' s // ' . . ; ^ '^ ■> s v*' * o , , a* v •* \ * Frontispiece ClCERO (Capitoline Museum, Rome) TEN ORATIONS OF CICERO WITH SELECTIONS FROM THE LETTERS EDITED BY WILLIAM R. HARPER, Ph.D. PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO AND FRANK A. GALLUP, A.B. PROFESSOR OF LATIN, COLGATE ACADEMY ^« NEW YORK • :• CINCINNATI • :• CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY f / o i "1 Copyright, 1898, by AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY ORATIONS OF CICERO Gift Wn. M. Pollodt PREFACE The Orations included in this edition are those which are most required by the various colleges throughout the country. The selections from the Letters were made with special reference to their fitness for use as exercises in translation at sight ; they will at the same time give a glimpse of Cicero in his family life, and in his relations with those to whom he was frank and outspoken. The variations from the text of Baiter and Kayser consist mainly in different punctuation, in writing the genitive singular of -z'tf-stems in -i instead of -it, and in the treatment of bracketed passages, which in some cases have been received into the text, while others were removed altogether. For the sake of uniformity long vowels are marked as they appear in the Elementary Latin Dictionary of Charlton T. Lewis, except in cases which would require too much sacrifice of conviction. This book is intended to be very practical throughout, and in its preparation the sole aim has-Jaeenfta-meet- the needs of the preparatory students who would be likely to use it. An expression of appreciation is due Professor Lewis Stuart of Lake Forest University for his kindness in offering the use of a large amount of material which he had collected upon some of the subjects treated in the Introduction. Latin teachers and all who may be interested are cordially requested to make suggestions in regard to whatever defects and errors they discover. WILLIAM R. HARPER. FRANK A. GALLUP. The grammars cited are those of Harkness (H.), 1898 (refer- ences to the edition of 1881 being inclosed in brackets); Mooney (M.) ; Allen and Greenough (A. & G.) ; Gildersleeve (G.) ; Bennett (B.). 5 CONTENTS Introduction : Life of Cicero . Important Dates Roman Oratory before Cicero Government . Inductive Studies . Selected Orations: In Catilinam Oratio Prima In Catilinam Oratio Secunda In Catilinam Oratio Tertia In Catilinam Oratio Quarta De Imperio Cn. Pompei Pro A. Licinio Archia Pro T. Annio Milone Pro M. Marcello Pro Q. Ligario In M. Antonium Oratio Quarta Decima Selected Letters: Ad Atticum III. 3 Ad Atticum III. 5 9 17 18 20 30 45 61 74 88 102 132 146 191 203 217 233 233 8 CONTENTS PAGE Ad Familiares XIV. 4 • 234 Ad Quintum Fratrem I. 3 . . 236 Ad Familiares XIV. 2 . . 240 a XIV. 1 . . 242 .. XIV. 3 ...... . 244 u XIV. 5 . •. • 245 u XVI. 4 • 247 a XVI. 6 . 248 a XVI. 9 . 249 it XVI. 11 ..... . 250 a XIV. 18 ..... . 252 a XVI. 12 • 253 Notes . • 257 Vocabulary • 413 The Common Prefixes and their Values . • 559 Word Lists . . 560 10 Longitude 15 East M INTRODUCTION LIFE OF CICERO ARCUS TULLIUS CICERO was born near Ar- pinum, January 3, 106 B.C. His family was of equestrian rank ; his father, whose name the orator bore, was a man of literary tastes, but his grandfather was a Roman of the old school, opposed to new ideas in studies and in politics. No trustworthy information about Cicero's boyhood has been preserved, though Plutarch tells stories of his preco- city, not in themselves improbable. He was early brought to Rome with his brother Quintus that they might enjoy the educational opportunities of the capital. Crassus, the distinguished orator, was their adviser, and suggested both the studies which would be most beneficial and the teachers under whom the boys might best pursue them. Quintus Aelius, a Latin rhetorician, and a Greek poet by the name of Archias inspired the young student with an enthusiastic love for liberal studies. At the age of sixteen he assumed the toga virilis, con- tinued his literary pursuits eagerly, and began to frequent the forum in order to hear the great orators of the day. He read, memorized, wrote ; translated Greek into Latin, and Latin into Greek ; made summaries of speeches, lec- 9 IO INTRODUCTION tures, and conversations ; practiced elocution, studied rhet- oric, and composed poetry. Rome still required military service of the citizens. Ac- cordingly Cicero served one campaign (89 B.C.) in the Marsic war, part of the time under Cn. Pompeius Strabo and part of the time under Sulla. During the next few years he was again in Rome, studying philosophy with Phaedrus the Epicurean, and Philo the Academic ; dialec- tics under the Stoic Diodotus ; law under the Scaevolas ; rhetoric and oratory under Apollonius Molo, the famous Rhodian rhetorician. To this period belongs Cicero's De Invent zone Rhetorica. Cicero was in his twenty-sixth year when he delivered in a civil suit the first of his extant orations {pro P. Quinc- tio). The next year he defended Sextus Roscius in a criminal trial. Roscius was falsely accused of parricide by Chrysogonus, a freedman of the dictator Sulla, sup- ported, as was thought, by Sulla himself. No prominent advocate would undertake the defense; but Cicero, "roused by pity and by the opportunity of beginning his career as a defender of the oppressed," came forward and succeeded in securing an acquittal. These cases gained for the young advocate considerable recognition. In the following year he still further added to his reputation for courage and ability by defending the rights of a woman of Arretium, and, by implication, the rights of which Sulla had uncon- stitutionally deprived her city. Soon after this he went abroad for health and for study. His intense application and no less intense manner of speaking had been rapidly exhausting a physique by no means robust. He writes that at this time he was exceed- ingly spare in habit, with a long, thin neck, and of a con- LIFE OF CICERO II sumptive appearance. Friends and physicians urged him to take a vacation. He went to Athens and remained six months, where he studied philosophy under Antiochus of the Old Academy, and under Phaedrus and Zeno the Epicureans. Leaving Athens, he traveled through Asia Minor, hearing famous orators and studying the orator's art. At Rhodes he again placed himself under the in- struction of Molo, who greatly assisted him in remodeling his style of writing and speaking. At the end of two years Cicero returned to Italy, eager to resume his professional labors, with health restored, with a broader view of life, and with oratorical powers much improved. Many cases soon engaged his attention, the most important of which was the defense of Roscius the comedian. At the age of thirty Cicero was elected quaestor for the following year (75 B.C.), and was assigned to duty in Sicily, where he performed the duties of the office with exceptional fidelity and ability, returning to Rome as soon as his term of office had expired. Five years later the Sicilians persuaded Cicero, then aedile elect, to conduct a suit against their ex-governor, Gaius Verres, who during the three years of his propraetorship in Sicily had abused the powers of his office, robbing and maltreating the in- habitants, and otherwise tyrannizing over them. All that could be done by money, by the influence of many power- ful and noble families, and by the ingenuity of the able Hortensius, was done to defeat the prosecution. But the energy and skill of the young pleader were triumphant. Before the trial came on, so strong a case had been pre- pared by the prosecution that Verres went into exile without attempting a defense, and Cicero became the recognized leader of the Roman bar. 12 INTRODUCTION Cicero was elected praetor with every indication of pop- ular favor. Besides performing the duties of his office with fidelity and dignity, he also made his first appearance on the rostra, where he delivered his famous oration in support of the Manilian law. In his advocacy of this bill (to confer on Pompey the command of the war against Mithridates, with extraordinary powers) Cicero pronounced a glowing eulogy upon Pompey, and handled a difficult and delicate subject so as apparently to offend no one. From the point of view of the advocate and politician, the oration was a complete success, for the measure was car- ried, and the political support of Pompey was secured. Cicero declined the government of a province for the fol- lowing year (65 B.C.), and during the next eighteen months busied himself in professional work and in arranging for the carrying out of his political plans. There were seven candidates for the consulship of 63 B.C. The most prominent were Cicero, Antonius, and Catiline. The two last named united their forces, and had the sup- port of many prominent men. Cicero vigorously arraigned the character and schemes of his rivals, and at the polls received a decided majority. Antonius had the next largest number of votes, and was therefore chosen Cicero's col- league. This year was a busy one. Its most significant achievement was the suppression of Catiline's conspiracy, which Cicero describes in the four Catilinarian orations. Exceptional honors were bestowed on the consul for the energy, courage, and skill displayed in averting the perils which had menaced both state and people. He was hailed as the deliverer of his country, and a thanksgiving to the gods was decreed in his name. So far the career of Cicero had been one of dazzling: LIFE OF CICERO 1 3 success, but dark days were not far distant. On the day which closed his term of office as consul the shadows began to fall. When he ascended the rostra to give account of the acts of the year, one of the new tribunes, Metellus, interposed his veto, on the ground that a magistrate who had put to death Roman citizens unheard should not himself be heard. Cicero, thus restricted, merely added to the usual oath, " I swear that I have saved the state and the city from ruin." The people shouted that he had sworn truly, and a crowd escorted him home. But the end was not yet. Publius Clodius, whose hatred Cicero had aroused, was elected tribune of the people for the year 58 B.C. One of his first acts was to introduce a bill to banish any one who had put a Roman citizen to death untried. Cicero appeared in the streets in the garb of a suppliant, as accused persons were wont to do, and a large number of sympathizing citizens did the same ; but all this availed nothing, for Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus stood aloof, if they did not secretly use their influence against him. The bill became a law, and Cicero withdrew from the city, an exile (March, 58 B.C.). Immediately after his departure Clodius obtained a formal decree for his banishment. This forbade the ex- consul to come within four hundred miles of the city, and denounced as an enemy of the state any one who should advocate his recall. His magnificent home on the Palatine was plundered and destroyed. As early as June, Cicero's friends began to agitate the question of his recall, but nothing was accomplished that year on account of the opposition of the tribunes. The con- suls and tribunes for the next year were friendly to Cicero, but serious riots in the city postponed until August 4 the 14 INTRODUCTION introduction of the bill for his restoration. When presented to the comitia centuriata, it was passed by an overwhelm- ing majority. On the same day Cicero started for Italy. Everywhere on his way he was received with cheers, ad- dresses, and complimentary delegations. He entered the city September 4, attended by the senate and vast crowds of people. The house which had been destroyed was restored at public expense. During the next five years Cicero devoted himself to his profession as advocate, taking little part in state affairs, although his personal relations with Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey, the virtual rulers of Rome, were friendly, espe- cially with Pompey. When the younger Crassus perished in the Parthian war, Cicero was elected (53 B.C.) to fill his place in the college of augurs, a position of considerable social and political importance. Clodius was killed the next year in a broil with Milo, and all danger from that quarter was removed. In the year 51 b.c. Cicero was compelled to accept the proconsular government of Cilicia. The duties of this position he discharged with ability and honesty, to the disgust of his staff, but to the delight of the astonished province. An expedition against certain robber tribes was successful, for which the proconsul hoped to secure the honor of a triumph. At the close of his year of office he returned leisurely to Rome, visiting Ephesus and Athens on the way. He reached the capital January 4, 49 b.c, but remained outside the city, hoping for a triumph, which, however, was never granted him. Civil war between Caesar and Pompey had been threat- ening for some time. The crisis had been precipitated by a decree of the senate, ordering Caesar to disband his army LIFE OF CICERO 1 5 before March I. Cicero tried in vain to bring about a better understanding. Caesar inarched his army across the Rubicon, the boundary line of his province, and seemed likely to move on Rome. Cicero undertook the defense of Capua, making his headquarters at Formiae. Here he remained about two months, and kept up a correspondence with the leaders of both armies. His indecision at this critical time was pitiable, unfortunate alike for his country, for himself at that time, and for his reputation in all time. Finding that he could not cope with Caesar and his veter- ans in Italy, Pompey passed over into Greece, Cicero re- luctantly following. After the battle of Pharsalus (48 B.C.), persuaded that Caesar's victory had practically ended the war, he determined to return to Italy, and reached Brundis- ium about the end of November. Here he remained about two months in a wretched condition of mind and body. When Caesar returned to Italy after settling the affairs of Egypt, Cicero went out to meet him and was received with marked courtesy. Soon after this Cicero went to Rome. The next three years were devoted to philosophy and literature. But soon family troubles began to appear. After thirty years of married life Cicero divorced his wife Terentia, and soon afterward married his ward Publilia, who was also soon divorced. The death of his much loved daughter Tullia almost broke the father's heart. Work and study were his only solace until the assassination of Caesar (March 15, 44 B.C.) recalled him from thoughts of self to the service of his country. The conspirators who murdered Caesar seem to have had no definite plans. The people were horrified, and M. Antonius, the surviving consul, was for the moment 1.6 INTRODUCTION stricken with fear. The Liberators, as the conspirators' called themselves, retired for safety to the Capitol. Antony quickly recovered himself, and, when Cicero urged peace, and mutual concessions, professed to wish the same. The Liberators came from their stronghold, the acts and ap- pointments of Caesar were ratified, and hopes were enter- tained for a restoration of the republic. But Antony had other plans. In the oration which he delivered at the public funeral of Caesar, he artfully excited the populace against the Liberators to such a degree that they were compelled to flee from Rome. Seeing that his life also was in danger, Cicero set out for Greece, hoping for better things under the next year's administration. He went as far as Syracuse, when, driven back by contrary winds, he heard that his services were required in Rome, and he hastened to return to the city. There was a meeting of the senate on the day after his return. Cicero did not attend, pleading fatigue, but really fearing the designs of Antonius. In this meeting Antonius declared that the absence of Cicero was due to cowardice, and he threatened to destroy his house. Cicero's reply was the first. Philippic. Antonius replied, and thus called forth the second Philip- pic, a thrilling arraignment of Antonius. Though not spoken, it was widely circulated after the departure of Antonius for Gaul. Early in 43 b.c. Cicero was once more the favorite of Rome, and when the tidings of the defeat of Antonius at Mutina came, he was escorted by a throng of people to the Capitol, thence to the rostra, and thence to his home. In November of this year Antonius, Lepidus, and Octa- vianus arranged their differences, centered all the govern- ment in themselves, and proscribed their enemies. Cicero LIFE OF CICERO 1 7 was among the first victims of Antony's hatred, and was murdered on the grounds of his villa near Formiae, December 7, 43 b.c. Cicero was the greatest orator of " the greatest of the nations." He was a man of lofty ideals, pure and upright in his personal and official relations, and devoted to his country. His writings are an enduring monument to his memory, and his influence on oratory, literature, and phi- losophy has been and still is inestimable. He lacked decision and moral courage in some of the critical moments of his life, and did not possess the far-seeing vision of a statesman. "As it was in his lifetime so it has been with his memory : those who have known him most intimately have commonly loved him best. He is no demi-god to be set on a pedestal for the worship of the nations, but a man with human virtues and human weaknesses, and withal possessed of a charm of grace and goodness which makes us think of him as of some familiar and beloved friend." \6yios avrjp, a> iral, Xoytos teal (f>c\67rarpL<; f said Augustus to his grandson concerning Cicero, in a story told by Plutarch, " an eloquent man, boy, eloquent and loved his country well." "To praise him as he deserves, we need another Cicero. 11 IMPORTANT DATES B.C. Cicero born at Arpinum .... January 3, 106 Served in the Marsic war ..... 89 First appearance in a civil case (for Quinctius) . 81 First appearance in a criminal case .... 80 In Greece and Asia Minor for health and study 79~77 Quaestor in Sicily . . . . . -75 Prosecution of Verres ...... 70 h. & g. cic. — 2 1 8 INTRODUCTION B.C. Curule aedile 69 Praetor urbanus 66 Consul 63 In exile 58—57 Proconsul of Cilicia ..... S^SO Beginning of civil war between Caesar and Pompey 49 Battle of Pharsalia 48 Cicero returns to Rome ...... 47 Death of Tullia 45 Caesar murdered March 15, 44 Cicero slain near Formiae .... Dec. 7, 43 ROMAN ORATORY BEFORE CICERO Roman oratory both exhibited and influenced the char- acter of the people. In the early days it was simple and earnest, suited to a practical people eager for dominion. The successful orator had to stir the feelings and prompt to action, whether his theme was a defect in the constitu- tion, an official injustice, or some military emergency. Nature was the orator's teacher. "Rem tene, verba se- quentur" was his only maxim. When Appius Claudius, old, blind, and infirm, carried in a litter to the senate house, caused the senators to reject the proposals made by the skillful diplomat Cineas, the secret of his power lay in his own intense patriotism, which kindled theirs. This is the first published speech of which we have any record (280 B.C.). M. Porcius Cato (234-149 b.c.) was the first Roman orator who made a practice of writing and publishing his speeches. Cicero tells us that there were one hundred and fifty of them extant in his day, and that no one read them. He characterizes them as "weighty in praise, bitter in ROMAN ORATORY BEFORE CICERO 1 9 sarcasm, pointed in phrase, plain and simple in argument." The often quoted words with which at the close of his life Cato was wont to end every speech, whatever the subject, et censeo KartJiaginem esse delendam, show the intensity of his patriotism, the tenacity of his purpose, and the nature of his power. There were many orators of this period, but none of the first rank. The younger Scipio and Laelius, who belonged to the next generation, though not the foremost among Roman orators, deserve mention in this sketch, because they were instrumental in introducing the study of the Greek orators as models for the imitation of their countrymen. Sergius Sulpicius Galba (consul 144 B.C.), an orator of much vigor and vivacity, began to use artistic arrange- ment, with digressions for ornament, pathos, and informa- tion ; and he was the first Roman orator who successfully applied rhetorical principles in the manner of the Greeks. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus and his brother Gaius, the famous tribunes, were distinguished orators as well as reformers. They brought in a much easier and freer manner of speaking, and a broader and more sympathetic oratory. Tiberius, with good natural gifts trained by a study of Greek masterpieces, was a man of blameless life, noble purpose, and enthusiasm combined with self-control. Many of those who disapproved his political course were constrained to respect and admire him. He was inspired by the consciousness of a noble mission, the defense of the poor against the rich, and the restoration of that industri- ous middle class of small farmers and free toilers, whom the disasters of the second Punic war, the greed of the wealthy owners of large estates, and the introduction of slave labor on a large scale had nearly ruined. Gaius, the 20 INTRODUCTION younger brother, was more impassioned. He devoted himself to carrying out his brother's plans, but mingled with the unselfish purpose of Tiberius the desire to avenge his brother's death. Cicero, no admirer of the Gracchi, says that Latin literature suffered a serious loss in the early death of Gaius, and adds, " in eloquence perhaps he would have had no peer." Cicero mentions a large number of orators who followed the Gracchi, and places among the foremost M. Antonius (143-87 B.C.) and M. Licinius Crassus (140-91 B.C.), whom he compares favorably with Demosthenes and Hyperides. Q. Hortensius (1 14-50 B.C.) was the leader of the Roman bar when Cicero entered public life. This position he yielded to the ability and industry of Cicero with so much grace that he became an ally more than a rival. Horten- sius was the exponent of the Asiatic school of oratory, characterized by an exuberant use of ornament, and by a tendency toward the verbose and bombastic. The Attic school went to the other extreme of excessive simplicity and directness ; to this school belonged Caesar, M. Brutus, and Cassius. The school of Rhodes, toward which Cicero inclined, represented the mean between the Asiatic and the Attic, and attempted to combine the excellent features of the other two. Roman oratory reached its zenith in Cicero. GOVERNMENT The Roman state was regulated and controlled by three powers distinct from, but not independent of, one another the comitia, the magistrates, and the senate. Comitia. — The comitia were constitutional assemblies of the people in which and through which the people GOVERNMENT 21 expressed their will and command. To them belonged the summum imperium, and all power emanated from them directly or indirectly. After 471 b.c. these comitia were three in number, named from the three modes in which the people were organized politically : Comitia Curiata, in which the people were counted by curies. Comitia Centuriata, in which the people were counted by centuries. Comitia Tributa, in which the people were counted by tribes. Each citizen present had one vote, and the majority of individual votes in each curia, century, or tribe decided its vote. These votes were at first given viva voce, but afterward by ballot. Comitia Curiata. — The comitia curiata was composed of thirty curies, ten from each of the three tribes of Romulus, and met in the Comitium or the Capitol. During the regal period this assembly was convoked and presided over by the rex or interrex. It declared war and concluded peace, elected the king and conferred imperium, enacted and repealed laws, and was the court of appeal in matters affecting the life or political status of citizens. The Servian constitution transferred to the comitia centuriata the right to declare war and decide appeals. In the republic the presiding officer was a consul, dictator, or praetor, and in matters purely religious, a pontifex. The powers of this assembly gradually diminished until in Cicero's time its meetings were purely ceremonial, and its duties were dele- gated to the thirty lictores curiati. Comitia Centuriata. — In the legislation ascribed to Ser- vius Tullius all Roman citizens were divided into five 22 INTRODUCTION property classes, and these were subdivided into one hun- dred and ninety-three centuries. All citizens appeared in this assembly on an equal footing ; but as there were eigh- teen centuries of equites and eighty others of the first class, composed of the wealthiest Romans, the real power was in the hands of the rich. The other centuries had no influ- ence except when these two classes disagreed. The pre- siding officer was the magistrate who convoked the meeting. The place of meeting was outside the city walls, usually in the Campus Martius. Early in the history of the republic the comitia centuriata elected the higher magistrates, con- suls, praetors, and censors, enacted laws, determined questions of war, and was the court of appeal in criminal trials affecting the personal or political privileges of citizens. At first the action of this assembly had to be ratified by Xhz patrum auctoritas, but the Publilian law (339 B.C.) pro- vided that this ratification should be given in advance. Comitia Tributa. — This was an assembly of the people arranged according to the local division of tribes instituted by Servius for convenience in collecting taxes. The tribes consisted at first of landholders only, but in 304 B.C. land- less citizens were enrolled in the four city tribes, and in 89 b.c. all Italians received citizen rights and with these the privilege of taking part in these assemblies. The place of meeting was the Capitol, Forum, or Campus Martius, but always within the jurisdiction of the tribuni plebis, which extended to one mile beyond the city. This as- sembly could not be convoked without the consent of the tribunes, and was presided over by the magistrate who convoked it. When the assembly of the tribes was called together by a consul, praetor, curule aedile, or pontifex, it was strictly GOVERNMENT 23 a comitia tributa. When, however, it was convoked by a tribune or plebeian aedile, it was a concilium plebis. The comitia tributa elected curule aediles, quaestors, the inferior magistrates, and the military tribunes not nominated by the generals. After 104 B.C. this assembly elected the pontifices, augurs, and qaindecimviri sacris faciundis. The concilia plebis elected the tribunes of the people and the plebeian aediles. Resolutions adopted by the comitia tributa or concilium plebis, on receiving the sanction of the senate, were binding upon all the people. By the Hortensian law (286 B.C.) the necessity for the senatorial sanction was removed, and from that time the assembly of the tribes was the principal legis- lative organ of the Roman people. By the laws of the Twelve Tables an assembly of the people was prohibited from inflicting any punishment more severe than a fine. Notice of a Meeting. — The comitia curiata was generally summoned by the lictores curiati, who notified the members individually, or by criers. The comitia centuriata and the comitia tributa were called together by a written proclama- tion, issued seventeen days before the meeting, and on the day of the meeting a public crier or an augur called the people together. Procedure. — On the morning of a meeting of the comitia, immediately after midnight, the magistrate who was to preside, usually accompanied by an augur, took the aus- pices, though for the concilia plebis this ceremony was omitted. When the citizens were assembled, the proceed- ings were opened with prayer, often preceded by a sacrifice. These religious rites completed, the presiding magistrate presented the matters to be voted upon, and made such 24 INTRODUCTION remarks as he saw fit. Any magistrate of equal or supe- rior rank, or the tribunes might then address the assembly, and lastly any private individual who could secure the permission of the presiding officer. The president then called on the people to vote. One curia, century, or tribe was selected by lot to vote first. When it had voted and the vote was announced, the others voted. The votes were then counted, the decision announced, and the assembly dismissed. THE MAGISTRATES The King. — From the beginning to 509 B.C., supreme executive power — civil, military, and religious — was vested in a king who held office for life. Though theo- retically absolute, public opinion and custom demanded that he consult the senate on the more important matters of ad- ministration, and ask the comitia to approve proposed laws. Magistrates of the Republic. — On the establishment of the republic, the powers heretofore vested in the individual ruler were transferred to a college consisting of two con- suls, each a check on the other. Little by little, a consid- erable part of the power of the consuls was distributed among other colleges, the praetors, aediles, and censors. Term of Office. Election. Salary. — All regular magis- trates held office for one year, except the censors, whose term, originally five years, was made (433 B.C.) one year and a half. The time of elections was fixed by the senate, and generally came in July. Magistrates began their duties on the first of the January following their election, except the tribunes, who assumed office Dec. 10, the quaes- tors, who probably did so Dec. 5, and the censors, who had no fixed date. Roman magistrates received no salary, but MAGISTRATES 25 the various offices were eagerly sought as the most honor- able of all distinctions. During the last two centuries of the republic, however, the state positions were sought, not for the honor of serving the state, but for the opportu- nity of amassing wealth in the government of provinces assigned to those who had held the higher magistracies. Qualifications. — During the last three centuries of the republic, free citizens — patrician or plebeian — were eli- gible to any office except the tribuneship of the plebs and the plebeian aedileship. These positions were open to those only who were, by birth or adoption, members of a plebeian family. Before 180 b.c. there seems to have been no law defining the age at which a citizen became eligible for office, but that year the age qualifications probably became 31 for quaestor, 37 for curule aedile, 40 for praetor, 43 for consul. Restrictions. — 1. No one could hold two magistracies in the same year. 2. No one could be legally reelected to the same office until after the lapse of ten years. Note. — In 121 B.C. the second restriction was removed in the case of the tribuneship. The laws in respect to qualifications and restrictions were enforced under all ordinary circumstances, but in emergencies, or as a reward for especially distinguished services, the people might and did except individuals, and even a class of individuals, from their operation. Removal from Oflice. Resignation. — After election, until formal entrance upon his duties, a magistrate was called designates, e.g. consul designates, etc. No magistrate or magistrate designates could legally be removed from office, but any magistrate, except a dictator, censor, or tribune, might be impeached after the expiration of his term. 26 INTRODUCTION An officer of the government might be compelled to resign if it was proved that there had been an irregularity in observing the "auspices before the comitia, that any unfavorable omen had been disregarded during its prog- ress, that the election had been secured by any illegal means, or that the magistrate was a traitor. Potestas. Imperium. — Potestas was the power which any officer of the government had by virtue of his position. Imperium gave the right to command an army, and to convoke the comitia centuriata. Oath of Office. — Every magistrate was compelled within five days after entering office to swear obedience to the laws. At the close of his term, he took oath that he had not wilfully violated the laws. This latter ceremony oc- curred in the forum on the day before the new magistrates began their duties, and the consuls usually, on such occa- sions, gave a report of their year of service to the state. Classification. — Various methods of classification have been proposed. The more important are : ordinary, extra- ordinary ; with imperium, without imperium ; curule, non- curule; patrician, plebeian. Ordinary (elected at stated intervals). — Consul, praetor, aedile, quaestor, tribune, censor. Extraordinary (chosen in emergencies). — Dictator, ma- gister equitum, interrex. Of these, the consul, praetor, dictator, magister equitum, interrex (for five days only), had imperium. The consul, praetor, curule aedile, censor, and dictator were curule magistrates. The tribune of the plebs and the plebeian aedile were always plebeian ; the others were all originally patrician, but after 337 b.c. there were no exclusively patrician magistracies. MAGISTRATES 27 THE ORDINARY MAGISTRATES Consuls. — The consuls, two in number, and equal in power, were the chief executive officers of the republic. The office was established 509 B.C., and opened to plebei- ans 366 B.C. Consuls were elected in the comitia centuriata. Powers. — When the consuls were in the city, all other magistrates except the tribunes were subject to their authority. They alone could convoke the senate and the comitia centuriata; they presided at such meetings, introduced the subjects on which the senate was consulted, and the bills on which the comitia voted. Outside the city, as generals, they had supreme civil, criminal, and military jurisdiction. To avoid confusion, the consuls usually served in turn. - Insignia of Office. — The insignia of the consuls were the toga praetexta, the sella curulis, and twelve lictors with fasces, who walked before the acting consul, but be- hind the other. Praetors. — When the plebeians became eligible to the consulship, in 366 B.C., the judicial power of the consuls was transferred to a praetor, also elected by the comitia centuriata. At first exclusively patrician, the praetorship was thrown open to the plebeians in 337 b.c Number. — At first there was only one praetor. About 244 b.c, owing to the number of foreigners in Rome, an additional praetor was elected, to sit in suits between for- eigners, or between foreigners and citizens. In 227 b.c the number was increased to four, in 197 b.c to six ; these were added to provide governors for Sicily, Sardinia, and the two provinces of Spain. Sulla still further increased the number to eight, and Caesar to ten, twelve, and eventually to sixteen. 28 INTRODUCTION Duties. — After the establishment of the quaestiones perpetuae, about 149 B.C., all the praetors remained in the city during their year of office, two, as formerly, presiding in the civil, the others in the criminal courts. The praetor urbanus was supreme judge in civil suits, and in the ab- sence of the consuls acted as their representative. The praetors were assigned to their positions by lot. Insignia. — A praetor was entitled to wear the toga praetexta, to use the sella curulis, and was attended by two lictors in the city, and six when on foreign service. Aediles. — There were two classes of aediles, the plebeian and the curule aediles. The former were elected by the concilium plebis, and the latter by the comitia tributa. Duties. — The aediles were commissioners of police, looked after the streets, temples, public buildings, sewers, aqueducts, inspected markets, weights, and measures, and had supervision over all public exhibitions and games. Insignia. — The plebeian aediles had none; the curule aediles wore the toga praetexta and used the sella curulis. Quaestors. — These officers were elected by the cojnitia tributa, a consul presiding. This was the lowest of the great offices and the first step to the higher magistracies. It entitled the holder to membership in the senate. Number. — The number of quaestors was originally two; in 421 B.C. the number was increased to four; in 267 b.c. to eight ; by Sulla (82 B.C.), to twenty ; by Caesar, to forty. Duties. — All revenues, taxes, custom duties, and special levies were paid to the quaestors and all funds for the public service were distributed by them. Two quaestors remained in the city; one accompanied each consul to the field ; four served in Italy, where the public revenues MAGISTRATES 29 required their services ; the rest went to manage the pro- vincial treasuries. Tribuni Plebis. — There were at first two, later five, and after 457 b.c. ten. Candidates for the tribuneship must be free born and the sons of free born citizens, and they must be plebeian by birth or by adoption. Powers. — The most important power of the tribunes was the right of veto, which was originally intended for the protection of the plebeians. Tribunes also had the power to convoke the concilium plebis and there initiate legislation binding at first only on the plebs, but after 449 b.c. on the whole populace. The tribunes never had impcrinm. Insignia. — None ; but they had one attendant. Censors. — Registration {census) and the solemn rites connected with it were established by Servius Tullius and conducted by the kings in person. During the early republic the consuls presided, but in 443 b.c. these duties were transferred to special officers called censors. There were always two, elected once in five years. The object of the census was to apportion the taxes and military service. The censors were also allowed to affix a mark of disap- probation to the names of those who in their judgment were not conducting themselves in a proper manner. EXTRAORDINARY MAGISTRATES Dictator. — At critical times a single magistrate, called Dictator, might be appointed for a definite period, never exceeding six months. The independent powers of all the other magistrates were then in abeyance. The first dicta- tor was appointed in 501 b.c, the last in 202 B.C. 30 INTRODUCTION Insignia. — The insignia of the dictator were the toga praetexta, the sella curulis, and twenty-four lictors. Note. — The dictatorships of Sulla and of Caesar were irregular and unconstitutional. Magister Equitum. — A dictator appointed a deputy called magister equitum who represented him when absent but was in all respects subordinate to him. Decretum Extremum et Ultimum. — Instead of naming a dictator the senate sometimes invested the consuls with extraordinary powers by a decree which Caesar calls decre- tum extremum et ultimum, the formula of which was Videant consules ne quid det7imenti res publica capiat. This gave them dictatorial power, for the exercise of which they might afterward be called to account. Interrex. — In the regal period the supreme power returned to the patres when the king died. They elected by lot an officer called interrex, who acted as king for five days and named his successor for a like term. In addition to the officers mentioned above there was a large number of minor magistracies, for information in regard to which special works upon that subject should be consulted. INDUCTIVE STUDIES In the inductive, or laboratory, method of study, material is collected, examined and compared, and classified ; then the general results or principles are formulated. It must be kept in mind that a generalization thus reached is true only of the facts observed ; it may or may not be true universally. Its value depends very largely on the number of facts observed. Every fact illustrates a principle; but a general principle can come INDUCTIVE STUDIES 31 only from examination of a number of similar facts, and a universal law can be derived only from knowledge of all the facts. Below are several exercises that have been prepared for the guidance of students, and also a list of topics to be investigated in a similar manner. Pupils are urged to do as much of this kind of work as possible, for it fixes facts much more firmly than mere memorizing, it gives clearer and more accurate ideas, culti- vates the powers of observation and perception, and trains the mind for original research. Inductive Study I Topic : the use of the endings -ris and -re in the second person singular number of simple passive forms. Material : the first Catilinarian oration. Occurrences : I. abutere . 2. arbitraris 3- machinaris . 4- interficiere . 5- teneris . . 6. moliris . . 7- adsequeris . 8. arbitraris 9- verebere 10. sequere . . 11. meditere 12. commoveare 13- videaris . . 14. perfruere 15- bacchabere . 6. patiere Chapter I I I II III III VI VII VII VII IX IX IX X X XI Observations Fut. Ind. Third Conjugation. Pres. " First ft « « « u Fut. " Third ii Pres. Ind. Second ft » ft Fourth ft « « Third ft ft ft First ft Fut. Ind. Second ft « c< Third ii Pres. Subj. First a ft a Second a ft ft « a Firt. Ind. Third a ft ft First a « « Third ft 32 - INTRODUCTION Summary : Pres. Ind. Fut. Ind. Pres. Subj. -ris .... 6 o i -re . . . . o 7 2 Generalization : in the second person singular number of simple passive forms of all conjugations, the present indicative has the ending -ris, the future indicative -re, and the present subjunctive -re or -ris. Note. — When an inductive study is completed, the results obtained should always be compared with the statements of standard grammars, for, otherwise, too broad conclusions might be reached from a limited amount of material. The result of the study above must be corrected slightly for the future indicative. See H. 240 (237) and Madvig 114, b. Inductive Study II Topic : the gerundive. Field of study : the second Catilinarian oration. Occurrences : 1. Quern hostem quam vehementer foris esse timendum putem, how much I think this enemy is to be feared ontside. 2. mementote non tam exercitum ilium esse nobis quam hos qui exercitum deseruerunt pertimescendos, remember that that army is not so much to be feared as these who have forsaken the army. 3. Atque hoc etiam sunt timendi magis, And they are more to be feared for this reason. 4. frigore et fame et siti et vigiliis perferendis, by enduring cold and hunger and thirst and wakefulness. 5. Non enim iam sunt tolerandae audaciae, For 710 longer are their deeds of effrontery endurable. 6. essent illi quidem desperandi, sed tamen essent ferendi, they would have to be despaired of, to be sure, but they would be endurable. INDUCTIVE STUDIES 33 7. Cum luxuria nobis certandum est, We must fight with riotous living. 8. quae resecanda erunt, ivhat things shall have to be cut off. 9. O condicionem miseram non modo administrandae verum etiam conservandae rei publicae, O, the wretched lot, not only of him who directs the republic, but also of him who saves it. 10. consilium belli faciendi, plan of making war. 11. Numquam ego ab dis immortalibus optabo invidiae meae levandae causa, Never shall I pray of the immortal gods, for the sake of lightening my unpopularity. 12. Sed hosce homines minime puto pertimescendos, But these men, I tliink, are least to be feared. 13. Quibus hoc praecipiendum videtur, To whom it seems that this admonition ought to be given. T4. Sulla sit ab inferis excitandus, Sulla would have to be raised from the dead. 15. male gerendo negotio, through poor management of business. 16. O bellum magno opere pertimescendum, O war greatly to be feared. 17. Reliquis de rebus constituendis, maturandis, agendis, About determining, hastening, and performing other tilings. 18. mihi aut cum his vivendum aut pro his esse moriendum, that I must either live with these or die for them. 19. quod vix optandum videtur, which seems hardly to be asked for. A careful study of these examples shows that, for this material at least, these facts may be gathered : 1. That the gerundive is always used as an adjective, i.e. it modifies nouns and pronouns, and its form depends on the gender, number, and case of the word modified. H. & G. CIC. — 3 34 INTRODUCTION 2. That in its verbal force the gerundive is always passive. 3. That it is often used as a predicate adjective with esse to express obligation or necessity. 4. That when an active expression of obligation or necessity is required or an intransitive verb is used, the gerundive is used impersonally, i.e. the nominative singular neuter form is taken, and the dative is employed to denote upon whom the necessity or obligation rests. See examples 7 and 18. 5. That where we should expect a verbal noun followed by an object, the Latin construction often is a noun or pronoun in an oblique case with the gerundive in agree- ment with it. See examples 4, 9, 10, 11, 15, 17. 6. That in example 11 the genitive of a noun and a gerundive is used with causa to express a purpose. Note. — Also ad is used with the accusative of a noun and a gerun- dive to express a purpose. Inductive Study III Topic : the Gerund. Field of study : the Catilinarian orations. Occurrences : 1 . sui conservandi causa, for the purpose of saving them- selves. 2. ad custodiendum diligentissimum et ad suspicandum sagacissimum et ad vindicandum fortissimum, most watchful in guarding and most keen in suspecting a?id most energetic in punishing. 3. unius usuram horae gladiatori isti ad vivendum non dedissem, I should not have given that gladiator the enjoy- ment of a single hour to live in. INDUCTIVE STUDIES 35 4. qui coniurationem nascentem non credendo corrobora- verunt, zvho strengthened the growing conspiracy by not believing that there was one. 5. aliis mortem parentum non modo impellendo verum etiam adiuvando pollicebatur, he promised others the death of their parents, not only urging but even giving assistance. 6. labor vigilandi, exertion during waking hours. 7. nascendi condicio, circumstances at birth. 8. dicendi exercitatio, training in oratory. 9. praesertim qui 110s non pugnando sed tacendo superare potuerint, especially since they could overcome us, not by figJiting but by keeping still. 