy men have been imprisoned all their aves, and it hath been occasion of great honour and glory to them, much public g-ood by their excellent meditation. ^'^Ptolemus king of Egypt, cum viribus atlenuatis infirma valetudine laborarei,, miro descendi studio affcctus, ^x. now being taken with d grievous infirmity of body that he could not stir abroad, became Strato^s scholar, fell hard to his book, and gave himself wholly to contemplation, and upon that occa- sion (as mine author adds), pulcherrivmm rcgice opulentia:. monumeyitum, (Sec, to his great honour built that renowned library at Alexandria, wherein were 40,000 volumes. Severinus Boethius never writ so elegantly as in prison, Paul so devoutly, for most of his epistles were dictated in his bands: " .Toseph," saith ^^ Austin, "got more credit in prison, than when he distributed corn, and was lord of Pharaoli's house." It brings many a lewd, riotous fellow home, many wandering rogues it settles, thal-^ would otherwise have been like raving tigers, ruined themselves and others. Banishment is no grievance at all, Omne solum forti pair ia, Sfc. et patria est uhi- cunque bene est., that's a man's country where he is well at ease. Many travel for pleasure to that city, saith Seneca, to which thou art banished, and what a part of the citizens are strangers born in other places ? ''"Incolcnti.hus patria, 'tis their coun- try that are born in it, and they would think themselves banished to go to the place which thou leavest, and from which thou art so loath to depart. 'Tis no disparage ment to be a stranger, or so irksome to be an exile. " " The rain is a stranger to the earth, rivers to the sea, .Jupiter in Egypt, the sun to us all. The soul is an alien to-^^ the body, a nightingale to the air, a swallow in a house, and Ganymede in heaven, an elephant at Rome, a Phffinix in India; and such things commonly please us best, which are most strange and come the farthest off. Those old Hebrews esteemed the whole world Gentiles ; the Greeks held all barbarians but themselves ; our modern Italians account of us as dull Transalpines by way of reproach, tliey scorn thee and thy country which thou so much admirest. 'Tis a childish humour to hone after home, to be discontent at that which others seek ; to prefer, as base islanders and Norwegians do, their own ragged island before Italy or Greece, the gardens of the world. There is a base nation in the north, saith '^ Pliny, called Chauci, that live amongst rocks and sands by the seaside, feed on fish, drink water : and yet thest base people account themselves slaves in respect, when they come to Rome. Ita est MConsol. I. 5. G40 generose, quid est vita nisi parcer aninii I «5 Herhasti:in. m Vertoinaninis navig. I. 2. c, 4. Commcrcia in nundinis noctii hora secunda oh niiriios qui SEPviunt iiitcrdiu SBstus exerceril. s' Ubi verior contcinplalio quaiii in solitudine ? uhi «tudiuiii solidius quam in quiete? 68 Alex, ah Alex, (en. diet. lib. 1. can. 2. <''> In Ps. Ixxvi. non ita lau- datiir Joseph cum fruments distribueret.ac quum carce- rem habitaret. '"Boethius. "» Philostratus in delicjis. I'eiHtrrini sunt imbres in terra et fluvii in mari Jupiter apud ..■Esyptos, sol apud omnes; liospeg aiiima in corpnre, luscinla in aere, hiriinrio in doino, Ganymcdes cwlo, &.c. '^ I, lb. 16. cap. 1. rVullarn friifiem habeiit •otuftex inibre: Ct hs genlKs «i vincantur, jcr Mem. 5.] Remedies against Discontenls. 369 prnfectd (as he concludes) mult is for tuna parcit in pcenam^ so it is, fortune favours isonic to live at home, to their further punishment: 'tis want of judgment. All places are distant from heaven alilie, the sun shines happily as warm in one city as in another, and to a wise man there is no diflerence of climes ; friends are everywhere to him that behaves himself well, and a prophet is not esteemed in his own country. Alexander, Caesar, Trajan, Adrian, were as so many land-leapers, now in the east ow in [the west, little at home- and Polus Venetus, Lod. Vertomannus, Pinzonus, Cadamustus, Columbus, Americus Vespucius, Vascus Gama, Drake, Candish, Oliver Anort, Schoutien, got all their honour by voluntary expeditions. But you say such men''s travel is voluntary; we are compelled, and as malefactors must depart; yet know this of " Plato to be true, uUori Deo summa aura pcrcgrinus est^ God hath an especial care of strangers, " and when he wants friends and allies, he shall deserve better and find more favour with God and men." Besides the pleasure of peregri- aation, variety of objects will make amends; and so many nobles, TuUy, Aristides, Theinistocles, Theseus, Codrus, &c. as have been banished, will give sutficient credit unto it. Read Pet. Alcionius his two books of this subject. MEMB. V. Against Sorrow for Death of Friends or otherwise^ vain Fear^ Sfc. Death and departure of friends are things generally grievous, ''^ Omnium qua in humana vita contingunt, liictus atque mors sunt acerbissima^ the most austere and oitter accidents that can happen to a man in this life, in cBternum valedicere, to part for ever, to forsake the world and all our friends, 'tis ultimum terribilium, the last and the greatest terror, most irksome and troublesome unto us, '^Homo toties moritur,^ quoties amittit suos. And though we hope for a better life, eternal happiness, after these painful and miserable days, yet we cannot compose ourselves willingly to die; the remembrance of it is most grievous unto us, especially to such who are fortunate and rich : they start at the name of death, as a horse at a rotten post. Say what you can of that other world, ''^ Montezuma that Indian prince, Bonum est esse hie, they had rather be here. Nay many generous spirits, and grave staid men otherwise, are so tender in this, that at the loss of a dear friend they will cry out, roar, and tear their hair, lamenting some months after, howling "■ O Hone," as those Irish women and "Greeks at their graves, commit many indecent actions, and almost go beside themselves. My dear father, my sweet husband, mine only brother's dead, to whom shall I make my moan } O me miserum ! Quis dabit in lachrymas fontem, Sfc. What shall I do .? ■"8" Sed totum hoc studiuni luctu fraterna mihi mors I " My brother's death my study hath undone, Ahstulit, hei inisero frater adeinple mihi ?" | Woe's me, alas my brother he is gone 1" Mezentius would not live after his son : '»" N\inc vivo, nee adhuc homines lucemque relinquo, Sed linquam" And Pompey's wife cried out at the news of her husband's death, «•" Turpe mori post te solo non posse dolore, Violenta luctu el nescia tolerandi," as ^' Tacitus of Agrippina, not able to moderate her passions. So when she heard hej' son was slain, she abruptly broke off her work, changed countenance and colour, tore her hair, and fell a roaring downright. *2" subitus miseriE color ossa reliquit, Excussi manibus radii, revolutaque pensa: Evolat infelix et foejiiineo ululatu Scissa comani" »* Lib. 5. de legibus. Cumqiie cognatis rareat et ami- I shall resign them." s" Lucan. " Overcome by grief tia. majorem apud deos el apud homines misericordiam and unable to endure it, she exclaimed, • \ot to beable to iieretur. " Cardan, de consol. lib. 2. '^ Seneca. I die through sorrow for thee were base.' " "' 3 Annal. '6 Benzn. " Siininio mane ulnlatum oriuntur, pectora I *2 " The colour suddenly fled her cheek, the distalf for percuiientes, &c. miserabile spectaculum exhibentes. | sook her hand, the reel revolved, and with dishev^llcrf 'Jrtelius in Gra;cia. '"Catullus. " Virgil. " [ locks she broke away, wailing as a woiim'J " Uve tiow, nor as yet relinquish society and life, but ( 47 370 Cure of Melancholy. rParL 2. Sec. b. Another A^ould needs run upon the sword's point after Euryalus' departure, S3"F)git,e me, si qua est pieias, in me omnia teia Conjicite 6 Rutili ;" let me die, some good man or other make an end of me. How did Achilles take on for Patroclus' departure ? A black cloud of sorrows overshadowed him, saith Homer. Jacob rent his clothes, put sackcloth about iiis loins, sorrowed for hi? son a long season, and could not be comforted, but would needs go down into the grave unto his son. Gen. xxxvii. 37. Many years after, the remembrance of such friends, of such accidents, is most grievous unto us, to see or hear of it, though it concern not ourselves but others. Scaliger saith of himself, that he never read Socrates' death, in Plato's Phajdon, but he wept :, ^^ Austin shed tears when he read the de- struction of Troy. But howsoever this passion of sorrow be violent, bitter, and seizeth familiarly on wise, valiant, discreet men, yet it may surely be withstood, it may be diverted. For what is there in this life, that it should be so dear unto us ? or that we should so much deplore the departure of a friend ? The greatest plea- sures are common society, to enjoy one another's presence, feasting, hawking, hunt- ing, brooks, woods, hills, music, dancing. See. all this is but vanity and loss of time, as 1 have sufficiently declared. ' "dum bibimus, dum serta, unguenta, puellas Pnscuiius, obrepit non intellecta senectus." "Whilst we drink, prank ourselves, with wenchen dally. Old age upon 's at unawares doth sally." As alchymists spend that small modicum they have to get gold, and never find it, we lose and neglect eternity, for a little momentary pleasure which we cannot enjoy, nor shall ever attain to in this life. We abhor death, pain, and grief, all, yet we will do nothing of that which should vindicate us from, but rather voluntarily thrust our- selves upon it. ^ " The lascivious prefers his whore before his life, or good estate ; an angry man his revenge : a parasite his gut ; ambitious, honours ; covetous, wealth; a thief his booty, a soldier his spoil ; we abhor diseases, and yet we pull them upon us." We are never better or freer from cares than when we sleep, and yet, which we so much avoid and lament, death is but a perpetual sleep ; and why should it, as ^^Epicurus argues, so much aflright us? ''When we are, death is not: but when death is, then we are not:" our life is tedious and troublesome unto him that lives oest; ^'*"'tis a misery to be born, a pain to live, a trouble to die :" death makes an end of our miseries, and yet we cannot consider of it ; a little before *^ Socrates drank his portion of cicuta, he bid the citizens of Athens cheerl'uUy farewell, and concluded his speech with this short sentence; ^'My time is now come to be gone, I to my death, you to live on ; but which of these is best, God alone knows." For there is no pleasure here but sorrow is annexed to it, repentance follows it. ^° " If I feed liberally, I am likely sick or surfeit : if I live sparingly my hunger and thirst is not allayed; I am well neither full nor fasting; if I live honest, I burn in lust;" if I take my pleasure, I tire and starve myself, and do injury to my body and soul. *'" Of so small a quantity of mirth, how much sorrow ? after so little pleasure, how great misery ?" 'Tis both ways troublesome to me, to rise and go to bed, to eat and provide my meat; cares and contentions attend me all day long, fears and suspicions all my life. I am discontented, and why should I desire so much to live ? But a happy death will make an end of all our woes and miseries ; omnibus una meis certa medcla malls ; why shouldst not thou then say with old Simeon since thou art so well affected, " Lord now let thy servant depart in peace :" or with Paul, " I desire to be dissolved, and to be with Christ ?" Beata mors qucE ad heatam vitam adltum aperil^ 'tis a blessed hour that leads us to a ^^ blessed life, and blessed are they that die in tlie Lord. But life is sweet, and death is not so terrible in itself as the concomitants of it, a loathsome disease, pain, horror, &.c. and many times the manner of it, to be 8SVirg. ^n. 10. "Transfix me, O Rutuli, if you have any piety; pierce me with your thousand arrows." *^ t^.st eniin mori pioruni f lix iransilnsde .obore ad rofrigeriiiM, de er (lectutione ad pricmium. de agone ad bravium >lem. Remedies asainst Discontents. 371 hanged, to be orokeri on the wheel, to be burned alive. ^ Servetus the heretic, that suffered in Geneva, when he was brought to the stake, and saw the executioner come with fire in his hand, liomo viso igne tarn horrendum exclamavit, ut universum popit- mm perterrefecerit, roared so loud, that he terrified the people. An old stoic woulo have scorned this. It troubles some to be unbuned, or so : " not) te optima mater Conrlet liuiiii, patrinve onerabit membra sepulchro ; Alitihus liiigiiere feris, et gurgitc mersum i'liila feret, piscesque impasti vulnera lambent." " Thy gentle parents shall not bury thee, Amongst thine ancestors entomb'd to be. But leral fowl thy carcass shall devour. Or drowned corps hungry fish maws shall scour. As Socrates told Crito, it concerns me not what is done with me when I am dead ; Facilis jactura sepulchri : I care not so long as I feel it not ; let them set mine head on tlie pike of Teneriffe, and my quarters in the four parts of the world, pascam licet in cruce corvos^ let wolves or bears devour me; ^^Coelo tegitur qui non habet urnam^ the canopy of heaven covers him that hath no tomb. So like- wise for our friends, why should their departure so much trouble us } They are better as we hope, and for what then dost thou lament, as those do whom Paul taxed in his time, 1 Thes. iv. 13. "that have no hope?" 'Tis fit there should be some solemnity. »6"Sed fiepelire decet defunotum, pectore forti, Constaiites, unumque diem fletui indulgentes." Job's friends said not a word to him the first seven days, but let sorrow and discon- tent take their course, themselves sitting sad and silent by him. When Jupiter him- self wept for Sarpedon, what else did the poet insinuate, but that some sorrow is good WQuis matrem nisi mentis inops in funere nati Flere vevat ?" who can blame a tender mother if she weep for her children .'' Beside, as ^^ Plutarch holds, 'tis not in our power not to lament, Indolentia non cuivis contingit, it takes away mercy and pity, not to be sad ; 'tis a natural passion to weep for our friends, an irresistible passion to lament and grieve. " I know not how (saith Seneca) h\it sometimes 'tis good to be miserable in misery : and tor the most part all grief evacu- ates itself by tears," 96 " estquffidam flere voluptas, Expletur laclirymis egeriturque dolor:" " yet after a day's mourning or two, comfort thyself for thy heaviness," Eccles. xxxviii. 17. ^^JVo?i decet defunctum ignavo qucestu prosequi ; 'twas Germanicus' advice of old, that we should not dwell too long upon our passions, to be desperately sad, immoderate grievers, to let them tyrannise, there's indolentice. ars, a medium to be kept: we do not (saith '""Austin) forbid men to grieve, but to grieve overmuch. " I forbid not a man to be angry, but 1 ask for what cause he is so } Not to be sad, but why is he sad ? Not to fear, but wherefore is he afraid ?" I require a moderation as well as a just reason. ' The Romans and most civil commonwealths have set a time to such solemnities, they must not mourn after a set day, " or if in a family a child be born, a daughter or son married, some state or honour be conferred, a brother be redeemed from his bands, a friend from his enemies," or the like, they must lament no more. And 'tis fit it should be so ; to what end is all their funeral pomp, complaints, and tears .'' When Socrates was dying, his friends Apollodorus and Crito, with some others, were weeping by him, which he perceiving, asked them what they meant: ^ '•'• for that very cause he put all the women out of the room, upon which words of his they were abashed, and ceased from their tears." Lodovicus Cortesius, a rich lawyer of Padua (as '^ Bernardinus Scardeonius relates) commanded by his last will, and a great mulct if otherwise to his heir, that no funeral should be kept for him, no man should lament : but as at a wedding, music and minstrels to be provided ; and instead of black mourners, he took order, '' " that twelve virgins clad in green should "Vaticanns vita ejus. S4l,,c. '^n. 9. Homer. " It is proper that, having indulged in becoming grief ibr one whole day, you should commit the dead to the Kepulchre." "^Ovid. 9'Consol. ad Apoloii. non est 'ibertate nostra posilum non dolere, misericordiam alio- Pl.&a MOvid, 4Trist. ^'Tacitus lib, 4. """Lib. 9. i.ap. 9 de civitate Dei. Non quaero cum irascatursed cur, ni>- utnm sil tristis sed unde, non utrum tiraeat sed quid timeat. « Festus verbo minuitur. Luctui dies indicebatur cum liheri nascantur, cum frater abil, amicus ab hospite captivus dornum redeat, puella de- sponsetur. '^Ob banc causam mulieres ablegarain na talia facerent; uos haec audientes erdhiiimus et desii- tiniiis a lachrymis. > Lib. I. class. 8. de Claris. Juris- coni^ultis Patavinis. < 12. lunuptse puellae amicta viridibua pannis, &.C. 372 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3 carry him t(» the church." His will and testament was accordingly performed, and he buried in St. Sophia's church. ^Tully was much grieved for his daughter Tul- liola's death at first, until such time that lie had confirmed his mind with some phi ^osophical precepts, ^^ then he began to triumph over fortune and grief, and for her reception into heaven to be much more joyed than before he was tioubled for he» loss." If a heathen man could so fortify himself from philosophy, what shall a Christian from divinity.? Why dost thou so macerate thyself.' 'Tis an inevitable chance, the first statute in Magna Charta, an everlasting Act of Parliament, all must 'die. '"Constat aEteriia pnsitumque lege est, Vt constet geriituiii nihil." It cannot be revoked, we are all mortal, and these all commanding gods and princes " die like men:" ® involvit humile parittr et celsum caput., cequatqne sumniis infima. "O weak condition of human estate," Sylvius exclaims : '" Ladislaus, king of Bohemia, eighteen years of age, in the flower of his yoAith, so potent, rich, for- tunate and happy, in the midst of all his friends, amongst so many " physicians, now ready to be '^married, in ihirty-six hours sickened and died. We must so be gone sooner or later all, and as Calliopeius in the comedy took his leave of his specta- tors and auditors, Vos valete et platidite, Calliopeius recensui, must we bid the world farewell (Exit Calliopeius), and having now played our parts, for ever be gone. Tombs and monument-s have the like fate,' data sunt ipsis qiioque fata sepulchris, kingdoms, provinces, towns, and cities have their periods, and are consumed. -.In those flourishing times of Troy, Mycenae was the fairest city in Greece, Grceci(£ cunctce imperitabat, but it, alas, and that '^'^ Assyrian Nineveh are quite overthrown :" the like fate hath that Egyptian and Boeotian Thebes, Delos, commune GrcFcice con- ciliabulum., the common council-house of Greece, '''and Babylon, the greatest city that ever the sun shone on, hath now nothing but walls and rubbish left. '"'■'• Quid PandionicB restat nisinomen Jlthcna;?'''' Thus '® Pansaiiias complained in his times. And where is Troy itself now, Persepolis, Carthage, Cizicum, Sparta, Argos, and all those Grecian cities.' Syracuse and Agrigentum, the fairest towns in Sicily, which had sometimes 700,000 inhabitants, are now decayed : the names of Hieron, Enipe- docles, Stc, of those mighty numbers of people, only left. One Anacharsis is re- membered amongst the Scythians; tlie world itself must have an end; and every part of it. Cater cB igitti.r tirbcs sunt mortales., as Peter "Gillius concludes of Con- stantinople, hcEC sane quamdiu erunt homines., futura mihi vidctur immortalis; but 'tis not so : nor site, nor strength, nor sea nor land, can vindicate a city, but it and all must vanish at last. And as to a traveller great mountains seem plains afar oflf", at last are not discerned at all; cities, men, monuments decay, nee solidis prodest sua machina terris.,^^ the names are only left, those at length forgotten, and are in- volved in perpetual night. '*" Returning out of Asia, when I sailed from Jigina toward Megara, I began (saith Servius Sulspicius, in a consolatory epistle of his to Tully) to view the coun- try round about, ^gina was behind me, Megara before, Pirjeus on the right hand, Corinth on the left, what flourishing towns heretofore, now prostrate and over- whelmed before mine eyes .' I began to think with myself, alas, why are we men so much disquieted with the departure of a friend, whose life is much shorter? ^ When so many goodly cities lie buried before us. Remember, O Servius, thou art a man ; and with that 1 was much confirmed, and corrected myself" Correct then likewise, and comfort thyself in this, that we must necessarily die, and all die, that we shall rise again : as Tully held ; Jucundiorque niiiltu congressus noster futurus, quam insuavis et acerbus digressus., our second meeting shall be much more phasant than our departure was grievous. » Lib. de consol. e Prasceptis pliiln8ophi Vis agrum, et niorbiduni,fitibundum gaude potius quod his inalis liberatus sit. sfiUxorem bnnatn aut mvenisi;, aut sic fecisti; si invcneris, aliam habere te V)sse ex hoc intelligamus: si feceris, bene speres, salvus est artifex. ^egtulti est compedes licet aureas aniare. 1 Hor. 28 Hor lib. 1. Od. 24. 29 Virg. 4. Mn. ""Cap. 19. Si id sludes iit uxor, amici, libtri perpetuo 'vaiit, Btullu.s es. si Deos quos diligit juvenes rapit. Menan. saconsol. ad Apol. Apollonius filius tuup in flore decessit, ante nos ad .'Cternitalem digressut tanquam e convivio ahiens, priusqiiain in errorein ali quern e temulentia incideret, quales in longa senecta accidere snieiit. ssTom. 1. Tract, de luctu. Ciuid me mortuuin niiseruin vocas, qui tesuin multo felicior aut quid acerbi mihi piitRs contigisse? an quia non sum inalus seiiex, lit tu facie riigosua, incurvus, &c. O demens, quid tibi videtur in vita bt?iii? niiniruin amicitias, coenas, &.c. Longe melius non ssurire quam G 374 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3 am n( t so bald, crooked, old, rotten, as thou art? What have I lost, some of your good cheer, gay clothes, music, singing, dancing, kissing, merry-meetings, thalami luhemias, Pale quid est apuf Valent. AnUrcarii Apolog. inaiiip. a. apol. 3U S78 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3 a goou piiise, aid he was resolved to outbid any man befoit ne would lose it, eveiy man supposed he should carry it. The second was my lord Bishop's chaplain (in whose gift it was), and he thought it his due to have it. The third was nobly born, and lie meant to get it by his great parents, patrons, and allies. The fourth stood upon his worth, lie had newly found out strange mysteries in chemistry, and other rare inventions, which he would detect to the public good. The fifth was a painful preacher, and he was commended by the whole parish where he dwelt, he had al' their hands to his certificate. The sixth was the prebendary's son lately deceased, his father died in debt (for it, as they say), left a wife and many poor children. The seventh stood upon fair promises, which to him and his noble friends had been for- merly made for the next place in his lordship's gift. The eighth pretended great losses, and what he had suffered for the church, what pains he had taken at home and abroad, and besides he brought noblemen's letters. The ninth had married a kinswoman, and he sent his wife to sue for him. The tenth was a foreign doctor, a late convert, and wanted means. The eleventh would exchange for another, he did not like the former's site, could not agree with his neighbours and fellows upon any terms, he would be gone. The twelfth and last v/as (a suitor in conceit) a right honest, civil, sober man, an excellent scholar, and such a one as lived private in the university ,'*but he had neither means nor money to compass it; besides he hated al. such courses, he could not speak for himself, neither had he any friends to solicit his cause, and therefore made no suit, could not expect, neither did he hope for, or look after it. The good bishop amongst a jury of competitors thus perplexed, and not yet resolved what to do, or on whom to bestow it, at the last, of his own accord, mere motion, and bountiful nature, gave it freely to the university student, altogether unknown to him but by fame ; and to be brief, the academical scholar had the pre- bend sent him for a present. The news was no sooner published abroad, but all good students rejoiced, and were much cheered up with it, though some would not believe it; others, as men amazed, said it was a miracle; but one amongst the rest thanked God for it, and said, JYunc juvat tandem studiosum esse., el Deo inlegro corde servire. You have heard my tale: but alas it is but a tale, a mere fiction, 'twas never so, never like to be, and so let it rest. Well, be it so then, they have wealth and honour, fortune and preferment, qvery man (there's no remedy) must scramble as he may, and shift as he can ; yet Cardan comforted himself with this, " " the star Fomahant would make him immortal," and that ™ after his decease his books should be found in ladies' studies: '^Dignuvi laude virum Musa vetat mori. But why shouldest thou take thy neglect, thy canvas so to heart .'' It may be thou art not fit; but a *"" child that puts on his father's shoes, hat, headpiece, breastplate, breeches, or holds his spear, but is neither able to wield the one. 'or wear the other; so wouldest thou do by such an office, place, or magistracy: thou art unfit: "And what is dignity to an unworthy man, but (as ^' Salvianus holds) a gold ring in a swine's snout V Thou art a brute. Like a bad actor (so ^^Plutarch compares such men in a tragedy, diadeniafert., at. vox non audltvr: Thou wouldest play a king's part, but actest a clown, speakest like an ass. ^^Magna petis Phaeton et qucb non viribus istis^ ^'c, as James and John, the sons of Zebedee, did ask they knew not what: ncscis ttmerarie nescis ; thou dost, as another Suflenus, overween thyself; thou art wise in thine own conceit, but in other more mature judgment altogether unfit to manage such a business. Or be it thou art more deserving than any of thy rank, God in his providence hath reserved thee for some other fortunes, sic superis visum. Thou art humble as thou art, it may be ; hadst thou been preferred, thou wouldest havps forgotten God and thyself, insulted over others, contemned thy friends, ^been a block, a tyrant, or a demi-god, sequiturque superhia formam : '''"Therefore," saith Chrysostom, "good men do not always find grace and favour, lest they should be pufied up with turgent titles, grow insolent and proud." Injuries, abuses, are very offensive, and so much the more in that they think veterem ferendo invitant novam, " by taking one they provoke another :" but it is an erroneoua "Stella Fomahant imiiiortalitatein daliit. 'e^ib. de lib. proplis. '9 Hor. " The iiiiise forbids the praise- wortliy man to die." ""flUui indiiil thnracem aiit ^aleam, &c. *" Lib. 4. rie guber. Dei. (Juid est dig- nitag indigno nisi circulus aureus in naribus suis. 8Mn Lysanilro. eaovid. Met. e^ Magistrutuii vinini indicat. m id^o boni viri aliquand ) ^ratiarn non accipiunt, ne in superliiani elevenliir veriosilatl jaclantiie, ne altitude inuneris neglentiores ifliciat. Mem. 7 Remedies asamsl Discontents. 370 opinion, for if that wf;re true, there would be no end of abusing ea:h other-, lis litem generat ; 'tis much better with patience to bear, or quietly to put it up. If an ass kick me, saith Socrates, shall I strike him again : And when *®his wife Xantippe struck and misused him, to some friends that would have had him strike her again, he replied, that he would not make them sport, or that they should stand by and say, Eia Socrates, eia Xantippe, as we do when dogs fight, animate them the more by clapping of hands. Many men spend themselves, their goods, friends, fortunes, upon small quarrels, and sometimes at other men's procurements, with much vexa- tion of spirit and anguish of mind, all which with good advice, or mediation of friends, might have been happily composed, or if patience had taken place. Patience in such cases is a most sovereign remedy, to put up, conceal, or dissemble it, to *' forget and forgive, *** " not seven, but seventy-seven times, as often as he repents for- give him ;" Luke xvii. 3. as our Saviour enjoins us, stricken, "• to turn the other side :'' as our *^ Apostle persuades us, "• to recompence no man evii for evil, but as much as is possible to have peace with all men : not to avenge ourselves, and we shall heap burning coals upon our adversary's head." "For ™ if you j)ut up wrong (as Chry- sostom comments), you get the victory; he that loseth his money, loseth not the conquest in this our philosophy." If he contend with thee, submit thyself unto him first, yield to him. Durum et dunmi non faciunt murum, as the diverb is, two refrac- tory spirits will never agree, tlie only means to overcome is to relent, obsequio vinces. pAiclid in Plutarch, when his brother had angered him, swore he would be revenged; but he gently replied, "' "■ Let me not live if I do not make thee to love me again," upon which meek answer he was pacified. " Flectitur obsequio curvatus ah arhore ramus, Frangis si vii^s experire luas." " A branch if easily bended yields to thee, Pull hard it breaks : llie dirterence you see." The noble family of the Colonni in Rome, when they Mjere expelled the city by that furious Alexander the Sixth, gave the bending branch therefore as an impres.s, with this motto, Flecti potest, frangi non potest, to signify that he might break them by force, but so never make them stoop, for they fled in the midst of their hard usage to the kingdom of Naples, and were honourably entertained by Frederick the king, according to their callings. Gentleness in this case might have done much more, and let thine adversary be never so perverse, it may be by that means thou mayest win him ; ^^favore et hcnevolentia etiam immanis animus mansucscit, soft words pacify wrath, and the fiercest spirits are so soonest overcome; ^^a generous lion will not hurt a beast that lies prostrate, nor an elephant an innocuous creature, but is infestus infestis, a terror and scourge alone to such as are stubborn, and make resist- ance. It was the symbol of Emanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, and he was not mistaken in it, for "S"(iuo quisque est major, magis est placabilis irse, Et faoiles motus mens generosa capit." ' A greater man is soonest pacified, A noble spirit quickly satisfied." It is reported by ^Gualter Mapes, an old historiographer of ours (who lived 400 years since), that King Edward senior, and Llewellyn prince of Wales, being at an interview near Aust upon Severn, in Gloucestershire, and the prince sent for, refused to come to the king; he would needs go over to him; which Llewellyn perceiving, ""went up to the arms in water, and embracing his boat, would have carried him out upon his shoulders, adding that his humility and wisdom had triumphed over his pride and folly, and thereupon he was reconciled unto him and did his homage. If thou canst not so win him, put it up, if thou beest a true Christian, a good divine, an imitator of Christ, ^^"•for he was reviled and put it up, whipped and sought no revenge,") thou wilt pray for thine enemies, ^^'^ and bless them that persecute thee ;" be patient, meek, humble, &.c. An honest man will not offer thee injury, prohus non vult ; if he were a brangling knave, 'tis his fashion so to do; where is least heart is most tongue ; quo quisque stultior, eb magis insolescit, the more sottish he is, still ss^Elian. e7Injuriarum remedium est oblivio. '"Mat. xviii. 22. Mat. v. 39. so Rom. xii. 17. sosi toleras injuriam, vjctor evadis ; qui enini peciiniis pri- vatus est, non est privatus victoria in hac philosophia. "Disperearn nisi le ultus fuero : dispeream nisi ut me deincepsameseffecero. 8- Joach. Cauierarius Embl.21. eent. I. ^3 Heliodorus s^Reipsa rf-peri nihil »»ae homini melius facilitate et dementia. Ter. Adelph. 850vid. 96 Camden in Glouc. s" Usque ad pectus ingressus est, aquam. &c. cymbam amplectens, sapien- tissime rex ait, tua huniilitas meam vicit superbiam, et sapientia trinniphavit ineptiani; colluin ascende quod contra te fatuus erexi, intrabis terram quam hodie fecit tuam benigni'as, &,c. ""Chrysoslom, contiimeiiU affectus est et e&i yerlulit; opprobriis, nee ultus est verberibus csesus, nee vireni reddidit. »» Kuia. xii. 14. 380 Cure of Melancholy. rPart. 2. Sec. 3 the more insolent : "'°" Do not answer a fool according to his folly." If he be thy superior, '''bear it by all means, grieve not at it, let him take his course; Anitas and Melitus ^" may kill me, they cannot hurt me;" as that generous Socrates made answer in like case. Meiis iimnota manet., though the body be torn in pieces with wild horses, broken on the wheel, pinched with fiery tongs, the soul cannot be dis- tracted. 'Tis an ordinary thing for great men to vilify and insult, oppress, injure, tyrannise, to take what liberty they list, and who dare speak against.'' Miseruin est ah eo Icedi, a quo non possis fjueri, a miserable thing 'tis to be injured of him, from whom is no appeal : ''and not safe to write against him that can proscribe and punish a man at his pleasure, which Asinius Pollio was aware of, when Octavianus provoked him. 'Tis hard 1 confess to be so injured : one of Chilo's three difficult things : ''•'■ To keep counsel ; spend his time well ; put up injuries:" but be thou patient, and ''leave revenge unto the Lord. *" Vengeance is mine and I will repay, saith the Lord" — "I know the Lord," saith ''David, "will avenge the afflicted and judge the poor." — ■" No man (as ** Plato farther adds) can so severely punish his adversary, as God will such as oppress miserable men." 8" Iterurii ille rem jiidicatam judical, Majoreque iiiulcia iniilctat." If there be any religion, any God, and that God be just, it shall be so ; if thou be- lievest the one, believe the other : Erit, eriU it shall be so. JYemesis comes after, sero sed serio, stay but a little and thou shall see God's just judgment overtake him ' Raro antecedenteiii scelestum Deseruit pede pcena claudo." " Yet with sure steps, though lame and slow, Vengeance o'ertakes the trembling villain's speed." Thou shalt perceive that verified of Samuel to Agag, 1 Sam. xv. 33. " Thy sword hath made many women childless, so shall thy mother be childless timongst other women." It shall be doye to them as they have done to others. Conradinus, that brave Suevian prince, came with a well-prepared army into tlie kingdom of Naples, was taken prisoner by king Charles, and put to death in the flower of his youth ; a little after {riUlonem Conradini mortis., Pandiilphus Collinutius Hist. JYeap. lib. 5. calls it). King Charles's own son, with two hundred nobles, was so taken prisoner, and beheaded in like sort. Not in this only, but in all other offences, quo qiiisqm peccat in eo punictur., " they shall be punished in the same kind, in the same part, .^ike nature, eye with or in the eye, head with or in the head, persecution with per- secution, lust with effects of lust ; let them march on with ensigns displayed, let drums beat on, trumpets sound taratantarra, let them sack cities, take the spoil of countries, murder infants, deflower virgins, destroy, burn, persecute, and tyrannise, they shall be fully rewarded at last in the same measure, they and theirs, and that to their desert. "" Ad generum Cereris sine c^de et sanguine pauci Descendunt rages et sicca morte tyranni. ' ' Few tyrants in their beds do die, Bui stabb'd or niaiin'd to hell they hie." Oftentimes too a base contemptible fellow is the instrument of God's justice to punish, to torture, and vex them, as an ichneumon doth a crocodile. They shall be recompensed according to the works of their hands, as Haman was hanged on the gallows he provided for Mordecai; "They shall have sorrow of heart, and be de- stroyed from under the heaven," Thre. iii. 64,65, 66. Only be thou patient: ^^vincit qui p-atitur: and in the end thou shalt be crowned. Yea, but 'tis a hard matter to do this flesh and blood may not abide it; ''tis grave., grave! no (Chrysostom replies) non Cbi. grave^ b homo! 'tis not so grievous, " " neither had God commanded it, if it had been so difficult." But how shall it be done.'' "Easily," as he follows it, "if ihou shalt look to heaven, behold the beauty of it, and what God hath promised to such as put up injuries." But if thou resist and go about vim vi repellere, as the custom of tlie world is, to right thyself, or hast given just cause of offence, 'tis no injury then but a condign punishment ; thou bast deserved as much : A te princi- 100 Pro. 1 Contend not with a greater man, Pro. Occidere possum. » Non facile aut tutum in eum ecribere qui potest proscribere. « Arcana lacere, otium rectecollocare, iiijuriam posse ferre.ditlicillinium. • Psal. xlv. 'Rom. xii. ' ['sa. xiii. 12. 'Nullus tarn .severe iniinicum siiuni ytcisci potest, quam Dens •olet miiscrorum oppressores • Arctiirus in Plaul. " He adjudicates judgment again, and punishes with a still greater penalty." '» Hor. 3. od. 2. " VVisd. xi. 6. '2 Juvenal. '^ Apud Christipios non n^jl patitur, sed qui facit injiiriani miser est. Lec Mt. 14 Neijue pr-Tcepisset Deus si grave fuisset, >jt' V' • '» tiorje potero? facile si coeluir. suepexeiid; e. sju* «■ S cbritudine, f,' quod pollicetur Deus, &c. iM..m 7. J Remedies af^ainst Discontents. 381 pium, .n te recrc^it crimen quod a te fuit ; peccasfi, quiesce, as Ambrose txpustiilates with Cain, li.t. 3. de Mel et Cain. '^Dionysius of Syracuse, in his exile, was madf to sia^nA. \\'\\hQVii doox., patienter fcrendum.1 fortassc nos tale quid fecimus, quum in hofvore essemus, he wisely put it up, and laid the fault where it was, on his own pride and scorn, which in his prosperity he had formerly showed others. 'Tis ""Tully's axiom, y^rre ea molestissime homines non debeni, quce ipsorum culpa con- tractu simt, self do, self have, as the saying is, they may thank themselves. For lie that doth wrong must look to be wronged again; habet et musca splenem^ et for- mica, sua bills inest. The least fly hath a spleen, and a little bee a sting. "An ass overwhelmed a thistlewarp's nest, the little bird pecked his galled back in revenge ; and the humble-bee in the fable flung down the eagle's eggs out of Jupiter's lap. Bracides, in Plutarch, put liis hand into a mouse's nest and hurt her young ones, she bit him by the finger: ** I see now (saith he) there is no creature so contemptible,"~ that will not be revenged. 'Tis lex. talionis., and the nature of all things so to do : if thou wilt live quietly thyself, '^do no wrong to others; if any be done thee, put it up, with patience endure it, for ^''" this is thankworthy," saith our apostle, " if any man for conscience towards God endure grief, and suffer wrong undeserved ; for what praise is it, if when ye be bufleted for you faults, ye take it patiently } But if when you do well, ye sufler wrong, and take it patiently, there is thanks with God ; for hereunto verily we are called." Qui mala nonfert^ ipse sibi testis est per impatien- tiam quod bonus non est.^ "he that cannot bear injuries, witnesseth against himself that he is no good man," as Gregory holds. ^'"-'Tis die nature of wicked men to do injuries, as it is the property of all honest men patiently to bear them." Impro- bitas nullojlectitur obsequio. The wolf in the ^emblem sucked the goat (so the shepherd would have it), but he kept nevertheless a wolf's nature; "^a knave will be a knave. Injury is on the other side a good man's footboy, his^j^ws Achates^ and as a lackey follows him wheresoever he goes. Besides, misera est forluna qum caret inimico., he is in a miserable estate that wants enemies :^^ it is a thing not to be avoided, and therefore with more patience to be endured. Cato Censorius, tliat upright Cato of whom Paterculus gives that honourable eulogium, bene fecit quod aliter facere non potuit, was ■^^ fifty times indicted and accused by his fellow citizens, and as ^"Ammianus well hath it, Quis erit innocens si clam vel palam accusasse suffi- ciat? if it be sufficient to accuse a man openly or in private, who shall be free .'' If there were no other respect than that of Christianity, religion and the like, to induce men to be long-suflering and patient, yet methinks the nature of injury itself is suf- ticient to keep them quiet, the tumults, uproars, miseries, discontents, anguish, loss, dangers that attend upon it might restrain the calamities of contention : for as it is with ordinary gamesters, the gams go to the box, so falls it out to such as contend ; ;_the lawyers get all ; and therefore if they would consider of it, aliena pericula cantos, other men's misfortunes in this kind, and common experience might detain them. ^^The more they contend, the more they are involved in a labyrinth of woes, and the catastrophe is to consume one another, like the elephant and dragon's conflict in Pliny ;^'^ the dragon got under the elephant's belly, and sucked his blood so long, till he fell down dead upon the dragon, and killed him with the fall, so both were ruined. 'Tis a hydra's head, coiUention; the more they strive, tlie more they may: and as Praxiteles did by his glass, when he saw a scurvy face in it, brake it in pieces : but for that one he saw many more as bad in a moment: for one injury done they provoke another cum fwnore^ and twenty enemies for one. JYoli irrilare cra- brones^ oppose not thyself to a multitude : but if thou hast received a wrong, wisely consider of it, and if thou canst possibly, compose thyself with patience to bear it. This is the safest course, and thou shalt find greatest ease to be quiet. ^^ I say the same of scofls, slanders, contumelies, obloquies, defamations, detrac- 16 Valer. lib. 4. cap. 1. WEp. Q. frat. "Came- rarius, enib. 75. cen. 2. '« Pape, inquit : nullum animal tam pu8ilh n quod non cupiat iilcisci. i^duod tihi fieri n< ii vis alteri ne feceris. 20 j i>et. ii. "Siquideni malurum proprium est inferre daniiia, et !)onorum pedissequa est injuria. "Ainiat. emh. *» Naturaui exfiellas furca licet usque recurret. ^" By itiauy indignities we come to dignities. Tibi subjicito <|ua; fiuiit aliis. furtum convitia. &:c. Etin iix in te ad- missis non excandesces. Epictetus. ^s Plutarch, quiiiquaaies Catojii dies dicta ab inimicis. 26 Lji). 18. 2' Hoc PCI o pro certo quod si cum stercore certo, vinco seu vincor, semper ego luaculor. ^s |,ib. 8. cap. 2 '^1* Obloquutus est, probruuique tibi intulit quispiam, sive vera is dixerit, sive falsa, maximaiii tii>i curonam texueris si mansuete convitiuiii tuieris. Ck"- ys. in •} cap. ad Rom. sur, 10. 382 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3 lions, oasquilling libels, and the like, which may tend any way to our disgrace : 'tis but opinion ; if we could neglect, contemn, or with patience digest them, they woult' reflect on them that ofiered them at first. A wise citizen, I know not whence, had a scold to his wife : when she brawled, he played on his drum, and by that m^ns madded her more, because she saw that he would not be moved. Diogenes in a crowd when one call-ed him back, and told him how the boys laughed him to scorn, Ego, inquH, non rideor, took no notice of it. Socrates was brought upon the stage by Aristophanes, and misused to his face, but he laughed as if it concerned him not and as jElian relates of him, whatsoever good or bad accident or fortune befel him going in or coming out, Socrates still kept the same countenance ; even so should a Christian do, as Hierom describes \\\m, per infaviiam et honam famam grassari ad immortaUtatem, march on tiirough good and bad reports to immortality, ™ not to be moved : for honesty is a sufficient reward, probltas sibi premium ; and in our times the sole recompense to do well, is, to do well : but naughtiness will punish itself at last, ^^Improhls ipsa nequitia suppUcium. As the diverb is, "Giii beri6 feceruiit, illi sii;i facta sequentur; " I "They that do well, shall have reward at last:/'^ aui male feceruiit, facta sciiuentur eos :" | But they that ill, shall suffer for that's past:" Yea, but I am ashamed, disgraced, dishonoured, degraded, exploded : my noto- rious crimes and villanies are come to light [dcprendi miserum est), my filthy lust, abominable oppression and avarice lies open, my good name's lost, my fortune 's gone, I have been stigmatised, whipt at post, arraigned and condemned, I am a com- mon obloquy, I have lost my ears, odious, execrable, abhorred of God and men. Bt content, 'tis but a nine days' wonder, and as one sorrow drives out another, one pas sion another, one cloud another, one rumour is expelled by another ; every day almost, come new news unto our ears, as how the sun was eclipsed, meteors seen in tlie air, monsters born, prodigies, how the Turks were overthrown in Persia, an earthquake in Helvetia, Calabria, Japan, or China, an inundation in Holland, a great plague in Constantinople, a fire at Prague, a dearth in Germany, such a man is made a lord, a bishop, another hanged, deposed, pressed to death, for some murder, trea- son, rape, theft, oppression, all which we do hear at first with a kind of admiration, detestation, consternation, but by and by they are buried in silence : thy father 's dead, thy brother robbed, wife runs mad, neighbour hath killed hiiriself; 'tis heavy, ghastly, fearful news at first, in every man's mouth, table talk; but after a while who speaks or thinks of it .? Jt will be so with thee and thine ofl^ence, it will be forgotten in an instant, be it theft, rape, sodomy, murder, incest, treason, &c., thou art not the first ofl^ender, nor shalt not be the last, 'tis no wonder, every hour such malefactors are called in question, nothing so common, Quocunque in populo, quo- cunque sub axef^ Comfort thyself, thou art not the sole man. If he that were guiltless himself should fling the first stone at thee, and he alone should accuse thee that were faultless, how many executioners, how many accusers wouldst thou have .'' If every man's sins were written in his forehead, and secret faults known, how many thousands would parallel, if not exceed thine offence .' It may be the judge that gave sentence, the jury that condemned thee, the spectators that gazed on thee, de- served much more, and were far more guilty than thou thyself. But it is thine infe- licity to be taken, to be made a public example of justice, to be a terror to the rest; yet should every man have his desert, thou wouldest peradventure be a saint in com- parison ; vexat censura cohwibas, poor souls are punished ; the great ones do twenty thouse-^vd times worse, and are not so much as spoken of. 33" Non rete accipitri tenditur neque iiiilvio, I "The net's not laid for kites or birds of prey, Q.ui male faciunt nohis ; illis qui nil faciunt tenditnr." | But for the harmless still our gins we lay." Be not dismayed then, humanum est errare, we are all sinners, daily and houn^ subject to temptations, the best of us is a hypocrite, a grievous offender in God's sight, Noah, Lot, David, Peter, &c., how many mortal sins do we commit .'' Shall I say, be penitent, ask forgiveness, and make amends by the sequel of thy life, for that foul offence thou hast committed .'' recover thy credit by some noble exploit, as Themistocles did, for he was a most debauched and vicious youth, sed juventre ma- culas prcBclaris factis delevit, but made the world amends by brave exploits ; H last soTullius epist. Dolabella, tu fnrti sis animn; et tna 1 s> Boethius consol. lib. 4. pros. 3. W'Ainongst per moderatio, constanlia, eoruij infamet iiijuriani. 1 pie in ever) clim.ite." ss -j'er. Phor. Mem 7 ^ Remedies against Discontents. 383 become a new man, and seek to be reformed. He that runs away in a battle, as Demosthenes said, may fight again ; and he that hath a fall may stand as upright as ever he dm before. JVemo desperet meliora lapsus, a wicked liver may be reclaimed, and prove an honest man ; he that is odious in present, hissed out, an exile, may be received again with all men's favours, and singular applause ; so Tully was in Rome Alcibiades in Athens. Let thy disgrace then be what it will, quod Jit, infectum nor. potest esse, mat which is past cannot be recalled ; trouble not thyself, vex and grieve thyself no more, be it obloquy, disgrace, &c. No better way, than to neglect, con- team, or seem not to regard it, to make no reckoning of it, Deesse robur arguit dica- citas : if thou be guiltless it concerns thee not : — ^* " Irrita vaniloquiE quid ciiras spicula lingus, Latraiitfin curatiie alta Diana canem ?" Doth the moon care for the barking of a dog } They detract, scoff and rail, saith one, ^ and bark at me on every side, but I, like that Albanian dog sometimes given to Alexander for a present, vindico me ab ilUs solo contemptu, I lie still and sleep, vindicate myself by contempt alone. ^^Expers terroris Ackilles armatus: as a tor- toise in his shell, ^'^ virtute mea me involvo, or an urchin round, nil moror ictus, ^a. lizard in camomile, I decline their fury and am safe. " InK-gritas virtiisqiie suo munimine tuta, I " Virtue and integrity are their own fence. Noil patet adverscB inorsibus invidiae:" | Care not for envy or what comes from thence." Let them rail then, scoff, and slander, sapiens contumellci non ajicitur, a wise man, Seneca thinks, is not moved, because he knows, contra Sycophantce morsum non est remedium, there is no remedy for it : kings ami princes, wise, grave, prudent, holy, good men, divine, are all so served alike. '^'^OJane dtergo quem nulla ciconia pi/nslt, Antevorta and Postvorta, Jupiter's guardians, may not help in this case, they cannot protect ; Moses had a Dathan, a Corath, David a Shimei, God himself is blasphemed : nondu7n felix es si te nondum turba deridet. It is an ordinary thing so to be mis- used. '^°Kegiu7n est cum bene faceris male audire, the chiefest men and most under standing are so vilified ; let him take his "" course. And as that lusty courser in Ji^sop, that contemned the poor ass, came by and by after with his bowels burst, i pack on his back, and M'as derided of the same ass : contemnentur ab Us qiios ipsi priUs contempsere, et irrldebuntur ab Us quos ipsi priiis irriserc, they shall be con- temned and laughed to scorn of those whom they have formerly derided. Let them contemn, defame, or undervalue, insult, oppress, scoff, slander, abuse, wrong, curse and swear, feign and lie, do thou comfort thyself with a good conscience, in sinu gaudeas, when they have all done, ''^"•a good conscience is a continual feast," inno- cency M'ill vindicate itself: and which the poet gave out of Hercules, diis fruitur iratis, enjoy thyself, though all the world be set against thee, contemn and say with him, Elogium mihi prce foribus, my posy is, " not to be moved, that " my palladium, my breast-plate, my buckler, with which I ward all injuries, offences, lies, slanders ; 1 lean upon that stake of modesty, so receive and break asunder all that foolish force of liver and spleen." And whosoever he is that shall observe these short instruc- tions, without all question he shall much ease and benefit himself. In fine, if princes would do justice, judges be upright, clergymen truly devout, and so live as they teach, if great men would not be so insolent, if soldiers would quietly defend us, the poor would be patient, rich men would be liberal and humble, citizens honest, magistrates meek, superiors would give good example, subjects peaceable, young men would stand in awe : if parents would be kind to their children, and diey again obedient to their parents, brethren agree amongst themselves, enemies be reconciled, servants trusty to their masters, virgins chaste, wives modest, husbands would be loving and less jealous : if we could imitate Christ and his apostles, live after God's laws, these mischiefs would not so frequently happen amongst us ; but being most pait so irreconcilable as we are, perverse, proud, insolent, factious, and 3 vitiis. Othn. 2. imperat. symb. siDsmon te nunquam otiosum inveniat. Hieron- '^Diu deliberandum quod statuenduin est semel. ssjn. sipieiitis est dicere non putarnm. ^ Ames parentem. si equuni, aliter feras ; prsstcs parentibus pielatem, amicis dilcttionem. ^sconiprime linguam. Quid d» quoque viro et cui dicas saepe caveto. l.iibentius audia.« quam loquaris : vive ut vivas IVTem. 7.] Remedies against Discontents. 385 ^sustine et absfine. If thou seesl ought amiss in another, mend it in thyself. Keep dune own counsel, reveal not thy secrets, be silent in thine intentions. *' Give not ear to tale-tellers, babblers, be not scurrilous in conversation : *^jest without bitter- ness : give no man cause of offence : set thine house in order • ®^ take heed of surety- ship. ^°Fide et dijftde^ as a fox on the ice, take heed whom you trust. ''' Live noi beyond thy means. ^' Give cheerfully. Pay thy dues willingly. Be not a slave to hy money ; ^^ omit not occasion, embrace opportunity, lose no time. Be humble o thy superiors, respective to thine equals, affable to all, ^^ but not familiar. Flatter " o man. ^^ Lie not. dissemble not. Keep thy word and promise, be constant in a good resolution. Speak truth. Be not opiniative, maintain no factions. Lay nu wagers, make no comparisons. ^®Find no faults, meddle not with other men's mat- ters. Admire not thyself ''^ Be not proud or popular. Insult not. Purtunam reve- rentur Jiabe. ''^ Fear not that which cannot be avoided. ®^ Grieve not for that which cannot be recalled. ™ Undervalue not thyself " Accuse no man, commend no man rashly. Go not to law without great cause. Strive not with a greater man. Cast Jiot off an old friend, take heed of a reponciled enemy. " If thou come as a guesl stay not too long. Be not unthankful. Be meek, merciful, and patient. Do good to all Be not fond of fair words. "Be not a neuter in a faction ; moderate thy passions. "Think no place without a witness. "Admonish thy friend in secret, commend him in public. Keep good company. ™Love others to be beloved thy- self Ama tanquam osurus. Amicus tardojias. Provide for a tempest. JVb/i irritare crabrones. Do not prostitute thy soul for gain. Make not a fool of thyself to make others merry. Marry not an old crony or a fool for money. Be not over solicitous or curious. Seek that which may be found. Seem not greater than thou art. Take thy pleasure soberly. Ocymum ne terito. "Live merrily as thou canst. "^Take heed by other men's examples. Go as thou wouldst be met, sit as thou wouldst be found, '^ yield to the time, follow the stream. Wilt thou live free from fears and cares.? '*°Live innocently, keep thyself upright, thou needest no otlier keeper, &c." f Look for more in Isocrates, Seneca, Plutauch, Epictetus, Stc, and for defect, consult with cheese-trenchers and painted cloths. MEMB. VIII. Against Melancholy itself. "Every man," saith *' Seneca, "thinks his own burthen the heaviest," and j« melancholy man above all others complains most; weariness of life, abhorring all company and light, fear, sorrow, suspicion, anguish of mind, bashfulness, and those other dread symptoms of body and mind, must needs aggravate this misery; yet compared to other maladies, they are not so heinous as they be taken. For first this disease is either in habit or disposition, curable or incurable. If new and in disposition, 'tis commonly pleasant, and it may be helped. If inveterate, or a habit, yet they have lucida intervalla, sometimes well, and sometimes ill ; or if more con- tinuate, as the *'^ Vejentes were to the Romans, 'tis hosfis mugis assiduus quam gravis, a more durable enemy than dangerous : and amongst many inconveniences, some comforts are annexed to it. First it is not catching, and as Erasmus comforted him- self, when he was grievously sick of the stone, though it was most troublesome, and tu intolerable pain to him, yet it was no whit offensive to others, not loathsome to ^Epictetus: nptiine feceris si ea fiigeris quae in alio .•eprehendis. Nemitii dixeris quae nolis efferri. »' Fuge Busurrones. Percontatorem fugito, Sec. "iSint sales sine vilitatp. Sen. s^Sponde, preslo nnxa. "" Cainerar. enib. 55. cent. 2. cave cui credas, vel nemini .»das Epicarinus. s' Tecum habita. Baflisdat qui ciio dat. «! post est occasio calva. " Ni- niia faniiliarltas paril conteniptU(n. ssMendacium servile vitiiim. ss Arcanum neqiie inscrutaberis Jllius unquam, commlssumque teges, Hor. lib. 1, ep. 10. Nee tua 'audabis .lt-. le. «' Ne te qiiffisiveris extra. eegtuit,,,,, rst tiinere, quod v''ari non potest. '^ De re ainissa '•teparabili ne doleas. 'I'lartt eris aliis quanli ' snum onus intolerabile viilotnr "^ Liviiw. ^9 2 H tibi fueris. " Neminem esto laudes vel accusew. ■■^Nullius hnspitis grata est mora longa. 'sSolonis lex apud. Aristntelem Oellius lib. 2. cap. 12. '< Nullum locum putes sine teste, semper adesse Dcum rogita 'sSecreto amicos admone, lauda palaiii. i^Vt ameris amabilis esto. Eros et anterosgemelli Veneris, amatio et redaniatio. Plat. "Dum fata sinunt vivite la-ti, Seneca. "' Id apprime in vita utile, ex aliis observare sibi quod ex usu siet. Ter. '».l)um furor in cursn currenti cede furori. Cretizandum cum Crete. Teniporibus servi, nee contra tiainina (la(o. M Nulla certiorcustodia innocentia inexpugnabile nsu- nimentum innniiiiento non egere. ''i I'nicuiQu* 386 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. i the spectators, gnictly, fulsome, terrible, as plagues, apoplexies, leprosies, wound? sores, tetters, pox, pestilent agues are, which either admit of no company, terrify oi ')ffeiid those that are present. In this malady, that which is, is wholly to them- selves : and those symptoms not so dreadful, if they be compared to the opposite extremes. They are most part bashful, suspicious, solitary, &c., therefore no sucli ambitious, impudent intruders as some are, no sharkers, no conycatchers, nc prowlers, no sniell-feasts, praters, panders, parasites, bawds, drunkards, whoremas- ters , necessity and defect compel them to be honest ; as Mitio told Demea in the ** co.nedy, '• Hpbc si neqiie ego neque tu fecinius, Noil si nit ogestas facere nos." '•' If we be honest 'twas poverty made us so :" if we melancholy men be not as Gad as he that is worst, 'tis our dame melancholy kept us so : JVon decrat voluntas sed facultas. ^* Bes^ides they are freed in this from many other infirmities, solitariness makes them more apt to contemplate, suspicion wary, which is a necessary humour in these times, ''''JYam pal qui maxime cavet., is scppe" cautor captus est^ " he that takes most heed, is often circumvented, and overtaken." Fear and sorrow keep them temperate and sober, and free them from any dissolute acts, which jollity and boldness thrust men upon : they are tlierefore no sicarii., roaring boys, thieves or assassins. As they are soon dejected, so they are as soon, by soft words and good persuasions, reared. Wearisomeness of life makes them they are not so besotted on the transitory vain pleasures of the world. If they dote in one thing, they are wise and well under- standing in most other. If it be inveterate, they are insensati^ most part doting, or quite mad, insensible of any wrongs, ridiculous to others, but most happy and secure to themselves. Dotage is a state which many much magnify and commend : so is simplicity, and folly, as he said, ^^hic furor b superi, sit mihi perpetuus. Some think fools and dizzards live the merriest lives, as Ajax in Sophocles, JYihil scire vita jucundissima^ "• 'tis the pleasantest life to know nothing ;" iners malorum remedium ignorantia, " ignorance is a downright remedy of evils." These curious arts and laborious sciences, Galen's, Tully's, Aristotle's, Justinian's, do but trouble the world some tliink ; we might live better with that illiterate Virginian simplicity, and gross ignorance ; entire idiots do best, they are not macerated with cares, tormented with fears, and anxiety, as other wise men are : for as ^'he said, if folly were a pain, you should hear them howl, roar, and cry out in every house, as you go by in the street, but they are most free, jocund, and merry, and in some "* countries, as amongst the Turks, honoured for saints, and abundantly maintained out of the common stock. ^'^ They are no dissemblers, liars, hypocrites, for fools and madmen tell commonly truth. In a word, as they are distressed, so are they pitied, which some hold better than to be envied, better to be sad than merry, better to be foolish and quiet, qw^im sapere el ringi^ to be wise and still vexed ; better to be miserable than happy : of two extremes it is the best. SECT. IV. MEMB. I. Sub SECT. I. — Of Physic which cureth with Medicines After a long and tedious discourse of these six non-natural things and their several rectifications, all which are comprehended in diet, I am come now at last to Pharmaceutice, or that kind of physic which cureth by medicines, which apotheca- ries most part make, mingle, or sell in their shops. Many cavil at this kind of physic, and hold it unnecessary, unprofitable to this or any other disease, because those countries which use it least, live longest, and are best in health, as ^"Hector Boethius relates o^ the isles of Orcades, the people are still sound of body and mind, without any use of physic, they live commonly 120 years, and Ortelius in his 8»Ter. scen.a. Adelpliiis. ^i " 'Twjis not the will I The Greeks first made an art of it, and they were all deluded by Apollo's sons, priests, oracles. If we may believe Varro, Pliny, Colu- mella, most of their best medicines were derived from his oracles. iEsculapius his son had his temples erected to his deity, and did many famous cures ; but, as Lac- tantius holds, he was a magician, a mere impostor, and as his successors, Phaon, Podalirius, Melampius, Menecrates, (another God), by charms, spells, and ministry of bad spirits, performed most of their cures. The first that ever wrote in physic to any purpose, was Hippocrates, and his disciple and commentator Galen, whom ScaUger calls Fimbriam Hippocrat is; but as '^^ Cardan censures them, both imme- thodical and obscure, as all those old ones are, their precepts confused, their medi- cines obsolete, and now most part rejected. Those cures which they did, Paracelsus holds, were rather done out of their patients' confidence, ""and good opinion they 9' Parvo viventes laboriosi, longiBvi, siio conienti, ad centum annos vivunt.. 92 Lib. 6. de Nup. Philol. Ultra liumaiiam fragilitatem prolixly ut immature pe- real qui centenarius moriatur, &c. ^3 Victus enrum caseo et lacle consistit, potus aqua et serum; pisces loco panis habent ; ita multos annns sspe 250 absque medico «! medicina vivunt. si Lib. de 4. complex. •* Per mortes aaunt experimenta et animas nostras rie- goiiantiir pi quod aliis exitiale hoiniuem occid*'''" '''"f iitipunitas summa. Plinius. "sj^ypj,. 67 Omnis morbus lethalis aut ciirabilis, in vitatn definit aut iu mortem. Ulroque igitur modo medicina iiiutilis; si lethalis, curari iion potest; si curabilis, non nqiiirit medicum: natura expellet. '« In interpretationes politico-morales in 7 Aphorism. Hippoc. lihros. "9 Pra;- fat. de coiitrad. med. "•"Opinio Cacil niidiios: a fail g.Twn, a velvet cap, Uis uauie of a doctor is ull in all. 388 ' Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 4. had of tbem, tlian out of any skill of theirs, which was very small, he saith, they themselves idiots and infants, as are all their academical followers. The Arabians eceived it from the Greeks, and so the Latins, adding new precepts and medicines of their own, but so imperfect still, that through ignorance of professors, impostois, mountebanks, empirics, disagreeing of sectaries, (which are as many almost as theie be diseases) envy, covetousness, and the like, they do much harm amongst us. They are so different in their consultations, prescriptions, mistaking many times the par ties' constitution, ' disease, and causes of it, they give quite contrary physic 5 ''''one .saith this, another that," out of singularity or opposition, as he said of Adiian, mul- iiliido mcdicorum principcm interfecit, " a multitude of physicians hath (idled the Muperor ;" plus a medico quam a morho periculi, " more danger there is from the physician, than from the disease." Besides, there is much imposture and malice 'imongst them. "All arts (saith "Cardan) admit of cozening, physic, amongst the rest, doth appropriate it to herself;" and tells a story of one Curtius, a physician HI Venice : because he was a stranger, and practised amongst them, Uie re^t of the f)hysicians did still cross him in all his precepts. If he prescribed not medicines ,hey would prescribe cold^ viiscentes pro calidis frigida^i pro frigit is humida., pro purgantihus astringentia., binders for purgatives, omnia perturhahani. If the party miscarried, Curtium dcminabant, Curtius killed him, that disagreed fr* m them : if he recovered, then '' they cured him themselves. Much emulation, int^,osture, maHce, there is amongst them : if they be honest and mean well, yet a ki j,ve apothecary ihat administers the physic, and makes the medicine, may do infin ie harm, by his old obsolete doses, adulterine drugs, bad mixtures, quid pro quo, S^i . See Fuchsius lib. 1. sect. 1. cap. 8. Cordus' Dispensatory, and Brassivola's Ex Men simpl. »leip I. Subs. 2.] Medicinal Physic. 339 of it, \\'hich in other places was accustomed : and therefore Cambyses in '"Xenophon lold Cyrus, that to his thinking, physicians '•' were like tailors and cobblers, the one mended our sick bodies, as the other did our clothes." But I will urge these cavil- ling and contumelious arguments-no farther, lest some physician should mistake me, and deny me physic when I am sick : for my part, I am well persuaded of physic : I can distinguisli the abuse from the use, in this and many other arts and sciences : "n^liud vinwm., aliud chriclas., wine and drunkenness are two distinct things. I acknowledge it a most noble and divine science, in so much that Apollo, iEsculapius, and the first founders of it, merllo pro diis habiti., were worthily counted gods by suc- ceeeding ages, for the excellency of their invention. And whereas Apollo at Delos, Vcnu= at Cyprus, Diana at Ephesus, and those other gods were confined and adored alone in some peculiar places: A^-sculapius and his temple and altars everywhere, in Corinth, Lacedaemon, Athens, Thebes, Epidaurus, &c. Pausanius records, for the latitude of his art, diety, worth, and necessity. With all virtuous and wise men therefore I honour the name and calling, as I am enjoined " to honour the physician for necessity's sake. The knowledge of the physician lifteth up his head, and in the sight of great men he sliall be admired. The Lord hath created medicines of the earth, and he that is wise will not abhor them," Eccies. Iviii 1. But of this noble subject, how many panegyrics are worthily written.^ For my part, as Sallust said of Carthage, prcRstat silere, quam pauca dlccre ; I have said, yet one thing I will add, that this kind of physic is very moderately and advisedly to be used, upon good occasion, when the former of diet will not take place. And 'tis no other which 1 say, than that which Arnoldus prescribes in his 8. Aphoris. '-'^ A discreet and goodly physician doth first endeavour to expel a disease by medicinal diet, than by pure medicine:" and in his ninth, '^"he that may be cured by diet, must not meddle with physic." So in 11. Aphoris. ""'A modest and wise physician will never hasten lo use medicines, but upon urgent necessity, and that sparingly too :" because (as he adds in his 13. Aphoris.) '^"Whosoever takes much physic in his youth, shall soon bewail it in his old age :" purgative physic especially, which doth much debi- litate nature. For which causes some physicians refrain from the use of purgatives, or else sparingly use them. '® Henricus Ayrerus in a consultation for a melancholy person, would have him take as few purges as he could, " because there be no such medicines, which do not steal away some of our strength, and rob the parts of our body, weaken nature, and cause that cacochyniia," which "Celsus and others observe, or ill digestion, and bad juice through all the parts of it. Galen himself confesseth, '^" that purgative physic is contrary to nature, takes away some of our best spirits, and consumes the very substance of our bodies :" But this, without question, is to be understood of such purges as are unseasonably or immoderately taken : they have their excellent use in this, as well as most other infirmities. Of alteratives and cor- dials no man doubts, be they simples or compounds. I will amongst that infinite variety of medicines, which I find in every pharmacopoeia, every physician, herb- alist, '&.C., single out some of the chiefest. SuBSECT. II. — Simples proper to Melancholy, against Exotic Simples. Medicines properly applied to melancholy, are either simple or compound. Simples are alterative or purgative. Alteratives are such as correct, strengthen nature, alter, any way hinder or resist the disease ; and they be herbs, stones, minti- rdls, &.C. all proper to this humour. For as there be diverse distinct infirmities •continually vexing us, '^" NoCffoi i' avSpi)zoiiri ed> fiufon !:S' £7ri vvkti I ,, _,. . ^ ,. j j ■ u , . . ^~ -a - J- " Diseasps steal both day and night on men, ^, ^", ■'^ , >^ „ .J " .. I For Jupiter hath taken voice from thein: l,iyr], lira ipMvnv ii,i.iAc.TO unriiTa Ztuj- I So there be several remedies, as ^ he saith, " each disease a medicine, for even' '"Cyrip. lih. I. Velut vestium fractarum resarcina- tores, &,c. " Chrys. hom. 12 Prudens et plus medicus, morbum ante expellere satagit. cihis niedici- nalibus, quam puris medicinis. isCiiicuiique potest per alimenta restjtui sanitas, frugiendus est penitiis usus medicanientnrum. " Modestus et sapiens medi- eu8, nunquam propeiabit ad pharniaciain, nisi cogente tute, deflebit in senectule. '^ Hildish. spic. 2. At mel. fnl. 276. Nulla est firme medicina purgaiis, quif lion aliquam rieviribuset partibus corporis depiiedatur. >' Lib. ]. et Bart. lib. 8. cap. 12. 'b De vict. acut. Oiiine piirgans niedicamentuin, corpori piirgalo con- trarium, &-. succos et spiritiis abdiicit. substantiarn corporis aulert. " Hesiod. op. 2" Heuriiius pra;f. ■eccssitate. '^Quiciinque piiarm^catur in juven- prii. med. Cluot niorboriivat. 60Conferl ad boiiuin intellectum, comprimit malas coiii. tationes, &c. Alacres reddit. '' Alhortus, Ence- lius, cap 44. lib. 3. Plin. lib. 37- cap. 10. Jacobus de Doiidis: dextro brachio alligatus sanat lunaticos, insa- nos, facit aniabiles, jucundos. <>* Valet contra lupelleciileni ditant, e fascino tuentur, niorhis ineden- j phantasticas illusiones ex melancholia. ^^ Aniente.s ur. sanitatem conservant, mentem e.iliilarant, trisli- ' sanat, tristitiam pellit, iram, &c. wvaletadfu- liam pellunt. '■^ Enceluis, I. 3. c. 4. Stispensus gaudos iiniorHS et diemoiies, turbulenta sonuiia abjgit vel cbibitus tristitia; niultuni resislit, et ror recreat. et rioetnriios piierorini tnnore.'^ conipescit. "sSouinia *' idem. cap. 5. el cap. G. de llyacinttiu et Tupaziu. Iram ^ la-ta faiit ar^euteu uiinulo gestatus. 50 394 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 4. j)liy, cap. 3. speaking of the virtues of a loadstone, recites many several opinions; some say that if it be taken in parcels inward, si quis per fruslra voref,,juenlule'7i restituci, it will, like viper's wine, restore one to his youth; and yei if carried about them, others will have it to cause melancholy, let experience determine. Mercurialis admires the emerald for its virtues in pacifying all aflbctions of the mind.; others the sapphire, which is "the ®^ fairest of all precious stones, of sky colour, and a great enemy to black choler, frees the mind, mends manners," &c. Jacobus de Dondis, in his catalogue of simples, hath ambergrease, os in corde cervi, "the bone in a stag's heart, a monocerot's horn, bezoar's stone (^^of which else- where), it is found in the belly of a little beast in the East Indies, brought into Europe by Hollanders, and our countrymen merchants. Renodeus, cap. 22. lib. 3. de menf. vied, saith he saw two of these beasts alive, in the castle of the Lord of Vitry at Coubert. Lapis lazuli and armenus, because they purge, shall be mentioned in their place. Of the rest in brief thus much 1 will add out of Cardan, Renodeus, cap. 23. lib. 2. Rondoletius, //T*. \.de Teslal.c. 15.t^'c.«9'-''That almost all jewels and precious stones have excellent virtues to pacify the affections of the mind, for which cause rich men so much covet to have them : ™and those smaller unions which are found in shells amongst the Persians and Indians, by the consent of all writers, are very cordial, and most part avail to the exhilaration of the heart." Minerals.] Most men say as much of gold and some other minerals, as these have done of precious stones. Erastus still maintains the opposite part. DispuL in Paracelsum. cap. 4.fol. 196. he confesseth of gold, ""that it makes the heart merry, but in no other sense but as it is in a miser's chest :" at mihi plaudo simul ac nuininos contemplor in area., as he said in the poet, it so revives the spirits, and is an excellent recipe against melancholy, '2 Por gold in physic js a cordial, Therefore he loved gold in special. Aurum potabile^'^ he discommends and inveighs against it, by reason of the corrosive waters which are used in it : which argument our Dr. Guin urgeth against D. Anto- nius. '■'Erastus concludes their philosophical stones and potable gold, &.c. " to be no better than poison," a mere imposture, a nan ens ; dug out of that broody hill belike this golden stone is, ubi nascclur ridiculvs mus. Paracelsus and his chemis- tical followers, as so many Promethei, will fetch fire from heaven, will cure all man- ner of diseases with minerals, accounting them the only physic on the other side. '* Paracelsus calls Galen, Hippocrates, and all their adherents, infants, idiots, sophis- ters, &c. Apagesis istos qui Vulcanias istas metamorphoses sugillant., inscitice sobo- les, supines. pertinacicB alumnos., ^t., not worthy the name of physicians, for want of these remedies : and brags that by them he can make a man live 160 years, or to the world's end, with their ''^Jilexipharmacums., Panaceas, Mummias., ungwnlum Jlr- marium, and such magnetical cures, Lampas vitcB et mortis, Balneum Diana;, Bal- samum, Electrum Magico-physicum, Jlmuleta Martialia, 8fc. What will not he and his followers effect } He brags, moreover, that he was primus medicoriim, and did more famous cures than all the physicians in Europe besides, ''' " a drop of his pre- parations should go farther than a drachm, or ounce of iheirs," those loathsome and fulsome filthy potions, heteroclitical pills (so he calls them), horse medicines, ad quoram aspectum Cyclops Polyphemus exhorresceref. And though some condemn their skill and magnetical cures as tending to magical superstition, witchery, charms &.C., yet they admire, stiffly vindicate nevertheless, and infinitely prefer them. But these are both in extremes, the middle sort approve of minerals, though not in so high a degree. Lemnius lib. 3. cap. 6. de occult, nat. mir. commends gold inwardly MAtraebili ariversatur, omnium gemmarum pulcli'— - nma.cceli coloreiii refert, aiiimuni ah errore liberal, mores in melius tiiutat. " Longis moeroribua feliciter meiietur, deliguiis, &c. cegen. 5. Meinb. 1. Subs. 5. '^Gestatueti l:i|ii(iuiii et gemmaruni maximum fert aiixi- liuni et jiivainen; undo qui dites sunt gemmas secum ferre student. "« Margarits et uniones quiE a con- chis et piscibiis apud Persas et Indos, valde cordiales •uiit, &c. '1 Aurum liEtiliam general, non in corde, tei ill area viiorum. '^Chaucer. '3 Aurum non aurum. Noxium ob aquas rodentes. '< Ep. ad Mona- viuui. Metailica omnia in universum quovismodo pa rata, nee tulo nee commode intra corpus snmi. '^Ip parag. Slulti^simus pilus occipitis niei plus scit, quam omiies vestri dnctores, et calceoriim mi-orum annuli doctiores sunt quam vesterGaieniis et Avicenna, tarbt mea pins expcrta est quam vestra^ omnes Academic 'CVide Ernestum Burgratium, edit. Franaker. fc?vi IBU. Crollius and others. '' Plus ■ iroficietgutfv u>« » quam lot eorum draclimee el uncise. iVlem. 1. Subs. 5.] Compound Jillcrallves. 395 and outwardly used, as in rings, excellent good in medicines; and such mixtures as are made for melancholy men, saith Wecker, aniid.spec. lib. I. to whom Renodeus sub- scribes, lib. 2. cap. 2. Ficinus, lib. 2. cap. 19. Fernel. meth. med. lib. 5. cap. 21. de Cardiacis. Daniel Sennertus, Z<7;. I. part. 2. cap. 9. Audernacus, Libavius, Quer- cetanus, Oswaldus CroUius, Euvonymus, Rubeus, and Matthiolus in the fourth book of his Epistles, Andreas a Blawen epist. ad MaUhiolum., as commended and formerly usetl by Avicenna, Arnoldus, and many others: ™ Matthiolus in the same place ap- proves of potable gold, mercury, with many such chemical confections, and goes so Car in approbation of them, that he holds '''''no man can be an excellent physician that hath not some skill in chemistical distillations, aud that chronic diseases can hardly be cured without mineral medicines:" look for antimony among purgers. SuBSECT. V. — Compound Mteratives ; censure of Compounds^ and mixed Physic. Pliny, Z(7». 24. c. 1, bitterly taxeth all compound medicines, ^°'-' Men's knavery, imposture, and captious wits, have invented those shops, in which every man's life is set to sale : and by and by came in those compositions and inexplicable mixtures, far-fetched out of India and Arabia ; a medicine for a botch must be had as far as the Red Sea." And 'tis not without cause which he saith; for out of question they are much to *' blame in their compositions, whilst they make infinite variety of mix- tures, as ^^^Fuchsius notes. "They think they get themselves great credit, excel others, and to be more learned than the rest, because they make many variations ; but he accounts them fools, and whilst they brag of their skill, and think to get themselves a name, they become ridiculous, betray their ignorance and error." A kw simples well prepared and understood, are better than such a heap of aoiisenise, confused compounds, which are in apothecaries' shops ordinarily sold. •■' In which many vain, superfluous, corrupt, exolete, things out of date are to be had (saith Cornarius) ; a company of barbarous nan\es given to syrups, juleps, an unnecessary company of mixed medicines ;" rudis indigestaque moles. Many times (as Agrippa taxeth) there is by this means ^^" more danger from the medicine than from the dis ease," when they put together they know not what, or leave it to an illiterate apothe cary to be made, they cause death and horror for health. Those old physicians had no such mixtures ; a simple potion of hellebore in Hippocrates' time was the ordi- nary purge ; and at this day, saith *' Mat. Riccius, in that flourishing commonwealth of China, " their physicians give precepts quite opposite to ours, not unhappy in their physic ; they use altogether roots, herbs, and simples in their medicines, and all their physic in a manner is comprehended in a herbal: no science, no school, no art, no degree, but like a trade, every man in private is instructed of his master." *^ardan cracks that he can cure all diseases with water alone, as Hippocrates of old did most infirmities with -one medicine. Let the best of our rational physicians de- monstrate and give a sufficient reason for those intricate mixtures, why just so many simples in mithridate or treacle, why such and such quantity; may they not be re- duced to half or a quarter } Frustrajit per plura (as the saying is) quod fieri potest per pauciora ; 300 simples in a julep, potion, or a little pill, to what end or pur- pose } I know not what ^^ Alkindus, Capivaecius, Montagna, and Simon Eitover, the best of them all and most rational, have said in this kind ; but neither he, they, nor any one of them, gives his reader, to my judgment, that satisfaction which he ought; why such, so many simples .'' Rog. Bacon hath taxed many errors in his tract de graduationibus, explained some things, but not cleared. Mercurialis in his book de composit. medicin. gives instance in Hamech, and Philonium Romanum, which Ha- mech an Arabian, and Philonius a Roman, long 'since composed, but crasse as the '* Noiiiiulli huic supra inodiim indulgent, usum etsi n medicine if it be rightly applied to a strong man, otherwise poison." For the pr» paring of it, look in Evonimi thesaurus, Quercetan, Oswaldus Crollius, Basil. Chim Basil. Valentius, Sfc. VTobacco, divine, rare, superexcellent tobacco, which goes far beyond all the pana- ceas, potable gold, and philosopher's stones, a sovereign remedy to all diseases. A good vomit, I confess, a virtuous herb, if it be well qualified, opportunely taken, and medicinally used ; but as it is commonly abused by most men, which take it as tinkers do ale, 'tis a plague, a mischief, a violent purger of goods, lands, healthy hellish, devilish and damned tobacco, the ruin and overthrow of body and soul. SuBSECT. II. — Simples purging Melancholy dovmward. Polypody and epithyme are, without all exceptions, gentle purgers of melan choly. Dioscorides will have them void phlegm; but Brassiyola out of his expe- rience averreth, that they purge this humour; they are used in decoction, infusion, &.C. simple, mixed, &c. Mirabolanes, all five kinds, are happily '^ prescribed against melancholy and quar- tan agues ; Brassivola speaks out '^ '•'■ of a thousand" experiences, he gave them in pills, decoctions, &c., look for peculiar receipts in him. Stoechas, fumitory, dodder, herb mercury, roots of capers, genista or broom, pen- i*In lib. 5, Dioscor. cap. 3. Otniiilius opitiilatur mor- bis, quns atrabilis exritavit coniitialjbus lic^que prcser- ti 111 qui Hjpoconiirjacas ohtinent passiones. '^ An- dreas Gallus, TridenliiMis inedicus, saliitem liuic inedi- cameiito post Deuin debet. '■• Inteffrs sanilati, brevi restitulus. Id quod aliis" accidisse scio, qui hoc mirabili niedicainento usi sunt. i^Ciui nielancho- • icus factus plane des^piebat, niultaque stulte loqueiia- >u<, tunc exiiihiium !?.. gr. ^til)iiiiM, quod paulo post ulrain bileui tx alvo eduxit (ut ego vidi, qui vocatua tanquani ad miraculum adfui testari possum,) et ra- menta tannuain cariiis dissecta in partes totuin excre- nientuni tanqunin sanguinem nigerrimuin reprxsenia- bat. 's Antinioniuui veuenum, non medicainniituin. " Cratonis ep. sect, vel ad Monavium ep. In utianiqiit partem dignissiniuiii niedicanientuui, si recte utenlur. secus veneiiuiii. i" Majrores fugant; utilissini? ilaiLtur inelaiirtiolicis et quaternariis. i^ Millief horuni vires expertus sum. 400 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2, Sec. 4 nyroyal and half-boiled cabbage, I find in this catalogue of purgers of black cholei. origan, featherfew, ammoniac'" salt, saltpetre. But these are very gentle ; alyppus, dragon root, centaury, ditany, colutea, which Fuchsius cap. 168 and others take for senna, but most distinguish. Senna is in the middle of violent and gentle purgers downward, hot in the second degree, dry in the first. Brassivola calls it ^'"a won- derful herb against melancholy, it scours the blood, lightens the spirits, shakes off sorrow, a most profitable medicine," as ^"Dodonaeus terms it, invented by the Arabians, and not heard of before. It is taken diverse ways, in powder, infusion, but most commonly in the infusion, with ginger, or some cordial flowers added to correct it. Actuarius commends it sodden in broth, with an old cock, or in whey, which is the common conveyor of all such things as purge black choler ; or steeped in wine, which Heurnius accounts sufficient, without any farther correction. Aloes by most is said to purge choler, but Aurelianus lih. 2. c. 6. de morb. chrnn. Arculanus cap. 6. in 9. Rhasis Julius Alexandrinus, consil. 185. Scoltz. Crato con- sil. 189. Scollz. prescribe it to this disease ; as cood for the stomach and to open tlie hasmorrhoids, out of Mesne, Rhasis, Serapio, Avicenna: Menard us ep. lib. V.episl. 1. opposeth it, aloes ^"doth not open the veins," or move the haemorrhoids, which Leonhartus Ynchsms paradox, lib. 1. likewise affirms; but Brassivola and Dodoneeus defend Mesne out of their experience ; let ^'* Valesius end the controversy. Lapis armenus and lazuli are much magnified by ^'Alexander lib. 1. cap. 16. Avi- cenna, iEtius, and Actuarius, if they be well washed, that the water be no more coloured, fifty times some say. ^''"•That good Alexander (saith Guianerus) puts such confidence in this one medicine, that he thought all melancholy passions might be cured by it ; and I for my part have oftentimes happily used it, and was never deceived in the operation of it." The like may be said of lapis lazuli, though it be somewhat weaker than the other. Garcias ab Horto, hist. lib. 1 . cap. 65. relates, that the -'physicians of the Moors familiarly prescribe it to all melancholy passions, and Matthiolus ep. lib. 3. ^*' brags of that happy success which he still had in the administration of it. Nicholas Meripsa puts it amongst the best remedies, sect. 1 . cap. 12. in Antidotis ; ^^"and if this will not serve (saith Rhasis) then there remains nothing but lapis armenus and hellebore itself." Valescus and Jason Pratensis much commend pulvis hali, which is made of it. James Damascen. 2. cap. 12. Hercules de Saxonia, Slc, speaks well of it. Crato will not approve this \ it and both helle- bores, he saith, are no better than poison. Victor Trincavelius, lib. 2. cap. 14. found it in his experience, ^^ " to be very noisome, to trouble the stomach, and hurt their bodies that take it overmuch." Black hellebore, that most renowned plant, and famous purger of melancholy, which all antiquity so much used and admired, was first found out by Melanpodius a shepherd, as Pliny records, lib. 25. cap. 5. ^' who, seeing it to purge his goats wheo they raved, practised it upon Elige and Calene, King Prastus' daughters, that rulec in Arcadia, near the fountain Clitorius, and restored them to their former health. Ir Hippocrates's time it was in only request, insomuch that he writ a book of it, a fragment of which remains yet. Theophrastus, ^'^ Galen, Pliny, Cfelius Aurelianus as ancient as Galen, lib. 1. cap. 6. Aretus lib. 1. cap. 5. Oribasius Ub.l. collect, a famous Greek, jEtius ser. 3. cap. 112 & 1 13 j7. iEgineta, Galen's Ape, lib. 7. cap. 4 Actuarius, Trallianus lib. 5. cap. 1 5. Cornelius Celsus only remaining of the olc Latins, lib. 3. cap. 23, extol and admire this excellent plant-, and it was generall> so much esteemed of the ancients for this disease amongst the rest, that they ser' all such as were crazed, or that doted, to the Anticyise, or to Phocis in Achaia, t< be purged, where this plant was in abundance to be had. In Slrabo's time it was ar ordinary voyage, JVaviget .Antic yr as ; a common proverb among the Greeks an() Latins, to bid a dizzard or a mad man go take hellebore ; as in Lucian, Menippus to 2" Sal nitriim, sal aiiimoniacum, Dracontij radix, d(.c- lamnum. "' Calet ordiiie secundo, siccat priiiio, adversus omnia vitia atras hilis valet, sanguiiieni inuii- dat, spiritiis illuslrat, nifcrorem discutit htrba iiiirifica. 2^ Cap. 4. lib. 2. 23 Receiiliores negaiit (ira venarum resecare. ^* An aloe aperial ora v<'naruni. lib. 9. cont. '.i. ^ Vapores abstergit a vitalibus partihiis. s« Tract. 15. c. 0. Bonus Alexander, tantain lapide Ar- nieno confidentiain habuit. ut ornnes melaiicliolicaB pus- ■lODfSj ab eo ciir.'iri t'osse credcret, ei ego inde sflcpia sime usus sum, et in ejus pxliibitiotie nutiqiiam frauda tusfni. 'i' Maurorum medioi lioc lapide plerumqui pnrgant melancholiam, &c, '^o duo egosiepe felicite. usus sum, et magno cum auxilio. *•* Si non hoc nihil restat nisi Helleborus, et lapis Armenus. (Jonsil 184. Scollzii. 5" Multa corpora vidi gravissimJ him agitata, et stomacho multuni ohfuisse. 3' Cuui vidi» sit ah eo curari capras furentes, &c. '^^ Lib. 6. ^iinpi mcd. ^'^m. 2. Subs! 2.] Purging Simples. 401 Tantalus, Tantale desipis^ helleboro epolo tibi opus est., eoque sane meraco^ thou art out of thy little wit, O Tantalus, and must needs drink hellebore, and that without mixture. Aristophanes in Vespis^ drink hellebore, &c. and Harpax in the ^^ Coinoe- dian, told Simo and Ballio, two doting fellows, that they had need to be purged with this plant. When that proud Menacrates 6 ^evi, had writ an arrogant letter to Philip of Macedon, he sent back no other answer but this, Consulo tibi ut ad Anticyram te conferas^ noting thereby that he was crazed, atque eUebore indigere, had much need of a good purge. Lilius Geraldus saith, that Hercules, after all his mad pranks upon his wife and children, was perfectly cured by a purge of helle- bore, which an Anticyrian administered unto him. They that were sound com- monly took it to quicken their wits, (as Ennis of old, ^Qui non nisi pol.us ad arma — prosiltiil dicenda, and as our poets drink sack to improve their inven- tions (1 find it so registered by Agellius lib. 17. cap. 15.) Carneades the academic, when he was to write against Zeno the stoic, purged himself with hellebore first, which ^^ Petronius puts upon Chrysippus. In such esteem it continued for many ages, till at length Mesue and some other Arabians began to reject and reprehend it, upon whose authority for many following lustres, it was much debased and quite out of request, held to be poison and no medicine ; and is still oppugned to this day by *Crato and some junior physicians. Their reasons are, because Aristotle I. I. dp plant, c. 3. said, henbane and hellebore were poison ; and Alexander Aphrodiseus, in the preface of his problems, gave out, that (speaking of hellebore) ^'^ " Quails fed on that which was poison to men." Galen. I. 6. Epid. com. 5. Text. 35. confirms as much: ''^ Constantine the emperor in his Geoponicks, attributes no otlier virtue to it, than to kill mice and rats, flies and mouldwarps, and so Mizaldus, Nicander of old, Gervinus, Sckeukius, and some other Neoterics that have written of poisons, speak of hellebore in a chief place, 'l^ Nicholas Leonicus hath a story of Solon, that besieging, I know not what city, steeped hellebore in a spring of water, which by pipes was conveyed into the middle of the town, and so either poisoned, or else made them so feeble and weak by purging, that they were not able to bear arms. Notwithstanding all these cavils and objections, most of our late writers do much approve of it. ^"Gariopontus lib. 1. cap. 13. Codronchus com. de helle.b. Fallopius lib. de med. pitrg. simpl. cap. 69. et consil. 15. Trincavelii, Montanus 239. Friseme- lica consil. 14. Hercules de Saxonia, so that it be opportunely given. Jacobus de Dondis, Agg. Amatus, Lucet. cent. 66. Godef. Stegius cap. 13. HoUerius, and all our herbalists subscribe. Fernelius metli. med. lib. 5. cap. 16. " confesseth it to be a *' terrible purge and hard to take, yet well given to strong men, and such as have able bodies." P. Forestus and Capivaccius forbid it to be taken in substance, but allow it in decoction or infusion, both which ways P. Monavius approves above all others, Epist. 231. Scoltzii, Jacchinus in 9. Rhaeis, commends a receipt of his own preparing ; Penottus another of his chemically prepared, Evonimus another. Hilde- she'm spicel. 2. de mel. hath many examples how it should be used, with diversity of receipts. Heurnius lib. 7. prax. med. cap. 14. "calls it an ""^ innocent medicine howsoever, if it be well prepared." The root of it is only in use, which may be kept many years, and by some given in substance, as by Fallopius and Brassivola amongst the rest, who ^ brags that he was the first that restored it again to its use. and tells a story how he cured one Melatasta, a madman, that was thought to be possessed, in the Duke of Ferrara's court, with one purge of black hellebore in sub- stance : the receipt is there to be seen ; his excrements were like ink, '*'' he perfectly healed at once ; Vidus Vidius, a Dutch physician, will not admit of it in substance. to whom most subscribe, but as before, in the decoction, infusion, or which is all in all, in the extract, which he prefers before the rest, and calls suave medicamentum., a «weet medicine, an easy, that may be securely given to women, children, and weak- Engs. Baracellus, horto geniali, terms it maximce prcestantia medicamentum., a medi- ^ PseuJolo ant. 4. seen. ult. hellehoro hisce hoininibus opus est. 34 Hor. 36 i„ Satyr. ^ Crato eoiiail. 16. 1.2. Etsi multi magni viri probent, in bonain »ariem accipiant medic;, non probern. s' Vescun- tur veratro coturnices quod hoininibus toxicuin est. «■ r.ib. «i3. c. 7. 1-'. 14. 3» De var. tiist. i»Corpus ilicoiuuie redrtit, et jiivenil»i efficit. <' Veteres non •inv eauca usi sunt : Oif]ic. 'i. Talea Syrupi noci^ntissimi et omniliuB inodis extirpandi. *'J Piirgaiitia censebant medicameiitH, n(in uniiiri liuino- HeMeborum nigrum cxliibuisse, nnllo pmrsiis imumrnii- , ri'ni altralierf, sod iiuemninque atiigeriiit in suain iia- do, fee. « Pharmaciip. Opliimnn e.st aii niHriinni t'l ' lurani cDnvcriiTc. '" Relijyintiir omiies exsiccaiile* «mnes mnlancholicos alfitc.t'is. luiii inlra assuiiiptuin, iiiedicina:. iit .Aloe, Hiera pilula- quiecunque. y\em. S.] Chirurgical Remedies. 403 these, but that they are common in every sfood physician, and that I am loth to incur the censure of Forestus, Uh. 3. cap. 6. de unnis, ^' " against those that divulge u.di pub- lish medicines in their mother-tongue," and lest I should give occasion thereby to sttaie ignorant reader to practise on himself, without the consent of a good physician. Such as are not swallowed, but only kept in the mouth, are gargarisms used cone monly after a purge, when the body is soluble and loose. Or apophlegmatisms, mas ticatories, to be held and chewed in the mouth, which are gentle, as hyssop, origan, pennyroyal, thyme, mustard ; strong, as pellitory, pepper, ginger, &c. vSuch as are taken into the nostrils, errhina are liquid or dry, juice of pimpernel, onions, &c., castor, pepper, white hellebore, &c. To these you may add odora- ments, perfumes, and suffumigations, 8t.c. Taken into the inferior parts are clysters strong or weak, suppositories of Castilian soap, honey boiled to a consistence ; or stronger of scammony, hellebore, &.c. These are all used, and prescribed to this malady upon several occasions, as shall he shown in its place. MEMB. III. Chirurgical Remedies. In letting of blood three main circumstances are to be considered, *^"Who, how much, when." That is, that it be done to such a one as may endure it, or to whom it may belong, that he be of a competent age, not too young, nor too old, overweak, fat, or lean, sore laboured, but to such as have need, are full of bad blood, noxious humours, and may be eased by it. The quantity depends upon the party's habit of body, as he is strong or weak, full or empty, may spare more or less. In the morning is the fittest time : some doubt whether it be best fasting, or full, whether the moon's motion or aspect of planets be to be observed ; some affirm, some deny, some grant in acute, but not in chronic diseases, whether before or after physic. 'Tis Heurnius' aphorism a phlebofomia auspicandum esse curiationem, non a pharmacia, you must begin with blood-letting and not physic ; some except this peculiar malady. But what do 1 } Horatius Augenius, a physician of Padua, hath lately writ 17 books of this subject, Jobertus, &c. Particular kinds of blood-letting in use ^^ are three, first is that opening a vein in the arm with a sharp knife, or in the head, knees, or any other parts, as shaH be thought fit. Cupping-glasses with or without scarification, ocyssime compescimt., saith Ferne- lius, they work presently, and are applied to several parts, to divert humours, aches, winds, &.C. Horse-leeches are much used in melancholy, applied especially to the haemorrhoids. Horatius Augenius, lib. 10. cap. 10. Platerus de mentis alienat. cap. 3. Altomarus, Piso, and many others, prefer them before any evacuations in this kind. ^ Cauteries., or searing with hot irons, combustions, borings, lancings, which, because they are terrible, Dropax and Sinapismus are invented by plasters to raise blisters, and -eating medicines of pitch, mustard-seed, and the like. Issues still to be kept open, made as the former, and applied in and to several parts, have their use here on divers occasions, as shall be shown. SECT. V. MEMB. I. SuBSECT. I. — Particular Cure of the three several Kinds; of Head Melancholy. The general cures thus briefly examined and discussed, it remains now to apply these medicines to the three particular species or kinds, that, according to the several parts affected, each man may tell in some sort how to help or ease himself. I will "Contra eos qui lingua vulgari er vernacula remedia I lib. 2. cap. 19. MRenodeus, lib. 5. cap. 21. dft his et medicanienta prsscribunt, Pt quibusvis cominunia Mercurialis lib. 3. de coniposit. med. cap.24. Heurnius. hciunt. "Quig_ quantum, quando. "Fernelius, | lib. 1. prax. med. Wecker, &.c. i04 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 5 treat of head melancholy first, in which, as in all other good cures, we must begin with diet, as a matter of most moment, able oftentimes of itself to work this effect I have read, saith Laurentius, cap. 8. de Melanch. that in old diseases which have gotten the upper Iiand or a habit, the manner of living is to more purpose, than whatsoever can be drawn out of the most precious boxes of the apothecaries. This diet, as T have said, is not only in choice of meat and drink, but of all those other non-natnral tilings. Let air be clear and moist most part : diet moistening, of good juice, easy of digestion, and not windy: drink clear, and well brewed, not too strong, nor too small. "• Make a melancholy man fat," as ^^ Rhasis saith, " and thou hast finished the cure." Exercise not too remiss, nor too violent. Sleep a little more than ordinary. ^Excrements daily to be voided by art or nature; and which Fer- nelius enjoins his patient, consll. 44, above the rest, to avoid all passions and pertur- bations of the mind. Let him not be alone or idle (in any kind of melancholy), but still accompanied with such friends and familiars he most affects, neatly dressed, washed, and combed, according to his ability at least, in clean sweet linen, spruce,^ handsome, decent, and good apparel ; for nothing sooner dejects a man than want, squalor, and nastiness, foul, or old clothes out of fashion. Concerning the medicinal part, he that will satisfy himself at large (in this precedent of diet) and see all at once the whole cure and manner of it in every distinct species, let him consult with Gordonius, Valescus, with Prosper Calenius, lib. de atra bile ad Card. Caesium, Lau- rentius, cap. 8. et 9. de mela. MYian Montaltus, de mel. cap. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Donat. ab. Altomari., cap. 7. artis med. Hercules de Saxonia, in Panth. cap. 7. et Tract, ejus peculiar, de melan. per Bohetam., edit. Venetiis 1620. cap. 17. 18. 19. Savanarola, Rub. 82. Tract. 8. cap. 1. Sckenkius, in prax. curat. Ital. med. Heurnius, cap. 12. de morb. Victorius Faventius, pract. Magn. et Empir. Hildesheim, Spicel. 2. de man et mel. Fel. Platter, Stokerus, Bruel. P. Baverus, Forestus, Fuchsius, Cappivaccius, Rondoletius, Jason Pratensis. SuUust. Salvian. de remed. lib. 2. cap. 1. Jacchinus, in 9 Rhasis, Lod. Mercatus, de Inter, morb. cur. lib. Leap. 17. Alexan. Messaria, j^rac/. med. lib. \.cap.2\. de mel. Piso. HoUerius, &c. that have culled out of those old Greeks, Arabians, and Latins, whatsoever is observable or fit to be used. Or let him read those counsels and consultations of Hugo Senensis, consil. 13. et 14. Renerus Soli- nander, consil. 6. sec. 1. et consil. 3. sec. 3. Crato, consil. 16. lib. 1. iVIontanus 20. 22. and his following counsels, Laelius a Fonte. Egubinus, consult. 44. 69. 77. 125. 129. 142. Fernelius, consil. 44. 45. 46. Jul. Caesar Claudinus, Mercurialis, Frambe- sarius, Sennertus, &c. Wherein he shall find particular receipts, the whole method, preparatives, purgers, correcters, averters, cordials in great variety and abundance : out of which, because every man cannot attend to read or peruse them, I will colled for the benefit of the reader, some few more notable medicines. Sub SECT. II. — Blood-letting. Phlebotomy is promiscuously used before and after physic, commonly before, and upon occasion is often reiterated, if there be any need at least of it. For Galen, and many others, make a doubt of bleeding at all in this kind of head-melancholy. If the malady, saith Pi.so, cap. 23. and Altomarus, cap. 7. Fuchsius, cap. 33. *^ " shall proceed primarily from the misaffected brain, the patient in such case shall not need at all to bleed, except the blood otherwise abound, the veins be full, inflamed blood, and the party ready to run mad." In immaterial melancholy, which especially comes from a cold distemperature of spirits, Hercules de Saxonia, cap. 17. will not admit of phlebotomy; Laurentius, cap. 9, approves it out of the authority of the Arabians; but as Mesue, Rhasis, Alexander appoint, ^* " especially in the head," to open the veins of the forehead, nose and ears is good. They commonly set cupping-glasses on the party's shoulders, having first scarified the place, they apply horse-leeehes on the head, and in all melancholy diseases, whether essential or accidental, they cause the hasmorrhoids to be opened, having the eleventh aphorism of the sixth «6Cont. lib. 1. c. 9. f(!stines ad impinguationeni, et | nisi ob alias causa? sanguis inittatur, si multufi i* rum impinguantur, reinovetur malum. ^ Beueficiuni i vasis, &c. frustra enim fatigatur corpus, &,c. '*' "on> veiitris. ^' Si ex primario cerehri affectii mnlan- I petit its phlebotomia frontis. etioliri evasorint, sanguinis detractione uon indigent. Mom. 1. Subs. 3.j Preparatives and Purgers. 406 book of Hippocrates for their ground and warrant, which saith, " That in melan eholy and mad men, the varicose tumour or haemorroids appearing doth heal th Si quibus consuetce suse suppressae sunt menses, &;c. "» Modo caute detur et robustis. ™ Consil. 10. I. 1. talo secare oportet, aut vena frontis si sanguis peccet 1 " Plin. I. 31. c. 6. Navigationes ob vomitioneui prosunt ferebro. 6i jvjsi orlum ducat a sanguine, ne morbus plurimis morbis capitis, et omnibus ob qus HelleboniPi inde auEe^tur- nhlehotomia refrigerat et exsiccat, nisi bibitur. Idem Dioscorides, lib. 5. cap. 13. Avicenna «^rpu8 sii iraldc sanguiueuui, rubicundum. ti^Cum tenia imprimis. 406 Cure of Melancholy. iPart. i. Sec. b. ^ sea-sick first is very good at seasonable times. Helleborismus Matthioli, with whii h ne vaunts and boasts he did so many several cures, '^" I never gave it (saiih he), but after once or twice, by the help of God, they were happily cured." The manner of making it he sets down at large in his third book of Epist. to George Hankshius a physician Waller Bruel, and Heurnius, make mention of it with great approba- tion • so doth Sckenkius in his memorable cures, and experimental medicines, cert 6. obser. 37. That famous Helleborisme of Montanus, which he so often repeats in his consultations and counsels, as 28. pro. melan. sacerdote, el consil. 148 pro hypo chondriaco^ and cracks, "''"to be a most sovereign remedy for all melancholy per- sons, which he hath often given without oifence, and found by long experience ami observations to be such." Quercetan prefers a syrup of hellebore in his Spagirica Pharmac. and Hellebore's extract cap. 5. of his invention likewise ("a most safe medicine '"and not unfit tD be given children") before all remedies whatsoever. Paracelsus, in his book of black hellebore, admits this medicine, but as it is pre- pared by him. ""• It is most certain (saith he) that the virtue of this herb is great and admirable in effect, and little differing from balm itself; and he that knows welj how to make use of it, hath more art than all their books contain, or all the doctors in Germany can show." ^lianus Montaltus in his exquisite work de morh. capitis^ cap. 31. de mel. sets a special receipt of his own, which in his practice '*"he fortunately used; because it is but short I will set it dov/n." "R Syrupe de pomis 3'j. aquBe borag. 3'''J- Ellebori nigri per noctern infusi in ligatura 6 vol 8 gr. mane facta collatura exhihe." Other receipts of the same to this purpose you shall find in him. Valescus admires pulvis Hali, and Jason Pratensis after him : the confection of which our new Lon- don Pharmacopoeia hath lately revived. ''' " Put case (saith he) all other medicinea fail, by the help of God this alone shall do it, and 'tis a crowned medicine which must be kept in secret." "R. Epithymi semunc. lapidis lazuli, agarici ana 3'j- Scanimonii. 3j, Chariophillorum numero, 20 piilverisentur Omnia, el ipsius pulveris scrup. 4. singulis seplimanis assumat." To these I may add Jirnoldi vinum Buglossatum, or borage wine before mentioned, which "^Mizaldus calls vinum mirahile., a wonderful wine, and Stockerus vouchsafe.*! to repeat verhothn amongst other receipts. Rubeus his '^ corapound water out ol Savonarola: Pinetus his balm; Cardan's Pulvis Hyacinthi^ with which, in his book de curis admirandis, he boasts that he had cured many melancholy persons in eight days, which ^° Sckenkius puts amongst his observable medicines ; Altomarus his syrup, with which ^' he calls God so solemnly to witness, he hath in his kind done many excellent cures, and which Sckenkius cent. 7. ohserv. 80. mentioneth, Daniel Sennertus lib. I. part.. 2. cap. 12. so much commends; Rulandus' admirable water for melancholy, which cent. 2. cap. 96. he names Spiritum vitce aureum., Panaceam., what not, and his absolute medicine of 50 eggs, curat. Empir. cent. 1. cur. 5. to be taken three in a morning, with a powder of his. ^^ Faventinus prac. Emper. dou- bles this number of eggs, and will have 101 to be taken by three and three in like sort, which Sallust Salvian approves de red. med. lib. 2. c. 1. with some of the same powder, till all be spent, a most excellent remedy for all melancholy and mad men. "R. Epithymi, thymi, ana drachmas duas, sacchari aibi unciam unam, croci grana tria, Cinamomi drachmam unam; misce, fiat pulvis." '* Nunquam dedimus, quin ex una aut altera assump- lione, Deo juvante, fuerint ad saluteni restituti. '3 Lib. 2. Inter coinpnsita purgantia melancholiam. "< Longo experimento a se ob.-jervatiim esse, melancholicos sine offensa egregie ciirandos valere. Mem responsione ad Aubertum, veratruni nigrum, alias timidum et pericu- losum villi spii itu etiam et olco commodum sic usui redditur ut el.am pueris tuto adininistrari possit. ■>5Certum est hiijus herb:? virtutem niaximam et mira- bilem esse, parumque distare a balsamo. Et qui norit en recto uti, plus habet artis quam tola scribentiurn co. bars aut omneR doctores in Germania. 'sQuo feli- citer usus sum. "f^ Hoc posito quod alise medicina non valeant, ista tunc Dei misericnrdia valebit, et est inediciria coronata, qusE secretissime teneatur. '^ lj- Je artif. med. '9 Sect. 3. Optimum remedium aqua composita Savanarola?. w Sckenkius, ohserv. 31. "1 Donatus ab Altomari, cap. 7. Testor Deum. me multos melancMnlicos hujus solius syrnpi usu cu- rasse, facta prius purgatione. "-Centum ova et unum, (piolibet mane sumant ova sorbilia,cum seque iti pulvere supra ovum aspersa, et contiiieant quousyj* assumpserint centum et unum, maniacis et luelancW licis utiliseimum remedium. Mem. 1. Subs. 4.] Avcrters. 407 All these yet are nothing to those ^chemical preparatives o^ Aqua Chali don asquint- essence of hellebore, salts, extracts, dislillatious, oils, Aiirum j^otabile^ i^c. Dr. \nthotiy in his book de uuro potab. edit. 1600. is all in all for it. ^"And though dl? the schools of Galenists, with a wicked and unthankful pride and scorn, detest it m their practice, yet in more grievous diseases, when their vegetals will do no good," they are compelled to seek the help of minerals, though they " use them rashly, unprofitably, slackly, and to no purpose." Rhenanus, a Dutch chemist, in his book de Sale e puteo e?nergente, takes upon him to apologise for Anthony, and sets light by all that speak against him. But what do I meddle with this great controversy, which is the subject of many volumes ? Let Paracelsus, Quercetan, CroUius, and tne brethren of the rosy cross, defend themselves as they may. Crato, Erastus, and the Galenists oppugn. Paracelsus, he brags on the other side, he did more famous cures by this means, than all the Galenists in Europe, and calls himself a monarch; Galen, Hippocrates, infants, illiterate, &c. As Thessalus of old railed against those ancient Asclepiadean writers, ^*"he condemns others, insults, triumphs, overcomes all antiquity (saith Galen as if he spake to him), declares himself a conqueror, and crowns his own doings. **One drop of their chemical preparatives shall do more good than all their fulsome potions." Erastus, and the rest of the Galenists vilify them on the other side, as heretics in physic ; ^^ " Paracelsus did tiiat in physic, which Luther in Divinity. *** A drunken rogue he was, a base fellow, a magician, he had the devil for his master, devils his familiar companions, and what he did, was done by the help of the devil." Thus they contend and rail, and every mart write books pro and con, et adhuc sub judice lis est: let them agree as they will, I proceed SuBSECT. IV. — Aiierlers. AvERTERS and purgers must go together, as tending all to the same purpose, to divert this rebellious humour, and turn it another way. In this range, clysters and suppositories challenge a chief place, to draw this humour from the brain and heart, to the more ignoble parts. Some would have them still used a few days between, and ttiose to be made with the boiled seeds of anise, fennel, and bastard saffron, hops, thyme, epithyme, mallows, fumitory, bugloss, polypody, senna, diasene, hamech, cassia, diacatholicon, hierologodium, oil of violets, sweet almonds, &c. For without question, a clyster opportunely used, cannot choose in this, as most other maladies, but to do very mucli good; Clysteres mitriunt, sometimes clysters nou- rish, as they may be prepared, as 1 was informed not long since by a learned lecture of our natural philosophy ^^ reader, which he handled by way of discourse, out ot some other noted physicians. Such things as provoke urine most commend, but not sweat. Trincavelius consil. 16. cap. 1. in head-melancholy forbids it. P. Byarus and others approve frictions of the outward parts, and to baihe them with warm water. Instead of ordinary frictions. Cardan prescribes rubbing with nettles till they blister the skin, which likewise ^"Basardus Visontinus so much magnifies. Sneezing, masticatories, and nasals are generally received. Montaltus c. 34. Hil- desheim spicel. S.fol. 136 and 238. give several receipts of all three. Hercules de Saxonia relates of an empiric in Venice ^' *■' that had a strong water to purge by the mouth and nostrils, which he still used in head-melancholy, and would sell for no gold." To open months and haemorrhoids is very good physic, ^^"If they have been formerly stopped." Faventinus would have them opened w^ith horse-leeches, so would Hercul. de Sax. Julius Alexandrinus consil. 185. Scoltzii thinks aloes fitter: ■" most approve horse-leeches in this case, to be applied to the forehead, ^ nostrils, and other places. Montaltus cap. 29. out of Alexander and others, prescribes ^^ " cupping-glasses, and MQuercetan.cap. 4. Phar. Osvvaldus Crolliiis. MCap. 1. Licet tola Galeiiistarum scliola, miiieralia noii sine ihtpio et iiigrato fastu a sua practica detestentur ; tamen in gravioribus inorbis omiii vegetabilium derelicto sub- sidin, ad miiieralia confugiunt, licet ea teinere, igiiavi- ter, et inutiliter usurperit. Ad fineiii libri. *^ Veleres maledictis iucessil, vincit, et contra omnem antiquita- tein toronatur, ipseque a se victor declaratur. Gal. lib. 1. metli. c. 2. 86 Oulr.inchus de sale absynthii. *■ Idem Paracelsus in mediciua, quod Lutherus in Ttieo- logia. SBDjsput. in eundem, parte 1. Majus ebriiis, illiteratus, dsnioiiem prJEceptorem habuit, daemones fa- miliares, &c. eg Master D. Lapworth. >» Ant. Pliilos. cap. de raelan. frictio vertice, &c. 9' Aqua fortissima pursrans os, nares, quani non vult a;iro vi^n- dere. «^ Meriurialis consil 6. et 30. hajrnorr jiduin et niensium provocatio juvat, niodo ex eoruni suppreseione nrtuin tiabuerit. M Laurentius, Bruel, &c '^ P. Bayerus, 1. 2. cap. 13 naribus, &c. »6 Uucurbituj» siccu;, ct fontaneilce crure sinistro. 408 x^ure of Melancholy. Tart. 2. Sect 5 issues in, the left thigh." Aretus lib. 7. cap. 5. ^Paulns Regolinus, Sylvius vvil* have them without scarification, " applied to the shoulders and back, thighs and feet:'* " Montaltus cap. ;^4. "bids open an issue in the arm, or hinder part of the head.** "'Piso enjoins ligatures, frictions, suppositories, and cupping-glasses, still without scarification, and the rest. Cauteries and hot irons are to be used ^"in the suture of the crown, and the seared or ulcerated place suffered to run a good while. 'Tis not amiss to bore ihe skull with an instrument, to let out the fuliginous vapours." Sallus. Salvianus de re medic, lib. 2. cap. 1. '""^ because this humour hardly yields to other physic, would have the leg cauterised, or the left leg, below the knee, ' and the head bored in two or tiiree places," for that it much avails to the exhalation of the vapours; ^"I saw l^saith he) a melancholy man at Rome, that by no remedies could be healed, but when by chance he was wounded in the head, and the skull broken, he was excel- lently cured." Another, to the admiration of the beholders, ^" breaking his head with a fall from on high, was instantly recovered of his dotage," Gordonius cap. 13. part. 2. would have these cauteries tried last, when no other physic will serve. '"The head to be shaved and bored to let out fumes, which without doubt will do much good I saw a melancholy man wounded in the head with a sword, his brain- pan broken ; so long as the wound was open he was well, but when his wound was healed, his dotage returned again." But Alexander Messaria a professor in Padua, lib. l.pract. med. cap. 21. de melanchol. will allow no cauteries at all, 'tis too stiff a humour and too thick as he holds, to be so evaporated. Guianerius c. 8. Tract. 15. cured a nobleman in Savoy, by boring alone, ^"leaving the hole open a month together," by means of which, after two years' melancholy and madness, he was delivered. All approve of this remedy in the suture of the crown ; but Arculanus would have the cautery to be made with gold. In many other parts, these cauteries are prescribed for melancholy men, as in the thighs, [Mercurialis consil. 86.) arms, legs. Idem consil. 6. and 19 and 25. Montanus 86, Rodericus a Fonseca torn. 2. consult. 84. pro hypochond. coxa dextrd, <^c., but most in the head, " if other physic will do no good." SuBSECT. V. — Alteratives and Cordials, corroborating, resolving the Reliques, and mending the Teinperament. Because this humour is so malign of itself, and so hard to be removed, the re- liques are to be cleansed, by alteratives, cordials, and such means: the temper is to be altered and amended, with such things as fortify and strengthen the heart and brain, * " which are commonly both affected in this malady, and do mutually mis- affect one another : which are still to be given every other day, or some few daya inserted after a purge, or like physic, as occasion serves, and are of such force, thai many times they help alone, and as ' Arnohlus holds in his Aphorisms., are to be *' preferred before all other medicines, in what kind soever." Amongst this number of cordials and alteratives, ] do not find a more present remedy, than a cup of wine or strong drin'c, if it be soberly and opportunely used. It makes a man bold, hardy, courageous, *" whetteth the wit," if moderately taken, (^and as Plutarch ^saith, Symp. 7. qu(ESt. 12.) " it makes those which are otherwise dull, to exhale .and evaporate like frankincense, or quicken (Xenophon adds) '"as oil doth lire. "" A famous cordial" Matthiolus in Dioscoridum calls it, " an excel- "« Hildesbeim spied. 2. Vaporcs a corebro trahendi siiiu frictifxiihus universi, cuciirbitiilis siccis, hunieris ac dorso affixis, circa pedes et crura. *" Fontanellam aperi juxta occipituin, aut hrachiiini. '■* Baleiii, li^a- turie, frictioiies, &c. "OCaiiteriiim fiat sutura coro- iiali, diu fliiere permlttaritur loca ulcerosa. Trepano etiam cranii deiisitas imminui poterit, ut vaporibus fuligiiiosis exituspateat. 'ooQiioniani difficulter cedil aliis medicarnetuis, ideo fiat in vertice cauteriurii, aut crura siiiistro infra genu. « Fiant duo aut tria caiileria, cum ossis perforatione. « Vidi Roma; nie- iancliolicuin qui adiiibitis niultis remediis, sanari non poterat; sed cum cranium glailio fraolum esset, optirae saiiatus est. » Et alterutn vidi melancholicum, qui exaltocadeus non sine astaiiiiuin adrairatione, libe- ratus est. * Radatur caput et fiat cauterium in rapitc; Drocul dubio istu faciunt ad fumorum exhala- tionem ; vidi melancliolicum a fortuna gladio vulnera- turn, et cranium fractuni, quani diu vulnu.s apertnm, curatus optime; at cum vulnus i^anatiini, revtrsa est mania. 'Usque ad dnram matrem Irepanari foci, et per mensam aperte stetit. « Cordis ratio semper liahenda quod cerebro conipalitur, et seso inviceni offi- ciunt. 1 Aphor. 38. Medicina Theriacalis praecoeterif eligenda. « Galen, de temp. lib. 3. c. 3. moderate viiium sumptum, acuit ingenium. »Tardos aliter et tristes thuris in modum exhalare facit. '" Hilarita- teni ut oleum fliimmam excitat. " Viribus r<-:inendig cardiacum eximium, nutriendo corpori alimentum ->]. timuin, setatem floridam facit, calorem innatum fovet, conroctionem juvat, smmachum roborat, excrementin viam parat, uritiam movet, .soninum conciliat, venena frigidos flatus dissipal, crassos humores altenuat, wi quit, (liscuiit, &.C. Mem. 1 Subs. 5.] Alteratives. 409 lent nutriment to refresh the body, it makes a good colour, a flourishing age, help? concoction, fortifies tlie stomach, takes away obstructions, provokes urine, drives out excrements, procures sleep, clears the blood, expels wind and cold poisons, attenu- ates, concocts, dissipates all thick vapours, and fuliginous humours." And thai which is all in all to my purpose, it takes away fear ^nd sorrow. ^'^Curas educes dissipat Evius. " It glads the heart of man," Psal. civ. 15. hilarllatis dulce s^mi- narium. Helena's bowl, the sole nectar of the gods, or that true nepentiies in '^ Homer, which puts away care and grief, as Oribasius 5. Colled, cap. 7. and some others will, was nought else but a cup of good wine. " It makes the mind of the king and of the fatherless both one, of the bond and freeman, poor and rich; it lurneth all his thoughts to joy and mirth, makes him remember no sorrow or debt, but enrichelh his heart, and makes him speak by talents," Esdras iii. 19, 20, 21. It gives life itself, spirits, wit, &c. For which cause the ancients called Bacchus, Llhcr pater a Uberando, and ''' sacrificed to Bacchus and Pallas still upon an altar. '6 u Wine measurably drunk, and in time, brings gladness and cheerfulness of mind, it cheereth God and men," Judges ix. 13. IcetlticB Bacchus dator., it makes an old wife dance, and such as are in misery to forget evil, and be '® merry. "Bncchus et arflictis requiem moitalibus affert, I " Wiiie makes a troubled soul to rest. Crura licel duro compcde vincta foreiit." | Though feet with fetters be opprest." Demetrius in Plutarch, when he fell into Seleucus's hands, and was prisoner in Syria. '^" spent his time with dice and drink that he might so ease his discontented mind, and avoid those continual cogitations of his present condition wherewith he was tormented." Therefore Solomon, Prov. xxxi. G, bids '' wine be given to him that is ready to '^perish, and to him that hath gri^f of heart, let him drink that he forget his poverty, and remember his misery no more." 'SoU'icitis anlmis onus eximif, it easeth a burdened soul, nothing speedier, nothing better; which tlie prophet Zacha- riah perceived, when he said, '•' that in the time of Messias, they of Ephraim should be glad, and their heart should rejoice as through wine." All which makes me very well approve of that pretty description of a feast in '^ Bartholomens Anglicus, when grace was said, their hands washed, and the guests sutKciently exhilarated, with good discourse, sweet music, dainty fare, exhllarationis gratia., pocula iterimi atque ileruin offeruntur., as a corollary to conclude the feast, and continue their mirth, a grace cup came in to cheer their hearts, and they drank healths to one another again and again. Which as I. Fredericus Matenesius, Crit. Christ, lib. 2. cap. 5, 6, Sl 7, was an old custom in all ages in every commonwealth, so as they be not enforced, bibere per violent ia7n.i but as in that royal feast of ^"Ahasuerus, which lasted 180 days, '•'• with- out compulsion they drank by order in golden vessels," when and what they would themselves. This of drink is a most easy and parable remedy, a common, a cheap, still ready against fear, sorrow, and such troublesome thoughts, that molest the mind; as brimstone with fire, the spirits on a sudden are enlightened by it. " No better physic" (saith '^ Rhasis) " for a melancholy man : and he that can keep company, and carouse, needs no other medicines," 'tis enough. His countryman Avicenna, ^1. doc. 2. cap. 8. proceeds farther yet, and will have him that is troubled in mind, or melancholy, not to drink only, but now and then to be drunk : excellent good physic it is for this and many other diseases. Magninus Reg. san. part. 3. c. 31. will have them to be so once a month at least, and gives his reasons for it, ^^ '•' be- cause it scours the body by vomit, urine, sweat, of all manner of superfluities, and keeps it clean." Of the same mind is Seneca the philosopher, in his book de tran- quil, lib. 1. c. 15. nonnunquam ut in aliis morbis ad eb,ietatem usque veniendum ; Curas deprimit., tristitice medetur, it is good sometimes to be drunk, it helps sorrow, depresseth cares, and so concludes this tract with a cup of wine : Habes, Serene charissime^ qucB ad tranquillitatem animis pertinent. But these are epicureal tenets. '* Hoi lib. 2. od. II. "Bacchus dissipates corroding cares." " Odyss. A. " Pausanias. "gyracides, 31. 28. w Lenitur et prisci Catonis. Sspe uiero caluisse virtua. " In pocula etaleamse pnecipitavit, et iis fere tempus traduxil, ut iEgram crapula meiitem levaret, et ronditioiiis prteseiitis cogitationes quibus •gitabatur sobrius vitaret. i* go fjiii the Athenians )( o 1, as Surd.is relates, and so do the flermaris at this 4ay 1' Lib 6. caji. 'i3. et ii4. de reruni prwpridat. | 52 2 K =0 Esther, i. 8. aiTract. l.cont.l. ]. Non estres lauda- bilior eo, vel cura nielior; qui melancholicus, ulatur societate homitium et biberia; et qui potest sustinei^ usun) vini, non indiget alia medicina, quod eo 8'rto aromatum lib. 1. rap. 15. adversus omnes morhos nielaniholicos conducit, et venenuni. Es;o (inqiiit) utor in nio.bis melanrholicis, &c. et deploratos hujus usu ad pristinam sanitatem rescitui. See more in Bauhiniis' wmK de la;>. Bezoar c. 4^ *" Edit. I(jl7. Monspelii electuarium fit preciocissimum Alclierm. &c. ^' Nihil morbum hunc ieque exasperat. ac alimentorum vel calidiorum usus. Alchermfs ideo siispectus, et f| lod semel moneam, caute adhibenda caliila niedicamenta. 42 Sckenkius I. I. Ohservat. de Mania, ad mentis aliend- tionem, et desipientiani vitio cerebri obortam, in nianu- scripto codice Germaiiico, tale medicamentum reperi. <3 Capt;t arietis nondiim e.iperti verierem, uno ictu amputatiim, cornibiis tantum demotis, integrum cum lana et pelle bene elixabis, tum aperto cerebrum eximea, et addens arouiata, &.c. 412 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. '2. $ec. 5. eaten with bread in an e^g or broth, or any way, so it be taken. For iburteen days .'^t him use this diet, drini< no wine, &.c. Gesner, hist, animal, lib. \. pag. 911. Caricterius, prarZ. 13. in J^ich. de meiri. pag. 129. latro : Witenberg. edit. Tubing pag. t)2, mention this medicine, thoug-h with some variation ; he that list may tr) it, "and many such. Odoraments to smell to, of rose-water, violet flowers, balm, rose-cakes, vinegar, &c^ do much recreate the brains and spirits, according to Solomon. Prov. xxvii. 9. " They rejoice the heart," and as some say, nourish ; 'tis a question commonly contr«.»- verted in our schools, an odores nutriant ; let Ficinus, lib. 2. cap. 18. decide it; *^many arguments he brings to prove it; as of Demo^ritus, that lived by the smell of bread alone, applied to his nostrils, for some few da\s, when for old age he could eat no meat. . Ferrerius, lib. 2. meth. speaks of an excellent confection of his making, of wine, saffron, &c., which he prescribed to dull, weak, feeble, and dying men to smell to, and by it to have done very much good, ceque fere profuisse olfactu., et potu, as if he had given them drink. Our noble and learned Lord ''^Verulam, in his book de vita et morte., commends, therefore, all such cold smells as any way serve to refrigerate the spirits. Montanus, consil. 