J t u^ C^t^ I L-Py^'-^^ ^S-^ 9t DESCRIPTION OF THE PRATTSVIILE TANNERY. ? , r]m Engrayed-'by T 13 ansj. Tanner^ [late 'MEMBER, OF COlTeSESS .J J\f Y. Ir^nltii h\' Tsvml h u\ guni ^ cr »->• o CJ- P3 3 1 — • o » CO a^ fD OEI O H •-^ ffi o W ^ W t^ CD H •^ H :^ cc < CD HH t^ C5 r H a- H ffi w 3 pi "-"I Kj ^ " (T p ■^ CO a- ^ N if o o ?1 'T) W If H H DESCRIPTION PRATTSVILLE (N. Y) TANNERY. Prattsville, Greene Co. N. Y. November 27, 1847. T. B. Wakeman, Esq., Sec^y of the American Institute, New York. Dear Sir — Having been honored by the American Institute with a medal for the best sample of hemJock-tanned sole leather, in compliance with your request, I have drawn up a brief but comprehensive account of the processes and extent of the manufactures carried on at my estab- lishment in Prattsville ; together with several tabular statements, designed to illustrate its importance as an industrial pursuit. As I have worked and talked about the business for many years, and love to do so still, I know not how a Mechanic can answer, except by stating how he did, and what he did. I am aware that, through you, I am addressing the State of New York, whose chief commercial city imports a greater number of hides, and carries on a more extensive trade in leather, than any other city in the world. In this cold clime, every one must realize that next to food and raiment, leather is the sole for man. The improve- ments which I have made from time to time in this branch of business, have been the result of experience ; and demonstrate satisfactorily to my own mind, that however important are the discoveries of science, they would be of little value, without that practice, which must ever prove the ultimate test of utility and the sure talisman of success. Throughout the whole world American enterprise has become a pro^ verb. Go where you will, from the ice-bound North to the regions of the torrid zone, in any path where civilized man has ever trod, upon the land or the sea — and you will not fail to encounter evidences of the peculiar genius of our people. You will find their adventurous enterprise pushing itself into every nook and corner of the globe, where the materials and op- portunities of commerce may be found, or industry m.ay be sure of a re- ward. Nor is this spirit impelled by the pressure of any general poverty or want of employment at home, which bears so heavily upon some of the European nations; but it is nourished by a natural love of independence, harmonizing with the theory of our own institutions — by a sense of self- reliance and the hope of fortune, which more or less actuates every Individ- ual. It is a spirit of progress, the spirit of the age, in which our country seems destined by Providence to take the lead. 2 cA But it is at home that the worliings of American enterprise are to be seen on the grandest scale. Here, untrammelled by ancient customs, un- curbed by despotic institutions or royal monopolies, the American artizara finds a fair field for the exercise of his .powers. His talents and energies are ever in a state of productive activity. He toils, he invents, he wills. Cities arise in the wilderness ; the habi- tations of man take the places of the huts of the savage ; and the wheat fields move their yellow ears where, but a few months before, stood the beautiful ever-green hemlock of the forest. It need not be denied that the American, in all this, is mainly actuated by the selfish principle, the desii'e of acquisition, which is the very life of commerce and enterprise; but we do maintain, that the pursuit of money here is dignified, as it is no- where else, by a sense of the vast ultimate effects of industrial causes upon the destiny of the country. The American feels that he is working not for himself alone, but in furtherance of the glorious experiment of building up a free people, whose protecting shield may yet cover the whole continent. His natural pride partakes of this peculiar sentiment of expansiveness, the grand feature of the country and climate ; and he glories not only in his country as it is, but he looks forvv^ai'd to a future Avhich he may almost hope to