10. Id opprimi sustentando aut prolatando nullo pacto potest, This can in no way be destroyed by forbearance and delay. From these examples it becomes apparent : 1. That the gerund is a verb used as a noun. 2. That it is used only in the oblique cases. 3. That it is therefore the complement of the infinitive, which is also a verbal noun, and the two together permit verbal ideas to be used in all noun constructions. 4. That the gerund does not commonly have an object, but the noun or pronoun that is the object of the act is put in the case of the gerund and, instead of the gerund, the gerundive is used. 1 5. That the genitive of the gerund with causa is used to express a purpose. 1 More material, however, would have shown that a direct object does quite often occur with the genitive of the gerund and occasionally with other cases in some authors, 36 INTRODUCTION Inductive Study IV Topic : conditional sentences. Field of study : the first Catilinarian oration. Occurrences : l 1. Nos autem, fortes viri, satis facere rei publicae videmur, si istius furorem ac tela vitemus, But we, brave men that we are, seem to ourselves to be doing our duty to the republic, if zue avoid the rage and weapons of that wretch. 2. Si te iam, Catilina, comprehendi, si interfici, iussero, credo, erit verendum mihi, If I shall nozv order you to be arrested and killed, I shall have to fear, I suppose. Similar conditions are : si iussero, residebit ; sin exieris, exhaurietur. feram, si feceris ; si ieris, sustinebo. si eiecerit, eduxerit, adgregarit ; exstinguetur, delebitur. si tolletur, videbimur. 3. Non iubeo, sed si me consulis, suadeo, / do not order that course, but if you ask counsel of me, I advise it. Similar conditions : quid est, si potest, si inlustrantur, si erumpunt. dubitas, si potes. refers, si neglegis. si est, est pertimescenda. 4. Convincam, si negas, IsJiallfurnisJiproof, if you make denial. 5. Quam ob rem discede atque hunc mihi timorem eripe ; si est verus, ne opprimar, sin falsus, ut tandem aliquando timere desinam, Wherefore depart and take away from me this fear ; if it is zvell grounded, that I may not be crushed, but if it is gromidless, that at last finally I may cease to be in fear. 1 To save labor, only one example of a kind may be recorded and the place of the rest given. INDUCTIVE STUDIES 37 Si minus, quam plurimos. si vis, perge. Sin mavis, egredere. 6. Si hoc post hominum memoriam contigit nemini, vocis exspectas contumeliam ? If this has happened to no one before in the memory of men, are yon waiting for an expressed rebuke ? J. Servi mei si me isto pacto metuerent, domum relinquen- dam putarem, If my slaves feared me in that way, I should think that I ought to leave my home. Si viderem, mailem. si timerent, odissent, posses ; con- cederes. 8. Haec si tecum, ut dixi, patria loquatur, nonne impetrare debeat, etiam si vim adhibere non possit ? If your country should talk with you as I have said, should she not obtain her request, even if she should not be able to employ force f Si loquatur. 9. si hie ordo placere decreverit te ire in exsilium, obtem- peraturum te esse dicis, you say that if this body shall vote that it is best that you go into exile, you will obey. Si induxeris, impendeat. si pervenerit, fore. 10. At si hoc idem huic adulescenti optimo P. Sestio, si fortissimo viro, M. Marcello, dixissem, iam mini consuli hoc ipso in templo iure optimo senatus vim et manus intulisset, But if I had said this same tiling to this excellent young man Publius Sestius or to this worthy mail Marcus Mar- cellus, the senate would very properly have already laid violent hands on me, the consul, even in this temple. 11. Ego, si hoc optimum factu iudicarem, patres con- scripti, Catilinam morte multari, unius usuram horae gladi- atori isti ad vivendum non dedissem, If I thought it the best thing to do, senators, to put Catiline to death, I should not have given that gladiator a single hour to live in. 38 INTRODUCTION 12. Etenim, si summi viri et clarissimi cives Saturnini et Gracchorum et Flacci et superiorum complurium sanguine non modo se non contaminarunt sed etiam honestarunt, certe verendum non mini, For, you see, if the most distinguished men a?id the most illustrious citizens not only did not dis- grace tJiemselves but even brought honor upon themselves by the blood of Saturninus and the Gracchi and Flaccus and many others of former times, surely I had not to fear. 13. Quod si ea mihi mazime impenderet, tamen hoc animo semper fui, But if this threatened me very seriously, never- theless I have always been of this mind. 14. quorum auctoritatem secuti multi non solum improbi verum etiam imperiti, si in hunc animadvertissem, crudeliter et regie factum esse dicerent, followi7ig the lead of these men, many not only bad but also uninfonned ones would say, if I had punished this man, that I had acted cruelly and tyrartnically. 15. Ut saepe homines aegri morbo gravi, cum aestu febri- que iactantur, si aquam gelidam biberunt, primo relevati videntur, deinde multo gravius vehementiusque adflictantur ; sic hie morbus qui est in re publica, relevatus istius poena, vehementius reliquis vivis ingravescet, As often men who are sick with a serious disease, when they are tossed about by the heat of fever, if they drink cold water, at first seem to be relieved, and tlien are distressed much more seriously and severely, so this disease which is in the state, if checked by the punishment of that wretch, will become much worse, if the rest are left alive. 1 6. quicquid increpuerit Catilinam timeri non est feren- dum, it is not to be endured that, if any noise is heard, Catiline should be feared. INDUCTIVE STUDIES 39 General results : 1. The sentences are complex, and the dependent clause contains a supposed case, upon the fulfilment of which the independent clause depends. Are there special names for these two parts of a con- ditional sentence? See H. 572 (506); M. 360; A. & G. 304; G. 589; B. 301. 2. In the conditions 1-6, 9, 12, 15, and 16 there is no implication as to the reality of the supposed case. What names are given to the various kinds of condi- tions ? H. 573 (508-510); M. 363-366; A. & G. 305; G. 595-597 ; B. 302-304. 3. In 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, there is a distinct implication that the supposed case was not a real one. 4. In 8 the supposed case is represented as possible. S- In conditions with nothing implied as to fulfilment the indicative is used in both protasis and apodosis, unless the condition is in indirect discourse or the apodosis is a command or indirect question or some other construction which requires a different mode. The tense is determined in the usual manner. 6. In the contrary to fact conditions the imperfect sub- junctive refers to present time and the pluperfect to past time. 7. In conditions assumed as possible the present sub- junctive is employed. Has the perfect subjunctive any use in conditional sen- tences ? H. 576, 1 (509, N. 1); M. 364; A. & G. 307, 2, c; G. 596, 1 ; B. 303. 8. In all the conditions except 15 and 16 a definite and particular supposition is made, but in 15 and 16 any one of a number of possible occurrences is referred to. 40 INTRODUCTION 9. In these two general conditions present time is im- plied, and the perfect indicative is used in the protasis and the present indicative in the apodosis. 10. The protasis is usually introduced by si or one of its compounds, but sometimes a relative is found. In 16 quicquid is equivalent to si quid. 1 1. The protasis is generally in the form of a dependent clause ; but in 1 5, relevatus and reliquis vivis have each all the force of a protasis. What other forms may a condition assume? H. 575, 9 (507, N. 7); M. 372; A. & G. 310; G. 600; B. 305. 12. When a conditional sentence is in indirect discourse, the mode and tense are determined in the usual way, as in 1 and 9. What does the present or the perfect subjunctive in the apodosis of a condition assumed as possible become in indirect discourse? H. 646, 1 (527, II); M. 403 ; A. & G. 337, 2, a; G. 656, 2; B. 320. What is the form of protases of unreal conditions in indirect discourse after a primary tense? H. 647 (527, III); M. 404; A. & G. page 376, I; G. 659; B. 321, B. What is the form of apodoses of unreal conditions in indirect discourse? H. 647 (527, III and N. I); M. 404; A. & G. page 376, 2 and 3 ; G. 656; B. 321, A. What does the future perfect in dependent clauses be- come in indirect discourse ? H. 644, 2 (525, 2) ; M. 317, 2 ; A. & G. 286, R. ; G. 516; B. 319, B, a. For his first unaided effort, let the student investigate the truthfulness of this statement, which appears in a standard English work on Latin composition : ^ B5 fe. in ^ tei S* h INDUCTIVE STUDIES 41 "The verb usually stands first in sentences introduced by autem or enim." Some topics for investigation are suggested below : The genitive in -um and -ium. The ablative in -e and -T. Assimilation in com- pounds. Contracted forms of the verb. The genitive. The accusative. The dative. The ablative. - The locative. The ablative absolute. The position of the adjec- tive in the Latin expression for " Roman people." Comparatives, formation and force. Superlatives. How is separation ex- pressed ? The supine. The uses of the infinitive. Wishes. Participles. The present indicative. The imperfect indicative. Purpose constructions. Commands. Different ways of express- ing necessity. Sequence of tenses. Cause constructions. Time constructions. Relative clauses with the subjunctive. Relative clauses with the indicative. Place constructions. The subjunctive in inde- pendent clauses. Characteristic clauses. Cum clauses. Is the emphatic word ever placed last in a Latin sen- tence ? Catiline. Pompey. Milo. Clodius. Marcellus. Style of Roman letters. Cicero in the orations and in the letters. The powers of the Roman senate. n a B Statilii T . ML A urc < « 5 'E u ft < c a n c c :/ < S 2 _2 > "S, = rt E re 3 : = ft > z ~ -C -5 ft.2 P. > jr. ~ 3 £ a a p. U F a = B X ■£ ° p3« 4) 4) « K F F a n R 'i _■§ £ C - ~ ~ H a u F •J X. > U |« fc Z a ^ KH ~ J3 > o ~ — = « r^ « — ~ -CJ3 - — n — J --' < ^ ~ - — ~ ro •<*■ in^d t^co H IN r'<- mvd t>od H ■fl uirini mae Constant m Augusti acis elluris cus Liviae m Vestae eneris et Rom idis et Serapis Ss a F U u r. > O OZ c-^'Z-c>~ ^- S *£ n o *o • -OS . . h-^^--<^'- ->^ r- Cfi •<*■ "-.vo t^oo BRADLEY 4 POATES. 43 In L. Sergium Catilinam Oratio Prima QUO usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia no- stra ? Quam diu etiam furor iste tuns nos elu- det ? Quern ad finem sese effrenata iactabit audacia ? Nihilne te nocturnum praesidium PalatI, nihil urbis 5 vigiliae, nihil timor popull, nihil concursus bonorum omnium, nihil hie munltissimus habendl senatus locus, nihil horum ora voltusque moverunt ? Patere tua consilia non sentls ? constrictam iam horum omnium scientia teneri coniurationem tuam non vides ? Quid 10 proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris, ubi fueris, quos convocaveris, quid consill ceperis, quern nostrum Igno- rare arbitraris ? O tempora ! O mores ! Senatus haec intellegit, con- sul videt ; hie tarn en vivit. Vlvit ? Immo vero etiam 15 in senatum venit, fit public! consill particeps, notat et designat oculls ad caedem unum quemque nostrum. Nos autem, fortes virl, satis facere re! publicae vide- mur, si istlus furorem ac tela vltemus. Ad mortem te, Catilina, duel iussu consulis iam pri- 20 dem oportebat ; in te conferrl pestem quam tu in nos machinaris. An vero vir amplissimus, P. Sclpio, ponti- fex maximus, Ti. Gracchum mediocriter labefactantem statum rel publicae prlvatus interfecit; Catilinam, orbem terrae caede atque incendils vastare cupientem, nos 25 consules perferemus ? Nam ilia nimis antlqua prae- 45 46 IN CATILINAM I tereo, quod C. Servllius Ahala Sp. Maelium novls rebus studentem manu sua occldit. Fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac re piiblica virtus ut virl fortes acrioribus suppli- ers civem perniciosum quam acerbissimum hostem co- 5 ercerent. Habemus senatus consultum in te, Catilina, vehemens et grave. Non deest rel publicae consilium, neque auctoritas hiiius ordinis ; nos, nos, dlco aperte, consules desumus. ii. Decrevit quondam senatus ut L. Opimius consul 10 videret ne quid res piiblica detrlmentl caperet. Nox nulla intercessit: interfectus est propter quasdam sedi- tionum susplciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo patre, avo, maioribus ; occlsus est cum liberis M. Fulvius consu- laris. Simill senatus consulto C. Mario et L. Valerio 15 consulibus est permissa res publica-; num unum diem postea L. Saturnlnum tribiinum plebis et C. Servilium praetorem mors ac rel publicae poena remorata est ? At nos vicesimum iam diem patimur hebescere aciem horum auctoritatis. Habemus enim huiusce modi sena- 20 tus consultum, verum inclusum in tabulls, tamquam in vagina reconditum, quo ex senatus consulto confestim te interfectum esse, Catilina, convenit. Vlvis, et vlvis n5n ad deponendam, sed ad conflrmandam audaciam. Cupio, patres conscrlptl, me esse clementem ; cupio in 25 tantls rel publicae perlculls me non dissoliitum viderl, sed iam me ipse inertiae nequitiaeque condemns. Castra sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etruriae faucibus conlocata, crescit in dies singulos hostium nu- merus ; eorum autem castrorum imperatorem ducemque 30 hostium intra moenia atque adeo in senatu videmus, intestlnam aliquam cotldie perniciem rel publicae molien- tem. IN CATILINAM I 47 Si te iam, Catilina, comprehend!, si interne! iussero, credo, erit verendum mini ne non hoc potius omnes bon! serius a me, quam quisquam crudelius factum esse dlcat. Verum ego hoc, quod iam prldem factum esse oportuit, 5 certa de causa nondum adducor ut faciam. Turn denique interficiere, cum iam nemo tarn improbus, tarn perditus, tarn tul similis invenlr! poterit, qui id non iure factum esse fateatur. Quam diu quisquam erit qui te defendere audeat, vlves ; et vlves ita ut vlvis, multls meis et flrmls 10 praesidils oppressus, ne commovere te contra rem publi- can) possls. Multorum te etiam oculi et aures non sentientem, slcut adhuc fecerunt, speculabuntur atque custodient. in. Etenim quid est, Catillna, quod iam amplius ex- 15 spectes, si neque nox tenebrls obscurare coetus nefarios nee prlvata domus parietibus continere voces coniura- tionis tuae potest ? si inlustrantur, si erumpunt omnia ? Muta iam istam mentem ; mihi crede, oblivlscere caedis atque incendi5rum. Teneris undique ; luce sunt clariora 20 nobis tua consilia omnia, quae iam mecum licet recogno- scas. Meministine me ante diem xii. Kalendas Novem- brls dlcere in senatu, fore in armls certo die, qui dies futurus esset ante diem vi. Kal. Novembrls, C. Manlium, audaciae satellitem atque administrum tuae? Num me 25 fefellit, Catillna, non modo res tanta, tarn atrox tamque incredibilis, verum, id quod multo magis est admlrandum, dies ? Dlxl ego Idem in senatu caedem te optimatium contu- lisse in ante diem v. Kalendas Novembrls, turn cum 30 multl prlncipes clvitatis Roma non tarn sul conservandl quam tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum causa profu- gerunt. Num lnfitiarl potes te illo ipso die, meis prae- 48 IN CATILINAM I sidils, mea dlligentia circumclusum, commovere te contra rem publicam non potuisse, cum tu discessu ceterorum, nostra tamen qui remansissemus caede, te contentum esse dlcebas ? Quid ? cum te Praeneste Kalendls ipsls 5 Novembribus occupaturum nocturno impetu esse confi- deres, sensistlne illam coloniam meo iussu meis praesidiis, custodils, vigiliis esse munltam ? Nihil agis, nihil moliris, nihil cogitas, quod non ego non modo audiam, sed etiam videam planeque sentiam. 10 iv. Recognosce tandem mecum noctem illam superi- orem ; iam intelleges multo me vigilare acrius ad salutem quam te ad perniciem rel publicae. Dlco te priore nocte venisse inter falcarios — non agam obscure — in M. Lae- cae domum ; convenisse eodem compluris eiusdem araen- 15 tiae scelerisque socios. Num negare audes ? Quid taces ? Convincam, si negas. Video enim esse hie in senatii quosdam qui tecum una fuerunt. O dl immortales ! Ubinam gentium sumus ? In qua urbe vlvimus ? Quam rem publicam habemus ? Hie, 20 hie sunt, in nostro numero, patres conscrlptl, in hoc orbis terrae sanctissimo gravissimoque consilio, qui de nostro omnium interitu, qui de huius urbis atque adeo de orbis terrarum exitio cogitent. Hos ego video consul et de re piiblica sententiam rog5, et quos ferro trucldarl 25 oportebat, eos nondum voce vulnero. FuistI igitur apud Laecam ilia nocte, Catillna ; distri- buistl partis Italiae ; statuistl quo quemque proficlscl placeret ; delegistl quos Romae relinqueres, quos tecum educeres ; dlscrlpsistl urbis partis ad incendia ; conflr- 30 mastl te ipsum iam esse exiturum ; dlxistl paulum tibi esse etiam nunc morae quod ego vlverem. RepertI sunt duo equites RomanI qui te ista cura llberarent et IN CATILINAM I 49 sese ilia ipsa nocte paulo ante lucem me in meo lectulo interfecturos esse pollicerentur. Haec ego omnia, vix- dum etiam coetu vestr5 dimisso, comperi. Domum meam maioribus praesidiis munlvl atque f IrmavT ; exclusl 5 eos quos tu ad me salutatum miseras, cum ill! ipsi ve- nissent, quos ego iam multis ac summls virls ad me id temporis venturos esse praedlxeram. v. Quae cum ita sint, Catillna, perge quo coepistl. Egredere aliquando ex urbe ; patent portae, proficlscere. 10 Nimium diu te imperatorem tua ilia Manliana castra deslderant. Educ tecum etiam omnis tuos ; si minus, quam plurimos ; purga urbem. Magno me metu libera- bis, dum modo inter me atque te murus intersit. Nobis- cum versar! iam diutius non potes ; non feram, non 15 patiar, non sinam. Magna dis immortalibus habenda est atque huic ipsi Iovl StatorT, antlquissimo custod! huius urbis, gratia, quod hanc tarn taetram, tarn horribi- lem tamque Infestam re! publicae pestem totiens iam effugimus. Non est saepius in imo homine summa 20 salus perlclitanda rei publicae. Quam diu mihi c5nsulT deslgnato, Catillna, Insidiatus es, non publico me praesidio, sed prlvata diligentia de- fend!. Cum proximls comitils consularibus me consu- lem in campo et competltores tuos interficere voluistl, 25 compress! cdnatus tuos nefarios am!corum praesidio et copils, niillo tumultu publice concitato ; denique, quoti- enscumque me petlstl, per me tibi obstitl, quamquam videbam perniciem meam cum magna calamitate re! publicae esse coniunctam. Nunc iam aperte rem pu- 30 blicam universam petis ; templa deorum immortalium, tecta urbis, vltam omnium civium, Italiam totam ad exitium ac vastitatem vocas. h. & g. cic. — 4 50 IN CATILINAM I Qua re, quoniam id quod est primum, et quod huius imperl discipllnaeque maiorum proprium est, facere non- dum audeo, faciam id quod est ad severitatem lenius, et ad communem salutem utilius. Nam si te interna iusse- 5 ro, residebit in re publica reliqua coniuratorum manus. Sin tu, quod te iam dudum hortor, exieris, exhaurietur ex urbe tuorum comitum magna et perniciosa sentlna rel publicae. Quid est, Catillna ? num dubitas id me imperante facere, quod iam tua sponte faciebas ? Exlre 10 ex urbe iubet consul hostem. Interrogas me, num in exsilium ? Non iubeo ; sed, si me consulis, suadeo. vi. Quid est enim, Catillna, quod te iam in hac urbe delectare possit ? in qua nemo est extra istam coniura- tionem perditorum hominum qui te non metuat, nemo 15 qui non oderit. Quae nota domesticae turpitudinis non inusta vltae tuae est ? Quod prlvatarum rerum dedecus n5n haeret in fama ? quae libido ab oculls, quod facinus a manibus umquam tuls, quod flagitium a toto corpore afuit ? Cui tu adulescentulo, quern corruptelarum inle- 20 cebrls inretlsses, non aut ad audaciam ferrum aut ad libldinem f acem praetulistl ? Quid vero ? niiper cum morte superioris uxoris novls nuptils domum vacuefe- cisses, nonne etiam alio incredibill scelere hoc scelus cumulasti ? quod ego praetermitto et facile patior silerl, 25 ne in hac clvitate tantl facinoris immanitas aut exsti- tisse aut non vindicata esse videatur. Praetermitto rulnas fortunarum tuarum, quas omnls impendere tibi proximls Idibus senties. Ad ilia venio quae non ad prlvatam Ignominiam vitiorum tuorum, non 30 ad domesticam tuam difficultatem ac turpitudinem, sed ad summam rem publicam atque ad omnium nostrum vltam salutemque pertinent. Potestne tibi haec lux, IN CAT1L1NAM I 5 I Catilina, aut huius caell splritus esse iucundus, cum scias horum esse neminem qui nesciat te prldie Ka- lendas Ianuarias Lepido et Tullo consulibus stetisse in comitio cum telo ? manum consulum et principum civi- 5 tatis interficiendorum causa paravisse ? scelerl ac furor! tuo non mentem aliquam aut timorem tuum, sed fortii- nam popul! RomanI obstitisse ? Ac iam ilia omitto — neque enim sunt aut obscura aut non multa commissa ; quotiens tu me designatum, quo- 10 tiens consulem interficere conatus es ! quot ego tuas petitiones, ita coniectas ut vltarl posse non viderentur, parva quadam decllnatione et, ut aiunt, corpore effugl ! Nihil adsequeris, neque tamen conari ac velle desistis. Quotiens tibi iam extorta est ista sica de manibus ! quo- 15 tiens vero excidit casii aliquo et elapsa est ! Quae qui- dem quibus abs te initiata sacris ac devota sit nescio, quod earn necesse putas esse in consulis corpore deflgere. vii. Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita ? Sic enim iam tecum loquar, non ut odio permotus esse videar, quo 20 debeo, sed ut misericordia, quae tibi nulla debetur. Venisti paul5 ante in senatum. Quis te ex hac tanta frequentia, tot ex tuls amlcls ac necessarils salutavit ? Si hoc post hominum memoriam contigit nemini, vocis exspectas contumeliam, cum sis gravissimo iudicio taci- 25 turnitatis oppressus ? Quid, quod adventu tuo ista sub- sellia vacuef acta sunt ? quod omnes consulares, qui tibi persaepe ad caedem constituti fuerunt, simul atque adsedistl, partem istam subselliorum nudam atque in- anem reliquerunt, quo tandem animo tibi ferendum 30 putas ? Servl me hercule mel si me isto pacto metuerent, ut te metuunt omnes elves tul, domum meam relinquendam 52 IN CATILINAM I putarem ; tu tibi urbem non arbitraris ? Et, si me mels clvibus iniuria suspectum tarn graviter atque offensum viderem, carere me aspectu clvium quam Infestls omnium oculls conspicl mallem. Tu, cum conscientia scelerum 5 tuorum agnoscas odium omnium iustum et iam diu tibi debitum, dubitas quorum mentis sensusque vulneras, eorum aspectum praesentiamque vitare ? Si te parentes timerent atque odissent tul neque eos ulla ratione placare posses, tu, oplnor, ab eorum oculls aliquo concederes. 10 Nunc te patria, quae communis est parens omnium nostrum, odit ac metuit, et iam diu te nihil iudicat nisi de parricldio suo cogitare ; huius tu neque auctoritatem verebere nee iudicium sequere nee vim pertimesces ? Quae tecum, Catillna, sic agit, et quodam modo tacita 15 loquitur : ' Nullum iam aliquot annls facinus exstitit nisi per te. nullum flagitium sine te ; tibi unl multorum clvium neces, tibi vexatio dlreptioque sociorum impunlta fuit ac libera ; tu non solum ad neglegendas leges et quaestiones, verum 20 etiam ad evertendas perfringendasque valuistl. Su- periora ilia, quamquam ferenda non fuerunt, tamen, ut potul, tull; nunc vero me totam esse in metii propter unum te, quicquid increpuerit Catillnam timerl, nullum viderl contra me consilium iniri posse quod a tuo scelere 25 abhorreat, non est ferendum. Quam ob rem discede atque hunc mihi timorem eripe : si est verus, ne oppri- mar; sin falsus, ut tandem aliquando timere desinam.' viii. Haec si tecum, ut dlxl, patria loquatur, nonne impetrare debeat, etiam si vim adhibere non possit ? 30 Quid, quod tu te ipse in custodiam dedistl ? quod vitan- dae susplcionis causa ad M'. Lepidum te habitare velle dlxistl ? A quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus IN CAT1L1NAM I 53 es, atque ut domi meae te adservarem rogastl. Cum a me quoque id responsum tulisses, me nullo modo posse Isdem parietibus tuto esse tecum, qui magno in perlculo essem quod Isdem moenibus contineremur, ad Q. Metel- 5 lum praetorem venistl ; a quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum, virum optimum, M. Marcellum, demigrastl ; quern tu videlicet et ad custodiendum dlligentissimum et ad suspicandum sagacissimum et ad vindicandum fortis- simum fore putasti. Sed quam longe videtur a carcere 10 atque a vinculls abesse debere, qui se ipse iam dlgnum custodia iudicarit ? Quae cum ita sint, Catillna, dubitas, si emorl aequo animo non potes, ablre in aliquas terras, et vltam istam, multls supplicils iustls debitlsque ereptam, fugae solitudinlque mandare ? 15 ' Refer/ inquis, ' ad senatum ; ' id enim postulas, et, si hie ordo placere decreverit te Ire in exsilium, obtempe- raturum te esse dlcis. Non referam, id quod abhorret a mels moribus ; et tamen faciam ut intellegas quid hi de te sentiant. Egredere ex urbe, Catillna ; libera rem 20 publicam metu ; in exsilium, si hanc vocem exspectas, pro- ficlscere. Quid est, Catillna ? ecquid attendis ? ecquid animadvertis horum silentium ? Patiuntur, tacent. Quid exspectas auctoritatem loquentium, quorum voluntatem tacitorum perspicis ? At si hoc idem huic adulescentl 25 optimo P. Sestio, si fortissimo viro M. Marcello dlxissem, iam mihi consull, hoc ipso in templo, senatus iure optimo vim et manus intulisset. De te autem, Catillna, cum quiescunt, probant ; cum patiuntur, decernunt ; cum tacent, clamant. Neque hi solum, quorum tibi auctori- 30 tas est videlicet cara, vita vllissima, sed etiam illl equites RomanI, honestissiml atque optiml virl, ceterlque fortis- siml elves, qui circumstant senatum, quorum tu et fre- 54 IN C ATI LIN AM I 55 quentiam videre et studia perspicere et voces paulo ante exaudire potuistl. Quorum ego vix abs te iam diu manus ac tela contined, eosdem facile adducam ut te haec, quae vastare iam prldem studes, relinquentem 5 usque ad portas prosequantur. ix. Quamquam quid loquor ? Te ut ulla res f rangat ? tu ut umquam te corrigas ? tu ut ullam fugam meditere ? tu ut exsilium cogites ? Utinam tibi istam mentem dl immortales duint ! Tamets! video, si mea voce perterri- 10 tus Ire in exsilium animum induxeris, quanta tempestas invidiae nobis, si minus in praesens tempus, recentl memoria scelerum tuorum, at in posteritatem, impendeat. Sed est tantl, dum modo ista sit prlvata calamitas et a rel publicae perlculls seiungatur. Sed tu ut vitils tuls is commoveare, ut legum poenas pertimescas, ut tempori- - bus rel publicae cedas, n5n est postulandum. Neque enim is es, Catillna, ut te aut pudor. umquam a turpi- tudine aut metus a perlculo aut ratio a furore revocarit. Quam ob rem, ut saepe iam dlxl, proficlscere ; ac, si 20 mihi inimlco, ut praedicas, tuo conflare vis invidiam, recta perge in exsilium ; vix feram sermones hominum si id f eceris ; vix molem istlus invidiae, si in exsilium iussu consulis ieris, sustinebo. Sin autem servlre meae laudl et gloriae mavis, egredere cum importuna scelera- 25 torum manu ; confer te ad Manlium, concita perditos elves, secerne te a bonis, Infer patriae bellum, exsulta impio latrocinio, ut a me non eiectus ad alienos, sed invl- tatus ad tuos Isse videaris. Quamquam quid ego te invltem, a quo iam sciam esse 30 praemissos qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium praestolarentur armatl? cui sciam pactam et constitutam cum Manlio diem ? a quo etiam aquilam illam argenteam, quam tibi 56 IN C ATI LIN AM I ac tuls omnibus c5nf!do perniciosam ac funestam futu- ram, cui doml tuae sacrarium scelerum tuorum c5nstitu- tum fuit, sciam esse praemissam ? Tu ut ilia carere diutius possls, quam venerarl ad caedem proficiscens 5 solebas, a cuius altaribus saepe istam impiam dexteram ad necem clvium transtulistl ? x. Ibis tandem aliquando quo te iam prldem ista tua cupiditas effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat. Neque enim tibi haec res adfert dolorem, sed quandam incredibilem 10 voluptatem. Ad hanc te amentiam natura peperit, vo- luntas exercuit, fortuna servavit. Numquam tu non modo otium, sed ne bellum quidem nisi nefarium con- cuplstl. Nanctus es ex perditls atque ab omnl n5n modo fortuna, verum etiam spe derellctls conflatam im- 15 proborum manum. Hie tu qua laetitia perfruere ! qui- bus gaudils exsultabis ! quanta in voluptate bacchabere, cum in tanto numero tuorum neque audies virum bonum quemquam neque videbis ! Ad huius vltae studium meditatT ill! sunt qui feruntur 20 labores tul, iacere hum! non solum ad obsidendum stu- prum, verum etiam ad facinus obeundum ; vigilare non solum Insidiantem somno marltorum, verum etiam bonis otiosorum. Habes ubi ostentes tuam illam praeclaram patientiam famis, frlgoris, inopiae rerum omnium, qui- 25 bus te brevl tempore confectum esse senties. Tantum profeci turn, cum te a consulatu reppuli, ut exsul potius temptare quam consul vexare rem publicam posses, at- que ut id quod est a te scelerate susceptum latrocinium potius quam bellum nominaretur. 30 xi. Nunc, ut a me, patres conscript!, quandam prope iustam patriae querimoniam detester ac deprecer, perci- pite, quaeso, dlligenter quae dlcam, et ea penitus animls IN CATILINAM 1 57 vestrls mentibusque mandate. Etenim si mecum patria, quae mihi vita mea multo est carior, si cuncta Italia, si omnis res piiblica, loquatur : 1 M. Tulli, quid agis ? Tune eum quern esse hostem 5 comperistl, quern ducem belli futurum vides, quern ex- spectarl imperatorem in castrls hostium sentis, auctorem sceleris, prlncipem coniurationis, evocatorem servorum et clvium perditorum, exire patiere ut abs te non emis- sus ex urbe, sed immissus in urbem esse videatur ? Non io hunc in vincula duel, non ad mortem rapl, non summo supplicio mactari imperabis ? Quid tandem te impedit ? Mosne maiorum ? At persaepe etiam prlvatl in hac re piiblica perniciosos clvls morte multaverunt. An leges, quae de clvium Romanorum supplicio rogatae sunt ? At is numquam in hac urbe qui a re publica defecerunt clvium iura tenuerunt. An invidiam posteritatis times ? Prae- claram vero populo Romano refers gratiam, qui te homi- nem per te cognitum, nulla commendatione maiorum, tarn mature ad summum imperium per omnis honorum 20 gradus extulit, si propter invidiae aut alicuius perlcull metum salutem clvium tuorum neglegis. Sed si quis est invidiae metus, num est vehementius severitatis ac fortitudinis invidia quam inertiae ac nequitiae pertime- scenda? An cum bello vastabitur Italia, vexabuntur as urbes, tecta ardebunt, turn te non exlstimas invidiae incendio conflagraturum ? ' xii. His ego sanctissimls rei publicae v5cibus, et eorum hominum qui hoc idem sentiunt mentibus, pau- ca respondebo. Ego, si hoc optimum factu iudicarem, 30 patres conscrlptl, Catillnam morte multarl, unlus usuram horae gladiatorl isti ad vlvendum non dedissem. Etenim Si summi et clarissimi virl Saturnlnl et Gracchorum et 58 IN CAT! LI NAM I FlaccI et superiorum complurium sanguine non modo se non contaminarunt, sed etiam honestarunt, certe ve- rendum mini non erat ne quid hoc parriclda clvium in- terfecto invidiae mihi in posteritatem redundaret. Quod 5 si ea mihi maxime impenderet, tamen hoc animo semper fill, ut invidiam virtute partam gloriam, non invidiam putarem. Quamquam non nulll sunt in hoc ordine qui aut ea quae imminent non videant, aut ea quae vident dissimu- 10 lent; qui spem Catillnae mollibus sententils aluerunt, coniurationemque nascentem non credendo corroborave- runt ; quorum auctoritatem secutl multf non solum im- probl, verum etiam imperltl, si in hunc animadvertissem, crudeliter et regie factum esse dlcerent. Nunc intelle 15 si iste, quo intendit, in Manliana castra pervenerit, ne- minem tarn stultum fore qui non videat coniurationem esse factam, neminem tarn improbum qui non fateatur. Hoc autem unci interfecto, inteilego hanc rel publicae pestem paulisper repriml, non in perpetuum compriml 20 posse. Quod si se eiecerit, secumque suos eduxerit, et eodem ceteros undique conlectos naufragos ag^regarit, exstinguetur atque delebitur non modo haec tarn adulta rel publicae pestis, verum etiam stirps ac semen malo- rum omnium. 25 xni. Ktenim iam diu, patres conscrlptl, in his perlcu- lls coniurationis Insidilsque versamur, sed nescio quo pacto omnium scelerum ac veteris furoris et audaciae maturitas in nostrl consulatus tempus erupit. Quod si ex tanto latrocinio iste Gnus tolletur, videbimur fortasse 30 ad breve quoddam tempus cura et metu esse relevatl; perlculum autem residebit, et erit inclusum penitus in venls atque in vlsceribus rel publicae. Ut saepe homi- IN CA II I.I NAM I 59 nes aegrl morbo gravl, cum aestu febrlque iactantur, si aquam gelidam biberunt, prlm5 relevarl videntur, deinde multo gravius vehementiusque adfllctantur ; sic hie mor- bus, qui est in re publica, relevatus istlus poena, vehe- s mentius reliquls vlvls ingravescet Qua re secedant improbl, secernant se a bonis, unum in locum congregentur, muro denique, id quod saepe iam dlxl, discernantur a nobis ; desinant Insidiarl domi suae consul!, circumstare tribunal praetoris urban!, obsidere 10 cum gladils curiam, malleolos et faces ad Inflammandam urbem comparare ; sit denique Inscrlptum in fronte unius cuiusque quid de re publica sentiat. Polliceor hoc vobls, patres conscript!, tantam in nobis consulibus fore dlligentiam, tantam in vdbis auctoritatem, tantam in equi- 15 tibus Romania virtutem, tantam in omnibus bonis con- sensionem, ut Catillnae profectione omnia patefacta, inlustrata, oppressa, vindicata esse videatis. Hlsce ominibus, Catillna, cum summa rel publicae salute, cum tua peste ac pernicie, cumque eorum exitio 20 qui se tecum omnl scelere parricldioque iunxerunt, pro- ficlsccre ad impium bellum ac nefarium. Tu, Iuppiter, qui Isdem quibus haec urbs auspicils es constitutes, quern Statorem huius urbis atque imperl verc nominamus, hunc et huius socios a tins ceterlsque 25 tem])lis, a tectls urbis ac moenibus, a vita fortunlsque clvium arcebis, et homines bonorum inimlcos, hostls patriae, latrones Italiae, scelerum foedere inter se ac nefaria societate coniunctos, aeternis supplicils vivos mortuosque mactabis. Go In L. Sergium Catilmam Oratio Secunda TANDEM aliquando, Quirltes, L. Catillnam, furen- tem audacia, scelus anhelantem, pestem patriae nefarie molientem, vobls atque huic urbl ferro flammaque minitantem, ex urbe vel eiecimus, vel emlsimus, vel 5 ipsum egredientem verbis prosecuti sumus. Abiit, ex- cessit, evasit, erupit. Nulla iam pernicies a monstro illo atque prodigio moenibus ipsls intra moenia compara- bitur. Atque hunc quidem unum huius belli domesticl ducem 10 -sine controversia vlcimus. Non enim iam inter latera nostra slca ilia versabitur ; non in campo, non in foro, non in curia, non denique intra domesticos parietes pertimescemus. Loco ille m5tus est, cum est ex urbe depulsus. Palam iam cum hoste nullo impediente bel- is lum geremus. Sine dubio perdidimus hominem magni- nceque vlcimus, cum ilium ex occultls Insidils in apertum latrocinium coniecimus. Quod vero non cruentum mu- cronem, ut voluit, extulit, quod vlvls nobis egressus est, quod el ferrum e manibus extorsimus, quod incolum'fs 20 clvls, quod stantem urbem rellquit, quanto tandem ilium maerore esse adflictum et profllgatum putatis ? Iacet ille nunc prostratusque est, et se perculsum atque ab- iectum esse sentit, et retorquet oculos profect5 saepe ad hanc urbem, quam e suls faucibus ereptam esse luget ; 25 quae quidem mihi laetarl videtur, quod tantam pestem evomuerit forasque proiecerit. 61 62 IN C ATI LIN AM II II. Ac si quis est talis, quails esse omnls oportebat, qui in h5c ipso, in quo exsultat et triumphat oratio mea, me vehementer accuset, quod tarn capitalem hostem non comprehenderim potius quam emlserim, non est ista s mea culpa, sed temporum. Interfectum esse L. Catill- nam et gravissim5 supplicio adfectum iam prldem oporte- bat, idque a me et mos maiorum et huius imperl severitas et res publica postulabat. Sed quam multos fuisse putatis qui quae ego deferrem non crederent ? quam 10 multos qui etiam def enderent ? Ac si illo sublato depelll a vobls omne perlculum iudicarem, iam prldem ego L. Catillnam non modo invidiae meae, verum etiam vltae periculo sustulissem. Sed cum viderem, ne vobls quidem omnibus re etiam 15 turn probata, si ilium, ut erat meritus, morte multassem, fore ut eius socios invidia oppressus persequl non pos- sem, rem hue deduxl ut turn palam pugnare possetis, cum hostem aperte videretis. Quern quidem ego hostem quam vehementer foris esse 20 timendum putem, licet hinc intellegatis, quod etiam moleste fero, quod ex urbe parum comitatus exierit. Utinam ille omnls secum suas copias eduxisset ! Tongi- lium mihi eduxit, quern amare in praetexta coeperat, Publicium et Minucium, quorum aes alienum contractum 25 in poplna nullum rel publicae motum adferre poterat; rellquit quos viros ! quanto aere alieno ! quam valentls ! quam nobills ! in. Itaque ego ilium exercitum prae Gallicanls legioni- bus, et hoc dllectu quern in agro Plceno et Gallico Q. 30 Metellus habuit, et his copils quae a nobis cotldie com- parantur, magno opere contemno, conlectum ex senibus desperatls, ex agrestl liixuria, ex rusticls decoctoribus, IN CATILINAM II 6$ ex els qui vadimonia deserere quam ilium exercitum maluerunt ; quibus ego non modo si aciem exercitus nostrl, verum etiam si edictum praetoris ostendero, con- cident. Hos, quos video volitare in foro, quos stare ad 5 curiam, quos etiam in senatum venire, qui nitent un- guentis, qui fulgent purpura, mallem secum milites eduxis- set; qui si hie permanent, mementote non tarn exercitum ilium esse nobis quam hos, qui exercitum deseruerunt, pertimescendos. Atque hoc etiam sunt timendl magis, 10 quod quicquid cogit^nt me scire sentiunt, neque tamen permoventur. Video cui sit Apulia attributa, quis habeat Etruriam, quis agrum Plcenum, quis Gallicum, quis sibi has urbanas Insidias caedis atque incendiorum depoposcerit ; omnia superioris noctis consilia ad me 15 perlata esse sentiunt ; patef eel in senatu hesterno die ; Catillna ipse pertimuit, prof ugit ; hi quid exspectant ? Ne illl vehementer errant, si illam meam prlstinam leni- tatem perpetuam sperant futuram. iv. Quod exspectavl, iam sum adsecutus, ut v5s omnes 20 factam esse aperte coniurationem contra rem piiblicam videretis ; nisi ver5 si quis est qui Catillnae simills cum Catillna sentire non putet. Non est iam lenitatl locus ; severitatem res ipsa flagitat. Unum etiam nunc conce- dam ; exeant, proficlscantur, ne patiantur deslderio sul 25 Catillnam miserum tabescere. Demonstrabo iter, Aure- lia via profectus est ; si accelerare volent, ad vesperam consequentur. O fortunatam rem publicam, si quidem hanc sentlnam urbis eiecerit ! Uno me hercule Catillna exhausto, levata 30 mihi et recreata res publica videtur. Quid enim mall aut sceleris fingi aut cogitari potest quod non ille con- ceperit ? Quis tota Italia veneficus, quis gladiator, quis 64 IN CATILINAM II latro, quis slcarius, quis parriclda, quis testamentorum subiector, quis circumscrlptor, quis ganeo, quis nepos, quis adulter, quae mulier Infamis, quis corruptor iuven- tutis, quis corruptus, quis perditus invenln potest, qui 5 se cum Catillna non f amiliarissime vlxisse fateatur ? Quae caedes per hosce annos sine illo facta est ? quod nefarium stuprum non per ilium ? lam vero quae tanta umquam in ullo homine iuven- tutis inlecebra f uit quanta in illo ? qui alios ipse ama- 10 bat turpissime, aliorum amor! flagitiosissime serviebat ; alils fructum libldinum, aliis mortem parentum non modo impellendo, verum etiam adiuvando pollicebatur. Nunc vero quam subito non solum ex urbe, verum etiam ex agrls ingentem numerum perditorum hominum conlege- 15 rat ! Nemo non modo Romae, sed ne ullo quidem in angulo totius Italiae oppressus aere alieno fuit, quern non ad hoc incredibile sceleris foedus asclverit. v. Atque ut eius diversa studia in dissimill ratione perspicere possltis, nemo est in ludo gladiatorio paulo 20 ad facinus audacior, qui se non intimum Catilinae esse fateatur ; nemo in scaena levior et nequior, qui se non eiusdem prope sodalem fuisse commemoret. Atque Idem tamen, stuprorum et scelerum exercitatione ad- suefactus, frlgore et fame et sitl et vigilils perferendls 25 fortis ab istls praedicabatur, cum industriae subsidia atque Instrumenta virtutis in libidine audaciaque con- sumeret. Hunc vero si secutl erunt sui comites, si ex urbe exierint desperatorum hominum flagitiosl greges, O nos 30 beatos ! O rem publicam fortunatam ! O praeclaram laudem consulates mel ! Non enim iam sunt mediocres hominum libldines, non humanae ac tolerandae auda- IN CATILINAM II 6$ ciae ; nihil cogitant nisi caedem, nisi incendia, nisi raplnas. Patrimonia sua profuderunt, fortunas suas obligaverunt ; res eos iam pridem, fides niiper deficere coepit ; eadem tamen ilia, quae erat in abundantia, libido 5 permanet. Quod si in vino et alea comissationes solum et scorta quaererent, essent illl quidem desperandl, sed tamen essent ferendl ; hoc vero quis ferre possit, inertls homines fortissimis virls Insidiarl, stultissimos pruden- tissimls, ebriosos sobrils, dormientls vigilantibus ? qui 10 mihi accubantes in convlvils, complexl mulieres impudl- cas, vino languidl, confertl cibd, sertls redimltl, un- guentls oblitl, debilitatl stuprls, eructant sermonibus suls caedem bonorum atque urbis incendia. Quibus ego confldo impendere fatum aliquod, et poe- 15 nam iam diu improbitatl, nequitiae, scelerl, libldinl de- bitam aut Instare iam plane, aut certe appropinquare. Quos si meus consulatus, quoniam sanare n5n potest, sustulerit, non breve nescio quod tempus, sed multa saecula propagarit rel publicae. Nulla est enim natio 20 quam pertimescamus, nullus rex qui bellum populo Ro- mano facere possit. Omnia sunt externa unlus virtute terra marlque pacata ; domesticum bellum manet ; intus Insidiae sunt, intus inclusum perlculum est, intus est hostis. Cum luxuria nobis, cum amentia, cum scelere 25 certandum est. Huic ego me bello ducem profiteor, Qui- rites ; suscipio inimlcitias hominum perditorum. Quae sanarl poterunt, quacumque ratione sanabo ; quae rese- canda erunt, non patiar ad perniciem clvitatis manere. Proinde aut exeant, aut quiescant, aut, si et in urbe et in 30 eadem mente permanent, ea quae merentur exspectent. VI. At etiam sunt qui dlcant, Quirltes, a me in exsili- um eiectum esse Catillnam. Quod ego si verbo adsequi H. & G. CIC. — 5 66 IN CATILINAM II possem, istos ipsos eicerem, qui haec loquuntur. Homo enim videlicet timidus aut etiam permodestus vocem consulis ferre non potuit; simul atque Ire in exsilium iussus est, paruit. Quid? ut hesterno die, Quirltes, cum. s domi meae paene interfectus essem, senatum in aedem Iovis Statoris convocavi, rem omnem ad patres conscrl- ptos detuli. Quo cum Catillna venisset, quis eum senator appellavit ? quis salutavit ? quis denique ita aspexit ut perditum clvem, ac non potius ut importunissimum ho- 10 stem ? Quln etiam pnncipes eius 5rdinis partem illam subselliorum, ad quam ille accesserat, nudam atque inanem rellquerunt. Hie ego vehemens ille consul, qui verbo clvls in exsi- lium eicio, quaeslvl a Catillna in nocturno conventu ad 15 M. Laecam fuisset necne. Cum ille, homo audacissi- mus, conscientia convlctus, prlmo reticuisset, patefecl cetera ; quid ea nocte egisset, quid in proximam consti- tuisset, quern ad modum esset el ratio totlus belli de- scrlpta, edocul. Cum haesitaret, cum teneretur, quaeslvl 20 quid dubitaret proficlscl e5, quo iam prldem pararet, cum arma, cum securls, cum fascls, cum tubas, cum slgna mllitaria, cum aquilam illam argenteam, cui ille etiam sacrarium domi suae fecerat, sclrem esse praemissam. In exsilium eiciebam, quern iam ingressum esse in 25 bellum videbam ? Etenim, credo, Manlius iste centu- rio, qui in agro Faesulano castra posuit, bellum populo Roman5 suo nomine indlxit, et ilia castra nunc non Cati- llnam ducem exspectant, et ille eiectus in exsilium se Massiliam, ut aiunt, non in haec castra conferet. 30 vii. O condicionem miseram non modo administran- dae, verum etiam conservandae rel piiblicae ! Nunc si L. Catillna consilils, laboribus, perlculls mels circumclu- IN CATILINAM II 6j sus ac debilitatus subito pertimuerit, sententiam muta- verit, deseruerit suos, consilium belli faciendl abiecerit, ex hoc cursu sceleris ac belli iter ad fugam atque in exsilium converterit, ndn ille a me spoliatus armls auda- 5 ciae, non obstupefactus ac perterritus mea dlligentia, non de spe conatiique depulsus, sed indemnatus, inno- cens, in exsilium eiectus a consule vl et minis esse dlcetur; et erunt qui ilium, si hoc fecerit, non impro- bum, sed miserum, me non dlligentissimum consulem, 10 sed crudelissimum tyrannum exlstimarl velint. Est mihi tantl, Quirltes, huius invidiae falsae atque inlquae tempestatem sublre, dum modo a vobls huius horribilis belli ac nefaril perlculum depellatur. Dlcatur sane eiectus esse a me, dum modo eat in exsilium. Sed, 15 mihi credite, non est iturus. Numquam ego a dls im- mortalibus optab5, Quirltes, invidiae meae levandae causa, ut L. Catillnam ducere exercitum hostium atque in armls volitare audiatis, sed trlduo tamen audietis ; mul- toque magis illud timeo, ne mihi sit invidiosum aliquandd, 20 quod ilium emlserim potius quam quod eiecerim. Sed cum sint homines qui ilium, cum profectus sit, eiectum esse dlcant, eldem, si interf ectus esset, quid dlcerent ? Quamquam istl, qui Catillnam Massiliam Ire dictitant, non tarn hoc queruntur quam verentur. Nemo est isto- 25 rum tarn misericors, qui ilium non ad Manlium quam ad Massiliensls Ire malit Ille autem, si me hercule hoc quod agit numquam antea cogitasset, tamen latrocinan- tem se interficl mallet quam exsulem vlvere. Nunc vero, cum el nihil adhiic praeter ipslus voluntatem cogi- 30 tationemque accident, nisi quod vlvls ndbls Roma pro- fectus est, optemus potius ut eat in exsilium quam queramur. 