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INSTRUCTIONS 
 
 # # 1 1 J 
 
 
 IN TWO FARTS. 
 
 PRICE, $3.00. 
 
 of Cc 
 
 
 This Book can be bad from the Author, at No. 1I;{ W^est 
 Forty-First Street, New York. ^ 
 
 I ^7 J. 
 

 
 ^ 
 
 C7 
 
 ^ 
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Entered aceordin^ to Act of Congress, in the year 1873. by 
 Madame Hi:kman, in tlie Office of the Librarian of CongTcss. at 
 WashinoHon. D. ('. 
 
OF 
 
 PART I. 
 
 I'AGE. 
 
 Preface o 
 
 Chapter 1. — Materials used for .Making Foliage 7 
 
 II. — Coloring of the Wax 
 
 III. — General Instructions 12 
 
 " IV.— Stemins: and arranaring of IMaiits 15 
 
PREFACE 
 
 This beautiful art of which I am thankful to Providence 
 to be the inventor, has been taught by me in New York with 
 great success, in fact it has been pronounced the greatest 
 invetition of the day. 
 
 Its great merit lies in its simplicity — no moulds nor scis- 
 sors being used — every leaf in wax being made from tho 
 natural leaf; and the greatest exactness and perfection, 
 every fiber, indenture, contour and even defect which are 
 on the natural plants are so well imitated that it is almost 
 impossiblt' to know, unless by the touch, that it is only 
 wax. 
 
 Not any knowledge of painting or coloring is necessary, 
 the colors being mixed in the wax, the different shades of 
 colors being easily obtained to imitate to great perfecitiou 
 the tints of all plants, thus copying the book of nature, 
 
 THIS ELDER SCRIPTURE, WRIT i:Y (iOD's OWN ll.VXH. 
 
 Modelling in Wax is an art of great antiquity, coml)iuing 
 Sculpture and Painting together, two diffitnilt studies, but 
 whiijh are here rendered easy by the very plastic nature of 
 the materials used, which will yield well to the will of the 
 modeller who Avill be able to give that appearance of reality 
 or life which constitutes the true poetry of art. 
 
 The author indulges the hope that this art will not only 
 afford gratification to those who will learn the method 
 from this book, as it has done to those I have had the 
 pleasure of teaching, but will also be useful by preserving- 
 such lifelike portraits of all plants which may be valuable 
 to lovers of Botanv and to all who love nature. 
 
The present boolc, as the l)Ook of Instruction in Wax 
 Flowers, has been composed more particularly to auppl} 
 the want of persons living at a distance and who can not 
 come to this city to learn this art. 
 
 I shall be glad at any time to recei^ c any one who would 
 like to have any explanation concei'ning this method. 
 
PLATE I. 
 
 PLATE II. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 .MATEKTALS FOR MAKIXO FOLrA(iE. 
 
 A lamp with two burners is necessary to melt two cups 
 of wax at a time. Alcohol is the best liquid to use as it is 
 free from smell and is comparatively safe. 
 
 Five or six tin cuj^s, costinaj- five cents each, and which 
 (tan be had from any tin shop, are also wanted. 
 
 One pound of the best cake wax. 
 
 A few tubes of oil paints of different colors. 
 
 One spool wire jor stems of small leaves. 
 
 One coil wire for stems of large leaves and plants. 
 
 A bottle of mucilage ; as a good quantity of this is re- 
 (juired, I have found it cheaper to l^uy one pound of Ara- 
 bic gum and make the mucilage myself by mixing some 
 gum in cold water, it is not necessary to have the mucilage 
 very thick. 
 
 A few liottles of French doAvn or Flock of diffei'ent colors 
 ai-e also wanted. 
 
 A stomp l)rush to hnish the plants. 
 
 Half a dozen of Camel's hair Inrushes to dip in the cups 
 of wax. As the brushes are rather short, a piece of wood 
 trimmed Avith a knife and inseited into each brtish will 
 give the desired length. 
 
 A small quantity of glycerine is also required. 
 
 All the above named articles, except the alcohol, the tin 
 cups, the mucilage and the glycerine can be had from me 
 
8 
 
 at a much smaller price than could be had. from any other 
 place. 
 
 Tli(^ great quantity of materials that I am obliged to 
 have always on hand to supply the demand of all my pu- 
 pils, and also my knowledge of the best quality of all these 
 articles, enables me to d<?fy competition. 
 
 A look at my price list compui-ed with any other will 
 soon show the ditfei'ence. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 (•()L()KIX<i OF TliK WAX. 
 
 This branch of the method being the ino«t important, 
 I >roper care should be taken to imitate as well as possible 
 the different colors of the natural plants. 
 