see realized, when the valley of the Hudson alone shall contaia its millions of people, and when the cities and towns of the Pacific, by way of the great pass of the Rocky Mountains, the Oregon Railroad, and the Hudson, shall seek a market for their treasures in the emporium of Nortfe America. It would be a curious subject of speculation to inquire into the causes that have conspired to mark the American people with such an extraordi- nary degree of enterprise ; but such an inquiry would lead me altogether too far from the immediate object of the information which you desire. I shall therefore proceed, without further digression, to give you a succinct, historical, and statistical account of my tannery, which t may, I hope, without incurring the charge of egotism or vanity, be allowed to say has been conducted with sufficient energy and skill to realize for me a com- potency, while it has been the means of spreading comfort and plenty to all directly or indirectly connected with its operations. And having closed the operations of the tannery, I may be allowed here to remark that the improvement in the business of a community, and aiding a society where such an establishment exists, always paying promptly, and liberally rewarding the diligent laborer, can only be appreciated by the few who understand its advantages. And I may in justice to myself express the proud satisfaction of having conducted this vast business without litigation — -truly accomplishing what I said to my neighbors in the outset — that " I came to live with them, not on them." A little more than twenty years ago, the district of country in which it stands was a perfect wilderness. Although just back of the well-known Catskill range, and not more than thirty-six miles from the banks of the Hudson, the great thoroughfare of our interior trade, the depths of its hem- lock forests, the solitude of its mountain glens, and the flashing of its" tumbling brooks, had been explored only by the foot of the hunter, and were as little known to the public as the slopes and valleys of the Rocky Mountains. In 1824 I visited this district, and my judgment at once decided me to select it as the most advantageous location for the prosecution of ray enter- 3 prise. It has ever been my motto, that to will and to do are one and the same thing. I accordingly went to worlc, and in less than ninety days a tannery was erected, and ready to commence business. My tannery is an immense wooden building, 530 feet in length, 43 feet in breadth, and two stories and a half high. Within this area are con- tained 300 vats, tanning over 60,000 sides a year, with conductors to draw the liquor to the pump, affording about 46,000 cubic feet of room for tanning purposes. A large wing, forty feet by eighty, extending over the stream, contains twelve leaches, six of them furnished with copper heaters, containing about 12,000 feet, and also the bark loft, through which, in the course of the year, passes more than six thousand cords of bark. The mills through which it is ground are capable of grind- ing over a cord of bark per hour ; and it has connected with it a pump of sufficient capacity to deliver 1,000 feet of " ooze," or water charged with tanning, in thirty minutes. The beam-house contains thirty vats, equiva- lent to 7,640 cubic feet. It has connected with it three hide-mills for soft- ening the dry Spanish hides, and two rolling machines, capable of rolling 500 sides of leather per day. Outside of the building, but connected with ' the beam-house by an underground communication, are eight stone sweat- pits, with pointed arches and flues. The pits are of the most approved size, being in area 10 feet by 14, and in depth 8 feet, with a spring of water at one corner. Since I first commenced business, the gain of weight in converting hides into leather, has been increased nearly 50 per cent. That is, that from a quarter to a third more leather can now be obtained from a given quantity of hides, that at the time when I learned my trade at my father's tannery, conducted in the old-fashioned way, some 40 years ago. The great improvement in weight seems to have