31, prescribes a form which he would have his melancholy patient never to have out of his hands. If you will have them spagirically prepared, look in Oswaldus CroUius, basil. Chymica. Irrigations of the head shaven, ■" " of the flowers of water lilies, lettuce, violets, camomile, wild mallows, wether's-head, &c.," must be used many mornings together. Montan. consil. 31, would have the head so washed once a week. Laelius a fonte Eugubinus consult. 44, for an Italian count, troubled with head-melancholy, repeats many medicines which he tried, ^^'•'' but two alone which did the cure; use of whey made of goat's milk, with the extract of hellebore, and irrigations of the head with water lilies, lettuce, violets, camomile, Slc, upon the suture of the crown." Piso commends a ram's lungs applied hot to the fore part of the head, "^or a young lamb divided in the back, exenlerated, &c. ; all acknowledge the chief cure in moisten- ing throughout. Some, saith Laurentius, use powders and caps to the brain ; but forasmuch as such aromatical things are hot and dry, they must be sparingly ad- ministered. Unto the heart we may do well to apply bags, epithemes, ointments, of which Laurentius, c. 9. de melan. gives examples. Bruel prescribes an epitheme for the heart, of bugloss, borage, water-lily, violet waters, sweet-wine, balm leaves, nutmegs, cloves, &c. For the belly, make a fomentation of oil, ^° in which the seeds of cummin, rue, carrots, dill, have been boiled. Baths are of wonderful great force in this malady, much admired by ^' Galen, •^^tius, Rhasis, &c., of sweet water, in which is boiled the leaves of mallows, roses, violets, water-lilies, wether's-head, flowers of bugloss, camomile, melilot, &.c. Guianer, cap. 8. tract. 15, would have them used twice a day, and when they came forth of the baths, their back bones to be anointed with oil of almonds, violets, nymphea, fresh capon grease, &.c. Amulets and things to be borne about, I find prescribed, taxed by some, approved by Renodeus, Platerus, [amuleta inquit non negligenda) and others ; look for them in Mizaldus, Porta, Albertus, &c. Bassardus Viscontinus, ant. philos. commends hypericon, or St. John's wort gathered on a ''^ Friday in the hour of " Jupiter, when it comes to his effectual operation (that is about the full moon in July); so gathered and borne, or hung about the neck, it mightily helps this affection, and drives away all fantastical spirits." *'' Philes, a Greek author that flourished in the time of Michael ?aleologus, writes that a sheep or kid's skin, whom a wolf worried, ^^Hoedus inhu- mani raptus ab ore lupi^ ought not at all to be worn about a man, " because it causeth ♦•Cinis lesturiinis ustus, Pt vino potus melancholiam curat, et rasura cornii Rhinocerotis, &c. Sckeiikius. *Instat in niatrice, quod sursuiii ot doorsum ad odnris Bensuni praecipitatur. ■'6 viscount St. Albaii's. ■•'Ex decocto florum nymphes, lactuK, violarum, chamoniilx, BlibeiE, capitis vervecum, &c. •'^ Inter auxilia inulta ddliibita, duo visa sunt rernedium adferre, usus seri raprini cum exiracto Hellebori, et irrigatio ex lacte Nyinphete, violnruin, &c. sutiira coronali adhibita; liis eaiediid aani'tate pristinam adeptus est. <" Confert et pulino arietis, calidus agnus per dorsum divisus exenteratus, adinotus sincipiti. sogeniina cuniini, rutK, dauci anetlii cocta. s' Lib. 3. de locis affect 62Tetrab. 2. ser. 1. cap. 10. ^^Cap. de inel, collettum die vener. hora Jovis cum ad Energiam venit c. 1. ad picnilunium Julii, iride gesta et collo appensa huuc atfectuni appriir.e juvat et fanalicos spiritus cxpellit. 6^ L. de prnprietat. aiiirual. ovis a lupo correptJE pellein non esse pro indumenlo corporis usurpandaiii. coxdil euim palpiiationem excitat &.c. ^ Mart. Mem. 1. Subs 6.] Cure of Head-Melancholy. 413 palpitation of the heart," not for any fear, but a secret virtue which amulets have A ring made of the hoof of an ass's right fore foot carried about, &.c. I say will ■^Renodeus, they are not altogether to be rejected. Paeony doth cure epilepsy precious stones most diseases; ^^a wolf's dung borne with one helps the colic, ''^j spider an ague, &c. Being in the country in the vacation time not many years since at Lindley in Leicestershire, my father's house, I first observed this amulet of a spidei in a nut-shell lapped in silk, &c., so applied for an ague by ^^ my mother \ whom although I knew to have excellent skill in cliirurgery, sore eyes, aches, &c., and such experimental medicines, as all the country where she dwelt can witness, to have done many famous and good cures upon diverse poor folks, that were other- wise destitute of help : yet among all other experiments, tl is methought was most absurd and ridiculous, I could see no warrant for it. Quid aranea cumfebre? For what antipathy? till at length rambling amongst authors (as often I do) I found this very medicine in Dioscorides, approved by Matthiolus, repeated by Alderovan- dus, cap. de Aranea., lib. de insectis^ J began to have a better opinion of it, and to give more credit to amulets, when I saw it in some parties answer to experience. Some medicines are to be exploded, that consist of words, characters, spells, and charms, which can do no good at all, but out of a strong conceit, as Pomponatius proves ; or the devil's policy, who is the first founder and teacher of them. SuBSECT. VI. — Correctors of Accidents to procure Sleep. Against fearful Dreams, Redness, Sfc. When you have used all good means and helps of alteratives, averters, diminu- tives, yet there will be still certain accidents to be corrected and amended, as waking, fearful dreams, flushing in the face to some ruddiness, &c. Waking, by reason of their continual cares, fears, sorrows, dry brains, is a symj)- tom that much crucifies melancholy men, and must therefore be speedily helped, and sleep by all means procured, which sometimes is a sufficient ^"remedy of itself with- out any other physic. Sckenkius, in his observations, hath an example of a woman that was so cured. The means to procure it, are inward or outward. Inwardly taken, are simples, or compounds ; simples, as poppy, nymphea, violets, roses, lettuce, mandrake, henbane, nightshade or solanum, saffron, hemp-seed, nutmegs, willows, with their seeds, juice, decoctions, distilled waters, Stc. Compounds are syrups, or opiates, syrup of poppy, violets, verbasco, which are commonly taknn with distilled waters. R. diacodii oj. diascordii oft aqus lactucse oiij. ft inista fiat potiu ad iiDraiii soiimi siuneiida. Requies JVicholai, Philonium Romanum, Triphera magna, pilulce de Cynoglossa, Dioscordium, Laudanum Paracelsi, Opium, are in use, &c. Country folks com- monly make a posset of hemp-seed, which Fuchsius in his herbal so much discom- mends ; yet I have seen the good eflect, and it may be used where better medicines are not to be had. Laudanum Paracelsi is prescribed in two or three grains, with a drachm of Dios- cordium, which Oswald. Crollius commends. Opium itself is most part used out- wardly, to smell to in a ball, though commonly so taken by the Turks to the same quantity ^' for a cordial, and at Goa in the Indies ; the dose 40 or 50 grains. Rulandus calls Requi€7)i JYicholai, ultimum refuglum, the last refuge ; but of this ind the rest look for peculiar receipts in Victorius Faventinus, cap. de phrensi. Heurnius cap. de mania. Hildesheim spicel. 4. de somno et vigil. S^c. Outwardly used, as oil of nutmegs by extraction, or expression with rosewater to anoint the temples, ods of poppy, nenuphar, mandrake, purslan, violets, all to the same purpose. Montan. consil. 24 d, 25. much commends ordoraments of opium, vinegar, and Tosewater. Laurentius cap. 9. prescribes pomanders and nodules ; see the receipts in him ; Codronchus ^'^ wormwood to smell to. Unguentmn Alabastritum, populeum, are used to anoint the temples, nostrils, or if M Pilar, lib 1. cap. 12. s? ^Etius cap. 31. Tet. 3. I " Bellonius observat. 1. 3. c. 15 lassitiidincni et lahorej ser. 4. '"Dioscorides, Uly. Utile riilicun fai.'iei casnum recenlem jmponere. OCdiisil. 3-' '>b unico vini haustu sic contencus. 80 Idem ccnsil. 283. Scoltzii laudatur conditus r(»sm canina; fructiis ante prandium et ca;nem ad magniturti- nem castane^. Decoctum radium Sonohi.sl ante ciimm siiinatiir, valet pliirimum. "' ('iicurhit, ad scapulas appo?itje. B'^ Piso. ^^ Mediana pr» creteris. "* Siicci melanclioliri malitia a san|;uinls honitate cor- rijiitur. »^ PcrsHverante malo ex qiiacuiique (iart« sanguinis detrahi debet. 416 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 5. The hfemorrhoids are to be opened with an instrument or horse-leeches, &c. See more in Montaltus, cap. 29. ^ Sckenkius hath an example of one that was cured by an accidental wound in his thigh, much bleeding freed him from melancholy. Diet, diminutives, alteratives, cordials, correctors as before, intermixed as occasion serves, '''••all their study must be to make a melancholy man fat, and then the cure is ended." Diuretics, or medicines to procure urine, are prescribed by some in this kind, hot and cold : hot where the heat of the liver doth not forbid •, cold where the heat of the liver is very great: ^amongst hot are parsley roots, lovage, fennel, he: cold, melon seeds, &.C., with whey of goat's milk, which is the common conveyer. To purge and ^purify the blood, use sowthistle, succory, senna, endive, carduus hcnedictus, dandelion, hop, maiden-hair, fumitory, bugloss, borage, &c , with their juice, decoctions, distilled waters, syrups, &c. Oswaldus, Crollius, basil Chym. much admires salt of corals in this case, and iEtius, tetrahih. ser. 2. cap. 114. Hieram Archigenis, which is an excellent medicine to purify the blood, " for all melancholy affections, falling sickness, none to be com- pared to it." MEMB. III. SuBSECT. I. — Cure of Hypochondriacal Melancholy. In this cure, as in the rest, is especially required the rectification of those six non natural things above all, as good diet, which Montanus, consil. 27. enjoins a French nobleman, " to have an especial care of it, without which all other remedies are in vain." Blood-letting is not to be used, except the patient's body be very full of blood, and that it be derived from the liver and spleen to the stomach and his vessels, then ^° to draw it back, to cut the inner vein of either arm, some say the sahatella, and if the malady be continuate, ®' to open a vein in the forehead. Preparatives and alteratives may be used as before, saving that there must be respect had as well to the liver, spleen, stomach, hypochondries, as to the heart and brain. To comfort the '■'^stomach and inner parts against wind and obstructions, by Areteus, Galen, ;Etius, Aurelianus, &c., and many latter writers, are still prescribed the decoctions of wormwood, centaury, pennyr-yal, betony sodden in whey, and daily drunk : many have been cured by this medi'-ine alone. Prosper Altinus and some others as much magnify the water of Nile against this malady, an especial good remedy for windy melancholy. For which reason belike Ptolemeus Philadelphus, when he married his daughter Berenice to the king of Assyria (as Celsus, lib. 2. records), magnis impensis JYili aquarn afferri jussif., to his great charge caused the water of Nile to be carried with her, and gave command"^ that during her life she should use no other drink. I find those that commend use of apples, in splenetic and this kind of melancholy (lamb's-wool some call it), which howsoever approved, must certainly be corrected of cold rawness and wind. Codronchus in his book de sale absyn. magnifies the oil and salt of wormwood above all other remedies, ^'"^ which works better and speedier than any simple what- soever, and much to he preferred before all those fulsome decoctions and infusions which must offend by reason of their quantity; this alone in a small measure taken, expels wind, and that most forcibly, moves urine, cleanseth the stomach of ail gros.^ humours, crudities, helps appetite," &c. Arnoldus hath a wormwood wine which he would have used, which every pharmacopoeia speaks of. Diminutives and purges may ^ be taken as before, of hiera, manna, cassia, which Montanus consil. 230. for an Italian abbot, in this kind prefers before all other simples. 8«OI)servat. fol. 154. curalus ex viilnere in crure oh cruoreni arnis^uin. i^'Studiiim sit omne ut nielan- cliolicus impingnetur: ex quo eniin pingues el cariiosi, illico sani sunt. ^ Hildesheim spicel. 2. Inter calida radix petrofelini, apii, feniculi ; Inter frigida eniulsio semiiiis nielonuni cum sero caprino quod est commune vehiculum. es Hoc unum praimoneo domine ut sis ililfgens circa victum, sine quo cetera remedia frustra adhihentur. so Laurentius cap. 15. evulsionis gratia renam internam alterius hrachii secamus. "Si pertinax morbus, venam fronte secabis. Bruell. 9^ Eg« niaxirnam curam stotnaclio delegabi). Octa. Horatianuf lib. 2. c. 7. MCitius et eflicacius guas vires exercel quam solcnt decocta ac diluta in quantitate multa. el magna cum assunientium molestia desumpta Flatu* hie sal p/iicaciter dissipat, urin.im movet, huniorei crassos abstergit, stomaclnirn egn^Hie confortat, crudi tatem. nauseam, appetentiain miruin in modum renu vat, &c. ^iPiso. Altomarui). Laurentius c. 15. Mem. 3. Subs. 1.] Cxire of Hypochondriacal Melancholy. 417 '"'■'Ancl these must be often used, still abstaining from those which are more violent, lest they do exasperate the stomach, Stc, and the mischief by that means be in- creased." Though in some physicians I find very strong purgers, hellebore itseh" prescribed in this affection, if it long continue, vomits may be taken after meal, or otherwise gently procured with warm water, oxymel, Sec, now and then. Fuchsius cap. 33. prescribes hellebore ; but still take heed in this malady, which 1 have ulleii warned, of hot medicines, ^'^" because (as Salvianus adds) drought follows lieau, .vhich increaseth the disease:" and yet Baptista Sylvaticus conlrov. 32. forbids cold medicines, ^' " because they increase obstructions and other bad symptoms." But this varies as the parties do, and 'tis not easy to determine which to use. ^^''•The stomach most part in this infirmity is cold, the liver hot; scarce therefore (which Montanus insinuates consil. 229. for the Earl of IVIanfort) can you help the one and not hurt the other:" much discretion must be used ; take no physic at all he con- cludes without great need. Loslius jEgubinus consil. for an hypochondriacal German prince, used many medicines; Jjut it was after signified to him in °^ letters, that the decoction of China and sassafras, and salt of sassafras wrought him an incredible good." In his 108 consult, he used as happily the same remedies; this to a third might have been poison, by overheating his liver and blood. For the other parts look for remedies in Savanarola, Gordonius, Massaria, Merca- tus, Johnson, &c. One for the spleen, amongst many other, I will not omit, cited by Hildesheim, spicel. 2. prescribed by 'Mat. Flaccus, and out of the authority of Benevenius. Antony Benevenius in a hypochondriacal passion, ""'" cured an exceed- ing great swelling of the spleen with capers alone, a meat befitting that infirmity, and frequent use of the water of a smith's forge ; by this physic he helped a sick man, whom all other physicians had forsaken, that for seven years had been sple- netic." And of such force is this water, '"that those creatures as drink of it, have commonly little or no spleen." See more excellent medicines for the spleen in him and ^Lod. Mercatus, who is a great magnifier of this medicine. This Chahjbs prce- paratus, or steel-drink, is much likewise commended to this disease by Daniel Sen- nertus Z. 1. part. 2. cap. 12. and admired by J.Caesar Claudinus Rcspons. 29. he calls steel the proper ^alexipharmacum of this malady, and much magnifies it; look for receipts in them. Averters must be used to the liver and spleen, and to scour the meseraic veins: and they are either too open or provoke urine. You can open no place better than the haemorrhoids, " which if by horse-leeches they be made to flow, ■* there may be again such an excellent remedy," as Plater holds. Sallust. Sal- vian will admit no other phlebotomy but this ; and by his experience in an hospital which he kept, he found all mad and melancholy men worse for other blood-letting Laurentius cap. 15. calls this of horse-leeches a sure remedy to empty the spleei' and meseraic membrane. Only Montanus consil. 241. is against it; ^"-to other mei' (saith he) this opening of the liaemorrhoids seems to be a profitable remedy; for my part I do not approve of it, because it draws away the thinnest blood, and leaves the \hickest behind." iEtius, Vidus Vidiijs, Mercurialis, Fuchsius, recommend diuretics, or such things as provoke urine, as aniseeds, dill, fennel, germander, ground pine, sodden in water, or drunk in powder: and yet *"?. Bayerus is against them : and so is Hollerius ; "■AH melancholy men (saith he) must avoid such things as provoke urine, because by them the subtile or thinnest is evacuated, the thick'.T matter remains." Clysters are in good request. Trincavelius lib. 3. cap. 38. for a young nobleman, esteems of them in the first place, and Hercules de Saxonia Panth. lib. 1. cap. Itj. is a great approver of them. '''■'I have found (saith he) by experience, that many 's His utendum saepius iteratis: a vehementiorihus semper abstineiiiliim ne veiitrein exasperent. ^Lib. 2 rap. 1. Quoiiiani caliditate coiijuiicta est siccitas qua; iiialuni auget. s' Qiiisqiiis frigidis auxiliis hoc Biorho tisiisfuerit, isobstructionem aliaquesymptoioata augebit. s* Ventriculus plerumqiie frigidiis, epar caliduni ; quomodo ergo veiitriculum calefaciet, vel rc- fiigerabit hepar sine alteriiis maximo detriiiiento? is Sigiiificatum per literas, ini;redibilem ulilitatcn) ex decocto ChiiicE, et Sassafras percepisse. im Tiimo- rem splenis incurabileiii sola cappari curavit, cibo tali Higritiidine aptissiino: Soloque usii aqus, in qua faber ferrarius sa-pe caiideiis I'erruni e\tirixerat,&.c. ' Aiii- 53 malia quae apud hos fabros educantiir, exigiios habent lienes. ^ l,. i. cap 17. ^ (jontjiiiiui' ejus usiis semper felicem in cegris fiiiem est assequutus. '•Si Heinorroides fluxerint, nullum praestantius esset re]n>:- dium, quiE:ianguiffigis admotis provocari fxitenint. ob- servat. lib. 1. pro liypoc. leuulcio. 5 Mjis apcrtio hcec in hoc morbo videtur utilissima ; mihi nou adiiio- dum probatur, quiasanguineni tenuem altraliit et eras- sum reliiiquit. ^ Lib. 2. cap. l:!. oimies inelaiicholici debent omittere uriiiam provocatitia, ijuoniam per ea educitur subtile, et remaiict crassiim. ' Kgo expi; ricntia probavi, multos Hypocondrjacos solo usu Clys teruiM fuisse sauatos. 418 Cure nf Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. o livpochondrlacdl nielanclioly men have been cured by the sole use of clysters,'*' receipts are to be had in him. Besides those fomentations, irrigations, inunctions, odorameiits, prescribed for th« liead, there must be the like used for the liver, spleen, stomach, hypochondries, &c, *"In crudity (saith Piso) 'tis good to bind the stomach hard" to hinder wind, ana to help concoction. Of inward medicines I need not speak ; use the same cordials as before. In this kind of nielanclioly, some prescribe "treacle in winter, especially before or after purges, or in the spring, as Avicenna, '° Trincavellius inithridate, " Montaltus pteoiiy seed, unicorn's horn ; as de corde cervi, ^r. Amongst topics or outward medicines, none are more precious than baths, but of them 1 have spoken. Fomentations to the hypochondries are very good, of wine and water in wliich are sodden southernwood, melilot, epithyme, mngwort, senni, ])olypod3", as also '^cerotes, '^plaisters, liniments, ointments for the spleen, liver, and liypochondries, of which look for examples in Laurentius, Jobertus lib. 3. c. I. pra. med. Montanus conslL 231. Montaltus cap. 33. Hercules de Saxonia, Faventinus. And so of epithemes, digestive powders, bags, oils, Octavius Iloratianus lib. 2. c. 5. prescribes calastic cataplasms, or dry purging medicines; Piso '^dropaces of pitch, and oil of rue, applied at certain times to the stomach, to the melaphrene, or part of the back which is over against tlie heart, jEtius sinapisms ; Montaltus cap. 35. would have the thighs to be "'cauterised, Mercurialis prescribes beneath the knees; Laelius ^Egubinus consil. 11 . for a hypochondriacal Dutchman, will have the cautery made in the right thigh, and so Montanus consil. 55. The same Montanus consil. 34. approves of issues in the arms or hinder part of the head. Bernardus Paternus in Hildesheiin spicel 2. would have "'issues made in both the thighs; ''Lod. Mercatus prescribes them near the spleen, aid prope vcntriculi regimen^ or in either of the thighs. Ligatures, frictions, and cupping-glasses above or about the belly, without scaritication, which '° Felix Platerus so much approves, may be used as before. SiiBsECT. II. — Correctors to expel Wind. Against Costiveness, S^c. L\ this kind of melancholy one of the most offensive sympt/^ms is wind, which, as in the other species, so in this, hath great need to be corrected and expelled. The medicines to expel it are either inwardly taken, or outwardly. Inwardly to expel wind, are simples or compounds : simples are herbs, roots, &c., as galanga, gentian, angelica, enula,- calamus aromaticus, valerian, zeodoti, iris, condite ginger, aristolochy, cicliminus, China, dittander, pennyroyal, rue, calamint, bay-berries, and bay-leaves, betony, rosemary, hyssop, sabine, centaury, mint, camomile, staechas, agnus castus, broom-flowers, origan, orange-pills, &.c. ; spices, as saffron, cinnamon, bezoar stone, myirh, mace, nutmegs, pepper, cloves, ginger, seeds of annis, fennel, anini, cari, nettle, rue, &c., juniper berries, grana paracHsi ; compounds, dianisuin, diagalanga, diaciminum, diacalaminth, elrctuarium de baccis laiiri.,benedicia laxaliva, pidois ad status, aniid. Jlorent. pulois carminativus., aromaticum rosatmn., treacle, mithridate., Sfc. This one caution of "^Gualter Bruell is to be observed in the admin- istering of these hot medicines and dry, '•' that whilst they covet to expel wind, they do not inflame the blood, and increase the disease ; sometimes (as he saith^ niedicines must more decline to heat, sometimes more to cold, as the circumstances require, and as the parties are inclined to heat or cold. Outwardly taken to expel winds, are oils, as of camomile, rue, bays, &c. ; foment- ations of the hypochondries, with the decoctions of dill, pennyroyal, rue, bay leaves, cummin, Stc, bags of camomile flowers, aniseed, cummin, bays, rue, wormwood, ointments of the oil of spikenard, wormwood, rue, &.c. ^"Areteus prescribes >> \n cniditate npliinum. veiitriculiiin arclius alligari. * 3J- 'I'heriaca!. Vere pra;sertim et aestate. '"Cons. I'j. I. I. "Cap. 3:<. i3Tiiiicavfllius consil. 13. ceroliim pro sfiie melanchnlic.o ail j>cur optiniiini. «:* Einpla.stra pro splciie. Ferncl. consil. 45. i* Dropax e picH navali, et oleo riitacen afiif.'atur vontriculo, el K>li metaphreni. ''Caiiieria crnrilnis iiiusta. "i Kotitani^iliE sint in iifnitpie cnire. '" t-ib. 1. c. 17. l*" De innnlis aliciiat. c. 3 flatus eyregie disculiunt ma- I lib- ' teriamqiie evocant. i^Uavendnm hie diliaenter a niullum calefacientibus, alque e.xsiccantibiis, ^ve ali- inenta fuerint liajc, sive nif'dicanienta : noiinulli enirn nt ventositates et ruj{itus conpescant, hiijiisHiodi iiten- tes medicamentis, pluriniuni peccant, niorlniin sit au- pentes : delient enini medicanienta jleclinare ad calidum vel friffiduni s»'ciiiid\ini exinenliam circunislantiarnin vcl ut paliens incliuat ad cal e' frigid. ^(Ja\i. S Viem. 3. Subs. 3.] Cure of hypochondriacal Melancholy. 419 cataplasms of camomile flowers, fennel, aniseeds, cummin, roseuiary, wormwood leaves, &.c. ^' Cupping-glasses applied to the hypochondries, without scarification, do wonder- fully resolve wind. Fernelius consil. 43. much approves of them at the lower end of the belly; ^Lod. Mercatus calls them a powerful remedy, and testifies moreover out of his own knowledge, how many he hath seen suddenly eased by them. Julius Cajsar Claudinus respons. med. resp. 33. admires these cupping-glasses, which he calls out of Galen, ^^"a kind of enchantment, they cause such present help." Empyrics have a myriad of medicines, as to swallow a bullet of lead, &c., which I voluntarily omit. Amatus Lusitanus, cent. 4. curat. 54. for a hypochondriacal per- son, that was extremely tormented with v/ind, prescribes a strange remedy. Put a pair of bellows end into a clyster pipe, and applying it into the fundament, open the bowels, so draw forth the wind, natura non admittit vacuum. He vaunts he was the first invented this remedy, and by means of it speedily eased a melancholy man. Of the cure of this flatuous ipelancholy, read more in Flenus dejlatibus, cap. 26. c' passim alias. Against headache, vertigo, vapours which ascend forth of the stomach to molest the head, read Hercules de Saxonia, and others. If costiveness ofl^end in this, or any other of the three species, it is to be corrected with suppositories, clysters or lenitives, powder of senna, condite prunes, &c. H. Elect, knit, e succo rosar. ana 3 j. niisce. Take as much as a nutmeg at a time, half an hour before dinner or supper, or pil. mastichin. "Sj. in six pills, a pill or two at a time. See more in Montan. consil. 229. Hildesheim spicel. 2. P. Cnemander, and Montanus commend '^^ " Cyprian turpentine, which they would have familiarly taken, to the quantity of a small nut, two or three hours before dinner and supper, twice or thrice a week if need be ; for besides that it keeps the belly soluble, it clears the s'omach, opens obstructions, cleanseth the liver, provokes urine." These in brief are the ordinary medicines which belong to the cure of melan- choly, which if they be used aright, no doubt may do much good ; Si non levando saltern leniendo valent, pecuUaria bene selecta, saith Bessardus, a good choice of par- ticular receipts must needs ease, if not quite cure, not one, but all or most, as occa- Et quie non prosunt singula, multa juvant. sion serves. »' Pi?o Sruel. raire flatus resolvit. ^ Lib. 1. c. 17. no/inuUos prEEtensione ventris deploratos illico reslitu- lo» his videiuuB. ^svelut incantaiuentuia quod'lam a?, '-tuoso spiritu, doloreiuortutn levaiu. '■"Tere- >''■• iiiam Cypriam babeant faiuiiiarem, ad quaiitita- tetn deglutiant nucis parvae, tribus horis ante prandium vel coenam, ter singulis septiiiianis prout expedire vide- bitur; nam praeterquam quod alvuni mullem eflicit, ob- structioiies aperit, ventriculum purgat, urinam provocal tiepar oiuadificat. ( 420 ; THE SYNOPSIS OF THE THIRD PARTITION Preface or Introduction. Subsect I. Love's definition, pedigree, object, fair, amiable, gracious, and pleasant, from whicr. comei beauty, grace, which all desire and love, parts affected. f Natural, in things without life, as love and hatred of elements ; and with life, as vegetal)lp, vine and elm, sympathy, antipathy, &c. Sensible, as of beasts, for pleasure, preservation of kind, mutual agreement, c;istarti, bringing up together, &c. fr>..c. 11- fHealth, wealth, honour, we love our benefactors: nothing so amiable as profit, or that which hath a show of commodity. fThings without life, made by art, pictures, sports, games, sensible objects, as hawks, hounds, horses; i Or men themselves for similitude of manners, I natural affection, as to friends, children, kinsmen, ' They have been naught themselves. Hard usage, unkindnees. or wantonness, inequality of years, persons, fortunes, &;c. from others. Outward enticements and provocations of others, i Fear, sorrow, suspicion, anguish of mind, strange actions, gestures, [oof^i, i speeches, locking up, outrages, severe laws, prodigious trials, &c. \ Despair, madness, to make away themselves, ) and others. I By avoiding occasions, always busy, never to be idle. By good counsel, advice of friends, to contemn or dissemble it. Subs. 1. \ By prevention before marriage. Plato's communion. 1 To marry such as are equal in years, birth, fortunes, beauty, of like conditions, &C. ' Of a good family, good education. To use them well. ( \ proof that there is such a species of melancholy, name, object God, what his beauty is, how it allureth, part and parties affected, superstitious, idolators, prophets, heretics, &c. Subs. 1. The devil's allurements, false miracles, priests for their gain. Politicians to keep men in obedience, bad instructors, blind guides. Simplicity, fear, ignorance, solitariness, melancholy, curiosity, pride, vain-glory, decayed image of God. Zeal without knowledge, obstinacy, superstition, J strange devotion, stupidity, confidence, stifi' defence I of their tenets, mutual love and hate of other ^ sects, belief of incredibiliti-es, impossibilities. Of heretics, pride, contumacy, contempt of others, wilfulness, vain-glory, singularity, prodigious para- doxes. In superstitious blind zeal, obedience, strange works, fasting, sacrifices, oblations, prayers, vows, pseudo- martyrdom, mad and ridiculous customs, ceremo- nies, observations. In pseudo-prophets, visions, revelations, dreams, prophecies, new doctrines, &c., of Jews, Gentiles. Mahometans, &c. I^New doctrines, paradoxes, blasphemies, madness, stu- \ pidity, despsir, damnation. By physic, if need be, conference, good counsel, persuasion, compulsion, correction, punishment. Quseritiir an cogi debent 1 Affir. Secure, void fEpicures, atheists, magicians, hypocrites, such as have cauterised of grace and \ consciences, or else are in a reprobate sense, worldly-secure, [ some philosophers, impenitent sinners, Subs. 1. The devil and his allurements, rigid preachers, thai wound their consciences, melancholy, contempla- i tion, solitariness. I How melancholy and despair differ. Distrust, weak- ness of faith. Guilty conscience for oflfence com- mitted, misunderstanding Scr. ("Fear, sorrow, anguish of mind, extreme tortures •i and horror of conscience, fearful dreams, con- [ ceits, visions, &c. Blasphemy, violent death. Subs. 4. r Physic, as occasion serves, conference, not to be idle or alone. Good counsel, good company, all comforts and contents, &c. 2L SynnptotTis^ Sub». 3. 1 Pariic'ilar. { Prognostics, Subs. 4. Cures, Subs. 5. fears. Distrustful, or too timor- ous, as des- perate. In despair con- Isider, Causes, Subs. 2. I "5 Symptoms, Subs. 3. Prognostics. ^ Cures, S. 5. i422'> THE THIRD PARTITION, L O V E-M ELANCIIOLT. THE FIRST SECTION, MEMBER, ' SUBSECTION. The Preface. THERE wiU not be wantitlg, I presume, one or other that will much discommend some part of this treatise of love-melancholy, and object (which 'Erasmus in his preface to Sir Thomas More suspects of his) " that it is too light for a divine, too comical a subject to speak of love symptoms, too fantastical, and fit alone for a ■canton poet, a feeling young love-sick gallant, an effeminate courtier, ot some such •ule person.'" And 'tis true they say : for by the naughtiness of men it is so come to pass, as ^ Caussinus observes, ut castis auribiis vox amoris suspecia S(7, et invisa, the very name of love is odious to chaster ears ; and therefore some again, out of ftn afl^ected gravity, will dislike all for the name's sake before they read a word ; dis- sembling with him in ^ Petronius, and seem to be angry that their ears are violated with such obscene speeches, that so they may be admired for grave philosophers and staid carriage. They cannot abide to hear talk of love toys, or amorous dis- courses, vulf.u, gestu, oculis in their outward actions averse, and yet in their cogita^ tions they are all out as bad, if not worse than others. «" Eruhiiit, posuitque meuin Lucwtia librum Sed coram Bruto, Brule recede, legit." But let these cavillers and counterfeit Catos know, that as the Lord John answered the Queen in that Italian ^ Guazzo, an old, a grave discreet man is fittest to discourse of love matters, because he hath likely more experience, observed more, hath a miore staid judgment, can better discern, resolve, discuss, advise, give better cautions, and more solid precepts, better inform his auditors in such a subject, and by reason of his riper years sooner divert. Besides, nihil in hiic amoris voce subtimendu?n, there is nothing here to be excepted at; love is a species of melancholy, and a necessary part of this my treatise, which I may not omit; operi suscepfo inserviendum fuit . so Jacobus Mysillius pleadeth for himself in his translation of Lucian's dialogues, and so do I ; I must and will perform my task. And that sliort excuse of Mercerus, for his edition of Aristaenetus shall be mine, ®"' If I have spent my time ill to write, let not them be so idle as to read." But I am persuaded it is not so ill spent, I oughi not to excuse or repent myself of this subject, on which many grave and worthy men have written whole volumes, Plato, Plutarch, Plotinus, Maximus, Tyrius, Alci nous, Avicenna, Leon Hebreus in three large dialogues, Xenophon sympos. Theo phrastus, if we may believe Athenaeus, lib. 13. cap. 9. Picus Mirandula, Marius, /Equicola, both in Italian, Kornmannus de linea Amoris^ lib. 3. Petrus Godefridus • Encom. Moriae leviores esse nugas quatn at Theo- logum deceaut. »Lib. 8. Eloquent, cap 14. de affec- tibiis mnrtalium vitio fit qui prseclara queeque in pravos (isus vertunl sQuoties de aniatoriis nientio (acta ct, tain veheinenter exrandui ; tarn ?evera tristilia f'olari aures nieae obsceno serninne nolui, ui me tan- qnam unam ex Philosophis inluerentur. * Martial " In Brutus' presence Lucretia blushed and laid my bonli aside ; when he retired, she took it up again and read. ' Lib. 4. of civil conversation. « Si male l"; Hist. Iilj. 12. cap. 34. " I'ra:fat. quid quadrafien.!- joined the useful to the asrei^'iljle." '^ Legeudi cii rio coiiveiiit cum amorc-? Ego vero agnosco ainatoriuiii »rriptum mihi non conveniri; : qui jam meridiem piic- tergressus in vesperem t'eror. ./Eneas Sylvius prxfat. wUt severiora siudia iis amienitatit)us lector ccuidire lossit. ,\ccius. '3 Discum quani philosoplniai au- 'Phig he look to he his only luisitiess, that the plays « liich he wrote shoulil please the people." 2" 111 vita pluli phiis, iu EpiL-ram. amalor, in Rpistolis pelulaiis. !<• Mem. 1. Subs. 1.] Preface. 425 severe ; in his epistle to Cseiellia, a wanton. Annianus, Sulpicius, Evem is, Menan- der, and many old poets besides, did in script is prurire^ write Fescennines., Attellanes, and lascivious songs ; Icztam materiam; yet they had in moribus censuram, et ^veri tate?n^ they were chaste, severe, and upright livers. 29"Castum esse ripcet pium poetain Ipsiiin, versiculos nihil necesse est, ciiii turn (leniqiie hnbent saleiii et leporem." am of Catullus' opinion, and make the same apology in mine own behalf; Hoc etiam quod scribo^peiidet plerumque ex aliorum sententid et auctoritate; nee ipse for' son inscmio^ sed insanientes sequor. Jltqni deiur hoc insanire me; Semel insanivimus omnes^i et tide ipse opinor insanis aliquando^ et /s, et ille., et ego,, scilicet.^ Homo sum, Immani a me nihil alienwn puto:'^' And which he urgeth for himself, accused of the like fault, I as justly plead, ^^ lasciva est nobis jxtgina, vita proba est. How- soever my lines err, my life is honest, ^^vita verecunda est, musa jocosa mihi. But 1 presume I need no such apologies, I need not, as Socrates in Plato, cover his face when he spake of love, or blush and hide mine eyes, as Pallas did in her hood, when she was consulted by Jupiter about Mercury's marriage, quod super nuptiis virgo consulitur, it is no such lascivious, obscene, or wanton discourse ; I have not offended your chaster ears with anything that is here written, as many French and Italian authors in tlieir modern language of late have done, nay some of our Latin pontificial writers, Zanches, Asorius, Abulensis, Burchardus, &.C., whom ''"Rivet accuseth to be more lascivious than Virgil in Priapeiis, Petronius in Catalectis, Aris- tophanes in Lycistratae, Martialis, or any other pagan profane writer, qui tam atrociter ("^ one notes) hoc geiiere peccdrunt ut multa ingeniosissime scripta obsccenitatufn gratia casta, mentes abhorreant. 'Tis not scurrile this, but chaste, honest, most part serious, and even of religion itself. ^ " Incensed (as he said) with the love of find- ing love, we have sought it, and found it." More yet, I have augmented and added something to this light treatise (if light) which was not in the former editions, I am not ashamed to confess it, with a good '"'' author, quod extendi et locupletari hoc sub- rectum plerique postulabant, et eorum importunitate v ictus, animum utcunque reni- entem ed adegi, ut jam sexta vice calamum in manum sumerem, scriptionlque longe et a studiis et professione mea alienoi me accingerem, haras aliquas a seriis meis occupationibus interim suffuratus, easque veluti Judo culdam ac recreationi destinans} 28 " Coyor retnirsum Vela dare, atqiie lilerare cursus Olim relictos" Etsi nnn ignorarem novos fortasse detractores novis hisce interpolationibus meis minime defut.uros.^^ And thus much I have thought good to say by way of preface, lest any man (which •'"Godefridus feared in his book) should blame in me lightness, wantonness, rashness, in speaking of love's causes, enticements, symptoms, remedies, lawful and unlawful loves, and lust itself, ■" 1 speak it only to tax and deter others from it, not to teach, but to show the vanities and fopperies of this heroical or herculean love,''^ and to apply remedies unto it. I will treat of this with like liberty as of the rest. '^ " Sed dicam vobis, vos porro dicite multis Millibiis, et facile licec cliarta luquatur anus." Condemn me not good reader then, or censure me hardly, if some part of this trea . tise to thy thinking as yet be too light ; but consider better of it ; Omnia munda 23 "The poet himself should be chaste and pious, but •lis verses need not imitate him in these respects ; they may therefore contain wit and humour." 'M-' This that I write depends sonieliinrs upon the opinion and Dutliority of others: nor perhaps am I frantic, 1 only wilow madmen: But thus far I may bederanj;cd: we iiave all been so at some one time, and yourself, I think, art sometimei insane, and this man, and that man, and 1 also." 31 " I am mortal, and think no humane action unsuited to me." ^^jyiart. "3 Ovid. '^ Isago. ad sac. scrip, cap. 13. ^^ Barthius notis in tJoElestinam, ludurii Hisp. "^ Ficinus Comment c. 17. Amore incensi invetiiendj anions, ainoreif (|ija.5i- vimns et invenirniis. 3? Author Ca-iestinre Barlh. interprete. "Tliat, overcome by the solicitations of friends, who requested mo to enlarj.'e and improve my volumes. I have devoted my otherwise rehictani mind !o the labour ; and now for tlie sixth tiuie have I taken .ip my pen, and applied myself •o literature very foreign 2l2 indeed to my studies and professional occupations, stealing a few hours from serious pursuits, and devot- ing them, as it were, to recreation." 3f Hor. lib. 1. Ode .34. " I am compelled to reverse my sails, and re- trace my foriner.course." 3'-* "Although 1 was by no means ignorant that new calumniators would not be wanting to censure my new introductions " ■") Haic pra'di.vi ne 4 lislemere rios putaret scripsissede amorum lenuciniis, de praxi, fornicationihus, adulleriis, &c. ■" Taxando el ah his deterreiido humanam lasciviam et insaniam, sed et remedia docendo: non igitur candi()verrules reason, the soul is carried hoodwinked, and the under- standing captive like a beast. ^^"The heart is variously inclined, sometimes they are merry, sometimes sad, and from love arise hope and fear, jealousy, fury, despera- tion." Now this love of men is diverse, and varies, as the object varies, by which ihey are enticed, as virtue, wisdom, eloquence, profit, wealth, money, fame, honour, or comeliness of person, &.c. Leon Hubreus, in his first dialogue, reduceth them all to these three, utile, jucundum, honestum, profitable, pleasant, honest ; (out of Aris- 81 Mantuan. 82Charitas munifica, qua mercamur de Deo regnum Dei. m Polanus partit. Zanchius dc iiatura Dei c. 3. copiose de hoc nmore Dei agit. M Nich. Bellus, discurs. 28. de amatoribus, virlutem provocat, conservat pacem in terra, tranquillitateni in ap're, ventis \x iliam, &c. "* Cumerarius Emh. JOU. een. 2. « Dial. 3. 8'Juven. osGen. 1. wCaussinus. soTheodoret 6 Plotino. si •• Where charily prevails, sweet desire, joy, and Icfve towards God are also present." '^ Ati'ectus nunc appetitivai potentiaj, nunc ralionalis, alter cerebro residet allei hepaie, corde, Sec. MCor varie iticlinatur, nunc tiaudens, nunc mcerens; statira ex tiinore DLMitttf Zelotypla, furor, spes, desperft'o. •Viem. 'i. Subs, .j Ohjecis of Lot 431 totle 6elike 8. moral.) of which he discoursetli at large, and whatsover is beautiful .111(1 lair, is '-fferred to them, or any way to be desired. '^^''To profitable is abscribed Neallb, wealth, honour, &.c., which is rather ambition, desire, covetousness, than ove :" friends, children, love of women, ''^all delightful and pleasant objects, are referred to the second. The love of honest things consists in virtue and wisdom, and is preferred before that which is profitable and pleasant : intellectual, about that which is iionest. ^'^ St. Austin calls " profitable, worldly ; pleasant, carnal ; honest, pinlual. ^'Of and from all three, result charity, friendsliip, and true love, which respects God and our neighbour." Of each of these I will briefly dilate, and show in what sort they cause melancholy. Amongst all these lair enticing objects, which procure love, and bewitch the soul «>♦' m-dti there is none so moving, so forcible as profit ; and that which carrieth with it a show of commodity. \ Health indeed is a precious thing, to recover and preserve which we will undergo any misery, drink bitter potions, freely give our goods : restore a man to his health, his purse lies open to thee, bountiful he is, thankful and beholding to thee ; but give him wealth and honour, give him gold, or what shall be for his advantage and preferment, and thou shalt command his affections, oblige him eternally to thee, heart, hand, life, and all is at thy service, thou art his dear and loving friend, good and gracious lord and master, his Mecaenas; he is thy slave, thy vassal, most devote, aflectioned, and bound in all duty: tell him good tidings in this kind, there spoke an angel, a blessed hour tliat brings in gain, he is thy creature, and thou his creator, he luigs and admires thee ; he is thine for ever^ No loadstone so attractive as that of profit, none so fair an object as tliis of gold; ^* nothing wins a man sooner than a good turn, bounty and liberality command body and soul: ' Munera (crede mihi) placant horiiinesque deusque ; Placatur doiiis Jupiter ipse datis." 'Good turns dnlli pacify both God and men, And Jupiter liiinsulf is won by them." Gold of all Other is a most delicious object; a sweet light, a goodly lustre it hath; gratius aurum quam solem iniuermir, saith Austin, and we had rather sec it than the sun. Sweet and pleasant in getting, in keeping; it seasons all our labours, intole- rable pains we take for it, base employments, endure bitter flouts and taunts, long journeys, heavy burdens, all are made liglit and easy by this hope of gain: ^t mihi plaudo ipse domi, simul ac nummos contemplor in area. The sight of gold refresheth our spirits, and ravisheth our hearts, as that Babylonian garment and ^'golden wedge did Achan in the camp, the very sight and hearing sets on tire his soul with desire of it. ( It will make a man run to the antipodes, or tarry at home and turn parasite, lie, flatter, prostitute himself, swear and bear false witness; he will venture his body, kill a king, murder his father, and damn his soul to come at it. Formosior auri massa, as '" he well observed, the mass of gold is fairer than all your Grecian pictures, that Apelles, Phidias, or any doaiing painter could ever make : we are enamoured with it, *" Prima fere vota, et r.unrtis notissima templis, Divitia; ut crescant." All our labours, studies, endeavours, vows, prayers and wishes, are to get, ho\* to compass it. »" HiPC est ilia cui famulatur maximns nrbis, Diva potens rerum, doniilrixque pecunia fati." This is the great goddess we adore and worship; this is the sole object of our desire." If we have it, as we think, we are made for ever, thrice happy, princes, /' lords, &.C. If we lose it, we are dull, heavy, dejected, discontent, miserable, des^ perate, and mad. Our estate and bene esse ebbs and flows with our commodity ; and as we are endowed or enriched, so are we beloved and esteemed : it lasts no longer than our wealth ; when that is gone, and the object removed, farewell friendship . as long as bounty, good cheer, and rewards were to be hoped, friends enough ; they were tied to thee by the teeth, and would follow thee as crows do a carcass: but •••' when thy goods are gone and spent, the lamp of their love is out, and thou shalt be »< Ad Utile sanitas refertur; utilium est ambitio, tupldo desiderium potiiis quam amor excessiis avR.-ilia. « Picoloni. {!rad. 7. cap. 1. '*'' Lib. de amicit. utile niindanum, carnale juciindiim, ppirituale honestum. " £x singulis tribue fit charitas et iiuiicitia, qu;e re- spicit deum et proximum. se Benefactores priEcipue auiamiis. Vives 3. de aiiima. ^gjos. 7. 'M Peiro- nius Arbiter. tJuvnualis. ^ Joh Secund. lifr. sylvaruiu. 432 Love-Melancholy. j^Part. 3. Sec. 1 contemned, scorned, hated, injured. ^Lucian's Timon, when he lived in prosperity, was the sole spectacle of Greece, only admired ; who but Timon } Everybody loved, honoured, applauded him, each man offerer' him his service, and souglil to be kin to him; but when his gold was spent, his fair possessions gone, larewell Timon: none so ugly, none so deformed, so odious an object as Timon, no man so ridiculous on a sudden, they gave him a penny to buy a rope, no man would know him. 'Tis the general humour of the world, commodity steers our affections through- out, we love those that are fortunate and rich, that thrive, or by whom we may receive mutual kindness, hope for like courtesies, get any good, gain, or profit- hate those, and abhor on the other side, which are poor and miserable, or by whom we may sustain loss or inconvenience. And even tiiose tliat were now familiar and deai unto us, our loving and long friends, neighbours, kinsmen, allies, with wliom we have conversed, and lived as so many Geryons for some years past, striving still to give one another all good content and entertainment, with mutual invitations, feast- ings, disports, offices, for whom we would ride, run, spend ourselves, and of whom we have so freely and honourably spoken, to whom we havR given all those turgent titles, and magnificent eulogiums, most excellent and most noble, worthy, wise, grave, learned, valiant, &c., and magnified beyond measure : if any controversy arise be- tween us, some trespass, injury, abuse, some part of our goods be detained, a piece of land come to be litigious, if they cross us in our suit, or touch the string of our commodity, we detest and depress them upon a sudden : neither affinity, consan- guinity, or old acquaintance can contain us, but '^rupto jecore exlerit Capri ficus. A golden apple sets altogether by the ears, as if a marrowbone or honevcomb were flung amongst bears : father and son, brother and sister, kinsmen are at odds : and look what malice, deadly hatred can invent, that shall be done. Terrible, diru?n,pesli- lens, atrox^fcriwi, mutual injuries, desire of revenge, and how to hurt them, hin. and his, are all our studies, if our pleasures be interrupt, we can tolerate it: out bodies hurt, we can put it up and be reconciled : but touch our commodities, we are most impatient : fair becomes foul, the graces are turned to harpies, friendly saluta- tions to bitter imprecations, mutual feastings to plotting villanies, minings and (>oun- terminings ; good words to satires and invectives, we revile e cotitra, nought but his imperfections are in our eyes, he is a base knave, a devil, a monster, a caterpillar, a viper, a hogrubber, Slc. Dcslnit in piscem 7nnlier formosa supcrne ;^ the scene is altered on a sudden, love is turned to hate, mirth to melancholy : so furiously are we most part bent, our affections fixed upon this object of commodity, and upon money, the desire of which in excess is covetousness : ambition tyranniseth over our souls, as * I have shown, and in defect crucifies as much, as if a man by negli- gence, ill husbandry, improvidence, prodigality, waste and consume his goods and fortunes, beggary follows, and melancholy, he becomes an abject, "^ odious and " worse than an infidel, in not providing for his family." / SuBSECT. II. — Pleasant Objects of Love. Pleasant objects are infinite, whether they be such as have life, or be without life; inanimate are countries, provinces, towers, towns, cities, as he said, ^PuJcherri- mam insulam videmus, etiam cum non videmus, we see a fair island by description, when we see it not. The ^sun never saw a fkirer city, Thessala Tempe, orchards, gardens, pleasant walks, groves, fountains, &c. The heaven itself is said to be '"fair or foul: fair buildings, "fair pictures, all artificial, elaborate and curious works, clothes, give an admirable lustre: we admire, an'^ gaze upon them, ut pueri Junonis avem, as children do on a peacock : a fair dog, a fair horse and hawk, &.C. '^Thcs' salus amat equum puUinum, buculum ^Egyptius, Laccdczmonius Catuluvi, 4'C., such things we love, are most gracious in our sight, acceptable unto us, and whatsoever else may cause this passion, if it be superfluous or immoderately loved, as Guianerius observes. These things in themselves are pleasing and good, singular ornaments, necessary, comely, and fit to be had ; but when we fix an immoderate eye, and dote • Lucianiis Timon. *Perg. »"The bust of a | serermm. cobIiiiii visum fEEdum. Polirl. lib. 1. de .^tiglia beautiful woman with the tail of a fish." > Part. 1. " Credo equntem vivos duceiit e inarmore vultua Bee. 2. memb. sub. Vi. i 1 Tim. i. 8. « Lips, epist. '= Max. Tynus, ser. 9. {''(undeiio. d Inland of 8t E mend him, use him kindly, take his part in a quarrel, relieve him in his misery, thoii winnest him for ever; do the opposite, and be sure of a perpetual enemy. Praise and dispraise of each other, do as much, though unknown, as ^^ Schoppius by Scali- ger and Casaubonus : mjilus mulum scabit.; who but Scaliger with him .? what enco- miums, epithets, eulogiums ? Jlntistes sapienli.cp^ perpetuus dictator, literarum ornamentum, EuropcB miraculum, noble Scaliger, ^^ incredibilis ingenii prcBStantia, Sfc, diis potius quam hominibiis per omnia comparandus, scripta ejus aurea ancylia de ccelo delapsa poplitibus veneramur Jlexis,^^ S^c, but when they began to vary, none so absurd as Scaliger, so vile and base, as his books de Burdonum familid, and other satirical invectives may witness. Ovid, in Jbin, Archilocus himself was not so bitter. Another great tie or cause of love, is consanguinity : parents are dear to their children, children to their parents, brothers and sisters, cousins of all sorts, as a hen and chickens, all of a knot : every crow thinks her own bird fairest. Many memorable examples are in this kind, and 'tis porfenti simile, if they do not : ^®"a mother cannot forget her child :"^^Solomon so found out the true owneri; love of parents may not be concealed, 'tis natural, descends, and they that are inhuman in this kind, are unworthy of that air they breathe, and of the four elements; yet many unnatural examples we have in this rank, of hard-hearted parents, disobedient chil- ^' Tart 1. sec. 2. memb. 3. " Mart. " Omnif. mag. lib. 12. cap. 3. wDe sale geniali, 1. 3. c. 15. I' Theod. Prodromus, amor. lib. 3. '8 Similitude moruin parit amjcitiam. i9Vives3..de anima. "KQ,!!! simul fttcere naufragium, ant una pertulere vin- cula vel eonsilii coiijiirationisve societate jungiintur, inviccm amaiit : Brutum et Cassium invicem infensos Cajsarianns dominatus cniiciliavit. iEmilius Lepidus •t Julius Flaccus, quum essent inimicissimi, censores renunciati siinultates illico deposuere. Scultet. cap. 4. 55 2M de causa amor. i" Papinius. «" Isocrates demoiiico prscipit ut quum alicujus amicitiam velle- ilium laudet, quod laus initium amoris sit, vituperatio -simultaium. ^'i* Suspect leet. lib. i. cap. 2. 2i"Tti5 priest of wisdom, pprpetual dictator, ornament of lite- rature, wonder of Kiirope." 2° Oli incredible excf.'- lence of genius, &c., more comparable to gods' than man's, in every respect, we venerate youi writings on bended knees, as we do the shield that fell from he» ven," *> Isa. xlix. 434 Love-Melancholy. [Part, o Sec i. dren, of ^^ d'sagreeing brothers, nothing so common. The love of kinsmen is grown cold, '^°"many kinsmen (as the saying is) few friends;" if thir.e estate be good, and -hou able, par pari rcferre, to reqnite their kindness, there will be mutual corre- spondence, otherwise thou art a burden, most odious to them above all others. Th»^ last object that ties man and man, is comeliness of person and beanj^y alone, as men love women with a wanton eye: which zar' t^ox^t^is termed heroical, or love-melan- choly. Other loves (saith Picolomineus) are so called with some contraction, as the love of wine, gold, &c., but this of women is predominant in a higher strain, whose part affected is the liver, and this love deserves a longer explication, and sliall be dilated apart in the next section. SuBSECT. III. — Honest Objects of Love. Beauty is the common object of all love, ^^" as jet draws a straw, so doth beauty love :" virtue and honesty are great motives, and give as fair a lustre as tho rest, especially if they be sincere and right, not fiicate, but proceeding from true form, and an incorrupt judgment ; those two Venus' twins, Eros and Anteros, are then most firm and fast. For many times otherwise men are deceived by their llattering gnathos, dissembling camelions, outsides, hypocrites that make a show of great love, learning, pretend honesty, virtue, zeal, modesty, with affected looks and counterfeit gestures: feigned protestations often steal away the hearts and favours of men, and deceive them, specie virlutis et umbra, when as reveru and indeed, there is no worth or honesty at all in them, no truth, but mere hypocrisy, subtilty, knavery, and the like. As true friends they are, as he that Cslius Secundus met by the highway side; and hard it is in this temporising age to distinguish such companions, or to find them out. Such gnathos as these for the most part belong to great men, and by this glozing flattery, affability, and such like philters, so dive and insinuate into their favours, tliat they are taken for men of excellent worth, wisdom, learning, demi- gods, and so screw themselves into dignities, honours, offices ; but these men cause harsh confusion often, and as many times stirs as Rehoboam's counsellors in a com- monwealth, overthrew themselves and others. Tandlerus and some authors make a doubt, v/hether love and hatred may be compelled by philters or characters ; Cardan and Marbodius, by precious stones and amulets ; astrologers by election of times, &c. as^"] shall elsewhere discuss. The true object of this honest love is virtue, ■wisdom, lionesty, "'real worth, Interna forma, and this love cannot deceive or be compelled, ut ameris amabilis esfo, love itself is the most potent philtrum, virtue and wisdom, gratia gratum facicns, the sole and only grace, not counterfeit, but open, honest, simple, naked, ^^'•'' descending from heaven," as our apostle hath it, an infused habit from God, which hath given several gifts, as wit, learning, tongues, for which they shall be amiable and gracious, Eph. iv. 11. as to Saul stature and a goodly pre- sence, 1 Sam. ix. 1. Joseph found favour in Pharaoh's court. Gen. xxxix, for ''^ iiis person ; and Daniel with the princes of tlie eunuchs, Dan. xix. 19. Christ was gra- cious with God and men, Luke ii. 52. There is still some peculiar grace, as of good discourse, eloquence, wit, honesty, which is the primum mobile, first mover, and a most forcible loadstone to draw the favours and good wills of men's eyes, ears, and affections unto them. When " Jesus spake, they were all astonished at his answers, (Luke ii. 47.) and wondered at his gracious words which proceeded from his mouth. '*^^ An orator steals away the hearts of men, and as another Orpheus, quo vuJl, undt vulf, he pulls them to him by speech alone : a sweet voice causeth admiration ; and he tiiat can utter himself in good words, in our ordinary phrase, is called a proper man, a divine spirit. For which cause belike, our old poets, Senatus populusque poeta- rum, made Mercury the gentleman-usher to the Graces, captain of eloquence, and those charities to be Jupiter's and Eurymone's daughters, descended from above. Though they be otherwise deformed, crooked, ugly to behold, those good parts of the minJ denominate them fair. Plato commends the beauty of Socrates; yet who was more gnivr^ of countenance, stern and ghastly to look upon.? So are and have been many great phi- i" Rara est coiiciirdia fratriini. "SGrad. ]. cap 2i. I hnrniiie prolio. ''•' James iii. 10. "^flratic »« * Vives 3. (Ic aiiiiiia, ut paleain succiiiuiii sic fHrinaiii i pulchro veiiieiis ^ corpore vjrlus. amor trahit. *Secl. seq. '' Niiiil divinius i Hnn. 2 Subs. 3.] Honest Objects of Love. 435 .'< gophers, as ** Gregory Nazianzen observes, "deformed most part in that which is to tve seen with the eyes, but most elegant in that wliich is not to be seen." ScBpe sub utlriUi latitat sapientla veste. ^Esop, Democritus, Aristotle, Politianus, Melancthon, 'iesner, &c. withered old men, Sileni Jllcibiadls, very harsh and impolite to the eye ; but who were so terse, polite, eloquent, generally learned, temperate and modest? No man then living was so fair as Alcibiades, so lovely quo ad superjicient, to the ^ye, as ^^ Boethius observes, but he had Corpus turpissirnum interne, a most deformed''^ loul ; honesty, virtue, fair conditions, are great enticers to such as are well given, and much avail to get the favour and good-will of men. Abdolominus in Curtius, a poor man, (but which mine author notes, ^^ " the cause of this poverty was his honesty'") for his modesty and continency from a private person (for they found him digging in his garden) was saluted king, and preferred before all the magnificoes of his time, iiijecta ei vestis purpunl auroque distincta, "a purple embroidered garment was put upon him, ^''and they bade him wash himself, and, as he was worthy, take upon him the style and spirit of a king," continue his continency and the rest of his good parts. Titus Pomponius Atticus, that noble citizen of Rome, was so fair con- dilionc'i, of so sweet a carriage, that he was generally beloved of all good men, of Ciesar, Pompey, Antony, TuUy, of divers sects, &c. multas hcBreditates (^^ Cornelius I\ epos writes) sola, bonitate consequutus. Operce pretlum audire., ^c. It is worthy of your attention, Livy cries, "^ " you that scorn all but riches, and give no esteem to virtue, except they be wealthy withal, Q,. Cincinnatus had but four acres, and by the consent of the senate was chosen dictator of Rome. Of such account were Cato, Fabricius, Aristides, Antonius, Probus, for their eminent worth: so Caesar, Trajan, Alexander, admired for valour, ''° Ilaephestion loved Alexander, but Parmenio the kmg: Titus deUcics Immani generis, and which Aurelius Victor hath of Vespatian, the darling of his time, as ■" Edgar Etheling was in England, for his ''^ excellent vir- tues : their memory is yet fresh, swe-'t, and we love them many ages after, though they be dead : Suavem me?noriam sui reliquit, saith Lipsius of his friend, living and dead they are all one. ''^"I have ever loved as thou knowest (so Tully wrote to Dolabella) Marcus Brutus for his great wit, singular honesty, constancy, sweet con- ditions ; and believe it ''''there is nothing so amiable and fair as virtue." "I '''do mightily love Calvisinus, (so Pliny writes to Sossius) a most industrious, eloquent, upright man, which is all in all with me :" the affection came from his good parts. And as St. Austin comments on the 8tth Psalm, ''®'' there is a peculiar beauty of jus- tice, and inward beauty, which we see with the eyes of our hearts, love, and are enamoured with, as in martyrs, though their boches be torn in pieces with wild beasts, yet this beauty shines, and we love their virtues." f Tlie ^'^ stoics are of opinion that a wise man is only fair; and Cato in Tully 3 de Finibus contends the same, that the lineaments of the mind are far fairer than those of the body, incomparably beyond them : wisdom and valour according to *^ Xenophon, especially deserve the name of beauty, and denominate one fair, e< incomparabiliter pulchrior est (as Austin holds) Veritas Christianormu qua?n Helena Grcecorum. "Wine is strong, the king is strong, women are strong, but truth overcometh all things,^ Esd. i. 3, 10, 11, 12. " Blessed is the man that findeth wisdom, and getteth understanding, for the mer- chandise thereof is better than silver, and the gain thereof better than gold : it is more precious than pearls, and all the things thou canst desire are not to be com- pared to her," Prov. ii. 13, 14, 15, a wise, true, just, upright, and good man, I say it again, is only fair: ''^it is reported of Magdalene Queen of France, and wife tcr"^ Lewis 11th, a Scottish woman by birth, that walking forth in an evening with her ladies, she spied M. Alanus, one of the king's chaplains, a silly, old, ^"hard-favoured 81 Oral. 13. deformes plerunique philosnplii ad id quod In aspHctiim cadit ea parte elegantes qiuc ociilos fiigit. •5 43 (le cnnsol. S"" Causa ei paiiperlalis, philosophia, Bicul plerisque piobitas fiiit. sT^lilue corpus et cape regis auimum, et in earn fortunani qua dignus es contiiientiain istam profer. s-^Vitaejns. 39Q(,j Dr^ divitiis humana spernunt, nee virtuti locum putant nisi opes affluant. Q,. Cincinnatus consensu patruni in dictatoreni Romanuni electus. '•'''urtius. ■"Edgar Stheling, England's darling. ^^Moruin suavitas, obvia comitas, pronipta officia mortaliuin aniinos de- merentur *3Epist. lib. 8. Semper aniavl ut tu scis, M. Bruuun propter ejus summum in(;eniuni, suavissi- nios mores, singularem probitatem et constantiam; nihil est, niilii crede, virtute forniosius, nihil aniabiliusi. ^^Ardentes amores excitaret, si simulacrum ejus ad oculos penetraret, Plato PhcBdone. ^s Epjgt. lib. 4 Validissime diligo virum rectum, disertiiin, quod apud me potentissimum est. ^^ Est quffidam pulchrituilo justitiae quam videmus oculis cordis, aniamus, et exar descinius, ut in martyrihus, quum eorum ineuihra besliiE lacerarent, etsi alias deformes, &c. ■" Lipsiu* manuduc. ad Phys. Stoic, lib. 3. difi" 17. solus sap en* pulcher. ■'^Fortitudo et prudenlia piilcliritud nih iitudein pjEcipue ■norentiir. i* Franc. Belforisl is hist. an. 1430. ^ Brat autem fcede deformis, et ei 430 Love-Mclanclwly. [Part. 3. Sec. L man fast asleep in a bower, and kissed him sweetly, when the young ladies laughed at her ibr it, she replied, that it was not his person that she did embrace and reve- rence, but, witli a platonic love, the divine beauty of ^' his soul. Thus in all ages virtue hath been adored, admired, a singular lustre hath proceeded from it : and the more virtuous he is, the more gracious, the more admired. No man so much fol- lowed u])on earth as Christ himself: and as the Psalmist saith, xlv. 2, ''He was fairer than the sons of men." Chrysostom Horn. 8 in Mat. Bernard Ser. 1. de. omni- his Sanctis; Austin, Cassiodore, Hier. in 9 Mat. interpret it of the *^ beauty of his pl;^^on ; there was a divine majesty in his looks, it shined like lightning and drew all men to it : but Basil, Cyril, lib. 6. super. 55. Esay. Theodoret, Arnobius, &.c. of the beauty of his divinity, justice, grace, eloquence-, &c. Thomas in Psal. xliv. of both ; and so doth Baradius and Peter Morales, lib de pulchritud. Jcsu et Maria;, adding as much of Joseph and the Virgin Mary, hcec alias forma prcBcesserit onmes, *'' according to that prediction of Sibylla Cumea. Be they present or absent, near us, or afar off, this beauty shines, and will attract men many miles to come and visit it. Plato and Pythagoras left their country, to see those wise ^Egyptian priests: ApoUonius travelled into ^Ethiopia, Persia, to consult with the Magi, Brachmanni, gymnosophists. The Queen of Sheba came to visit Solomon ; and " many, saith "^ Hierom, went out of Spain and remote places a thousand miles, to behold that eloquent Livy :" ^^Multi Romam non ut urhem pulcherrimam, aut urbis et orbis dojni- nwii Octavianum, sed ul hunc unum inviserent audirentque, d Gadibus profecti sunt. No beauty leaves such an impression, strikes so deep, ^®or links the souls of men closer liian virtue. • s' " Not) per deos aut pictor posset, Aut statuariiis ullus finpcre Talem puli^hritudiiieiii iiualom virtus habet ;" " no painter, no graver, no carver can express virtue's lustre, or those admirable rays, that come from it, those enchanting rays that enamour posterity, those everlasting rays that continue to the world's end." Many, saith Phavorinus, that loved and admired Alcibiades in his youth, knew not, cared not for Alcibiades a man, nunc intuentes quarebant Mcibiadem; but the beauty of Socrates is still the same; "* vir- tue's lustre never fades, is ever fresh and green, semper viva to all succeeding ages, and a most attractive loadstone, to draw and combine such as are present. For that reason belike. Homer feigns the three Graces to be linked and tied hand in hand, because the hearts of men are so firmly united with such graces. ^^"O sweet bands (Seneca exclaims), which so happily combine, that those which are bound by them love their binders, desiring withal much more harder to be bound," and as so many Geryons to be united into one. For the nature of true friendship is to combine, to be like affected, of one mind, 60" Voile et nolle ambobiis idem, satiataque toto Mens aevo" as the poet saith, still to continue one and the same. And where this love takes place there is peace and quietness, a true correspondence, perfect amity, a diapason of vows and wishes, the same opinions, as between ®' David and Jonathan, Damon and Pythias, Pylades and Orestes, ^^Nysus and Euryalus, Theseus and Pirithous, '^they will live and die together, and prosecute one another with good turns. ^W«m vinci in amore tiirpissimum putani, not only living, but when their friends are dead, with tombs and monuments, Nenias, epitaphs elegies, inscriptions, pyramids, obe- lisks, statues, images, pictures, histories, poems, annals, feasts, anniversaries, many ages after (as Plato's scholars did) they will parenfare still, omit no good office that may tend to the preservation of their names, honours, and eternal memory. ^Ullum color ihis., ilium cerci, ilium cere., 8jC. " He did express his friends in colours, in wax, m brass, in ivory, marble, gold, and silver (as Pliny reports of a citizen in Rome), forma, qua citius pueri terreri possent, qtiam invitari ad isciilum puella;. ei Deformis iste etsi videatiir senex. divinum animum habet. ^SFulgeliat vultu 8uo: fulgor et divina majestas homines ad se trahons. " " She excelleil all others in beauty." ^4 Prsjefat. hib. vulgar. s' Pars inscrip. Til. Livii status; Patavii. •« A true love's Itnot. "Sto08Bus c Gnco. ssSoli- nus, pulchri nulla est facies. suq dulcissimi laquei gari et in uiinm redigi. eogtatius. «' " He loved him as he loved his own soul," 1 Sam. xv. 1. "Beyond the love of women." «2 Virg. 9. .(En. diii super exanimem sese conjecit amicura confessus. "•< .Amicus anima; diniidium, Austin, confess. 4. cap. 6. Quod de Virgilio Horatius, et serves anims diniidium mea;. oipijnius. ^sinum argento et auro, ilium ebore, marniore effingit, et nuper ingenti adhibHo H"< tani feliciter dcvinciunt, ut et-iain a viiictis dili- auditorio iiigentem de vita ejus librum recitavit. epiat ini.iur, qui 4 graliis vjncti sunt, cupiunt arctiua deli- i lib 4. epist. 68 Mem. 3.J _ Division of Love. 437 »i'd in a great auditory not long since recited a just volume of his life." In anothe* place, ''''sppaking of an epigram which Martial had composed in praise of him, ""He- gave me as much as hff might, and would have done more if he could : though what can a man give more than honour, glory, and eternity ?" But that which he wrote peradventure, will not continue, yet he wrote it to continue. 'Tis all the recom- pense a poor scholar can make his well-deserving patron, Mecaenas, friend, to men- tion him in his works, to dedicate a book to his name, to write his life, &c., as all . our poets, orators, historiographers have ever done, and the greatest revenge such men take of their adversaries, to persecute them with satires, invectives, Stc, and 'tis both ways of great moment, as ^^ Plato gives us to understand Paulus Jovius, in the fourth book of the life and deeds of Pope Leo Decimus, his noble patron^ concludes in these woi'ds, '^^ " Because I cannot honour him as other rich men do, with like endeavour, aliection, and piety, I have undertaken to write his life; since my fortunes will not give me leave to make a more sumptuous monument, I will perform those rites to his sacred ashes, which a small, perhaps, but a liberal wit can afford." But 1 rove. Where this true love is wanting, there can be no firm peace, friend- ship frcin teeth outward, counterfeit, or for some by-respects, so long dissembled, till they have satisfied their own ends, which, upon every small occasion, breaks ou. into enmity, open war, defiance, heart-burnings, whispering, calumnies, contentions, and all manner of bitter melanclioly discontents. And those men which have nc other object of their love, than greatness, wealth, authority, &c., are rather feared than beloved; nee amant Queniquani, nee amantur ab ullo : and howsoever borne with for a time, yet for their tyranny and oppression, griping, covetousness, currish hardness, folly, intemperance, imprudence, and such like vices, they are generally odious, abhorred of all, both God and men. '• Nun uxor salvuui te vult, non filius, omnes Vicini oderuiu," " wife and children, friends, neighbours, all the world forsakes them, would feign be rid of th.em," and are compelled many limes to lay violent hands on them, or else God's judgments overtake them : instead of graces, come furies. So when fair '"Abigail, a woman of singular wisdom, was acceptable to David, Nabal was churlish and evil-conditioned ; and therefore " Mordecai was received, when Haman was executed, Haman the favourite, " that had his seat above the other princes, to whom all the king's servants that stood in the gates, bowed their knees and reverenced." Though they flourished many times, such hypocrites, such temporising foxes, and blear the world's eyes by flattery, bribery, dissembling their natures, or other men's weakness, that cannot so apprehend their tricks, yet in the end they will be dis- cerned, and precipitated in a moment : ^ surely," saith David, " thou hast* set them in slippery places," Ps. xxxvii. 5. as so many Sejani, they will come down to the Gemonian scales; and as Eusebius in '^Amraianus, that was in such authority, ad juhendmn Imperatorem, be cast down headlong on a sudden. Or put case they escape, and rest unmasked to their lives' end, yet after their death their memory stinks as a snuff of a candle put out, and those that durst not so much as mutter against them in their lives, will prosecute their name with satires, libels, and bitter imprecations, they shall male audire in all succeeding ages, and be odious to the world's end. MEMB. III. Charity composed of all three Kinds, Pleasant, Prqfitahle, Honest. Besides this love that comes from profit, pleasant, honest (for one good turn asks another in equity), that which proceeds from the law of nature, or from discipline and philosophy, there is yet another love compounded of all these three, which is «6 Lib. iv. ep. CI. Prisco suo ; Dedit mihi quantum i enim vim habent, &c. ^u peri tamen studio et pie- potuit maxiriiuiii, daturus auiplius si potuisset. Ta- tate conscribeuilte vits ejus munus suscepi, et post quam metsi quid lioriiiiii dari potest niajus quaui gloria, laus, suuiptiiosa condere pro fortuna non licuit, exiguo sed et aeiernitas? At non erunt fortasse qua scripsit. Ille eo forte liberalis ingenii monuniento justa sanctissiino tanieii scripsit tauquam essent futura. ^' For, genus cineri solventur. "> 1 Sam. xxv. 3. " Esther, iii. 3- tritabile valum. *I.ib. 13 de L.egibus. Magnam I " Amni. Marcellinus, I. H. 'Zm'Z 438 Love-Melancholy. Tart. 3. Sec. 1 charity, an J includes piety, dilection, benevolence, friendship, even all those virtuous habits-, for love is the circle equant of all other affections, of which Aristotle dilates at larg'? in his Ethics, and is commanded by God, which no man can well perform, but ht that is a Cliristian, and a true regenerate man ; this is, ""To love God above all, auvl our neighbour as ourself ;" for this love is lychnus accendem et accensus, a communicating light, apt to illuminate itself as well as others. All other objects are fair, and very beautiful, I confess ; kindred, alliance, friendship, the love that we owe to our coimtry, nature, wealth, pleasure, honour, and such moral respects, &.C., of which read '^copious Aristotle in his morals; a man is beloved of a man, in that he is a man ; but all these are far more eminent and great, when they shall proceed from a sanctified spirit, that hath a true touch of religion, and a reference to God, Nature binds all creatures to love their young ones; a hen to preserve her brood will run upon a lion, a hind will fight with a bull, a sow with a bear, a silly sheep with a fox. So the same nature urgeth a man to love his parents, (J^dii me jiater omnes oderint^ ni te magis quam oculos amem meos!) and this love cannot be dis- solved, as TuUy holds, '^" without detestable offence:" but much more God's com- mandment, which enjoins a filial love, and an obedience in this kind. '''"The love of brethren is great, and like an arch of stones, where if one be displaced, al' comes down," no love so forcible and strong, honest, to the combination of which, nature, fortune, virtue, happily concur ; yet this love comes short of it. '^Dulce et decorum pro patrid mori., '"it cannot be expressed, what a deal of charity that one name of country contains. Amor laudis et patrics pro sfipendio est ; the Decii did se devo- vere-i Horatii, Curii, Scaevola, Regulus, Codrus, sacrifice themselves for their country's peace and good. ' Una dies Fahios ad belltim miserat omnes Ad belluni inissos penliilit una dies." " One day the Fabii stoutly warred. One day the Fabii were destroyed." Fifty thousand Englishmen lost their lives willingly near Battle Abbey, in defence of their country. ^' P. jEmilius I. 6. speaks of six senators of Calais, that came with halters in their hands to the king of England, to die for the rest. This love makes so many writers take such pains, so many historiographers, physicians, &C., or at least, as they pretend, for common safety, and their country's benefit. *^Sanc~ turn nomen amicitice^ sociorum communio sacra; friendship is a holy name, and a sacred communion of friends. ^^^ As the sun is in the firmament, so is friendship in the world," a most divine and heavenly band. As nuptial love makes, this perfects mankind, and is to be preferred (if you will stand to the judgment of ^^ Cornelius Nepos) before affinity or consanguinity; plus in amicUid valet simUitudo morum, quam ajinitas^ Sfc, the cords of love bind faster than any other wreath whatsoever. Take this away, and take all pleasure, joy, comfort, happiness, and true content out of the world ; 'tis the greatest tie, tlie surest indenture, strongest band, and, as our modern Marc decides it, is much to be preferred before the rest. 5" Hard is the doubt, and difficult to deem. When all three kinds of love together meet; And do dispart the heart witli power extreme. Whether shall weigh the balance down; to wit, The dear atfection unto kindred sweet, Or raging tire of love to women kind, Or zeal of friends, combin'd by virtues meet ; But of them all the band of virtuous inind, Metliinks the gentle heart should most assured bind. " For natural affection soon doth cease. And quenched is with Cupid's greater flame ; IJut faitht'iil friendship doth them both suppress, And them with mustering discipline doth tame, Through thoughts aspiring to eternal fame. For as th« soril doth rule the earthly mass. And all the service of (he body frame, So love of soul (lolh love of body pass, [brass," No less than pi^rfect gold surmounts the meanest ^A faithful friend is better than '^''gold, a medicine of misery, ^'an only possession*, yet this love of friends, nuptial, heroical, profitable, pleasant, honest, all three loves put together, are little worth, if they proceed not from a true Christian illuminated soul, if it be not done in or dine ad Deum^ for God's sake. ) "Though I had the gift of prophecy, spake with tongues of men and angels, though I feed the poor with al Tfiy goods, give my body to be burned, and have not this love, it prof^t.eth nie no- 's utmundus duobus polls sustentatiir : ita lex Dei, amore Dei et proximi ; duobus his fundamentis vin- citur; machina mundi corruit, si una de polls turba- tur; lex peril diviiia si una ex his. '^ 8 et 9 libro. '6 Ter. Adelph. 4, 5. '« De amicit. "Charitas parentum dilui nisi detestabili v.elere nnn potest, lapidum fornicibus simillima.casura, iisi ee invicem suslentaret. Seneca, 'b-' It is sweet to die for one's country." '^Dii immirtali s, dici non potest quantum charitalis nomen illud .label, f Ovid. Fast. 81 Anno 1347. Jacob Mayer. An.ial. Fland. lib. 12. sjTully. w Luojanus Toxari. Amicitiu ut sol in inundo. Sec. ^4 vit. Pompon. Attic.i. »'S Spencer, Faerie ftueene, lib. 5. cant. 9. staff. 1, 2. sfSyracides. *? Plutarch, preciosum numisma. ^ Xenophou, verus amicus prsstantissiiua possessio. Mem. 3.] Divisiov of Love. 430 thii.^,'y 1 Cor. xiii. 1, 3. 'tis splendidum ptccatum^ without chanty. This is an all- npprenending love, a deifying love, a refined, pure, divine love, the quintessence of ill love, the true philosopher's stone, vVon potest eninij as *^ Austin infers, veraciter amicus esse hominis. niii fuerit ipsius prhnitus veritaJis, He is no true iriend that loves not God's truth. And therefore this is true love indeed, tlTe cause of all good to mortal men, that reconciles all creatures, and glues them together in perpetual amity and firm league ; and can no more abide bitterness, hate, malice, than fair and fcul weather, light and darkness, sterility and plenty may be together; as the sun in the lirmament (1 say), so is love in the world; and for this cause 'tis love without an addition, love, love of God, and love of men. *''-' The love of God begets the love of man ; and by this love of our neighbour, the love of God is nourished and increased." By this happy union of love, ^'"all well-governed families and cities are combined, the heavens annexed, and divine souls complicated, the world itself composed, and all that is in it conjoined in God, and reduced to one. ^This love causeth true and absolute virtues, the life, spirit, and root of every virtuous action, it finisheth prosperity, easeth adversity, corrects all i^atural incumbrances, inconve- niences, sustained by faith and hope, which with this our love make an indissoluble twist, a Gordian knot, an equilateral triangle, and yet the greatest of them is love," 1 Cor. xiii. 13, ^'* which inflames our souls with a divine heat, and being so inflamed, purged, and so purgeth, elevates to God, makes an atonement, and reconciles us unto him. ^ That other love infects the soul of man, this cleanseth ; that depresses, this rears ; that causeth cares and troubles, this quietness of mind ; this informs, that deforms our life ; that leads to repentance, this to heaven." For if once we be truly linked and touched with this charity, we shall love God above all, our neighbour as o\irself, as we are enjoined, Mark xii. 31. 3Iatt. xix. 19, perform those duties and exercises, even all the operations of a good Christian. ^yThis love sufTereth long, it is bountiful, envieth not, boasteth not itself, is not piited up, it deceiveth not, it seeketh not his own things, is not provoked to an^er, "t thinketh not evil, it rejoiceth not in iniquity, but in truth. It sufTereth all thingij. believeth all things, hopeth all things," 1 Cor. xiii. 4, 5, 6, 7 ; " it covereth all tres- passes," Prov. x. 12; '"a multitude of sins," I Pet. 4, as our Saviour told the woman in the Gospel, that washed his feet, " many sins were forgiven her, for she loved much," Luke vii. 47; "it will defend the fatherless and the widow," Isa. i. 17; "will seek no revenge, or be mindful of wrong," Levit. xix. 18; "will bring home his brother's ox if he go astray, as it is commanded," Deut. xxii. 1 ; " will resist evil, give to him that askelh. and not turn from him that borroweth, bless them that curse him, love his enemy," Matt, v; "bear his brother's burthen," Gal. vi. 7. He that so loves will be hospitable, and distribute to the necessities of the saints ; he will, if it be possible, have peace with all men, " feed his enemy if he be hungry, if he be athirst give him drink ;" he will perform those seven works of mercy, " he will make himself equal to them of the lower sort, rejoice with them that rejoice, weep with them that weep," Rom. xii; he will speak truth to his neighbour, be courteous and tender-hearted, " forgiving others for Christ's sake, as God forgave him," Eph. iv. 32; "he will be like minded," Phil. ii. 2. " Of one judgment; be humble, meek, long-suffering," Colos. iii. "Forbear, forget and forgive," xii. 13. 23. and what he doth shall be heartily done to God, and not to men. "Be pitiful and courteous," 1 Pet. iii. " Seek peace and follow it." He will love his brother, not in word and ton^e, but in deed and truth, John iii. 18. "and he that loves God, Clirist will love him that is begotten of him," John v. 1, &c. Thus should we willingly do, if we had a true touch of this charity, of this divine love, if we could perform this which we are enjoined, forget and forgive, and compose ourselves to those Christian laws , of love. »^*'0 felix hnminum genus. Si vestros aniiiios amor Quo cflBlum regitur regat !" ** Kpisl. 52. WGreg. Per amnrenc Dei, prozimi gignilur; et p«r hunc atnorem pro.ximi, Dei nutrilur. •' Piccolomineus, grad. 7. cap. 27. hoc felici ainnris iiodo ligantur familix civitates, &.c. *! Veras absohiias hiec parit virlulcs, radix omnium virtutiim, mensi et H>>ritus '^Diviuo calore aiiimos .nciKtit. iuccn- sos purgat, purgatos elevat ad Deum, Deum plhvat, ho mjnein Deo conciliat. Bernard. ^ [n^ inficit, hi» pcrfjcjt. ille deprimit, hie elevat; hie tranqiiillitaceu: ille caras oarit : hie vitam rectfi informat, ille defoimat &.C. ^ Boethius, lib. 2. met. 8. 440 Love-Melancholy [Part. 3. 3cc • "Angelical souls, how blessed, how happy should we be, so loving, how might we triumph over the devil, and have another heaven upon earth !" But this we cannot do; and which is the cause of all our woes, miseries, discon- tent, melancholy, ^"^ want of tiiis charity. We do invicem aiiguriare^ contemn, con- sult, vex, torture, molest, and hold one another's noses to the grindstone hard, pro- voke, rail, scoff, calumniate, challenge, hate, abuse (hard-hearted, implacable, mali- cious, peevish, inexorable as we are), to sati fy our lust or privalp spleen, for " toys trifles, and impertinent occasions, spend ourselves, goods, friends, fortunes, to be revenged on our adversary, to ruin him and his. 'Tis all our study, practice, and business how to plot mischief, mine, countermine, defend and oflend, ward ourselves, injure others, hurt all ; as if we were born to do mischief, and that with such eager- ness and bitterness, with such rancour, malice, rage, and fury, we prosecute our intended designs, that neither affinity or consanguinity, love or fear of God or men can contain us : no satisfaction, no composition will be accepted, no offices will serve, no submission ; though he shall upon his knees, as Sarpedon did to Glancua in Homer, acknowledging his error, yield himself with tears in his eyes, beg his par- don, we will not relent, forgive, or forget, till we have confounded him and his "made dice of ins bones," as they say, see him rot in prison, banish his friends, followers, et omm invisum genus, rooted him out and all his posterity. Monsters of men as we ire, dogs, wolves, ^^ tigers, fiends, incai-nale devils, we do not only contend, oj)press, and tyrannise ourselves, but as so many firebrands, we set on, and animate others : our whole life is a perpetual combat, a conflict, a set battle, a snarl- ing fit. Eris (lea is settled in our tents, ^^ Omnia de lite, opposing wit to wit, wealth to wealth, strength to strength, fortunes to fortunes, friends to friends, as at a sea- fight, we turn our broadsides, or two millstones with continual attrition, we fire our selves, or break another's backs, and both are ruined and consumed in the end. C Miserable wretches, to fat and enrich ourselves, we care not how we get it, Quocun- que modo rcjn; how many thousands we undo, whom we oppress, by whose ruin and downfall we arise, whom we injure, fatherless children, widows, conmion soci- eties, to satisfy our own private lust. \ Though we have myriads, abundance of wealth and treasure, (pitiless, merciless, remorseless, and uncharitable in the highest degree), and our poor brother in need, sickness, in great extremity, and now ready to be starved for want of food, we had rather, as the fox told the ape, his tail should s'veep the ground still, than cover his buttocks ; rather spend it idly, consume it with dogs, hawks, hounds, unnecessary buildings, in riotous apparel, ingurgitate, or l«t it be lost, than he should have part of it; '"rather take from him that little which he hath, than relieve hnn.\ Like the dog in the manger, we neither use it ourselves, let others make use of or enjoy it; part with nothing while we live: for want of disposing our household, and setting things in order, set all the world together by the ears after our deatlv-^ ,.J*oor Lazarus lies howling at his gates for a few crumbs, he only seeks chippings, offals ; let him roar and howl, famish, and eat his own flesh, he respects him not. A poor decayed kinsman of his sets upon him by the way in all his jollity, and runs begging bareheaded b\^ him, conjuring by those former bonds of friendship, alliance, consanguinity, &c., uncle, cousin, brother, father. " Per ego has lachryinas. dexlramqiie tiiam te. Pi i)ii)il(iiiaiii de tn iiieriii, fuil aut tibi quidquam nulr(! iMiMiiii, iiiisere luei." I " Show some pity for Christ's sake, pity a sick man, an old man, &c.," he cares not, ride on : pretend sickness, inevitable loss of limbs, goods, plead suretyship, or shipwreck, fires, conmion calamities, show thy wants and imperfections, " Et si per sanctum jiiratus dicat Osyrim, Credile, nori liido, crudeles lollite claudum." *' Swear, protest, take God and all his angels to witness, qucRre peregrinum, thou art a counterfeit crank, a cheater, he is not touched with it, pauper uhique jacet, ride on, he takes no notice of it." Put up a supplication to him in the name of a thou- •6Dpli^^,lillm patitiir charitas, odium ejus locn succe- I » Heraclitus. lOnSi in sehennain abit, paiiperem qui iil. Basil. , ser. de iiisiit. 1111)11. "' Nudum in scirpo non alal. quid de eo fiel qui paujiereui denudai? tiisreiitt;s. *Hircana>que adniorunt ubera tigres. I Austin. Mem. 3.] Charity. 441. sand orphans, a hospital, a spittel, a prison, as he goes by, they cry out to him foi aid, ride on, surdo narras^ he cares not, let them eat stones, devour themselves with vermin, rot in their own dung, he cares not. Show him a decayed haven, a bridge. a school, a fortification, &c., or some public work, ride on; good your worsliip, your honour, for God's sake, your country's sake, ride on. But show him a roli A'herein his name shall be registered in golden letters, and commended to all pos* lerity, his arms set up, with his devices to be seen, then peradventure he will stuv and contribute ; or if thou canst thunder upon him, as Papists do, with satisfactory and meritorious works, or persuade him by this means he shall save his soul out of hell, and free it from purgatory (if he be of any religion), then in all likelihood he will listen and stay ; or that he have no children, no near kinsman, heir, he cares for, at least, or cannot well tell otherwise how or where to bestow his possessions (for carry them with him he cannot), it may be then he will build some school or" hospital in his life, or be induced to give liberally to pious uses after his death. For I dare boldly say, vain-glory, tliai opinion of merit, and this enforced necessity, when they know not otherwise how to leave, or what better to do with them, is the main cause of most of our good works. I will not urge this to derogate from any man's cliaritable devotion, or bounty in this kind, to censure any good work ; no doubt there be many sanctified, heroical, and worthy-minded men, that in true zeal, and for virtue's sake (divine spirits), that out of commiseration and pity extend their liberality, and as much as- in them lies do good to all men, clothe the naked, feed the hungry, comfort the sick and needy, relieve all, forget and forgive injuries, as true charity requires ; yet most part there is simuJatum quid., a deal of hypocrisy in this kind, much default and defect. -' Cosmo de Medici, that rich citizen of Florence, ingeniously confessed to a near friend of his, that would know of him why he built so many public and magnificent palaces, and bestowed so liberally on scholars, not that he loved learning more than others, '■'■ but to '^ eternise his own name, to be im- mortal by the benefit of scholars ; for when his friends were dead, walls decayed," and all inscriptions gone, books would remain to the world's end.',' , The lanthorn in '^Athens was built by Zenocles, the theatre by Pericles, the famous port Pyraeum by Musicles, Pallas Palladium by Phidias, the Pantheon by Calhcratidas \ but liiese brave monuments are decayed all, and ruined long since, their builders' names alone flourish by meditation of writers. And as ■* he said of that Manan oak, now cut down and dead, nullius Jlgricolce manu vulta slirps tarn diutiirna, qua/n qua. poetcB versu seminarl potest, no plant can grow so long as that which is ingcnio sata^ set and manured by those ever-living wits. * AUon Backuth, that weeping oak, under which Deborah, Rebecca's nurse, died, and was buried, may not survive the raemorv of such everlasting monuments. Vain-glory and emulation (as to most men) was the cause efiicient, and to be a trumpeter of his own fame, Cosmo's sole intent so to do good, that all the world might take notice of it. Such for the most part is the charity of our times, such our benefactors, Mecaenates and patrons. Show me amongst so many myriads, a truly devout, a right, honest, upright, meek, humble, a patient, innocuous, innocent, a merciful, a loving, a charitable man ! ^Probus quis nobiscum vivit? Show me a Caleb or a Joshua! Die mihi Musa virum show a virtuous woman, a constant wife, a good neighbour, a trusty servant, an obedient child, a true friend, &c. Crows in Africa are not so scant. He that shall examine this 'iron age wherein we live, where love is cold, et jam terras Astrea re /ti^u/i, justice fled with her assistants, virtue expelled, » " JiistitifE soror, liicorrupta tiiles, luidaque Veritas,"^ all goodness gone, where vice abounds, the devil is loose, and see one man vilify and insult over his brother, as if he were an innocent, or a block, oppress, tyrannise i)rey upon, torture him, vex, gall, toi-ment and crucify him, starve him, where is charity .'' He that shall see men ^ swear and forswear, lie and bear false witness, to 1 Jovius, vita ejus. » Immortalitatem beneficio Uterarum, iiiiiiiortali glorinsa quadam cupidilate con- eupivit. duod civesquibus beiielVcisset perituri.niOBrii i Tiiitura, etsi regio suniptu aedificata, non lihri. » Plu- 'arcli, Pericle. ♦Tulluis, lib. 1. (ie lei!Jbus. •Gen. | iu:ii fore scito «ixv. 8. « Hnr. 'Uuruui genis suiiius. '"Th 56 sister of justice, honour inviolate, and naked trulo " •Tull. pro Rose. Mentiri vis causa niea ? ego vero cupide et libeiiter mnitiar tua cawsa ; el si quando rne VIS perjurare. ut paululuui lu '•nnipeniiii "-Aciaa para 442 Lov e-Me lancholy. JPart. 3. Sec. i advantage thi-mselves, prejudice others, hazard goods, liveb, ibrtunes, credit, all, to be revenged on their enemies, men so unspeakable in their lusts, unnatural in malice, such blo»)dy designments, Italian blasplieming, Spanish renouncing, &tc., may well ask where is charily ? He that shall observe so many lawsuits, such endless con tentions, such plotting, undermining, so much money spent with such eagerness and fury, eAcry man for liimself, his own ends, the devil for all: so many distressed souls, such lamentable complaints, so many factions, conspiracies, seditions, oppres- sions, abuses, injuries, sucli grudging, repining, discontent, so much emulation, envy, «<^ many brawls, ([uarrels, monomachies, Stc, may well require what is become of charity ? wlien we see and read of such cruel wars, tumults, uproars, bloody battles, so many '"men slain, so many cities ruinated, &.c. (for what else is the subject of all our stories almost, but bills, bows, and guns!) so many murders and massacros, &c., where is charity ? Or see men wholly devote to God, churchmen, professed divinesf'' holy m-en, ""to make the trumpet of the gospel the trumpet of war," a company of hell-born Jesuits, and liery-spirited ii'vdvs^ faccm prmferre to all seditions; as so many firebrands set all the world by tiie ears (I say nothing of their contentious and railing books, whole ages spent in writing one against another, and that with such virulency and bitterness, Bioncris sermonibus el sale nigro)^ and by their bloody in- quisitions, that in tliirty years. Bale saith. consumed 39 princes, 148 earls, 235 barons, 14,755 commons; worse than those ten persecutions, may justly doubt where is charity ?) Obsecro vos quules hi dcmum Chrisliani ! Are these Christians ? 1 beseech you tell me : he that shall observe and see these things, may say to them as Cato to Caesar, credo qucp, de inferls dicunfur falsa existimas, ••' sure I think thotJ' art of opinion there is neither heaven nor hell." Let them pretend religion, zeal, make what shows they will, give alms, peace-makers, frequent sermons, if we may guess at the tree by the fruit, they are no better than hypocrites, epicures, atheists, with the '^ " fool in their hearts they say there is no God.') 'Tis no marvel then if being so uncharitable, hard-hearted as we are, we have so frequent and so many discon- tents, such melancholy fits, so many bitter pangs, mutual discords, all in a combus- tion, often complaints, st) common grievances, general mischiefs, si tantce in terria iragocdicB,, quibus labcfactaiur ei misere laceratur humanum genus, so many pesti- lences, wars, uproars, losses, deluges, fires, inundations, God's vengeance and all the plagues of Egypt, come upon us, since we are so currish one towards another, so respectless of God, and our neighbours, and by our crying sins pull these miseries upon our own heads. Nay more, 'tis justly to be feared, which "'Josephus once said of his countrymen Jews, '' if the Romans had not come when they did to sack their city, surely it had been swallowed up with some earthquake, deluge, or fired from heaven as Sodom and Gomorrah : their desperate malice, wickedness and pee- vishness was such." 'Tis to be suspected, if we continue tliese wretched ways, we may look for the like heavy visitations to come upon us. If we had any sense or feeling of these things, surely we should not go on as we do, in such irregular courses, practise all manner of impieties ; our whole carriage would not be so averse from God. If a man would but consider, when he is in the midst and full career of such prodigious and uncharitable actions, how displeasing they are in God's sight, how noxious to himself, as Solomon told Joab, 1 Kings, ii. "-The Lord shall bring this blood upon their heads." Prov. i. 27, "■ sudden desolation and destruction shall come like a whirlwind upon them: affliction, anguish, the reward of his hand shall be given him," Isa. iii. 11, &.C., " they shall fall into the pit they have digged tor others," and when they are scraping, tyrannising, getting, wallowing in their wealth, " mis night, O fool, I will lake away thy soul," what a severe account they must make; and how '''gracious on the other side a charitable man is in God's eyes, luiurit sibi gradam. Matt. v. 7, " Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy : he that lendeth to the poor, gives to God," and how it shall be restored to them again ; " how by their patience and long-suflbring they shall heap coals on I I •"Gallienus in Treb. Pollio lacera, occide, mea mente irascere. Rabie jecur incendente feruntur prKcipites, Vn(iiscus of Aurelian. Taiitiitn fudil sanguinis quan 'nini quis villi potavit. 'i Kvangelii liibain belli tubam "aciuiil; in pulpitis pa/'ein. in colloqniis bellum sua- deiit. ispsui. xiii. J '^ De bello Jndaico, lib. 6. c. 16. Puto si Romani contra nos veniro tardassent, lut hiatu tprrSE devorandani fuisse civitatein, aut diliifio peritLirani, aut fiilniina ac Sodoma cum incend'o |as- siirain, ob dcsperatum populi, &c. " Benefacil aniioas sua: vir niisericors. Mym. ]. Subs. 1.] Lovers Power and Extent. 443 their enemies' heads," Rom. xii. " and he that foUoweth after righteousness and merry, shall find righteousness and glory;" surely they would check their desires ".urb in their unnatural, inordinate affections, agree amongst themselves, abstain from doing evil, amend their lives, and learn to do well. "Behold how comely and o-ood a thing it is for brethren to live together in '^ union : it is like the precious ointment, Slc How odious to contend one with the other!" ^^Miscriquid luctatiimculis kisce volumus ? ccce mors supra caput est, et supremum illiid tribunal, ubi et dicta U facta nostra exaininanda sunt : Sapiamus! " Why do we contend and vex one another .'' behold death is over our heads, and we must shortly give an account of all our uncharitable words and actions : think upon it : and be wise." SECT. II. MEMB. I. SuBSECT. I. — Heroical love causeth Melancholy. His Pedigree, Pmoer, and Extent. In the preceding section mention was made, amongst other pleasant objects, of t!\is comeliness and beauty which proceeds from women, that causeth heroical, or love-melancholy, is more eminent above the rest, and properly called love. The part affected in men is the liver, and therefore called heroical, because commonly gallants. Noblemen, and the most generous spirits are possessed with it. His power and extent is very large, " and in that twofold tlivision of love, f^iXiiv and ipwv "* those two veneries which Plato and some other make mention of it is most emi- nent, and zor' t^oxriv called Venus, as I have said, or love itself. Which although it be denominated from men, and most evident in them, yet it extends and shows itself in vegetal and sensible creatures, those incorporeal substances (as shall be speciffed), and hatli a large dominion of sovereignty over them. His pedigree is very ancient, derived from the beginning of the world, as '^ Phjedrus contends, and his ^^ parent- age of such antiquity, that no poet could ever find it out. Hesiod makes ^' Terra and Chaos to be Love's parents, before the Gods were born : Ante deos omnes pri- mum generavit amorcm. Some think it is the self-same fire Prometheus fetched from heaven. /Plutarch amator. libello, will have Love to be the son of Iris and Favo- nius ; but Socrates in that pleasant dialogue of Plato, when it came to his turn to speak of love, (of which subject Agalho the rhetorician, magniloquus Agatho, that chaunter Agalho, had newly given occasion) in a poetical strain, telleth this tale : when Venus was born, all the gods were invited to a banquet, and amongst the rest, ^" Porus the god of bounty and wealth ; Penia or Poverty came a begging to the door; Porus well whittled with nectar (for tlrere was no wine in those days) walk- ing in Jupiter's garden, in a bovver met with Penia, and in his drink got her with child, of wiiom was born Love; and because he was begotten on Venus's birthday, Venus still attends upon him. The moral of this is in '^^Ficinus. Another tale is there borrowed out of Aristophanes : '^* in the beginning of the world, men had four arms and four feet, but for their pride, because they compared themselves with the gods, were parted into halves, and now peradventure by love they hope to be united' again and made one. Otherwise thus, ^^ Vulcan met two lovers, and bid them ask what they would and they should have it; but they made answer, O Vulcane faber Deorum, &fc. " O Vulcan the gods' great smith, we beseech thee to work us anew in thy furnace, and ol" two make us one ; which he presently did, and ever since true lovers are either all one, or else desire to be united." Many such tales you shall find in Leon HebnBus, dial. 3. and their moral to them. The reason why Love was still painted young, (as Fhornutus ^® and others will) ^' " is because young men "Concordia magnse res crescunt, discordia maximoe dii!i(.jr,tur. is Lipsius. " Memb. 1. Subs. 2. w Amor et amicitia. ^' Phsedrus orat. in laiuiem anioris Platonis ccmvivio. 20 Vide Boccas. de Genial lieonini. ^i See the moral in Pint, of that fiction. a AffluentiiE Deus. ^acap. 7. Ooininenl. in Plat, conviviuni. 24 gee more in Valesius, lib. 3. cont. ned et cont. 13. ^^ Vives 3. de aninia; oranms te nt *uis arltbus et caminis nos refingas, et ex duobus unum facias; quod et fecit, et e.\inde amatores unum sunt et unum esse petunt. ^^ See more in Natalis Comes Imag. Deorum Philostratus de Imaginibus. Lilius Gi- raldus Syntag. de dils. Phornutus, &c. ^'Juvenin piuifitur quod amore plerumque juvencs capiunlur; sis et mollis, formosus, nudus, quod simple.ic et apertus hin afl'ectus; ridet quod oblectamentum pra) se teiat, cum pliarelra, &c. 444 Love-Melancfiuiy. "''art. 3. Sec. I are most apt t? love; soft, fair, and fat, because such folks are soonest taken : naked, because all tri e aftbction is simple and open : he smiles, because merry and given to delights : hath a quiver, to sliow his power, none can escape : is blind, because he sees not where he strikes, whom he hits, &.c." His power and sovereignty is ex- pressed by the '^'^ poets, in that he is held to be a god, and a great commanding god, above Jupiter himself; Magnus Daemon, as Plato calls him, the strongest and mer- riest of all the gods according to Alcinous and ^^ Athenaeus, Amor virorum rex, amor rex el deiim as Euripides, the god of gods and governor of men ; for we must all do homage to him, keep a holiday few his deity, adore in his temples, worship his image, {iiumen enim hoc non est nudum nomen) and sacrifice to his altar, that conquers all, and rules all: so " Mallem cum icniie, cervo et apro iEolico, Cum Atiteo et Stymphaljcis avibus luctari Q,iiam cum amore" " I had rather contend with bulls, lions, bears, and giants, than with Love ;" he is st powerful, enforceth ^' all to pay tribute to him, domineers over all, and can make mad and sober whom he list ; insomuch that Cascilius in Tully's Tusculans, holds him to be no better than a fool or an idiot, that doth not acknowledge Love to be a great god. 32"Cui in nianu sit quem esse dementem velit, tiueiii sapere, quern in inorbum injici, &c." That can make sick, and cure whom he list. Homer and Stesichorus were both made blind, if you will believe ^^ Leon Hebreus, for speaking against his godhead : and though Aristophanes degrade him, and say that he was ^scornfully rejected from the council of the gods, had his wings clipped besides, that he might come no more amongst them, and to his farther disgrace banished heaven for ever, and confined to dwell on earth, yet he is of that ''^ power, majesty, omnipotency, and dominion, that no creature can withstand him. 36 " Imperat Cupido otiain diis pro arbitrio, Et ips-um arci'io ne arniipotens potest Jupiter." He is more than quarter-master with the gods, S7 "Tenpt Thetide tequor, umbras iEaco, cesium Jove:" and hath not so much possession as dominion. Jupiter himself was turned into a satyr, shepherd, a bull, a swan, a golden shower, and what not, for love ; that as ^Lucian's Juno right well objected to him, Indus amoris tu es, thou art Cupid's whirligig : how did he insult over all the other gods. Mars, Neptune, Pan, Mercury, Bacchus, and the rest ? ^^ Lucian brings in Jupiter complaining of Cupid that he could not be quiet for him ; and the moon lamenting that she was so impotently be- sotted on Endymion, even Venus herself confessing as much, how rudely and in what sort her own son Cupid had used her being his ^^ mother, " now drawing her to Mount Ida, for the love of that Trojan Anchises, now to Libanus for that Assyrian youth's sake. And although she threatened to break his bow and arrows, to clip his wings, '"and whipped him besides on the bare buttocks with her phantophle, yet all would not serve, he was too headstrong and unruly." That monster-conquering Hercules was tamed by him : ' Queni non mille feriB, queni tion Sthenelejus host] Nee potuit Juno vincere, vicit amor." Whom neither beasts nor enemies could tame, Nor Juno's miglit subdue, Love quelld the same. Your bravest soldiers and most generous spirits are enervated with it, ^^uhi mulieri" bus blnnditiis permittunt se, et inquinanlur amplexibus. Apollo, that took upon him to cure all diseases, ''^ could not help himself of this ; and therefore ''■* Socrates calls Love a tyrant, and brings him triumphing in a chariot, whom Petrarch imitatef in his triumph of Love, and Fracastorius, in an elegant poem expresseth at large, Cupid riding, Mars and Apollo following his chariot. Psyche weeping, &c. In vegetal creatures what sovereignty love hath, by many pregnant proofs and "8 A petty Pope claves habet superorum et inferorum, ds Orpheus, &c. ^ Lib. 13. cap. 5. Dyphnoso. ■"RfiKnat et in superos jus habei ille deos. Ovid. " Plautus. 32 Seidell pro leg. 3. cap. de diis Syris. ™ Dial. 3. *< A concilio Ueoruni rejectus et ad majo- rem ejus ignominiain. &c. s6 Fuiniiiis concitatior. •• Sophocles. 37 ■• He divides I he empire of the sea with Thetis, — of the Sliades, with .^acus, — o«" t>>e Heaven, with Jove." 3«Tom. 4. ''Dial, deorum, torn. 3. '"Quippe matrem ipsius quihus modis me afficit, nunc in Idam adigens Anchisie causa, &c. ■" Jampridem et plagas ipsi in nates incussi sandalio. *- Altopiliis, fol. 7i>. *^ Nullis amor est medicnbilis herbis. « Plutarch in Amatorio. Dictator auu creato cessant reliqui magistraius. *Iein 1 Subs. l.J Love''s Puxer and Extent. 445 lamiliar examples ma} be proved, especially of palm-trees, which are both 1 e ana she, and express not a sympathy but a love-passion, and by many observations have been confirmed. 45" vivunt in venerem frondes, omnisque vicissim Felix arbor amat, nutaiit et miitiia palms Fcedera, popiileo suspirat populiis ictii, Et platano platanus, alnoque assihilat ainus." Constantine de Agric. lib. 10. cap. 4. gives an instance out of Florentius his Georgics, of a palm-tree that loved most fervently, "^ " and would not be comforted until such time her love applied herself unto her ; you might see the two trees bend, and of their own accords stretch out their boughs to embrace and kiss each other : they will give manifest signs of mutual love." Ammianus Marcellinus, lib. 24, re- ports that they marry one anotlier, and fall in love if they grow in sight; and when the wind brings the smell to them, they are marvellously affected. Philostratus in. Imaginibus.1 observes as much, and Galen lib. 6. de locis affectis, cap. 5. they will be sick for love; ready to die and pine away, which the husbandmen perceiving, saith "'Constantine, "stroke many palms that grow together, and so stroking again the palm tliat is enamoured, they carry kisses from the one to the other :" or tying the leaves and branches of the one to the stem of the other, will make them both flourish and prosper a great deal better . ■*^" which are enamoured, they can perceive by the bending of boughs, and inclination of their bodies." If any man think this w'hich I say to be a tale, let him read that story of two palm-trees in Italy, the male growing at Brundusium, the female at Otranto (related by Jovianus Pontanus in an excellent poem, sometimes tutor to Alphonsus junior. King of Naples, his secretary of state, and a great philosopher) " which were barren, and so continued a long time," till they came to see one another growing up higher, though many stadiums asunder, Pierius in his Hieroglyphics, and Melchior Guilandinus, Mem. 3. tract, de papyro. cites this story of Pontanus for a truth. See more in Salmuth Comment, in Pancirol. de JYova repert. Tit. I. de novo orbe, Mizaldus Arcanorum lib. 2. Sand's Voyages, lib. 2.fol. 103. S^c. If such fury be in vegetals, what shall we think of sensible creatures, how much more violent and apparent shall it be in them ! .„., „ , . ■ . • .. r I " All kind of creatures in the earth, ■"•"Omne adeo genus in terns hominiimqiip frrarum, And fihes of the ^ea Et genus aequoreum, pecudes. picta-que volucres ^,,j -^^^^ ^^^^^ ^j^ ^' 3,;^ In furias ignemque ruuni ; amor omnibus idem. | ^.j^J^ 1^^^ ^^^^^ equal sway." M" Hie Deus et terras et maria alta domat." Common experience and our sense will inform us how violently brute beasts are carried away with this passion, horses above the rest, furor est insignis equa- rum. ^' " Cupid in Lucian bids Venus his mother be of good cheer, for he was now familiar with lions, and oftenthnes did get on their backs, hold them by the mane, and ride them about like horses, and they would fawn upon him with their tails." Bulls, bears, and boars are so furious in this kind they kill one another : but espe- cially cocks, *^ lions, and harts, which are so fierce that you may hear them fight half a mile ofl^, saith ^^Turberville, and many times kill each other, or compel them to abandon the rut, that they may remain masters in their places ; " and when one hath driven his co-rival away, he raiseth his nose up into the air, and looks aloft, as though he gave thanks to nature," which aflbrds him such great delight. How birds aiti affected in this kind, appears out of Aristotle, he will have them h:> sing obfutu- ram venerem, for joy or in hope of their venery which is to come. W'iEeriffi primum volucres te Diva tuumque Significant initum, percuiss corda tua vi.' '' Fishes and are Significant initum, percuiss corda tua vi." pine away for love and wax lean," if ^^Gomesius's authority may be taken, rampant too, some of them: Peter Gellius, lib. 10. de hist, animal, tells '^Claui^iaa descript. vener. aula. "Trees are in- fluenced by love, and every flourishing tree in turn feels the passion : palms nod mutual vows, poplar sighs to poplar, plane to plane, and alder breathes to alder." "i Neque prius in iis desiderium cessat dum dejectus consoletur; videreenim est ipsain arborem incurvatam, ultroramis ab utrisque vicissim ad osnulum exporrectis. IWanifesta dant riiutui desiderii signa. ■" Multas palnias contingens qus siniul crescunt, rursusque ad amantem regrediens, eamque manu attingens, quasi usi'.uluni mutuo luiiiistrare videtur, et expediti concu' bitus gratiam facit. ■leCiuam vero ipsa desidere* aflectu ramorum significat, et adullam respicit; aman tur, &c. «Virg. 3. Georg MFropertius. ^i Dial, deorum. Confide mater, leonibus ipsis fanriliaris jam factiis sum, et saepe conscendi eorum terga et appre- hendi jubas; equorum more insidens eos agito, et illi mihi caudis adblandiuntur. 62 Leones prs amore furunt, Plin. I.8.C. 1(5. Arist. 1. 6. hist, animal. i>3 0ap. 17. of his book of hunting. ^4 Lucretius. '^ De sale lib. I. c. 21. Pisces oh amorem marcescunl, pallcs- cunt, &C. , 2N 4 4G Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2 w onders of a triton in Epirus : there was a well not far from the shore, m here the country wenches fetched water, they, ^^tiitons, stupri causd would set upon them and carry them to the sea, and there drown them, if they would not yield ; so Iovp tyranniseth in dumb creatures. Yet this is natural for one beast to dote upon an- other of the same kind ; but what strange fury is that, when a beast shall dote upon a man.? Saxo Grammaticus, lib. 10. Duv. hist, halh a story of a bear that loved a woman, kept her in his den a long time and begot a son of her, out of whose loins proceeded many northern kings : this is the original belike of that common tale of Valentine and Orson : Julian, Pliny, Peter Gillius, are full of such relations. A pea- cock in Lucadia loved a maid, and when she died, the peacock pined. *'" A dolphin loved a boy called Hernias, and when he died, the fish came on land, and so perished." The like adds Gellius, lib. 10. cap. 22. out of Appion, jEgypt. lib. 15. a dolphin at Puteoli loved a child, would come often to him, let him get on his back, and carry him about, "^^and when by sickness the child was taken away, the dolphin died." — 69u£ygj.y book is full (saith Busbequius, the emperor's orator with the grand signior, not long since, e.p. 3. legal. Tare.)., and yields such instances, to believe which 1 was always afraid lest I should be thought to give credit to fables, until 1 saw a lynx- — which I had from Assyria, so affected towards one of my men, that it cannot be denied but that he was in love with him. When my man was present, the beast would use many notable enticements and pleasant motions, and when he was going, hold him back, and look after him when he was gone, very sad in his absence, but most jocund when he returned : and when my man went from me, the beast expressed his love with continual sickness, and after he had pined away some few days, died." Such another story he hath of a crane of Majorca, that loved a Spaniard, that would walk any way with him, and in his absence seek about for him, make a noise that he might hear her, and knock at his door, ^""-and when he took his last farewell, famished herself." Such pretty pranks can love play with birds, fishes, beasts : 6'(" CcElestis itheris, pntiti, terrte claves liabet Venus, Solaque istorutii omniiiiii imperiuin otitiiiet.") and if all be certain that is credibly reported, with the spirits of the air, and devils of hell themselves, who are as much enamoured and dote (if I may use that word) as any other creatures whatsoever. For if those stories be true that are written of incubus and succubus, of nymphs, lascivious fauns, satyrs, and those heathen gods which were devils, those lasciviouus Telchines, of whom the Platonists tell so many fables ; or those familiar meetings in our days, and company of witches and devils, there is some probability for it. 1 know that Biarmannus, Wierus, lib. 1. cap. 19. et 24. and some others stoutly deny it, that the devil hath any carnal copulation withr'^ women, that the devil takes no pleasure in such facts, they be mere fantasies, all such relations of incubi, succubi, lies and tales; but Austin, lib. 15. do. civil. Dei^ doth acknowledge it : Erastus de Lamiis, Jacobus Sprenger and his colleagues, &,c. *^Zanchius, cap. 16. lib. 4. de oper. Dei. Dandinus, in Jirisl. de Jlnimd., lib. 2. lexl. 29. com. 30. Bodin, lib. 2. caji. 7. and Paracelsus, a great champion of this tenet amongst the rest, which give sundry peculiar instances, by many testimonies, proofs, and con- fessions evince it. Hector Boethius, in his Scottish history, hath three or four such examples, which Cardan confirms out of him, lib. 10. cap. 43. of such as have hai. familiar company many years with them, and that in the habit of men and women Philostratus in his fourth book dc vita Jipollonii., hath a memorable instance in this kind, which I may not omit, of one Menippus Lycius, a young man twenty-five years of age, that going between Cenchreas and Corinth, met such a phantasm in the habit of a fair gentlewoman, which taking him by the hand, carried iiim home to her house in the suburbs of Corinth, and told him she was a Phoenician by biith, and if he would tarry with her, '^''"he should hear her sing and play, and drink such M Haiiriendae aqus causa venientfs ej insidiis a , derium suum testatus post inediam aliquot, diprum Tritoiie cnmprehensiB, &c. s' Pliri. I. 10. c. 3. quuiii- iiiteriit. ci Orpheus liyiniio Veti. " Venus keeps the que ahorta lemposlate periisset Hernias in sicco pi«cis keys of the air, earth, sea. and she alone retains thn expiravit. '"Postquum puer morbo ahiit, i'. ipse | command of all." "'^Clui hfRC in atrSE bills aut deipliinus periit. ^gpiefii sunt lihri quib'>s ferie in i Imaginallonis vim referre conati sunt, nihil faciunt. noinines inflammatae fuerunt, in quibu r-gn quidcni I ^3 Cantantein audies et vinum bibes, qmie antea nun. •einper assensum siistinui, verilus ne fabulosa crede- | quam hibisti ; te rivaiis turbabit nullus puldira auiem rem; Donee vidi lynceni quern habui nb Assyria, sic pulchro autem pulchro contents vivam ct m >rii>r iffrctum erga unum de meie hominibuc, Sec i^Dvsi- Mem. 1. "^ubs .j Lovc''s Power and Extent. 447 wine as never any drank, and no man should molest him ; but she being fair and lonely would live and die with him, that was fair and lovely to behold." The young man a philosopher, otherwise staid and discreet, able to moderate his pas- sions, though not this of love, tarried with her awhile to his great content, and at last married her, to whose wedding, amongst other guests, came Apollonius, who, oy some probable conjectures, found her out to be a serpent, a lamia, and that all h^r furniture was like Tantalus's gold described by Homer, no substance, but mere illu- sions. When she saw herself descried, she wept, and desired Apollonius to be silent, but he would not be moved, and thereupon she, plate, house, and all that was in it, vanished in an instant : ^^ " many thousands took notice of tiiis fact, for it was done in the midst of Greece." Sabine in his Comment on the tenth of Ovid's Metamorphoses, at the tale of Orpheus, telleth us of a gentleman of Bavaria, that for many months together bewailed the loss of his dear wife ; at length the devil in her habit came and comforted him, and told him, because he was so importunate for her, that she would come and live with him again, on that condition he would be new married, never swear and blaspheme as he used formerly to do ; for if he did, she should be gone: '^'"•he vowed it, married, and lived with her, she brought him children, and governed his house, but was still pale and sad*, and so continued, till one day falling out with him, he fell a swearing ; she vanished thereupon, and was never after seen. ^ This I have heard," saith Sabine, "• from persons of good credit, which told me that the Duke of Bavaria did tell it for a certainty to the Duke of Saxony." One more I will relate out of Florilegus, ad annum 1058, an honest historian of our nation, because he telleth it so confidently, as a thing in those days talked of all over Europe : a young gentleman of Rome, the same day that he was married, after din- ner with the bride and his friends went a walking into the fields, and towards even- ing to the tennis-court to recreate himself; whilst he played, he put his ring upon the finger of Venus statua, which was thereby made in brass ; after he had sufficiently played, and now made an end of his sport, he came to fetch his ring, but Venus had bowed her finger in, and he could not get it off. Whereupon loth to make his com- pany tarry at present, there left it, intending to fetch it the next day, or at some more convenient time, went thence to supper, and so to bed. In the night, when he should come to perform those nuptial rites, Venus steps between him and his wife (unseen ' or felt of her), and told her that she was his wife, that he had betrothed himself unto her by that ring, which he put upon her finger : she troubled him for some follow- ing niglUs. He not knowing how to help himself, made his moan to one Palumbus, a learned magician in those days, who gave him a letter, and bid him at such a time of the night, in such a cross-way, at the town's- end, where old Saturn would pass by with his associates in procession, as commonly he did, deliver that script with his own hands to Saturn himself; the young man of a bold spirit, accordingly did it; and when the old fiend had read it, he called Venus to him, who rode before him, and cammanded her to deliver his ring, which forthwith she did, and so the gentle- man was freed. Many such stories I find in several ^'' authors to confirm this which I have said ; as that more notable amongst the rest, of Philinium and Machates in ^ Phlegon's Tract, de rebus 7)urabllUms, and though many be against it, yet I, for my part, will subscribe to Lactantius, lib. 14. cap. 15. ^^"God sent angels to the tuition of men; but whilst they lived amongst us, that mischievous all-commander of the earth, and hot in lust, enticed them by little and little to this vice, and defiled them with the company of women : and Anaxagoras, de resurrect. "^ Many of those spi- ritual bodies, overcome by the love of maids, and lust, failed, of whom those were born we call giants." ^Vjustin Martyr, Clemens Alexandrinus, Sulpitiu? Severus, Eusebius, &c., to this sense make a twofold fall of angels, one from the oeginning of the world, another a little before tlie deluge, as Muses teaclieth us, " openly pro- fessing tliat these genii Can beget, and have carnal copulation with women. At Japan M Mulli factum hor cognnvere, quou in meaia Gitpcia i misit ad tutelain cultumque generis Iminani ; sad illoa l^rstiim sit. ''^ Rem curaiis dniiiesticam, iit ante, pcperit aliquot lilieros, semper tameii trislis et pallida. •6 lliec audivi a ninltis fide difi'iis qui asseverahaiit dii- cem Bavarian eadem retulifse Duci Siiyuni^ pro veris. SI Fabiila Uimaiati ei Aiistonis in Herodolo lib. 6. Kraio. "" liii.erpret. Mersr -mire non poterant ob fratres necromanticos. Ha;c si apud vota- rios., monachos., sanctos scilicet homunciones., quid in foro., quid in aula factum sus- piceris? quid apud nobilcs., quid inter fornices., quam non fccditatem, quam non spur- citiem? Sileo interim turpes illas., et ne nominandas quidem monachorum ^° mastrupa- tiones, masturbg.tores. ^' Rodericus a Castro vocal., turn et eos qui se invicem ad Vene- rem cxciiandam fagris ccedunt., Spintrias., Succubas., Ambubeias. et lasciviente lumbo Tribades illas mulierculas, qua se invicem fricanl., et prceter Eunuchos etiam ad Venerem explendam., arlificiosa ilia veretra liabent. Immo quod magis mirere., fcemina fceminam Constantinopoli non ila pridem deperiit., ausa rem plane incredibilem., mu- tato cultu mentita virum de nuptiis sermonem init., et brevi nupta est : sed authorem ipsum consule, Busbequium. Omdto ^^ Salanarios illos Egyptiacos, qui cum formosa- rum cadaveribus concumbunt; et eorum vesanam libidincm., qui etiam idola et ima- gines depereunt. JYota est fabula Pigmalionis apud ^^Ovidium; Mundi et Paulin. apud .^gesippum belli Jud. lib. 2. cap. 4. Pontius C. Caesaris legatus., referenle Plinio, lib. 35. cap. 3. quem suspicor cum esse qui Christum crucifixit., picturis Atalantag e; Helenae aded libidine incensus, ut tollere eas vellet si naiura tectorii permisisset., alius, statuam bonce Fortunae deperiit (JElianus, lib. 9. cap. 37.) alius Bonce decc, et ne qua 6> Roih. i. 27. 8'^Lilius Giraldus, vita ejus, m Pueros ainare solis Philosophis re'linnueiidiim vult Liicianus dmi. Ainorum. '"' Busberiiiius. ^s Achilles Tatiiis Jib. i ^6 Luniaiiiis Cliaridemo. *' Non est hsc meiitula demt^iis. Mart. **» Jovius Muse. "^ Praefat. tectori lib. de vitis pontif. » .Mercurialis cap. de Priujy.smn. Coeliua I. 11. antic, lect. cap. 14. Galenusti. de locis aff. s" De innrh. mulier. lib. 1. c. 15. '2 Herodotus 1.2. Euterps: uxores insignium viroruui iioti statiin vita functa.s tradunt condendas, ac ne eas quidem fceuiinas quffi forinosae sunt, sed quatridur ante defunctas, ne cum iis salinarii connumbant, &r 03 Metam. 13. 57 2\2 450 Lov e-Me lancholy. [Part. 3. sec. 'Z. pars prahro vacet '''Raptus ad stupra (quod ait ille) et ne ^^ os quidem a libidine exceptum. Ileliogabalus, per omnia cava corporis libidinem recepit, Lamprid. vita ejus. ^'^Hoslius quidam specula fecit ^ et ita d.isposuit, ul quum virum ipse pateretur^ aversus onnes admissarii motus in speculo viderct., ac deinde falsa magnitudine ipsius membri tanquam vera, gauderet, simul virum et faiminam passus, quod diciii foedum et abomi.nandum. Ut veram plane sit., quod apud ^'' Plutarchuin Grylliis Ulyssi objecit. Ad liunc usque diem apud nos neque mas marem, neque foemina fceminam amavit, qualia niulta apud vos memorabiies et prasclari viri fecerunt: ut viles missos faciam, Hercules imberbem sedans socium, amicos deseruit, &c. Vestrai libidines intra suos natura3 fines coerceri non possunt, quin instar fluvii exundantis atrocem foeditatum, tumultum, confusionemque naturae gignant in re Venerea: nam et capras, porcos, equos inierunt viri et fceminae, insano bestiarum amore exarserunt, unde Minotauri, Centauri, Sylvani, Sphinges, &c. Scd ne cnnfutando doceam., aut ea foras efj'eram.