 T\vo cups of green wax, light and dark shades, are 
 uecessary. 
 
 To j^repare a cup of light green wax, break about two 
 cakes of wax and place thir-m in a tin cup, and melt ov^er 
 the lamp; then take the tul»e of Chrome Green, No. 1, 
 unscrew the lid and squeeze some of it in the same cup, 
 about a fourth of an inch in length as it comes from the 
 tul)e ; mix it well in stiri'ing it Avith a camel's hair brush. 
 
 When all the wax is melted in the cu.p, it is ready for 
 use, and should be taken off the lamp, but should never 
 l»e allowed to boil, as it sjjoils it. 
 
 The dark green is prejjared in the same manner, but in 
 using Chrome Green No. *2, in same (juanlity. 
 
 Mixing Chrome Green, No. o, and Chrome Yellow in 
 equal quanties make a beautiful shade of dai'k green, called 
 ///OiS'.s- (irecn. 
 
 If a soft yellow green be wanted, as foi- geranium leaves, 
 etc., it is made !)>■ mixing Prussian Blue and CliT'ome Yel- 
 low, into a cup of wax, two parts of yellow and on(^ part 
 of blue. 
 
 When mixed in the cup, if the color be found too light, 
 add some more color to it. 
 
10 
 
 Adding white cake wax to any colored cup rediices the 
 said color. 
 
 Put with two cakes of wax a small quantity of silver 
 white in a tin cup, and you Avill have a cup of wax beauti- 
 fully white. 
 
 If the white wanted has a little tinge of yellow in it, add 
 a very small quantity of Chrome Yellow to the silver white. 
 
 A very little quantity of Chrome Green, No. 1, to about 
 three times as much of silver white will sometimes be 
 wanted to imitate some leaves. 
 
 A nice gray color which is observable in some plants can 
 V)e imitated by mixing a very small quantity of Ivory 
 Black with twice as much of silver white in a cup of wax. 
 
 A cup of Carmine is desirable, as it is often used ; a 
 very small quantity in a cup of wax. This beautiful (^olor 
 is also used to give the last touch to the plants, to colui' 
 th • veins and edges, and if mixed with 13n»\\u paint will 
 gi\(' a rich appearance to many leaves. 
 
 .Many leaves, and particularly the autumn leaves arc 
 liartly yellow, which can be imitated with Chrome Yellow 
 in white wax, or sometimes Orange Chronici. A look at 
 the different colors will soon show what is wanted. 
 
 AVhen your cup of white wax bec(jmes dirty, pour it in 
 a ciqj of green wax while it is hot. 
 
 The best way of cleaning a cup is with sc^ft paper while 
 it is warm. 
 
 You can also mix the yellow wax with green, if you re- 
 quire an empty cup to melt som(;thing else. 
 
 Never waste any wax, as it can always be used. 
 
 Always keep youi* cups covered or turned over when 
 not in use, to keei3 the colors fresh. 
 
 Never let the brushes remain in the cups, l)ut take them 
 out before the wax gets cold. Do not attempt to ])ull a 
 brush from the wax when it is set. 
 
11 
 
 A little practice will soon give the student the ide.a of 
 mixing the colors which are suitable to the plants. 
 
 If not successful in the first attempt try again, for as 
 Shakspeare says : 
 
 What is worth (loin<^ at all 
 Ts worth (loino- woll."' 
 
CHAPTER IJI. 
 
 GE K K R AL LNSTK UCTJ O N S. 
 
 iiie Foliage being made from the natural leaf, it is neces- 
 sary to have a few natural leaves to work from. We will 
 suppose that the student has a Begonia Rex plant, which 
 can be easily procured, and which is very easy to make. 
 
 The student will pei'ceive that this leaf is composed of 
 two prominent colors, (ir<(?n, dark <>r //V///^, and u^hifr or 
 (jray, or of a, (/>•>( /lis/t ir/n'fc. 
 
 Let it remain in cold water for a few minutes while you 
 prepare these two (-olors, as explained in the preceding 
 Chapter; the student will then place the natural leaf in 
 the left hand, with the irn»ui/ .■^'nlt' it)>, wliich is the back of 
 the leaf, and where all the veins are most conspicuous. 
 Having cut the stem close to the leaf, the next thing is to 
 cover well the back part of the leaf with glycerine, in 
 spreading it with a small. cam<4's hair brush. 
 
 Th<>n taking the vhite or (jno/ hot wax from the lam]), 
 dip into this wax a (-amel's hair brush, and with it sjn-ead 
 the wax over the vhife jxirf of the leaf, thus covering with 
 white wax all the white jiart of the leaf. A look at Plate 
 I will show how to hold the leaf in the left hand and the 
 way of using the camel's hairbrush. 
 