been gained by the judicious use of strong liquors, or " ooze," obtained from finely-ground bark, and by skilful tanning. The loss and wastage upon hides, from hair, flesh, etc., may be esti- mated at from 12 to 15 per cent. In order to produce heavy weights, the hides should not be reduced too low in the beam-house, and should be tanned quickly with good strong liquors, particularly in the latter stage of the operation. To green hides, particularly, nothing can be more injuri- ous than to sufier them to remain too long in weak " ooze." They be- come too much reduced, grow soft, flat and flabby, lose a portion of their gelatine, and refuse to "plump up." On the other hand, however, the effects of an early application of " ooze," that is too strong and too warm, to green hides, is very injurious. It contracts the surface fibres of the skin, tanning at once the external layers so " dead," as it is termed, as to shut up the pores, and prevent the tanning from penetrating the interior. This renders the leather harsh and brittle. It will, from this, be seen, that in the question of the proper strength of liquor alone, there is room for the exercise of the greatest judgment and the most extensive experience. In the impossibility of adopting fixed rules to the innumerable variety of cases, nothing can be depended upon but the judgment of the practical tanner. In softening hides, and preparing them for the process of tanning, a great deal also depends upon the judgment of the person superintending the operation, inasmuch as the diversities in the qualities and character- Soaking. Temperature. Sweating. 50° 60° 70° 40° 50° 60° 70° Days. Days. Days. Days. Days. Days. Days. 8 to 12 6 to 8 3 to 6 15 to 20 12 to 16 8 to 12 2 to 3 7 to 9 5 to 7 2 to 5 15 to 20 10 to 15 6 to 8 2 to 3 istics of hides render it impossible to subject them to anything more than a general mode of treatment. In " sweating," the character of the hides, and the temperature, are essential, but ever-varying considerations. As a general rule, however, the milder the process of preparing the hides for the bark, the better. Unnecessarily severe or prolonged treatment is inevitably attended with a loss of gelatine, and a consequent loss of weight and strength in the leather. Too high a temperature is particularly to be avoided. In almost every lot of hides, particularly Oronocos, however, there are generally some that prove very intractable — resisting all the ordinary modes of softening. For such, a solution of ashes, potash, or even common salt, will be found to be beneficial ; and peculiarly so in hot weather. As I have said, no precise rule can be given as to the length of time required for the preliminary process of soaking and " sweating," so much depend- ing upon the qualities of the hides, and the temperature at which these operations are conducted. The following table may, however, be found useful in conveying an approximation to o definite idea of the practice in my tannery ; — 40° Days. Buenos Ayres hides 10 to 12 Caithagena and Laguira 8 to 12 I would here remark that I changed the process from liming to sweat- ing, for the sole leather, in 1836 — the only change in tanning I have made for twenty years ; and for heavy sole leather, it has been proved to be quite as good as liming, if not better and somewhat cheaper ; besides yielding a greater gain of weight, and when well tanned, making leather more impervious to water. Liming and " bating," however, for npper and light leather, is preferable ; and, if the same improvements had been adopted with the lime process, of strong liquor and quick tanning, it is not yet certain that the same results would not have been attained. Salted hides do not require more than two-thirds the time to soak ; but generally rather longer to sweat. After the hides are prepared for tan- ning, the next process is, what is commonly called " handling," which should be performed two or three times a day in a weak " ooze," until the grain is colored. New liquors, or a mixture of new and old, are pre- ferable for Spanish or dry hides — old liquor for slaughter. They are then, after a fortnight, laid