^ qucE, non omncs scire convenit {Jkec enim doctis solummodo., quod causa non alsimili ** Rodericus, scripta velim) ne Icvissimis ingenlis et depravatis meniibus fwdissimi sceleris 7iotitia7n, <^c., nolo quern diutius Msec sordibus inquinare. I come at last to ihat heroical love which is proper to men and women, is a fre- quent cause of melancholy, and deserves much rather to be called burning lust, than by such an honourable title. There is an honest love, I confess, which is natural, laqueus occultus captivans corda hominu7n, ut a mulicribus non possint separari^ " a secret snare to captivate the hearts of men," as ®" Christopher Fonseca proves, a strong allurement, of a most attractive, occult, adamantine property, and powerful virtue, and no man living can avoid it. ^°°Et qui vim non sensit amoris, aut lapis est., aut bcllua. lie is not a man but a block, a very stone, aut 'JVur/ien, aut JVebuchad- nezzar, he hath a gourd for his head, a pepon for his heart, that hath not felt the power of it, and a rare creature to be found, one in an age, Qui nunquam viscejta- gravit^amore pucllce;^ for semel insanivimus omnes., dote we either young or old, as ^ he said, and none are excepted but Minerva and the Muses : so Cupid in '' Lucian complains to his mother Venus, that amongst all the rest his arrows could not pierce them. But this nuptial love is a common passion, an honest, for men to love in the way of marriage ; ut materia appeiit formam., sic mulicr virum. ^ You know marriage is honourable, a blessed calling, appointed by God himself in Paradise ; it breeds true peace, tranquillity, content, and happiness, qua nulla est autfuit unqua.m sanc- tior conjunctio., as Daphnaeus in '' Plutarch could well prove, et qua. gencri humano immortaidatem j^arat, when they live without jarring, scolding, lovingly as they should do. 1" Felices ter et amplius Quoii irriipta tenet copula, nee ullis Divulsus queiiinoniis Supreiria citius solvit amor die." 'Thrice happy »liey, and more than that, Whom bond of love so firmly ties, Thnt without brawls till death them part, 'Tis uiidissolv'd and never dies." As Seneca lived with his Paulina, Abraham and Sarah, Orpheus and Euridyce, Airia and Poetus, Artemisia and Mausolus, Rubenius Celer, that would needs have it en graven on his tomb, he htid led his life with Ennea, his dear wife, forty-three years eight months, and never fell out. There is no pleasure in this world comj)arable to it, 'tis summum mortalitatis bonum ^hominum 'divmnque voluptas., A]ma Venus ■ latet enim in muliere aliquid majus potentiusque omnibus aliis humanis volupta- tibus, as ^one holds, there's something in a woman beyond all human delight; a magnetic virtue, a charming quality, an occult and powerful motive. The husband rules her as head, but she again commands his heart, he is her servant, she is only joy and content: no happiness is like unto it, no love so great as this of man and wife, no such comfort as ^°placens uxor, a sweet wife: " Omnis amor magnus, *ed aperto in conjuge major. When they love at last as fresh as they did at first, '^ Cha- raque charo consenescit conjugi., as Homer brings Paris kissing Helen, after they had been married ten years, protesting withal that he loved her as dear as he did the first M Seneca de ira, I. 11. c. 18. ss'Nullus est meatus •d quern non pateat ailitus impudicitiie. Clem. Alex. psRdag. lib. 3. c. 3. »» Seneca 1. nat. qua!St. « Timi. P. Gryllo. <«* De morbis mulierum 1. 1. c. 15. ^'' Ain- phitheat. amnr. cap. 4 inlerpret. (urtio. ""ifliieas Bylvius Juvenal. " And he w ho has not felt the influ- ence of love is wither a stfme or a bi'ast." ' Terliil. prover. lib. 4. adversua Mane. cap. 40. a "One whom no maiden's beauty had ever affected." ^chaucer. ♦ Torn. 1. dial, deorum Lucianus. Amore non ardent Muste. '" As matter seeks form, so woman turna towards man." ^ In amator. dialog. ' Hor. B Lucretius. • » Fonseca. lo Hor. " Pro pert. '- Simonidcs, grwc. " She grutvs old in love and in yi an together."' Uem. 1. Subs. 2.J Love's Power and Extent. 451 hour that he was betrothed. And in their old age, when they make much of one another, saying, as he did to his wife in the poet, •S"Uinr vivamus quoii vixinrwjs, et moriamur, Servantes iioiiien suiiipsiiniis in Ihalamo; Ncc ferat iilla dies ut commutemur in a;vo, <^uin tibi sini juvenis, tuque puella uiihi." " Dear wife, let's live in love, and die together, As hitherto we have in all good will : Let no day change or alter our affectioniJ, But let's he young to one another sti;;.*' Such should conjugal love be, still the same, and as they are'one tlesh, so shoulc" they be of one mind, as in an aristocratical government, one consent, ''' Geyron-like. coalesce're in unum,., have one heart in two bodies, will and nill the same. A good wife, according to Plutarch, should be as a looking-glass to represent her husband's face and passion: if he be pleasant, she should be merry: if he laugh, she should smile : if he look sad, she should participate of his sorrow, and bear a part with him, and so should they continue in mutual love one towards another. 16" Et me ab ainore tuo deducet nulla senectus, Sive ego Tythonus, sive ego Nestor ero." ' No age shall part my love from thee, sweet wife. Though I live Nestor or Tithonua' life." And she again to him, as the '® Bride saluted the Bridegroom of old in Rome, XJbl tu Caius, ego semper Caia, be thou still Caius, I'll be Caia. 'Tis a happy state this indeed, when the fountain is blessed (saith Solomon, Prov. V. 17.) " and he rejoiceth with the wife of his youth, and she is to him as the loving hind and pleasant roe, and he delights in her continually." But this love of ours is immoderate, inordinate, and not to be comprehended in any bounds. It will not contain itself within the union of marriage, or apply to one object, but is a wander- ing, extravagant, a domineering, a boundless, an irrefragable, a destructive passion : sometimes this burning lust rageth after marriage, and thef it is properly called jealousy; sometimes before, and then it is called heroical melancholy; it extends sometimes to co-rivals, &c., begets rapes, incests, murders : Marcus Antonius com- pressit Faustinam sororem, Caracalla Juliam JS'overcam., JVero Matrem, Caligula sorores, Cyneras Myrrhamfiliain^ Sfc. But it is confined within no terms of blood, years, sex, or whatsoever else. Some furiously rage before they come to discretion or age. " Quartilla in Petronius never remembered she was a maid ; and the wife of Bath in Chancer, cracks, Sin.,e J was twelve years old, believe. Husbands at Kirk-door had I five. '^ Aratine Lucretia sold her maidenhead a thousand times before she was twenty-four years oXA., plus milies xiendldcrant virginitafem, Sfc. neque te celabo, non deerant qui ut integram amblre^it Rahab, that harlot, began to be a professed quean at ten years of age, and was but fifteen when she hid the spies, as '^Hugh Broughton proves, to whom Serrarius the Jesuit, qumst. 6. m cap. 2. Josue, subscribes. Generally wome-n begin pubescere, as they call it, or catuUire, as Julius Pollux cites, lib. 2. cap. 3. onomast out of Aristophanes, ^°at fourteen years old, then they do offer themselves, and some plainly rage. ^' Leo Afer saith, that in Africa a man shall scarce find a maid at fourteen years of age, they are so forward, and many amongst us after they come into the teens do not live without husbands, but linger. What pranks in this kind the middle ages have played is not to be recorded. Si mihi sint centum linguce^ sint oraque centum, no tongue can sufficiently declare, every story is full of men and women's insatiable lust, Nero's, Heliogabali, Bonosi, &c. ^^ Caelhis Amphilenum, sed Quintius Amphelinam depereunt, Sfc. They neigh after other men's wives (as Jeremia, cap. V. 8. complaineth) like fed horses, or range like town bulls, raptores virginum et v'iduarum, as many of our great ones do. Solomon's wisdom was extinguished in this fire of lust, Samson's strength enervated, piety in Lot's daughters quite for- got, gravity of priesthood in Eli's sons, reverend old age in the Elders that would violate Susanna, filial duty in Absalom to his stepmother, brotherly love in Ammon towards his sister. Human, divine laws, precepts, exhortations, fear of God and men, fair, foul means, fame, fortune, shame, disgrace, honour cannot oppose, stave off^ or withstand the fury of it, omnia vincit amor, Sfc. No cord nor cable can so •3 Ausonius. '^ Geryon amicitae symholuin. -6 Propert. I. 2. w Plutarch, c. 30. Rom. Hist. " Ju- Ronem habeam iratam, si unquam meminerim me vir- ginem fuisse. Infaiis enim paribus iiiquiiiata sum, et Bubinde m.-ijoribus me applicui, donee ad ffitatem per- »*"i : ut Milo vitulum, ' Lib. 3. fol. 12(1. s^Ca- tullus 45S Love-J\Jelancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2 forcibly draw, or hold so fast, as love can do with a twined thread. The scorching^ beams under the equinoctial, or extremity of cold within the circle arctic, where the very seas are frozen, cold or torrid zone, cannot avoid or expel this heat, fury, and •^ge of mortal men. 33 "Quo fiigis ab deinens, nulla est fuga, tu licet usque Ad Tauaim fugias, usque scquetiir amor." Of women's unnatural, ^' insatiable lust, what country, what village doth not coni- plain ? Mother and daughter sometimes dote on the same man, father and son, master and servant, on one woman. 26" Sed amor, sed ineffrenata libido, duid castuni in tflrris intentatutnque reliquit?" What breach of vows and oaths, fury, dotage, madness, might I reckon up ? Tet this is more tolerable in youth, and such as are still in their hot blood ; but for an old fool to dote, to see an old lecher, what more odious, what can be more absurd ? and yet what so common ? Who so furious } ^Amare ea cBtate, si occiperint, multo insaniunt acrius. Some dote then more than ever they did in their youth. How many decrepit, hoary, iiaxsh, wrilhen, burstenbellied, crooked, toothless, bald, blear- eyed, impotent, rotten, old men shall you see ilirkering still in every place .? One gets him a young wife, another a courtezan, and when he can scarce lift his leg over a sill, and hath one foot already in Charon's boat, when he hath the trembling in his joints, the gout in his feet, a perpetual rheum in his head, " a continuate cough," " his sio-ht fails him, thick of hearing, his breath stinks, all his moisture is dried up and gone, may not spit from him, a very child again, that cannot dress himself, or out his own meat, yet he will be dreaming of, and honing after wenches, wliat can be more unseemly? Worse it is in women than in men, when she is cEiaJe declivis, diu vidua., malcr olim^ parum decor e mntrimonium scqid videtnr, an old widow, a mother so long since ("'^in Pliny's opinion), she doth very unseemly seek to marry, et whilst she is ^^ so old a crone, a beldam, she can neither see, nor hear, go nor/Stand, mere ''"carcass, a witch, and scarce feel; she catterwauls, and must have a stallion^- a champion, she must and will marry again, and betroth herself to some young man, ^' that hates to look on, but for her goods ; abhors the sight of her, to the prejudice of her good name, her own undoing, grief of friends, and ruin of her children. But to enlarge or illustrate this power and effects of love, is to set a candle in the sun. ^^ It rageth with all sorts and conditions of men, yet is most evident among such as are young and lusty, in the flower of their years, nobly descended, high fed, such as live idly, and at ease; and for that cause (which our divines call burn- ing lust) this ^^ferinus insanus amor., this mad and beastly passion, as I have said, is named by our physicians heroical love, and a more honourable title put upon it, Amor nohilis, as ^'Savanarola styles it, because noble men and women make a com- mon practice of it, and are so ordinarily affected with it. Avicenna, lib. 3. Fen, I. tract. 4. cap. 23. calleih this passion Ilishi.) and defines it '''" to be a disease or me- lancholy vexation, or anguish of mind, in which a man continually meditates of the beauty, gesture, manners of his mistress, "and troubles himself about it : desiring," (as Savanarola atlds) with all intentions and eagerness of mind, "• to compass or enjoy her, "^as commonly hunters trouble themselves a"bout their sports, the covetous about their gold and goods, so is he tormented still about his mistress " Arnoklus Villanovanus, in his book of heroical love, defines it, ^"^ a continual cogitation of that which he desires, with a confidence or hope of compassing it ;" which deflni- 23 Euripides. " Whithersoever enraged you fly there ■8 110 escape. Although you reach the Tanais, love will Btill pursue you." ^^ De uiulieruin iriexhausta lihi- dine luxuque insatiahili omnes!£qUH regiones conquer) posse existiuio. Stepli. *^ " What have lust and iinrestiained desire left chaste or inviolate upon earth ?" 2«Plaulus. 27 0culi caligaiit, aures graviter audiiint, capilli fluunl, cutis arescit, flatus olet, lussis, &c. Cy- prian. 28 Lih. 8. Epist. Ruffinus. 29 Hiatque turpis inter aridas nates podex. sooadaverosa adeo ut ab inferis reversa videri possit, vull adhuc caliillire. 'I iVatn et niatrimoniis est despectum senium. .iEneas Silvius. 3-iQ,uid toto terraruni orbe c.iinmunius ? qua; riviias, quod oppiduni, qua; I'au'ilia vaoat uniatoruni exemplis? Jf.neas Silvius. Q.uis trigesinnim annum riatus nullum auioris causa peregit insigiie facinus ? ego de me facio conjecturam. quern amor in niille pericula niisit. "3 porcstus. Plato. S'' Fract. major. Tract. li. cap. 1. Ruh. 11. dp isgrit. cap. quod his multum cou- tinjial. 35 Haec oegritudo est solicitudo melancliolica in qua homo applicat sibi continuam cogitationem su- per pulchri'.udine ipsius quam amal, gesiuum niorum. 38Animi forte accidens quo quis rem habere nimia avi- dilate concupiscit, ut ludos venatores, aurum et ope« avari. 3? Assidua cogitatio super rem desiderat jm, cum confidentia obliiiendi, ul spe aitprehensuin deleo- t a bile, Slc. Mem. 2. Subs. 1.] Causes of Love-Melancholy. 45d •ion his coramentator cavils at. For continual cogitation is not the genus but a symptom of love ; we continually tliink of that which we hate and abhor, ag well as that which we love ; and many things we covet and desire, without all hope of attaining. Carolus a Lorme, in his Questions, makes a doubt, Jin amor sit morbus., whether this heroical love be a disease: Julius Pollux Onomast. lib. G. cap. 44. de- termines it. They that are in love are likewise ''^ sick ; lascimis., salax., lasciviens., et qui in veneremfurit., vere est. cegrotus. Arnoldus will have it improperly so called, and a malady rather of the body than mind. TuUy, in his Tasculans., defines it a furious disease of the mind. Plato, madness itself, Ficinus, his Commentator, cap. 1'2. a species of madness, " for many have run mad for women," Esdr. iv. 26. But "^^ Rhases " a melancholy passion :" and most physicians make it a species or kind of melancholy (as will appear by the symptoms), and treat of it apart; whom I mean to imitate, and to discuss it in all his kinds, to examine his several causes, to show his symptoms, indications, prognostics, effect, that so it may be with more facility cured. The part affected in the meantime, as ^"Arnoldus supposeth, " is the former part of the head for want of moisture," which his Commentator rejects. Langius, med. epist. lib. 1. cap. 24. will have this passion seated in the liver, and to keep residence in the heart, "" '•'• to proceed first from the eyes so carried by our spirits, and kindled with imagination in the liver and heart ;" coget amare jecur., as the saving is. J\Ie~ dium. feret per epar., diS Cupid in Anacreon. For some such cause belike ''" Homer feigns Titius' liver (who was enamoured of Latona) to be still gnawed by two vul- tures day and night in hell, ''^"for that young men's bowels thus enamoured, are so continually tormented by love." Gordonius, cap. 2. part. 2. ''^" will have the testi- cles an immediate subject or cause, the liver an antecedent." Fracastorius agrees in this v/ith Gordonius, hide primitus imaginatio venerea., erectio., S^c. titillatissimam partem vocat, ita ut nisi extruso scmine gestiens voluptas non cessaf, nee assidua ve- neris recordatio, addit Gnastivinius Comment. 4. Sect. prob. 27. Jlrist. But ''''pro- perly it is a passion of the brain, as all other melancholy, by reason of corrupt imagination, and so doth Jason Pratensis, c. 19. de morb. cerebri (who writes copi- ously of this erotical love), place and reckon it amongst the affections of the brain. *® Melancthon de anima confutes those that make the liver a part afiected, and Guia- nerius. Tract. 15. cap. 13 e/ 17. though many put all the affections in the heart, refers it to the brain. Ficinus, cap. 7. in Convloimn Platonis, " will have the blood to be the part affected." Jo. Frietagius, cap. 14. noct. med. supposeth all four affected, heart, liver, brain, blood; but the major part concur upon the brain, """tis imaginatio l(Bsa ; and both imagination and reason are misaffected; because of his corrupt judg- ment, and continual meditation of that which he desires, he may truly be said to be melancholy. If it be violent, or his disease inveterate, as I have determined in the precedent partitions, both imagination and reason are misaffected, first one, then the other. MEMB. II. SuBSECT. I. Causes of Heroical Love., Temperature, full Diet, Idleness, Place, Climate, 6fc. Of all causes the remotest are stars. *^ Ficinus cap. 19. saith they are most prone to this burning lust, that have Venus in Leo in their horoscope, when the Moon and Venus be mutually aspected, or such as be of Venus' complexion. '^^ Plutarch inter- * Morbus corporis potius quam aiiimi. ^9 Amor e^ passio iiielancliolira. *" Ob calefaclioiiein Est corruplio imaginative et ^stimativse t'acullntis, ob formam fortiler affixani, corruptumque judicium, ut semper de eo cof;itet, ideoque rente inelan- cholicus appellatur. Cnncupisceiitia vebemens ex cor- rupto judicio aeslimativfe virlutis. <*< (jomment. in coiivivium Platonis. Irretiuntur cito qnibus nascenti bus Venus fuerit in Leone, v«tI Luna venerem vehe menter aspexerit, et qui eadem coinplexione sunt pra- diti. ^" Plerumque amalores sunt, et si foeiiiinae [ji» retricfl? ]. de audiend. 454 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. prets astrologicall}' that tale of Mars and Venus, " in whose genitures t and ? are in conjunction," they are commonly lascivious, and if women queans ; " as the good wife of Bath confessed in Chaucer ;" IfollaiBcd aye mine inclivation, By virtue of viy constellation. But of all those astrological aphorisms which I have ever read, that of Cardan is most memoiable, for which howsoever he is bitterly censured by ^"Marinus Marcen- nus, a malapert friar, and some others (which '''he himself suspected) yet methinks it is free, downright, plain and ingenious. Jn his ^^ eighth Geniture., or example, he hath these words of himself c^ ? and ^ in ? dignitatibus assiduam mihi Venereorum cogitationem prcBStahunt., ila ut nunquam quiescam. Et paulo post, Cogitatio Venere- orum me torquef perpetuo., et quam facto implere non licuU,, autfeclsse potentem puduit, cogitatione assidiut vientitus sum voluptalem. Et aiibi, ob i et 'i dominium et radiorum mixtionem, profundum fuit ingenium, sed lascivum., egoque turpi libidini deditus et obsccpnus. So far Cardan of himself, quod de se fatctur idco ^^ut utiliiatem adferat stjidiosis hujusce discipline^., and for this he is traduced by Marcennus, when as in eflect he saith no more than what Gregory Nazianzen of old, to Chilo his scholar, offerebant sc mihi visendce mulieres., quarum prcecellenti elegantid et decore spectabili tentabatur mece integritas pudiciti(e. Et quidem jlagitium vitavi fornicationis, at mundifice virginalis Jlorem arcana cordis cogitalione fcedavi. Sed ad rem. Aptiores ad masculinam venerem sunt quorum genesi Venus est in signo masculino, et in Saturni finibus aut oppositione, Stc. Ptolomeus in quadripart. plura de his et speci- alia habet aphorismata, longo proculdubio usu confirmata, et ab experientia multa perfecta, inquit commentator ejus Cardanus. Tho. Campanella Jlstrologice lib. 4. cap. 8. articulis 4 and 5. insaniam amatoriam remonstrantia, multa pras caeteris accu- mulat aphorismata, quae qui volet, consulat. Chiromanlici ex cingulo Veneris ple- rumque conjecturam faci«nt, et monte Veneris, de quorum decretis, Taisnerum, Johan. de Indagine, Goclenium, ceterosque si lubet, inspicias. Physicians divine wholly from the temperature and complexion ; phlegmatic persons are seldom taken, according to Ficinus Conunent. cap. 9; naturally melancholy less than they, but once taken they are never freed ; though many are of opinion flatuous or hypochon- driacal melancholy are most subject of all others to this infirmity. Valescus assigns their strong imagination for a cause, Bodine abundance of wind, Gordonius of seed, and spirits, or atomi in the seed, which cause their violent and furious passions. Sanguine thence are soon caught, young folks most apt to love, and by their good wills, saith ^ Lucian, " would have a bout with every one they see :" the colt's evil is common to all complexions. Theomestus a young and lusty gallant acknowledg- eth (in the said author) all this to be verified in him, " I am so amorously given, '^you may sooner number the sea-sands, and snow falling from the skies, than my several loves. Cupid had shot all his arrows at me, I am deluded with various desires, one love succeeds another, and that so soon, that before one is ended, I begin with a second ; she that is last is still fairest, and she that is present pleaseth me most : as an hydra's head mv loves increase, no lolaus can help me. Mine eyes are so moist a refuge and sanctuary of love, tliat they draw all beauties to them, and are never satisfied. ] am in a doubt what fury of Venus this should be : alas, how have I offended her so to vex me, what Hippolitus am I !" What Telchin is my genius 1 or is it a natural imperfection, an hereditary passion .'"/Another in ^^\nacreon> confesseth that he had twenty sweethearts in Athens at once, fifteen at Corintl\, as many at Thebes, at Lesbos, and at Rhodes, twice as many in Ionia, thrice in Caria, wenty thousand in all : or in a word, d ^vxko, Ttdvta, &c. ' Folia arhnrum omnium si Nosti referre cuncta, Aul computare arenas III .T(]Uore universas, Solum nieorum amorum Te fecero loaistaui ?" "Canst count the leaves in May, Or sands i'th' ocean sea' Then count my loves I pray. His eyes are like a balance, apt to propend each way, and to be weighed down ^ Comment, in Genes, cap. 3. *' El si in hoc parum i. prseclara infamia stultitiaquc aliero, vincit tamen amor veritatis. " Edit. Basil. 1553. Cum Commentar. in Ptolomaei quad iparlituin. 6S pol. 445. Basil. Edit. M Dial, amorum. 65 (jitius maris ductus et niveta coelo delbicntes numeraris quam amores .ueos ; alii amores aliis succedunt, ac priusquam desinant pri- ores, incipiunt sequentes. Adeo humidis oculis neU3 inhabitat Asylus omnem formam ad se r'-piens, ut nulld satietate expleatur. Quienam hsee ii.. Veneriv fee ^ Num. ixxii Mfiu. 2. Subs. I.] Causes of Love -Melancholy. 455 with every wench's looks, his heart a weathercock, his affection tinder, or napthe ithelf, which every fair object, sweet smile, or mistress's favour sets on fire. Guia- ncrius tract. 15. cap. 14. refers all this ^^to "the hot temperature of the testicles," Ferandus a Frenchman in his Erotique Mel. (which ''''book came first to my hands after the tliird edition) to certain atomi in the seed, '•'• sucli as are very spermatic and full of seed." I find tiie same in Jlristot. sect. 4. prob. 17. si non secernatur semen^ cefisare fcniigines non possunt., as Gaustavmius his commentator translates it : for which cause these young men that be strong set, of able bodies, are so subject to it Hercules de Saxonia hath the same words in effect. But most part I say, such as are aptest to love that are young and lusty, live at ease, stall-fed, free from cares, like cattle in a rank pasture, idle and solitary persons, they must needs hirquitullire, as Guastavinius recites out of Censorinus. ' Mens eiit apta capi turn qmim laetissima rerum. Ul SHgcs in pingLii luxiiriabit liuino." ' The mind is apt to lust, and hot or cold, As corn luxuriates in abetter mould." The place itself makes much wherein we live, the clime, air, and discipline if they concur. In our Misnia, saith Galen, near to Pergamus, thou shalt scarce find an adulterer, but many at Rome, by reason of the delights of the seat. It was that plenty of all things, which made ®° Corinth so infamous of old, and the opportunity of the place to entertain those foreign comers ; every day strangers came in, at each gate, from all quarters. In that one temple of Venus a thousand whores did prosti-- tute themselves, as Strabo writes, besides Lais and the rest of better note : all nations resorted thither, as to a school of Venus. Your hot and southern countries are prone to lust, and far more incontinent than those that live in the north, as Bodine dis- courseth at large. Method, hist. cap. 5. Molles Jlsiatici., so are Turks, Greeks, Span iards, Italians, even all that latitude ; and in those tracts, such as are more fruitful plentiful, and delicious, as Valence in Spain, Capua in Italy, domicilium liixus Tully terms it, and (which Hannibal's soldiers can witness) Canopus in Egypt, Sybaris Phoeacia, Baiae, ^' Cyprus, Lampsacus. In ^^ Naples the fruit of the soil and pleasant air enervate their bodies, and alter constitutions : insomucli that Florus calls it Cer- tamen Bacchi et Veneris^ but ^^Foliot admires it. In Italy and Spain they have their stews in every great city, as in Rome, Venice, Florence, wherein, some say, dwell ninety thousand inhabitants, of which ten thousand are courtezans ; and yet for all this, every gentleman almost hath a peculiar mistress ; fornications, adulteries, are nowhere so common : urbs est jam tota hipanar; how should a man live honest amongst so many provocations .'' now if vigour of youth, greatness, liberty I mean, and that impunity of sin which grandees take unto themselves in this kind shall meet, what a gap must it needs open to all manner of vice, with what fury will it rage .'' For, as Maximus Tyrius the Platonist observes, libido consequuta quumfuerit materiam improbam, et prceruptam liccntiam., et effrenafam audacia?n, &c., what will not lust effect in such persons } For commonly princes and great men make no scruple at all of such matters, but with that whore in Spartian, quicquid libet licet., they tliink they may do what they list, profess it publicly, and rather brag with Pro- culus (that writ to a friend of his in Rome, '^^ what famous exploits he had done in that kind) than any way be abashed at it. ''^Nicholas Sanders relates of Henry VIII. (I know not how truly) Quod paucas vidit pulchriores quas non concupierit, et pau- cissimas non concupierit quas non vlolarit^ "• He saw very few maids that he did not^ desire, and desired fewer whom he did not enjoy:" nothing so familiar amongst them, 'tis most of their business : Sardanapalus, Messalina, and Joan of Naples, are not comparable to ^^ meaner men and women ; Solomon of old had a thousand concu- bines-, Ahasuerus his eunuchs and keepers; Nero his TigiUinus panders, and bawds; tlie Turks, ^' Muscovites, Mogors, Xeriffs pf Barbary, and Persian Sophies, are no whit inferior to them in our times. Delectus Jit omnium pucllarum toto regno forma *'Q.iii calidum testiculorum crisin habent, &c. » Printed at Paris 1624, seven years after my first edi- tiai. MQviddeart. ^OGerbslius, descript. Grecis. Rerum omnium affluentia et loci mira oppor- lunitas, nullo non die hospites in portas advertebant. Tempio Veneris mille meretrices se prostilnebant •'TotaCypri i"S'ila delitiis incumbit, et ob id tantiim Irr-irir dedi .^ ..» =it olim Veiieri sacrata. Ortelius, Lijm'isacus, ulim Priapo sacer ob vinum geucrosum, et loci delicias. Idem. ^ Agri Neapolitan! delectal.o, elegantia, amoenitas, vix intra moilum hunianiim con- sistere videtur ; unde,&c. Leand. Alber. in Campania 63 Lib. de laud. iirb. Neap. Disputat. de niorhis aninii, Reinoldo Interpret. ^ l.ainpridius, dii>>d decom noctihus centum virgines fecisset inulieres. ^^ Vita ejus. 68 If they contain themselves, many times i» is not virtutis amore; non deest voluntas sed facuim? " In Muscov 45(» Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2 praistantiorum (saith Jovius) ^pro imperatore ; et qi/as ilU Ihiquit, nobilrs habent , they press aiul muster up wenches as we do soldiers, and have their choice of th*" rarest beauties their countries can afford, and yet all this cannot keep them from adultery, incest, sodomy, bugi^ery, and such prodigious lusts. We may conclude, that if they be young, fortunate, rich, high-fed, and idle withal, it is almost impos- sible that they should live honest, not rage, and precipitate themselves into these inconveniences of burning lust. ^"Otiutii el ijejies priiis et beatas Pcrdilit uriies." Idleness overthrows all, Vanio pectore. regnat amor, love tyranniseth in an idle person. Aniore ahundas Antip/io. If thou hast nothing to do, ^^ '•'• Invidid vrl amorc miser torquehcre Thou shalt be naieu in pieces with envy, lust, some passion or other. Homines nihil agendo male agere discunt ; 'lis Aristotle's simile, '"'■''as match or touchwood takes fire, so doth an idle person love." Q,ua;ritur yEgistiis Qiiore sit foetus adulter, &c., why was jEgistus a whoremaster ? You need not ask a reason of it. Ismenedora stole Baccho, a woman forced a man, as '' Aurora did Cephalus : no marvel, saith '^Plutarch, Liixurians opibus more hominum muJier agit : she was rich, fortunate and jolly, and doth but as men do in that case, as Jupiter did by Europa, Neptune by Amymone. The poets therefore did well to feign all shepherds lovers, to give themselves to songs and dalliances, because they lived such idle lives. For love, as "Theophrastus defines it, is otiosi animi affectus^ an affection of an idle mind, or as '^ Seneca describes it, Juvi nta gignitur, juxu nutritur, feriis alitur, otioque inter Iccta fortunes bone: youth begets it, riot main- tains it, idleness nourisheth it, &.c. whir.Ii makes "Gordonius the physician cap. 20. part. 2. call this disease the proper passion of nobility. Now if a weak judgment and a strong apprehension do concur, how, saith Hercules de Saxonia, shall they resist ? Savanarola appropriates it almost to '®" monks, friars, and religious persons, because they live solitarily, fair daintily, and do nothing :" and well he may, for how ~ should they otherwise choose } Diet alone is able to cause it : a i"are thing to see a young man or a woman that lives idly and fares vvell, of what condition soever, not to be in love. "Alcibiadea was still dallying with wanton young women, immoderate in his expenses, effemi- nate in his apparel, ever in love, but why.' he was over-delicate in his diet, too fre- quent and excessive in banquets, Ubicunque securitas, ibi libido dominotur ; lust and security domineer logether, as St. Hierome averreth. All which the wife of Bath in Chaucer freely justifies. For nil to sicker, as c.oUl cvfrpiidrelh hail, Ji liiiuorisli tongue must have a liquorish tail. Especially if they shall further it by choice diet, as many times those Sybarites and Phaeaces do, feed liberally, and by their good will eat nothing else but lascivious meats. "'^Vinum imprimis generosnm, legumen, fabas, radices omnium generum bene conditas, et largo pipere aspersas, carduos hurtuJunos, lactucos, ''^ erucas, rapas, porros, ccr.pas, nucem piceum, aiiiygdalas dulcts, eleduariu, sj/rupos, succos, cochleas, conchas, pisces optime prapurotos, aviculas, testiculos animalium, ova, condimenfa diversorum generum, inolles lectos, pulvinaria, t^r. Et qiiicqiiid fere medici impotentia rei venerea; laboranti prccscribunt, hoc ejuasi diasalyrion habent in delitiis, et his dapes multb ddications ; muhum, exquisitas et exoticas fruges, aromuta, placenta.s, espressos succos miittis fcr cutis varialos, ipsumque vinum sini' vitate vincentes, et quicquid culina, pharmocopaa, aut quceque fere oficina subnii- nistrare possit. Et hoc plerumque victu qimm se ganeones infarciiint, '^'^ ut ille oh Chreseida suam, se bulbis et corhleis curavit ; etiani ad Venerem se parent, et ad hanc pulestram se exerceant, qui Jicri possit, ut non misere depereant, ^^ ut nun peni- tus insaniant ? ./Estuans venter cito despuit in iibidinem, Hieronymus ait. *^ Post incuriit hffic passio solitarios delitiosi' viventes, incon- tiiii'iites, relifjiosos, &c. '■ Plutarch, vit. ejus. ^^ Vina parant uiiiiiios veiieri. 's* Seil nihil eriic* faciiint hiilhiqiie salaces; Iniproha nee prci^il jam satu. reia lihi. Ovid. sopeirnnins. Curavi inc mo* cil)is validiorihus, &c. *' I'ti ille apuil Skenkinji.. qui post polionem, uxorem et qualuor ancilias projcmio «e Catullus ad Lesbiam. eo Hor. ™ Polit. 8. num. 2- . ut naptha, ad ifinem, sic amor ad illos qui tor- pescuMt ocin. " Pausaiiias Attic, lih. 1. Cephalus esrejriffi formffi juvenis ah aurora raptus quod ejjis amore capta esset. '^ in amatorio. 's g sio- bffio ser. G'2. ">* Amor otinsse cura est sniliriluriinis. •' Principes plerumque oh licentiam et adfluentiam di- 7itiaruin islam passionern soleiit inciirnre. '•» Ar cuhiculo cubantus, coIllpre^'8it. 6-i Pers. Sal. X Jenter appeli' qui o'lcfam vitain agit, et coininuniter W«in. 2. Subs. 2.] Causes of Looe-Melancholy. 457 pramlia, Callyroenda. Quis enim continere se potest? *'Luxuriosa res vinum, ■^omentum libidinis vocat Augiistinus, hlandum dcemonem, Bemardus ; lac veneris, Aristophanes. Non iEtna, noii Vesuvius tantis ardoribus aestuant, ac juveniles iiie- dullae vino plenae, addit '^^ Hieronymus : unde oh optimum vinum Lamsacus olim Priapo 5(ice/-.- et venerandi Bacchi sucia apud ^^Orpheum Venus aM(/<7. Hac s\ vinum simplex, et per se sumptum prcrstare possit, nam "^'^ quo me Bacche rapis tui plenum .'' quwn nun iusaniam, quern non furorem a ccsteris expectemus 1 ^''Gomesius salem enumerut inter ea quce intempstivam libidinem provoccire solent^ et salaciores fieri faeminas obesum salis contendit : Venerem ideo dicunt ab Oceano ortam. fS" Unde tot in Veneta scortonmi millia cur sunt ? In pioMiptu causa est, est Venus orta inari." Et liinc fcEta mater Salacea Oceani conjux, verhumqiie fortasse salax a sale effiuxit. Mala Bacchica tantum olim in amoribus prccvaluerunt, ut coronce ex illis statucB Bacchi ponerentur. ^ Cubehis in vino maceratis utuntur Indi Orientales ad Vene- rem excitaudutn, et ^Surax radice Africani. Chinse radix eosdem ejfectus habet, talisque herbcB meminit mag. nat. lib. 2. cap. 16. ®' Baptista Porta ex India allatce, cujus mentionem facit et Theoplirastus. Sedhifinita his similia apud Rhasin, Mat- tliiolum, Mizaldum, cceterosque medicos occurrunt, quorum idea mentionem feci, ne quis imperitior in hos scopulos impingat, sed pro virili tanquam syrtes et cautes consulto effugiat. 5UBSECT. II. — Other causes of Love-Melancholy, Sight, Beauty from tlie Face^ Eyes, other parts, and how it pierctth. Many such causes may be reckoned up, but they cannot. avail, except opportunity be offered of time, place, and those other beautiful objects, or artificial enticements, as kissing, conference, discourse, gestures concur, with such like lascivious provoca- cations. Kornmannus, in his book de linea aiiioris, makes five degrees of lust, out of ^^Lucian belike, which he handles in five chapters, Visus, Colloquium, Conoictus, Oscula, Tactus.^^ Sight, of all other,^ is the first step of this unruly love, though sometime it be prevented by relation or hearing, or rather incensed. For there be those so apt, credulous, and facile to love, that if they hear of a proper man, or wo- man, they are in love before they see them, and that merely by relation, as Achilles Tatius observes. ^"Such is their intemperance and lust, that they are as much maimed by report, as if they saw them. Callisthenes a rich young gentleman of Byzance in Thrace, hearing of "^Leucippe, Sostratus' fair daughter, was far in love with her, and, out of fame and common rumour, so much incensed, that he would needs have her to be his wife." And sometimes by reading they are so affected, as he in ^'^Lucian confesseth of himself, " 1 never read that place of Panthea in Xeno- phon, but I am as much affected as if 1 were present with her." Such persons com.- monly ^' feign a kind of beauty to themselves 5 and so did those three gentlewomen in ^^Balthasar Castillo fall in love with a young man whom they never knew, but only heard him commended : or by reading of a letter ; for there is a grace conieth from hearing, ^^as a moral philosopher informeth us, "as well from sight; and the species of love are received into the fantasy by relation alone :" '™ ut cupere at aspectu, sic velle ab auditu, both senses affect. Interdwn et absentcs amamus, some times we love those that are absent, saith Philostratus, and gives instance in his friend Athenorodus, that loved a maid at Corinth whom he never saw ; non oculi sed mens videt, we see with the eyes of our understanding. But the most familiar and usual cause of love is that which comes by sight, which *»Siracides. Nox, et amor vinumque nihil modera- bile suadent. '^Lip. ad Olyiiipiain. ^ Hymno. ••Hor. I. 3. Od. 25. «~ De sale lib. cap. 21. fs Kornmanr.js lib. de virginitate. 69Garcias ab bi>rto aroniatum, lib. 1. cap. 28. ' ^oSurax radix ad coitum suninie facit si quis coaiedat, aut iiifusioneni bibat, inenibruni subito erigitur. Leo Afer. lib. 9. cap. ult. K'Clua! non solum edentibus sed et genitale kisses, touch." s< Ea enim hominum intemperan tium libido est ut etiani faina ad aniandum impellaiitiir, et audientes ffique alRciuntur ac videntes. "& por- niosain Sostrato filiain audiins, uxoreni cupit, et sola illius, auditioiie ardvt. isiluoties de Panthea Xe- nophuntis locum perlego, ita aniino aflrctus ac si coram inluerer. 9' Pulclirituditiem sibi ipsis coMtingunt, Imagines. 98 Pe aulico lib. 2. t'ol. 116. 'tis a pleasant langentibus laiitum valet, ut coire suniine desidereiil ; I story, and related al large by hini. i" Gratia venit juoties fere velint, possint; alios dundecies proferisse, ah auditu £e(|ue ac visu et spi cie.s anions in phanla- iilios ad 60 vices pervenisse ref.'rt: a" Lucian T.mii. siam recipiuii.t. sola relatione. Picnioiniiieus grad. S. r ( Dial, amoruin. "s • Sight, confenuce, association, ' 38. lO" Lips.cent. 2. epist. 22. Beautiu's Kiicuiiii'>n». 58 2C 458 Lov e-Me lancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. convey \hose admirable rays of beauty and pleasing graces to the heart. Plotiiius de- rivts love from sight, tptoj quasi opaoi;. ' Si nescis, oculi sunt in amore duces^ "■ the eyes are the harbingers of love," and the first step of love is sight, as ^ Lilius Giraldus proves at large, hist. dcor. syntag. 13. tliey as two sluices let in the influences of that divine, povyerful, soul-ravishing, and captivating beauty, which, as ' one saith, " is sharper than any dart or needle, wounds deeper into the heart; and opens a gap through our eyes to that lovely wound, which pierceth the soul itself" (Ecclus. 18.) Through it love is kindled like a fire. This amazing, confounding, admirable, amia- ble beauty, ■*" than which in all nature's treasure (saith Isocrates) there is nothing so majestical and sacred, nothing so divine, lovely, precious," 'tis nature's crown gold and glory ; bonum si non summum^ de summis tamen non infrequentcr iriumphans, whose power hence may be discerned ; we contemn and abhor generally such things as are foul and ugly to behold, account them filthy, but love and covet that which is fair. 'Tis ^ beauty in all things which pleaseth and aliureth us, a fair hawk, a fine garment, a goodly building, a fair house, &.c. That Persian Xerxes when he de- stroyed all those temples of the gods in Greece, caused that of Diana, in integrum scrvari, to be spared alone for that excellent beauty and magnificence of it. Inani- mate beauty can so command, 'Tis that which painters, artificers, orators, all aim at, as Eriximachus the physician, in Plato contends, ^"It was beauty first that min- istered occasion to art, to find out the knowledge of carving, painting, building, to find out models, perspectives, rich furnitures, and so many rare inventions." White- ness in the lily, red in the rose, purple in the violet, a lustre in all things without life, the clear light of the moon, the bright beams of the sun, splendour of g^ld, purple, sparkling diamond, the excellent feature of the horse, the majesty Of the lion, the colour of birds, peacock's tails, the silver scales of fish, we behold with singular delight and admiration. ''''And which is rich in plants, delightful in flowers, won- derful in beasts, but most glorious in men," doth make us aflect and earnestly desire it, as when we hear any sweet harmony, an eloquent tongue, see any excellent quality, curious work of man, elaborate art, or aught that is exquisite, there ariseth instantly in us a longing for the same. We love such men, but most part for come- liness of person ; we call them gods and godesses, divine, serene, happy, &c. And of all mortal men they alone (^Calcagninus holds) are free from calumny; qui divi- tiis^ magistratu et gloria Jlorent^ injuria lacessimus., we backbite, wrong, hate re- nowned, rich, and happy men, we repine at their felicity, they are undeserving we think, fortune is a step-mother to us, a parent to them. " We envy (saith * Isocrates) wise, just, honest men, except with mutual offices and kindnesses, some good turn or othei they extort this love from us ; only fair persons we love at first sight, desire their acquaintance, and adore them as so many gods : we had rather serve them than command others, and account ourselves the more beholding to them, the more ser- vice they enjoin us : though they be otherwise vicious, dishonest, we love them, favour them, and are ready to do them any good office for their '"beauty's sake, though they have no other good quality beside. Die igitur oformose adoleseens (as that eloquent Phavorinus breaks out in " Stobeus) die Jlutiloque., suavius nectare loqueris ; die b Telemaehe, vchcmentius Ulysse dicis; die Alciiiades utcunqiie ebrius, libcnliiis tibi lieet ebrio auscultabimus. "■ Speak, fair youth, speak Autiloquus, thy words are sweeter than nectar, speak O Telemachus, thou art more powerful than Ulysses, speak Alcibiades though drunk, we will willingly hear thee as thou art." Faults in such are no faults : for when the said Alcibiades had stolen Anytus his gold and silver plate, he was so far from prosecuting so foul a fact (though every man el.» . condemned his impudence and insolency) that he wished it had been more, and much better (he loved him dearly) for his sweet sake. ''No worth is eminent io such lovely persons, all imperfections hid ;" non enim facile de his quos plurimun, t Propert. » Amoris primum gradum visas habct, rri a^piciat rem ainatam. 3 Achilles Tatius lib. I. Forma telo quovis aoulior ad infereiidum vulnus, perque oculos amatorio viilneri adilum patefaciens in aiiiinuin penetrat. « In tola reruni natura nihil forma divinius, nihil augustius, nihil pretiosius, cujus vires hinc facile intelliguntur, ice. 'Christ. Fonseca. "S. L. ■"Bri.ye proh. 11. de forma e Lucianns. »Lib. de tahimnia. Forinosi Cahimninia vacant ; dolemus alios ntftiore loco positos.fortunam nobis novercam illis, Jfec. •Invidemiis sapientibus, justis, nisi beneficiis assidud amorein extorquent; soins formosos amamus et primo velut aspectu benevolentia conjungiinur. et eos tan- quam Deos coliinus, libentius iis strvimus quam aliii imperamus, niaj.)remque, . Arii^t Polit. >i Serm 63. Plutarch, vit. ejus. Brisoniua Strabo. Mem, 2. Subs. 2.1 Causes of Love-Melancholy. 459 diligimus, turpitudinem suspicamur, for hearing, sight, touch, &.C., oui mind and all our senses are captivated, onirics scnsus formosus deler.laf. Many men have been preferred for their person alone, chosen kings, as amongst the Indians, Persians, Aithiopians of old ; the properest man of person the country could afford, was elected' their sovereign lord; Gratior est pulcliro venkns e corpore virtus, '-and so have many other nations thought and done, as '^ Curtius observes : Ingens enim in corporis majestate veneratio est, " for there is a niajestical presence in such men ;" and so far was beauty adored amongst them, that no man was thought fit tu Kngn, that was not in all parts complete and supereminent. Agis, king of Lacedasraon, had like to have been deposed, because he married a little wife, they would not have their royal issue degenerate. Who would ever have thought that Adrian the Fourth, an English monk's bastard (as '■' Papirius Massovius writes in his life), inops a suis relectus^squalidus ei miser, a poor forsaken child, should ever come to be pope of Rome } But why was it? Erat acri ingenio,facu7idid expeditd eleganti corpore, facieque Icetd ac liilari, (as he follows it out of '^Nubrigensis, for he ploughs with his heifer,) " he was wise, learned, eloquent, of a pleasant, a promising countenance, a goodly, proper man ; he had, in a word, a winning look of his own," and that carried it, for that he was especially advanced. So " Saul was a goodly person and a fair." Maxi- minus elected emperor, &c. Branchus the son of Apollo, whom he begot of Jance, Succron's daughter (saith Lactantius), when he kept King Admetus' herds in Thessaly, now grown a man, was an earnest suitor to his mother to know his father ; the nymph denied him, because Apollo had conjured her to the contrary; yet overcome by his importunity at last she sent him to his father; when he came into Apollo's presence, malas Dei reverenter osculatus, he carried himself so well, and was so fair a young man, that Apollo was infinitely taken with the beauty of his person, he could scarce look off him, and said he was worthy of such parents, gave him a crown of gold, the spirit of divination, and in conclusion made him a demi-god. O vis superba forma, a goddess beauty is, whom the very gods adore, nam pulchros dii amant; she is Jimoris domina, love's harbinger, love's loadstone, a witch, a charm, &c. Beauty is a dower of itself, a sufficient patrimony, an ample commend- ation, an accurate epistle, as '^Lucian, ''Apuleius, Tiraquellus, and some others con- clude. Imperio digna forma, beauty deserves a kingdom, saith Abulensis, paradox 2. cap. 110. immortality; and '^"more have got this honour and eternity for their beauty, than for all other virtues besides :" and such as are fair, " are worthy to be honoured of God and men." That Idalian Ganymede was therefore fetched by Jupiter into heaven, Hephaestion dear to Alexander, Antinous to Adrian. Plato calls beauty for that cause a privilege of nature, N'uturce gaudentis opus, nature's master- piece, a dumb comment ; Theophrastus, a silent fraud ; still rhetoric Cameades, that persuades without speech, a kingdom without a guard, because beautiful persons command as so many captains ; Socrates, a tyranny, "• which tyranniseth over tyrants themselves; which made Diogenes belike call proper women queens, quod facerent homines qucp, pracipcrent, because men were so obedient to their commands. They will adore, cringe, compliment, and bow to a common wench (if she be fair) as if she were a noble woman, a countess, a queen, or a goddess. Those intemperate young men of Greece erected at Delphos a golden image with infinite cost, to the eternal memory of Phryne the courtezan, as Jillian relates, for she was a most beau- tiful woman, insomuch, saith '^ Athenaeus, that Apelles and Praxiteles drew Venus's picture from her. Thus young men will adore and honour beauty; nay kings them- selves I say will do it, and voluntarily submit their sovereignty to a lovely woman. 't^Wine is strong, kings are strong, but a woman strongest," 1 Esd. iv. 10. as Zero- babel proved at large to King Darius, his princes and noblemen. " Kings sit still and command sea and land, &.C., all pay tribute to the king ; but women make kings pay tribute, and have dominion over them. - When the^ have got gold and silver, they submit all to a beautiful woman, give themselves wholly to her, gape and gaze 12" Virtue appears more gracefully in a lovely per- sonage. " - IJI). 5. niagnoruniqiiH ; operuiii iinn alios capaces piitant ijuuin quDS eximia specie natura donavit. " Lib. de vitis Ponliliouin. Rniii. i=Lil). 2. cap. 6. '^ Dial, amoruni. c. 2. tie niaiiia. Lib. 2. eonnub. cap. 27. Virgo foriiiosa et si oppido pauper, •buiidd est dotata. " Isocraies plures ob formam immortalitatem adepti sunt quam ob reliquas omnes virtutes. 'SLucian Tom. 4. Charidiemon. (iiii pulchri, merito apud Deos et apud homines bonore af iecti. Mut:i commentatio, quavis epistola ad commeo dandum efficacior. is Lib. 9. Var. hist, tanta form* clegantia ut ab ea nuda, Sec. 460 Love-Melancholy [Part. 3. Sec, 2 nn her, and all men desire hei more than gold or silver, or any precious thing: the;y will leave father and mother, and venture tlieir lives for her, labour and travel to get, and bring all their gains to women, steal, fight, and spoil for their mistress's sake. And no king «o strong, but a fair woman is stronge- lian he is. All things (as ^°he proceeds) fear to touch the king; yet 1 saw him and Apame his concubine, the daughter of the famous Bartacus, sitting on the right hand of the king, and she took the crown off his head, and put it on her own, and stroke him with her left hand; yet thd king gaped and gazed on her, and when she laughed he laughed, and when slie was angry he flattered to be reconciled to her." So beauty commands even kings themselves; nay whole armies and kingdoms are captivated together with their kings: '^^ Forma vincil armutos, ferrum pulchrUudo captivat; vincentur specie^ qui non vlncentur prcElio. And 'tis a great matter saith ^^Xenophon, "and of which all fair persons may worthily brag, that a strong man must labour for his living if he will have aught, a valiant man must fight and endanger himself for it, a wise man speak, show himself, and toil ; but a fair and beautiful person doth all with ease, he compasseth his desire without any pains-taking:" God and men, heaven and earth conspire to honour him; every one pities him above other, if he be in need, '^^and all the world is willing to do him good. ^^Chariclea fell into the hand of pirates,, but when all the rest were put to the edge of the sword, she alone was preserved for ' her person. ^^ When Constantinople was sacked by the Turk, Irene escaped, and v»as so far from being made a captive, that she even captivated the Grand Seignior himself. So did Rosamond insult over King Henry the Second. 20 " I was so fair an object ; Whom fortune made my king, my love made subject; He found by proof the privilege of beauty, That it iiud power to countermand all duty." It captivates the very gods themselves, Morosiora numina, 27 " Dens ipse deoruni Factus ob hanc foruiam bos, equus imber olor." And those mali genu are taken with it, as ^ [ have already proved. Formosam Bar- bari verentur, et ad spectuiii pulchrum immanls animus mansucscil. (Heliodor. lib. 5.) The barbarians stand in awe of a fair woman, and at a beautiful aspect a fierce spirit is pacified. For when as Troy was taken, and the wars ended (as Clemens ^^Alex andrinus quotes out of Euripides) angry Menelaus with rage and fury armed, came with his sword drawn, to have killed Helen, with his own hands, as being the sole cause of all those wars and miseries : but when he saw her fair face, as one amazed at her divine beauty, he let his weapon fall, and embraced her besides, he had no power to strike so sweet a creature. Ergo habetantur enses pulchritudine^ the edge of a sharp sword (as the saying is) is dulled with a beautiful aspect, and severity itself is overcome. Hiperides the orator, when Phryne his client was accused at Athens for her lewdness, used no other defence in her cause, but tearing her upper garment, disclosed her naked breast to the judges, with which comeliness of her body and amiable gesture they were so moved and astonished, that they did acquit her fortliwith, and let her go. O noble piece of justice! mine author exclaims : and who is he that would not rather lose his seat and robes, forfeit his office, than give sentence against the majesty of beauty.'' Such prerogatives have fair persons, and they alone are free from danger. Paithenopseus was so lovely and fair, that when he fought in the Theban wars, if his face had been by chance bare, no enemy would offer to strike at or hurt him, such immunities lialh beauty. Beasts themselves are moved with it. Sinalda was a v/oman of such excellent feature, ^"and a queen, that when she was to be trodden on by wild horses for a punishment, '•'■ the wild beasts stood in admiration of her person, (Saxo Grammaticus lib. 8. Dan. hist.) and would not hurt her." Wherefore did that royal virgin in ^' Apuleius, when she fled from 20 Esdras, iv. 29. ^i Origen horn. 23. in Numb. In ipsos tyrannos tyrannidem exercet. '^ mud terte magnum ob quod jjloriari possunt formosi, quod roliustis necessarium sit laborare, forteni periculis se objicere, sapientem, &c. -3 Majorem vim habet ad commendandam forma, quam accurate .scripta epistola. Arist. 24 (leliodor. lib. 1. 26 Knowles. hist. Turcica. seDaninl in complaint of Rosamond. "Slroza filius Epig. "The king of the gods on ac- count of this beauty became a bull, a shower, a swan.* 28 Sect. 2. Mem. 1. Suh. 1. sjgtromatnm I. post captani Trojam cum impetu ferretur, ad occidendain Helenam, stupore adeo pulchritudinis correptiis nt frr- rum excideret, &c so'J'anta' formse fuit ut cum vincta Ions, fens exposita foret, equorum calcibus ob terenda, ipsis jumentis admirationi fuit; lajdere iiolue- runt. 31 Liii). 8. mules. Mom. 2. Subs. 2.] Beauty a Cause 461 the thieves' den, in a desert, make such an apostrophe to her ass on whom she rode; 'for what knew she lo the contrary, but that he was an ass .?) Si me parentibus el proco formoso reddideris^ quas tihi gratias^ quos honores habebo^ quos cibos exhi hpboP^ She would comb him, dress him, feed him, and trick him every day her pelf, and he should work no more, toil no more, but rest and play, &c. And besides she would have a dainty picture drawn, in perpetual remembrance, a virgin riding upovi an ass's back with this motto, As'ino vecfore regia virgo fuglcns captivitatem; why said she all this ? why did she make such promises to a dumb beast .'' but that she perceived the poor ass to be taken with her beauty; for he did often obliquo cnlJo pedes puellcB decoros basiarc, kiss her feet as she rode, et ad dclicatulas vocu- las tentabat adhinnire^ offer to give consent as much as in kim was to her delicate speeches, and besides he had some feeling, as she conceived of her misery. And why did Theogine's horse in Heliodorus ^^ curvet, prance, and go so proudly, exuUans alacriter et superbirns, Sfc., but that such as mine author supposeth, he was in love with his master.'' divisses ipsum equum pulchrum intelligere pulchram domini for- mam? A fly lighted on ^■' Malthius' cheek as he lay asleep; but why.? Not to hurt him, as a parasite of his, standing by, well perceived, non ut pungeret^ sed ut oscula- retu?; but certainly to kiss him, as ravished with his divine looks. Inanimate crea- tures, I suppose, have a touch of this. When a drop of ^^ Psyche's candle fell on Cupid's shoulder, I think sure it was to kiss it. When Venus ran to meet her rose- cheeked Adonis, as an elegant ^^ poet of our's sets her out, "the bushes in the way Some catch her neck, some kiss her face. Some iwine about her lejrs to make her stay, And all did covet lier for to embrace." Aer ipse amore inficitur, as Heliodorus holds, the air itself is in love: for when Hero plaid upon her lute, ^ " The wanton air in twenty sweet forms danc't After her finsers" and those lascivious winds stayed Daphne when she fled from Apollo; ' niidahant corpora venti. Obviaque adversas vibrabant (lamina vestos." Boreas Ventus loved Hyacinthus, and Orithya Ericthons's daughter of Athens : vt rapuit, Sfc. he took her away by force, as she was playing with other wenches at llissus, and begat Zetes and Galias his two sons of her. That seas and waters are enamoured with this our beauty, is all out as likely as that of the air and winds; for when Leander swam in the Hellespont, Neptune with his trident did beat down the waves, but " They still mounted up intending to have kiss'd him. And fell in drops like tears because they missed him." The '^ river Alpheus was in love with Arethusa, as she tells the tale herself, M " viridesque manu siccata capillos, Fhiminis Alpliei veteres recitavit amores; Pars ego Nympharum," &c. When our Thame and Isis meet *'"Oscula mille sonant, connexu brachia pallent, Mutuaque explicitis connectunt colla lacertis." Inachus and Pineus, and how many loving rivers can I reckon up, whom beauty hath enthralled ! I say nothing all this while of idols themselves that have com- mitted idolatry in this kind, of looking-glasses, that have been rapt in love (if you will believe ''^ poets), when their ladies and mistresses looked on to dress them. " Et si non habeo sensure, tua gratia sensuni | " Though I no sense at all of feeling have, Exhibel, et calidi sentio amoris onus. Yet your sweet looks do animate and save ; Dirifiis hue (|uolies spectantia luniina, flamma And when your speaking' eyes do thjs way turn, Succendunt inopi saucia membra milii." I Methinks my wounded members live and burn." I could tell you such another story of a spindle that was fired by a fair lady's '"'looks '■! " If you will restore me to my parents, and my beautiful lover, what thanks, what honour shall I owe you, what provender shall I not supply you?" » iEtliiop. 1. 3. =1 Atheneus, lib. 8. ss Apuleius Aur. asiiio. saghakspeare. 3' Marlowe. s" Ov. Met. 1. S9 0vid. Met. lib. 5. ^» " And with her baud wiping off the drops from her green tresses, thus began to relate the loves of Alpheus. I was formerly an Achaian nymph." i petierunt, Nat. Comes de Venere. 83 ^Ji rum Inx iiavit, quam ad senectutem usque servaram, ocu'i* o/^» noctis affulget, omnium oculos incurrit : sic Antiloriiius poris, &,c. 8° Nunc primum circa banc anxius anilKi Itc. 0^ I>;levil imnes ex animo mulieres. 86 ;vani I li«!reo. Arista.netus, ep. 17 .Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Beauty a Cause. 465 righc for many years together, scorned, hated, scoifed at thern; coming it last intfv Daphnis a fair maid's company (as he condoles his mishap to his friend Demaritis), tiiough free before, Intactus nuUis ante cupidinibus^ was far in love, and quite over- come upon a sudden. Victus smnfateor a Daplmlde^ Sfc. I confess 1 am taken^ *i " Sola liKC iriflexit sensiis, anjiiiiiiiique labeiitem Impulit" could hold out no longer. Such another mishap, but worse, had Stratocles the physician, that blear-eyed old man, nmco plenus [so ^-Prodromus describes him); he was a severe woman's-hater all his Vife.fceda el. contumeliosa semper infceininas pro- fatus, a bitter persecutor of the whole sex, kumanas aspides et viperas appeUahaU he forswore them all still, and mocked them wheresoever he came, in such vile terms, ?<^ matrem et sorores odisses, that if tliou hadst heard him, thou wouldst have loatlied thine own mother and sisters for his word's sake. Yet this old doting fool was taken at last with that celestial and divine look of Myrilla, the daughter of An- ticles the gardener, that smirking wench, that he shaved off his bushy beard, painted his face, ^* curled his hair, wore a laurel crown to cover his bald pate, and for her love besides was ready to run mad. For the very day that he married he was so furious, ut soils occasum minus expectare posset (a terrible, a monstrous long day), he could not stay till it was night, sed omnibus insalutatis in thalamum festinans irrupit, the meat scarce out of his mouth, without any leave taking, he would needs go presently to bed./ What young man, therefore, if old men be so intemperate, can secure himself? Who can say I will not be taken with a beautiful object.? I can, 1 will contain. No, saith ^^ Lucian of his mistress, she is so fair, that if thou dost but see her, she will stupify thee, kill thee straight, and. Medusa like, turn thee to a stone ; thou canst not pull thine eyes from her, but, as an adamant doth iron, she , will carry thee bound headlong whither she will herself, infect thee like a basilisk. It holds both in men and women. Dido was amazed at iEneas' presence ; Obstupuit primo aspectu Sidonia Dido ; and as he feelingly verified out of his experience ; ••'^"(iuani ego postquam vidi, non ita amavi ut sani solent I "I lov'd her not as others soberly, Homines, sed eodem pacto ut insani solent." | But as a madman rageth, so did I." So Museus of Leander, nusquam lumen detorquet ab ilia ; and ^ Chaucer of Palamon, He cast his eye upon Emilia, Jlnd thercwitli he blent and cried ha, ha, Ms though he had been stroke unto the hearla. If you desire to know more particularly what this beauty is, how it doth Injluere^ how it doth fascinate (for, as all hold, love is a fascination), thus in brief "'"This comeliness or beauty ariseth from the due proportion of the whole, or from each several part." For an exact delineation of which, I refer you to poets, historio- graphers, and those amorous writers, to Lucian's Images, and Charidemus, Xeno- phon's description of Panthea, Petronius Catalectes, Heliodorus Chariclia, Tacius Leucippe, Longus Sophista's Daphnis and Cloe, Theodorus Prodromus his Rhodan- thes, Aristaenetus and Philostratus Epistles, Balthasar Castillo, lib. 4. de aulico. Laurentius, cap. 10, dc melan. ^Eneas Sylvius his Lucretia, and every poet almost, which have most accurately described a perfect beauty, an absolute feature, and that through every member, both in men and women. Each part must concur to the perfection of it ; for as Seneca saith, Ep. 33. lib. 4. JS'on est formosa mulier cujus cms laudatuT e<- brachium,sed ilia cujus simul universa fades ad7nirationem singulis partibus dedit ; " she is no fair woman, whose arm, thigh, &c. are commended, ex- cept the face and all the other parts be correspondent." And the face especially gives a lustre to the rest : the face is it that commonly denominates a fair or foul : arx formce fades, the face is beauty's tower; and though the other parts be deformed, yet a good face carries it (fades non uxor amatur) that alone is most part respected^ principally valued, deliciis suisferox, and of itself able to captivate. W" Urit te Glycerse nitor, Urit grata protervitas. El vultus nimium lubricus aspici." »' ^irg. iEn. 4. " She alone hath captivated my feel- ings, and fixed nvy wavering mind." aa Amaranto 3 Comasque ad speculum disposuit. ^ Imag. I'oljstralo. Si illam saltern intuearie, statuis imnio- tiiiiorem te fac'et ; si coiispexerif eain. non relinque'.ur 59 facultas oculos ab ea amovendi ; abducet te alligatiian quocunque voluerit, ut ferrum ad se trahere feruiit ada- mantem. »* Plaut. Merc. se fp the Knight's Tale 9' Ex debita totius proportione aptaqiie partium coin- posilione. Piccoloniiiieus. w Hor. Ud. 19. lib. 1. 466 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2 " Gi/otrftt y too fair a face was it that set him on fire, too fine to be beheld." When *' Chaerea jiaw the singing wench's sweet looks, he was so taken, that he cried out, O faciem fulchram., deleo omnes dehinc ex animo muKeres, tcedet quotidianarum ha- rum formurum ! " O fair face, I'll never love any but her, look on any other here- after but hi?r; I am weary of these ordiitary beauties, away with them." The more he sees hei, the worse he is, uritque videndo, as in a burning-glass, the sunbeams are re-colk/ted to a centre, the rays of love are projected from her eyes. It was ^neas's countenance ravished Queen Dido, Os humerosque Deo similis, he had «' aiiffelical face. ' O sacros vultus Racchn vpI ApoIIine diffiios, Qiios vjr, quos tuto fcEinina nulla videt !" " O sarred looks, befittine majesty, Which never mortal wight could saftly see." Although for the greater part this beauty be most eminent in the face, yet many times those other members yield a most pleasing grace, and are alone sufficient to enamour. A high brow like unto the bright heavens, crjcli pukhcrrima plaga., Frons uhi vivit honor, frons uhi htdit onior, white and smooth like the polished alabaster, a pair of cheeks of vermilion colour, in which love lodgeth; ^Jimor quimoUibus genis puellce pernoctas : a coial lip, sxiaviornin dcluhrnm, in which Basia mille patent, basia mille latent, " A thousand appear, as many are concealed ;" gratiarum sedes gratissima ; a sweet-smelling flower, from which bees may gather honey, '^MellilegcBvolucres quid adhuc cava thyma rosasque, Sfc. "Omnes ad dominae labra venite mete, Ilia rosas spiral," &c. A white and rounu neck, that via lactea, dimple in the chin, black eye-brows, Cupi- dints urcus, sweet breath, white and even teeth, which some call the salepiece, a fine soft round pap, gives an excellent grace,^ Quale decus twnidis Pario de marmore niamnds .'" '* and make -a pleasant valley lacinim sinum, between two chalky hills, Sororiantes papillulas, et ad pruritum frigidos amatores solo aspeclu excitantes. Unde is, ^Forma papillarum quam fuit apta premi ! — Again Urebant oculos durce stanfesque mamillcR. A flaxen hair ; golden hair was even in great account, for which Virgil commends Dido, JVondum sustulerat flavum Proserpinina crinem, Et crines nodantur in anrum. Apollonius {Argonani. lib. 4. Jasonis Jlava coma incendil cor Medecp}) will have Jason's golden hair to be the main cause of Medea's dotage on him. Castor and Polliix were both yellow haired. Paris, Menelaiis, and most amorous young men. have been such in all ages, molles ac suaves, as Baptista Porta infers, ^Physiog. lib. 2. lovely to behold. Homer so commends Helen, makes Patro- clus and Achilles both yellow haired : Pulchricoma Venus, and Cupid himself was yellow haired, in auriim corvsconte et crispante capillo, like that neat picture of Nar missus in Callistratus ; for so ''Psyche spied him asleep, Briseis, Polixena, Sfc.Jlavi comcB omnes, " and Hero the fair. Whom youaa; Apollo courted for her hair." Leland commends Guithera, king Arthur's wife, for a flaxen hair: so Paulus ^miliiis sets out Clodeveus, that lovely king of France. ''Synesius holds every effeminate fellow or adulterer is fair haired : and Apuleius adds that Venus herself, goddess of love, cannot delight, ® '• though she come accompanied with the graces, and all Cupid's train to attend upon her, girt with her own girdle, and smell of cinnamon and balm, yet if she be bald or badhaired, she cannot please her Vulcan." Which belike makes our Venetian ladies at this day to counterfeit yellow hair so much, great women to calamistrate and curl it up, vibrantes ad gratiam crines, et tot orhi- bus in captivitatem Jlexos, to adorn their heads with spangles, pearls, and made- flowers ; and all courtiers to effect a pleasing grace in this kind. In a word, '"'Mlie hairs are Cupid's nets, to catch all comers, a brushy wood, in which Cupid builds ■ his nest, and under whose shadow all loves a thousand several ways sport themselves. MTer Eunuch. Act. 2. seen. 3. woPetronlus Catall. • Sophocles. Antieone. « Jo. Scciiiidiis bas. 19. » LcEchsiis. « Ararulus. Vallis amtenis- sima e duobus monlibus composita niveis. • Ovid. • Fol. 77. Dapsiles hilares ainatort-s, &c ' When Cupid slept. CiEsariem aiireain habeiitem, ubi Psyche vidit, mollj^mqiie ex ambrosia ce."vicem inspexit, crines crifpoB, purpureas eenas candidasque. &c. Apuleius. > III laudeni calvi ; i|j|»ndida coma quisque adulter est* allicit anrea coma. » Venus ipsa non placeret comi» nudata, capile spoliata, si qualis ipsa Venus cum fuit vir^o omni gratiarum clioro stipata, et tuto ciipidinum popiili) concinnata, bal'.leo suo cincta. cinriam.i fra- grans, et balsama, si calva processerit, plaeere n^n pr> test Vulcano suo. i» .^randiis. Capilli retia C; ipidi nis, svlva cffi.lua. in qua nidificat Cupido, sub cujjn umbra amores mille modis se exercent. 'Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Beauty a Cause. 467 A little soft hand, pretty little mouth, small, fine, long finj^ers, GraticB qucs digitis 'tis that which Apollo did admire in Daphne, laudut digUosque manusque , a straight and slender body, a small foot, and well-proportioned leg, hath an excel- lent lustre, "Ci/i totum incumbit corpus uii fimdamento Theod. Prodromus Ainor. lib. \. >» Epist. 72. Ubi pulchram tibiam, bene conipactum tenuenique pe- deni vidi. '^ Plant. Cas. wciaudus optinie rem agit. '6 Fol. 5. Si servum viderint, aut flatorem altius cinctum, aut pulvere perfusum, aut histrionein in scenam tradiictum, &c. i^Me pulchra fateor tarere forma, verum luciilenta nostra est. Petronius Catal. de Priapo. "Galen. '^Calcagniiius Apologis. Ciua; pars piaxime desiilerabilis? Alius frontem, alius genas, &.c '^ Inter fcemineuni. 20 Hensius. ^i Sunt enim oculi, priecipua; pulchritu- dinis sedes. lib. 6. ^i Amoris haini, duces, judices et indices qui momento insanos sanant, sanos insanire cogunt, oculalissimi corporis excubitores, quid nnu agunt? Quid non cogunt ? '-iS Ocelli carm. 17 cujiis et Lipsius epist. qua.'st. lib. 3. cap. 11. nieininit ob ele^antiam. ^*CyJil\\\aL prima suis miserum ine cepit ocellis, contactum iiullis ante cupidinibus. Pro- pert. 1. 1. iisin catalect, m De Sul^icio, lib. 4. 468 Lov e-Me lancholy. Part 3. Sec 2 Leantlor, at the first sight of Hero's eyes, was incensed, saith Musaeus. 'Simul in "oculoriim radiis crescet>al fax anioruiu, Et cor fervebat invecti ignh iiiiiietii ; Piilcliritiido eiiiiii Celebris iinniacuUitce fcemiriiB, Aculinr homiiiibus est vcloci sajiitta. Oculos vero via est, ab oculi ictibus Vulnus (iilabilur, et in prtecordia viri manat." ' Love's torches 'gan to burn first in her eycji, And set his heart on fire which /lever dies: For tlie fair beauty of a virgin pure Is sliarper than a dart, and doth inure A deeper wound, wliich ; ercelh to the heart By the eyes, and causeth such a cruel smart " "A modern poet brings in Aranon complaining of Thamar, " et me fascino Occidit ille risus et formic lepos, llle nilor, ilia gratia, et verus ilecor, JIIje ajmulantes purpurain, el ^ rosas gense, Oculique vinctsque aureo nodo coma;." " It was thy beauty, 'twas thy pleasing smile, ^ 'i'hy grace and comeliness did me beguile; ( Thy rose-like cheeks, and unto purple fair Thy lovely eyes and golden knotted hair." " Philostratus Lemnius cries out on his mistress's basilisk eyes, ardentes faces, those two burning-glasses, they had so inflamed his soul, that no water could quench it. "What a tyranny (saith he), what a penetration of bodies is this! thou drawest with violence, and swallowest me up, as Charybdis doth sailors with thy rocky eyes : he that falls into this gulf of love, can never get out." Let this be the corollary then, the strongest beams of beauty are still darted from the eyes. 31" Nam quis lumina tanta, tanta Posset luminibus suis tueri, Non statim trepidansque, palpitansque, Prae desiderii isstuantis aura?" &c. " For who such eyes with his can see, And not forthwith enamour'd be!" And as men catch dotterels by putting out a leg or an arm, with those mutual glances of the eyes they first inveigle one another. ^^ Cynthia prima suis miserum me cepit ocellis. Of all eyes (by the vvay) black are most amiable, enticing and fairer, which the poet observes in commending of his mistress. ^^ '•'• Spectandum nigris ocuJis, nigroque capillo,'''' which Hesiod admires in his Alcmena, " From her black eyes, and from her golden face As if from Venus came a lovely gracu." '^ Homer uselh that 'Cujus h vertice ac nigricantibus oculis, Tale quiddani spiral ac ab aurea Venere." and ^^ Triton in his Milccne- -nigra oculos formosa mifii. epithet of ox-eyed, in describing Juno, because a round black eye is the best, the son oi beauty, and farthest from black the worse : which ^' Polydore Virgil taxeth in our nation : JlngJi lit plurimum ccesiis oculis, we have gray eyes for the most part. Baptisma Porta, Physiognom. lib. 3. puts gray colour upon children, they be childish eyes, dull and heavy. Many commend on the other side Spanish ladies, and those *•* Greek dames at this day, for the blackness of their eyes, as Porta doth his Neapo- litan young wives. Suetonius describes Julius C;fisar to have been nigris vegeiisque oculis micantihus, of a black quick sparkling eye : and although Averroes in his Colliget will have such persons timorous, yet without question they are most amorous. Now last of all, I will show you by what means beauty doth fascinate, bewitch as some hold, and work upon the soul of a man by the eye. For certainly I am of the poet's mind, love doth bewitch and strangely change us. ' Ludit amor sensus, oculos perstringil, et aufert Libertatem animi, mira nos fascinal arte. Credo aliquis daemon subiens pnecordia flainmam Concitat, et raplam tollit de cardine mentem." " Love mocks our senses, curbs our liberties, And doth bewitch us with his art and rings, I think some devil gets into our entrails, [hinges.' And kindles coals, and heaves our souls from Ih Heliodorus lib. 3. proves at large, ''"that love is witchcraft, "it gets in at our eyes, pores, nostrils, engenders the same qualities and affections in us, as were in the party whence it came." The manner of the fascination, as Ficinus 10. cap. com. in Plat. declares it, is thus : " Mortal men are then especially bewitched, when as by often gazing one on the other, they direct sight to sight, join eye to eye, and so drink and suck in love between them; for the beginning of this disease is the eye. And therefoVe he that hath a clear eye, though he be otherwise deformed, by often looking upon him, will make one mad, and tie him fast to him by the eye." Leonard. Varius, lib. \. cap. 2. de fascinat. telleth us, that by this interview, ■" " the purer spirits are infected," 3' Pulchriludo ipsa per occultos radios in pectus aman- lis dimanans amatie rei forniam insculpsit, Tatius, 1.5. "Jacob Cornelius Amnon Tragajd. Act. 1. sc. 1. •» Rosas formosarum oculis nascuntur, el hilaritas vul- •us elegantia; corona. Philostratus deliciis. so Epist. et in deliciis, abi et oppugnationem relinque, quam flamma non e.\linguit; nam abamore ipsa fiamma sen- tit inceadium: quae corporum penetratio, qua; tyrannis haec?&c. 31 Loecbeua Panthea. 82 ivooertiu.s. " The wretched Cynthia first captivates with her spark- ling eyes." 33 Ovid. amorum, lib. 2. eleg. 4. 3 Amor per oculos, nares, poros influens, &.C. Morlates turn summopere fascinantur quando frequentissimo intuitu aciem dirigentes, &c. Ideo si quis nitore polleat oculorum, &c. ■" Spiritus puri- ores fascinantur. ociilus a se radios einiltit. &c. Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Beauty a Cause. 469 the one eye pierceth through the other whh his rays, which he sends foith, and many men have those excellent piercing eyes, that, which Suetonius relates of Augus- tus, their brightness is sucli, they compel their spectators to look ofl*, and can no more endure them than the sunbeams. ''^ Barradius, lib. 6. cap. 10. de Harmonia Evangel, reports as much o^ our Saviour Christ, and " Peter Morales of the Virgin Mary, whom Nicephorus des'^ribes likewise to have been yellow-haired, of a whea, colour, but of a most amiable and piercing eye. The rays is some think, sent from the eyes, carry certain spiritual vapours with them, and so infect the other party, and that in a moment. I know, they that hold visio Jit intra miltendo., will make a doubt of this ; but Ficinus proves it from blear-eyes, ""^ " That by sight alone, make others blear-eyed ; and it is more than manifest, that the vapour of the corrupt blood doth get in together with the rays, and so by the contagion the spectators' eyes are infected." Other arguments there are of a basilisk, that kills afar off by sight, as that Ephesian did of whom " Pliilostratus speaks, of so pernicious an eye, he poi- soned all he looked steadily on : and that other argument, menstru(S fcemince, out of Aristotle's Problems, morhosce. Capivaccias adds, and '"^ Septalius the commentator, that contaminate a looking-glass with beholding it. '"" So the beams that come from the agent's heart, by the eyes, infect the spirits about the patients, inwardly wound, and thence the spirits infect the blood." To this effect she complained in ''^Apuleius, "Thou art the cause of my grief, thy eyes piercing through mine eyes to mine inner parts, have set my bowels on fire, and therefore pity me that am now ready to die for thy sake." Ficinus illustrates this with a familiar example of that Marrhusian Phaedrus and Theban Lycias, ''^ " Lycias he stares on Phaedrus' face, and Phasdrus fastens the balls of his eyes upon Lycias, and with those sparkling rays sends out his spirits. The beams of Phaedrus' eyes are easily mingled with the beams of Lycias, and spirits are joined to spirits. This vapour begot in Phasdrus' heart, enters into Lycias' bowels : and that which is a greater wonder, Phaedrus' blood is in Lycias' heart, and thence come those ordinary love-speeches, my sweetheart Phae- drus, and mine own self, my dear bowels. And Phaedrus again to Lycias, O my light, my joy, my soul, my life. Phaedrus follows Lycias, because his heart would have his spirits, and Lycias follows Phaedrus, because he loves the seat of his spirits; both follow, but Lycias the earnester of the two : the river hath more need of the fountain, than the fountain of the river ; as iron is drawn to that which is touched with a loadstone, but draws not it again ; so Lycias draws Phaedrus." But how comes it to pass then, that the blind man loves, that never saw ? We read in the Lives of the Fathers, a story of a child that was brought up in the wilderness, from his infancy, by an old hermit : now come to man's estate, he saw by chance two comely women wandering in the woods : he asked the old man what creatures they were, he told him fairies ; after a while talking obiter., the hermit demanded of him, which was the pleasantest sight that ever he saw in his life ^ He readily replied, the two '" fairies he spied in the wilderness. So that, without doubt, there is some secret loadstone in a beautiful woman, a magnetic power, a natural inbred affection, which moves our concupiscence, and as he sings, "Methinlts I have a mistress yet to come, Ami still I seek, I love, I know not whom." 'Tis true indeed of natural and chaste love, but not of this heroical passion, or rather brutish burning lust of which we treat; we speak of wandering, wanton, adulterous eyes, which, as ^' he saith, " lie still in wait as so many soldiers, and when they spy an innocent spectator fixed on them, shoot him through, and presently bewitch him: especially when they shall gaze and gloat, as wanton lovers do one upon another, and with a pleasant eye-conflict participate each other's souls." Hence you may « Lib. de pulch. Jes. et Mar. " Lib. 2. c. 23. co- tore triticuin referente, crine, flava, acribus oculis. •'Lippi solo intuitu alios lippos faciunt, et patet una cum radio vaporem corrupti sangunis emanare, cujiis contagione oculus spectantis inficitur. 45 Vita \pollon. ''e Comment, in Aristot. Probl. ■'"Sic radius a corde perciilienlis missus, regimen proprlum repetit, cor vulnerat, per ociilos et sanguinem inficit ct ^piritus, subtili quaism vi. Castil. lib. 3. de aulico. •8 Lib. 10. Causa omiiis et origo omnis pra; sentis do- loris tute es; isti enim tui oculi, per nieos oculos ad 2P intima delapsi prscordia, acerrimum meis medullie commovent inceiidium; ergo miserere tui causa pere- untis. -IS Lycias in Phaedri vultum inhiat, Phsdrus in oculos Lyciae scintillas suorum detiL'it oculorum ; cum que scintillis, &c. Soqiiitur Phsdrus Lyciam, quia cor siiiim petit spiritum ; Phaerlrum Lycias, quia spiritui propriam sedem postulat. Verum Lycias, &c. »" DaB- monia inquit quse in hoc Erenio nuper occurrebant. s'CMstilio de aulico, 1. 3. fol. 2'i8. Oculi ut milites in insidiis semper recubant, et subito ad visum sagittaj pinittunt, &.C. 470 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. r»er Lucretius. " And the body naturally seeks whence it is that the mind is so wounded by love." "In beauty, that of favour is preferred before that of colours, nd decent motion is more than that of favour. Bacon's Essays. e5 jyiartialis. 66 Multi tacit e opinantur commercium illud adeo frequens cum bar- baris nudis, ac presertim cum fceminis ad libiriinem provocare, at minus multo no.\ia illorum nuditas quam nostrarum fcBminarum cultus. Ausia; asseverare splcn didum-illum cultum, fucos, &c. Mem. 2. Sabs. 3.J Artificial Allurements. 471 of itself that enticeth to lust, but an "adulterous eye," as Peter terms it, 2. ii. 14. a wanton, a rolling, lascivious eye: a wandering eye, which Isaiah taxeth, iii. 16. Christ himself, and the Virgin Mary, had most beautiful eyes, as amiable eyes as any persons, saith ^^ Baradius, that ever lived, but withal so modest, so chaste, that wno- soever looked on them was freed from that passion of burning lust, if we may iielieve ^^Gerson and ^^Bonaventure : there was no such antidote against it, as the Virgin Mary's face ; 'tis not the eye, but carriage of it, as they use it, that causeth such effects. When Pallas, Juno, Venus, were to win Paris' favour for the golden apple, as it is elegantly described in that pleasant interlude of ^°Apuleius, Juno came with majesty upon the stage, Minerva gravity, but Venus dulce subridens, constitit amcRne ; et gratissimce. Gratlce deam propitiant.es, Eustathius, I 5. '1 Mantuaw 472 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2 aspicif.nn viotis blande subrisit ocellis. All other pfestures of the body will enforce as much. Daphnis in '^Lucian was a poor tattered wench when I knew her first, said Corbile, pannosa et laccra., but now she is a stately piece indeed, hath her niaida to attend her, brave attires, money in her purse, &.C., and will you know how this came to pass .? " by setting out herself after the best fashion, by her pleasant car riage, affability, sweet smiling upon all," &c. Many women dote upon a man foi his compliment only, and good behaviour, they are won in an instant; too credulous to believe that every light wanton suitor, wlio sees or makes love to them, is instantly enamoured, he certainly dotes on, admires them, will surely marry, when as he means nothing less, 'tis his ordinary carriage in all such companies. So both delude each other by such outward shows ; and amongst the rest, an upright, a comely grace, courtesies, gentle salutations, cringes, a mincing gait, a decent and an affected pace, are most powerful enticers, and which the prophet Isaiah, a courtier himself and a great observer, objected to the daughters of Zion, iii. 16, " they minced as they went, and made a tinkling with their feet." To say the truth, what can they not effect by such means .'' "Whilst nature decks them in their best attires Of youth and beauty which the world admires." ''^^^Urit voce, manu, gressii., pcctore^fronte, oculisP When art shall be annexed to beauty, when wiles and guiles shall concur ; for to speak as it is, love is a kmd of legerdemain ; mere juggling, a fascination. When they show their fair hand, i.ne foot and leg withal, magnum sid desiderium nobis rcUnquunt, saith '''Balthazar ' /,ts- tilio, lib. 1. they set us a longing, "and so when they pull up their petticoats, tnd' outward garments," as usually they do to show their fine stockings, and thos' of purest silken dye, gold fringes, laces, embroiderings, (it shall go hard but when t'ley go to church, or to any other place, all shall be seen) 'tis but a springe to catch woodcocks; and as '''' Chrysostom telleth them downright, "though they say nothmg with their mouths, they speak in their gait, they speak with their eyes, they speak in the carriage of their bodies." And what shall we say otherwise of that baring of their necks, shoulders, naked breasts, arms and wrists, to what end are they iuut only to tempt men to lust ! W" Nam quid lacteolus sinus, et ipsas PriE te fers sine linteo papiilas ? Hoc est dicere, posce, posce, trado; Hoc est ad Venerein vocare ainanles." There needs no more, as " Fredericus Matenesius well observes, but a crier to go before them so dressed, to bid us look out, a trumpet to sound, or for defect a sow- gelder to blow, '8" Look out, look out and see I In rich and gaudy clothes, Wliat object this may be | But whither away God knows, That doth perstriiige mine eye; look out, &c., et qua; sequuntur," A gallant lady goes | or to what end and purpose .J* But to leave all these fantastical raptures, I'll prose- cute my intended theme. Nakedness, as I have said, is an odious thing of itseli^ remedium amoris; yet it may be so used, in part, and at set times, that there can be no such enticement as it is ; 79" \e^ niihi cincta Diana placet, nee nuda Cythere, Ilia voluptalrs nil habet, hue nitnium." David so espied Bathsheba, the elders Susanna : ^"Apelles was enamoured with Cam- paspe, when he was to paint her naked. Tiberius in Suet. cap. 42. supped widi Sestius Gallus an old lecher, li.bidinoso scne, ed lege ul nudce puellce administrarent, some say as much of Nero, and Pontus Huter of Carolus Pugnax. Amongst tht "Tom. 4. merit, dial. Exnrnando seipsam eleganter, facilem et hilarem se gerendo erga cunctos, ridendo suave ac blandum quid, &,c. " Angerianus. '■• Vel si forte vestimentum de industria elevetur, ul pedum ac tibianim para aliqua conspicialur, duni templum aut 'ocum aliquem adicrit. "> Seruione, quod non nemina' viris cohabilent. Non loquula es lingua, sed (oquiita es gressu : non loquuta es voce, sed oculis lo- >)uula es clarius quAm voce. '■^ Jovianus Pontanus Baiar. lib. 1. ad H. rmionein. " For why do you exhibit j est "our • uiilky way,' your uncovered bosoms ? What else i is it but to say plainly, Ask me, ask me, I will surren- der; and what is that but love's call?" "Deluxu vestiuni discurs. 6. Niliil aliiid deest nisi ut prreco vos pr;ecu(lat, &c. "*lf you can tell how, you may sing this to the tune a sovv-geldi^r blows. '" Auson epig 28. "Neither draped Diana nor naked Venus pleases me. One has too much voluptiiousiieSN about hei. the othernone." «» Plin. lib. 33. cap. 10. Gain- paspen nudam picturui< Apelles, araore ejus illaauent'it Mem. 2. Subs. 3.] Artificial Allurements. 473 Babylonians, it was the custom of some lascivious queans to dance frisking m that fashion, saith Curtius lib. 5. and Sardus de mor. gent. lib. 1. writes of others to that effect. The ^' Tuscans at some set banquets had naked women to attend upon them, which Leonicus de Varia hist. lib. 3. cap. 96. confirms of such other bawdy nations. Nero would have filthy pictures still hanging in his chamber, which is too commonly used in our times, and Heliogabalus, etiajn coram agentes, ut ad venerem inciiareni: So things may be abused. A servant maid in Aristaenetus spied her master and mis- tress through the key-hole ^■^ merrily disposed; upon the sight she fell in love with her master. ^''Antoninus Caracalla observed his mother-in-law with her breasts amorously laid open, he was so much moved, that he said, Ah si liceret., O that J might; which she by chance overhearing, replied as impudently, °'*Q«ic9? herself upon an old, doting, decrepit dizzard, 30 " Bis puer efTcoto quamvis balbutiat ore. Prima legit rarse tarn culta roseta puellffi," that is rheumatic and gouty, hath some twenty diseases, perhaps but one eye, one leg, never a nose, no hair on his head, wit in his brains, nor honesty, if he have land or ^' money, she will have him before all other suitors, ^^ Dummodo sit dives barbarus ilk placet. " If he be rich, he is the man," a fine man, and a proper man, she will go to Jacaktres or Tidore with him ; Galesmus de monte aureo. Sir Giles Goosecap, Sir Amorous La-Fool, shall have her. And as Philemasium in ^^'Aristae- netus told Emmusus, absque argento omnia vana, hang him that hath no money, " 'tis to no purpose to talk of marriage without means," '"' trouble me not with such motions; let others do as they will, '' I'll be sure to have one shall maintain me fine and brave." Most are of her mind, ^^De moribus ultima fiet qiiestio, for his condi- tions, she shall inquire after them another time, or when all is done, the match made, and everybody gone home. ^"^ Lucian's Lycia was a proper young maid, and had many fine gentlemen to her suitors ; Ethecles, a senator's son, Melissus, a merchant, gtc; but she forsook them all for one Passius, a base, hirsute, bald-pated k;iave ; but why was it .' '' His father lately died and left him sole heir of his goods and lands." This is not amongst your "dust-worms alone, poor snakes that will prosti- tute their souls for money, but with this bait you may catch our most potent, puis- sant, and illustrious princes. That proud upstart domineering Bishop of Ely, in ihe time of Richard the First, viceroy in his absence, as ="Nubergensis relates it, to for- tify himself, and maintain his greatness, propjnquarum suarum connubiis, p!urimos sihi potenies et nobiles devincire curavit. married his poor kinswomen (which came forth of Normandy by droves) to the chiefest nobles of the land, and they were glad to accept of such matches, fair or foul, for themselves, their sons, nephews, &c. Et quis tarn prczclaram affinitatem sub spe magnce promolionis non optaret f Who would 28 Non sic Furius de Gallis, noil Papyrius de Samni- tibus, Scipio de Numantia triumphavit, ac ilia se vin- cendo III hac parte. "' Anacreon. 4. solum intuemur aurum. ^ Asser tecum si vis vivere meciiin. •8 Theognis. -" Chaloner, 1. 9. de Repub. Ang. " Uxorem ducat Danaen, &c. ^2 ovid. s^ Epist. 14. forinam spectant alii per gratias, ego pecuniam, &c. ne r 'li negoliuin facesse. «aui caret argento. friistra utitur argumento. s'Juvenalis. seT.im. 4. merit, dial, multus amatores rejecit, quiu pater ejui nuper mortuus, ac rioniiinis ipse factiis bonoriim om- nium. 37 Lib. 3. cap. 14. quia nohilium eo tempore sibi aiit filio aul nepoti uxorem accipere cupiens, obia tam sihi aliquam propinquarum ejus iion acciperet ob viis manibus? auaruiii turbaiii acciverat 6 Normannia in Angliam ejus rei gratia. 478 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Se*^. 2 not hAVt. done as much for money and preferment? as mine author '^adds. Vorti- gcr, Kiiig, of Britain, married Rowena the daughter of Hengist the Saxon prince, his mortal enemy ", but wherefore ? she had Kent for her dowry. lagello the great Duke of Lithuania, 1386, was mightily enamoured on Hedenga, insomuch tliat he turned Chiistian from a Pagan, and was baptized himself by the name of Uladislans, and all his subjects for her sake : but why was it ? she was daughter and heir of Poland, and his desire was to have both kingdoms incorporated into one. Charles the Great was an earnest suitor to Irene the Empress, but, saith ^^Zonarus, oh reg- num, to annex the empire of the East to that of the West. Yet what is the event of all such matches, that are so made for money, goods, by deceit, or for burning lust, quosfceda libido co7ijimxit, what follows ? they are almost mad at first, but 'tis a mere flash ; as chafl^ and straw soon fired, burn vehemently for a while, yet out in a moment; so are all such matches made by those allurements of burning lust; where there is no respect of honesty, parentage, virtue, religion, education, and the like, they are extinguished in an instant, and instead of love comes hate; for joy, repentance and desperation itself Franciscus Barbarus in his first book de re uxoria^ c. 5, hath a story of one Philip of Padua that fell in love with a common whore, and was now ready to run mad for her ; his father having no more sons let him enjoy her; ^°"but after a few days, the young man began to loath, could not so much as endu e the sight of her, and from one madness fell into another." Such event commonly have all these lovers ; and he that so marries, or for such respects, let them look for no better success than Menelaus had with Helen, Vulcan with Venus, Theseus with Phaedra, Minos with Pasiphae, and Claudius with Messalina ; shame, sorrow, misery, melancholy, discontent. SuBSECT. IV. — Importunity and Opportunity of Time, Place, Conference, Dis- course, Singing, Dancing, Music, Amorous Tales, Objects, Kissing, Familiarity, Tokens, Presents, Bribes, Promises, Protestations, Tears, 8fc. All these allurements hitherto are afar off, and at a distance; I will corne nearer to those other degrees of love, which are conference, kissing, dalliance, discourse, singing, dancing, amorous tales, objects, presents, Stc, which as so many Syrens steal away the hearts of men and women. For, as Tacitus observes, I. 2, ■*' '^t is no sufficient trial of a maid's affection by her eyes alone, but you must say some- thing that shall be more available, and use such other forcible engines ; therefore take her by the hand, wring her fingers hard, and sigh withal ; if she accept this in good part, and seem not to be much averse, then call her mistress, take her about the neck and kiss her, &c." But this cannot be done except they first get opportu- nity of living, or coming together, ingress, egress, and regress; letters and commend- ations may do much, outward gestures and actions : but when they come to live near one another, in the same street, village, or together in a house, love is kindled on a sudden. Many a serving-man by reason of this opportunity and importunity inveigles his master's daughter, many a gallant loves a dowdy, many a gentleman runs upon his wife's maids ; many ladies dote upon their men, as the queen in Ariosto did upon the dwarf, many matches are so made in haste, and they are com- pelled as it were by ''^ necessity so to love, which had they been free, come in com- pany of others, seen that variety which many places afford, or compared them to a third, would never have looked one upon another. Or had not that opportunity of discourse and familiarity been offered, they would have loathed and contemned those whom, for want of better choice and other objects, they are fatally driven on, and by reason of their hot blood, idle life, full diet, &c., are forced to dote upon them that come next. And many times those which at the first sight cannot fancy or affect each other, but are harsh and ready to disagree, offended with each other's carriage like Benedict and Beatrice in the '"' comedy, and in whom they find many faults, by M Alexander Gaguinus Sarmat. Europ. descript. •"Tom. 3. Aiinal. "o I.ibido slatim deferbiiit, fasti- diuiii caepil. et quod in ea tantopere adamavit asperna tur, et ab sgritudine libi-ratus in angiireni )iicie first beginning of my iiii.-wries." •SManluam. « Uvid. 1. Mel. le Manus ad cnbitnm I " Propertius. m Ovid. amor. lib. y. eleg. -2. "Place nuda. coram astans, fortius intuita, tuniiem de pectore spiritum ducetis.digitum rneum pressit, et bibens pedem presL-.it ; mntuie compressiones corporuni, labiornni com- mixtiones, pedum connf^xiones, &c. Et bihit eodem oco. &c. *" Epist. 4 Rusoexi. respexii et ilia »ubri- modesty itself in such a situation, desire will intrmle '3 Koniie vivens flore fortuna;, et npiilentia? nieie, ffilas forma, gratia couversatiunis, maxiir.e me fecuruiil ex petib-'em, &«. 4S() Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. world admire and love me." Nigbt alone, that one occasion, is enough to set all on .ire, and they are so cunning in great houses, that they make their best advantage of it • Many a gentlewoman, that is guilty to herself of her imperfections, paintings, impostures, will not willingly be seen by day, but as ^* Castillo notelh, in the night, Ihem Hi gUs adit, ta-darum luccm super omnia macull., she hateth the day like a dor- mouse, and above all things loves torches and candlelight, and if she must come abroad in the day, she covets, as ^^in a mercer's shop, a very obfuscate and obscure siglit. And good reason she hath for it : JVocle latent mendce, and many an amo- rous gull is fetched over by that means. Gomesius lib. 3. de sale gen. c. 22. gives Vinsfance in a Florentine gentleman, that was so deceived with a wife, she was so ' radiantly set out with rings and jewels, lawns, scarfs, laces, gold, spangles, and gaudy devices, that the young man took her to be a goddess (for he never saw her but by torchlight) ; but after the wedding solemnities, when as he viewed her the next morning without her tires, and in a clear day, she was so deformed, a lean, yellow, shrivelled, &c., such a beastly creature in his eyes, that he could not endure to look upon her. {. Such matches are frequently made in Italy, where they have no Dther opportunity to woo but when they go to church, or, as ^ in Turkey, see them ai a distance, they must interchange few or no words, till such time they come to be married, and then as Sardus lib. 1. cap. 3. de morb. gent, and ^''Bohemus relate of those old Lacedaemonians, " the bride is brought into the chamber, with her hair girt about her, the bridegroom comes in and unties the knot, and must not see her at all by daylight, till such time as he is made a father by her." In those hotter countries these are ordinary practices at this day ; but in our northern parts, amongst Germans, Danes, French, and Britons, the continent of Scandia and the rest, we assume more liberty in such cases ; we allow them, as Bohemus saith, to kiss com- ing and going, et modo absit lascioia., in caxiponem ducere., to talk merrily, sport, play, sing, and dance so that it be modestly done, go to the alehouse and tavern together. And 'tis not amiss, though ^^Chrysostom, Cyprian, Hierome, and some other of the fathers speak bitterly against it : but that is the abuse which is commonly seen at some drunken matches, dissolute meetings, or great unruly feasts. ^®" A young, pittivanled, trim -bearded fellow," saith Hierome, "will come with a company of compliments, and hold you up by the arm as you go, and wringing your fingers, will so be enticed, or entice : one drinks to you, another embraceth, a third kisseth, and all this while the fiddler plays or sings a lascivious song; a fourth singles you out to dance, *° one speaks by beck and signs, and that which he dares not say, sig- nifies by passions ; amongst so many and so great provocations of pleasure, lust conquers the most hard and crabbed minds, and scarce can a man live honest amongst feastings, and sports, or at such great meetings."v For as he goes on, ^'" she walks along and with the ruffling of her clothes, makes men look at her, her shoes creak, her paps tied up, her waist pulled in to make her look small, she is straight girded, her hairs hang loose about her ears, her upper garment sometimes falls, and some- limes tarries to show her naked shoulders, and as if she would not be seen, she covers that in all haste, which voluntarily she showed." And not at feasts, plays, pageants, and such assemblies, "but as Chrysostom objects, these tricks are put in practice "at service time in churches, and at the communion itself." If such dumb shows, signs, and more obscure significations of love can so move, what shall they do that have full liberty to sing, dance, kiss, coll, to use all manner of discourse and dalliance ! What shall he do that is beleaguered of all sides .? «3"(iuem tot, tam roseoe pelunt puell The very tone of some of their voices, a pretty pleasing speech, an affected tone they use, is able of itself to captivate a young man ; but when a good wit shall concur, art and eloquence, fascinating speech, pleasant dis- course, sweet gestures, the Syrens themselves cannot so enchant. " P. Jovius com- tiends his Italian countrywomen, to have an excellent faculty in this kind, above all 5ther nations, and amongst them tlie Florentine ladies : some prefer Roman and Venetian courtesans, they have such pleasing tongues, and such ®' elegancy of speech, ^fet they are able to overcome a saint, Pro facie muUls vox sua Icna'fuit. Tantd gratia vocisfamam conciliabat, saith Petronius ^'^ in his fragment of pure impurities I mean his Safyricon^ tarn dulcis sonus permulcebat aera^ut put ares inter auras can- tare Symmm concordiam; she sang so sweetly that she charmed the air, and thou wouldst have thought thou hadst heard a concert of Syrens. " O good God, when Lais speaks, how sweet it is !" Philocolus exclaims in Aristenaetus, to hear a fail young gentlewoman play upon the virginals, lute, viol, and sing to it, which as Gel- lius observes, lib. 1. cap. 11. are lascivienlium delicice, the chief delight of lovers, must needs be a great enticement. Parthenis was so taken. "JJfi vox ista avidd haurit ab aure animam: O sister Harpedona (she laments) I am undone, ''^"how sweetly he sings, I'll speak a bold word, he is the properest man that ever I saw in my life : O how sweetly he sings, I die for his sake, O that he would love me again !" If thou didst but hear her sing, saith ''^ Lucian, " thou wouldst forget father and mother, forsake all thy friends, and follow her." Helena is highly commended by ™ Theocritus the poet for her sweet voice and music; none could play so well as she, and Daphnis in the same Edyllion, " Q.uam tibi os dulce est, et vox amabilis 6 Daplini, I " How sweet a face hath Daphne, how lovely a voice! Jucundiusest audire te canentein,quam inel liiigere!" | Honey itself is not so pleasant in my choice." A sweet voice and music are powerful enticers. Those Samian singing wenches, Aristonica, Onanthe and Agathocleia, regiis diadematibus insultarunt., insulted over kings themselves, as '" Plutarch contends. Centum luminibus cinctum caput Argus liabebat^i Argus had a hundred eyes, all so charmed by one silly pipe, that he lost his head. Clitiphon complains in "Tatius of Leucippe's sweet tunes, "he heard her play by chance upon the lute, and sing a pretty song to it in commendations of a rose," out of old Anacreon belike ; ' Rosa honor decusque flnnim, Rosa flos odorque divuni, Hriminuin nisa est voluptas, Decus ilia Gratiarurn, Florerile arnoris hora, Rosa suaviuni Diones, &.c." ' Rose the fairest of all flowers. Rose delight of higher powers, Rose the joy of mortal men. Rose the pleasure of fine women. Rose the Graces' ornament, Rose Dione's sweet content." To this effect the lovely virgin with a melodious air upon her golden wired harp oi lute, I know not well whether, played and sang, and that transported him beyond himself, " and that ravished his heart." It was Jason's discourse as much as his beauty, or any other of his good parts, which delighted Medea so much. " " Delectabatur enim Animus simul forma dulcihusque verbis." It was Cleopatra's sweet voice and pleasant speech which inveigled Antony, above the rest of her enticements. Verba ligant hominem, ut taurorum cornuafunes, "as bulls' horns are bound with ropes, so are men's hearts with pleasant words." " Her words burn as fire," Eccles. ix. 10. Roxalana bewitched Solyman the Magnificent, and Shore's wife by this engine overcame Edward the Fourth, '■* Omnibus una omnes sur- ripuit Veneres. The wife of Bath in Chaucer confesseth all this out of her experience. Some folk desire us for riches. Some for shape, some for fairness, Some for that she can siiig or dance. Some for gentleness, or for dalliance. * Peter Aretine's Lucretia telleth as much and more of herself, " I counterfeited S'' Descr. Brit. « Res est blanda canor, discunt cantare piielise profacie, &f. Ovid. 3. de art. amandi. "« Epist. I. 1. Cum loquitur Lais, quanta, O dii honi, Tocis ejus dulcedo! 6' " The sweet sound of his voice reanimates my soul through my covetous ears." « Aristentetiis, lib. 2. epist. 5. (iiiarn suave canit ! ver bum audax dixi, omnium quos vidi formosissimiis, uti- nam amare nie ilignetur! 69iinaginfS, si cantantem audieris, ita demulc-bere, ut parentum et patriee statiin 61 2Q obliviscaris. '"> Edyll. 18. neque sane uUa sic Cytha- ram pulsare novit. ■" Amatorio Dialogo. "Fuel- lam Cythara canentem vidimus. '3 Apolloniuf Argo- naut. I. :i. " The mind is delighted as much by eloquence as beauty." 'H'atulhis. 'fi Parnodidascalo dial Ital. Latin, interp. Jasper. Barthio. Germ. FIngebat* honestatem plusquam virL'inis vestalis, intuebar oculi* uxoris, addebaui gesius, &.(:. 482 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 'i honesty, as il I had been virgo virginissima^ more than a vestal virgin, I looked like a wife,, I was so demure and chaste, I did add such gestures, tunes, speeches, signs and motions upon all occasions, that ni)'^ spectators and auditors were stupified, enchanted, fastened all to their places, like so many stocks and stones." Many silly gentlewomen are fetched over in like sort, by a company of gulls and swaggering companions, that frequently belie noblemen's favours, rhyming Coribantiasmi, Thrasonean Rhado- mantes or Bombomachides, that have nothing in them but a few player's ends and compliments, vain braggadocians, impudent intruders, that can discourse at table of knights and lords' combats, like ™Lucian's Leontiscus, of other men's travels, brave adventures, and such common trivial news, ride, dance, sing old ballad tunes, and wear their clothes in fashion, with a good grace ; a fine sweet gentleman, a proper man, who could not love him ! r-She will have him though all her friends say no, ;hough she beg with him.""; Some again are incensed by reading amorous toys, Amadis de Gaul, Palmerin de Oliva, the Knight of the Sun, &.c., or hearing such tales of "lovers, descriptions of their persons, lascivious discourses, such as Astyanassa, Helen's waiting-woman, by the report of Suidas, writ of old, de variis concubilus modis, and after her Philenis and Elephantine; or those light tracts of ''^Aristides .Vlilesius (mentioned by Plutarch) and found by the Persians in Crassus' army amongst the spoils, Aretine's dialogues, with ditties, love songs, &c., must needs set them on fire, with such iike pictures, as those of Aretine, or wanton objects of what kind soever; "no stronger engine than to hear or read of love toys, fables and dis- courses (™one saith), and many by this means are quite mad." At Abdera in Thrace (Andromeda one of Euripides' tragedies being played) the spectators were so much moved with the object, and those pathetical love speeches of Perseus, amongst the rest, " O Cupid, Prince of Gods and men," &c. that every man almost a good while after spake pure iambics, and raved still on Perseus' speech, "O Cupid, Prince of Gods and men." As carmen, boys and apprentices, when a new song is published with us, go singing that new tune still in the streets, they continually acted that tragical part of Perseus, and in every man's mouth was " O Cupid," in every street, •' O Cupid," in every house almost, "• O Cupid, Prince of Gods and men," pronounc- ing still like stage-players, " O Cupid ;" they were so possessed all with that rapture, and thought of that pathetical love speech, they could not a long time after forget, or drive it out of their minds, but " O Cupid, Prince of Gods and men," was ever in their mouths. \This belike made Aristotle, PolU. lib. 7. cap. 18. forbid young men to see comedies, or to hear amorous tales. 60" Hrec igitur juvenes nequam facilesque puellx Iiispiciant" " let not young folks meddle at all with such matters." And this made the Romans, as *' Vitruvius relates, put Venus' temple in the suburbs, extra viurum., ne adolescentes venereis insuescant, to avoid all occasions and objects. For what will not such ar. object do ? Ismenius, as he walked in Sosthene's garden, being now in love, when he saw so many ^^ lascivious pictures, Thetis' marriage, and I know not what, was almost beside himself. And to say truth, with a lascivious object who is not moved, to see others dally, kiss, dance .'' And much more when he shall come to be an actor himself ••^o kiss and be kissed, which, amongst other lascivious provocations, is as a bur- den in a song, and a most forcible battery, as infectious, ^^Xenophon thinks, as the poison of a spider; a great allurement, a fire itself, jorotpmmm aut anticcenii/m., the prologue of burning lust (as Apuleius adds), lust itself, ^^ Fcw;/s quint a parte sui nec- taris imbuit^ a strong assault, that conquers captains, and those all commancHng forces, (^^Domasque ferro sed domaris osculo). *•* Aretine's Lucretia, when she would in kindness overcome a suitor of hers, and have her desire of him, " took him about the neck, and kissed him again and again," and to that, which she could not other- 's Tom. 4. dial, merit. " Atnatoriiis sermo vnhe- mens veheriieiilis ciipiditatis incitatin est, Tatius I. I. '" De luxuria el deliciis compnsiti. '^ jEiieas Syl- vius. Nulla niachina valiilior quani lecto lasciva liis- tori.-e : fspe etiam hujusuiodi faliulis ad furoreiii iiicen- rfuntur. eo Miirtial. I. 4. ei Lili. 1. >;. 7. ♦* Euslathius, I. I. Picture parant aniinum a I Ventrein, fcc. Horalius ed res veiiereas inteiiiperaMtJor traditur ; nam cuhiculo suo sic specula dicitur habuisse disposita ut quocuiique respexisset imafiinem coitus refcrreiit. Suetonius vit. ejus. ^^Osculum ut phylaiisium inficit. M Hor. " Venus hath nnhi.ieil with the quintessence nf her nectar." "* Fleiiisius. " You may conquer with the sword, but you are onquerwl by a kis."," <* A(>plico me illi proxiiiiius el spisse do iisculala saKUiii peto. Mem. 2. Subs. 4.] Artificial Allurements. 483 wise effect, she made him so speedily and \v7iiiiigly condescend. And 'tis a conimual assault, ^'' hoc non dpficit incipUqm semper ., always fresh, and ready to ^ begin as at first, basium nulla fine terminatury sed semper recens est., and hath a fiery touch with it. ' "Tenia modo tangere corpus, Jam tua inellifluo membra calore fluent." Especially when they shall be lasciviously given, as he feelingly said, suliim deosculata Fotis^ Catenatis Idcertis., ^' Obtortc valgiter labello. ^et me orxs^ 82" Valffiis suaviis, Duni semiulco tsuavio Meam puellam suavior. Anima tunc aegra et c^aucia Concurrit ad labia milii.' The soul and all is moved; ^^Jam pluribus osculis lahra crepitabant, animarum quo- que mixturam facientes, inter muttios complexus animus anhelantes, 8* " H-Tsimus calentes, Et transfudiinus liinc et hinc labellis Errantes aiinnas, valete curs." " They breathe out their souls and spirits together with their kisses," saith '° Baltha- rar Castillo, " change hearts and spirits, and mingle affections as they do kisses, and it is rather a connection of the mind than of the body." And altliono-h these kisses oe delightsome and pleasant, Ambrosial kisses, ^ Suaviolum dulci dulcius Jlmbrosia^ Buch as "Ganymede gave Jupiter, JVcc/are swav/'ws, sweeter than "* nectar, balsam, honey, ^Oscula merum amorem slillantia., love-dropping kisses; for '• The gilliflower, the rose is not so sweet, As sugared kisses be when lovers meet ;" Yet they leave an irksome impKession, like that of aloes or gall, 100 " Ut mi' ex Ambrosia mulatuni jam foret illud Suavioluin tristi Irislius helleboro." riiey are deceitful kisses, 'duid me mollibus implicas lacertis? Uuid fallacibus osculis iiiescas?" &:c. ' At first Ambrose itself was not sweeter. At last black hellebore was not so bitter." " Why dost within thine arms rae lap, And with false kisses me entrap." They are destructive, and the more the worse: '^Et qucs me perdunt, oscula mille dabat, they are the bane of these miserable lovers. There be honest kisses, I deny not, osculum charitatis^ friendly kisses, modest kisses, vestal-virgin kisses, officious and ceremonial kisses, &c. Osculi sensus., brachiorum amplexus^ kissing and em- bracing are proper gifts of Nature to a man ; but these are too lascivious kisses, ^Implicuitque siios circum mea colla lacertos^ Sfc. too continuate and too violent, *Brachia non hedercB., non vincunt oscula conchce; they cling like ivy, close as aii oyster, bill as doves, meretricious kisses, biting of lips, cum additamento : Tarn impresso ore (saith ^ Lucian) ut vix labia detrahant, inter deosculandum mordicantes^ tum et OS aperientes quoque et mammas attrectantes^ Sfc. such kisses as she gave to Gyton, innumera oscula dedit non repugnanti puero, cervicem invadens, innumerable kisses, Stc. More than kisses, or too homely kisses : as those that ^ he spake of, Accepturus ab ipsa venere 7, suavia., S^c. with such other obscenities that vain lovers use, which are abominable and pernicious. If, as Peter de Ledesmo cas. cons, holds, every kiss a man gives his wife after marriage, be mortale peccatum., a mortal sin, or that of ' Hierome, Adulter est quisquis in uxorem suam ardentior est amator; or that of Thomas Secund. qucest. 154. artic. 4. contactus et osculum sit mortale peccatum^ or that of Durand. Rational, lib. 1. cap. 10. abslinere debent conjuges a complexu., toto tempore quo solennitas nuptiarvm interdicitur, what shall become of all such 'immodest kisses and obscene actions, the forerunners of brutish lust, if not lust 6" Petronius catalect. ^Catullus ad Leebiam : da mihi basia mille, deinde centum, &c. '•'' Petro- nius. "Only attempt to touch her person, and imme- diately your niembtirs will be tilled with a glow of deli- cious warmth." o" Apuleius, I. 10. et Catalect. "Petronius, WApuleius. M Petronius Prose- lios ad Circen. *•• Petronius. M Animus conjun- gitur, et ^piritus etiam noster per osculum effluit ; alter- natim se in utriusque corpus infundenles commiscent; • nimae potius quam ccioris connectij. '^ Catullus. " Lucian. Tom. 4. '•* K'.r -lai basia, dat Nera nectar, 4»' -nres aniutAf suaveolentes, dat narduiii, thymumque, cinnamumque et mel, &c. Secundus bas. 4. ss p,:x9. tathius lib. 4. i"" Catullus. i Buchanan 2 Ovid. art. am. Eleg. 18. »Ovid. " She folded her arms around my neck." Veni- entem viclebis ipsumdenuo inflammalum et pror»us in- sariienleii.. '" Et sic cum fere de illo desperassem, post menses quatuor ad me rediit. 486 Lov e-Me lancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2 more eagerness, fly from if you follow, but if averse, as a shadow they will follow j'ou again, fiigienlcm seqiiitur^ sequentem fugit ; with a regaining retreat, a gentle reluctancy, a smiling tliveat, a pretty pleasant peevishness they will put you off", and have a thousand such several enticements. For as he saith, "" Non est forma satis, nee qua vult bella videri, Debet viilgari more placere suis. Dicta, sales, liisus, serinoiies, gratia, risus, Viiicunt naturae canilidioris opus." ' 'Tis not enough though she be fair of hue, For her to us^e this vulgar compliment : But pretty toys aiui jests, and saws and smiles. As far beyond what beauty can attempt." ** For this cause belike Philostratus, in his images, makes diverse loves, " somo young, some of one age, some of another, some winged, some of one sex, some of another, some with torches, some with golden apples, some with darts, gins, snares, and other engines in their hands," as Propertius hath prettily painted them out, ///;. 2. et 29. and which some interpret, diverse enticements, or diverse affections of lovers, which if not alone, yet jointly may batter and overcome the strongest constitutions. It is reported of Decius, and Valerianus, those two notorimis persecutors of the church, that when they could enforce a young Christian by no means (as '^"Hierome records) to sacrifice to their idols, by no torments or promises, they took another course to tempt him : they put him into a fair garden, and set a young courtesan to dally with him, ^''"took him about the neck and kissed him, and that which is not to be named," manihusque atirectare, ^c, and all those enticements which might be used, that whom torments could not, love might batter and beleaguer. But such was his constancy, she could not overcome, and when this last engine would take no place, they left him to his own ways. At "Berkley in Gloucestershire, there was in times past a nunnery (saith Gualterus Mapes, an old historiographer, that lived 400 years since), '' of which there was a noble and a fair lady abbess : Godwin, that subtile Earl of Kent, travelling that way, (seeking not her but hers) leaves a nephew of his, a proper young gallant (as if he had been sick) with her, till he came back again, and gives the young man charge so long to counterfeit, till he had deflowered the abbess, and as many besides of the nuns as he could, and leaves him withal rings, jewels, girdles, and such toys to give them still, when they came to visit^im. The young man, willing to undergo such a business, played his part so well, that in short space he got up most of their bellies, and when he had done, told his lord how he had sped: ^^his lord made instantly to the court, tells the king how such a nunnery was become a bawdy-house, procures a visitation, gets them to be turned out, and begs the lands to his own use." This story I do therefore repeat, that you may see of what force these enticements are, if they be opportunely used, and how hard it is even for the most averse and sanctified souls to resist such allurements. John Major in the life of John the monk, that lived in the days of Theodosius, com- mends the hermit to have been a man of singular continency, and of a most austere life; but one night by chance the devil came to liis cell in the habit of a young market wench that had lost her way, and desired for God's sake some lodging with him. ^'"'The old man let her in, and after some common conference of her mishap, she began to inveigle him with lascivious talk and jests, to play with his beard, to kiss him, and do worse, till at last she overcame him. As he went to address him--~j self to that business, she vanished on a sudden, and the devils in the air laughed him to scorn." Whether this be a true story, or a tale, I will not much contend, i* serves to illustrate this which I have said. Yet were it so, that these of which I have hitherto spoken, and such like enticing baits, be not sufficient, there be many others, which will of themselves intend this passion of burning lust, amongst whicls, dancing is none of the least; and it is an engine of such force, I may not omit it. Incil amentum libidinis, Petrarch calls it, 21 Pclrrs;i:3 Oatal. ^ Imagines deorum. fol. 3-27. varies amores facit, quos aliqui interpretantur multi- plices affectus et illecebras, alios puellos, puellas, alatos, alios poma aurea, alios sagittas. alios laqueos, &c. siEpist. lib. 3. vita Pauli EreuiiteB. '^* Meretrix gpeciosa cepit delicatius stringere colla complexibus, el rorpore in libidinem concitato, &c. sspamden in Gloucestershire, huic prfefuit nobilis et forniosa abha- tissa, Godw inus comee indole subtilis, non ipsam, sed »ua cupiens, reliqu't ncpotem suum forma elegantis- simum, tanquam infiruium donee reverteretur, in- struit, &.C. 28 Ille impiger regent adit, abatissam et suas priegnantes edocet, exploratnribus missis probat, et iis ejeotis, a domino suo manerium aecepit. ^7 post sermones de casu suosuavitate sermonesconciliat ani- mum hon)inis, manumque inter colloquia et risus &(* barbam protendit et palpare eiBpit ce'vieem suani o« oscniari; quid n\ulta? Captivum ducit >» ililein Chrisli. Coniplexura ev.uiescit, demones in ...( :« ilinachuna riserunt. Mem. 2. Subs. 4.] drtijicial Jlllurements. 487 the spur of lust. "A ^^circle of vvhicli llie devil himself is the centre, ^Many women that use it, liave come dishonest home, most indifferent, none better.^' '^Another terms it '•'•the companion of all filthy delights and enticements, and 'tis not easily told what inconveniences come by it, what scurrile talk, obscene actions," and many times such monstrous gestures, such lascivious motions, such wanton tunes, meretricious kisses, homely embracings. 3' — " (ill Gailitaiia c.inoro Incipiat prurire clii>ro, plausuqiie probata; Ad terrain tremula descendant clune pnells, Irritamentum Veneris languentis)" that it will make the spectators mad. When that epitomizer of ^^Trogus had to the full described and set out King Ptolemy's riot as a chief engine and instrument of his overthrow, he adds, tympanum et trijmdium^ fiddling and dancing : " the king was not a spectator only, but a principal actor himself" A thing nevertheless fre- (juently used, and part of a gentlewoman's bringing up, to sing, dance, and play on the lute, or some such instrument, before she can say her paternoster, or ten com- mandments. 'Tis the next way their parents think to get them husbands, they are compelled to learn, and by that means, ^ InccBstos amores dc tenero medUantur ungue , 'tia a great allurement as it is o^en used, and many are undone by it. Thais, in Lm'ian, inveigled Lamprias in a dance, Herodias so far pleased Herod, that she made him swear to give her what she would ask, John Baptist's head in a platter. ** Robert, Duke of Normandy, riding by Falais, spied Arlette, a fair maid, as she danced on a green, and was so much enamoured with the object, that ^^he must needs lie with her that night. Owen Tudor won Queen Catlierine's affection in a dance, fall- ing by chance with his head in her lap. Who cannot parallel these stories out of his experience .'' ■ Speusippas a noble gallant in ^ that Greek Aristenretus, seeing Panareta a fair young gentlewoman dancing by accident, was so far in love with her, that for a long time after he could think of notliing but Panareta : he came raving home full of Panareta : '' Who would not admire her, who would not love her, that ehould but see her dance as ] did .^ O admirable, O divine Panareta! I have seen old and new Rome, many fair cities, many proper women, but never any like to Panareta, they are dross, dowdies all to Panareta ! O how she danced, how she tripped, how she turned, with what a grace ! happy is that man that shall enjoy her. O most incomparable, only, Panareta !" When Xenophon, in Symposio, or Banquet, had discoursed of love, and used all the engines that might be devised, to move Socrates, amongst the rest, to stir him the more, he shuts up all with a pleasant interlude or dance of Dionysius and Ariadne. "^'^ First Ariadne dressed like a bride came in and took her place ; by and by Dionysius entered, dancing to the music The spectators did all admire the young man's carriage ; and Ariadne herself was so much affected with the sight, that she could scarce sit. After a while Dionysius beholding Ariadne, and incensed with love, bowing to her knees, embraced her first, and kissed her with a grace ; she embraced him again, and kissed him with like affection, Slc, as the dance required ; but they that stood by, and saw this, did much applaud and commend them both for it. And when Dionysius rose up, he raised her up with him, and many pretty gestures, embraces, kisses, and love compliments passed between them : which when they saw fair Bacchus and beautiful Ariadne so sweetly and so unfeignedly kissing each other, so really embracing, they swore they loved indeed, and were so inflamed with the object, tliat they began to rouse up themselves, as if they would have flown. At the last when they saw them still, so * Choraea circulns, cujus centrum diab. 29 iviu!tse inde impudioa* dnmum rediere, plures amhiguae, inelior nulla. soTurpiuin deliciaruin conies est externa lallatio; neque certe facile dictu quse mala hinc visus hauriat, et quEB pariat, colloquia, nionstrosos, incondi- los gcstus, &o. " Juv. Sat. 11. •' Perhaps you may expect tliat a Gaditanian with a tuneful company may liegin to wanton, and girls approved with applause lower themselves to the ground in a lascivious manner, a provocative of languishing desire." ^^ Justin. I. rO. Adduntur instrumenta luxuria;, tyn>pana et tripu- dia nee tam spectator rex, sed nequiti* magister, &c. M H jr. I. 5. od. t) 3^ Havarde vita ejus. 3= Of whom he begat VVilliam the Conqueror; liy the same token Blie tore her sniock down, saying, &c '^ Epist. 