 When all the white part of the leaf is well covered with 
 white wax, the student Avill then cover the rest of the leaf 
 with green hot wax, spreading it well with the camel's hair 
 brush over the whole back of the leaf, that is to say, that 
 the green part of the leaf must be covered with green wax, 
 
PLATE III. 
 
13 
 
 and the white wax which is ah-eady on the leaf mnst also be 
 covered with the green wax. To do this successfully it is 
 best to begin to spread the wax first from that part of tin- 
 leaf where the stem was, in following the largest vein to 
 the end of the leaf, and then coA^er the prominent veins in 
 that manner. 
 
 Give a good thickness of wax to the leaf, and then place 
 it in a basin of cold water for a few minutes to let it cool. 
 
 Taking it out of the w^ater, you place it in your left hand 
 with the natural leaf upwards, and proceed by separating 
 it from th(^ wax, which will b(> done easily, as the glycerine 
 lias prevented the leaf from sticking to the wax. A look 
 ;it Plate II will show how easily the natural leaf comes 
 apart from the wax leaf. 
 
 If you take it out carefully, without lireaking the natui-al 
 leaf, you will be able to make one or even several wax leaves 
 from it. 
 
 Wash the wax leaf of the glycerine with a moist linen 
 and wipe it diy, then wilh a stomp brush dipped iu a little 
 carmine oil paint, cohu- the veins very gently, and mix 
 carmine and brown to color the edg(^ all around the leaf, 
 and it will lie finished with the exception of the steming, 
 which is explained in the following chapter. 
 
 The careful student now knows that the prominent colors 
 of the leaves ar(^ not painted on the wax, but melted in 
 the wax, and Used by spreading the wax on the back of th(^ 
 leaf. But all leaves which are spotted, as the (Tlecoma 
 Varegata, etc., look better when all the spots are painted 
 over the wax ground with a stomp brush di])ped in oil 
 paint. 
 
 I will now take a cohnis leaf to explain the way of 
 making the beautiful downy or velv(^ty leaves. 
 
 Melt a yellow cup of Avax; and after having spread the 
 glycerine over the back of the leaf, cover the whole back 
 of the leaf with the yellow wax ; then put it in a basin of 
 
14 
 
 cold water to l(^t it cool : taking it out of the water, and 
 separating the natural leaf from the wax, the wax leaf will 
 then be all yellow ; the leaf will recpiire now hut the down 
 or velvet, which is put on in this way : spread some nnicil- 
 age with a small brush over th(^ wax leaf, but leaviiig the 
 tnlge of the leaf dry all r<iund. then scatter the maroon 
 French down or tlock over the nuicilage, which will 
 thus adhere to it, then turn the leaf over, so as to shake off 
 the extra doAvn. Wash the edge or margin with a moist 
 linen to have the leaf yellow all t'onnd and the rest with 
 the velvet on it. 
 
 In winter 1 would recommend the pupil to put into each 
 cup of melted wax half a teaspoonfull of lard oil to soften 
 the wax. 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 
 STEMI^Sru AXl) AKRANGlISrcJ OF PLANTS. 
 
 For large leaves use coil wire and for small leaves spool 
 wire. 
 
 Melt some green wax, and place the wax leaf into your 
 left hand, with the back of' the leaf upward and th(^ 
 lai-ger side near the end of the fingers, then i)lac(' the wire in 
 the center or ridge of the leaf, not on one side, and let it 
 come out about four incht\s long ; then cuver the part of 
 tlie .stem tchlch is on the li<(f\\\i\\ the green hot wax. For 
 heavy leaves give a good thickness of wax, so as to cement 
 well the stem ; eo\ er also the w ire forming the stem with 
 green Avax. 
 
 All velvety leaves sln)uld he stemed before putting the 
 down over tliem. 
 
 If you wish to branch the lea\ es together, take the two 
 smallest leaves, and place them (jpposite each other in pres- 
 sing the two stems together or twisting them together; 
 then the two next leaves in size, in putting them lower 
 down under the two first h'aves. The best way to do this 
 correctly is to look at the natural j)lauts and observe the 
 way the leaves ure ,])ut togethei-. I would request the 
 pupil to turn tlie h-aves a little iieipendicidarly, just to 
 show but the rlijlif siih of the lea\'es. 
 