away in bark, and changed once in two to four weeks, until tanned. Much care and judgment is requisite in proportioning the continually increasing strength of the liquors to the requirements of the leather in the different stages of this process. The liquors should also be kept as cool as possible, within certain limits, but ought never to exceed a temperature of eighty degrees ; in fact, a much lower temperature is the maximum point, if the liquor is very strong ; too high a heat, with a liquor too strongly charged with the tan- ning principle, being invariably injurious to the life and color of the lea- ther. From this it would seem that time is an essential element in the process of tanning, and that we cannot make up for the want of it by in- creasing the strength of the liquor, or raising the temperature at which the process is conducted, any more than we can fatten an ox or horse by giv- ing him more than he can eat. 5 It may be questioned (if anything may be doubted in the present im- proving age) whether any patented schemes for the more rapid conversion of hides into leather, will be found, on the whole, to have any practical utility. I have mentioned the injurious effects resulting from too strong a solu- tion of the active principle of the bark ; on the other hand, the use of too weak solutions is to be avoided. Hides that are treated with liquor beloAv the proper strength, become much relaxed in their texture, and lose a por- tion of their gelatine. The leather necessarily loses in weight and com- pactness, and is much more porous and pervious to water. The warmer these weak solutions are applied, the greater is this loss of gelatine. To ascertain whether a portion of weak liquor contains any gelatine in solu- tion, it is only necessary to strain a little of it into a glass, and then add a small quantity of a stronger liquor. The excess of tanning in the strong, seizing upon the dissolved gelatine in the weak liquor, vv^ill combine with it, and be precipitated in flalies, of a dark curdled appearance, to the bot- tom. At the Prattsville Tannery the greatest strength of liquor used for handling, as indicated by Pike's barkometer, is 16° ; of that employed in laying away, the greatest strength varies from 30° to 45°. After the leather has been thoroughly tanned and rinsed, or scrubbed by a brush-machine or broom, it will tend very much to improve its color and pliability to stack it up in piles, and allow it to sweat until, it becomes a little slippery from a kind of mucus that collects upon its surface. A little oil added at this stage of the process, or just before rolling, is found to be very useful. Great caution is necessary in the admission of air in drying, when first hung up to dry. No more air than is sufficient to keep the sides from moulding should be allowed. Too much air, or, in other v/ords, if dried too rapidly in a current of air, will injure the color, giving a darker hue, and rendering the leather harsh and brittle. To insure that the thick parts or butts, shall roll smooth and even with the rest of the piece, it is necessary that the leather should be partially dried before wetting down for rolling, and that when wet down, it should lay long enough for every side to become equally damp throughout. The following table, condensed from the tanning records of 200,000 hides, exhibits the time required to tan the various description of hides at my establishment, during a period of four years. It will be seen that the same description of hides require different times in different years. This is owing mainly to a difference in the temperature and weather of the several seasons, and the quantity of sides and strength of liquor in the vats, and partly to the difterent conditions and qualities of different lots of the same descriptions of hides. 1841 — SanJuan Orinoco.. No. of sides. 7,500 3,500 " 1,900 « 9,000 Laguira 22,000 Orinoco 6,500 Matamoras.... 1,100 « .... 2,300 SanJuan 6,500 Time of 1 tann'g. | mo. (is. 4 20 5 15 6 6 10 7 15 5 15 5 5 20 4 15 1841— Montevideo.... 1842— Honduras Buenos Ayres.. Chagres 1843— Orinoco Montevideo . .. Rio Grande.. .. 