26. Quis non miratus est sallantem? Q,iiis non vidit et amavit? velerem it iiovani vidi Roinam, sed tilii similem non vidi Panareta; felix qui Panareta fruitiir, &c. 37 Prinnpio Ariadne velut sponsa prodit, at; sola rocedit ; prodiens illico Dionysius ad numeroscan- tanle llliia saltabat; admirali sunt omnes saltaiiteiii juveneni, ipsaque Ariadne, ut vix potuerit coiiquiesci^re; postea vero cum Dionysius eam aspexit, &c. Ut a^teni surrexit Dionysius, er'exit simul Ariadnem, licehatque spectare gestus osciilanliiini, et inter se coniplecten- tium; qui auteni sprctaliant, &c. Ad extrenium viileii- tes eosmutuis aniplexibus implicatos etjanijam a" Nihil prodist (lund non la'dere posset idem; Ifiiiu quid ulilius?" I say of this as of all other honest recreations, they are like fire, good and bad, and I see no such inconvenience, but that they may so dance, if it be done at due times, and by fit persons : and conclude with Wolfungus "^Hider, and most of our modern divines : Si decorce., graves^ verecundce., plena luce bonorum virorum et matronarum lionestartim^ tempcstitie fiant., probari possiiiif., et debent. "There is a time to mourn, a time to dance," Eccles. iii. 4. Let them take their pleasures then, and as ''^he said of old, "young men and maids flourishing in their age, fair and lovely to behold, well attired, and of comely carriage, dancing a Greek galliard, and as their dance required, kept their time, now turning, now tracing, now apart now altogether, now a courtesy then a caper," Sic, and it was a pleasant sight to see those pretty knots, and swimming figures. The sun and moon (some say) dance about the earth, the three upper planets about the sun as their centre, now stationary, now direct, now retrograde, now in apogee., then in perigee., now swift then slow, occidental, oriental, they turn round, jump and trace, ? and ^ about the sun with those thirty-three Maculcfi or Bourbonian planet, circa Solon sallantes Cytharedum., saith Fromundu.s Four Medicean stars dance about Jupiter, two Austrian about Saturn, Stc, and all (belike) to the music of the spheres. Our greatest counsellors, and staid senators, at some times dance, as David before the ark, 2 Sam. vi. 14. Miriam, Exod. xv. 20. Judith, XV. 13. (though the devil hence perhaps hath brought in tiiose bawdy bac- chanals), and well may they do it. The greatest soldiers, as ^"Quintilianus, ■'^^Emi- lius Probus, '"'CceHus Rhodiginus, have proved at large, still use it in Greece, Rome, '* Lib. 4. de conteinnend. amorihiis. 89 ^d Any- sium epist. 57. •"' Inleinpestiviini enim est, et a nuptiis ahliorrcns, inter saltantes poilauricuin videre tpneiM, et episcopiim. *' Keni orniiiuin in nKirtaliiini vita optitnam innocenter accusare. "(iuit liorit's- tani vohiptatem respicit, aiit corporis exercitnini, coti »quo deinulcens. '^Ovid. ^^ System, rnoralit pliilosophiw. « Apuleius. 10. PuhIIt, pui-llffqua virenti fiorentes a>tatula, tiiruia conspiciii, veste nitidi. inccssii gratiosi, Gra^caiiicani saltanles Pyrrliicain, dj-'- po^ltis orilinntionibiis, ilt-coros anibitns inerrahant, nunc in orlietii tli'xi, nnnc in nidiquain serieni connexi, ■iiini non debet. « Klegantissifna ref est, quae nt nunc in qu;i* Met. 1. Ovid. ss Eras mils egl. niille niei sjculis errant in montibus a<.'ni s'Virg^ 5* Lecheiis. •'>» Tom. 4. merit dial, amare se jurat et lachrimatur dicitque uxorein mi« ducere velle, qmirn patfr oculos claussisset. ™(luun dotem all hi iniilto majorern asplciet, &,c. s> Or uppe' garment Qiiein Juiio miserata veste coiiterit. 490 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. ordinary thing too in this case to belie tlieir age, which widows usually do, that mean to marry again, and bachelors too sometimes, 83 " Cujus octavum trepidavit aetas, cernere lustrum ;" to say thej/ are younger than they are. Carmides in the said Lucian loved Philema- tiiim, an old maid of forty-five years; ^^she swore to him she was but thirty-two next December. But to dissemble in this kind, is familiar of all sides, and often it takes. ^^ Falltrc credentem res est opcrosa puellam^ 'tis soon done, no such great mastery, Egregiam verb laudem^ el spolia ampla, and nothing so frequent, as to belie their estates, to prefer their suits, and to advance themselves. Many men to fetch over a young woman, widows, or whom they love, will not stick to crack, forge and feign any thing comes next, bid his boy fetch his cloak, rapier, gloves, jewels, &e. in such a chest, scarlet-golden-tissue breeches, &.c. when there is no such matter ; or make any scruple to give out, as he did in Petronius, that he was master of a ship, kept so many servants, and to personate their part the better take upon them to be gentlemen of good houses, well descended and allied, hire apparel at brokers, some scavenger or prick-louse tailors to attend upon them for the time, swear they have great possessions, ^^ bribe, lie, cog, and foist how dearly they love, how bravely they will maintain her, like any lady, countess, duchess, or queen ; they shall have gowns, tiers, jewels, coaches, and caroches, choice diet, "The heads of parrots, tongues of nightingales, The brains of peacocks, and of ostriches, Tlieir bath shall be the juice of giliiflovvers, Spirit of roses and of violets, The milk of unicorns," &.c. as old Vulpone courted CcRlia in the ^^ comedy, when as they are no such men, not worth a groat, but mere sharkers, to make a fortune, to get their desire, or else pre- tend love to spend their idle hours, to be more welcome, and for better entertain- ment. The conclusion is, they mean nothing less. " " Nil metuunt jurare, nihil promittere curant ; Sed siniul accupidrum erat, nul lum vinum Creticum pretiosum, quin ad I'je ferret illino; credo allerum oculum pignori daturus. &,c " Post muii- cam opiperas epulas, et tautis juraiaeut i. Ion s, ttc Mem. 3. Subs. 4.J Jtrtificial Allurements. 491 at length he protested, promised, and swore pro virglnitate regno me donalurum., I should have all he had, house, goods, and lauds, pro concubitu solo ; ^'' neit'^'':>f was there ever any conjuror, I thuik, to charm his spirits that used such attention, or mighty words, as he did exquisite phrases, or general of any army so many strata- gems to win a city, as he did tricks and devices to get the love of me. Thus men are active and passive, and women not far behind them in this kind : Audax ad omnia foemina, quce vel a/nat, vel odit. 'i^ For half .^0 boldly there can non ' Swear and lijc as women can. '*They will crack, counterfeit, and collogue as well as the best, with handkerchiefs, and wrought nightcaps, purses, posies, and such toys: as he justly complained, " " Cur inittis violas ? nem[)e ut violentiiis uret ; Quid violas violis me violenta tuis ?" &.c. " Why dost thou send nie violets, my dear? To make me hum more violeul, I tear, With violets too violent thou art, To violate and wound my gentle heart." When nothing else will serve, the last refuge is their tears. Hcbc scripsi {testor amorem) mixta lachrymis et suspiriis., 'twixt tears and sighs, I write this (I take love to witness), saith '^Chelidonia to Philonius. LuminaqucEmoddfulmina^jamJlu- mina lachrymarum, those burning torches are now turned to floods of tears. Are- tine's Lucretia, when her sweetheart came to town, '^ wept in his bosom, " that he might be persuaded those tears were shed for joy of his return." Quartilla in Pe- tronius, when nought would move, fell a weeping, and as Balthazar Castillo paints them out, *°"To these crocodile's tears they will add sobs, iiery sighs, and sorrow- ful countenance, pale colour, leanness, and if you do but stir abroad, these fiends arc ready to meet you at every turn, with such a sluttish neglected habit, dejected look, as if they were now ready to die for your sake ; and how, saith he, shall a young novice thus beset, escape .?" But believe them not. 81 " animam ne crede puellis, Namque est foeininea tutiar unda fide." V Thou thinkest, peradventure, because of her vows, tears, smiles, and protestations, she is solely thine, thou hast her heart, hand, and affection, when as indeed there is no such matter, as the ^^ Spanish bawd said, gaudet ilia habere unum in lecto^ alterum in port d^ terti.um qui domi suspiret^ she will have one sweetheart in bed, another in the gate, a third sighing at home, a fourth, &.c. Every young man she sees and likes hath as much interest, and shall as soon enjoy her as thyself. On the other side, which I have said, men are as false, let them swear, protest, and lie; ^^Quod vobis dicunt, dixerunt mille puellis. They love some of them those eleven thou- sand virgins at once, and make them believe, each particular, he is besotted on her, or love one till they see another, and then her alone ; like Milo's wife in Apuleius, lib. 2. Si quern conspexerit speciosce formce invenem, venustate ejus sumitur., et in eum animum intorquet. 'Tis their common compliment in that case, they care not what they swear, say or do : One while they slight them, care not for them, rail down- right and scofl' at them, and then again they will run mad, hang themselves, stab and kill, if they may not enjoy them. Henceforth, therefore, nulla viro juranti foemina credat, let not maids believe them. These tricks and counterfeit passions are more familiar with women, ^'^Jinem hie dolori faciet aut vitce dies., mise- rere amantis., quoth Phaedra to Hippolitus. Joessa, in ^* Lucian, told Pythias, a young man, to move him the more, that if he would not have her, she was resolved to make away herself. '• There is a Nemesis, and it cannot choose but grieve and trouble thee, to hear that 1 have either strangled or drowned myself for thy sake." Nothing 6o common to this sex as oaths, vows, and protestations, and as I have already said, " Nunquam aliquis umhrarum conjurator tanta at- tcntione, tamque polentibus verbis usus est, quam ille exquisitis niilii dictis, &c. "Chaucer. '"Ah crudele genas nee tutum foemina nomen ! Tibul. 1. 3. eleg. 4. ■" Jovianus Pou. '8 Aristienetus, lib. 2. epist. 13. ^Su-iviter flebam. ut pfcrsuasum nabeat lachryinas prvB gaudio illius reilitiis uiihi emanare. "> l.ib. 3. hir. accedunt, vultus subtristis, color pallidus, geniebunna vox, iguita suspiria, lachtyms prope in- numerabiles. IstK se statim umbrEE offerunt tanto ■quaiors et in omni fere diverticulo tanta macie, ut illasjamjam moribundas putes. 8i petronius "Trust not your heart to women, for the wave is less treacherous than their fidelity." s^Coelestina, act 7. Bartliio interpret omnibus arridet, et a singulis amari se solam dicit. ^^ Ovid. " They have made the same promises to a thousand girls that they make to you.", e* Seneca Hi ppol. ^^ fom. 4. dial, merit tu vern aliquando uia;rore afficieris ubi audieris me a meipsa laqueo lui causa sulfocatam aut in puteum prxcipita tain. 492 Love-Me tancholy. [Part. 3. Se». «.. ".ears, which they have at command ; for they can so weep, that one would think their very hearts were dissolved within them, and would come out in tears ; theii nyes are like rocks, which still drop water, diarice laclirijmcE et sudoris in modum turgeri prompla:, saith ^® Aristaenetus, they wipe away their tears like sweat, weep wit'h one eye, laugh with the other ; or as children " weep and cry, they can both together. Neve piiellarum lachrymis moveiire memento, Ut flereiit oculos erudiere suos." " Care not for women's tears, I counsel thee, They teach their eyes as much to weep as see." And as much pity is to be taken of a woman weeping, as of a goose going barefoot- When Venus lost her son Cupid, she sent a crier about, to bid every one that met him take heed. f*"Si flentem aspicias, ne mox fallare, caveto; Sin arriiiebii, magis effuge ; et oscula si fors Ferre volet, fuyito ; sunt oscula noxia, in ipsis Suntque veiiena labris," &e. " Take heed of Cupid's tears, if cautelous, And of his smiles and kisses I thee tell. If that he offer 't, for they be noxious. And very poison in his lips doth dwell." ^ A thousand years, as Castilio conceives, 'will scarce serve to reckon up those allurements and guiles, that men and women use to deceive one another with." Sub SECT. V. — Batcds, Philters, Causes. When all other engines fail, that they can proceed no farther of themselves, their last refuge is to fly to bawds, panders, magical philters, and receipts ; rather than fail, to the devil himself. Flectere si nequeimt superos, Jlcheronta movehunt. And by those indirect means many a man is overcome, and precipitated into this malady, if he take not good heed. For these bawds, first, they are everywhere so common, and so many, that, as he said of old Croton, ^' omnes hie aut captantur, aut captant, either inveigle or be inveigled, we may say of most of our cities, there be so many professed, cunning bawds in them. Besides, bawdry is become an art, or a liberal science, as Lucian calls it; and there be such tricks and subtleties, so many nurses, old women, panders, letter carriers, beggars, physicians, friars, confessors, employed about it, that nullus iradere stilus suj/iciat, one saith, 92 " treceutis versibus Suas impuritias traloqui nemo potest." Such occult notes, stenography, polygraphy, JYuntins animaius, or magnetical telling of their minds, which ^^Cabeus the Jesuit, by the way, counts fabulous and false; cunning conveyances in this kind, that neither Juno's jealousy, nor Danae's custody, nor Argo's vigilancy can keep them safe. 'Tis the last and common refuge to use an assistant, such as that Catanean Philippa was to Joan Queen of Naples, a "* bawd'.s help, an old woman in the business, as '■'^Myrrha did when she doated on Cyniras. and could not compass her desire, the old jade her nurse was ready at a pinch, die inquit, opcmque me. sine ferre tibi et in hac niea [pone timorem) SeduUtas erii apta tibi, fear it not, if it be possible to be done, I will efl^ect it : non est 7nulieri muVier insuperabilis, ^ Caelestina said, let him or her be never so honest, watched and reserved, 'tis hard but one of these old women will get access : and scarce shall you find, as ®' Austin observes, in a nunnery a maid alone, " if she cannot have egress, before her window you shall have an old woman, or some prating gossip, tell her some tales of this clerk, and that monk, describing or commending some young gentleman or other unto her." " As I was 'walking in the street (saith a good fellow in Petronius) to see the town served one evening, ^"^ I spied an old woman in a corner selling of cabbages and roots (as our hucksters do plums, apples, and such like fruits) ; mother (quoth he) can you tell where I can dwell ? she, being well pleased with my foolish urbanity, replied, and why, sir, should I not tell } With that 66 Epist. 20. 1. 2. " Matronae flent duobus oculis, moniales quatuor, virgines uno, meretrices nullo. «Ovid. ^0 Imagines deonim, fol. 332. e Moschi amore fugitivo, quern Politianus Latlnum fecit. '"Lib. 3. mille vix anni sufficerent ad oinnes illas machina- tiones, dolosque commeniorandos, quos viri et niulieres ut se invicem circumveniant, excoiiitare solcnt. '' Pe- tronius. 92 piautus Triteniiiis. " Three hundred verses would not comprise their indecencies." ^a Dp Magnet. Philos. lib. 4. cap. 10. "^ Catul. eleg. 5. lib. 1. Veuit in exitiiim callida lena meum. >^Ovid. 10. met. w Parabosc. Barthii. " De vit. Erem. c. 3. ad sororem vix aliquam reclusarum hujus temporis so- lani invenies, ante cujus fencstram non anus garrula, vel nugigerula niulier sedet, qua; earn fabulis occu- pet, rumoribus pascat, hujus vel illius monachi, &c. 9" Agreste olus anus vendebal, et rogo iiiquam, mater nunquid scis ubi ego habiteni ? delectata ilia urbanitatr tain slulta, et quid nesciam inquit? consurrexitque e. cepit me prsecedere ; divinam ego putabam, &c. iiudaf video meretrices et in lupanar me adductum. sero exe cratus anicula; insidias. Mem. 2. Subs. 5.] Artijiclal Allurements. 493 she rose up and went bf^fore me. I took her for a wise woman, and by-and-by she led me hito a by-lane, and told me there I should dwell. I replied again, I knew not the house ; but I perceived, on a sudden, by the naked queans, that I was now come into a bawdy-house, and then too late I began to curse the treachery of this old jade." Such tricks you shall have in many places, and amongst the rest it is ordinary in Venice, and in the island of Zante, for a man to be bawd to his own wife. No sooner shall you land or come on shore, but, as the Comical Poet hath it, 39" Morem liunc meretrices liabent. Ad portiim iiiitluiit serviilos, aiicilliilas, Si qua ptii'grina navis in portiim aderit, Rngant ciijatis sit, quod ei nomen siet, Post illie e.xtempio sese adplicent." These white devils have their panders, bawds, and factors in every place to seek about, and bring in customers, to tempt and waylay novices, and silly travellers. And when they have them once within their clutches, as ^gidius Maserius in his comment upon Valerius Flaccus describes them, ""'" with promises and pleasant dis- course, with gifts, tokens, and taking their opportunities, they lay nets which Lucretia cannot avoid, and baits that Hippolitus himself would swallow ; they make such strong assaults and batteries, that the goddess of virginity cannot withstand them : give gifts and bribes to move Penelope, and with threats able to terrify Susanna. How many Proserpinas, with those catchpoles, doth Pluto take .'' These are the sleepy rods with which their souls touched descend to hell ; this the glue or lime with which the wings of the mind once taken cannot fly away ; the devil's ministers to allure, entice," &c. Many young men and maids, without all question, are invei- gled by these Eumenides and their associates. But these are trivial and well known. The most sly, dangerous, and cunning bawds, are your knavish physicians, empyrics, mass-priests, monks, 'Jesuits, and friars. /Though it be against Hippocrates' oath, some of them will give a dram, promise to restore maidenheads, and do it without danger, make an abortion if need be, keep down their paps, hinder conception, pro- cure lust, make them able with Satyrions, and now and then step in themselves. No monastery so close, house so private, or prison so well kept, but these honest men are admitted to censure and ask questions, to feel their pulse beat at their bed- side, and all under pretence of giving physic. Now as for monks, confessors, and friars, as he said. '•I " JVon aiidet Stytrius Pluto tentare quod audet Eflrenis monaclius, plenaque fraudis anus;" " That Stygian Pluto dares not tempt or do, Wliat an old hag or monk will undergo ;" either for himself to satisfy his own lust, for another, if he be hired thereto, or both at once, having such excellent means. For under colour of visitation, auricular con- fession, comfort and penance, they have free egress and regress, and corrupt, God knows, how many. They can such trades, some of them, practise physic, \ise exorcisms, &c. ' That whereas was wont to walk and Klf, There now walks the Limiter himself, In every bush and under enerij tree, There needs no other Incubus but lie. * In the mountains between Dauphine and Savoy, the friars persuaded the good wivt^s to counterfeit themselves possessed, that their husbands might give them free access, and were so familiar in those days with some of them, that, as one * observes, "• wenches could not sleep in their beds for necromantic friars : and the good abbess in Boccaccio may in some «'""t witness, that rismg betimes, mistook and put on the friar's breeches instead oi ner veil or hat. You have heard the story, I presume, of * Paulina, a chaste matron in jEgesippus, whom one of Isis's priests did prostitute to Mundus, a young knight, and made her believe it was their god Anubis. Many such pranks are played by our Jesuits, sometimes in their own habits, sometimes in others, like soldiers, courtiers, citizens, scholars, gallants, and women themselves. Proteus- like, in all forms and disguises, that go abroad in the night, to inescate and beguile 3* Plautus Menech. "These harlots send little maid- ens lir^vn to the quays to ascertain the name and na- ti<):i of every ship that arrives, after which they them- selves hasten to address the newcomers." i™ Pro- missis everberanc, molliunt dulciloquiis, et opportunum temjHis aucupantes laqueos ingerunt qiios vix Lucretia vitare; escam parant quaui vel satur Hippolitus sume- '<". &.C. tlae sane sunt virga; snporifera; quibus contacts 2R animce ad Orcum descendunt ; hoc gluten quo compaclai mentium al.iB evolare nequeunt, dicmonis ancills, quas sollicilant, &,c. i See the practices of the Jesuits, Aiiglice, edit. 1630. ^ JEn. Sylv. '■> Uhuucer, in the wife of Bath's tate. ■> H. Stephanus Apol. Herod, lib. I. cap. 2i. 5 Bale. Puella; in lectit dormire non poterant. ^ Idem Jotiiphus, lib. Ift cap. 4. <04 Lov e-Me landioly. [Part. 3. Sec. a young women, or to have their pleasure of other men's wives, and, if we may believe 'some relations, they have wardrobes of several suits in the colleges for that purpose. Howsoever in public they pretend much zeal, seem to be very holy men, and bitterly preach against adultery, fornication, there are no verier bawds or whore- masters in a country, ^" whose soul they should gain to God, they sacrifice to the devil." But I spare these men for the present. The last battering engines are philters, amulets, spells, charms, images, and such jnlawful means : if they cannot prevail of themselves by the help of bawds, pan- ders, and their adherents, they will fly for succour to the devil himself I know there be those that deny the devil can do any such thing (Crato epist. 2. lib. vied.), and many divines, there is no other fascination than that which comes by the eyes, of which L have formerly spoken ; and if you desire to be better informed, read Camerarius, oper subcis. cent. 2. c. 5. It was given out of old, that a Thessalian wench had bewitched King Philip to dote upon her, and by philters enforced his love ; but when Olympia, the Queen, saw the maid of aii excellent beauty, w^ell brought up, and qualified — these, quoth she, were the philters which inveigled King Philip; those the true charms, as Henry to Rosamond, •"One accent rom thy lips the blood more warms, Than all their philters, exorcisms, and charms." With this alone Lucretia brags in '"Areline, she could do more than all philosophers, astrologers, alchymists, necromancers, witches, and the rest of the crew. As for herbs and philters, I could never skill of them, " The sole philter that ever I used was kissing and embracing, by which alone I made men rave like beasts stupi- fied, and compelled them to worship me like an idol." In our times it is a common thing, saith Erastus, in his book de Lamiis, for witches to take upon them the mak- ing of these philters, "" to force men and women to love and hate whom they will, to cause tempests, diseases," &c. by charms, spells, characters, knots. '^ hie Thes sala vendil PiliUra. St. Hierome proves that they can do it (as in Hilarius' life, epist. lib. 3) ; he hath a story of a young man, that with a philter made a maid mad for the love of him, which maid was after cured by Hilarian. Such instances I find in John Nider, Formicar. lib. 5. cap. 5. Plutarch records of LucuUus that he died of a philter ; and that Cleopatra used philters to inveigle Antony, amongst other allurements. Eusebius reports as much of Lucretia the poet. Panormitan. lib. 4. de gest. Alphonsi., hath a story of one Stephan, a Neapolitan knight, that by a philter was forced to run mad for love. But of all others, that which '^ Petrarch, epist. Jamil, lib. 1. ep. 5, relates of Charles the Great (Charlemagne) is most memorable. ')He foolishly doted upon a woman of mean favour and condition, many years to- /' gether, wholly delighting in her company, to the great grief and indignation of his friends and followers. When she was dead, he did embrace her corpse, as Apollo did the bay-tree for his Daphne, and caused her coffin (richly embalmed and decked with jewels) to be carried about with him, over which he still lamented. At last & venerable bishop, that followed his court, prayed earnestly to God (commiserating his lord and master's case) to know the true cause of this mad passion, and whence it proceeded ; it was revealed to him, in fine, " that the cause of the emperor's mad love lay under the dead woman's tongue." The bishop went hastily to the carcass, and took a small ring thence ; upon the removal the emperor abhorred the corpse, and, instead '^ of it, fell as furiously in love with the bishop, he would not suffer him to be out of his presence ; which when the bishop perceived, he flung the ring into the midst of a great lake, where the king then was. From that hour the em- peror neglected all his other houses, dwelt at '^Ache, built a fair house in the midst of the marsh, to his infinite expense, and a '* temple by it, where after he was buried, and in which city all his posterity ever since use to be crowned. Marcus the heretic ' Liberedit. Aiigustae Vindelicorum, .Aii.KiOS. • Qua- rum animas lucrari debeiit Deo, sacrificunt diaboln. » M. Drayton, Her. epist. '" Porticdidascalo dial. Ital. Latin, fact, a Gasp. Barthio. Phis pussuin quam omnes philosophi, aslrologi, necromaiitici, &.c. sola saliva inuiigeiis, 1. amplexu et basiis tani fiiriose fiirere, tain bestialiter obstupesieri cocgi, lit instar idoli me adorariiit. >' Saja; omnes silii arrogant notiliaiii, et facultatem in ainorem allicieiidi quos velint; odia inter conjuges serendi, tempestatea exci taiidi, niorbos infligendi, &c. " juvenalis SaU 'S Mem refert Hen. Kormaiinus de mir. mori. lib. Leap. 14. Perdile amavit mulierculam qiiaiidam, illius am plexibus acquiescens, summa cum indignatione suoruic et dolore. '* Et iiide totus in Episcopum furore, ilium colere. " Aqiiisjjraiiuin, vulgo Aixe. "lift meiiso suuiptu tenipluin et xdes, &c. Mem. 2. Subs. 5.'' Artificial Allurements. 495 is accused by Irenaeus lo have riiveigled a young maid by this means ; anu some writers speak hardly of the Lady Katharine Cobhani, that by the same art she cir cumvented Humphrey Duke of Gloucester to be her husband. Sycinius TEnulianua summoned " Apuleius to come before Cneius Maximus, proconsul of Africa, ihat he being a poor fellow, *•' had bewitched by philters Padentilla, an ancient rich matron, to love him," and, being worth so many thousand sesterces, to be his wife. Agrippa, lib. 1. cap. 48. occult. j)hLlos. attributes much in this kind to philters, amulets, images: and Salmutz com. in Pancirol. Tit. 10. de Horol. Leo Afer, lib. 3, saith, 'tis ai. ordmary practice at Fez in Africa, Prcesfigiatores ibi plures., qui cogunt amores et concubitus : as skilful all out as that hyperborean magician, of whom Cleodemus, in '* Lucian, tells so many fine feats performed in this kind. But Erastus, Wierus, and others are against it ; they grant indeed such things may be done, but (as Wierus discourseth, lib. 3. de Lamiis. cap. 37.) not by charms, incantations, philters, but the devil himself; lib. 5. cap. 2. he contends as much ; so doth Freitagius, noc. med. cap. 74. Andreas Cisalpinus, cap. 5 ; and so much Sigismundus Schereczius, cap). 9. de hirco 7iocturno^ proves at large. '^"Unchaste women by the help of these witches, the devil's kitchen maids, have their loves brought to them in the night, and carried back again by a phantasm flying in the air in the likeness of a goat. I have heard (saith he) divers confess, that they have been so carried on a goat's back to theii sweethearts, many miles in a night." Others are of opinion that these feats, which most suppose to be done by charms and philters, are merely effected by natural causes, as by man's blood chemically prepared, which mucli avails, saith Ernestus Burgranius, iji Lucerna vilce et mortis Indice, ad atnorem conciliandum et odium., (so huntsmen make their dogs love them, and farmers their puUen,) 'tis an excellent philter, as he holds, sed vulgo prodere grunde nefas, but not fit to be made common: and so be Mala insana.i mandrake roots, mandrake ■^° apples, precious stones, dead men's clothes, candles, mala Bacckica., panis porcinus, jflyppomanes, a certain hair m a ^' wolf's tail, &c., of which Rhasis, Dioscorides, Porta, Wecker, Rubeus, Mi- «aldus, Albertus, treat : a swallow's heart, dust of a dove's heart, niulium indent lingua vipcrarum., cerebella asinoriwi, tela equina., palliola quibus infantes obvoluli nascuntur., funis strangulati hominis, lapis de nido AquilcB.^ <^'c. See more in Scken- kius observat. medicinal^ lib. 4. &.c., which are as forcible and of as much virtue as that fountain Salmacis in ^^Vitruvius, Ovid, Strabo, that made all such mad for love that drank of it, or that hot bath at '* Aix in Germany, wherein Cupid once dipt his arrows, which ever since hath a peculiar virtue to make them lovers all that wash in it. But hear the poet's own description of it, *< " Unde hie fervor aquis terra eriimpentibus uda ? 'I'ela olim liic luileus ignea tiiixit amor ; Etgaudeiis stridore novo, fervete pereiines Inquit, et hxc pliaretrae sint moiiumenta inea^ Ex illo fervet, rarusque hic inergitur hospes, Cui lion litillet puctiira blandus amor." These above-named remedies have happily as much power as that bath of Aix, or Venus' enchanted girdle, in which, saith Natales Comes, "• Love toys and dalliance, pleasantness, sweetness, persuasions, subtleties, gentle speeches, and all witchcraft to enforce love, was contained." Read more of these in Agrippa de occult. P/iilos. lib. 1. cap. 50. et 45. Malleus malefic, part. I. qucRst. 7. Delrio torn. 2. que t. 3. lib. 3. Wierus, Pomponatis, cap. 8. de incantat. Ficinus, lib. 13. Theol. Plat. Calcagni- nus, &.C. " Apolog. quod Pudentillam vidiiam ditem et provec- tioris ietatis fceminam caiitamiiiibus in amorem sui pellexisset. '» Pliilopseude, tom. 3. '" liiipudicae niulieres opera veneficanim, diaboli coquariini, ama- tores suos ad se iiuctu ducunt et reducunt, miiiisterio hirci in acre volantis. multos novi qui hoc fassi sunt, &c. '"> Mandrake apples, Lemriius lib. Iierh. bib. c.3. »' Of which read Plin. lib. 8. cap. 23. et lib. 13. c. 25. et ftuinlili.inum, lib. 7. ^sLih, U. c. 8. Venere implicat eoB, qui ex eo bibunt. Idem Uv. Met. 4. Strabo. Geog. L 14. '3|^od. tiuicciardine's descript. Ger. in AQuis- grano. 24 Baltheus Veneris, in quo suavitas, et dulcia colloquia, benevoleiitis, et blanditiie, suasiones, fVaudes et veneficia iiicludebuntur. " Whence tliat heat to waters bubbling from the cold moist earth? Cupid, once upon a time, playfully dipped herein Ids arrows of steel, and delighted with the hissing sound, he said, boil on for ever, and retain the memory of iny quiver. From that time it is a thermal spring, in which few venture to bathe, but whosoever does, has heart is instantly toucbed with love." 1.46 Love-Me lancholy. [Part. 3, Sec 2. MEMB. III. SuBSECT. 1. — Symptoms or signs of Love Melancholy, in Body, Mind, good, had^ Sfc Sybiptoms are either of body or mind; of body, paleness, leanness, dryness, &c. ^ Pallidus omnis amans, color hie est apius amanti, as the poet describes lovers; fecit amor maciem, love causeth leanness. ^^Avicenna de Ilishi, c. 33. "makes hol- low eyes, dryness, symptoms of this disease, to go smiling to themselves, or acting as if they saw or heard some delectable object." Valleriola, lib. 3. observat. cap. 7. Lauren tins, cap. 10. iElianus Montaltus de Her. amore. Langius, epist. 24. lib. 1. epist. med. deliver as much, corpus exangue pallet, corpus gracile, oculi civi, lean, pale, ut nudis qui pressit calcibus U7igiiem, "as one who trod with naked foot upon a snake," hollow-eyed, their eyes are hidden in their heads, ^' Tenerque nitidi corposis cecidit decor, they pine away, and look ill with waking, cares, sighs. " Et qui terifbant pigiia Plioehea; faois? Oculi, liiliil gentile nee p.Ttriuin niicant." "And eyes that once rivalled the locks of Phoebus, lose the patrial and paternal lustre." With groans, griefs, sadness, dulness, 28 " Nulla jam Cereris subi Cura aut salulis" want of appetite, 8tc. A reason of all this, ^^ Jason Pratensis gives, "because of the distraction of the spirits the liver doth not perform his part, nor turns the aliment into blood as it ought, and for that cause the members are weak for want of suste- nance, they are lean and pine, as the herbs of my garden do this month of May, for want of rain." The green sickness therefore often happeneth to young women, a cachexia or an evil habit to men, besides their ordinary sighs, complaints, an<' lamentations, which are too frequent. As drops from a still, — ut occluso stillat ai igne liquor, doth Cupid's fire provoke tears from a true lover's eyes, ' The mighty Mars did oft for Venus shriek. Privily moistening his horrid cheek With womanish tears, "ignis distillat in undas, Testis erit largus qui rigat ora liquor," with many such like passions. When Chariclia was enamoured of Theagines, as '^Heliodorus sets her out, "she was half distracted, and spake she knew not what, sighed to herself, lay much awake, and was lean upon a sudden :" and when she was besotted on her son-in-law, ^^ pallor deformis, marcentes oculi, Sfc, she had ugly paleness, hollow eyes, restless thoughts, short wind, &c. Eurialus, in an epistle sent to Lucretia, his mistress, complains amongst other grievances, tu mihi et so?nni et cibi nsum abstulisti, thou hast taken my stomach and my sleep from me. So he describes it aright : 31 His sleep, his meat, his drink, in him bereft. That lean he waxeth, and dry as a shaft. His eyes holtoic and grisly to behold. His hew pale and ashen to nvfold, Jind solitary he was ever alone, .^nd waking all the night making mone. n^heocritus Edyl. 2. makes a fair maid of Delphos, in love with a young man ol Minda, confess as mucli, ' Ut vidi ut insanii, ut animus mihi male afTectns est, Mi^ra' mihi forma tahescebat, neque amplius piimpam Ullum curabam, aut quaiido doumm redieram Novi, sed me ardens quidam morbus consumebat, Decubiii in lectn dies decern, et noctes decern. Df fluehant capite capilli, ipsaque sola reliqua Ossa et cutis" No sooner seen I had, but mad I was. My beauty fa i I'd, and I no more did care For any pomp, I knew not where I was. But sick I was, and evil \ did fare; I lay upon my bed ten days and nights, A skeleton I was in all men's sights." All these passions are well expressed by ^ that heroical poet in the person of Dido ' At non infsli.x animi Phsnissa, nee unquam Solvilur in somnos, oculisque ac pectore aniores Accipit; ingeminant curee, rursusque resurgens StBvit amor," ice. " Unhappy Dido could not sleep at all. But lies awake, and takes no rest: And up she gets again, whilst care and grief. And raging love torment her breast." 55 Ovid. Facit hunc amor ipse colorem. Met. 4. 26 Signa ejus profunditas oculorum, privatio lachryma- rum, susplria, syepe rident sibi, ac si quod delectabile viderent. aut audirent. " Seneca Hip. "s Seneca Viip. 29 De inoris cerebri de erot. amore. Ob spiri- •-uum distractionem liepar officio sno iion fungjtur, nee vtriit aliinerituin in sanguinem, ut debeat Ergo mem- bra debilia, et penuria alibilis succi marcescunt, sqiia lentque ut herbie in horto meo hoc mense Maio Zeriscx ob inihrinm defectum. 3" Faerie ftueene, I. 3. cant. 1" 31 Aniator Emblem. 3. ^iLib. 4. Animo errat, e quidvis (divium loquitur, vigilias absque causa sustinel et surcum corporis subito ainisit. 33 Apuleiui sTihaucer, 111 the Knight's Tale. « Virg. Ma 4 Mem. 3. Subs. 1.] Symptoms of Love. 497 Accius Sanazarius Egloga 2. de Galatea, in the same manner feigns his Lychoris ^ tormenting herself for want of sleep, sighing, sobbing, and lamenting ; and Eusta- thius in his Ismenias much troubled, and ^''" panting at heart, at the sight of his mis« tress," he could not sleep, his bed was thorns. ''^AU make leanness, want of appe- tite, want of sleep ordinary symptoms, and by that means they are brought often so low, so much altered and changed, that as ^^he jested in the comedy, "one scarce know them to be the same men." "Attenuant juvenum vigilatse corpora noctes, Curaque et inuneiiso qui fit amore dolor."' Many such symptoms there are of the body to discern lovers by,— — quls enim bene celet amorem? Can a man, saith Solomon, Prov. vi. 27, carry fire in his bosom and not burn .' it will hardly be hid ; tliough they do all they can to hide it, it must out, plus quam milh notis it may be described, "" quoque magis tegitur, tectxis magis (Bstuat ignis. 'Twas Antiphanes the comedian's observation of old. Love and drunken- ness cannot be concealed, Celare alia possis, licec prcster diio, vini potum, Sfc. words, looks, gestures, all will betray them ; but two of the most notable signs are observed by the pulse and countenance. V/hen Antiochus, the son of Seleucus, was sick for Stratonice, his mother-in-law, and vvoul«l not confess his grief, or the cause of his disease, Erasistratus, the physician, foiund hiirs by his pulse and countenance to be in love with her, ^'" because that when she ccme in presence, or was named, his pulse varied, and he blushed besides." in tliis very sort was the love of Callices, the son of Polycles, discovered by Panacaeas tiie physician, as you may read the story at large in ^^Aristenaetus. By the same signs Galen brags that he found out Justa, Boethius the consul's wife, to dote on Pylades the player, because at his name still she both altered pulse and countenance, as ''* Polyarchus did at the name of Argenis. Franciscus Valesius, I. 3. controv. 13. vied, contr. denies there is any such pulsus amatorius.1 or that love may be so discerned ; but Avicenna confirms this of Galen out of his experience, lib. 3. Fen. 1. and Gordonius, cap. 20. ■**" Their pulse, he saith, is ordinate and swift, if she go by whom he loves," Langius, epist. 24. lib. 1. rned. epist. Neviscanus, lib. 4. numer. 66. syl. nuptialis., Valescus de Taranta, Guia- nerius. Tract. 15. Valeriola sets down this for a symptom, *'" Difference of pulse, neglect of business, want of sleep, often sighs, blushings, when there is any speech of their mistress, are manifest signs." But amongst the rest, Josephus Struthis, that Polonian, in the fifth book, cap. 17. of his Doctrine of Pulses, holds that this and all other passions of the mind may be discovered by the pulse. ''^"And if you will know, saith he, whether the men suspected be such or such, touch their arteries," &c. And in his fourth book, fourteenth chapter, he speaks of this particular pulse, ""Love makes an unequal pulse," &c., he gives instance of a gentlewoman, ■** a patient of his, whom by this means he found to be much enamoured, and with whom : he named many persons, but at tiie last when his name came whom he sus- pected, '**"her pulse began to vary and to beat swifter, and so by often feeling her pulse, he perceived what the matter was." ApoUonius Argonaut, lib. 4. poetically setting down the meeting of Jason and Medea, makes them both to blush at one another's sight, and at the first they were not able to speak. 50 "totus Panneno Tremo, horreoque postquain aspexi hanc," Phaedria trembled at the sight of Thais, others sweat, blow short. Crura tremunt ac poplites., are troubled with palpitation of heart upon the like occasion, cor prnxi- mum ori, saith ^'Aristenaetus, their heart is at their mouth, leaps, these burn and freeze, (for love is fiie, ice, hot, cold, itch, fever, frenzy, pleurisy, what not) they ssDumvaga passim sidera fulgent, numeral longas etricus horas, et sollicito nixus cubito suspirando vis- era rumpil. 31 Saliebat crebro tepidum cor ad aspectuin Ismenes. 98 Gordonius c. 20. amittunt saepe cibum, potum, et merceratur inde totum corpus. '3 Ter. Eunuch. Dii boni, quid hoc est, adeone homines niutari ex amore, ut non cognoscas eundem esse! '" Ovid. Met. 4. " The more it is concealed the more it strusgles to break throuf;h its concealment. " *o Ad ejus iioi.ien rubehat, et ad aspectum pulsus variebatur. Pliitar. « Epist. 13. « Barck. lib. I. Oculi j et creber anhelitus, calpitutio cordis. *x. wtid'co iremore errabant. ♦* Pulsus eorum velox | 63 2r2 et inordinatus, si mulier quam amal fortfi transeat. ■fs Signa sunt cessatio ab omni opera insueto, privatio sonini, suspiria crebra, rubor cum si tsermode re amata, et commotio pulsus. *^ Si noscere vis an homines suspecti tales sint, tangito eorum arterias. <' Amor facit inoequales, inordinatos. « in nobilis cujus dam uxore quum subolfacerem adulteri amore fuisse correptam et quam maritus, &;c. 49 cepit illica pulsus variari et ferri celerius et sic inveni. 5» Eu nuch. act. 2. seen. 2. »' Epist. 7. lib. 2. Tener audot 498 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 6. Sec. 2 ook pale, red, and commonly blush at their first congress ; and sometimes through violent agitation of spirits bleed at nose, or when she is talked of; which very sign ® Kustathius makes an argument of Ismene's afl^ection, that when she met her sweet- heirt by chance, she changed her countenance to a maiden-blush. 'Tis a common thing amongst lovers, as ''^Arnulphus, that merry-conceited bishop, hath well ex- pressed in a facetious epigram of his, Alteriio fades sibi dat respoiisa rubore, I " Their faces answer, and by blushing ssyi.^ lit tener aifuctuin prodit utrique piidor," &c. | How both affected are, they do betray." But the best conjectures are taken from such symptoms as appear when they are both present; all their speeches, amorous glances, actions, lascivious gestures will betray them ; they cannot contain themselves, but that they will be still kissing "Slratocles, the physician, upon his wedding-day, when he was at dinner, JV*//^!/ prius sorbiUavit., quam tria basin puelhv. pangerel, could not eat his meat for kissing the bride, See. First a word, and then a kiss, then some other compliment, and then a kiss, then an idle question, then a kiss, and when he had pumped his wits dry, can say no more, kissing and colling are never out of season, ^^Hoc nan deficit incipUque semper, 'tis never at an end, ^*^ another kiss, and then another, another, and ano4^her, Stc. — hue ades O Thelayra — Come kiss me Corinna ? 'Centum basia centies. Centum basia tnillies, Mille basia millies, Et tot millia millies, Quot guttK Sicuio mari, Qiiot sunt sidera coBlo, Islis purpureis Renis, I«tis turgidulis lahria, Ocelisque loquaculis, Figam contjnuo impetu ; O frirmosa Nesra. (As Catullus to Lesbia.) Da mihi basia mille, deindi centum, Dein mille altera, da secunda centum, Dein usque altera millia, deinde centum." " first pive a hundred. Then a thousand, then another Hundred, then unto the other Add a thousand, and so more," &c. Till you equal with the store, all the grass, &c. So Venus did by her Adonis, the moon with Endymion, they are still dallying and culling, as so many doves, Colum- batimque labra conserentes labiis, and that with alacrity and courage, *"" Affligunt avide corpus, junguntque salivas Uris, el inspirant prensaiites dentibus ora." " Tarn impresso ore ut vix inde labra detrahant, cervice reclinata,'-^ q.s Lamprias in Lucian kissed Thais, Philippus her '" Aristaenetus," amore lymphato tarn uriose ad- haesif, ut vix labra solvere esset, totumque os mihi contrivit ; ^^Aretine's Lucretia, by a suitor of hers was so saluted, and 'tis their ordinary fashion. "denies illudunt stepe lahellis, Alque premunt arete adfigentes oscula" They cannot, I say, contain themselves, they will be still not only joining hands, kissing, but embracing, treading on their toes, &c., diving into their bosoms, and that libenter, et cum delectatione, as ^^Philostratus confesseth to his mistress; and Lam- prias in Lucian, Mammillas preTnens, per sinum clam dexird, Sfc, feeling their paps, and that scarce honestly sometimes : as the old man in the" Comedy well ob- served of his son, JYon ego te vidcbam manum huic puellce in sinum insere? Did not 1 see thee put thy hand into her bosom .'' go to, with many such love tricks. *''Juno in Lucian deorum, torn. 3. dial. 3. complains to Jupiter of Ixion, ''"'' he looked so attentively on her, and sometimes would sigh and weep in her company, and when I drank by chance, and gave Ganymede the cup, he would desire to drink still in the very cup that I drank of, and in the same place where I drank, and would kiss the cup, and then look steadily on me, and sometimes sigh, ar_ 1 then again smile." If it be so they cannot come near to dally, have not that opportunity, familiarity, or acquaintance to confer and talk together; yet if they be in presencei 62 Lib. 1. S3 Le.xoviensis episcopus. " Theodorus i Tom. 4. Merit, sed et aperientes, &c ^' Epi.st. 16. prodroniiis Amarantodial. Gaulimo interpret. 66 p^. ei Deducto ore longo me hasio demulcet ^ Fii delicii* iron. Catal. ssged ununi ego usque et uniiin Petani mammas tuas tango, &c. 64-j'eient. ""Tom. 4. A tuis labtllis, postqup unum et uriiim et uiuim, dari | merit, dial. 66 Allente adeo in rne aspexit, rt inler- rogabo. I.CBclWMK Afiacreon. " Jo. Secundus, lias. 7. ' dum iiiiremiscebat. et lachryiliabatur. Et si quaniio bi w Translated or imitated by M. B. Johnson, our arch bens, .lie. Do«t, in his ll'J ep. 6u Lucre). I. 4. ^ l.,ucian. dial, i xVIem. 3. Subs. 1.] Symptoms of Loue. 499 their eye will betray them : Ubi amor ibi oculus, as the common saying is, " where I look I like, and where I like I love ;" but they will lose themselves in her looks. " Alter in alterius jactantes lumina vultus, Q,iisBrebant laciti nosier ubi esset amor." " They cannot look off whom they love," they will impregnare earn ipsis oculis^ deflower her with their eyes, be still gazing, staring, stealing faces, smiling, glancing at her, as "Apollo on Leucothoe, the moon on her ^^Endymion, when she stood still in Caria, and at Latmos caused her chariot to be stayed. They must all stand and admire, or if she go by, look after her as long as they can see her, she is anima> auriga^ as Anacreon calls her, they cannot go by her door or window, but, as an adamant, she draws their eyes to it ; though she be not there present, they must needs glance that way, and look back to it. Aristenaetus of ^^ Exithemus, Lucian, in his Iinagim. of himself, and Tatius of Clitophon, say as much, Ille oculos de Leu- cippe'" nunquam dejiciebaf, and many lovers confess when they came in their mis- tress' presence, they could not hold off their eyes, but looked wistfully and steadily on iier, inconnivo aspectu, with much eagerness and greediness, as if they would look through, or should never have enough sight of her. Fixis ardens obtutibus hcBret ; so she will do by him, drink to him with her eyes, nay, drink him up, de- vour him, swallow him, as Martial's Mamurra is remembered to have done: Inspexii moJles pueros, oculisque comedit, Sfc. There is a pleasant story to this purpose in JWioigat. Vertom. lib. 3. cap. 5. The sultan of Sana's wife in Arabia, because Ver- tomannus was fair and white, could not look off him, from sunrising to sunsetting- she could not desist ; she made him one day come into her chamber, et gemince horcf spatio mtuebalur.! -non a me anqiiom aciem oculorum avertebat, me observans veluti Cupidinem quendam, for two hours' space she still gazed on him. A young man in " Lucian fell in love with Venus' picture ; he came every morning to her temple, and there continued all day long" from sum-ising to sunset, unwilling to go home at night, sitting over against the goddess's picture, he did continually look upon her, and mutter to himself I know not what. If so be they cannot see them whom they love, they will strll be walking and waiting about their mistress's doors, taking all opportunity to see them, as in "^ Longus Sophista, Daphnis and Chloe, two lovers, were still hovering at one another's gates, he sought all occasions to be in her com- pany, to hunt in summer, and catch birds in the frost about her father's house in the winter, that she might see him, and he her. "''"A king's palace was not so ddi- gently attended," saith Aretine's Lucretia, " as my liouse was when I lay in Rome ; the porch and street was ever full of some, walking or riding, on set purpose to see me; their eye was still upon my window ; as they passed by, they could not choose but look back to my house when they were past, and sometimes hem or cough, or take some impertinent occasion to speak aloud, that I might look out and observe them." 'Tis so iir other places, 'tis common to every lover, 'tis all his felicity to be with her, to talk with her ; he is never well but in her company, and will walk '^" seven or eight times a-day through the street where she dwells, and make sleeve- less errands to see her ;" plotting still where, when, and how to visit her, '6"Levesqiie sub noote susurri, Coniposita repeliintur hora." And when he is gone, he thinks every minute an hour, every hour as long as a day, ten days a whole year, till he see her again. " Tempora si numercs., bene qucR mime- ramus amantes. And if thou be in love, thou wilt say so too, Et. long urn for mos a vale^ farewell sweetheart, vale charissima Argents, Sfc. Farewell my dear Argenis, once more farewell, farewell. And though he is to meet her by compact, and that very shortly, perchance to-morrow, yet loth to depart, he'll take his leave again, and again, and then come back again, look after-, and shake his hand, wave his hat afar ofll Now gone, he thinks it long till he see hsr again, and she him, the clocks are surely set back, the hour's past, recto, in ipsam perpetuo oculoriim ictus direxit, ifcc. '3 Lib. 3. '■" Reguni palatliun iioii tain riilijeiiti eusKidia septum fuit, ac a^des mras stipahaiit, &c. 's Uno, et eodein die sexties vul septies atnhulant p^+f eandem plati'ain iit vel iiiiico amicae sua; fruanlur as pectu, lib. 3. Tlieai. Mundi. '« Hor. " Ovid *' duiqne omnia cerriere debes Leucothoen spectas, et virgine figis in unaquos mundo debes oculos, Ovid. Met. 4. "SLiicJan. torn. 3. quoties ad cariam venis ruirum sistis. et de.^uper aspectas. m Ex quo te prinium vidi Fvttiia alio oculos vertere non fuit. ™ Lib. 4 " Dial, amorum. ''•* Ad occasum soils asgre do- Ilium rcdipnx. atque tntum die ex adverso dea' sedciis SOO Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2 '8" Hnspita Deinophoon tiia te Rodopheia Pliillis, Ultra proniispiim tempus abesse queror." She looks out at window still to see whether he come, ™and by report Phillis went nine times to the sea-side that day, to see if her Demophoon were approaching, and *Troilus to the city gates, to look for his Creisseid. She is ill at ease, and sick till she see him again, peevish in the meantime; discontent, heavy, sad, and why comes he not .? where is he .'' why breaks he promise ? why tarries he so long ? sure he is no<; well ; sure he hath some mischance ; sure he forgets himself and me ; with ij.iinite such. And then, confident again, up she gets, out she looks, listens, and inquires, hearkens, kens ; every man afar off is sure he, every stirring in the street, now he is there, that's he, ynale aurorcB^ malcB soli dicit., deiratque, Mantuan. *Ter. Adelph. 3. 4. » Lib. 1. de contemn, amorihus. Si quem aliuiii respexe- ft arnica suavius, et familiarius, si quem aloquuta fuerit, si nutu, nuncio, &c. stntim cruciatur. ' Ca- lis(.o in Celestiua. *■ Poriiodidasc. dial Ital. Patre et niatre se singuitu orbos censebant, quod meo contu- Oernio carendum esset. ^Ter. tui carendum quod »t\t. '"Si respotisum esset dominamoccupatam esse aliisque vacaret, ille statim vix hoc audito velut in amor obriguit, alii se dauinaro, &.c at cui favebam, in cainpis Elysiis esse videbatur, &u 'Mantuan. '" [jiecheus. 'SSole se occultante aul tempestatt veniente, statim clauditiir ac languescjt. '^ Emblem amat. 13. i^Calisto de Melebaes '^ Animt non est ubi aniniat, sed ubi aniat. Mem. 3. Subs. 1.] Symploms of Lovr,. 503 cynosure, hesperus and vesper, his morning and evening star, his goddess, his mis- tress, his life, his soul, his everything; dreaming, waking, she is always iu his mouth ; his heart, his eyes, ears, and all his thoughts are full of her. His Laura his Victorina, his Columbina, Flavia, Flaminia, Cajlia, Delia, or Isabella, (call her how you will) she is the sole object of his senses, the substance of his soul, nidulus animce suce, he magnifies her above measure, tolus in ilia, full of her, can breathe nothing but her. ''• I adore Melebfea," Sc^th love-sick. " Calisto, " I believe in Me- lebaea, I honour, admire and love my Melebgea;" His soul was soused, imparadised, imprisoned in his lady. When '* Thais took her leave of Phajdria, 7ni PIks' dria, et nunquid aliud vis? Sweet heart (she said) will you command me any further service .? he readily replied, and gave in this charge, "egone quid velim f I "Dost ask (my dear) what service I will have? Dies noctesqiie ames me. me desideres, J" 'f""^ '""^ '^^y ''"'' "'-'''^ '^ aH • crave, Mesoiiiiiies me expectes, me cofiites, ii dream on me, to expert, to think on me, Me speres, me te ohlectes, mecum tola sis, nfv \" ,J''^' *"" '^"^*^' "^^ '" ^^«' Meus fac postremo animus, quando ego sum tuus." U'^'t '">'*'^'','" "'«. be wholly mine, " I For know, my love, that I am wholly thine." But all this needed not, you will say; if she affect once, she will be his, settle het love on him, on him alone, >' " ilium ahsens ahsentem Auditque videtque" she can, she must think and dream of nought else but him, continually of him, aa did Orpheus on his Eurydice, " Te dulcis conjux, le solo in littore mecum, I " On thee sweet wife was all my sone Te veniente die, te discedente canebam." | Morn, evening, and all along." And Dido upon her ^neas ; — — "et qn.-E me insomnia terrent, I •• And ever and anon she thinks upon the man Multa viri virtus, et plurima currit imago." | That was so fine, so fair, so blithe, so debonair." Clitophon, in the first book of Achilles, Tatius, complaineth how that his mistress Leucippe tormented him much more in the night than in the day. ^O" For all day long he had some object or other to distract his senses, but in the night all ran upon, her. All night long he lay ^' awake, and could think of nothing else but her, he could not get her out of his mind ; towards morning, sleep took a little pity on him he slumbered awhile, but all his dreams were of her." ' ' te nocte sub atra Alloquor, amplector, falsaque in imagine somni " ''.' "'? ^^'^^ "'§''' ' speak, embrace, and find Gaudia solicitam palpant evanida mentein." ' | That fading joys deceive my careful mind." The same complaint Eurialus makes to his Lucretia, ^ " day and night I think of tliee, I wish for thee, I talk of thee, call on thee, look for thee, hope for thee, delight myself ir thee, day and night I love thee." " " Nee itiihi vespere Surgeiite decedunt amores. Nee rapidum fiigiente solein." Morning, evening, all is alike with me, I have restless thoughts, ^^u y^ vigilam oculis, animo te nocte requiroP Still 1 think on thee, ^nima non est ubi animat, sed ubi amat. J live and bffathe in thee, 1 wish for thee. si"0 niveam qiise te poterit mihi reddere lucem, O mihi felicem terque quaterque diem " -O happy day that shall restore thee to my siglit." In the meantime he raves on her; her sweet face, eyes, actions, gestures, hands, feet, speech, length, breadth, height, depth, and the rest of her dimensions, are so surveyed, mea.'ured, and taken, by that Astrolabe of phantasy, and that so violently sometimes, with *,jch earnestness and eagerness, such* continuance, so strong an imagination, that at leno-th he thinks he sees her indeed ; he talks with her, he embraceth her, Ixion-like, pro Junane nubem, a cloud for Juno, as he said. Mhil prceter Leucippen cerno, Leucippe inihi '' Celestine, act. 1. credo in Melebaeam, &c. is Xer Buiiuch. act. I. sc. 2. >» Virg. 4. Mn. 20 inter- diu ocu'i, et aures occupatas distraliunt animum, at noctu solus jactor, ad auroram somnus paulum mi-er- tus, nee tamen ex animo puella abiit. sed omnia mihi de Leucippe soinnia erant. m Tota hac nocte som- num hisce oculis non vidi. Ter. m Buchanan, syt ^ jEn. Sylv. Te dies, noclesque aino, te cogilo, te desi dero, te voco, te expeclo, te spero, tecum oblecto mn totus in tesum. « Hor. lib. 2. ode 9. as fetro nius "Tibullug, I. 3. Eleg. 3. bi>4 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2 perpetud in oculis., et animo versatur, 1 see and meditate of nought but Leucippe. Be she present or absent, all is one ; " " Et ciuamvis aboral placidte praesentia forinie Ciueiii (iederal prspsens forma, manebat amor." That impression of her beauty is still fixed in his mind, ^^'■hcerent injixi pectorf vultus ;" as he that is bitten with a mad dog thinks all he sees dogs — dogs in his meat, dogs in his dish, dogs in his drink :."his mistress is in his eyes, ears, heart, in all his senses. Valleriola had a merchant, his patient, in the same predicament ; and '^Ulricus Molitor, out of Austin, hath a story of one, that through vehemency of his /ove passion, still thought he saw his mistress present with him, she talked with him, Et commisceri cum cd vigilans videbatur., still embracing him. Now if this passion of love can produce such effects, if it be pleasantly intended, what bitter torments shall it breed, when it is with fear and continual sorrow, sus- picion, care, agony, as commonly it is, still accompanied, what an intolerable '"'pain must it be .-* " Not! tam grandes Gargara ciilmos, <]iiot denierso Pettore curas longa nexas Usque catena, vel quce petiitus Crudelis arnor vulnera miscet." ' Mount Garcarus hath not so many stems As lover's breast hath grievous wounds, And linked cares, which love compounds." When the King of Babylon would have punished a courtier of his, for loving of a young lady of the royal blood, and far above his fortunes, ^'Apollonius in presence by all means persuaded to let him alone ; " For to love and not enjoy was a most unspeakable torment," no tyrant could invent the like punishment; as a gnat at a candle, in a short space he would consume himself For love is a perpetual '^^JIux, angor animi^ a warfare, viilitat omni avians., a grievous wound is love still, and a lover's heart is Cupid's quiver, a consuming ''^tire, '^^ accede ad hunc ignem, Sfc. an inextinguishable fire. 36 " alitur et crescit malum, Et ardet intus, qualis .iEtnso vapor Exundat aiitro" As ^tna rageth, so doth love, and more than iEtna or any material fire. S6 " Nam amor scepe Lyparco Vulcano ardentioren) flammam incendere solet." Vulcan's flames are but smoke to this. For fire, saith ^'Xenophon, burns them alone that stand near it, or touch it; but this fire of love burneth and scorcheth afar ofl", and is more hot and vehement than any material fire : '^^Ignis in ignejurit., 'tis a fire in a fire, the quintessence of fire. For when Nero burnt Rome, as Calisto urgeth, he fired houses, consumed men's bodies and goods ; but this fire devours the soul itself, " and •'^ one soul is worth a hundred thousand bodies." No water can quench this wild fire. ^ , . . I "A fire he took into his breast, •0 " In pectus ccecos absorhuil ignes, ^,, j^,, ^g,^^ ^^^ij ^^j quench, Ignes qui nee aqua penmi potuere, nee imhre Nor herb, nor art, nor magic spells Diminui, neque graminihus, mag.cisque susurris. | ^ould quell, nor any drench." Except it be tears and sighs, for so they may chance find a little ease. 41 "Sic candentia colla sic patens frons, I ., g„ „ ^,,j,g ^^^^ ^ ,^g g„„, teic me blanda tu> Nefera ocelli. Doth scorch, thy cheeks, thy wanton eyes that roll: Sic pares minio gens peruniut, ^,.^^ -^ „^^ fj dropping tears that hinder, Ut ni me achryinffi rigent perennes. , g^,,^^ f,^ -^^ burnt up forthwith to cinder" Totiis in tenues eaiii favillas. 1 This fire strikes like lightning, which made those old Grecians paint Cupid, in many of their ''^ temples, with Jupiter's thunderbolts in his hands; for it wounds, and can- not be perceived how, whence it came, where it pierced. '*^ '■'■ Uritnur, et ccecum, pectora vulnus habcnt,'''' and can hardly be discerned at first. ** " Est mollis flamina medullas, I " A gentle wound, an easy fire it was, Et taciturn insano vivit sub pectore vulnus." | And sly at first, and secretly did pass." " Ovid. Fast. 2. ver. 775. "Although the preseece of her fair form is wanting, the love which it kindled remains." >8 Virg. yEn. 4. 2-1 De Pythonissa. •ojuno, nee ira deum taiitum, nee tela, nee hostis, quantum tute potis animis illapsus. Siliiis Ital. 15. bel. Punic, de amore. 3' Philostratus vita ejus. Maxi- mum tormentuin quod exeogitare, vel docere te possum. carpitur igne; et niihi sese offert ultra meus ignis Ainyntas. S'' Ter. Eunuc. 35 gen. Hippo' 38 Theocritus, edyl. 2. Levibus cor est vjolahile lelis. 3' Iffiiis tangentes solum urit, at forma procul astaniei inflaiiiinat. 8« Nonius. 30 Major ilia flamma quie consuinil uiiam aiiimam, quain qua; centum millia corporum. ^"Mant. egl 2. <• Marullu* Epig est ipse amor. 32 ^usonius c. 35. 33 Et caco i lib. I « Imagines deorum. "Ovid. ■n.tflneid.A Mem. » .vbs. I.] " Symptoms of Love. ' 50D But by-and-by it began to rage and burn amain ; > '• Pectus insainim vapor, Ainorque torret, intus Sicviis vorat Penitus medullas, aique per veiias meat Visceril)us ignis mersus, el veiiis latens, Ut agilis altas flamnia percurrit trabes." ' This fiery vapour rageth in the veins. And scorfihefh entrails, as when fire hums A house, it niinlily runs along the beams, And at the last the whole it overturns." Abraham HofFemannus, lib. 1. amor conjugal, cap. 2. p. 22. relates out of Plato, how that Empedocles, the philosopher, v^as present at the cutting up of one that died for love, ■'^"■his heart was combust, his liver smoky, his lungs dried up, insomuch that he verily believed his soul was either sodden or roasted through the vehemency of love's fire." Which belike made a modern writer of amorous emblems express love's fury by a pot hanging over the fire, and Cupid blowing the coals. As the heat consumes the water, "" " Sic sua consumit viscera coecus amor,'''' so doth love dry up his radical moisture. Another compares love to a melting torch, which stood too near the fire 4»" Sic quo quis proprior sute puells es),, I "The nearer he unto his mistress is, Hoc stultus proprior suae runinie est." | The nearer he unto liis ruin is." So that to say truth, as *^ Castillo describes it, " The beginning, middle, end of love is nought else but sorrow, vexation, agony, torment, irksomeness, wearisomeness ; so that to be squalid, ugly, miserable, solitary, discontent, dejected, to wish for death, to complain, rave, and to be peevisli, are the certain signs and ordinary actions of a love-sick person." This continual pain and torture makes them forget themselves, if they be far gone with it, in doubt, despair of obtainirng, or eagerly bent, to i.eglect all ordinary business. 60 " p^Midenl opera interrupta, minasque iMurorum ingentes, ffiquataque machina coelo." Love-sick Dido left her work undone, so did ^' Phsedra, " Palladis telae vacant Et inter ipsas pensa labuntnr manus." Faustus, in ^^Mantuan, took no pleasure in anything he did, " Nulla quies mihi dulcis erat, nullus labor aigro Peclore, sensus iners, et mens torpore sepulta, Carminis occiderat studium," And 'tis the humour of them all, to be careless of their persons and their estates, as the shepherd in *^ Theocritus, £i A«c barba inculta est, squalidique capil/i, their beards flag, and they have no more care of pranking themselves or of any business, they care not, as they say, which end goes forward. *< '• Oblitusque greges, et rura doniestica totus I " Forgetting flocks of sheep and country farms, ^ Uritur. et noctes in luctum e.vpendit aniaras." | The silly shepherd always mourns and burns." Love-sick '^^ Chagrea, when he came from Pamphila's house, and had not so good welcome as he did expect, was all amort, Parmeno meets him, quid iristis es f Why art thou so sad man.? unde es? whence comest, how doest? but he sadly replies, Ego hercle nescio neqiie unde earn, neque quorsum earn, ita p'rorsus obliius sum mei, I have so forgotten myself, I neither know where I am, nor whence 1 come, nor whether I will, what I do. P. '"'^ "■ How so .?" Ch. " I am in love." Prudens scie7is. ^ " vivus vidensque pereo, nee quid agam scio.'''' ^^ " He that erst had his thoughts free (as Philostralus Lemnius, in an epistle of his, describes this fiery passion), and spent his time like a hard student, in those delightsome philosophical precepts ; he that with the sun and moon wandered all over the world, with stars themselves ranged about, and left no secret or small mystery in nature unsearched, since he vv'as enamoured can do nothing now but think and meditate of love matters, day and night composeth himself how to please his mistress ; all his study, endeavour, is to *' Seneca. *^ Cor totura combustum, jecur suffu- migatum, pulmo arefactus, ut credani miseram illam animam bis elixam aut combustam,ob maximum ardo- rem quern patiuntur ob ignem amoris. •" Embl. Amat. 4. et 5. ^SGrotius. <" Lib. 4. nam istius amoris neque principia, neque media aliud hahentquid, <]uam molestias, dolores, cruciatus, defatigationes, adeo •It miserum esse msrore, gemitu, solitndine lorqueri, jiorteni optare. semperque debacchari.siiit certa amati. tinm signa et certa: actiones. ^o Virg. JB.n. 4. " The works are interrupted, promises of great walls, and hangs unfinished from her hands." w Eclog. 1. " No rest, no business pleased my love-sick breast, my faculties became dormant, my mind torpid, and I lost my taste for poetry and song." ^^ Edyl. 14. ^ Mant. Eclog. 2. ssQv. Met. 13.de Polyphemo: uritur oblitus pecorum, antrorumque suornm; janique tibi forniEe, &.C. ^^Ter. Eunuch. ^t Qui qujego ? Amo '»Ter. Eunuch. ^^lUui olim cigitabat qua; vellet, et pulcherriinis philosophia; pr.eceptis optram insumpsil, qui universi circuitiones cojlique naluram, &c. Hanc ur.am intendit operam, de sola totiitat, noctes et dies scaffoldings rising towards the skies, are all suspended." se componit ad banc, et ad acerbam servilutem redac- *' Seneca Hip. act. "The shuttle stops, and t! ' web tus animus, &c. 64 2S ^06 Love-Me,ancfioly [Part. 3. Sec. 2. appr )/e (umself to his mistress, to win his mistress' favour, to compass his desire, to bo counted her servant." When Peter Abelard, that great scholar of his a^p, ^°^'- Cut soli patuit scibile quicquid eral^'''' (" whose facuUies were equal to any ditfi- culty in learning,") was now in love with Heloise, he had no mind to visit or fre- quent schools and scholars any more, Tadiosum mild valde fuit (as *' he confesseth) ad scholas procedere^ vel in its viorari^ all his mind was on his new mistress. Now to this end and purpose, if there be any hope of obtaining his suit, to prose- cute his cause, he will spend himself, goods, fortunes for her, and though he lose and alienate all his friends, be threatened, be cast off, and disinherited ; for as the poet saith, ^^Amori quis legem detf though he be utterly undone by it, disgraced, go a begging, yet for her sweet sake, to enjoy her, he will willingly beg, hazard all he hath, goods, lands, shame, scandal, fame, and life itself. "Non recedam neque qiiiescaiii, iioctii et iiiterdiu, Prius profecto quaiii aut ipsaiii, aut mortem investigavero." ' t '11 never rest or cease my suit Till she or death do make me mute." Parthenis in ^^ Aristaenetus was fully resolved to do as much. " I may have bettej matches, I confess, but farewell shame, farewell honour, farewell honesty, farewell friends and fortunes, &c. O, Harpedona, keep my counsel, 1 will leave all for his sweet sake, I will have him, say no more, contra genles, I am resolved, I will have him." ^''■' Gobrias, the captain, when he had espied Rhodanthe, the fair captive maid, fell upon his knees before Mystilus, the general, with tears, vows, and all the rhetoric he could, by the scars he had formerly received, the good service he had done, or whatsoever else was dear unto him, besought his governor he might have the cap- tive virgin to be his wife, virlulis sties spolitim^ as a reward of his worth and service; and, moreover, he would forgive him the money which was owing, and all reckon- ings besides due unto him, " I ask no more, no part of booty, no portion, but Rho- danthe to be my wife." And when as he could not compass her by fair means, he fell to treachery, force and villany, and set his life at stake at last to accomplish his desire. 'Tis a common humour this, a general passion of all lovers to be so affected, and which iEmilia told Aratine, a courtier in Castillo's discourse, ^^" surely Aratine, if thou werst not so indeed, thou didst not love ; ingenuously confess, for if thou hadst been thoroughly enamoured, thou wouldst have desired nothing more than to please thy mistress. For that is the law of love, to will and nill the same." ^^'•'■'Tanlum velle et nolle^ velit nolit quod a7nicaP r< Undoubtedly this may be pronounced of them all, they are very slaves, drudgea -''' for the time, madmen, fools, dizzards, ^' atrahilarii^ beside themselves, and as blind as beetles. Tlieir ^^ dotage is most eminent, Jlmare simul et sapere ipsi Jovi non dalur^ as Seneca holds, Jupiter himself cannot love and be wise both together; the very best of them, if once they be overtaken with this passion, the most staid, dis- creet, grave, generous and wise, otherwise able to govern themselves, in this commit many absurdities, many indecorums, unbefitting their gravity and persons. "9" Cluisquis amal servit, sequitur captivus amaiUem, Fert domita cervioe jugum" " Samson, David, Solomon, Hercules, Socrates," &c. are justly taxed of indiscretion in this point; the middle sort are between hawk and buzzard; and although they do perceive and acknowledge their own dotage, weakness, fury, yet they cannot withstand it; as well may witness those expostulations and confessions of Dido in Virgil. '0" Incipit effari mediaque in voce resistit."— /"Aisrfra in Seneca. " "Qund ratio poscit, vincit ac regnat furor, Putensque tola menle dominatur deus." — Myrrha in "^ Ovid. " Ilia quidem sentit, foedoque repugnat amori, i " She sees and knows her fault, and doth resist Et secuni quo mente feror, quid molior, inquit. Against her filthy lust she doth contend Dii precor, et pietas," &c. And whither go I, what am I about ? I And God forbid, yet doth it in the end." •o Pars epilaphii ejus. ei Epist. prima. 62 Boe- thius, I. 3. Met. ult. 63 Epist. lib. 6. Valeat pudor, valeat honestas, valeat honor. '« Theodor. proriro- mus, lib. 3 Amor Mystili genibus obvolutus, uber- timque lachrimans. &c. Nihil ex tola prceda priEter 2lK)danthem virginem accipiam. ^sLjb. 2. Certe vix ori'dain, et bona fide fateare .^ratine, te non amasse ■deo vehementor; si eiiiin vere aniapses, nihil prius aut pi(tiiis opiasses, quam amalre inulieri placere. Ea enim •D^oris lex est idem velle f nolle. segiroza, sil. Epig. ^(iuippe hffic omnia ex atra bile et amor» proveniunt. Jason Praiensis. 68 immeiisus amoi ipse stultitia est. Cardan, lib. 1. de sapietitia. 69 Man- tuan. "Whoever is in love is in slavery, he followi his sweetheart as a captive his captor, and wears a y^ke on his submissive neck." '" Virg. Mn. 4. " Sh« began to speak, but stopped in the middle of her dis- course." " Seneca riippo!. •' What reason equirei raging love forbids." '« Met. 10. Mem. 3. Subs. 1.] Symptoms of Love. 507 Again, " Perviiiil igne Carpitur indoinito, furiosaque vota relrectat, Et niodo desperat, inodo vult teiitare, piKletque Et cupit, et quid agat, non inveiiit," &c. ' With raging lust she burns, and now rtcalls Her vow, and then despairs, and when lis past, Her former thoughts she'll prosecute in haste, And what to do she knows not at the lasf " She will and will not, abhors : and yet as Medsea did, doth it, "Trahit inv Mens aliiid suadet Deteriora sequor." Trahit invitam nova vis, aliudque cupido, I " Reason pulls one way, burning lust another. Mens all lid suadet ; video mellora, proboque. She sees and knows what's good, but she doth neither." '3"0 I'raus, attiorque, et mentis emotai furor, Q,uo me abstulistis ?" The major part of lovers are carried headlong like so many brute beasts, reason counsels one way, thy friends, fortunes, shame, disgrace, danger, and an ocean of cares that will certainly follow ; yet this furious lust precipitates, counterpoiseth, weighs down on the other; though it be their utter undoing, perpetual infamy, loss, yet they will do it, and become at last insensati^ void of sense ; degenerate into dogs, hogs, asses, brutes ; as Jupiter into a bull, Apuleius an ass, Lycaon a wolf, Tereus a lapwing, ''' Calisto a bear, Elpenor and Grillus into swine by Circe. For what else may we think those ingenious poets to have shadowed in their witty fic- tions and poems but that a man once given over to his lust (as "Fulgentius inter- prets that of Apuleius, Jilciat. of Tereus) " is no better than a beast." '*" Rex fueram, sic crista docet, sed sordlda vita I " I was a king, my crown my witness is, Immundam e tanto culmine fecit aveui." | But by my flithiness am come to this." Their blindness is all out as great, as manifest as their weakness and dotage, or rather an inseparable companion, an ordinary sign of it, "love is blind, as the say- ing is, Cupid's blind, and so are all his followers. Qiiisquis amat ranavi., ranam putat esse Dianam. Every lover admires liis mistress, though she be very deformed of herself, ill-favour&d, wrinkled, pimpled, pale, red, yellow, tanned, tallow-faced, have a swollen juggler's platter face, or a thin, lean, chitty face, have clouds in her face, be crooked, dry, bald, goggle-eyed, blear-eyed, or with staring eyes, she looks like a squis'd cat, hold her head still awry, heavy, dull, hollow-eyed, black or yel- low about the eyes, or squint-eyed, sparrow-mouthed, Persian hook-nosed, have a sharp fox nose, a red nose, Chiaia flat, great nose, nare sinio patuloque, a nose like a promontory, gubbertushed, rotten teeth, black, uneven, brown teeth, beetle browed, a witch'.s beard, her breath stink all over the room, her nose drop winter and sum- mer, with a Bavarian poke under her chin, a sharp chin, lave eared, with a long crane's neck, which stands awry too, pendulis 7na7nmis, " her dugs like two double jugs," or else no dugs, in that other extreme, bloody fallen fingers, she have filthy, long unpared nails, scabbed hands or wrists, a tanned skin, a rotten carcass, crooked hack, she stoops, is lame, splea-footed, "as slender in the middle as a cow in the waist," gouty legs, her ankles hang over her shoes, her feet stink, she breed lice, a mere changeling, a very monster, an oaf imperfect, her whole complexion savours, a harsh voice, incondite gesture, vile gait, a vast virago, or an ugly tit, a slug, a fat fustylugs, a truss, a long lean rawbone, a skeleton, a sneaker (si qua latent meliora puta), and to thy judgment looks like a mard in a lantern, whom thou couldst not fancy for a world, but hatest, loalhest, and wouldst have spit in her face, or blow thy nose in her bosom, remedium amoris to another man, a dowdy, a slut, a scold, a nasty, rank, rammy, filthy, beastly quean, dishonest peradventure. obscene, base, beggarly, ru le, foohsh, untaught, peevish, Irus' daughter, Thersites' sister, Grobians' scholar, if he love her once, he admires her for all this, he takes no notice of any such errors, or imperfections of body or mind, ''^ Ipsa hcec delecfant, veluti Balhinum Polypus Jignce ; he had rather have her than any woman in the world. If he were a king, she alone should be his queen, his empress. O that he had but the wealth and treasure of both the hidies to endow her with, a carrack of diamonds, ii chain of pearl, a cascanet of jewels, (a pair of calf-skin gloves of four-pence a pair were fitter), or some such toy, to send her for a token, she should have it with all ''Buchanan. "Oh fraud, and love, and distraction i amans; ave hac nihil fsdius, nihil libidinosius. Sabia ot mind, whither have you led me?" '■• An ininio- ' in Ovid. Met. " Love is like a false glass, wbicli de.=t woman is like a bear. 's Feram induit dum represents everything fairer than it is. '» Hor. ger losas comedat, idem ad se redcat. '6 Alciatus de , lib. sat. 1. 3. " These very things please him, aa th* upupa Enibl. Aiiima <Se- I omnes, et dicant veraces, an tani insignem virierint for neca in Octavia. "Her beauty excels the Tyndarian mam. *« Nulla vox tormam ejus possit comprehen. Helen's, which caused such dreadful wars." ei Loeche- dere. 87 Calcagnini dial. Galat. e« Catullu* us. 8-iMantuan. Egl. I. "9 Angerianus. m paerie « petronii Catalect. »i> Chaucer, in the Knight'i Queene, Cant. lyr. 4. « Epist. 12. Quis unquarn Tale. 9» Ovid. Met. 13. formaa vidit orientis, quis occidentis, veniant undique ' Mem. 3. Subs. 1.] Symptoms of Love. 009 ihose other sea nymphs upbraided her with her ugly misshapen lovec, Polvphemus; slie replies, they speak out of envy and malice, **" Et plane iiividia hue mera vos stimiilare videtur. ^ Quod non vos itidem ut. me Polyphemus amet ;" Say what they could, he was a proper man. And as Heloise writ to her sweetheart Peter Abelard, Si me Augustus orbis imperator uxorem expeterel, mallem tua essr. meretrix quam orbis imperatrix ; she had rather be his vassal, l\is quean, than th< world's empress or queen. non si me Jupiter ipse forte velit, she would not change her love for Jupiter himself. To thy thinking she is a most loathsome creature ; and as when a country fellow discommended once that exquisite picture of Helen, made by Zeuxis, ^^ for he saw no such beauty in it ; Nibhomachus a love-sick spectator replied, Sume tibi meos oculos et (learn existimabis., take mine eyes, and thou wilt think she is a goddess, dote on her forthwith, count all her vices virtues ; her imperfections infirmities, ab- solute and perfect : if she be flat-nosed, she is lovely ; if hook-nosed, kingly ; if dwarfish and little, pretty ; if tall, proper and man-like, our brave British Boadicea ; if crooked, wise ; if monstrous, comely ; her defects are no defects at all, she hath no deformities. Immo nee ipsum amicce stercus fcetet^ though she be nasty, fulsome, as Sostratus' bitch, or Parmeno's sow ; thou hadst as live have a snake in thy bosom, a toad in thy dish, and callest her witch, devil, hag, with all the filthy names thou canst invent; he admires her on the other side, she is his idol, lady, mistress, '^ venerilla, queen, the quintessence of beauty, an angel, a star, a goddess. " Thou art my Vesta, thou my goddess art. Thy hallowed teuiple only is my heart." The fragrancy of a thousand courtesans is in her face: ^^ JYec pulchrce ejigies., hcec Cypridis aid Stratonices ; 'tis not Venus' picture that, nor the Spanish infanta's, as you suppose (good sir), no princess, or king's daughter : no, no, but his divine mis- tress, forsooth, his dainty Dulcinia, his dear Antiphila, to whose service he is wholly' consecrate, whom he alone adores. '"Cui comparatus indecens erit pavo, Inamabilis sciurus, el Irequens Phcenix." "To whom conferr'd a peacock's indecent, A squirrel's harsli, a phcenix too frequent. All the graces, veneries, elegancies, pleasures, attend her. He prefers her before a myriad of court ladies. 9'" He that commends Phillis or Nersa, Or Amarillis, or Galatea, Tityrus or Mclibea, by your leave, Let him be mute, his love the praises have." Nay, before all the gods and goddesses themselves his squint-eyed friend Roscius So ^^ Quintus Catullus admired •' Pace mihi licoat (Coelestes) dicere vestra, Mortalis visus pulchrior esse Deo." I " By your leave gentle Gods, this 1 '11 say true, I There 's none of you that have so fair a hue." All the bombast epithets, pathetical adjuncts, incomparably fair, curiously neat, divine, sweet, dainty, delicious, &c., pretty diminutives, corculum^ suaviolum^ S^c. pleasant names may be invented, bird, mouse, lamb, puss, pigeon, pigsney, kid, honey, love, dove, chicken, &c. he puts on her. " Meum mel, mea suavitas, meum cor, Meum suavioluin, niei lepores," " my life, my light, my jewel, my glory, ^°° Margareta speciosa., cujus respectu omnia mundi pretiosa sordent, my sweet Margaret, my sole delight and darling. And as 'Rhodomant courted Isabella; " By all kind words and gestures that he might. He calls her his dear heart, his sole beloved, His joyful comfort, and his sweet delight. His mistress, arid his goddess, and such names, As loving knights apply to lovely dames." Every cloth she wears, every fashion pleaseth him above measure ; her hand, O quales digitos^ quos habet ilia manus .' pretty foot, pretty coronets, her sweet car- riage, sweet voice, tone, O that pretty tone, her divine and lovely looks, her every 93 "It is envy evidently thai prompts you, because Polyphemus does not love you as he does me." " Plu- .fcfch. sihi dixit lam nulchram non videri. See. •*Q,uanto quam Lucifer aurea Phrebe, tanio virginibus donspp-ctior omnibus lierce. Ovid. 96 jyi. D. Son. 30. 96 Martial. I. 5. Epfg. 38. 9? Ariosto. * Tnlly lib J. de nat. deor. pulcnrior deo, et tamen erat oculis per- versissimis. 9S ivjarullus ad Nearam epig. » lib "X" Barlhius. » Arios;o, lib. 2'J. hist, e 2S2 510 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. vhiiig, lovely, sweet, amiable, and pretty, pretty, pretty. Her very name (let it be what it will) is a most pretty, pleasing name ; I believe now there is some secret power and virtue in names, every action, sight, habit, gesture ; he admires, whethei she play, sing, or dance, in what tires soever she goeth, how excellent it was, how well it became her, never the like seen or heard. ^Milh habet ornatus., mille de- center hahet. Let her wear what she will, do what she will, say what she will, 'Quicquid eni7n dicit, seu facit, omne decel. He applauds and admires everything she wears, saith or doth. ' " Illam quir.quid a^'it, qiioqiio vestigia vertit, Coiiiposult furtim subsequiturque decor; Seu solvit crines, fusis decet esse capillis, Seu cunipsit, coniptis est reverenda coniis." " Wliate'er she doth, or whither e'er she go, A sweet and pleasing grace ntteii'ls forsooth , Or loose, or hind her hair, or cnnih i't up. She's to be tionoured in what she doth." ^Vestem induitur, formosa est : exuitur^ lota forma est., let her be dressed or un- dressed, all is one, she is excellent still, beautiful, fair, and lovely to behold. Women do as much by men ; nay more, far fonder, weaker, and that by many parasangs. " Come to me my dear Lycias," (saith Musaeus ni ® Aristeenetus) " come quickly sweetheart, all other men are satyrs, mere clowns, blockheads to thee, nobody to thee." Thy looks, words, gestures, actions, &c., '■'- are incomparably beyond all others." Venus was never so much besotted on her Adonis, Phaedra so delighted in Hippolitus, Ariadne in Theseus, Thysbe in her Pyramus, as she is enamoured on her Mopsus, " Be thou the inarygold, and I will be the suti, Be thou the friar, and I will be the nun." I could repeat centuries of such. Now tell me what greater dotage or blindness can there be than this in both sexes > and yet their " slavery" is more eminent, a greater sign of their folly than the rest. They are commonly slaves, captives, voluntary servants, Amator amiccB manci pium, as ' Castillo terms him, his mistress' servant, her drudge, prisoner, bondman, . what not .? " He composeth himself wholly to her affections to please her, and, as iEmelia said, makes himself her lacquey. All his cares, actions, all his thoughts, are subordinate to her will and commandment :" her most devote, obsequious, affection- ate servant and vassal. "For love" (as ^ Cyrus in Xenophon well observed) "-is a mere tyranny, worse than any disease, and they that are troubled with it desire to be free and cannot, but are harder bound than if they were in iron chains." What greater captivity or slavery can there be (as ^TuUy expostulates) than to be in love ? <-fh he a free man over whom a woman domineers, to whom she prescribes laws, com- mands, forbids what she will herself; that dares deny nothing she demands ; she asks, he gives ; she calls, he comes ; she threatens, he fears ; JYcquissirnvm Iivnc servum piito., I account this man a very drudge." And as he follows it, '°" I.s this no small servitude for an enamourite to be every hour combing his head, stiffening his beard, perfuming his hair, washing his face with sweet water, painting, curling, and not to come abroad but sprucely crowned, decked, and apparelled .?" Yei these are but toys in respect, to go to the barber, baths, theatres, &.C., he must attend upon her wherever she goes, run along the streets by her doors and windows to see her, take all opportunities, sleeveless errands, disguise, counterfeit shapes, and as many forms as Jupiter himself ever took; and come every day to her house (as he will surely do if he be truly enamoured) and offer her service, and follow her up and down from room to room, as Lucretia's suitors did, he cannot contain himself but he will do it, he must and will be where she is, sit next her, still talking with her. " "• If I did but let my glove fall by chance," (as the said Aretine's Lucretia brags,) •• I had one of my suitors, nay two or three at once ready to stoop and take it up, and kiss it, and with a low cohge deliver it unto me; if I would walk, another was ready to sustain me by the arm. A third to provide fruits, pears, plums, cherries, or •Tibullus. 'Marul. lib. 2. «Tibullus I. 4. de Sulpicia. ' Aristencetus, Epist. 1. tEpist. 24. veni Clio charissiine Lycia, cito veni ; pra^ te Satvri otnnes videntur non homines, iiullo loco solus es, &;c. ' Lib. 3. de aulico, alterius airectui se tolurn componit, lotus placers stuilet, et ipsiiis aniuiam arnatie pedise- quaui r-icit. » Cyropted. I 5. amor servitus, et qui aniaiil optHtse liherari non secusac alio quovis mnrlio, neque liherari tameu possunt. sed validiori necfssitate li^'ati BUMt quatii si in ferrea viucula confectiforent. • In paradoxis. An ille mihi liber videtur cui muliei imperat? Cui leges imponit, pra;scribit, jubet, vetal quod videtur. Qui nihil imperanti negat, nihil aiidet, &c. piiscil? danduni : vocal? veniendum; niinaiur? extimiscendnm. '"Ulane parva est servitus ania- toriiiii singulis fere horis pecline capillum, calimistro- que barbam componere, faciem aquis redolentibu^ diluere, &.c. " Si quando in pavimentuui incL.iitiu9 ()nid mihi excidisset, elevare inde quam prompti- jimc, nee nisi osculo compaclo uiihi coniiiiendare, Sec jlem. 3. Subs. l.J Symptoms of Love 511 whatsoever I would eat or drink." All this and much more he doth in her presence, and when he comes home, as Troilus to his Cressida, 'tis all his meditation to recoun* with himself his actions, words, gestures, what entertainment he had, how kindiv she used him m such a place, how she smiled, how she graced him, and'that infinitely pleased him ; and then he breaks out, O sweet Areusa, O my dearest Antiphila. most divine looks, O lovely graces, and thereupon instantly he makes an epigram, or a sonnet to five or seven tunes, in her commendation, or else he ruminates how she rejected his service, denied him a kiss, disgraced him, &c., and that as efTectually tor- ments hin). And these are his exercises between comb and glass, madrigals, ele- gies, Slc, these his cogitations till he see her again. But all this is easy and gentle. and the least part of his labour md bondage, no hunter will take such pains for his game, fowler for his sport, or soldier to sack a city, as he will for his mistress' favour. W" Ipsa comes veniatn, neque me salebrosa movebunt Saxa, nee oliliqui) dente timenilus aper." As Phaedra to Hippolitus. No danger shall affright, for if that be true the poets feign, Love is the son of Mars and Venus ; as he hath delights, pleasures, elegances from his mother, so hath he hardness, valour, and boldness from his father. And 'tis true that Bernard hath; Amore nihil mollius, nihil volentius^ nothing so boister- ous, nothing so tender as love.- -If once, therefore, enamoured, he will go, run, ride many a mile to meet her, day and night, in a very dark night, endure scorching heat, cold, wait in frost and snow, rain, tempest, till his teeth chatter in his head, those northern winds and showers cannot cool or quench his flame of love. Intempestd nocte non delerrelur, he will, take my word, sustain hunger, thirst, Penetrabit omnia, perrumpet omnia, " love will find out a way," through thick and thin he will to her, Expeditissimi monies vidcnhir omnes franabiles, he will swim through an ocean, ride post over the Alps, Appenines, or Pyrenean hills, 13" Ijnem marisqiie fluctus, atqiie turbines Venti paratiis est traiisire," though it rain daggers with their points down'vvard, light or dark, all is one: — Roscida per tenehras Faunus ad antra venit), for her sweet sake he will undertake Hercules's tweb'e labours, endure, hazard, &.c., he feels it not. '^"What shall I say," saith Haedus, " of their great dangers they undergo, single combats they undertake, how they will venture their lives, creep in at windows, gutters, climb over walls to come to their sweethearts," (anointing the doors and hinges with oil, because they should not creak, tread soft, swim, wade, watch, &c.), " and if they be surprised, leap out at windows, cast themselves headlong down, bruising or breaking their legs or arms, and sometimes loosing life itself," as Calisto did for his lovely Melibaea. Hear some of their own confessions, protestations, complaints, proffers, expostula- tions, wishes, brutish attempts, labours in this kind. Hercules served Omphale, put on an apron, took a distaff and spun ; Thraso the soldier was so submissive to Thais, that he was resolved to do whatever she enjoined. ^^ Ego me Thaidi dedam; et faciam. quod juhet, I am at her service. Philostratus in an epistle to his mistress, '®"I am ready to die sweetheart if it be thy will; allay his thirst whom tliy stai hath scorched and undone, the fountains and rivers deny no man drink that comes; the fountain doth not say thou shalt not drink, nor the apple thou shalt not eat, noi the fair meadow walk not in me, but thou alone wilt not let me come near thee, or see thee, contemned and despised I die for grief." Polienus, when his mistress Circe did but frown upon him in Petronius, drew his sword, and bade her " kill, stab, or whip him to death, he would strip himself naked, and not resist. Another will take a journey to Japan, Longce. navigationis molcsHs nnn curans : a third (if she say it) will not speak a word for a twelvemonth's space, her command shall be most in- violably kept : a fourth will take Hercules's club from him, and with that centurion in the Spanish '* Caelestina, will kill ten men for his mistress Areusa, for a word of i2"]Vnr will Ihe rude rocks affright nie, nor the trooked-tusked hear, so that 1 shall not visit my mis- tress in pleasant mood." " piQtarchus amat. dial. •< Lib. I. de coutein. amor, quid refcram eornm perirula i"t chides, qui in amicRniin cedes per fenestras irisre.ssi nillii icliiiqni- cijrosi iudeqilf detiirhati, sed aut priPci- ^tes, membra frangiint, colliduni, a^it aiimam amit- tunt. i^Ter. Eunuch. Act. 5. Seen. 8. '6 Paratus sum ad obeundum mortem, si tu jnbeas; hano sitim xstuantis seda, quam tuum sidns perdidit, aqu3like what he would do for her sake, bade him in jest leap into the river Po if he loved her; he forthwith did leap headlong off the bridge and was drowned. Another at ♦"'icinum in like passion, when his mistress by chance (thinking no harm I dare swear) bade him go hang, the next night at her doors hanged himself. ^°" Money (saith Xenophon) is a very acceptable and welcome guest, yet I had rather give it my dear Chnia than take it of others, 1 had rather serve him than command others, I had rather be his drudge than take my ease, undergo any danger for his sake than live in security. For I had rather see Clinia than all the world besides, and had rather want the sight of all other things than him alone ; I am angry with the night and sleep that I may not see him, and thank the light and sun because they show me my Clinia ; I will run into the fire for his sake, and if you did but see him, I know that you likewise would run with me." So Philostratus to his mistress, ^'"Command me Avhat you will, I will do it; bid me go to sea, I am gone in an instan-t, take so many stripes, I am ready, run through the fire, and lay down my life and soul at thy feet, 'tis done." So did iEolus to Juno. " Tuus 6 regina quoii optas Explorare labor, inihi jussa capescere fas est." And Phaedra to Hippolitus, " Me vel sororem Hippolite aut famulam voca, Fatnulaojque potius, omne servitium feram." 2S " Noil me per alias ire si juheas nives, Pigeat galatis ingredi Pindi jugis, Nun si per ifines ire aul infesta agmina Ciincler, paratusM ensibus pectus dare, Te tuncjubere, me decet jussa exequi." "O queen it is thy pains to enjoin me still, And I am bound to execute thy will." " O call me sister, call me servant, choose. Or rather servant, I am thine to use." " It shall not grieve me to the snowy hills, Or frozen Pindus' tups forthwith to climb, Or run through fire, or through an army. Say but the word, for I am always thine." Callicratides in ^^ Lucian breaks out into this passionate speech, " O God of Heaven, grant me this life for ever to sit over against my mistress, and to hear her sweet voice, to go in and out with her, to have every other business common with her ; I would labour when she labours ; sail when she sails ; he that hates her should hate me ; and if a tyrant kill Iter, he should kill me ; if she should die, 1 would not live, and one grave should hold us both." "^Finiet ilia meos moriens morientis amores. Abrocomus in ^® Aristrenetus makes the like petition for his Delphia, — '"Tecum viverc amem.1 tecum obeam lubens. " I desire to live with ihee, and 1 am ready to die with thee." 'Tis the same strain which Theagines used to his Chariclea, " so that I may but enjoy thy love, let me die presently:" Leander to his Hero, when he besought the sea waves to let him go quietly to his love, and kill him coming back. ^'^ Parcite dum propero., mergite dum redeo. " Spare me whilst I go, drown me as I return." 'Tis the common hun/our of them all, to contemn death, to wish for death, to confront death in this case, Quippe quels nee f era., nee ignis., neque prcecipitiiim, nee f return, nee ensis^ neque laqueus gravia videntur ; "'Tis their desire" (saith Tyrius) " to die." " Haud timet mortem, cupit ire in ipsos obvius enses.'' •' He does not fear death, he desireth such upon the very swords." Though a thou sand dragons or devils keep the gates, Cerberus himself, Scyron and Procrastes la) in wait, and the way as dangerous, as inaccessible as hell, through fiery flamesi an.' uver burning coulters, he will adventure for all this. And as ^^ Peter Abelard lost his testicles for his Heloise, he will I say not venture an incision, but life itself. For how many gallants offered to lose their lives for a night's lodging with Cleopatra in i»Gasper Ens. puellam misere deperiens, per jocum ah ea in Padum desilire jussus statim e poiite se pra^- ripitavit. Alius Ficino insano amore ardens ah arnica jus»ns se suspendire, illico fecit. 20 Intelligo pecu- niam rem esse jurundissimain, meam tamen libentius darem Clinis quaoi ab aliis acciperem ; lihentius hui-' servirem, quam aliis imperarem, &c. Nocteni et som- num accuso, quod ilium non videam, luci aulem et soli gratiam habeo quod mihi Cliniam ostendant. Ego etiain cum Cliniii in i?nem curro'em ; et srio '-ns quo- qti<.' mecum ingrc- suros si vjderetis. ^i Iinpera quid- vis; naviaars j'lt ?, navem conscendo; plagas accipere, utector: animuin profuiidere, in ignem currere, non recuse, lubens faci*>. ^^ Seneca in Hipp. act. 2. 23 Hujus ero vivus, mortuus hujus ero. Properl. lib. 2. vivam si vivat ; si cadat ilia, cadam, Id. 24 Djai. Amorum. Mihi 6 dii coelestes ultra sit vita hcec per- petua ex adverso amicK sedere, et suave loquentpin audire, &c. si moriatur, vivere non sustinebo, et idem erit se pulchrum utrisque. 25 Buchanan. "When she dies my love shall also be at rest in the tornb." 26 Epist. 21. Sit hoc votum a diis amart Delpbidem, ab ea amari, adioqui pulchram el loqiientem judirr J' Hor. *'< Marl. ae Lege Calimitatea Pt> \b»t hardi Epist. prima. Mem. U Subs. I.] Symptoms of Love. 513 those oays .' and in the hour or moment of death, 'tis their sole comfort to remem- ber their dear mistress, as ^"Zerbino slain in France, and Brandimart in Barbary; aa Arcite did his Emily. 91 v>hen he felt death. Dusked been his eyes, and faded is his breath But on /lis lady yet casteth he Ins eye, His Inst word was, mercy Emely, His spirit c/iang'il, and out went there, Whether I cannot tell, ne where. 9 "When Captain Gobrius by an unlucky accident had received his death's wound- heu me miserum exclamat,, miserable man that I am, (instead of other devotions) he cries out, shall I die before 1 see my sweetheart Rodanthe ? Sic amor mortem^ (saith mine author) aut quicquid humanitiis accidit., aspernatur^ so love triumphs, contemns, insults over death itself. Thirteen proper young men lost their lives for that fair Hippodaniias' sake, the daughter of Onomaus, king of El is : when that hard condi- tion was proposed of death or victory, they made no account of it, but courageously for love died, till Pelops at last won her by a sleight. ^^ As many gallants desperately adventured their dearest blood for Atalanta, the daughter of Sclienius, in hope of marriage, all vanquished and overcame, till Hippomenes by a few golden apples hap- pily obtained his suit. Perseus, of old, fought with a sea monster for Andromeda's sake ; and our St. George freed the king's daughter of Sabea (the golden legend is .mine author) that was exposed to a dragon, by a terrible combat. Our knights errant, and the Sir Lancelots of these days, 1 hope will adventure as much for ladies' favours, as the Squire of Dames, Knight of the Sun, Sir Bevis of Southampton, or that renowned peer, 3<"0rlanflo, who long time had loved dear Angelica the fair, and tor lier sake About the world in nations far and near. Did high attempts perform and undertake;" he is a very dastard, a coward, a block and a beast, that will not do as much, but they will sure, they will ; for it is an ordinary thing for these inamoratos of our time to say and do more, to stab their arms, carouse in blood, ^^ or as that Thessa- lian Thero, that bit off his own thumb, provocans rivalem ad hoc cBmulandiim^ to make his co-rival do as much. 'Tis frequent with them to challenge the fiqld fci their lady and mistress' sake, to run a tilt, S6 " That either bears (so furiously they meet) The other down under the horses' feet," and then up and to it again, " And with their axes both so sorely pour. That neither plate nor mail sustain'd the stour. But riveld wreak like rotten wood asunder, And fire did flash like lightning after thunder;" and in her quarrel, to fight so long ^'^ " till their head-piece, bucklers be all broken, and swords hacked like so many saws," for they must not see her abused in any sort, 'tis blasphemy to speak against her, a dishonour without all good respect to name her. 'Tis common with these creatures, to drink'** healths upon their bare knees, though it were a mile to the bottom, no matter of what mixture, off it comes. If she bid them they will go barefoot to Jerusalem, to the great Cham's court, ^^ to the East Indies, to fetch her a bird to wear in her hat : and with Drake and Candish sail round about the world for her sweet sake, adversis ventis, serve twice seven years, as Jacob did for Rachel; do as much as ""Gesmunda, the daughter of Tan- credus, prince of Salerna, did for Guisardus, her true love, eat his heart when he died ; or as Artemesia drank her husband's bones beaten to powder, and so bury him in herself, and endure more torments than Theseus or Paris. Er his coUtur Venus magis quam Ihure, et victimis, with such sacrifices as these (as ^' Aristasnetus holds^ Venus is well pleased. Generally they undertake any pain, any labour, any toil, for heir mistress' sake, love and admire a servant, not to her alone, but to all her friends and followers, they hug and embrace them for her sake •, her dog, picture, and every- thing she wears, they adore it as a relic. If any man come from her, they feas' 30 Ariosto. 31 Chaucer, in the Knight's Tale. " 'J'heodorus prodromus, Amorum lib. 6. Interpret, rfaiilmino. sJOvid. )0. Met. Higinius, c. 185. M Anost. lib. 1. Cant. 1. staff. 5. ^j p|ut. dial. amor. "Faerie Qiieene, cant. 1. lib. (. et cant. 3. lib. 4. 65 3^ Dum cassis pertusa, ensis instar Serrae excisus, scu turn, &c. Barthius Caelestina. 38 Lesbia sex cyathig, spptem Justina bibatur. sa \s Xanthiis for the love of Eurippe, omnem Europam peragravit. Parthenius Erot cap. 8. M Beroaldu.se Bocatio. <' Euist. 17. I. S 514 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec 1 hicn, reward liim, will not be out of his company, do him all offices, still remember- ing, still talking of her: Nam si abest quod ames, praesto simulacra tamen sunt Illius, et noinen dulce ohservatur ad aures." Th«- very carrier that comes from him to her is a most welcome guest ; and if he bring a letter, she will read it twenty times over, and as ^''Lucretia did by Euryalus, •' kiss the letter a thousand tinges together, and then read it :" And '''' Chelidonia by Philonius, after many sweet kisses, put the letter in her bosom, ' And kiss again, and often look thereon. And slay the uiessenger that would be gone:" And asked many pretty questions, over and over again, as how he looked, what he did, and what he said ? In a word. ' " Vult placere sesfi arnica;, vult niihi, vult pedissequae, Vult faniulis, vult eliain ancillis, et catulo ineo." " He strives to please his mistress, and her maid, Her servants, and her dog, and 's well apaid." If he get any remnant of hers, a busk-point, a feather of her fan, a shoe-tie, a lace, a ring, a bracelet of hair, 46" Pignnsque direptum lacertis; Aut digito male pertinaci," he wears it for a favour on his arm, in his hat, finger, or next his heart. Her picture he adores twice a day, and for two hours together will not look off it; as Laodamia did by Protesilaus, when he went to war, ■"" 'sit at home with his picture before her;' a garter or a bracelet of hers is more precious than any saint's relic," he lays it up in his casket, (O blessed relic)'and every day will kiss it: if in her presence, his eye is never off her, and drink he will where she drank, if it be possible, in that very place, Slc. If absent, he will walk in the walk, sit under that tree where she did use to sit, in that bower, in that very seat, et forihus miser oscula figit^"^ many years after sometimes, though she be far distant and dwell many miles off, he loves yet to walk that way still, to have his chamber-window look that way : to walk by that river's side, which (though far away) runs by the house where she dwells, he loves the wind blows to that coast. <»" O cfnoties dixi Zepliyris properantibus illnc, j Felices pulclirain visuri Aniaryllada venti." | He will send a message to her by the wind, '"'•Vosaurff Alpinse, placidis de montibus aurx, H;ec ilii porlate," *' he desires to confer with some of her acquaintance, for his heart is still with her, ^ to talk of her, admiring and commending her, lamenting, moaning, wishing him- self anything for her sake, to have opportunity to see her, O that he might but enjoy her presence ! So did Philostratus to his mistress, ^" O happy ground on which she treads, and happy were I if she would tread upon me. I think her countenance would make the rivers stand, and when she comes abroad, birds will sing and come about her. "O happy western winds that blow that way. For you shall see my love's fair face to day." " Ridebunt vallps, ridebunt obvia Tempe, In floreiii viridis protinus ibi humus." "The fields will laugh, the pleasant valleys burn, And all the grass will into flowers turn." Omnis Jimhrosiam spirahif aura. ^'* " When she is in the meadow, she is fairer than any flower, for that lasts but for a day, the river is pleasing, but it vanisheth on a sudden, but thy flower doth not fade, thy stream is greater than the sea. If I look upon the heaven, methinks I see the sun fallen down to shine below, and thee to shine in his place, whom I desire. If I look upon the night, methinks I see two more glorious stars, Hesperus and thyself." A little after he thus courts his mis- <2 Lucretius. "For if the object of your love be ab- sent, hi^r image is present, and her sweet name is still familiar in my ears." ^s^neas Sylvius, Luoretie qnum accepil; Kuriali literas hilaris statim milliesqua papiruni hasiavit. ** Meiliis inseruit papillis litteratn ijus, mille prius pangens suavia. Arist. 2. epist ]J. <» Plautiis Asinar. ^8 Hor. '■ Some token snatched from her arm or her gently resisting (iiiger." <' Ilia doigi sedens imaginem ejus fi.\is ociilis assidue corispi- ista. <8" Anil distracted will imprint kisses on the ioora." ♦K Buchanan Sylva. <» Fracastorius Naugerio. " Ye alpine winds, ye mountain brcezeg. hear these gifts to her." " Happy servants that serve her, hap|iy men that are in her company. ^^ Non ipsos solum sed ipsoruni meinoriam amant. I.uciar M Epist. O ter felix solum ! beatu? ego, si me citlc*- veris ; vultiis tuns anines sistere pniest, &c. *■' Moia epist. in pralo cum sit tlores siipi-rat ; illi piilchri Md iinius tantuin diei ; fluviirs gratis sed iv.ine=« .1 ; *t tuns fliiviu< iiiari niajnr. Si icEliim aspicio, soleiii txm timo cecidisse. ei in terra ainliulair', &,c. Mem. 3. Subs. 1.] Symptoms of Love. 515 tress, ^ " If thou goest forth of the city, the protecting gods that keep the town will run after to gaze upon thee : if th^u sail upon the seas, as so many small boats, they will follow thee : what river would not run into the sea .?" Another, he sighs and sobs, swears he hath Cor scissum., a heart bruised to powder, dissolved and melted within him, or quite gone from him, to his mistress' bosom belike, he is in an oven, a salamander in the fire, so scorched with love's heat ; he wisheth himself » saddle for her to sit on, a posy for her to smell to, and it would not grieve him to be hanged, if he might be strangled in her garters : he would willingly die to-mor row, so that she might kdl him with her own hands. ^Ovid would be a flea, a gnat, a ring, Catullus a sparrow, s' " O si tecum ludere sicut ipsa possem, Et tristes animi levarecuras." ^ Anacreon, a glass, a gown, a chain, anything, " Sed speculum ego ipse fiam, Ut me tuuni usque cernas, El vestis ipse fiam, Ut me tiium usque gestes. Mutari et opto in uudam, Laveiii tuos ut artus, Nardus puella tiam, Ut ego teipsum inungam, Sim fascia in papillis, Tuo et monile collo. Piamque caloeus, me Saltern ut pede usque calces. »i'"But I a looking-glass would be. Still to be look d upon by thee. Or I, my love, would be tliy gown. By thee to be worn up and down; Or a pure well full to the brims, That I might wasli thy purer limbs: Or, I'd be precious balm to 'noint. With choicest care each choicest joint ; Or, if I might, I would be fain About thy neck thy happy chain. Or would it were my blessed hap To be the lawn o'er thy fair pap. Or would I were thy shoe, to be Daily trod upon by thee." O thrice happy man that shall enjoy her : as they that saw Hero in Museus, and ""Salmacis to Hermaphroditus, ' " Felices mater, &c. felix nutrix. Sed loiige cunctis, longeque heatior ille, Qiiem fructu spousi et socii dignabere lecti." The same passion made her break out in the comedy, ^^JYce ill Chil. 4. cent. 5. pro. 16. « Mar- tianiis. Capellu lib. 1. de niipt. philnl. Jam. Uliun seiitio umore .eiieri, ejiisqiie studio plures habere cnrnparatas in faiiiiiltin distiplinas, &c. ^ Lib. 3. de aiilico. Q,iii3 r.horeis insudaret, nisi foeininarum causa? (iuis niiisi- ex tantam navaret nperairi nisi quod illius dulcedine pcrmulcere sperel? Uuis tot carniina componeret. nisi >•< iride affectUS suog in nitAicres explicaret? 'in Oupidinis statuain fecit. I'hilostral. Imag. lib. 3. de statuis. E-vercitiuin amori aptissiinum. « Lib. (i. Met. iToin. 4. 'KorB- nian deciir. mort. part. 5. cap. 2H. Sat. puells dorraienti insultantiuni, ic •ViewofFr. «i20 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3 Sec. 2 lOO, for want of better instruments, to make good music of their own voices, and dance after it. Yea many times this love will make old men and women that have more loes than teeth, dance, "John, come kiss me now," mask and mum; for Comus and Hymen love masks, and all such niferriments above measure, will allow men to put on women's apparel in some cases, and promiscuously to dance, young and old, rich and poor, generous and base, of all sorts. Paulus .lovius taxeth Augus- tine Niphus the philosopher, '""for that being an old ni&n, and a public professor, a father of many children, he was so mad for the love of a young maid (that which many of his friends were ashamed to see), an old gouty fellow, yet would dance after fiddlers." Many laughed him to scorn for it, but this omnipotent love w^ould have it so. " " Pr,l"','^i'!l''r?l'.'^« ,^»ai. I •' Love hasty with liis purple staffdid mukc rrouerans amor, tiie aneeit . | «« ^ n j .u j . j . i .. Viole.iler ad sequendum " |, ^^ '^"""^ =*'"* '*"= '^'""■'^ '" ""derlake. And 'tis no news this, no indecorum; for why? a good reason may be given of it. Cupid and death met both in an inn ; and being merrily disposed, they did exchange some arrows from either quiver; ever since young men die, and oftentimes old men dote '^" Sic moritur Juvenis, sic moribundus amat. And who can then with- stand it.' if once we be in love, young or old, though our teeth shake in our heads, like virginal jacks, or stand parallel asunder like the arches of a bridge, there is nc remedy, we must dance trenchmore for a need, over tables, chairs, and stools, &.c. And princum prancum is a fine dtnce. Plutarch, Sympos. I. qucEst. 5. doth in some sort excuse it, and telleth us moreover in what sense, Musicam docct amor., licet prius fuerit rudis., how love makes thenj that had no skill before learn to sing and dance; he concludes, 'tis only that power and prerogative love hath over us. " " Love (as he holds) will make a silent man speak, a modest man most officious ; dull, quick ; slow, nimble ; and that which is most to be admired, a hard, base, untractable churl, as fire doth iron in a smith's forge, free, facile, gentle, and easy to be entreated." Nay, 'twill make him prodigal in the other extreme, and give a '■* hundred sesterces for a night's lodging, as they did of old to Lais of Corinth, or '^dncenta drachmarum millia pro unica nocte, as Mundus to Paulina, spend all his fortunes (as too many do in like case) to obtain his suit. For which cause many compare love to wine, which makes men jovial and merry, frolic and sad, wliine, sing, dance, and what not. But above all the other symptoms of lovers, this is not liglitly to be overpassed, 1 that likely of what condition soever, if once they be in love, they turn to their ability, rhymers, ballad makers, and poets. For as Plutarch saith, "'"They will be witnesses and trumpeters of their paramours' good parts, bedecking them with verses and commendatory songs, as we do statues with gold, that they may be remembered and admired of all." Ancient men will dote in this kind sometimes as well as the rest; the heat of love will thaw their frozen affections, dissolve the ice of age, and so far enable them, though they be sixty years of age above the girdle, to be scarce thirty beneath. Jovianus Pontanus makes an old fool rhyme, and turn Poetaster to please his mistress. • n " Ne ringas Mariana, iiicos me displce ranos, I " Swpcl Marian do not mine age disdain, De sene nam juvenein dia referre potes," &.c. | For tliou canst make an old man young Kgain." They will be still singing amorous songs and ditties (if young especially), and can- not abstain though it be when they go to, or sliould be at church. We have a pretty story to this purpose in '^Westmonasteriensis, an old writer of ours (if you will believe it; An. Dom. 1012. at Colewiz in Saxony, on Christmas eve a company of young men and maids, whilst the priest was at mass in the church, were singing catches and love songs in the churchyard, he sent to them to make less noise, but they sung on still : and if you will, you shall have the very song itself " Equitabal homo per sylvam frondosam, I " A fellow rid l»y the greenwood side, Ducebatque setum Meswinden (ormosam. And fair Meswinde was his bride, Q.uid slanius, r.ur noii imus?" ! Why stand we so, and do not go?" ">Vita ejus Puelisp, aniore septuagenarius senex usque ad insaniani correptus, multis liheris susceptis : inulli lion sine pudore ronspexerunt seneni et pliilo- Miphuni podagriciini, iion sine risu saltaiilem ad tibiae modos. " Aiiacreon. Carni. 7. " Joach. Bellius Epig "Thus youth dies, thuf 'n death lie loves." '» D: «acitiiriio loqiiaeeiii facit, et de verecuiido officio- luiE rv!il^ Ipsi eiiim voliint suariiin amasiarum ^mlrhritiidinid prsecoiies ac testes esse, eas laudibus, et caiitiienis et veisihiis exonare, ut auro ^tatiias. ut meniorentur, ol ah omnibus adiiiireiiliir. '^ Tom. ? Ant. I ialofta "8 Flores hist. fol. 298. fUent. 3. Subs, 1.] Symptoms of Liove. 521 This they sung, he chafi, till at length, impatient as he was, he pn yed to St. Magnus, patron of the church, they might all three sing and dance «11 that time twelvemonth, and so "* they did without meat and drink, wearisomeness or giving over, till at year'sj end they ceased singing, and were absolved by Herebertus archl ishop of Cologne. They wdl in all places be doing thus, young folks especially, reading love stories, talking of this or that young man, such a fair maid, singing, telling or hearing lascivi- ous tales, scurrilous tunes, such objects are their sole delight, their continual medi- tation, and as Guastavinius adds, Co7n. in 4. Sect. 27. Prnv. Jirist. oh seminis abun- dant lam crebrcB cogltationes, veneris frequens recordatio et pruriens voluptas, ^c. an earnest longing comes hence, pruriens corpus^ pruriens ani7na, amorous conceits, tickling thoughts, sweet and pleasant hopes ; hence it is, they can think, discourse willing'iy, or speak almost of no other subject. 'Tis their only desire, if it may be done by art, to see their husband's picture in a glass, they'll give anything to know when they shall be married, how many husbands tiiey shall have, by cromnyomanlia, a kind of divination with "^^ onions laid on the altar on Ciiristmas eve, or by fasting on St. Anne's eve or night, to know who shall be their first husband, or by amphi- tomantia, by beans in a cake, Slc, to burn the same. This love is the cause of all good conceits, ^' neatness, exornations, plays, elegancies, delights, pleasant expres- sions, sweet motions, and gestures, joys, comforts, exultancies, and all the sweetness of our life, ^-qualis jam vitaforel., aut quid jucundi sine aurea Veneref ^ Emoriar cutn istd non ainpUus mild cura fuerit, let me live no longer than I may love, saith a mad merry fellow in Mimnermus. This love is that salt tliat seasoneth our harsh and dull labours, and gives a pleasant relish to our other unsavory proceedings, ^Absil amor^ surgunt tenebrce, torpedo., veternum., pestis., ^t. All our feasts almost, masques, mummings, banquets, merry meetings, wedcUngs, pleasing songs, tine tunes, poems, love stories, plays, comedies, atlelans, jigs, fescenines, elegies, odes, &c. pro- ceed hence. ^^Danaus, the son of Belus, at his daughter's wedding at Argos, insti- tuted the first plays (some say) that ever were heard of symbols, emblems, impresses, devices, if we shall believe Jovius, Contiles, Paradine, Camillus de Camillis, may be ascribed to it. Most of our arts and sciences, painting amongst the rest, was first invented, saith ^'' Patritius ex amoris bcnejicio, for love's sake. For when the daugh- ter of ^ Deburiades the Sycionian, was to take leave of her sweetheart now going to wars, ut desiderio ejus minus tabesceret, to comfort herself in his absence, she took his picture with coal upon a wall, as the candle gave the shadow, which her father^ admiring, perfected afterwards, and it was the first picture by report that ever was made. And long after, Sycion for painting, carving, statuary, music, and philosophy, was preferred before all the cities in Greece. ^^ Apollo was the first inventor of physic, divination, oracles ; Minerva found out weaving, Vulcan curious ironwork. Mercury letters, but who prompted all this into their heads .'' Love, J^unquam ialia invenissent, nisi talia adamassent., they loved such things, or some party, for whose sake they were undertaken at first. 'Tis true, Vulcan made a most admirable brooch or necklace, which long after Axion and Temenus, Phegius' sons, for the singular worth of it, consecrated to Apollo at Delphos, but Pharyllus the tyrant stole it away, and presented it to Ariston's wife, on whom he miserably doted (Parthenius tells the story out of Phylarchus) ; but why did Vulcan make this excellent Ouch .'' to give Hermione Cadmus' wife, whom he dearly loved. All our tilts and tournaments, orders of the garter, golden fleece, Slc. — JVobilitas sub amore jacet — owe their begin- nings to love, and many of our histories. By this means, saith Jovius, they would express their loving minds to their mistress, and to the beholders. 'Tis the sole subject almost of poetry, all our invention tends to it, all our songs, whatever those old Anacreons : (and therefore Hesiod makes the Muses and Graces still follow Cupid, and as Plutarch holds, Menander and the rest of the poets were love's priests,) all our Greek and Latin epigrammatists, love writers. Antony Diogens the most ancient, whose epitome we find in Phocius Bibliotheca, Longus Sophista, Eus. w Per totum annum cantarunt, pluvia super illos non cecidil; non frigus, non calor, non sitis, nee lassitiidn illos aflecit, &c. 20 Hjg eoruin noniina iiiscribuntnr de quibus qiisrunt. ^ Huic miinditias, ornaluin. le|toren), delicias, liidos, elegantiain, (iinnein deniqiie fine suavitaleni dobeinus. ^Uygiiius cap. 27-J. 23EGra;co. a* Angerianus. i^ Lib. 4. tit. 1). de piin. instit. ^6 pij,,. |,b, :?5. rap. 12. « Gerbelius, I. 0. riescript. Gr. •* Fransus, 1. 3. de synibuiis qt( primus symhnlum exrozitavit volmt niniiruiii bar ra- lionp iMiplicatnni ahiniiiin erolvere.euinque veldoniina vel aliis intuentibus oslendere. 6G 2x2 522 Lov e-Me lancho ly. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. tathius, \chilles, Tdtius, ArisUenetus, Heliodorus, Plato, Plutarch, Lucian, Partlie- iiius, Tfieodorus, Prodromus, Ovid, Catullus, Tibullus, &c. Our new Ariostoes, Boyards^ Authors of Arcadia, Urania, Faerie Queen, &c. Marullus, Leotichius, An- gerianus, Stroza, Secundus, Capellanus, &.c. with the rest of those facete modern poets, have written in this kind, are but as so many symptoms of love. Tlieir whole books are a synopsis or breviary of love, the portuous of love, legends of lovers' lives and deaths, and of their memorable adventures, nay more, quod legunlur^ quod laudantur amori debcnf^ as ^^Nevisanus the lawyer holds, " there never was anj' ex- cellent poet that invented "good fables, or made laudable verses, which was not in love himself;" had he not taken a quill from Cupid's waigs, he could never have written so amorously as he did. ■"'Cynthia te vatem fecit lascive Properti, ln<;eiiiiiiii (Jalli pui< dra Ij.vcoris liahet. FarriM est arguti Nemesis fortnosa Tibulli, Leslda (lictavit docte Catiille tibi. Non me 1'elif.Mius, nee spernet Mantua vatem, Si qua Coriiina inihi, si quis Alexis erit." 'Wanton Propertius and witty Galiua, Suhtile Tibullus. and learned Catullui It was Cyntliia, Lesbia, Lythofis, That made you poets all ; and if Alexis, Or Oiriima chance my paramour to be, Virgil and Ovid shall not despise me." 3'" Non me carminibus vincet nee Thraceus Orpheus, Nee Linus." Petrarch's Laura made him so famous, Astrophel's Stella, and Jovianus Pontanus' mistress was the cause of his roses, violets, lilies, nequitiae, blanditias, joci, decor, nardus, ver, corolla, thus. Mars, Pallas, Venus, Charis, crocum, Laurus, unguentem, costum, lachrymas, myrrha, musae, &c. and the rest of his poems ; w^hy are Italians at this day generally so good poets and painters } Because every man of any fashion amongst them hath his mistress. The very rustics and hog-rubbers, Menalcas and Cory don, qui feet ant de stercore equino, those fulsome knaves, if once they taste of this love-liquor, are inspired in an instant. Instead of those accurate emblems, curious impresses, gaudy masques, tills, tournaments, &c., they have their wakes, Whitsun-ales, shepherd's feasts, meetings on holidays, country dances, roundelays, writing their names on '^^ trees, true lover's knots, pretty gifts. " With tokens, hearts divided, and half rings. Shepherds in their loves are as coy as kings." Choosing lords, ladies, kings, queens, and valentines, Stc, they go by couples, " Corydon's Phillis, Nysa and Mopsus, Witli dainty Dousibel and Sir Tophus." Instead of odes, epigrams and elegies, &c., they have their ballads, country tunes, " O the broom, the bonny, bonny broom," ditties and songs, " Bess a belle, she doth excel," — they must write likewise and indite all in rhyme. '"Thou honeysuckle of the hawthorn hedge. Vouchsafe in Cupid's cup my heart to pledge; My heart's dear blood, sweet Cis is thy carouse Worth all the ale in Gammer Guhbin's house." I say no more, affairs tall nie away, My father's horse for provender doth stay. Be thou the Lady Cressetlight to me. Sir Trolly Lolly will I prove to thee. Written in haste, farewell my cowslip sweet, Pray let's a Sunday at the alehouse meet." Your most grim stoics and severe philosophers will melt away with this passion, and if ^■* Alheneus belie them not, Arislippus, ApoUidotus, Antiphanes, &c., have made love-songs and commentaries of their mistress' praises, ^^ orators write epistles, princes give titles, honours, what not ? ^^ Xerxes gave to Themistocles Lampsacus to find him wine. Magnesia for bread, and Myunte for the rest of his diet. The '^' Persian kings allotted whole cities to like use, hcec civiLas mulieri redimiculum prcebeat,, hcec m collum^ hcec in crines, one whole city served to dress her hair, another her neck, a third her hood. Ahasuerus would '^ have given Esther half his empire, and ^^ Herod bid llerodias "ask what she would, she should have it." Caligula gave 100,000 sesterces to his courtesan at first word, to buy her pins, and yet when he was soli- cited by the senate to bestow something to repair the decayed walls of Rome for the commonwealth's good, he would give but 6000 sesterces at most. '"'Dionysius, thai *Lib. 4. num. 102. sylviE nuptialis poetee non inve- niunt faliulas, aut versus laudalos faciunt, nisi qui ab amore fuerint e.\citati. so Martial, ep. 73. lib. 9. " Virg. Eclog. 4. "None shall excel me in poetry, neither the Thracian Orpheus, nor Apollo." s* Te- neris arboribus amicarnm noniina inscribentes ut simiil irescanl. Used. « S. R. ItiOU. »< Lib. 13. cap. Dipnosophist. ^s gge putean. epist. 33. de sua Mar- gareta Beroaldus, &c. -'^ Hen. Steph. apol. pro tierod. 3' Tully orat. 5. ver. s" Estli. v. ss Mat. I. 47 '«' Gravissimis regni negotiis nihil siiieamasice siiiecon. seiisu fecit, omnesque actiones suas scortillo coininiini- cavit, &c. Nich. Bellus. discour^s. 26. d-^. ami*t. Mem. 4 Prognostics of Love-Melancholy. 5^3 Sicilian tyrant, rejected all his privy councillors, and was so besotled on Minlia hia favourite and mistress, that he would bestow no office, or in ihe most weightiest business of the kingdom do aught without her especial advice, prefer, depose, send entertain no man, though worthy and well deserving, but by her consent; and he figain whom she commended, howsoever untit, unworthy, was as highly approved. Kings and emperors, instead of poems, build cities; Adrian built Antinoa in Egypt, besides constellations, temples, altars, statues, images, &.c., in the honour of his Antinoiis. Alexander bestowed infinite sums to set out his Hephestion to all eternity. ^-Socrates professeth himself love's servant, ignorant in all arts and sciences, a doc- tor alone in love matters, el quum aUenurum rerum omnium scientiam dijileretur, saith ''^ Maximus Tyrius, 7tts secialor^ hujus negotii professor^ «^c., and this he spake openly, at home and abroad, at public feasts, in the academy, in Pyrceo, Lycceo, sub Platano, Sfc, the very blood-hound of beauty, as he is styled by others. But I con- clude there is no end of love's symptoms, 'tis a bottomless pit. Love is subject to no dimensions ; not to be surveyed by any art or engine : and besides, I am of **H2edus' mind, "no man can discourse of love matters, or judge of them aright, that hath not made trial in his own person," or as iEneas Sylvius ■'^ adds, " hath not a little doted, been mad or love-sick himself. I confess I am but a novice, a con- templator only, JYescio quid sit amor nee amo*^ 1 have a tincture ; for why should 1 lie, dissemble or excuse it, yet homo sum^ «S)'c., not altogether inexpert in this sub- ject, non sum prcBceptor a??umcZi, and what I say, is merely reading, ex allorum forsan ineptiis, by mine own observation, and others' relation. MEMB. IV. ^ Prognostics of Love-Melancholy. What fires, torments, cares, jealousies, suspicions, fears, griefs, anxieties, accom- pany such as are in love, I have sufficiently said : the next question is, what will be the event of such miseries, what they foretel. Some are of opinion that this love cannot be cured, JVullis amor est medicabilis herbis, it accompanies them to the *^ last, Idem amor exilio est pecori pecorisque viagistro. " The same passion con- sume both the sheep and the shepherd," and is so continuate, that by no persuasion almost it may be relieved. ■" "• Bid me not love," said Euryalus, " bid the mountaina come down into the plains, bid t+ie rivers run back to their fountains ; I car> hs soon leave to love, as the sun leave his course ;" <8" Et prills aeqiioribus pisces, et inontibus unibrce, Et volucres rieerunt sylvis, et inurmiira venlis, Q,uaiii niihi discedeiit forinosie Ainaryllidis ignes." ' First seas shall want their fish, the mountai.is shade Woods singing birds, the wind's murinurshall fade, 'J'lian my fair Amaryllis' love allay'd." Bid me not love, bid a deaf man hear, a blind man see, a dumb speak, lame run, counsel can do no good, a sick man cannot relish, no physic can ease me. Ao» prosunt domino quce prosunt omnibus artes. As Apollo confessed, and Jupiter him- self could not be cured. ' Oiniies hunianos curat niedicina dolores. Solus amor morbi non habet artiflcem." " Physic can soon cure every disease. 