 Natural taste is \ery nece.swary for the ari'anging of ru.s- 
 tic baskets, stands, etc. tSmilax or Ivy, or both, are gener- 
 ally climbing around the handles, the baskets are generally 
 filled with earth and then covcn'ed with moss; a nice plant 
 of Begonia Rex mav be placed in it in sticking the stems 
 
16 
 
 brought together into the earth of the baslfet. Put a few 
 of the plants, as Coleus in front of the basket, and geraniums 
 or other plants. A spray of Fern leaves looks also A^ery 
 well. 
 
 Plate III shows a basket of Foliage that I made, and 
 ■which has been much admired. 
 
 I shall be very happy to give to any one any explanation 
 which would not be generally understood by iny Book of 
 Instruction. 
 
 The following is a list of the plants which art; the most 
 (nisy to make in wax, and which can be had very cheap 
 from any florist. 
 
 ^LbntUon Thoiiipsoiiii, thi' leaves are luoltled or marked 
 with bright golden yellow. 
 
 Adiyranthus J^hiiJciiil,\i^-A\ij:ti dark erinisou and carmine. 
 
 AuCuha Japo)i ica. 
 
 Ardi/r'ttea, a beautiful white spotted variety of C'alediams ; 
 one of the smallest kinds growing. 
 
 Artetnis'ia SteJhiris, foliage of a silver gray hue. 
 
 ])('(joiila, a beautiful stove plant, i-emarkable for the 
 varied and magnificent foliage of many of its vai'ieties ; 
 they are admirably adapted to hanging laskets, etc. 
 
 (Jaladiaius. 
 
 Catalo^iian .Tcxxuni ii i <: . 
 
 CerastiKhi Toiix'iifoxinn. Another white foliaged plant, 
 with small, narrow leaves, well suited. for hanging baskets 
 or stands. 
 
 (Jeiitdurea (Jaii<H<l(i, a valuable plant to contrast with 
 ( 'oleus ; leaves downy white, forming a ueat compact bush. 
 Massed either witli Coleus or Aichyi'authes, oi- both, it 
 produces a most pleasing effect. 
 
 < 'issi/s Amazoniea. 
 
 |'.'^^vsv^s• Jjt'scolof. 
 
17 
 
 CoU'itx, the edge of flie leaf fringed with yellow, the vel- 
 vety ground is dark maroon. 
 
 Crof.oHK, line plants, suitable for baskets. 
 
 (-rCfOiii lUji /Com lie, liicolor. 
 LiKhj Polhu-k. 
 " /'•?/ LddrciJ. 
 
 " Moinitohi of S/)o»% etc. 
 
 (r/aucii/,vi Corni.culatiiin, a fine oi numental plant, with 
 long velvety leaves, gracefully recurved, of a silvery white 
 color, deeply cut to the rib, forming two rows of leatiets, 
 each of whi(.'h is again deeply cut and curled. 
 
 Gkcoina ]'(ire(/('f(/, a trailing plant, %vith small, deep 
 green leaves, beautifully blotched and marbled with golden 
 yellow. It is invaluaVile for vases, hanging baskets, etc. 
 
 ////; /.^V7^s• ( 'oopevii. 
 
 lIl/ilrdiKjcii P<iiiiciihit(i (t rdiHlifJor'i. 
 
 Perillii, this beautiful foliagi'd plant is of a deejt mul- 
 berry oj- blackish purple, and forms a fine contrast to the' 
 silvery foliage of ( 'Im'rnri'i Muritnini, or the lively green 
 of otlun' plants. A vai'ic^ty of tliis plant is variegatrd ami 
 striped with brilliant i-v)sy (!armiiie, sometimes with Avhitc 
 producing a charming efi'eet. 
 
 P( r'it<troi>hil A ili/iisfijolid ^^di'h (jdfd. 
 
 Po'ni.'o ffid Pi(!i-lH'rr'niiii . 
 
 Siiilld.r {Mi/rs/jihi/lliijii A.-<iidrd<ioi(l(s.) There is no 
 climbing plant in cultivation that surpasses this in tlie 
 gi-aeeful Ix^iuty of its foliage, and its ])eculiar wavy forma- 
 tion renders it one of the most valuable of all plants for 
 vases or hanging baskets, as it can be nsed either to climb 
 or to droop, as recpiired. 
 
PART II 
 
^m^'TE^^w^ Q)F Frnmit ##. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Introduction to Part II 21 
 
 Chapter I, Analysis of Leaves 23 
 
 II, Plowerless Plants and Fall of the Leaves 27 
 
 " III, Manner of Taking Impressions of Leaves 29 
 
 Price List of Materials 31 
 
INTRODUCTION TO PART II. 
 