1844 — Buenos Ayres.. Orinoco No. of sides. 5,800 3.600 10,500 1,700 1,100 2,700 5,800 6,500 5,400 Time of tann'g mo. ds. 20 10 20 20 Table continued. 1844— Orinoco 2,800 6 10 Laguira 5,100 7 ... Rio Grande.... 1,100 7 ... Buffalo 2,000 5 ... Buenos Ayres.. 2,000 6 ... Rio Grande... 8,500 6 10 1844— California 1,200 6 20 Buenos Ayres.. 900 7 10 6,500 5 10 Orinoco 1,500 4 20 Rio Grande 2,100 5 ... 4,000 5 10 From the above table, it will be seen the average time of tamiing in 1842, was five months and seventeen days; of 1843, five months and twenty-two days ; of 1844, six months ; and of 1845, six months and eleven days. Average of the whole time, five months and twenty-seven days. The average weight of the leather was over eighteen and one-half pounds per side. This, according to the best authorities we have at hand, is con- siderably below the time employed in England. There, it is no uncom- mon thing for eight and ten months to be employed in tanning a stock of leather, and some of the heaviest leather, it is said, takes even fourteen and eighteen months. Such deliberation undoubtedly insures a fine qual- ity of leathei', but it may be questioned whether there is not a great loss in the increase of weight — a loss of interest on capital, and in conse- quence an unnecessary enhancement of price, which does not suit the American market. In order to show the amount of business done, I have carefully collected and tabularized from my books, the following statistics of the " Prattsville Tannery" for twenty j^ears, in tanning about 1,000,000 sides of sole lea- ther : — STATISTICS OF THE PRATTSVILLE TANNERY FOR TWENTY YEARS VARIOUS MATERIALS USED, AND LABOR EMPLOYED. 6,666 acres bark land=10 square miles=18 cords to the acre=120,000; at $3 per cord $360,000 No. of days' work peeling and piling do days 118,555 4 trees to the cord trees 475,200 120,000 loads or cords=264,000,000 lbs cords 132,000 444 acres of woodland=32,000 loads, or cords, worth $32,000 135,380 bushels of oats, at 2i6 per bushel 41,967 1,200 tons of hay, at $8 per ton 9,600 313,000 days' work in tannery=l,000 years' labor, at $14 per month $162,000 Board, at $1 50 per week 78,000— $240,000 500,000 hides, weighing 15,000,000 lbs 1,750,000 Cartage, 5,700 loads of 2,600 lbs. each, (one pair horses.) 1,000,000 sides sole leather at 18 lbs. per side lbs. 18,000,000 Hides and leather, together 33,000,000 Cost of carting ; $52,800 3,000 lbs. per load of leather, one pair of horses 6,000 2,600 " hides, " 5,700 11,700 Freight of hides and leather between New York and Catskill $30,000 Equal to 18,000,000 lbs. of leather, at 17 cents per lb 3,060,000 Lost and worn out about 100 horses, at $75 each 7,500 Cost of wagons, at $250 per year 5,000 Insurance on stock 12,000 Yearly expenses, $300,000. Total expenses, about 6,000,000 And, injustice to my workmen, I ought to say, without the use of ardent spirits, or ever having a side of leather stolen. A glance at this table will at once convince any one that the advan- tages of such an establishment are not confined to the amount of value produced. The labor employed directly or indirectly may be set down at 1 two hundred men daily. The ramified brandies of business and trade that it fosters ; the comfort, refinement, and intelligence, of which it be- comes the centre ; and its final influence upon the growth and populous- ness of the surrouning district, cannot, I think, be too highly estimated. The following table shows" but one single item — the amount of labor em- ployed within the walls, or that which is directly and immediately em- ployed in the process of tanning ; but, from a compai-ative inspection of it, and the table above, some idea may be formed of the amount of labor in- directly engaged. AVERAGE NUMBER OF MEN EMPLOYED AT THE PEATTSVILLE TANNERY THROUGHOUT THE YEAS, WITH THEIR RESPECTIVE WAGES PER MONTH. BEAM HOUSE. No. of hands. Foreman , 1 Choresmen 2 Beamsmen 12 IN THE YARD. Foreman 1 Handling and laying away 8 Brushing leather 6 Nightman to leaches 1 Grinding bark by day 1 " night 1 Wheeling bark 4 Filling and pitching leaches 3 DRYING LOFT. Foreman 1 Spunger 1 Rollers 2 Hanging up and taking down leather. . . 