60 Excepting love tlial can it not appease." But whether love may be cured or no, and by what means, shall be jxplained in hn place ; in the meantime, if it take his course, and be not otherwise eased or amended, it breaks out into outrageous often and prodigious events. Amor et Liber violenti dii sunt^ as ^' Tatius observes, et eousque animum incendunt, ut pudans oblivisct cogant^ love and Bacchus are so violent gods, so furiously rage in our minds, that they make us forget all honesty, shame, and common civility. For such men ordi- " Amoris famulus oninem scientiam diffitetur, aman- di laineii se scientissiinuin doctoreni agnosciL ^sgerin. 8 *3Q,|ijs horuni scribere niulestias potest, nisi qui et ;s ali(iuantum iiisanit ? ** Lib. 1. de non tenin«?n- Uis amoribus; opinor hac de re nemineiii ant desceptare recte posse aut judicare qui non in ea versatur, aut uiagnum fecerit pericukiin. ■" '• I am not in love, nor do 1 kuow what love may be." <« Semper moritur. nunquam morluiis est qui aniat. Mn. Sylv. " Eurial. ep. ad Lucretiain, apud Mi\eam Sylvium; Rogas ut amare deficiani? roga niontes ut in plaiuini deveniant ut tontes fliiiniiia repetant; tarn possum te non amare ac suuiii Phoebus rcliiii|uere cursuni. '"^ Buchanan Syl. ■'9 Propert. lib. 2. eleg. 1. « Est orciis ilia vis, est immedicabilis, est rabies insana. " Lib. 2 &24 Love-Melancfioly. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. iiarily, as are thoroughly possessed with this humour, become insensali et insani, for it is ^^amor insanus, as the poet calls it, beside themselves, and as I have proved, no better than beasts, irrational, stupid, head-strong, void of fear of God or men, they frequently forswear themselves, spend, steal, commit incests, rapes, adulteries, mur- ders, depopulate towns, cities, countries, to satisfy their lust. 63" A devil 'tis, ami mischief such doth work, As never yet did Payaii, Jew, or 'I'urlt." The wars of Troy may be a sufficient witness ; and as Appian, lib. 5. hist, saith of Antony and Cleopatra, *''" Their love brought themselves and all Egypt into extreme and miserable calamities," " the end of her is as bitter as worm-wood, and as sharp as a two-edged sword," Prov. v. 4, 5. " Her feet go down to death, her steps lead on to hell. She is more bitter than death, (Eccles. vii. 28.) and the sinner shall be taken by her." ^ Qui in amore prcBcipitavit^ pejus peril, quum qui saxo salit. ^®'* He that runs head- long from the top of a rock is not in so bad a case as he that falls into this gulf of love." '• For hence," saith ^' Platina, " comes repentance, dotage, they lose them- selves, their wits, and make shipwreck of their fortunes altogether :" madness, to make away themselves and others, violent death. Prognosticatio est talis, saith Gor- donius, ^^si non succurratur its, mil in maniam cadunt, aiit moriunlur ; the prognos- tication is, they will either run mad, or die. " For if this passion continue," saith ■"^iElian Montaltus, "it makes the blood hot, thick, and black; and if the inflamma- tion get into the biain, with continual meditation and waking, it so dries it up, that madness follows, or else they make away themselves," ^° Corydon, Corydon, quce te dementia cepit? Now, as Arnoldus adds, it will speedily work these effects, if it be not presently helped ; *' ^ They will pine away, run mad, and die upon a sud- den ;" Facile incidunl in maniam, saith Valescus, quickly mad, nisi succurratur, if good order be not taken, ^"Eheu triste jugiini qiiisqiiis arnoris hahet, Is prius ac norit se periisse peril." So she confessed of herself in the poet, 63 " insaniam priusquain quis senliat, Vix pili intervallo a furore absuiii." As mad as Orlando for his Angelica, or Hercules for his Hylas, " Oh lipavy yoke of love, which whoso bears, Is quite undone, and tliat at unawares." " I shall be mad before it be perceived, A hair-breadth off scarce am I, now distracted." ' At ille ruebat quo pedes ducebant, furihundus, Nam illi ssevus Deus intus jecur laniabat." ' He went he car'd not whither, mad he was, The cruel God so tortured him, alas!" At the sight of Hero I cannot tell how many ran mad. **" Alius vulnus celans insanit pulchritudine puellae." ' A ti(> whilst he doth conceal his grief. Madness conies on him like a thief." Go to Bedlam for examples. It is so well known in every village, how many have either died for love, or voluntary made away themselves, that I need not much labour to prove it: ^^JVec modus aut requies nisi mors reperitur amoris : death is the com- mon catastrophe to such persons. Mori mihi contingat. non enim alia Liberatio ab wruniiiis fuerit ullo pacto istis." ' Would I were dead, for nought, God knows. But death can rid me of these woes." AS soon as Euryalus departed from Senes, Lucretia, his paramour, " never looked jp, no jests could exhilarate her sad mind, no joys comfort her wounded and dis- tressed soul, but a little after she fell sick and died." But this is a gentle end, a natural death, such persons commonly make away themselves. "proprioque in sanguine liPtus, Indignanleni animam vacuas etfudit in auras;" eo did Dido; Sed moriamur ait, sic sic juvat ire per umbras;^'' Pyramus and Thisbe, "" Virg. Eel. 3. '3 R. T. " Ciui quidem amor ktrosque et totam Egyptum extremis calamitalibus involvit. "° Plautus. ^6 (Jt corpus pondere, sic animus amore prsecipitatur. Austin. 1.2. deciv. dei. c. 28. !■'' Dial liinc oritur pujnitentia desperatio, et non vident •ngenium se cum re simul amisisse. ^ Idem Sava- narola, et plures alii, &,c. Kabidam facturus Orexiii. Juven. 69Cap. de Hfroico Amore. H "el milii fortis Est manus, est et ainiir, dabit hie in viilnera vires." "Whoever heard a story of more woe, 'I'iiaii that of Juliet and her Romeo?" Head Parthenium in Eroticis^ and Plutarch's amatorias nari'ationes, or love stories, all tending almost to this purpose. Valeriola, lib. 2. ohserv. 7, hath a lamentable narration of a merchant, iiis patient, '' " that raving through impatience of love, had he not been watched, would every while have offered violence to himself." Amatus Lucitanus, cent. 3. car. 56, hath such '^another story, and Felix Plater, ined. observ. lib. 1. a third of a young '^gentleman that studied physic, and for the love of a doc- tor's daughter, having no hope to compass his desire, poisoned himself, '''anno 1615. A barber in Frankfort, because his wench was betrothed to another, cut his own throat. '^At Neoburg, the same year, a young man, because he could not get her parents' consent, killed his sweetheart, and afterward himself, desiring this of the magistrate, as he gave up the ghost, that they might be buried in one grave, Quod- que rogis superest una, requiescat in urnA., which ""^ Gismunda besought of Tancredus, her father, that she might be in like sort buried with Guiscardus, her lover, that so their bodies might lie together in the grave, as their souls wander about " Campos lugentes in the Elysian fields, quos durus amor crudeli tabe peredit,''^ in a myrtle grove '9 " et myrtea circum Sylva tegit : curce non ipsa in morte relinquunt." You have not yet heard the worst, they do not offer violence to themselves in this rage of lust, but unto others, their nearest and dearest friends. ** Catiline killed his only son, misilque ad orci pallida., lelhi obnubila, obsita tenebris loca^ for the love of Aurelia Oristella, quod ejus nuptias vivo Jilio recusaret. *" Laodice, the sister of Mithridates, poisoned her husband, to give content to a base fellow whom she loved. "^ Alexander, to please Thais, a concubine of his, set Persepolis on fire. •^Nereus' wife, a widow, and lady of Athens, for the love of a Venetian gentleman, betrayed the city; and he for her sake murdered his wife, the daughter of a noble- man in Venice. ^'^ Constantine Despota made away Catherine, his wife, turned his son Michael and his other children out of doors, for the love of a base scrivener's daughter in Thessalonica, with whose beauty he was enamoured. ^^Leucophria betrayed the city where she dwelt, for her sweetheart's sake, that was in the enemies' camp. ^ Pithidice, the governor's daughter of Methinia, for the love of Achilles, betrayed the whole island to him, her father's enemy. *' Diognetus did as much in the city where he dwelt, for the love of Policrita, Medea for the love of Jason, she taught him how to tame the fire-breathing brass-feeted bulls, and kill the mighty dragon that kept the golden fleece, and tore her little brother Absyrtus in pieces, that lier father jEthes might have something to detain him, while she ran away with her beloved Jason, &c. Such acts and scenes hath this tragi-comedy of love. MEMB. V. SuBSECT. I. — Cure of Love-Melancholy, by Labour, Diet, Physic, Fasting, Sfc. Although it be controverted by some, whether love-melancholy may be cured, because it is so irresistible and violent a passion ; for as you know, *'* " facilis descensus Averni ; Sed revocare gradnin, superasque evadere ad auras; Hie labor, hoc opus est." 'It Is an easy passage down to hell. But to come back, once there, you cannot well." S8 Pausanias Achaicis, I. 7. *' Megarensis amore flagrans Lucian. Tom. 4. '"' Ovid. 3. met. " Furi- bumlus piitavit se videre imaginem puelloe, et coram logui blandiens illi, &c. "Juven. Hebrsus. ".luvenis Medicinse operam dans dnctoris filiam depe- ribat, &.c. " Hor. '-Cap. 29. de morb. cereh. i' Bcroaldus oral, de amore. '3 Ama- tori, cujus est pro iinpotenlia mens amota, opus nst ut paulatiin animus vilut a peregrinafione domum revoce. tur per musicani, cunvivja. &.r.. Per aucupium. fab ing to see her." Scipio, a young man of twenty-three years of age, and the most l)eautiful of the Romans, eaual in person to tbat Grecian Charinus, or Homer's Nireus, at the siege of a city in Spain, when as a noble and most fair young gentle- woman was brought unto him, '''' " and he had heard she was betrothed to a lordy-\ rewarded her, and sent her back to her sweetheart." St. Austin, as '*^ Gregory reports of him, ne cum sorore quidem sua ptitcwii habilandum, would not live in the house with his own sister. Xenecrates lay with Lais of Corinth all night, and would not touch her. Socrates, though all the city of Athens supposed him to dote upon fair Alcibiades, yet when he had an opportunity, '^^soliis cum solo to lie in the chamber with, and was wooed by him besides, as the said Alcibiades publicly ''^coniessed, formam sprevit et superbe contempsif, he scornfully rejected him. Petrarch, that had so magnified his Laura in several poems, when by the pope's means she was oflbred s^Jobxxxi. Pepigi fiedus cum oculis meis ne cogi- I dorus, I. 4. inflammat mentem noviis aspectus, perindt, tarem de virgine. ^* Dial. 3. dp contemptu mundi ; ' ac ignis materia; admotus, Chariclia, &c. *" Epist. 15. nihil facilius recrudescit quam amor; nt pompa visa; 1.2. <' Epist. 4. 1.2. <2 Curtius, lib. 3. cum uxorein renovat ambitionem, auri species avaritiam, spectata corporis forma inceiidit luxuriam. 3= Seneca cont. lib. 2. ront. 9. 3« Ovid. s^ Met. 7. ut solet a ventis alimenta resumere, quaque Pavia sub inducia latuit »cinlilla favilla. Crescere et in veleres agitata resur- fere flammas. ^ pu^tathi. i. 3. aspectus amorem incendit, ut marrescen em in palea ignem vcntus; Ardebam interea majore concepto iiiccndio. s' Fleiio- Darii laudatam audivisset, lantum cupiditati suee fne- num injecit, ut illam vix vellel intueri. <3 Cyro- paedia. cum Panthefe forman evexisset Araspus, tanto magis, inqiiit Cyrus ahstinere oportet, quanto pulchrior est. ** Livius. cum eam regulo cuidam dosponsaram audivisset muueribus cuimilstam remisit •«• Ep. 39. III). 7. *^ Et <'a loqui posset qus" suli aniaturris l<<(ui Solent. ■" Platoiiis Coiivivio. iVIem. 5. Subs. 2.J Cure of Love-Melancholy. 531 unto him, would not accept of her. ''^"It is a good happiness to be i'ree from this passion of love, and great discretion it argues in such a man that he can so contain himself; but when thou art once in love, to moderate thyself las he saith) is a sin- gular point of wisdom." **" Nam vitare plagas in amoris ne jaciamur Non itd (litficile est, qiiam capturn retibus ipsis Exile, et validos VeiieDS perrunipere nodos." ' To avoid such nets is no such mastery. But ta'en escape is all the victory." But, forasmuch as few men are free, so discreet lovers, or that can contain them- selves, and moderate their passions, to curb their senses, as not to see them, not to look lasciviously, not to confer with them, such is the fury of this head-strong pas- sion of raging lust, and their weakness, ferox ille ardor d natura insitus, ^ as he terms it " such a furious desire nature hath inscribed, such unspeakable delight." "Sic Diva? Veneris furor, Irisanis adeo iiieiitibus incubat," which neither reason, counsel, poverty, pain, misery, drudgery, partus dolor.^ (Sfc, can deter them from ; we must use some speedy means to correct and prevent that, and all other inconveniences, which come by conference and the like. The best, readiest, surest way, and which all approve, is Loci mutatio^ to send them several ways, that they may neither hear of, see, nor have an opportunity to send to one another again, or live together, soli cum sola., as so many Gilbertines. Elongatio a pairid^ 'tis Sava- narola's fourth rule, and Gordonius' precept, distrahaiur ad longinquas regiones., send him to travel. 'Tis that which most run upon, as so many hounds, with full cry, poets, divines, philosophers, physicians, all, mutet patriam : Valesius : ^' as a sick man he must be cured with change of air. Tally 4 Tuscul. The best remedy is to get thee gone, Jason Pratensis : change air and soil, Laurentius. 62"Fugp llttus amatuin. Vitg. Utile fiiiitimis abstiiiuisse locis." Travelling is an antidote of love, M" Ovid. I procul, et longas carpere pergje viaa. sed luge tutus eris." w " Magnum iter ad doctas proficisci cogor Athenas, Ut me ionga gravi solvat aniore via." For this purpose, saith '^Propertius, my parents sent me to Athens; time and patience wear away pain and grief, as fire goes out for want of fuel. Quanturn oculis, animo tarn, procul ibit amor. But so as they tarry out long enough : a whole year ^"^Xeno- phon prescribes CritobuluSfVix enim intra hoc iempus ab amore sanari poteris : some will hardly be weaned under. All this " Heinsius merrily inculcates in an epistle to his friend Primierus ; first fast, then tarry, thirdly, change thy place, fourthly, think of a halter. If change of place, continuance of time, absence, will not wear it out with those precedent remedies, it will hardly be removed : but these commonly are of force. Felix Plater, observ. lib. 1. had a baker to his patient, almost mad for the love of his maid, and desperate ; by removing her from him, he was in a short space cured./; Isaeus, a pliilosopher of Assyria, was a most dissolute liver in his youth, palam lasciviens, in love with all he met; but after he betook himself, by his friends' advice, to his study, and left women's company, he was so changed that he cared no more for plays, nor feasts, nor masks, nor songs, nor verses, fine clothes, nor no such love toys : he became a new man upon a sudden, tanquam si prinres oculos amisisset, (saith mine ^* author) as if he had lost his former eyes. Peter Godefridus, in the last chapter of his third book, hath a story out of St. Ambrose, of a young man that meeting his old love after long absence, on whom he had extremely doated, would scarce take notice of her ; she wondered at it, that he should so lightly esteem her, called him again, lenibat dictis animum., and told him who she was. Ego sum, inquit : At ego non sum ego ; but he replied, " he was not the same man :" proripuit sese tandem, as ^^^Eneas fled from Dido, not vouchsafing her any farther parley, loathing his folly, and ashamed of that which formerly he had done. ^"JYoii <8 Heliodorus, lib. 4. expertem esse ainoris beatitude est, at quuni captus sis, ad moderationem revocare animum prudentia singularis. *3 Lucretius, 1. 4. K> Heedus, lib. 1. de amor, coiitem. °' Loci muta- tiune tanquam non convalesceis curandus est. cap. 11. W"Fly the cherished shore. It is advisable to with- draw from the places near it." "'^ \mor'jm, I. 2. 'Depart and lake a long journey — safety is in flight •nly." M Uuisquis amat, loca nuia nocenv ; dies iegritudinem adimit, absentia delet. [re licet procul hiiic patriieque relinquere fines. Ovid. »si.ib. 3. eleg. 20. 66LJI,. j. Socrat. memor. Tibi O Orito- bule consulo ut integrum annum absis, &,c. 57prr>xi., mum est ut esurias 2. ut mnram temporis opponas. " 3. et .locum mutes. 4. ut de laqueo cogites. *> phi lostratus de vita iVtphistraiuiij. ** Virg. tj. M» "> Buchanan. S32 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sect. 2. sum stullus ut ante jam Keara. " O Neaera, put your tricks, and practise hereafter upon somebody else, you shall befool me no longer." Petrarch hath such another tale of a young gallant, that loved a wench with one eye, and for that cause by his parents was sent to travel into far countries, " after some years he returned, and meeting the maid for whose sake he was sent abroad, asked her how, and by what chance she lost her eye? no, said she, I have lost none, but you have found yours:" signifying thereby, that all lovers were blind, as Fabius saith, Amanies de forma Judicare non possunt^ lovers cannot judge of beauty, nor scarce of anything else, as they will easily confess after they return unto themselves, by some discontinuance or better advice, wonder at their own folly, madness, stupidity, blindnessj be much abashed, " and laugh at love, and call it an idle thing, condemn themselves that ever they should be so besotted or misled : and be heartily glad they have so happily escaped." If so be (which is seldom) that change of place will not effect this alteration, then other remedies are to be annexed, fair and foul means, as to persuade, promise, threaten, terrify, or to divert by some contrary passion, rumour, tales, news, or some witty invention to alter his affection, ^' " by some greater sorrow to drive out the less," saith Gordonius, as that his house is on fire, his best friends dead, his money stolen. ®'^"That he is made some great governor, or hath some honour, office, some inherit- ance is befallen him." He shall be a knight, a baron ; or by some false accusation, as they do to such as have the hiccup, to make them forget it. St. Hierome, lib. 2. epist. 16. to Rusticus the monk, hath an instance of a young man of Greece, that lived in a monastery in Egypt, ®^'''that by no labour, no continence, no persuasion, could be diverted, but at last by this trick he was delivered. The abbot sets one of his convent to quarrel with him, and with some scandalous reproach or other to defame him before company, and then to come and complain first, the witnesses were likewise suborned for the plaintiff The young man wept, and when all were against him, the abbot cunningly took his part, lest he should be overcome with immoderate grief: but what need many words } by this invention he was cured, and alienated from his pristine love-thoughts" hijuries, slanders, contempts, dis- graces sprefceque injuria forma., ''•the insult of, her slighted beauty," are very forcible means to withdraw men's affections, contumelid affecii amatores amare desi- nuntf as ^^ Lucian saith, lovers reviled or neglected, contemned or misused, turn love to hate ; ^^ redeam ? J\on si me obsecret, " I '11 never love thee more." Egone illam^ qucR ilium., qua: me, quce nonf So Zephyrus hated Hyacinthus because he scorned him, and preferred his co-rival Apollo (^PaJephcpJus fab. JVar.), he will not come again though he be invited. Tell him but how he was scoffed at behind his back, ('tis the counsel of Avicenna), that his love is false, and entertains another, rejects him, cares not for him, or that she is a fool; a nasty quean, a slut, a vixen, a scold, a devil, or, which Italians commonly do, that he or she hath some loathsome filthy dis- ease, gout, stone, stranguary, falling sickness, and that they are hereditary, not to be avoided, he is subject to a consumption, hath the pox, that he hath three or four in- curable tetters, issues; that she is bald, her breath stinks, she is mad by inheritance, / and so are all the kindred, a hair-brain, with many other secret infirmities, which~S I will not so much as name, belonging to women. That he is a hermaphrodite, an eunuch, imperfect, impotent, a spendthrift, a gamester, a fool, a gull, a beggar, a whoremaster, far in debt, and not able to maintain her, a common drunkard, his mother was a witch, his father hanged, that he hath a wolf in his bosom, a sore leg, he is a leper, hath some incurable disease, that he will surely beat her, he can- not hold his water, that he cries out or walks in the night, will stab his bed-fellow, tell all his secrets in his sleep, and that nobody dare lie with him, his house is haunted with spirits, with such fearful and tragical things, able to avert and terrify any man or woman living, Gordonius, cap. 20. part. 2. hunc in modo consulit; Paretur aliqua vetula turpissima aspectu, cum turpi et vili habitu : et porlet subtus gremium pannum menslrualem., et dicat quod amica sua sit ebriosa, et quod mingat in 81 Annuncientur valde tristia, ut major tristitia posBit minorein obfuscare. *2 Aut quod sit factus senes- callufe, aiit habeat honorem magnum. ^^ Adolescens Grfficiis erat in Egypti ccEnobio qui nulla operis magni- ludine, nulla uersiias'ione flaminam poterat sedare : monasterii pater hac arte servavit. Imperat cuidam i sociis, &c. Flebat ille, omiies adversabantur ; solus pater calidS opponere, ne abundantia tristitite absoru-;- relur, quid mulla ? hoc invento curatus est,et J cogii* tionibus pristiniis avocatus. w Tom 4 »Tei iHein. 5, Subs. 2,] Cure of Love-Melancholy. 53j> lecto. et quod est epileptica et impudicia; et quod in corpore suo sunt eccc^'scentict enorjnes., cum fcetore anhclitus.i et alice enormitates, quibus vetulce sunt edoctce : si nolU his persuaderi., siibitd extrahat ^^pannuiii menstrualem, coram facie portando., excla mando, talis est arnica tua ; et si ex his non demiserit., non est homo, sed diabolus in- carnatus. Idem fere, Jlvicenna, cap. 24, de cura Elishi, lib. 3, Fen. 1. Tract. 4. JYar- rent res immundas vetulce, ex quibus abominationem incurrat, et res ^'^ sordidas et hoc assiduent. Idem Arculanus cap. IG. in 9. Rhasis, Sfc. Withal as they do discommend the old, for the better effecting a more speedy alteration, they must commend another paramour, alteram inducere, set him or hei to be wooed, or woo some other that shall be fairer, of better note, better fortune birth, parentage, much to be preferred, ^^'•'- Invenies alium si te hie fastidit Mexis,''' by this means, which Jason Pratensis wisheth, to turn the stream of affection another way, '■'■ Successore novo truditur omnis amor;'''' or, as Valesius adviseth, by ^^sub- dividing to diminish it, as a great river cut into many channels runs low at last. '0 u fjorior et ut pariter Unas habcatis amicus,'''' 8fc. If you suspect to be taken, be sure, saith the poet, to have two mistresses at once, or go from one to another: as he that goes from a good fire in cold weather is loth to depart from it, though in the next room there be a better which will refresh him as much; there's as much dif- ference of hcBC as hac ignis ; or bring him to some public shows, plays, meetings, where he may see variety, and he shall likely loathe his first choice : carry him but to the next town, yea peradventure to the next house, and as Paris lost (Enone's love by seeing Helen, and Cressida forsook Troilus by conversing with Diomede, he will dislike his former mistress, and leave her quite behind him, as '' Theseus left Ariadne fast asleep in the island of Dia, to seek her fortune, that was erst his loving mistress. ^'^JYunc primum Dorida vetus amator contempsi, as he said, Doris is but a dowdy to this. As he that looks himself in a glass forgets his physiognomy forth- with, this flattering glass of love will be diminished by remove ; after a little absence it will be remitted, the next fair object will likely alter it. A young man in "Lucian was pitifully in love, he came to the theatre by chance, and by seeing other fair objects there, mentis sanitateni recepit, was fully recovered, '"""and went merrily home, as if he had taken a dram of oblivion." '*A mouse (saith an Apologer) was brought up in a chesti, there fed with fragments of bread and cheese, though there could be no better meat, till coming forth at last, and feeding liberally of other variety of viands, loathed his former life: moralise this fable by thyself. Plato, in his seventh book De Legibus, hath a pretty fiction of a city under ground, '** to which by little holes some small store of light came ; the inhabitants thought there could not be a better place, and at their first coming abroad they might not endure the light, cegerrime solem inlueri; but after they were accustomed a little to it, ""they deplored their fellows' misery that lived under ground." A silly lover is in like stale, none so fair as his mistress at first, he cares for none but her ; yet after a while, when he hath compared her with others, he abhors her name, sight, and memory. 'Tis generally true ; for as he observes, '''^ Priorem flammam novus ignis extrudit; et ea multorum natura, ut prcBsentes maxime ament, one fire drives out an- other; and such is women's weakness, that they love commonly him that is present. And so do many men; as he confessed, he loved Amye, till he saw Floriat, and when he saw Cynthia, forgat them both : but fair Phillis was incomparably beyond them all, Cloris surpassed her, and yet when he espied Amaryllis, she was his sole mistress; O divine Amaryllis : quam procera, cupressi ad instar, quam elegans, qudm decens, S^c. How lovely, how tall, how comely she was (saith Polemius) till he saw another, and then she was the sole subject of his thoughts. In conclusion, her he loves best he saw last. ™ Triton, the sea-god, first loved Leucothoe, till he came in presence of Milaene, she was the commandress of his heart, till he saw Galate^: but (as ^ she complains) he loved another eftsoons, another, and another. 'Tis a thing WHypatia Alexandrina quendam se adamantem pro- 'atis muliebribus pannis, et in eum conjectis ab amoris «nsaiiia laboravit. Suidas et Eunapius. «'Savana- 'ola, ret;- 5. 8* Vir?. Eel. 3. " Yoii will easily find another if this Alexis disdains you." ^^ Distribiitio amoris fiat in plures, ail plures arnicas animum applicet. •oOvid. "i recommend you lo have two mistresses." " iiiginus, sab. 43. '^ Petr Miius. <> Lib. de salt, j arnserit, 2u2 '< E theatre egressus hilaris, ao si pharmacum obli vionis bibisset. '5 Mus in cista natus, &c. "> In quern e specu subterraneo modicum lucis illabitur. " Deplorabant eorum miseriam qui subterraneis illia locis vilam ilegunt. '« Talius lib. 6. '^Aris- tsnelus, epist. 4. ^"Calcaifnin. Dial. Galat, Mo* aliain prstulit, aliani pr Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. .■o a most absolute form, m his eye at least, Cui formam Paphia, el Charlies trihij^^e decorum : but do other men affirm as much ? or is it an error in his judgment. >" " Fallunt nos oculi vagique eensus, Oppressa raiione mciithintar," " our eyes and other senses will commonly deceive us ;" it may be, to thee thyselt upon a more serious examination, or after a little absence, she is not so fair as she seems. Qucp,dain videntur et non stmt ; compare her to another standing by, 'tis a touchstone to try, confer hand to hand, body to body, face to face, eye to eye, nose to nose, neck, to neck, Stc, examine every part by itself, then altogether, in all pos- tures, several sites, and tell me how thoii likest her. It may be not she, that is so fair, but her coats, or put anotlier in her clothes, and she will seem all out as fair 5 as the ®^ poet then prescribes, separate her from her clothes : suppose thou saw her in a base beggar's weed, or else dressed in some old hirsute attires out of fashion, foul linen, coarse raiment, besmeared with soot, colly, perfumed with opoponax, sagapenum, assafoetida, or some such filtliy gums, dirty, about some indecent action or other ; or in such a case as ®^ Brassivola, the physician, found Malatasta, his pa- tient, after a potion of hellebore, which he had prescribed : Manibus in terram depo- silis^ et ano versus ccelmn elevato (^ac si videretur Socraticus ille Aristophanes^ qui Geometricas fguras in terrain scribens, tubera colligere videbatur) atram bilem in album parietem injiciebat^ adeoque totam camerain, et se deturpabat, ut^ ^-c, all to bewrayed, or worse; if thou saw'st her (I say) would thou affect her as thou dost? / Suppose thou beheldest her in a '" frosty morning, in cold weather, in some passion I or perturbation of mind, weeping, chafing, Slc, riveled and ill-favoured to behold. ' She many times that in a composed look seems so amiable and delicious, tarn sciiula formci^ if she do but laugh or smile, makes an ugly sparrow-mouthed face, and shows a pair of uneven, loathsome, rotten, foul teeth : she hath a black skin, gouty legs, a deformed crooked carcass under a fine coat. It may be for all her costly tires she is bald, and though she seem so fair by dark, by candle-light, or afar off at such a distance, as Callicratides observed in ' Lucian, " If thou should see her near, or in a morning, she would appear more ugly than a beast ;" ^ si diligenter conside- res, quid per os et nares et cceteros corporis meatus egreditur, vilius sterquilinium nunquam vidisti. Follow my counsel, see her undressed, see her, if it be possible, out of her attires, y«/ri Hist. nat. 11. cap. 35. A fly thiit hath -.'Olden wings but a poisoned body. • Ku chanan, Hendecasyl. » Apol. pro Rem. Seb. •«.»vni. 2. rem. Mem. 5. Subs. 3.] Cure of Love-Melancholy. 537 king, as Neubrigensis, llh. 4. cap. 24. relates it, married tlie king of Denmark's daughter, ''"and after he had used her as a wife one niglit, because her breath stunk, they say, or for some other secret fault, sent her back again to lier father." Peter Mattheus, in the life of Lewis the Eleventh, finds fault with our English * chronicles, for writing how Margaret the king of Scots' daughter, and wife to Louis the Eleventh, French king, was ob graveolentiam oris, rejected by her husband. Many such riiatches are made for by-respects, or some seemly comeliness, which after honey moon's past, turn to bitterness : for burning lust is but a flash, a gunpowder passion; and hatred oft follows in the highest degree, dislike and contempt. 9 " Cum se cutis arida laxat, Fiunt obscuri dentes" when they wax old, and ill-favoured, they may commonly no longer abide them, Jam gravis es nobis, Be gone, they grow stale, fulsome, loathsome, odious, thou art a beastly filthy quean, ^°faciem P/icebe cacantis habes, thou art Saturni jwdex, withered and dry, insipida et vet.ida, " Te quia rugce turpant, et capitis nives, (1 say) begone, ^^portce patent, projiciscere. Yea, but you will infer, your mistress is complete, of a most absolute form in all men's opinions, no exceptions can be taken at her, nothing may be added to her person, nothing detracted, she is the mirror of women for her beauty, comeliness and pleasant grace, inimitable, merce delicice, meri lepores, she is Myrothetium Ve- neris, Gratiarum pixis, a mere magazine of natural perfections, she hath all the Veneres and Graces, mille faces et mille fguras, in each part absolute and complete, ^^ Lceta genas, Iceta as roseum, vaga lumina Iceia : to be admired for her person, a most incomparable, unmatchable piece, anrea proles, ad simulachruni ali- cujus numinis composita, a Phoenix, vernantis cetalulcp, Vevxrilla, a nymph, a fairy, "like Venus herself when she was a maid, nulli secunda, a mere quintessence, ^ore* spirans et ainaracum, fcemince prodigium : put case she be, liow long will she con- tinue ? '^ Florem decoris singuli carpunt dies : "• Every day detracts from her per- son," and this beauty is bonum fragile, a mere flash, a Venice glass, quickly broken, >6'' Anceps forma bonum inortalilms, exigui doiium breve teinporis," it will not last. As that fair f^^ower '''Adonis, vvhich we call an anemone, flourisheth but one month, this gracious all-commanding beauty fades in an instant. It is a jewel soon lost, the painter's goddess, fiilsa Veritas, a mere picture. " Favour is deceitful, and beauty is vanity," Prov. xxxi. 30. '8" Vitrea gemmula, fliixaqiie bullula, Candida forma I " A brittle gem, bubble, is beauty pale. Nix, rnsa, fumus, ventus et aura, nihil." [est, | i A rose, dew, snow, smoke, wind, air, nought at all.'' If she be fair, as the saying is, she is commonly a fool : if proud, scornful, sequi- turque superbia formam, or dishonest, rara est concordia formm atqiie pudicitice, " can she be fair and honest too .'"' '^ Aristo, the son of Agasicles, married a Spar- tan lass, the fairest lady in all Greece next to Helen, but for her conditions the most abominable and beastly creature of the world. So that I would wish thee to respect, with ^"Seneca, not her person but qualities. "Will you say that's a j. :)od blatle which hath a gilded scabbard, embroidered with gold and jewels .'' No, but that which hath a good edge and point, well tempered metal, able to resist." This beauty is of the body alone, and what is that, but as ^' Gregory Nazianzan telleth us, " a mock of time and sickness ?" or as Boethius, ''^" as mutable as a flower, and 'tis not nature so makes us, but most part the infirmity of the beholder." For ask another, he sees no such matter : Die mihi per gratias qualis tibi videtur, " I pray thee tell me how thou lik\j«t my sweetheart," as she asked her sister in Aristenaetus, 'Post unam noctem incertum unde offensam cepil propter foetentem ejus spirituni alii dicunt, ve! laten- leni foeditatem repudiavit. rem faeiens plane illicitam, et regiae peri'onae mullum indecorain. » Hall and Grafton belike. s Juvenal. " When the wrinkled tkin becomes flabby, and the teeth black." i" Mart. "Camerarius. emb. 68. cent. I. flos omnium pulcherri- mus statim languescit, form'* typus. '« Bernar Bauhusius Ep. 1. 4. '^ Pausanias Lacon. lib. 3. uxo- rem duxit Spartse mulierum omnium post Helenair formosissimam. at ob mores omnium turpissiuiam, Epist. 7(j. gladium bonum dices, non cui deauratusest ■'Tully in Cat. "Because wrinkles and hoary locks balllieus, nee cui vagina gemmis dislinguitur. sed cui lisfigure you." '» Hor. ode. 13. lib. 4. 'S Locheus. ' ad setandum subtilis acies et mucro munimentuni •Beautiful cheeks, rosy lips, and languishing eyes." | omne rupturus. s' Pulchritudo corporis, .-^inporis et * Qualis fuit Venus cum fuit virgo, balsamum spirans, j morlii ludihrium. oral. 2. " Florum mutabilitate tc. '^Seneca. 's Seneca Hyp. "Beauty is a gift I fugacior, iiec sua natura formosas facit sed gpecian- )l Jubious worth to mortals, and of brief durulion." ! tium infirmitas. ^.8 538 Lav e-Me lancholy. [Par "]. Sec. 2. '^^ waciti I so much admire, methinks he is the sweetest gentleman, thi ^-ropeiesl man th it ever I saw : but I am in love, I confess (nee pudetfateri) and cat ^ot there- fore well judge." But be she fair indeed, golden-haired, as Anacreon his B^ithillus, (to examine particulars) she have ^* Flammeolos oculos^ collaque lacteola, & pure san- guine complexion, little moutli, coral lips, white teeth, soft and plump neck, body, hands, feet, all fair and lovely to behold, composed of all graces, elegances, an ab- solute piece, M " Luinina sint Melitie Juiionia, dextra Minervte, MainillEB Veneris, sura maris domiiisB," Sec. Let ^^ her head be from Prague, paps out of Austria, belly from France, back from Brabant, hands out of England, feet from Rhine, buttocks from Switzerland, let her nave the Spanish gait, the Venetian tire, Italian compliment and endowments . 'Candida sideriis ardescant lumina flanimip, Sudent colla rosas, et cedat ciinibus aurum, Mellea purpurem depronianl ora ruboreni ; Fiilgeat, ac Venerem coelesti corpore vlno«t, Forma dearum omnis," &;c. Let her be such a one throughout, as Lucian deciphers in his Imagines, as Euphanor of old painted Venus, Aristaenetus describes Lais, another Helena, Chariclea^ Leu- cippe, Lucretia, Pandora; let her have a box of beauty to repair herself stdl, such a one as Venus gave Phaon, when he carried her over the ford ; let her use all helps art and nature can yield ; be liJ-e her, and her, and whom thou wilt, or all thef^ in one; a little sickness, a fever si>.."^ll-pox, wound, scar, loss of an eye, or limb, a violent passion, a distemperature of heat or cold, mars all in an instant, disfigures all ; child-bearing, old age, that tyrant time will turn Venus to Erinnys ; raging t^me, care, rivels her upon a sudden ; after she hath been married a small while, and the black ox hath trodden on her toe, she will be so much altered, and wax out of favour, thou wilt not know her. One grows to fat, another too lean, &c., modest Matilda, pretty pleasing Peg, sweet-singing Susan, mincing merry Moll, dainty danc- ing Doll, neat Nancy, jolly Joan, nimble Nell, kissing Kate, bouncing Bess' with black eyes, fair Phyllis, with fine white hands, fiddling Frank, tall Tib, slender Sib, &c., will quickly lose their grace, grow fulsome, stale, sad, heavy, dull, sour, and all at last out of fashion. Ubi jam vultus argutia^ suavis suavitatio, blandus^ rlsus^c. Those fair sparkling eyes will look dull, her soft coral lips will be pale, dry, cold, rough, and blue, her skin rugged, that soft and tender superficies will be hard and harsh, her whole complexion change in a moment, and as ^' Matilda writ to King John. " I am not now as when thou saw'st me last, Tliat favour soon is vanished and past ; That rosy blush lapt in a lily vale. Now is with morphew overgrown and pale." 'Tis so in the rest, their beauty fades as a tree in winter, which Dejanira hath ele- gantly expressed in the poet, ' And as a tree that in the green wood grows, With fruit and leases, and in the summer blowi. In winter like a stock deformed shows: .y^ Our beauty takes his race and journey goes. And doth decrease, and lose, and come to puughi, Admir'd of old, to this by child-birth broug.n • And mother hath berett me of my grace, And crooked old age coining on apace." To conclude with Chrysostom, ™" When thou seest a fair and beautiful person,^ biave Bonaroba, a bella donna, qucB salivam moveat, levidarn putlimn et quam tu facile ames, a comely woman, having bright eyes, a merry countenance, a shining lustre in her look, a pleasant grace, wringing thy soul, and increasing thy concu- piscence ; bethink with thyself that it is but earth thou lovest, a mere excrement, ^viiich so vexeth thee, which thou so admirest, and thy raging soul will be at rest. 'Deforme solis aspicis truncis nemns? Sic nostra longum forma percurrens iter, Deperdit aliquid semper, et fulget minus, Malisque minuses! quic(|uid in nobis fuit, Ohm petituni cecidit, et partu labat, Mater<|ue multum rapnit e.\ ilia mihi, jEtas citato senior eripuit gradu." 33 Epist. II. Cluem ego depereo juvenis mihi pulche- rimus videtur; sed forsan amore percita de amore non rectejudico. a* Luc. Brugensis. " Bright eyes and snow-white neck." ^^ Idem. " Let my Melita's eyes he like Juno's, )ier hand Minerva's, her breasts Venus', her leg Amphitiles'." ^ Bebelius adagiis Ger. *> Petron. Cat. " Let her eyes be as bright as the stars, her neck smell like the rose, her hair shine more than gold, her honied lips be ruby coloured ; let her beauty be resplendent, and superior to Venus, let her be in all respects a deity," &c. w M. Drayton. !">Senec act. 2. Here. Oeteus. so Vides venustam mulierem, fulgidum habentem oculum, vultu hilari coruscantena, eximiuin quendam aspectum et decorem pr.J, ready to pounce upon you." 3& x^jb. I 540 Lov e-Me lancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2 mulieniin, inenstruae imprimis, quam immundaj sunt, quam Savanarola proponit regula septima penitus observaiulaiu ; and Platina dial, amoris fuse pcrslringit. Lodoviciis Bonacsialus, muUcb. lib. 2. cap. 2. Pet. Haedus. Albertus, et iri/mUifere medicL ^'' A lover, in Calcagninus's Apologies, wished with all his heart he were his mistress's ring, to hear, embrace, see, and do I know not what : O thou fool, quoth the ring, il" tiiou wer'st in my room, thou shouldst hear, observe, and see pudenda et poeni- knda, that which would make thee loathe and hate her, yea, peradventure, all women for her sake. I will say nothing of the vices of their minds, their pride, envy, inconstancy, weakness, malice, selfwill, lightness, insatiable lust, jealousy; Ecclus. v. 14. "No malice to a woman's, no bitterness like to hers, Eccles. vii. 21. and as the same author urgeth, Prov. xxxi. 10. "Who shall find a virtuous woman ?" He makes a question of it. JVeque jus neque honum., neque cBquum sciunt, melius pejus, prosit, obsit, nihil vident, nisi quod libido suggerit. " They know neither good nor bad, be it better or worse (as the comical poet hath it), beneficial or hurtful, they will do what they list. '^"Insidiie huinani generis, qiierimonia vitJB, Exuvia; noctis, durissinia cura diei, Poena viruiu, nex et juvenum," &c. And to that purpose were they first made, as Jupiter insinuates in the "^poet; "The fire that bold Prometheus stole from me, With plajjues cali'd women shall revenged be. On whose alluring and enticing face, Poor mortals doting shall their death embrace." In fine, as Diogenes concludes in Nevisanus, JYuUa estfoemina quce. nan habeat quid they have all their faults. *" Every each of them hath some vices, If one be full ofvillany, .Another halh a liquorish eye, If one be full of wantonness, Another is a cliideress. Whea Leander was drowned, the inhabitants of Sestos consecrated Hero's lantern to Anteros, Anteroti sacrum, ^'and he that had good success in his love should light the candle : but never any man was found to light it ; which I can refer to nought, but the inconstancy and lightness of women. '■/For in a thousand, good there is not one ; All be so proud, unthankful, and unkind, With flinty hearts, careless of other's moan. In their own lusts carried most headlong blind, But more herein to speak I am forbidden : Sometimes for speaking truth one may be chidden. I am not willing, you see, to prosecute the cause against them, and therefore take heed you mistake me not, ^ matronam nullum ego tango, I honour the sex, with al good men, and as 1 ought to do, rather than displease them, I will voluntarily take the oath which Mercurius Britannicus took, Viragin. descript. tib. 2.fol. 95. Me nihil unquam mali nobiUssimo sexui, vel verbo, vel facto machinaturum, Sfc, let Si- monides, Mantuan, Platina, Pet. Aretine, and such women-haters bare the blame, if aught be said amiss ; I have not writ a tenth of that which might be urged out of them and others; **non possunt invective omnes, et satircB in foeminas scriptce, uno volumine comprehendi. And that which I have said (to speak truth) no more con- cerns them than men, though women be more frequently named in this tract ; (to apologise once for all) I am neither partial against them, or therefore bitter ; what is said of the one, mutato nomine, may most part be understood of the other. My words are like Passus' picture in ''^ Lucian, of whom, when a good fellow had be- spoke a horse to be painted with his heels upwards, tumbling on his back, he made him passant : now when the fellow came for his piece, he was very angry, and said, it was quite opposite to his mind ; but Passus instantly turned the picture upside down, showed hhn the horse at that site which he requested, and so gave him satis- faction. If any man take exception at my words, let him alter the name, read him for her, and 'tis all one in effect. "(luum amator annulum se amicae optaret, ut ejus ■mplexu frui posset, &;c. O te miserum ait annulus, si ineas vices obires, .ideres, audi es, &c. nihil non odio dignuin observares. * Ecclus. xxviii. 1. " Euripides Andromach. 3. '"' Translated by my brother, Ralph Burton. '' Ju- ^^ ^Eiius Verus imperator. Spar. vit. ejus. ^^ fjor. venal. "Who thiusts his foolish neck a second time m Quod licet, ingratum est. ^s Por better for worse, into the halter." ^8 Hsec in speciem dicta cave ut eredas. 69 Uachelors always are the bravest men. Bacon. Seek eternity in memory, not in pl)^tenty, like Epaminondas that instead of children, left two great victories behind him, which he called his two daughters. for richer for poorer, in sickness and in hfal'h, &.C. "tii durus sermo to a sensual man. *Tei act. 1. Sc 3. Eunuch. c' Ltician. torn. 4. neque cum unfi aliiiui rem habere conlentus foreui. Mem. 5 Subs. S.j Cure of Love-Melancholy. 543 whether he was married, JVeqiiaquam pater, amator enim sum, S^c. " No, father, no. I am a lover still, and cannot be contented with one woman," Pythias, Echo, Me- nades, and I know not how many besides, were his mistresses, he might not abide marriage. Varietas delectat, 'tis loathsome and tedious, what one still ? which the satirist said of Iberina, is verified in most, M" Unus IberiiK-e vir sufiicit ? ocyus illud I '"Tis not one man will serve hef by her will, Extorqiiebis lit haec oculo contenta sit uno." ( As^oon she'll have one eye as one man still." .As capable of any impression as materia prima itself, that still desires new forms, like the sea their affections ebb ajid flow. Husband is a cloak for some to hide their villany ; once married she mayfly out at her pleasure, the name of husband is a sanctuary to make all good. Ed ventum (saith Seneca) ut nulla virum habeat, nisi ut irritet adulterum. They are right and straight, as true Trojans as mine host's daughter, that Spanish wench in ^^ Ariosto, as good wives as Messalina. Many men are as constant in their choice, and as good husbands as Nero himself, they must have their pleasure of all they see, and are in a word far more fickle than any woman. For either they be full of jealousy, Or maslerfull, or loven iiovcUy. Good men have often ill wives, as bad as Xantippe was to Socrates, Elevora to St. Lewis, Isabella to our Edward the Second; and good wives are as often matched to ill husbands, as Mariamne to Herod, Serena to Diocletian, Theodora to Theophilus, and Thyra to Gurmunde. But I will say nothing of dissolute and bad husbands, of bachelors and their vices ; their good qualities are a fitter subject for a just volume, too well known already in every village, town and city, they need no blazon ; and lest I should mar any matches, or dishearten loving maids, for this present I will let them pass. / Being that men and women are so irreligious, depraved by nature, so wandering ^tn their afiections, so brutish, so subject to disagreement, so unobservant of marriage rites, what shall 1 say } If thou beest such a one, or thou light on such a wife, what concord can there be, what hope of agreement } 'tis not conjugium but conjur- gium, as the Reed and Fern in the ™ Emblem, averse and opposite in nature : 'tis twenty to one thou wilt not marry to thy contentment : but as in a lottery forty blanks were drawn commonly for one prize, out of a multitude you shall hardlj choose a good one : a small ease hence then, little comfort, '» " Nee integrum unquam transiges Iffitus diem." I " If he or she be such a one, I Thou hadst much better be alone." If she be barren, she is not &c. If she have '^children, and thy state be noi good, though thou be wary and circumspect, thy charge will undo thee, -fcecundd domum tibi prole gravabit,''^ thou wilt not be able to bring them up, " " and what greater misery can there be than to beget children, to whom thou canst leave no other inheritance but hunger and thirst?" ''^ cum fames dominatur, strident vodes rogantium panem, penetrantes patris cor: what so grievous as to tu'.n them up to the wide world, to shift for themselves } No plague like to want : and when thou hast good means, and art very careful of their education, they will not be ruled. Think but of that old proverb, jyptowi/ rsxm rt/j/uara, heroumfdii nox(e, great men's sons seldom do well ; utinam aut cozlehs mansissem, aut prole carerem ! " would that I had either remained single, or not had children," "^Augustus exclaims in Suetonius. Jacob had his Reuben, Simeon and Levi; David an Amnon, an Absalom, Adoniah ; wise men's sons are commonly fools, insomuch that Spartian concludes, JYeminem prope magnorum virorum optimum et utilem reliquisse Jilium : "they had been much better to have been childless. 'Tis too common in the middle sort ; thy son's a drunkard, a gamester, a spendthrift ; thy daughter a fool, a whore ; thy servants lazy drones and thieves ; thy neighbours devils, they will make thee weary of thy life, '*'•'■ If thy wife be froward, when she may not have her will, thou hadst bettei be buried alive ;• she will be so impatient, raving still, and roaring like Juno in th«i M Juvenal. Ml.ib. 28. '"Camerar. 82. cent. 3. i famem et sitim. 'sChrvs. Fonseca. '« Libpri sibi 'tSinionides. '^ (j|,j„„^,-, nake misfortunes more bitter. Bacon. '^ •> ^lie yv,i|l siulj your whole e.stab- Jishment by her fecundity. ' '< llmnsius. E[)i?t. Primiiro. Nihil nusernis qiiani prucreare liberos ad qnof vihil ei hiKreaitate tua pervenire videas preeler numer. 101. tiil. nup. carciiiomata. " Melius fut-ral eus sine liberis disces. sisse. '"' Leinnius, cap 6 lib. 1. Si inorosa, si iion in omnibus oliseqiiaris, omnia inipacata in a*' Idem, »it qui« sanx mentis sustinere queat, &c. 82Subegit nix-illas quod uxor ejus deformior esset. ^3 " Perhaps Bbe will not suit you." ** Sil. nup. 1. 2. num. 25. Dives inducit teiiipestatem, pauper curam ; ducens yi- duam sf inducit in laqueum. ** Sic quisque dicit, ftlteram diicit tamen " Who can endure a virago for Mem. 5. Subs. 3.] Cure of Love-Melancholy. 545 Sic Virgo dum intacta manet, dum chara suis, s«d Cum Castum auiisit," tu« Degue eaim fabula est, noiinulli reperti sunt, qui ex ' lavare. &(* Mem. 5. bubs. 5,J Cure of Lone-Melancholy. 547 he was enamoured on Juno, thither go to ease and wash himself, and after him divers others. Cephalus for the love of Protela, Degonetus' daughter, leaped down here, that Lesbian Sappho for Phaon, on whom she miserably doted. * Cupidinis (P.stro vercita e summo prceceps ruit, hoping thus to ease herself, and to be freed of her love pangs. '<>" Hic se Deucalion Pyrrhre suocensus amore Mersit, et illjeso corpore pressit aquas. Nee mora, fugil ainor,"&c. ' Hither Deucalion came, when Pyrrha's love Tormented him, and leapt down to the sea. And had no harm at all, hut by and by His love was gone and chased quite away." This medicine Jos. Scaliger speaks of, Jlusoniarum lectionu/n lib. 18. Salmutz in Pancirol. de 7. mundi mirac. and other writers. Pliny reports, that amongst the Cyzeni, there is a well consecrated to Cupid, of which if any lover taste, his pas- sion is mitigated : and Anthony Verdurius Iniag. deorum de Cupid, saitli, that amongst the ancients there was ^^Jlmor Lethes^ " he took burning torches, and extinguished them in the river ; his statute was to be seen in the temple of Venus Eleusina," of wmcn Ovid makes mention, and saith " that all lovers of old went thither on pil grmjage, that would be rid of their love-pangs." Pausanias, in '^Phocicis, writes of a leniple dedicated Veneri in speluncd, to Venus in the vault, at Naupactus in Achaia (now Lepanto) in which your widows that would have second husbands, made ineir supplications to the goddess ; all manner of suits concerning lovers were commenced, and their grievances helped. The same author, in Achaicis, tells as much oi the river " Senelus in Greece; if any lover washed himself in it, by a secret vn>.ue of that water, (by reason of the extreme coldness belike) he was healed of love's torments, '■* A7noris vulnus idem qui sanai facit ; which if it be so, that water, as ne holds, is onmi aura pretiosior^ better tiian any gold. Where none of all these remedies will take place, I know no other but that all lovers must make a head and rebel, as they did in '^Ausonius, and crucify Cupid till he grant their re- quest, or sait'sfy their desires. Sub SECT. V —The last and best Cure of Love-Melancholy, is to let them have their Desire. The last -efuge and surest remedy, to be put in practice in the utmost place, when no other mc-tns will take effect, is to let them go together, and enjoy one another : potissima cvra est ut heros amasia sua potiatur., saith Guianerius, cap. 15. tract. 15. iEsculapius nimself, to this malady, cannot invent a better remedy, qudm ut amanf.i cedat atuatuti,''' (Jason Pratensis) than that a lover have his desire. " Et par|l^l■ torulo bini jungantur in uno, Et pulcu/o detur ^nece Lavinia conjux." " And let them both be joined in a bed, And let ^neas fair Luvinia wed;" 'Tis the special cure, to let them bleed in vena Hymena;a, for love is a pleurisy, and if it be possible, so let it be, optataque gaudia carpant. " Arculanus holds it the speedieft and the best cure, 'tis Savanarola's '^ last precept, a principal infallible remedy, the last, sole, and safest refuge. ' Julia sola potes nostras extinguere flammas, Non nivfc, nun glacie, sed potes igne pari." " Julia alone can quench my desire. With neither ice nor snow, but with like fire." When you have all done, sailh '^"" Avicenna, there is no speedier or safer course, ihan to join the parties together according to their desires and wishes, the custom and form of law ; and so we liave seen him quickly restored to his former health, that was languished away to skin and bones ; after his desire was satisfied, his dis- content ceased, and we thought it strange ; our opinion is therefore that in such cases nature is to be obeyed." Areteus, an old author, lib. 3. cap. 3. hath an in- stance of a young man, ^' when no other means could prevail, was so speedily re- lieved, What remains then but to join them in marriage } * Menander. " Stricken by the gadfly of love, rushed headlong from the summit." i" Ovid. ep. 21. " Apud aniiquos amor Lethes olini fuit, is ardentes fasces in profluentum inclinabat; hujus statua Veneris Eleusina; teniplo visebatur, quo ainantes confluebant, qui amiCEB menioriam deponere volebant. " ljI). jq. Vota ei nunciipant amatores. multis de causis, sed imprimis vidiiae mulieres, ut sibi alteras a dea nuptias exposcant. 'sRodiginus, ant. lect. lib. Iti. cap. 25. calls it Seleiiiis. Omni aniore liberal. "Seneca. "The rise and remedy of love tlie same." '^Cupido crucifixus: Lepidum poema. '6 Cap. 19. de morb. cerebri 1' Patiens potiatur re amata, si fieri possit, optima cura, cap. 11). in 9 Rhasis. i* Si nihil aliud, nuptiae et co- pulatio cum ea. '9 Petronius Catal. 2" Cap. dp llishi. Nun invenitur cura, nisi regimen connexioiiis inter eos. secundum modum promissioiiiB, et legis, et sic vidimus ad carnem restitutiini, qui jam venerat ad arc- factioneiii ; evaniiit cura postquani seiisil &c. '^i Faina est melancholicuin queiidam ex amore iiisai tihiliter st liabentein, ubi puellx se conjunxisset, restit turn, &c. 648 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. ''"Tiincet basia morsiunciilasqiie Siirreptim dare, mutuos fovere Afiiplexus licet, et licet jocari ;" " they may then kiss and coll, lie and look babies in one another's eyes," as heir sires before them did, they may then satiate themselves with love's pleasures, which they have so long wished and expected ; " Atque uno simul in toro quiescant, Cmijiincto siiniil ore siiavientur, Et soinnos agitent quiete in una." Tea, but hie labor, hoc opus, this cannot conveniently be done, by reason of man? and several impediments. Sometimes both parties themselves are not agreed : parents tutors, masters, guardians, will not give consent ; laws, customs, statutes hinder : poverty, superstition, fear and suspicion : many men dote on one woman, semcl el simul: she dotes as much on him, or them, and in modesty must not, cannot woo, as unwilling to confess as willing to love: she dare not make it known, show her affection, or speak her mind. " And hard is the choice (as it is in Euphues) when one is compelled either by silence to die with grief, or by speaking to live with shame." In this case almost was the fair lady Elizabeth, Edward the Fourth his daughter, when she was enamoured on Henry the Seventh, that noble young prince, and new saluted king, when she broke forth into that passionate speech, ^^'•^O that 1 were worthy of that comely prince ! but my father being dead, I want friends to motion such a matter ! What shall I say .'' I am all alone, and dare not open my mind to any. What if I acquaint my mother with it? bashfulness forbids. What if some of the lords } audacity wants. O that I might but confer with him, perhaps in discourse I might let slip such a word that might discover mine intention !" How many modest maids may this concern, J am a poor servant, what shall i do .'' i am a fatherless child, and want means, I am blithe and buxom, young and lusty, but 1 have never a suitor, Exjiectant stolidi ut ego illos rogatum veniani, as ^'* slie said, A company of silly fellows look belike that I should woo them and speak first : fain they would and cannot woo, ^^qu(B primian exordia sumam? being merely pas- sive they may not make suit, with many such lets and inconveniences, v.hich J know not; what shall we do in such a case .? sing " Fortune my foe ?" Some are so curious in this behalf, as those old Romans, our modern Venetians, Dutch and French, that if two parties dearly love, the one noble, the other ignoble, they may not by their laws match, though equal otherwise in years, fortunes, edu- cation, and all good aflection. In Germany, except they can prove their gentility by three descents, tliey scorn to match with them. A nobleman must marry a noble- woman : a baron, a baron's daughter; a knight, a knight's; a gentleman, a gentle- man's : as slaters sort their slates, do they degrees and families. If she be never so rich, fair, well qualified otherwise, they will make him forsake her. The Spaniards abhor all widows ; the Turks repute them old women, if past five-and-twenty. But these are too severe laws, and strict customs, dandurn aliquid amori, we are all the sons of Adam, 'tis opposite to nature, it ought iiot to be so. Again : he loves her most impotenily, she loves not him, and so e contra. "^^"Pan loved Echo, Echo Satyrus, Satyrus Lyda.. "Quantum ipsorum aliquis amaiitem oderat, Tantum ipsius anians odiosus erat." ''They love and loathe of all sorts, he loves her, she hates him; and is loathed ot him, on whom she dotes." Cupid hath two darts, one to force love, all of gold, and that sharp, ^^ Quod facit. auratum est; another blunt, of lead, and that to hinder; fugat hoc, facit ilJud amorem, " this dispels, that creates love." This we see too often verified in our common experience. ^^ Choresus dearly loved that virgin Callyrrhoe but the more he loved her, the more she hated him. ffinone loved Paris, but he rejected her : they are stiff of all sides, as if beauty were there- fore created to undo, or be undone. I give her all attendance, all observance, I pray and intreat, ^^Mma precor miserere mei, fair mistress pity me, I spend myself, my '"Jovian. Pontanus, Basi. lib. 1. 23 gpeede's hist. e M. S. Ber. Andres. "i Lucretia in Coelestina, act. W. Barthio interpret. 25 Virg. 4 JEn. " How shall ; begin ?" as E Graecho Moschi. ^ Ovid. Met. 1. The efficacious one is goldeu." '»> Tausanias i Achaicis, lib. 7. Perdite amabat Callyrhoen v*rginem, et quanto erat Choresi amor vehementior era ', tanttt erat puellse animus ab ejus ainore alienior. •* Vin Mem. 5. Subs. 5.] Cure, of Love-M lancholy. 54a time, friends and fortunes, to win her favour, y&s he complains in the ""Eclogue,) J lament, sigh, weep, and make my moan to her, " but she is hard as flint," cau- tibus Ismarlis imnwtlor as fair and hard as a diamond, she will not respect, Despecms tibi sum^ or hear me. What shall I do ? " fugit ilia vocantem Nil lachrymas miserata meas, nil flexa querelis.' ' I wooed her as a young man should do, But sir, she said, I love not you." " Rock, marble, heart of oak with iron liarr'd. Frost, flint or adamsnts, are not so hard." ^Rusti.cus est Condon^ Jiec 32" D'irior at scopulis mea Coelia, marmore, ferro, Robore, rupe, antro, cornu, adamante, gelu." I give, I bribe, I send presents, but they are refused. munera curat Alexis. I protest, I swear, I weep, '* "odioque rependit amores, Irrisu laclirymas" "• She neglects me for all this, she derides me," contemns me, she hates me, " Phillida flouts me:" Caute,fe7is, quercu durior Eurydice., stiff*, churlish, rocky still. And 'tis most true, many gentlewomen are so nice, they scorn all suitors, crucify their poor paramours, and think nobody good enough for them, as dainty to please as Daphne herself. * " Multi illam petlere, ilia aspernate petentes, I " Many did woo her, but she soorn'd them still, Nee quid Hymen, quid amor, quid sint connubia curat." | And said she would not marry by her will." One while they will not marry, as they say at least, (when as they intend nothing less) another while not yet, when 'tis their only desire, they rave upon it. She will marry at last, but not him : he is a proper man indeed, and well qualified, but he wants means : another of her suitors hath good means, but he wants wit ; one is too old, another-too young, too deformed, she likes not his carriage : a third too loosely given, he is rich, but base born : she will be a gentlewoman, a lady, as her sister is, as her mother is : she is all out as fair, as well brought up, hath as good a portion, and she looks for as good a match, as Matilda or Dorinda : if not, she is resolved as yet to tarry, so apt are young maids to boggle at every object, so soon won or lost with every toy, so quickly diverted, so hard to be pleased. In the meantime, qu^t torsit amant.es? one suitor pines away, languisheth in love, mori quol denique cogit ! another sighs and grieves, she cares not : and which "^ Stroza ob- jected to Ariadne, "Nee niagis Euryali gemitu, lacrymisque moveris, (iuam prece turbati flectitur ora sali. Tu juvenem, quo non fonnosior alter in urbe, Spernis, «t insano cogis aniore mori." " Is no more mov'd with those sad sighs and tears, Of her sweetheart, than raging sea with prayers: Thou .scorn'st the fairest youth in all our city. And mak'sl him almost mad for love to die:" They take a pride to prank up themselves, to make young men enamoured, *' capture viros et spernere captos, to dote on them, and to run mad for their sakes, ' " sed nullis ilia movetur Fletibus, aut voces ullas tractabilis ai|dit." '"Whilst niggardly their favours they discover. They love to be belov'd, yet scorn the lover." All suit and service is too little for them, presents too base : Tormentis gaudet aman- tis et spol'ds. As Atalanta they must be overrun, or not won. Many young men are as obstinate, and as curious in their choice, as tyrannically proud, insulting, deceitful, false-hearted, as irrefragable and peevish on the other side; Narcissus-like, 39" Multi ilium juvenes, multa; petiere puellae, Sed fuit in tenera tarn dira superbia forma, Nulli ilium juvenes, nullae petiere puella;." ' Young men and maids did to him sue. But in his youth, so proud, so coy was he, Young men and maids bade him adieu." Echo wept and wooed him by all means above the rest, Love me for pity, or pity me for love, but he was obstinate, Jlnte ait emoriar quam sit tibi copia nostri, " he would rather die than give consent." Psyche ran whining after Cupid, «>"Kormosum tua te Psyche formosa requirit, Et poscit te dia deum, puerunique puella ;" 'Fair Cupid, thy fair Psyche to thee suea A lovely lass a fine young gallant woos , but he rejected her nevertheless. Thus many lover.s do hold out so long, doting on 30 Erasmus Egl. Galatea. 3i •• Having no compas- sion for my tears, she avoids my prayers, and is in- flexible to my plaints." 32 Angerianus Erotopffignion. « Virg. 3« Lschcus. 3i ovid. Met. 1. 36 Erot. lib. 2. 3Tr. H. "To captivate the men, but despise them when ciiptive." 3« Virg. 4 .lEn. 33Metamor 3. *" Fracastorius Dial, de anim. ft 50 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2 ihemselves, stand in their own light, till in the end they come to be scorned and re- jected, as Stroza's Gargiliana was, " Te juveiies, te odere senes, desertaque Ungues, I " Both young and old do hate thee scorned now, Quae fueras procerum publica oura prius." | That once was all their joy and comfort too." As Narcissus was himself, ," Wiio despising many. Died ere he coLid enjoy the love of any. ' They begin to be contemned themselves of others, as he was of his shadow, and take up with a poor curate, or an old serving-man at last, that might have had their choice of right good matches in their youth ; like that generous mare, in ^' Plutarch, which would admit of none but great horses, but when her tail was cut off" and mane shorn close, and she now saw herself so deformed in the water, when she came to drink, ab asino conscendi se passa, she was contented at last to be covered by an ass. Yet this is a common humour, will not be left, and cannot be helped. I " I love a maid, she loves me not : fdll fain "" Hanc volo quae nnn vult, lllam qure vult ego nolo: | She would have me, but I not her again ; Vincere vult animos, non satiare Venus." I So love to crucify men's souls is bent : I But seldom doth it please or give consent." " Their love danceth in a ring, and Cupid hunts them round about ; he dotes, is doted on again." Dumque petit petitur^ pariterque accedi.t et ardet., their affection cannot be reconciled. Oftentimes they may and will not, 'tis their own foolish pro- ceedings that mars all, they are too distrustful of themselves, too soon dejected : say she be rich, thou poor : she young, thou old ; she lovely and fair, thou most ill-favoured and deformed ; she noble, thou base : she spruce and fine, but thou an ugly clown : nil desperandiun^ there's hope enough yet : Mopso JVisa datur, quid non speremus amantes'? Put thyself forward once' more, as unlikely matches have been and are daily made, see what will be the event. Many leave roses and gather thistles^ loathe honey and love verjuice : our likings are as various as our palates. But com- monly they omit opportunities, oscula qui sumpsit, ^c, they neglect the usual means and times. " He that will not when he may. When he will he shall have nay." They look to be wooed, sought after, and sued to. Most part they will and cannot, either for the above-named reasons, or for that there is a multitude of suitors equally enamoured, doting all alike ; and where one alone must speed, what shall become of the rest? Hero was beloved of many, but one did enjoy her; Penelope had a company of suitors, yet all missed of their aim. In such cases he or they must wisely and warily unwind themselves, unsettle his affections by those rules above prescribed, "'qiiin stulfos excutii. ignes, divert his cogitations, or else bravely bear it out, as Turnus did, Tua sit Lavinia conjux, when he could not get her, with a kind of heroical scorn he bid ^neas take her, or M^ith a milder farewell, let her go. Et Phillida solus habtto^ "• Take her to you, God give you joy, sir." The fox/' in the emblem would eat no grapes, but why? because he could not get them; careTy not then for that which may not be had. Many such inconveniences, lets, and hindrances there are, which cross their pro- jects and crucify poor lovers, which sometimes may, sometimes again cannot be so easily removed. But put case they be reconciled all, agreed hitherto, suppose this loAc or good liking be between two alone, both parties well pleased, there is mutuus amor, mutual love and great affection ; yet their parents, guardians, tutors, cannot agree, thence all is dashed, the match is unequal : one rich, another poor : durus pater, a hard-hearted, unnatural, a covetous father will not marry his son, except he have so much money, ita in aurum omnes insaninnf, as "'' Chrysostom notes, nor join his daughter in marriage, to save her dowry, or for that he cannot spare her for the service she doth him, and is resolved to part with nothing whilst he lives, not a penny, though he may peradventure well give it, he will not till he dies, and then as a pot of money broke, it is divided amongst them that gaped after it so e\rnes ily. Or else he wants means to set her out, he hath no money, and though it be to the manifest prejudice of her body and soul's health, he cares not, he will take no notice « Dial. Am. « Ausonius. « Ovid. Met. « Horn. 5. in 1. epist. Theus. <:ap. 4, ver. J Mem. 5. Subs. 5.] Cure of Love-Melancholy. 551 of it, she must and shall tarry. Many slack and careless parents, iniqui patres^ measure their ciiildren's affections by their own, they are now cold and decrepit themselve?, past all such youthful conceits, and they will therefore starve their children's genus, have them a pueris *'illico nascl se?ies, they must not marry, nee tarum affmcsesse rerum quas secuinfert adolescentia : ex sua libidine moderatur quce est nunc^ non quce. olimfuit: as he said in the comedy : they will stifle nature, their young bloods must not participate of youthfu. pleasures, but be as they are them- selves old on a sudden. And 'lis a general iault amongst most parents in bestowing of their children, the father wholly respects wealth, when through his folly, riot, in- discretion, he hath embezzled his estate, to recover himself, he confines and prosti- tutes his eldest son's love and affection to some fool, or ancient, or deformed piece for money. *5 " Plianaretee ducet filiam, rufani, illam virginein, Caesiam, sparse ore, adunco naso" and though his son utterly dislike, with Clitipho in the comedy, JYon possum pater . If she be ricii, Eia (he replies) ut. elegans est, credas animum ibi. esse? he must and shall have her, she is fair enough, young enough, if he look or hope to inherit his lands, he sliall marry, not when or whom he loves, Jlrconidis hujusjiliarn, but whom Ills father commands, when and where he likes, his affection must dance attendance upon him. His daughter is in the same predicament forsooth, as an empty boat, she must carry what, where, when, and whom her father will. So that iu these busi- nesses the father is still for the best advantage; now the mother respects good kin- dred, must part the son a proper woman. All whicli '*'' Livy exempliffes, dec. 1. lib. 4. a gentleman and a yeoman wooed a wench in Rome (contrary to that statute that the gentry and commonalty must not match together) ; the matter was controverted : the gentleman was preferred by the mother's voice, quce quam splendissimis nuptiis jungi puellam volebat : the overseers stood for him that was most worth, &.c. But parents ought not to be so strict in this behalf, beauty is a dowry of itself all sufficient, *^ Virgo for inosa., etsi oppidd pauper, abunde dotata est, ''"Rachel was so married to Jacob, and Bonaventure, ""/n 4. sent, "-denies that he so much as venially sins, that marries a maid for comeliness of person." The Jews, Deut. xxi. 11, if they saw amongst the captives a beautiful woman, some small circumstances observed, might take her to wife. They should not be too severe in that kind, especially if there be no such urgent occasion, or grievous impediment. 'Tis good for a commonwealth. ^' Plato holds, that in their contracts "young men should never avoid tlie affinity of poor folks, or seek after rich." Poverty and base parentage may be sufficiently recompensed by many other good qualities, mo'desty, virtue, religion, and choice bringing up, ^^ " I am poor, I confess, but am 1 therefore contemptible, and an abject r Love itself is naked, the graces •, the stars, and Hercules clad in a lion's skin." Give something to virtue, love, wisdom, favour, beauty, person; be not all for money Besides, you must consider that Jlmor cogi non potest, love cannot be compelled they must affect as they may : ^Fatum est in partibus illis quas sinus abscondit, as the saying is, marriage and hanging goes by destiny, matches are made in heaven " It lies not in our power to love or hate, For will in us is overrul'd by fate." A servant maid in ^^Aristaenetus loved her mistress's minion, which when her dame perceived, yiig-m'"'"!i'3d, crooked-nosed wench." ^' Pleliiius et nob>.._ tiiribiebant puellam, pucllx certainen in partes neque divifum sectentur. ''^Philost. ep. duoniuin pauper sum, idcirco conteniptior et abjeclior tibi videar • \xaot ipse iiundus est, gratis et astrii ; H« - cules pelle leoiiina indutus. 63 Juvenal. ^ Lib. 2. venil, &.C. •'8 Apuleius apol. ■•'-iGen. xxvi. ep. 7. "* Ejulans inquit, non meiiteni une addixil *• Non peccat venialiter qui mulierem rtucit ob pulchri- niih! fortuna servitute. '■^Bs repub. c. de perio " Suns that set may rise again. But if once we lose this light, 'Tis with us perpetual night." V'olat irrevocabile tempus, time past cannot be recalled. But we need no siich "Com. in car. Chron. m pijn. in pan. ^9 Declam. 306. 6" Puellis imprimis nulla dnnda occasio lapsus. Lemn. lib. 1. 54. de vit instil. oi g^e more part I. s. mem. ?. subs. 4. '''^ Filia excedens annum -iS potest inscio patre nubere, licet imlignus sit manlus, et eum togere ad cong'' e dotaiidum. '^ Ne appetentiie procacinris rej)utetur auctor. ^ Expetitia enim niaj;is debet videri a viro quam ipsa virum expetisse I'' Mulier apud nos 24. aniiorum vetiila est et ^rojec titia. fis (joniued. Lycistrat. And. Divo Iriterpr 6' Ausoiiius edy. 14. <« Idem. sgcatulliu 'loi'ranslated by M. B. Johnson. Mem. 5. Subs. 5.] Cure of Love-Melancholy. 553 exhortation, we are all commonly too forward : yet if there be any escape, and all be not as it should, as Diogenes struck, the father when the son swore, because he taugh nim no better, if a maid or young man miscarry, I think their parents oftentimes, juardians, overseers, governors, ncque vos (saith "Chrysostom) a supplicio imnmnes cvadetis, si non stalim ad nupiias, Sfc. are in as much fault, and as severely to be punished as their children, in providing for them no sooner. Now for such as have free liberty to bestow themselves, I could wish that fr^id counsel of the comical old man were put in practice, '2" 0|)ulentiores pauperiorum ul filias I " That rich men would marry poor maidens some, Indotas (hicaiit iixores donuim : | And that without dowry, and so bring tliem home, Et multo tiet civitas concordior, I So woulinuicli concord be in our city, Et invidia nos minore utemur, qiidm utimur." | Less envy should we have, much more pity." Jf they would care less for wealth, we should have much more content and quiet- ness in a commonwealth. Beauty, good bringing up, methinks, is a sufficient portion of itself, ''^ Dos est sua forma puellis, "her beauty is a maiden's dower," and he doth well that will accept of such a wife. Eubulides, in ''''Aristaenetus, married a poor man's child, facie non illcetahili, of a merry countenance, and heavenly visage, in pity of her estate, and that quickly. Acontius coming to Delos, to sacrifice to Diana, fell in love with Cydippe, a noble lass, and wanting means to get her love, flung a golden apple into her lap, with this inscription upon it, " Juro tibi sane per mystica sacra Dianae, I " I swear by all the rites of Diana, Me tibi venturum coniitem, sponsumque futurum." | I'll come and be thy husband if I may." She considered of it, and upon some small inquiry of his person and estate, wa married unto him. " Blessed is the wooinst, 'I'hat IS not long a doing." As the saying is; when .the parties are sufliciently known to each other, what needs such scrupulosity, so many circumstances ? dost thou know her conditions, her bringing-up, like her person } let her means be what they will, take her without any more ado. '^ Dido and ^neas were accidentally driven by a storm both into one cave, they made a match upon it; Massinissa was married to that fair captive Sopho- nisba. King Syphax' wife, the same day that he saw her first, to prevent Scipio Laelius, lest they should determine otherwise of her. If thou lovest the party, do as much : good education and beauty is a competent dowry, stand not upon money. Erant olim aurei homines (saith Theocritus) et adamantes redamabant, in the golden world men did so, (in the reign of ™Ogyges belike, before staggering Ninus began to domineer) if all be true that is reported : and -some few now-a-days will do as much, here and there one; 'tis well done methinks, and all happiness befal them for so doing. "Leontius, a philosopher of Athens, had a fair daughter called Athenais. multo corporis lepbre ac Venere, (saith mine author) of a comely carriage, he gave her no portion but her bringing up, occuUo formce prcBsagio, out of some secret fore- knowledge of her fortune, bestowing that little which he had amongst his other children. But she, thus qualified, was preferred by some friends to Constantinople, to serve Pidcheria, the emperor's sister, of whom she was baptised and called Eudt»- cia. Theodosius, the emperor, in short space took notice of her excellent beauty and good parts, and a little after, upon his sister's sole commendation, made her his wife : 'twas nobly done of Theodosius. '* Rudophe was the fairest lady in her days in all Egypt; she went to wash her, and by chance, (her maids meanwhile looking but carelessly to her clothes) an eagle stole away one of her shoes, and laid it in Psammeticus the King of Egypt's lap at Memphis : he wondered at the excellency of the shoe and pretty foot, but more Jlquilce, factum, at the manner of the bringing of it: and caused forthwith proclamation to be made, that she that owned that shoe should come presently to his court ; the virgin came, and was forthwith married to the king. 1 say this was heroically done, and like a prince : I commend him for it, and all such as have means, that will either do (as he did) themselves, or so foi love, &c., marry their children. If he be rich, let him take such a one as wants, if " Horn. 5. in I. Thes. cap. 4. 1. " Plautus. "Ovid. '< Epist. 12. 1.2. Eligit coiijiigem pauperem, indotatam tt subito deamavit, et comniiseratione ejus inopiw. "Virg /En. '« Fabius pictor : amor ipse conjuiixit populos &r. " Lipsius polit. Sebast. Mayer. Select. 70 2 W Sect. 1. cap. 13. "^ Mayerus select, sect. 1. c. 14. el (Elian. 1. 13. c. 3.3. cum famul* lavantis vestes incu- rinsns cusiodirent,&c. mandavil per universam ^gyr tum lit foemina qua^reretur, cujus is calc.eus esse >ainque sic inventain in tnatrimoniuiu accepit. 554 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. she be virtuously given; for as Syracides, liap. 1. ver. 19. advisetl "Forego not a wife and good woman ; for her grace is above gold." If she have fortunes of her own, let her make a man. Banaus of Lacedaenion had a many daughters to bestow, and means enough for them all, he never stood inquiring after great matches, as others used to do, but '^ sent for a company of brave young gallants to his house, ' and bid his daughters choose every one one, whom she liked best, and tiike him for her husband, without any more ado. This act of his was much approved in those times. But in this iron age of ours, we respect riches alone, (for a maid must buy her husband now with a great dowry, if she will have him) covetousness and filthy lucre mars all good matches, or sqjne such by-respects. Crales, a Servian prince (as Nicephorus Gregoras Ro7n. hist. lib. 6. relates it,) was an earnest suitor to Eudocia, the emperor-s sister; though her brother much desired it, yet she could not ''"abide him, for he had tiiree former wives, all basely abused ; but the emperor still, Oralis amiciliam magni faciens,, because he was a great prince, and a troublesome neigh- hour, much desired his affinity, "and to that end betrothed his own daughter Simonida''''^ to him, a little girl five years of age (he being forty-five,) and five ^' years older than ihe emperor himself: such disproportionable and unlikely matches can wealth and a fair fortune make. And yet not that alone, it is not only money, but sometimes vain- glory, pride, ambition, do as much harm as wretched covetousness itself in anothei extreme. If a yeoman hare one sole daughter, he must overmatch her, above hei birth and calling, to a gentleman forsooth, because of her great portion, too good foi one of her own rank, as he supposeth : a gentleman's daughter and heir must be married to a knight baronet's eldest son at least ; and a knight's only daughter to a baron himself, or an earl, and so upwards, her great dower deserves it. ;And thus striving for more honour to their wealth, they undo their children, many discontents follow, and oftentimes they ruinate their families. ^■^Paulus Jovius gives instance in Galeatius the Second, that heroical Duke of Milan, externas ajinitates, decoras qui- dem rcgio fastu^i sed sihi et posteris damnnsas et fere exitiales qucEsivit; he married his eldest son John Galeatius to Isabella the King of France his sister, but she was socero tarn gravis., ut. duccniis milhbus aureorum const iter it., her entertainment at Mitan was so costly that it almost undid him. His daughter Violanta was married to Lionel Duke of Clarence, the youngest son to Edward the Third, King of Eng- land, but, ad ejus adventum tantce opes tarn admirabili liberalitate profusce sunt., ul opulentissimorum rcgum splendorem superasse videretur, he was welcomed with such incredible magnificence, that a king's purse was scarce able to bear it; for besides many rich presents of horses, arms, plate, money, jewels, &,c., he made one dinne for him and his company, in which were thirty-two messes and as much provision left, ut relates a mensa dapes decern millibus hominum siifflcerent, as would serve ten thousand men : but a little after Lionel died, nov(2 nuptce. et vnt'>mpestivis conviviis operant dans, <^c., and to the duke's great loss, the solemnity was ended. So can titles, honours, ambition, make many brave, but unfortunate matches of all sides for by-respects, (tliough both crazed in body and mind, most unwilling, averse, and often unfit,) so love is banished, and we feel the smart of it in the end. But I am too lavish peradventure in this subject. Another let or hindrance is strict and severe discipline, laws and rigorous customs, that forbid men to marry at set times, and in some places ; as apprentices, servants, coUegiates, states of lives in copyholds, or in some base inferior offices, ^^ Velle licet. in such cases, potiri non licet, as he said. They see but as prisoners through a grate, they covet and catch, but Tantalus a labris, Sfc. Tiieir love is lost, and vain it is / in such an estate to attempt. ^Gravissimum est adamare nee potiri, 'tis a grievous'i thing to love and not enjoy. They may, indeed, I deny not, marry if they will, and have free choice, some of them ; but in the meantime their case is desperate, Lupum auribus tenent, they hold a wolf by the ears, tliey must either burn or starve. 'Tis cornutum sophisma, hard to resolve, if they r.iarry they forfeit their estates, they are undone, and starve themselves through beggary and want : if they do not marr) , in '» Pausanias lib. 3. de Laconicis. Dimisit qui nuncii I qiiinque circiter aniios natu minor. " Vit.' GaleU runt, &c. optioneni piiellis dedit, u'. earum quaelibet euin | serundi. *" Apuleius in Catel. nobis cuj ido velle Q*» ruill, C£.U. 0|IIIU11CI1I piirilis utruil, II- c«n uili v)Uti;iiucL cuiii ) s.;* uiiui. — r •Ihi viruni delijferet, ciijus inaxnnp essut forma com- posse abnegat. placila. w llliusconjugium abuiiii.ialitur. "' Socero | "' Anacreon. dC. Mem 5. Subs. 5. Cure of Love-Melancholy. 555 this heroical passion they furiously rage, are tormented, and torn in pieces by their predominate affections. Every man hath not tlie gift of continence, let him ^'pray for it then, as Beza adviseth in his Tract de Divorliis, because God hath so called him to a single life, in taking away the means of marriage. ^^ Paul would have gone from Mysia to Bilhynia, but the spirit suffered him not, and thou wouldst peradven- ture be a married man with all thy will, but that protecting angel holds it not fit. The devil too sometimes may divert by his ill suggestions, and mar many good matches, as the same " Paul was willing to see the Romans, but hindered of Satan he could not. There be those that think they are necessitated by fate, their stars have so decreed, aud therefore they grumble at their hard "brtune, they are well in- clined to marry, but one rub or other is ever in the way; I know what astrologers say in this behalf, what Ptolemy quadripartit. Tract. 4. cap. 4 Skoner lib. 1. cap. 12 what Leovitius genifur. exempl. 1. which Sextus ab Heminga takes to be the horo- scope of Hieronymus Wolfius, what Pezelius, Origanaus and Leovitius his illustrator Garceus, cap. 12. what .Tunctine, Protanus, Campanella, what the rest, (to omit those Arabian conjectures a parte conjugii^ d parte lascivicp,., triplicitates veneris^ Sfc.^ and those resolutions upon a question, an arnica, potiatur, Sfc.) determine in this behalf, viz. an sit natus conjugem habiturus, facile an difficulter sit sponsain impetraturus, qvot conjuges, quo tempore^ quales decernantur nato uxores^ de mutuo amore conju- gem^ both in men's and women's genitures, by the examination of the seventh house the almutens, lords and planets there, a »Lidgate, in Chaucer's Flower of Curtesie. ' 'Tis not multitu.de but idleness whicb causeth beggary. «Or to set tliem awork, and bring them up in some honest trades. sDion. Cas.sius. lib. 50. *Sardus Buxtorpliius. . 'Claude Albaville ir his hist, of the Frenchmen to the Isle of Maragnav An. 1()14. Mem. 5. Subs. 5.] Cure of Love-Melancholy. 557 few can continue but by compulsion. ^"O chastity (saith he) thou an a rare god- dess in the world, not so easily got, seldom continuate : thou mayest now and then be compelled, either for defect of nature, or if discipline persuade, decrees enforce:" or for some such by-respects, sullenness, discontent, they have lost their first loves, may not have whom they will themselves, want of means, rash vows, &.c. But can he willingly contain .'' I think not. Therefore, either out of commiseration of human imbecility, in policy, or to prevent a far worse inconvenience, for they hold some of them as necessary as meat and drink, and because vigour of youth, the state and temper of most men's bodies do so furiously desire it, they have heretofore in some nations liberally admitted polygamy and stews, a hundred thousand courtesans in Grand Cairo in iEgypt, as 'Radzivilus observes, are tolerated, besides boys : how many at Fez, Rome, Naples, Florence, Venice, &c., and still in many other pro- vinces and cities of Europe they do as much, because they think young men, church- men, and servants amongst the rest, can hardly live honest. The consideration of this belike made Vibius, the Spaniard, when his friend ^Crassus, that rich Roman gallant, lay hid in the cave, ut voluptatis quam cetas ilia desiderat copiamfaceret, to gratify him tlie more, send two ® lusty lasses to accompany him all that while he was there imprisoned. And Surenus, the Parthian general, when he warred against the Romans, to carry about with him 200 concubines, as the Swiss soldiers do now commonly their wives. But, because this course is not generally approved, but rather contradicted as unlawful and abhorred, '"in most countries they do much en- courage them to marriage, give great rewards to such as have many children, and mulct those that will not marry. Jus trium Uberorum^ and in Agellius, lib. 2. cap. 15. Elian, lib. 6. cap. 5. Valerius, lib. 1. cap. 9. "We read that three children freed the father from painful offices, and five from all contribution. " A woman shall be saved by bearing children." Epictetus would have all marry, and as '" Plato will, 6 de legibus., he that marrieth not before 35 years of his age, must be compelled and punished, and the money consecrated to '^Juno's temple, or applied to public uses. They account him, in some countries, unfortunate that dies without a wife, a most unhappy man, as '^Boetius infers, and if at all happy, yet ijifortunio felix, unhappy in his supposed happiness. They commonly deplore his estate, and much lament him for it : O, my sweet son, &c. See Lucian, de Luctu, Sands fol. 83, &.c. Yet, notwithstanding, many with us are of the opposite part, they are married themselves, and for others, let them burn, fire and flame, they care not, so they be not troubled with them. Some are too curious, and some too covetous, they may marry when they will both for ability and means, but so nice, that except as The- ophilus the emperor was presented, by his mother Euprosune, with all the rarest beauties of the empire in the great chamber of his palace at once, and bid to give a golden apple to her he liked best. If they might so take and choose whom ihey list out of all the fair maids their nation affords, they could happily condescend to marry: otherwise, &.C., why should a man marry, saith another epicurean rout, what's matrimony but a matter of money } why should free nature be entrenched on, con- fined or obliged, to this or that man or woman, with these manacles of body and goods .'' &.C. There are those too that dearly love, admire and follow women all their lives long, sponsi Penelopes., never well but in their company, wistly gazing on their beauties, observing close, hanging after them, dallying still with them, and yet dare not, will not marry. Many poor people, and of the meaner sort, are too dis- trustful of God's providence, " they will not, dare not for such worldly respects," fear of want, woes, miseries, or that they shall light, as '^ "■ Lemnius saith, on a scold, a slut, or a bad wife." And therefore, '® Tristem Juvenfam venere deserid colunt, they are resolved to live single, as " Epaminondas did, '^ " JVil aii esse prius, melius • Rara quidein dea tu es Ochastitas in his terris, nee. facile perfecta, rarius perpetua, cogi noniitiiiqii.iin po- te?l, ol) nalurje defectum, vel si dipcipliiia pervaseril, censura coinpresseril. ■> Peregrin. Hierosol. » Plu- tarch, vita ejus, adolescentia; medio constitutus. » An- cilia's duas egrcgia forma et fetalis flora. 'O Alex. ab. Alex. I. 4. c. 8. " Tres filii patrem ahexeuhiis, "juinque ab omtiibus officiis liberahanto. n Praiceplo primn cogacur nubere aut mulctetiir el pecunia tcmpio 2w2 Junonis dedicelur et publica fiat. " Consol. 3. pros. 7. 1'' Nic. Hill. Epic, philos. '* Q,ui .«e capistro matrimonii alligari noii patiuntur, Lemn. lib. 4. 13. d« occult, nat. Abhorrent multi a matrimonio, ne moro- sam, querulam, acerbani, amaram nxorem perferre co- gatitur. '^Senec. Hippol. "Cielebs enini vixerat nee ad uxorem ducendam unquam induci potuit. issenec. Hip. "There is nothing better, nothing pre- ferable to a single life '' 658 Love-Melancholy. [fart. 3. Sec. 2 nil Loellbe vita,'''' and ready with Hippolitus to abjure all women, ^^Detestor omnes, horrzo^fngio, execror, Sfc. But, " Hippolite nescis quod fugis viliE bonum, Hippolite nescis" " alas, poor Hippolitus, thou knowest not what thou sayest, 'tis otherwise, Hippo- litus." ^°Sonie make a doubt, an uxor Uterato sit ducenda, whether a scholar should - marry, if she be fair she will bring him back from his grammar to his horn book, or J else with kissing and dalliance she will hinder his study ; if foul with scolding, he cannot well intend to do both, as Philippus Beroald us, that great Bononian doctor, once writ, impediri enim studia literarum, Sfc, but he recanted at last, and in a solemn sort with true conceived words he did ask the world and all women forgiveness. But you shall have the story as he relates himself, in his Commentaries on the sixth of Apuleius. For a long time 1 lived a single life, et ah uxore ducenda semper ah- horruj., nee quicquam libera lecto censui jucundius. I could not abide marriage, but as a rambler, erraticus ac volaticus amator (to use his own words) per muUiplicet amores discurrebam, I took a snatch where I could get it ; nay more, I railed at mar- riage downright, and in a public auditory, when I did interpret that sixth Satire of Juvenal, out of Plutarch and Seneca, I did heap up all the dicteries I could against women ; but now recant with Stesichorus, palinodiam cano, nee poenitet censeri in ordine maritoriwi, I approve of marriage, 1 am glad I am a ^' married man, I am heartily glad I have a wife, so sweet a wife, so noble a wife, so young, so chaste a wile, so loving a wife, and I do wish and desire all other men to marry ; and espe- cially scholars, that as of old Martia did by Hortensius, Terentia by TuUius, Cal- phurnia to Plinius, Pudenlilla to Apuleius, ^" hold the candle whilst their husbands , did meditate and write, so theirs may do them, and as my dear Camilla doth to me* -~^ Let other men be averse, rail then and scoff at women, and say what they can to the contrary, vir sine uxore malorum expers est, Sfc, a single man is a happy man, &c., but this is a toy. ^^JVec dulces amores sperne puer, neque tu choreas ; these men are too distrustful and much to blame, to use such speeches, ^^ Par cite paucorum diffundere crimen in omnes. "■ They must not condemn all for some." As there be many bad, there be some good wives ; as some be vicious, some be virtuous. Read what Solo- mon hath said in their praises, Prov. xiii. and Syracides, cap. 26 et 30, " Blessed is the man that hath a virtuous wife, for the number of his days shall be double. A virtuous woman rejoiceth her husband, and she shall fulfil the years of his life in peace. A good wife is a good portion (and xxxvi. 24), an help, a pillar of rest," columina quietis, ^^ Qui capit uxorem, fratrem capit at que sororem. And 30, " He that hath no wife wandereth to and fro mourning." Minuuntur atrce conjuge cures, women are the sole, only joy, and comfort of a man's life, born ad usum et lusum hominum.,Jirmamenta families, W'Delitis humani generis, solatia vitae, Blandiliae noctis, placidissirna cura diei, Vota viriini, juveiium spes," Sck. "" A wife is a young man's mistress, a middle age's companion, an old man's nurser?* Particeps Itetorum et tristium, a prop, a help, &.c. W" Optima viri possessio est uxor benevola, I " JMan's best possession is a loving wife, Mitigans irain et avertens aniiiiaui ejus a Iristitia." | She tempers anger and diverts all strife." There is no joy, no comfort, no sweetness, no pleasure in the world like to that of a good wife, M " Q.iiam ciim chara domi conjm, fidusque maritus Unanimes degunt" saith our Latin Homer, she is still the same in sickness and in health, his eye, his hand, his bosom friend, his partner at all times, his other self, not to be separated by any calamity, but ready to share all sorrow, discontent, and as the Indian women do, live and die with him, nay more, to die presently for him. Admetus, king of Thes- saly, when he lay upon his death-bed, was told by Apollo's Oracle, that if he could >• Hor. M _^neas Sylvius de dictis Sigismundi. Hen- 1 who chooses a wife, takes a brother and a sister." Bius. Primiero. ai Habeo uxorem ex animi sententia | !" Lorheus. "The delight of mankind, the sol.ice ol Camillani Palentti Jurisconsuiti tiliam. -2 Leienli- life, lhi> blandishment.* . .... c - Malffi sunt miiheres, veruntamen O populares. "?" '"«• ^ ""y countrymen saithSiisarion. Hoc sine nialu domum inhab.tare nmi l.cet." | Women are naught, yet no life without one." '^ Malum est mulier, sed necessarium malum. They are necessary evils, and for our own ends we must make use of them to have issue, ^ Supplet Venus ac restituit hu- manum genus, and to propagate the church. For to what end is a man born } whv lives he, but to increase the world .'' and how shall he do that well, if he do noi marry .-^ Matrimonium humano generi immortalitatem tribuit, saith Nevisanus, ma- trimony makes us immortal, and according to ^' Tacitus, ^tis Jirmissimu?n imperii mu- nimenfum, the sole and chief prop of an empire. ^ Indigne vivit per quern non vivit et alter, ^^ which Pelopidas objected to Epaminondas, he was an unworthy member of a commonwealth, that left not a child after him to defend it, and as '"' Trismegis- tus to his son Tatius, " have no commerce with a single man :" Holding belike that a bachelor could not live honestly as he should, and with Georgius Wicelius, a great divine and holy man, who of late by twenty-six arguments commends mar- riage as a thing most necessary for all kind of persons, most laudable and fit to be em- braced : and is persuaded withal, that no man can live and die religiously, and as he ought, without a wife, persuasus neminem posse neque pie vivere, neque bene mori citra uxorem, he is false, an enemy to the commonwealth, injurious to himself, destructive to the world, an apostate to nature, a rebel against heaven and earth. Let our wilful, obstinate, and stale bachelors ruminate of this, "■ If we could live with- out wives," as Marcellus Numidicus said in '"Agellius, "we would all want them; but because we cannot, let all marry, and consult rather to the public good, than their own private pleasure or estate." It were an happy thing, as wise ''^Euripides halh it, if we could buy children with gold and silver, and be so provided, sine mulierum congressu, without women's company; but that may not be: o " Orhis jacehit squallido tiirpis situ, 1 .. tt. .u • i i <•. u Vanum sine ull.s class.bus stabit mare, ^Z ' "h T\/'! m h""? ""'"'''^'='""': o nought. Alesqueccelodeeritetsylv.sfera." ' The world .tself should be to ruin brought." Necessity therefore compels us to marry. *Cum juxta mare agnim coleret : Omnis eniin i s' Hist. lib. 4. ss palingenius. " He lives contempti miseriie imniemdrem, ciipijuaalis amor eum fecerat. I biy by whom no other lives." sj firusoii. lib. ' Non sine ingenti admiratioiic, tnnta hominis chantate ! cap. 23. ■•" Noli societatcm habere, &c. <' Lib I motus r<-.x liberos esse ju^sit, &c. »' Qui viilt vitare i cap. 6. Si, inquil, duiriles, sine uxore e.^se possemus molfStia.s vitet munHum. ^^ Ti(5£ /Ji'os tiQz rcpi:vov onines careremus ; Sed quoniam sic est, saluti potiut uTcp ^pvarif aipoohiriK Quid vita est quicso qindve est ] puhlicae quam voluplati consulendum. « BeatUHk Bine (,'ypride du'lo- ? iMimner. '3 Krasmus. 3« k fnrel si liberos auro et argeiito mercari, &c. "Senecs s!«ot>eo •J' Meander s« Seneca Hyp. lib. 3. nuri» i ' Hvn. 560 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2 But what do I trouble myself, to find arguments to persuade to, or commend mar- riage } behold a brief abstract of all that which I have said, and much more, suc- cinctly, pithily, pathetically, perspicuously, and elegantly delivered in twelve motions to mitigate the miseries of marriage, by ''^Jacobus de Voragine, 1. Res est? habes qucB tueatur et augeat. — ^2. Nan est? habes qucB qucBrat. — 3. SecundcB res sunt ? felicitas dtiplicatur. — 4. Adversce sunt ? Consolatur, adsidet. Onus participat ut tolcrabile ^at.-—5. Domies? solitvdinis t tedium pellit. — 6. Foras? Discendentcm visu prosequitur, absentem desiderat, redeuntem Iceta excipit. — 7. Nihil jucundum absque societate? Nulla societas matrimonio suavior. — 8. Vinculum con- jugalis charitatis adtimcntinum. — 9. Accrescit dulcis affinium turba, duplicatur numerus parcntum, fratum, sororum, nepotum. — 10. Pulchra sis prole parens. — 11. Lex Mosis sterilitatem matrimonii execratur, quanto amplius coslibatum? — 12. Si natura pacnam non effugit, nc voluntas quidem effugiet. 1. Hast thou means.'' thou hast none to keep and increase it. — 2. Hast none? thou hast one to help to get it. — 3. Art in prosperity.? thine happiness is doubled. — 4. Art in adversity.? she'll comfort, assist, bear a part of thy burden to make it more tolerable.-^-5. Art at home.? she'll drive away melancholy. — 6. Art abroad.? she looks after thee going from home, wishes for thee in thine absence, and joyfully welcomes thy return. — 7. There's nothing delightsome without society, no society so sweet as matrimony. — 8. The band of conjugal love is adamantine. — 9. The sweet company of kinsmen increaseth, the number of parents is doubled, of brothers, si.sters, nephews. — 10. Thou art made a father by a fair and happy issue. — 1 1 . Moses curseth the barrenness of matrimony, how much more a single life ? — 12. If nature escape Mot punishment, surely thy will shall not avoid it. All this is true, say you, and who knows it not.? but how easy a matter is it to answer these motives, and to make an Jlntiparodia quite opposite unto it.? To exercise myself ] will essay : 1. Hast thou means.? thou hast one to spend it. — 2. Hast none? thy beggary is increased. — 3. Art in prosperity? thy happiness is ended. — 4. Art in adversity? like Job's wife she'll aggravate thy misery, vex thy soul, make thy burden intolerable.— - 5. Art at home? she'll scold thee out of doors. — 6. Art abroad? If thou be wise keep thee so, she'll perhaps graft hornir in thine absence, scowl on tliee coming home. — 7. Nothing gives more content than solitariness, no solitariness like this of a single life — 8. The band of marriage is adamantine, no hope of losing it, thou art undone. — 9. I'hy number increaseth, thou shalt be devoured by thy wife's friends. — 10. Thou art made a cornuto by an unchaste wife, and shalt bring up other folks' children instead of thine own. — 11. Paul commends marriage, yet he prefers a single life. — 12. Is marriage honourable ? What an immortal crown belongs to virginity? So Siracides himself speaks as much as may be for and against women, so doth almost every philosopher plead pro and con^ every poet thus argues the case (though what cares vulgus nominum what they say ?) : so can I conceive peradventure, and so canst thou: when all is said, yet since some be good, some bad, let's put it to the venture. I conclude therefore with Seneca, ■ " cur Torn viduo jacos ? Tristem juventam solve: nunc luxus rape, Effunde liaheiias. nptinios vits dies Effliiere prohibe." " Why dost thou lie alone, let thy youth and best day? to pass away ?" Marry whilst thou mayest, donee viventi canities ahest morosa, whilst thou art yet able, ye* lusty, ^'"Elige cui dlcas, tu mihi sola places, make thy choice, and that freely forth- with, make no delay, but take thy fortune as it falls. 'Tis true, ^o " calamitosus est qui inciderit. In inalam uxorein, felix qui in bonam," 'Tis s hazard both ways I confess, to live single or to marry, ^''JYam et. uxorem ducere. et non ducere jnalum est, it may be bad, it may be good, as it is a cross and calamity on the one side, so 'tis a sweet delight, an incomparable happiness, a blessed estate a most unspeakable benefit, a sole content, on the other ; 'tis all in the proof. Be «Gen. ii. Adjutorium sini'le, &c. co Valerius, lib. 7. cap. 7. " To marry, and no* ture ■ *" EuriDides. " Unhappy the man who h;iti | to marvH, are eivually base " ft! en.. 5. Subs. 5.] Cure of Love-Melancholy. 561 not then so wayAvard. so covetous, so distrustful, so curious and nice, but let's all marry, mutuos fovenles amplexus ; "Take nie to thee, and thee to me," to-morrovr is St. Valentine's day, let's keep it holiday for Cupid's sake, for that great god Love's sake, for Hymen's sake, and celebrate ""* Venus' vigil with our ancestors for company together, singing as they did, 'Crasani et qui nuiiquam amavit, quique amavit, eras amet, Ver novum, ver jam canorum, ver natus orbis est, Vere concordant aniores, vere nubunt alites, Et nenius coma resolvit, Sec. Cras aniet, &c. ' Let those love now who never loved before, And those who always loved now love the more; Sweet loves are born with every opening spring; Birds from the jnder boughs their pledges sing," &c. Let him that is averse from marriage read more in Barbarus de re uxor. lib. I. cap. 1. Lemnius de institul. cap. 4. P. Godefndus de Jlmor. lib. 3. cap. \. ""^ Nevisanus, lih. 3. .Alox. ab Alexandro, lib. 4. cap. 8. Tunstall, Erasmus' tracts in laudem matrimonii^ Sfc, and I doubt not but in the end he will rest satisfied, recant with Beroaldus, do penance for his former folly, singing some penitential ditties, desire to be reconciled to the deity of this great god Love, go a pilgrimage to his shrine, offer to his image, sacrifice tjpon his altar, and be as willing at last to embrace marriage as the rest There will not be found, I hope, ^°"No, not in that severe family of Stoics,, who shall refuse to submit his grave beard, and superciUious looks to the clipping of a wife," or disagree from his fellows in this point. "• For what more willingly (as ^'Varro holds) can a proper man see than a fair wife, a sweet wife, a loving wife?' can the world afford a better sight, sweeter content, a fairer object, a more gracious aspect } Since then this of marriage is the last and best refuge, and cure of heroical love, all doubts are cleared, and impediments removed ; I say again, what remains, but that according to both their desires, they be happily joined, since it cannot other- wise be helped .'' God send us all good wives, every man his wish in this kind, and me mine! ^'^And Ood that all this world hath ywrought Send him his Love that hath it so deere bought. If all parties be pleased, ask their banns, 'tis a match. ^'^ Fruitur Rhodanthe sponsa^ sponso Dosicle, Rhodanthe and Dosicles shall go together, Cliliphon and Leucippe, Theagines and Chariclea, Poliarchus hath his Argenis. Lysander Calista, to make up the mask) ^^ Potiturque sua puer Iphis lanlhi. j?nd Troilus in lust and in quiet Is ui\th Creseid, his own heart sweet. And although they have hardly passed the pikes, through many difficulties and de- lays brought the match about, yet let them take this of ^^Aristaenetus (that so marry) for their comfort: ^^" after many troubles and cares, the marriages of lovers are more sweet and pleasant." As we commonly conclude a comedy with a " wedding, and shaking of hands, let's shut up our discourse, and end all with an ^^ Epithala- miitm. Felicifer nuptis., God give them joy together. ^^ Hymen O Hy7nen£ee, Hymen ades O Hymejicee ! Bonum factum., 'tis well done. Hand equidem sine mente reor, sine numine Divum, 'tis a happy conjunction, a fortunate match, an even couple, " Ambo aniniis, ambo prsestantes viribus, ambo Florentes aniiis," " they both excel in gifts of body and mind, are both equal in years," youth, vigour, alacrity, she is fair and lovely as Lais or Helen, he as another Charinus or Alcibiades, ludite ut lubet et brevi I Liberos date.' ' Then modestly go sport and toy, And let 's have every year a boy.' *' " Go give a sweet smell as incense, and bring forth flowers as the lily :" that we may say hereafter, Scitus Mecastor natus est Pamphilo puer. In the meantime I say, <" Pervigilium Veneris 6 vetere poeta. I'Drimus non potest consistere sine uxore. Nevisanus lib. 2. num. i8. '-^ Nemo in severissima Stoicorum familia qui non harbam quoque et supercilium amplexibus iixores subniiserit, ant in ista parte a reliquis dissen- lerit. Hensius Primiero. si Quid lihenlius homo uiasculus videre debet qiiam bellam uxorem ? ^^Qdau. »r "3 Conclusio Theod. Podro. mi. 9. 1 Amor. 7» "Ovid. 65 Epist. 4. 1. 2. Jucundiores multo et suaviores longe post molestas turbasamanliiim nuptiffi. '6 Olim meminisse juvabit. " Cluid expeclatis, intus fiunt nuplia;, the music guests, and all the good chee* is within. ^8 The conclusion of Cliaucer's poem ot Troilus and Creseid. =» Catullus. «o Catullus. J Secundus Sylvar. lib. Jam virgo thalamum subibit und* ne virgo redeat, marite cura. «' Ecclus. xxxix. 1« 502 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. :^ lie, a§i\rf, O juvenes, <" non murmura vestra columbie, Bracliia, noii hetlercc, neque vuicant oscula coiicliie." ' Gentle youths, go sport yourselves betimes. Let not the doves outpass your niurinurings, Or ivy-clasping arms, or oyster-kissiiigs." And in the morn betime, as those ^* Lacetlaemonian lasses saluted Helena and Mene laus, singing at their windows, and wishing good success, do we at yours : ' Salve O sponsa, salve felix, det vobis Latona Felicem soboleui, Venus dea det a?qnalcai amorem Inter vos mutuo ; Saturnus durabiles divjtias, Durinite in pectora mutuo aniorein inspirantes, Et desideriuni !" Even all your lives long. 'Contingat vobis turturum concordia, Cornicula; vivacilas" Good morrow, master bridegroom, and mistrew Many fair lovely bernes to you betide • "^brif** Let Venus to you mutual love procure, Let Saturn give you riches to endure. Long may you sleep in one another's arms, Inspiring sweet desire, and free from harms." '* The love of turtles hap to you. And ravens' years still to renew." Let the Muses sing, (as he said ;) the Graces dance, not at their weddings only but all their days long; "•so couple their hearts, that no irksomeness or anger ever befal them : let him never call her other name than my joy, my light, or she call him otherwise than sweetheart. To this happiness of theirs, let not old age any whit detract, but as their years, so let their mutual love and comfort increase." And when they depart this life. "Concordes quoniam vixere tot annos, Auferat hnra duos eadem, iiec conjugis usquam Busta sua; videat, nee sit tumulandus ab il)a." " Because they have so sweetly liv'd together, Let not one die a day before the other, He bury her, she him, with even fate, One hour their souls iet jointly separate." 66 " Fortunati ambo si quid mea carmina possunt. Nulla dies unquam inemori vos eximet ffivo.' Atque hasc de amore dixisse sufRciat, sub correclione., ®' quod ait ille, cujusque me- lius sentientis. Plura qui volet de remediis amoris, legat Jasonem Pratensem., Ar- no'idum^ Montaltutn, Savanarolum, Langium, Valescum, Crimisonum^ Mexandrum Benedicfum., Laurentium, Valleriolam, e Poetis JVasonem, e nostratibus Chaucerum Sfc, with whom I conclude. w For my words here and every part, I speak hem all under correction. Of you that feeling have in love's art. And put it all in your discretion, To intreat or make diminution, Of viy language, that I you beseech : But now to purpose of my rather speech. SECT. III. MEMB. I. SuBSECT. I. — Jealousy, its Equivocations, Name, Definition, Extent, several kinds; of Princes, Parents, Friends. In Beasts, Men: before marriage, as Co-rivals; or after, as in this place. Valescus de Taranta cap. de Melanchol. jElian Montaltus, Felix Plaierus, Guianerius, put jealousy for a cause of melancholy, others for a symptom; because melancholy persons amongst these passions and perturbations of the mind, are most obnoxious to it. But methinks for the latitude it hath, and that prerogative above other ordinary symptoms, it ought to be treated of as a species apart, being of so great and eminent note, so furious a passion, and almost of as great extent as love itself, as ^^ Benedetto Varchi holds, "no love without a mixture of jealousy," ^m* non zel'at., nan amal. For these causes I will dilate, and treat of it by itself, as a bastard-branch or kind of love-melancholy, which, as heroical love goeth commonly before marriage, doth usually follow, torture, and crucify in like sort, deserves there- fore to be rectified alike, requires as much care and industry, in setting out the several causes of it, prognostics and cures. Which I have more willingly done, that wGaleni Epithal. «3 noctem.quater et quater I trahat, imo potius aliquid adaugeat. beatam. «' Theocritus idyl 18. 6* Erastn. Epithal p. iEgidij. Nee salteiit nioilo sed duo c.harissirna pec tora indissoluhill niuture henevnlentice nodo corpulent, ut nihil unijuain eos iiicedere possit irje vel itrdii. Ilia perpt^tuo nihil aiidiat nisi, mea lux : ille vicisr^ini iiiliil Bisi amine mi; atque huic jucunditati ne seiiecius de 66 "Happy both, if my verses have any charms, nor shall rime fvel di'tract from the iiieinorable example ot your lives.' 61 Koriimaniius de liiiea amoris. 6a Finis 3 booh ofTioilusaiid »>.'Si-id. 6»ii, (,ig Orati'in of Jealousy put out by Fr. Sansavin. >Jem. 1. Subs. 1.] Jealousy of Princes 3G3 he that is or hath been jealous, may see his error as m a glass ; he that is not, may learn to detest, avoid it himself, and dispossess others that are anywise alTocled with it. Jealousy is described and defined to be '""a certain suspicion which the lover hath of the party he chiefly loveth, lest he or she should be enamoured of another:" or any eager desire to enjoy some beauty alone, to have it proper to himself only : a fear or doubt, lest any foreigner should participate or share with him ir. his lov<;. Or (as "' Scaliger adds) "• a fear of losing her favour whom he so earnestly affects." Cardan calls it "a "^zeal for love, and a kind of envy lest any man should beguile us.'' "Ludovicus Vives defines it in the very same words, or little differing in sense. There be many other jealousies, but improperly so called all; as that of parents, tutors, guardians over their children, friends whom they love, or sucb as are left to their wardship or protection. '< ■' Storax noil rediil hac iiocte a coBna ^schinus, Neqiic servuloruin quispiam qui adversum ierant?" As the old man in the comedy cried out in a passion, and from a solicitous fear and care he had of his adopted son ; ''" not of beauty, but lest they should miscarry, do amiss, or any way discredit, disgrace (as Vives notes) or endanger themselves and us." '^^Egeus M'as so solicitous for his son Theseus, (when he went to fight with the Minotaur) of his success, lest he should be foiled, '''' Prona est timori semper in pejus Jides. We are still apt to suspect the worst in such doubtful cases, as many wives in their husband's absence, fond mothers in their children's, lest if absent they should be misled or sick, and are continually expecting news from them, how they do fare, and what is become of them, they cannot endure to have them long out of their sight : oil my sweet son, O my dear child, &c. Paul was jealous over the Church of Corinth, as he confesseth, 2 Cor. xi. 12. "With a godly jealousy, to present them a pure virgin to Christ ;" and he was afraid still, lest as the serpent beguiled Eve, through his subtilty, so their minds should be corrupt from the sim- plicity that is in Christ. God himself, in some sense, is said to be jealous, '*" I am a jealous God, and will visit :" sd Psalm Ixxix. 5. " Shall thy jealousy burn like fire for ever .?" But these are improperly called jealousies, and by a metaphor, to show the care and solicitude they have of them. Although some jealousies express all the symptoms of this which we treat of, fear, sorrow, anguish, anxiety, suspicion, hatred, &.c., the object only varied. That of some fathers is very eminent, to their sons and heirs ; for though they love them dearly being children, yet now commg towards man's estate they may not well abide them, the son and heir is commonly sick of the father, and the father again may not well brook his eldest son, mae simultates^ plerumque confentiones et inimicitice ; but that of princes is most noto- rious, as when they fear co-rivals (if I may so call them) successors, emulators, subjects, or such as they have offended. " Oinnisque potestas impatiens consortis erit : "• they are still suspicious, lest their authority should be diminished,'"''' as one observes; and as Comineus hath it, '*'"it cannot be expressed what slender causes they have of their grief and suspicion, a secret disease, that commonly lurks and breeds in princes' families." Sometimes it is for their honour only, as that of Adrian the emperor, *'^"'that killed all his emulators." Saul envied David; Domitian Agri- cola, because he did excel him, obscure his honour, as he thought, eclipse his fame. Juno turned Praetus' daughters into kine, for that they contended with her for beauty; ** Cyparissas, king Eteocles' children, were envied of the goddesses for their excel- lent good parts, and dancing amongst the rest, saith ^ Constantine, '' and for that cause fiung headlong fVom heaven, and buried in a pit, but the earth to'ok pity of them, and brought out cypress trees to preserve their memories." '^^Niobe, Arachne, and Marsyas, can testify as much. But it is most grievous when it is for a kingdom 'o Benedetto Varchi. " Exercitat. 317. Cum nietui- mus lie aniats rei exturbimur possessione. '^Zelus de forma est invidentice species ne quis furma quain amanuis fruatur. '^Sde Aniina. '■> " Has not every one oC the slaves thai went to meet him returned this night f»jm the supper?" '' R. de Anima. Tan- gimur zelolypia de piipillis, liheris charisqiie cur* nos- M Danseus Aphoris. polit. semper nietuuiit ne eoruni auctoritas nnnuatur. <" Belli Neapoi. lib. 5. "^Dici non potest quam tenues et inlirmas causas habuiil mreroris et suspicionis, et hie est morbus occultus, qui in familiis principum regnat. ^Oinnes a?7Jijlog in- terfecit. Lampiid. " Constant, agricull. lio. 10. c 5. Cyparissa; Eteoclis filiw, saltantes ad emulationeu, trae concreditis, non de forma, sed ne male sit iis, aut dearuni in puteuin demoliliE sunt, sed terra miseiala ne nobis sibiqiie parent ignominiam. " Plutarch. . cuj'ressos inde produxit. ^6 Ovid. Mel. ''Scnec. in Hnrr. fur. '^ Exod. xx. '^Lucan. . 564 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 3. litself, or matters of commodity, it produceth lamentable effects, especially amongst tyrants, in despotico Imperio, and such as are more feared than beloved of their sub- jects, that get and keep their sovereignty by force and fear. ^^ Quod civibus tenere te invitis scios, «Src'., as Phalaris. Dionysius, Periander held theirs. For though fear, cowardice, ard jealousy, in Plutarch's opinion, be the common causes of tyranny, as in Nero, Caligula, Tiberius, yet most take them to be symptoms. For *'^"' what slave, what hangman (as Bodine well expresseth this passion, /. 2. c. 5. de rep.) can so cruelly torture a condemned person, as this fear and suspicion ? Fear of death, infamy, torments, are those furies and vultures that vex and disquiet tyrants, and torture them day and night, with perpetual terrors and affrights, envy, suspicion, fear, desire of revenge, and a thousand such disagreeing perturbations, turn and affright the soul out of the hinges of health, and more grievously wound and pierce, than those cruel masters can exasperate and vex their apprentices or servants, with clubs, whips, chains^ and tortures." Many terrible examples we have in this kind, amongst tlie Turks especially, many jealous outrages ; *^ Selimus killed Kornutus his youngest • brother, live of his nephews, Mustapha Bassa, and divers others. ^"Bajazet the second Turk, jealous of the valour and greatness of Achmet Bassa, caused him to be slain. ^^ Solyman tlie Magnificent murdered his own son Mustapha ; and 'tis an ordinary thing amongst them, to make away their brothers, or any competitors, at the first coming to the crown ; 'tis all the solemnity they use at their fathers' fune- rals. What mad pranks in his jealous fury did Herod of old commit in Jewry, when he massacred all the children of a year old ? ^' Valens the emperor in Constanti- nople, when as he left no man alive of quality in his kingdom that had his name begun with Theo ; Theodoti, Theognosti, Theodosii, Theoduli, &c. They went all to their long home, because a wizard told him that name should succeed in his empire. And what furious designs hath ^^ Jo. Basilius, that Muscovian tyrant, prac- tised of late .'' It is a wonder to read that strange suspicion, which Suetomus reports of Claudius CiEsar, and of Domitian, they were afraid of every man they saw : and which Herodian of Antoninus and Geta, those two jealous brothers, the one could not endure so much as the other's servants, but made away him, his chiefest fol- lowers, and all that belonged to him, or were his well-wishers. ^^ Maximinus " per- ceiving himself to be odious to most men, because he was come to that height of honour out of base beginnings, and suspecting his mean parentage would be ob jected to him, caused all the senators that were nobly descended, to be slain in a jealous humour, turned all the servants of Alexander his predecessor out of doors, and slew many of them, because they lamented their master's death, suspecting them to be traitors, for the love they bare to him." When Alexander in his fury had made Clitus his dear friend to be put to death, and saw now (saith ^'' Curtius) anNi alienation in his subjects' hearts, none durst talk with him, he began to be jealous ^ of himself, lest they should attempt as much on him, " and said they lived like so many wild beasts in a wilderness, one afraid of another." Our modern stories afford us many notable examples. *^ Henry the Third of France, jealous of Henry of Lorraine, Duke of Guise, anno 1588, caused him to be murdered in his own cham- ber. '*'' Louis the Eleventh was so suspicious, he durst not trust his children, every man about him he suspected for a traitor ; many strange tricks Comineus telleth of him. How jealous was our Henry the ®' Fourth of King Richard the Second, so long as he lived, after he was deposed? and of his own son Henry in his latter days? which the prince well perceiving, came to visit his father in his sickness, in a watchet velvet gown, full of eyelet holes, and with needles sticking in them (as an emblem of jealousy), and so pacified his suspicious father, after some speeches and protesta- tions, which he had used to that purpose. Perpetual imprisonment, as that of Robert * Seneca. "'duis aiitem carnifex addictiirn sup- plicio criidelius afficiat, qiiaiii iiietus? Metus itiquaiii niortis, iiifainia; cruciatiis, sunt illo ullrices furias quffi tyrannos exagitani, &.c. Multo acerbiiis sauciarit et punguiit, quani criideles domiiii servos vinctos fiistibiis ■n tormeiitis exulcerare possunt. ee Loniceriis, To. 1. Turc. hist. c. 24. 69 jovius vita ejus. »i> Knowles. Busbeqiiius. Sand. fol. 52. si jvjcephorus, lit . 1). c. 45. Socrates, lih. 7. cap. 35. Neque Valens alicui pe- percit qui Theo co(;nomine vocarelur. ^2 Aletaiid. Gaguin. Muscov. hist, descrip. c. 5. '' D Flevther. timet oinnes ne insidiifi essent, Herodot. I. 7. Maximi- nus invisum se sentiens, quod ex infimo loco in tatitam fnrtunaiu venisset moribus ac genere barbarus, metuens ne nataliuni obscuritas objiceretur, omnes Alexandri prsedecessoris ministros ex aula ejecit, pluribus inter- ("ectis quod niOBsti essent ad mortem Alexandri, itisidias inde meluetis. s* Lib. 8. taiiquani ferae solitudin« vivebant, terrentes alios, timentes. ^■' Serres, fol. 50. '5 Neap, belli, lib. 5. nulli prorsus homini fidebnt, omnes insidiari sibi putahat. "'Camden's K«;-iaiiiB 51 em. 1. Subs. 1.] Jealousy of Beasts 565 "'Duke of Normandy, in the days of Henry the First, forbiddmg of marriage to some persons, with such hke edicts and prohibitions, are ordinary in all states. In H word (^'as he said) three things cause jealousy, a mighty state, a rich treasure, a feir wife ; or where there is a cracked title, much tyranny, and exactions, hi our state, as being freed from ciU these fears and miseries, we may be most secure ant' happy under tlie reign of our fortunate prince : ' His fortune hatli indehted him to none But to all his people universally; And not to them hut for their love alone, Which they account as placed worthily. He is so set, he hath no cause to be Jealous, or dreadful of disloyalty ; The pedestal whereon his greatness stands. Is held of all our hearts, and all our hands." But I rove, I confess. These equivocations, jealousies, and many such, which cru- cify the souls of men, are not here properly meant, or in this distinction of ours in- cluded, but that alone which is for beauty, tending to love, and wherein they can brook no co-rival, or endure any participation: and this jealousy belongs as well to brute beasts, as men. Some creatures, saith 'Vives, swans, doves, cocks, bulls, &,c., are jealous as well as men, and as much moved, for fear of communion. 2"Grege pro tnto bella juvenci. Si con jugio tiniuere suo, Poscunt tiniidi proelia cervi, £t niugitus dant concept! signa furoris In Venus' cause what mighty battles make Your raving bulls, and stirs for their herd's sake: And harts and bucks that are so timorous. Will fight and roar, if once they be but jealous." In bulls, horses, goats, this is most apparently discerned. Bulls especially, alium. in pascuis non admittit, he will not admit another bull to feed in the same pasture, saith "Oppin: which Stephanus Bathorius, late king of Poland, used as an impress, with that motto, Hegnum non caplt duos. R. T. in his Blason of Jealousy, telleth a story of a swan about Windsor, that finding a strange cock with his mate, did swim I know not how many miles after to kill him, and when he had so done, came back and killed his hen ; a certain truth, he saith, done upon Thames, as many watermen, and neighbour gentlemen, can tell. Fidem suam llberet; for my part, I do believe it may be true; for swans have ever been branded with that epithet of jealousy. * The jealous swanne against his death that singeth, .Snd eke the owle that of death bode bringeth. ^Some say as much of elephants, that they are more jealous than any other creatures whatsoever ; and those old Egyptians, as ^ Pierius informeth us, express in their hieroglyphics, the passion of jealousy by a camel; 'because that fearing the worst still about matters of venery, he loves solitudes, that he may enjoy his pleasure alone, et in quoscunque obvios insurgit^ Zelotypice stimulis agitatus^ he will quarrel and fight with whatsoever comes next, man or beast, in his jealous fits. I have read us much of ^crocodiles; and if Peter Martyr's authority be authentic, legat. Baby- lonicce, lib. S. you shall have a strange tale to that purpose confidently related. An- other story of the jealousy of dogs, see in Hieron. Fabricius, Tract. 