68 IN CATILINAM II viii. Sed cur tarn diu de uno hoste loquimur, et de hoste qui iam fatetur se esse hostem, et quem, quia, quod semper volul, murus interest, non timeo; de els qui dissimulant, qui Romae remanent, qui noblscum 5 sunt, nihil dicimus ? Quos quidem ego, si ullo mod5 fieri possit, non tarn ulclscl studeo quam sanare sibi ipsos, placare rel publicae, neque id qua re fieri non possit, si me audlre volent, intellego. Exponam enim vobls, Quirltes, ex quibus generibus hominum istae co- 10 piae comparentur; deinde singulis mediclnam consill atque orationis meae, si quam potero, adferam. Unum genus est eorum qui magn5 in aere alien5 maiores etiam possessiones habent, quarum am5re ad- ductl dissolvl nullo modo possunt. Horum hominum 15 species est honestissima, sunt enim locupletes ; voluntas vero et causa impudentissima. Tu agrls, tu aedificils, tu argento, tu familia, tu rebus omnibus ornatus et co- piosus sis, et dubites de possessione detrahere, adqulrere ad fidem ? Quid enim exspectas ? Bellum ? Quid ergo ? 20 in vastatione omnium, tuas possessiones sacrosanctas futuras putas ? An tabulas novas ? Errant qui istas a Catillna exspectant ; meo benefici5 tabulae novae profe- rentur, verum auctionariae. Neque enim istl, qui pos- sessiones habent, alia ratione ulla salvl esse possunt. 25 Quod si maturius facere voluissent, neque, id quod stultissimum est, certare cum usurls fructibus praedio- rum, et locupletioribus his et melioribus clvibus utere- mur. Sed hosce homines minime puto pertimescendos, quod aut deducl de sententia possunt, aut, si perma- 30 nebunt, magis mihi videntur vota facturl contra rem publicam quam arma laturl. ix. Alterum genus est eorum qui, quamquam pre- IN CATILINAM II 69 muntur aere alieno, dominationem tamen exspectant, rerum potlrl volunt, hon5res, quos quieta re publica desperant, perturbata se consequi posse arbitrantur. Quibus hoc praecipiendum videtur, unum scilicet et 5 idem quod reliquls omnibus, ut desperent id quod co- nantur se consequi posse ; prlmum omnium me ipsum vigilare, adesse, providere rel publicae ; deinde magnos animos esse in bonis virls, magnam concordiam in maxi- ma multitudine, magnas praeterea copias mllitum ; deos 10 denique immortalls huic invlcto popul5, clarissimo impe- rio, pulcherrimae urbi, contra tantam vim sceleris prae- sentis auxilium esse latur5s. Quod si iam sint id quod cum summo furore cupiunt adept!, num ill! in cinere urbis et in sanguine clvium, quae mente conscelerata 15- ac nefaria concupiverunt, se consules ac dictatores aut etiam reges sperant futuros ? Non vident id se cupere, quod si adept! sint, fugitlvo alicui aut gladiatorl concedl sit necesse ? Tertium genus est aetate iam adfectum, sed tamen 20 exercitatione robustum ; quo ex genere iste est Manlius, cui nunc Catillna succedit. Sunt homines ex els colo- nils quas Sulla constituit : quas ego universas clvium esse optimorum et fortissimorum virorum sentio; sed tamen el sunt colon!, qui se in Insperatls ac repentlnls 25 pecunils sumptuosius Insolentiusque iactarunt. Hi dum aedificant tamquam beat!, dum praedils lectls, familils magnls, convlvils apparatls delectantur, in tantum aes alienum inciderunt ut, si salvl esse velint, Sulla sit ab Inferls excitandus ; qui etiam non nullos agrestls, homi- 30 nes tenuis atque egentls, in eandem illam spem raplna- rum veterum impulerunt. Quos ego utrosque in eodem genere praedatorum dlreptorumque pono. Sed eos hoc 7 ' ' Ml WSE-VATo'sU^' C GAD E 5ACER&OSHE NEV&pQiTHAC'/NTER. j p i IminVCIC ft • DE-MCA*/^/ S (IVEJ-FOjDCkATEl i & eEj$.\nrMD'PRVftBA.i^vM v'teisena SVEJ5Q0V/W ' ^AjVOiiENTrNTfAB dV/V\-NE -H£P£rVfyaV. ^AM-fc SET ET MEVE'MAGWf- . ifikM O-.V >0VAMtFSa$5Y6frfeT ::ia-;ET>OEPKH v ELEr ^pOPtlCOP-NEVEfM: pyMN&MW '^Nr-CEWSVERe ^ I$£N/rvMa\fE* EN7E a/ttad-V T£i;v/# qi TlOW/D efJPfl'5A^iE?r •• WS-TA^EW Senatus Consultum de Bacchaxalibu; A senatus consultum engraved on a bronze plate, found in 1640 at Tiriolo in Bruttii. It forbids the celebration of the rites of Bacchus without permission of the senate. "50 PRO MILONE 151 latronum aut immlcorum incidisset, omnis honesta ratio esset expediendae salutis. Silent enim leges inter arma; nee se exspectari iubent, cum el qui exspectare velit, ante iniiista poena luenda sit quam iusta repetenda. 5 EtsI persapienter et quodam modo tacite dat ipsa lex potestatem defendendl, quae non hominem occldl, sed esse cum telo hominis occldendi causa vetat ; ut, cum causa, non telum quaereretur, qui suT defendendl causa telo esset usus non hominis occldendi causa habuisse 10 telum iudicaretur. Quapropter hoc maneat in causa, iudices, non enim dubito quln probaturus sim vobls de- fensionem meam, si id memineritis quod obllvlsci non potestis, Insidiatorem hire interne! posse. v. Sequitur illud, quod a Milonis inimlcls saepissime 15 dicitur, caedem in qua P. Clodius occlsus est senatum iudicasse contra rem publicam esse factam. Illam vero senatus non sententils suls solum, sed etiam studils com- probavit. Quotiens enim est ilia causa a n5bls acta in senatu ! quibus adsensionibus universi ordinis, quam nee 20 tacitls nee occultls ! Quando enim frequentissimo se- natu quattuor aut summum qulnque sunt inventl qui Milonis causam non probarent ? Declarant huius ara- bustl tribunl plebis illae intermortuae contiones, quibus cotldie meam potentiam invidiose crlminabatur, cum 25 dlceret senatum non quod sentlret, sed quod ego vellem decernere. Quae quidem si potentia est appellanda potius quam aut propter magna in rem publicam merita mediocris in bonis causls auctoritas, aut propter hos officiosos labores meos non nulla apud bonos gratia, 30 appelletur ita sane, dum modo ea nos utamur pro salute bonorum contra amentiam perditorum. Hanc vero quaestionem, etsl non est inlqua, num- 152 PRO MILONE quam tamen senatus constituendam putavit Erant enim leges, erant quaestiones vel de caede vel de vT, nee tantum maerorem ac luctum senatul mors P. ClodI adferebat ut nova quaestio constitueretur. Cuius enim 5 de illo incesto stupro iudicium decernendl senatul po- testas esset erepta, de eius interitu quis potest credere senatum iudicium novum constituendum putasse? Cur igitur incendium curiae, oppugnationem aedium M. LepidI, caedem hanc ipsam contra rem publicam se- 10 natus factam esse decrevit? Quia nulla vis umquam est in libera civitate suscepta inter clvls non contra rem publicam. Non enim est ilia defensio contra vim umquam optanda, sed non numquam est necessaria. Nisi vero aut ille dies quo Ti. Gracchus est caesus, aut 15 ille quo Gaius, aut quo arma Saturnml oppressa sunt, etiam si e re publica oppressa sunt, rem publicam tamen non vulnerarunt. VI. Itaque ego ipse decrevl, cum caedem in Appia factam esse constaret, non eum qui se defendisset con- 20 tra rem publicam fecisse, sed, cum inesset in re vis et Insidiae, crimen iudicio reservavl, rem notavl. Quod si per furiosum ilium tribunum senatul quod sentiebat perficere licuisset, novam quaestionem nullam habere- mus. Decernebat enim ut veteribus legibus, tantum 25 modo extra ordinem, quaereretur. Dlvlsa sententia est, postulante nescio quo; nihil enim necesse est omnium me flagitia prSferre. Sic reliqua auctoritas senatus empta intercessione sublata est. At enim Cn. Pompeius rogatione sua et de re et 30 de causa iudicavit, tulit enim de caede quae in Appia. via facta esset, in qua. P. Clodius occlsus esset. Quid ergo tulit ? nempe ut quaereretur. Quid porro quaeren- PRO MI LONE 153 dum est ? Factumne sit ? at constat A quo ? at paret. Vldit igitur, etiam in confessione fact!, iuris tamen defensionem suscipl posse. Quod nisi vidisset posse absolvi eum qui fateretur, cum videret nos faterl, 5 neque quaerl umquam iussisset, nee vobis tarn hanc salutarem in iudicando litteram quam illam trlstem dedisset. Mihi vero Cn. Pompeius non modo nihil gravius contra Milonem iudicasse, sed etiam statuisse videtur quid vos in iudicando spectare oporteret. Nam 10 qui non poenam confession!, sed defensionem dedit, is causam interitus quaerendam, non interitum putavit. lam illud ipse dicet profecto, quod sua sponte fecit, Publione Clodio tribuendum putarit an temporl. vii. Domi suae nobilissimus vir, senatus propu- 15 gnator, atque illis quidem temporibus paene patronus, avunculus huius iudicis nostrl, fortissiml virl, M. Cato- nis, tribunus plebis M. Drusus occlsus est. Nihil de eius morte populus consultus, nulla quaesti5 decreta a senatu est. Quantum luctum in hac urbe fuisse a no- 20 strls patribus accepimus, cum P. Africano domi suae quiescent! ilia nocturna vis esset inlata ? Quis turn non gemuit? Quis non arsit dolore, quern iramor- talem, si fieri posset, omnes esse cuperent, eius ne necessariam quidem exspectatam esse mortem ? Num 25 igitur ulla quaestio de African! morte lata est ? Certe nulla. Quid ita ? Quia non alio facinore clarl homines, alio obscur! necantur. Intersit inter vltae dignitatem summorum atque Infimorum; mors quidem inlata per scelus Isdem et poems teneatur et legibus. Nisi forte 30 magis erit parriclda, si qui consularem patrem quam si quis humilem necarit, aut e5 mors atrocior erit P. Clod!, quod is in monumentis maiorum suorum sit interfectus, 154 PRO MILONE hoc enim ab istis saepe dicitur ; proinde quasi Appius ille Caecus viam muniverit, non qua populus uteretur, sed ubi impune sul posterl latrocinarentur ! Itaque in eadem ista. Appia via cum ornatissimum 5 equitem R5manum P. Clodius M. Papirium occidisset, non fuit illud facinus puniendum, homo enim nobilis in suls monumentis equitem Romanum occlderat ; nunc eiusdem Appiae nomen quantas tragoedias excitat ! Quae cruentata antea. caede honestl atque innocentis 10 viri silebatur, eadem nunc crebr5 usurpatur, postea quam latronis et parricldae sanguine imbuta est. Sed quid ego ilia commemoro ? Comprehensus est in templo Castoris servus P. ClodI, quern ille ad Cn. Pompeium interficiendum conlocarat ; extorta est el con- 15 fitenti slca de manibus ; caruit foro postea Pompeius, caruit senatu, caruit publico; ianua se ac parietibus, non iiire legum iudiciorumque texit. Num quae rogatio lata, num quae nova quaestio decreta est ? AtquI si res, si vir, si tempus ullum dlgnum fuit, certe haec in ilia 20 causa, summa omnia fuerunt. Insidiator erat in foro conlocatus, atque in vestibul5 ipso senatus ; el viro autem mors para.ba.tur, cuius in vita nltebatur salus clvitatis; eo porro rel publicae tempore, quo, si unus ille occidisset, non haec solum clvitas, sed gentes omnes 25 concidissent. Nisi vero quia perfecta res non est, non fuit poenienda; proinde quasi exitus rerum, non homi- num c5nsilia legibus vindicentur. Minus dolendum fuit re non perfecta, sed poeniendum certe nihilo minus. Quotiens ego ipse, iiidices, ex P. ClodI tells et ex cruen- 30 tls eius manibus effugi ! ex quibus si me non vel mea vel rel publicae fortuna servasset, quis tandem de interitu meo quaestionem tulisset ? PRO MILONE 155 viii. Sed stultl sumus qui Drusum, qui Africanum, Pompeium, nosmet ipsos cum P. Clodio conferre aude- araus. Tolerabilia fuerunt ilia ; P. Clodi mortem aequo animo ferre nemo potest. Luget senatus, maeret 5 equester ordo, tota civitas confecta senio est, squa- lent municipia, adflictantur coloniae, agrl denique ipsl tarn beneficum, tarn salutarem, tarn mansuetum clvem desiderant. Non fuit ea causa, iudices, profecto, non fuit, cur sibi censeret Pompeius quaestionem ferendam ; 10 sed homo sapiens atque alta et dlvlna quadam mente praeditus multa vldit ; fuisse ilium sibi inimlcum, famili- arem Milonem. In communl omnium laetitia, si etiam ipse gauderet, timuit ne videretur mfirmior fides recon- ciliatae gratiae ; multa etiam alia vldit, sed illud maxime, 15 quamvls atrociter ipse tulisset, vos tamen fortiter iudi- caturos. Itaque delegit ex florentissimis ordinibus ipsa lumina ; neque vero, quod non nulll dictitant, secrevit in iudicibus legendls amic5s meos. Neque enim h5c c5gitavit vir iustissimus, neque in bonis virls legendls 20 id adsequi potuisset, etiam si cuplsset. Non enim mea gratia familiaritatibus continetur, quae late patere non possunt, propterea quod consuetudines vlctus non pos- sunt esse cum multis ; sed, si quid possumus, ex eo possumus, quod res publica n5s coniunxit cum bonis ; 25 ex quibus ille cum optimos vir5s legeret, idque maxime ad fidem suam pertinere arbitraretur, non potuit legere non studiosos mel. Quod verd te, L. DomitI, huic quaestionl praeesse maxime voluit, nihil quaeslvit aliud nisi iustitiam, gravi- 30 tatem, hiimanitatem, fidem. Tulit ut consularem ne- cesse esset, credo, quod prlncipum munus esse ducebat resistere et levitatl multitudinis et perditorum temeritatl. 156 PRO MILONE Ex consularibus te creavit potissimum, dederas enim quam contemneres popularls Insanias iam ab adule- scentia documenta maxima. ix. Quam ob rem, iudices, ut aliquando ad causam s crlmenque veniamus, si neque omnis confessio fact! est inusitata, neque de causa nostra quicquam aliter ac nos vellemus a senatu iudicatum est, et lator ipse legis, cum esset controversia nulla fact!, iuris tamen discepta- tionem esse voluit, et el lectl iudices isque praepositus 10 est quaestionl, qui haec iuste sapienterque disceptet, reliquum est, iudices, ut nihil iam quaerere aliud de- beatis, nisi uter utrl Insidias fecerit. Quod quo facilius argumentis perspicere possltis, rem gestam vobls dum breviter expon5, quaeso, dlligenter attendite. 15 P. Clodius cum statuisset omnl scelere in praetura vexare rem publicam, videretque ita tracta esse comitia anno superiore ut non multos mensls praeturam gerere posset, qui non honoris gradum spectaret, ut ceterl, sed et L. Paulum conlegam effugere vellet, singularl virtute 20 clvem, et annum integrum ad dllacerandam rem publi- cam quaereret, subito rellquit annum suum, seseque in annum proximum transtulit, non, ut fit, religione aliqua, sed ut haberet, quod ipse dicebat, ad praeturam geren- dam, hoc est, ad evertendam rem publicam, plenum 25 annum atque integrum. Occurrebat el mancam ac debilem praeturam futuram suam c5nsule Milone ; eum porro surarao consensu popull RomanI consulem fieri videbat. Contulit se ad eius competitores, sed ita, totam ut petitiSnem ipse solus 30 etiam invltls illls gubernaret, tota ut comitia suls, ut dictitabat, umerls sustineret. Convocabat tribus, se interponebat, Colllnam novam dllectu perditissimorum PRO MI LONE 157 clvium conscrlbebat Quanto ille plura miscebat, tanto hie magis in dies convalescebat. Ubi vldit homo ad omne facinus paratissimus fortissimum virum, inimlcissi- mum suum, certissimum consulem, idque intellexit non 5 solum sermonibus, sed etiam suffrages popull Roman! saepe esse declaratum, palam agere coepit, et aperte dicere occldendum Milonem. Servos agrestls et bar- baros, quibus silvas publicas depopulates erat Etruriam- que vexarat, ex Appennlno deduxerat, quos videbatis. io Res erat minime obsciira. Etenim palam dictitabat consulatum MilonI eripi n5n posse, vltam posse. Slgni- ficavit hoc saepe in senatu, dixit in contione. Qum etiam M. Favonio, fortissimo viro, quaerentl ex eo qua spe fureret Milone vivo, respondit trlduo ilium aut sum- is mum quadrlduo esse periturum, quam vocem eius ad hunc M. Catonem statim Favonius detulit. x. Interim cum sclret Clodius, neque enim erat diffi- cile scire, iter sollemne, legitimum, necessarium ante diem xm. Kalendas Februarias MilonI esse Lanuvium 20 ad flaminem prodendum, quod erat dictator Lanuvl Milo, Roma subito ipse profectus prldie est, ut ante suum fundum, quod re intellectum est, MilonI insidias conlo- caret. Atque ita profectus est ut contionem turbu- lentam, in qua eius furor deslderatus est, quae illo ipso 25 die habita est, relinqueret ; quam, nisi oblre facinoris locum tempusque voluisset, numquam rellquisset. Milo autem cum in senatu fuisset eo die, quoad senatus est dlmissus, domum venit ; calceos et vestimenta mutavit ; paulisper, dum se uxor, ut fit, comparat, commoratus 30 est ; dein profectus id temporis cum iam Clodius, si qui- dem ed die Romam venturus erat, redlre potuisset. Ob viam fit el Clodius, expedltus, in equo, nulla raeda, 158 PRO MILONE nullls impediments, nullis Graecls comitibus, ut solebat, sine uxore, quod numquam fere ; cum hie Insidiator, qui iter illud ad caedem faciendam apparasset, cum uxore veheretur in raeda, paenulatus, magn5 et impedlto et 5 muliebrl ac delicato ancillarum puerorumque comitatu. Fit obviam Clodio ante fundum eius hora fere unde- cima, aut non multo secus. Statim complures cum tells in hunc faciunt de loco superiore impetum ; adversl raedarium occldunt. Cum autem hie de raeda reiecta 10 paenula desiluisset, seque acrl animo defenderet, illl qui erant cum Clodi5, gladils eductls, partim recurrere ad raedam, ut a tergo Milonem adorlrentur ; partim, quod hunc iam interfectum putarent, caedere incipiunt eius servos, qui post erant ; ex quibus qui animo fidell in 15 dominum et praesentl f uerunt, partim occlsl sunt, partim, cum ad raedam pugnarl viderent, domino succurrere prohiberentur, Milonem occlsum et ex ipso Clodio audlrent et re vera putarent, fecerunt id servl Milonis, dlcam enim aperte, non derlvandl crlminis causa, sed 20 ut factum est, nee imperante nee sciente nee prae- sente domino, quod suos quisque servos in tall re facere voluisset. xi. Haec, slcutl exposul, ita gesta sunt, indices. Insi- diator superatus est, vi vlcta vis, vel potius oppressa 25 virtute audacia est. Nihil dlco quid res publica con- secuta sit, nihil quid vos, nihil quid omnes bonl ; nihil sane id prosit MilonI, qui hoc fat5 natus est, ut ne se quidem servare potuerit, quln una rem publicam v5sque sen^aret. Si id iure fieri non potuit, nihil habeo quod 30 defendam. Sin hoc et ratio doctls, et necessitas barbarls, et m5s gentibus, et ferls etiam beluls natura ipsa prae- scrlpsit, ut omnem semper vim, quacumque ope possent, PRO MILONE 159 a corpore, a capite, a vita sua propulsarent, n5n potestis h5c facinus improbum iudicare, quln simul iudicetis omnibus, qui in latrones inciderint, aut illorum tells aut vestrls sententils esse pereundum. 5 Quod si ita putasset, certe optabilius MilonI fuit dare iugulum P. Clodio, non semel ab illo neque turn prlmum petltum, quam iugularl a vobls, quia se non iugulandum ill! tradidisset. Sin hoc nemo vestrum ita sentit, non illud iam in iudicium venit, occlsusne sit, quod fatemur, 10 sed hire an iniuria, quod multls in causls saepe quaesl- tum est. Insidias factas esse constat, et id est quod senatus contra rem publicam factum iudicavit ; ab utro factae sint incertum est. De hoc igitur latum est ut quaereretur. Ita et senatus rem, non hominem notavit, 15 et Pompeius de iure, non de facto quaestionem tulit. Num quid igitur aliud in iudicium venit, nisi uter utrl Insidias f ecerit ? Profect5 nihil ; si hie illl, ut ne sit imptine, si ille huic, ut scelere solvamur. xii. Quonam igitur pacto probarl potest Insidias MilonI 20 fecisse Clodium ? Satis est in ilia quidem tarn audacl, tarn nefaria belua, docere magnam el causam, magnam spem in Milonis morte propositam, magnas utilitates fuisse. Itaque illud Cassianum ' cui bono fuerit ' in his personls valeat, etsl bonl nullo emolumento impelluntur 25 in fraudem, improbl saepe parvo. AtquI Milone inter- fect5 Cl5dius haec adsequebatur, non modo ut praetor esset non e5 consule quo sceleris nihil facere posset ; sed etiam ut els consulibus praetor esset, quibus si non adiuvantibus at conlventibus certe, speraret posse se 30 eludere in illls suls cogitatls furoribus ; cuius illl conatus, ut ipse ratiocinabatur, nee cuperent reprimere, si possent, cum tantum beneficium el se debere arbitrarentur, et, si l60 PRO MILONE vellent, fortasse vix possent frangere hominis scelera- tissiml conroboratam iam vetustate audaciam. An vero, iudices, vos soli Ignoratis ? Vos hospites in hac urbe versaminl ? Vestrae peregrlnantur aures, neque 5 in hoc pervagato dvitatis sermone versantur, quas ille leges, si leges nominandae sunt ac non faces urbis, pestes rel publicae, fuerit impositurus nobis omnibus atque inusturus? Exhibe, quaeso, Sexte ClodI, exhibe librarium illud legum vestrarum, quod te aiunt eripuisse 10 e dom5 et ex medils armls turbaque nocturna. tamquam Palladium sustulisse, ut praeclarum videlicet miinus atque Instrumentum tribiinatus ad aliquem, si nactus esses, qui tuo arbitrio tribunatum gereret, deferre posses. Atque per ... an huius ille legis quam Clodius a se 15 inventam gloriatur, mentionem facere ausus esset vivo Milone, non dlcam consule ? De nostrum enim omnium — non audeo totum dlcere. Videte quid ea vitl lex habitura fuerit, cuius perlculosa etiam reprehensio est. Et aspexit me illls quidem oculls, quibus turn solebat 20 cum omnibus omnia minabatur. Movet me quippe lumen curiae ! xiii. Quid ? tu me tibi Iratum, Sexte, putas, cuius inimlcissimum multo crudelius etiam poenltus es quam erat humanitatis meae postulare ? Tu P. ClodI cruentum 25 cadaver eiecistl domo ; tu in publicum abiecistl; tu spoliatum imaginibus, exsequils, pompa, laudatione, In- fellcissimls llgnls semiustilatum, nocturnls canibus dllani- andum rellquistl. Qua re, etsl nefarie fecistl, tamen quoniam in meo inimlco crildelitatem exprompsistl tuam, 30 laudare non possum, IrascI certe non debeo. Audlstis, iudices, quantum ClodI interfuerit occldl Milonem ; convertite animos nunc vicissim ad Milonem. PRO MILONE l6l Quid Milonis intererat interna Clodium ? Quid erat cur Milo, non dlcam admitteret, sed optaret ? Obstabat in spe consulatus MilonI Clodius. At eo repugnante flebat, immo vero eo flebat magis, nee me suffragatore 5 meliore utebatur quam Clodio. Valebat apud vos, iudices, Milonis erga me remque publicam meritorum memoria; valebant preces et lacrimae nostrae, quibus ego turn vos mirifice mover! sentiebam ; sed plus multo valebat perlculorum impendentium timor. 10 Quis enim erat clvium qui sibi solutam P. Clodi prae- turam sine maximo rerum novarum metu proponeret? Solutam autem fore videbatis, nisi esset is consul, qui earn auderet possetque constringere. Eum Milonem unum esse cum sentlret universus populus Romanus, 15' quis dubitaret suffragio suo se metu, perlculo rem publi- cam llberare ? At nunc, Clodio remoto, usitatls iam rebus enitendum est MilonT ut tueatur dignitatem suam ; singularis ilia et huic unl concessa gloria, quae cotldie augebatur frangendls furoribus Clodianls, iam Clodi 20 morte cecidit. Vos adeptl estis ne quern clvem metu- eretis; hie exercitationem virtutis, suffragationem con- sulates, fontem perennem gloriae suae perdidit. Itaque Milonis consulatus, qui vlvd Clodio labefactarl non poterat, mortuo denique temptarl coeptus est. Non 25 modo igitur nihil prodest, sed obest etiam Clodi mors Milonl. At valuit odium, fecit Iratus, fecit inimlcus, fuit ultor iniuriae, poenltor dol5ris sul. Quid ? si haec, non dlco maiora, fuerunt in Clodio quam in Milone, sed in illo 30 maxima, nulla in hoc, quid vultis amplius ? Quid enim odisset Clodium Milo, segetem ac materiem suae gloriae, praeter hoc civile odium, quo omnls improbos odimus ? H. & G. CIC. — II I 62 PRO MILONE Ille erat ut odisset, prlmum defensorem salutis meae, deinde vexatorem furoris, domitorem armorum suorum, postremo etiam accusatorem suum ; reus enim Milonis lege Plotia fuit Clodius, quoad vlxit. Quo tandem 5 anim5 hoc tyrannum ilium tulisse creditis, quantum odium illlus, et in homine iniusto quam etiam iustum f uisse ? xiv. Reliquum est ut iam ilium natura ipslus consue- tudoque defendat, hunc autem haec eadem coarguat. 10 Nihil per vim umquam Clodius, omnia per vim Milo. Quid ? ego, iudices, cum maerentibus vobls urbe cess!, iudiciumne timui ? non servos, non arma, non vim ? Quae fuisset igitur iusta causa restituendl mel, nisi fuisset iniusta eiciendl? Diem mihi, credo, dixerat, 15 multam inrogarat, actionem perduellionis intenderat, et mihi videlicet in causa aut mala aut mea, non et prae- clarissima et vestra, iudicium timendum fuit. Servorum et egentium civium et facinorosorum armis meos clvis, mels consiliis perlcullsque servatos, pro me obici nolul. 20 Vidi enim, vldl hunc ipsum Q. Hortensium, lumen et ornamentum re! publicae, paene interfici serv5rum manu, cum mihi adesset ; qua in turba C. Vibienus senator, vir optimus, cum hoc cum esset una, ita est mulcatus ut vitam amlserit. Itaque quando illlus postea slca ilia, 25 quam a CatilTna acceperat, conquievit ? Haec intentata nobis est ; huic ego vos obici pro me non sum passus ; haec Insidiata Pompeio est ; haec istam Appiam, monu- mentum sui nominis, nece PapIrT cruentavit ; haec ea- dem longo intervallo conversa rursus est in me ; nuper 30 quidem, ut scltis, me ad regiam paene c5nfecit. Quid simile Milonis ? cuius vis omnis haec semperl fuit, ne P. Cl5dius, cum in iudicium detrahl non posset, PRO MILONE 163 vl oppressam dvitatem teneret. Quern si interficere voluisset, quantae quotiens occasiones, quam praeclarae f uerunt ! Potuitne, cum domum ac deos penatls suos illo oppugnante defenderet, iure se ulclscl? Potuitne, 5 clvi egregio et viro fortissimo, P. Sestio, conlega suo, vulnerato ? Potuitne, Q. Fabricio, viro optimo, cum de reditu meo legem ferret, pulso, crudelissima in foro caede facta ? Potuitne, L. Caecill, iustissiml fortissi- mlque praetoris, oppiignata domo ? Potuitne illo die, 10 cum est lata lex de me ; cum totlus Italiae concursus, quern mea salus concitarat, fact! illlus gloriam libens agnovisset, ut, etiam si id Milo fecisset, ciincta civitas earn laudem pro sua vindicaret ? xv. At quod erat tempus ! Clarissimus et fortissi- 15 mus consul, inimlcus Clodio, ultor sceleris illlus, pro- pugnator senatus, defensor vestrae voluntatis, patronus public! consensus, restitiitor salutis meae ; septem prae- tores, octo tribiini plebel, illlus adversaril, defensores mei; Cn. Pompeius, auctor et dux mel reditus, illlus 20 hostis, cuius sententiam senatus omnis de salute mea gravissimam et ornatissimam seciitus est, qui populum Romanum est cohortatus, qui cum de me decretum Capuae fecisset, ipse cunctae Italiae cupientl et eius fidem implorantl slgnum dedit, ut ad me restituendum 25 Romam concurrerent ; omnium denique in ilium odia clvium ardebant deslderio mei, quern qui turn interemis- set, non de impiinitate eius, sed de praemils cogitaretur. Tamen se Milo continuit, et P. Clodium in indicium bis, ad vim numquam vocavit. Quid ? prlvato Milone 30 et reo ad populum accusante P. Clodio, cum in Cn. Pom peium pro Milone dlcentem impetus factus est, quae turn non modo occasio, sed etiam causa illlus oppri- 164 PRO MILONE mendl fuit ! Nuper vero cum M. Antonius summam spem salutis bonis omnibus attulisset, gravissimamque adulescens nobilissimus rei publicae partem fortissime suscepisset, atque illam beluam, iudici laqueos declman- 5 tern, iam inretitam teneret, qui locus, quod tempus illud, dl immortales, fuit ! cum se ille fugiens in scalarum tene- brls abdidisset, magnum Miloni fuit conficere illam pe- stem nulla sua invidia, M. vero Ant5nl maxima gloria ? Quid ? comiths in campo quotiens potestas fuit, cum ille 10 in saepta ruisset, gladios destringend5s, lapides iaciendos curavisset, dein subito, vultu Milonis perterritus, fugeret ad Tiberim, vos et omnes bonl vota faceretis ut Miloni uti virtute sua liberet ! xvi. Quern igitur cum omnium gratia noluit, nunc 15 voluit cum aliquorum querella ? quern hire, quern loco, quern tempore, quern impune non est ausus, hunc iniu- ria, inlquo loco, alien5 tempore, perlculo capitis, non dubitavit occldere ? praesertim, iudices, cum honoris amplissiml contentio et dies comitiorum subesset, quo 20 quidem tempore, scio enim quam timida sit ambitio, quantaque et quam sollicita sit cupiditas consulatus, omnia, non modo quae reprehend! palam, sed etiam obscure quae cogitan possunt timemus, rumorem, fabu- lam flctam, levem perhorrescimus, ora omnium atque 25 oculos intuemur. Nihil est enim tarn molle, tarn tene- rum, tarn aut fragile aut flexibile, quam voluntas erga nos sensusaue clvium, qui non modo improbitati Ira- scuntur candidatorum, sed etiam in recte factls saepe fastldiunt. 30 Hunc igitur diem camp! speratum atque exoptatum sibi pr5ponens Milo, cruentls manibus scelus et facinus prae se ferens et confitens, ad ilia augusta centuriarum PRO MI LONE 165 auspicia veniebat ? Quam hoc non credibile in hoc ! quam idem in Clodio non dubitandum, cum se ille inter- fecto Milone regnaturum putaret ! Quid ? quod caput est audaciae, iudices, quis Ignorat maximam inlecebram 5 esse peccandl impiinitatis spem ? In utro igitur haec f uit ? in Milone, qui etiam nunc reus est factl aut prae- clari aut certe necessaril, an in Clodio, qui ita iudicia poenamque contempserat ut eum nihil delectaret quod aut per naturam fas esset, aut per leges liceret ? 10 Sed quid ego argumentor? Quid pliira disputo? Te, Q. Petlll, appello, optimum et fortissimum clvem ; te, M. Cato, testor, quos mihi dlvlna quaedam sors dedit iudices. Vos ex M. Favoni5 audlstis Clodium sibi dlxisse, et audlstis vivo Clodio, periturum Milonem 15 triduo. Post diem tertium gesta res est quam dlxerat. Cum ille non dubitarit aperlre quid cogitaret, vos pote- stis dubitare quid f ecerit ? xvn. Quern ad modum igitur eum dies non fefellit ? Dixl equidem modo. Dicta- tons Lanuvlnl stata sacrificia nosse negotl nihil erat. 20 Vidit necesse esse MilonI proficiscl Lanuvium illo ipso quo est prof ectus die. Itaque antevertit. At quo die ? Quo, ut ante dixl, fuit Insanissima contio ab ipslus mer- cenarid tribiino plebis concitata ; quern diem ille, quam contionem, quos clamores, nisi ad cogitatum facinus 25 approperaret, numquam rellquisset. Ergo illl ne causa quidem itineris, etiam causa manendi; MilonI manendi nulla, exeundl non causa solum, sed etiam necessitas fuit. Quid, si, ut ille sclvit Milonem fore eo die in via, sic 30 Clodium Milo ne suspicarl quidem potuit ? Prlmum quaero qui id scire potuerit quod vos Idem in Clodio quaerere non potestis ? Ut enim neminem alium nisi 1 66 PRO MILONE T. Patinam, familiarissimum suum, rogasset, scire potuit illo ipso die Lanuvl a dictatore Milone prodl flaminem necesse esse. Sed erant permultl alii, ex quibus id facillime scire posset. Milo de Clodi reditu unde 5 quaeslvit ? Quaesierit sane, videte quid vobls largiar, servum etiam, ut Q. Arrius, meus amicus, dixit, cor- ruperit. Legite testimonia testium vestrorum. Dixit C. Causinius Schola, Interamnas, familiarissimus et Idem comes Clodi, — cuius iam prldem testimonio Clo- 10 dius eadem hora Interamnae fuerat et Romae, — P. Clo- dium illo die in Albano mansiirum fuisse ; sed subito el esse niintiatum Cyrum architectum esse mortuum, itaque repente R5mam constituisse proficlscl. Dixit hoc comes item P. Clodi, C. Clodius. is xvm. Videte, iudices, quantae res his testim5niis sint confectae. Primum certe llberatur Milo non eo consilio profectus esse, ut Insidiaretur in via Clodio, quippe, si ille obvius el futurus omnlno non erat. Deinde, n5n enim video cur non meum quoque agam 20 negotium, scltis, iudices, fuisse qui in hac rogatione suadenda dlcerent Milonis manu caedem esse factam, consilio vero maioris alicuius. Me videlicet latronem ac slcarium abiectl homines et perditl descrlbebant. Iacent suls testibus qui Clodium negant eo die Romam, 25 nisi de Cyro audlsset, fuisse rediturum. Respiravl, llberatus sum ; n5n vereor ne, quod ne suspicarl quidem potuerim, videar id cogitasse. Nunc persequar cetera. Nam occurrit illud : ' Igitur ne Clodius quidem de Insidils cogitavit, quoniam fuit 30 in Albano mansurus.' Si quidem exiturus ad caedem e villa non fuisset. Video enim ilium, qui dlcatur de Cyrl morte nuntiasse, non id nuntiasse, sed Milonem PRO MILONE 167 appropinquare. Nam quid de Cyro nuntiaret, quern Clodius Roma proficiscens rellquerat morientem ? Una ful, testamentum simul obslgnavl cum Clodio ; testa- mentum autem palam fecerat, et ilium heredem et me 5 scrlpserat. Quem prldie hora tertia animam efflantem rellquisset, eum mortuum postridie hora decima denique el nuntiabatur ? xix. Age, sit ita factum. Quae causa cur Romam properaret ? Cur in noctem se coniceret ? Ecquid 10 adferebat f estlnationis, quod heres erat ? Primum, erat nihil cur properato opus esset ; deinde, si quid esset, quid tandem erat quod ea nocte consequT posset, amit- teret autem si postridie Romam mane venisset ? Atque " ut illl nocturnus ad urbem adventus vltandus potius 15 quam expetendus fuit, sic Miloni, cum Insidiator esset, si ilium ad urbem nocte accessurum sciebat, subslden- dum atque exspectandum fuit. Nemo el neganti non credidisset, quem esse oranes salvum etiam confitentem volunt. Sustinuisset hoc crimen primum ipse ille latro- 20 num occultator et receptor locus, cum neque muta soli- tudo indicasset neque caeca nox ostendisset Milonem ; deinde ibi multl ab illo violati, spoliatl, bonis expulsT, mult! haec etiam timentes in susplcionem caderent, tota denique rea citaretur Etruria. Atque illo die certe 25 Aricia rediens devertit Clodius ad Albanum. Quod ut sclret Milo ilium Ariciae fuisse, suspican tamen debuit eum, etiam si Romam illo die revertl vellet, ad vlllam suam, quae viam tangeret, deversurum. Cur neque ante occurrit, ne ille in villa resideret, nee eo in loco 30 subsedit, quo ille noctuventiirus esset? Video adhuc constare, iudices, omnia : Mildnl etiam utile fuisse Clodium vivere, illl ad ea quae concupierat 1 68 PRO MILONE optatissimum interitum Milonis ; odium f uisse illlus in hunc acerbissimum, nullum huius in ilium ; consuetudi- nem illlus perpetuam in vl Inferenda, huius tantum in repellenda; mortem ab illo denuntiatam MilonI et 5 praedicatam palam, nihil umquam auditum ex Milone ; profectionis huius diem ill! notum, reditus illlus huic Ignotum fuisse ; huius iter necessarium, illlus etiam potius alienum ; hunc prae se tulisse illo die Roma exiturum, ilium eo die se dissimulasse rediturum ; hunc 10 nullius re! mutasse consilium, ilium causam mutandl con- sill fmxisse ; huic, si Insidiaretur, noctem prope urbem exspectandam, illl, etiam si hunc non timeret, tamen accessum ad urbem nocturnum fuisse metuendum. xx. Videamus nunc, id quod caput est, locus ad 15 Insidias ille ipse, ubi congressl sunt, utrl tandem fuerit aptior. Id vero, iudices, etiam dubitandum et diutius cogitandum est? Ante fundum ClodI, quo in fundo propter Tnsanas illas substructiones facile hominum mllle versabantur valentium, edito adversari atque ex- 20 celso loco, superiorem se fore putarat Milo, et ob earn rem eum locum ad pugnam potissimum elegerat ? an in eo loco est potius exspectatus ab eo qui ipslus loci spe facere impetum cogitarat ? Res loquitur ipsa, iudices, quae semper valet plurimum. Si haec non 25 gesta audlretis, sed plcta videretis, tamen appareret uter esset Insidiator, uter nihil cogitaret mall, cum alter veheretur in raeda paenulatus, una sederet uxor. Quid horum non impedltissimum, vestltus an vehi- culum an comes ? Quid minus promptum ad pugnam, 30 cum paenula inretitus, raeda impedltus, uxore paene constrictus esset? Videte nunc ilium, prlmum egre- dientem e villa, subito; Cur? vesperl; Quid necesse PRO MILONE 169 est ? tarde ; Qui convenit, praesertim id temporis ? Devertit in villam Pompel. Pompeium ut videret? Sciebat in AlsiensI esse. Villam ut perspiceret ? Mlli- ens in ea fuerat. Quid ergo erat ? Morae et tergi- s versationes; dum hie venlret, locum relinquere noluit. xxi. Age nunc, iter expedltl latronis cum Milonis im- pedlmentls comparate. Semper ille antea cum uxore, turn sine ea ; numquam nisi in raeda, turn in equ5 ; comites GraeculT, quocumque Ibat, etiam cum in castra 10 Etriisca properabat, turn nugarum in comitatu nihil. Mil5, qui numquam, turn casti pueros symphoniacos uxoris ducebat et ancillarum greges. Ille, qui semper secum scorta, semper exoletos, semper lupas diiceret, turn neminem, nisi ut virum a viro lectum esse dlceres. 15 Cur igitur vlctus est ? Quia non semper viator a latrone, non numquam etiam latro a viatore occlditur ; quia, quamquam paratus in imparatos Clodius, tamen mulier inciderat in viros. Nee vero sic erat umquam non paratus Milo contra 20 ilium ut non satis fere esset paratus. Semper et quantum interesset P. Clodl se perlre, et quanto ill! odi5 esset, et quantum ille auderet cogitabat. Quam ob rem vltam suam, quam maximls praemils propositam et paene addictam sciebat, numquam in perlculum sine 25 praesidio et sine custodia proiciebat. Adde casus, adde incertos exitus pugnarum Martemque communem, qui saepe spoliantem iam et exsultantem evertit et perculit ab abiecto ; adde Inscltiam pransl, potl, oscitantis ducis, qUI cum a tergo hostem interclusum rellquisset, nihil de eius 30 extremis comitibus cogitavit, in quos incensos Ira vltam- que dominl desperantls cum incidisset, haesit in els poenls, quas ab e5 servl fideles pro dominl vita expetiverunt. 170 PRO MILONE Cur igitur eos manu mlsit ? Metuebat scilicet ne indi- caretur, ne dolorem perferre non possent, ne tormentis cogerentur occisum esse a servls Milonis in Appia via P. Clodium confiterl. Quid opus est tortore ? Quid 5 quaeris ? Occlderitne ? Occidit. lure an iniuria ? Nihil ad tortorem, fact! enim in eculeo quaestio est, iu- ris in iudicio. xxii. Quod igitur in causa quaerendum est, inda- gamus hie ; quod tormentis invenlre vis, id fatemur. 10 Manu vero cur miserit, si id potius quaeris quam cur parum amplls adfecerit praemils, nescls inimlcl factum reprehendere. Dixit enim hie Idem, qui omnia semper constanter et fortiter, M. Cato, et dixit in turbulenta c5ntione, quae tamen huius auctoritate placata est, non 15 llbertate solum, sed etiam omnibus praemils dignissimos fuisse, qui dominl caput defendissent. Quod enim prae- mium satis magnum est tarn benevolls, tarn bonis, tarn fidelibus servls, propter quos vlvit ? EtsI id quidem non tantl est, quam quod propter eosdem non sanguine et 20 vulneribus suls crudelissiml inimlcl mentem oculosque satiavit. Quos nisi manu mlsisset, tormentis etiam dedendi fuerunt conservatores dominl, ultores sceleris, defensores necis. Hie vero nihil habet in his ma- lls quod minus moleste ferat, quam, etiam si quid 25 ipsi accidat, esse tamen illls meritum praemium per- solutum. Sed quaestiones urgent Mil5nem, quae sunt habitae nunc in atrio Llbertatis. Quibusnam de servls? Rogas? De P. Clodl. Quis eos postulavit ? Appius. Quis pro- 30 duxit? Appius. Unde? Ab Appio. Dl bonl ! quid potest agl severius ? De servls nulla lege quaestio est in dominum nisi de incestu, ut fuit in Clodium. Proxime PRO MILONE 171 deos accessit Clodius, propius quam turn cum ad ipsos penetrarat, cuius de morte tamquam de caerimonils violatls quaeritur. Sed tamen maiores nostrl in domi- num de serv5 quaerl noluerunt, non quln posset verum 5 invenirl, sed quia videbatur indlgnum esse et domini morte ipsa trlstius. In reum de servo accusatoris cum quaeritur, verum invenirl potest ? Age vero, quae erat aut qualis quaestio ? ' Heus tu, Rufio,' verb! causa, 1 cave sis mentiaris. Clodius Insidias fecit MilonI ? ' 10 'Fecit:' 'Certa crux.' ' Nullas fecit:' ' Sperata llber- tas.' Quid hac quaestione certius ? Subito abrepti in quaestionem, tamen separantur a ceteris et in areas coni- ciuntur, ne quis cum els conloqui possit. Hi centum dies penes accusatorem cum fuissent, ab eo ipso accusa- 15 tore product! sunt. Quid hac quaestione did potest integrius, quid incorruptius ? xxiii. Quod si nondum satis cernitis, cum res ipsa tot tarn clarls argumentls slgnlsque luceat, pura mente atque integra Milonem, niillo scelere imbutum, null5 metu 20 perterritum, nulla conscientia exanimatum Romam re- vertisse, recordaminl, per deos immortalls ! quae fuerit celeritas reditus eius, qui ingressus in forum ardente curia, quae magnitudo animl, qui vultus, quae oratio. Neque vero se populo s5lum, sed etiam senatul commisit ; 25 neque senatul modo, sed etiam publicls praesidils et armls ; neque his tantum, verum etiam eius potestatl, cui senatus totam rem publicam, omnem Italiae pubem, cuncta popull RomanI arma commlserat ; cui numquam se hie profecto tradidisset, nisi causae suae conflderet, 30 praesertim omnia audientl, magna metuentl, multa suspi- cantl, non nulla credentl. Magna vis est conscientiae, iudices, et magna in utramque partem, ut neque timeant 172 PRO MI LONE qui nihil commlserint, et poenam semper ante oculos versari putent qui peccarint. Neque vero sine ratione certa causa Milonis semper a senatu probata est. Videbant enim sapientissimi homi- 5 nes factl rationem, praesentiam animl, defensionis con- stantiam. An vero oblitl estis, iudices, recent! illo nuntio necis Clodianae, non modo inimicorum Milonis sermones et oplniones, sed non nullorum etiam imperltorum ? Negabant eum Romam esse rediturum. Sive enim illud 10 animo irato ac percito fecisset, ut incensus odio truclda- ret inimlcum, arbitrabantur eum tantl mortem P. ClodI putasse ut aequ5 animo patria careret, cum sanguine inimlci explesset odium suum ; sive etiam illius morte patriam liberare voluisset, non dubitaturum fortem vi- 15 rum quln, cum suo perlculo salutem populo Romano attulisset, cederet aequo animo legibus, secum auferret gloriam sempiternam, nobis haec fruenda relinqueret, quae ipse servasset. Mult! etiam Catillnam atque ilia portenta loquebantur : ' Erumpet, occupabit aliquem lo- 20 cum, bellum patriae faciet.' Miseros interdum civis optime de re publica meritos, in quibus homines non modo res praeclarissimas obllvlscuntur, sed etiam nefa- rias suspicantur ! Ergo ilia falsa fuerunt, quae certe vera exstitissent, si Mil5 admlsisset aliquid quod non 25 posset honeste vereque defendere. xxiv. Quid ? quae postea sunt in eum congesta, quae quemvls etiam mediocrium delictorum conscientia percu- lissent, ut sustinuit, dl immortales ! Sustinuit ? Immo vero ut contempsit ac pro nihilo putavit, quae neque 30 maximo animo nocens neque innocens nisi fortissimus vir neglegere potuisset ! Scutorum, gladiorum, freno- rum, pilorumque etiam multitudo deprehendl posse indi- PRO MILONE 173 cabatur ; nullum in urbe vicum, nullum angiportum esse dlcebant, in quo Miloni conducta non esset domus ; arma in villam Ocriculanam devecta Tiber!, domus in clivo Capitolino scutis referta, plena omnia malleolorum ad 5 urbis incendia comparatorum. Haec non delata solum, sed paene credita, nee ante repudiata sunt quam quaeslta. Laudabam equidem incredibilem diligentiam Cn. Pom- pel, sed dfcam ut sentio, iudices. Nimis multa audlre coguntur, neque aliter facere possunt, el quibus tota 10 commissa est res publica. Quln etiam fuit audiendus popa Licinius nescio qui de Circo Maximo, servos Milo- nis, apud se ebri5s factos, sibi confessos esse de in- terficiendo Pompeio coniurasse, dein postea. se gladio percussum esse ab uno de illls, ne indicaret. Pompeio 15 in hortos nuntiavit; arcessor in prlmls; de amicorum sententia rem defert ad senatum. Non poteram in illlus mel patriaeque custodis tanta susplcione non metu exani- mari; sed mlrabar tamen credl popae, c5nfessionem servorum audiri, vulnus in latere, quod acu punctum 20 videretur, pro ictu gladiatoris probari. Verum, ut intel- lego, cavebat magis Pompeius quam timebat, non ea solum quae timenda erant, sed omnia, ne vos aliquid timeretis. Oppugnata domus C. Caesaris, clarissimi et fortissimi virl, per multas noctis horas nuntiabatur. 25 Nem5 audierat tarn celebrl loco, nemo senserat ; tamen audiebatur. Non poteram Cn. Pompeium, praestantis- sima virtute virum, timidum suspicarl ; diligentiam, tota re publica suscepta, nimiam nullam putabam. Fre- quentissim5 senatu nuper in Capit5lio senator inventus 30 est qui Milonem cum telo esse diceret. Nudavit se in sanctissimo templo, quoniam vita talis et civis et virl fidem non faciebat, ut eo tacente res ipsa loqueretur. 