 I have thought proper to introduce in thi« book some 
 instructions on Botany, treating more particularly of leaves, 
 thinking that it might be agreeable to the student who Avill 
 thus be enabled to leai-n a few technical terms, which are 
 so extensively used in that seience. 
 
 Botanical names are chietiy taken from the (jreek and 
 Latin, these being the common languages of the learaed 
 world. All books on botany were for a long time written 
 in Latin ; the original work.^ of Linnanis are in that lan- 
 guage. Although it is necessary to the interests of science 
 that there should be such a medium by which tlie learned 
 may communicate, it is also highly important to the general 
 improvement and happiness of mankind that their dis- 
 coveries should be made accessible to all ; it would be use- 
 less to attempt to divest botany of all its technical terms 
 and names borrowed from the dead languages ; in doing 
 this we should destroy the science, and introduce confusion 
 in the place of ordei'. But such facilities are now offered 
 that every young person can easily become acquainted 
 with the grand outlines of the vegetable world — and how 
 much are the beauties of nature enhanced when viewed 
 with the eye of a philosopher and the heart of a Christian- 
 The fii'st account of plants may be traced to the history 
 of the creation by Moses. It Avas on the third day of this 
 great work that Grod said, '■ Let the earth bring forth gi*ass, 
 the herb yielding seed, and the fruit-tree yielding fruit 
 after his kind, whose seed is i.v itself upon the earth; 
 and it was so ; and the earth brought forth grass, and the 
 herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding 
 
22 
 
 fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind ; and God 
 SAW THAT IT AVAs GOOD." After thiis, it is recorded, that 
 God gave to Adam every lierb and every tkee beaeing 
 FKUIT ; the latter was for hiui exclusively, but to the beasts 
 of the earth and the fowls of the air, and to every thing 
 wherein there is life, he also gaAc the (iKEEX HEEB for 
 meat. Adam, accordiug t(j Holy fcjcripture, gave names to 
 all the beasts of the field and the fowls of the air; and 
 Milton imagines that Eve was assigned the i)leasant task 
 of giving names to flowers, and numbering the tribes of 
 plants. When our first parents, as a punishment for their 
 disobedience, are about to leave their delightful Eden, Eve, 
 in, the language of the poet, with bitter regret exclainjs : 
 
 •• ?\Iiisl [ ijiiis leuve thee, ranulise 'f 
 " " •• " •■ Oh rtowers 
 'I'li.it iiexi'r will in other elimate ;;in)\v. 
 "•'■ * AVhii-Ji i bred up with tender hand. 
 I''i-(»ni the tii>t t^jening bud, and <j(ive ye ndtnes ; 
 AN'ho now sliail rear ye to the sun, ur rank 
 YoiH' tii1)es y 
 
CHAPTER I.-' 
 
 \x \r.vsis OF !.i: A VK 
 
 Tln' tt'nn iMi vj.LoTAXis sio•llifi,^'s leaf urrano-cinent. 
 Leaves arise from the nodes of the stem, and new buds air 
 formed in the axils of leav<^s. One leaf only arises from 
 the same organic point ; a 1 1 ft or fasciclk of leaves is 
 composed of the leaves of an axillary liraneh, so short that 
 the basis of the leaves ar(^ in eontact : that is, the foliao-e 
 develops without any elongation of the axis or the inter- 
 nodes. The comph^tc leaf consists of the T.A\riN'A (i'.ladk 
 or LTMiJ), its PFTioLK and pair of >iii'nj:s at its base 
 Sometimes there is littli' expansion ol' this organ, but it is 
 stalk-i.ikk; generally the leaf is expanded horizontally, 
 so as to present the under surface to tli(> ground, the upper 
 to the sky. On examining the <'elluJar texture with a 
 misroscope, it is found that th(U*e is in each leaf an upper 
 and an un<ler stratum of differently arrange<l cells ; the 
 up])er stratum has its cells compact, and so arrangcil as 1o 
 be least aliected by the direct rays of the sun, while the 
 under stratum has a cellular arrangement more favorable 
 for eva])oriilion or exhalation. . 
 
 Leaves are furnished with p<u'es callcMl stom \l' A. for ex- 
 haling and inhaling o-ases. They present to the air a more 
 extended surface than all the other vegetable organs, and 
 are of great importance to the vitality of the plant, by im- 
 liil)ini;- suitable nourishment, and throwing oti" such gases 
 
 * The Second Part has, to a great extent, been copied Iruiu a valuable book by one 
 of our be^^t botaniBts. 
 
24 
 
 . as would be useless or injurious. In other Avords, leaves 
 are organs of DifiESTiON and respiratiox. 
 