3. cap. 5. de toqueld animalium. But this furious passion is most eminent in men, and is as well amongst bachelors as married men. If it appear amongst bachelors, M'e commonly call them rivals or co-rivals, a metaphor derived from a river, rivales., a ^rivo ; for as a river, saith Acron in Hor. Art. Poet, and Donat. in Ter. Eunuch, divides a common ground between two men, and both participate of it, so is a woman indifferent between two suitors, both likely to enjoy her; and thence comes this emulation, which breaks out many times into tempestuous storms, and produceth lamentable eflfects, murder itself, with much cruelty, many single combats. They cannot endure the least injury done unto them before their mistress, and in her defence will bite off* one another's noses; they are most impatient of any flout, disgrace, lest emulation or participation in that kind, '""iaceroi lacerium Largi mordax Memnius. Memnius the Roman (as Tully tells the story, de oraiore, lib. 2.), being co-rival with Largus Terracina, bit him by the arm, which fact of his was so famous, that it afterwards grew to a proverb in those parts. " Ph2edria could not abide his co-rival Thraso ; for when Parmeno de- •^Ma "aris. 89 r_ "p.notis in blason jealnusie. '•oo Daniel in his Panegyric to the king. "S. de aninia, cap. de zel. Animalia quaedem zelotypia tangunlur, ut olores, columbae, galli, tauri, &c. ob metuni conimu- nionis. »Seneca. ^Lib. 11. Cynoget. «Chaucer, in his Assembly of Fowls. > Alderovand. « Lib. 12. Q,ui dividit agrum comniunem ; inde deducitur ad amantes. i" Erasmus chil. I. cent. 9. adag. 99. "Ter. Eun. Act. 1. sc. 1 Munus nostrum ornate verbis, et istum Eemulum, quoai* poteris, ab ea peMito. 2X 11 "Tu iiiihi vel ferro pectus, vel perde veneno, A ilomina laiituin te iiiodo tolle mea: Te sociuiii vitae te corporis esse licebit, Te (loiiiinuin adinitto rebus amice meis. Lecto te solum, ierto te deprecor uno, Kivalem possum iioii ego ferre Jovem." 366 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 3 niaiided numquid aliud imjperas? whether he would command him any more ser vice : " No more (saith he) but to speak in his behalf, and to drive away his co-rival if he could." Conslantine, in the eleventh book of his husbandry, cap. 11, hath a pleasant tale of the pine-tree ; '^she was once a fair maid, whom Pineus and Boreas, two co-rivals, dearly sought; but jealous Boreas broke her neck, Stc. And in his eighteenth chapter he telleth another tale of '^Mars, that in his jealousy slew Adonis. Pelronius calleth this passion amantium furiosum (B7}iulatione.m,a furious emulation; ani- their symptoms are well expressed by Sir Geoffrey Chaucer in his first Canter- bury Tale. It will make the nearest and dearest friends fall out ; they will endure all other things to be common, goods, lands, moneys, participate of each pleasure, and take in good part any disgraces, injuries in another kind; but as Propertius well describes it in an elegy of his, in this they will suffer nothing, have no co-rivals. "Stab me with sword, or poison strong Give me to work my bane: So thou court not my lass, so thou From mistress mine refrain. Command myself, my body, purae, As thine own goods take all. And as my ever dearest friend, I ever use thee shall. O spare my love, to have alone Her to myself I crave. Nay, Jove himself I 'II not oiidure My rival for to have." This jealousy, which I am to treat of, is that which belongs to married men, in respect of their own wives ; to whose estate, as no sweetness, pleasure, happiness can be compared in the world, if they live quietly and lovingly together ; so if they disagree or be jealous, those bitter pills of sorrow and grief, disastrous mischiefs, mischances, tortures, gripings, discontents, are not to be separated from them. A most violent passion it is where it taketh place, an unspeakable torment, a hellish torture, an infernal plague, as Ariosto calls it, " a fury, a continual fever, full of sus- picion, fear, and sorrow, a martyrdom, a mirth-marring monster. The sorrow and grief of heart of one woman jealous of another, is heavier than death, Ecclus. xxviii. 6. as '^ Peninnah did Hannah, vex her and upbraid her sore." 'Tis a main vexation, a most intolerable burden, a corrosive to all content, a frenzy, a madness itself; as '^ Beneditto Varchi proves out of that select sonnet of Giovanni de la Casa, that reverend lord, as he styles him. SuBSECT. II. — Causes of Jealousy. Who are most apt. Idleness, melancholy, im- poiency, long absence, beauty, wantonness, naught themselves. Allurements, from time, place, persons, bad usage, causes. Astrologers make the stars a cause or sign of this bitter passion, and out of every man's horoscope will give a probable conjecture whether he will be jealous or no, and at what time, by direction of the significators to their several promissors : their aphorisms are to be read in Albubator, Pontanus, Schoner, .Junctine, &c. Bodine, cap. 5. meih. hist, ascribes a great cause to the country or clime, and discourseth largely there of this subject, saying, that southern men are more hot, lascivious, and jealous, than such as live in the north; they can hardly contain themselves in those hotter climes, but are most subject to prodigious lust. Leo Afer telleth incredible things almost, of the lust and jealousy of his countrymen of Africa, and especially such as live about Carthage, and so doth every geographer of them in '''Asia, Tur- key, Spaniards, Italians. Germany hath not so many drunkards, England tobacco- nists, France dancers, Holland mariners, as Italy alone hath jealous husbands. And in '* Italy some account ihem of Piacenza more jealous than the rest. In '^Germany, France, Britain, Scandia, Poland, Muscovy, they are not so troubled with this feral malady, although Damianus a Goes, which I do much wonder at, in his topography of Lapland, and Herbastein of Russia, against the stream of all other geographers, would fasten it upon those northern inhabitants. Altomarius Poggius, and Munster in his description of Baden, reports that men and women of all sorts go commonly w PinuB puella quondam fuit, &;c. i^ Mars zelo- •ypus Adonidem interfecit. " R. T. '^ ] Sam. i. 6. Blazon of Jealousy. " Mulieriim ronditio niisera : nullam honestam credunt nisi domo con''lusa rivat '6 Fines Morison. '>* >fomen zelotypicB il> td iMM locum nou habet, lib. 3. c. o. Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Causes of Jealousy. 5fi7 lutu the baths together, without all suspicion, '" the name of jealousy (^saith Manbter js not so much as once heard of among tliem." In Friesland the women kiss hiro they druik to, and are kissed again of those they pledge. The virgins in Holland go hand in hand with young men iVom home, glide on tht ice, such is their harmless liberty, and lodge together abroad without suspicion, which rash Sansovinus an Italian makes a great sign of unchastity. In France, upon small acquaintance, it is usual to court otlier men's wives, to come to their houses, and accompany them arm in arm in the streets, without imputation. In the most northern countries young men and maids familiarly dance together, men and their wives, ^" which, Siena only excepted, Italians may not abide. The ^' Greeks, on the other side, have their private baths for men and women, where they must not come near, nor so much as see one another : and as ^^ Bodine observes lib. 5. de repuh. " the Italians could never endure this," or a Spaniard, the very conceit of it would make him mad : and for that cause they lock up their women, and will not sufler them to be near men, so much as in the ^^ church, but with a partition between. He telleth, moreover, how that " when he was ambassador in England, he heard Mendoza the Spanish legate finding fault with it, as a filthy custom for men and women to sit promiscuously in churches together ; /but Dr. Dale the master of the requests told him again, that it was indeed a filthy custom in Spain, where they could not contain themselves from lascivious thoughts in their holy places, but not with us." Baronius in his Annals, out of Eusebius, taxeth Licinius the emperor for a decree of his made to this effect, Jubens ne vlri simul cum muUeribus in ecclesid inleressent : for being prodigiously naught himself, aliorum naturam ex sua vitiosa mente speciavit, he so esteemed others. But we are far from any such strange conceits, and will permit our wives and daughters to go to the tavern with a friend, as Aubanus saith, 7iwdo absit lascivia, and suspect nothing, to kiss coming and going, which, as Erasmus writes in one of his epistles, they cannot endure. England is a paradise for women, and hell for horses : Italy a paradise for horses, hell for women, as the diverb goes. Some make a question whether this headstrong passion rage more in women than men, as Montaigne 1. 3. But sure it is more outrageous in women, as all other melancholy is, by reason of the weakness of their sex. Scaliger Poet. lib. cap. 13. concludes against women: '^ '"'• Besides their inconstancy, treachery, suspicion, dissimulation, superstition, pride, (for all women are by nature proud) desire of sovereignty, if they be great women, (he gives instance in Juno) bitterness and jealousy are the most remarkable affections. " Std neque fulvus aper media lain fulvus in ira est, I " Tiger, boar, bear, viper, lioness, Fulniiiieo rapidos Uum rotal ore caiies. J^l woman's fury cannot express." Nee leo," &c. | ^ Some say red-headed women, pale-coloured, black-eyed, and of a shrill voice, are most subject to jealousy. 28" High colour in a woman choler shows, Naught are they, peevish, proud, malicious ; But worst of all, red, shrill, and jealous." Comparisons are odious, I neither parallel them with others, nor debase them any more : men and women are both bad, and too subject to this pernicious infirmity. It is most part a symptom and cause of melancholy, as Plater and Valescus teach us : melancholy men are apt to be jealous, and jealous apt to be melancholy. (7 Of ale jealousy, child of insatiate love, I With heedless youth and error vainly led. Of heartsick thoughts whi:h melancholy bred, | A mortal plague, a virtuedrowiiiiig flood, A liell-toruienting fear, no failli can move, I A hellish tire not quenched but with blood.' By discomenl with deadly poison fed; I If idhness concur with melancholy, such persons are most apt to be jealous; hiss " Nevisanus' note, ''an idle woman is presumed to be lascivious, and often jealous." Mulier cum sola cogital, male cogitat : and 'tis not unlikely, for they have no other business to trouble their heads with. More particular causes be these which follow. Impotency first, when a man is * Fines Moris, part. 3. cap. f. 2' Busbequius. terquain quod sunt infida;, suspicaces, inconstantes, 11 Siiids. ^a Prae amore et zelotvpia saepius insaniunt. | sidioste, simulatrices, superstiliosa;, et si polentes, in *' Australes ne sacra quidem publica tieri patiuntur, ' tolerabiles, amore iselotypa; supia modum. Ovid.Sde nisi uterque sexus pariete medi'^ dividatur: et quum in ' art. 25 Bartello. 26 k. T. 27 Lib. 2. num. a Angliam inquit, legatioi.is cau.-,a piofeoius essein, au- iiiulier otiosa facile prsesumitur luxuriosa, et 8«pe M div! .Mendozain legatum Hispa.-.aruni diceniem turpe lotypa. ffise viroa e< faiminas in, &c. >'> Idea: iiiulieres piae- I D68 Lov e-Me Luncholy. [Part. 3. Sect. 3. act able (jf liimselt' to perform those dues which he ought unto his wife : for though Me be an honest liver, hurt no man, yet Trebius the lawyer may make a question, an suum cuique Iribuat, whether he give every one their own ; and therefore when he takes notice of his wants, and perceives her to be more craving, clamorous, in- (.atiable and prone to lust than is fit, he begins presently to suspect, that wherein he IS defective, she will satisfy herself, sbe will be pleased by some other means. Cor- nelius Gallus hath elegantly expressed this humour in an epigram to his Lychoris. 2*" Jamqiie alios jiiveiies aliosque requirit aiiiorf.s, iVle vucat iiiibelleiii Uecrepitiiinque seneiii," &.c. For this cause is most evident in old men, that are cold and dry by nature, and mar- ried sued, plenis, to young wanton wives ; with old doting Janivere in Chaucer, they begin to mistrust all is not well, She was young' and he was old,y^ And therefore he feared to he a cuckold.' And how should it otherwise be .'' old age is a disease of itself, loathsome, full of sus- picion and fear; when it is at best, unable, unlit for such matters. ^^Tam aplanuptiis quilm bruma 7nessibus^ as welcome to a young woman as snow in harvest, saith Ne- visai^us.: Eft si capis juvenculum, fuciet tibi cornua : marry a lusty maid and she will surely graft horns on thy head. ^""All women are slippery, often unfaithful to their husbands (as iEneas Sylvius episl. 38. seconds him), but to old men most treacherous : they had rather mortem amplexarier^ lie with a corse than such a one: *' Oderunt ilium pueri^ contemnunt muiiercs. On the other side many men, saith Hieronymus, are suspicious of their wives, ''^if they be lightly given, but old folks above the rest. Insomuch that she did not complain without a cause in ^^Apuleius, of an old bald bedridden knave she had to her good man : ''Poor woman as I am, what shall I do .? 1 have an old grim sire to my husband, as bald as a coot, as little and as unable as a child," a bedful of bones, "• he keeps all the doors barred and l " poscit pallam, redimicula, inaures ; Curre, quid hie cessas ? vulgo vult ilia vidcri, Tu pete leclicas" cunctam domum seris et catenis obditam custodientem. sJCIialoner. 35L„b. 4. ii. I^O. se Ovid •_>. de art. amandi. 3' Kvery Man out of his Humour. sscal- CHgiiiiius Apol. 'J'iberini ab u.xorum partu earuni viuoa subeurit, ut aves per vices incuhant, &c. ^^Exituiu* t'H>cia uxuris pectus allig.ihat, nee momento prx.senlia ejus carere poterat, poiuniuu'j non hauriebat nisi pi«. gustatum labrisejus. •<« Chaloner. Mem. 1 Subs 2.] Causes of Jealousy. 5G9 many brave and worthy men have trespassed in this kind, multos foras claros do- mestica hcfx destruxit infcuuia, and many noble senators and soldiers (as ■" Pliny notes) have lost their honour, in being uxoril., so sottishly overruled by their wives and therefore Cato in Plutarch made a bitter jest on his fellow-citizens, the Romans ''• we govern all the world abroad, and our wives at home rule us." These oliend in one extreme ; but too hard and too severe, are far more offensive on the other. As just a cause may be long absence of either party, when they must of necessity be much from home, as lawyers, physicians, mariners, by their professions ; or otherwise make i'rivolous, impertinent journeys, tarry long abroad to no purpose, lie out, and are gadding still, upon small occasions, it must needs yield matter of sus- picion, when they use their wives unkindly in the meantmie, and never tarry at home, it cannot use but engender some such conceit. <*" Uxor si cessas ainare le cogitat | " If tliou be ahserjt long, iliy wife then thinks, Aut tele aiiiari, aut polare, aut animo obsequi, | Th' ail drunk, at ease, or with some pretty minx. Ex tibi bene esse soli, quuiii sibi sit male." "J'is well with llieu, or else beloved of some, I Whilst she poor soul doth fare full ill at home." Hippocrates, the physician, had a smack of tliis disease ; for when he was to go home'as far as Abdera, and some other remote cities of Greece, he writ to his friend Dionysius (if at least those ''^Epistles be his) '*'*"• to oversee his wife in his absence, (as Apollo set a raven to watch his Coronis) although she lived in his house with her father and mother, who he knew would have a care of her; yet that would not satisfy his jealousy, he would have his special friend Dionysius to dwell in his house with her all the time of his peregrination, and to observe her behaviour, how she carried herself in her husband's absence, and that she did not lust after other men. ^ For a woman had need to have an overseer to keep her honest ; they are bad by nature, and lightly given all, and if they be not curbed m time, as an unpruned tree, they will be full of wild branches, and degenerate of a sudden." Especially in their husband's absence : though one Lucielia were trusty, and one Penelope, yet Clytemnestra made Agamemnon cuckold ; and no question there be too many of her conditions. U their husbands tarry too long abroad upon unnecessary business, well they may suspect: or if they run one way, their wives at home will lly out another, Quid pro quo. Or if present, and give them not that content whicli they ought, ^Primum ingratce.^ mox invisce nodes qucz per sonmimi trunsigimlur, they cannot endure to lie alone, or to fast long. '"Peter Godefndus, in his second book of Love, and sixth chapter, hath a story out of St. Anthony's life, of a gentleman, who, by that good man's advice, would not meddle with his wife in the passion week, but for his pains she set a pair of horns on his head. Such another lie hath out of Absiemius, one persuaded a new married man, ''^''' to forbear the three fiist nights, and he should all his lifetime after be fortunate in cattle," but his impatient wife would not tarry so long : well he might speed in cattle, but not in children. Such a tale hath Hemsius of an impotent and slack scholar, a mere student, and a friend of his, that seeing by chance a fine damsel sing and dance, would needs marry her, the match was soon made, for he was young and rich, genis grains, corpore glabel- lus, arte multiscius, et fortuna opulentus, like that Apollo in ^'^Apuleius. The first night, having liberally taken his liquor (as in that country they do) my fine scholar was so fuzzled, that he no sooner was laid in bed, but he fell fast asleep, never waked till morning, and then much abashed, purpureisf ormosa rosis cum Aurora ruber et, when the fair morn with purple hue 'gan shine, he made an excuse, J know not what, out of Hippocrates Cous, &j.c., and for that time it went current: but when as after- waid he did not play the man as he should do, she fell in .oague with a good fellow, and whilst he sat up late at his study about those criticisms, mending some hard " Panegyr. Trajano. ^^fer. Adelph. act 1. see. 1. adiit. <" Nelribus prioribus noctibus rem haberet M Fab. Calvo. Ravennate interprete. « Dum cum ea, ut asset in pecoriliiis fortuiialus, ab uxore mor» rediero domurn meam habitabis, et licet cum parentibus impatiente, &.C. ^^ 'J'otain noctem bene et pudice ne- .■labitet hac mea peregrinatione ; eam tamen et ejus mini molestus dormiendo transegit ; mane autem quuin mores observabis uti absentia viri sui probe degat, nee nullius conscius facinoris sibi esset, et inertis puderet, alios viros cogitet aut quferal. ■•» FtBmina semper ! audisse se ilicehat eum dolore calculi solere earn con- rustode eget qui se pudicam contineat; suapte enim flictari. Duo priecepta juris una node expressit. ne- natura nequitias insitas habet, quas nisi indies cum- miiiein Iseserat ei honeste vixerat, sed an suum ournue primal, ut arbores slolones emittunt, &c. «> Hein- 1 reddiilifsel, qiia!ri pnteral. iMutius opiiior et Trebatius •ius. *'' Uxor cujiisdam nnhilis qiinm debitum niati- , hoc iiegassenl. lib. J. lale sacro passioms hebdomada iion obtiiierel, alterujii 72 2x2 570 Lave-Melanc, ^ly [Part, 3. Sec. 3. places ill Festus or Pollux, came cold to bed, and would tell her still what he had done, she did not much regard what he said, Stc. ^°"She would have another mat- ter mended much rather, which he did not conceive was con-'ipt :" thus he continued at his study late, she at her sport, ctUbi enim fesHvas nodes agitabal^ hating all scholars for his sake, till at length he began lo »ospect, and turned a little yellow, as well he might; for it was his own fault; and if men be jealous in such cases (^' ad oft it falls out) the mends is in their own hands, they must thank themselves. Who will pity them, saith Neander, or be much oflended with such wives, si decepta ■prius viros decipiani, et corvutos reddant,, if they deceive those that cozened them first. A lawyer's wife in ^^Aristaenetus, because her husband was negligent in his business, quando lecto danda oj9cr«, threatened to cornute him: and did not stick to tell Philinna, one of her gossips, as much, and that aloud for him to hear : " If he follow other men's matters and leave his own, I'll have an orator shall plead my cause," I care not if he know it. A fourth eminent cause of jealousy may be this, when he that is deformed, and as Pindarus of Vulcan, sine grdtiis natus, hirsute, ragged, yet virtuously given, will marry some fair nice piece, or light housewife, begins to misdoubt (as well he may) she doth not affect him. ^^Lis est cum forma magna pudicitia:^ beauty and honesty have ever been at odds. Abraham was jealous of his wife because she was fair : so was Vulcan of his Venus, when he made her creaking shoes, saith ^^ Philostratus, ne moecharctur^ sandalio scilicet deferente, that he might hear by them when she stirred, which Mars indigne ferre, " was not well pleased with. Good cause had Vulcan to do as he did, for she was no honester than she should be. Your fine faces have commonly this fault; and it is hard to find, saith Francis Philelphus in an epistle to Saxola his friend, a rich man honest, a proper woman not proud or un- chaste. " Can she be fair and honest too .?" 56 " S;Epe eteniiii oculuit picta sese hydra sub herba, Sub specie foriiia;, iiicaiito se sa;pe niarito Ncquam aiiiiiiiis veiiilit," He that marries a wife that is snowy fair alone, let him look, saith ^' Barbarus, for no better success than Vulcan had with Venus, or Claudius with Messalina. And 'tis impossible almost in such cases the wife should contain, or the good man not be jealous: for when he is so defective, weak, ill-proportioned, unpleasing in those parts which women most aflect, and she most absolutely fair and able on the other side, if she be not very virtuously given, how can she love him .'' and althougli she be not fair, yet if he admire her and think her so, in his conceit she is absolute, he holds it impossible for any man living not to dote as he doth, to look on her and not lust, not to covet, and if he be in company wiih her, not to lay siege to her honesty : or else out of a deep apprehension of his infirmities, deformities, and other men's good parts, out of his own little worth and desert, he distrusts himself, (for what is jealousy but distrust.'') he suspects she cannot afiect him, or be not so kind and loving as she should, she certainly loves some other man better than himself. ^•^Nevisanus, lib. 4. num. 72, will have barrenness to be a main cause of jealousy If her husband cannot play the man, some other shall, they will leave no remedies unessayed, and thereupon the good man grows jealous ; I could give an instance, but te it as it is. I find this reason given by some men, because they have been formerly naught themselves, they think they may be so served by others, they turned up trump be- fore the cards were shuffled ; they shall have therefore legem, talionis. like for like. '' " Ipse miser docui, quo posset ludere pacto I " Wretch as I was, I taiifiht her bad to be, Cuslodes, eheu nunc premor arte uica." | And now mine own sly tricks are put upon ine." Mala mens, malus animus, as the saying is, ill dispositions cause ill suspicions. •O" There is none jealous, I durst pawn my life, Bui he that hath detiled another's wife. And for that he himself haili jtoiie astray, He straightway thinks liis wife will tread iiat way." MAIterius loci eniendationem serio ;tabat, quem I m Hor. epist. 15. "Often has tlie serpent lain hid oe- oorruptuin esse ille non iiiveiiit. <>' Such another nraili the coloured grass, under a beautiful aspect, and liile is in Neander de Jocoseriis, his first tale. 6j Lj , often has the evil inclination atlecled a sale without 2. Ep. 3. Si petiiit alienis neiintiis operam dare ="• ! 'b<- liirshand'a iirivitv " ■'" Of re 'nrvij, .1 ■ ,«(> i. Begligei.?, erit alius mihi orator qui rem meam agat. i "< uni steriles sum, ex iiiiifiMoiie viri se puianl (01- ' . 'Vid fara est loiicirdi.i forma' alqiie piidiciiite cipere 'i" Tibiilliis. elee- P «« W'itof r's ."-"-it '^£wiet. ^ Q,uoil slrulerel e'us calci 'Jiieatum. I Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Causes of Jealousy. 571 To these two above-named causes, or incendiaries of tnis rage, I may very well annex those circumstances of time, place, persons, by which it ebbs and flows, the fuel of this fury, as *'' Vives truly observes ; and such like accidents or occasions^ proceeding from the parties themselves, or others, which much aggravate and intend this suspicious humour. For manv men are so lasciviously given, either out of a depraved nature, or too much liberty, which they do assume unto themselves, by reason of their greatness, in that they are noble men, (for licentia peccandi^ et muU titudo peccuntium are great motives) though their own wives be never so fair, noble, virtuous, honest, wise, able, and well given, they must have change. "■^ " Qui cum iHgitiiiii junguiitur fojdere lecti, Virlute egregiis', facieque doiiKiqiie puellis, Scoria taiiien, foedasqiie lupas iu rdrnice quxrunt, Kt per ailullf-riuui nova tarpere gaudia tentaiit." | Quod licet ingratum est, that which is ordinary, is unpleasant. Nero (saith Tacitus) abhorred Octavia his own wife, a noble virtuous lady, and loved Acte, a base quean in respect. '^'^ Cerinthus rejected Sulpitia, a nobleman's daughter, and courted a poor servant maid. tanta est aliena in messe voluntas, for that ^ '' stolen waters be more pleasant :" or as Vitellius the emperor was wont to say, Jucundiores amoresy qui cum periculo habentur, like stolen venison, still the sweetest is that love which is most difficultly attained : they like better to hunt by stealth in another man's walk, than to have the fairest course that may be at game of their own. ' Who being niatch'd to wives most virtuous, Noble, and fair, fly out lascivious." 6a"Aspice ul in codIo niodo sol, niocloluna niinistret, i:sic etiani n<>l>is una peli.i paiuai est." "As sun and moon in heaven change their course, So tliey cliange loves, though often to the worse." Or that some fair object so forcibly moves them, they cannot contain themselves, be it heard or seen they will be at it. "Nessus, the centaur, was by agreement to carry Hercules and his wife over the river Evenus ; no sooner had he set Dejanira on the other side, but he would have ofli^red violence uiHo her, leaving Hercules to swim over as he could : and though her husband was a spectator, yet would he not desist till Hercules, with a poisoned arrow, shot him to death. "^^ Neptune saw by chance that Thessalian Tyro, Eunippius' wife, he forthwith, in the fury of his lust, counterfeited her husband's habit, and made him cuckold. Tarquin heard CoUaline commend his wife, and was so far enraged, that in the midst of the night to her he went. ^** Theseus stole Ariadne, vi rapuit that Trazenian Anaxa, Antiope, and now being old, Helen, a girl not yet ready lor a husband. Great men are most part thus aflected all, '-'■ as a horse they neigh," saith ^^ Jeremiah, after their neighbours' wives, ut visa jmllus adhinnit equd : and if they be in company with other women, though in their own wives' presence, they must be courting and dallying with them. Juno in Lucian complains of Jupiter that he was still kissmg Ganymede before her face, which did not a little otlijnd her : and besides he was a counterfeit Amphitryo, a bull, a swan, a golden shower, and played many such bad pranks, too long, too shameful to relate. Or that they care little for their own ladies, and fear no laws, they dare freely keep whores at their wives' noses. 'Tis too frequent with noblemen to be dis- honest; Fietas, probiias, Jides, privata bona sunt, as '"he said long since, piety, chastity, and such like virtues are for private men : not to be much looked after in great courts : and which Suetonius of the good princes of his time, they might be all engraven in one ring, we may truly hold of chaste potentates of our age. For great personages will familiarly run out in this kind, and yield occasion of offence. '' Montaigne, m his Essays, gives instance in Caesar, Mahomet the Turk, that sacked Constantmople, and Ladislans, king of Naples, that besieged Florence : great men, and great soldiers, are commonly great, &c., probatum est, they are good doers. Mars and Venus are equally balanced in their actions, '^"Militis in galea niduni fecere r.olumbE, Apparet Marti nuam sit ainica Venus." "A dove within a head-piece made her nest, 'Twixt Mars and Venus see an interest." Especially if they be bald, for bald men have ever been suspicious (read more in Aristotle, Sect. 4. prob. 19.) asGalba, Otho, Domitian, and remarkable Caesar amongst "13 de Anima. Crescit ac decrescit zelotypia cuin pi'rsonis, locis, ten poribus, negotiis. *■'- Marullus. « TibuJf s Epig. M Prov. x. 17 «' Propert. eleg. a ecuvid. lib. 9. Met Pausa'iiai Sirab» . quuni crevit imbribus hyemalibus. Deianiram suscipit, Her- culfcin nando sequi jubet. s' Lucian, torn. 4 60 Plutarch. ^jcap. v. 8. '"Seneca. 'iLib 2. cap. 23. " Fetroniua Catal. 572 Love-Melancholy. i^Part 3. Sec. 3. the rest. ''^Urbanl servate uxores, vimclmm calvum adducimus ; besides, this bald Caesar, saith Curio in Sueton, was omnium mulierum vir ; l.c made love to Eunoe, vjueen of Mauritania ; to Cleopatra ; to Posthumia, wife to Sergius Sulpitius } to Lollia, wife to Gabinius ; to Tertulla, of Crassus ; to Mutia, Pompey's wife, and 1 know not how many besides : and well he might, for, if all be true that I have read, he had a license to lie with whom he list. Inter alios honores Ccesari decrctos (as Sue- ton, cap. 52. de Julio, and Dion, lib. 44. relate) jus illi datum, cum quibuscunque fceminis se jungendi. Every private history will yield such variety of instances . otiiervvise good, wise, discreet men, virtuous and valiant, but too faulty in this. Prianius had fifty sons, but seventeen alone lawfully begotten. '■* Philippus Bonus left fourteen bastards. Lorenzo de Medici, a good prince and a wise, but, saith Machiavel, ''^ prodigiously lascivious. None so valiant as Castruccius Castrucanus, but, as the said author hath it, '**none so incontinent as he was. And 'tis not only predominant in grandees this fault : but if you will take a great man's testimony, 'tis familiar with every base soldier in France, (and elsewhere, I think). " This vice (" saith mine author) is so common with us in France, that he is of no account, a mere coward, not worthy the name of a soldier, that is not a notorious whore- master." In Italy he is not a gentleman, that besides his wife hath not a courtezan and a mistress. 'Tis no marvel, then, if poor women in such cases be jealous, when they shall see themselves manifestly neglected, contemned, loathed, unkindly used : their disloyal husbands to entertain others in their rooms, and many times to court ladies to their faces : other men's wives to, wear their jewels : how shall a poor woman in such a case moderate her passion .-' \ '^Qwis tibi nunc Dido cernenti talia sensusf How, on the other side, shall a poor man contain himself from this feral malady, when he shall see so manifest signs of his wife's inconstancy } when, as Milo's wife, she dotes upon every young man she sees, or, as ™ Martial's Sota, deserto sequitur Clitum marito, "• deserts her husband and follows Clitus," Though her husband be proper and tall, fair and lovely to behold, able to give contentment to any one woman, yet she will taste of the forbidden fruit : Juvenal's Iberina to a hair, she is as well pleased with one eye as one man. If a young gallant come by chance into her presence, a fastidious brisk, that can wear his clothes well in fashion, with a lock, jingling spur, a feather, that can cringe, and withal compliment, court a gentlewoman, she raves upon him, '^ O what a lovely proper man he was," another Hector, an Alexander, a goodly man, a demi-god, how sweetly he carried himself, with how comely a grace, sic oculos, sic ille manus, sic ora J'erebat, how neatly he did wear his clothes! ^Quam sese ore ferens, quam forti pectore et armis, how bravely did he discourse, ride, sing, and dance, Slc, and then she begins to loathe her husband, repugnans osculalur, to hate him and his filthy beard, his goatish com- plexion, as Doris said of Polyphemus, ^^ tot us qui saniem, totus ut hircus olet, he is a rammy fulsome fellow, a goblin-faced fellow, he smells, he stinks, Et ccepas simul alliumque ructat^^ si quando ad Ihalamum, &;c., how like a dizzard, a fool, an ass, he looks, how like a clown he behaves himself! '^she will not come near him by her own good Avill, but wholly rejects him, as Venus did her fuliginous Vulcan, at last, JS'ec Deus hunc mensd, Dea ncc dignala cubili est."^ So did Lucretia, a lady of Senae, after she had but seen Euryalus, in Eurialutii tota ferebatur, domum reversa^ ^c, she would not hold her eyes oil' him in his presence, ^^ tantum egregio decus enitet ore, and in his absence could think of none but him, odit virui/i^ she loathed her husband forthwith, might not abide him : 's " Et coiijugalis negligens tori, viro I'raisciite, acerlio iiauseat fasiidio ;" "All against the laws of matriinoiiy. She did abhor her husband's phis'noiny and sought all opportunity to see her sweetheart again. Now when the good man shall observe his wife so lightly given, " to be so free and I'amiliar with every gallant, her immodesty and wantonness," (as ^' Camerarius notes) it must needs yield matter "3 Sueton. '* Poiitus Heuler, vita ejus. '^ Lib. 8. Flor. hist. Dii.x omnium optiinus et sapientissimus. Bed in re venerea prodigiosus. '^ Vita Castruccii. Idem uxores mantis abalir-navit. "Seselius, lib. 2. de Repub. Gallorum. Ita nunc apud iiifiiiios oiktinuit hoc viijiim, ut riullius fere prelil sit, et ignavus miles qiinonin scortatioiie iiiaxime e.xcellat, et adulterio. '*Virg. .^n. 4. "What now must have been Diiiu's ■enEations when she witnessed these doings?" '"Epig. 9. lib. 4. 6" Virg. 4. JEit. "Secundus syl. ^2"Aiid belches out Ihe smell of onions and garlic." ^iEiieas Sylvius. »•' " Neither a god honoured him with his table, nor a goddess with her bed." "» Virg. 4. JEii. " Sucii beauty shines in his graceful features." 66 S. Grajco Simonides. I'Cont. 2. ca. 38. Oper. subcis. mulieris liberius et fainiliarius communicantit cum omnibus licentia et imiiiodestia, sinistri dcruionit et suspicionis niateriam viru pra?bet. •Mem. I. feiibs. 2.] Causes of Jealousy. 573 of suspicion to him, when she still pranks up herself beyond her means a':d for- tuiit-s, makes impertinent Journeys, unnecessary visitations, stays out so long, with sucii and such companions, so frequently goes to plays, masks, feasts, and all public meetings, shall use such immodest *'^ gestures, free speeches, and withal show some distaste of her own husband ; how can he choose, " though he were another Socra- tes, but be suspicious, and instantly jealous ?" ^^'•'■Socraticas tandem faciei trans- cendere metas ;" more especially when he shall take notice of their more secret and sly tricks, which to cornute their husbands they commonly use (^diim Judis, Judos hcEC te faclt), they pretend love, honour, chastity, and seem to respect them before all men living, saints in show, so cunningly can they dissemble, they will not so much as look upon another man in his presence, ^° so chaste, so religious, and so devout, they cannot endure the name or sight of a quean, a harlot, out upon her ! and in their outward carriage are most loving and officious, will kiss their husband, and hang about his neck (dear husband, sweet husband), and with a composed coun- tenance salute him, especially when he comes home ; or if he go from home, weep, sigh, lament, and take upon them to be sick and swoon (like Jocundo's wife in " Ariosto, when her husband was to depart), and yet arrant, &c. they care not for him. " Aye me, the thought (quoth she) makes me so 'fraid, That scarce the hreath abideth in my breast; Peai^e, my sweet h)ve and wife, Jocundo said, Ami weeps as fast, and comforts her his best, Sec. All this might not assuage the woman's pain, Needs must I die before you come again. Nor bow to keep my life 1 can devise, The doleful days and nights I shall sustain, From meat my mouth, from sleep will keep mine eyes, &c. That very night that went before the morrow. That he had pointed surely to depart, Jocundo's wife was sick, and swoon'd for sorrow Amid his arms, so heavy was her heart." And yet for all these counterfeit tears and protestations, Jocundo coming back in all haste for a jewel he had forgot, ' His chaste and yoke-fellow he found Ynkd with a knave, all honesty neglected. The adulterer sleeping very sound, Yet by his face was easily detected: A beggar's brat bred by him from his cradle. And now was riding on his master's saddle." Thus can they cunningly counterfeit, as ^^ Platina describes their customs, ••' kiss their husbands, whom they had rather see hanging on a gallows, and swear they love him dearer than their own lives, whose soul they would not ransom for their little dog's-r\ * "similis si permutatio detnr, Morte viri cupiuut aniuiam servare catellae." Many of them seem to be precise and holy forsooth, and will go to such a "^ church, to hear such a good man by all means, an excellent man, when 'tis for no other in- tent (as he follows it) tlian '■'■ to see and to be seen, to observe what fashions are in use, to meet some pander, bawd, monk, friar, or to entice some good fellow." For thf;y persuade themselves, as '"'Nevisanus shows, '•'•That it is neither sin nor shame to lie with a lord or parish priest, if he be a proper man ; ^'' and though she kneel often, and pray devoutly, 'tis (saith Platina) not for her husband's welfare, or chil- dren's good, or any friend, but for her sweetheart's return, her pander's health." If her husband would have her go, she feigns herself sick, ^'^Et simulat subito condo- luisse caput : her head aches, and she cannot stir : but if her paramour ask as much, slie is for him in all seasons, at all hours of the night. ^^ In the kingdom of Mala- bar, and about Goa in the East Indies, the women are so subtile that, with a certain drink they give them to drive away cares as they say, ^^" they \vill make them sleep /or twenty-four hours, or so intoxicate them that they can remember nought of that they saw done, or heard, and, by washing of their feet, restore them again, and so make their husbands cuckolds to their faces." Some are ill-disposed at all times, to allpc'sons they like, others more wary to some few, at such and such seasons, as Augusta, Livia, non nisi plena navi vectorem tollehat. But as he said, "^ Voces liberie, oculorum collnquia.contracliones pa- rum verecunilte, motus immodici. &c. Heinsius. "SCha- loner. >*" What is here said, is not prejudicial lo honest women. »i Lib. 28. sc. 13. m ojal. amor. Pendet fallax et blanda circa oscula niariti, quem in cruc.e, si fieri pnssct, deosculari velit: illius vitam cha- riorem esse sua jurejurando affirmat: quem certe non redinieret anima catelli si posset. ^^ Adeunt tem- •luin ut rem divinam audiant, nt ips Juv. j invenies, aut isse alium reperies. Mem 3. Subs. 1.] Symptoms of Jealousy. 575 such a place, you shall likely find her in company you like not, either they come to her, or she is gone to them." " Kornniannus makes a doubting jest in his lascivious country, Virginis illihaki censeatur ne casiitas ad quarn frequentur accedant schu- lares? And Baldus the lawyer scoffs on^ quum scholaris, mquit, loquitur emu pu- elld, non prcesumitur ei dicere, Pater nosier., when a scholar talks with a maid, or another man's wife in private, it is presumed he saith not a pater noster. Or if 1 shall see a monk or a friar climb up a ladder at midnight into a virgin's or widow's chamber window, I shall hardly think he then goes to administer the sacraments, or to take her confession. These are the ordinary causes of jealousy, which are in- tended or remitted as the circumstances vary. MEMB. II. Sub SECT. I. — Symptoms of Jealousy, Fear, Sorrmo, Suspicion, strange Actions, Gestures, Outrages, Locking up. Oaths, Trials, Laws, Sfc. Of all passions, as I have already proved, love is most violent, and of those bitter potions which this love-melancholy affords, this bastard jealousy is the greatest, as appears by those prodigious symptoms which it hath, and that it produceth. For besides fear and sorrow, which is common to all melancholy, anxi&ty of mind, sus- picion, aggravation, restless thoughts, paleness, meagreness, neglect of business, and the like, these men are farther yet misaffected, and in a higher strain. 'Tis a more vehement passion, a more furious perturbation, a bitter pain, a fire, a pernicious curi- osity, a gall corrupting the honey of our life, madness, vertigo, plague, hell, the) are more than ordinarily disquieted, they lose honum pads, as '^ Chrysostom observes ; and though they be rich, keep sumptuous tables, be nobly allied, yet miserrimi om- nium sunt, they are most miserable, they are more than ordinarily discontent, moie sad, nihil tristius, more than ordinarily suspicious. Jealousy, saith '^Vives, " begets unquietness in the mind, night and day : he hunts after every word he hears, every whisper, and amplifies it to himself (as all melancholy men do in , other matters) with a most unjust calumny of others, he misinterprets everything is said or done, most apt to mistake or misconstrue," he pries into every corner, follows close, ob- serves to a hair. 'Tis proper to jealousy so to do, "Pale hag, inTernal fury, pleasure's smart, Envy's observer, prying in every part." Besides those strange gestures of staring, frowning, grinning, rolling of eyes, me- nacing, ghastly looks, broken pace, interrupt, precipitate, half-turns. He will some- times sigh, weep, sob for anger. JS'empe suos imbres etiam ista tonitrua fundunt,^'^ — swear and belie, slander any man, curse, threaten, brawl, scold, fight; and sometimes again. flatter and speak fair, ask forgiveness, kiss and coll, condemn his rashness and folly, vow, protest, and swear he will never do so again ; and then eftsoons, im- patient as he is, rave, roar, and lay about him like a madman, thump her sides, drag her about perchance, drive her out of doors, send her home, he will be divorced forthwith, she is a whore, &c., and by-and-by with all submission compliment, en- treat her fair, and bring her in again, he loves her dearly, she is his sweet, most kind and loving wife, he will not change, nor leave her for a kingdom ; so he continues off and on, as the toy takes him, the object moves .':im, but most part brawling, fret- ting, unquiet he is, accusing and suspecting not strangers only, but brothers and sis- ters, father and mother, nearest and dearest friends. He thinks with those Italians, "Chi non tocca parentado, 'I'occa mai e rado." And through fear conceives unto himself things almost incredible and impossible to be effected. As a heron when she fishes, still prying on all sides ; or as a cat doth "Cap. 18. de Virg. 12 Horn. 38. in c. 17. Gen. I himnia. Maximg suspiciosi, Pt ad ppjora credendum Etfii masiiisalfliintit divitiis, &c. '33de Aninia. | proclives. '''" These thunders pour down their Onines voces, auras, onines susurros capiat zelotypus, peculiar showers " et ainpliticat apud se cum iiiiquissima de singulis ca- j 57 o Love-Melanclioly. [Part. 3. Sec. 3. a mouse, his eye is never off her's ; he gloats on him, on her, accurately observing on wliom she looks, who looks at her, what she saith, doth, at dinner, at supper, sitting, walking, at home, abroad, he is the same, still inquiring, mandring, gazirig, listening, affrighted with every small object; why did she ^lile, why did she pity him, commend him ? why did she drink twice to such a man } why did she offer to kiss, to dance .? &.C., a whore, a whore, an arrant whore. All this he confesseth in the poet, 15 "Omnia me terrent, timidus sum, ignosce tiniori. I " Each thing affrights me, I do fear, Et miser in tunica puspicnr esse virum. | Ah pardon me my fear. Me laedit si multa tibi dabiloscula mater, I doubt a man is hid within Me soror, et cum qua durmit aniica simul." | The clothes that thou dost wear.'" Is it not a man in woman's apparel .'' is not somebody in that great chest, or behind the door, or hangings, or in some of those barrels } may not a man steal in at the window with a ladder of ropes, or come down the chimney, have a false key, or get in when he is asleep ^ If a mouse do but stir, or the wind blow, a casement clatter, that 's the villain, there he is : by his good-will no man shall see her, salute her, speak with her, she shall not go forth of his sight, so much as to do her needs. "'JVon ita bovem arguSj Sfc. Argus did not so keep his cow, that watchful dragon the golden fleece, or Cerberus the coming in of hell, as he keeps his wife. If a dear friend or near kinsman come as guest to his house, to visit him, he will never let him be out of his own sight and company, lest, peradventure, &c. If the necessity of his business be such that he must go from home, he doth either lock her up, or commit her with a deal of injunctions and protestations to some trusty friends, him and her he sets and bribes to oversee : one servant is set in his absence to watch another, and all to observe his wife, and yet all this will not serve, though his busi- ness be very urgent, he will when he is halfway come back in all post haste, rise from supper, or at midnight, and be gone, and sometimes .leave his business undone, and as a stranger court his own wife in some disguised habit. Though there be no danger at all, no cause of suspicion, she live in such a place, where Messalina her- self could not be dishonest if she would, yet he suspects her as much as if she were in a bawdy-house, some prince's court, or in a common inn, where all comers might have free access. He calls her on a sudden all to nought, she is a strumpet, a light housewife^ a bitch, an arrant whore. No persuasion, no protestation can divert this passion, nothing can ease him, secure or give him satisfaction. It is most strange to report what outrageous acts by men and women have been committed in this kind, by women especially, that will run after their husbands into all places and compa- nies, "as Jovianus Pontanus's wife did by him, follow him whithersoever he went, it matters not, or upon what business, raving like Juno in the tragedy, miscalling, cursing, swearing, and mistrusting every one she sees. Gomesius in his third book of the Life and Deeds of Francis Ximenius, sometime archbishop of Toledo, hath a strange story of that incredible jealousy of Joan queen of Spain, wife to King Philip, mother of Ferdinand and Charles the Fifth, emperors ; when her husband Philip, either for that he was tired with his wife's jealousy, or had some great business, went into the Low Countries : she was so impatient and melancholy upon his de- parture, that she would scarce eat her meat, or converse with any man ; and thougl she were with child, the season of the year very bad, the wind against her, in al haste she would to sea after him. Neither Isabella her queen mother, the arch- bishop, or any other friend could persuade her to the contrary, but slie would after him. When she was now come into the Low Countries, and kindly entertained by her husband, she could not contain herself, '^ " but in a rage ran upon a yellow- haired wench," with whom she suspected her husband to be naught, '•' cut off her hair, did beat her black and blue, and so dragged her about." It is an ordinary thinjf for women in such cases to scratch the faces, slit the noses of such as they sus pect; as Henry the Second's importune Juno did by Rosamond at Woodstock; foi she complains in a '^modern poet, she scarce spake, ■' But flies with eager fury to my face, I So fell she on me in outrageous wise, Otfering me most unwomanly disgrace. As could disdain and jealousy devise." Look how a tigress, &c. | "Proiiertius. "i iEneas Silv. " Ant. Dial. I hiliter insultans faciem vibicibus fxdavit. >*DaniM • Kabie conncpta. cxsariem abrasit, puellseaue mira- I Mem. 2. Subs. 1.] Symptoms of Jealousy. 57 7 Or if it be so they dare not or cannot execute any such tyrannical injustice, they will miscall, rail and revile, bear them deadly hate and malice, as ^"Tacitus observes- The hatred oi' a jealous woman is inseparable against such as she suspects." "" Nulla via flaiiiina> tutiiidique venti 'i'ciiiia, iiec teli iiietuiiiula torti. Quanta cum conjux viduata IxiMs Ardt't et otlit." " Winds, weapons, flames make not such liurly burly ^^ As raving women turn all topsy-turvy." So did Agrippina by LolHa, and Calphurnia in the days of Claudius. But women are sufficiently curbed in such cases, the rage of men is more eminent, and frequently put in practice. See but with what rigour those jealous husbands tyrannise over their poor wives. In Greece, Spain, Italy, Turkey, Africa, Asia, and generally over all those hot countries, '^^Mulieres vestrce terra vestra, arate sicut vultis^i Mahomet in his Alcoran gives this power to men, your wives are .as your land, till them, use them, entreat them fair or foul, as you will yourselves. '^^Mecastor lege dura vivunt viulieres, they lock them still in their houses, which are so many prisons to tliem, will suHer nobody to come at them, or their wives to be seen abroad, nee cam- pos liceat luslrare patentes. They must not so much as look out. And if they be great persons, they have eunuchs to keep them, as the Grand Seignior among the Turks, the Sophies of Persia, those Tartarian Mogors, and Kings of China. Infantes masculos castrant innumeros ut regi. serviant, saith '^''Riccius, "they geld innumera- ble infants" to this purpose; the King of ^' China " maintains 1(J,000 eunuchs in his family to keep his wives." The Xerifies of Barbary keep their courtezans in such a strict manner, that if any man come but in sight of them he dies for it ; and if they chance to see a man, and do not instantly cry out, thougli from their win- dows, they must be put to death. The Tuiks have 1 know not how many black, deformed eunuchs (for the white serve for other ministeries) to this purpose sent commonly from Egypt, deprived in their childhood of all their privities, and brought up in the seraglio at Constantinople to keep their wives ; which are so penned up they may not confer with any living man, or converse with younger women, have a cucumber or carrot sent into them for their diet, but sliced, for fear. Sec. and so live and are left alone to their unchaste thoughts all the days of their lives. The vulgar sort of women, if at any time they come abroad, which is very seldom, to visit one another, or to go to their baths, are so covered, that no man can see them, as the matrons were in old Rome, lecticd aut sella tectd vecta, so '^^ Dion and Seneca record, Velatce totce incedunt, which ^' Alexander ab Alexandro relates of the Par- thians, Uh. 5. vap. 24. which, with Andreas Tiraquellus his commentator, I rather think should be understood of Persians. 1 have not yet said all, they do not only lock them up, sed et pudendis seras adhibent : hear what Bembus relates lib. 6. of his Venetian history, of those inhabitants tliat dwell about Quiloa in Africa. Lusi- tani, inquit., quoru7idum civUates adierunt^qui natis slatim fceminis nahiram consuunt., quoad urina. exUus ne imjjedialur, easque quum adoleverint sic consutas in matrimo- nium collocant., ul sponsi prima cura sU conglulinatas puellcB oras ferro interscindere. In some parts of Greece at this day, like those old Jews, they will not believe their wives are honest, n/st ^;annMm menstruatum prima node videant : our countryman "^ Sands, in his peregrination, saith it is severely observed in Zanzynthus, or Zante ; and Leo Afer in his time at Fez, in Africa, non credunt virginem esse nisi videant san- guineam mappam ; si non., ad parentes pudore rejicitur. Those sheets are publicly shown by their parents, and kept as a sign of incorrupt virginity. Tiie Jews of old examined their maids ex tenui membrana., called Hymen, which Laurentius in his anatomy, Columbus tib. 12. cap. IG. Capivaccius lib. 4. cap. 11. de uteri affectihus, Vincent, Alsarus Genuensis qucesit. med. cent. 4. Hieronymus Mercurialis consult. Ambros. Parens, Julius Caesar Claudinus Respons. 4. as that also de '^^ruptura vena- rum ut sanguis fuat, copiously confute; 'tis no sufficient trial they contend. And yet others again defend it, Gaspar Barthohnus Inslitut. ^nat. lib. l! cap. 31. Pinaeus of Paris, Albertus Magnus de secret, mulier. cap. 9 &, 10. &c. and think they speak ■■» Annal. lib. 12. Principis mujieris zelotypsE est in I eunnchorum millia numerantur in regia familia qui alias mulieres quas susptctas habet, odium insepara- | servant uxores ejus. '^^ Lib. 57. ep. 81. =" Semotif" bile. 31 St.,ieca ill Medea. ^^ Alcoran cap. 1 a viris servant in iiiterioribus, ah eoruir conspectu iK Bovis, interprete Kicardo pra;d. c. 8. Confutalionis. niunes. •* Lib. I. fol. 7. 29 Diruptiones liymenM » nautu« 21 Expedit. in Sinas. I. 3. c.9. 25 Decem | .«!Hpe fiunt a propriis digitis vel ab aliis instrumentis 73 2Y 578 Love-Melancholy. [Part 3. Sect. 3 too much n favour of women. '" Ludovicas Uoncialus iih. 4. cap. 2. miilhhr. nO' luralcm illavi uteri tubiorum const rtctionem, in qua virginitatem consist.ere volunt, aslringentibus nwdicinis fieri posse vendicat, et si dejloratcp, sint^ astutce. ^' mulieres {inquit) nos fallunt in his. Idem Jllsarius Crucius Genuensis iisdem fere verbis. Idem Avicemia lib. 3. Fen. 20. Trad. 1, cap. 47. ^^ Rhasis Continent, lib. 24. Ro- dericus a Castro de nat. vnd. lib. 1. cap. 3. An old bawdy nurse in ^ Aristzenetus, (like that Spanish Ctelestina. ^'' ^//« quinque mille virgines fecit mulieres, totidemqur mulieres arte sua virgines) when a fair maid of her acquaintance wept and made her moan to her, how she had been deflowered, and now ready to be married, was afraid it would be perceived, comfortably replied, JVo/i vercri flia, Sfc. "-Fear not, daugh- ter, I '11 teach thee a trick to help it." Sed hcec extra callem. To what end are all those astrological questions, an sit virgo., an sit casta., an sit mulierf and such strange absurd trials in Albertus Magnus, Bap. Porta, Mag. lib. 2. cap. 21. in Wecker. lib. 5. de secret, by stones, perfumes, to make them piss, and confess I know not what in their sleep ; some jealous brain was the first founder of them. , And to what passion may we ascribe those severe laws against jealousy, JS'um. v.'l4. Adulterers Dent. cap. 22. v. xxii. as amongst the Hebrews, amongst the Egyptians (read ^^Bo- hemus /. 1. c. 5. de mar. gen. of the Carthaginians, cap. 6. of Turks, lib. 2. cap. 11.; amongst the Athenians of old, Italians at this day, wherein they are to be severely punished, cut in pieces, burned, vivi-comburio, buried alive, with several expurga- tions, &c. are they not as so many symptoms of incredible jealousy .? we may say the same of those vestal virgins that fetched water in a sieve, as Tatia did in Rome, anno ab. urb. condita 800. before the senators; and ^^Jilmilia, virgo innocens., that ran over hot irons, as Emma, Edward the Confessor's mother did, the king himself being a spectator, with the like. We read in Nicephorus, that Ciiunegunda the wife of Henricus Bavarus emperor, suspected of adultery, insimulata adulterii per^^ ignites vomeres iUoisa transiit., trod upon red hot coulters, and had no harm : such another story we find in Kegino lib. 2. In Avenlinus and Sigonius of Charles the Third and his wife Richarda, An. 887, that was so purged vvilh hot irons. Pausanias saith, that he was once an eye-witness of such a miracle at Diana's temple, a maid without any harm at all walked upon burning coals. Pius Secund. in his descrip- tion of Europe, c. 46. relates as much, that it was commonly practised at Diana's temple, for women to go barefoot over hot coals, to try their honesties : Plinius, So- linus, and many writers, make mention of ^'Geronia's temple, and Dionysius Ilali- carnassus, lib. 3. of Memnon's statue, which were used to this purpose. Tatius lib. 6. ot Pan his cave, (much like old St. Wilfrid's needle in Yorkshire) wherein they did use to try maids, ^^ whether they were honest; when Leucippe went in, suavis- simus exaudiri sonus ccepit Austin de civ. Dei lib. 10. c. 16. relates many such ex- amples, all which Lavater de spectr. part. 1. cap. 19 contends to be done by the illusion of devils; though Thomas qucsst. 6. de potentid^ Sfc. ascribes it to good angels. Some, saith ''^Austin, compel their wives to swear they be honest, as if perjury were a lesser sin than adultery ; ""^some consult oracles, as Phserus that blind king of Egypt. Others reward, as those old Romans used to do ; if a woman were contented with one man, Corona pudicilicB donabutur, she had a crown of chastity bestowed on her. When all this will not serve, saith Alexander Gaguinus, cap. 5. descript. MuscovicB., the Muscovites, if they suspect their wives, will beat them till they confess, and if that will not avail, like those wild Irish, be divorced at their pleasures, or else knock them on the heads, as the old ^' Gauls have done in former ages. Of this tyranny of jealousy read more in Parthenius Erot. cap. 10. Camera- rius cap. 53. hor. subcis. et cent. 2. cap. 34. Ca?lia's epistles, Tho. Chaloner de rtpub. Jing. lib. 9. Ariosto lib. 31. slasse 1. Faelix Palterus observat. lib. 1. Sfc. 30 Mem Rliasis Arab. cont. si ita clausa; phar- " Viridi gaiidens Feronia luco. Virg. ss |gn,f,,,e niacis lit noil (jossiiiit coitiiin exercere. satlm gt was so tried by Dian's well, in which maids did swim. phariiiacuin pritscribit dncetque. 33 Epist. li. Mer- cero liit(>r. ^4 Barlhius. Ludiis illi C(::ineratuiii piidiciliae florem nientitis niachinis pro iiitegro vendere. Ego doci'bo te.qiii iiiulier ante iinptias sponso te probes wrcineiii. ■'■'(iiii iiiuliereni violasset, virilia execa- ham, el tnille virgus dabanl. 3t> Uioii. Halic. unchaste were drowned, Eustathius, lib. 8. 3»(j;r)iitra iiiendac. an confess. '21 cap. «" i'liairus iEfrypii rei capliis ociilis per decennium, oraculuiii consnliiit de uxoris pudicitia. Herod. Eiiterp. '"Caesar, lib 6 hello Gail, vita; iiecisque in uxures habuerunt poteHta teui. Mem. 3. Symptoms of Jealousy. 570 MEMB. III. Prognostics of Jealousy, Despair, Madness, to make away themselves and others. Those which are jealous, most part, if they be not otherwise relieved, *"" pro- ceed from suspicion to hatred, from hatred to frenzy, madness, injury, murder and despair." > '/A plague by whose most damnable effect, Vpivers in deep despair to die have sought. By which a man to madness near is brought. As well with causeless as with just suspect." ]n their madness many times, saith *^ Vives, they make away themselves and others. Which induceth Cyprian to call it, Fcecundam et multipUcem perniciem, fontem cla- dium el seminurium delictorum, a fruitful mischief, the seminary of offences, and foun- tain of murders. Tragical examples are too common in this kind, both new and old, in all ages, as of ""Cephalus and Procris, ""^Phasreus of Egypt, Tereus, Atreus, and Thyestes. "'Alexander Phiereus was murdered of his wife, ob pcUicatus suspi- twnem, TuUy saith. Antoninus Verus was so made away by Lucilla ; Demetrius the son of Antigonus, and Nicanor, by their wives. Hercules poisoned by Dejanira, ***Caecinna murdered by Vespasian, Justina, a Roman lady, by her husband. ""^ Ames- ti-is, Xei-xes' wife, because she found her husband's cloak in Masista's house, cut off Masista, his wife's paps, and gave them to the dogs, flayed her besides, and cut off her ears, lips, tongue, and slit the nose of Artaynta her daughter. Our late writers are full of such outrages. ^^ Paulus iiimilius, in his history of France, hath a tragical story of Chilpericus the First his death, made away by Ferdegunde his queen. In a jealous humour he came from hunting, and stole behind his wife, as she was dressing and combing her head in the sun, gave her a familiar touch with his wand, which she mistaking for her lover, said, " Ah Landre, a good knight should sti-ike before, and not behind :" but when she saw herself betrayed by his presence, she instantly took order to make him away. Hierome Osorius, in his eleventh book of the deeds of Emanuel King of Portugal, to this efliect hath a tragical narration of one Ferdinandus Chalderia, that wounded Gotherinus, a noble countryman of his, at Goa in the East Indies, *'"and cut off one of his legs, for that he looked as he thought too familiarly upon his wife, which was afterwards a cause of many quarrels, and much bloodshed." Guianerius cap. 36. de cegrilud.inatr. speaks of a silly jealous fellow, that seeing his child new-born included in a caul, thought sure a °^ Fi-anciscan that used to come to his house, was the father of it, it was so like the friar's cowl, and thereupon threat- ened the friar to kill him : Fulgosus of a woman in Narbonne, that cut off her hus- band's privities in the night, because she thought he played false with her. The story of Jonuses Bassa, and fair Manto his wife, is well known to such as have read the Turkish history ; and that of Joan of Spain, of which 1 treated in my former section. Her jealousy, saith Gomesius, was the cause of both their deaths : King Philip died for grief a little after, as ^^ Martian his physician gave it out, "-and she for her part after a melancholy discontented life, misspent in lurking-holes and corner-s, made an end of her miseries." Faelix Plater, in the first book of his ob- , servations, hath many such instances, of a physician of his acquaintance, ^' '■'• that was first mad through jealousy, and afterwards desperate :" of a merchant *' '' that killed his wife in the same humour, and after precipitated himself:" of a doctor of <2 Animi dolores et zelotypia si diutius perserverent, dementes reddunt. Acak. commpnl. in par. art. Gn- leni. « Ariosto, lib. 31. staff.6. "3deaniiua, c. 3. de zelotyp. transit in rabiem et odium, et sibi et aliis vidlentas SEEpe nianus itijiciunt. ** Higinus, cap. Ifcfl. Ovid, &c. '^ Pha;rus iEgypti rex de caeci- tale oraculum consulens, visum ei rediturum atcepit, si oculos abluisset lotio mnlieris qus aliorum viroruni esset expers; u.xoris urinam expertus nihil profecit, et aliarum frustra, eas onines (ea excepta per quain tura- us fuit) unum in locum coactas concremavit. Herod. Eulerp. ■"Offic. lib. 2. *» Aurelius Victor, w Herod, lib. 9. in Calliope. Masistse uxorem excarni- 4t, manimillas pra^scindil, aesque canibus abjicit, fliiic nares prajscidit, lahra, lingiiam,&c. '" Lib. 1. Ouin forms curaiido: intenta capillum in sole pvctit, & marito per lusum leviter percussa furtim superveniente virga, riau suborto, mi handrice dixit, frontem vir fortig petet, &c. Marito conspecto attonita, cum Landnco mox in ejus mortem conspirat, et statiui inter vriinn- duiii efficit. !>'• Qui Goae uxorem habeiis, Gothi.-ri- nuni principem qiiendam virum quod uxori sure oculos adjecisset, ingeiiti vulnere delbrniavit in facie, et libi- am libscidit, mide niiitUiB ca-des. 62 j^q quod infans iialus iiivolutus essel paniiiculo, credebat euni filiiim fratris Francisci, &c. '^ Zelotypia regime reais mortem acceleravit paulo post, ut Martianus nieilii;u« mihi retulit. Ilia autem ata bile inde exagitata in latehrasse subduceiis pne iBirritudine aniiui reliquum tempiis consumpsit. o< \ zelotypia ri'd; Euriel. et Lucret. qui u.\ores occludunt, meo judicio minus utili- ter faciunt; sunt enim eo ingenio mulieres ut id potis- aimuni cupiant, quod maxinie denegatur: si liheras habent habenas, minus delinquunt; frustra seram ad- hibes, si non sit spontfi casta. i^i Qnando tognos- cunl marilos hoc advertere. ** Ausonius. 63 0pes tuaa mundum suuin, thesaurun suum, &c ^ Virg. JP^n. Mnaniel. 86 | j^ germ. d. in monte ros 16. "' O quam formosus lacertus hie quidam iinjiiit ad •equales conversus; at ilia, pulilicus. inquil, non t-st. »* Bilia Dinutum virurn setiem h ibuit el spiritiim fffiti- diim hahentem, quern quum qunlani exprobrasset, &c. 6" Numquid tibi, ."Vrmena, Tigranes videbatur esse pul clier? et ilium, inquit, sedepol, ice. Xenoph. Cyrup»l I. 3. »e Ovid. 5b4 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sect. 3. aptius ipse tuo. Men and women are both in a predicament in this behalf, no soone» won, and better pacified. Duci volunt., non nogi : though she be as arrant a scold as Xantippe, as cruel as Medea, as clamorous as Hecuba, as lustful is Messalina, by Buch means (if at all) she may be reformed. Many patient ^' Grizels, by then obse- quiousness in this kind, have reclaimed their husbands from their wandering lusts. In Nova Francia and Turkey (as Leah, Rachel, and Sarah did to Abraham and Jacob) they bring their fairest damsels to their husbands' beds ; Livia seconded the lustful appetites of Augustus : Stratonice, wife to King Diotarus, did not only bring Elec- tra, a fair maid, to her good man's bed, but brought up the children begot on her, as carefully as if they had been her own. Tertius Emilius' wife, Cornelia's mother, perceiving her husband's intemperance, rem dissimulavU., made much of the maid, and would take no notice of it. A new-married man, when a pickthank friend of his, to curry favour, had showed him his wife familiar in private with a young gal- lant, courting and dallying, &c. Tush, said he, let him do his worst, I dare trust my wife, though I dare not trust him. The best remedy then is by fair means ; if that will not take place, to dissemble it as I say, or turn it off with a jest : hear Guexerra's advice in this case, vel joco excipies, vel silentio eludes; for if you take exceptions at everything your wife doth, Solomon's wisdom, Hercules' valour. Homer's learn- ing, Socrates' patience, Argus' vigilance, will not serve turn. Therefore Minus ma- lum^ ^''a less mischief, Nevisanus holds, dissimulare^ to be ^^ Cunarum emptor^ a buyer of cradles, as the proverb is, than to be too solicitous, ^'''■'A good fellow, when his wife was brought to bed before her time, bought half a dozen of cradles beforehand for so many children, as if his wife should continue to bear children every two months." ®*Pertinax the Emperor, when one told him a fiddler was too familiar with his empress, made no reckoning of it. And when that Macedonian Philip was up- braided with his wife's dishonesty, cum tot victor regnoruvi ac populorum esset, Sfc.^ a conqueror of kingdoms could not tame his wife (for she thrust him out of doors), he made a jest of it. Sapientes porlant cornua in pectore, siulti infronte^ saith Nevi- sanus, wise men bear their horns in tlieir hearts, fools on their foreheads. Eumenes, king of Pergamus, was at deadly feud with Perseus of Macedonia, insomuch that Fersn:is hearing of a journey he was to take to Delphos, "^set a company of soldiers to intercept him in his passage; they did it. accorcHngly. and as they supposed left him stoned to death. The news of this fact was brouglit' instantly to Pergamus; Attains, Eumenes' brother, proclaimed himself king forthwith, took possession oi the crown, and married Stratonice the queen. But by-and-by, when contrary news was brought, that King Eumenes was alive, and now coming to the city, he laid by his crown, left his wife, as a private man went to meet him, and congratulate his return. Eumenes, though lie knew all particulars passed, yet dissembling the mat- ter, kindly embraced his brotlier, and look his wife into his favour again, as if on such matter had been heard of or done. Jocundo, in Ariosto, found his wife in bed with a knave, both asleep, went his ways, and would not so much as wake them, much less reprove them for it. "'An honest fellow finding in like sort his wife had played false at tables, and borne a man too many, drew his dagger, and swore if he had not been his very friend, he would have killed him. Another hearing one had done that for him, which no man desires to be done by a deputy, followed in a rage with his sword drawn, and having overtaken him, laid adultery to his charge; the offender hotly pursued, confessed it vvas true ; with which confession he was satis- fied, and so left him, swearing that if he had denied it, he would not have put it up. How much better is it to do thus, than to macerate himself, impatiently to rave and rage, to enter an action (as Arnoldus Tilius did in the court of Toulouse, against Martin Guerre his fellow-soldier, for that he counterfeited his habit, and was too familiar with his wile), so to divulge his own shame, and to I'emain for ever a cuck- old on record .'' how much better be Cornelius Tacitus than Publius Cornutus, to condemn in such cases, or take no notice of it .^ Melius sic errare, quam Zelotypitr •> Read Petrarcirs Tale of Patient Grizel in Chaucer, rent : hi protenus niandHtiiin e.teqnentes, &lc. Ille et •"Sil iiup. lib. 4. num. 80. "S (Erasmus. sjQuum rex declaratur, el Stratoniceni qiiie fralri niip'^erat, uxo- iccepist^el uxoreni peperisse secundo a nuptiis mense, rem ducit: sed po.^tquani amlivil fratrein viveie, Ilc. tunas qiiinas vel Senas coeniit, lit si forte ii.xor singulis i Atlaliim cuniiter accepit, pristin.imijue uxoren> Ci.ni biniensilius pareret. »^ JiilinsCapitol. vita ejus, i plexus, inagno tionore .ipud se liahiiit. s"Sc» .uS* quum palaiu I'ithanedus uxorein dilicerei, niiiiinie cii- i Harrtuglun's notes in 28. book of Ariostu. (iosufl fuit. siDispoKt it arinatos qui ipsuin inlerfice- 1 /\lem. 4. Subs. 2.1 Cure of Jealousy. 585 •:tiris, saith Erasmus, se conjicrre, better be a wittol and put it up, than to trouble himself to no purpose;- ^ And ■though he will not omnibus dormire., be an ass, as he 's an ox, yet to wink at it as many do is not amiss at some times, in some cases, to some parties, if it be for his conmiodity, or some great man's sake, his landlord, patron, benefactor, (as Calbas the Roman saith ^"^ Plutarch did by Maecenas, and Phayllus of Argos did by King Philip, wiien he promised him an olfice on that (on dition he might lie witli his wife) and so let it pass : '•'9"pol me hand poenilet, Scilicet hoiii (iiiiiidium dividere cum Jove," "• it never troubles me (saith Amphitrio) to be cornuted by Jupiter, Ipt it not molesi thee then ;" be friends with her ; 'ooTuciJiii Alcmena uxnre antiquam in gratiam Redi" •' Receive Alcmena to your grace again ;" let it, I say, make no breach of love be- tween you. Howsoever the best way is to contemn it, which ' Henry ]i. king of France advised a courtier of his, jealous of his wife, and complaining of her un- chasteness, to reject it, and comfort himself; for he that suspects his wife's incon- tinency, and fears the Pope's curse, shall never live a merry hour, or sleep a quiet night : no remedy but patience. When all is done according to thac counsel of 'Nevisanus, si vitium uxoris corrigl non potest, fcrcnduiii est: if it may not be helped, it must be endured. Date veniam et sustinete taciti, 'tis Sophocles' advice, keep it to thyself, and which Chrysostom calls palcEstram phllosophicB, et domesticum gymnasium a school of philosophy, put it up. There is no other cure but time to wear it out, Injuriarum remtdium est oblivio, as if ihey had drunk a draught of Lethe in Trophonius' den : to conclude, age will bereave her of it, dies dolorem minuit, time and patience must end it. »"Tlie mind's afl'ectioiiB patience will appease, It passions kills, and liealelli each disease." Subject. II. — By prevention bcfoie, or after Marriage, Plato'^s Community, marry a Courtezan, P kilters. Slews, to marry one equal in years, fortunes, of a good family, education, good place, to use them well, Sfc. Of such medicines as conduce to the cure of this malady, I have sufficiently tjeated; there be some good remedies remaining, by way of prevention, precautions. or admonitions, which if rightly practised, may do much good. Plato, in his Com- monwealth, to prevent this mischief belike, would have all things, wives and chil- dren, all as one: and which Caesar in his Commentaries observed of those old Britons, that first inhabited this land, they had ten or twelve wives allotted to such a family, or promiscuously to be used by so many men ; not one to one, as with us, or foui, five, or six to one, as in Turkey. The •* Nicholaites, a set that sprang, saitli Austin, from Nicholas the deacon, would have women indifferent; and tlie cause of this filthy sect, was Nicholas the deacon's jealousy, for which when he was con- demned to purge himself of his ofience, he broached his heresy, that it was lawful to lie with one another's wives, and for any man to lie with his : like to those ^ Ana- baptists in Munster, that would consort with other men's wives as the spirit moved them: or as '^Mahomet, the seducing prophet, would needs use women as he list himself, to beget prophets ; two hundred and five, their Alcoran saith, were in love with him, and "he as able as forty men. Amongst the old Carthaginians, as ^Bohe- mus relates out of Sabellicus, the king of the country lay with the bride the first night, and once in a year they went promiscuously ail together. Munster Cosmog. lib. 3. cap. 497. ascribes the beginning of this brutish custom (unjustly) to one Picardus, a Frenchman, that invented a new sect of Adamites, to go naked as Adam did, and to use promiscuous venery at set times. When the priest repeated that of Genesis, " Increase and multiply," out ** went the candles in the place where they »8 Ama'or. dial. »3 piautus s.en. ult. Amphit. io»Idem. » T. Daniel conjurat. Fnaich » Lib. 4. num. 80. a R. T. « Lili. de lieies Ciuuin de sale culparetur, purcandi se causa pcriiiisisse fertur iit SB qui vellet utereiur; quod ijiis t'aclum in scclain lur- Viesimam versuiii est, qua pUicel usus indiU'erdns loeaii- 74 narum. » Sleiden, Com. 'Alcoran. ■■ Alcoran edit, et Bihiiandro. » De inor. ^'ent. lib. 1. cao. r. NiipturiE rejii de virttinandie exhibi'Mtur. 'Luniina exliimuebHiiIur, iiec personaet t iuialis liabila reverent la III quam quisque per tenebras incidit, mulierein cu{{ noscit. 586 Love-Melancho ly. [Part. 3. Sec. 3 met, •' and without all respect of age, persons, conditions, catch that catch may, ever)' man took her that came next," &c. ; some fasten this on those ancient Bohe- mians and Russians : '" others on tlie inhabitants of Mambriiim, in the Lucerne valley in Piedmont; and, as I read, it was practised in Scotland amongst Christians them- selves, until King Malcolm's time, the king or the lord of the town had their maiden- heads. In some parts of " India in our age, and those '^islanders, '^as amongst the Babylonians of old, they will prostitute their wives and daughters (which Chalco- condila, a Greek modern writer, for want of better intelligence, puts upon us Britons) to such travellers or seafaring men as come amongst them by chance, to show how far they were Irom this feral vice of jealousy, and how little they esteemed it. The kings of Calecut, as ''' Lod. Vertomannus relates, will not touch their wives, till one of their Biarmi or high priests have lain first with them, to sanctify their wombs. But tliose Esai and Montanists, two strange sects of old, were in another extreme, they would n«t marry at all, or have any society with women, '*" because of their intemperance they held them all to be naught." Nevisanus the lawyer, lib. 4. num. 33. sylv. nupt. would have him that is inclined to this malady, to prevent the worst, marry a quean, Capiens meretrlcem^ hoc habct sallem honl quod non decipitur., quia scil earn sic esse., quod non conlingit aliis. A fornicator in Seneca construpated two wenches in a night ; for satisfaction, the one desired to hang him, the other to marry him. "' Hierome, king of Syracuse in Sicily, espoused himself to Pitho, keeper of the stews \ and Ptolemy took Thais a com.mon whore to be his wife, had two sons, Leontiscus and Lagus by her, and one daughter Irene : 'tis therefore no such un- likely thing. '" A citizen of Eugubine gelded himself to try his wife's honesty, and to be freed from jealousy ; so did a baker in ""Basil, to the same intent. But of all other precedents in this kind, that of '^Combalus is most memorable; who to pre- vent his master's suspicion, for he was a beautiful young man, and sent by Seleucua his lord and king, with Slratonice the queen to conduct her into Syria, fearing the worst, gelded hunself before he went, and left his genitals behind him in a box sealed up. His mistress by the way fell in love with him, but he not yielding to her, was accused to Seleucus of incontinency, (as that Bellerophon was in like case, falsely traduced by Slhenobia, to King Praelus her husband, cum non posset ad coi~ turn inducere) and that by her, and was therefore at his coming home cast into prison : the day of hearing appointed, he was sufficiently cleared and acquitted, by showing his privities, which to the admiration of the beholders he had formerly cut ofl'. The Lydians used to geld women whom they suspected, saith Leonicus var. hist. lib. 3. cap. 49. as well as men. To this purpose '^'^ Saint Francis, because he used to confess women in private, to prevent suspicion, and prove himself a maid, stripped himself before the Bishop of Assise and others : and Friar Leonard for the same cause went through Vilerbium in Italy, without any garments. Our Pseudocaiholics, to help these inconveniences which proceed from jealousy, to keep themselves and their wives honest, make severe laws ; against adultery pre- sent death ; and withal fornication, a venal sin, as a sink to convey that furious and swift stream of concupiscence, they appoint and permit stews, those punks and pleasant sinners, the more to secure their wives in all populous cities, for they hold them as necessary as«churches; and howsoever unlawful, yet to avoid a greater mis- chief, to be tolerated in policy, as usury, for the hardness of men's hearts; and for this end they have whole colleges of courtezans in their towns and cities. Of *' Cato's mind belike, that would have his servants (cwm ancillis congredi coitus causa., dcjinito cere, ut graviora facinora evitarenf, cceteris interim interdicens) fami- liar with some such feminine creatures, to avoid worse mischief's in his house, and made allowance for it. They hold it impossible for idle persor.j, young, rich, and >« Leander Alberlus. Flagitioso ritu nuncti in tedem Ronveiiieiile.s posl jiripiiraiii coiicioiieiii, exiinctls luini- iiibus in Veneieiii ruuiil. " Lod. Vertoiiianiius ■javjg. lib. 6. cap. 8. el Marcus Polus lib. ]. cap. 46. Uxureti vialoribiis pros^litiiuiit. '^ Djthiiiarus, Bleskenius, ul Agelas Arisloiii, pulcherriniain nxurem babens proslituit. " Herodot. in Erato. Mulieres Babyloiii caecum liospite periniscenlur obargenluni quod posl Verier! saiTuiii. Bolieiiius, lib. 'i '^ Navigat. lib. 5. cap. 4. prius tlioruiii non iiiit, quain a digniore wicerdote uuva iiuplu detlural.t .sit. '^ Botlenius lib. 2. cap. 3. Ideo nubere nolleir. ob inulierum inlem peranliiini, nullaiii stTvareviro fideiii pufibant. MSte- plianiis priufat. Herod. Alius e lupaiiari inereiricein, Fitho diclani, i.. uxoreui diixit; Fioloira;us 'I'haidem- nobile scortuiii diixit et ex ea duos tilios suscepit, Sc(u I'Poggius Kloreiio. '» Felix Plater. '^i Pliitarci. Liician, Salmutz Tit. 2. de porcellanis ciin< in Panciro I, lie nov. repert. et Plutarchus. 20 Stephanus c I. ciinfor. Boiiavent. c. 6. vit. Francisci. ''" Plutarcb vit. ejus. Mem. 4. Subs 2.J Cure of Jealousy 587 lusty, so many servants, monks, friars, to live honest, too tyrannical a burden to compel them to be chaste, and most unfit to suffer poor nr.en, younger brothers and soldiers at all to marry, as those diseased persons, votaries, priests, servants. There- fore, as well to keep and ease the one as the other, they tolerate and wink at these kind of brothel-liouses and stews. Many probable arguments they have to prove the lawfulness, the necessity, and a toleration of them, as of usury; and withoul question in policy they are not to be contradicted: but altogether in religion. Others prescribe filters, spells, charnis to keep men and women honest. ^^Mulier ut aliemim virtmi non admit tat prceter suiim: Accipefel hirci., et adipem, et exsicca, calescat in oleo, t^-c, et non alium prcEter et amabit. In AUxi. Porta, 8fc., plura invenies, et muJto his absurdiora, uti et in Rhasi, ne mulicr virum admittat, et maritum solum diligut, ^'C. But these are most part Pagan, impious, irreligious, absurd, and ridicu- lous devices. The best means to avoid these and like inconveniences are, to take away the causes and occasions. To this purpose ^'Varro writ Satyram Menippeam, but it is lost. ^^Patritius prescribes four rules to be observed in choosing of a wife (which who so will may read); Eonseca, the Spaniard, in his 45. c. Jlmphitheat. Amoris, sets down six special cautions for men, four for women ; Sam Neander out of Shon- bernerus, five for men, five for women ; Anthony Guiavarra many good lessons ; ^*Cleobulus two alone, others otherwise; as first to make a good choice in marriao-e, to invite Christ to their wedding, and which ^'^St. Ambrose adviseth, Dcum conjugii prcesidem habere, and to pray to him for her, {A Domino enim datur uxor prudens. Prov. xix.) not to be too rash and precipitate in his election, to run upon the first he meets, or dote on every stout fair piece he sees, but to choose her as much by hia ears as eyes, to be well advised whom he takes, of what age, Stc, and cautelous in his proceedings. An old man should not marry a young woman, nor a young woman an old man, ^' Qiidm male incequales veniunt ad arata juvenci! such matches must needs minister a perpetual cause of suspicion, and be distasteful to each other. '■« ' Noctiia ut in tumiilis, super atque cadavera bubo. I " Niglitcrows on tombs, owl sits on carcass dead. Talis apuil Sophocleui nostra piiella sedet." j So lies a vvencli witli Sophocles in bed." For Sophocles, as '" Atheneus describes him, was a very old man, as cold as January, a bed-fellow of bones, and doted yet upon Archippe, a young courtezan, than which nothing can be more odious. '^'^Senex maritus uxori juveni ingratus est, an old man is a most unwelcome guest to a young wench, unable, unfit : 3' "Aniplexus siios fu;.'iunl piielliB, Onniis horret auior Veiiusque Hynienque." And as in like case a good fellow that had but a peck of corn weekly to grind, yet would needs build a new mill for it, found his error eftsoons, for either he must let his mill lie waste, pull it quite down, or let others grind at it. So these men, &c. Seneca therefore disallows all such unseasonable matches, habent enim maUdicti locum crebrce nuptia. And as ^^Tully farther inveighs, " 'tis unfit for any, but ugly and filthy in old age." Turpe senilis amor, one of the three things ^^ God hateth. Phitarcii, in his book contra Coleten, rails downright at such kind of marriages, which are attempted by old men, qui jam corpore impotenti, et ci voluptatibut deserti, peccant aninio, and makes a question whether in some cases it be tolerable at least for such a man to marry, qui Venerem ajfectat sine viribus, " that is now past those venerous exercises," " as a gelded man lies with a virgin and sighs," Ecclus XXX. 20, and now complains with him in Petronius, funerata est hcec pars jam, ^uaa fuit olim Achillea, he is quite done, 31 " Vixit puella; nuper idoneus, Et nnlitavit noii sine gloria." But the question is whether he may delight himself as those Priapeian popes, which, in their decrepit age, lay commonly between two wenches every night, contactufor- w Vecker. lib. 7. secret. sscitatur a GeUio. I shun their embraces ; Love, Venus, Hymen, all abh»- " IJb. J. Tit. 4. lie instil, reipub. dc officio uiariti. Iheui." 35 offic. lib. Luxu-i-ia cum onini ajta.. '■^ Ne cum ea blande niniis agas, ne objurges pnsenti- turpis, tum senectuti fedissiina. 33 Ecclus. xxv. 2 bus extraneis. 26 Epist. 70. '^i Ovid. " How "An old man that dotes," &c. 34 }^^,r_ jjt,. 3. qJ, bailly steers of different ages are yoked to the plough." 2i) " He was lately a match for a maid, tiid conteuileri •" Alcial emb. 110. ^ Deipnosoph. I. 3. cap. 1?.. not ingloriously." *" Euripides. >• Pontanus hiaruui lib. 1. " Maider « I 588 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 3 mosaruru, et conlrectatione^ num adhuc gaudeat; and as many dotnig sires do to theii own shame, their children's undoing, and 'heir families' confusion : he abhors it tanquavi ab agresti et furloso domino fugiendum, it must be avoided as a bedlam master, and not obeyed. Ipsa faces praefert nubentibus, et malus Hymen Triste ululat," the devil himself makes such matches. ^^Levinus Lemnius reckons up three thmg^s which generally disturb the peace of marriage: the first is when they marry intern- pestive or unseasonably, " as many mortal men marry precipitately and inconside- rately, when they are effete and old : the second when they marry unequally for for- tunes and birth : the third, when a sick impotent person weds one that is sound, novainuptcB spes frustratur : many dislikes instantly follow." Many doting dizzards, it may not be denied, as Plutarch confesseth, ^"' recreate themselves with such obso- lete, unseasonable and filthy remedies (so he calls them), with a remeiubrance of their former pleasures, against nature they stir up their dead flesh :" but an old lecher is abominable; mulier terlib nnbens., ''^Nevisanus holds, prcesumitur lubrica, et in- conslans^i a woman that marries a third time may be presumed to be no honester than she should. Of them both, thus Ambrose concludes in his comment upon Luke, ^^" they that are coupled together, not to get children, but to satisfy their lust, are not husbands, but fornicators," with whom St. Austin consents : matrimony with- out hope of children, non 7}iafrimoniu7n, sed concnbium did debet., is not a wedding but a jumbling or coupling together, hi a word (except they wed for mutual society, help and comfort one of another, in which respects, though ''"Tiberius deny it, with- out question old folks may well marry) for sometimes a man hath most need of a wife, according to Puccius, when he hath no need of a wife; otherwise it is most odious, when an old acherontic dizzard, that hath one foot in his grave, d silicer- nium, shall flicker after a young wench that is blithe and bonny, '' livon Sat. 6. " He cannoi kiss his wife for paint," **Cia» contra ebr. M«m 4. Subs. 2.] Cure of Jealmny. 591 et coram tripudiantes^ impudently thrust themselves into other men's companies, and by their indecent wanton carriage provoke and tempt the spectators. Virtuous women should keep house; and 'twas well performed and ord-ered by the Greeks, 69 " niiilier ne qua in publicum Spectandain se sine arliitro prasbeat viro :" which made Phidias belike at Elis paint Venus treading on a tortoise, a symbol of women's silence and housekeeping. For a woman abroad and alone, is like a deer broke out of a park, qua?n mille venatores insequuntur^ whom every hunter follows; and besides in such places she cannot so well vindicate herself, but as that virgin Dinah (Gen. xxxiv., 2,) " going for to see the daughters of the land," lost her vir ginitv, she may be defiled and overtaken of a sudden : Imhelles damce. quid nisi prada sumus?'° And therefore I know not what philosopher he was, that would have women come but thrice abroad all their time, " ^ to be baptized, married, and buried ;" but he was too strait-laced. Let them have their liberty in good sort, and go in gooil sort, modd nan annos viginti cetatis sucb domi relinquant^ as a good fellow said, so that they look not twenty years younger abroad than they do at home, they be not spruce, neat, angels abroad, beasts, dowdies, sluts at home ; but seek by all means to please and give content to their husbands : to be quiet above all things, obedient, silent and patient ; if they be incensed, angry, chid a little, their wives must not " cample again, but take it in good part. An honest woman, I cannot now tell where she dwelt, but by report an honest woman she was, hearing one of her gossips by chance complain of her husband's impatience, told her an excellent remedy for it, and gave her withal a glass of water, which when he brawled she should hold still in her mouth, and that tofies quoties, as often as he chid ; she did so two or three times with good suc- cess, and at length seeing her neighbour, gave hei great thanks for it, and would needs know the ingredients, "she told her in brief what it was, "fair water," and no more : for it was not the water, but her silence which performed the cure. Let every froward woman imitate this example, and be quiet within doors, and (as "'' M. Aurelius prescribes) a necessary caution it is to be observed of all good matrons that love their credits, to come little abroad, but follow their work at home, look to their household affairs and private business, ceconomicB incumbentes^ be sober, thrifty, wary, circumspect, modest, and compose themselves to live to their husbands' means, as a good housewife should do, ""Qu^e studiis gavisa coli, partita labores Fallft opus canlu, formiu assimulata coronae Cura piiellaris, circuin fusosque rotasque ' Cum volvet," &.c. Howsoever 'tis good to keep them private, not in prison ; '^''Quisquis custodit uxorem vectibus et seris, Etsi sibi sapiens, slultus est, et nihil sapit. Kead more of this subject, Horol, princ. lib. 2. per totum. Arnisfeus, polit. Cyprian, Tertullian, Bossus de mulier. apparat. Godefridus de Amor. lib. 2. cap. 4. Levinus Lemnius cap. 54. de inslitiit. Christ. Barbaras de re uxor. lib. 2. cap. 2. Franciscus Pa- tritius de institut. Reipub. lib. 4. Tit. 4. et 5. de officio mariti et uxoris, Christ. Fonesca Amphitheal. Amor. cap. 45. Sam. Neander, &.c. These cautions concern him ; and if by those or his own discretion otherwise he cannot moderate himself, his friends must not be wanting by their wisdom, if it be possible, to give the party grieved satisfaction, to prevent and remove the occasions, objects, if it may be to secure him. If it be one alone, or many, to consider whoiu he suspects or at what times, in what places he is most incensed, in what companies. ''Nevisanus makes a question whether a young physician ought to be admitted in eases of sickness, into a new-married man's house, to administer a julep, a syrup, or some such physic. The Persians of old would not suffer a young physician to come ■' " That a matron should not be seen in public with- out her hush.Tud as her s(isten- ■iit el non iqu.iin sed siientiuni iracundis nioderari. •• Ho'-- uriuci. lib. 2. cap. 8. Umgeiiter caveiidum fe.iai- nis illuslribus ne frequenter exeant. '•'Chaloner. "One who delifjhts in the labour of the distaff, and beguiles the hours of labour with a soiii; : her dutiea assume an air of virtuous beauty when she is busied at the wheel and the spindle with her maids." '« Me I ander. " Whoever guards hii^ wife with bolts and hart v.'ill repent his narrow policy." ''' Lib. 3. iium II 592 Love-Melancholy. [Part 3. Sect. 3 amongst women. ''^ Apollonides Cous made Artaxerxes cuckold, and was after buried alive for it. A goaler in Aristaenetus had a fine young gentleman to his prisoner; '^ in commiseration of his youth and person he let him loose, to enjoy the liberty of the. prison, but he unkindly made him a cornuto. Menelaus gave good welcome to Paiis a stranger, his whole house and family were at his command, but he ungently stole away his best beloved wife. The like measure was offered to Agis king of Lace- dnsmon, by ^'^Alcibiades ai\ exile, for his good entertainment, he was too familiar with Timea his wife, begetting a child of her, called Leotichides : and bragging "ioreover when he came home to Athens, that he had a son should be king of the Lacedemo- nians. If such objects were removed, no doubt but the parties might easily be satis- fied, or that they could use them gently and intreat them well, not to revile them, scoff at, hate them, as in such cases commonly they do, His a human infirmity, a miserable vexation, and they should not add grief to grief, nor aggravate their misery, but seek to please, and by all means give them content, by good counsel, removing such offensive objects, or by mediation of some discreet friends. In old Rome there was a temple erected by the matrons to that ^' Viriplaca Dea, another to Venus verlicorda., quce maritos uxoribus reddebat benevolos, whither (if any difference hap- pened between man and wife) they did instantly resort: there they did offer sacriace, a white hart, Plutarch records, sinefelle, without the gall, (some say the like of Juno'r. temple) and make their prayers for conjugal peace; before some ^^indifferent arbitrators and friends, the matter was heard between man and wife, and commonly composed. In our times we want no sacred churches, or good men to end such controversies, if use were made of them. Some say that precious stone called *^beryllns, others a- diamond, hath excellent virtue, contra hostium injurias, et conju- gatos invicem conciliare, to reconcile men and wives, to maintain unity and love; you may try this when you will, and as you see cause. If none of all these means and cautions will take place, I know not what remedy to prescribe, or whither such persons may go for ease, except they can get into the same **•• Turkey paradise, *■" Where they shall have as many fair wives as they will themselves, with clear eyes, and such as look on none but their own husbands," no fear, no danger of being cuckolds; or else I would have them observe that strict rule of ^^Alphonsus, to marry a deaf and dumb man to a blind woman. If this will not help, let them, to prevent the worst, consult with an ^''astrologer, and see whether the significators in her horoscope agree with his, that they be not in signls et partibus odiose intuentihus aut imperantibus, sed mutuo et amice antisciis et obedientibiis^ otherwise (as they hold) there will be intolerable enmities between them : or else get them sigiUum veneris, a characteristical seal stamped in the day and hour of Venus, when she is fortunate, with such and such set words and charms, which Villanovanus and Leo Suavius pre- scribe, ex sigillis magicis Salomonis, Hermetisj Ragudis^ <^c., with many such, which Alexis, Albertus, and some of our natural magicians put upon us : ut mulier cum aliquo adulterare non possit, incide de capillis ejus., Sfc.^ and he shall surely be gra- cious in all women's eyes, and never suspect or disagree with his own wife so long as he wears it. If this course be not approved, and other remedies may not be had, they must in the last place sue for a divorce ; but that is somewhat difficult to effect, and not all out so fit. For as Felisacus in his Tract de justa uxore urgeth, if that law of Constantine the Great, or that of Theodosius and Valentinian, concerning divorce, were in use in our times, innumeras propemodum viduas haberemus., et ccelibes viros.1 we should have almost no married couples left. Try therefore those former remedies; or as Tertullian reports of Democritus, that put out his eyes, ^'because he could not look upon a woman without lust, and was much troubled to see that which he might not enjoy; let him make himself blind, and so he shall avoid that care and molestation of watching his wife. One other sov-fereign remedy I could ••epeat, an especial antidote against jealousy, an excellent cure, but I am not now dis- wctesias in Persicis fir.xit vulvep morbutii esse nee cur.-iri posse nisi cum viro conciimberet. liac arte voti enniDOs, &c '° Exsolvit vinculis soliitiinique demi- eii, ni ille inhumanus stupravit conjugeni. *" Plu- tarch, vita ejus. " Rosiiius lib 2. 19. Valprjus lib. a. rap. 1. ""^ Alexander ah Alexandre) I. 4. cap. 8. gen. dier. '*' Fr. Rueus rie cnnnnis I. 2. cap. H. et 15. "SlroziusCicogna lib. 2. cap. 15. spiritet in can. hahent ibidem uxores quot volunt cum ociilis clarissimis, quoa nunquarn in aliquem praeler maritum fixuri sunt, &.c. Bredenbacchins, Idem et Boliemus, &c. 85 Uxor ca;ca ducat maritum surdum, &,c. ^Hee Valent. Nabod ditfer. com. in Alcabitium, ubi plura. '"Cap. 46 Apol. quod mulieres sine concupiacentia aspicere ooa posset, &c. Mem. 1. Subs. 1.] Religious Melancfioly. 59) posed to tell it, not that like a covetous empiric I conceal it for any gain, but somfl other reasons, 1 am not willing to publish it: if you be very desirous to know it, when I meet you next I will peradventure tell you what it is in your ear. This is the best counsel I can give ; which he that hath need of, as occasion serves, may apply unto himself. In the mean time, dii talem terris avertite pestem, ^* as the proverb is, from heresy, jealousy and frenzy, good Lord deliver u&. SECT. IV. MEMB. I. SuiiSF.cT. I. — Religious Melancholy. Its object God; what his beauty is; How it allures. The parts and parties affected. That there is such a distinct species of love melancholy, no man hath ever yet doubted: but whether this subdivision o{ ^^ Religious Melancholy be warrantable, it may be controverted. "O" Pergite Pierides, medio iiec calle vagantem Liiiquite ine, qui nulla pedum vestigia diicunt. Nulla rota; currus testaiitur signa priores." ] have no pattern to follow as in some of the rest, no man to imitate. No physician hath as yet distinctly written of it as of the other ; all acknowledge it a most notable symptom, some a cause, but few a species or kind. ^' Areteus, Alexander, Rhasis, Avi- cenna, and most of our late writers, as Gordonius, Fuchsius, Plater, Eruel, Montal- tus, Stc. repeat it as a symptom. ^ Some seem to be inspired of the Holy Ghost, some take upon them to be prophets, some are addicted to new opinions, some foretell strange things, de statu mundi et Antichristi, saith Gordonius. Some will prophesy of the end of the world to a day almost, and the fall of the Antichrist, as they have been addicted or brought up; for so melancholy works with them, as ''^ Laurentius holds. If they have been precisely given, all their meditations tend that way, and in con- clusion produce strange etiects, the humour imprints symptoms according to their several inclinations and conditions, which makes ^^Guianerius and ^' Felix Plater put too much devotion, blind zeal, fear of eternal punishment, and that last judgment for a cause of those enthusiastics and desperate persons : but some do not obscurely make a distinct species of it, dividing love melancholy into that whose object is ■ women ; and into the other whose object is God. Plato, in Convivio, niokes men- tion of two distinct furies ; and amongst our Neoterics, Hercules de Saxonid lib. I, pract. med. cap. 16. cap. de Melanch. doth expressly treat of it in a distinct spec.'es. **"Love melancholy (saith he) is twofold; the first is that (to which peradventure some will not vouchsafe this name or species of melancholy) affection of those which put God for their object, and are altogether about prayer, fasting, Stc, the other about women." Peter Forestus in his observations delivereth as much in the same words : and Felix Plqterus de mentis alienat. cap. Z. frequent issima est ejus species., in qua curanda scepissitne multumfui impeditus ; 'lis a frequent disease; and they have a ground of what they say, forth of Areteus and Plato. ^' Areteus, an old author, in his third book cap. 6. doth so divide love melancholy, and derives this second from the first, which comes by inspiration or otherwise. '"* Plato in his Phaedrus hath these words, ''Apollo's priests in Delphos, and at Dodona, in their fury do many pretty feats, and benefit the Greeks, but never in their right wits." He makes them dl mad, as well he might ; and he that shall but consider that superstition of old, M"Ye gods avert such a pestilence from the world." ••Called religious because it is still conversant about religion and such divine olijecla. '"Grotius. " Pro- ceed, ye muses, nor' desert ine in tlie middle of my journey, where no footsteps lead me, no wheeltracks indicate the transit of former chariots." ai Lib. 1. cap. 16. noiinulli upinionibiis aildicti sunt, et futiira se prajdicere aroitrantur. ^ Aliis viilelur quod sunt prophetcE et inspirati aSpiritu sancto, et incipiunt pro- phetare, et multa futura praedicunt. s^Cap. B. de Melanch. '■*In Psal. Ixiv. misit ad nna Epistolas et totam Bcripturam, qui bus nobis faceret aiiiaiidi desiderium. ♦ Episl. 48. 1. 4. quid est tota scriplura nisi Epislola oiii- nipiiteiitis Dei ad creaturum suam? »Cap. vi. 8. • Cap. xxvii. II. i In Psal. Ixxxv. oinnes pulchri- •udiiies terreiias auri, argenti, neiiiorum et camporuui julchritiidintjiii Soliset Luiise,stellaruin, omnia pulclira guperans. « linniortalis litec visio iinniortalis aiiinr, indefessus amor et vi.sio. •Osorius; ubicuiique viaio et pulchritudo divini aspectus, ibi voluplas ex eodem fontp omnisque beatitudo, nee abejus aspectu voluptas. nee ab ilia voluptate aspeclus separari potest, i" lieon H^breus. Diibitatur an huinana felicitas Deo eognos- eendo an aniando terniinetur. " Lib. de anima. Ad hoc objectuni anianduni et fruendum nati suinus; et huiie expetisset, uniciiin hunc aniasset liumana, vo- luntas, ut summum bonum, et Citleras res oinnas oc ordine. 696 Religious Melancholy. [Part 3. Sec. 4 principal good, md all other good things for God's 5-dke : and nature, as she pro- ceeded from it. would have sought this fountain ; but in this inlirmity of human nature this order is disturbed, our love is corrupt :" and a man is like that monster in '^ Plato, composed of a Scylla, a lion and a man ; we are carried away headlong with the torrent of our affections : the world, and that infinite variety of pleasing objects in it, do so allure and enamour us, that we cannot so much as look towards God, seek him, or think on him as we should : we cannot, saith Austin, Rempub. coelestem cogitare., we cannot contain ourselves from them, their sweetness is so pleasing to us. Marriage, saith "'Gualter, detains many, '■'a thing in itself laudable, good and necessary, but many, deceived and carried away with the blind love of it, have quite laid aside the love of God, and desire of his glory. Meat and drink hath overcome as many, whilst they rather strive to please, satisfy their guts and belly, than to serve God and nature." Some are so busied about merchandise to get money, they lose their own souls, whilst covetously carried, and with an insatiable desire of gain, they forget God ; as much we may say of honour, leagues, friendships, health, wealth, and all other profits or pleasures in this life whatsoever.; '■* " In this world tliere be so many beautiful objects, splendours and brightness of gold, majesty of fflory, assistance of friends, fair promises, smooth words, victories, triumphs, and such an infinite company of pleasing beauties to allure us, and draw us from God, that we cannot look after him." And this is it which Christ himself, those prophets and apostles so much thundered against, 1 John, xvii. 15, dehort us from ; "• love not the world, nor the things that are in the world : if any man love the world, the love of the Father is not in him, 16. For all that is in the world, as lust of the flesh, the lust of the eyes, and pride of life, is not of the Father, but of the world : and the world passelh away and the lust thereof; but he that fulrilleth the will of God abidelh for ever. No man, saith our Saviour, can serve two masters, but he must love the one and hate the other, &c., " bonos vel inalos mores, boni reZ viali faciunt amores, Austin well infers : and this is that which all the fathers inculcate. He can- not (''Austin admonisheih) be God's friend, that is delighted with the pleasures of the world : "• make clean thine heart, purify thine heart ; if thou wilt see this beauty, prepare thyself for it. It is the eye of contemplation by which we must behold it, the wing of meditation which lifts us up aiiid rears our souls with the motion of our hearts, and sweetness of contemplation :" so saith Gregory cited by '^Bonaventure. And as '" Philo Juda^us seconds him, " he that loves God, will soar aloft and take him wings ; and leaving the earth fly up to heaven, wander with sun and moon, stars, and that heavenly troop, God himself being his guide." if we desire to see him, we must lay aside all vain objects, which detain us and dazzle our eyes, and as '^Ficinus adviseth us, " get us solar eyes, spectacles as they that look on the sun : to see this divine beauty, lay aside all material objects, all sense, and then thou shalt see him as he is." Thou covetous wretch, as '^ Austin expostulates, "• why dost thou stand gaping on this dross, muck-hills, filthy excrements ? behold a far fairer object, God himself woos thee; behold him, enjoy him, he is sick for love." Cant. v. he invites thee to his sight, to come into his fair garden, to eat and drink with him, to be merry with him, to enjoy his presence for ever. ^^ Wisdom cries out in the streets besides the gates, in the top of high places, before the city, at the entry of the door, and bids them give ear to her instruction, which is better than gold or precious stones ; no pleasures can be compared to it ; leave all then and follow her, vos cx- hortor 6 amicl et obsccro. In ^' Ficinus's words, '* 1 exhort and beseech you. that you would embrace and follow this divine love with all your hearts and abilities, by all offices and endeavours make this so loving God propitious unto you." Foi « 9. de Repub. " Horn. 9. in epist. Johai.nis cap. 2. Multos coiijiigium liecepit, res alioqui salutaris et necessaria, en quod c*co eju.s amore tlecepti, , voluptatuni omniis generis illecebrre, victoria;, triumphi, et intinita alia ab amore dei nos abstrahunt, tc. i^In Psal. xxxii. Dei amicus esse non potest ^ui mundi studiis delectatur; ut hanc, formam videas munda cor, f^erena cor, JItc. 'econtemplalionia pliiina iioti sublevat, atque inde erigiiiiur iiitentione cordis. dulcedine contemplraionis distinct. 6. de 7. Itineribus. " Lib de viclimis : amnns Deum, snhlimia petit, sump, tis alis m in coeluni rccle volat, relicta terra, cupidiiii aberrandi cum sole, luna, slellaruinque sncra inilitia, ipso Deo duco. '" In com. Plat. cap. 7. ut Solcni videas oculis, fieri dehes solans: ut divinam aspiciaa pulchritudinem, deniitte niateriam, dcmitte seiisum. et Deum qualis sit videbis. i9 Avare, quid inliias liis &c. pulchrior est qui te ambit ipsum visurus, ipsuni ha- biluriis. 20 prov. vlii. 2' Cap. 18. Rom. Aniorem hunc diviniim totis viribus amplexamini ; Deum vohif oiiini oflicioruni genere propitiuiii facile. Mem. 1. Subs. 1.] Causes of Religious Melancholy. 597 whom alone, saitli ^^Piotinus, "'we must forsake the kingdoms and emphes of thr whole earth, sea, land, and air, if we desire to be ingrafted into him, leave all an(} follow him." Now, forasmuch as this love of God is a habit infused of God, as ^''Thomas holds, 1. 2. qucssf. 23. "by which a man is inclined to love God above all, and his neigh- bour as himself," we must pray to God that he will open our eyes, make clear our hearts, that we may be capable of his glorious rays, and perform those duties tliat he requires of us, Deut. vi. and Josh, xxiii. " to love God above all, and our neigh- bour as ourself, to keep his commandments. In this we know, saith John, c. v. 2, we love the children of God, when we love God and keep his commandments." " This is the love of God, that we keep his commandments; he that loveth not, know- eth not God, for God is love, cap. iv. 8, and he that dwelleth in love, dwelleth in God, and God in him;" for love pre-supposeth knowledge, faith, hope, and unites us to God himself, as ^''Leon Hebreus delivereth unto us, and is accompanied with the fear of God, humility, meekness, patience, all those virtues, and charity itself. For if we love God, we shall love our neighbour, and perform the duties which are required at our hands, to wiiich we are exhorted, 1 Cor. xv. 4, 5 ; Ephes. iv.; Colos. iii.; Rom. xii. We shall not be envious. or puffed up, or boast, disdain, think evil, or be provoked to anger, " but suffer all things ; endeavour to keep the unity of the spirit in the bond of peace." Forbear one another, forgive one another, clothe the naked, visit the sick, and perform all those works of mercy, which ^^ Clemens Alexandrinus calls amoris el amiciiicp. impletionem et extentionem, the extent and complement of love; and that not for fear or worldly respects, but ordine ad Dewn, for the love of God himself. This we shall do if we be truly enamoured ; but we come short in both, we neither love God nor our neighbour as we should. Our love in spiritual things is too ^® defective, in worldly things too excessive, there is ajar in both. We love the world too much ; God too little ; our neighbour not at all, or for our own ends. Vulgus aviicitias utilitate proiat. "The chief thing we respect is our com- modity;" and what we do is for fear of worldly punishment, for vain-glory, praise of men, fashion, and such by respects, not for God's sake. We neither know God aright, nor seek, love or worship him as we should. And for these defects, we in- volve ourselves into a multitude of errors, we swerve from this true love and wor- ship of God: which is a cause unto us of unspeakable miseries; running into both extremes, we become fools, madmen, without sense, as now in the next place 1 will show you. The parties aflfected are innumerable almost, and scattered over the face of the earth, far and near, and so have been in all precedent ages, from the beginning of the world to these times, of all sorts and conditions. For method's sake I will re- duce them to a two-fold division, according to those two extremes of excess and defect, impiety and superstition, idolatry and atheism. Not that there is any excess of divine worship or love of God ; that cannot be, we cannot love God too much, or do our duty as we ought, as Papists hold, or have any perfection in this life, much less supererogate: when we have all done, we are unprofitable servants. But be- cause we do aliud age.re., zealous without knowledge, and too solicitous about that which is not necessary, busying ourselves about impertinent, needless, idle, and vain ceremonies, populo ut placerent., as the Jews did about sacrifices, oblations, offerings, incense, new moons, feasts, &c., but Isaiah taxeth them, i. 12, "who required this at your hands ?" We have too great opinion of our own worth, that we can satisfy the law: and do more than is required at our hands, by performing those evangelical counsels, and such works of supererogation, merit for others, which Bellarmine, Gre- gory de Valentia, all their Jesuits and champions defend, that if God should deal in rigour with them, some of their Franciscans and Dominicans are so pure, that no- thing could be objected to them. Some of us again are too dear, as we think, more divine and sanctified than others, of a better mettle, greater gifts, and with that proud Pharisee, contemn others in respect of ourselves, we are better Christians, better learned, choice spirits, inspired, know more, have special revelation, perceive God's '"Cap. 7. de pulclirituriine regna et itnperia totius I quem inclinatiir homo ad dili^endUm Deum super omnia. terriB et maris et corli oportet ahjicere pi ad ipsum con- *< Dial. 1. Omnia, convsrtit aimir in ipsius pulcliri natu versus velis luseri. ^ Habitus a Deu iiifiisiis, per | ram. ^^Slrumatum lib. 2. ^eQi-g^nham. 598 Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 4. secrets, and thereupon presume, say and do that many times wh ch is not befitting to be said or done. Of this number are all superstitious idolaters, ethnics, Ma- hometans, Jews, heretics, ^' enthusiasts, divinators, prophets, sectaries, and schisma- tics. Zanchius reduceth such infidels to four chief sects ; but I will insist and fol- low mine own intended method : all which with many other curious persons, monks, hermits, &c., may be ranged in this extreme, and fight under this superstitious ban- ner, with those rude idiots, and infinite swarms of people that are seduced by them. In the other extreme or in defect, march those impious epicures, libertines, atheists, hypocrites, infidels, worldly, secure, impenitent, unthankful, and carnal-minded men, that attribute all to natural causes, that will acknowledge no supreme power; that have cauterised consciences, or live in a reprobate sense; or such desperate persons as are too distrustful of his mercies. Of these there be many subdivisions, diverse degrees of madness and folly, some more than other, as shall be shown in the symp toms : and yet all miserably out, perplexed, doting, and beside themselves for reli- gion's sake. For as ^'^Zanchy well distinguished, and all the world knows religiou is twofold, true or false ; false is that vain superstition of idolaters, such as were of old, Greeks, Romans, present Mahometans, &c. Timorem,' deorum inanem, ^^ Tully could term it; or as Zanchy defines it, Ubi falsi dii, aut falso cullu colitur Deus^ when false gods, or that God is falsely worshipped. And 'tis a miserable plague, a torture of the soul, a mere madness, Religiosa insania^ '"'Meteran calls it, or insanus error, as "' Seneca, a frantic error ; or as Austin, Insanus animi morbus, a furious dis- ease of the soul ; insania omnixmi insanissima, a quintessence of madness ; "^ for he that is superstitious can never be quiet. 'Tis proper to man alone, uni siiperbia, ava- riiia, superstitio, saith Plin. lib. 7. cap. 1. alqtie etiam post scBvit de faturo, which wrings his soul for the present, and to come : the greatest misery belongs to man- kind, a perpetual servitude, a slavery,' '^Ex tlmore timor, a heavy yoke, the seal of damnation, an intolerable burden. They that are superstitious are still fearing, sus- pecting, vexing themselves with auguries, prodigies, false tales, dreams, idle, vain works, unprofitable labours, as '''' Boterus observes, curd mentis ancipite versantur : enemies to God and to themselves. In a word, as Seneca concludes, Religio Deum colit, superstitio destmit, superstition destroys, but true religion honours God. True religion, ubi verus Deus vere colitur, w^here the true God is truly worshipped, is the way to heaven, the mother of virtues, love, fear, devotion, obedience, knowledge, &c. It rears the dejected soul of man, and amidst so many cares, miseries, persecutions, which this world aflbrds, it is a sole ease, an unspeakable comfort, a sweet reposal, Jugum suave, et leve, a light yoke, an anchor, and a haven. It adds courage, bold- ness, and begets generous spirits : although tyrants rage, persecute, and that bloody Lictor or sergeant be ready to martyr them, aut lita, aut morere, (as in those perse- cutions of the primitive Church, it was put in practice, as you may read in Eusebius and others) though enemies be now ready to invade, and all in an uproar, ^^Sifrac- tus illabatur orbis, impavidos ferient ruincR, though heaven should fall on his head, he would not be dismayed. But as a good Christian prince once made answer to a menacing Turk, facile.scclerata hominum arma conlcmnit, qui dei proisidio tutus est : or as '"' Phalaris writ to Alexander in a wrong cause, he nor any other enemy could terrify him, for that he trusted in God. Si Deus nobiscum, quis contra nosf In all calamities, persecutions whatsoever, as David did, 2 Sam. ii. 22, he will sing with him, " the Lord is my rock, my fortress, my strength, my refuge, the tower and horn of my salvation," &.c. In all troubles and adversities, Psal. xlvi. 1. "God is my hope and help, still ready to be found, I will not therefore fear," &c., 'tis a fear expelling fear ; he hath peace of conscience, and is full of hope, which is (saith *' Austin) vita vitcB mortalis, the life of this our mortal life, hope of immortality, the sole comfort of our misery: otherwise, as Panl saith, we of all others were most wretched, but this makes us happy, counterpoising our hearts in all miseries; superstition torments, and is from the devil, the author of lies ; but this is from God himself, as Lucian, that Antiochian priest, made his divine confession in ^^ Eusr>bius, iiuctor nobis de Deo Deus est, God is the author of our religion himself, his wort '"De primo prJEcepto. ^s ne relig. I. 2. Thes. 1. I stitione imbutus est, quietus ijsse nunquani )>ote8t "i! De iiat. deorum. » Hist. Belgic. lib. 8. 3' Super- 33 Greg. S4 polit. lib. 1. cap. J < »■' Flor. s6Epi» ttitio error iiisjiinus est epist. 2^23. ^ Nam qui super- | Ptialar. ^ In Psal. iii. 38 x^i«), 9. cap. S. Mem. 1. Subs. 1.] Parties affected. 599 is our rule, a lantern to us, dictated by the Holy Ghost, he plays upon our hearts an many harpstrings, and we are his temples, he dwelleth in us, and we in him. The part afiected of superstition, is the brain, heart, will, understanding, sou. Iself, and all the faculties of it, tolum comjjositiwi, all is mad ahd dotes : now for the extent, as J say, the world itself is the subject of it, (to omit that grand sin of iUieism,) all times have been misaffected, past, present, " there is not one that doth good, no not one, from the prophet to the priest, &,c." A lamentable thing it is to consider, how many myriads of men this idolatry and superstition (for that com- prehends all) hath infatuated in all ages, besotted by this blind zeal, which is reli- gion's ape, religion's bastard, religion's shadow, false glass. For where God hath a temple, the devil will have a chapel : where God hath sacrifices, the devil will have his oblations : where God hath ceremonies, the devil will have his traditions : where there is any religion, the devil will plant superstition ; and 'tis a pitiful sight to be- hold and read, what tortures, miseries, it hath procured, what slaughter of souls it hath made, how it rageth amongst those old Persians, Syrians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Tuscans, Gauls, Germans, Britons, &C. Britannia jam hodic celebrat tarn atlonite, saith ^" Pliny, taiUis ceremoniis (speaking of superstition) ut dedisse Persis videri possit. The Britons are so stupendly superstitious in their ceremonies, that they go beyond those Persians. He that shall but read in Pausanias alone, those gods, temples, altars, idols, statues, so curiously made with such infinite cost and charge, amongst those old Greeks, such multitudes of them and frequent varieties, as ''"Gerbelius truly observes, may stand amazed, and never enough wonder at it; and thank God withal, that by the light of the Gospel, we are so happily freed from that slavish idolatry in these our days. But heretofore, almost in all countries, in all places, superstition hath blinded the hearts of men ; in all ages what a small por- tion hath tlie true cliurch ever been! Divisum imperium cum Jove Dcemon hahet.^ The patriarchs and their families, the Israelites a handful in respect, Christ and his apostles, and not all of them, neither. Into what straits hath it been compinged, a little flock ! how hath superstition on the other side dilated herself, error, ignorance, barbarism, folly, madness, deceived, triumphed, and insulted over the most wise dis- creet, and understanding man, philosophers, dynasts, monarchs, all were involved and overshadowed in this n)ist, in more than Cimmerian darkness. '^^Jldeo ignara superstitio mentes hominum dcpravat^ et nonnunquam sapientum animos transoersos agit. At this present, quota pars ! How small a part is truly religious ! How little in respect ! Divide the world into six parts, and one, or not so much, is christians ; idolaters and Mahometans possess almost Asia, Africa, America, Magellanica. The kings of China, great Cham, Siam, and Borneo, Pegu, Deccan, Narsinga, Japan, &.C., are gentiles, idolaters, and many other petty princes in Asia, Monomotopa, Congo, and 1 know not how many negro princes in Africa, all Terra Australis incognita most of America pagans, ditiering all in their several superstitions; and yet all idola- ters. The Mahometans extend themselves over the great Turk's dominions in Eu- rope, Africa, Asia, to the Xerifles in Barbary, and its territories in Fez, Sus, Mofocco. &c. The Tartar, the great Mogor, tlie Sophy of Persia, with most of their domi- nions and subjects, are at this day Mahometans. See how the devil rageth : those at odds, or difiering among themselves, some for ''^Ali, some Enbocar, for'Acmor, and Ozunen, those four doctors, Mahomet's successors, and are subdivided uito seventy-two inferior sects, as ''■'Leo Afer reports. The Jews, as a company of vaga- bonds, are scattered over all parts ; wliose story, present estate, progress from time to time, is fully set down by ''^Mr. Thomas Jackson, Doctor of Divinity, in his com- ment on the creed. A fifth part of the world, and hardly that, now professelh CHRIST, but so inlarded and interlaced with several superstitions, that there is scarce a sound part to be found, or any agreement amongst them. Presbyter John, in Africa, lord of those Abyssinians, or Ethiopians, is by his profession a christian, but so dit- ferent from us, with such new absurdities and ceremonies, such liberty, such a mix ture of idolatry and paganism, '"* that they keep little more than a bare title of chris- '8 Lib. 3. *o Lib. 6. descrip. Grsc. nulla est via qr.i. lion innumeris idolis est leferta. Tantuui tunc temporis in iniscrriwnc rnortales polentiiB el crudelis Tyrannidis Saian exercuu. <» " The devil divides Uie empire with Jupiter." « Alex. ab. Alex. lib. 0. cap. 2e. "Purchas Pilgrim, lib. J c. 3. << Lib. 3 *^-i Part. sect. 3. lib. 1. cap. et deinccps. 48 Titelmaii nus. Maginus. Bredenbactiius. Fr. Aluaresiiis llin. de Abyssinis Herbis solum vescuntur vutarii, aqiiis meat* tenus dormiuni, &,c. 600 Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sect i tianity. They suffer polygamy, circumcision, stupend fastings, i^ivorce as they will themselves, &c., and as the papists call on tlie Virgin Mary, so do they on Thomas Didynius before Christ. '"The Greek or Eastern Church is rent from this of the West, and as they have four chief patriarchs, so have they four subdivisions, besides those Nestorians, Jacobins, Syrians, Armenians, Georgians, &c., scattered over Asie Minor, Syria, Egypt, Stc, Greece, Walachia, Circassia, Bulgaria, Bosnia, Albania, Illyricum, Sclavonia, Croatia, Thrace, Servia, Rascia, and a sprinkling amongst the Tartars, ttie Russians, Muscovites, and most of that great duke's (czar's) subjects, are part of the Greek Churcli, and still christians : but as ""* one sailh, temporis suc- cessu miillas illi addidcrunt supcrsliliones. In process of time they have added so many superstitions, they be rather senii-christians than otherwise. That which re- mains is the Western Church with us in Europe, but so eclipsed with several schisms, heresies and superstitions, that one knows not where to find it. The papists have Italy, Spain, Savoy, part of Germany, France, Poland, and a sprinkling in the rest of Europe. In America, they hold all that which Spaniards inhabit, Hispania Nova, Castella Aurea, Peru, &c. In the East Indies, thePhilippinas, some small holds about Goa, Malacca, Zelan, Ormus, &c., which the Portuguese got not long since, and those land-leaping Jesuits have essayed in China, Japan, as appears by their yearly letters ; in Africa they have Melinda, Quiloa, Mombaze, &c., and some few towns, they drive out one superstition with another. Poland is a receptacle of all religions, where Samosetans, Socinians, Photinians (now protected in Transylvania and Poland), Arrians, anabaptists are to be found, as well as in some German cities. Scandia is christian, but ""'Damianus A-Goes, the Portugal knight, complains, so mixed with magic, pagan rites and ceremonies, they may be as well counted idolaters : what Tacitus formerly said of a like nation, is verified in them, ^°" A people subject to superstition, contrary to religion." And some of them as about Lapland and the Pilapians, the devil's possession to this day, Miscra liax gens (saith mine ^' author) SatancB hacttnus possession, — et quod maxime mirandum et dolendum^ and which is to be admired and pitied ; if any of them be baptized, which the kings of Sweden much labour, they die within seven or nine days after, and for that cause they will hardly be brought to Christianity, but worship still the devil, who daily appears to them. In their idolatrous courses, Gandentibiis diis patriis., qiios religiose cohint^ Sfc. Yet are they very superstitious, like our wild Irish : though they of the better note, the kings ol' Denmark and Sweden themselves, that govern them, be Lutherans ; the remnant are Calvinists, Lutherans, in Germany equally mixed. And yet the emperor himself, duk^s of Lorraine, Bavaria, and the princes electors, are most part professed papists. And tliough some part of France and Ireland, Great Britain, half the can- tons in Switzerland, and the Low Countries, be Calvinists, more defecate than the rest, yet at odds amongst themselves, not free from superstition. And which *"Bro- cliard, the monk, in his description of the Holy Land, after he had censured the Greek church, and showed their errors, concluded at last, Faxil Deus nt Latinis mulia irrepserint siultitixR., I say God grant there be no fopperies in our church. As a dam of water stopped in one place breaks out into another, so doth superstition. I say nothing of Anabaptists, Socinians, Brownists, Familists, &c. There is super- stition 'in our prayers, often in our hearing of serinons, bitter contentions, invectives, persecutions, strange conceits, besides diversity of opinions, scliisms, factions, &,cO But as the Lord (Job xlii. cap. 7. v.) said to Eliphaz, the Temanite, and his two friends, ''• his wrath was kindled against them, for they had not spoken of him things rrtat were right:" we may justly of these scismatics and heretics, how wise soever in their own conceits, non recte loquuniur de Deo, they speak not, they think not, they write not well of God, and as they ought. And therefore, Quid quceso mi Uorpi, as Erasmus concludes to Dorpius, hisce Theologis faciamus., aut quid preceris, nisi forte Jidelem medicum, qui cerebro medeatur ? What shall we wish them, bnl sanam mentem, and a good physician .'' But more of their differences, paradoxes, opinions, mad pranks, in the symptoms : I now hasten to the causes. « Bredenbachius Jod. a Meggen. ■'*' Sep Passeviiiiis i 6i BnUsardus de Magia. [iilra septrmutn aiit noii i,n i Ht;rl>asteiii. iVlagiii. D. Fletcher, Jovius, Uacluil. Pur- | baptisino diem mmiuiitur. Mine lit, &c. "Cai*. de rhus, &c. of tlieir errors. " Ueplo'at. Ueiitis Lapp. | liicolis Icitm sancUe. *>Gen8 giipersiitiuiii obiioxia, religiuiiibus adversa. i Weill. 