174 PR MILONE xxv. Omnia falsa atque Insidiose f Icta comperta sunt. Cum tamen, si metuitur etiam nunc Milo, non iam hoc Clodianum crimen timemus, sed tuas, Cn. Pompel, te enim iam appello, et ea voce ut me exaudlre possis, 5 tuas, tuas, inquam, susplciones perhorrescimus ; si Mi- lonem times, si nunc de tua vita nefarie aut nunc cogi- tare aut molltum aliquando aliquid putas, si Italiae dllectus, ut non nulll conqulsltores tul dictitarunt, si haec arma, si Capitolinae cohortes, si excubiae, si vigiliae, si 10 dllecta iuventus quae tuum corpus domumque custodit contra Milonis impetum armata est, atque ilia omnia in hunc unura Instituta, parata, intenta sunt, magna in hoc certe vis et incredibilis animus, et non unlus virl vires atque opes iudicantur, si quidem in hunc unura 15 et praestantissimus dux electus et tota res publica armata est. Sed quis non intellegit omnls tibi rel publicae partis aegras et labantls, ut eas his armls sanares et conflrma- res, esse commissas ? Quod si locus MilonI datus esset, 20 probasset profecto tibi ipsl neminem umquam homi- nem hominl cariorem fuisse quam te sibi ; nullum se umquam perlculum pro tua dlgnitate f ugisse ; cum ipsa ilia taeterrima peste se saepissime pro tua gloria con- tendisse ; tribunatum suum ad salutem meam, quae tibi 25 carissima fuisset, consilils tuls gubernatum ; se a te postea defensum in perlculo capitis, adiutum in petltione praeturae ; duos se habere semper amlcissimos sperasse, te tuo beneficio, me suo. Quae si non probaret, si tibi ita penitus inhaesisset ista susplcio nullo ut ev r elll modo 30 posset, si denique Italia a dllectu, urbs ab armls sine Milonis clade numquam esset conquietura, ne ille haud dubitans cessisset patria, is qui ita natus est et ita PRO MILONE 175 consuevit; te, Magne, tamen antestaretur, quod nunc etiam facit. xxvi. Vide quam sit varia vltae commutabilisque ratio, quam vaga volubilisque fortuna, quantae Infi- 5 delitates in amlcls, quam ad tempus aptae simulationes, quantae in perlculls fugae proximorum, quantae timi- ditates. Erit, erit illud profecto tempus, et inlucescet aliquando ille dies, cum tu, salutaribus, ut spero, rebus tuls, sed fortasse motu aliqu5 communium temporum, 10 qui quam crebr5 accidat expert! scire debemus, et amlcissiml benevolentiam et gravissiml hominis fidem et unlus post homines natos fortissiml virl magnitu- dinem animl deslderes. Quamquam quis hoc credat, Cn. Pompeium, iuris public!, mods maiorum, re! deni- 15 que publicae perltissimum, cum senatus el commlserit ut videret ne quid res publica detriment! caperet, quo uno versiculo satis armat! semper consules fuerunt, etiam nullls armls datls, hunc exercitu, hunc dilectu dat5, iudicium exspectaturum fuisse in eius consiliis 20 vindicandls, qui vl iudicia ipsa tolleret? Satis iudica- tum est a Pompeio, satis, falso ista conferrl in Milonem, qui legem tulit, qua, ut ego sentio, Milonem absolvl a vobls oporteret, ut omnes confitentur, liceret. Quod vero in illo loco atque illls publicorum praesidiorum 25 copils circumfusus sedet, satis declarat se non terrorem Inferre vobls, quid enim minus illo dlgnum quam cogere ut vos eum condemnetis, in quern animadvertere ipse et more maiorum et su5 hire posset ? sed praesidi5 esse, ut intellegatis contra hesternam illam contionem licere 30 vobls quod sentiatis llbere iudicare. xxvii. Nee vero me, indices, Clodianum crimen movet, nee tarn sum demens tamque vestrl sensus 176 PRO MILONE Ignarus atque expers, ut nesciam quid de morte Clod! sentiatis. De qua, si iam nollem ita dlluere crimen, ut dilul, tamen impune MilonI palam clamare ac mentlrl gloriose liceret : ' Occldl, occldl, non Sp. Maelium, qui 5 ann5na levanda iactiirlsque rel familiaris, quia nimis amplectl plebem videbatur, in susplcionem incidit regnl appetendl; non Ti. Gracchum, qui conlegae magi- stratum per seditionem abrogavit, quorum interfectores impleverunt orbem terrarum nominis sul gloria ; sed 10 eum, auderet enim dlcere, cum patriam perlculo suo llberasset, cuius nefandum adulterium in pulvlnaribus sanctissimls nobilissimae feminae comprehenderunt ; eum cuius supplici5 senatus sollemnls religiones ex- piandas saepe censuit ; eum quem cum sorore germana 15 nefarium stuprum fecisse L. Lucullus iuratus se quae- stionibus habitls dixit comperisse ; eum qui clvem quem senatus, quem populus Romanus, quem omnes gentes urbis ac vltae clvium conservatorem iudicarant, servo- rum armls exterminavit ; eum qui regna dedit, ademit, 20 orbem terrarum quibuscum voluit partltus est ; eum qui, plurimls caedibus in foro factls, singularl virtute et gloria clvem domum vl et armls compulit ; eum cui nihil umquam nefas fuit, nee in facinore nee in libldine ; eum qui aedem Nympharum incendit, ut memoriam 25 publicam recensi5nis tabulls publicls impressam exstin- gueret ; eum denique, cui iam nulla lex erat, nullum civile ius, null! possessionum termini ; qui non calumnia lltium, non iniustls vindicils ac sacramentls alienos fun- dos, sed castrls, exercitu, slgnls Inf erendls petebat ; qui 30 non solum Etruscos, eos enim penitus contempserat, sed hunc P. Varium, fortissimum atque optimum clvem, iudicem nostrum, pellere possessionibus armls castrlsque PRO MILONE 177 conatus est; qui cum architectls et decempedls villas multorum hortosque peragrabat; qui Ianiculo et Alpi- bus spem possessionum terminarat suarum ; qui, cum ab equite Romano splendido et fortl, M. Paconio, non 5 impetrasset ut sibi Insulam in lacu Prllio venderet, repente lintribus in earn Insulam materiem, calcem, caementa, arma convexit, dominoque trans rlpam In- spectante, non dubitavit exstruere aedificium in alieno ; qui huic T. Furfanio, cui viro, dl immortales ! quid enim 10 ego de muliercula Scantia, quid de adulescente P. Apl- nio dlcam ? quorum utrlque mortem est minitatus, nisi sibi hortorum possessione cessissent, sed ausum esse Furfanio dlcere, si sibi pecuniam, quantam poposcerat, . non dedisset, mortuum se in domum eius inlaturum, qua 15 invidia huic esset tall vir5 conflagrandum ; qui Appium fratrem, hominem mihi coniunctum fldissima gratia, absentem de possessione fundi deiecit; qui parietem sic per vestibulum sororis Instituit ducere, sic agere fundamenta, ut sororem non modo vestibulo prlvaret, 20 sed omnl aditu et limine.' xxviii. Quamquam haec quidem iam tolerabilia vide- bantur, etsl aequabiliter in rem publicam, in prlvatos, in longinqu5s, in propinquos, in alienos, in suos inruebat; sed nescio quo modo iam usu obduruerat et percalluerat 25 clvitatis incredibilis patientia. Quae vero aderant iam et impendebant, quonam mod5 ea aut depellere potuisse- tis aut ferre? Imperium ille si nactus esset, omitto socios, exteras nationes, reges, tetrarchas, vota enim faceretis ut in eos se potius immitteret quam in vestras 30 possessidnes, vestra tecta, vestras pecunias, pecunias dlco ? a llberls, me dlus fidius, et a coniugibus vestrls num- quam ille effrenatas suas libidines cohibuisset. FingI H. & G. cic— 12 178 PRO MILONE haec putatis, quae patent, quae nota sunt omnibus, quae tenentur ; servorum exercitus ilium in urbe conscrlptu- rum fuisse, per quos totam rem publicam resque pri- vates omnium possideret ? 5 Quam ob rem si cruentum gladium tenens clamaret T. Annius, 'Adeste, quaeso, atque audlte, elves; P. Clodium interfeel ; eius furores, quos nullls iam legibus, nullls iudicils frenare poteramus, hoc ferro et hac dex- tera a cervicibus vestrls reppull, per me ut unum ius, 10 aequitas, leges, llbertas, pudor, pudlcitia in civitate maneret ! ' esset vero timendum quonam modo id ferret clvitas ? Nunc enim quis est qui non probet, qui non laudet, qui non unum post hominum memoriam T. Annium plurimum rei publicae profuisse, maxima lae- 15 titia populum Romanum, cunctam Italiam, nationes omnis adfecisse et dlcat et sentiat? Non queo Vetera ilia popull R5manl gaudia quanta f uerint iudicare ; mul- tas tamen iam summorum imperatorum clarissimas vic- torias aetas nostra vldit, quarum nulla neque tarn diu- 20 turnam attulit laetitiam nee tantam. Mandate hoc memoriae, iudices. Spero multa vos llberosque vestros in re publica bona esse vlsuros ; in els singulis ita semper exlstimabitis, vivo P. Clodio nihil eorum vos vlsuros fuisse. In spem maximam, et, quern ad modum confldo, 25 verissimam sumus adductl, hunc ipsum annum, hoc ipso summo viro consule, compressa hominum licentia, cupidi- tatibus fractls, legibus et iudicils c5nstitutls, salutarem clvitatl fore. Num quis est igitur tarn demens qui hoc P. Cl5dio vivo contingere potuisse arbitretur ? Quid, ea 30 quae tenetis, prlvata atque vestra, dominante homine furi- oso quod ius perpetuae possessionis habere potuissent ? xxix. N5n timeo, iudices, ne odio inimlcitiarum me- PRO MILONE 179 arum Inflammatus libentius haec in ilium evomere videar quam verius. Etenim si praecipuum esse debebat, tamen ita communis erat omnium ille hostis ut in com- muni odio paene aequaliter versaretur odium meum. 5 Non potest did satis, ne cogitarl quidem, quantum in illo sceleris, quantum exit! fuerit. Quln sic attendite, indices. Nempe haec est quaestio de interitu P. Clodl. Fingite animls, llberae sunt enim nostrae cogitationes, et quae volunt sic intuentur ut ea cernimus quae vide- 10 mus, fingite igitur cogitatione imaginem huius condicionis meae, si possim efncere ut Milonem absolvatis, sed ita, si P. Clodius revlxerit. Quid vultu extimuistis ? quonam modd ille v5s vlvus adficeret, quos mortuus inanl cogita- tione percussit ? Quid ! si ipse Cn. Pompeius, qui ea 15 virtute ac fortuna est ut ea potuerit semper quae nemo praeter ilium, si is, inquam, potuisset aut quaestionem de morte P. Clodl ferre aut ipsum ab Inferls excitare, utrum putatis potius facturum fuisse ? Etiam si propter amlcitiam vellet ilium ab Inferls evocare, propter rem 20 publicam non fecisset. Eius igitur mortis sedetis ulto- res, cuius vltam si putetis per vos restitul posse, nolltis ; et de eius nece lata quaestio est, qui si lege eadem revl- vlscere posset, lata lex numquam esset. Huius ergo interfector si esset, in confitendo ab elsne poenam time- 25 ret quos llberavisset ? Graecl homines de5rum honores tribuunt els virls qui tyrannos necaverunt. Quae ego vldl Athenls ! quae alils in urbibus Graeciae ! quas res dlvlnas talibus Insti- tutas virls ! quos cantus, quae carmina ! Prope ad im- 30 mortalitatis et religi5nem et memoriam consecrantur. Vos tanti conservat5rem popull, tantl sceleris ultorem non modo honoribus nullls adficietis, sed etiam ad sup- i8o PRO MILONE l8l plicium rap! patieminl? Confiteretur, confiteretur, in- quam, si fecisset, et magno animo et libenter fecisse se llbertatis omnium causa, quod esset el non confitendum modo, verum etiam praedicandum. 5 xxx. Etenim si id non negat ex quo nihil petit nisi ut Ignoscatur, dubitaret id faterl ex quo etiam praemia laudis essent petenda, nisi vero gratius putat esse vobls sul se capitis quam vestrl defensorem fuisse, cum prae- sertim in ea confessione, si gratl esse velletis, honores 10 adsequeretur amplissimos. Si factum vobls non proba- retur — quamquam qui poterat salus sua cuiquam non probarl? — sed tamen si minus fortissiml virl virtus clvi- bus grata cecidisset, magno animo constantlque cederet ex ingrata clvitate. Nam quid esset ingratius quam 15 laetarl ceteros, lugere eum solum propter quern ceterl laetarentur ? Quamquam hoc animo semper omnes fuimus in patriae proditoribus opprimendls ut, quoniam nostra futura esset gloria, perlculum quoque et invidiam nostram putaremus. Nam quae mihi ipsl tribuenda laus 20 esset, cum tantum in consulate meo pro vobls ac llberls vestrls ausus essem, si id quod conabar sine maximls dlmicationibus mels me esse ausurum arbitrarer ? Quae mulier sceleratum ac perniciosum clvem interficere non auderet, si perlculum non timeret ? Propositi invidia, 25 morte, poena, qui nihilo segnius rem publicam defendit, is vir vere putandus est. Popull gratl est praemils adficere bene meritos de re publica clvls ; virl fortis ne supplicils quidem mover! ut fortiter fecisse paeniteat. Quam ob rem uteretur eadem c5nfessione T. Annius 30 qua Ahala, qua Naslca, qua Oplmius, qua Marius, qua nosmet ipsl; et, si grata res publica esset, laetaretur; si ingrata, tamen in gravl f ortuna conscientia sua nlteretur. 1 82 PRO MILONE Sed huius beneficl gratiam, iudices, fortuna popull RomanI et vestra felicitas et di immortales sibi deberl putant. Nee vero quisquam aliter arbitrarl potest, nisi qui nullam vim esse ducit numenve dlvlnum ; quern 5 neque imperl nostrl magnitudo neque sol ille nee caell slgnorumque motus nee vicissitudines rerum atque ordi- nes movent, neque, id quod maximum est, maiorum sapientia, qui sacra, qui caerimonias, qui auspicia et ipsl sanctissime coluerunt et nobis suls posterls prodiderunt. 10 xxxi. Est, est profecto ilia vis ; neque in his corpori- bus atque in hac imbecillitate nostra inest quiddam quod vigeat et sentiat, et non inest in hoc tanto naturae tarn praeclaro motu. Nisi forte idcirco non putant, quia non apparet nee cernitur ; proinde quasi nostram ipsam 15 mentem qua sapimus, qua providemus, qua haec ipsa agimus ac dlcimus, videre aut plane qualis aut ubi sit sentlre posslmus. Ea vis igitur ipsa, quae saepe in- credibills huic urbl felicitates atque opes attulit, illam perniciem exstlnxit ac sustulit ; cui prlmum mentem in- 20 iecit, ut vl inritare ferroque lacessere fortissimum virum auderet, vincereturque ab eo, quern si vlcisset habiturus esset impunitatem et licentiam sempiternam. Non est humano consilio, ne mediocrl quidem, iudices, deorum immortalium cura, res ilia perfecta. Religiones 25 me hercule ipsae, quae illam beluam cadere vlderunt, commosse se videntur, et ius in illo suum retinuisse. Vos enim iam, AlbanI tumuli atque lucl, vos, inquam, imploro atque obtestor ; vosque, Albanorum obrutae arae, sacrorum popull R5manl sociae et aequales, quas 30 ille praeceps amentia, caesls prostratlsque sanctissimls lucls, substructionum Insanls molibus oppresserat. Vestrae turn arae, vestrae religiones viguerunt; vestra PRO MILONE 183 vis valuit, quam ille omni scelere polluerat. Tuque ex tuo edito monte, Latiaris sancte Iuppiter, cuius ille lacus, nemora flnlsque saepe omni nefario stupro et scelere macularat, aliquando ad eum poeniendum oculos s aperuistl. Vobls illae, vobls vestro in conspectu serae, sed iustae tamen et debitae poenae solutae sunt. Nisi forte hoc etiam casu factum esse dlcemus, ut ante ipsum sacrarium Bonae deae, quod est in fundo T. SergI Galll, in prlmls honest! et 5rnatl adulescentis, 10 ante ipsam, inquam, Bonam deam, cum proelium com- mlsisset, prlmum illud vulnus acciperet, quo taeterrimam mortem obiret, ut n5n absolutus iudicio illo nefario vide- retur, sed ad hanc inslgnem poenam reservatus. xxxii. Nee vero non eadem Ira deorum hanc eius 15 satellitibus iniecit amentiam, ut sine imaginibus, sine cantu atque ludls, sine exsequils, sine lamentls, sine laudationibus, sine funere, oblitus cruore et luto, spolia- tus illlus supremi diel celebritate, cui cedere inimlcl etiam solent, ambureretur abiectus. Non fuisse credo 20 fas clarissimorum virorum formas ill! taeterrimo parri- cidae aliquid decoris adferre, neque ull5 in loco potius mortem eius lacerarl quam in quo vita esset damnata. Dura, me dlus fidius, mihi iam Fortuna popull Ro- manl et criidelis videbatur, quae tot annos ilium in 25 hanc rem piiblicam Insultare pateretur. Polluerat stu- pro sanctissimas religiones, senatus gravissima decreta perfregerat, pecunia se a iudicibus palam redemerat, vexarat in tribunatu senatum, omnium ordinum con- sensu pro salute rel publicae gesta rescide'rat, me patria 30 expulerat, bona dlripuerat, domum incenderat, llberos, coniugem meam vexarat, Cn. Pompeio nefarium bellum indlxerat, magistratuum prlvatorumque caedls effecerat, 1 84 PRO MILONE domum mel f ratris incenderat, vastarat Etruriam, multos sedibus ac fortunls eiecerat. Instabat, urgebat. Capere eius amentiam clvitas, Italia, provinciae, regna non pote- rant. Incidebantur iam doml leges, quae nos servls no- 5 strls addlcerent. Nihil erat cuiusquam, quod quidem ille adamasset, quod non hoc anno suum fore putaret. Ob- stabat eius cogitationibus nem5 praeter Milonem. Ilium ipsum, qui obstare poterat, novo reditu in gratiam quasi devinctum arbitrabatur ; Caesaris potentiam suam esse 10 dlcebat; bonorum animos in meo casu contempserat ; Milo unus urgebat. xxxiii. Hie di immortales, ut supra dlxi, mentem ill! perdito ac furioso dederunt, ut huic faceret Insidias. Aliter perlre pestis ilia non potuit ; numquam ilium res 15 publica suo iure esset ulta. Senatus, credo, praeto- rem eum circumscrlpsisset. Ne cum solebat quidem id facere, in prlvato eodem hoc aliquid profecerat. An consules in praetore coercendo fortes fuissent? Prl- mum Milone occlso habuisset suos consules. Deinde 20 quis in eo praetore consul fortis esset, per quern tri- bunum virtutem consularem crudelissime vexatam esse meminisset? Oppressisset omnia, possideret, teneret; lege nova quae est inventa apud eum cum reliquls legibus Clodianls servos nostros llbertos suos f ecisset ; 25 postremo, nisi eum di immortales in earn mentem impu- lissent, ut hom5 effeminatus fortissimum virum conaretur occidere, hodie rem publicam nullam haberetis. An ille praetor, ille vero consul, si modo haec templa atque ipsa moenia stare eo vivo tarn diu et consulatum 30 eius exspectare potuissent, ille denique vlvus mall nihil fecisset, qui mortuus, un5 ex suls satellitibus duce, curiam incenderit ? Quo quid miserius, quid acerbius, PRO MI LONE 185 quid luctuosius vidimus, templum sanctitatis, amplitu- dinis, mentis, consill publicl, caput urbis, aram sociorum, portum omnium gentium, sedem ab universo populo concessam unl ordinl, Inflammarl, exscindl, funestarl, 5 neque id fieri a multitudine imperita, quamquam esset miserum id ipsum, sed ab uno ? Qui cum tantum ausus sit ustor pro mortuo, quid slgnifer pro vivo non esset ausus ? In curiam potissimum abiecit, ut earn mortuus incenderet, quam vlvus everterat. 10 Et sunt qui de via Appia querantur, taceant de curia et qui ab eo splrante forum putent potuisse defendl, cuius non restiterit cadaverl curia ! Excitate, excitate ipsum, si potestis, a mortuls. Frangetis impetum vlvl, cuius vix sustinetis furias Insepultl ? Nisi vero sustinu- 15 istis eos qui cum facibus ad curiam cucurrerunt, cum falcibus ad Castoris, cum gladils toto foro volitarunt. Caedl vldistis populum Romanum, c5ntionem gladils disturbarl, cum audlretur silentio M. Caelius, tribunus plebis, vir et in re piiblica fortissimus, et in suscepta 20 causa flrmissimus, et bonorum voluntatl et auctoritatl senatus deditus, et in hac Milonis slve invidia slve fortiina singularl, dlvlna et incredibill fide. xxxiv. Sed iam satis multa de causa ; extra causam etiam nimis fortasse multa. Quid restat nisi ut orem 25 obtesterque vos, iudices, ut earn misericordiam tribuatis fortissimo viro quam ipse non implorat, ego etiam re- pugnante hoc et imploro et exposed ? Nollte, si in nostro omnium netu nullam lacrimam aspexistis Milonis, si vultum semper eundem, si vocem, si orationem stabi- 30 lem ac non mutatam videtis, hoc minus el parcere ; haud scio an multo sit etiam adiuvandus magis. Etenim si in gladiatorils pugnls et Infiml generis hominum condi- 1 86 PRO MILONE cione atque fortuna timidos atque supplices et ut vivere liceat obsecrantls etiam odisse solemus, fortls atque animosos et se acriter ipsos mortl offerentis servare cupimus, eorumque nos magis miseret qui nostram s misericordiam non requlrunt quam qui illam efflagi- tant, quanto hoc magis in fortissimis civibus facere debemus ? Me quidem, indices, exanimant et interimunt hae voces Milonis, quas audio adsidue et quibus intersum 10 cotldie. 'Valeant,' inquit, 'valeant elves mei; sint in- columes, sint florentes, sint beat!; stet haec urbs prae- clara mihique patria carissima, quoquo modo erit merita de me. Tranquilla re publica mei elves, quoniam mihi cum illis non licet, sine me ipsl, sed propter me tamen 15 perfruantur. Ego cedam atque ablbo; si mihi bona re publica frul non licuerit, at carebo mala, et quam prlmum tetigero bene moratam et llberam clvitatem, in ea conquiescam.' 1 frustra,' inquit, ' mihi susceptl lab5res ! O spes 20 fallaces et cogitationes inanes meae ! Ego cum tribunus plebis re publica oppressa me senatui dedissem, quern exstinctum acceperani, equitibus Romanis, quorum vires erant debiles, bonis virls, qui omnem auct5ritatem Clo- dianls armls abiecerant, mihi umquam bonorum prae- 25 sidium defuturum putarem ? Ego cum te,' mecum enim saepissime loquitur, ' patriae reddidissem, mihi putarem in patria non futurum locum ? Ubi nunc senatus est, quern secutl sumus ? ubi equites RomanI illl,' inquit, i tul ? ubi studia municipiorum ? ubi Italiae voces ? ubi 30 denique tua ilia, M. TullI, quae plurimls fuit auxilio, vox atque defensio ? mihine ea soli, qui pro te totiens mortl me obtull, nihil potest opitularl ? ' PRO MILONE 187 xxxv. Nec vero haec, iudices, ut ego nunc, flens, sed hoc eodem loquitur vultu qu5 videtis. Negat enim, negat ingratis clvibus fecisse se quae f ecerit ; timidls et omnia circumspicientibus perlcula non negat. Plebem 5 et Infimam multitudinem, quae P. Clodio duce fortOnls vestrls imminebat, earn, quo tutior esset vestra vita, se fecisse commemorat ut non modo virtute flecteret, sed etiam tribus suls patrimonii delemret ; nec timet ne, cum plebem muneribus placarit, vos non conciliarit 10 meritls in rem publicam singularibus. Senatus erga se benevolentiam temporibus his ipsls saepe esse perspec- tam, vestras vero et vestrorum ordinum occursationes, studia, sermones, quemcumque cursum fortuna dederit, se secum ablaturum esse dlcit. 15 Meminit etiam sibi vocem praeconis modo defuisse, quam minime desiderarit ; popull vero cunctls suffragils, quod unum cupierit, se consulem declaratum ; nunc denique, si haec contra se sint futura, sibi facinoris su- spicionem, non fact! crimen obstare. Addit haec, quae 20 certe vera sunt ; f ortls et sapientis viros non tarn prae- mia sequl solere recte factorum quam ipsa recte facta ; se nihil in vita nisi praeclarissime fecisse, si quidem nihil sit praestabilius viro quam perlculls patriam llbe- rare ; beatos esse quibus ea res honor! fuerit a suls clvi- 25 bus, nec tamen eos miser5s qui benefici5 clvis suos vicerint; sed tamen ex omnibus praemils virtutis, si esset habenda ratio praemiorum, amplissimum esse praemium gloriam ; esse hanc unam quae brevitatem vltae posteritatis memoria consolaretur ; quae efficeret 30 ut absentes adessemus, mortul vlveremus ; hanc denique esse, cuius gradibus etiam in caelum homines viderentur ascendere. 1 88 PRO MILONE 1 De me,' inquit, ' semper populus Romanus, semper omnes gentes loquentur, nulla umquam obmutescet vetustas. QuTn hoc tempore ipso, cum omnes a mels inimlcls faces invidiae meae subiciantur, tamen omnI s in hominum coetu gratils agendls et gratulationibus habendls et omni sermon e celebramur.' Omitto Etru- riae festos et actos et Institutos dies. Centesima lux est haec ab interitu P. Clod! et, oplnor, altera. Qua fines imperi popull Roman! sunt, ea non solum fama io iam de illo, sed etiam laetitia peragravit. Quam ob rem ' Ubi corpus hoc sit non,' inquit, ' labor o, quoniam omnibus in terrls et iam versatur et semper habitabit nominis mel gloria.' xxxvi. Haec tu mecum saepe his absentibus, sed 15 Isdem audientibus haec ego tecum, Milo : ' Te quidem, cum isto animo es, satis laudare non possum, sed, quo est ista magis dlvlna virtus, eo maiore a te dolore divellor. Nee vero, si mihi eriperis, reliqua est ilia tamen ad consolandum querella, ut els IrascI possim, 20 a quibus tantum volnus accepero. Non enim inimlcl mel te mihi eripient, sed amicissimi; non male ali- quando de me merit!, sed semper optime. Nullum umquam, iudices, mihi tantum dolorem inuretis — ets! quis potest esse tantus ? — sed ne hunc quidem ipsum, 25 ut obl!v!scar quant! me semper feceritis. Quae si vos cepit obl!vio, aut si in me aliquid offendistis, cur non id meo capite potius luitur quam Milonis ? Praeclare enim vlxero, si quid mihi accident prius quam hoc tantum mall vldero. 30 Nunc me una c5nsolatio sustentat, quod tibi, T. Ann!, nullum a me amoris, nullum studi, nullum pietatis officium defuit. Ego inimlcitias potentium pro te appe- PRO MILONE 189 tlvi; ego meum saepe corpus et vltam obiecl armls inimlcorum tuorum ; ego me plurimls pro te supplicem abiecl; bona, fortunas meas ac llberorum meorum in communionem tuorum temporum contull ; hoc denique 5 ipso die, si quae vis est parata, si quae dlmicatio capitis futura, deposco. Quid iam restat ? Quid habed quod faciam pro tuls in me meritls, nisi ut earn fortunam, quaecumque erit tua, ducam meam ? Non recuso, non abnuo; vosque obsecro, indices, ut vestra beneficia, 10 quae in me contulistis, aut in huius salute augeatis, aut in eiusdem exitio occasura esse videatis. xxxvii. His lacrimis non movetur Milo. Est quo- dam incredibill r5bore animl. Exsilium ibi esse putat, ubi virtutl non sit locus; mortem naturae flnem esse, 15 non poenam. Sed hie ea mente qua natus est. Quid vos, iudices ? quo tandem animo eritis ? Memoriam Milonis retinebitis, ipsum eicietis ? Et erit dignior locus in terrls ullus qui hanc virtiitem excipiat, quam hie qui procreavit? Vos, vos appello, fortissiml virl, 20 qui multum pro re publica sanguinem effudistis; vos in virl et in clvis invlctl appello perlculo, centuriones, vosque mllites; vobls non modo Inspectantibus, sed etiam armatls et huic iudicio praesidentibus, haec tanta virtus ex hac urbe expelletur, exterminabitur, proicietur ? 25 O me miserum ! O me Inf elicem ! Revocare tu me in patriam, Milo, potuistl per hos ; ego te in patria per eosdem retinere non poter5? Quid respondebo llberls meis, qui te parentem alterum putant? Quid tibi, Qulnte frater, qui nunc abes, consort! mecum tempo- 30 rum illorum? Mene n5n potuisse Milonis salutem tuerl per eosdem per quos nostram ille servasset ? At in qua causa n5n potuisse ? Quodnam ego concepl ICjO PRO MILONE tantum scelus, aut quod in me tantum facinus admlsl, iudices, cum ilia indicia communis exit! indagavl, pate- fecl, protull, exstlnxi? Omnes in me meosque redun- dant ex fonte illo dolores. Quid me reducem esse 5 voluistis ? An ut Inspectante me expellerentur el per quos essem restitutus ? Nollte, obsecro vos, acerbiorem mihi pat! reditum esse, quam fuerit ille ipse discessus. Nam qui possum putare me restitutum esse, si distrahar ab his per quos restitutus sum ? io xxxviii. Utinam dl immortales fecissent, pace tua, patria, dlxerim, metuo enim ne scelerate dlcam in te quod pro Milone dlcam pie, utinam P. Clodius non modo vlveret, sed etiam praetor, consul, dictator esset, potius quam hoc spectaculum viderem ! O dl immor- 15 tales ! fortem et a vobls, iudices, conservandum virum ! ' Minime, minime,' inquit. ' Immo vero poenas ille debitas luerit ; nos subeamus, si ita necesse est, non debitas.' Hlcine vir, patriae natus, iisquam nisi in patria morietur, aut, si forte, pro patria ? Huius vos 20 animl monumenta retinebitis, corporis in Italia nullum sepulcrum esse patieminl? Hunc sua quisquam sen- tentia ex hac urbe expellet, quern omnes urbes expul- sum a vobls ad se vocabunt ? O terram illam beatam, quae hunc virum exceperit ; hanc ingratam, si eiecerit ; 25 miseram, si amlserit ! Sed finis sit, neque enim prae lacrimls iam loqul possum, et hie se lacrimls defendl vetat. Vos oro obtestorque, iudices, ut in sententils ferendls quod sentietis id audeatis. Vestram virtutem, iustitiam, 30 fidem, mihi credite, is maxime probabit, qui in iudi- cibus legendls optimum et sapientissimum et fortissi- mum quemque elegit. Pro M. Marcello O ratio DIUTURNI silentl, patres conscrlptl, quo eram his temporibus usus, non timore aliquo, sed partim dolore, partim verecundia, flnem hodiernus dies attulit, Idemque initium quae vellem quaeque sentlrem meo 5 prlstino more dicendl. Tantam enim mansuetudinem, tarn inusitatam inauditamque clementiam, tantum in summa potestate rerum omnium modum, tarn denique incredibilem sapientiam ac paene dlvlnam, tacitus prae- terire nullo modo possum. M. enim Marcello vobls, 10 patres conscript!, relque publicae reddito, non illius . solum, sed etiam meam vocem et auctoritatem et vobls et rei publicae conservatam ac restitutam puto. Dole- bam enim, patres conscrlptl, et vehementer angebar, virum talem, cum in eadem causa in qua ego fuisset, is non in eadem esse fortuna ; nee mihi persuadere pote- ram, nee fas esse ducebam, versari me in nostro vetere curriculo, illo aemulo atque imitatore studiorum ac labo- rum meorum, quasi quodam socio a me et comite, dis- tracto. 20 Ergo et mihi meae prlstinae vitae consuetudinem, C. Caesar, interclusam aperuisti, et his omnibus ad bene de omnl re publica sperandum quasi signum aliquod sustulistT. Intellectum est enim mihi quidem in multis, et maxime in me ipso, sed paulo ante in omnibus, cum 25 M. Marcellum senatui relque publicae concessisti, com- 191 192 PRO MARCELLO memoratls praesertim offensionibus, te auctoritatem huius ordinis dlgnitatemque rei publicae tuis vel doloribus vel susplcionibus anteferre. Ille quidem fructum omnis ante actae vltae hodierno die maximum cepit, cum summo 5 consensu senatus, turn iudicio tuo gravissimo et maximo. Ex qu5 profecto intellegis quanta in dato beneficio sit laus, cum in accepto sit tanta gloria. Est vero fortu- natus ille, cuius ex salute non minor paene ad omnis quam ad ipsum ventura sit laetitia pervenerit. Quod 10 quidem el merito atque optimo iure contigit. Quis enim est ill5 aut nobilitate aut probitate aut optimarum artium studio aut innocentia aut ullo laudis genere praestantior ? 11. Nulllus tantum Humeri est ingenl, nulllus dlcendl aut scrlbendl tanta vis, tanta copia, quae non dicam 15 exornare, sed enarrare, C. Caesar, res tuas gestas possit. Tamen adflrmo, et hoc pace dicam tua, nullam in his esse laudem ampliorem quam earn quam hodierno die consecutus es. Sole5 saepe ante oculos ponere, idque libenter crebris usurpare sermonibus, omnis nostrorum 20 imperatorum, omnis exterarum gentium potentissimo- rumque populorum, omnis clarissimorum regum res gestas, cum tuis nee contentionum magnitudine nee numero proeliorum nee varietate regionum nee celeritate conficiendl nee dissimilitudine bellorum posse conferrl; 25 nee vero disiunctissimas terras citius passibus cuiusquam potuisse peragrarl quam tuis, non dicam cursibus, sed vlctorils lustratae sunt. Quae quidem ego nisi ita magna esse fatear ut ea vix cuiusquam mens aut cogitatio capere possit, amens sim ; 30 sed tamen sunt alia maiora. Nam bellicas laudes solent quldam extenuare verbis, easque detrahere ducibus, communicare cum multls, ne propriae sint imperatorum. PRO MARCELLO 1 93 Et certe in armls mllitum virtus, locorum opportunitas, auxilia sociorum, classes, commeatus multum iuvant ; maximam vero partem quasi suo iure Fortuna sibi vin- dicat, et quicquid prospere gestum est, id paene omne 5 ducit suum. At vero huius gloriae, C. Caesar, quam es paulo ante adeptus, socium habes neminem ; totum % hoc, quantum- cumque est, quod certe maximum est, totum est, inquam, tuum. Nihil sibi ex ista laude centurio, nihil praefectus, 10 nihil cohors, nihil turma decerpit; quln etiam ilia ipsa rerum humanarum domina, Fortuna, in istius societatem gloriae se non offert ; tibi cedit ; tuam esse totam et propriam fatetur. Numquam enim temeritas cum sapi- entia commiscetur, neque ad consilium casus admittitur. 15 in. Domuisti gentls immanitate barbaras, multitudine innumerabilis, locls Inflnltas, oranl copiarum genere abundantls; sed tamen ea vicisti, quae et naturam et condicionem ut vine! possent habebant. Nulla est enim tanta vis quae non ferro et viribus debilitarl franglque 20 possit. Animum vincere, iracundiam cohibere, vlctoriam temperare, adversarium nobilitate, ingenio, virtute prae- stantem non modo extollere iacentem, sed etiam amplifi- care eius prlstinam dignitatem, haec qui facit, non ego eum cum summls virls comparo, sed simillimum deo 25 iudico. Itaque, C. Caesar, bellicae tuae laudes celebrabuntur illae quidem non solum nostrls, sed paene omnium gen- tium litterls atque Unguis, nee ulla umquam aetas de tills laudibus conticescet. Sed tamen eius modi res 30 nescio quo modo etiam cum leguntur, obstrepl clamore mllitum videntur et tubarum son5. At vero cum aliquid clementer, mansuete, iuste, moderate, sapienter factum, H. & G. CIC. — 13 194 PR MARCELLO in Iracundia praesertim, quae est inimlca consilio, et in victoria, quae natura Insolens et superba est, audlmus aiit legimus, quo studio incendimur, non modo in gestis rebus, sed etiam in fictls, ut eos saepe quos numquam 5 vidimus dlligamus ! Te vero, quern praesentem intue- mur, cuius mentem sensusque et os cernimus, ut, quic- quid belli fortuna reliquum rel publicae fecerit, id esse salvum veils, quibus laudibus efferemus? quibus studils prosequemur ? qua benevolentia complectemur ? Pari- 10 etes, me dlus ndius, ut mihi videtur, huius curiae tibi gratias agere gestiunt, quod brevl tempore futura sit ilia auctoritas in his maiorum suorum et suls sedibus. iv. Equidem cum C. Marcelll, virl optiml et com- memorabill pietate praeditl, lacrimas modo voblscum 15 viderem, omnium Marcellorum meum pectus memoria obfudit, quibus tu etiam mortuls, M. Marcello conservato, dignitatem suam reddidistl, nobilissimamque familiam iam ad paucos redactam paene ab interitu vindicastl. Hunc tu igitur diem tills maximls et innumerabilibus 20 gratulationibus iure antepones. Haec enim res unlus est propria C. Caesaris ; ceterae duce te gestae magnae illae quidem, sed tamen multo magnoque ' comitatu. Huius autem rel tu Idem es et dux et comes, quae quidem tanta est ut tropaels et monumentis tuls adla- 25 tura flnem sit aetas, nihil est enim opere et manu fac- tum, quod non aliquand5 conficiat et consiimat vetustas, at haec tua iustitia et lenitas animl florescet cotldie magis, ita ut quantum tuls operibus diuturnitas detrahet, tantum adferat laudibus. 30 Et ceteros quidem omnls vlctores bellorum clvllium iam ante aequitate et misericordia vlceras ; hodierno vero die te ipsum vlcistl. Vereor ut hoc, quod dlcam, PRO MARCELLO 1 95 perinde intellegl possit audltum atque ipse cogitans sen- tio; ipsam vlctoriam vlcisse videris, cum ea quae ilia erat adepta vlctls remlsistl. Nam cum ipslus vlctoriae condicione omnes victl occidissemus, clementiae tuae 5 iudicio conservati sumus. Recte igitur unus invlctus es, a quo etiam ipslus vlctoriae conditio vlsque devicta est. v. Atque hoc C. Caesaris iudicium, patres conscript!, quam late pateat attendite. Omnes enim, qui ad ilia arma fato sumus nescio quo rei publicae misero fune- 10 stoque compulsl, etsl aliqua culpa tenemur erroris human!, scelere certe hberat! sumus. Nam cum M. Marcellum deprecantibus vob!s re! publicae conservavit, me et mihi et item re! publicae, nullo deprecante, reliquos amplissi- mos viros et sibi ipsos et patriae reddidit, quorum et ,15 frequentiam et dignitatem hoc ipso in consessu videtis. Non ille hostls induxit in curiam, sed iudicavit a ple- rlsque Ignoratione potius et falso atque inan! metu quam cupiditate aut crudelitate bellum esse susceptum. Quo quidem in bello semper de pace audiendum 20 putavl, semperque dolul non modo pacem, sed etiam orationem clvium pacem flagitantium repudiarl. Neque enim ego ilia nee ulla umquam secutus sum arma clvllia ; semperque mea consilia pacis et togae socia, non belli atque armorum fuerunt. Hominem sum secutus prlvato 25 consilio, non publico; tantumque apud me gratl animl fidelis memoria valuit ut nulla n5n modo cupiditate, sed ne spe quidem, prudens et sciens tamquam ad interitum ruerem voluntarium. Quod quidem meum consilium minime obscurum fuit. Nam et in hoc ordine integra 30 re multa de pace dixl, et in ipso bello eadem etiam cum capitis mel perlculo sens!. Ex quo nemo iam erit tarn iniustus exlstimator rerum qui dubitet quae Caesaris de 196 PRO MARCELLO bello voluntas fuerit, cum pacis auctores conservandos statim censuerit, ceteris fuerit Iratior. Atque id minus mlrum fortasse turn, cum esset incertus exitus et anceps f ortuna belli ; qui vero victor pacis auctores dlligit, is pro- 5 fecto declarat se maluisse non dlmicare quam vincere. vi. Atque huius quidem rel M. Marcello sum testis. Nostrl enim sensus ut in pace semper, sic turn etiam in bello congruebant. Quotiens ego eum et quanto cum dolore vldl, cum Insolentiam certorum hominum turn 10 etiam ipslus vlctoriae ferocitatem extimescentem ! Quo gratior tua llberalitas, C. Caesar, nobis, qui ilia vidimus, debet esse. Non enim iam causae sunt inter se, sed vlctoriae comparandae. Vidimus tuam vlctoriam proe- liorum exitu terminatam ; gladium vagina vacuum in 15 urbe non vidimus. Quos amisimus clvls, eos Martis vis perculit, non Ira vlct5riae ; ut dubitare debeat nemo quln multos, si fieri posset, C. Caesar ab Inferls exci- taret, quoniam ex eadem acie conservat quos potest. Alterius vero partis nihil amplius dlcam quam, id quod 20 omnes verebamur, nimis Iracundam futuram fuisse vlc- toriam. Quldam enim non modo armatls, sed interdum etiam otiosls minabantur; nee quid quisque sensisset, sed ubi f uisset cogitandum esse dlcebant ; ut mihi qui- dem videantur dl immortales, etiam si poenas a populo 25 Romano ob aliquod delictum expetlverunt, qui civile bellum tantum et tarn luctuosum excitaverunt, vel pla- catl iam vel satiatl aliquando, omnem spem salutis ad clementiam vlctoris et sapientiam contulisse. Qua re gaude tuo isto tarn excellentl bono, et fruere 30 cum fortuna et gloria, turn etiam natura et moribus tuls ; ex quo quidem maximus est fructus iucunditasque sapi- entl. Cetera cum tua recordabere, etsl persaepe virtutl, PRO MARCELLO 1 97 tamen plerumque fellcitatl tuae gratulabere; de nobis, quos in re publica tecum simul esse voluistl, quotiens cogitabis, totiens de maximis tuls beneficiis, totiens de incredibill llberalitate, totiens de singular! sapientia tua 5 cogitabis; quae non modo summa bona, sed nlmlrum audebd vel sola dlcere. Tantus est enim splendor in laude vera, tanta in magnitudine animl et consili dlgni- tas, ut haec a virtute donata, cetera a fortuna commo- data esse videantur. Noli igitur in conservandls bonis 10 viris defatlgarl, non cupiditate praesertim aliqua. aut pravitate lapsls, sed oplnione offici stulta fortasse, certe non improba, et specie quadam rei publicae; non enim tua ulla culpa est si te aliqul timuerunt, contraque summa laus, quod minime timendum fuisse senserunt. .15 vii. Nunc venio ad gravissimam querellam et atrocis- simam susplcionem tuam, quae non tibi ipsl magis quam cum omnibus clvibus turn maxim e nobis, qui a te con- servatl sumus, providenda est; quam etsl spero falsam esse, tamen numquam extenuabo verbis. Tua enim 20 cautio nostra cautio est, ut si in alterutro peccandum sit, malim viderl nimis timidus quam parum prudens. Sed quisnam est iste tarn demens ? De tulsne ? — tametsl qui magis sunt tul quam quibus tu salutem Insperantibus reddidistl? — an ex hoc numero, qui una 25 tecum fuerunt ? Non est credibilis tantus in ullo furor ut quo duce omnia summa sit adeptus, huius vltam non anteponat suae. An si nihil tul cogitant sceleris, cavendum est ne quid inimicl ? Qui ? omnes enim, qui fuerunt, aut sua pertinacia vltam amlserunt, aut 30 tua misericordia retinuerunt, ut aut nulll supersint de inimlcls, aut qui fuerunt sint amlcissiml. Sed tamen cum in animls hominum tantae latebrae 198 PRO MARCELLO sint et tantl recessus, augeamus sane susplcionem tuam, simul enim augebimus dlligentiam. Nam quis est om- nium tarn Ignarus rerum, tarn rudis in re publica, tarn nihil umquam nee de sua nee de communi salute cogi- 5 tans, qui non intellegat tua salute continerl suam, et ex unlus tua vita pendere omnium ? Equidem de te dies noctisque, ut debeo, cogitans, casus dumt'axat humanos et incert5s eventus valetudinis et naturae communis fra- gilitatem extimesco ; doleoque, cum res publica immor- 10 talis esse debeat, earn in unlus mortalis anima consistere. Si vero ad human5s casus incertosque motiis valetudinis sceleris etiam accedit Insidiarumque consensio, quern deum, si cupiat, posse opitulari rel publicae credamus ? viii. Omnia sunt excitanda tibi, C. Caesar, unl, quae 15 iacere sentls, belli ipsliis impetu, quod necesse fuit, per- culsa atque prostrata; constituenda iudicia, revocanda fides, comprimendae libldines, propaganda suboles ; om- nia, quae dllapsa iam diffluxerunt, sevens legibus vin- cienda sunt. Non fuit recusandum in tanto clvlll bello, 20 tant5 animorum ard5re et armorum, quln quassata res publica, qulcumque belli eventus fuisset, multa perderet et ornamenta dignitatis et praesidia stabilitatis suae ; multaque uterque dux faceret armatus, quae Idem toga- tus fieri prohibuisset. Quae quidem tibi nunc omnia 25 belli volnera sananda sunt, quibus praeter te nemo mederl potest. Itaque illam tuam praeclarissimam et sapientissimam vocem invltus audlvi : ' Satis diu vel naturae vlxl vel gloriae.' Satis, si ita vis* fortasse naturae, add5 etiam, 30 si placet, gloriae ; at, quod maximum est, patriae certe parum. Qua re omitte istam, quaeso, doctorum homi- num in contemnenda morte prudentiam ; noli nostro PRO MARCELLO 1 99 perlculo esse sapiens. Saepe enim venit ad aurls meas, te idem istud nimis crebro dlcere, tibi satis te vlxisse. Credo ; sed turn id audlrem, si tibi soli vlveres, aut si tibi etiam soli natus esses. Omnium salutem clvium 5 cunctamque rem publicam res tuae gestae complexae sunt; tantum abes a perfecti5ne maximorum operum ut fundamenta nondum quae cogitas ieceris. Hie tu modum vltae tuae non salute rel publicae, sed aequi- tate animl deflnies ? Quid, si istud ne gloriae tuae qui- 10 dem satis est ? cuius te esse avidissimum, quamvls sis sapiens, non negabis. Parumne igitur, inquies, magna relinquemus? Immo vero alils quamvls multls satis, tibi unl parum. Quicquid est enim, quamvls amplum sit, id est parum turn, cum est aliquid amplius. Quod js si rerum tuarum immortalium, C. Caesar, hie exitus futu- rus fuit, ut devlctls adversariis rem publicam in eo statu relinqueres in quo nunc est, vide, quaeso, ne tua dlvlna virtus admlrationis plus sit habitura quam gl5riae, si quidem gloria est inlustris ac pervagata magnorum vel 20 in suos vel in patriam vel in omne genus hominum fama meritorum. ix. Haec igitur tibi reliqua pars est ; hie restat actus, in hoc elaborandum est ut rem publicam c5nstituas, eaque tu in prlmls summa tranquillitate et otio perfru- 25 are ; turn te, si voles, cum et patriae quod debes solveris, et naturam ipsam expleveris satietate vlvendl, satis diu vlxisse dicito. Quid est enim omnlno hoc ipsum diu, in quo est aliquid extremum? quod cum venit, omnis vo- luptas praeterita pro nihilo est quia postea nulla est 30 futura. Quamquam iste tuus animus numquam his angustiis, quas natura nobis ad vlvendum dedit, con- tentus fuit ; semper immortalitatis amore flagravit. 200 PRO MARCELLO Nee vero haec tua vita ducenda est, quae corpore et splritu continetur. Ilia, inquam, ilia vita est tua, quae vigebit memoria saeculorum omnium, quam posteritas alet, quam ipsa aeternitas semper tuebitur. Huic tu 5 Inservias, huic te ostentes oportet, quae quidem quae miretur iam prldem multa habet; nunc etiam quae laudet exspectat. Obstupescent posterl certe imperia, provincias, Rhenum, Oceanum, Nllum, pugnas innume- rabills, incredibills victorias, monumenta, munera, tri- 10 umphos audientes et legentes tuos. Sed nisi haec urbs stabillta tuis c5nsilils et institutis erit, vagabitur modo tuum nomen longe atque late; sedem stabilem et domicilium certum non habebit. Erit inter eos etiam qui nascentur, sicut inter nos f uit, magna 15 dissensio, cum alii laudibus ad caelum res' tuas gestas efferent, alii fortasse aliquid requlrent, idque vel maxi- mum, nisi belli clvllis incendium salute patriae restinxe- ris, ut illud fatl fuisse videatur, h5c consill. Servl igitur els etiam iudicibus, qui multls post saeculls de te iudi- 20 cabunt, et quidem haud scio an incorruptius quam nos. Nam et sine amore et sine cupiditate et rursus sine odio et sine invidia iudicabunt. Id autem etiam si turn ad te, ut quldam falso putant, non pertinebit, nunc certe pertinet esse te talem ut tuas laudes obscuratura nulla 25 umquam sit obllvio. x. Dlversae voluntates clvium fuerunt, distractaeque sententiae. Non enim consilils solum et studils, sed armls etiam et castrls dissidebamus. Erat enim obscu- ritas quaedam ; erat certamen inter clarissimos duces ; 30 multl dubitabant quid optimum esset, multl quid sibi expedlret, multl quid deceret, non nulll etiam quid lice- ret. Perfuncta res publica est hoc misero fatallque PRO MARCELLO 201 bello; vlcit is qui non fortuna Inflammaret odium suum, sed bonitate lenlret ; neque omnis quibus Iratus esset, eosdem exsilio aut morte dlgnos iudicaret. Arma ab alils posita, ab alils erepta sunt. Ingratus est iniu- s stusque clvis, qui, armorum perlculd llberatus, animum tamen retinet armatum, ut etiam ille melior sit qui in acie cecidit, qui in causa animam profudit. Quae enim pertinacia quibusdam, eadem alils constantia viderl potest. 10 Sed iam omnis fracta dissensi5 est armls, exstlncta aequitate vlctoris; restat ut omnes unum velint, qui modo habent aliquid non solum sapientiae, sed etiam sanitatis. Nisi te, C. Caesar, salvo, et in ista sententia qua cum antea turn hodie vel maxime usus es manente, 15 salvl esse non possumus. Qua re omnes te, qui haec salva esse volumus, et hortamur et obsecramus ut vltae tuae et salutl consulas ; omnesque tibi, ut pr5 alils etiam loquar quod de me ipse sentio, quoniam subesse aliquid putas quod cavendum sit, non modo excubias et custodies, 20 sed etiam laterum nostrorum oppositus et corporum pollicemur. xi. Sed, ut unde est orsa, in eodem terminetur oratio, maximas tibi omnes gratias agimus, C. Caesar, maiores etiam habemus. Nam omnes idem sentiunt, quod ex 25 omnium precibus et lacrimls sentlre potuistl ; sed quia non est omnibus stantibus necesse dlcere, a me certe did volunt, cui necesse est quodam modo, et quod fieri decet, M. Marcello a te huic ordinl populoque Romano et rel publicae reddito, fieri id intellego. Nam laetarl 30 omnis non de unlus solum, sed de communl omnium salute sentio. Quod autem summae benevolentiae est, quae mea 202 PRO MARCELLO erga ilium omnibus semper nota fuit, ut vix C. Mar- cello, optimo et amantissimo fratrl, praeter eum qui- dem cederem neminl, cum id sollicitudine, cura, labore tarn diu praestiterim quam diu est de illlus salute du- 5 bitatum, certe hoc tempore, magnis curls, molestiis, doloribus llberatus, praestare debeo. Itaque, C. Cae- sar, sic tibi gratias ago, ut omnibus me rebus a te non conservato solum, sed etiam ornato, tamen ad tua in me iinum innumerabilia merita, quod fieri iam posse 10 non arbitrabar, maximus hoc tuo facto cumulus acces- serit. Caesar (Conservatori Museum, Rome) Pro Q. Ligario Oratio NOVUM crimen, C. Caesar, et ante hunc diem non audltum propinquus meus ad te Q. Tubero de- tulit, Q. Ligarium in Africa fuisse ; idque C. Pansa, praestantl vir ingenio, fretus fortasse familiaritate ea 5 quae est el tecum, ausus est confiterl. Itaque quo me vertam nescio. Paratus enim veneram, cum tu id neque per te sclres neque audire aliunde potuisses, ut Igno- ratione tua ad hominis miser! salutem abuterer. Sed quoniam dlligentia. inimlci investigatum est quod late- 10 bat, confitendum est, opinor, praesertim cum meus necessarius Pansa fecerit ut id integrum iam non esset ; omissaque controversia, omnis oratio ad miseri- cordiam tuam c5nferenda est, qua pluriml sunt con- servatl, cum a te non llberationem culpae, sed erratl is veniam impetravissent. Habes igitur, Tubero, quod est accusaton maxime optandum, confitentem reum ; sed tamen hoc confitentem, se in ea parte fuisse qua. te, qua virum omni laude dignum, patrem tuum. Ita- que prius de vestro delicto confiteaminl necesse est 20 quam LJgarl ullam culpam reprehendatis. Q. enim Ligarius, cum esset nulla belli susplcio, legatus in Africam cum C. Considio profectus est. Qua. in legatione et clvibus et socils ita se probavit ut decedens Considius pr5vincia satis facere hominibus 25 n5n posset, si quemquam alium provinciae praefecis- 203 204 PR0 LIGARIO set. Itaque Ligarius, cum diu recusans nihil profe- cisset, provinciam accepit invltus ; cui sic praef uit in pace ut et civibus et sociis gratissima esset eius in- tegritas ac fides. Bellum subito exarsit, . quod qui 5 erant in Africa ante audierunt gerl quam pararl. Quo audlto, partim cupiditate inconslderata, partim caeco quodam timore, prlmo salutis, post etiam studi sul, quaerebant aliquem ducem, cum Ligarius, domum spec- tans, ad suos redire cupiens, nul]o se implicarl negotio 10 passus est. Interim P. Attius Varus, qui praetor Afri- cam obtinuerat, Uticam venit. Ad eum statim con- cursum est. Atque ille non mediocrl cupiditate adripuit imperium, si illud imperium esse potuit, quod ad pri- vatum clamore multitudinis imperltae, niillo publico 15 consili5, deferebatur. Itaque Ligarius, qui omne tale neg5tium cuperet effugere, paulum adventu Varl con- quievit. 