2 MISCELLANEOUS. Foreman out-doors , 1 Carpenter 1 Teamsters 12 Pa> ' per month. ^'62 $32 12 and $6 board 36 14 (( 180 50 50 12 " 144 12 ti 72 14 t< 20 12 " 18 14 " 20 12 " 72 24 i( 60 20 it. 26 12 u 18 15 « 42 12 « 36 41 (( 47 39 (( 45 11 « 218 Total , 58 $1,120 500 cords of bark at $3 per cord ,. 1 500 Cartage, repairs, &c., &c 500 Grand total per month : ^3 \2q In the following table I have given a condensed view of the operations at my tannery during five years : — No. of Hides rec'd Weight CartLge in Total Value at the Tannery. of Hides. New York. Commissions. of Hides. 1841 30,984 724,168 $291 47 $5,701 47 $108,758 05 1842 27,194 601,595 275 89 3,938 30 82,705 01 1843 28,433 630,192 213 24 4,425 64 78,198 03 1844 36,839 812,403 276 28 5,718 36 100,972 82 1845 20,556 460,798 3,229,155 154 17 2,920 25 51,176 60 Total,. 144,006 $1,211 05 $22,704 02 $421,810 52 LEATHER RETURNED TO NEW YORK. Av. weight Av. nett Sides. Pounds. per side. price. Commissions. Nett proceeds. 1841 61,729 l,2ll,856i 19.6.3 14 44 $7,352 24 $175,018 54 1842 54,323 995,057| 18.32 13 93 5,827 08 138,581 05 1843 56,742 1,061,523| 18.71 13 60 6,053 42 144,331 83 1844 73,590 1,310,779 17.81 12 55 6,895 25 164,517 53 1845 40,891 737,789 18.03 11 06 3,420 57 81,595 26 Total.. 287,275 5,316,789 18.51 $13 24 $29,548 66 $704,044 21 I have been engaged over forty years in hemlock tanning ; and of the many books which treat of the process of tanning, none have been found which give any information of the mode of hemlock tanning. The bark has scarcely ever been analyzed for the use of the tanner; and the knowl- edge which I have acquired, has been the x'esult of long-continued prac- tice and experience. This teaches one that the hemlock is much stronger than the oak. The tanning of leather, more than almost any other manufacture, is a chemical process, the success of which depends almost wholly upon the skill and judgment with which its complicated manipulations are con- ducted. To attain the requisite skill in the laboratory of the chemist, is evidently impossible ; it can only be acquired in the tanning itself, by long and careful attention and observation ; and, perhaps, there is no de- scription of manufacture, where more depends upon practical knowledge, and so little upon mere theory, as in the tanning of leather. The tan- ning of leather consists in effecting a combination between the gelatine, which is the main constituent of raw hides, and tanning, a peculiar sub- stance found in the bark of several species of trees — the oak and hem- lock, chiefly. The processes employed are so various, and quality and condition of the hides are so numerous and so different, that hardly any branch of business requires for its successful conduct a greater degree of judgment and experience ; and in few arts have there been greater im- provements. The following table is annexed, presenting some facts which may be of general interest : I. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1836 2,151 48,130 22^ 6,594 7| 397 3,573 50,808 901,296 1837 2,305 53,172 23 5,686 9 500 4,500 50,947 815,152 1838 3,118 59,283 19 4,991 10 496 4,464 50,750 812,000 1839 2,984 59,675 20 6,276 9 558 5,022 56,096 945,321 1840 3,089 50,514 16^ 6,207 9i 590 5,310 57,601 1,009,609 13,647 270,774 20 29,752 9 2,541 22,869 266,202 4,483,378 Note. — Column 1 shows the number of days' work in the beam-house ; 2, number of sides worked in ; 3, average per man per day ; 4, number of days' work grinding bark and tanning ; 5, average per man per day ; 6, number of leaches ; 7, cords of bark used, at 9 cords per leach ; 8, leather tanned out, (sides ;) 9, do. do. do., (pounds.) The labor in the loft and peeling bark during the above five years, was 8,820 days. One man will work through the beam-house in one year, 6,260 sides. One man will tan and finish 2,228 sides. One cord of bark tans 196 lbs. The question has been frequently asked me, how long does it take to tan sole leather ? I answer, from four to six months, according to the strength of the liquor and number of sides in the vats ; and the quicker Janned the better. 