1. Subs. 2.] Causes of ReLgiuus Melancholy. 6UJ SuBSECT. II. — Causes of Religious melancholy. From the Devil hy iniracles., appa- ritions, oracles. His instruments or factors.^ politicians^ Priests., Impostors., Here tics, blind guides. In them simplicity.! fear., blind zeal., ignorance., soUtarinei curiosity., jiride, vain-glory., presumption, Sfc. his engines., fasting.^ solitariness., hcve, fear, 6fc. We are taught in Holy Scripture, that the " Devil rangeth abroad like a roaring lion, still seeking whom he may devour :" and as in several shapes, so by several engines and devices he goeth about to seduce us ; sometimes he transforms himself into an angel of light j and is so cunning that he is able, if it were possible, to de- ceive the very elect. He will be worshipped as ^^God himself, and is so adored by the liealhen, and esteemed. And in imitation of that divine power, as ^^Eusebius observes, ^^ to abuse or emulate God's glory, as Dandinus adds, he will have all homage, sacrifices, oblations, and whatsoever else belongs to the worship of God, to be done likewise unto him, si?nilis erit altissimo, and by this means infatuates the world, deludes, entraps, and destroys many a thousand souls. Sometimes by dreams, visions (as God to Moses by familiar conference), the devil in several shapes talks with iheni : in the ^^ Indies it is common, and in China nothing so familiar as appa- ritions, inspirations, oracles, by terrifying them with false prodigies, counterfeit mira- cles, sending storms, tempests, diseases, plagues (as of old in Athens there was Apollo, Alexicacus, ApuUo ?tot|Utos, pestifer et malorum depulsor), raising wars, sedi- tions by spectrums, troubling ilieir consciences, driving them to despair, terrors of mind, intolerable pains ; by promises, rewards, benefits, and fair means, he raiseth sucli an opinion of his deity and greatness, that they dare not do otheiwise tliap adore him, do as he will have them, they dare nut ofitjnd him. And to compel theru more to stand in awe of him, ""he sends and cures diseases, disquiets their spirits (as Cyprian saith), torments and terrifies their souls, to make them adore him : and all his study, all his endeavour is to divert them from true religion to superstition : and because he is damned himself, and in an error, he would have all the world par- ticipate of his errors, and be damned with him. The primum mobile, therefore, and first mover of all superstition, is the devil, that great enemy of mankind, the prin- cipal agent, who in a thousand several shapes, after diverse fashions, with several engines, illusions, and by several names hath deceived the inhabitants of ttie earth, in several places and countries, still rejoicing at their I'alls. " All the world over before Christ's time, he freely domineered, and held the souls of iiien in most slavish subjection (saith '"^Eusebius) in diverse forms, ceremonies, and sacrifices, till Christ's coming," as if those devils of the air had shared the earth amongst them, which the Plalonists held lor gods {^'^Ludus deorum sumus), and waie our governors and keepers. In several places, they had several rites, orders, names, of which read Wierus de prcestigiis dcBmo7ium, lib. 1. cap. 5. ^"Strozius, Cicogna, and others; Ado nided amongst the Syrians ; Adramalech amongst the Capernaites, Asiniae amongst the Einalhites ; Aslartes with the Sidonians ; Astaroth with the Palestines ; Dagon with the Philistines; Tartary with the Hana;i ; Melchonis amongst the Ammonites: Beli the Babylonians ; Beelzebub and Baal with the Samaritans and Moabites ; Apis, Isis, and Osiris amongst the ^Egyptians; Apollo Pythius at Delphos, Colophon, Ancyra, Cuma, Erythra; Jupiter in Crete, Venus at Cyprus, Juno at Carthage, Jilscu- lapius at Epidaurus, Diana at Ephesus, Pallas at Athens, &c. And even in these oui days, both in the East and West Indies, in Tartary, China, Japan, &c., what strange idols, in what prodigious forms, with what absurb ceremonies are they ftdored ? What strange sacraments, like ours of Baptism and the Lord's Supper, " Plato in Crit. Da;mones custodes sunt homiiiutii et i valetudiiiem franguiit, iiiorbos lacessant, ut ad culliim eoruiii (ioniini, ut iios aniiiialium ; nee. iinmiiiibus, sed siii cogaut, iiec aliiid liis stiidiiiiii, quain ut a vera reli «l regidiubus iiiiperant, valitiiiiis, auguriis, nos reguiit. gioiie, ad superstitioiiem vertaiit: cuiiisint ipsi preiiales. Idem fere Max. Tyrius ser. 1. et ^6. 27. medins vult diemoiies inter Ueos et liomiiies deorum uiiiiistros, prie- sidi'slioniiiium, a cceload liuminesdescemleiites, ^* Da- pra;parat. Evangel. ^5 Vel in abusum Dei vel in Rmulatiunem. Dandinus coin, in lib. -.2. Arist. de An. Text. '29. S6 Ua;uiones consulunt, et familiares hahent diemonea pleriqiie sacenlotes. Riccius lib. 1. r.ap 10. expedil SMiar. •'' Vil;iin tnrlianl, soninos iliquietaiit, irrepeiites et am in curpura iiientes terreiit. 70 3 A quffirunt sibi adpCEnas roinite.'!, ut habeant erruris par- ticipes. SB Lib. 4. prajparat. Evan:;el.c. Tanlamque vicloriam amentia hominum conse(|uuti sunt, ut si colligere in nnnm velis, universum orbein istis scelesti bus spiritibus subjectum fuisse invenies: Usque ad Saivaloris adventuin hoiniiium cede pernlcio«issii)i>>g risiiioiies plac.ibai.'t, (fee. ''•* Plato ''Strozius. Cicogiirt oiniiif mag lib. 3. cap. 7. Ez.^k. viii. 4. ; Reg II. 4.; Reg. 3. et 17. 14; Jer. xiix.; Num. xi. 3.; Reg. 13 602 Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 4 what goodly temples, priests, sacrifices they had in America, when the Spaniards firsl landed there, let Acosta the Jesuit relate, lib. 5. cap. 1, 2, 3, 4, &.C., and how the devil imitated the Ark and the children of Israel's coming out of Egypt; with .many such. For as Lipsius well discourseth out of the doctrine of the Stoics, maxime cupiunl adorationetn hominum, now and of old, they still and most especially desire to be adored by men. See but what Vertomannus, I. 5. c. 2. Marcus Polus, Lerius, Benzo, P. Martyr in his Ocean Decades, Acosta, and Mat. Riccius expedit. Christ in Sinus, lib. 1. relate. *' Eusebius wonders how that wise city of Athens, and flourishing kingdoms of Greece, should be so besotted ; and we in our times, hov/ those witty Chinese, so perspicacious in all other things should be so gulled, so toi tured with superstition, so blind as to worship stocks and stones. But it is no marvel, when we see all out as great effects amongst Christians themselves ; how are those Anabaptists, Arians, and Papists above the rest, miserably infatuated ! Mars, Jupiter, Apollo, and jEsculapius, have resigned their interest, names, and offices to Saint George. s'" (Maxime bellorutn rector, quem nostra juventus Pro Mavorte colit.)" St. Christopher, and a company of fictitious saints, Venus to the Lady of Loretto. And as those old Romans had several distinct gods, for divers offices, persons, places, so have they saints, as ^^Lavater well observes out of Lactantius, mutato nomine tan- tum.f 'tis the same spirit or devil that deludes them still. The manner how, as I say, is by rewards, promises, terrors, affrights, punishments, hi a word, fair and foul means, hope and fear. " How often hath Jupiter, Apollo, Bacchus, and the rest, sent plagues in "Greece and Italy, because their sacrifices were neglected?" '^"Dii multn neglecti dederuiit Hespen;e mala luctuosae," to terrify them, to arouse them up, and the like : see but Livy, Dionysius Halicar- nassasus, Thucydides, Pausanius, Philostratus, ^® Polybius, before the battle of Cannae, prodigiis signiSf ostentis, teinpla cimcta, privata etiam cedes scaiebant. Q^neus reigned in iEtolia, and because he Jid not sacrifice to Diana with his other gods (see more in Labanius his Diana), she sent a v/ild boar, insoliicR magnitudinis., qui terras et homines misere depascebatur., to spoil both men and country, which was afterwards killed by Meleager. So Plutarch in the Life of Lucullus relates, how Mithridates, king of Pontus, at the siege of Cizicum, with all his navy, was overthrown by Pro- serpina, for neglecting of her holy day. She appeared in a vision to Aristagoras in the night, Cras inquit tybicinem Lybicum cum tybicine pontico committam ("• to-mor- row I will cause a contest between a Lybian and a Pontic minstrel), and the day fol- lowing this enigma was understood ; for with a great south wind which came from Lybia, she quite overwhelmed Mithridates' army. What prodigies and miracles, dreams, visions, predictions, apparitions, oracles, have been of old at Delphos, Do- dona, Trophonius Denne, at Thebes, and Lebaudia, of Jupiter Ammon in Egypt, Amphiareus in Attica, &.c. ; what strange cures performed by Apollo and iEscula- pius? Juno's image and that of "Fortune spake, ** Castor and Pollux fought in per- son for the Romans against Hannibal's army, as Pallas, Mars, Juno, Venus, for Greeks and Trojans, Sec. Amongst our pseudocatholics nothing so familiar as such miracles ; how many cures done by our lady of Loretto, at Sichem ! of old at our St. Thomas's shrine, &.c. *^St. Sabine was seen to fight for Arnulphus, duke of Spo- leto. ™St. George fought in person for John the Bastard of Portugal, against the Castilians ; St. James for the Spaniards in America. In the battle of Bannockburn. where Edward the Second, our English king, was foiled by the Scots, St. Philanus' arm was seen to fight (if " Hector Boethus doth not impose), that was before shut up in a silver capcase ; another time, in the same author, St. Magnus fought for them. Now for visions, revelations, miracles, not only out of the legend, out of purgatory but everyday comes news from the Indies, and at home read the Jesuits' Letters, •' Lib. 4. cap. 8. pra-par. e^ Bapt. Mant. 4. Fast. | de nat. deorum lib. 2. ^Equa Venus Teiicris Pallas ini lie Saiicto Georgio. " O great master of war, whom our qua fuit. ^ Jo. Molaiius lib. 3. cap. 59. ™ Pet. Olj youths worship as if he were Mars self. "^Part. 1. ver. de Johaniie priuio Portugalliffi Regs strenuf* pig cap. J. et lib. '2. cap. 9. " Polyd. Virg. lib. 1. de pro- nans, et diversa; partis ictus clypeo e»cipien8. " < 14 dig. ^' Hiir. 1. 3. od. 6. ^ I.ib. 3. hist. 67 Orata Loculos Meo ubique (as ''Scaliger writes of the mahometan priests), turn gentium turn locorum^ gens ista sa- crorum jiiinistra, vulgi sccat spes, ad ea quce. ipsijingunt somnia., "so cunningly can they gull the commons in all places and countries." But above all others, that high priest of Rome, the dam of that monstrous and superstitious brood, the bull-bellow- ing pope, which now ragelh in the West, that three-headed Cerberus hath played his part. ^'' " Whose religion at this day is mere policy, a state wholly composed of superstition and wit, and needs nothing but wit and superstition to maintain it, that useth colleges and religious houses to as good purpose as forts and castles, and doth more at this day" by a company of scribbling parasites, fiery-spirited friars, zealous anchorites, hypocritical confessors, and those pretorian soldiers, his Janissary Jesuits, and that dissociable society, as ®^ Languis terms it, postremus diaboli conatus et scbcuU excremenlum., that now stand in the fore front of the battle, will have a monopoly of, and engross all other learning, but domineer in divinity, ^^Excipiunt soli totius vulnera belli, and fight alone almost (for the rest are but his dromedaries and asses), than ever he could have done by garrisons and armies. What power of prince, or penal law, be it never so strict, could enforce men to do that which for conscience'- sake they will voluntarily undergo .' And as to fast from all flesh, abstain from mar- riage, rise to their prayers at midnight, whip themselves, with stupendous fasting and penance, abandon the world, wilful poverty, perform canonical and blind obedience, to prostrate their goods, fortunes, bodies, lives, and offer up themselves at their supe- rior's feet, at his command ? What so powerful an engine as superstition } which they right well perceiving, are of no religion at ail themselves : Primum enim (as Calvin rightly suspects, the tenor and practice of their life proves), arcane^ illius theologicej quod apud eos regnat, caput est, nullum esse dcum, they hold there is no God, as Leo X. did, Hildebrand the magician, Alexander VI., Julius II., mere atheists, and which the common proverb amongst them approves, '*''"• The worst Christians of Italy are the Romans, of the Romans the priests are wildest, the lewdest priests are preferred to be cardinals, and the baddest men amongst the cardinals is chosen to be pope," that is an epicure, as most part the popes are, infidels and Lucianists, for so they think and believe; and what is said of Christ to be fables and impostures, of heaven and hell, day of judgment, paradise, immortality of the soul, are all, 100 '< Rutiinres varui. vprliaque inania, Kt par soilicito fal)ula soiniiio." " Dreams, toys, and old wives' tales." Yet as so many ' whetstones to make other tools cut, but cut not themselves, though they be of no religion at all, they will make others most devout and superstitious, by promises and threats, compel, enforce from, and lead them by the nose like so many bears in a line ; when as their end is not to propagate the church, advance God's kingdom, seek His glory or common good, but to enrich themselves, to enlarge their territories, to domineer and compel them to stand in awe, to live in subjection to the See of Rome. For what otherwise care they? Si mundus vult decipi, decipiatur, "since the world wishes to be gulled, let it be gulled," 'tis fit it should be so. And for which ^Austin cites Varro to main- tain his Roman leligion, we may better apply to them : rnulta vera, qum vulgus scire non est utile ; pleraque falsa, qum tani.en uliter existimare populum expedit ; some things are true, some false, which for their own ends they will not have the gullish •*Lib.4. »6Exprc.228. 9« S. Ed. Sands. w In I «>S Eil. Sands in hia Relation. 'ooScnpca. 'Vie* sonsult. lie prjiic. inlcr pnivinc. Biirop. 98 Lucian. cotis, acutnm Rpddere qua; ferrum valet, e.xors ipsa 9« 'By thfuiselves sustain the brunt uf every battle." | candi. * Ue civ. D<;i lib. 4. tap. 31. 3 a2 606 Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sect 4 comn.oiially take notice of. As well may witness their intolerable covetcusness strange forgeries, foppeiies, fooleries, unrighteous subtleties, impostures, illusions, new doctiines, paradoxes, traditions, false miracles, which they have still forged, to enthral, circumvent and subjugate them, to maintain their own estates. ^One while by bulls, pardons, indulgencies, and their doctrines of good works, that they be meritorious^ hope of heaven, by that means they have so fleeced the commonalty, and spurred on this free superstitious horse, that he runs himself blind, and is an ass to carry bur- dens. They have so amplified Peter's patrimony, that from a poor bishop, he is be- ome Rex Regum, Dominus dominantium., a demigod, as his canonists make him Felinus and the rest), above God himself. And for his wealth and " temporalties, s not inferior to many kings: *his cardinals, princes' companions; and in every kingilom almost, abbots, priors, monks, friars. Sic, and his clergy, have engrossed a third part, half, in some places all, into their hands. Three princes, electors in Ger- many, bishops; besides Magdeburg, Spire, Saltsburg, Breme, Bamberg, &c. In France, as Bodine lib. de repub. gives us to understand, their revenues are 12,300,000 livres; and of twelve parts of the revenues in France, the church possesseth seven. The Jesuits, a new sect, begun in this age, have, as ''Middendorpius and ^Pelargus reckon up, tiiree or four hundred colleges in Europe, and more revenues than many princes. In France, as Arnoldus proves, in thirty years they have got bis centum librarum millia annua, 200,0007. I say nothing of the rest of their orders. We have had in En- gland, as Armachanus demonstrates, above 30,000 friars at once, and as 'Speed col- lects out of Leland and others, almost 600 religious houses, and near 200,000Z. in revenues of the old rent belonging to them, besides images of gold, silver, plate, fur- niture, goods and ornaments, as '"Weever calculates, and esteems them at the disso- lution of abbeys, worth a million of gold. How many towns in every kingdom hath superstition enriched ? What a de.al of money by musty relics, images, idolatry, have their mass-priests engrossed, and what sums have they scraped by their other tricks! Loretto in Italy, Walsingham in England, in those days. Ubi omnia auro nitent, "where everything shines with gold," saith Erasmus, St. Thomas's shrine, &c., may witness. " Delphos so renowned of old in Greece for Apollo's oracle, Delos com- mune conciliabulum et emporium sold religione manitum; Dodona, whose fame and wealth were sustained by religion, v/ere not so rich, so famous. If they can get but a relic of some saint, the Virgin Mary's picture, idols or the like, that city is for ever made, it needs no other maintenance. Now if any of these their impostures or juggling tricks be controverted, or called in question : if a magnanimous or zealous Luther, an heroical Luther, as '^Dithmarus calls him, dare touch the monks' bellies, all is in a combustion, all is in an uproar : Demetrius and his associates are ready to pull him in pieces, to keep up their trades, '""Great is Diana of the Ephesians :" with a mighty shout of two hours long they will roar and not be pacified. Now for their authority, what by auricular confession, satisfaction, penance, Peter's keys, thunderings, excommunications, &c., roaring bulls, this high priest of Rome, shaking his Gorgon's head, hath so terrified the soul of many a silly man, insulted over majesty itself, and swaggered generally over all Europe for many ages, and still doth to some, holding them as yet in slavish subjection, as never tyrannising Spa- niards did by their poor negroes, or Turks by their galley-slaves, '^"The bishop of Rome (saith Stapleton, a parasite of his, de mag. Eccles. lib. 2. cap. I.) hath done that without arms, which those Roman emperors could never achieve with forty legions of soldiers," deposed kings, and crowned them again with his foot, made friends, and corrected at his pleasure, &c. '^ 'Tis a wonder," saith Machiavel, Flo- rentince, his. hb. 1. " what slavery King Henry II. endured for the death of Thomas a Beckett, what things he was enjoined by, the Pope, and how he submitted himself to ^o that which in our times a private man would not endure," and all through super- » Seeking their own, saith Paul, not Christ's. ♦ He hath the Ducliy of Spoleto in Maly, the Marquisate of Ancona, beside Rome, and the territories adjacent, Bo- logna, Ferrara, &c. Avignon in France, Lib. 8. de Acadeni. « Pr.Tfat. lib. de paradox. Jesuit lion., proviucia hnbet (;ol.3G. Neapol. 23. Veuita 13. Liicit. 15 India, orient. 17. Brasil. 20, &.c. •In hie Cbroni* vjt. Hen 8. "> 13 cao. of bis fune- ral monuments. " Pausanias in Laconicis lib. 3. Idem de Achaicas lib. 7. ciijus suminae opes, et valde in- clyta fama. '» Exercit. Eih. CoHeg. 3. disp. 3. " Act. xix. 28. '■'Pontifex Romanus prorsus inerniis regi bus terrae jura dat, ad regna evchit ad pacem cogit, e. pnccantes castigat, &.c. quod iniperatores Rornani 40. it.'gionibus arniati non eftecerunt. i^ .Minim quanta pHSsus sit H. 2. quonipdo se subuiisit, ea se facturuiii pnllicitiis, quorum hodie ne privatus quideni partem i'aceret. Mem. 1. Subs. '4. J Causes of Religious Melancholy. 607 Blition. '® Henry IV, disposed of his empire, stood barefooted with his wife at me gales of Canossus. '' Frederic the Emperor was trodden on by Alexander JII., another held Adrian's stirrup, King John kissed the knees of Pandulphos the Pope's legate, &C. What made so many thousand Christians travel from France, Britain, &c., into the Holy Land, spend such huge sums of money, go a pilgrimage so familiarly to Jerusalem, to creep and crouch, but slavish superstition .'' What makes them so freely venture their lives, to leave their native countries, to go seek martyrdom in the Indies, but supersti- tion ? to be assassins, to meet death, murder kings, but a false persuasion of merit, of canonical or blind obedience which they instil into them, and animate them by strange illusions, hope of being martyrs and saints : such pretty feats can the devil work by priests, and so well for their own advantage can they play their parts. And if it were not yet enough, by priests and politicians to delude mankind, and crucify the souls of men, he hath more actors in his tragedy, more irons in the fire, another scene of heretics, factious, ambitious wits, insolent spirits, schismatics, impostors, false pro- phets, blind guides, that out of pride, singularity, vain-glory, blind zeal, cause much more madness yet, set all in an uproar by their new doctrines, paradoxes, figments, crotchets, make new divisions, subdivisions, new sects, oppose one superstition to another, one kingdom to another, commit prince and subjects, brother against brother, father against son, to the ruin and destruction of a commonwealth, to the disturb- ance of peace, and to make a general confusion of all estates. How did those Arrians rage of old ? how many did they circumvent ? Those Pelagians, Manichees, &c., their names alone would make a just volume. How many silly souls have impos- tors still deluded, drawn away, and quite alienated from Christ ! Lucian's Alexander Simon Magus, whose statue was to be seen and adored in Rome, saith Justin Martyr, Simoni dec suncto, S^c..^ after his decease. '** Apollonius Tianeeus, Cynops, Eumo, who by counterfeiting some new ceremonies and juggling tricks of that Dea Syria, by spitting fire, and the like, got an army together of 40,000 men, and did much harm: with Eudo de ste.lUs^ of whom Nubrigensis speaks, lib. 1. cap. 19. that in King Stephen's days imitated most of Christ's miracles, fed I kn6w not how many people in the wilderness, and built castles in the air, Stc, to the seducing of multi- tudes of poor souls, in Franconia, 1476, a base illiterate fellow took upon him to be a prophet, and preach, John Beheim by name, a neatherd at Nicholhausen, he seduced 30,000 persons, and was taken by the commonalty to be a most holy man, come from heaven. '^"Tradesmen left their shops, women their distaffs, servants ran from their masters, children from their parents, scholars left their tutors, all to hear him, some for novelty, some for zeal. He was burnt at last by the Bishop of Wartz- burg, and so he and his heresy vanished together." How many such impostors, false prophets, have lived in every king's reign .? what chronicles will not afford such examples.'' that as so many ignes fatui., have led men out of the way, terrified some, deluded others, that are apt to be carried about by the blast of every wind, a rude inconstant multitude, a silly company of poor souls, that follow all, and are cluttered together like so many pebbles in a tide. What prodigious follies, madness, vexa- tions, persecutions, absurdities, impossibilities, these impostors, heretics, &c., have thrust upon the world, what strange effects shall be shown in the symptoms. Now the means by which, or advantages the devil and his infernal ministers take, so to delude and disquiet the world with such idle ceremonies, false doctrines, super- stitious fopperies, are from themselves, innate fear, ignorance, simplicity, hope and fear, those two battering cannons and principal engmes, with their objects, reward and puni'ou.iient, purgatory, Livibus Patrum, Sfc. which now more than ever tyran- nise ; ^*"for what province is free from atheism, superstition, idolatry, schism, heresy, impiety, their factors and followers .'' thence they proceed, and from iliM same decayed nnage of God, which is yet remaining in us. ai " Os hoiriini sublime dedit, ccelumque fueri Jussit." >«Signnius9. hisl tal. " Curio lib. 4. Fox Martyrol. "* Hiex)(;les contends Apollonius to liave been aa great a prophet as Christ, whom Eusebius con- futes. '"iVlUMstar Cosm.ig. I. X o. 37. Artifices ex ofiiciiiis, arator e stiva, foeininie ?. rolo, &.c. quasi nu- 011 ne quudaiu rapti, nesciis parenlibus et duiiunis recta tix his eyes on heaven.' adeunt, &c. Coinbuxtus demum ab Herbipolensi Kp\»- copo; haeresjs evaiiuit. 3<» Nulla non pruvincia lia;resil)us, Atheismis, &,c. plena. Nullus oibis anijulua ab hisce belluis immunis. 3' Lib. 1. ile nat. Deorum. " He gave to man an upward gaze, commanding him to 608 Religious Melancholy [Part. 3. Sec. 4 Our own conscience doth dictate so much unto us, we know there is a God and nature doth inform us ; JS'ulla gens turn barbara (saith Tully) 'cui non insideat hcee persuasio Deum esse ; sed nee Scythci., nee Grceeus, nee Persa^nec Hyperooreus dis- scntiet (^as Maximus Tyrius the Platonist ser. 1 . farther adds) nee contincntis nee insula' rum JiabiUdor^ let him dwell where he will, in what coasi soever, there is no nation sc barbarous that is not persuaded there is a God. It is a wonder to read of that infinite superstition amongst the Indians in this kind, of their tenets in America, /fro sho quisque lihilu varias res venerabanlur superstitiose, plantas, animalia, monies^ &fc. omne quod amabant aut horrebant (some few places excepted as he grants, that had no God at all). So " the heavens declare the glory of God, and the firmament declares his handy work," Psalm xix. " Every creature will evince it ;" Prcp.sentemque refert qucelibel herba deum. JS'olentes sciunt., fatentur inviti^ as the said Tyrius proceeds, will or nill, they must acknowledge it. The philosophers, Socrates, Plato, Plotinus, Pythagoras, Trismegistus, Seneca, Epictetus, those Magi, Druids, &c. went as far as they could by the light of nature; ^'^muUa jyrcBclara., de nature! Dei scripta rdi' querunt, " writ many thmgs well of the nature of God, but they had but a confused light, a glimpse," ''"Quale per incertam lunam sub luce maligna Est iter in sylvis," '' as he that walks by moonshine in a wood," they groped in the dark ; they had gross knowledge, as he in Euripides, O Deus quicquid es, sive ccelum, sive terra^ sioe aliud quid, and that of Aristotle, Ens entiuni miserere mei. And so of the im- mortality of the soul, and future happiness. Immortalitaiem animce (saith Hierom) Pythagoras somniavit, Democritus non credidit in consolationem damnationis suce Socrates in carcere disputavit ; Indus, Persa, Cothus, Sfc. Philosophantur. So some said this, some that, as they conceived themselves, which the devil perceiving, led them farther out (as ^^Lemnius observes) and made them worship him as their God with stocks and stones, and torture themselves to their own destruction, as he thought fit himself, inspired his priests and ministers with lies and fictions to prosecute the same, v/hich they for their own ends were as willing to undergo, taking advantage of their simplicity, fear and ignorance. (For the common people are as a flock of sheep, a rude, illiterate rout, void many times of common sense, a mere beast, bcllua multorum capirum, will go whithersoever ihey are led : as you lead a ram over a gap by the horns, all the rest will follow, f ^Yon qua eundum, sed qua itur, they will do as they see others do, and as their prince will have them, let him be of what religion he will, they are for him. Now for those idolaters, Maxentius and Licinius, then for Constantine a christian. -^Qui Christum ncgant mule pereant, ucclamatum est Decies, for two hours' space ; qui Christum non colunt, Jiugusti inimici sunt, accla- matiim est ter decies ; and by and by idolaters again under that Apostate Julianus ; all Arrians under Constantius, good catholics again under Jovinianus, "• And little diflerence there is between the discretion of men and children in this case, especially of old folks and women, as ^' Cardan discourseth, when as they are tossed with fear and superstition, and with other men's folly and dishonesty." So that 1 may say their ignorance is a cause of their superstition, a symptom, and madness itself: Supplicii causa est, sappliciumque sui. Their own fear, folly, stupidity, to be dr- plored lethargy, is that which gives occasion to the other, and pulls these miseries on their own heads. For in all these religions and superstitions, amongst our idola- ters, you shall find that the parties first afiected, are silly, rude, ignorant people, old folks, that are naturally prone to superstition, weak women, or some poor, rude, illiterate persons, that are apt to be wrought upon, and gulled in this kind, pron>. without either examination or due consideration (for they take up religion a trust, as at mercers' they do their wares) to believe anything. And the best means they iiave to broach first, or to maintain it when they have done, is to keep them still in ignorance : for "• ignorance is the mother of devotion," as all the world knows, and "Zanchius. 23 virg. 6. iEn. MSiiperstitio ex , 324. vit. Constantin. 2' De rerum varietate I. 3. ignorautia divinitatis eiiiersit, ex vitiosa ismulatioiie c. .33. Paruiii vero distat sapiditia \ irciruiii a puetni, et clffiiiKiniii illccebris, iiioiiislaiis, tiiiiKiis, flucluaiis, et inulto minus senuni et mulieruni, cum nietuet Bupersl! cui se adciicul iiesciens, quein iinplnrct, cui se commit- j lione et alieiia ^tnllitia e.t iiiiprobilale siiiiplices agi tat, a d'l uione fncile decepia. Lenitiins, lib. '.i. c. 8. ' taiitur. *Sei)eca. '^' Viile Buroiiiu/11 3 Aniialiuni ad annuiD I Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Causes of Religious Melancholy. 009 these times can amply witness. This hath been th*" devil's practice, antl his in- fernal ministers in all- ages; not as our Saviour by a few silly tisliernien, to con- found the wisdom of the world, to save publicans and sinners, but to make advantage of their ignorance, to convert them and their associates ; and that they may better effect \rhat they intend, they begin, as I say, with poor, ^-stupid, illiterate per- sons. So Mahomet did when he published his Alcoran, which is a piece of work (saith ^^Bredenbachius) "'full of nonsense, barbarism, confusion, without rhyme, rea- son, or any good composition, first published to a company of I'ude rustics, hog- rubbers, that had no discretion, judgment, art, or understanding, and is so still main- tained." For it is a part of their policy to let no man comment, dare to dispute or call in question to this day any part of it, be it never so absurd, incredible, ridicu- lous, fabulous as it is, must be believed impUcitc, upon pain of death no man must dare to contradict it, "God and the emperor. Sec." Wiiat else do our papists, but bv keeping the people in ignorance vent and broach all their new ceremonies and traditions, when they conceal the scripture, read it in Latin, and to some few alone, feeding the slavish people in the meantime with tales out of legends, and such like fabulous narrations ? Whom do they begin with but collapsed ladies, some few trades- men, superstitious old folks, illiterate persons, weak women, discontent, rude, silly companions, or sooner circumvent ? So do all our schismatics and heretics. Marcus and Valentinian heretics, in ^^ Irenaeus, seduced first I know not how many women, and made them believe they were prophets. '^ Friar Cornelius of Dort seduced a company of silly women. What are all our anabaptist, brownists, barrowists, fami- lists, but a company of rude, illiterate, capricious, base fellows ? What are most of our papists, but stupid, ignorant and blind bayards.'' how should they otherwise be. when as they are brought up and kept still in darkness? ^^"If their pastors (saith Lavater) have done their duties, and instructed their flocks as they ought, in the principles of christian religion, or had not forbidden them the reading of scriptures, they had not been as they are." But being so misled all their lives in superstition, and carried hood-winked like hawks, how can they prove otherwise than blind idiots, and superstitious asses ? what else shall we expect at their hands ? Neither is it suf- ficient to keep them blind, and in Cimmerian darkness, but withal, as a schoolmaster doth by his boys, to make them follow their books, sometimes l)y good hope, pro- mises and encouragements, but most of all by fear, strict discipline, severity, threats and punishment, do they collogue and soothe up their silly auditors, and so bring them into a fools' paradise. Rex eris aiunf, si rede facics^ do well, thou shalt be crowned ; but for the most part by threats, terrors, and affrights, they tyrannise and terrify their distressed souls : knowing that fear alone is the sole and only means to i keep men in obedience, according to that hemistichium of Fetronius, primus in orbe de OS fecit timor., the fear of some divine and supreme powers, keeps men in obe- dience, makes the people do their duties : they play upon their consciences; ^'^ which was practised of old in Egypt by their priests ; when there was an eclipse, they made the people believe God was angry, great miseries were to come ; they take all op- portunities of natural causes, to delude the people's senses, and with fearful tales out of purgatory, feigned apparitions, earthquakes in Japonia or China, tragical ex- amples of devils, possessions, obsessions, false miracles, counterfeit visions, &c. They do so insult over and restrain them, never hoby so dared a larke, that they will not ^ offend the least tradition, tread, or scarce look awry : Deus bone (^^ Lavater exclaims) quot hoc commentum de purgatorio misere afflixit ! good God, how many men have been miserably afflicted by this fiction of purgatory ! ^' J'o these advantages of hope and fear, ignorance and simplicity, he hath several engines, traps, devices, to batter and enthral, omitting no opportunities, according to men's several inclinations, abilities, to circumvent and humour them, to maintain his superstitions, sometimes to stupefy, besot them : sometimes again by oppositions. ^ In 8.11 superstition wise men follow fools. Bacon's Essays. ^ Peregrin. Hieros. ca. 5. totum scriptuni eonfiisum sine online vel colore, absque sensu et ra- tione arl rusticissiinos, idem ledit, rudissimos, et pror- fus agrestes, qui iiullius era it discretionis, ut dijudi- ijre po^sent. 30 Lib. 1 cap. 9. Valent. hseres. 9. •' Meteraniis ,. 6. hi.st. Belg. '^Si doctorcs suum 77 fecissent officium, et |)Iehem fidei commissam recte Ir^ stituissent de doctrinal clirislianuR capitih. nee sacris scriptiiris interdixissent, de miiltis prociildiibio recte sensissent. 33 Junius |i_ 4, S4 gpe more i: Kemnisius' Exameii Oricil. Trident, de Pursatoric =" Pan 1. c. 16. part X cap. 18. et H. fllO Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 4. factions, to set all at od(}s and in an uproar; sometimes he infects one man, and makes him a principal agent; sometimes whole cities, countries. If of meaner sort. liy stupidity, canonical obedience, blind zeal, &.c. If of better note, by pride, ambi- lion, popularity, vain-glory. If of the clergy and more eminent, of better parts than the rest, more learned, eloquent, he puffs them up with a vain conceit of their own worth, scicntid in/lati^ they begin to swell, and scorn all the world in respect of themselves, and thereupon turn heretics, schismatics, broach new doctrines, frame new crotchets and the like; or else out of too much learning become mad, or out of curiosity they will search into God's secrets, and eat of the forbidden fruit; or out of presumption of their holiness and good gifts, inspirations, become prophets, enthusiasts, and what not ? Or else if they be displeased, discontent, and have not (as they suppose) preferment to their worth, have some disgrace, repulse, neglected, or not esteemed as they fouilly value tlicmselves, or out of emulation, they begin presently to rage and rave, ccpliim terrce. niiscent, they become so impatient in an in- stant, that a whole kingdom cannot contain them, they will set all in a combustion, all at variance, to be revenged of their adversaries. ''^Donatus, when he saw Cecilia- nus preferred before him in the bishopric of Carthage, turned heretic, and so did Arian, because Alexander was advanced: we have examples at home, and too many experiments of such persons. If they be laymen of better note, the same engines of pride, ambition, emulation and jealousy, take place, they will be god-s themselves : ^'Alexander in India, after his victories, became so insolent, he would be adored for a god : and those Roman emperors came to that height of madness, they must have temples built to them, sacrifices to their deities, Divus Augustus, D. Claudius, D. Adria- nus : ^^ Heliogabalus, '•• put out that vestal fire at Rome, expelled the virgins, and banished all other religions all over the world, and would be the sole God himself." Our Turks, China kings, great Chams, and Mogors do little less, assuming divine and bombast titles to themselves; the meaner sort are too credulous, and led with blind zeal, blind obedience, to prosecute and maintain whatsoever th?ir sottish lead- ers shall propose, what they in pride and singularity, revenge, vain-glory, ambition, spleen, for gain, shall rashly maintain and broach, their disciples make a matter of conscience, of hell and damnation, if they do it not, and will rather forsake wives, children, house and home, lands, goods, fortunes, life itself, than omit or abjure the least tittle of it, and to advance the common cause, undergo any miseries, turn traitors, assassins, pseudo-martyrs, with full assurance and hope of reward in that other world, that they shall certainly merit by it, win heaven, be canonised for sain''?. Now when they are truly possessed with blind zeal, and misled with superstition, he hath many other baits to inveigle and infatuate them farther yet, to make them quite mortified and mad, and that under colour of perfection, to merit by penance, going wolward, whipping, alms, fastings, &c. An. 1320. there was a sect of ^^whippers in Germany, that, to the astonishment of the beholders, lashed, and cruelly tortured themselves. I could give many other instances of each particular. Bu{ tiiese works so done are meritorious, ex opere operato^ ex condigno^ for themselves and others, to make them macerate and consume their bodies, specie virtntis et iimbrd, those evangelical counsels are propounded, as our pseudo-catholics call them, canonical obedience, wilful poverty, '"'vows of chastity, monkery, and a solitary life, which extend almost to all religions and superstitions, to Turks, Chinese, Gentiles, Abys- sinians, Greeks, Latins, and all countries. Amongst the rest, fasting, contempla- tion, solitariness, are as it were certain rams by which the devil doth batter and work upon the strongest constitutions. JYonnulU (saith Peter Forestus) ob longas inedias, sfudia et medifaliones ccelestrs, de rebus sacris et religione semper agitant, by fasting overmuch, and divine meditations, are overcome. Not that fasting is a thing of itself to be discommended, for it is an excellent means to keep the body in subjection, a preparative to devotion, the physic of the soul, b)'- which chaste thoughts are engendered, true zeal, a divine spirit, whence wholesome counsels do proceed, concupiscence is restrained, vicious and predominant lusts and humours are expelled. The fathers are very much in commendation of it, and, as Calvin notes, " sometimes •• Austin. 8'Curtiiis. lib. 8. '" I,am|)Tiilius I iimim hoc stiiriens iit solus dens coleretdr. 3» Flaeella- »itK rjus. Virgiiies vfstalf^, et sarnim i!;neiii Romae iDrinn secta. Miiiistei lih. .I. CdsiiKig. cap. 19. *<> Vo •stiiixit, et oiiiiiee ubi<|Ue per orhuiii terrs religioiies, | tiiiii caslilmtiis, iiioiiaciiatiis. Meiri. I. Subs. 2.j Causes of Religious Melancholy. 611 immoderate. "•' The mother of 1 ealth, key < 'i h°aven a spiritual wing to ereare us, ihe ch-driot of the Holy Ghost, oanner of laith." &.o. And 'tis true tliey s^y )!' it, if it be moderately and seai^onably u-ed, by such parties as Moses, El ias, Daniel, Christ, an'l his ^"apostles made use of it; but when by this means they will supere- rogate, and as *^ Erasmus well taxeth, Ccelum nan svfficere putant suis meritis, Heaven is loo small a reward for it ; they make choice of times and meats, buy and sell thei» merits, attribute more to them than to the ten Commandments, and count it a greater sin to eat meat in Lent, than to kill a man,' and as one sayeth, Plus respiciunt assum pisce?n, quam Christum crucifixunif plus salmonem qiiam Solomoncm^ quihus in ore Christus^ Epicurus in corde, " pay more respect to a broiled lish than to Christ cru- cified, more regard to salmon than to Solomon, have Christ on their lips, but Epi- curus in their hearts," when some counterfeit, and some attribute more to such works of theirs than to Christ's death and passion ; the devil sets in a foot, strangely de- ludes them, and by that means makes them to overthrow the temperature of their bodies, and hazard their souls. Never any strange illusions of devils amongst her- mits, anchorites, never any visions, phantasms, apparitions, enthusiasms, prophets, any revelations, but immoderate fasting, bad diet, sickness, melancholy, solitariness, or some such things, were the precedent causes, the forerunners or concomitants of them. The best opportunity and sole occasion the devil takes' to delude them, Marcilius Cognatus, lib. 1. cont. cap. 7. hath many stories to this purpose, of such as after long fasting have been seduced by devils; and ''*'•' 'tis a miraculous thing to re- late (as Cardan writes) what strange accidents proceed from fasting; dreams, super- stition, contempt of torments, desire of death, prophecies, paradoxes, madness ; fast- ing naturally prepares men to these things." Monks, an'chorites, and the like, after much emptiness, become melancholy, vertiginous, they think they hear strange noises, confer with hobgoblins, devils, rivei up their bodies, et dum hostem itisequimur, saith Gregory, civem quern diligimus, trucidafnus, they become bare skeletons, skin and bones; Carnibus abstinenles proprias carnes devorant, ut nil prater cutem et ossa sit reliquum. Hilarion, as ''^ Hierome reports in his life, and Athanasius of Antonius, was so bare with fasting, " that the skui did scarce stick to the bones ; for want of vapours he could not sJeep, and for want of sleep became idleheaded, heard every night infants cry, oxen low, wolves howl, lions roar (as he thought), clattering of chains, strange voices, and the like illusions of devils." Such symptoms are com- mon to those that fast long, are solitary, given to contemplation, overmuch solitari aess and meditation. Not that these things (as I said of fasting) are to be discom- mended of themselves, but very behoveful in some cases and good : sobriety and contemplation join our souls to God, as that heathen '"^Porphyrie can tell us. *' '' Ecstacy is a taste of future happiness, by which we are united unto God, a divine melancholy, a spiritual wing Bonavenlure terms it, to lift us up to heaven ; but as it is abused, a mere dotage, madness, a cause and symptom of religious melancholy. ^^^ If you shall at any time see (saith Guianerius) a religious person over-supersti- tious, too solitary, or much given to fasting, that man will certainly be melancholy, thou mayest boldly say it, he will be so." P. Forestus hath almost the same words, and '''Cardan subtil, lib. 18. et cap. 40. lib. 8. de rerum varietate., "solitariness, fast- ing, and that melancholy humour, are the causes of all hermits' illusions." Lavater, do spect. cap. 19. part. 1. and part. 1. cap. 10. puts solitariness a main cause of such spectrums and apparitions ; none, saith he, so melancholy as monks and hermits, the devil's hath melancholy; ^''"none so subject to visions and dotage in this kind, as such as live solitary lives, they hear and act strange things in their dotage." ^' Poly- pi Mater snnitatis, clavis coeloriini, ala animie quae leves peiiiias producal, ut in suhlimc ferat ; curnis Bpiritiis sancti, vo.xillum fidei, pi rta paradisi, vita ari- gfcloriiiii, &c. "(jastif»o corpus meuiii. •'^ Mor. necom. " Lib. 8. cap. 10. de rerum varielate: adiiii- ralioiie digiia sunt quoe pf;r jcjuniurn hoc inodo contin- gunt : soninia, snperslitio, contemptus tornientoruin, mortis desiileriurri obstinata opinio, insania : jcjuniuin naturaliter preparat ad hasc omnia. eo, el sic entti'isiastx. 612 Religious Melancholy ll'iirt. 3 Sec. 4 dore Virgil, tih. 2. prodigiis, "holds that those prophecies and jnonks' revelations, nuns dreams, which they suppose come from God, to proceed wholly ab inslinctu dtrna num, by the devil's means ; and so those enthusiasts, anabaptists, pseudo- prophets from the same cause. *^ Fracastorius, lib. 2. de intellect, will have all your pythonesses, sybils, and pseudo-prophets to be mere melancholy, so doih Wierus prove, lib. 1. cap. 8. et I. 3. cap. 7. jind Arculanus in 9 Rhasis, that melancholy is a sole cause, and the devil together, with fasting and solitariness, of such sybilline prophecies, if there were ever such, which, with ^^Casaubon and others I justly ex- cept at ; for it is not likely that the Spirit of God should ever reveal such manifest revelations and predictions of Christ, to those Pythonissae witches, Apollo's priests, the devil's ministers, (they were no better) and conceal them from his own prophets; for these sybils set down all particular circumstances of Christ's coming, and many other future accidents far more perspicuous and plain than ever any prophet did. But. howsoever, there be no Phsbades or sybils, I am assured there be other enthu- siasts, prophets, dii Fatidici, Magi, (of which read Jo. Boissardus, who hath labo- riously collected them into a great ^volume of late, with elegant pictures, and epitomised their lives) &c., ever have been in all ages, and still proceeding from those causes, ^^qui visiones suas enarrant, somniant futura., prophetisant., e.t rjusmodi deliriis agitatii Spiritum Sanctum sibi communicari putant. That which is written of Saint Francis' five wounds, and other such monastical effects, of him and others, may justly be referred to this our melancholy ; and that which Matthew Paris relates of the *** monk of Evesham, who saw heaven and hell in a vision ; of " Sir Owen, that went down into Saint Patrick's purgatory in King Stephen's days, and saw as much; Walsingham of him that showed as much by Saint Julian. Beda, lib. 5. cap. 13. 14. 15. et 20. reports of King Sebba, lib. 4. cap. 1 1 . eccles. hist, that saw strange ^* visions; and Slumphius Helvet Cornic, a cobbler of Basle, that beheld rare apparitions at Augsburg, '^in Germany. Alexander ab Alexandro, gC7i. dier. lib. 6. cap. 21. of an enthusiastical prisoner, (all out as probable as that of Eris Armenius, in Plato's tenth dialogue de Repuh. that revived again ten days after he was killed in a battle, and told strange wonders, like those tales Ulysses related to Alcinous in Homer, or Lucian's vera historia itself) was still after much solitariness, fasting, or long sick- ness, when their brains were addled, and their bellies as empty of meat as their heads of wit. Florilegus hath many such examples, /o/. 191. one of Saint Gultlake of Crowald that fought with devils, but still after long fasting, overmuch solitariness, *"the devil persuaded him therefore to fast, as Moses and Elias did, the better to de- lude him. ^' In the same author is recorded Carolus Magnus vision ^/i. 185. oi ecstacies, wherein he saw heaven and hell after much fasting and meditation. So did the devil of old with Apollo's priests. Amphiaraus and his fellows, those Egyptians, still enjoin long fasting before he would give any oracles, iriduum a cibo et vino ab- stinerenti^^ before they gave any answers, as Volateran lib. 13. cap. 4. records, and Strabo Geog. lib. 14. describes Charon's den, in the way between Tralles and Nis- sum, whither the priests led sick and fanatic men : but nothing performed without long fasting, no good to be done. That scoffing '^^Lucian conducts his Menippus to hell by the directions of that Chaldean Mithrobarzanes, but after long fasting, and such like idle preparation. Which the Jesuits right well perceiving of what force this fasting and solitary mechtation is, to alter men's minds, when they would make a man mad, ravish him, improve him beyond himself, to undertake some great busi- ness of monient, to kill a king, or the like, "^ they bring him into a melancholy dark chamber, where he shall see no light for many days together, no company, little meat, ghastly pictures of devils all about him, and leave him to lie as he will him- self, on the bare floor in this chamber of meditation, as they call it, on his back, side, belly, till by this strange usage they make him quite mad and beside himself. ^''Sibylla!, Pythii, et pniphetje qui divinare solent, nrnnc^ I'atiatici sum inelaucholjci. ^^ Exerrit. c. 1. M De divinatione et magicis praestigiis. ^^ Idem. "Post. ]5 dierum preces et jejuiiia, iiiirahiles videbat risiones. ^''J Fol. 84. vita Stephaiii, et fol. J77. post triuni inensium inediaui et languorein per !) dies nihil comedens aut bibens. m After contemplation in an ecstacy ; so Hierom was wliippfd for reading Tully ; see millions of "xamples in our annals. 6» Bede, Uregory, Jarobus de V^ragine, Lippomannua, Hierony. mus, John Major de vitiis patruni, &c. <"> Fol. 1% post abstinentia; curas miras illusiones daemonum au- divit. 61 Fol. 1.55. post seriani meditationcni in vigila dici dominicic visionem habuit de purpatorio. *2 Ubi nniltos dies nianent jejuni ronsilio sacerdutiiin auxilia invocantes. m |n Necroinant. Etcibusqui- dem glandes erant, potiis aqua, lectus sub rtivo, Scr. «''John Everardus Biitanno. Roinanus lib. edit. Iftit dt.Ecribes all the manner of it. Mem. 1 Subs. 3.] Symptoms of lieligtuus Melancholy. 6l5i And then aftei some ten days, as they find him animated and resolved, th* v make use of him. The devil^ hath many sucli factors, many such engines, whii h what effect they produce, you shall hear in the following symptoms. SiiBSECT. III. — Symptoms general, love to their own sect, hate of all other rtligions^ ihslinacy, peevishness, ready to undergo any danger or cross for it ; Martyrs^ hliw^ zeal, blind obedience, fastings, vows, belief of incredibilities, impossibilities : Panicular of Gentiles, Mahometans, Jews, Christians ; and in them, heretics old and new, schismatics, schoolmen, prophets, enthusiasts, <^c. Flkat Heraclitus, an rideat Democritusf in attempting to speak of these symp toms, shall I laugh with Democritus, or weep with Heraclitus .? they are so ridiculous and absurd on the one side, so lamentable and tragical on the other : a mixed scene offers itself, so full of errors and a promiscuous variety of objects, that I know not in what strain to represent it. When J think of the Turkish paradise, those Jewish fables, and pontifical rites, those pagan superstitions, their sacrifices, and ceremonies, as to make images of all matter, and adore them when they have done, to see them kiss the* pyx, creep to the cross, &c. J cannot choose but laugh with Democritus : but when I see them whip and torture themselves, grind their souls for toys and trifles, desperate, and now ready to die, I cannot but weep with Heraclitus. When I see a priest say mass, with all those apish gestures, murniurings, &c. read the cus- toms of the Jews' synagogue, or Mahoiueta Meschites, 1 must needs ""^ laugh at their folly, risum teneatis amici'y but wiien I see them make matters of conscience of such toys and trifles, to adore tlie devil, to endanger their souls, to offer their chil- dren to their idols, &.c. 1 must needs condole their misery. When I see two super- stitious orders contend pro aris etfocis, with such have and hold, de land caprind, some write such great volumes to no purpose, take so much pains to so small efi'ect, their satires, invectives, apologies, dull and gross fictions ; when I see grave learned men rail and scold like butter-women, methinks 'lis pretty sport, and fit ^^ for Cal- phurnius and Democritus to laugh at. But when I see so much blood spilt, so many murders and massacres, so many cruel battles fought, &c. 'tis a fitter subject for Heraclitus to lament. ®' As Merlin when he sat by the lake side with Vortigern, ana had seen the white and red dragon fight, before he began to interpret or to speak, in fetum prorupit, fell a weeping, and then proceeded to declare to the king what it meant. I should first pity and bewail this misery of human kind with some pas- sionate preface, wishing mine eyes a fountain of tears, as Jeremiah did, and then to my task. For it is that great torture, that infernal plague of mortal men, omnium pestium pestilentissima superstitio, and able of itself alone to stand in opposition to all other plagues, miseries and calamities whatsoever; far more cruel, more pestife- rous, more grievous, more general, more violent, of a greater extent. Other fears and sorrows, grievances of body and mind, are troublesome for the time ; but this is for ever, eternal damnation, hell itself, a plague, a fire : an inundation hurts one pro- vince alone, and the loss may be recovered ; but this superstition involves all the world almost, and can never be remedied. Sickness and sorrows come and go, but a superstitious soul hath no rest ; ''^ super st it ione i7nbutus animus nunquam quietus esse potest, no peace, no quietness. , True religion and superstition are quite opposite, longe diversa carnificina et pictas, as Lactantius describes, the one erects, the other dejects; illorum pietas, mera impietus ; the one is an easy yoke, the other an in- tolerable burden, an absolute tyranny ; the one a sure anchor, a haven ; the other a tempestuous ocean; the one makes, the other mars; the one is wisdom, the other is folly, madness, indiscretion; the one unfeigned, the other a counterfeit; the one a diligent observer, the otler other an ape; one leads to heaven, the other to helL But these differences will more evidently appear by their particular symptoms. What religion is, and of what parts it doth consist, every catechism will tell you, what symptoms it hath, and what effects it produceth : but for their superstitions, no ■ongue can tell them, no pen express, they are so many, so diverse, so uncertain, so '» Varius niappa compoiiere risum vix poterat. «« Pleiio ridtit Calphurnius ore. Hor. *'Alanu iii liisulis. ^Cicero J. de tiiiihus. 3B mi Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sect. 4 inconstant, and so different from themselves. Tot mundi supersfitwnes quot cmIo stellce, one s&dh, there be as many superstitions in the wojrld, as there be stars in heaven, or devils themselves that are the first fohnders of them : with such ridicu- lous, absurd symptoms and signs, so many several rites, ceremonies, torments and vexations accompanying, as may well express and beseem the devil to be the author and maintainer of them. I will only point at some of them, ex ungue leonem guess at the rest, and those of the chief kinds of superstition, wliich beside us Christiana low domineer and crucify the world, Gentiles, Mahometans, Jews, &c. Of these symptoms some be general, some particular to each private sect: general to all, are, an ex'traordinary love and affection they bear and show to such as are of their own sect, and more than Vatinian hate to such as are opposite in religion, as they call it, or disagree from them in their superstitious rites, blind zeal, (which is as much a symptom as a cause,) vain fears, blind obedience, needless works, incredibili- ties, impossibilities, monstrous rites and ceremonies, wilfulness, blindness, obstinacy, &c. For the first, which is love and hate, as ^^Monianus saith, nulla firmior amlcitia quam qucB contrahitur hinc ; nulla discordia major., quam quce. a religione Jit ; no greater concord, no greater discord than that which proceeds from religion. It is incredible to relate, did not our daily experienfce evince it, what factions, quam teierrimcs factiones, (as ™Rich. Dinoth writes) have been of late for matters of religion in France, and what hurlyburlies all over Europe for these many years. JVihil est quod tarn impotentur rapiat homines, quam suscepta de salute opinio ; siquidem pro ea omnes gentes corpora et animus devovere solent, et arctissimo necessitudinis vinculo se invicem colligure. ■ We are all brethren in Christ, servants of one Lord, members of one body, and therefore are or should be at least dearly beloved, inseparably allied in the greatest bond of love and familiarity, united partakers not only of the same cross, but coadjutors, comforters, helpers, at all times, upon all occasions : as they did in the primitive church, Jlcts the 5. they sold their patrimonies, and laid them at the apostles' feet, and many such memorable examples of mutual love we have had under the ten general persecutions, many since. Examples on the other side of dis- cord none like, as our Saviour saith, he came therefore into the world to set father against son, &.c. In imitation of whom the devil belike ("na?n superstitio irrepsit vera religionis imitatrixy superstition is still religion's ape, as in all other things, so in this) doth so combine and glue together his superstitious followers in love and affection, that they will live and die together : and what an innate hatred hath he still inspired to any other superstition opposite .' How those old Romans were affected, those ten persecutions may be a witness, and that cruel executioner in Eusebius, aut lita aut morere, sacrifice or die. No greater hate, more continuate, bitter faction, wars, persecution in all ages, than for matters of religion, no such feral opposition, father against son, mother against daughter, husband against wife, city against city, kingdom against kingdom : as of old at Tentira and Combos : '»" Immortale odium, et iiunqiiani sanabile vulnus, liide furor vulgo, quod nuinitia vicinoruiri Odit ulerqiie locus, quiini solos credit liabendos Esse deos quos ipse colat." ' Immortal hate it breeds, a wound past cure, And fury to the commons still to endure: Because one city t' other's ijods as vain Deride, and his alone as good majntain." The Turks at this day count no better of us than of dogs,)so they commonly call us giaours, infidels, miscreants, make that their main quarrel and cause of Christian persecution. If he will turn Turk, he shall be entertained as a brother, and had in good esteem, a Mussulman or a believer, which is a greater tie to them than any ahinity or consanguinity. The Jews stick together like so many burrs; but as for the rest, whom they call Gentiles, they do hate and abhor, they cannot endure their Messiah should be a common saviour to us all, and rather, as "^Luther writes, "than they that now scoff at them, curse them, persecute and revile them, shall be coheirs and brethren with them, or have any part or fellowship with their Messiah, they v/ould crucify tireir Messiah ten times over, and God himself, his angers, and all his creatures, if it were possible, though they endure a thousand hells for it." Such i«i their malice towards us. Now for Papists, what in a common cause for the advance * In Micah ccmrnent. '"Gall. hist. lib. 1. " Lac- I crucifixiiri essent, ipsunique Deum ?i .fl fieri posset, una tantiiis. '2 Juv. Sat. 15. '3(Jonimerit in Micah. | cum aiigelis et creaturrs ouiinbus, i>pc ahsterretui ak F°"c .ion pjssunt ut illorum Messias coniiiiunu serva- | hoc facto et si mille inferua u.^m^inda forcDt. '01 sit, nostrum gaudtuih,&.c. Mess'ias vei deem decies | Mem. .1. Subs. 3.] Syrnploms of Religious Melancholy. 615 ment of iheir religion they will endure, our traitors and pseudo-catholics will declare unto us; and how bitter on the other side to their adversaries, how violently bent, ; let those Marian times record, as those miserable slaugliters at Merindol and Cabriers, the Spanish inquisition, the Duke ol' Alva's tyranny in the Low Countries, the French massacres and civil wars. ''*'•'• Tantum rcligio potuil suadere malorum?'' ''■Such wickechiess did religion persuade." Not there only, but all over Europe, we read of bloody battles, racks and wheels, seditions, factions^ oppositions. '5 " obvia signis Signa, pares aquilas, et pila iiiiiiantia pilis," Invectives and contentions. They had rather shake hands with a Jew, Turk, or, as the Spaniards do, suffer Moors to live amongst them, and Jews, than Protestants ; " my name (sailii '"Luther) is more odious to them than any thief or murderer.'^ So it is with all heretics and schismatics whatsoever : and none so passionate, violent in their tenets, opinions, obstinate, wilful, refractory, peevish, factious, singular and stiff in defence of them ; they do not only persecute and hate, but pity all other religions, account them danmed, blind, as if they alone were the true church, they are the true heirs, have the fee-simple of heaven by a peculiar donation, 'tis entailed on them and their posterities, their doctrine sound, per fimem aureimi de coelo delapsa doctrina, "let down from heaven by a golden rope," they alone are to be saved. Tiie Jews at this day are so incomprehensibly proud and churlish, saith " Luther, that soli salvari, soli domini ierrarum salutari volunt. And as '"Buxtorfius adds, '"so ignorant and self-willed withal, that amongst their most understanding rabbins you shall tind nought but gross dotage, horrible hardness of heart, and stupendous obsti- nacy, in all their actions, opinions, conversations : and yet so zealous with all, that no man living can be more, and vindicate themselves for the elect people of GOD." 'Tis so with all other superstitious sects, Mahometans, Gentiles in China, and Tar- tary: our ignorant Papists, Anabaptists, Separatists, and peculiar churches of Amster- dam, they alone, and none but they can be saved. '*'''• Zealous (as Paul saith, Rom. i. 2.) without knowledge," they will endure any misery, any trouble, suffer and do hat which the sunbeams will not endure to see, ReUgionis acti Furiis, all extremi- ties, losses and dangers, take any pains, fast, pray, vow chastity, wilful poverty, for- sake all and follow their idols, die a thousand deaths as some Jews did to Pilate's soldiers, in like case, exertos prcgbentes jugulos, et manifeste pr(B sc ferentes., (as Jo- sephus hath it) cariorcm esse rita sibi legis patrice ohservationem., rather than abjure, or deny the least particle of that religion which their fathers profess, and they them- selves have been brought up in, be it never so absurd, ridiculous, they will embrace it, and without farther inquiry or examination of the truth, though it be prodigiously false, they will believe it; they will take much more pains to go to hell, than we ^all do to heaven. Single out the most ignorant of them, convince his understanding, show him his errors, grossness, and absurdiles of his sect. JYon persuadehis etiamsi persuaseris, he will not be persuaded. As those pagans told the Jesuits in Japona, ^ they would do as their forefathers have done : and with Ratholde the Frisian Prince, go to hell for company, if most of their friends went thither: they will not be moved, no persuasion, no torture can stir them. So that papists cannot brag of their vows, poverty, obedience, orders, merits, martyrdoms, fastings, alms, good works, pilgrim- ages : much and more than all this, I shall show you, is, and hath been done by these superstitious Gentiles, Pagans, Idolaters and Jews :; their blind zeal and idolatrous superstition in all kinds is much at one ; little or no difference, and it is hard to say which is the greatest, which is the grossest. For if a man shall duly consider those superstitious rites amongst the Ethnics in Japan, the Bannians in Gusart, the Chinese idolaters, *' Americans of old, in Mexico especially, Mahometan priests, he shall find the same government almost, the same orders and ceremonies, or so like, that they may seem all apparently to be derived from some heathen spirit, and the Konian hierarchy no better than the rest. In a word, this is common to all super- stition, there is nothing so mad and absurd, so ridiculous, impossible, incredible, ■>* Lur.ret. "Lucan. '° Ad Galat. comment. | ter ignoraiiliamet irisipientiam grandem inveniea, h«>r ^onien orliosiiis menm qiiam ullus liomiciila aut fur. rendaiii indurationem, el ohstitiationeiii, &c. " Grea« .n comment. Micali. Adeo in<-omprelieti3iliilis et as- is Diana of the Epiiesians, Act. xv. *>" Malum cun pera earum nuperbia, &,c. '* Synagog Juda-orum, illi$! insanire, quam cum aliis tjene sentire. "* Acoata ea. 1 liiltf uuriini intelligentissimos Rabbinos nil ora;- I 5. 61 P Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 4, which they will not believe, observe, and diligently perform, as much as in them lies; nothing so monstrous lo conceive, or intolerable to put in practice, so cruel to suffer, which they will not willingly undertake. So powerful a thing is superstition. ''^"O Egypt (as Trismegistus exclaims) thy religion is fables, and such as posterity will not believe." 1 know that in true religion itself, many mysteries are so apprehended alone by faith, as that of the Trinity, which Turks especially deride, Christ's incar- nation, resurrection of tlie body at the last day, quod ideo credendum (saith Tertul- lian) qrwd incredible^ Sfc. many miracles not lo be controverted or disputed of. Miruri non rimari sujnenlia vera es/, saith "^Gerhardus ; et in divinis [as a good father informs us) qua'dam credcnda, qucBdain adiniranda^ Sfc. some things are to be believed, embraced, followed with all submission and obedience, some again admired Though Julian the apostate scoff at christians in this point, quod captivemus Intel lectum in obsequiumjldei, saying, that the Christian creed is like the pythagorean Ipse dixit, we make our will and understanding too slavishly subject to our faith, without farther examination of the truth; yet as Saint Gregory truly answers, our creed is allioris prastantice^ and much more divine ; and as Tiiomas will, pie conside- ranti semper suppetunt rationes, oslendentes eredibilitatem in mysteriis siipernatura- libus, we do absolutely believe it, and upon good reasons, for as Gregory well in- formeth us ; Fides non kabet meritum^ ubi humana ratio qucerit experimentum ; that faith hatli no merit, is not worth the name of faith, that will not apprehend without a certain demonstration: we must and will believe God's word; and if we be mis- taken or err in our general belief, as ^'^ Richardus de Sancto Victore vows he will say to Christ himself at the day of judgment; "Lord, if we be deceived, thou alone hast deceived us :" thus we plead. But for the rest I will not justify that pontificial consubstantiation, that which '^^ Mahometans and Jews justly except at, as Campa- nella confesselh, Alheismi iriumpliat. cap. \'l.fol. 125, difficillimitm dogma esse, nee aliud subjectum magis hcereticoriwi blasphemiis, et slullis irrisionibus poUticorum re- pcriri. They hold it impossible, Deum in pane manducari; and besides they scoff at it, vide gcntem comcdentem Deum suum, inquit quidam Maurus, ^^Hunc Deum iiusccB et vermes irridcnt, qtiiim ipsum polluiint et devorant, subditus est igni, aqua:, it latroncs furantur, pixidem aureain hnmi prosternwnt, et se tamen non defendit hie Dens. Qui fieri potest, ut sit integer in singulis hostice particulis, idem corpus nu~ tnero, tarn multis locis, cceJo, terra, 6)C. But he that shall read the -''Turks' Alcoran, the Jews' Talmud, and papists' golden legend, in the mean time will swear that such gross fictions, fables, vain traditions, prodigious paradoxes and ceremonies, could never proceed from any other spirit, than tliat of the devil himself, which is the author of confusion and lies; and wonder withal how such wise men as have been of the Jews, such learned understanding men as Averroes, Avicenna, or those heathen philosophers, could ever be persuaded to believe, or to subscribe to the least part of them : aut fraudem non detegere : but tiiat as *** Vanninus answers, ob publicce potes- tatis formidinem allatrare philosophi non audebant, they durst not speak for fear of the law. But I will descend to particulars : read their several symptoms and then guess. Of such symptoms as properly belong to superstition, or that irreligious religion, I may say as of the rest, some are ridiculous, some again feral to relate. Of those ridiculous, there can be no better testimony than the multitude of their gods, those absurd names, actions, oHices they put upon them, their feasts, holy days, sacrifices, adorations, and the like. Tiie Egyptians thai pretended so great antiquity, 300 king." before Amasis : and as Mela writes, 13,000 years from the beginning of their chroni- cles, that bragged so much of their knowledge of old, for they invented arithmetic, astronomy, geometry: of their wealth and power, that vaunted of 20,000 cities: yet at the same lime their idolatry and superstition was most gross : they worshipped, as Diodorus Siculus records, sun and moon under the name of Isis and Osiris, and after, such men as were beneficial to them, or any creature that did them good. In the cily of Bubasti they adored a cat, saith Herodotus. Ibis and storks, an ox (saith Pliny) '■^ leeks and onions, Macrobius, *-0 iEgypte, religionis tuse solae supersunl fat.ula; j exftnteraius. i' As true as Homer's Iliad, Ovid'i i«;gue lucreditiiles posleris tins. *3 Medilat. li). de Melainorplioses, iEsop's Fables. "» Uial..W. de ora cosiia iliiiiiin. "* Lit). I. de trin. cap. :;. si decepti culls. t'' O sarirtas ^eiili.'S quibu^ hsc iiasruntur Ml «iiiiiiis, &c. '■'' Vide Sjiiiisatis Isphocanis objectiDiies hortu Numiiia I Juveii. Sat. 15. .D iuoiiactium Milesiuiu. ""^Lieue Hussiiiaii. Mus Mem. 1. Subs. 3.j Symptoms of Religious MtlanchoTy. 617 60" Pdrruiii et cifipe deos iiiiponere iiubibus ausi, Uos tu Nile (leos colis." Scoffing ^' Lucian in his vera Historia : which, as he confesseth himself, was no j)tirsiiasively written as a truth, bui in comical fashion to glance at the monstrous fictions and gross absurdities of writers and nations, to deride without doubt this prodigious Egyptian idolatry, feigns this story of himself: that when he had seen the Elysian fields, and was now coming away, Rhadamanthus gave him a mallow root, and bade him pray to that when he was in any peril or extremity ; which he did accordingly ; for when he came to Hydamordia in the island of treacherous women, he made his prayers to his root, and was instantly delivered. The Syrians. Chaldeans, had as many proper gods of their own invention ; see the said Lucian de ded Syria. Morney cap. 22. de verital. relig. Guliel. Stuckius ^^Sacrorum Sacrijiciorumque Gcntil. descript. Peter Faber Semester, /. 3. c. 1, 2, 3. Selden de diis Syris^i Purchas' pilgrimage, ^^Rosinus of the Romans, and Lilius Giraldus of the Greeks. The Romans borrowed from all, besides their own gods, which were majorum and minoruiii gentiwh^ as Varro holds, certain and uncertain ; some celestial, select, and great ones, others indigenous and Semi-dei, Lares, Lemures, Dioscuri, Soteres, and Parastatae, dii tulelares amongst the Greeks : gods of all sorts, for all functions; some for the land, some for sea; some for heaven, some for hell; some for passions, diseases, some for birth, some for weddings, husbandry, woods, waters, wardens, orchards, Stc. All actions and otTices, Pax-Quies, Salus, Libertas, Foelicitas, Strenua, Stimula, Horta, Pan, Sylvanus, Priapus, Flora, Cloacina, Stercutius, Febris, Pallor, Invidia, Protervia, Risus, Angerona, Volupia, Vacuna, Viriplaca, Veneranda, Pales, Neptunia, Doris, kings, emperors, valiant men that had done any good offices for them, they did likewise canonise and adore for gods, and it was usually done, usitaium apud antiquos., as ^'*Jac. Boissardus well observes, dtificarc hoviines qui beneficiis inortales juvarent, and the devil was still ready to second their intents, statim se ingessit illorum sepulchris^ slatuis, fempUs., aris., SjC. he crept into their temples, statues, tombs, altars, and was ready to give oracles, cure diseases, do mira- cles, &.C. as by Jupiter, jEsculapius, Tiresias, Apollo, Mopsus, Amphiaraus, 8tc. dii et Serai-dii. For so they were Semi-dii, denii-gods, some medii inter Dcos el homi- nes., as Max. ^^Tyrius, the Platonist, ser. 26. et 27, maintains and justifies in many words. "• When a good man dies, his body is buried, but his soul, ex koinine dcBinon evadit, becomes forthwith a demi-god, nothing disparaged with malignity of air, or variety of forms, rejoiceth, exults and sees that perfect beauty witii his eyes. Now being deified, in commiseration he helps his poor friends here, on earlh, his kindred and allies, informs, succours, &c. punisheth those that are bad aiul do amiss, as a good genius to protect and govern mortal men appointed by the gods, so they will have it, ordaining some for provinces, some for private men, some for one office, some for another. Hector and Achilles assist soldiers to tliis day ; JTiSculapius all sick men, the Dioscuri seafaring men, &.c. and sometimes upon occasion they show hemselves. The Dioscuri, Hercules and iEsculapius, he saw himself (or the devil in his likeness) non somnians sed vigilans ipse vidi :" So far Tyrius. And not good men only do they thus adore, but tyrants, monsters, devils, (as ^"^Stukius inveighs) Neros, Domitians, Heliogables, beastly women, and arrant whores amongst the rest. " For all intents, places, creatures, they assign gods ;" " Et dornibus, tectis, thermis, et equis soleatis Assignare solent genios" saith Prudentius. Cuna for cradles, Diverra for sweeping houses, Nodina knots, Prema, Pramunda, Hymen, Hymeneus, for weddings ; Comus the god of good fel- lows, gods of silence, of comfort, Hebe goddess of youth, Mena menstruarum^ Sft male and female gods, of all ages, sexes and dimensions, with beards, without beards, married, unmarried, begot, not born at all, but, as Minerva, start out of Jupiter's *i Prudentius. " Having procpeded to deify leeks and onions, you, oh Egypt, worship such gods." ^i Prcefat. ver. hilt. ^'■''\'l^^n>. fol. J494. ^^ Rosin, antiq. Rom. I. 2. c. 1. et deinceps. »« Lib. de divinatioi'.e et oiagicis praostigiis in Mopso. 9=("osnio Paccio In- terpret, nihil ab aeris calijiine ant fivurarmn varietate Hnpeditus inerain piilchritudincin im-ruit. exiiltaus et visericordia nio.ua, cognates amicus qui adhuc n ■ in 78 3 B 2 tur in terra tuetiir, errantibus sucoirrit, &c. Deus hoc jussit ut essent genii dii tutelar* s liominibus, bonog juvantes, malos punientes, &c. ** Sacroruin genl. descript. non bene merilos soluir, sni et tyrannos pr>i iliis colurit, qui gen'is liumaiiun; hoi.-'niluin in moduui porieiitosa immanitate divexa.ji.: &C. fiedas mere- inces, &.C. 618 Religious Melancholy. jPart 3, Sec. 4 head. Hesiod reckons up at least 30,000 gods, Varro 300 Jupiters A; 'eremy told them, their gods w re to the multitude of cities ; " diiicqMid hiimiis. pt-laiitiis, coBliiin niisprabile ^ignit I " Wtiatever heavens, sea, and land liegat. Id di.xere deos, colles, frela, flimiiiia, tiaiiiinas." | Hills, seas, and rivers, God was tins and that." And which was most absurd, they made gods upon such ridiculous occasions ; " As children make babies (so saith "Morneus), their poets make gods," et quns adoranl in tcmplis^ ludunt in Theatris, as Lactantius scoffs. Saturn, a man, gelded himself, did eat his own children, a cruel tyrant driven out of his kingdom by his son Jupi- ter, as good a god as himself, a wicked lascivious paltry king of Crete, of whose rapes, lusts, murders, villanies, a whole volume is too little to relate. Venus, a noto- rious strumpet, as common as a barber's chair. Mars, Adonis, Ancbises' whore, is a great she-goddess, as well as the rest, as much renowned by their poets, with many such ; and these gods so fabulously and foolishly made, ceremoniis, hymnis, et canticis celebrunl ; their errors, luctus et gaudia^ a?norcs, iras^ nuptias et Uberorum procrea- tioncs (^^as Eusebius well taxeth), weddings, mirth and mournings, loves, angers, and quarrelling they did celebrate in hymns, and sing of in their ordinary songs, as it were publishing their villanies. But see more of their originals. When Romulus was made away by the sedition of the senators, to pacify the people, ^^ Julius Procu- lus gave out that Romulus was taken up by Jupiter into heaven, and therefore to be ever after adored for a god amongst the Romans. Syrophanes of Egypt had one only son, whom he dearly loved ; he erected his statue in his house, which his ser- vants did adorn with garlands, to pacify their master's wrath when he was angry, so by little and little he was adored for a god. This did Semiramis for her husband Belus, and Adrian the emperor by his minion Antinous. Flora was a rich harlot in Rome, and for that she made the commonwealth her heir, her birthday was solem- nised long after; and to make it a more plausible holiday, they made her goddess of flowers, and sacrificed to her .amongst the rest. The matrons of Rome, as Dio- nysius Halicarnassajus relates, because at their entreatv Coriolanus desisted from his wars, consecrated a church ForiuncB muliebri; and '°'' Venus Barbata had a temple erected, for that somewhat was amiss about hair, and so the rest. The citizens ' of Alabanda, a small town in Asia Minor, to curry favour with the Romans (who then warred in Greece with Perseus of Macedon, and were formidable to these parts), consecrated a temple to the City of Rome, and made her a goddess, with annua games and sacrifices ; so a town of houses was deified, with shameful flattery of the one side to give, and intolerable arrogance on the other to accept, upon so vile anc absurd an occasion. Tully writes to Atticus, that his daughter TuUiola might bt made a goddess, and adored as Juno and Minerva, and as well she deserved it. Theii holy days and adorations were all out as ridiculous ; those Lupercals of Pan, Flo- rales of Flora, Bona dea, Anna Perenna, Saturnals, &c., as how they were celebrated, with what lascivious and wanton gestures, bald ceremonies, '^ by what bawdy priests, how tliey hang their noses over the smoke of sacrifices, saith ''Lucian, and lick blood like flies that was spilled about the altars. Their carved idols, gilt images of wood iron, ivory, silver, brass, stone, olim fruncus eram, ^c, were most absurd, as being ilieir own workmanship; for as Seneca notes, adornnt ligneos decs, et fahros interim ^uiJeccrvrU,, contemnunt., they adore work, contemn the workman; and as Tertul- lian follows it, "* Proem, lib. Contra, (ihilos. * Living, lib. 1. Deiis vobis in posterum propitiiis, Qnirites. >»« An.h Verdnre Iniai;. deoriiin. • Mu- ieris randido splendentHS amiciniine varioiji 'i Ifftentes g<>stiiiiiiic. vernu tlurentes conainine. solum stcrtienies, j &.C. Apiileiiis, lib. II. rie Asino aureo. > Magna reliiiione qua-ritiir qua- possit adulleria phira nnn crare .Vlinut. ' Lib. de sacrifiriis. Furno inhianfi. e< nuiscannii in inorein sanpuineni e«iinen(es circnni am effusum. < Imagines Ueoruni lib. sin. iiiscript. Mem. 1. Subs. 3.] Symptoms of Religious Melancholy. 619 rormed some like storks, apes, bulls, and yet seriously believed: and that which was impious and abominable, they made their gods notorious whoremasters, incestuoua Sodomites (as commonly they were all, as well as Jupiter. Mars, Apollo, Mercury Neptune, &.c.), thieves, slaves, drudges (for Apollo and Neptune made tiles in Phry- gia), kept sheep, Hercules emptied stables, Vulcan a blacksmith, unfit to dwell upon the earth for their villanies, much less in heaven, as ^JVIornay well saith, and yet they gave them out to be such ; so weak and brutish, some to whine, lament, and roar, as Isis for her son and Cenocephalus, as also all her weeping priests; Mars in Homer to be wounded, vexed ; Venus ran away crying, and the like \ than which what can be more ridiculous ? JWrnne ridiculum lugere quod colas., vel colere quod lugeasf (which ^Minutius objects) Si dii., cur plangitis? si morlui, cur adoratis? that it is no marvel if 'Lucian, that adamantine persecutor of superstition, and Pliny could so scoff at them and their horrible idolatry as they did \ if Diagoras took Hercules' image, and put it under his pot to seethe his pottage, which was, as he said, his 13th labour. But see more of their fopperies in Cypr. 4. tract, de Idol, varietal. Chrysos- tom advers. Gentil. Arnobius adv. Genfes. Austin, de civ. dci. Theodoret. de curat. Grccc. affect. Clemens Alexandrinus, Minutius Foelix, Eusebius, Lactantius, Stuckius, &.C. Lamentable, tragical, and fearful those symptoms are, that they should be so far forth affrighted with their fictitious gods, as to spend the goods, lives, fortunes, precious time, best days in their honour, to * sacrifice unto them, to their inestimable loss, such hecatombs, so many thousand sheep, oxen with gilded horns, goats, as "Crcesus, king of Lydia, '"Marcus Julianus, surnamed ob crehras hostias Victima- rius., et Tauricremus, and the rest of the Roman emperors usually did with such labour and cost ; and not emperors onl}' and great ones, pro communi bono., were at this charge, but private men for their ordinary occasions. Pythagoras offered a hundred oxen for the invention of a geometrical problem, and it was an ordinary thing to sacrifice in " Lucian's time, ••' a heifer for their good health, four oxen for wealth, a hundred for a kingdom, nine bulls for their safe return from Troja to Pylus," Stc. Every god almost had a peculiar sacrifice — the Sun horses, Vulcan fire, Diana a white hart, Venus a turtle, Ceres a hog, Proserpine a black lamb, Neptune a bull (read more in '"Stukius at large), besides sheep, cocks, corals, frankincense, to their undoings, as if tlieir gods were affected with blood or smoke. '' And surely ('^ saith he) if one should but repeat the fopperies of niortal men, in their sacrifices, feasts, worshipping their gods, their rites and ceremonies, what they think of them, of their diet, houses, orders, &c., what prayers and vows they make; if one should but observe their absurdity and madness, he would burst out a laughing, and pity their folly." For what can be more absurd than their ordinary prayers, y^etitions, '* requests, sacrifices, oracles, devotions .'' of which we have a taste in Maximus Tyrius, serm. 1. Plato's Alcibiades Secundus, Persius Sat. 2. Juvenal. Sat. 10. there likewise exploded, Mactant opimas et plagues hostias deo quasi esurienti, profundunt vina tanquam sitienti, lumina accendunt velut in tenebris agenti (Lactantius, lib. 2. cap. 6). As if their gods were hungry, athirst, in the dark, they light candles, offer meat and drink. And what so base as to reveal their counsels and give oracles, e viscerum sterquiliniis., out of the bowels and excremental parts of beasts ? sordidos decs Varro truly calls them therefore, and well he migiit, I say nothing of their magnificent and sumptuous temples, those majestical structures : to the roof of Apollo Didymeus' temple, ad .branchidas, as '^Strabo writes, a thousrind oaks did not suffice. , Who can relate the glorious splendour, and slupend magnificence, the sumptuous building of Diana at Ephesus, Jupiter Amnion's temple in Africa, the Pantheon at Rome, the Capitol, the Sarapium at Alexandria, Apollo's temple at Daphne in the suburbs of Antioch. The great temple at Mexico so richly adorned, » De ver. relig. cap. 22. Indigni qui terrain calcent/i tissimi sunt cereiiioniarum. bello pra-SHrtim. " Ue &•• «Uctaviano. i Jupiter 'I'ragcedus, de sucrifi- sacrificiis: hiiciilain pro bona valetudine, bovesquHtuoi Ills, et passim alias. > 6bti several kinds of sacrifices ' pro divitiis, centum tauros pro sospiie a 'J'rojse reditu, in Kgypt Major reckons up, toin. 2. coll of which read ! &c. ''^ De sacris Gentil. et sacrific. iyn l.Wti more in cap. I. of Laurentiiis I'lgnorius his Egypt cha tacters, a'cause of which Sanubius gives subcis. lib. 3. rap. 1. » Herod. Clio. Imimdavit lecta pecora ter itiille Oelphis, una cum lectis phialis iribus. i°Su- per.-titlosus J.ilianus iiiiiumeras sine parsiinonia pecu- des iiMctavit. Ainianus 25. Boves allii. M. Cssari sa- lutein, si tu viceris periinus : lib. 'S. Roaiaiii observan- i^Enimvero si qnis receiiseret qun of Cusco, described hy Acosta in his Indian History, whicn eclipt.es both Jews and Christians. There were in old Jerusalem, as some write, 408 synagogues ; but new Cairo reckons up (if '^Kadziviius may be believed) 6800 mosques; Fez 400, whereof ftO are most magnificent, like St. Paul's in London. Helena built 300 fair churches m the Holy Land, but one Bassa hath built 400 mosques. The Mahometans have 1000 monks in a monastery; the like sailh Acosta of Americans; Riccius of the Chinese, for men and women, fairly built; and more richly endowed some of them, than Arras in Artois, Fulda in Germany, or St. Edmund's-Bury in England with us : who can describe those curious and costly statues, idols, images, so frequently men- tioned in Pausaiiias ? I conceal their donaries, pendants, other offerings, presents, to these their fictitious gods daily consecrated. " Alexander, the son of Amyntas, king of Macedonia, sent two statues of pure gold to Apollo at Delphos. '^Croesus, king of Lydia dedicated a hundred golden tiles in the same place with a golden altar: no man came empty-handed to their shrines. But these are base offerings in respect; they offered men themselves alive. The Leucadians, as Strabo writes, sacrificed every year a man, averruncandce. deorum ircB causa, to pacify their gods, de montis prcBcipitio dejecerenf, 4r- a"d they did voluntarily undergo it. The Decii did so sacrifice, Diis inanibus ; Curtius did leap into the gulf. Were they not all strangely deluded to go so far to their oracles, to be so gulled by them, both in war and peace, as Polybius relates (which their argurs, priests, vestal virgins can witness), to be so superstitious, that they would rather lose goods and lives than omit any ceremonies, or ollend their heathen gods .'' Nicias, that generous and valiant captain of the Greeks, overthrew the Athenian navy, by reason of his too niuch superstition, '^be- cause the augurs told him it was ominous to set sail from the haven of Syracuse whilst the moon was eclipsed ; he tarried so long till his enemies besieged him, he and all his army were overthrown.' The ^" Parthians of old were so sottish in this kind, they would rather lose a victory, nay lose their own lives, than fight in the night, 'twas against tiieir religion. The Jews would make no resistance on the Sab- bath, when Pompeius besieged Jerusalem ; aiul some Jewish Christians in Africa, set upon by the Gotiis, suffered themselves upon tlie same occasion to be utterly van- quished. The superstition of the Dibrenses, a bordering town in Epirus, besieged by the Turks, is miraculous almost to report. Because a dead dog was flung into the only fountain whicii the city had, they would die of thirst all, rather than drink of that ■'' unclean water, and yield up the city upon any conditions. Though the praetor and chief citizens began to drink first, using all good persuasions, their super- stition was such, no saying would serve, they luust all forthwith die or yield up the city. Vix ausmn ipse credere (saith '^ Barlet'ius) tantam superstitioncm, vtl ajirmare levissimam hanc causam lantce rei vel magis rtdicidam, quiim non dubiiem risum po- tius quum admiral ione?n posteris excitaturam. The story was too ridiculous, he was ashamed to report it, because he thought nobody would believe it. It is stupend to relate what strange effects this idolatry and superstition hath brought forth of the latter years in the Indies and those bordering parts : ■^" in what^ feral shapes the ^^ devil is adored, ne quid mali intentent, as they say ; for in the mountains betwixt Scanderoon and Aleppo,^ at this day, there are dwelling a certain kind of people called Coords, coming of the race of the ancient Parthians, who worship the devil, and allege this reason in so doing : God is a good man and will do no harm, but the devil is bad and must be pleased, lest he hurt them. It is wonderful to tell how the devil deludes them, how he terrifies them, how they offer men and women sacrifices unto him, a hundred at once, as they did infants in Crete to Saturn of old, the finest children, like Agamemnon's Iphigenia, &c. At ^* Mexico, when the Spaniards first overcame them, they daily sacrificed viva hominum cor da e vivenlium corporihus ex- tracta, the hearts of men yet living, 20,000 in a year (Acosta lib. 5. cap. 20) to their idols made of flour and men's blood, and every year 6000 infants of both sexes: "* Perigr. Hierosol. >^Solinus. '8 Herodotus. I inonstra conspiciunlur, martiiorea, lignea, liitea, &e, '• Boterus polit. lib. 2. cap. 16. '^ Plutarch vit. t.'ra.^si. | Riccius. 24 Oeuni enirii placare non est opuH, " Tliey were of Ihe Greek church. ^aLii, 5.^,. testis I quia iion nocet ; sed dKiiioiieiii sacriticiis plai:aiit, JLC ScaiiUerbegis. '-'^In teaipli.<< iiuiiiania Idoloruiu [ ^Fer. Cortesius. Mem. 1. Subs. .3.] Symptoms of Religious Melancholy. 621 and as prodigious to relate, ^^ how they bury their wives with husbands deceased, 'tis fearful to report, and harder to believe, 2' " Nam certaiiien liaheiit Isethi qiiEe viva sequatur Coiijiigiuiii, pudor, est noii licuisse mori," and burn them alive, best goods, servants, horses, when a grandee dies, ^ twelve thousand at once amongst the Tartars, when a great cham departs, or an emperor in America : how they plague themselves, which abstain from all that hath life, like those old Pythagoreans, with immoderate fastings, ^" as the Bannians about Surat, they of China, that for superstition's sake never eat flesh nor lish all their lives, never marry, but live in deserts and by-places, and some pray to tlieir idols twenty- four hours together without any intermission, biting of their tongues when they have done, for devotion's sake. Some again are brouglit to that madness by their super- stitious priests (that tell them such vain stories of immortality, and the joys of heaven in that other life), ^"that many thousands voluntarily break their own necks, as Cleombrotus Amborciatus, auditors of old, precipitate themselves, that they may par- ticipate of that unspeakable happiness in the other world. One poisons, another strangles himself, and the King of China had done as much, deluded with the vain hope, had he not been detained by his servant. But who can sufficiently tell of their several superstitions, vexations, follies, torments ? I may conclude with ^'Pos- sevinus, Religifacii asperos mites., homines e feris ; superstitio ex hominihus fcras, religion makes wild beasts civil, superstition makes wise men beasts and fools ; and the discreeiest that are, if they give way to it, are no better than dizzards ; nay more, if that of Plotiiuis be true, is unus religionis scopus, ut ei quern colimus similes Jia- mus.1 that is the drift of religion to make us like him whom we worship: wliat shall be the end of idolaters, but to degenerate into stocks and stones .'' of such as wor- ship these heathen gods, for dii gentium dcemonia,, '- but to become devils themselves ? 'Tis therefore exiriosus error., et maxime pcriculosus, a most perilous and dangerous error of all others, as ''^Plutarch hok]s, turbulenta passio hominem C07isternans, a pestilent, a troublesome passion, tliat utterly undoeth men. Unhappy superstition, ^ Pliny calls it, morle nonjinitur, deatli takes away life, but not superstition. Im- pious and ignorant are far more happy than they which are superstitious, no torture like to it, none so continuale, so general, so destructive, so violent. In this superstitious row, Jews for antiquity may go next to Gentiles : what of old they have done, what idolatries they have committed in their groves and high places, what their Pharisees, Sadducees, Scribes, Essei, and such sectaries have main- tained, 1 will not so much as mention : for the present, J presume no nation under heaven can be more sottish, ignorant, blind, superstitious, wilful, obstinate, and peevish, tiring themselves with vain ceremonies to no purpose ; he that shall but read their rabbins' ridiculous comments, their strange interpretation of scriptures, their absurd ceremonies, fables, childish tales, which they steadfastly believe, will think they be scarce rational creatures; their foolish ''^customs, when they rise in the morning, and how they prepare themselves to prayer, to meat, with what supersti- tious washings, how to their sabbath, to their other feasts, weddings, burials, &c. Last of all, the expectation of their xMessiah, and those figments, miracles, vain pomp that shall attend him, as how he shall terrify the Gentiles, and overcome them by new diseases ; how Michael the archangel shall sound his trumpet, how he shall gather all the scattered Jews in the Holy Land, and there make them a great banquet, *^'-'- Wherein shall be all the birds, beasts, fisjies, that ever God made, a cup of wine that grew in Paradise, and that hath been kept in Adam's cellar ever since." At the first course shall be served in that great ox in Job. iv. 10., "■ that every day feeds on a thousand hills," Psal. 1. 10., that great Leviathan, and a great bird, that laid an egg '*M. Polas. ijOd. Vertoiiiannds navig. lib, 6 cap. 9. i rant, et inisere pereunl: rex ipse clam venemim haiisis- P. Martyr. Ocean, dec. 27piopertius lib. 3. eleg. 12. set, njsi a servo tuissnl det. iilus. •!' Caiiliojie in lib. •■ 'i'liere is a contest amongst the living wives as to 10 Boii-ni de repub lul. 111. s^Quji, ipsms diaboli which shall follow the husband, and not be allowed to ut nequitiani rel'erant. 33 |, jb.de siiperstit. ^* Ho- die for him is accounted a disgrace." '^"Matthias a | minibus vit* finis mors, non auteni supero'litionis, pro- Mic.tou. 29 £pist. Jesuit, anno. 1549 a Xaverto et socus. Idemque Riccius expedid. ad Siiias I. 1. per to- tniii Jejunatores apud eos toto die cariiibus abstinent el ,~'stibus Ad immnrtalltatem morte a?iiirii-'t iuiniiii •iiagistratus, &c. Et multi mortaies liai. 'nsaiii& ct ;» epostero iiiiiiiortaiKatis studio labo- fert lia;r suoslerminos ulira vita' tiaem. "» Buxtortiui Syna^'og. Jud. c. 4. Inter preL..iidniii nemo pediculog attingat, vel pulicein, aut per giittur inlerius ventiiic eiiiittas, &c. Id. c 5 et seq. cap. 3tj. ^s |||j(. oiuiiiJ aniinalia, pisces, avea, quos Deu-^ unquam c'C^V't inar labuntur, el vinum generosum, Hcc. 622 Religious Melancholy. [Pait. 3. Sec. 4. BO big, '^ " thai by chance tumbling out of the nest, it knocked down three hundred tail cedars, and breaking as it I'ell, drowned one hundred and sixty villages :" this bird stood up to the knees in the sea, and ihe sea was so deep, that a hatchet would not fall to the bottom in seven years : of their Messiah's ''^ wives and children ; Adam and Eve, &.c., and that one slupend fiction amongst the rest: when a Roman prince asked of rabbi Jehosiia ben Hanania, why the Jews' God was compared to a lion ; he made answer, he compared himself to no ordinary lion, but to one in the wood Ela, which, when he desired to see, the rabbin prayed to God he might, and forth- with the lion set forward. ^^'•'- Dut when he was four hundred miles from Rome he so roared that all the great-bellied women in Rome made abortions, the city walls fell down, and when he came a hundred miles nearer, and roared the second time, their teeth fell out of their heads, the emperor himself fell down dead, and so the lion went back." With an infinite number of such lies and forgeries, which they verily believe, feed themselves with vain hope, and in the mean time will by no per- suasions be diverted, but still crucify their souls with a company of idle ceremonies, live like slaves and vagabonds, will not be relieved or reconciled. Mahometans are a compound of Gentiles, Jews, and Christians, and so absurd in their ceremonies, as if they had taken that which is most sottish out of every one of them, full of idle fables in their superstitious law, their Alcoran itself a galli- maufry of lies, tales, ceremonies, traditions, precepts, stolen from other sects, and confusedly heaped up to delude a company of rude and barbarous clowns. As how birds, beasts, stones, saluted Mahomet when he came from Mecca, the moon came down from heaven to visit him, """how God sent for him, spake to him, &.c., with a company of stupend figments of the angels, sun, moon, and stars, &c. Of the day of judgment, and three sounds to prepare to it, which must last fifty thousand years of Paradise, which wholly consists in coeundi et comedendi voluptate., and ppcorinis hominibus scriplum, bestialis beatiiudo., is so ridiculous, that Virgil, Dante, Lucian nor any poet can be more fabulous. Their rites and ceremonies are most vain and superstitious, wine and swine's flesh are utterly forbidden by their law, ■" they must pray five times a day ; and still towards the south, wash before and after all their bodies over, with many such. For fasting, vows, religious orders, peregrinations, they go far beyond any papists, ""^ they fast a month together many times, and must not eat a bit till sun be set. Their kalendars, dervises, and torlachers, &.c. are more "* abstemious some of them, than Carthusians, Franciscans, Anchorites, forsake ail, live solitary, fare hard, go naked, &c. ""^ Their pilgrimages are as far as to the river '^Ganges (which the Gentiles of those tracts likewise do), to wash themselves, for that river as they hold hath a sovereign virtue to purge them of all sins, and no man can be saved that hath not been washed in it. For which reason they come far and near from the hidies ; Maximus gentium omnium confluxus est ; and infinite numbers yearly resort to it. Others go as far as Mecca to Mahomet's tomb, which journey is both miraculous and meritorious. The ceremonies of flinging stones to stone the devil, of eating a camel at Cairo by the way ; their fastings, their running till tliey sweat, their long prayers, Mahomet's temple, tomb, and building of it, would ask a whole volume to dilate : and for their pains taken in this holy pilgrimage, all their sins are forgiven, and they reputed for so many saints. And diverse of them with »iOt bricks, when they return, will put out their eyes, ^''"that they never after see any profane thing, bite out their tongues," Stc. They look for their prophet Mahomet as Jews do for their Messiah. Read more of their customs, rites, cere- monies, in Lonicerus Turcic. hist. torn. I. from the tenth to the twenty-fourth chap- ter. Bredenbachius, cap. 4, 5, 6. Leo Afer, lib. 1. Busbequius Sabellicus, Pur- chas, lib. 3. cap. 3, et 4, 5. TLeodorus Bibliander, &c. Many foolish ceremonies 37Cuju3 lapsucedri altissimi SOOdejecti sunt.quumqiie i lapsu ovum fuerat confractum, pa^i lUO inde »"icerus c. 21, 22. I. ]. *' &iiiii<)uies in die orare TurcE tenentiirad meridiem. Bredenbachius cap. 5. *'' In quolibet anno mensem integrum jejunant interdiu, nee comedentes nee bibentes, Sec. ■'^ Nullig unqiiam mulli per tolam tclatem carnibus vesciintur. l.eo Afer. "Lonicerus to I. Leap. 17. 18. ■'5(j„tar. dus Arthus ca. 33. hist, orient. Indiie ; opinio est expia torium esse Gangem ; et nee mundiim ab omni peccali) nee salvum fieri posse, qui iion hoc ilumitie se ahluii quam obcausam ex tota India, &c. ^'Quia nil Mem. 1. Subs. 3.] Symptoms of Religious Melancholy. 6*43 you shall find in them ; and which is most to be lamented, the people are i^ene- raily so curious in observing of them, that if the least circumstance be omitted, they think they shall be damned, 'tis an irremissible oflence, and can hardly be for- given. I kept in my house amongyt my followers (saith Busbequius, sometime the Turk's orator in Constantinople) a Turkey boy, that by chance did eat shell-fish, a meat forbidden by their law, but the next day when he knew what he had done, he was not only sick to cast and vomit, but very much troubled in mind, would weep and '"'grieve many days after, torment himself for his foul offence. Another Turk being to drink a cup of w^ie in his cellar, first made a huge noise and filthy faces, ^^^ to warn his soul, as he said, that it should not be guilty of that foul fact which he was to commit." With such toys as these are men kept in awe, and so cowed, that they dare not resist, or offend the least circumstance of their law, for con- science-sake misled by superstition, which no human edict otherwise, no force of arms, could have enforced. In the last place are Pseudo-Christians, in describing of whose superstitious symp- toms, as a mixture of the rest, 1 may say that which St.. Benedict once saw in a vision, one devil in the market-place, but ten in a monastery, because there was more work ; in populous cities they would swear and forswear, lie, falsify, deceive fast enough of themselves, one devil could circumvent a thousand ; but in their re- ligious houses a thousand devils could scarce tempt one silly monki All the prin- cipal devils, I think, busy themselves in subverting Christians ; Jews, Gentiles, and Mahometans, are extra caulern^ out of the fold, and need no such attendance, they make no resistance, '^^eos enim pidsare ncgUgit, quos quicfo jure possidere se sentit, they are his ov^n already: but Christians have that shield of faith, sword of the Spirit to resist, and must have a great deal of battery before they can be overcome. That the devil is most busy amongst us that are of the true church, appears by tho.se seve- ral oppositions, heresies, schisms, which in all ages he hath raised to subvert it, and in that of Rome especially, wherein Antichrist himself now sits and plays his prize. This mystery of iniquity began to work even in the Apostles' time, many Antichrists and heretics were abroad, many sprung up since, many now present, and will be to the world's end, to dementate men's minds, to seduce and captivate their souls. Their symptoms I know not how better to express, than in that twofold division, of such as lead, and are led. Such as lead are heretics, schismatics, false prophets, impostors^ and their ministers : they have some common, symptoms, some peculiar. Common, as madness, folly, pride, insolency, arrogancy, singularity, peevishness, obstinacy, impudence, scorn and contempt of all other sects : jYuUius addicti jurare in verba magistri; ^° they will approve of nought but what tltfey first invent them- selves, no interpretation good but what their infaliibile spirit dictates: none shall be in secimdis, no not in terfiis., they are only wise, only learned in the truth, all damned but they and their followers, ccedem scripturarum faciunt ad materiam suam^ saith Tertullian, they make a slaughter of Scriptures, and turn it as a nose of wax to their own ends. So irrefragable, in the mean time, that what they have once said, they must and will maintain, in whole tomes, duplications, triplications, never yield to death, so self-conceited, say what you can. As °' Bernard (erroneously some say) speaks of P. Aliardus, omnes patres sic, afque ego sic. Though all the Fathers, Coun- cils, the whole world contradict it, they care not, they are all one : and as ^"Gregory well notes ••' of such as are vertiginous, they think all turns round and moves, all e/T : when as the error is wholly in their own brains." Magallianus, the Jesuit, in his Comment on 1 Tim. xvi. 20, and Alphonsus de casfro lib. 1. adversus hcereses^ gives two more eminent notes or probable conjectures to know such men by, (they might have taken themselves by the noses when they said it) ^^'^ First they affect novelties and toys, and prefer falsehood before truth ; ^'"secondly, they care not what they say, that which rashness and folly hath brought out, pride afterward, peevish- ness and contumacy shall maintain to the last gasp." Peculiar symptoms are profii- gious paradoxes, new doctrines, vain phantasms, wliich are many and diverse as they "Nullum se ronfliciandi fiiiem facit. ^f Ut in ^liqiiem anjiuhini se reci^wret. ne reus fieret ejus dc.lir.ti quod ipse erat adiiii.-surus. ^'^GreffDr. Hoiii. »*■■ Bound lol he (iiclatesipf nil iiiHster." oi Epist. lUO. "Oral. a. ut verlijiine correptis videiitur omnia moveri, omnia iis falsa sunt, quiirn error in ipsnrum cerebro sit ^ Khs novas affectant et inutiles, falsa veris prcpferunt.S quod temerilaseffutiprit, id superhia post nioduin luebi tur et coulUDiacise, tc. s* See more in Vincent Lyrin. 624 Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sect. 4. themselves. *•' Nicholaites of old, would have wives in common: Montanists will not marry at all, nor Tatians, forbidding all flesh, Severians wine ; Adamians go naked, *" because Adam did so in Paradise; and some *'' barefoot all their lives, because God, Exod. iii. and Joshua v. bid Moses so to do ; and Jsaiah xx. was bid put off his shoes; Manichees hold that Pythagorean transmigration of souls from men to beasts ; *^ " the Circumcellions in Africa, with a mad cruelty made away them- selves, some by fire, water, breaking their necks, and seduced others to do the like, threatening some if they did not," with a thousand such ; as you may read in ^^Austin (for there were fourscore and eleven heresies in his times, besides schisms and smaller factions) Epiphanius, Alphonsus de Castro, DancBus, Gab, Prateolus, Sfc. Of prophets, enthusiasts and impostors, our Ecclesiastical stories aflbrd many examples; of Elias and Chrisls, as our ''° Eudo de stelHs, a Briton in King Stephen's time, that went invisible, translated himself from one to another in a moment, fed thousands with good cheer in the wilderness, and many such ; notliing so common as miracles, visions, revelations, prophecies. Now what these brain-sick heretics once broach, and impostors set on foot, be it never so absurd, false, and prodigious, the common people will follow and believe. It will run along like murrain in cattle, scab in sheep. JYulla scabies, as '^' he said, superstitione scabiosior ; as he that is bitten with a mad dog bites others, and all in the end become mad; either out of affection of novelty, simplicity, blind zeal, hope and fear, the giddy-headed multitude will em- brace it, and without further examination approve it. Sed Vetera querimur, these are old, hcec prius fuere. In our days we have a new scene of superstitious impostors and heretics. A new company of actors, of Anti- christs, that great Antichrist himself: a rope of hopes, that by their greatness and authority bear down all before them: who from that time they proclaimed them- selves universal bishops, to establish their own kingdom, sovereignty, greatness, and to enrich themselves, brought in such a company of human traditions, purgatory, Limbus Patrum, Infantum, and all that subterranean geography, mass, adoration of saints, alms, fastings, bulls, indulgences, orders, friars, images, shrines, musty relics, excommunications, confessions, satisfactions, blind obediences, vows, pilgrimages, peregrinations, with many such curious toys, intricate subtleties, gross errors, obscure questions, to vindicate the better and set a gloss upon them, that the light of the Gos- pel was quite eclipsed, darkness over all, the Scriptures concealed, legends brought in, religion banished, hypocritical superstition exalted, and the Church itself ^" obscured and persecuted : Christ and his members crucified more, saith Benzo, by a few necio- mantical, atheistical popes, than ever it was by ^^ Julian the Apostate. Porphyrins the Platonist, Celsus 4he physician, Libanius the Sophister ; by those heathen em- perors, Huns, Goths, and Vandals. What each of them did, by what means, at what times, quibus auxiliis, superstition climbed to this height, tradition increased and Antichrist himself came to his estate, let Magdeburgenses, Kemnisius, Osian- der. Bale, Mornay, Fox, Usher, and many others relate. In the mean time, he thai shall but see their profane rites and foolish customs, how superstitinusly kepi, how strictly observed, their multitude of saints, images, that rabble of Romish dei- ties, for trades, professions, diseases, persons, offices, countries, places ;'St. George for England ; St. Denis for France, Patrick, Ireland ; Andrew, Scotland ; Jago, Spain; &c. Gregory for students; Luke for painters; Cosmus and Damian for pliiloso- ■phers ; Crispin, shoemakers; Katherine, spinners ; &.c. Anthony for pigs ; Gallus, geese; Wenceslaus, sheep; Pelagius, oxen; Sebastian, the plague; Valentine, fall7 ing sickness : Apollonia, tooth-ache ; Petronella for agues ; and the Virgin Mary for sea and land, for all parties, oflices : he that shall observe these things, their shrines, iiuages, oblations, pendants, adorations, pilgrimages they make to them, what creep- ing to crosses, our Lady of Loretto's rich ^^ gowns, her donaries, the cost bestowed jn images, and number of suitors; St. Nicholas Burge in France; our St. Thomas's; shrine of old at Canterbury ; those relics at Rome, Jerusalem, Genoa, Lyons, Pra- '6 Aiist.de liaeres. usus'mnlierum iiidifferens. '^(iuod ante poccavit Adam, ruidus erat. ^" Alii nudis pedihus semper anihulant. ^Iiisana fehlate f^ihi non parciiiit nam per murlos varias pneiipitioruiii aqiia- rum et ijiiiimii. serpsos necaiit. et in istuin fiiroreiri alios M Jovian. Pont. Ant. Dial. "'^("um per Paganou nomen ejus porsequi non poterat, sub sjiecie religionio fraiidulenler siibverfere disponehnt. '■'That writ de professo against Christians, et palestinuni deiim (ul Socrates lib. :i rap. ID.) scriptnram niijis plenam, &c. ingunt, morlem minan rilhini in Julianum. Orii>ineni in Celsum, d£«. isret. ab orbe nonditu * Nnbrigensis. lib. cap. 19. ! *• One linage had one gown worth 400 crowns and noor«» Mem. I. Subs. 3.] Symptoms of Religious Melancholy. 625 turn, St. Denis; and how many thousands come yearly to offer to them, with what cost, trouble, anxiety, superstition (for forty several masses are daily said in some of their ^^ churches, and they rise at all hours of the night to mass, come barefoo-t, &c.), how they spend themselves, times, goods, lives, fortunes, in such ridiculous observations; their tales and figments, false miracles, buying and selling of pardons, indulgences for 40,000 years to come, their processions on set days, their strict fastingSy monks, anchorites, friar mendicants, Franciscans, Carthusians, &c. Their vigils and fasts, their ceremonies at Christmas, Shrovetide, Candlemas, Palm-Sunday, Blaise, St. Martin, St. Nicholas' day ; their adorations, exorcisms, &c., will think al! those Grecian, Pagan, Mahometan superstitions, gods, idols, and ceremonies, the name, time and place, habit only altered, to have degenerated into Christians. Whilst they prefer traditions before Scriptures ; those Evangelical Councils, poverty, obe- diynce, vows, alms, fasling, supererogations, before God's Commandments; their own ordinances instead of his precepts, and keep them in ignorance, blindness, they nave brought the common people into such a case by their cunning conveyances, strict discipline, and servile education, that upon pain of damnation they dare not break the least ceremony, tradition, edict; hold it a greater sin to eat a bit of meat in Lent, than kill a man : their consciences are so terrified, that they are ready to despair if a small ceremony be omitted; and will accuse their own father, mother, brother, sister, nearest and dearest friends of heresy, if they do not as they do, will be their chief executioners, and help first to bring a faggot to burn them. What mulct, what penance soever is enjoined, they dare not but do it, tumble with St. Francis in the mire amongst hogs, if they be appointed, go woolward, whip them- selves, build hospitals, abbeys, &.C., go to the East or West Indies, kill a king, or run upon a sword point : they perform all, without any muttering or hesitation, believe all. 68 " Ul pueri infantes credunt signa omnia ahena I "As children think their babies live to be, Vivere, et esse hoinines, el sic isli omnia ficta Do they these brazen images tliey see." Vera putant, credunt signis cor inesse ahenis." | And whilst the ruder sort are so carried headlong with blind zeal, are so gulled and tortured by their superstitions, their own too credulous simplicity and ignorance, their epicurean popes and hypocritical cardinals laugh in their sleeves, and are merty m their chambers with their punks, they do indulgere genio, and make much of them- selves. The middle sort, some for private gain, hope of ecclesiastical preferment, [quis expedivit psUtaco suum z^-^pi) popularity, base flattery, must and will believe all their paradoxes and absurd tenets, without exception, and as obstinately maintain and put in practice all their traditions and idolatrous ceremonies (for their religion is half a trade) to the death ; they will defend all, the golden legend itself, with all the lies and tales in it : as that of St. George, St. Christopher, St. Winifred, St. Denis, &.C. It is a wonder to see how Nic. Harpsfield, that pharisaical impostor, amongst the rest, Ecclesiast. Hist. cap. 22. scbc prim, sex.., puzzles himself to vindicate that ridiculous fable of St. Ursula and the eleven thousand virgins, as when they live,'''' how they came to Cologne, by whom martyred, &c., though he can say nothing for it, yet he must and will approve it : nobilitavit (inquit) hoc scEculum Ursula cum comilibus., cujus hisloria ulinam tam mild esset expedita et certa., quam in animo rneo certum ac expedition est., earn esse cum sodalibus beatam in coslis virginem. They must and will (I say) either out of blind zeal believe, vary their compass whh the rest, as the latitude of religion varies, apply themselves to the times and seasons, and for fear and flattery are content to subscribe and to do all that in them lies to maintain and defend their present government and slavish religious schoolmen, can- onists, Jesuits, friars, priests, orators, sophisters, who either for that they had nothing else to do, luxuriant witp knew not otherwise how to busy themselves in those idle times, for the Church then had few or no open adversaries, or better to defend theii lies, fictions, miracles, transubstantiations, traditions, pope's pardons, purgatories, masses, impossibilities, &.c. with glorious shows, fair pretences, big words, and -)lausittle wits, have coined a thousand idle questions, nice distinctions, subtleties, Obs and Sols, such tropological, allegorical expositions, to salve all appearancus, * As at our lady's church at Bergamo in Italy. «" Lncilius lib. I. cap. 22. de fal?a relig. f An. 441. 79 3C 626 Religious Melancholy. Tart. 3. Sec. 4 objections, s-;ch quirks and qiiiddilies, ^wodZtie/anes, as Bale saith of Ferribrigge and Strode, instances, ampliations, decrees, glosses, canons, that instead of sound com- mentaries, good preachers, are come in a company of mad sophisters, prima secundo sccundurii^ sectaries, Canonists, Sorbonists, Minorites, with a rabble of idle contro- versies and questions, ^'^an Papa sit Deus., an qxiasi Deusf An participct. utramque Chrisli naluram f Whether it be as possible for God to be a humble bee or a gourd, as a man ? Whether he can produce respect without a foundation or term', make 8 whore a virgin ? fetch Trajan's soul from hell, and how ? with a rabble of questions about hell-iire : whether it be a greater sin to kill a man, or to clout shoes upon a t'unday ? whether God can niake another God like unto himself? Such, saith Kem- nisius, are most of your schoolmen, (mere alchemists) 200 commentators on Petei Lambard ; [Pitsins catal. scriptorum Jlnglic. reckons up 180 English commentators alone, on the matter of the sentences), Scotists,Thomists, Reals, Nominals, &c., and so perhaps that of St. ^® Austin may be verified. Indocti rapiuni ccclum., docli interiiu desccndimt ad infcrnum. Thus they continued in such error, blindness, decrees, sophisms, superstitions; idle ceremonies and traditions were the sum of their new- coined holiness and religion, and by these knaveries and stratagems they were able to involve multitudes, to deceive the most sanctified souls, and, if it were possible, the very elect, in the mean time the true Churcli, as wine and water mixed, lay hid and obscure to speak of, till Luther's time, who began upon a sudden to defecate, and as another sun to drive away those foggy mists of superstition, to restore it to that purity of the primitive Ciuirch. And after him many good and godly men, divine spirits, have done their endeavours, and still do. ™" And what their ignorance esleein'd so holy, Our wiser ages do account as folly." But see the devil, that will never suffer the Church to be quiet or at rest : no garden so well tilled but some noxious weeds grow up in it, no wheat but it hath some tares : we have a mad giddy company of precisians, schismatics, and some heretics, even in our own bosoms in another extreme. " '•'• Dum vitani slulti vUla in contraria currunt ;''"' that out of too much zeal in opposition to Antichrist, human traditions, those Romish riles and superstitions, will quite demolish all, they will admit of no ceremonies at all, no fasting days, no cross in baptism, kneeling at com- munion, no church music, &c., no bishops' courts, no churcli government, rail at all our cluirch discipline, will not hold their tongues, and all for the peace of thee, O Sion ! No, not so much as degrees some of them will tolerate, or universities, all human learning, ('tis cloaca diaboli) hoods, habits, cap and surplice, such as are things indifferent in themselves, and w^holly for ornament, decency, or distinction'- sake, they abhor, hate, and snuff at, as a stone-horse when he meets a bear : they make matters of conscience of 'them, and will rather forsake their livings than sub- scribe to them. They will admit of no holidays, or honest recreations, as of hawk- ing, hunting, &.C., no churches, no bells some of them, because papists use them ; no discipline, no ceremonies but what they invent themselves; no interpretations of scriptures, no comments of fathers, no councils, but such as their own fantastical spirits dictate, or recta ratio., as Socinians, by which spirit misled, many times they broach as prodigious paradoxes as papists themselves. Some of them turn prophets, have secret revelations, will be of privy council with God himself, and know all his secrets, '^ Per capillos spiritum sanctum teneni, et omnia sciunt cum sint asini omnium obsiinatissitni, a company of giddy heads will take upon them to define how many shall be saved and who damned in a parish, where they shall sit in heaven, interpret Apocalypses, [Commentatores prcecipiles et vertiginosos, one calls them, as well he might) and those hidden mysteries to private persons, times, places, as their own spirit informs them, private revelations shall suggest, and precisely set down when the world shall come to an end, what year, what month, what day. Some of them again have such strong faith, so presumptuous, they will go into infected houses expel devils, and fast forty days, as Christ himself did ; some call God and his attri- Dutes into question, as Vorstius and Socinus ; some princes, civil magistrates, and * Hospiiiian Osi.Tndejr. An hxc propositio Dens sit | die doiiiinicn c.-ilceurn consiiere ? 'o De doct. rhris- jiirurlula ve. scarabeus, sit wque possiliilis .jc Uciis et } tian. 'JDnnitrl. "•' Whilst IlKse fools aviiiit lioiiio ? An possit respcclu!!) prmliiceri' siiif- fiindiiim iilo ' one vice th('y rnu into anotlier of an opposite caiar il teraiiiio. Ai> levius sit liomineiu jtiguiare quau< I ter." '^ Agrip. eii. 29. Mem. 1. Subs. 4.] Prognostics of Religious Melancholy. 62'< their :nilhorities, as anabaptists, will do all their own private spirit dictates and nothing else. Brownists, Barrowists, Familists, and tliose Ainsterdamian sects and sectaries, are led all by so many private spirits. It is a wonder to reveal what pas- sages Sleidan relates in his Commentaries, of Cretinck, Knipperdoling-, and their associates, those madmen of Munster in Germany; wh.at strange enthusiasms, sottish revelations they had, how absurdly they carried themselves, deluded otliers : and as profane Machiavel in his political disputations holds of Christian religion, in general it doth enervate, debilitate, take away men's spirits and courage from them, sim- pliciores reddil homines., breeds nothing so courageous soldiers as that Roman: we may sav of these peculiar sects, their religion takes away not spirits only, but wit and judgment, and deprives them of their understanding; for some of them are so far gone with their private enthusiasms and revelations, that they are quite mad, out of their wits. What greater madness can there be, than for a man to take upon him to be a God, as some do ? to be the Holy Ghost, Elias, and what not.' In "Poland, 1518, in the reign of King Sigismund, one said he was Christ, and got him twelve apostles, came to judge the world, and strangely deluded the commons. ''^ One David George, an illiterate painter, not many years since, did as much in Holland, took upon him to be the Messiah, and had man}^ followers. Benedictus Victorinus Fa- ventinus, consil. 15, writes as much of one Honorius, that thought he was not only inspired as a prophet, but tiiat he was a God himself, and had "familiar conference with God and his angels. Lavat. de sped. c. 2, part. 8. hath a story of one John Sar- torious, that thought he was the prophet Elias, and cap. 7. of diverse others that had conference with angels, were saints, prophets. Wierus, lib. 3. de Lamiis c. 7. makes mention of a prophet of Groning that said he was God the Father; of an Italian and Spanish prophet that held as much. We need not rove so far abroad, we have fami- liar examples at home : Hackett that said he was Christ ; Coppjnger and Arthington his disciples; '^Burchet and Hovatus, burned at Norwich. We are never likely seven years together without some such new prophets that have several inspirations, some tG convert the Jews, some fast forty days, go with Daniel to the lion's den ; some forstell strange things, some for one thing, some for another. Great precisians of mean conditions and very illiterate, most part by a preposterous zeal, fasting, medi- tation, melancholy, are brought into those gross errors and inconveniences. Of those men I may conclude generally, that howsoever they may seem to be discreet, and men of understanding in other matters, discourse well, Icesam habent imaginationem, they are like comets, round in all places but where they blaze, ccelera sani^ they have impregnable wits many of them, and discreet otherwise, but in this their mad- ness and folly breaks out beyond measure, in infinitum erumpit stultitia. Tiiey are certainly far gone with melancholy, if not quite mad, and have more need of physic than many a man that keeps his bed, more need of hellebore than those that are in Bedlam. Sub SECT. IV. — Prognostics of Religious Melancholy. You may guess at the prognostics by the symptoms. What can these signs fore tell otherwise than folly, dotage, madness, gross ignorance, despair, obstinacy, a repro- bate sense, "a bad end.'' What else can superstition, heresy produce, but wars, tumults, uproars, torture of souls, and despair, a desolate land, as Jeremy teacheth, cap. vii. 34. when they commit idolatry, and walk a.^ter their own ways .' how should it be otherwise with them ? what can they expect but "■blasting, famine, dearth," and all the plagues of Egypt, as Amos denounceth, cap. iv. vers. 9. 10. to be led into captivity } If our hopes be frustrate, " we sow much and bring in little, eat and have not enough, drink and are not filled, clothe and be not warm, Stc. Haggai i. 6. we look for much and it comes to little, whence is it .'' His house was waste, they came to their own houses, vers. 9. there'^jre the heaven stayed his dew, the earth his fruit." Because we are superstitious, irreligious, we do not serve God as we ought, all these plagues and miseries come upon us; what can we look for else but ''^ Alex.Gaguin.22. Discipulis ascitis minim in modum pr eruatur, minus au- :um. &c. '^ Solitiis erat obleetare se fidibiis, et * De benetic. 