11. Adhuc, C. Caesar, Q. Ligarius omnl culpa vacat. Dom5 est egressus non modo nullum ad bellum, sed ne 20 ad minimam quidem susplcionem belli; legatus in pace profectus est; in provincia pacatissima ita se gessit ut el pacem esse expedlret. Profectio certe animum tuum non debet off endere ; num igitur remansio? Multo minus. Nam profectio voluntatem habuit non turpem, 25 remansi5 necessitatem etiam honestam. Ergo haec duo tempora carent crlmine, unum cum est legatus profectus, alterum, cum efHagitatus a provincia prae- positus Africae est. Tertium tempus est quod post adventum Varl in Africa restitit, quod si est crlmino- 30 sum, necessitatis crimen est, non voluntatis. An ille, si potuisset ullo modo evadere, Uticae quam Romae, cum P. AttiS quam cum concordissimls fratribus, cum PRO LIGARIO 205 alienls esse quam cum suls maluisset ? Cum ipsa lega- tio plena deslderl ac sollicitudinis fuisset propter incre- dibilem quendam fratrum am5rem, hie aequo animo esse potuit, belli dlscidio distractus a fratribus ? 5 Nullum igitur habes, Caesar, adhuc in Q. Ligari5 signum alienae a te voluntatis. Cuius ego causam ani- madverte, quaes5, qua fide defendam ; prodo meam. O clementiam admirabilem atque omnium laude, prae- dicatione, litteris, monumentlsque decorandam, cum M. 10 Cicero apud te defendit alium in ea voluntate non fuisse, in qua se ipsum confitetur fuisse, nee tuas tacitas cogita- tiones extimescit, nee quid tibi de ali5 audienti de se ipso occurrat reformidat ! in. Vide quam non ref ormidem ; vide quanta lux libe- rs ralitatis et sapientiae tuae mihi apud te dlcentl oboriatur. Quantum potero, voce contendam ut populus Romanus exaudiat. Suscepto bello, Caesar, gesto etiam ex parte magna, nulla vl coactus, iudicid ac voluntate, ad ea arma profectus sum quae erant sumpta contra te. Apud 20 quern igitur hoc dlc5 ? Nempe apud eum, qui cum hoc sclret, tamen me, ante quam vldit, rel publicae reddidit ; qui ad me ex Aegypto litteras mlsit, ut essem Idem qui fuissem ; qui cum ipse imperator in t5to imperio popull RomanI unus esset, esse me alterum passus est ; a qu5, 25 hoc ipso C. Pansa mihi hunc nuntium perferente, con- cessos f ascls laureatos tenul, quoad tenendos putavl ; qui mihi turn denique se salutem putavit reddere, si earn nullls spoliatam ornamentls dedisset. Vide, quaeso, Tubero, ut qui de meo facto non dubitem de Ligarl 30 non audeam confiterl. Atque haec propterea de me dlxl, ut mihi Tubero, cum de se eadem dlcerem, Ign5- sceret ; cuius ego industriae gl5riaeque faveo, vel prop- 206 PRO LIGARIO ter propinquam cognationem, vel quod eius ingenio studilsque delector, vel quod laudem adulescentis pro- pinqul exlstim5 etiam ad meum aliquem fructum re- dundare. s Sed hoc quaer5: Quis putat esse crimen fuisse in Africa ? Nempe is, qui et ipse in eadem Africa esse voluit, et prohibitum se a Ligario queritur, et certe contra ipsum Caesarem est congressus armatus. Quid enim tuus ille, Tubero, destrictus in acie Pharsalica 10 gladius agebat ? Cuius latus ille mucro petebat ? Qui sensus erat armorum tuorum ? quae tua mens, ocull, manias, ardor animi ? quid cupiebas ? quid optabas ? Nimis urgeo ; commoveri videtur adulescens ; ad me revertar ; Tsdem in armls ful. 15 iv. Quid autem aliud egimus, Tubero, nisi ut quod hie potest nos possemus ? Quorum igitur impunitas, Caesar, tuae clementiae laus est, eorum ipsorum ad crudelitatem te acuit oratio. Atque in hac causa non nihil equidem, Tubero, etiam tuam, sed multo magis 20 patris tul prudentiam desldero, quod homo, cum ingenio turn etiam doctrlna excellens, genus hoc causae quod esset non viderit. Nam si vidisset, quovls profectd quam isto modo a te agl maluisset. Arguis fatentem. Non est satis ; acciisas eum qui 25 causam habet aut, ut ego died, meliorem quam tu, aut, ut tu vis, parem. Haec admlrabilia, sed prodigi simile est quod dlcam. Non habet earn vim ista accusatio ut Q. Ligarius condemnet-ur, sed ut necetur. Hoc egit civis Romanus ante te nemo. Extern! istl mores usque ad 30 sanguinem incitarl solent odio, aut levium Graecorum, aut immanium barbarorum. Nam quid agis aliud ? Romae ne sit ? ut domo careat ? ne cum optimls fratri- PRO LIGARIO 207 bus, ne cum hoc T. Broccho avunculo, ne cum eius fllio consobrmo suo, ne noblscum vlvat ? ne sit in patria ? Num est ? num potest magis carere his omnibus quam caret ? Italia prohibetur, exsulat. Non tu ergo eum 5 patria privare, qua caret, sed vita vis. At istud ne apud eum quidem dictatorem, qui omnls quos oderat morte multabat, quisquam egit ist5 modo. Ipse iubebat occldl nulld postulante ; praemils etiam invltabat ; quae tamen crudelitas ab hoc eodem aliquot annls post, quern tu 10 nunc crudelem esse vis, vindicata est. v. ' Ego vero istud non postulo,' inquies. Ita me hercule exlstim5, Tubero. Novl enim te, novl patrem, novl domum nomenque vestrum ; studia generis ac familiae vestrae virtutis, humanitatis, doctrlnae, pluri- r5 marum artium atque optimarum, nota mihi sunt. Ita- que certo scio vos non petere sanguinem, sed parum attenditis. Res enim eo spectat, ut ea poena, in qua adhuc Q. Ligarius est, non videaminl esse contentl. Quae est igitur alia praeter mortem ? Si enim est in 20 exsilio, slcutl est, quid amplius postulatis ? An, ne Ignoscatur ? Hoc vero multo acerbius mult5que est durius. Quod nos petimus precibus, lacrimls, strati ad pedes, non tarn nostrae causae fidentes quam huius humanitatl, id ne impetremus oppugnabis, et in nostrum 25 fletum inrumpes, et nos iacentls ad pedes supplicum voce prohibebis ? Si, cum hoc doml f aceremus, quod et fecimus et, ut spero, non frustra. fecimus, tu repente inruisses et clamare coepisses.: ' C. Caesar, cave Igno- scas, cave te fratrum pro fratris salute obsecrantium mise- 30 reat,' n5nne omnem humanitatem exuisses ? Quanto hoc durius, quod nos doml petimus, id te in foro oppugnare, et in tall miseria multorum perfugium misericordiae ^™ 208 PRO LIGARIO tollere ! Dlcam plane, Caesar, quod sentio. Si in tanta tua fortuna lenitas tanta non esset, quam tu per te, per te inquam, obtines, intellego quid loquar, acerbissimo luctu redundaret ista victoria. Quam multl enim essent s de vlctoribus qui te crudelem esse vellent, cum etiam de vlctls reperiantur ! Quam multl qui, cum a te Ignosci neminl vellent, impedirent clementiam tuam, cum etiam hi, quibus ipse IgnovistI, nolint te esse in alios miseri- cordem ! 10 Quod si probare Caesarl possemus in Africa Ligarium omnIn5 non fuisse, si honesto et misericordl mendacio salutl clvl calamitoso esse vellemus, tamen hominis non esset, in tanto discrlmine et perlculo clvis, refellere et redarguere nostrum mendacium, et, si esset alicuius, 15 eius certe non esset, qui in eadem causa et fortuna fuisset. Sed tamen aliud est errare Caesarem nolle, aliud nolle misererl. Tunc diceres, ' Caesar, cave cre- das ; fuit in Africa, tulit arma contra te.' Nunc quid dlcis? 'Cave Ign5scas.' Haec nee hominis nee ad 20 hominem vox est; qua qui apud te, C. Caesar, utitur, suam citius abiciet humanitatem quam extorquebit tuam. vi. Ac primus aditus et postulatio Tuberonis haec, ut oplnor, fuit, velle se de Q. Ligarl scelere dlcere. Non dubito quln admlratus sis, vel quod de nullo alio, vel 25 quod is qui in eadem causa fuisset, vel quidnam novl sceleris adferret. Scelus tu illud vocas, Tubero ? Cur ? isto enim n5mine ilia adhuc causa caruit. Alii errorem appellant, alii tim5rem ; qui durius, spem, cupiditatem, odium, pertinaciam ; qui gravissime, temeritatem ; scelus 30 praeter te adhuc nemo. Ac mihi quidem, si proprium et verum nomen nostrl mall quaeritur, fatalis quaedam calamitas incidisse videtur, et improvidas hominum men- PRO LIGARIO 209 tls occupavisse, ut nem5 mlrarl debeat humana consilia divlna necessitate esse superata. Liceat esse miseros ; quamquam hoc vlctore esse non possumus. Sed non loquor de nobis ; de illls loquor qui occiderunt. Fue- s rint cupidT, fuerint IratI, fuerint pertinaces ; sceleris vero crlmine, furoris, parricldl liceat Cn. Pompeio mortuo, liceat multis alils carere. Quando h5c quisquam ex te, Caesar, audlvit ? Aut tua* quid aliud arma voluerunt, nisi a te contumeliam propulsare ? Quid egit tuus in- 10 vlctus exercitus, nisi ut suum ius tueretur et dignitatem tuam ? Quid, tu, cum pacem esse cupiebas, idne agebas, ut tibi cum sceleratis an ut cum bonis clvibus convenlret ? Mihi vero, Caesar, tua in me maxima merita tanta certe non viderentur, si me ut sceleratum a te conser- 15 vatum putarem. Quo modo autem tu de re publica bene meritus esses, cum tot sceleratos incoluml digni- tate esse voluisses ? Secessionem til illam existimavisti, Caesar, initio, non bellum ; neque hostile odium, sed civile discidium, utrlsque cupientibus rem piiblicam sal- 20 vam, sed partim consilils, partim studils a communi utilitate aberrantibus. Principum dlgnitas erat paene par, n5n par fortasse eorum qui sequebantur; causa turn dubia, quod erat aliquid in utraque parte quod probarl posset ; nunc melior ea iudicanda est, quam 25 etiam dl adiuverunt. Cognita vero dementia tua, quis non earn vlctoriam probet, in qua occiderit nemo nisi armatus ? vii. Sed, ut omittam communem causam, veniamus ad nostram, utrum tandem existimas facilius fuisse, Tubero, 30 Ligarium ex Africa exlre an v5s in Africam non venire ? 1 Poteramusne,' inquies, ' cum senatus censuisset ? ' Si me consulis, niill5 modo. Sed tamen Ligarium senatus H. & G. CIC. — 14 210 PRO LIGARIO Idem legaverat. Atque ille eo tempore paruit, cum parere senator! necesse erat; vos tunc paruistis, cum paruit nemo qui noluit. Reprehendo igitur ? Minime ver5. Neque enim licuit aliter vestro generl, nominl, s familiae, discipllnae. Sed h5c non concedo, ut, quibus rebus glorieminl in vobls, easdem in alils reprehendatis. Tuberonis sors coniecta est ex senatus consulto, cum ipse non adesset, morbo etiam impedlretur. Statuerat excusare. 10 Haec ego n5vl propter omnls necessitudines quae mihi sunt cum L. Tuberone ; doml una erudltl, mllitiae contubernales, post adflnes, in omnl denique vita fami- liares, magnum etiam vinculum, quod Isdem studils sem- per usl sumus. Scio igitur Tuberonem doml manere 15 voluisse, sed ita quldam agebat, ita rel publicae sanctis- simum nomen opponebat, ut, etiam si aliter sentlret, verborum tamen ipsorum pondus sustinere non posset. Cessit auct5ritatl amplissiml virl, vel potius paruit. Una est profectus cum els quorum erat una causa ; tardius 20 iter fecit ; itaque in Africam venit iam occupatam. Hinc in Ligarium crimen oritur, vel Ira potius. Nam si cri- men est ilium voluisse, non minus magnum est vos Africam, arcem omnium provinciarum, natam ad bellum contra hanc urbem gerundum, obtinere voluisse, quam 25 aliquem se maluisse. Atque is tamen aliquis Ligarius non f uit. Varus imperium se habere dlcebat ; fascls certe habebat. Sed quoqu5 modo se illud habet, haec querella, Tubero, vestra, quid valet ? ' ReceptI in pro- vinciam non sumus.' Quid, si essetis ? Caesarlne eam| 30 traditurl fuistis, an contra Caesarem retenturi ? viii. Vide quid licentiae, Caesar, nobis tua llberalitaj det, vel potius audaciae. Si respondent Tubero, Afri- PRO LIGARIO 211 cam, quo senatus eum sorsque mlserat, tibi patrem suum traditiirum fuisse, non dubitabo apud ipsum te, cuius id eum facere interfuit, gravissimls verbis eius consilium reprehendere. Non enim, si tibi ea res grata fuisset, 5 esset etiam probata. Sed iam hoc totum omitto, non tarn ne offendam tuas patientissimas aurls quam ne Tubero quod numquam cogitavit factiirus fuisse videatur. Veniebatis igitur in Africam, provinciam unam ex omnibus huic vlctoriae 10 maxime mfestam, in qua erat rex potentissimus, iniml- cus huic causae, aliena voluntas, conventus firm! atque magnl. Quaero, quid facturl fuistis ? Quamquam quid facturl fueritis dubitem, cum videam quid f eceritis ? Prohibit! estis in provincia vestra pedem ponere, et pro- is hibiti sumraa iniuria. Quo modo id tulistis ? Acceptae iniuriae querellam ad quern detulistis ? Nempe ad eum, cuius auctoritatem secutl in societatem belli veneratis. Quod si Caesaris causa in provinciam veniebatis, ad eum profecto exclusl provincia venissetis. Venistis ad Pom- 20 peium. Quae est erg5 apud Caesarem querella, cum eum accuseds, a quo queraminl prohibitos esse vos con- tra Caesarem gerere bellum ? Atque in hoc quidem vel cum mendacio, si vultis, glorieminl per me licet, vos pro- vinciam fuisse Caesar! tradituros. Etiam si a Varo et 25 a quibusdam alils prohibitl estis, ego tamen confiteor culpam esse Ligarl, qui vos tantae laudis occasione prlvaverit. ix. Sed vide, quaeso, Caesar, constantiam ornatissim! virl, quam ego, quamvls ipse probarem, ut probo, tamen 30 non commemorarem, nisi a te cognovissem in prlmls earn virtiitem solere laudarl. Quae fuit igitur umquam in ullo homine tanta constantia ? Constantiam dlco? 212 PRO LIGARIO Nescio an melius patientiam possim dlcere. Quotus enim istud quisque fecisset, ut, a. quibus partibus in dis- sensione clvlll non esset receptus, esset etiam cum cru- delitate reiectus, ad eos ipsos redlret ? Magnl cuiusdam s animl atque eius virl est, quern de suscepta causa propo- sitaque sententia nulla contumelia, nulla vis, nullum perlculum possit depellere. Ut enim cetera paria TuberonI cum Varo fuissent, honos, nobilitas, splendor, ingenium, quae nequaquam 10 fuerunt, hoc certe praecipuum Tuberonis, quod iusto cum imperio ex senatus consults in provinciam suam venerat. Hinc prohibitus non ad Caesarem, ne Iratus, non domum, ne iners, non in aliquam regionem, ne con- demnare causam illam quam secutus erat videretur ; in is Macedoniam ad Cn. Pompel castra venit, in earn ipsam causam a qua. erat reiectus iniuria. Quid ? cum ista res nihil commovisset eius animum ad quern veneratis, languidiore, credo, studio in causa f uistis ; tantum modo in praesidiis eratis, animl ver5 a. causa abhorrebant. 20 Pacis equidem semper auctor ful, sed turn sero, erat enim amentis, cum aciem videres, pacem cogitare. Om- nes, inquam, vincere volebamus, tu certe praecipue, qui in eum locum veneras, ubi tibi esset pereundum nisi vicisses. Quamquam, ut nunc se res habet, non dubito 25 quln hanc salutem anteponas ill! vlctoriae. x. Haec ego non dlcerem, Tubero, si aut vos con- stantiae vestrae aut Caesarem benefici sui paeniteret. Nunc quaero utrum vestras iniurias an rel publicae per- sequaminl ; si rel publicae, quid de vestra in ilia causa 30 perseverantia. respondebitis ? si vestras, videte ne erretis, qui Caesarem vestrls inimlcls Iratum fore putetis, cum Ignoverit suls. PRO LIGARIO 213 Itaque num tibi videor in causa Ligarl esse occupa- tus ? Num de eius fact5 dlcere ? Quicquid dixi, ad unam summam referrl volo vel humanitatis, vel clemen- tiae, vel misericordiae tuae. Causas, Caesar, egl multas 5 equidem tecum, dum te in foro tenuit ratio honorum tuorum, certe numquam hoc modo : ' Ignoscite, iudices ; erravit, lapsus est, non putavit ; si umquam posthac ' — ad parentem sic agl solet ; ad iudices, ' Non fecit, non cogitavit; falsi testes, fictum crimen.' Die te, Caesar, 10 de facto Ligarl iudicem esse ; quibus in praesidils f uerit quaere ; taceo, ne haec quidem conligo, quae f ortasse valerent etiam apud iudicem : ' Legatus ante bellum profectus, rellctus in pace, bell5 oppressus, in eo ipso non acerbus, iam est totus anim5 ac studio tuus.' Ad 15 iudicem sic, sed ego apud parentem loquor : ' Erravit, temere fecit, paenitet ; ad clementiam tuam confugio, delicti veniam peto, ut Ignoscatur 5ro.' Si nemo impe- travit, adroganter; si pliiriml, tu Idem fer opem, qui spem dedistl. An sperandl Ligario causa non sit, cum 20 mihi apud te locus sit etiam pro altero deprecandl ? Quamquam nee in hac oratione spes est posita causae, nee in eorum studils qui a te pro Ligari5 petunt, tul necessaril. xi. Vldl enim et cognovl quid maxime spectares, cum 25 pro alicuius salute multl laborarent; causas apud te rogantium grati5siores esse quam vultus ; neque te spectare quam tuus esset necessarius is qui te oraret, sed quam illlus, pro quo laboraret. Itaque tribuis tu quidem tuls ita multa ut mihi beatiores ill! videantur 30 interdum qui tua llberalitate fruuntur quam tu ipse, qui illls tarn multa concedas. Sed video tamen apud te causas, ut dixi, valere plus quam preces ; ab elsque 214 PR0 LIGARIO te moverl maxime, quorum iustissimum videas dold- rem in petendo. In Q. Ligario conservando multls tu quidem gratum facies necessariis tuls, sed hoc, quaeso, considera, quod 5 soles. Possum fortissimos viros, Sablnos, tibi proba- tissimos, totumque agrum Sablnum, florem Italiae ac robur rei publicae, proponere. NostI optimos homines. Animadverte horum omnium maestitiam et dolorem ; huius T. BrocchI, de qu5 non dubito quid exlstimes, 10 lacrimas, squaloremque ipsius et fill vides. Quid de fratribus dicam ? Noli, Caesar, putare de unlus capite nos agere. Aut tres tibi Ligaril retinendl in civitate sunt, aut tres ex civitate exterminandl, nam quodvis ex- silium his est optatius quam patria, quam domus, quam 15 dl penates, uno illo exsulante. Si fraterne, si pie, si cum dolore faciunt, moveant te horum lacrimae, moveat pietas, moveat germanitas, valeat tua vox ilia, quae vlcit. Te enim dlcere audiebamus nos omnls adversa- ries putare, nisi qui noblscum essent ; te, omnls qui 20 contra te non essent, tuos. Videsne igitur hunc splen- dorem omnium, hanc Brocchorum domum, hunc L. Marcium, C. Caesetium, L. C5rfidium, hos omnls equi- tes Romanos, qui adsunt veste mutata, non solum notos tibi, verum etiam probat5s viros, qui tecum fuerunt ? 25 Atque his Irascebamur, hos requlrebamus, his non null! etiam minabamur. Conserva igitur tuls suos, ut, quern ad modum cetera quae dicta sunt a te, sic hoc verissi- mum reperiatur. xii. Quod si penitus perspicere posses concordiam 30 Ligariorum, omnls fratres tecum iudicares fuisse. An potest quisquam dubitare quin, si Q. Ligarius in Italia esse potuisset, in eadem sententia fuerit futurus, in qua PRO LIGARIO 215 fratres f uerunt ? Quis est qui horum consensum con- splrantem et paene conflatum in hac prope aequalitate fraterna. non noverit, qui hoc non sentiat, quidvls prius futurum fuisse quam ut hi fratres dlversas sententias 5 fortunasque sequerentur ? Voluntate igitur omnes te- cum fuerunt ; tempestate abreptus est iinus, qui si con- silio id fecisset, esset eorum similis, quos tu tamen salvos esse voluisti. Sed ierit ad bellum, dissenserit non a te solum, verum 10 etiam a f ratribus ; hi te orant tul. Equidem, cum tuls omnibus negotils interessem, memoria teneo qualis T. Ligarius quaestor urbanus fuerit erga te et dignitatem tuam. Sed parum est me hoc meminisse ; spero etiam te, qui obllvlscl nihil soles nisi iniurias, quoniam hoc est 15 animl, quoniam etiam ingenl tul, te aliquid de hiiius " illo quaestorio officio, etiam de aliis quibusdam quae- storibus reminlscentem, recordari. Hie igitur T. Liga- rius, qui turn nihil egit aliud, neque enim haec dlvlnabat, nisi ut tul eum studiosum et bonum virum iudicares, 20 nunc a te supplex fratris salutem petit, quam huius admonitus officio cum utrlsque his dederis, trls fratres optimos et integerrimos non solum sibi ipsos, neque his tot talibus viris, neque nobis necessarils tuls, sed etiam rel publicae condonaveris. 25 Fac igitur, quod de homine nobilissim5 et clarissimo fecistl niiper in curia, nunc idem in foro de optimls et huic omnl frequentiae probatissimls fratribus. Ut con- cessistl ilium senatul, sic da hunc populo, cuius volun- tatem carissimam semper habuistl; et, si ille dies tibi 30 gloriosissimus, populo Roman5 gratissimus fuit, noli, obsecro, dubitare, C. Caesar, similem illl gloriae laudem quam saepissime quaerere. Nihil est tarn populare 2l6 PRO LIGARIO quam bonitas, nulla de virtutibus tills plurimls nee admlrabilior nee gratior misericordia est. Homines enim ad deos nulla re propius accedunt quam salutem hominibus dando. Nihil habet nee fortiina tua maius 5 quam ut possis, nee natura melius quam ut veils, servare quam plurimos. Longiorem orationem causa forsitan postulet, tua certe natura breviorem. Qua re cum utilius esse arbitrer te ipsum quam me aut quemquam loqul tecum, fmern iam faciam ; tantum te admonebo, 10 si ill! absent! salutem dederis, praesentibus his omnibus te daturum. Death of Caesar (From the painting by Rochegrosse) In M. AntSnium Oratio Quarta Decima SI, ut ex litterls quae recitatae sunt, patres conscriptl, sceleratissimorum hostium exercitum caesum fii- sumque cogn5vT, sic id quod et omnes maxime optamus, et ex ea victoria quae parta est consecutum arbitramur, s D. Brutum egressum iam Mutina. esse cognovissem, propter cuius perlculum ad saga Issemus, propter eius- dem salutem redeundum ad prlstinum vestltum sine ulla dubitatione censerem. Ante verd quam sit ea res, : quam avidissime civitas exspectat, adlata, laetitia. fruT 10 satis est maximae praeclarissimaeque pugnae ; reditum ad vestltum confectae vlctoriae reservate. Confectio autem hiiius belli est D. BrutI salus. Quae autem est ista sententia, ut in hodiernum diem vestltus mutetur, deinde eras sagatl pr5dea.mus ? Nos is vero cum semel ad eum quern cupimus optamusque vestltum redierimus, id agamus, ut eum in perpetuum retineamus. Nam hoc quidem cum turpe est, turn ne dls quidem immortalibus gratum, ab eorum aris, ad quas togatl adierimus, ad saga sumenda discedere. Atque 20 animadvert5, patres conscriptl, quosdam huic favere sententiae, quorum ea mens idque c5nsilium est, ut, cum videant gloriosissimum ilium D. Bruto futurum diem, qu5 die propter eius salutem redierimus, hunc el fructum eripere cupiant, ne memoriae posteritatlque prodatur 25 propter unlus clvis perlculum populum Romanum ad 217 2l8 IN ANTONIUM XIV saga Isse, propter eiusdem salutem redlsse ad togas. Tollite hanc ; nullam tarn pravae sententiae causam reperietis. Vos vero, patres conscript!, conservate aucto- ritatem vestram, manete in sententia, tenete vestra me- s moria, quod saepe ostendistis, huius totlus belli in unlus virl fortissiml et maxim! vita positum esse discrlmen. ii. Ad D. Brutum liberandum legat! miss! prlncipes clvitatis, qui illl host! ac parricldae denuntiarent ut a Mutina discederet. Eiusdem D. Brut! conservandl 10 gratia consul sortitu ad bellum profectus A. Hirtius, cuius imbecillitatem valetiidinis animi virtus et spes victoriae conflrmavit. Caesar, cum exercitu per se com- parato cum prlmum pestibus rem publicam liberasset, ne quid postea sceleris oreretur, profectus est ad eundem 15 Brutum liberandum, vlcitque dolorem aliquem domesti- cum patriae caritate. Quid C. Pansa egit aliud dilectibus habendls, pecunia comparanda, senatus consultls faciendls gravissimis in Antonium, nobis cohortandis, populo Romano ad causam 20 libertatis vocando, nisi ut D. Brutus liberaretur ? A quo populus Romanus frequens ita salutem D. BrutI una voce depoposcit ut earn non solum commodls suls, sed etiam necessitati vlctus anteferret. Quod sperare nos quidem debemus, patres conscript!, aut inibi esse aut 25 iam esse confectum. Sed spe! fructum re! convenit et evento reservarl, ne aut deorum immortalium beneficium festlnatione praeripuisse, aut vim fortunae stultitia con- tempsisse videamur. Sed quoniam slgnificatio vestra satis declarat quid hac 30 de re sentiatis, ad litteras veniam, quae sunt a consulibus et a propraetore missae, si pauca ante quae ad ipsas lit- teras pertineant dlxero. IN ANTONIUM XIV 219 in. ImbutI gladil sunt, patres conscript!, legionum exercituumque nostrorum, vel madefactl potius duobus duorum consulum, tertio Caesaris proelio. Si hostium fuit ille sanguis, summa militum pietas ; nefarium scelus, 5 si clvium. Quo usque igitur is, qui omnls hostls scelere superavit, nomine hostis carebit ? nisi mucrones etiam nostrorum militum tremere vultis, dubitantis utrum in clve an in hoste flgantur. Supplicationem decernitis ; hostem non appellatis. Gratae vero nostrae dls immor- 10 talibus gratulationes erunt, gratae vlctimae, cum inter- fecta sit clvium multitudo ! ' De improbis ' inquit ' et audacibus.' Nam sic eos appellat clarissimus vir ; quae sunt urbanarum maledicta litium, non inustae belli inter- neclvl notae. Testamenta, credo, subiciunt aut eiciunt 15 viclnos, aut adulescentulos circumscrlbunt, his enim vitils adfectos et talibus malos aut audacls appellare con- suetudo solet. Bellum inexpiabile infert quattuor consulibus Onus omnium latronum taeterrimus. Gerit Idem bellum cum 20 senatu populdque Romano. Omnibus, quamquam ruit ipse suls cladibus, pestem, vastitatem, cruciatum, tor- menta denuntiat. Dolabellae ferum et immane facinus, quod nulla barbaria posset agnoscere, id suo consilio factum esse testatur ; quaeque esset f acturus in hac urbe, 25 nisi eum hie ipse Iuppiter ab hoc templo atque moenibus reppulisset, declaravit in Parmensium calamitate, quos optimos viros honestissimosque homines, maxime cum auctoritate huius ordinis popullque R5mani dignitate coniunct5s, crudelissimis exemplls interemit propudium 30 illud et portentum, L. Antonius, Inslgne odium omnium hominum vel, si etiam dl oderunt quos oportet, deorum. Refugit animus, patres conscrlptl, eaque dlcere reforml- 220 IN ANTONIUM XIV dat quae L. Antonius in Parmensium llberls et coniugi- bus effecerit. Quas enim turpitudines Antonil libenter subierunt, easdem per vim laetantur alils se intulisse. Sed vis calamitosa est, quam illls intulerunt; libido 5 flagitiosa, qua Antoniorum oblita est vita. Est igitur quisquam, qui hostls appellare non audeat, quorum scelere crudelitatem Karthaginiensium vlctam esse fate- atur ? iv. Qua enim in urbe tarn immanis Hannibal capta 10 quam in Parma surrepta Ant5nius ? Nisi forte huius coloniae et ceterarum, in quas eodem est animo, non est hostis putandus. Si vero coloniarum et municipiorum sine ulla dubitatione hostis est, quid tandem huius censetis urbis, quam ille ad explendas egestates latrocinl is sul concuplvit, quam iam perltus metator et callidus decempeda sua Saxa dlvlserat ? RecordaminI, per deos immortalls, patres conscrlptl, quid hoc biduo timuerimus a domesticls hostibus, rumoribus improbissimls dissi- patls. Quis llberos, quis coniugem aspicere poterat sine 20 fletu ? quis domum ? quis tecta ? quis larem f amiliarem ? Aut foedissimam mortem omnes aut miserabilem fugam cogitabant. Haec a quibus timebantur, eos hostis appel- lare dubitamus ? Gravius si quis attulerit nomen, liben- ter adsentiar ; hoc volgarl contentus vix sum, leviore 25 non utar. Itaque cum supplicationes iustissimas ex els litterls quae recitatae sunt decernere debeamus, Servlliusque decreverit, augebo omnlno numerum dierum, praesertim cum non unl sed tribus ducibus sint decernendae. Sed 30 hoc prlmum f aciam, ut imperatores appellem eos, quorum virtute, consilio, felicitate, maximls perlculls servitutis atque interitus llberatl sumus. Etenim cui vlgintl his IN ANTONIUM XIV 221 annis supplicatio decreta est, ut non imperator appella- retur, aut minimis rebus gestls aut plerumque nullls ? Quam ob rem aut supplicatio ab eo qui ante dixit decer- nenda non fuit, aut usitatus hon5s pervulgatusque tribu- 5 endus els, quibus etiam novi singularesque debentur. v. An si quis Hispanorum aut Gallorum aut Threcum mllle aut duo mllia occldisset, eum hac consuetudine quae increbuit imperatorem appellaret senatus ; tot legi- onibus caesls, tanta multitudine hostium interfecta — 10 hostium dlco ? ita inquam, hostium, quamvls hoc istl hostes domesticl nolint — clarissimls ducibus supplicati- onum hondrem tribuemus, imperatorium nomen adime- mus ? Quantd enim honore, laetitia, gratulatione in hoc templum ingredl debent ill! ipsl huius urbis llberatores, 15 cum hesterno die propter eorum res gestas me ovantem et prope triumphantem populus Romanus in Capitolium domo tulerit, domum inde reduxerit ? Is enim demum est, mea. quidem sententia, iustus triumphus ac verus, cum bene de re publica. meritls testimonium a. consensu 20 clvitatis datur. Nam slve in communl gaudio popull RomanI unl gratulabantur, magnum iudicium ; slve unl gratias agebant, eo maius ; slve utrumque, nihil magni- ficentius cogitarl potest. 'Tii igitur ipse de te?' dlxerit quispiam. Equidem 25 invltus, sed iniuriae dolor facit me praeter consuetudi- nem gloriosum. Nonne satis est ab hominibus virtutis Ignarls gratiam bene merentibus non ref errl ? Etiam in eos qui omnls suas curas in rel publicae salute deflgunt, impietatis crlmine invidia quaeretur? Scltis enim per 30 hos dies creberrimum fuisse sermonem, me Parllibus, qui dies hodie est, cum fascibus descensurum. In ali- quem credo hoc gladiatorem aut latronem aut Catillnam 222 IN ANTONIUM XIV esse conlatum, n5n in eum qui ne quid tale in re publica fieri posset effecerit. An ut ego, qui Catilmam haec molientem sustulerim, everterim, adfllxerim, ipse exsi- sterem repente Catillna ? Quibus auspicils istos f ascis 5 augur acciperem ? quatenus haberem ? cui traderem ? Quemquamne fuisse tarn sceleratum qui hoc fingeret, tam f uriosum qui crederet ? Unde igitur ista susplcio, vel potius unde iste sermo ? vi. Cum, ut scltis, hoc triduo vel quadrlduo trlstis a 10 Mutina fama manaret, InflatI laetitia atque Insolentia impil elves unum se in locum, ad illam curiam furils potius suis quam rel publicae Infelicem congregabant. Ibi cum consilia inlrent de caede nostra, partlrenturque inter se qui Capitolium, qui rostra, qui urbis portas 15 occuparent, ad me concursum futurum clvitatis puta- bant. Quod ut cum invidia mea fieret, et cum vltae etiam perlculo, famam istam fascium dissipaverunt ; fascls ipsl ad me delaturl fuerunt. Quod cum esset quasi mea voluntate factum, turn in me impetus con- 20 ductorum hominum quasi in tyrannum parabatur ; ex quo caedes esset vestrum omnium consecuta. Quae res patefecit, patres conscript!, sed suo tempore totlus huius sceleris fons aperietur. Itaque P. Apuleius, tribunus plebis, meorum omnium 25 consiliorum perlculorumque iam inde a consulatu me5 testis, conscius, adiutor, dolorem ferre non potuit dolo- ris mel. Contionem habuit maximam, populo Romano unum atque idem sentiente. In qua contione cum me pro summa nostra coniiinctione et familiaritate llberare 30 susplcione fascium vellet, una voce cuncta contio decla- ravit nihil esse a me umquam de re publica nisi optime cogitatum. Post hanc habitam contionem duabus tri- IN ANTONIUM XIV 223 busve horls, optatissimi nuntii et litterae venerunt ; ut Idem dies non modo inlquissima me invidia liberarit, sed etiam celeberrima popull RomanI gratulatione auxerit. Haec interposui, patres conscript!, non tarn ut pro 5 me dicerem, male enim mecum ageretur, si parum v5bls essem sine defensione purgatus, quam ut quosdam nimis ieiuno animo et angusto monerem, id quod semper ipse fecissem, ut! excellentium clvium virtutem imitatione dlgnam, non invidia putarent. Magnus est in re pu- 10 blica campus, ut sapienter dlcere Crassus solebat, multls apertus cursus ad laudem. vii. Utinam quidem ill! prlncipes vlverent, qui me post meum consulatum, cum els ipse cederem, prin- cipem non invltl videbant ! Hoc ver5 tempore, in tanta 15 inopia constantium et fortium consularium, quo me dolore adficl creditis, cum alios male sentlre, alios nihil omnlnd curare videam, alios parum constanter in suscepta causa permanere, sententiamque suam non semper utilitate rei publicae, sed turn spe turn timore moderarl? Quod si 20 quis de contentione prlncipatus laborat, quae nulla esse debet, stultissime facit, si vitils cum virtute contendit, ut enim cursu cursus, sic in viris fortibus virtus virtute superatur. Tu, si ego de re publica optime sentiam, ut me vincas, ipse pessime senties ? Aut, si ad me bonorum 25 concursum fieri videbis, ad te improbos invitabis ? Nol- lem, primum rei publicae causa, deinde etiam dignitatis tuae. Sed si prlncipatus ageretur, quern numquam expe- tlvl, quid tandem mihi esset optatius ? Ego enim malls sententils vincI non possum, bonis forsitan possim et 30 libenter. Haec populum Romanum videre, animadvertere, iudi- care quldam moleste ferunt. Poteratne fieri ut non 224 IN ANTONIUM XIV proinde homines de quoque, ut quisque mereretur, iudicarent? Ut enim de universo senatu populus Ro- manus verissime iudicat, nullls rel publicae temporibus hunc ordinem flrmiorem aut fortiorem fuisse, sic de s uno quoque nostrum et maxime, qui hoc loco senten- tias dlcimus, sclscitantur omnes, avent audlre quid quisque senserit; ita de quoque, ut quemque meritum arbitrantur, exlstimant. Memoria tenent me ante diem xiii. Kalendas Ianuarias principem revocandae liber- ie, tatis fuisse ; me ex Kalendis Ianuarils ad hanc horam invigilasse rel publicae ; meam domum measque auris dies noctlsque omnium praeceptls monitlsque patuisse ; meis litteris, mels nuntils, mels cohortationibus omnis qui ublque essent ad patriae praesidium excitatos ; mels is sententils a Kalendis Ianuarils numquam legatos ad Antonium; semper ilium hostem, semper hoc bellum, ut ego, qui omnl tempore verae pacis auctor fuissem, huic essem nominl pestiferae pacis inimlcus. Has in sententias meas si c5nsules discessionem facere voluis- 20 sent, omnibus istls latronibus auctoritate ipsa senatus iam prldem de manibus arma cecidissent. viii. Sed quod turn non licuit, patres conscript!, id h5c tempore non solum licet, verum etiam necesse est, eos qui re sunt hostes, verbis notarl, sententils nostrls 25 hostls iudicarl. Antea cum hostem ac bellum nominas- sem, semel et saepius sententiam meam de numero sententiarum sustulerunt, quod in hac causa iam fieri non potest. Ex litteris enim C. Pansae A. HirtI con- sulum, C. Caesaris pr5 praetore, de honore dls imraor- 30 talibus habendo sententias dlcimus. Supplicationem modo qui decrevit, Idem imprudens hostls iudicavit, numquam enim in clvlll bello supplicatio decreta est. IN ANTONIUM XIV 225 Decretam dico ? ne victoris quidem litteris postulata est. Civile bellum consul Sulla gessit ; legionibus in urbem adductls, quos voluit expulit ; quos potuit occl- dit; supplicationis mentio nulla. Grave bellum Octavi- anum insecutum est ; supplicatio nulla victorl. Cinnae vlctoriam imperator ultus est Sulla ; nulla supplicatio The Young Augustus (Vatican Museum, Rome) decreta a senatu. Ad te ipsum, P. Servill, num misit ullas conlega litteras de ilia calamitosissima pugna Pharsalia ? Num te de supplicatione voluit referre ? 10 Profecto noluit. At misit postea de Alexandria, de Pharnace. Pharsaliae vero pugnae ne triumphum qui- dem egit. Eos enim clvis pugna ilia sustulerat, quibus h. & g. cic. — 15 226 IN ANTONIUM XIV non modo vlvls, sed etiam vlctoribus, incolumis et florens clvitas esse posset. Quod idem contigerat superioribus bellls dvllibus. Nam mihi consull supplicatio nullls armls siimptTs, non ob caedem hostium, sed ob con- 5 servationem clvium, novo et inaudlto genere decreta est. Quam ob rem aut supplicatio re publica pulcher- rime gesta postulantibus nostrls imperatoribus dene- ganda est, quod praeter A. Gablnium contigit nemini; aut, supplicatione decernenda, hostls eos de quibus 10 decernitis iudicetis necesse est. ix. Quod ergo ille re, id ego etiam verbo, cum imperatores eos appello ; hoc ipso nomine et eos qui iam devicti sunt, et e5s qui supersunt, hostls iudico. Quo modo enim potius Pansam appellem, etsi habet 15 honoris nomen amplissiml ? Quo Hirtium ? Est ille quidem consul, sed alterum n5men benefici popull RomanI est, alterum virtutis atque victoriae. Quid, Caesarem, deorum benefici5 re! publicae procreatum, dubitemne appellare imperatorem ? qui primus AntonI 20 immanem et foedam crudelitatem non solum a iugulls nostrls, sed etiam a membris et vlsceribus avertit. Unlus autem diel quot et quantae virtutes, di immor- tales, f uerunt ! Prlnceps enim omnium Pansa proell f aciendi et cum Antonio confllgendl fuit ; dlgnus im- 25 perator legione Martia, digna legio imperatore. Cuius si acerrimum impetum cohibere Pansa potuisset, uno proelio confecta res esset. Sed cum llbertatis avida legio erfrenatius in aciem hostium inrupisset, ipseque in prlmis Pansa pugnaret, duobus perlculosls vulneribus 30 acceptls, sublatus e proelio, rel publicae vltam reser- vavit. Ego vero hunc non solum imperatorem sed etiam clarissimum imperatorem iudico, qui, cum aut IN ANTONIUM XIV 22 7 morte aut victoria se satis facturum rel publicae spo- pondisset, alterum fecit, alterius dl immortales omen avertant ! x. Quid dlcam de Hirti5 ? qui, re audita, e castrls 5 duas legiones eduxit incredibil! studio atque virtiite ; quartam illam, quae rellcto Antdnio se olim cum Martia legione coniunxit, et septimam, quae, constituta ex vete- ranls, docuit hoc proelio mllitibus els qui Caesaris bene- ficia servassent, senatus popullque Roman! carum nomen io esse. His viginti cohortibus, niillo equitatu, Hirtius ipse aquilam quartae legionis cum Inferret, qua nulllus pul- chriorem speciem imperatoris accepimus, cum tribus Anton! legionibus equitatuque confl!xit, host!sque ne- ^farios, huic Iovis Optim! Maxim! cetensque deorum is immortalium templ!s, urbis tectls, l!bertat! popul! Ro- man!, nostrae v!tae sanguinlque imminentls prostravit, . fudit, occldit, ut cum admodum pauc!s, nocte tectus, metu perterritus, prmceps latronum duxque fugerit. O solem ipsum beatissimum, qu!, ante quam se abderet, 20 stratis cadaveribus parric!darum, cum paucls fugientem vidit Antonium ! An vero quisquam dubitabit appellare Caesarem im- peratorem ? Aetas eius certe ab hac sententia neminem deterrebit, quando quidem virtute superavit aetatem. 25 Ac mihi semper eo maiora beneficia C. Caesaris v!sa sunt, quo minus erant ab aetate ilia postulanda. Cui cum imperium dabamus, eodem tempore etiam spem eius nominis deferebamus, quod cum esset consecutus, auctoritatem nostr! decret! rebus gest!s su!s comprobavit. 30 H!c ergo adulescens maxim! animi, ut verissime scrlbit Hirtius, castra multarum legionum pauc!s cohortibus tutatus est, secundumque proelium fecit. Ita trium 228 IN ANTONIUM XIV imperatorum virtute, consilid, felicitate uno die locls pluribus res publica est conservata. xi. Decerno igitur eorum trium nomine qulnquaginta dierum supplicationes ; causas, ut honorificentissimls 5 verbis consequl potuero, complectar ipsa sententia. Est autem fide! pietatisque nostrae declarare fortis- simls mllitibus quam memores slmus quamque gratl. Quam ob rem promissa nostra, atque ea quae legioni- bus bello confecto tribiituros n5s spopondimus, hodierno 10 senatus consulto renovanda censeo, aequum est enim mllitum, talium praesertim, honorem coniungl. Atque utinam, patres conscriptl, civibus omnibus solvere nobis praemia liceret ! Quamquam nos ea quae promlsimus studiose cumulata reddemus. Sed id quidem restat, is ut spero, vlctoribus, quibus senatus fides praestabitur ; quam quoniam difficillimo rel publicae tempore secuti sunt, eos numquam oportebit consill sui paenitere. Sed facile est bene agere cum els a quibus etiam tacentibus flagitarividemur; illud admlrabilius et maius maximeque 20 proprium senatus sapientis est, grata eorum virtutem memoria prosequi, qui pro patria vltam profuderunt. Quorum de honore utinam mihi plura in mentem venlrent ! Duo certe non praeterlbo, quae maxime oc- currunt; quorum alterum pertinet ad virorum fortissi- 25 morum gloriam sempiternam, alterum ad leniendum maer5rem et luctum proximorum. xii. Placet igitur mihi, patres conscriptl, legionis Martiae mllitibus, et els qui una pugnantes occiderunt, monumentum fieri quam amplissimum. Magna atque 30 incredibilia sunt in rem publicam huius merita legio- nis. Haec se prima latrocinio abrupit AntonI; haec tenuit Albam ; haec se ad Caesarem contulit ; hanc imi- IN ANTONIUM XIV 229 tata quarta legio parem virtutis gloriam consecuta est. Quarta vlctrlx deslderat neminem ; ex Martia non nulll in ipsa victoria conciderunt. O fortiinata mors, quae naturae debita pro patria est potissimum reddita ! Vos 5 vero patriae natos iiidico, quorum etiam nomen a Marte est, ut idem deus urbem hanc gentibus, vos huic urbl genuisse videatur. In fuga foeda mors est, in victoria gloriosa. Etenim Mars ipse ex acie fortissimum quem- que plgnerarl solet. 111! igitur impil, quos cecidistis, 10 etiam ad inferos poenas parricldl luent ; vos vero, qui extremum splritum in victoria effudistis, piorum estis sedem et locum consecutl. Brevis a natura nobis vita data est, at memoria bene redditae vltae sempiterna. Quae si non esset longior quam haec vita, quis esset tarn 15 amens qui maximls laborious et perlculls ad summam laudem gloriamque contenderet ? Actum igitur praeclare voblscum, fortissiml, dum vl- xistis, nunc vero etiam sanctissiml mllites, quod vestra vir- tus neque obllvione eorum qui nunc sunt, nee reticentia 20 posterorum sepulta esse poterit, cum vobls immortale monumentum suls paene manibus senatus populusque Romanus exstruxerit. Multl saepe exercitus Punicls, Gallicls, Italicls bellls clarl et magnl fuerunt, nee tamen ullls tale genus honoris tributum est. Atque utinam 25 maiora possemus, quando quidem a vobls maxima ac- cepimus ! Vos ab urbe furentem Antonium avertistis ; vos redire molientem reppulistis. Erit igitur exstructa moles opere magnified inclsaeque litterae, dlvlnae virtu- tis testes sempiternae; numquamque de vobls eorum, qui 30 aut videbunt vestrum monumentum aut audient, gratis- simus serm5 conticescet. Ita pro mortall condicione vltae immortalitatem estis consecutl. 230 IN ANTONIUM XIV xiii. Sed quoniam, patres conscrlptl, gloriae munus optimls et fortissimls clvibus monumentl honore per- solvitur, consolemur eorum proximos, quibus optima est haec quidem consolatio: parentibus, quod tanta rei 5 publicae praesidia genuerunt ; llberis, quod habebunt domestica exempla virtutis ; coniugibus, quod els viris carebunt, quos laudare quam lugere praestabit; fratribus, quod in se ut corporum, sic virtutum simili- tudinem esse confident. Atque utinam his omnibus 10 abstergere fletum sententils nostrls consultlsque posse- mus, vel aliqua talis els adhiberi publice posset oratio, qua deponerent maerorem atque luctum, gauderent- que potius, cum multa et varia impenderent hominibus genera mortis, id genus quod esset pulcherrimum suls 15 obtigisse, eosque nee inhumatos esse nee desertos, quod tamen ipsum pro patria non miserandum putatur, nee dlspersls bustls humill sepultura crematos, sed contectos publicls operibus atque muneribus, eaque exstructione quae sit ad memoriam aeternitatis ara 20 Virtutis. Quam ob rem maximum quidem solacium erit pro- pinquorum eodem monuments declararl et virtutem suorum, et populT Roman! pietatem, et senatus fidem, et crudelissiml memoriam belli; in quo nisi tanta mili- 25 turn virtus exstitisset, parricidio M. Anton! nomen po- puli RomanI occidisset. Atque etiam censeo, patres conscnptl, quae praemia mllitibus promlsimus nos re publica recuperata tributuros, ea vivls vlctoribusque cu- mulate, cum tempus venerit, persolvenda; qui autem 30 ex els quibus ilia promissa sunt pro patria occiderunt, eorum parentibus, llberis, coniugibus, fratribus eadem tribuenda censeo. IN ANTONIUM XIV 23 1 xiv. Sed, ut aliquand5 sententia complectar, ita censeo : Cum C. Pansa consul, imperator, initium cum hostibus c5nfligendi fecerit, qu5 proelio legio Martia admlrabili 5 incredibillque virtute libertatem populi Roman! defen- derit, quod idem legiones tlronum fecerint; ipseque C. Pansa consul, imperator, cum inter media hostium tela versaretur, vulnera acceperit ; cumque A. Hirtius consul, imperator, proelio audlto, re cognita, fortissimo 10 praestantissimoque animo exercitum castrls eduxerit, impetumque in M. Antonium exercitumque hostium fecerit, eiusque copias occidione occlderit, suo exercitu ita incoluml ut ne unum quidem mllitem deslderarit; „ cumque C. Caesar pro praetore, imperator, consilio dlli- 15 gentiaque sua castra fellciter defenderit, copiasque ho- stium quae ad castra accesserant profllgarit, occlderit; ob eas res senatum existimare et iudicare eorum trium imperatorum virtute, imperio, consilio, gravitate, con- stantia, magnitudine animl, felicitate, populum Rdma- 20 num foedissima crudelissimaque servitute liberatum. Cumque rem publicam, urbem, templa deorum immor- talium, bona fortunasque omnium liberosque conserva- rint dlmicatione et perlculo vltae suae, utT ob eas res, bene fortiter fellciterque gestas, C. Pansa, A. Hirtius 25 consules, imperatores, alter ambove, aut, si aberunt, M. Cornutus, praetor urbanus, supplicationes per dies qulnquaginta ad omnia pulvlnaria constituat. Cumque virtus legionum dlgna clarissimis impera- toribus exstiterit, senatum, quae sit antea pollicitus 30 legionibus exercitibusque nostris, ea surarao studio re publica recuperata soluturum. Cumque legio Martia prmceps cum hostibus confllxerit, atque ita cum maiore 232 IN ANTONIUM XIV numer5 hostium contenderit ut, cum plurinros caederent, caderent non null!, cumque sine ulla retractati5ne pro patria vltam prof uderint ; cumque simill virtiite reliqua- rum legionum milites pro salute et llbertate populi Ro- 5 man! mortem oppetlverint, senatui placere ut C. Pansa, A. Hirtius consules, imperatores, alter ambove, si els videatur, els qui sanguinem pro vita, llbertate, fortunls populi RomanI, pro urbe, templls deorum immortalium profudissent, monumentum quam amplissimum locan- 10 dum faciundumque curent ; quaestoresque urbanos ad earn rem pecuniam dare, attribuere, solvere iubeant, ut exstet ad memoriam posteritatis sempiternam scelus crudelissimorum hostium mllitumque dlvlna virtus ; utl- que, quae praemia senatus mllitibus ante constituit, ea 15 solvantur eorum qui hoc bello pro patria occiderunt parentibus, llberls, coniugibus, fratribus, elsque tribuan- tur quae mllitibus ipsls tribul oporteret, si vlvl vlcissent, qui morte vlcerunt. EPISTULAE I (Ad Att. III. 3) Cicero Attico Sal. UTINAM ilium diem videam cum tibi agam gratias quod me vlvere coegistl ! Adhuc quidem valde me paenitet. Sed te oro ut ad me Vibonem statim venias, quo ego multls de causls convert! iter meum. S Sed eo si veneris, de toto itinere ac fuga mea consilium capere potero. Si id non feceris, mlrabor, sed confldo te esse facturum. II (Ad Att. III. 5) Cicero Attico Sal. TERENTIA tibi et saepe et maximas agit gratias. Id est mihi gratissimum. Ego vivo miserrimus 10 et maximo dol5re c5nficior. Ad te quid scrlbam nescid. Si enim es Romae, iam me adsequl non potes ; sin es in via, cum eris me adsecutus, coram agemus quae erunt agenda. Tantum te or5 ut, quoniam me ipsum semper amastl, ut eodem amore sis. Ego enim Idem sum ; 15 inimlcl mel mea mihi, non me ipsum ademerunt. Cura ut valeas. Data vm. Id. Apr. Thurils. 