 The new plant is called a iMiYTOisr; in its simplest form 
 it consists of two leaves and a l)ud, which is the axis, 
 and forms the stem and I'oot. SfOMiXAL leaves first 
 appear above the surfai-e of the earth, as in the garden 
 bean ; these leaves are the cotyledons, which, after nour- 
 ishing the phyton, decay. PRi:NroRUiAL leaves appear in 
 the axils of the seminal leaves, and resemble them in 
 position, foi-m and size. The primordial leaf, according to 
 the fanciful idea of a French botanist, is a sketch which 
 Nature makes before the perfection of her work. Char- 
 ACTERISTKJ leavcs are found in the mature state of the 
 plant. According- to the idea above advanced, Nature here 
 perfects her design. It is not always, however, that this 
 process, with regard to change of leaves, takes place; as 
 in many cases the proper, or charaeteristie leaf, is the only 
 one which appears. 
 
 Vexatiox of Leaves. — The expanded part of the leaf 
 is called the lamina, or blade ; the end of the blade next 
 the stem is the base, the opposite end the apex. The 
 PAREXCHYMA is the Cellular tissue wliieh composes the 
 body of the leaf, or the filling of a frame-work or skeleton 
 composed of A'ascular tissue. The bundle of vessels 
 which compose this frame-work are called vktss, some- 
 times RIBS and x^ERVES. The midrii; is the i)rincii)al vein 
 whieh passes from the leaf-stalk through the eentei- of the 
 leaf: its branches are PKrNfARY veins, which, when sub- 
 divided, are called secoxdary veins, and a still more 
 minute division, veinlets, The distribution of veins in the 
 leaves is called vexatiox", sometimes x'ehvatiox. In suc- 
 culent plants the veins are sometimes ol)scure ; they ai-e 
 called IIIDUEX-VEIXED. Leaves may be divided into thiee 
 great classes, according to their venation. Reticceate or 
 XRTTEn leaves, in which the petiole is prolonged into the 
 
25 
 
 leaf in the conn of the midrib, and there is an angular net- 
 work of vessels, as occuis in the leaves of exogenous plants, 
 as the oak, rose, etc. Pakallel-yeixed, in Avhich the 
 veins run in a straight or curved manner from base to 
 apex, or Irom the midrib to the margin of the leaf, and are 
 connected by simple transverse veins, as appears in most 
 endogenous or monocotyledon ous plants, as the lily, g;rasses, 
 etc. Forked-veined, when the veins divide and subdivide 
 by forked divisions, which do not again unite, as in the 
 cryptogamous plants, of which the fern is an example. 
 Reticulate-veined leaves are divided into the eeathee- 
 VEiNED, as the chestnut, and radiate-veined, as the 
 maple. 
 
 Form of Leaves. — Leaves are simple or compound. A 
 simple leaf is when the lamina consists of several parts, 
 each of which is articulated with the common petiole, as 
 the same manner as the latter is connected with the stem. 
 The parts of a compound leaf are leaflets or folioles. 
 The shape and outline of leaves are found to depend chietly 
 u]Pton the arrangement of the fi'ame-work or vascular ])()i-- 
 tion. The form of leaves is expressed by terms borrowed 
 from the names of different objects ; as PAL^rA'i'E, hand- 
 shaped ; digitate, from digitus, the finger, etc 
 
 Leaves Aary in maoniti DE, fiom the small leaves of some 
 of the forest -trees of our climate, to the spreading Palms and 
 Bananas of the torrid zone. As we appioach the torrid 
 zone the leaves increase in magnitude. 
 
 Leaves, with respect to duration, are fugacious when 
 they fall early, or soon after their first appearance. Deci- 
 duous, falling at the commencement of winter ; this is the 
 case with the leaves of most plants, as far as 30'-' or 40*^ 
 from the equator. 
 
 In oiu- climate the leaves are mostly deciduous, returning 
 in autumn to their original dust, and enriching the soil 
 from which they had derived their nourishment. In the 
 *2 
 
26 
 
 regions of the torrid zone, the leaves are mostly persistent 
 and evergreen ; they seldom fade or decay in less than six 
 years, but the same trees, removed to our climate, some- 
 times become annual plants, losing their foliage every year. 
 The GHEEX COLOR of leaves is owing to a coloring mat- 
 ter called CHLOROPHYL (from chloeos, green, and phyl- 
 LOK, leaf), which floats in uiinute globules in the fluid of 
 cells, accompanied by starch grains. The green color be- 
 comes lighter or deeper, act^ording to the quantity of chlo- 
 i-ophyl and the aggregation of cells. Leaves have not that 
 brilliancy of color which is seen in the corolla or blossom; 
 but the beauty of the corolla has only a transient existence, 
 while the less showy leaf I'emains fresh and verdant after 
 the flower has withered away. The substance of most 
 leaves is so constituted as to absorb all the rays of light 
 except f4Kr:KX ; this eolor is of all others best adapted to 
 the extreme sensibility of our organs of sight. Thus, in 
 evident accommodation to our sense of vision, the ordinary 
 dress of nature is the only color upon which our eyes, for 
 any length of time, can rest without pain. But although 
 gi'een is almost the only color which leaves reflect, the 
 variety of its shades is almost innumerable. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 FLOWKHLIWS IM.ANTS AN'l) FALL OF TIIK I.KAVlvS. 
 