1 would here remark that several considerations must be noticed in order to meet the questions understandingly, and — 1st. I should say that the weight of the hides, every, one knows, if heavy, requires more time than if comparatively light. 2d. If the hides are fresh they are capable of being properly softened, and if so, the process of tanning may be completed much sooner than in the case of old and hard hides, that cannot be softened with the same facility. 3d. If the hides have sufficient room in the vats, so as not to lay crowd- ed, they will tan much faster. 4th. As the tanning advances, the liquor should be renewed season- ably, and its strength increased in a ratio proportionate to each stage of tanning. 5th. The question, is the leather to be tanned so as to barely pass in market, or to be well prepared so as to make firm and solid leather ? in- volves a consideration of much importance. It would be easy to extend this communication, but I will not tire the reader's patience with unnecessary details. Desirous of contributing my mite to the industrial occupations of life, I have thrown together, in my plain matter-of fact manner, only such facts and figures as it appeai'ed to me would be of service to my brother mechanics ; and if they prove so, I shall feel amply rewarded for the trifling contribution thus made to the general stock of knowledge — as the design of life is to be useful. With great respect, I have the honor to be Yours, truly, Z. PRATT. The following tables I have added for the satisfaction of the curious in such matters : — SOLE LEATHER INSPECTED IN NEW YORK. Showing the total numher of sides of Sole Leather inspected in the city of New Yoi'k during the years 1827 to 1847, say 20 years; also, showing the nett value or price per pound of same, excluding all charges. Years. No. sides. Av. price. Years. No. sides. Av. price. 1827 265,553 17^ cents. 1837 890,962 16 cents 1828 284,978 m 1838 749,556 17 1829 264,878 18i 1839 772,255 18 1-6 1839 326,298 18i 1840 638,112 m 1831 440,000 19i 1841 687,101 16§ 1832 667,000 17i 1842 886,868 14 1-10 1833 882,609 15| 1843 867,210 13§ 1834 828,175 m 1844 1,048,770 13i 1835 784,165 14| 1845 1,037.500 12i 1836 925,014 17i HIDES — N 1846 EW YORK. 1,074,256 Hi Showing the numher of Hides imported into, exported from, and consumed by the port of New York, during the yeaes 1827 to 1847, say 20 years, closing each year on 3lst December. This table includes Horse Hides, taken from Shipping and Commercial Lists and Customs. Years. 1827. 1828. 1829. 1830. Imports. 259,975 268,744 "308,987 475,640 Exports. 4 1, .545 48,369 52,023 26,305 Cons'd. 218,439 229,375 256,964 449,335 Years. 1831. 1832. 1833. 1834. Imports. 772,299 975,094 892,198 700,052 Exports. 8,017 169,493 58,282 169,856 Cons'd. 764,282 662,705 833,916 530,196 10 lll^inm?/ °'' CONGRESS ^WMlJIllillj^^lllllllilJIilllilJIiJIIil 016 058 353 8 € eiDES — ^NEW YORK — CONTIirrED. i.e35. 1836. 1837. 1838. 1839. 1840. 1841. Tears, 1827. 1828 1829. 1830. 183 L, 1832-, 1833. 1834. 1835 1836. 868,381 942,890 623,925 543,300 5fii,105 620,251 633,269 91,903 109,273 99,356 25,695 24,186 3], 325 4,245 Imports. 186,127 290,512 542,411 5 1 4,260 564,869 351,897 692,419 626,189 6S2,141 479.107 836,378 1842. 833,617 1843. 524,569 1844. 517,605 1845. 536,919 1846. 488,926 1847. 629,024 EIDES — LIVERPOOL. Exports. 29,001 3l),88(t 128,449 170;604 138,221) 111,450 62,000 213,855 337,444 198,277 Years. 1837.. 1838., 1839., 1840.. 1841., 1842. 1843., 1844., 1845.. 635,631 653,4.31 854,790 777,640 635,583 990.454 31,286 53,G:!3 45,615 53,633 55.924 15,236 Imports. 573,384 603,896 816,085 643,785 934,060 666,974 846,526 800,871 810,704 From the census of New York, in 1845, we gather the following: 604,345 599,788 809,175 724,007 580,659 975,069 Exports. 166,930 102,000 190,000 170,000 200,000 259,265 176,556/ Y The number of tanneries in the State. Value of raw niaierials used and manufactured in the State Vaiuo of manufactured articles This is for leather alone, not including boots, shoes, harness, &c., &c. l,414v ^4.052,949 6,585,006 4 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 016 058 353 8 •