233 234 EPISTULAE III (Ad Fam. XIV. 4) Tullius S. D. Terentiae et Tulliae et Ciceroni Suis EGO minus saepe do ad vos litteras quam possum, propterea quod cum omnia mihi tempora sunt mi- sera, turn vero, cum aut scrlbo ad vos aut vestras lego, conficior •lacrimis sic ut ferre non possim. Quod uti- s nam minus vltae cupidi fuissemus ! Certe nihil aut non multum in vita mall vldissemus. Quod si nos ad ali- quam alicuius commodl aliquand5 recuperandl spem fortuna reservavit, minus est erratum a nobis ; sin haec mala flxa sunt, ego vero te quam prlmum, mea vita, 10 cupio videre et in tuo complexu emorl, quoniam neque dl, quos tu castissime coluistl, neque homines, quibus ego semper servlvl, nobis gratiam rettulerunt. Nos BrundisI apud M. Laenium Flaccum dies xm. fuimus, virum optimum, qui perlculum fortunarum et 15 capitis sul prae mea salute neglexit neque legis impro- bissimae poena deductus est quo minus hospitl et amlcitiae ius officiumque praestaret. Huic utinam ali- quando gratiam referre posslmus ! habebimus quidem semper. Brundisio profectl sumus prld. K. Mai; per 20 Macedoniam Cyzicum petebamus. O me perditum, 6 adfllctum! Quid nunc rogem te ut venias, mulierem aegram et corpore et animo con- fectam ? Non rogem ? sine te igitur sim ? Opinor, sic agam : si est spes nostrl reditus, earn conflrmes et rem 25 adiuves; sin, ut ego metuo, transactum est, quoquS modo potes, ad me fac venias. Unum hoc sclto : si EPISTULAE 235 te habebo, non mihi videbor plane perlsse. Sed quid Tulliola mea flet ? lam id vos videte ; mihi deest con- silium. Sed certe, quoquo modo se res habebit, illlus misellae et matrimonio et f amae serviendum est. Quid ? 5 Cicero meus quid aget ? Iste vero sit in sinu semper et complexu meo. Non queo plura iam scribere ; im- pedit maeror. Tu quid egeris nescio ; utrum aliquid teneas an, quod metuo, plane sis spoliata. Plsonem, ut scrlbis, spero fore semper nostrum. De familia 10 llberata nihil est quod te moveat. Prlmum tuls ita pro- missum est, te f acturam esse ut quisque esset meritus ; est autem in officio adhuc Orpheus, praeterea magno opere nemo ; ceterorum servorum ea causa est ut, si res - a nobis ablsset, llbertl nostrl essent, si obtinere potu- 15 issent ; sin ad nos pertinerent, servlrent praeterquam oppido paucl. Sed haec minora sunt. Tu quod me hortaris ut anim5 sim magno et spem habeam recuperandae salutis, id velim sit eius modi ut recte sperare posslmus. Nunc miser quando tuas 20 iam litteras accipiam ? quis ad me perferet ? Quas ego exspectassem BrundisI, si esset licitum per nautas, qui tempestatem praetermittere noluerunt. Quod reliquum est, sustenta te, mea Terentia, ut potes. Honestissime vlximus, fl5ruimus ; non vitium nostrum, sed virtus no- 25 stra nos adfllxit ; peccatum est nullum, nisi quod non una animam cum ornamentls amlsimus. Sed, si hoc fuit llberls nostrls gratius, nos vlvere, cetera, quamquam fe- renda non sunt, feramus. Atque ego, qui te confirms, ipse me non possum. Clodium Philhetaerum, quod vale- 30 tudine oculorum impediebatur, hominem fidelem, remlsl. Sallustius officio vincit omnes. Pescennius est perbeni- volus nobis, quern semper spero tul fore observantem. 236 EPISTULAE Sicca dlxerat se mecum fore, sed Brundisio discessit. Cura, quod potes, ut valeas et sic exlstimes, me ve- hementius tua miseria quam mea commoverl. Mea Terentia, fldissima atque optima uxor, et mea carissima 5 flliola et spes reliqua nostra, Cicero, valete. Pr. K. Mai. Brundisio. IV (Ad Q. Frat. I. 3) Marcus Quinto Fratrl Sal. MI frater, ml frater, mi frater, tune id veritus es, ne ego Iracundia aliqua adductus pueros ad te sine litterls mlserim aut etiam ne te videre noluerim ? 10 Ego tibi Irascerer, tibi ego possem IrascI? Scilicet tu enim me adfllxisti, tul me inimlcl, tua me invidia, ac non ego te misere perdidi. Meus ille laudatus consulatus mihi te, llberos, patriam, fortunas, tibi velim ne quid eripuerit praeter unum me. Sed certe a te mihi omnia 15 semper honesta et iucunda ceciderunt, a me tibi luctus meae calamitatis, metus tuae, desiderium, maeror, soli- tiido. Ego te videre noluerim ? Immo vero me a te viderT nolul. Non enim vldisses fratrem tuum, non eum quern rellqueras, non eum quern noras, non eum 20 quern flens flentem, prosequentem proficlscens dlmi- seras, ne vestigium quidem eius nee simulacrum, sed quandam effigiem splrantis mortul. Atque utinam me mortuum prius vldisses aut audlsses, utinam te non solum vltae, sed etiam dignitatis meae superstitem 25 rellquissem ! Sed testor omnes de5s me hac una voce a morte esse revocatum, quod omnes in mea vita partem aliquam EPISTULAE 237 tuae vltae repositam esse dlcebant ; qua re peccavl scelerateque feci. Nam, si occidissem, mors ipsa meam pietatem amoremque in te facile def enderet ; nunc com- misT ut me vivo careres, vivo me alils indigeres, mea s vox in domesticis perlculls potissimum occideret, quae saepe alienissimls praesidio fuisset. Nam, quod ad te puerl sine litterls venerunt, quoniam vides non fuisse Iracundiam causam, certe pigritia fuit et quaedam In- finlta vis lacrimarum et dolorum. Haec ipsa me quo 10 fletu putas scrlpsisse ? Eodem, quo te legere certe scio. An ego possum aut non cogitare aliquando de te aut umquam sine lacrimls cogitare ? Cum enim te desldero, fratrem solum deslder5 ? Ego ver5 suavitate -fratrem prope aequalem, obsequi5 f Ilium, consilio pa- 15 rentem. Quid mihi sine te umquam aut tibi sine me iucundum fuit ? Quid, quod eodem tempore desldero flliam ? qua pietate, qua modestia, quo ingeni5 ! effi- giem oris, sermonis, animl mel. Quid fllium venustissi- mum mihique dulcissimum ? quern ego ferus ac ferreus 20 e complexu dlmlsl meo, sapientiorem puerum quam vellem ; sentiebat enim miser iam quid ageretur. Quid vero tuum fllium, imaginem tuam, quern meus Cicer5 et amabat ut fratrem et iam ut mai5rem fratrem vere- batur ? Quid, quod mulierem miserrimam, fidelissimam 25 coniugem, me prosequi non sum passus ut esset quae reliquias communis calamitatis, communes llberos tue- retur ? Sed tamen, qu5qu5 modo potul, scrlpsl et dedl litteras ad te Philogono, llberto tuo, quas credo tibi postea red- 30 ditas esse ; in quibus Idem te hortor et rogo, quod puerl tibi verbis mels nuntiarunt, ut Romam protinus pergas et properes. Prlmum enim te praesidio esse volul, si 238 EPISTULAE qui essent inimicl, quorum crudelitas nondum esset no- stra calamitate satiata ; deinde congresses nostrl lamen- tationem pertimul; dlgressum vero non tulissem atque etiam id ipsum, quod tu scribis, metuebam, ne a me dis- s trahl non posses. His de causls hoc maximum malum, quod te non vldl, quo nihil amantissimls et coniunctissi- mls fratribus acerbius, miserius videtur accidere potu- isse, minus acerbum, minus miserum fuit, quam fuisset cum congressio, turn vero dlgressio nostra. 10 Nunc, si potes, id quod ego qui tibi semper fortis videbar non possum, erige te et confirma, si qua sube- unda dlmicati5 erit. Spero, si quid mea spes habet auctoritatis, tibi et integritatem tuam et amorem in te clvitatis et aliquid etiam misericordiam nostrl praesidi 15 latiiram ; sin eris ab isto perlculo vacuus, ages scilicet si quid agl posse de nobis putabis. De quo scrlbunt ad me quidem multl multa et se sperare demonstrant ; sed ego, quod sperem, non dlspicio, cum inimicl pliirimum valeant, amid partim deseruerint me, partim etiam pr5- 20 diderint; qui in me5 reditu fortasse reprehensionem sul sceleris pertimescant. Sed ista qualia sint tu velim perspicias mihique declares. Ego tamen, quam diu tibi opus erit, si quid perlcull subeundum videbis, vlvam. Diutius in hac vita esse non possum. Neque 25 enim tantum vlrium habet ulla aut prudentia aut doc- trlna ut tantum dolorem possit sustinere. Sci5 fuisse et honestius moriendl tempus et utilius ; sed non hoc solum, multa alia praetermlsl, quae si querl velim prae- terita, nihil agam nisi ut augeam dolorem tuum, in- 30 dicem stultitiam meam. Illud quidem nee faciendum est nee fieri potest, me diutius, quam aut tuum tempus aut flrma spes postulabit, in tarn misera tamque turpi EPISTULAE 239 vita commorarl lit, qui modo fratre fuerim, liberis, con- iuge, copils, genere ipso pecuniae beatissimus, dlgnitate, auctoritate, exlstimatione, gratia non inferior quam qui umquam fuerunt amplissiml, is nunc in hac tarn adfllcta 5 perditaque fortuna neque me neque meos lugere diutius possim. Qua re quid ad me scripsisti de permutatione ? Quasi vero nunc me non tuae facultates sustineant, qua in re ipsa video miser et sentio quid sceleris admlserim, cum 10 de vlsceribus tuls et fill tui satis facturus sis, quibus debes, ego acceptam ex aerario pecuniam tuo nomine frustra dissiparim. Sed tamen et M. Antonio, quantum tu scripseras, et Caepioni tantundem solutum est ; mihi -ad id, quod cogit5, hoc, quod habeo, satis est. Slve 15 enim restituimur slve desperamus, nihil amplius opus est. Tu, si forte quid erit molestiae, te ad Crassum et ad Calidium conferas cense5. Quantum Hortensio credendum sit nesci5. Me summa simulatione amoris summaque adsiduitate cotldiana scele- 20 ratissime Insidiosissimeque tractavit adiuncto Q. Arrio ; quorum ego consilils, promissis, praeceptls destitiitus in hanc calamitatem incidi. Sed haec occultabis ne quid obsint ; illud caveto, et e5 put5 per Pomponium f oven- dum tibi esse ipsum Hortensium ne ille versus, qui 25 in te erat conlatus, cum aedilitatem petebas, de lege Aurelia, fals5 testimonio confirmetur. Nihil enim tarn timeo quam ne, cum intellegant homines quantum mise- ricordiae nobis tuae preces et tua salus adlatura sit, oppugnent te vehementius. Messalam tui studiosum 30 esse arbitror ; Pompeium etiam simulatorem puto. Sed haec utinam ne experiare ! Quod precarer deos, nisi meas preces audlre deslssent. Verum tamen precor ut 240 EPISTULAE his Inflnltls nostrls malls contentl sint ; in quibus non modo tamen nullius inest peccatl Infamia, sed omnis dolor est, quod optime factls poena maxima est constituta. Flliam meam et tuam Ciceronemque nostrum quid 5 ego, ml frater, tibi commendem ? Quln illud maereo, quod tibi non minorem doldrem illorum orbitas adferet quam mihi. Sed te incoluml orb! non erunt. Reliqua, ita mihi saliis aliqua detur potestasque in patria mori- endl, ut me lacrimae non sinunt scrlbere ! Etiam Teren- 10 tiam velim tueare mihique de omnibus rebus rescrlbas ; sis fortis, quoad rel natiira patiatur. Idibus Iunils Thessalonlcae. V (Ad Fam. XIV. 2) Tullius S. D. Terentiae et Tulliolae et Ciceroni Suis NOLI putare me ad quemquam longiores epistulas scrlbere, nisi si quis ad me pliira scrlpsit, cui puto 15 rescrlbl oportere ; nee enim habeo quod scrlbam, nee hoc tempore quicquam difficilius facio; ad te vero et ad nostram Tulliolam non queo sine plurimls lacrimis scrl- bere; vos enim video esse miserrimas, quas ego beatis- simas semper esse volul, idque praestare debul et, nisi 20 tarn timidl fuissemus, praestitissem. Pls5nem nostrum merito eius amo plurimum. Eum, ut potul, per litteras cohortatus sum gratiasque egl, ut debul. In novls tr. pi. intellego spem te habere. Id erit flrmum, si Pompel voluntas erit ; sed Crassum tamen metuo. A te quidem 25 omnia fieri fortissime et amantissime video nee mlror, sed maereo casum eius modi ut tantls tuls miserils meae EPISTULAE 241 miseriae subleventur. Nam ad me P. Valerius, homo ofnciosus, scripsit, id quod ego maximo cum fletu legl, quern ad modum a Vestae ad tabulam Valeriam ducta esses. Hem, mea lux, meum desiderium, unde omnes 5 opem petere solebant ! te nunc, mea Terentia, sic vexarl, sic iacere in lacrimls et sordibus, idque fieri mea culpa, qui ceteros servavl ut nos perlremus ! Quod de domo scrlbis, hoc est de area, ego vero turn denique mihi videbor restitutus, si ilia nobis erit resti- 10 tuta. Verum haec non sunt in nostra manu ; illud doleo, quae impensa facienda est, in eius partem te miseram et despoliatam venire. Quod si conficitur negotium, omnia consequemur; sin eadem nos fortuna premet, etiamne reliquias tuas misera proicies ? Obsecro te, mea vita, 15 quod ad sumptum attinet, sine alios, qui possunt, si modo volunt, sustinere et valetudinem istam Inflrmam, si me amas, noli vexare. Nam mihi ante ocul5s dies noctlsque versaris ; omnls labores te excipere video ; timeo ut sustineas. Sed video in te esse omnia. Qua re, 20 ut id, quod speras et quod agis, consequamur, servl vale- tudinl. Ego ad quos scrlbam nescio, nisi ad eos qui ad me scrlbunt, aut ad eos de quibus ad me vos aliquid scrlbitis. Longius, quoniam ita vobls placet, non disce- dam ; sed velim quam saepissime litteras mittatis, prae- 25 sertim si quid est flrmius quod speremus. Valete, mea deslderia, valete. D. a. d. 111. Non. Oct. Thessalonlca. H. & G. CIC. — l6 242 EPISTULAE VI (Ad Fam. XIV. i) Tullius Terentiae Suae, Tulliolae Suae, Ciceroni Suo S. D. ET litterls multorum et sermone omnium perfertur ad me incredibilem tuam virtutem et fortitudinem esse teque nee animl neque corporis laborious def atlgarl. Me miserum ! te ista virtiite, fide, probitate, humanitate 5 in tantas aerumnas propter me incidisse, Tulliolamque nostram, ex quo patre tantas voluptates capiebat, ex eo tantos percipere luctus ! Nam quid ego de Cicerone dicam ? qui cum prlmum sapere coepit, acerbissimos dolores miseriasque percepit. Quae si, tu ut scrlbis, 10 fat5 facta putarem, ferrem paulo facilius ; sed omnia sunt mea culpa commissa, qui ab ils me amarl putabam, qui invidebant, eos non sequebar, qui petebant. Quod si nostrls consilils usl essemus, neque apud nos tantum valuisset sermo aut stultorum amlcorum aut improborum, 15 beatissiml vlveremus. Nunc, quoniam sperare nos amid hibent, dabo operam ne mea valetudo tuo laborl desit. Res quanta sit, intellego, quantoque fuerit facilius ma- nere doml quam redlre ; sed tamen, si omnes tribunos plebis habemus, si Lentulum tarn studiosum quam vide- 20 tur, si vero etiam Pompeium et Caesarem, non est desperandum. De familia quo modo placuisse scrlbis amlcls, facie- mus. De loco nunc quidem iam abiit pestilentia, sed, quam diu fuit, me non attigit. Plancius, homo ofneio- 25 sissimus, me cupit esse secum et adhuc retinet. Ego EPISTULAE 243 volebam loco magis deserto esse in Eplro, qu5 neque Plso veniret nee mllites, sed adhuc Plancius me retinet ; sperat posse fieri ut raecum in Italiam decedat. Quern ego diem si vldero et si in vestrum complexum venero 5 ac si et vos et me ipsum recuperaro, satis magnum mihi fructum videbor percepisse et vestrae pietatis et meae. Plsonis humanitas, virtus, amor in omnis nos tantus est ut nihil supra possit. Utinam ea res el voluptatl 10 sit ! gloriae quidem video fore. De Qulnto fratre nihil ego te accusavl, sed vos, cum praesertim tarn paucl sltis, volul esse quam coniunctissimos. Quibus me voluistl agere gratias, egi et me a te certiorem factum esse scrip si. 15 Quod ad me, mea Terentia, scrlbis te vlcum vendi- turam, quid, obsecro te, me miserum ! quid futurum est ? et, si nos premet eadem f ortuna, quid puero mi- sero flet ? Non queo reliqua scrlbere ; tanta vis lacri- marum est ; neque te in eundem fletum adducam ; 20 tantum scrlbo. Si erunt in ofiicio amid, pecunia non deerit; si non erunt, tu efficere tua pecunia non pote- ris. Per fortunas miseras nostras, vide ne puerum perditum perdamus ; cui si aliquid erit ne egeat, medi- ocrl virtute opus est et mediocrl fortuna ut cetera 25 consequatur. Fac valeas et ad me tabellarios mit- tas, ut sciam quid agatur et vos quid agatis. Mihi omnlno iam brevis exspectatio est. Tulliolae et Cice- roni salutem die. Valete. D. a. d. vi. K. Decembr. Dyrrhachl. 30 Dyrrhachium venl, quod et libera clvitas est et in me ofriciosa et proxima Italiae; sed, si offendet me loci celebritas, alio me conferam, ad te scrlbam. 244 EPISTULAE VII (Ad Fam. XIV. 3) Tullius S. D. Terentiae Suae et Tulliae et Ciceroni ACCEPI ab Aristocrlto trls epistulas, quas ego la- crimls prope delevl; conficior enim maerore, mea Terentia, nee meae me miseriae magis excruciant quam tuae vestraeque ; ego autem hoc miserior sum quam tu, 5 quae es miserrima, quod ipsa calamitas communis est utrlusque nostrum, sed culpa mea propria est. Meum fuit officium vel legatione vltare perlculum vel dlligentia et copils resistere vel cadere fortiter. Hoc miserius, turpius, indlgnius nobis nihil fuit. Qua re cum dolore io conficior turn etiam pudore ; pudet enim me uxor! meae optimae, suavissimls llberls virtutem et diligentiam non praestitisse. Nam mihi ante oculos dies noctesque versa- tur squalor vester et maeror et Tnflrmitas valetudinis tuae, spes autem salutis pertenuis ostenditur. InimicI 15 sunt multl, invidi paene omnes ; eicere nos magnum fuit, excludere facile est. Sed tamen, quam diu vos eritis in spe, non deficiam ne omnia mea culpa cecidisse videantur. Ut tuto sim, quod laboras, id mihi nunc facillimum 20 est, quern etiam inimicl volunt vlvere in tantls miserils ego tamen faciam quae praecipis. Amicls, quibus voluistl, eg! gratias et eas litteras Dexippo dedi meque de eorum officio scrips! a te certiorem esse factum. Plsonem nostrum mlrifico esse studio in nos et officio 25 et ego perspicio et omnes praedicant. Dl faxint ut tall genero mihi praesentl tecum simul et cum llberls nostrls EPISTULAE 245 frul liceat ! Nunc spes reliqua est in novis tr. pi. et in prlmis quidem diebus ; nam, si inveterarit, actum est. Ea re ad te statim Aristocrltum misl ut ad me continuo initia rerum et rationem totius negotl posses scribere ; 5 etsl Dexippo quoque ita imperavl statim ut recurreret et ad fratrem mis! ut crebro tabellarios mitteret. Nam ego eo nomine sum DyrrhachI hoc tempore, ut quam celerrime quid agatur audiam, et sum tuto; clvitas enim haec semper a me defensa est. Cum inimlcl nostrl 10 venire dlcentur, turn in Epirum Ibo. Quod scribis te, si velim, ad me venturam, ego vero, cum sciam magnam partem istlus oneris abs te sustinerl, te istlc esse volo. Si perficitis quod agitis, me ad vos venire oportet ; sin autem — sed nihil opus est reliqua 15 scribere. Ex prlmis aut summum secundls litterls tuls constituere poterimus quid nobis faciendum sit; tu modo ad me velim omnia dlligentissime perscrlbas ; etsl magis iam rem quam litteras debeo exspectare. Cura ut valeas et ita tibi persuadeas mihi te carius nihil esse nee 20 umquam fuisse. Vale, mea Terentia ; quam ego videre videor itaque debilitor lacrimls. Vale. Pr. K. Dec. VIII (Ad Fam. XIV. 5) Tullius S. D. Terentiae Suae SI tu et Tullia, lux nostra, valetis, ego et suavissimus Cicer5 valemus. Pr. Idus Oct. Athenas venimus, cum sane adversls ventls usl essemus tardeque et in- 25 commode navigassemus. De nave exeuntibus nobis Acastus cum litterls praesto fuit uno et vicesimS die 246 EPISTULAE sane strenue. Accepi tuas litteras, quibus intellexl te verer-I ne superiores mihi redditae non essent. Omnes sunt redditae, dlligentissimeque a te perscripta sunt omnia, idque mihi gratissimum fuit. Neque sum adml- 5 ratus hanc epistulam, quam Acastus attulit, brevem fuisse ; iam enim me ipsum exspectas sive nos ipsos, quT quidem quam prlmum ad vos venire cupimus, etsl in quam rem publicam veniamus intellego. Cognovl enim ex multorum amlcorum litterls, quas attulit Acastus, 10 ad arma rem spectare, ut mihi, cum venero, dissimulare non liceat quid sentiam. Sed, quoniam subeunda fortu- na est, eo citius dabimus operam ut veniamus, quo facilius de tota re dellberemus. Tu velim, quod commodo vale- tudinis tuae flat, quam longissime poteris, obviam nobis 15 prodeas. De hereditate Preciana, quae quidem mihi magno dolor! est, valde enim ilium amavi, sed hoc velim cures, si auctio ante meum adventum flet, ut Pomponius aut, si is minus poterit, Camillus nostrum negotium curet; 20 nos, cum salvi venerimus, reliqua per nos agemus ; sin tu iam Roma profecta eris, tamen curabis ut hoc ita flat. Nos, si dl adiuvabunt, circiter Idus Nov. in Ita- lia speramus fore. Vos, mea suavissima et optatis- sima Terentia, si nos amatis, curate ut valeatis. Vale. 25 Athenls a. d. xv. K. Novemb. EPISTULAE 247 IX (Ad Fam. XVI. 4) Tullius Tironi Sud S. P. D. et Cicero et Q. Frater et Q. F. VARIE sum adfectus tuls litterls, valde priore pagina perturbatus, paulum altera recreatus. Qua re nunc quidem non dubito quin, quoad plane valeas, te neque navigation! neque viae committas. Satis te mature vi- 5 dero, si plane conflrmatum vldero. De medico et tu bene exlstimar! scrlbis, et ego sic audio ; sed plane cura- tiones eius non probo ; ius enim dandum tibi non fuit, cum KaKQGToixayos esses. Sed tamen et ad ilium scrips! accurate et ad Lysonem. Ad Curium vero, suavissimum 10 hominem et summl offic! summaeque humanitatis, multa scrips!, in his etiam, ut, si tibi videretur, te ad se tra- ferret; Lyso enim noster vereor ne neglegentior sit, primum quia omnes Graecl, deinde quod, cum a me litteras accepisset, mihi nullas remlsit. Sed eum tu lau- 15 das ; tu igitur, quid faciendum sit, iudicabis. Illud, m! Tiro, te rog5, sumptu ne parcas ulla in re, quod ad valetudinem opus sit. Scrips! ad Curium, quod dixisses, daret. Medico ipsl put5 aliquid dandum esse quo sit studi5sior. 20 Innumerabilia tua sunt in me officia domestica, foren- sia, urbana, provincialia, in re prlvata, in publica, in studils, in litterls nostrls ; omnia vlceris, si, ut spero, te validum vldero. Ego puto te bellissime, si recte erit, cum quaestore Mesclnio decursurum. Non inhumanus 25 est teque, ut mihi vlsus est, diligit. Et, cum valetudini 248 EPISTULAE tuae dlligentissime consulueris, turn, ml Tiro, consulito navigation!. Nulla in re iam te festlnare volo; nihil laboro, nisi ut salvus sis. Sic habeto, ml Tiro, neminem esse, qui me amet, quln Idem te amet, et cum tua et mea S maxime interest te valere, turn multls est curae. Adhuc, dum mihi nullo loco deesse vis, numquam te confirmare potuistl ; nunc te nihil impedit ; omnia depone, corporl servl. Quantam dlligentiam in valetudinem tuam contu- leris, tanti me fieri a te iudicab5. Vale, ml Tiro, vale, 10 vale et salve. Lepta tibi salutem dlcit et omnes. Vale. vii. Id. Nov. Leucade. X (Ad Fam. XVI. 6) Tullius et Cicero et Q. Q. Tironi S. P. D. TERTIAM ad te hanc epistulam scrlpsl eodem die magis InstitutI mel tenendl causa, quia nactus eram cui darem, quam quo haberem quod scrlberem. Igitur 15 ilia : quantum me dlligis, tan turn adhibe in te dlli- gentiae ; ad tua innumerabilia in me ofncia adde hoc, quod mihi erit gratissimum omnium ; cum valetudinis rati5nem, ut sper5, habueris, habeto etiam naviga- tionis ; in Italiam euntibus omnibus ad me litteras da- 20 bis, ut ego euntem Patras neminem praetermitto ; cura, cura te, ml Tiro. Quoniam non contigit ut simul na- vigares, nihil est quod festlnes nee quicquam cures, nisi ut valeas. Etiam atque etiam vale. vii. Idus Nov. Actio vesperl. EPISTULAE 249 XI (Ad Fam. XVI. 9) Tullius et Cicero Tironi Suo S. P. I>. NOS a te, ut scls, discessimus a. d. mi. Non. Nov. Leucadem venimus a. d. vm. Id. Nov., a. d. vn. Actium. Ibi propter tempestatem a. d. vi. Id. moratl sumus. Inde a. d. v. Id. Corcyram bellissime navigavi- 5 mus. Corcyrae fuimus usque ad a. d. xvi. K. Dec. tempestatibus retentl. A. d. xv. K. in portum Corcyrae- orum ad Cassiopen stadia cxx processimus. Ibi retentl ventis sumus usque ad a. d. vim. K. Interea, qui cupide profectl sunt, mult! naufragia fecerunt. Nos eo die 10 cenati solvimus; inde austro lenissim5 caelo sereno nocte ilia et die postero in Italiam ad Hydruntem ludi- bundl pervenimus e5demque vento postridie, id erat a. d. vn. K. Dec., hora mi. Brundisium venimus, eodemque tempore simul noblscum in oppidum introiit Terentia, 15 quae te facit pluriml. A. d. v. K. Dec. servus Cn. Plane! Brundisi tandem aliquando mihi a te exspectatissimas litteras reddidit datas Idibus Nov., quae me molestia valde levarunt; utinam omnlno liberassent ! Sed tamen Asclap5 medi- 20 cus plane conflrmat prope diem te valentem fore. Nunc quid ego te horter ut omnem dlligentiam adhibeas ad convalescendum ? Tuam prudentiam, temperantiam, amorem erga me novi ; scio te omnia f acturum ut nobls- cum quam prlmum sis, sed tamen ita velim, ut ne quid 25 properes. Symphoniam Lysonis vellem vltasses ne in quartam hebdomada incideres ; sed, quoniam pudori tuo 250 EPISTULAE maluistl obsequi quam valetudim, reliqua cura. Curio mlsl ut medico honos haberetur, et tibi daret quod opus esset ; me, cui iussisset, curaturum. Equum et mulum BrundisI tibi rellqul. Romae vereor ne ex K. 5 Ian. magnl tumultus sint. Nos agemus omnia modice. Reliquum est ut te hoc rogem et a te petam ne temere naviges (solent nautae festlnare quaestus sui causa), cautus sis, ml Tiro (mare magnum et difficile tibi restat), si poteris, cum Mesclnio (caute is solet navigare), si 10 minus, cum honesto aliquo homine, cuius auctoritate navicularius moveatur. In hoc omnem dlligentiam si adhibueris teque nobis incolumem stiteris, omnia a te habebo. Etiam atque etiam, noster Tiro, vale. Me- " dico, Curio, LysonI de te scrips! diligentissime. Vale, is salve. XII (Ad Fam. XVI. ii) Tullius et Cicero, Terentia, Tullia, Q. Q. Tironi S. P. D. ETSI opportunitatem operae tuae omnibus locls de- sldero, tamen non tam mea quam tua causa doleo te non valere ; sed, quoniam in quartanam conversa vis est morbl, sic enim scrlbit Curius, sper5 te dlligentia 20 adhibita. iam flrmiorem fore ; modo fac, id quod est humanitatis tuae, ne quid aliud cures hoc tempore, nisi ut quam commodissime convalesces. Non Ignoro quantum ex deslderio labores ; sed erunt omnia f acilia, si valebis. Festlnare te nolo, ne nauseae molestiam 2 5 suscipias aeger et perlculose hieme naviges. Ego ad urbem accessl pr. Non. Ian. Obviam mihi sic est proditum ut nihil possit fieri ornatius; sed in- EPISTULAE 251 cidi in ipsam flammam clvilis discordiae vel potius belli. Cui cum cuperem mederl et, ut arbitror, pos- sem, cupiditates certorum hominum, nam ex utraque parte sunt qui pugnare cupiant, impediments mihi s fuerunt. OmnIn5 et ipse Caesar, amicus noster, mina- cls ad senatum et acerbas litteras mlserat et erat adhuc impudens, qui exercitum et provinciam invito senatu teneret, et Curio meus ilium incitabat ; Antonius qui- dem noster et Q. Cassius nulla vl expulsl ad Caesarem 10 cum Curi5ne profectl erant, posteaquam senatus con- sulibus, praetoribus, tribunls plebis et nobis, qui pro coss. sumus, negotium dederat ut curaremus ne quid res - publica detrlmentl caperet. Numquam maiore in perl- culo clvitas fuit, numquam improbl elves habuerunt 15 paratiorem ducem. Omnlno ex hac quoque parte dili- gentissime comparatur. Id fit auctoritate et studio Pompei nostrl, qui Caesarem sero coepit timere. Nobis inter has turbas senatus tamen frequens fla- gitavit triumphum ; sed Lentulus consul, quo maius 20 suum beneficium faceret, simul atque expedlsset, quae essent necessaria de re publica, dixit se relaturum. Nos agimus nihil cupide, eoque est nostra pluris auctoritas. Italiae regiones dlscrlptae sunt, quam quisque partem tueretur. Nos Capuam sumpsimus. 25 Haec te scire volul. Tu etiam atque etiam cura ut valeas litterasque ad me mittas quotienscumque habe- bis cui des. Etiam atque etiam vale. D. pr. Idus Ian. 252 EPISTULAE XIII (Ad Fam. XIV. 18) Tullius Terentiae Suae et Pater Suavissimae Filiae, Cicero Matri et Sorori S. D. P. CONSIDERANDUM vobis etiam atque etiam, ani- mae meae, diligenter puto, quid faciatis, Romaene sltis an mecum an aliquo tuto loco ; id non solum meum consilium est, sed etiam vestrum. Mihi veniunt in 5 mentem haec, Romae vos esse tuto posse per Dola- bellam, eamque rem posse nobis adiumento esse, si quae vis aut si quae raplnae fieri coeperint. Sed rur- sus illud me movet, quod video omnls bonos abesse Roma et eos mulieres suas secum habere. Haec autem io regio, in qua ego sum, nostrorum est cum oppidorum, turn etiam praediorum ut et multum esse mecum et, cum abieritis, commode et in nostrls esse possltis. Mihi plane non satis c5nstat adhuc utrum sit melius. Vos videte quid aliae faciant isto loco feminae, et ne, 15 cum velltis, exlre non liceat. Id velim diligenter etiam atque etiam vobiscum et cum amlcls conslderetis. Do- mus ut propugnacula et praesidium habeat, Philotimo dlcetis; et velim tabellarios Instituatis certos ut cotl- die aliquas a vobis litteras accipiam ; maxime autem 20 date operam ut valeatis, si nos vultis valere. vim. K. Formils. EPISTULAE 253 XIV (Ad Fam. XVI. 12) Tullius S. D. Tironi Suo QUO in discrlmine versetur salus mea et bonorum omnium atque universae rel publicae, ex eo scire potes, quod domos nostras et patriam ipsam vel dlripi- endam vel Innammandam rellquimus. In eum locum 5 res deducta est ut, nisi qui deus vel casus aliquis sub- venerit, salvl esse nequeamus. Equidem, ut venl ad urbem, non destitl omnia et sentlre et dicere et facere quae ad concordiam pertinerent ; sed mlrus invaserat furor non solum improbls, sed etiam ils, qui bonl haben- 10 tur, ut pugnare cuperent, me clamante nihil esse bello clvlll miserius. Itaque, cum Caesar amentia quadam raperetur et oblltus nominis atque honorum suorum Arlminum, Pisaurum, Anconam, Arretium occupavisset, urbem rellquimus, quam sapienter aut quam fortiter, 15 nihil attinet disputan. Quo quidem in casu slmus vides. Feruntur omnlno condiciones ab illo, ut Pom- peius eat in Hispaniam, dllectus, qui sunt habitl, et praesidia nostra dlmittantur ; se ulteriorem Galliam Domitio, citeriorem Considi5 Noniano, his enim obti- 20 gerunt, traditiirum ; ad consulatus petltionem se ven- turum, neque se iam velle absente se rationem haberl suam ; se praesentem trlnum nundinum petlturum. Ac- cepimus condiciones, sed ita, ut removeat praesidia ex ils locls quae occupavit, ut sine metu de his ipsls 25 condicionibus Romae senatus haberl possit. Id ille si fecerit, spes est pacis, n5n honestae, leges enim impd- 254 EPISTULAE nuntur, sed quidvls est melius quam sic esse ut su- mus. Sin autem ille suls condicionibus stare noluerit, bellum paratum est, eius modi tamen, quod sustinere ille non possit, praesertim cum a suls condicionibus 5 ipse fugerit; tantum modo ut eum intercludamus ne ad urbem possit accedere, quod sperabamus fieri posse. Dllectus enim magnos habebamus putabamusque ilium metuere, si ad urbem Ire coepisset, ne Gallias amitte- ret, quas ambas habet inimlcissimas praeter Transpa- 10 danos, ex Hispaniaque sex legiones et magna auxilia Afranio et Petreio ducibus habet a tergo. Videtur, si Insaniet, posse oppriml, modo ut urbe salva. Maxi- mam autem plagam accepit, quod, is qui summam auct5ritatem in illlus exercitu habebat, T. Labienus 15 socius sceleris esse noluit Rellquit ilium et est no- blscum, multlque idem facturl esse dlcuntur. Ego adhuc orae maritimae praesum a Formils. Nul- lum maius negotium suscipere volul, quo plus apud ilium meae litterae cohortationesque ad pacem vale- 20 rent. Sin autem erit bellum, video me castrls et certls legionibus praefuturum. Habeo etiam illam molestiam, quod Dolabella noster apud Caesarem est. Haec tibi nota esse volul; quae cave ne te pertur- bent et impediant valetudinem tuam. Ego A. VarronI, 25 quern cum amantissimum mel cognovl turn etiam valde tul studiosum, dlligentissime te commendavl, ut et vale- tudinis tuae rationem haberet et navigationis et totum te susciperet ac tueretur. Quern omnia facturum con- fldo; recepit enim et mecum locutus est suavissime. 30 Tu, quoniam eo tempore mecum esse non potuistl, qu5 ego maxime operam et fidelitatem deslderavl tuam, cave festlnes aut committas ut aut aeger aut hieme EPISTULAE 255 naviges. Numquam sero te venisse putabo, si salvus veneris. Adhuc neminem vlderam qui te postea vi- disset quam M. Volusius, a quo tuas litteras accepl. Quod n5n mlrabar; neque enim meas puto ad te lit- s teras tanta hieme perfern. Sed da operam ut valeas et, si valebis, cum recte navigarl poterit, turn naviges. Cicero meus in Formiano erat, Terentia et Tullia Ro- mae. Cura ut valeas. 1111. K. Febr. Capua. Writing Materials ABBREVIATIONS abbr. = abbreviation. indeel = indeclinable. abl. = ablative. m. = masculine. ace. = accusative. N. — note. act. = active. n. = neuter. cf. = compare. nom. = nominative. comp. = comparative. p.p. = perfect participle. dat. = dative. pass. = passive. decl. = declension. pi. = plural. dim. = diminutive. prep. = preposition. e.g. = for example. pres. =■ present. etc. = and the rest. R. = remark. ff. = and what follows. sc. = supply. f. — feminine. sing. = singular. freq. — frequentative. subst. = substantive. gen. = genitive. sup. = superlative. i.e. = that is. voc. = vocative. NOTE In the Notes the references to Harkness' Grammar occur in two forms, the first referring to the Complete Latin Grammar (1898), the second, in brackets, to the Standard Latin Grammar. 256 NOTES THE FIRST CATILINARIAN ORATION Cicero was consul at a tempestuous period of Roman politics, when the popular party was recovering from the merciless persecutions of Sulla, and was rapidly becoming a menace to the aristocratic faction. Among those who sought political advancement at this time of turmoil and upheaval was Lucius Sergius Catilina. Most of our information about him is derived from more or less prejudiced sources, but there is general agreement in the statements that are made regarding his life and character. Catiline was born in the year 108 B.C., and belonged to an old patri- cian family. A winning personality, with remarkable physical and mental powers, fitted him for leadership ; but his moral sensibilities were dulled by a dissipated and debauched life. While a quaestor in Sulla's army he is said to have committed many violent deeds, and even to have caused the death of some members of his own family. In 68 B.C. he was praetor, and in the following year propraetor in Africa. He became a candidate for the consulship of 65 B.C., but was disqualified by a charge of maladministration in his province. With a band of associates he planned to murder the new consuls when they began their duties January 1, and seize by force what could not be obtained at the polls. Not being ready at the time appointed, the leaders postponed the attack to February 5, when the plot failed because the signal was given before the conspirators had assembled in sufficient numbers. In 64 B.C. Catiline was again a candidate for the consulship, but the patricians, now thoroughly aroused to the gravity of the situa- tion, supported Cicero, who was elected, with Gaius Antonius as his colleague. h. & g. cic. — 17 257 258 NOTES A conspiracy was organized among those hopelessly in debt, the politically disaffected, and Sulla's disbanded troops, many of whom had squandered the property with which their general had rewarded them, and were now ready for any enterprise that promised spoil. Quintus Curius, one of the conspirators, revealed their plans to a woman named Fulvia, and she informed Cicero. The evidence, however, was not yet such as would justify legal proceedings against the supposed members of the conspiracy. On account of the disturbed condition of the city the consular election, usually held in July, was postponed, and when it was held Catiline was again defeated. A part of the forces of the conspiracy had been gathered at Faesulae in the northern part of Etruria under the leadership of Gaius Manlius, a centurion in Sulla's army, and October 27 was set as the time for a general uprising. Cicero reported these facts to the senate in a meet- ing held October 21, and that body adopted the extreme measure of giving the consuls dictatorial powers. Also an accusation was brought against Catiline, but before the trial occurred he had left the city. On the night of November 6 the conspirators in the city met at the house of Marcus Laeca and made their final preparations. Catiline declared that he would be ready to depart for Faesulae if Cicero were killed. Two men at once volunteered to do the deed, but the consul received warning and closed his house against the assassins. Novem- ber 8 Cicero called a meeting of the senate in the temple of Jupiter Stator and when Catiline appeared in his place, attacked him in the manner described in the first Catilinarian oration. SUMMARY Catiline's effrontery. The consuls should long ago have put him to death, as numerous precedents and the extraordinary powers conferred upon them by the decree of October 21 would fully justify them in doing, but this shall not be done until all are convinced that he is guilty. It is useless for Catiline to make any further attempts in the city, for all his plans are known ; the meeting at Laeca's house, and the plot to murder the consul. Catiline should leave the city, where there can be little pleasure for him since his many crimes have made him detested by all : the country seems to beg him to go away. His professed willingness to be placed in custody is no indication of inno- P. 45] I CATILINE 259 cence. He would gain nothing by having his case referred to the senate, for all the senators show by their silence that they indorse the consul's words. Any appeal to Catiline's better nature would be in vain, and it is useless to urge him to depart, for he has already made his preparations to go. This attack upon his country is the natural fruit of such a life and character. The country arraigns the consul for neglect of duty: his defense is that all do not yet believe Catiline guilty, and it is better that all the conspirators should be gathered into one place outside the city, where they maybe recognized and punished. All the bad are urged to go with Catiline. A prayer for deliverance. Page 45. We learn from Sallust (Catiliua 31) that when Catiline entered the senate, Cicero, fearing his presence or stirred with anger, made an address which was brilliant and of great service to the state, and which he afterward wrote out and published. How far the speech was extemporaneous, and how much it was changed when prepared for public reading, it is impossible to tell. The style is appropriate to the circumstances under which the orator spoke ; the simple structure of the sentences, the rapid movement, and the colloquial contractions all indicate the intensity of the speaker's feelings. The power of invective here displayed is a characteristic of the Romans rather than of Cicero alone, but in this respect he undoubtedly excelled. 1. Quo usque. ' How far. 1 tandem adds insistence to questions. It may sometimes be rendered by 'pray, 1 but often only by the tone of voice, patientia. Forthe case see ^477(421, 1); M. 253 ; A. &G. 249; G. 407; B.218, 1. We learn from the third oration (page 81) that Cicero's purpose was to frighten Catiline into leaving Rome, for he saw that the other leaders were inefficient, and he hoped to outwit them if deprived of Catiline's executive abilities. It is interesting to note how by the use of such words as patientia Cicero covers up the weakness of his position and the almost entire lack of convincing evidence against the conspirators. 2. etiam has here its temporal force, 'still. 1 Quam diu etiam. 'How much longer.' furor iste tuus. 'That mad rage of yours. 1 Catiline^ furor was the state of mind in which he delighted in the death of his countrymen. The use of iste as a demonstrative of the second person is defined and strengthened by the addition of tuus. eludet. This word may indicate the mocking movements of a gladiator who successfully parries the thrusts aimed at him. 260 NOTES [P. 45 3. Quern ad finem. 'To what extent.' effrenata. The figure is plain, a very common one. audacia. This was manifested in appear- ing before the men whom he was plotting to murder, and who were assembled to provide for the security of the state against his schemes. 4. Nihil. H. 416 (378, 2) ; M. 198 ; A. & G. 240, a ; G. 442, n. 2 ; B. 176, 3. The repetition of nihil is a rhetorical device, called An- aphora. See H. 666, 1 (636, III, 3) ; M. 472 ; A. & G. 344, /; G. 682 ; B. 350, 11, b. praesidium. Extra guards had been appointed and put under the direction of the lesser magistrates. Palati. One of the strongest positions in the city, and the one most likely to be seized in an uprising. 5. vigiliae. For information in regard to the police and fire depart- ments of Rome consult Ancient Rome in the Light of Modern Dis- coveries (Lanciani). timor. These extracts from Sallust (Catilina 31) show that the consul's words were not without foundation : omnis tri- stitia invasit ; festinare, trepidare ; mulieres adflictare sese, man us supplicis ad caelum tender e, jniserari parvos liber os, rogitare, omnia pavere, superbia atque deliciis omissis sibi patriaeque diffidere. con- cursus. As seen in the large attendance of senators, and especially in the excited crowds gathered about the temple, bonorum. Those who had the same political opinions, the Optimates. 6. hie locus. The temple of Jupiter Stator on the Palatine, where the senate had met for the sake of greater security. This is the temple vowed by Romulus in the battle of the Sabines, but not erected until 296 B.C. Its site is placed by Lanciani near the Arch of Titus. The usual place of meeting was the Curia Hostilia. See note on curiam, page 59, line 10. muuitissimus. The temple was surrounded by armed men. 7. horum. The senators, ora vultusque. 'The countenances and expressions. 1 8. sentis. How the senators expressed their feelings is described on page 51, lines 21-30. constrictam, teneri. < Is held firmly bound.' 10. proxima. The night of November 7. Cicero nowhere gives any definite information as to what occurred then, superiore. The night of November 6. For what was done at that time see page 48, line 10 ff. egeris. H. 649, 2 (529, I); M. 388; A. & G. 334; G. 467; B. 300. P. 45] I CATILINE 26l 11. consili. H. 440, 5 (397); M. 225; A. & G. 216; G. 369; B. 201. quern. Interrogative, nostrum. The genitive plural of ego. 13. tempora, mores. H. 421 (381) ; M. 200; A. & G. 240, d ; G. 343, 1 ; B. 183. haec. The facts referred to in lines 10 and 11. con- sul. Antonius was in sympathy with Catiline, but Cicero persuaded him to remain neutral by transferring to him the rich proconsular province of Macedonia, which had fallen to Cicero (Sallust, Catilina 26). 14. Immo vero. These words do not negative the statement in Vivit, but indicate that it is not strong enough to cover the case. 15. in senatum. Catiline was a senator. Why he attended this meeting is told by Sallust {Catilina 31) : "Finally he attended a meet- ing of the senate for the purpose of appearing innocent, or for the pur- pose of trying to clear himself in case he should be attacked by any one." notat et designat oculis. I.e. makes a mental note of those whom he would proscribe. 16. nostrum. As in line 11. 17. fortes viri. Ironical, rei publicae. Dative. 18. istius. 'Of that wretch. 1 vitemus. The mode is due to in- direct discourse, videmur being equivalent to a verb of thinking. 19. Ad mortem . . . oportebat. "You ought long ago to have been led to death by the consul's order.' It must be kept in mind that the English verb 'ought' has only one form, and that time relations have to be expressed by the tense of the accompanying infinitive, but the Latin oportere and debere may be used in any tense. O porter e is impersonal, iussu consulis. It is not clear whether the right to put a citizen to death was included among the extraordinary powers which were given the consuls in times of especial danger. Originally the consuls possessed powers which in later times special enactments for- bade them to exercise within the city. One of these laws provided that no Roman citizen should be put to death without the order of the people, and, in fact, punishment by death had become very rare at Rome. Whether the senatorial decree of October 21 could set aside this law is uncertain. Cicero's argument is not at all conclusive, and at least some of the precedents which he cites are not cases in point, the Gracchi having been slain by mob violence. In the fourth Catili- narian oration Cicero uses a different line of argument, which is still less convincing. On the other hand it seems strange that a man like Cicero should have knowingly violated the constitution, and it also is 262 NOTES [P. 45 surprising that his banishment was so long delayed, if it was a punish- ment of a broken law. 20. oportebat. H. 535, 1 (469, II, 2) ; M. 306, 4; A. & G. 277, b; G. 234; B. 260, 4. conferri. The subject of an oportebat understood. 21. An. In double questions its meaning is 'or.' But when the first member of a double question is a general expression of wonder, surprise, or astonishment, it is often omitted, and the force of an may be expressed by ' Is it not true that ? ' ' Is it not true that Publius Scipio . . ., and shall we, the consuls, . . . ? ' The contrasted ex- pressions in this sentence are worthy of attention. Quintilian refers to them (VIII, 4, 13) : "Catiline is compared with Gracchus, the republic with the whole world, a moderate change with devastation by fire and sword, and a private citizen with the consuls." Publius Scipio. This was Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio, consul in 138 B.C. In 133 B.C., when the reelection of Tiberius Gracchus to the tribunate was under consideration, Scipio incited a mob of aristocrats to kill Gracchus. To escape the odium which this act aroused he accepted a mission to Asia and did not venture to return to Rome. 22. Ti. Gracchum. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, a young man of high attainments and excellent character, was chosen tribmms plebis for the year 133 B.C. He proposed an agrarian law, which provided that the wealthy landowners who had appropriated large sections of the public lands should restore a part of their holdings. To secure the successful operation of this law, Gracchus sought the tribuneship again for the following year, and was bitterly opposed by the oligarchy. On the day of the election Publius Scipio Nasica headed a mob which slew Gracchus and three hundred of his supporters. For a sketch of Grac- chus and an account of this murder read Mommsen's History of Rome (edition of 1895), Vol. Ill, pages 317-333. 23. privatus. Th£ Pontifex Maximus had no magisterial powers. 25. Nam . . . quod. 'For I pass over as too remote the fact that.' ilia. Perhaps Cicero used the plural to indicate that other precedents might have been cited, but it is more likely that there was another quod clause, which has been lost, for the manuscripts have quodque Servilius, etc. Page 46. 1. C. Servilius Ahala. This incident occurred in 439 B.C. The tradition is that a wealthy plebeian named Spurius Maelius sold grain at a very low price during a time of famine, and was accused of P. 46] I CATILINE 263 being thus liberal for the sake of making himself king. Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus was appointed dictator, and Maelius was sum- moned before him to answer to the charge. Maelius was slow in obeying the summons, and was slain by Gaius Servilius Ahala, the dictator's master of horse, no vis rebus. Dative with studentem. 2. Fuit, fuit. The repetition makes an emphatic contrast with the present, ista. 'Such. 1 4. coercerent. H. 570 (500) ; M. 337; A. & G. 319; G. 551 ; B. 284. 5. senatus consultum. The one passed October 21, giving the con- suls dictatorial powers. A senatus consult inn was a measure adopted by the senate and ratified by the people ; if the measure failed to be ratified or was vetoed by a tribune, the bill was called a senatus aucto- ritas, and had no other authority than as an expression of opinion by the senate. The additional powers that were conferred by such a sena- tus consultum are defined by Sallust {Catilina 29): "These are the highest powers that are granted a magistrate by the senate in accord- ance with Roman customs, to raise an army, to carry on war, to restrain citizens and allies in every way, and to have supreme military and judicial power." 6. vehemens et grave. ' Severe (in the measures that it authorizes) and weighty (in the powers that it bestows on the consuls).' Non . . . ordinis. * Not the advice nor the influence of this body fails the state.' The meaning of this passage is that the senate has given the matter due deliberation, and has taken all the action that it can in giving the consuls full power to deal with the situation ; the responsibility now rests entirely with the consuls. 9. consul. His colleague, Quintus Fabius Maximus, was absent from the city at the time, conducting a campaign against the Gallic tribes in the southern part of Gallia Transalpina. Gallia Narbonensis was made a Roman province by him. 10. videret. The form of this decree is given on page 30. quid. Indefinite, detrimenti. Cf. consili, page 45, line 11. Nox . . . in- terfectus est. 'Not a night passed before Gaius Gracchus was killed.' 12. C. Gracchus. Gaius Sempronius Gracchus was a younger brother of Tiberius Gracchus and in every way a worthy successor to him in the leadership of the democratic party. He attempted to carry 264 NOTES [P. 46 out the popular reforms of his brother and initiated others, thus in- curring the hostility of the optimates. Early in 121 B.C. an attempt was made to defeat one of his projects and resulted in a riot. The friends of Gracchus took up a position on the Aventine, where they were attacked and killed by forces under the leadership of Lucius Opimius, the consul. Marcus Fulvius Flaccus and his two sons were among those put to death. Cf. Mommsen, Vol. Ill, pages 334-370. patre. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus. He was twice consul and once censor, and was also a successful general. His wife was Cornelia, the daughter of Publius Scipio. avo. Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Maior, the conqueror of Hannibal at Zama. For the case, see H. 473, 2 (419, II) ; M. 246; A. & G. 251 ; G. 400; B. 224. 14. For the year 100 B.C. Gaius Marius was a candidate for the consulship, Lucius Saturninus for the tribuneship, and Gaius Glaucia for the praetorship. They were all democratic leaders and were elected. Saturninus and Glaucia were candidates at the elections for the follow- ing year, and were accused of having secured the death of a rival candidate C. Memmius. The senate ordered Marius the consul to pro- ceed against the murderers, and in the struggle which followed Glaucia and Saturninus were put to death (Mommsen, Vol. Ill, pages 465-476). 17. mors ac rei publicae poena. 'Death as the penalty of the state. ' Death is personified. Rei publicae is a subjective genitive. 18. vicesimum. More exactly, the nineteenth day, by the Roman < inclusive ' reckoning, hebescere. What are such verbs called, how are they formed, and what is their meaning ? H. 365 (337) ; M. 147; A. & G. 167, a ; G. 191, 2 ; B. 155, 1. 19. huiusce. The -ce is a deictic particle that intensifies the force of the demonstrative. The same particle is seen in hie, illic. istic, etc. Cf. the French -ci and -la and the English colloquial ' this here ' and ' that there.' * 20. tamquam in vagina reconditum. The power conferred by the senatus consultum of October 2 1 is spoken of as a sword which the senate placed in the hands of the consuls to be used in protecting the state. 22. interfectum esse. The perfect infinitive where the present would be regular, a quite common occurrence in informal speech. Per- haps the fact that Catiline should have been punished long before is in this way emphasized, or it may be that in such cases the verbal force P. 47] I CATILINE 265 is not prominent in the participle, and it is felt to be a mere adjective. Cf. factum esse oportuit, page 47, line 4. 23. sed ad confirmandam. I.e. you are incorrigible. 24. Cupio. A stronger word than volo. patres conscripti. The origin of this term is not clear. It means simply 'enrolled fathers.' Some think that it represents patres et conscripti and so is a survival of the time when a distinction was made between the original patrician members of the senate and the plebeian members who were admitted later. Translate by 'senators.' me esse clementem. More impres- sive than the more usual esse clemens. 25. rei publicae. Genitive. 26. me ipse. A good opportunity to note carefully the difference between the intensive use of the words myself, ourselves, yourself, your- selves, himself herself, itself, themselves, and the reflexive use of the same words. To the former, Latin ipse with a pronoun corresponds ; of the latter the Latin equivalents are the oblique forms of ego and tu for the first and the second person and sui for the third person : e.g. me condemno, 'I condemn myself (a reflexive pronoun, the act being per- formed by the subject upon itself) ; ipse condemno, ' I myself (i.e. I, rather than any one else) condemn.' inertiae nequitiaeque. H. 456 (409, II) ; M. 228; A. & G. 220; G. 378; B. 208. Castra. That of Manlius. Peculiarity of this word ? 28. This camp was at Faesulae, in the northern part of Etruria, near the modern city of Florence, in dies singulos. 'Each day.' 29. castrorum imperatorem ducemque hostium. Catiline. The inverted order in the arrangement of the two pairs of words is called chiasmus, or the chiastic order. 30. atque adeo. 'And even.' Page 47. 2. credo is ironical and therefore equivalent to a nega- tive. ' If I shall order . . ., I shall have to fear, I suppose, that all good men will not say that I acted too late rather than that any one will say that I acted too cruelly.' The simple meaning is that he will not have to fear criticism of his severity but rather of his remissness. erit verendum. For the use of the passive periphrastic conjugation, see H. 531 (466, n.); M. 98, 2; A. & G. 113, d ; G. 251; B. 337, 7. mini: H. 431 (388) ; M. 207; A. & G. 232; G. 354; B. 189. boni. Sc. factum esse dicant. 5. causa. The fact that all did not yet think Catiline guilty. 266 NOTES [P. 47 7. tui. H. 435, 4 (391, II, 4) ; M. 226, 3; A. & G. 234, d, 2; G. 359, r. 1 ; B. 204, 3. 8. fateatur. H. 570 (500, 1) ; M. 382, 4; A. & G. 319, 2; G. 552, 1 ; B. 284, 2. 9. audeat. H. 569 (503, I) ; M. 383 ; A. & G. 320, a ; G. 631, 2 ; B. 283. vivis. The emphasis is upon the time of the act rather than upon the act itself. 11. possis. H. 568 (497); M. 328; A. & G. 317; G. 544; B. 282. Multorum. The position of the word draws particular attention to it. If it were placed after oculi et aures, the nouns modified would be more prominent than the modifier. 12. fecerunt. Cf. the English use of 'do' instead of repeating a verb. 14. The question is equivalent to an emphatic negative. 'For of course there is nothing further for you to look forward to. 1 Cicero urges upon Catiline the hopelessness of his cause by declaring that he can not hope to accomplish anything when the magistrates are so vigilant that they discover what was done in a private house in the dead of night. 16. parietibus. 'House walls.' Moenia is used of city walls and murus is the general term. 17. inlustrantur is opposed to obscurare, erumpunt to continere. The meeting at Laeca's house is referred to. For what was done at this meeting, see page 48, line 26 ff. 18. mihi crede. 'Take my advice,' 'listen to me.' caedis. H. 454 (406, II) ; M. 227 ; A. & G. 219 ; G. 376 ; B. 206. 19. luce. H. 471 (417) ; M. 239 ; A. & G. 247 ; G. 398 ; B. 217. 20. licet recognoscas. ' You may review.' It is a mistake to say that an tit is omitted here. The construction is paratactic, i.e. there are two coordinate expressions instead of one dependent upon the other. Recognoscas is a command, and the two words mean 'it is per- mitted ; review.' How Cicero secured information concerning the meeting is explained by Sallust ( Catilina 23) . From his narrative we learn that there was in the conspiracy a man named Quintus Curius, who had been removed from the senate because of his baseness. Elated by the hope that the plans of the conspirators would be success- ful, he began to be very boastful and to make extravagant promises. A woman named Fulvia learned from him the cause of his unusual P. 48] I CATILINE 267 conduct, and revealed her information to others in such a way that it reached the authorities. 21. Meministi. Peculiarity of this verb ? ante . . . Novembris. For the Roman calendar and the peculiar arrangement of the words ante diem with the accompanying ordinal see H. 754-756 (641-645) ; M. 498-506; A. & G. 376; G. Appendix; B. 371, 372. 22. dicere. The present instead of the perfect infinitive is often found with memini, perhaps for the sake of greater vividness, fore. The future infinitive of esse. 23. futurus esset. The active periphrastic conjugation denotes an intended or immediate act or state, and may serve as a definite future tense for the subjunctive. For the subjunctive, see H. 643 (524) ; M. 392; A. &G. 336, 2; G. 650; B. 314, 1. 24. satellitem atque administrum. Which is apparently the more contemptuous term ? See vocabulary for the force of atque. Num . . . res. ' I was not mistaken, was I, Catiline, in a matter . . . nor yet in the date, a fact which is much more astonishing ? ' 28. idem. 'Also. 1 29. in. The object is the entire following expression, ante . . . Novembris. 30. Roma. For the use of the case without a preposition see H. 491, II. (428) ; M. 233, 2 ; A. & G. 258, a ; G. 391 ; B. 229, 1 . sui. For the case see H. 626, 3 (542, 1, n. i) ; M. 289, n. ; A. & G. 298, a ; G. 428, R. i;B. 339, 5. Page 48. 3. nostra. The possessive is used instead o£ the genitive plural of ego. remansissemus. * Of us who had remained,' i.e. in the city. For the tense see H. 644 (525) ; M. 396; A. & G. 336, B; G. 654; B. 318. 4. esse. For the mode see H. 642 (523, I); M. 392; A. & G. 336,2; G. 650; B. 314. For the tense see H. 617 (537); M. 396; A. & G. 336, A ; G. 653 ; B. 317. dicebas. What are the uses of this tense ? H. 534, 535 (468, 469) ; M. 306; A. & G. 277; G. 231-234; B. 260. Quid. l Again. 1 This word is often used as a transitional particle in passing from one point to another. Praeneste. From its position and strength this town would be a valuable acquisition for the conspirators. The Marian faction used it to advantage. 6. meo, meis. Cicero's frequent references to himself are in strong contrast with Caesar's impersonal narrative, and perhaps for that very 268 NOTES [P. 48 reason students are inclined to criticise Cicero's egotism more than is just. 7, nihil. The emphasis given this word by its position and repe- tition is noteworthy. 8. non. The force of the negative is extended to the verbs videam and sentiam. 10. noctem superiorem. The night of November 6. 11. ad salutem. Sc. rei publicae. 12. rei publicae. Objective genitive, priore nocte. The same as noctem superiorem, line 10. 13. inter falcarios. ' Among the scythe-makers, 1 i.e. into the street occupied by the scythe-makers, non agam obscure. ' I will not dis- cuss the matter in a vague way. 1 in. For greater definiteness in mean- ing prepositions are often used with nouns that regularly are put in the simple accusative or ablative to denote place to which or from which. 16. in senatu. The phrase defines hie. 18. di. The declension of this word ? Ubinam gentium sumus. ' Where in the world are we ?' For the case of gentium see H. 443 (397, 4) ; M. 225, 5 ; A. & G. 216, a, 4; G. 372, 3, N. 3 ; B. 201, 3. qua, quam. Nearly equivalent to forms of qualis. 21. sanctissimo gravissimoque consilio. After Cineas had visited Rome in the interests of Pyrrhus, he referred to the Roman senate as an assembly of kings. 22. omnium. Used to modify the genitive plural of the personal pronoun represented by nostro. Omni, in agreement with interitu, would have a different meaning, de. Sc. exitio. 23. orbis terrarum. There seems to be no difference in meaning between this expression and orbis terrae above, cogitent. For the mode cf. audeat, page 47, line 9. 24. de re publica sententiam rogo. 'I ask them their opinions about public questions,' i.e. call on them to vote. The officer who convoked the senate stated the business, and then called on the sena- tors to express their opinions by a formal statement or by endorsing what a previous speaker had said. 25. voce vulnero. By calling them by name. 26. igitur has here its so-called ' resumptive force.' It indicates that the narrative is resumed which was broken by the digression beginning at line 18. P. 49] I CATILINE 269 27. statuisti . . . placeret. ' You decided to what place it seemed best that each one should go.' 28. placeret. For the mode cf. egerts, page 45, line 10. Romae. H. 78, 4 (48, 4) ; M. 242 ; A. & G. 258, c, 2 ; G. 41 1 ; B. 232. relinqueres, educeres. Verbs of adjective clauses denoting purpose. 29. confirmasti. For confirmavisti. 30. dixisti . . . viverem. ' You said that you were even yet delayed a little because I lived. 1 tibi. Dative of possessor. 31. etiam nunc. For etiam turn, the words of the direct statement being retained in the indirect form, morae. For the case cf. detri- ment!, page 46, line 10. 32. equites Roraani. Sallust's account varies only slightly from this. He says that Catiline made many attempts at Rome, formed plots against the consuls, made preparations for conflagrations, seized suitable places by armed men, went about armed, urged others to do the same, and was always urging them to be on the alert and ready. He rushed about night and day without rest, and yet was not exhausted by toil or lack of sleep. Finally, when none of his many plans suc- ceeded, he called the members of the conspiracy together again at the house of Marcus Laeca, and there, complaining of their cowardice, he informed them that he had sent Manlius ahead to the throng which he had gathered together, and also that he had sent others to suitable places to begin the fighting. He said that he wished to join the army soon, if he could first destroy the consul, for Cicero was hindering very much the execution of his plans. While the rest were terrified and drawing back, Gaius Cornelius, a knight, and Lucius Vargunteius, a senator, arranged to go with armed men a little later that night as if to call upon Cicero and stab him while off his guard at his own home. When Curius found out how great danger threatened the consul, he quickly informed Cicero through Fulvia of the plot which was in prepa- ration. And so the conspirators were refused admittance, and had attempted so great a crime in vain. Page 49. 1. lectulo. For the formation of the word see H. 340 (321); M. 159; A. & G. 164, a; G. 181, 12; B. 148, 1. Diminutives denote things that are small, and also express affection, pity, or contempt. They are very common in colloquial Latin, and often have a shade of meaning that it is very difficult to translate. The use of the diminutive here suggests the privacy and the security of the home. 270 NOTES [P. 49 4. maioribus. I.e. than he had employed before. 5. salutatum. H. 633 (546) ; M. 301 ; A. & G. 302 ; G. 435 ; B. 340. Romans of rank and position received very early calls from their dependents and supporters, cum . . . praedixeram. ' Since those very ones came who I had told many eminent men before would come to me at that time. 1 id temporis. Equivalent to eo tempore. 8. perge quo coepisti. ' Go on as you have started/ 11. desiderant. For the tense see H. 533 (467, III, 2) ; M. 305,6; A. & G. 276, a\ G. 230; B. 259, 4. Educ. What other verbs have shortened forms in the same situation? H. 241 (238); M. 100, 6; A. & G. 128, c\ G. 130, 5; B. 116, 3. 12. quam plurimos. 'As many as possible. 1 13. me atque te. The pronoun of the first person regularly precedes that of the second person, intersit. H. 587 (513, I); M. 376; A. &G. 314; G. 573; B. 310. 15. Magna habenda est gratia. 'Great gratitude should be felt toward. . . . , The meaning of gratias agere is to express gratitude in words and of gratiam referre to. express gratitude in deeds. 16. huic. I.e. in whose temple we are assembled. Statori. An epithet supposed to have been given to Jupiter because of his miraculous intervention when the troops of Romulus were beginning to flee in the battle with the Sabines. Cf. Livy I, 12 : " Ut Hostius cecidit, confcstim Romana inclinatur acies fusaque est ad veterem portam Palatii. Romulus et ipse turba fugientium actus anna ad caelum toll ens ' luppi'ter, tuis ' inquit i iussus avibus hie in Palatio prima urbi funda- menta ieci. Arcem iam scelere emptam Sabini habent ; inde hue armati superata 7tiedia valle tendunt. At tu, pater deum homiuumque. June saltern arce hostes, deme terror em Romanis fugamque foedam siste. Hie ego tibi templum Statori lovi, quod monumeutum sit poster is tua prae- senti ope servatam urbem esse, voveo? " 19. Non est . . . rei publicae. 'The highest welfare of the state must no longer be endangered by one man. 1 uno nomine. Catiline. 23. proximis comitiis. Not held in July, as it usually was. but postponed until late in October on account of the disturbances in the city. 24. in campo. The Campus Martius, where the elections for magis- trates were held, competitores. Decimus Iunius Silanus and Lucius Licinius Murena. P. 50] I CATILINE 271 25. praesidio. In his oration for Murena, Cicero says : " Descendi in campum cumfirmissimo praesidio fortissimorum virorum et cum ilia lata insigtiique lorica, non quae vie tegeret, etenim sciebam Catilinam non latus aut ventrem, sed caput et collum solere petere, verum ut omnes boni animadvert event et, cum in metu et peviculo considem vi de- vent, id quod est factum, ad opem pvaesidiumque concuvv event." 26. nullo . . . concitato. 'Without calling on the powers of the state for aid:. 1 27. per me. 'By my own efforts. ' 28. rei publicae. Genitive. 29. Nunc iam. An emphatic 'Now,' as opposed to his conduct in the past. Page 50. 1. id quod. Putting Catiline to death, primum. 'Ob- viously the first thing to do.' huius imperi. The extraordinary power given the consuls by the senatus consultum of October 21. 3. ad severitatem lenius, utilius. ' Milder as far as rigor is con- cerned, and more useful as far as the general welfare is concerned.' 6. quod. For the more common id quod. It refers to the idea in exievis. 7. tuorum comitum. The genitive tells of what the republic's sew- age consists. 8. Quid est ? The English colloquial * What is that ? ' id. Leaving the city. 10. num. in exs ilium. Sc. ive iubeam. 15. oderit. Peculiarity of this word ? 16. Quod . . . afuit? 'What dishonor in private life does not cling to your reputation ? From what lust have you ever kept your eyes, from what evil deed have you ever kept your hands, and from what shame have you ever kept your entire body ? ' A short characterization of Catiline is given by Sallust (Catilina 5) : "Lucius Catilina nobili geneve natus fuit, ?nag7ia vi et animi et covpovis, sed ingenio malo pvavoque. Huic ab adulescentia bella intestina, caedes, vapinae, discovdia civilis grata fueve, ibique iuventutem suam exevcuit. Covpus patiens mediae, algoris, vigiliae supra quam cuiquam credibile est. Anwius audax, sub- dolus, varius, cuius reilubet simidator ac dissimulator ; alieni appetens, sui profusus, ardens in cupiditatibus ; satis eloquentiae, sapientiae parum ; vastus animus immoderata, incredibilia, nimis alta cupiebaty 19. Cui . . . praetulisti. 'To what young man whom you en- trapped by the allurements of your corruptions have you not given a 272 NOTES [P. 51 sword for his recklessness or a torch for his lust ? ' i.e. all the young men whom you could bring under your influence you have taught to be murderers and debauched characters, facem praeferre. 'To carry a torch before, 1 i.e. to guide, to show the way for. Sallust's statements are very similar (Catilina 14). 21. Quid vero. Cf. note on Quid, page 48, line 4. 22. nuptiis. For marriage ceremonies and customs consult the Appendix of Becker's Gallus. 23. alio scelere. The murder of his son. Cf. Sallust, Catilina 15 : " Postrejno captus amove Aureliae Orestillae, cuius firaeter for mam nihil umquam bonus laudavit, quod ea nubere Mi dubitabat timens firivignum adultum aetate, pro certo creditur necato filio vacuam domum scelestis nuptiis fecisse." 25. ne . . . videatur. 'That a crime of so much cruelty may not appear to have been committed in this state nor to have been un- punished. 1 28. Idibus. A regular time for the payment of debts. 31. Bummam rem publicam. 'The highest welfare of the state. 1 Page 51. 3. Lepido et Tullo. Manius Aemilius Lepidus and Gaius Volcatius Tullus were consuls in 66 B.C. Cf. Sallust, Catilina 18 : " But before that a few had formed a conspiracy, among whom was Catiline. In the consulship of Lucius Tullus and Manius Lepidus, Publius Autronius and Publius Sulla had been elected consuls, and then were convicted and punished under the laws against bribery. A little later Catiline was accused of extortion, and was kept out of the canvass for the consulship because he could not announce his candidacy within the time required by law. At the same time there was a Gnaeus Piso, a young noble of the greatest boldness, poor, and a factious fellow, whom poverty and an evil disposition incited to attack his country. Catiline and Autronius, with this Piso, entered into a plot about the Nones of December, and made preparations to kill the new consuls (who had been put in the place of those who had been convicted) in the Capitol on the first day of January. This became known, and the plan was postponed until the Nones of February. Even as far back as that time the death of most of the senators, as well as of the consuls, was sought. Unless Catiline had been too hasty in giving the signal to his companions in front of the Curia, the foulest deed since the founding of the city would have been perpetrated on that day. Their purpose P. 51] - I CATILINE 273 was defeated by the fact that aimed conspirators had not assembled in sufficient numbers." 4. comitio. The Comitium was a level area adjoining the Forum on the northeast side. It was in front of the Curia, and served as a place of meeting for the Comitia Curiata. Lanciani says that in the early days of Rome the Comitium was the center of civil and political business, while the Forum was used simply as a market place ; but with the increase of the population and with the spread of democracy the center was shifted to the Forum, and the Comitium lost forever its importance. The main ornaments were the statue of Atta Navius, the augur who cut the whetstone with a razor, and the puteal under which the whetstone and the razor had been buried ; and the Jicus navia,a. fig tree which the popular fancy believed to have been transplanted here from the banks of the Tiber by the same miracle-working augur. It was considered to represent the fiats ruminalis which had sheltered with its shade the infant twins sucking the she wolf; and this event was recorded by a bronze group not unlike the one now preserved in the Palazzo dei ConservatorL 5. sceleri . . . obstitisse. ' And that not some impulse or fear on your part, but the good fortune of the state thwarted your wickedness and your rage. 1 8. ilia. ' Those occurrences of the past. 1 neque enim . . . com- missa. ' For of course the deeds that you committed are well known, and many in number. 1 An affirmation made by denying the contrary is called what ? H. 752 (637, VIII) ; M. 474; A. & G. 209, c\ G. 700; B- 375> I- 11. petitiones. A term used in the gladiatorial schools. The char- acter of the gladiators had made their name a term of reproach. 12. parva quadam declinatione. ' By a mere twist, so to speak. 1 corpore. The colloquial character of this expression is indicated by the apologetic tit aiimt. Vergil (V. 437, 438) uses corpore in the same sense in a description of a boxing match : " Stat gravis Entellus nisuque immotus eodem, Corpore tela modo atque oadis vigilantibas exit.''' 1 14. tibi. Dative of reference, to show in whose case the statement is true, quotiens, etc. ' How often it has slipped from your hands and fallen to the ground ! ? h. & g. cic. — 18 274 NOTES . [P. 52 15. Quae . . . defigere. 'As for this dagger, I do not know by what rites it has been consecrated and set apart, that you think that you must bury it in a consul's body.' Weapons were often dedicated to some deity for a certain purpose. 16. abs. This form of the preposition does not occur in the orations except in this phrase. 18. Nunc. A very prominent word. Catiline's past life has been discussed ; the present is now taken up. 20. sed ut misericordia. Sc permotus esse videar. nulla. Here an emphatic negative, 'not at all.' 25. Quid, quod. 'What of the fact, that . . . ?' ista. Has here its force of a demonstrative of the second person, ' those near you.' 26. tibi. H. 431, 2 (388, 1) ; M. 207, 2 ; A. & G. 232, a ; G. 354 : B. 189, 2. The illustration on page 44 shows Catiline deserted by all his associates. 31. me hercule. 'So help me Hercules. 1 The verb has disap- peared and the whole expression has become a mere expletive, isto. 'Such.' metuerent. For the mode and tense see H. 579 (510); M. 366; A. &G. 308; G. 597; B. 304. Page 52. 1. tibi. Cf. tibi, page 51, line 29. Sc. relifiquetidam esse.. 2. suspectum tarn graviter. ' So much an object of suspicion.' 4. conscientia scelerum. 'From the consciousness of your crimes.'' 5. odium. Sc. esse. 10. Nunc. The connection between this sentence and the preceding is, ' But laying aside all suppositions, the facts in the case are . . .' 14. tacita loquitur. The use of two words of opposite meaning is called what? H. 752, 12 (637, XI, 6) ; M. 494; A. & G. 386; G. 694; B. 375,2. 16. aliquot annis. Ablative of the time within which. 17. tibi. 'In your case alone, 1 dative of reference, multorum civium neces. The murders that Catiline committed while an officer in Sulla's army. 18. sociorum. Those connected with the province of Africa, where Catiline was propraetor in 67 B.C. 19. These statements refer to Catiline^ successful attempts to free himself from the charges of misgovernment which had been preferred against him. 20. Superiora ilia. 'Those former deeds. 1 P. 53] I CATILINE 275 22. nunc vero. Cf. Nunc vero, page 51, line 18. esse, timeri, videri are the subject of est. 23. quicquid increpuerit. * If any noise is heard,' literally 'what- ever has made a noise.' See Inductive Studies, page 38. 24. quod . . . abhorreat. < Which is not in line with your wicked- ness.' 26. mihi. H. 427 (385, II, 2); M. 211; A. & G. 229; G. 347, 5 ; B. 188, 2, d. 28. loquatur, debeat, possit. For the mode and tense see H. 576 (509) ; M. 364; A. & G. 307, 2; G. 596; B. 303. 30. in custodiam. Romans of rank were not imprisoned before trial, but were put in the charge of friends who would be responsible for their appearance when their cases were called. Lucius Paulus entered this charge against Catiline. 31. ad. Used here in the sense of apud. Page 53. 2. id responsum. Explained in the infinitive clause below. 3. tuto. An adverb instead of an adjective, qui. i Since I.' 4. moenibus. The force of Cicero's reply is in the contrast between parietibus and moenibus. 6. optimum. Ironical, quem tu videlicet. Also ironical. 7. ad custodiendum diligentissimum. ' Very watchful in guard- ing you.' 9. Sed . . . qui. 'But how far does it seem that he ought to be from prison and from chains who ... ?' 10. qui . . . iudicarit. A rough jest about Catiline's professed willingness to place himself in custody for the purpose of declaring his innocence. 12. emori, abire. Convicted criminals were permitted to go into banishment, but very many preferred suicide to exile from Rome. 15. refer. The word that is regularly used for laying a matter before the senate. It is not known how Catiline expressed to Cicero his willingness to obey a decree of the senate. 16. placere. The object of decreverit. ire. The subject of placere. 17. id . . . moribus. 'A course which is not in accord with my character.' Possibly Cicero means that he is too merciful by nature to expose Catiline to the severity with which the senate would surely deal with him. 276 NOTES [P. 55 21. ecquid attendis. ' Are you paying any attention at all?' 22. Quid . . . perspicis. 'Why do you wait for the expressed command of those whose unspoken wish you plainly perceive?' 23. loquentium. Sc. eorum, the antecedent of quorum. 25. P. Sestio. Tribunus plebis in 57 B.C. He zealously supported the optimates, and used bands of gladiators to oppose Clodius. In 56 B.C. he was tried for the deeds of violence committed during his tribunate. Cicero defended him in a speech still extant, and secured his acquittal. M. Marcello. Not the man mentioned in line 6. See the introduction to the oration for Marcellus. 26. consuli, hoc ipso in templo. I.e. even his position as consul and the sacred place where they were assembled would not have pro- tected him from the fury of the enraged senators. 27. vim et manus. 'Violent hands, 1 a case of hendiadys, i.e. the use of two coordinate expressions instead of one modified by the other. cum quiescunt, probant. The two acts are asserted to be identical. 29. hi. The senators. 30. cara, vilissima. A sarcastic comparison of Catiline's professed willingness to obey the senators with his plots to murder them. Page 55. 1. studia, voces, exaudire. From the throng listening outside. 4. relinquentem. Has a conditional force. The simple meaning of the sentence is that law-abiding citizens would so rejoice in Catiline's departure that they would be willing to escort him in honor to the gates of the city. 5. prosequantur. 'Escort. 1 6. The tit clauses may be clauses of purpose, ' Am I talking with the expectation that any thing will crush you ? ' or they may be exclamatory questions, 'Can it be that any thing will crush you? 1 The emphasis on the pronoun is noteworthy. 9. duint. An archaic form for dent. For the mode and tense see H. 558 (483, 1) ; M. 325 ; A. & G. 267 ; G. 261 ; B. 279. Archaisms naturally survive longest in religious and in legal language. n. recenti . . . tuorum. 'While the recollection of your crimes is still fresh. 1 13. est tanti. 'It is worth while. 1 For the case oitanti see H. 448 (404, 405) ; M. 224; A. & G. 252, a\ G. 380; B. 203, 3-5. sit. H. 587 (5 13, I) ; M. 376 ; A. & G. 314 ; G. 573 ; B. 310. P. 56] I CATILINE 277 14. The ut clauses are the subject of est postulandum. 15. ut . . . cedas. 'That you should yield to the exigencies of the state.' 17. is. ' Such a person. 1 / 20. inimico . . . tuo. ' Your personal enemy, as you claim. ' 28. isse. The perfect infinitive of ire. 29. Quamquam, etc. The sense of the passage is that it is absurd to urge Catiline to leave the city, since it is known that he has already made many preparations to go to the camp of Manlius. invitem. H. 559, 4 (484, V); M. 324; A. & G. 268; G. 265; B. 277. sciam. The verb of an adjective clause denoting cause. 31. cui. Dative of agent, pactam. Participle of pacisco. 32. aquilam. A common emblem for the standard of a legion. This one had been used by Marius; hence Mam. Page 56. 2. sacrarium. 'An altar.' Catiline's is consecrated to wickedness. 3. ut possis. An exclamatory question. See page 55, line 6 ff. 4. venerari, etc. The statement that Catiline worshiped the standard which Marius used would seem to mean that Catiline was aspiring to succeed Marius as leader of the popular party. 7. quo. I.e. into civil war. 8. rapiebat. H. 535 (469, II, 2) ; M. 306, 4; A. & G. 277, b\ G. 234; B. 260,4. 9. haec res. I.e. war against his country. 14. derelictis. Is coordinate with perditis. ex perditis atque derelictis. A modifier of conflatam. ab fortuna, spe. Modifies derelictis. 19. ad huius vitae studium. 'For the living of just such a life.' meditati. In some deponent verbs, as in this, the perfect participle is passive, feruntur. 'Are talked about.' 20. iacere and vigilare are explanatory of labores. 22. insidiantem. A modifier of the unexpressed subject of iacere. The sentence means that Catiline's remarkable physical powers were cultivated for both immoral and dishonest purposes. 23. Habes ubi ostentes. 'You have an opportunity to show.' 25. Tantum, etc. 'I accomplished this much when I kept you out of the consulship, that . . .' 26. cum . . . reppuli. Cicero very actively opposed Catiline's can- didacy for the consulship. 278 NOTES [P. 56 30. ut detester ac deprecer. 'That I may protest and plead against .' Page 57. 3. loquatur. The substance but not the form of the apodosis is found at the beginning of chapter XII. Such a change of construction in a sentence is called anacoluthon. 9. immissus iu urbem. ' Sent against the city. 1 12. Mosne maiorum. Sc. te impedit. 18. commendatione maiorum. Those who held the highest offices at Rome were usually the descendants of former magistrates. If any one outside these l noble ' families secured one of these magistracies by the power of worth or the force of circumstances, he was referred to as a novas homo, but he and his descendants were ranked among the nobiles. 19. tarn mature. Cicero held each of the magistracies at the earli- est legal age. summum imperium. 'The consulship.'' 29. factu. H. 635 (547); M. 302; A. & G. 303; G. 436; B. 340, 2. iudicarem. This tense is used because he is still of the same opinion. Page 58. 1. superiorum. ' Of former times. 1 4. invidiae. Genitive of the whole with quid. 6. ut invidiam, etc. I.e. unpopularity that is the result of an upright course is glory. 8. ordine. The senate. 12. quorum . . . imperiti. ' Following the lead of these, not only many bad men, but also many uninformed ones. 1 19. The power of this sentence is in the contrast between compri?ni and reprimi. 20. Quod si, etc. I.e. at the withdrawal of Catiline and his followers all civil evils will be removed root and branch. 25. Etenim, etc. The political disorders are of long standing, but in some way the culmination has been reached at the present time. 26. nescio quo. 'Some. 1 28. If Catiline alone is put out of the way, there will be some relief, but the elements of danger will remain, like a poison that has per- meated a man's system. 32. The death of Catiline would be only a temporary relief, like cold water given to a fevered person. Page 59. 2. biberunt. In present general conditional sentences P. 59] I CATILINE 279 the perfect indicative is sometimes used in the protasis, as here. So also, in past general conditional sentences the pluperfect indicative is sometimes used in the protasis. 5. reliquis vivis. This ablative absolute has the force of a protasis. 8. insidiari. A reference to the attempt to murder Cicero two nights before. 9. ciicumstare, obsidere. For purposes of intimidation and bribery, praetoris urbani. Lucius Valerius Flaccus was praetor urbanus at this time. 10. curiam. The Curia Hostilia. The following statements in regard to it are taken from Lanciani's Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome: "The Senate-house was, politically speaking, the most im- portant building in the Roman world. The place where it stands was occupied at an early age by a small wood, by a cave overgrown with ivy, and by a spring, at which Tarpeia was drawing water when she saw Tatius for the first time. The first senators met here, dressed in sheepskins, in a square hut covered by a thatched roof. Tullus Hostilius gave the patres conscripti a better seat, an oblong hall, built of stone, on the northeast side of the Comitium, raised on a platform above the reach of floods, and accessible by a flight of steps, down which the body of Servius was hurled by Tarquinius. Inside it contained several rows of benches, the Speaker's chair, a small apart- ment for the archives, and a vestibule. . . . We must remember also that, the senate being forbidden to vote a measure unless assembled in a temple, their hall was consecrated. ... So extreme was the frugality and self-denial of Republican senators that they never allowed their hall to be warmed in winter. . . . Sulla repaired and perhaps enlarged it in 80 B.C. Twenty-eight years later it was burned down by the partisans of Clodius. It was rebuilt, but not finished until 29 a.d., and then was dedicated as the Curia Julia. This structure was also burned, and was restored by Diocletian under the name of Senatus.' 1 ' 1 12. Polliceor, etc. I.e. the departure of Catiline is the key to the whole situation. 18. Hisce ominibus. 'With such prospects,' i.e. with my words as omens of your fate. 22. Tu, Iuppiter, etc. Probably addressed to the statue in the temple, qui . . . constitutus. 'Whose worship was founded under the same auspices as the city. 1 280 NOTES [P. 59 28. aeternis suppliciis vivos mortuosque. An interesting ex- pression, when compared with some other of Cicero's utterances regarding life beyond the grave. THE SECOND CATILINARIAN ORATION After Cicero had taken his seat at the close of the first oration, Cati- line rose and humbly begged the senators not to believe too readily the charges made against him. He reminded them of the position which his family had held in Rome, and of the unlikelihood that he could hope to gain anything by the overthrow of his country. He then began an attack upon Cicero but was interrupted by cries of 'enemy' and 'traitor.' Losing control of himself, he rushed out of the senate with the threat that he would prevent his own ruin by the destruction of others. That night he started for the camp of Manlius, but wrote to many leading men that he was going into exile at Massilia, not because he was guilty, but in order that his absence might quiet the disturb- ances in the city. Catiline proceeded northward, securing recruits as he advanced, and entered the camp at Faesulae with the insignia of consular power. When these facts became known at Rome, the senate declared Catiline and Manlius public enemies, and set a time before which their followers might lay down their arms without punishment. It was also voted that the consuls should raise troops, and that Antonius should proceed against Catiline while Cicero guarded the city. On the day after Catiline's departure Cicero addressed the people in the second oration. SUMMARY Catiline has gone from the city ; his departure means his defeat. He should have been put to death, but public opinion would not have sus- tained the consul in such a course. The army at Faesulae is not to be feared ; the conspirators who are still in the city are the only cause for anxiety. They may still depart without being molested, but there will be a limit to leniency. If Catiline's friends all join him, the greatest of victories will be won, for he was intimately associated with the basest and vilest. The charge that the consul drove Catiline into banishment is unfounded ; he has gone to join Manlius. - The different classes of P. 6i] II CATILINE 28l men who compose the conspiracy. The resources of the conspirators compared with those of the state. Sufficient precautions have been taken to insure safety. The conspirators are again warned. Safety shall be secured with as little violence as possible. The need of divine aid. Page 61. 1. Tandem aliquando. 'Finally, at last.' Quirites. The word regularly used when the people are addressed as citizens. 2. scelus anhelantem. I.e. scelus is the element in which he lives. 3. ferro flammaque. With minitari the ablative of instrument or the accusative of direct object may be used. 4. ex urbe . . . sumus. 'We have driven from the city, or have allowed to go, or have followed with words of farewell as he departed of his own accord.' Cicero offers a choice of terms to those who may view his course in different ways. 5. ipsum = sua sponte. verbis. What was said in the first oration. prosecuti sumus. Used of those who accompany departing friends for a short distance on their way. It is ironical here, of course. Cf. page 55, line 5. Abiit . . . erupit. Catiline's going away may be viewed as a simple departure, or as a withdrawal, or as an escape, or as a rushing away. The fact of his departure is made very prominent by bringing together so many words of similar meaning. 6. Nulla iam. A negative with iam is regularly equivalent to 'no longer.' 7. moenibus = urbi. 11. ilia. When Me has the meaning 'that well known,' it usually follows the noun that it modifies, in campo. Sc. Martio. The various attacks that Catiline planned are here referred to. 13. Loco . . . est. 'He was dislodged,' perhaps a military expression, est depulsus. This act and that of motus est are asserted to be the same. Cf. coniecimus below, and quiescunt, patiuntur, and tacent, page 53, line 28. 14. hoste. Catiline is now outside Rome, preparing to make war; he may, therefore, be attacked as any public foe. nullo. The genitive and the ablative singular and all the plural of neino are not often found, forms of nullus being used instead. 17. cruentum. 'But because he did not carry away his weapon stained with blood.' 282 NOTES [P. 61 1 8. vivis nobis. Ablative absolute. 19. ei. Dative of reference. 23. retorquet oculos. Catiline is compared to a wild beast from which its prey has been rescued. 24. luget. The object is the clause qitam . . . ereptam esse, 'and mourns that it has been rescued from his jaws.' 25. quae quidem. 'But as for the city. 1 pestem. Cicero now refers to Catiline as a poison of which the state has been relieved. 26. evomuerit, proiecerit. In the subjunctive because the reason is not Cicero's but the city's. H. 588, II (516, II); M. 357; A. & G. 321 ; G. 541 ; B. 286, 1. Page 62. 2. qui, etc. ' Who censures me on the very point in which my words delight and rejoice, namely, that I did not seize so dangerous a foe rather than let him go.' 4. comprehenderim, emiserim. The mode is due to informal indirect discourse, est. This is not the real apodosis, but some state- ment understood, such as ' I will say ' or ' I have this to say.' 5. Interfectum esse et adfectum. There is nothing artificial or unnatural in such a case of apparent hysteron proteron. Cicero first thinks of death as a fitting penalty, and then comes the thought that the crime deserves the severest punishment, whether that be death or something else. 7. mos maiorum. The Romans made a great point of following closely in the footsteps of their forefathers. Compare what Cicero says about this in his oration for the Manilian Law, page 126, line 15. 8. res publica. 'The welfare of the state.' 9. quae ego deferrem. Sc. de coniuratione . 12. non . . . periculo. 'Not only at the risk of unpopularity to myself, but even at the peril of my life.' 14. viderem. The object is fore, and the subject of fore is the id clause that follows, ne . . . probata. 'As the fact of the con- spiracy was even then not proved to the satisfaction of all you even/ 15. multassem. Represents a future perfect of the direct discourse. 17. hue. 'To such a point,' or 'to this point' (where it is). In the first case the following ut clause would be a result, in the second case it would be a purpose. 19. quam vehementer . . . putem. The object of intellegatis. 20. licet nine intellegatis, quod. 'You may know from this fact, P. 63] II CATILINE 283 that. 1 licet. This verb may have an infinitive or an ut clause as sub- ject, or it may be accompanied by a subjunctive, as here. Cf. note on licet recognoscas, page 47, line 20. 21. moleste fero. Graviter is often used instead of 7noleste, some- times also aegre and indigue. comitatus. Cf. note on meditati, page 56, line 19. Plutarch {Cicero 16) says that three hundred went with Catiline. 22. eduxisset. A wish unfulfilled in the past. Tongilium. The three men mentioned here are otherwise unknown to us. They are types of dissolute men whose petty debts would not lead them into any desperate plans against their country. 23. mihi. An ethical dative, 'I notice. 1 in praetexta. Sc. toga, the toga with a colored border, worn by Roman boys until they assumed the dress and duties of manhood. The phrase therefore means 'in boyhood. 1 26. aere alieno. Ablative of characteristic, the only adjective use of the ablative. 28. ilium exercitum. Strongly contrasted with hos, page 63, line 4. Gallicanis legionibus. Those stationed in Cisalpine Gaul. 29. hoc dilectu. Quintus Metellus Celer, a praetor, had been sent there by the senate and authorized to raise troops. 31. senibus. SuhVs disbanded troops. 32. luxuria. l High livers. 1 The use of an abstract term instead of a concrete is not uncommon. Page 63. 1. vadimonia. Securities that they had furnished to appear in court at a certain time and satisfy the claims against them. These securities were forfeited if the debtor failed to appear, or if judg- ment was rendered against him. 3. edictum. Regarding proceedings against debtors, concident. The prefix has its intensive force. 5. unguentis, purpura. Indications of a luxurious style of living. 6. purpura. The broad purple stripe (latus davits') which senators wore upon the tunic, mallem. ' I should prefer, 1 the apodosis of a present condition contrary to fact, milites. 'As his soldiers. 