 Acuoiiioxous, Flowerless Plants are propagated by 
 spores instead of seeds ; these have a distinct axis grow- 
 ing from the apex, with woody and vasculak tissue, and 
 usually DISTINCT foliage. The orders in this class arc 
 Eql isETr.M (scouring rush), type of the Horsetail family; 
 the fern, the type of the order FlLlCKS, divided into many 
 sub-orders; ground-pine or club-moss, the type of the 
 order Lycopodiacete. 
 
 The FALL OF TifE LEAF has been thus explained : When 
 the leaf and stem ai-e both in a healthy state, the base of 
 the former and the branch that bears it, both increase at 
 the same rate, but after the decay of the leaf, its base can 
 no longer adapt itself to the growing branch, which is con- 
 stantly increasing in diameter by the formation of the new 
 wood. There is, consequently, a I'upture of the connect^ 
 ing vessels, the leaf is disjointed at the base, or articula- 
 tion, and falls ofi", as u dead part of a living animal is cast 
 off. Endogenous stems do not increase in diameter, there- 
 fore their leaves decay, but do not comnionly fall; they 
 remain on the stem. 
 
 The rich autumnal scenery of American forests is re- 
 garded by the European travelei* with astonishment and 
 delight, as far exceeding anything of the kind whi{;h the 
 old world presents. 
 
 Painters, who have attempted to imitate the splendid 
 hues of our forests, have, by foreigners, been accused of 
 
28 
 
 exaggeration; \nxt no gorgediiw coloring of art can exceed 
 the bright scarlet, the deep crimson, the rich yellow, and 
 the dark brown, which these scenes present. 
 
 The student who has learned something of the anatomy 
 and physiology of leaves, will be induced to pay atten- 
 tion to them in their different stages, from their situation 
 in the bud to their full growth and perfection — will feel a 
 new interest in th(nr (diauge of color, when the philosophy 
 of this change is understood ; even the dry skeletons of 
 leaves, which the bhists of Autumn strew around us, may 
 not only afford a direct moral lesson, as emblematic of our 
 own mortality, but, in examining their structure, we are 
 led to admire and adore the power which formed them.* 
 
 * Carbonic acid fjas is the fnoil of jilanls ; this cousists of cavbwi and oxygeu, and 
 decomposed by tho agency ol light ; t)ic carbon becomes incorporated with the 
 vegetable, forming the basis of its siilistance, while the oxygen is exhaled, or thrown 
 off into the atmosphere. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 MANXKi: OF TAKIXU IMPRESSIONS OF LEAVES. 
 
 Hold oiled paper in the smoke of a lauip or of pitch, un- 
 til it becomes coated with the smoke ; to this paper apply 
 the leaf of which yoii wish an impression, having previ- 
 nusly warmed it between your hands, that it may be pliable. 
 Place the lower surface of the leaf upon the blackened sur- 
 face of the oil-paper, that the numerous veins, which are 
 so prominent on this side, may receive from th(^ paper a 
 portion of the smoke. Lay a paper over the leaf, and then 
 press it gently upon the smoked paper with the fingers, or 
 with a small roller (covered with woolen cloth, or some 
 similarly soft material), so that every part of the leaf may 
 (;ome in contact with the sooted oil-paper. A coating of 
 the smoke will adhere to the leaf. Then remove the leaf 
 carefully, and place the l>lackened surface on a sheet of 
 white paper, not ruled, oi' in a book pri^pared foi' the pur- 
 pose, covei'ing the leaf with a clean slij) of paper, and pres- 
 sing upon it with the fingpis, or roller, as before. Thus 
 may be obtained the impi'ession of a leaf, showing the per- 
 fect outlines, together with an accurate exhibition of the 
 veins which extend in every direction through it, more 
 correctly than the finest drawing. And this process is so 
 simple, and the material so easily obtained, that any per- 
 son, with a little practice to enable him to apply the right 
 quantity of smoke to the oil-j)aper. and give the leaf a 
 
30 
 
 proper pressure, can prepare beautiful leaf Impressions, 
 such as a natui'alist would be proud to possess. There is 
 another, and we think a better method of taking lkaf 
 iMPRESSioxs than the preceding one. The only difference 
 in the process consists in the use of prixtikg txk instead 
 of smoked oil-paper. 
 