7 2. 3c2 630 Rt ligious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 4 . and luca. goda, as Syinmachus calls them. Isocrates adviseth Demonicus, " when he came to i stmnge city, to ^' worship by all means the gods of the place," et unuri- qucmqiie, Topicum deiim sic coli oforlere., quomodo ipse prcpxeperif : which Ceciliu^ in ^'^ Minutius labours, and would have every nation sacrorum ritus gentiles habere ei 4eos colere mimicipes, keep their own ceremonies, worship their peculiar gods, which Pomponius Mela reports of the Africans, Deos suos patrio more veneranlur^ they wor ship their own gods according to their own ordination. For why should any one nation, as he there pleads, challenge that universality of God, Deum suum quern nee ostendunt. nee vidtnt., discurranlem silicet et ubique pra;sentem, in omnium mores, actus,, et occijJtas, cogitaliones inquirentein, Sfc, as Christians do: let every province enjoy their liberty in this behalf, worship one God, or all as they will, and are in formed. The Romans built altars Diis Asiae, Europae, Lybise, diis ignotis et pere- g'^inis : others otherwise, &c. Plinius Secundus, as appears by his Epi-Jtle to Trajan, would not have the Christians so persecuted, and in some* time of the reign of Maximinus, as we find it registered in Eusebius lib. 9. cap. 9. there was a decree made to this purpose, JVullus cogatur invitus ad hunc vel ilium deorum cultum, " let no one be compelled against his will to worship any particular deity," and by Con- stantine in the 19th year of his reign as ^^Baronius informeth us, JVe mo alteri ex~ hibeat molestiam., quod cujusque animus vult., hoc quisque transigat., new gods, new lawgivers, new priests, will have new ceremonies, customs and religions, to which every wise man as a good formalist should accommodate himself. »• " Saturnus periit, perierunt et sua jura, :3ub Jove nunc mnndus, jiissa sequare Jovis." , The said Constantine the emperor, as Eusebius writes, flung down and nemolished 'all the heathen gods, silver, gold statues, altars, images and temples, and turned them all to Christian churches, infeslus gentilium monumentis litdibrio exposuit ; the Turk now converts them again to Mahometan mosques. The like edict came forth in the reign of Arcadius and Honorius. ^^Symmachus the orator in his days, to procure a general toleration, used this argument, ®®.'* Because God is immense and infinite, and his nature cannot perfectly be known, it is convenient he should be as diversely wor- shipped, as every man shall perceive or understand." It was impossible, he thought, for one religion to be universal : you see that one small province can hardly be ruled by one law, civil or spiritual; and "• how shall so many distinct and vast empires of the world be united into one.-* It never was, never will be ' Besides, if there be infinite planetary and firmamental worlds, as ^^ some will, there, be infinite genii or conunanding spirits belonging to each of them; and so, per consequens (for Uiey will be all adored), infinite religions. And therefore let every territory keep their proper rites and ceremonies, as their dii tutelares will, so Tyrius calls them, '' and accord- ing to the quarter they hold," their own institutions, revelations, orders, oracles, which they dictate from time to lime, or teach their own priests or ministers. \This tenet was stiffly maintained in Turkey not long since, as you may read in the third epistle of Busbequius, '"*'•' that all those should participate of eternal happiness, that lived a holy and innocent life, what religion soever they professed." Rustan Bassa was a great patron of it; though Mahomet himself was sent virtute gladdi, to enforce all, as he writes in his Alcoran, to foJlow him. Some again will approve of this for Jews, Gentiles, infidels, that are out of the fold, they can be content to give them all respect and favour, but by no means to such as are within the precincts of our own church, and called Christians, to no heretics, schismatics, or the like; let the Spanish in juisition, that fourth fury, speak of some of them, the civil wars and massacres in France, our Marian times. ""Magillianus the Jesuit will not admit of conference with a heretic, but severity and rigour to be used, non illis verba reddere., sed fur- cas.,Jiger?. oportct; and Theodosius is commended in Nicephorus, lib. 12. cap. 15 """That he put all heretics to silence." Bernard. Episl. 180, will have ciub law, »i Numen venerare pra-sertim quod civitas colit. i quisquR aliquid de Deo percipit aut intellisit. "'Cam- •2 Octavio dial. 33 Annal. toni. 3 ad annum 324. I. panella Calcaginiis, and others. '"' .EternR lieati- »< Ovid. " Saturn is dead, Ins laws died with tiini ; now tudinis consortes for», qui sancte innoo-.nterc ae lianc that Jupiter rules the world, let us obey his laws." vitani traduxerint, qiianicuiiqne illi reli^ioiiem sequuti •i' In epist. Sym. "<> Q.uia dens inimensnm quiddam I sunt. 99Couinient.inCTun.fi •■'>r. 20. e. 21. severi- ef:t, et intinituni cujiis natnra perfecte cognosci non ; tate cum agendum, et non alitei •«<. uluod iilentiuin pi>test, aequuui ergo est, ut diversa ratione colatur pruut \ haereticis indixerit. iVIeni, 'Z. Subs, l.j Religious Melancholy in Defect. 631 rtre and sword for lieretics, '" compel them, stop their mouths not with disputations, or refute them with reasons, but with fists;" and this is their ordinary practice. /■Another company are as mild on the other side ; to avoid all heart-burning, and con- tentious wars and uproars, they would have a general toleration in every kingdom, no mulct at all, no man for religion or conscience be put to death, which ^Thuanus the French historian much favours ; our late Socinians defend ; Vaticanus against Calvin in a large Treatise in behalf of Servetus, vindicates; Castilio, Sec, Martin Ballius and his companions, maintained this opinion not long since in France, whose error is confuted by Beza in a just volume. The medium is best, and that which Paul prescribes, Gal. i. '' If any man shall fall by occasion, to restore such a one with the spirit of meekness, by all fair means, gentle admonitions ;" but if that will not lake place, Post unam et alteram adrhonitionem hcerelicum devita^ he must be excommunicate, as Paul did by Hymenaeus, delivered over to Satan. Immedicabile vulnus ense reddendurfL est. As Hippocrates said in physic, I may well say in divinity, Qiice ferro nan curanlur, ignis curat. For the vulgar, restrain them by laws, mulcts, burn their books, forbid their conventicles ; for when the cause is taken away, the effect will soon cease. Now for prophets, dreamers, and such rude silly fellows, that through fasting, too much meditation, preciseness, or by melancholy, are dis- tempered : the best means to reduce them ad sanam mentem^ is to alter their course of life, and with conference, threats, promises, persuasions, to intermix physic. Hercules de Saxonia had such a prophet committed to his charge in Venice, that thought he was Elias, and would fast as he did ; he dressed a fellow in angePs attire", that said he came from heaven to bring him divine food, and by that means stayed his fast, administered his physic ; so by the meditation of this forged angel he was cured. "Rhasis an Arabian, cont. lib. 1. cap. 9, speaks of a fellow that in like case complained to him, and desired his help : " 1 asked him (saith he) what the matter was ; he replied, I am continually meditating of heaven and hell, and . methinks I see and talk with fiery spirits, and smell brimstone, &c., and am so carried away with these conceits, that I can neither eat, nor sleep, nor go about my busi- ness: I cured him (saith Rhasis) partly by persuasion, partly by physic, and so have 1 done by many others." We have frequently such prophets and dreamers amongst us, whom we persecute with fire and faggot: I think the most compendious cure, for some of them at least, had been in Bedlam. Sed de his satis. MEMB. II. SuBSECT. ].— Religious Melancholy in defect; parties affected, Epicures, Mieists, Hypocrites, worldly secure, Carnalists; all impious persons, impenitent sinners, 3fc. In that other extreme or defect of this love of God, knowledge, faith, fear, hope, &c. are such as err both in doctrine and manners, Sadducees, Herodians, libertines, politicians : all manner of atheists, epicures, infidels, that are secure, in a reprobate sense, fear not God at all, and such are too distrustful and timorous, as desperate persons be. That grand sin of atheism or impiety. * Melancthon calls it monslrosam melancholiam, monstrous melancholy ; or venenatam melancholiam., poisoned melan- choly. A company of Cyclops or giants, that war with the gods, as the poets feigned, antipodes to Christians, that scoff at all religion, at God himself, deny him and all his attributes, his wisdom, power, providence, his mercy and judgment. »" Esse aliquos manes, et siibterranea regna. El contiim, et Stygio ranas in gurijile nigras, Atque una transire vaduin tot inillia c.ymba, Nee pueri credunt, nisi qui nondum sere lavantur.' 1 Igne et fusle pntius agendum cum hsreticis quam cum disputalionibiis; n« alia Inquens, &.c. aPra-fat. hist. JQuidam conquesius est mihi de hoc morbo, ijt deprccatiis est lit ego ilium curarem ; ego qujesivi ab eo quia sentiret; respondit, semper imaginor et cogito de D' ' <■' aiigelis, &c. et ita dHiiiersiis sucn hac iningi- a boat-pole, and black frogs in the Stygian gulf, and lliat so many thousands pass over in one boat, not even boyi believe, unless those not as yet washed for money." 682 Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sect. 4. That tnere is eilher heaven or hell, resurrection of the dead, pain, happiness, oi ■vorld to come, crcdat Judceus ^pella ; for their parts they esteem them as so many poet's tales, bugbears, Liician's Alexander; Moses, Mahomet, and Christ are all as one in their creed. When those bloody wars in France for matters of religion (sailh 'Richard Dinolh) wer« so violently pursued between Huguenots and Papists, there was a company of good fellows laughed them all to scorn, for being such supersti- tious fools, to lose their wives and fortunes, accounting faith, religion, immortality of the soul, mere fopperies and illusions. Such loose 'atheistical spirits are ton predominant in all kingdoms. Let them contend, pray, tremble, trouble themselves that will, for their parts, they fear neither God nor devil; but with that Cyclops in Euripides, " Haiiil iilla niimina e.xpavescunt cselitum, I " They fear no God hut one, Sfd vicliiiias urii deonim inaxiiiio, | They sacrifice to none, Veiitri offerunt, decs ignorant cseteros." j But belly, and him adore, I For gods they know no more." "•Their God is their belly," as Paul saith, Sancta mater sattiritas ; quihus in solo Vivendi causa palolo est. The idol, which they worship and adore, is their mistress ; with him in Plautus, malle.m hcec mulier me amet quam dii, they had rather have her favour than the gods'.-' Satan is their guide, the flesh is their instructor, hypocrisy their counsellor, vanity their fellow-soldier, their will their law, ambition their captain, custom their rule ; temerity, boldness, impudence their art, toys their trading, damnation tlieir end. All their endeavours are to satisfy their lust and ap- petite, how to please their genius, and to be merry for the present, Ede., lude., bibe^ post mortem nulla voluptas.^ " The same condition is of men and of beasts ; as the one dieth, so dieth the other," Eccles. iii. 19. The world goes round, » " truditur dies die, Nova>que (lergunt interire Lnna :" '"They did eat and drink of old, marry, bury, bought, sold, planted, built, and will do still. ""Our life is short and tedious, and in the death of a man there is no re- covery, neither was any man known that hath returned from the grave; for we are born at all adventure, and we shall be hereafter as though we had never been ; for the breath is as .smoke in our nostrils, Stc, and the spirit vanisheth as the soft air. '^Come let us enjoy the pleasures that are present, let us cheerfully use the creatures as in youth, let us till ourselves with costly wine and ointments, let not the flower of our life pass by us, let us crown ourselves with rose-buds before they are wither- ed, &.C. '^Viva7mis men Lesbia ci umcmus^ 8fc. '''Come let us take our fill of love, and pleasure in dalliance, for this is our portion, this is our lot. Tempora labuntur, tacitisquc senescimus annis.'^ For the rest of heaven and hell, let children and super- stitious fools believe it : for their parts, they are so far from trembling at the dread- ful day of judgment that they wish with Nero, Me vivo fiat., let it come in their times: so secure, so desperate, so immoderate in lust and pleasure, so prone to re- venge that, as Paterculus said of some caitiffs in his time in Rome, Quod nequitir ausi., fort iter exccuti: it shall not be so wickedly attempted, but as desperately per- formed, whatever they take in hand. Were it not for God's restraining grace, fear and shame, temporal punishment, and their own infamy, they would Lycaou-like exenterate, as so many cannil^tls eat up, or Cadmus' soldiers consume one another. These are most impious, and commonly professed atheists, that never use the name of God but to swear by it; that express nought else but epicurism in their carriage, or h"pocrisy ; with Peniheus they neglect and contemn these rites and religious ceremonies of the gods ; they will be gods themselves, or at least socii deoruin. Divisum imperium cum Jove Ccesar habet. " Caesar divides the empire with Jove." Aproyis, an Mgypilan tyrant, grew, saith '^ Herodotus, to that height of pride, in- solency of impiety, to that contempt of Gods and men, that he held his kingdom so sure, ut a nemine deorum aut hominum sibi eripi posset., neither God nor men could take it from him. "A certain blasphemous king of Spain (as '^Lansius reports *(ji.5. Gal. hist, quampliirinii reperli sunt qui tot pericula sulieuntes irridehant ; et qua; do fide, reliyione, %c. dicfhant, Indibrio habehant, nihil enruin adinitten- •s de futura vita. ''50,0(10 atheists at this day in hasten to their wane." '"Lukexvii. " Wiso ii.2. "» Vers. 6, 7, 8. '3(Jatullus. h Prov vii. p •* " Time jrl'des away, and we grow old by years insen sibly acoumulating." '« Lib, 1. " M. Montap Palis, Mercennus thinks. »•• Eat, drink. I)e merry; lib. 1. cap. 4. Orat. Cont. Hispan. ne prosinu Um I*" is i\o more pleasure after death." » Hor. I. 2. decennio deum adorareni, &r.. od. 16. ' One day succeeds another, and new moona Alem. 2. Subs. 1.] Religious Melancholy in Defect. 63.H made an edict, that no subject of his, for ten years' space, should believe in, call on, or worship any god. And as '^Jovius relates of "Mahomet the Second, that sacked Constantinople, he so behaved himself, that he believed neither Christ nor Mahomet, and thence it came to pass, that he kept his word and promise no farther than for his advantage, neither did he care to commit any offence to satisfy his lust." I could say the like of many princes, many private men (our stories are full of them) in limes past, this present age, that love, fear, obey, and perform all civil duties as they shall find them expedient or behovefiil to their own ends. Securi adversus Decs, securi udversus liomines^votis non est opus, which '■^"Tacitus reports of some Germans, they need not pray, fear, hope, for they are secure, to their thinking, both from Gods and men. Bnlco Opiliensis, sometime Duke of '"Silesia, was such a one to a hair; he lived (saith ^"^JEneas Sylvius) at ^^Uralislavia, and was so mad to satisfy his lust, that he believed neither heaven nor hell, or that the soul was immortal, but married wives, and turned them up as he thought fit. did murder and mischief, and what he list himself." This duke hath too many followers in our days : say what you can, dehort, exhort, persuade to the contrary, they are no more moved, quam si dura silex out sfet Marpesia cautes, than so many stocks, and stones; tell them of heaven and hell, 'tis to no purpose, laterem lavas, they answer as Ataliba that Indian prince did friar Vincent, ""when he brought him a book, and told him all the mysteries of salvation, heaven and hell, were contained in it: he looked upon it, and said he saw no such matter, asking withal, how he knew it :" they will but scoff at it, or wholly reject it. Petronius in Tacitus, when he was now by Nero's command bleed- ing to death, audicba^t amicos nihil references de iminortnlitale ani?nce, aut savienlun placitis, sed levia carmina et faciles versus ; instead of good counsel and divine meditations, he made his friends sing him bawdy verses and scurrilous sono-s. Let them take heaven, paradise, and that future happiness that will, honmn est esse hie, it is good being here : there is no talking to such, no hope of their conversion, thev are in a reprobate sense, mere carnalists, fleshly minded men, which howsoever they may be applauded in this life by some few parasites, and held for worldly wise men. ""They seem to me (saith Melancthon) to be as mad as Hercules was when he raved and killed his wife and children." A milder sort of these atheistical spirits there are that profess religion, but tiniide et hcesitanter, tempted thereunto out of that horrible consideration of diversity of religions, which are and have been in the world (which argument Campanella, Atheismi Triumphati, ccrp. 9. both urgeiii and answers), besides the covetousness, imposture, and knavery of priests, y/zce faeiunt (as ^^Postel- ius observes) ut rebus sacris minus faciant fidem ; and those religions some of them so fantastical, exorbitant, so violently maintained with equal constancy and assurance; whence they infer, that if there be so many religious sects, and denied by the rest, why may they not be all false .' or why should this or that be preferred before the rest .? The sceptics urge this, and amongst others it is the conclusion of Sextua Empericus, lib. 8. advers. Malhematicos : after many philosopiiieal arguments and reasons pro and con that there are gods, and again that there are no gods, he so concludes, cu7n tot in'er se pugnent, Sfc. Una tantum potest esse vera, as Tully like- wise disputes : Christians say, they alone worship the true God, pity all other sects, lament their case; and yet those old Greeks and Romans that worshipped the devil, as the Chinese now do, aut deos topicos, their own gods; as Julian the apostate. ^'Cecilius in Minutius, Celsus and Porphyrins the philosopher object : and as Ma- chiavel contends, were much more noble, generous, victorious, had a more flourish- ing conunonwealth, better cities, better soldiers, better scholars, better wits. Their gods overcame our gods, did as many miracles, &c. Saint Cyril, Arnobius, Minu- tius, with many other ancients of late, Lessius, Morneus, Grotius de Verit. Reliu-. Chrifeiianae, Savanarola de Verit. Fidei Christianae, well defend ; but Zanchius, ^^ Cam- "Talpm se exhibiiit. iit nee in Christum, nee Maho- metan crederet. undo pffecliiui ut promissa ni.si quatenug in suum cominoduiu cedereiit uiiniiiie servaret, uec ullo Bcelere peccatuin statueret, ut suis desideriis satisfa- ceret. "o Lib. de nior. Gerin. '^^ Or Brcslau. ^ Usque adco iusanus. ut ncc inferos, nee superos esse . ie& n.wit Mem. 2. Subs. I J Religious Melancholy in Defect. 635 from whom all Illinois depend, ^"a quo., et per queyn omnia., JYam quocunque vides Deus est, quocunque moveris., "God is all in all, God is everywhere, in every place." And yet this Seneca, that could confute and blame them, is all out as much to be blamed and confuted himself, as mad himself j for he holds fatum Stoicum, that inevitable Necessity in the other extreme, as those Chaldean astrologers of old did, against whom the prophet Jeremiah so often thunders, and those heathen mathema- ticians, Nigidius Figulus, magicians, and Priscilianists, whom St. Austin so eagerly confutes, those Arabian questionaries, Novem Judices, Albumazer, Dorotheus, &,c., and our coifntryman ^'Estuidus, that take upon tiiem to define out of those great con- junction of stars, with Ptolomeus, the periods of kingdoms, or religions, of all future accidents, wars, plagues, schisms, heresies, and wliat not.'' all from stars, and such things, saith Maginus, Quce sibi et intelligentiis suis reservavit Deus., which God hath reserved to himself and his angels, they will take upon them to foretel, as if stars were immediate, inevitable causes of all future accidents. Caesar Vaninus, in his book de admirandis naturce Jircanis, dial. 52. de oraculis^ is more free, copious, and open in this explication of this astrological tenet of Ptolemy, than any of our modern writers. Cardan excepted, a true disciple of his master Pomponatius ; according to the doctrine of peripatetics, he refers all apparitions, prodigies, miracles, oracles, ac- cidents, alterations of religions, kingdoms, SiC. (for which he is soundly lashed by Marinus Mercennus, as well he deserves), to natural causes (for spirits he will not acknowledge), to that light, motion, influences of heavens and stars, and to the in- telligences that move the orbs. Inlelligentia quce niovet orbem mediante ccclo, Sfc Intelligences do all : and after a long discourse of miracles done of old, si hcec dceinones possint., cur non et intelligentioi ccclorum matrices ? And as these great conjunctions, aspects of planets, begin or end, vary, are vertical and predominant, so have religions, rites, ceremonies, and kingdoms their beginning, progress, periods, in urbibus regibus^ religiojiibus^ ac in particuiaribus hominibus, hac vera ac manifesta sunt., ut Jiristoteles innuere videtur^ et quotidiana docet experientia, ut historias per- legcns vidcbit ; quid olim in Genlili lege Jove sanctius et illustrius? quid nunc vile magis et execrandum? Ita coeleslia corpora pro mortaliwn benejicio religiones cp,di- jicant., et cum cessat injluxus., cessat lex.,''" 6fc. And because, according to their tenets, the world is eternal, intelligences eternal, influences of stars eternal, kingdoms, reli- gions, alterations shall be likewise eternal, and run round after many ages j Jllque iterum ad Troiam magnus mittciur Achilles ; rcnascenlur religiones, et ceremonicBj res humancB in idem recident, nihil nunc quod non olimfuit, et post sceculorum revo- lutiones alias est, erit.1*' "And again a great Achilles shall he sent against Troy; religions and their ceremonies shall be born again ; however aU'airn relapse into the same oraculis. " Varie lioniines atfecti, alii dei judi- cium ad tarn pii exilium, alii ad iiaturam referebant, nee ab indigiiatloiie dei, sed hiimaiiis causis, ikc. 12. Natural, qusst. 3;i. 3U. «< Juv. Sat. 13. "There are those who ascribe everything to chance, and believe that the world is made without a director, nature in- fluencing the vicissitudes," &c. i^ Epist. ad C Caisar. Koniani oliin putaliant fortiinain regiia et iniperia dare: Credebant antea niortales fortunani solam ope« et honores largiri, idquc riuabus de causis; priinum qu. d indignus qui.*que dives honoratus, poleiis ; alte- track, there is nothing now that was not formerly and rum. vix qiiisqiiam perpetiio bonis iisfrui visas. Posteu will not be again " dtc. " Vaninus dial. Si- de | prudentiores didicere furtunain euain quenique fingete nSB Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 4. honours, offices . and that for two causes ; first, because every wicked liase unwortliy wretch was preferred, rich, potent, &c. ; secondly, because of their uncertainty, though never so good, scarce any one enjoyed them long : but after, they began upon better advice to think otherwise, that every man made his own fortune." The last of Necessity was Seneca's tenet, that God was alligatus causis secnndis, so tied to second causes, to that inexorcible Necessity, that he could alter nothing of that which was once decreed ; sic erat infatis, it cannot be altered, semel jussit., semper paref. Deus., nulla vis rumpit, nullce preces, nee ipstim fulmen, God hath once said it, and it must for ever stand good, no prayers, no threats, nor power, nor thunder itself can alter it. Zeno, Chrysippus, and those other Stoics, as you may read in Tully 2. de divinatione., Gellius, lib. (i. cap. 2. &.c., maintained as much. In all ages, there have been such, that either deny God in all, or in part ; some deride him, they could have made a better world, and ruled it more orderly themselves, blaspheme him, de- rogate at their pleasure from him. 'Twas so in '"^ Plato's time, " Some say there be no gods, otiiers that they care not for men, a middle sort grant both." Si non sit Deus., unde mala? si sit Deus., unde mala? So Colta argues in Tully, why made he not all good, or at least tenders not the welfare of such as are good ? As tlie woman told Alexander, if he be not at leisure to hear causes, and redress them, why doth he reign? '*'' Sextus Empericus hath many such arguments. Thus perverse men cavil. So it will ever be, some of all sorts, good, bad, indifferent, true, false, zealous, ambidexters, neutralists, lukewarm, libertines, atheists, &c. They will see these religious sectaries agree amongst themselves, be reconciled all, before they will participate with, or believe any: they think in the meantime (which ''^Celsus objects, and whom Origen confutes), '•'We Christians adore a person put to ''^ death with no more reason than the barbarous Getes worshipped Zamolxis, the Cilicians Mopsus, the Thebans Amphiaraus, and the Lebadians Trophonius ; one religion is as true as another, new fangled devices, all for human respects 5" great-witted Aristotle's works are as much authentical to them as Scriptures, subtle Seneca's Epistles as canonical as St. Paul's, Pindarus' Odes as good as the Prophet David's Psalms, Epictetus' En- chiri{Uon equivalent to wise Solomon's Proverbs. They do openly and boldly speak this and more, some of tliem, in all places and companies. ^'•'- Claudius the emperor was angry with Heaven, because it thundered, and challenged Jupiter into the field ; with what niathiess ! saith Seneca; he thought Jupiter could not hurt him, but he co'-IJ hurt Jupiter." Diagoras, Demonax., Epicurus., Pliny, Lucian, Lucretius, Contemptorque Deiim Mezentius, "professed atheists all" in their times: though not simple atheists neither, as Cicogna proves, lib. 1. cajJ. 1. they scofied only at those Pagan gods, their plurality, base and fictitious offices. Gilbertus Cognatus labours much, and so doth Erasmus, to vindicate Lucian from scandal, and there be those that apologize for Epicurus, but all in vain ; Lucian scoffs at all, Epicurus he denies all, and Lucretius his scholar defends him in it : 61 " Humana ante oculus fitile cum vita jaceref i " Wlien human kind was drcncli'd in superptitinn. In teriis oppressa gravi cum reliihf . lude, &c. j.nii Deus fijinientuin est. so Ljh. 1 64 Psal. xiii. 1. 63G„jc,;iardini. 3D de immortal, animx. «> Pa<;. 645. an. 1238. ad finem Henrici tertii. Idem Pisterius. pag. 743. 111 compilat sua. 61 Virg. " 'J'hey place fear, fate, and the sound of craving Acheron under their feet." «- Rom. xii. S> esOiiinis Aristippuiii deciiit color, et status, et reA i38 Religions JMclanchoJy. [Part. 3, Sec. 4 better how to judge, he that examines the heart, saith they arc hypocrites, Cor dolo plenum; sonant vitinm percussa malignc^ they are not sound wiihin. As it is with wrivCrs ^"^ ofientimes, Plus sanctimonicB in libello^ qudm liheUi auctore^ more holiness is in ihe book than in the author of it : so 'tis with them : many come to church with great Bibles, whom Cardan said he could not choose but laugh at, and will now and then dare- operam ^vguslino, read Austin, frequent sermons, and yet professed usurers, mere gripes, totavitxe ratio epicurea est; all their life is epicurism and atheism, come to church all day, and lie with a courtezan at night. Qui curios simulant et Bacchanalia vivuni^ they have Esau's hands, and Jacob's voice : yea, and many of those holy friars, sanctified men, Cappam, saith Hierom, et cilicium induunt, sed intus latronem tegunt. They are wolves in sheep's clothing, Introrsum turpes, speciosi pelle decora^ '" Fair without, and most foul within." ^^ Latet plerumque sub tristi amictu lascivia, et deformis horror vili veste tegilur ; ofttimes under a mourning weed lies lust itself, and horrible vices under a poor coat. But who can examine all those kinds of hypocrites, or dive into their hearts } If we may guess at the tree by the fruit, never so many as in these days ; show me a plain-dealing true honest man: Et pudor^ et probitas^ et timor omnis abest. He that shall but look into their lives, and see such enormous vices, men so immoderate in lust, unspeakable in malice, furious m their rage, flattering and dissembling (all for their own ends) will surely think the}' are not truly religious, but of an obtiurate heart, most part in a reprobate sense, as in this age. But let them carry it as they will for the present, dissemble as they can, a time will come when they shall be called to an account, their melancholy is at hand, they pull a plague and curse upon their own heads, thesaurisant iram Dei. Besides all such as are in deos contumeliosi., blaspheme, contemn, neglect God, or scoff at him, as the poets feign of Salmoneus, that would in derision imitate Jupiter's thunder, he was precipitated for his pains, Jupiter intonuit contra, Sfc. so shall they certainly rue it in the end, (^^m se spuit, qui in ccelum spuit), their doom's at hand, and hell is ready to receive them. Some are of opinion, that it is in vain to dispute with such atheistical spirits in the meantime, 'tis not the best way to reclaim them. Atheism, idolatry, heresy, hypocrisy, though they have one common root, that is indulgence to corrupt aflection, yet their growth is different, they have divers symptoms, occasions, and must have several cures and remedies. 'Tis true some deny there is any God, some confess, yet believe it not; a third sort confess and believe, but will not live after his laws, worship and obey him : others allow God and gods subordinate, but not one God, no such gene- ral God, non iatem demn, but several topic gods for several places, and those not to persecute one another for any difference, as Socinus will, but rather love and cherish. To describe them in particular, to produce their arguments and reasons, would require a just volume, I refer them therefore that expect a more ample satisfaction, to those subtle and elaborate treatises, devout and famous tracts of our learned divines (schoolmen amongst the rest, and casuists) that have abundance of reasons to prove there is a God, the immortality of the soul. Sic, out of the strength of wit and pliilosophy bring irrefragable arguments to such as are ingenuous and well disposed ; at the least, answer all cavils and objections to confute their folly and madness, and to reduce them, si fieri posset, ad sanam mentejn, to a better mind, though to small purpose many times. Among«t others consult with Julius Caesar Lagalla, professor of philosophy in Rome, who hath written a large volume of late to confute atheists : of the immortality of the soul, Hierom. Montanus de im Viorlalilate JlnimcE : Lelius Vincentius of tjie same subject : Thomas Giaminus, dnd Franciscus Collins de Paganorum animabus post mortem, a famous doctor of the Ambrosian College in Milan. Bishop Fotherby in his Atheomastix, Doctor Dove, Doctor Jackson, Abernethy, Corderoy, have vvritten well of this subject in our mother tongue : in Latin, Colerus, Zanchius, Paleareus, Illyricus, *^^Philippus. Faber Favtntinus, &c. But instar omnium, xhe most copious confuter of atheists m Marinus Mercennus in his Commentaries on Genesis : '" with Campane.la's Atheis- mus Triumphalus. He sets down at large the causes of this brutish passion, (seven- teen in numi»er I take it) answers all their arguments and soph'sms, which he re> "Erasmus. *' Hi<^roin. <* Senpo. consol. I Athens. Vpojetiii 1627, (JuarUj '" Edit.RomiP. W «d Pdlyb. ca. 3\. "Disput. 4 rtiil:pe vicloricB in destinatain iiiorteiii con- I pra3ce(ituiii primiitn de Relij;. et partiliiis ejus. Non tpirant, lautusi)iii' ardor siii^uUis cepit, iit vittAlex. Gai;uinu8 catal. reg. Pol. "('osinog. I oiiines quern posseut, maximum moerorem in virgiail Muiister. et Mag(*j. ^ Pliniiis, cap. 10. I. 35. Con- J patre cugitareiil. Muopui 'aHecl^tui, AgdiKUifoi.is caput velavit, ut 646 Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 4. suit and favour revoke banishment ; authority and time wear away reproach : but what physic, what chirurgery, what wealth, favour, authority can relieve, bear out assuage, or expel a troubled conscience ? A quiet mind cureth all them, but all thev cannot comfort a distressed soul : who can put to silence the voice of desperation ? All that is single ii. other melancholy, Horribile^ diru7n, peslilens, atrox^ ferum, con- cm m this, it is more than melancholy in the highest degree ; a burning fevor of the soul; so mad, saith '^Macchinus, by this misery; fear, sorrow, and despair, he puts for ordmary symptoms of melancholy. They are in great pain and horror of mind, distraction of soul, restless, full of continual fears, cares, torments, anxieties, they can neither eat, drink, nor sleep for them, take no rest, ' Perpetiia iiiipjetas, nee mensae tempore cessat, Exagitat vesaiia quies, somnique furenles.' 'Neither at bed, nor yet at board,. / Willany rest dfspair afford." Feiir takes away their content, and dries the blood, wasteth the marrow, alters their countenance, " even in their greatest delights, singing, dancing, dalliance, they are still (saith - Lemnius) tortured m their souls." It consumes them to nought, " I am like a pelican in the wilderness (saith David of himself, temporally afflicted), an owl because of thine indignation," Psalm cii. 8, 10, and Psalm Iv. 4. "My heart trem- bleth within me, and the terrors of death have come upon me ; fear and trembling are come upon me, &c. at death's door," Psalm cvii. 18. "Their soul abhors all manner of meats." Their '^ sleep is (if it be any) unquiet, subject to fearful dreams and terrors. Peter in his bonds slept secure, for he knew God protected him : and 1 ully makes it an argument of Roscius Amerinus' innocency, that he killed not his father, because he so securely slept. Those martyrs in the primitive church were most ' cheerful and merry in the midst of their persecutions ; but it is far otherwise with these men, tossed in a sea, and that continually without rest or intermission, they can think of nought that is pleasant, ^^^ their conscience will not let them be quiet," in perpetual fear, anxiety, if they be not yet apprehended, they are in doubt still they shall be ready to betray themselves, as Cain did, he thinks every man will kill him ; " and roar for the grief of heart," Psalm xxxviii. 8, as David did ; as Job did, XX. 3, 21, 22, &c., " Wherefore is light given to him that is in misery, and life to them that have heavy hearts .? which long for death, and if it come not, search it more than treasures, and rejoice when they can find the grave." They are generally weary of their lives, a U-embling heart they have, a sorrowful mind, and litUe or no rest. Terror uhique tremor^ timer undique et undigue (error. " Fears, terrors, and affrights in all places, at all times and seasons." Cibum et potmn pertinacit^r aver- santur muUi, nodum in scirpo qua;ritantes, et culpam imaginantes uhi nulla est, as Wierus writes de Lamiis lib. 3. c. 7. " they refuse many of them meat and drink, cannot rest, aggravating still and supposing grievous offences where there are none." God's heavy wrath is kindled in their souls, and notwithstanding their continual prayers and supplications to Christ Jesus, they have no release or ease at all, but a most intolerable torment, and insufferable anguish of conscience, and that makes them, through impatience, to murmur against God many times, to rave, to blaspheme, turn atheists, and seek to offer violence to themselves. Deut. xxviii. 65, 66. * In the morning they wish for evening, and for morning in the evening, for the sight of their eyes which they see, and fear of hearts." «" Marinas Mercennus, in his Com- ment on Genesis, makes mention of a desperate friend of his, whom, amongst others, he came to visit, and exhort to patience, that broke out into most blasphemous athe- istical speeches, too fearful to relate, when they wished him lo trust in God, Quis est ille Deus {inquit) ut serviam ilU, quid proderit si oraverim ; si prcesens est, cur non succurntf cur non me carcere, inedia, squalore confectum liberot? quid ego feci? &fc. absit a me hujusmodi Deus. Another of his acquaintance broke out into like atheistical blasphemies, upon his wife's death raved, cursed, said and did he cared not what. And so for the most part it is with them all, many of them, in *e suRpected, because they die impenitent. ^^ If their death had been a little more lingering, wherein they might have some leisure in their hearts to cry for mercy, » Lib. 1. obser. cap. 3. s^ Ad maledicendiini Deo. I ex damnatorurn numero. Deo non esse curoe nliaqu* »»Goulart. 3* Dciiii hsec scribo, implorat opem ineatn iiifinita qute proferre non audcbant, vel abhorrebant. ■loiiaclia, in rrliquis sana, et judicio recta, per. 5. annos 3* Musciiliis, Patritus, ad vim sibi inferendaincofrit homi melancholica ■ ■'ainnatuin sedicit, conscientis stimiillis nes. s' DtMiientis alienat. observ. lib. I. ^'UxorMer- oppressa, &.c. ^ Alios conquerenles aiidivi se esse | caioris diu vexalionihus teritata, &.c. ^ Abernuthy 648 Reliyious Mdanrlinly. [Part. 8. Sec. 4. chanty may judge the best; divers have been recovered out of the very act of haul- ing aud drowning themselves, and so brought ad smiam. nunit^m they have beeli very penitent, much abhorred their former act, confessed that thev have repented ia an instant, and cried for mercy in their hearts. If a man put desperate hands upon himself, by occasion of madness or melancholy, if he have given testimony before ot his regeneration, in regard he doth this not so much out of his will as ex vi morbi, we must make the best construction of it, as ^» Turks do, that think all fools and madmen go directly to heaven. SUBSECT. YL— Cure 0/ Despair hy Physic , Good Counsel, Comforts, &c. Experience teacheth us, that though many die obstinate and wilful in this malady yet multitudes again are able to resist and overcome, seek for help and find comfort' are taken e faunbvs Ereh!, from the chops of hell, and out of the devil's paws' though they have by ^' obligation, given themselves to him. Some out of their own strength, and God's assistance, '' Though He kill me, (saith Job,) yet will I trust in Him out of good counsel, advice and physic. ^^Bellovacus cured a monk by alter- ing his habit, aud course of life : Plater many by physic alone. But for the most part they must concur; and they take a wrong course that think to overcome this teral passion by sole physic ; and they are as much out, that think to work this effect by good service alone, though both be forcible in themselves, yet vis unita fortloi- ''they must go hand in hand to this disease :" alu-rlux sic altera poscit opcni. hoY physic the like course is to be taken with this as in other melancholy • diet air, exercise, all those passions and perturbations of the mind, &c. are to be rectified by the same means. They must not be left solitary, or to themselves, never idle never out of company. Counsel, good comfort is to be applied, as they shall see the parties inclined, or to the causes, whether it be loss, fear, be grief, discontent or some such feral accident, a guilty conscience, or otherwise by frequent meditation too grievous an apprehension, and consideration of his former life ; by hearino-, read- ing of Scriptures, good divines, good advice and conference, applying God's word lo their distressed souls, it must be corrected and counterpoised. Many excellent exhor- tations, phrsenetical discourses, are extant to this purpose, for such as are any way troubled in mind : Perkins, Greenham, Hayward. Bright, Abernethy, Bolton Cul- mannus, Helmmgius, Caelius Secundus, Nicholas Laurentius, are copious on this sub- ject : Azorius, Navarrus, Sayrus, &c., aud such as have written cases of conscience amongst our pontifical writers. But because these men's works are not to aU parties at hand, so parable at all times, I will fur the benefit and ease of such as are afflicted at the request of some « friends, recollect out of their voluminous treatises, some few such comfoi-table speeches, exhortations, arguments, advice, tending to this subject, and out of God's word, knowing, as (^ulmannus saith upon the like occasion, *^" how unavailable and vain men's councils are to comfort an afflicted conscience except god s word concur and be annexed, from which comes life, ease, repentance," &c Pre-supposing first that which Beza, Greenham, Perkins, Bolton, give in charge the parties to whom counsel is given be sufficiently prepared, humbled for their sin's fit tor comfort, confessed, tried how they are more or less afflicted, how they stand affected, or capable of good advice, before any remedies be applied : to such there- fore as are so thoroughly searched and examined, I address this following discourse. Two main antidotes, "niemmingius observes, opposite to despair, good hope out of (jod s word, to be embraced ; perverse security and presumption from the devil •» treachery, to be rejected; Ilia salus animce hcBc j^estis ; one saves, the other kills occulu . de vit. spirit. Sayrus, lib. 1. cons. cap. 14, repeat and approve out of Emanuel Roderiques, caj^- 51 ct 52. Greenham prescribes six special rules, Cul- mannus seven. First, to acknowledge all help come from God. 2. That the cause of their present misery is sin. 3. To repent and be heartily sorry for their sins. 4. To pray earnestly to God they may be eased. 5. To expect and implore the prayers of the church, and good men's advice. 6. Physic. 7. To commend them- selves to God, and rely upon His mercy : others, otherwise, but all to this effect. But forasmuch as most men in this malady are spiritually sick, void of reason almost, overborne by their miseries, and too deep an apprehension of their sins, they cannot apply themselves to good counsel, pray, believe, repent, we must, as much as in us lies, occur and help their peculiar infirmities, according to their several causes and symptoms, as we shall find them distressed and complain. The main matter which terrifies and torments most that are troubled in mind, is the enormity of their offences, the intolerable burthen of their sins, God's heavy wrath and displeasure so deeply apprehended, that they account themselves repro- bates, quite forsaken of God, already damned, past all hope of grace, incapable of mercy, diaholl mancipia., slaves of sin, and their offences so great they cannot be forgiven. But these men must know thei-e is no sin so heinous which is not par- donable in itself, no crime so great but by God's mercy it may be forgiven. " Where sin aboundetli, grace aboundeth much more," Rom. v. 20. And what the Lord said unto Paul in his extremity, 2 Cor. xi. 9, " My grace is sufiicient for thee, for my power is made perfect through weakness :" concerns every man in like case. His promises are made indefinite to all believers, generally spoken to all touching remission of sins that are truly penitent, grieved for their offences, and desire to be reconciled, Matt. ix. 12, 13, " I came not to call the righteous but sin- ners to repentance," that is, such as are truly touched in conscience for their sins. Again, Matt. xi. 28, '(Come unto me all ye that are heavy laden, and I will ease you."', Ezek. xviii. 27, "At what time soever a sinner shall repent him of his sins from the bottom of his heart, I will blot out all his wickedness out of my remem- brance saith the Lord." Isaiah xliii. 25, " I even T am He that put away ttiine ini- quity for mine own sake, and will not remember thy sins." "As a father (saith David Psal. ciii. 13) hath compassion on his children, so hath the Lord compassion on them that fear him." And will receive them again as the prodigal son was en- tertained, Luke XV., if they shall so come with tears in their eyes, and a penitent heart. Peccator agnoscat. Dens igvoscit. " The Lord is full of compassion and mercy, slow to anger, of great kindness," Psal. ciii. 8. " He will not always chide, neither keep His anger for ever," 9. "As high as the heaven is above the earth, so great is His mercy towards them that fear Him," 11. "As far as the East is from the West, so far hath He removed our sins from us," 12. Though Cain cry out in the anguish of his soul, my punishment is greater than I can bear, 'tis not so ; thou liest, Cain (saith Austin), "God's mercy is greater than thy sins. His mercy is above all His works," Psal. cxlv. 9, able to satisfy for all men's sins, antilutron, 1 Tim. ii. 6. His mercy is a panacea, a balsam for an afflicted soul, a sovereign medi- cine, an alexipharmacum for all sins, a charm for the devil ; his mercy was great to Solomon, to Manasseh, to Peter, great to all offenders, and whosoever thou art, it may be so to thee. For why should God bid us pray (as Austin infers) " Deliver us from all evil," nisi ipse misericors perseveraret, if He did not intend to help us ?, He therefore that ^* doubts of the remission of his sins, denies God's mercy, t»nd doth Him injury, saith Austin. Yea, but thou repliest, I am a notorious sinner, mine offences are not so great as infinite. Hear Fulgentius, '"" God's invincible goodness cannot be overcome by sin, His infinite mercy cannot be terminated by any : the multitude of His mercy is equivalent to His magnitude." Hear ^ Chrysostom, " Thy malice may be measured, but God's mercy cannot be defined ; thy malice is circum- scribed. His mercies infinite." As a drop of water is to the sea, so are thy misdeeds to His mercy : nay, there is no such proportion to be given ; for the sea, though •* Magnam injuriam Deo facit qui diffidit da ejus mieericordia. *" Bonitas iuvicti non vincitur; in- fiuiti misericordia non tinitur. >• Horn. 3. De Sopn: irntia : Tua quidem malitia mensuram habet. 82 3E Dei autem misericordia mensuram non habet. Tna malitia circumscripta est, &c. Pelagus etsi magnum, mensuram habet; dui autem, &c. 650 Religious Melancholy. [Part. a. Sea 4 'great, yet may be measured, but God's mercy cannot be circumscribed. Wiiatsoever iliy sins be tiien in quantity or quality, multitude or magnitude, fear them not, dis trust not. 1 speak not tliis, saith ^' Chrysostom, " to make thee secure and negligent, but to cheer thee up."\ Yea but, thou urgest again, 1 have little comfort of this which is said, it concerns me not : Inanis pcenitentia quam sequens culpa coinquinaty 'tis to no purpose for me to repent, and to do worse than ever I did before, to per- severe in sin, and to return to my lusts as a dog to his vomit, or a swine to the mire : ^^ to what end is it to ask forgiveness of my sins, and yet daily to sin again and again, to do evil out of a habit r I daily and hourly offend in thought, word, and deed, in a relapse by mine own weakness and wilfulness : my bonus genius^ my good protecting angel is gone, 1 am fallen from that J was or would be, worse and worse, *•' my latter end is worse than my beginning : Si quotidice peccas, quotidie, saith Chrysostom, pcEnilentiam age, if thou daily oflend, daily repent: *^''if twice, thrice, a hundred, a hundred thousand times, twice, thrice, a hundred thousand times repent." As they do by an old house that is out of repair, still mend some part or other; so do by thy soul, still reform some vice, repair it by repentance, call to Him for grace, and thou shalt have it; ''■For we are freely justified by His grace," Rom. iii. 'Z4. Jf thine enemy repent, as our Saviour enjoined Peter, forgive him seventy- seven times ; and why shouldst thou think God will not forgive thee .'' Why should the enormity of thy sins trouble thee ? God can do it, he will do it. " My con- science (saith ^* Ansehn) dictates to me that ] deserve damnation, my repentance will not suffice for satisfaction : but thy mercy, O Lord, quite overcometh all my trans- gressions." The gods once (as the poets feign) with a gold chain would pull Jupi- ter out of heaven, but all they together could not stir him, and yet he could draw and turn them as he would himself; maugre all the Ibrce and fury of these infernal fiends, and crying sins, •'•His grace is sufficient." Confer the debt and the payment; Christ and Adam ; sin, and the cure of it ; the disease and the medicine ; confer the sick man to his physician, and thou shall soon perceive that his power is infinitely beyond it. God is better able, as *' Bernard informeth us, '•'• to help, than sin to do us hurt; Christ is better able to save, than the devil to destroy." ''^U he be a skil- ful Physician, as Fulgentius adds, '•'• he can cure all diseases ; if merciful, he will." JYon est perfecia bonitas a qua non omnis malilia vincitur, His goodness is not abso- lute and perfect, if it be not able to overcome all malice. Submit thyself unto Him, as St. Austin advisetti, ^' "• He knoweth best what he doth ; and be not so much pleased when he sustains thee, as patient when he corrects thee ; he is omnipotent, and can cure all diseases when he sees his own time." He looks down from heaven upon earth, that he may hear the '' mourning of prisoners, and deliver the children of death," Psal. cii. 19. 20. "And though our sins be as red as scarlet. He can make them as white as snow," Isai. i. 18. Doubt not of this, or ask how it shall be done : He is all-sufficient that pron)iseth ; qui fecit inundum de inunundo, sdi\\h Chrysostom, he that made a fair world of nought, can do tliis and much more for his part : do thou only believe, trust in him, rely on him, be penitent and heartily sorry for thy sins. Repentance is a sovereign remedy for all sins, a spiritual wing to rear us, a charm for our miseries, a protecting amulet to expel sin's venom, an attra(,tive loadstone to draw God's mercy and graces unto us. ^^Peccatum vulnu&, poiniteritia medicinain : sin made the breach, repentance must help it; howsoever thine ofience came, by error, sloth, obstinacy, ignorance, exilur per pcenitr.nt i am, this is the sole means to be relieved. ^^ Hence comes our hope of safety, by this alone sinners are saved, God is provoked to mercy. "This unlooseth all that is bound, enlighteneth darkness, mends that is broken, puts life to that which was desperately dying;" makes no respect of offences, or of persons. *"'■'' This doth not repel a *' Non ul desidiures vos faciain, sed ut alacriores red- dam. ^^ J'ro peccatis veiiiam poscere, et mala de Dovo ilerare. "^Si his, si ler, si cenlies, si cenlies millies, toties poBiiitentiaiii age. "Conscientia oiea uieruit dariinatioiiein, pcenitentia non sutficit ad ealisfaclionein : scU tua niisericordia superat oninein offensionein. ^ Miilto efiicacior Christi mors in bnnum, quam peccata nostra in malum. Christus po. leiilior ad salvandum. quam (Ismon ad perdendum. *< Peritiis medicus potest oinnes infiirnilales sanare ; si miserictrs. vult. " Omnipotenti medico nullus languor insanabilis occurrit : tu tantum doceri te sin9, manum ejus ne repelle: novit quid agat ; non tantum delecteris cum fovet, sed toleres quum secat. "jchrys. hom. 3. de poenit. "* Spes salutjs per quam pecca- tores salvantur, Deus ad mispricordiaui provocatur. Isidor. omnia ligala tu solvis, contrita sanas, confusa lucidas. desperata aninias. ^Ctirys. hom 5. no . fornicatorem ahnuit, non ehrium avertit, nui su^ier- hum repellit, non aversatur Idololatiam, n' n atiult^ rum, sed oinnes <«uscipit, omnibus comuiunicat. Men. 2. Subs. 6.] Cure of Despair. 651 forni;ator, reject a drunkard, resist a proud fellow, turn away an idolater, nut enter- tains all, communicates itself to all." Wiio persecuted the church more than Paul. offended more than Peter ? and yet by repentance (saith Curysologus) they got both Magisterium et rtiinister'ium sanctitatis^ the Magistery of lioliness. The prodigal son went far, but by repentance he '^ame home at last. >, ^'"This alone will turn a wolf into a sheep, make a publican a preacher, turn a thorn into an olive, make a de- bauched fellow religious," a blaspliemer sing halleluja, make Alexander the copper- smith truly devout, make a devil a saint. . "" And him that polluted his mouth with calumnies, lying, swearing, and filthy tunes and tones, to purge his throat with divine Psalms." Repentance will effect prodigious cures, make a stupend metamorphosis. '* A hawk came into the ark, and went out again a hawk; a lion came in, went out a lion ; a bear, a bear ; a wolf, a wolf; but if a hawk came into this sacred temple of repentance, he v/ill go forth a dove (saith '''^ Chrysostom), a wolf go out a sheep, d lion a lamb. "This gives sight to the blind, legs to the lame, cures all diseases, confers grace, expels vice, inserts virtue, comforts and fortifies the soul." Shall I say, let thy sin be what it wi-ll, do but repent, it is sufficient. ^^ Quern pceniiet pec- casse pene est. innoccns. 'Tis true indeed and all-sufficient this, they do confess, if they could repent ; but they are obdurate, they have cauterised consciences, they are in a reprobate sense, they cannot think a good thought, they cannot hope for grace, pray, believe, repent, or be sorry for their sins, they find no grief for sin in them- selves, but rather a delight, no groaning of spirit, but are carried headlong to their own destruction, " heaping wrath to themselves against the day of vs^rath," Rom. ii. 5. 'Tis a grievous case this I do yield, and yet not to be despaired ; God of his bounty and mercy calls all to repentance, Rom. ii. 4, thou mayest be called at length, restored, taken to His grace, as the thief upon the cross, at the last hour, as Mary Magdalen and many other sinners have been, that were buried in sin. "God (saith "Fulgentius) is delighted in the conversion of a sinner, he sets no time ;" proZmioj temporis Deo nan prcejudicat., aut gravUas peccati, deferring of time or grievousnesa of sin, do not prejudicate his grace, things past and to come are all one to Him, as present: 'tis never too late to repent. ^''"This heaven of repentance is still open for all distressed souls ;" and howsoever as yet no signs appear, thou mayest repent in good time. Hear a comfortable speech of St. Austin, '"'' " Whatsoever thou shall do, how great a sinner soever, thou art yet living; if God would not help thee, he would surely take thee away; but in sparing thy life, he gives thee leisure, and in- vites thee to repentance." Howsoever as yet, 1 say, thou perceivest no fruit, no feeling, findest no likelihood of it in thyself, patiently abide the Lord's good leisure, despair not, or think thou art a reprobate ; He came to call sinners to repentance, Luke v. 32, of which number thou, art one ; He came to call thee, and in his time will surely call thee. And although as yet thou hast no inclination to pray, to re- pent, thy faith be cold and dead, and thou wholly averse from all Divine functions, yet it may revive, as trees are dead in winter, but ffourish in the spring! these vir- tues may lie hid in thee for the present, yet hereafter show themselves, and perad- venture already bud, howsoever thou dost not perceive. 'Tis Satan's policy to plead against, suppress and aggravate, to conceal those sparks of faith in thee. Thou dost not believe, thou sayest, yet thou wouldst believe if thou couldst, 'tis thy desire to believe; then pray, "^^"Lord help mine unbelief:" and hereafter thou siialt certainly believe: ''° Dab'itur sitienti, it shall be given to him that thirsteth. Thou canst not yet repent, hereafter thou shalt ; a black cloud of sin as yet obnubilates thy soul, terrifies thy conscience, but this cloud may conceive a rainbow at the last, and be quite dissipated by repentance. Be of good cheer; a child is rational in power, not in act ; and so art thou penitent in affection, though not yet in action. 'Tis thy desire to please God, to be hearlily sorry; comfort thyself, no time is overpast, 'tis never too late. A desire to repent is repentance itself, though not in nature, yet in " Chrys. hom. .5. "^ Q,ui turpihus cantilenis ali- quando inqiiinavit ns. divinis hymiiis aniiiium purga- bit. 63 Hoin. 5. Introivit hie qiiis accipiter, columba exit; introivit lupus, ovis egreditur, &,c. MQmnes laimuores saiiat, CEecis visum, claudjs LTessum, gratiam oonfert, &v 66 Seneca. " He who repents of his 8i.".8 is well nigh innocent." oejjelectatiir Deus couversione peccaturis; omne tempus vits conversioni deputatur ; pro prssentibus habentiir tain prsterita (]iiani futura. ^7 Austin. Semper poeniteiilrE portui apertus est ne desperenius. 6»Ciuicquid feceris, 'luantuniouiiquo peccaveris, adhuc in vita ea, unde Id omnino si sanare te nollet Deus, auferret ; parcend' cJamat ut redeas, &c. '» Matt. vi. 23. '"> Eti* xxi. 6. 652 Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3, Sect. 4. God's acceptance; a willing mind is sufficient. "Blessed are tney that hnngor and thirst after righteousness," Matt. v. 6. He that is destitute of God's grace, and vvisheth for it, sha.l have it. "The Lord (saith David, Psal. x. 17) will hear the desire of the poor," that is, such as are in distress of body and mind. 'Tis true ihou canst not as yet grieve for thy sin, thou hast no feeling of faith, I yield ; yet canst thou grieve thou dost not grieve ? It troubles thee, I am sure, thine heart should be so impenitent and hard, thou wouldst have it otherwise ; 'tis thy desire to grieve, to repent, and to believe. Thou lovest God's children and saints in the meantime, halest them not, persecutest them not, but rather wishest thyself a true professor, to be as they are, as thou thyself hast been heretofore ; which is an evi- dent token thou art in no such desperate case. 'Tis a good sign of thy conversion, thy sins are pardonable, thou art, or shalt surely be reconciled. " The Lord is near them that are of a contrite heart," Luke iv. 18. '"A true desire of mercy in the want of mercy, is mercy itself; a desire of grace in the want of grace, is grace itself; a constant and earnest desire to believe, repent, and to be reconciled to God if it be in a touched heart, is an acceptation of God, a reconciliation, faith and re- pentance itself. For it is not thy faith and repentance, as ''^Chrysostom truly teacheth, that is available, but God's mercy that is annexed to it. He accepts the will for the deed : so that 1 conclude, to feel in ourselves the want of grace, and to be grieved for it, is grace itself. 1 am troubled with fear my sins are not forgiven, Careless objects : but Bradford answers they are; " For God hath given thee a penitent and believing heart, that is, a heart which desireth to repent and believe ; for such an one is taken of him (He accepting the will for the deed) for a truly penitent and believing heart. All this is true thou repliest, but j-et it concerns not thee, 'tis verified in ordinary offenders, in common sins, but thine are of a higher strain, even against the Holy Ghost himself, irremissible sins, sins of the first magnitude, written with a pen of iron, engraven with a point of a diamond. Thou art worse than a pagan, infidel, Jew, or Turk, for thou art an apostate and m.ore, thou hast voluntarily blasphemed, renounced God and all religion, thou art worse than Judas himself, or they that cru- cified Christ: for they did offend out of ignorance, but thou hast thought in thine heart there is no God. Thou hast given thy soul to the devil, as witches and con- jurors do, expUcite and implicite^ by compact, band and obligation (a desperate, a fearful case) to satisfy thy lust, or to be revenged of thine enemies, thou didst never pray, come to church, hear, read, or do any divine duties with any devotion, but for formality and fashion'-sake, with a kind of reluctance, 'twas troublesome and pain- ful to thee to perform any such thing, prcBter voluntatefti, against thy will. Thou never mad'st any conscience of lying, swearing, bearing false witness, murder, adul- tery, bribery, oppression, theft, drunkenness, idolatry, but hast ever done nil duties for fear of punishment, as they were most advantageous, and to thine own ends, and committed all such notorious sins, with an extraordinary delight, ,' of God, repentance, &c., blasphemous thoughts have been ever harboured in his mind, even against God himself, the blessed Trinity ; the " Scripture false, rude, harsh, imme- thodical : heaven, hell, resurrection, mere toys and fables, '''* incredible, impossible, ab- surd, vain, ill contrived ; religion, policy, and human invention, to keep men in obe- dience, or for profit, invented by priests and law-givers to that purpose. If there bp any such supreme power, he takes no notice of our doings, hears not our prayers, regardeth them not, will not, cannot help, or else he is partial, an excepter of persons, author of sin, a cruel, a destructive God, to create our souls, and destinate them to eternal damnation, to make us worse than our dogs and horses, why doth he not govern things better, protect good men, root out wicked livers.? why do they prosper and flourish.'' as she raved in the '^tragedy pelUces ccpj am tenent,, there they shine, Suasque Perseus aureus Stellas habet, where is his providence.? how appears it? '6" Marniorco Licinus tuniulo jacet, at Cato parvo, Pompoiiius nullo, quis piitel esse Deos." '1 Ahornethy, Perkins. '2 Non est poenitentia, I and ohjections are. well answered In John Downam's Bed Dei niiserir.ordia arinexa. '3 Cascilius Miiiutio, Christian Warfare. "Seneca. '« " LIciniii On.nia ista fisnieiita mala saute religioriis, et inepla | lies in a marble tomb, hiil Cato in a mean one: Pom- Hetningius. Nemo peccat in spiritum sanctum nisi I saliis; A. quo peccato liberet nos Doininus Jesus Cliria* ^ui finaliter et voluntarie renuiiciat Christum, eumquu lUB. Amen. •t ejus verbum extreme contemnit, sine qua nulla | yiem. 2. Subs. 6.] Cure of Despair. 655 ihc world, but that through him the world might be saved." John iii. 17. " He that aoknowledgeth himself a man in the world, must likewise acknowledge he is of that number that is to be saved." Ezek. xxxiii. 11, "I will not the death of a sinner, but that he repent and live:" But thou art a sinner; therefore he will not thy death. '' Th'is is the will of him that sent me, that every man that believelh in the Son, should have everlasting life." John vi. 40. " He would have no man perish, but all come to repentance," 2 Pet. iii. 9. Besides, remission of sins is to be preached, not to a few, but universally to all men, " Go therefore and tell all nations, baptising them," &.C. Matt. XXVI ii. 19. "Go into all the world, and preach the Gospel to every creature," Mark xvi. 15. Now there cannot be contradictory wills in God, he will have all saved, and not all, how can this stand together ? be secuie then, believe, trust in him. hope well and be saved. Yea, that's the main matter, how shall I believe or discern my security from carnal presumption? my faith is weak and faint, I want those signs and fruits of sanctification, *' sorrow for sin, thirsting for grace, groanings of the spirit, love of Christians as Christians, avoiding occasion of sin, endeavour of new obedience, charity, love of God, perseverance. Though these signs be languishing in thee, and not seated in thine heart, thou must not there- fore be dejected or terrified ; the effects of the faith and spirit are not yet so fully felt in thee ; conclude not therefore thou art a reprobate, or doubt of thine election, because the elect themselves are without them, before their conversion. Thou mayest in the Lord's good time be converted ; some are called at the eleventh hour. Use, I say, the means of thy conversion, expect the Lord's leisure, if not yet called, pray«thou mayest be, or at least wish and desire thou mayest be. Notwithstanding all this which might be said to this effect, to ease their afflicted minds, what comfort our best divines can afford in this case, Zanchius, Beza, &.c This furious curiosity, needless speculation, fruitless meditation about election, reprobation, free will, grace, such places of Scripture preposterously conceived, tor- ment still, and crucify the souls of too many, and set all the world together by the ears. To avoid which inconveniences, and to settle their distressed minds, to miti- gate those divine aphorisms, (though in another extreme some) our late Arminians have revived that plausible doctrine of universal grace, which many fathers, our late Lutheran and modern papists do still maintain, that we have free will of ourselves, and that grace is common to all that will believe. Some again, though less ortho- doxal, will have a far greater part saved than shall be damned, (as ^"Caelius Secundus stiffly maintains in his book, De amplitudine regni. ccclestis, or some impostor under his name) beaiorum numerus multo major qudm damnatorum. ^^ He calls that other tenet of special ^"election and reprobation, a prejudicate, envious and malicious opinion, apt to draw all men to desperation. Many are called, few chosen, &c. He opposeth some opposite parts of Scripture to it, "Christ came into the world to save sinners," &j.c. And four especial arguments he produceth, one from God's power. If more be damned than saved, he erroneously concludes, ** the devil hath the greater sovereignty! for what is power but to protect.? and majesty consists in multitude. •' Jf the devil have the greater part, where is his mercy, where is his power ? how is he Dens Optimus Maximus^ misericorsf Sfc, where is his greatness, where his goodness?" He proceeds, ^''"■We account him a murderer that is accessary only, or doth not help when he can ; which may not be supposed of God without great offence, because he may do what he will, and is otherwise accessary, and the author of sin. The nature of good is to be communicated, God is good, and will not then be contracted in his goodness : for how is he the father of mercy and comfort, if • his good concern but a few.? O envious and unthankful men to think otherwise! •^Why should we pray to God that are Gentiles, and thank him for his mercies and benefits, that hath damned us all innocuous for Adam's offence, one man's ofience, one small ofience, eating of an apple .? why should we acknowledge him for our governor •' Abernethy. ^^ See whole bnoks of these argu- ments. *i3 Lib. 3. fol. IvJi. Prsjudicata opinio, jii- ifida, maligna, et apta ad iuipellendos aiiiinos in d«spe- raiioneui. ^ See the Antidote in Chaniier's toni. 3. lib. 7. Downam's Christian Warfare, &c. "^ Potentior em ileo dial)ohis ct niundi princeps, et in miillitudine bominuiu sita est uiajcslas. i)^ Houiicida qui non subvenit quum potest ; hoc de Deo sine scelere cogitari non potest, ntpote quum quod vult licet. Boni natura cominiinicari. Bonus Deus, qiioniodo inisericordic, pater, &c. *' Vide Cyrilluni lib. 4. adversus Julia- num. qui poteri aus illi gratias agere qui nobis una inisit Mosen et irophetas, et contempsit boni aiaiina. rum nustraruin. 656 Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3 Sec < ihat h&th wholly neglected the palvation of our souls, contemned us, and sei.t co orophets or instructors to teach us, as lie hath done to the Hebrews ?" So Julian the apostate objects. Why should these Christians (Caelius ur^eth) reject us and appro- priate God unto themselves, Deum ilium suum unicun. ^c. But to return to our forged Caelius. At last he comes to that, he will have those saved that never heard of, or believed in Christ, ex puris nafuralibus, with the Pelagians, and proves it out of Ori- gen and others. "They (saith ''^Origenj that never heard God's word, are to be excused for their ignorance; we may not think God will be so hard, angry, cruel or unjust as to condemn any man indictd causa. They alone (he holds) are in the state of damnation that refuse Christ's mercy and grace, when it is offered. Many worthy Greeks and Romans, good moral honest men, that kept the law of nature, did to others as they woMld be done to themselves, as certainly saved, he concludes, as they were that lived uprightly before the law of Moses. They were acceptable in God's sight, as Job was, the Magi, the queen of Sheba, Darius of Persia, Socrates, Aristides, Cato, Curius, Tully, Seneca, and many other philosophers, upright livers, no matter of what religion, as Cornelius, out of any nation, so that he live honestly, call on God, trust in him, fear him, he shall be saved. This opinion was formerly maintained by the Valentinian and Basiledian heretics, revived of late in ^^ Turkey, of what sect Rustan Bassa was patron, defended by *"Galeatius ^'Erasmus, by Zu- inglius in exposit. Jidei ad Regem Gallice, whose tenet BuUinger vindicates, and Gualter approves in a just apology with many arguments. There be many Jesuits that follow these Calvinists in this behalf, Franciscus Buchsius Moguntinus, Andra- dius Consil. Trident, many schoolmen that out of the 1 Rom. v. 18. 19. are verily persuaded that those good works of the Gentiles did so far please God, that they might vilam atcrnam pro?nereri, and be saved in the e.m], Sesellius, and Benedictus Justinianus in his comment on the first of the Romans, Mathias Ditmarsh the poli- tician, with many others, hold a mediocrity, they may be salute non indigni but they will not absolutely decree it. Hofmannus, a Lutheran professor of Helmstad, and many of his followers, with most of our church, and papists, are stiff against it. Franciscus Collins hath fully censured all opinions in his Five Books, de Pagann- rum animabus post viortem., and amply dilated this question, which whoso will may peruse. But to return to my author, his conclusion is, that not only wicked livers, blasphemers, reprobates, and such as reject God's grace, " but that the devils them- selves shall be saved at last," as^^Origen himself long since delivered in his works, and our late ^'^Socinians defend, Ostorodius, cap. 4J. institid. Smaliius, &^c. Tliose terms of all and for ever in Scripture, are not eternal, but only denote a longer time, which by many examples they prove. The world shall end like a comedy, and we shall meet at last in heaven, and live in bliss altogether, or else in conclusion, in nihil evanescere. < For how can he be merciful that shall condemn any creature to eternal unspeakable punishment, for one small temporary fault, all posterity, so many myriads for one and another man's oflence, quid meruistis oves? But these absurd paradoxes are exploded by our church, we teach otherwise. That this vocation, predestination, election, reprobation, 7ion ex corrupta 7nassd, pranuso.,fide^ as our Arminians, or ex prcevisis operibtis, as our papists, non ex prcmteritionr,., but God's absolute decree ante mundum crcatum., (as many of our church hold) was from the beginning, before the foundation of the world was laid, or homo conditus., (or from Adam's Tall, as others will, homo lapsus ohjectum est reprobationis) with pirseve- rantia sanctorum., we must be certain of our salvation, we may Oill but not iinally, which our Arminians will not admit. According to his immutable, eternal, just de- cree and counsel of saving men and angels, God calls all, and would have ail to be saved according to the efficacy of vocation : all are invited, but only the elect ap- prehended : the rest that are unbelieving, impenitent, whom God in his just judg- ment leaves to be punished for their sins, are in a reprobate sense ; yet we must not determine who are such, condemn ourselves or others, because we have a universal invitation ; all are commanded to believe, and we know not how soon or how late •8 Venia danda est iia qui non audiunt oh i^noratiam. | cerus, Tiir. hist. To. 1.1.2. «• Oleni. Alex. s' Pati- Non est tani iniqiiiis Judex Dens : \it queiKiiiain indicia | lus Jovius V.\os. vir. Illust. w jVon homines sed el causa daiiiiiare vclit. ii solum daiiiiiaiitur, qui obla. I ipsi deEiiioius aliguando servandi. w Vid Pelsu tarn Christ) gratiuui rKJiciint. >^ Busbeqiiius Loni { Uariiioiiiam art. 'J^. |>. 2. Mem. 2 Subs. 6.] Cure of Despair. 057 our end may be received. I might have said more (k this subject; but ibrasmuch as it is a forbidden question, and in the preface or declaration to the articles of the church, printed 1633, to avoid factions and altercations, we that are university divines especially, are prohibited " all curious search, to print or preach, or draw the article aside by our own sense and comments upon pain of ecclesiastical censure." I will surcease, and conclude with ^■'Erasmus of such controversies: Pugnet qui voJet,,cgo ceni^eo leges majoriim reverenter suscipiendas, et religiose olseriiandas^ velut a Deo profcctas; nee esse tiifura^ nee esse pium^ de potestate publico, sinistram concipere aul severe suspicionem. Ei siqiiid est tyrannidls^ quod tamen 7ion cogat ad impielatem, saliits estfcrre^ quam seditiose reluctari. But to my former task. The last main torture and trouble .of a distressed mind, is not so much this doubt of election, and that the promises of grace are smothered and extinct in them, nay quite blotted out, as they suppose, but withal God's heavy wr^th, a most intolerable pain and grief of heart seizeth on them: to their thinking they are already damned, they sufler the pains of hell, and more than possibly can be expressed, tiiey smell brimstone, talk familiarly with devils, hear and see chimeras, prodigious, uncouth shapes, bears, owls, antiques, black dogs, fiends, hideous out- cries, fearful noises, shrieks, lamentable complaints, they are possessed, ^^and through impatience they roar and howl, curse, blaspheme, deny God, call his power in ques- tion, abjure religion, and are still ready to ofl'er violence unto themselves, by hang- ing, drowning, &c. Never any miserable wretch from the beginning of the world was in such a woeful case. To such persons I oppose God's mercy and his justice; Judicia Dei occulta, non injusta: his secret counsel and just judgment, by which he spares some, and sore afflicts others again in this life; his judgment is to be adored, trembled at, not to be searched or inquired after by mortal men : he hath reasons reserved to himself, which our frailty cannot apprehend. He may punish all if he will, and that justly for sin; in that he doth it in some, is to make a way for his mercy that they repent and be saved, to heal them, to try them, exercise their patience, and make them call upon him, to confess their sins and pray unto him, as David did. Psalm cxix. 137. ''Righteous art thou, O Lord, and just are thy judg- ments." As the poor publican, Luke xviii. 13. "Lord have mercy upon me a miserable sinner." To put confidence and have an assured hope in him, as Job had, xiii. 15. "Though he kill me I will trust in him:" f/re, seca, occide O Domine, (saith Austin) rnodo serves animam, kill, cut in pieces, burn my body (O Lord) to save my soul. A small sickness ; one lash of affliction, a little misery, many times will more humiliate a man, sooner convert, bring him home to know himself, than all those paraenetical discourses, the whole theory of philosophy, law, physic, and divinity, or a world of instances and examples. So that this, which they take to be such an insupportable plague, is an evident sign of God's mercy and justice, of His love and goodness: periissent nisi periissent., had they not thus been undone, they had finally been undone. Many a carnal man is lulled asleep in perverse security foolish presumption, is stupefied in his sins, arid hath no feeling at all of them : " I have sinned (he saith) &nd what evil shall come unto me," Eccles. v. 4, and "Tush, how shall God know it ?" and so in a reprobate sense goes down to hell. But here, Cynthius aurem velUf., God pulls them by the ear, by affliction, he will bring them to heaven and happiness ; " Blessed are they that mourn, for they shall be comforted," Matt. V. 4, a blessed and a happy state, if considered aright, it is, to be so troubled. " It is good for me that I have been afflicted," Psal. cxix. " before I \\ as afflicted I went astray, but now I keep Thy word." " Tribulation works patie'ice, patience hope," Rom. v. 4, and by such like crosses and calamities we are driven from the stake of security. So that affliction is a school or academy, wherein the best scho- lars are prepared to the commencements of the Deity. And though it be most troublesome and grievous for the time, yet know ihis, it comes by God's permission and providence; He is a spectator of thy groans and tears, still present with thee, »< Epist. Erasini de utilitatecolloquior. ad lectorem. — Let whoever wishes dispute, I think the laws of our forefathers should be received with reverence, and reli- giously ohserved, as coming from God; neither is it safe or pious to conceive, or contrive, an injurious sus- picion of the Dublic auth 'rity ; and should an> tyranny. likely to drive men into the comniission of wickednesn, exist, it is hetter to endure it th.in to resist it l>v sedi- tion. 96 VastatS conreientia sequitur seiisus irtr diviufe. (Heniingius) frenij'us ^or'^is, ingens aiiimic cruciatus, &.C. 658 Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 4 ihe very haivs of tliy head are numbered, not one of them can fall to the ground without the express will of God : he will not suffer thee to be tempted above mea- sure, he corrects us all, ^^numero^ pondere^ et mcnsurd.i the Lord will not quench the smoking flax, or break the bruised reed, Tental (saith Austin) no7i ut obriiat^ sed ut coronet, he suflers thee to be tempted for thy good. And as a mother doth handle her child sick and weak, not reject it, but with all tenderness observe and keep it, so doth God by us, not forsake us in our miseries, or relinquish us for our imperfec- tions, but with all pity and compassion support and receive us; whom he loves, he "oves to the end. Rom. viii. "Whom He hath elected, those He hath called, justified, sanctified, and glorified." Think not then thou hast lost the Spirit, that thou art for- saken of God, be not overcome with heaviness of heart, but as David said, "• 1 will not fear though I walk in the shadows of death." We must all go, nan a deliciis ad delicias., ^' but from the cross to the crown, by hell to heaven, as the old Romans put Virtue's temple in the way to that of Honour; we must endure sorrow and misery in this life. 'Tis no new thing this, God's best servants and dearest children have been so visited and tried. Christ in the garden cried out, " My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me .''" His son by nature, as thou art by adoption and grace. Job, in his anguish, said, " The arrows of the Almighty God were in him," Job vi. 4. " His terrors fought against him, the venom drank up his spirit," cap. xiii. 26. He saith, " God was his enemy, writ bitter things against him (xvi. 9,) hated him." (lis heavy wrath had so seized on his soul. David complains, "his eyes were eaten up, sunk into his head," Ps. vi. 7, " his moisture became as the drought in summer, his flesh was consumed, his bones vexed :" yet neither Job nor David did finally despair. Job would not leave his hold, but still trust in Him, acknowledging Him to be his good God. " The Lord gives, the Lord takes, blessed be the name of the Lord," Job. i. 21. "Behold I am vile, I abhor myself, repent in dust and ashes," Job xxxix. 37. David humbled himself, Psal. xxxi. and upon his confession received mercy. Faith, hope, repentance, are the sovereign cures and remedies, the sole com- forts in this case; confess, humble thyself, repent, it is sufficient. Quod purpura non potest, saccus potest, saith Chrysostom ; the king of Nineveh's sackcloth and ashes did that which his purple robes and crown could not effect; Quod diadema noji potuit, cinis per fecit. Turn to Him, he will turn to thee; the Lord is near those that are of a contrite heart, and will save such as be afflicted in spirit, Ps. xxxiv. 18. "He came to the lost sheep of Israel," Matt. xv. 14. Si cadentem intuetur, clemenlim maniim protendit, He is at all times ready to assist. JViinquam spernit Deus Pceni- lentiam si sincere et simpliciter ojferatur, He never rejects a penitent sinner, though he have come to the full height of iniquity, wallowed and delighted in sin; yet if he will forsake his former ways, libenter amplexatur. He will receive him. Parcam huic homini, saith ^-Austin, (^ex persona Dei) quia sibi ipsi non pepercit ; ignoscam quia peccatum agnovit. I will spare him because he hath not spared himself; I will par- don him because he doth acknowledge his offence : let it be never so enormous a sin, " His grace is sufficient," 2 Cor. xii. 9. Despair not then, faint not at all, be not dejected, but rely on God, call on him in thy trouble, and he will hear thee, he will assist, help, and deliver thee : " Draw near to Him, he will draw near to thee," James iv. 8. Lazarus was poor and full of boils, and yet still he relied upon God, Abraham did hope beyond hope. Thou exceptest, these were chief men, divine spirits, Deo cari, beloved of God, especially respected ; but 1 am a contemptible and forlorn wretch, forsaken of God, and left to the merciless fury of evil spirits. I cannot hope, pray, repent, &c. How often shall I say it .'' thou mayest perform all those duties. Christian offices, and be restored in good time. A sick man loseth his appetite, strength and ability, his dis- ease prevaileth so far, that all his faculties are spent, hand and foot perform not their duties, his eyes are dim, hearing dull, tongue distastes things of pleasant relish, yet jature lies hid, recovereth again, and expelleth all those feculent matters by vomit, swe.at, or some such like evacuations. Thou art spiritually sick, thine heart is heavy, thy mind distressed, thou mayest happily recover again, expel those dismal passions of feat and grief; God did not suffer thee to be tempted above measure ; ••Austin. 9' " Not from pleasures to pleasures." *■ Supf P.sal. iii Couvcrlar ad liberaiiduiii euw liiia conversus er. oti peccaiuin suum punienduiu. Mem. 2. Subs. 6.] Cure of Despair. 659 whom he loves (I say) he love? to the end 5 hope the best. David in his misery prayed to the Lord, remembering how he had formerly dealt with him ; and with that meditation of God's mercy confirmed his faith, and pacified his own tumultuous heart in his greatest agony. "O my soul, why art thou so disquieted within me," &c. Thy soul is eclipsed for a time, I yield, as the sun is shadowed by a cloud ; no d^ubt but those gracious beams of God's mercy will shine upon thee again, as they have formerly done: those embers of faith, hope and repentance, now buried in ashes, will flame out afresh, and be fully revived. Want of faith, no feeling of grace for the present, are not fit directions ; we must live by faith, not by feeling ; 'tis the beginning of grace to wish for grace : we must expect and tarry. David, a man after God's own heart, was so troubled himself; "Awake, why sleepest thou ? O Lord, arise, cast me not ofl^; wherefore hidest thou thy face, and forgettest mine aflliction and oppression } My soul is bowed down to the dust. Arise, redeem us," &c., Ps. xliv. 22. He prayed long before he was heard, expectans expectavit ; en- dured much before he was relieved. Psal. Ixix. 3, he complains, " I am weary of crying, and my throat is dry, mine eyes fail, whilst I wait on the Lord ;" and yet he perseveres. Be not dismayed, thou shalt be respected at last. God often works by contrarieties, he first kills and then makes alive, he woundeth first and then healeth, he makes man sow in tears that he may reap in joy; 'tis God's method : he that is so visited, must with patience endure and rest satisfied for the present. The paschal lamb was eaten with sour herbs ; we shall feel no sweetness of His blood, till we first feel the smart of our sins. Thy pains are great, intolerable for the time ; thou art destitute of grace and comfort, stay the Lord's leisure, he will not (1 say) suffer thee to be templed above that thou art able to bear, 1 Cor. x. 13. but will give an issue to temptation. He works all for the best to them that love God, Rom. viii. 28. Doubt not of thine election, it is an immutable decree; a mark never to be defaced: you have been otherwise, you may and shall be. And for your present aflliction, hope the best, it will shortly end. "He is present with his servants in their afllic- tion," Ps. xci. 15. "Great are the troubles of the righteous, but the Lord delivereth them out of all," Ps. xxxiv. 19. " Our light affliction, which is but for a moment, woiketh in us an eternal weight of glory," 2 Cor. iv. 18. "Not answerable to that glory which is to come ; though now in heaviness," saith 1 Pet. i. 6, " you shall rejoice." Now last of all to those external impediments, terrible objects, which they hear and see many times, devils, bugbears, and mormeluches, noisome smells, &c. These may come, as I have formerly declared in ray precedent discourse of the Symptoms of Melancholy, trom inward causes ; as a concave glass reflects solid bodies, a troubled brain for want of sleep, nutriment, and by reason of that agitation of spirits to which Hercules de Saxonia attributes all symptoms almost, may reflect and show prodigious shapes, as our vain fear and crazed phantasy shall suggest and feign, as many silly weak women and children in the dark, sick folks, and frantic for want of repast and sleep, suppose they see that they see not : many times such terricula ments may proceed from natural causes, and all other senses may be deluded. Be- sides, as I have said, this humour is balneum diaboli, the devil's bath, by reason of the distemper of humours, and infirm organs in us : he may so possess us inwardlv to molest us, as he did Saul and others, by God's permission : he is prince of the air, and can transform himself into several shapes, delud? all our senses for a time but his power is determined, he may terrify us, but not hurt; God hath given "His angels charge over us, He is a wall round about his people," Psal. xci. 11, i'^ There be those that prescribe physic in such cases, 'tis God's instrument and noi unfit. The devil works by mediation of humours, and mixed diseases must have mixed remedies. Levinus Lemnius cap. 57 and 58, exhort, ad vit. ep. inslit. is very copious on this subject, besides that chief remedy of confidence in God, prayer, hearty repentance, Slc, of which for your comfort and instruction, read Lavater de spectris part. 3. cap. 5. and G. Wierus de prcBSfigiis dcBmorium lib. 5. to Philip Me- lancthon, and others, and that Christian armour which Paul prescribes ; he sets down certain amulets, herbs, and precious stones, which have marvellous virtues all, pro- fligandis damonibus, to drive away devils and their illusions. Sapp lires, chryso- iir.f s, carbuncles, &c. Qua mird virtute pollent ad lemurcs., stryj^es. incubns, get'ios 1)60 Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. See. 4. aereos arcendos, si veterum monumentis hahenda fides. Of herbs, he rerl^nns iif> pennyroyal, rue, mint, angelica, peony : Rich. Argentine de prcBstigiis dcBmonum, cap. 20, adds, hypericon or St. John's wort, perforata herba., which by a divine virtue drives awav devils, and is therefore fuga datnionutn : all which rightly used by their euffitus. DcBmonum vexalionibns obsistunt, afflictas mentes d dcemonibus relevant., el venenatisfumis., expel devils themselves, and all devilish illusions. Anthony Musa, the Emperor Augustus, his physician, cap. 6, de Betonid., approves of betony to this purpose ; *" the ancients used therefore to plant it in churchyards, because it was held to be an holy herb and good against fearful visions, did secure such places as it grew in, and sanctified those persons that carried it about them. Idem fere Mathia- lus in dioscoridem. Others commend acc;; ate music, so Saul was helped by David's harp. Fires to be made in such rooms where spirits haunt, good store of lights to be set up, odours, perfumes, and suflumigations. as the angel taught Tobias, of brim- stone and bilimien., thus^ myrrh^ briony root, with many such simples which Weckei hath collected, lib. 15, de sccretis., cap. 15. 4 sulphuris drachmam unam.., recoqua- iur in vitis alhce aqua., ut dilutius sit sulphur; detur (egro : nam dcemones sunt viorhi (saith Kich. Argentine, lib. de prrestigiis dcpjnonum., cap. ult.) Vigetus hath a far larger receipt to this purpose, which the said Wecker cites out of Wierus. 4 sul- phuris, vini., biluminis., opoponacis., galbani, castorei, S^c. Why sweet perfumes, tires and so many lights should be used in such places, Ernestus Burgravius Lucerna vUcB et mortis., and Fortunius Lycetus assigns this cause, quod his boni genii provo- centur.1 malt arceantur ; "because good spirits are well pleased with, but evil abhor them !" And therefore those old Gentiles, present Mahometans, and Papists have continual lamps burning in their churches all day and all night, lights at funerals and in their graves; lucernce ardenles ex auro liquefucto for many ages to endure (saith Lazius), ne damones corpus Icedant ; lights ever burning as those vestal virgins. Pythonissae maintained heretofore, with many such, of which read Tostatus in 2 Reg. cap. 6. quast. 43. Thyreus, cap. 57, 58, 62, S^-c. de locis infestis., Pictorius Jsagog. de da^monibus., 4"c., see more in them. Cardan would have the party affected wink altogether in such a case, if he see aught that ofl'ends him, or cut the air with a sword in such places they walk and abide ; gladiis enini et lanccis terrenlur., shoot a pistol at them, for being aerial bodies (as Caelius Rhodiginus, lib. 1. cap. 29. Ter- tuUian, Origen, Psellas, and many hold), if stroken, they feel pain. Papists com- monly enjoin and apply crosses, holy water, sanctified beads, amulets, music, ringing of bells, for to that end are they consecrated, and, by them baptized, characters, counterfeit relics, so many masses, peregrinations, oblations, adjurations, and what not.'' Alexander Albertinus a Rocha, Petrus Thyreus, and Hieronymus Mengus, with many other pontificial writers, prescribe and set down several forms of exor- cisms, as well to houses possessed with devils, as to demoniacal persons •, but I am of "^"Lemnius's mind, 'tis but damnosa adjuratio., aut potius ludificatio., a mere mockery, a counterfeit charm, to no purpose, they are fopperies and fictions, as that absurd 'story is amongst the rest, of a penitent woman seduced by a magician in France, at SL Bawne, exorcised by Domphius, Michael is, and a con)pany of circum- venting friars. ]f any man (saith Lemnius) will attempt such a thing, without all those juggling circumstances, astrological elections of time, place, prodigious habits, fustian, big, sesquipedal words, spells, crosses, characters, which exorcists ordinarily use, let him follow the example of Peter and John, that without any ambitious swelling terms, cured a lame man. Acts iii. "In the name of Christ Jesus rise and walk." His name alone is the best and only charm against all such diabolical illu- sions, so doth Origen advise : and so Chrysostom, Hcec erit tibi baculus., hcec turrii inexpugnabilis., hcec armatura. JVos quid ad hcec diccmus., plures fortasse expectu- hunt., saith St. Austin. Many men will desire my counsel and opinion what is to be done in this behalf; I can say no more, qua7n ut vera fide., qua. per dilectionem ope ratur., ad Deum unum fugi amus., let them fly to God alone for help. Athanasius ni his book, De variis qucESt. prescribes as a present charm against devils, the begm ning of the Ixvii. Psalm. Exurgat Deus, dissipentur inimici., Sfc. But the best «» VntMiui snliti sunt haiic lierharii poiiere in r.cBiiii^ I irrisi piuliirf tsufli'cii sunt el re infecta abieniiit Ct?iirt! ideoijuod, &.r. ■""' Nun ilt;suiit iioslra ajtate | iiilo Engli^li 0) W. B.. Ie>l a cacodwiuone I >Iem. 2. Subs. 6.J Cure of JOespair. 601 remedy is to fly to God, to call on him, hope, pray, trust, rely on him, to conmiit ourselves wholly to him. What the practice oi" the primitive church was in this behalf, El guts dcp.moniu ejicicndi modus^ read Wierus at large, lib. 5. de Cura. Lam. meles. cap. 38. et deincejjs. ■ Last of all : if the party aflected shall certainly know this malady to have pro- ceeded from too much fasting, meditation, precise life, contemplation of God's judg- ments (for the devil deceives many by such means), in that other extreme he cir- cumvents melancholy itself, reading some books, treatises, hearing rigid preachers, &LC. If he shall perceive that it hath begun first from some great loss, grievous ac- cident, disaster, seeing others in like case, or any such terrible object, let him speedily remove the cause, which to the cure of this disease Navarras so much commends, ' avertat cogitationem d re scrupulosa, by all opposite means, art, and industry, let him laxare anirnuni^ by all honest recreations, " refresh and recreate his distressed soul ;" let him direct his thoughts, by himself and other of his friends. Let him read uo more such tracts or subjects, hear no more such fearful tones, avoid such companies, and by all means open himself, submit himself to the advice of good physicians and divines, which is conlraventio scrupulorum, as 'he calls it, hear them speak to whom the Lord hath given the tongue of the learned, to be able to minister a word to him that is weary,'' whose words are as flagons of wine. Let him not be obstinate, head- strong, peevish, wilful, self-conceited (as in this malady they are), but give ear to good advice, be ruled and persuaded ; and no doubt but such good counsel may prove as preposterous to his soul, as the angel was to Peter, that opened the iron gates, loosed his bands, brought him out of prison, and delivered him from bodily tiiraldom ; they may ease his afflicted mind, relieve his wounded soul, and take him out of the jaws of hell itself. I can say no more, or give better advice to such as are any way distressed in this kind, than what I have given and said. Only take this for a corollary and conclusion, as thou tenderest thine own welfare in this, and all other melancholy, thy good health of body and mind, observe this short precept, give not way to solitariness and idleness. " Be not solitary, be not idle." SPERATE MISERI-UNHAPPY HOPE. CAVETE FCELICES— HAPPY BE CALTTIOUS. > Vis d duhio I'tierari? vis quod incertum est evadere? Age poenitentiam dum sanus es ; sic agens^ dico tibi quod securus es, quod poenitentiam egisti eo tempore quo peccare potuisli. Austin. " Do you wish to be freed from doubts } do you desire to escape uncertainty .? Be penitent whilst rational: by so doing I assert that you are safe, because you have devoted that time to penitence in which you mighJ have been guilty of sin." * 'I om. 2. cap. 27, num. 282. " Let him avert his thoughts from the painful ubject." >Nararrus. «I8. 14. «F (flraV IN.^EX. Abaenck a cure of love-melancholy, 531 Absence over long, cause of jealousy, 569 Ai)slinence commended, 283 Acadeinicnrum Errata, 197 Adversity why better than prosperity, 367 Aerial devils, 115 Affections whence they arise, 103 ; how they transform us, 89 ; of sleeping and waking, 103 AH'ection in melancholy, what, 109 Against abuses, repulse, injuries, contumely, dis- graces, scoffs, 376 Against envy, livor, hatred, malice, 375 Against sorrow, vain fears, death of friends, 369 Air, how it causeth melancholy, 149 ; how rec- tified it cureth melancholy, 303 — 308 ; air in love, 461 Alkermes good against melancholy, 411 All are melancholy, 110 All beautiful parts attractive in love, 466 Aloes, his virtues, 400 Alteratives in physic, to what use, 391 ; against melancholy, 408 Ambition defined, described, cause ^of melan- choly, 167, 175; of heresy, 604; hinders and spoils many matches, 554 Amiableness loves object, 427 Amorous objects causes of love-melanchoiy, 479, 489 , Amulets controverted, approved, 412, 413 Amusements, 314 Anger's description, effects, how it causeth me- lancholy, 169 Antimony a purger of melancholy, 399 Anthony inveigled by Cleopatra, 475 Apology of love-melancholy, 422 Apfietite, 103 Apples, good or bad, how, 140 Apparel and clothes, a cause of love-melancholy, 473 Aqueducts of old, 281, 282 Anninian's tenets, 655 Arteries, what, 96, 97 Artificial air against melancholy, 304 Artificial allurements of love, 470 Art of memory, 322 Astrological aphorisms, how available, signs or causes of melancholy, 130 Astrological signs of love 4?>3 454 Atheists described, 632 Averters of melancholy, 407 Aurum polabile censured, approved, !19 B. Baits of lovers, 491 Bald lascivious, 571, 572 Balm good against melancholy, 392 Banishment's effects, 225 ; its cure and anti- dote, 368 Barrenness, what grievances it causeth, 225; i cause of jealousy, 570 Barren grounds have best air, 304 Bashfulness a symptom of melancholy, 235', of love-melancholy, 243; cured, 414 ' Baseness of birth no disparagement, 459 Baths rectified, 285 Bawds a cause of love-melancholy, 492 Beasts and birds in love. 445, 446, 461 Beauty's definition, 427 ; described, 465 ; in parts, 466 ; commendation, 457 ; attractive power, prerogatives, excellency, how it causeth melancholy, 459 — 469; makes grievous wounds, irresistible, 464 ; more beholding to art than nature, 470 ; brittle and uncertain, 537; censured, 539; a cause of jealousy, 570 ; beauty of God, 594 Beef a melancholy meat, 137 Beer censured, 141 Best site of a house, 304 Bezoar's stone good against melancholy, 411 Black eyes best, 468 Black spots in the nails signs of melancholy, 132 Black man a pearl in a woman's eye, 467 Blasphemy, how pardonable, 653 Blindnes-s of lovers, 507 Blood-letting, when and how cure of melan- choly, 404, 415; time and quantity, 403 Blood-letting and purging, how causes of m©" lancholy, 149 Blow on the head cause of melancholy, 226 Body, how it works on the mind, 157, 227, 241 Body melancholy, its causes, 231 Bodily symfitoms of melancholy, 232 ; o .ovt- melancholy, 496 Bodily exercises, 308 t)<5i INDEX, Books of all sorts, 320 Borage and bugloss, sovereign herbs against melancholy, 391 ; their wines and juice most excellent, 397 Boring of the head, a cure for melancholy, 408 Brain distempered, how cause of melancholy, 228 ; his parts anatomised, 99 Bread and beer, how causes of melancholy, 140, 141 Brow and forehead, which are most pleasing, 466 Brute beasts jealous, 565 Business the best cure of love-melancholy, 526 C. Cahbak's father conjured up seven devils at once, 117; had a spirit bound to him, 121 Cards and dice censured, approved, 315 Care's effects, 170 Carp fish's nature, 138, 139 Cataplasms and cerates for melancholy, 397 Cause of diseases, 86 Causes immediate of melancholy symptoms, 253 Causes of honest love, 434 ; of heroical love, 453; of jealousy, 569 Cautions against jealousy, 590 Centaury good against melancholy, 391 Charles the Great enforced to love basely by a philter, 494 Change of countenance, sign of love-melan- choly, 498 Charity described, 438 ; defects of it, 440 .Character of a covetous man, 178 Charles the Sixth, king of France, mad for anger, 169 Chemical physic censured, 407 Chess-play censured, 316 Chiromantical signs of melancholy, 131, 133 Chirurgical remedies of melancholy, 403 Choleric melancholy signs, 243 Chorus sancti Viti, a disease, 92 Circumstances increasing jealousy, 571 Cities' recreations, 313, 314 Civil lawyers' miseries, 192 Climes and particular places, how causes of love-melancholy, 455 Clothes a mere cause of good respect, 214 Clothes causes of love-melancholy, .473 Clysters good for melancholy, 417 Coffee, a Turkey cordial drink, 410 Cold air cause of melancholy, 150 Comets above the moon, 296 Compound alteratives censured, approved, 395 ; compound purgers of melancholy, 402 ; com- pound wines for melancholy, 408 Community of wives a cure of jealousy, 385 Compliment and good carriage causes of love- melancholy, 472 Confections and conserves against melancholy, 397 Confession of his grief to a friend, a principal cure of melancholy, 329, 330 Confidence in his physician half a cure, 278 Conjugal love best, 450 Conscience what it is, 106 * 'onscience troubled, a cause of despair, 643, 0^6 Contindal cogitation of his mistress a sympton of love-melancholy, 503 Contention, brawling, law-suits, effects, 224 Continent or inward causes of melancholy, 22*" Content above all, whence to be had, 35B Contention's cure, 381 Cookery taxed, 142 . Copernicus, his hypothesis of the earth's mo- tion, 298, 300 Correctors of accidents in melancholy, 413 Correctors to expel windiness, and costivenes« helped, 418 Cordials against melancholy, 408 Costiveness to some a cause of melancholy, 147 Costiveness helped, 419 Covetou^ness defined, described, how it causeth melancholy, 177 Counsel against melancholy, 331, 534 ; cure of ■jealousy, 584 ; of despair, 648 Country recreations, 313 Crocodiles jealous, 565 Cuckolds common in all ages, 581 Cupping-glasses, cauteries how and when used to melancholy, 403, 408 Cure of melancholy, unlawful, rejected, 270 { from God, 272 ; of head-melancholy, 404 ; over all the body, 415; of hypochondriacal melancholy, 416; of love-melancholy. 525: of jealousy, 580; of despair, 648 Cure of melancholy in himself, 327 ; or friends. 331 Curiosity described, his effects, 222 Custom of diet, delight of appetite, how u, b* kept and yielded to, 145 D. Dancing, masking, mumming, censured, ap. proved, 487, 488 ; their effects, how they cause love-melancholy, 487 ; how symptoma of lovers, 519 Death foretold by spirits, 123 Death of friends cause of melancholy, 218; other effects, 218; how cured, 369; death advantageous, 373 Deformity of body no misery, 345 Delirium, 90 Despair, equivocations, 639 ; causes. 640 ; symp. . toms, 645 ; prognostics, 647 ; cure, 648 Devils, how they cause melancholy, 115; their beginning, nature, conditions, 115; feel paii^ swift in motion, mortal, 116; their orders. 118; power, 125; how they cause religious melancholy, 601 ; how despair, 640; devils are often in love, 446 ; shall be saved, as some hold, 656 Diet what, and how causeth melancholy, 136 quantity, 142; diet of divert nations, 145 Diet rectified in substance, 280 ; in quantity 282 Diet a cause of love melancholy, 456 ; a cure, 527 Diet, inordinate, of parents, a cause of melan- choly to their offspring, 135 Digression against ail manner of discontents 341; digression of air, 288 ; of anatomy, 95 of devils and spirits, 115 INDEX. rtoo Discommodities of une([ual matches, 587 Disgrace a cause of melancholy, 164, 224; qiialiiied by counsel, 382 Dissimilar parts of the body, 97 Distemper of particular parts, causes of melan- choly, and how, 228 Discontents, cares, miseries, causes of melan- choly, 170; how repelled and cured by goiid counsel, 331, 341 Diseases why inflicted upon us, 86; their num- ber, definition, division, 89; diseases of the head, 90; diseases of the mind, 91; more grievous than those of the body, 262 Divers accidents causing melancholy, 218 Divine sentences, 384 Divines' miseries, 193; with the causes of their miseries, 194 Dotage what, 90 Dotage of lovers, 506 Dowry and money main causes of love-melan- choly, 477 Dreams and their kinds, 103 Dreams troublesome, how to be amended, 326, 414 Drunkards' children often melancholy, 134 Hrunkenness taxed, 143, 340 E. Earth's motion examined, 298 ; compass, centre, 299 ; an sit aiiamaia, 297 Eccentrics and epicycles exploded, 296 Education a cause of melancholy, 204 i Effects of love, 520 — 522 Election misconceived, cause of despair, 654 — 656 Element of fire exploded, 296 Emulation, hatred, faction, desire of revenge, causes of melancholy, 167, 168; their cure, 375 Envy and malice causes of melancholy, 166; their antidote, 375 Epicurus vindicated, 327 Epicurus's remedy for melancholy, 337 Epicures, atheists, hypocrites how mad, and melancholy, 631 Epithalamium, 561 Equivocations of melancholy, 93; of jealousy, 562 Eunuchs why kept, and where, 577 Evacuations, how they cause melancholy, 148 Ylxercise if immoderate, cause of melancholy, 151; before meals wholesome, 152; exercise rectified, 308; several kinds, when fit, 316; exercises of the mind, 318 — 323 Exotic and strange simples censured, 395 Extasies, 396, 397 'Eyes main instruments of love, 457; love's darts, seats, orators, arrows, torches, 467 ; Dow they pierce, 471 Pace's prerogative, a most attractive part, 465, 466 Fairies, 122 Fasting cause of melancholy, 144; a cure of 84 3 love-melancholy, 52fi, 527 alused, the devil's instrument, 611, 612; etrecls of it, 610 Fear cause of melancholy, its effects, 163; fear of death, destinies foretold, 221 ; a sympivtB of luelarjcholy, 234; sign of love-melancholy 500, 501 ; aniidote to fear, 374 Fenny fowl, melancholy, 138 Fiery devils, 120, 121 Fire's rage, 87 Fish, what melancholy, 138 Fish good, 282 Fishes in love, 445 Fishing and fowling, how and when good exer- cise, 310 Flaxen hair a great motive of love, 466 , Fools often beget wise men, 135; by love be- come wise, 517, 518 Force of imagination, 158 Friends a cure of melancholy. 330 Fruits causing melancholy, 139 ; allowed, 282 Fumitory purgeth melancholy, 392 G. Gaming a cause of melancholy, his eflfects, 181 Gardens of simples where, to what end, 390, 391 Gardens for pleasure. 31 1 General toleration of religion, by whom per- mitted, and why, 629 Gentry, whence it came first, 349; base with- out means, 348 ; vices accompanying it, 348; true gentry, whence, 351 ; gentry commended, 351 Geography commended, 319 Geometry, arithmetic, algebra, commended, 322 Gesture cause of love-melancholy, 472 ^Gifts and promises of great force amongst lovers, 489 God's just judgment cause of melancholy, 86 ; sole cause sometimes, 113 Gold good against melancholy, 394; a most beautiful object, 431 Good counsel a charm to melancholy, 331 ; good counsel for love-sick persons, 534 ; against melancholy itself, 333 ; for such as are jealous, 580 •Great men most part dishonest, 571 Gristle what, 96 Guts described, 98 H. Hand and paps how forcible in love-meian- choly, 466, 467 Hard usage a cause of jealousy, 568 Hatred cause of melancholy, 168 Hawking and hunting why gi)od, 310 Head melancholy's causes, 229; symptom*. 247; its cure, 404 Hearing, what, 102 Heat immoderate, cause of melancholy, 149 Health a treasure, 225 Heavens penetrable, 297; infiniteiv swift, 298 Hell where, 292 Hellebore, white and black, purgers ot melan- choly, 406; black, its virtues and history, 400 P2 660 INDEX. Help from friends against melancholy, 331 HoiDorrhage cause of melancholy, 147 Hemorrhoids stop[)ed cause of melancholy, 147 rierbs causing melancholy, 139; curing melan- choly, 282 Hereditary diseases, 133 Heretics their conditions, 623; their symptoms, 623 Heroical love':^ pedigree, power, extent, 443; definition, part affected, 448; tyranny, 448 Hippocrates' jealousy, 569 Honest objects of love, 434 Hope a cure of misery, 371 ; its benefits, 640 Hope and fear, the Devil's main engines to entrap the world, 607 Hops good against mehincholy, 392, 416 Horse-leeches how and when used in melan- choly, 404, 416 Hot countries apt and prone to jealousy, 566 How oft 'tis fit to eat in a day, 282, 283 How to resist passions, 328 How men fall in love, 469 Humours, what they are, 95 Hydrophobia described, 92 Hypochondriacal melancholy, 112; its causes inward, outward, 230; symptom, 244; cure of it, 416 Hypochondries misaffected, causes, 228 Hypocrites described, 638 I. Idleness a main cause of melancholy, 152; of love-melancholy, 456; of jealousy, 567 Ignorance the mother of devotion, 608 Ignorance commended, 386 Ignorant persons still circumvented, 609 Imagination what, 102; its force and effects, J 59 Imagination of the mother affects her infant, 135 Immaterial melancholy, 110 Immortality of the soul proved, 105; impugned by whom, 636 Impediments of lovers, 557 Importunity and opportunity cause of love- melancholy, 478 ; of jealousy, 574 Imprisonment cause of melancholy, 210 Impostures of devils, 607 ; of politicians, 603 ; of priests, 604 Impolency a cause of jealousy, 568 Impulsive cause of man's misery, 85 Incubi and succubi, 446 Inconstancy of lovers, 540 Inconstancy a sign of melancholy, 237 Infirmities of body and mind, what grievances they cause, 227 Injuries and abuses rectified, 378. 379 Instrumental causes of diseases, 87 Instrumental cause of man's misery, 87 Interpreters of dreams, 103 Inundation's fury, 87 Inventions resulting from love, 521 Inward causes of melancholy, 227 Inward senses described, 1(12 Issues when used in melancholy, 403 J. Jealous.t a symptom of melancholy, 2.37; de- fined, described, 563; of princes, 564; of brute beasts, 565 ; causes of it, 566 ; symp- toms of it, 575 ; prognostics, 579 ; cure of it, 580 Jests how and when to be used, 209 Jews' religious symptoms, 614, 615 Joy in excess cause of melancholy, 186, 18'> K. Kings and princes' discontents, 174 Kissing a main cause of love-inelancholy, 482; a symptom of love-melancholy, 498 L. Labouh, business, cure of love-melancholy 526 ; Lapis Arinenus, its virtues against me- lancholy, 400 Lascivious meats to be avoided, 527 Laughter, its effects, 256, 257 Laurel a purge for melancholy, 398 Laws against adultery, 578 Leo Decimus the pope's scoffing triclis, 208 Lewellyn prince of Wales, his submission, 379 Leucuia petra the cure of love-sick persons, 646 Liberty of princes and great men, how abused, 574 Libraries commended, 321 Liver its site, 97 ; cause of melancholy distem- pers, if hot or cold, 229 Loss of liberty, servitude, imprisonment, cause of melancholy, 210 Losses in general how they offend, 220; cause of despair, 369, 641 ; how eased, 373 Love of gaming and pleasures immoder£te, cause of melancholy, 181 Love of learning, overmuch study, cause of melancholy, 187 'Love's beginning, object, definition, division. 426; love made the world, 430; love's power, 444; in vegetables, 445; in sensible creatures, 445 ; love's power in devils and spirits, 446; in men, 448; love a disease, 500; a fire, 504; love's passions, 505; phrases of lovers, 509; their vain wishes and attempts, 514; lovers impudent, 515; courageous, 516; wise, valiant, free, 517; neat in apparel, 518; poets, musicians, dancers, 519: love's effects, 521; love lost revived by sight, 530; love cannot be com- pelled, 554 Love and hate symptoms of religious melan- choly, 614 Lycanthropia described, 91 M. Madness described, 91 ; the extent of melan choly, 259; a symptom and effect of love- melancholy, 524 Made dishes cause melancholy, 142 Magicians how they cause melancholy, 128 how they cure it, 271 INDEX. 667 Mahometans their symptoms, 698 Maids', nuns', and widows' melancholy, 250 Man's excellency, misery, 85 Man the greatest enemy to man, 88 Many means to divert lovers, 529 ; to cure them, 534 Marriage if unfortunate cause of melancholy, 223 ; hest cure of love-melancholy, 547 ; marriage helps, 585; miseries, 641 ; benefits and commendation, 450, 561 Mathematical studies commended, 322 Medicines select for melancholy, 386 ; against wind and costiveness, 419 ; for love-melan- choly, 529 Melancholy in disposition, melancholy equivo- cations, 93 ; definition, name, difference, 108 ; part and parties aflected in melancholy, it's afTection, 109; matter, 110; species or kinds of melancholy, 111 ; melancholy an heredi- tary disease, 133; meats causing it, 136, &c.; antecedent causes, 227 ; particular parts, 228 ; symptoms of it, 232 ; they are passionate above measure, 238; humorous, 238; me- lancholy, adust symptoms, 242; mixed symp- toms of melancholy with other diseases, 244 ; melancholy, a cause of jealousy, 567 ; of des- pair, 640 ; melancholy men why witty, 255 ; - why so apt lo laugh, weep, sweat, blush, 256; ■ why they see visions, hear strange noises, 257 ; why they speak untaught languages, prophesy, &c., 259 Memory his seat, 103 Menstruus concuhitus causa melanc, 135 Men seduced by spirits in the night, 123 Metempsychosis, 104 Metals, minerals for melancholy, 393 Meteors strange, how caused, 295, 296 Metoposcopy foreshowing melancholy, 131,132 Milk a melancholy meat, 138 Mind how it works on the body, 155 Minerals good against melancholy, 394 Ministers how they cause despair, 642, 643 Mirach, mesentery, matrix, meseraic veins, causes of melancholy, 228 Mirabolanes purgers of melancholy, 399 Mirth and mercy company excellent against me- lancholy, 336 ; their abuses, 340 Miseries of man, 85 ; how they cause melan- choly, 171 ; common miseries, 170 ; miseries of both sorts, 342 ; no man free, miseries' eflects in us, 343 ; sent for our good, 344 ; miseries of students and scholars, 187 Mitigations of melancholy, 384 Money's prerogatives, 431 ; allurement, 477 Moon inhabited, 299 ; moon in love, 444 Mother how cause of melancholy, 134 Moving faculty described, 103 Music a present remedy for melancholy, 334 ; its effects, 335 ; a symptom of lovers, 519 ; causes of love-melancholy, 481 N. • Nakedness of parts a cause of love-melan- choly, 472, 473 ; cure of love-melancholy, 536 Narrow streets where in use, 305 Natural melancbioly signs, 242 Natural signs of love-melancholy, 496 Necessity to what it enforceth, 146, 216 Neglect and contempt, 'lest cures of jealousy 581 Nemesis or punishment comes after, 380 Nerves what, 96 News most welcome, 315 Nobility censured, 348 Non-necessary causes of melancholy, 20 Nuns' melancholy, 251 Nurse, how cause of melancholy, 202 O. Objects causing melancholy to be removed 529 Obstacles and hindrances of lovers, 548 Occasions to be avoided in love-melancholy, 529 Odoraments to smell to for melancholy, 412 Ointments, for melancholy, 413 Ointments riotously used, 475 Old folks apt to be jealous, 568 Old folks' incontinency taxed, 58 Old age a cause of melancholy, 132 ; old men's sons often melancholy, 134 One love drives out another, 533 Opinions of or concerning the soul, 104 Oppression's effects, 224 Opportunity and importunity causes of love- melancholy, 478 Organical parts, 98 Overmuch joy, pride, praise, how causes of me- lancholy, 186 Palaces, 313 * Paleness and leanness, symptoms of love-melan- choly, 496 Papists' religious symptoms, 615, 624 Paracelsus' defence of minerals, 394 Parents, how they wrong their children, 554 ; how they cause melancholy by propagation, 133; how by remissness and indulgence, 204, 205 Parsnetical discourse to such as are troubled in mind, 648 Particular parts distempered, how they cause melancholy, 228 Parties affected in religious melancholy, 597 Passions and perturbations causes of melan choly, 157 ; how they work on the bo-Jy. 158 • their divisions, 161 ; how rectified and eased 327 Passions of lovers, 500 Patience a cure of misery, 379 Patient, his conditions that would be cured, 277 patience, confidence, liberality, not to practise on himself, 278 ; what he must do himsell, 328 ; reveal his grief to a friend, 330 Pennyroyal good against melancholy, 400 Perjury of lovers, 491 Persuasion a means to cure love-melancholy, 534; other melancholy, 332, 333 Phantasy, what, 102 Philippiis Bonus, how he used a country fel- low, 317 668 INDEX. Philosophers censured, 183; their errors, 183 Philters cause of love-melancholy, 494 ; how they cure melancholy, 546 Phlel)otomy cause of melancholy, 149 ; how to be used, when, in melancholy, 404, 415', in head melancholy, 407, 408 Phlegmatic melancholy signs, 242 Phrenzy's description, 91 Physician's miseries, 192, 193; his qualities if he be good, 276 Physic censured, 380, 388 ; commended, 389 ; when to be used, 389 Physiognomical signs of melancholy, 131 Pictures good against melancholy, 318 ; cause of love-melancholy, 482 Plague's ellects, 87 Planets inhabited, 299 Plays more famous, 314 Pleasant palaces and gardens, 311 Pleasant objects of love, 432 Pleasing tone and voice a cause of love-melan- choly, 481 Poetical cures of love-melancholy, 546 Poets why poor, 191 Poetry a symptom of lovers, 522 Politician's pranks, 604 Poor men's miseries, 215; their happiness, 356, 365 ; they are dear to God, 364 Pope Leo Decimus, his scoffing, 208 Pork a melancholy meat, 137 Possession of devils, 93 Poverty and want causes of melancholy, their ellects, 211 ; no such misery to be poor, 354 Power of spirits, 125 Predestination misconstrued, a cause of despair, 654—656 Preparatives and purgers for melancholy, 405 Precedency, what stirs it causeth, 167 Precious stones, metals, altering melancholy. 393 Preventions to the cure of jealousy, 585 Pride and praise causes of melancholy, 182 Priests, how they cause religious melancholy. 605 ^ Princes' discontents, 174 .Prodigals, their miseries, 181; bankrupts and spendthrifts, how punished, 181 Profitable objects of love, 431 Progress of love-melancholy exemplified, 484 Prognostics or events of love-melancholy, 579 ; of despair, 579 ; of jealousy, 523 ; of melan- choly, 259 Prospect good against melancholy, 307 Prosperity a cause of misery, 366 Protestations and deceitful promises of lovers 491 Pseudo-prophets, their pranks, 627; their symp- toms, 623 Pulse, peas, beans, cause of melancholy, 140 Pulse of melancholy men, how it is afiected, 233 Pulse a sign of love-melancholy, 497 Purgers and preparatives to head melancholy. 405 ^ Purging simples upward, 397 ; downward, 399 Purging, how cause of melancholy, 149 QuANTiTT of diet cause, 142; care of meiaiH choly, 282 R. Rational soul, 104 Reading Scriptures good against melancholy, 32J Recreations good against melancholy, 309 Redness of the face helped, 414 Regions of the belly, 98 Relation or hearing a cause of lovc-melan choly, 457 Religious melancholy a distinct species, 593; its object, 594 ; causes of it, 601 ; symptoms, 613; prognostics, 627; cure, 629; religious policy, by whom, 604 Repentance, its effects, 650 Retention and evacuation causes of melancholy, 146 ; rectified to the cure, 285 Rich men's discontents and miseries, 178, 360; their prerogatives, 212 Riot in apparel, excess of it, a great cause of love-melancholy, 475, 480 Rivers in love, 461 Rivals and co-rivals, 565 Roots censured, 139 Rose cross-men's or Rosicrucian's promises, 323 Saints' aid rejected in melancholy, 274 Salads censured, 139 Sanguine melancholy signs, 242 Scholars' miseries, 189 Scilla or sea onion, a pwrger of melancholy, 398 Scipio's continency, 530 Scoffs, calumnies, bitter jests, how they causo melancholy, 207; their antidote, 383 Scorzonera, good against melancholy, 392 Scripture misconstrued, cause of religious me- lancholy, 654; cure of melancholy, 322 Sea-sick, good physic for melancholy, 393 Self-love cause of melancholy, his effects, 183 Sensible soul and its parts, 101 Senses, why and how deluded in melancholy, 257 Sentences selected out of humane authors, 384 385 Servitude cause of melancholy, 210; and im- prisonment eased, 367 Several men's delights and recreations, 306 Severe tutors and guardians causes of me an- choly, 204 • Shame and disgrace how causes of melancholy, their effects, 164 Sickness for our good, 346 Sighs and tears symptoms of love-melancholy, 496, 497 • Sight a principal cause of love-melancholy, 457, 458 Signs of honest love, 434 Similar parts of the body, 96 Simples censured proper to melancholy, .M89 , fit to be known, 390; purging melaLcnoly upward, 397; downward, purgi ig simpler 399 INDEX. 669 Singing a symptom of lovers, 519; cause of love-melancholy, 418 Sin the impulsive cause of man's misery, 85 Single life and virginity commended, 544 ; theii prerogatives, 545 Slavery of lovers, 510 Sleep and waking causes of melancholy, 156; by what means procured, helped, 414 Small bodies have greatest wits, 346 Smelling what, 102 Smiling a ca ise of love-mnlancholy, 471 Sodomy, 448, 449 ■ Soldiers most part lascivious, 572 Solitariness cause of melancholy, 154; coact, voluntary, how good, 155; sign of melan- choly, 239 Sorrow its effect, 162; a cause of melancholy, 163; a symptom of melancholy, 236; eased by counsel, 370 Soul defined, its faculties, 99 ; ex traduce as some hold, 104 Spices how causes of melancholy, 140 espirits and ilevils, their nature, 115; orders, 118; kinds, 120; power, &c., 125 Spleen its site, 97 ; how misafl'ected cause of melancholy, 228 Sports, 314 Spots in the sun, 301 Spruceness a symptom of lovers, 518 Stars, how causes or signs of melancholy, 130 ; of love-melancholy, 453; of jealousy, 566 Step-mother, her mischiefs, 224 Stews, why allowed, 586 Stomach distempered a cause of melancholy, 228 Stones like birds, beasts, fishes, &c., 290 Strange nurses, when best, 203 Streets narrow, 305 Study overmuch cause of melancholy, 187 ; why and how, 188, 255; study good against melancholy, 318 Subterranean devils, 124 Supernatural causes of melancholy, 113 Superstitious effects, symptoms, 616; how it domineers, 599, 624 Surfeiting and drunkenness taxed, 143 Suspicion and jealousy symptoms of melan- . choly, 237 ; how caused, 254 Swallows, cuckoos, &c., where are they in winter, 290 Sweet tunes and singing causes of love-melan- choly, 481 Sym|)toms or signs of melancholy in the body, 232; mind, 233; from stars, members, 240; from education, custom, continuance of time, mixed with other diseases, 244; symptoms of head melancholy, 247; of hypochondriacal melancholy, 248 ; of the whole body, 250 ; symptoms of nuns', maids', widows' melan- choly, 250 ; nnmediate causes of melancholy symptoms, 253; symptoms of love-melan- choly, 496; symptoms of a lover pleased, 502; dejected, 505; symptoms of jealousy, 675; of religions melancholy, 613; of despair, 645, 646 Sjnterrsis, 106 Sjrsps, 397, 413 T. Tale of a prebend, 377, 378 Tarantula's stinging effects, 236 Taste what, 102 'I'emperament a cause of love-melan:hol ', 453 Tempestuous air, dark and fuliginous, how cause of melancholy, 151 Terrestrial devils, 122 Terrors and affrights cause melancholy, 205 Theologasters censured, 301 The best cure of love-melancholy is to let ihera have their desire, 547 Tobacco approved, censured, 399 Toleration, religious, 629 -Torments of love, 501 'J'ransmigration of souls, 104 Travelling commended, good against molau- choly, 306; for love-melancholy especiiUy 531 Tutors cause melancholy, 204 U. "Uncharitable men described, 440 ['ndorstanding detined, divided, 106 i;nk.rtunate marriages' effects, 174, 223, 588 V .^k.ad friends cause melancholy, 224 (lulawful cures of melancholy rejected, 270 Upstarts censured, their symptoms, 350, 357 Urine of melancholy persons, 233 Uxurii, 568, 569 V. Vainglory described a cause of melanchfjj 182 Valour and courage caused by love, 517 Variation of the compass, where, 288 Variety of meats and dishes cause melancholy, 283 Variety of mistresses and objects a cure of melancholy, 534 Variety of weather, air, manners, countries, whence, &c., 293, 294 Variety of places, change of air, good agaii.sJ melancholy, 306 Vegetal soul and its faculties, 100 Vegetal creatures in love, 444, 445 Veins described, 97 Venus rectified, 287 Venery a cause of melancholy, 148 Venison a melancholy meat, 137, 138 Vices of women, 540 Violent misery continues not, 342 Violent death, event of love-melancholy, 525 prognostic of despair, 647 ; by some defended, 262 ; how to be censured, 265 ■^Virginity, by what signs to be known, 577 commended, 545 .Virtue and vice, principal habits of the will, 108 Vitex or agnus castus good against love- melancholy, 527 W. Wakinb cause of melancholy, 154, 163; a symptom, 232; cured, 325 Walking, shooting, swimming, &c., good agaiRil melancholy, 307, 311, 528 670 INDEX. Want of sleep a symptom of love-melancholy, 233, 496, 497 Wanton carriage and gesture cause of love- melancholy, 470 Water devils, 122 Water if foul causeth melancholy, 141 .Vaters censured, their effects, 141 Waters, which good, 281 ^Vaters in love, 461 Wearisomeness of life a symptom of melan- choly, 505 What physic fit in love-melancholy, 526 Who are most apt to be jealous, 567 Whores' properties and conditions, 535 Why good men are often rejected, 377 'Why fools beget wise children, wise men fools, 135 Widows' melancholy, 251 Will defined, divided, its actions, why over- ruled, 107 Wine causeth melancholy, 140, 182; a good cordial against melancholy, 410 ; forbid in love-melancholy, 527 Winds in love, 461 ^''itty devices against melancholy, 334, 532 Wit proved by love, 517 Withstand the beginnings, a principal cure of love-melanclioly, 529 Witches' power, how they cause melancholy, 128; their transformations, 129; they can cure melancholy, 129, 270; not to be sought to for help, 272 ; nor saints, 275 Wives censured, 560; commended, 661; choice of a wife, 590 Women, how cause of melancholy, 182; their exercises, 324; their vanity in apparel " taxed, 473 ; how they cozen men, 474 ; their counterfeit tears, 491 ; their vices, 540 Woodbine, amni, rue, lettuce, how good in love-melancholy, 527 World taxed, 171 Wormwood good against melancholy, 392 Writers of the cure of melancholy, 270 ■Writers of imagination, 159 ; de consolatione, 341; of melancholy, 108; of love-melan- choly, 521, 522; against despair, 648 Young man in love with a picture, 499 Youth a cause of love-melancholy, 454 7HB EMi). 6 8 4 if ^j/zr. 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