31 
 
 PRICE LIST OF MATERIALS. 
 
 A Lamp, with two burners, - - - - ^l 00 
 
 ] Pound Cake Wax, ------ 85 
 
 1 Spool Wire, ------- 10 
 
 1 Coil-Wire, -------- 12 
 
 12 Camel's Hair Brushes, t'oi' _ - - - 50 
 H Bottles Fr. Down, (Pur))le. (ivtiy & Maroon, l<»c. each) 30 
 
 Stomp Brush, __-.-_ 25 
 
 Oil Tube ( 'hrome (-rreeii No. 1 1 
 
 Yellow. I 
 
 Orange ChroniH. [ 15<'. each or the 10 
 
 Silver White, f l)ottles foi- 1 5U 
 
 Prussian Blue. | 
 Ivory Black, 
 
 Naples Yellow, i 
 
 Brown, . J 
 
 Caimine, 50 
 
 §0 12 
 
 N. B. The above list of materials is what is indispensable 
 to each student for learning " Foliage." All those articles 
 sent to any part of America, and may be paid on delivery, 
 thus saving all trouble. 
 
 iJ^^ Orders promptly attended to. 
 
 Wax materials alwavs on hand. 
 
32 
 
 F/] 
 
 i&Og 
 
 Tlip beautiful art of Wax Flower Making, which havS 
 been taught so successfully in New Yorlv in three hours' 
 time ]>y Madame Hekmax's New Methoj), can be learned 
 now for only $2.50, by buying her new Book of Instruc- 
 tii^n. with many Pi-actical Plates, and an Entire Set of 
 Moulds being included in the price. This book has been 
 i'omposed to supply the want of persons living out of New 
 York, and who cannot come to this city to learn the method. 
 
 Any one with the " love of the V)eautifur' cannot but ad- 
 mire well made Wax Flowers. Avhich resemble nature so 
 well that many persons are daily deceived by them, 
 taking them for natural flowers ; they are well adapted for 
 decorative purposes, and nothing is more pretty for pres- 
 ents than Wax Flowii-s. 
 
 The Flowers tauffht bv this book are : 
 
 ■J'he Kose :u)d JJud, Tlie Tuberose, 
 
 The Pond or Water TAly I'v: Btiil The White ('amoli:i. 
 
 'J'he Lily of the V;iUey. The Fusehia. 
 
 The iloriiing Glory, The Sweet Pea, 
 
 'J'he Dark Clove C'arnatinn. The Green and Autimm Teave- 
 
 To reach all classes, this book is sold for only ©2.r)0, in- 
 cluding a Full Set of Moulds, which would cost to manu- 
 facture, over one hundred dollars. 
 
 Agents wanted in every City and Town in America. 
 
33 
 
 A Beautiful Portrait of Washington in Wax. 
 
 Taken from a painting presented by (jeneial Washington 
 to a member of the celebrated Chew family, of great re- 
 nown (of Grermantown, Pa.), in a handsome oval frame, 1 1 
 inches long, 9 inches broad^ for only $5.UU. 
 
 Sent to any pai-t of the United States, and may be paid 
 on delivery, thus saving all trouble. Orders promptly at- 
 tended to. 
 
 Please address Madamk HKiniAX, llo W. list Street, 
 New York. 
 
34 
 
 THE AMERICAN CROSS. 
 
 This beautiful Cross wliicli is an iinitation of Parian 
 Marble, and which will last, with a little care, a life-time, 
 and is ten inches high, is sold for only Sl.oO. 
 
f VV f^M^ ¥ViMlMU A ^ i^ * t 
 
 Br 
 
 MADAME HERMAN 
 
 3 "W'EST 
 
 FO'Rrr-^. 
 
 FIRST ST. 
 
 Price, $3.00, 
 
 ISTE-W -V-ORIC 
 
THE BOOK OF INSTRUCTIONS 
 
 IN MY NEW METHOD OF 
 
 tMllHS » 
 
 E W%,&WEMM, 
 
 WITH AW EHTIEE SET OP MOULDS, 
 
 PEICE, )S9.50. 
 »■ Agents ,v„„,ed i„ every city „„., to„,, ,„ .,„^,,^,, 
 
 PLEASE ADDRESS 
 
 ALAME HEEMAW, :i3 We.t 41.t Street, New York. 
 
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