1 edux- isset. A wish not fulfilled in the past. 7. mementote. This verb and scire regularly are found in the future instead of the present imperative, exercitum. Sc. pertimescendum 284 NOTES [P. 63 8. deseruerunt. By remaining in Rome. 9. The cool indifference of these dissipated young nobles to the fact that their plans are known is an indication of the danger to be feared from them. 11. Sallust (Catilina 27) mentions some of these appointments: " Igitur C. Manlium Faesulas atqice in earn partein Etrnriae, Sep- titnium quendam Camertem in agnim Picenutn, C. Iuliiim in Apulia m dimisit, praeterea alium alio, quern ubique opportunum sibi fore crede- baty 14. superioris noctis. According to the chronology usually fol- lowed this must mean ' of that former night,' and refer to the meeting at Laeca's house. 17. Ne . . . errant. * Surely they make a great mistake.' 19. Sc. id, the object of sum adsecutus and explained by the ut clause. 21. nisi vero. Ironical, si. Simply a repetition of the si in nisi. qui . . . putet. ' Who does not think that those like Catiline have the same opinions.' — - 24. ne patiantur. Probably not a purpose clause but coordinate with exeant and proficiscantur . sui. An objective genitive with desiderio. 26. volent. This verb has a positive and a negative force, ' to wish ' and ' to be willing.' 28. rem publicam. For the case cf. note on tempora, page 45, line 13. 29. Uno. Often used both in the singular and in the plural as a synonym of solus, exhausto. Keeps up the figure suggested in senti- nam. 32. Quis. Qui would mean ' What kind of.' Page 64. 9. inlecebra. Catiline's power to attract men is men- tioned in several places. It is given a bad coloring here. 1 1 . mortem parentum. That the children might succeed to the property. 12. impellendo, adiuvando. To be translated as present partici- ples. The significance of the case is already very faint in this con- struction, and in the Romance languages the gerund becomes the pres- ent participle. 18. diversa . . . ratione. ' His varied tastes in a different direction.' P. 65] II CATILINE 285 The ut clause does not denote the purpose of est, but of the writer in making the statement contained in est. 19. in ludo gladiatorio. Where slaves were trained to be gladiators. 20. audacior. I.e. than his companions. 21. in scaena. Actors were generally slaves or freedmen, and not held in high estimation. Actors like Roscius were exceptional. 24. frigore . . . perferendis. Ablative of specification with adsue- f actus. i trained by the practice of debauchery and crime to the endur- ance of cold and hunger and wakefulness.' perferendis agrees with the nearest word, as attributive adjectives usually do. 25. subsidia, instrumenta. Catiline's remarkable physical and mental powers might have beep valuable aids in living a life of indus- try and virtue. 28. sui. H. 503, 4 (449, 4) ; M. 435, n. ; A. & G. 196, c; G. 309, 2 ; B. 244, 4. 32. audaciae. The plural of abstract nouns is often used to denote manifestations of the quality ; e.g. virtus, bravery, virtutes, deeds of bravery. Page 65. 3. res. 'Money.' fides. 'Credit.' nuper. Perhaps since Catiline's defeat at the last consular election. Cf. page 50, line 27. 4. quae erat in abundantia. ' Which they had in the time of their affluence. 1 6. essent illi quidem desperandi. 'They would, to be sure, be beyond reformation.' 7. possit. A rhetorical question, equivalent to a strong negative statement. 8. homines. Contrasted with viris. 10. mihi. An ethical dative, accubantes. Because the Romans reclined at meals. 12. eructant. I.e. the conspirators make their plans in the vilest of drunken orgies. 14. Quibus . . . * Over whom I trust that some fate is hanging, and that punishment, long since due their wickedness . . .' 18. nescio quod. 'Some.' 21. unius. Pompey. 22. terra. By his victory over Mithridates. mari. By the over- throw of the pirates. Cf. Sallust (Catilina 36) : " Ea tempestate mihi imperium populi Romani multo maxume miser abile visum est : cuicum 286 NOTES [P. 65 ad occasum ab ortu soils omnia domita armis parerent, domi otium atque divitiae, quae prima mortaies put ant, adfluerent, fuere tame?i cives qui seque remque publicam obstinatis animis perditum irent" 27. quacumque. Sc. potero. 29. et in urbe et in mente permanent. A literal and a figurative use of the verb. 32. verbo. I.e. by a mere word. Page 66. 1. Homo . . . paruit. Ironical. 4. hesterno die. A modifier of convocavi. 9. ut perditum civem. 'As a ruined citizen merely.' 10. principes. The ex-consuls and the ex-praetors, who had seats by themselves. Perhaps only the ex r praetors are meant here, for Catiline was one of them. 13. vehemens. Irony. 15. homo audacissimus. 'Though a very bold fellow.' 17. in proximam. 'For the next night.' 18. ei. Dative of agent. 20. quid . . . pararet. 'Why he hesitated to set out for that place to which he had for a long time been preparing to go.' 24. eiciebam. The conative use of the imperfect. 25. credo. Ironical, as it usually is when parenthetical. 27. suo nomine. A commercial term, 'on his own account.' 30. condicionem. 'Task.' 31. Nunc. 'Even now, 1 after all the revelations. Page 67. 11. Est mini tanti. 'It is worth while for me." For the case of tanti see H. 448 (404); M. 224; A. & G. 252, a; G. 380, 1, R; B. 203,3. 13. depellatur. H. 587 (513, I); M. 376; A. & G. 314; G. 573; B. 310, II. 15. est iturus. The active periphrastic conjugation is employed to tell what Catiline's intention is. 19. ne . . . quod. 'That it may at some time be a source of much unpopularity to me that.' 23. Massiliam. A favorite place of refuge for Roman exiles. 24. queruntur quam verentur. Because this lament about ban- ishment came from friends of Catiline, whose only real feeling in the matter was one of fear that his courage might weaken, and that he might give up his projects and retire into banishment. P. 68] II CATILINE 287 28. exsulem vivere. There were many Romans who preferred death to exile from Rome. 30. vivis nobis. I.e. without murdering me. Page 68. 3. quod. It refers to ?nurus interest. Id quod is more commonly found when the reference is to a group of words or to an idea. 6. sanare sibi ipsos. 'To restore them to themselves, 1 i.e. to bring them back to a normal and proper state of mind regarding their country and their obligations to it. 10. singulis. Sc. generibus. medicinam consili atque ora- tionis. 'A remedy found in my words of advice. 1 11. quam. Sc. medicinam. potero. Sc. adferre. 12. est corum. 'Is made up of those. 1 in aere alieno has an adversative force. 14. dissolvi. Probably we are to understand a fiossessionibus, but perhaps ab aere alieno. These men have property in excess of their debts, but are unwilling to give up any of their possessions to make an honest settlement with their creditors. 15. species. Contrasted with voluntas and causa. 16. causa. The principle which they represent. Tu. One is addressed as a type of the entire class, agris. Ablative of speci- fication. 18. sis et dubites. A deliberative subjunctive. 'What! you be wealthy, and abounding in lands and . . . , and hesitate to . . . ? ' adquirere. Coordinate with detrahere ; the infinitive does not express purpose. 20. sacrosanctas. I.e. made sacred by religious rites so that it would be sacrilege to touch them. 21. tabulas novas. 'New accounts 1 between creditor and debtor. This phrase is often used to mean a reduction of debts by legislation. Only a few years before (86 B.C.) the Valerian law had reduced debts to one quarter of the original amount. Catiline promised his followers a reduction or abolition of debts, a. proscription of the wealthy, magis- tracies, priesthoods, plundering, and all other things which war and the lust of victors bring. Sallust (Catilina 21). 23. auctionariae. Cicero is guilty of a pun. Tabulae auctionariae were posters announcing a sale of property at auction ; Cicero's mean- 288 NOTES [P. 68 enough of their property to pay their debts. Such legislation would be very ' new.' If it is desired to translate the pun, the word ' bills ' may be used. 24. salvi. I.e. financially. 26. certare . . . praediorum. ' To struggle to keep up their inter- est payments from the income of their estates.' 27. locupletioribus . . . uteremur. ' We should find them wealth- ier and better citizens.' 29. permanebunt. Sc. in sententia. 30. magis videntur. ' They seem to me more likely.' 32. Alterum. Quite regularly used instead of secundus in enumera- tions, where units is also often found instead of primus, as above. Cf. Caesar (Gallic War I, 2). Page 69. 1. exspectant. The men of this class are ruined finan- cially, but look forward to a rule like that which Catiline proposed, in which they may build up their broken fortunes. 2. rerum. The genitive is always found in this phrase, 'to become master of affairs.' The genitive of other words is occasionally found with ftotiri, e.g. totius Galliae potiri. honores. 'Public offices.' 5. quod reliquis omnibus. Sc. praecipiendum videtur. There are two explanations of the syntax in this sentence. One is that the ut clause defines hoc, and the following infinitives depend upon the idea of indirect discourse suggested by pi'aecipiendum ; the other is that the ut clause is a clause of purpose, and the infinitives are in apposition with hoc. The ut clause contains the medicina for the second class. 6. primum omnium. ' First of all,' an appositive with the following infinitive clause. 8. animos. 'Courage.' 9. multitudine. A strong word in itself without any modifiers. 12. id. The success of their schemes, the overthrow of the present government. 14. quae . Neuter, as if cinere and sanguine were of different genders . 16. Non . . . necesse. 'Do they not see that they desire that which, if they obtained it, would have to be yielded to some runaway slave or gladiator ? ' In such a state of society as they are endeavoring to bring about, supremacy is secured by physical force, and this the slaves and gladiators possess. Sallust (Catilina 39) declares that if the conspirators had been successful, they would not have enjoyed their P. 70] II CATILINE 289 victory long before some one more powerful would have taken from them sovereignty and liberty. 19. aetate. The third class consisted of Sulla's old troops, who had been disbanded nearly twenty years. 21. succedit. As commander of the forces at Faesulae. 22. constituit. At the close of his military career Sulla rewarded his soldiers with large gifts of land, taken chiefly from those who had supported Marius. Etruria had been especially zealous in supporting the Marian faction and suffered correspondingly. It is quite likely that Catiline located his recruiting station in Etruria because he expected to enroll many of these veterans, universas. ' On the whole.' 24. tamen ei sunt coloni. i Still there are those colonists. 1 25. sumptuosius. ' Too extravagantly.' 28. salvi esse. ' To be on a solid financial footing.' 29. excitandus. I.e. to repeat his gifts, non nullos. Perhaps those who had been dispossessed of their houses and lands by Sulla. Page 70. 1. desinant. The medicina of this class. 2. illorum temporum. During the civil war between Marius and Sulla. 3. ut . . . videantur. ' That it seems to me that not only men but even the beasts will not permit a recurrence of them.' 6. qui, etc. ' Consisting of those who have for a long time been overwhelmed in debts, who never get their heads above water, and who stagger along under a burden of old debts, some of them because of indolence, some because of poor management of their business, and some because of extravagance.' premuntur. Sc. aere alieno. 9. vadimoniis, iudiciis, proscriptione. The three stages in bank- ruptcy proceedings, security given to appear in court at a certain time, judgment entered against the debtor, sale of the debtor's property if the debt was not paid within the time set by the court. 11. tarn. 'So much.' 13. primum. As the first and only thing for them to do. sed ita. Sc. conruant. 22. career. The Mamertine dungeon, used only for putting con- demned persons to death, or for the temporary confinement of those who were awaiting sentence. See the illustration on page 101. 24. Postremum ... ' The last class is lowest not only in the list but . . .' Postremicm means ' last ' and < lowest.' h. & g. cic. — 19 290 NOTES [P. 70 25. proprium Catilinae. ' Catiline's own. 1 26. de eius dilectu. ' Of his own choice.'' 27. pexo capillo, bene barbatos, etc. Indications of effeminacy and foppishness. 28. velis. A sarcastic reference to the wide flowing togas which these dandies wore ; the size of the garments made it possible to display more skill and elegance in folding them. 30. vigilandi labor. ' Exertion during waking hours." Page 71. 5. sibi volunt. 'Mean. 1 8. noctibus. Caesar had not yet corrected the calendar and the real time was much later than November. 16. confecto et saucio. Catiline is compared to a gladiator who is almost overcome by his adversary. 19. coloniarum ac municipiorum. After the Social war there was very little difference between them. 20. tumulis silvestribus. Catiline's dependence would have to be upon such defenses as nature provided. 25. eget. Sc. quibus. senatu, etc. Explanatory of rebus. 28. contendere. 'Contrast,' a rare meaning of the word, quam valde iaceant. ' How weak they are. 1 Page 72. 1. denique. The seven pairs are now summed up in the four cardinal virtues of the Stoics and in the four opposite vices. 12. mini. Dative of agent, with consult um atque provisum est. vestro. 'On your part. 1 16. quam. H. 396, 2 (445, 4); M. 182,4; A. & G. 199; G. 614, r. 3, b\ B. 250, 3. 18. continebuntur. As a precautionary measure the senate had di- rected that the gladiators should be distributed among the towns of Italy. 21. reliquis. I.e. the senate will decide what further measures shall , be taken. 23. vocari. The senators were summoned to a meeting by heralds. 29. quod reliquum est. 'As for the future. 1 32. portis, viae. Datives. Page 73. 6. vindicem. Not as the place where they would be im- prisoned, but where they would be put to death. 11. me, etc. Ablative absolute, togato. 'In the garments of peace, 1 i.e. without recourse to arms. The toga was replaced by the military cloak in warfare. P. 73] III CATILINE 291 23. significationibus. Mentioned more in detail on pages 82, 83. 24. spem sententiamque. The hope and purpose of securing safety with as little severity as possible. 25. non proeul. Former contests were with foes at a distance. 28. precari, venerari, implorare. See note on abiit, etc., page 61, line 5. 29. quam urbem. The relative clause precedes the main clause, and the antecedent noun is attracted into the relative clause. 30. hostium. In strong contrast with civium. THE THIRD CATILINARIAN ORATION The time from November 9 to December 3 Cicero spent in efforts to secure evidence against the conspirators. They, however, worked on undisturbed under the leadership of Lentulus, who added to their ranks all who seemed likely to be of any assistance. How confident of success the plotters were may be inferred from a statement of Sallust, that up to this time no one deserted Catiline and no one claimed the reward which the senate had offered for information concerning the conspiracy, and that almost all the common people favored the under- taking of Catiline. How the needed evidence was finally obtained is explained in the third oration, which was spoken in the Forum on December 3. A delegation of Allobroges had been sent to Rome to enter com- plaints and seek relief for national troubles. Among the agents of Lentulus was a certain Umbrenus from Camerinum, who had been in business in Gaul and was acquainted with most of the leading men there. Meeting the ambassadors in the Forum, he made some inquiries about their state, and learned that their mission had been unsuccessful, and that they were in despair over the financial condition of their country. Umbrenus then assured them that he saw a way out of their difficulties, and laid before them the plans of the conspirators. The Gauls hesitated for some time, but finally revealed the situation to their patronus, Quintus Fabius Sanga, who informed the consul. Cicero persuaded the Allobroges to pretend great zeal for the con- spiracy, and make every effort to get the conspirators to commit them- selves. This they did by declaring that it would be useless to urge their countrymen to join any such movement unless they could show 292 NOTES [P. 74 them letters signed by the leaders. These letters were given them, and they pretended to start homeward in company with one Titus Voltur- cius, who was to introduce them to Catiline on their way into northern Italy. Cicero was informed and sent officers to arrest the company and search them for whatever documents might be upon them. The men who were incriminated were summoned and taken to the temple of Concord, where the senate assembled. In the examination which followed, all the accused confessed, and the senate voted that they be held in custody. After making announcement of the arrest of the traitors and of the measures adopted by the senate, Cicero endeavors to connect the recent developments with some extraordinary portents that had been seen and to show that the gods had interfered to save Rome. The close of the speech is a declaration of the consul's attitude toward his country and its enemies. SUMMARY The state has been saved and owes its preservation to the consul. The activity of the conspirators in the city made it necessary to proceed against them. The overtures of the conspirators to the Allobrogian ambassadors and the willingness of the Gauls to serve the state offered an opportunity to secure the necessary evidence. The Allobroges were arrested and all papers upon them were seized. The leading conspirators in the city were summoned before the senate and con- fronted with their own letters. The senate voted that the accused should be held in custody. With Catiline out of the city, it was easy to defeat the incapable leaders that were left. There are many indica- tions that the gods caused the defeat of the conspirators. This is the greatest danger that ever menaced the state. The consul's attitude. Page 74. 3. domicilium. I.e. urbem. 5. erga vos. Denotes the object of the affection, periculis. The perils represent what he had done that brought him into peril. 7. ereptam, etc. By the arrest of the principal conspirators. 8. Et si, etc. A comparison between one's birth and the time of preservation from some great danger. In sense et si is equivalent to 'since. 1 9. illi. Sc. dies. P. 75] HI CATILINE 293 10. nascendi condicio. ' The lot that birth gives, 1 i.e. the position in life into which one is born. 12. ilium. Romulus, deified under the name of Quirinus. A fes- tival called the Quirinalia was held each year on February 17 to commemorate his ascension to heaven. Cicero cannot mean to be understood literally, and to say that the preservation of the state is a greater occasion for joy than its foundation and in the same propor- tion the preserver is greater than the founder; the expression is sof- tened by the words in honore esse as opposed to ad deos immortalis sustulimus. 13. benevolentia famaque. ' In affection and in glory. 1 Benevo- lentia expresses their feeling toward Romulus, and fama is the praise which their feeling inclines them to ascribe to him. 15. amplificatam. The growth of the city in extent is quite easily traced from the walls and ruins, but the number of inhabitants can only be guessed. It has been estimated that there could not have been two millions at any time. 20. inlustrata, patefacta, comperta. Mentioned in the opposite order to that of their occurrence, perhaps because he begins with the idea that is uppermost in the minds of all. in senatu. To be joined with inlustrata ; it is opposed to vobis. 21. per me. Not in this position because of its prominence, but because it is added as an afterthought, ' and that too through my efforts. 1 22. quanta. Sc. sint. investigata et comprehensa. Language used by hunters concerning the tracking and capture of beasts. 24. ut. Temporal, ' since. 1 paucis diebus. Ablative of degree of difference. The fact was that Catiline departed about a month before, but for obvious reasons the consul wished to make the interval appear as small as possible. Page 75. 1. duces. Lentulus, Cethegus, Lucius Cassius. 4. eiciebam. The tense has its usual force, to express an act in progress in the past; 'when I was driving Catiline out of the city. 1 huius verbi. Eicere. 5. ilia. Sc. invidia, i.e. the tide has turned, and people are now more inclined to censure him for his leniency than for his severity. 6. sed. Simply resumes the narrative that was broken by the paren- thetical expression. 294 NOTES [P. 75 9. lit. Temporal. The thought is that he was disappointed in the expectation that the conspirators in the city would be helpless after Catiline's departure and so he set to work to discover evidence that would convict them. 11. in eo. Eo is explained in the ut clause. 12. quoniam, etc. i Since my words produced too little effect upon your ears.' 15. animis. ^Strongly contrasted with one lis. His first task was to convince the people of Rome that a conspiracy really existed. 17. comperi. Through Ouintus Fabius Sanga, who represented the interests of the Allobrogian state in Rome, and to whom the legates reported the proposals of the conspirators. 18. tumultus. Cf. Cicero's definition of the word (in A?itonium, viii, I) : " Itaque ?7iaiores nostri tumultiim Italicum quod erat domesticus, tumultiim Gallicum quod erat Italiae finitimns, praeterea nullum nominabant" i.e. a war in Italy or in Cisalpine Gaul was called a tumultus. P. Lentulo. Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura, a patrician, quaestor with Sulla in 81 B.C., praetor in 75, and consul in 71. In 70 he was expelled from the senate, and was now taking the cursus hono- rum over again to secure readmission into the senate. 20. ad Catilinam. No letters for Catiline are mentioned in the examination except the one carried by Volturcius. 23. The quod clauses refer to the statement in tota res . . . depre- henderetur. 27. L. Flaccum. The following year he was propraetor in Africa, was accused of extortion in 59 B.C., and was defended by Cicero. C. Pomptinurn. Propraetor of Gallia Narbonensis in 61 B.C. While propraetor he defeated the Allobroges, who had risen in rebellion. In 51 B.C. he was a legate with Cicero in Cilicia. 30. qui . . . sentirent. 'Since they felt none but noble and ex- alted sentiments about their country's welfare.' Page 76. 1. pontem Mulvium. Now called Ponte Molle. It was built in 109 B.C. by the censor, Marcus Aemilius Scaurus, to conduct the Via Flaminia across the Tiber. 3. cuiusquam. Except the praetors. 5. Reatina. Cicero was patronus of Reate, as Sanga was of the Allobroges. 6. in re publica. < In the performance of public duties.' P. 77] HI CATILINE 295 7. vigilia. The time from sunset to sunrise was divided into four vigiliae. 10. praetoribus solis. Sallust says that the Allobroges quickly saw what the attack meant and gave themselves up to the praetors. Volturcius attempted a defense alone, but soon yielded. 14. integris signis. l With unbroken seals. 1 Short letters were often written upon tablets of wood, the inside of which was covered with wax. The writing was done with a stylus upon the waxed sur- face. The tablets were fastened with a cord, the knot of which was covered with wax and impressed with the seal of the writer. 20. praeter consuetudinem. A sarcastic reference to the well- known indolence of Lentulus. The letter was a very short one. 22. cum. Concessive. 23. litteras . . . deferrem. ' That I open the letters before laying them before the senate. 1 25. esset inventum. A future perfect in the thought of those who urged this course. 26. negavi . . . deferrem. < I said that I should not act otherwise than. 1 27. consilium publicum. The senate. 31. frequentem. i A full meeting of. 1 32. coegi. In the temple of Concord. Page 77. 5. Introduxi. Before the senate, fidem publicam. 'A pledge of immunity from punishment made in the name of the state. 1 7. According to Sallust, Volturcius denied everything until the sen- ate promised him protection if he would turn state's evidence. 9. ut. l To the effect that. 1 The tit clauses contain the substance of the letter. The conspirators 1 plans, as given by Sallust, were that Lucius Bestia, a tribune, should call a contio of the people and make complaint of Cicero's official conduct and try to throw upon him the odium of the war. On the following night each of the conspirators was to perform his allotted task. Statilius and Gabinius with a large band were to set fire to the city in twelve suitable places, so that in the con- fusion and excitement the different plots of murder might more easily be carried out. Cethegus was to kill Cicero, and each of the plotters had his part in the slaughter of many citizens. Then they all intended to rush out of the city to meet Catiline with the army, servorum. The leaders were not agreed as to whether the slaves should be enlisted or not. Catiline finally refused assistance from them. 296 NOTES [P. 77 10. id. Some verb is understood, 'that he should do this for this purpose.' 14. qui . . . exciperet. An adjective clause of purpose. 16. ius iurandum. A pledge written in the letter. 17. data. The neuter form of a predicate adjective or participle is regularly used when it is a modifier of two or more nouns that are of different genders and denote inanimate objects. 18. L. Cassio. Especially mentioned because he had refused to sign a letter. 20. sibi. The conspirators. There is here indirect discourse within indirect discourse. 21 . f atis Sibyllinis. The three books of oracles brought from Cumae, and purchased by Tarquinius Superbus. They were placed in the tem- ple of Jupiter, on the Capitoline, and were destroyed when that temple was burned in 83 B.C. A similar collection was made in Greece by order of the senate, and deposited in the new temple. Lentulus endeav- ored to work on the superstition of those men by claiming that these oracles and soothsayers also declared that three members of the famous Cornelian gens would have supreme power at Rome ; that Sulla and Cinna were two of the three, and he was to be the third. 26. virginum. The Vestal Virgins, the priestesses of Vesta. There were six, selected from children between six and ten years of age, having the highest qualifications and without physical blemish. The period of service was thirty years, ten being spent in learning the duties of the position, ten in performing them, and ten in teaching them to the novices. The oldest was called Maxima, and was the recognized head of the institution. (See page 95 for a portrait of a Vestalis Maxima, discovered in the house of the Vestals.) At the end of the thirty years, the priestess might remain in the temple service or return to the life of the world ; but it is recorded that very few were willing to give up the life to which they had become accustomed and in which they enjoyed so many privileges and so high distinction. The order was exceedingly wealthy ; the Vestals were not subject to the common law ; they had the seats of honor on public occasions ; they were the custodians of wills and of state documents, and were often en- trusted with important diplomatic missions. The faithful Vestal was the most highly honored person in Rome ; in the same degree an un- faithful Vestal suffered the most horrible punishment, violation of the P. 79] III CATILINE 297 vow of chastity being followed by flogging and the torture of being buried alive. Read pages 134-177 of Lanciani's Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries. 27. absolutionem. Nothing is known of the accusation referred to here, nor is it known what was the significance of the fact that this was the twentieth year since the burning of the Capitol. 29. Saturnalibus. A very suitable time for the outbreak of the con- spiracy because of the unrestrained merriment and license which pre- vailed then. 30. Cethego. Sallust has this about the man : " Cethegus semper qnerebatur de ignavia sociorum ; illos dubitando et dies prolata?ido magnas opportimitates corrumpere ; facto, non considto in tali per ictdo op2is esse ; seque, si pauci adiuvarent, languentibits aliis, impetum in curiam facturum. Natnra ferox, vehemens, manu promptus erat ; maxiimum bonum in celeritate putabat." 32. ne longum sit. ' Not to take too much time. ' Page 78. 5. sibi. Probably Cethegus. recipere in the sense of ..'pledge,' 'guarantee, 1 is found twice in Caesar's Civil War. 6. qui . . . respondisset, dixisset. An adversative clause, 'al- though.' 7. quae. The gender of the relative is determined in the same way as that of predicate adjectives and participles. Cf. note on data, page 77, line 17. 13. in eandem fere sententiam. 'To about the same effect,' i.e. as the other. 17. avi. Publius Cornelius Lentulus, consul in 162 B.C. Cf. page 94, line 30 ff. 19. muta, revocare. Oxymoron, eadem ratione. ' Of the same general meaning,' or possibly ' in the same manner.' 21. vellet. The mode is due to informal indirect discourse; 'if, as I told him, he wished to say anything.' 24. quid . . . eis. ' What he had to do with them.' 26. quern. Umbrenus. Cf. page 80, line 14. 32. dicendi exercitatio. Lentulus had many of the graces of ora- tory and enjoyed considerable reputation as a speaker. Page 79. 5. ibi. Here an adverb of time, perturbatus has an adversative force. 7. sine nomine. To identify the writer. Sallust has preserved the 298 NOTES [P. 80 letter in this form : " Quis sim, ex eo quern ad te misi cognosces. Fac cogites in quanta calamitate sis, et memineris te virum esse ; consider es quid tuae rationes postulent ; auxilium petas ad omnibus, etiam ab infi- mis" Sallust's account continues : " Ad hoc mandata verbis dat ; cum ab senatu hostis iudicatus sit, quo consilio servitia repudiet? i?i tirbe parata esse quae iusserit ; ne cunctetur ipse propius accedere" 9. ecquid. Assistance from slaves. 14. cum, turn. i Not only, but also.' 22. de summa re publica. 'For the best interests of the state. 1 23. principibus. The leading men among the senators. These were the consuls for the next year, if elected at the time, the ex-con- suls, and the ex-praetors. 25. perscriptum. Motions were not presented in written form. After the adoption of a measure it was put in proper form by a com- mittee appointed for the purpose. 31. viro forti. For the attitude of Antonius, cf. note on page 45, line 13. Page 80. 1. a suis . . . removisset. 'Because as an individual and as consul he had severed his connection with the members of the conspiracy.' 4. abdicasset. A future perfect in the direct form. Legal pro- ceedings could not be brought against Roman magistrates during their term of office. Plutarch says (Cicero 19) : "After his conviction Len- tulus resigned his position as praetor, and, having put off his praetexta in the senate, donned apparel more appropriate to his condition/' 7. in L. Cassium. Furius, Chilo, Umbrenus, and Cassius fled in season to avoid arrest. Ceparius also attempted to escape, but was arrested and brought back to Rome. 20. supplicatio. Originally meant for humiliation and prostration before the gods in times of distress and calamity ; the element of thanksgiving was a later addition. 22. togato. Previously they had been declared in honor of mili- tary commanders. 24. liberassem. The words, not the forms, are quoted. 25. hoc interest, quod. The course of thought is, 'it would be found that there is this difference, that.' 27. factum atque transactum. Legal language, where fullness of expression is employed for clearness and emphasis. P. 82] III CATILINE 299 31. abdicavit. A Roman magistrate could not be removed from office, but there were evidently ways of inducing him to resign, ut, etc. ' So that in punishing Publius Lentulus as a private citizen we might be freed from that scruple which, however, did not keep Gaius Marius from putting to death Gaius Glaucia who was then a praetor ' (literally : which Gaius Marius did not have so that he did not kill) . religio : the embarrassment of proceeding against a Roman magistrate. C. Mario. The senate directed Marius to quiet the disturbances in the city, and he confined some of the popular leaders in the Curia Hostilia, where a mob slew them. The facts, as they are known to us, do not at all justify the statement that Marius killed Glaucia. 32. C. Glauciam. Cf. note on line 16, page 46. Page 81. 7. omnis spes atque opes. In the next oration, when arguing on a different point, Cicero magnifies the danger. 10. somnum. The characteristic of this leader which had made him less to be feared than Catiline. 12. sed tam diu. ' But he was to be feared only so long as. 1 13. norat. A contraction of noverat. 14. aditus tenebat. ' He understood how to approach.' 18. cum . . . mandarat. A general relative conditional sentence in the past. Cf. page 39, 8-10. 24. dicam id quod sentio. Cicero is evidently honest in this state- ment ; it accounts for his efforts to get Catiline out of the city and for his extravagant expressions of joy over his departure. 26. Saturnalia. I.e. Catiline would not have waited so long and thus have given time for the plot to leak out. Page 82. 3. ut levissime dicam. 'To say the least. 1 5. periculis. Ablative of separation. The following ablatives ex- press manner. 9. idque, etc. ' And not only is it true that we can arrive at this conclusion by inference because the guidance of so great matters seems hardly to belong to mortal wisdom, but also . . - 1 12. praesentes. ; In person, 1 ' in visible presence. 1 14. ut omittam. ; To pass over. 1 ab occidente. The quarter where unfavorable omens were seen. 15. faces, ardorem. Explanatory of ilia. 16. quae tam multa. ' So many of which. 1 17. haec. The facts about the conspiracy. 300 NOTES [P. 82 18. canere. ' Foretell. 1 The word gets this meaning from the fact that oracular responses were given in verse. 19. praetermittendum, relinquendum. The first expresses an unintentional, the second an intentional act. 21. Cotta et Torquato consulibus. In 65 B.C. 22. Capitolio. The magnificent temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill, begun in 615 B.C. and completed 533 B.C. It was burned in 83 B.C. and rebuilt, but not finished until 46 B.C. There were three compart- ments of the cella, — one for Jupiter, one for Juno, and one for Minerva. de caelo percussas. ' Struck from heaven, 1 i.e. by lightning. Cf. Cicero (de Divinatione II, 45) : "turn statua Nattae, turn simulacra deorwn Romidusque et Remus cum altrice belua vi fulminis icti concideruut '." 24. legum aera. Laws were often engraved upon bronze plates, and temples were commonly used as places of deposit for public documents and records. See page 150 for an illustration showing a senatus co?i- sultum engraved on a bronze plate. 26. Romulus. This is probably the one that is now in the Capitoline Museum at Rome. Some idea of it may be obtained from the cut on page 216. 28. Btruria. The Etruscans were a nation of soothsayers. 31. appropinquare. 'Were approaching 1 and would come. 32. fata. This conception of fate is that of a destiny which no being, human or divine, may escape. The relation of the gods to fate is pre- sented in a variety of forms by different writers of different periods. Page 83. 1. et . . . neque. "The combination of an affirmative and a negative member is denoted by et . . . neque or neque . . . et, less frequently neque . . . que.''' 1 Madvig, 458, c. ludi. Originally all the public games had a religious significance. 4. facere. For the infinitive without subject with iu&ere, cf. Caesar {Gallic War II, 5). 7. forum. For a map of the Forum see page 43. "At the time of the foundation of Rome the bartering trade between the various tribes settled on the heights of the left bank of the Tiber was concentrated in the hollow ground between the Palatine, the Capitoline, and the Ouiri- nal. Around this elementary marketplace, bordering on the marshes of the lesser Velabrum, were a few conical straw huts, such as the one in which the public fire was kept, afterwards the Temple of Vesta. There were also clay pits on the north side, from which the neighbor- P. 83] III CATILINE 301 hood took the name of Argiletum, and stone quarries under the Capito- line called Lautumiae, afterwards transformed into a state prison. The marketplace was well supplied with drinking water from local springs, like the Tullianum (which tradition has transformed into a miraculous feature of St. Peter's prison), and the spring of Juturna. " According to the Roman legend, Romulus and Tatius, after the mediation of the Sabine women, met on the very spot where the battle had been fought, and made peace and an alliance. The spot, a low, damp, grassy field, exposed to the floods of the river Spinon, took the name of Comitium, from the verb coire, to assemble. It is possible that, in consequence of the alliance, a road connecting the Roman and the Sabine settlements was made across these swamps ; it became after- ward the Sacra Via. Tullus Hostilius, the third king, built a stone inclosure on the Comitium, for the meeting of the Senators, named from him Curia Hostilia ; then came the state prison built by Ancus Marcius in one of the quarries (the Tullianum). The Tarquins drained the land, transformed the unruly river Spinon into the Cloaca Maxima, gave the Forum a regular (trapezoidal) shape, divided the space around its borders into building lots, and sold them to private speculators for shops and houses ; the fronts were to be lined with porticoes. " These shops, so closely connected with the early life of Rome, were at the beginning of the commonest kind; butchers' stalls (afterwards replaced by the Basilica Sempronia) and butchers' shops, from which Virginius took the knife to stab his daughter. Other tabernae were occupied by schools for children, where Appius Claudius first saw Virginia reading. As the dignity of the place increased, ordinary tradesmen disappeared, and their shops were occupied by goldsmiths, silversmiths, money changers, and usurers. Hence the name tabernae argentariae, applied, as a general rule, to all the shops ; as a distinctive name, to those on the north side. On the occasion of the triumph of L. Papirius, dictator in 308 B.C., the gilt shields of the Samnites were distributed among the owners of the argentariae to decorate their shop fronts. There were two rows of them, on either of the longer sides of the Forum ; one called tabernae veteres (sefltem tabernae) on the shady or south side ; one called the tabernae novae or argentariae on the sunny or north side. The same were designated concisely with the formula ' sub veteribus, sub uovis.'' " .. Lanciani, The Ruins and Excavatio?is of Ancient Rome. 302 NOTES [P. 83 10. conlocandum locaverunt. ' Let the contract for the erection.' This was among the duties of the censors, but was done by the consuls when there were no censors. 11. consules illi. ' The consuls of that year.' 12. superioribus. Of 65 and 64 B.C. 14. Hie. * Under these circumstances.' aversus a vero. 'Opposed to the truth.' 15. mente captus. ' Without the power of reason,' literally, ' taken captive in mind.' 16. praecipue, etc. The doctrine of a divine providence that watches over all the affairs of men seems to be marred a little by its particular application to Rome, but it must be remembered that even we are disposed to think that our country is especially blessed of Heaven. There was much materialism in Rome at this time among those who might be called the ' upper classes,' but faith still lived in the middle and lower strata of Roman society. 19. et ea. 'And that too.' 22. Illud. Explained in the clause ut . . . statiteretur. 23. Optimi Maximi. Titles given to Jupiter as the most powerful among the gods. 25. aedem Concordiae. Erected in 367 B.C. by Camillus to com- memorate the reconciliation between the patricians and the plebeians after the passage of the Licinian laws. It was at the foot of the Capi- toline Hill, between the temple of Saturn and the Mamertine dungeon. It was twice reconstructed, the second time by Tiberius, and was then remarkable for the richness of the material used in its construction and for the treasures of art which it contained. Only a few fragments remain. 29. etiam. With the comparative, ' still.' Page 84. 1. non ferendus. Because of his arrogant and presump- tuous claims. 2. haec templa. The temples of Castor, of Saturn, and of Vesta were near. 3. Dis. The emphasis of the sentence is upon this word. 4. mentem, voluntatem. The purpose and wish to defeat the conspirators. 8. ab dis, ereptum. I.e. the gods aided Rome by confounding her foes. P. 84] III CATILINE 303 9. audaciae. The dative of indirect object instead of the ablative of separation. 10. The ut clause is all gathered up in id below, male pacata. Cf. Caesar ( Gallic War I, 6) : " Allobrogibus, quod nondum bono ammo in populum Romanum viderentur" 12. ultro. 'Without any solicitation on their part.' 13. patriciis. Catiline, Lentulus, and Cethegus were patricians. At this time there were no political privileges enjoyed by this order that were not open to all, but the name still carried with it considerable prestige. 15. praesertim qui. i Especially since they.' 23. Togati, togato. The numerous boasts of having conquered the conspirators without an appeal to arms have reference, of course, to the conspirators within the city. 27. Sulpicium. Publius Sulpicius Rufus, a wealthy patrician who was elected tribunus plebis in 88 B.C. In his tribunate he proposed some changes that were bitterly opposed by the senate. Sulla, the champion of the senate, was about to start for the east to prosecute the war against Mithridates, and his army was at Nola, in Campania. Sulpicius ex- pected that Sulla would use his troops to crush him, and in his own defense he secured the passage of a bill in the popular assembly, taking the command of the Mithridatic war from Sulla and giving it to Marius. Sulla marched his troops to Rome, and in a short time readjusted the political situation in the interests of himself and of the senate. Sulpi- cius fled, but was overtaken and killed with some of his associates. 29. C11. Octavius. The consuls for 87 B.C. were Lucius Cornelius Cinna, a strong democrat, and Gnaeus Octavius, an Optimate. The settlement of political troubles which Sulla had secured at the point of the sword did not last long after his departure for the east. Proposals similar to those of Sulpicius were made. On the day of voting both parties appeared armed. The bands of Octavius murdered without mercy, and it is estimated that there were ten thousand corpses in the Forum. Cinna was expelled from his office by the senate, and driven into exile. All the disaffected throughout Italy gathered about him, and this army, with Marius at the head, marched on Rome. The city was finally surrendered into the hands of the insurgents, and then began a reign of terror, in which Marius took a most bloody revenge on the aristocracy which had defeated his projects and mocked his weakness. 304 NOTES [P. 84 Marius soon died, and then Cinna ruled for four years, with the title of consul. In 83 B.C. Sulla returned from the war which he had success- fully conducted against Mithridates, and then there followed a proscrip- tion of the Marian supporters that in extent and in savagery surpassed even the murders of Marius. Cf. Velleius Paterculus (II, 22): "nihil ilia victoria f ids set crudelius, nisi mox Sullana esset secuta^ 30. acervis et sanguine. A case of zeugma, i.e. the use of a word with two expressions, with only one of which it is strictly appropriate. Page 85. 3. quanta deminutione civium. Sc. ultus sit. 4. M. Lepidus. Even after Sulla had resigned the dictatorship, the power of his name and his ability to summon thousands of his old troops at short notice were considerations powerful enough to compel submis- sion to the reorganization of the state as he had left it. But after Sulla's death in 78 B.C. the reaction soon came. The Etruscans had suffered severely from the loss of their homes, which Sulla had taken by force to bestow upon his disbanded troops. The evicted owners now rose against those who had seized their land from the rightful possessors, and the consul, M. Lepidus, was sent to put down the uprising, but instead he put himself at the head of the insurrectionists. In the fol- lowing year Lepidus, successful at first, was soon overcome by the forces of the government led by his former colleague, Q. Catulus. Lepidus died not long afterward in Sicily. 15. uno. Strengthens the superlative. 16. quale bellum. ' Such a war as. 1 19. ut . . . ducerentur. I.e. that the conspirators should regard as their enemies all those who could keep out of the courts so long as the city remained as it was. 21. tantum civium. ' Only so many citizens.' 22. quantum . . . restitisset. 'As should survive the boundless slaughter.' 32. quod . . . possint. * That those who are less worthy may also secure it. 1 Page 86. 6. duos civis. Pompey and Cicero. Pompey's victories over the pirates and Mithridates made him the foremost man in Rome. 9. Sed, etc. ' But since the lot and circumstances of men who do what I have done are not the same as of those. . . .' 13. vestrum est. 'It belongs to you.' si . . . prosunt. 'If others' achievements have been rewarded, and rightly.' P. 87] IV CATILINE 305 16. vobis. Contrasted with mihi. 21. magna vis, etc. The feeling that they are about to do an evil deed will manifest itself in their appearance and demeanor, and they will in this way betray their intentions. 28. qua condicione. So far as reward and protection are concerned. 30. mihi quidem ipsi. < As for my own case.' 32. vestro. ' Conferred by you.' THE FOURTH CATILINARIAN ORATION On the day following the examination of the prisoners, the friends and freedmen of Lentulus and Cethegus made preparations to rescue the two men by force. When the consul heard of this movement he stationed troops throughout the city, and on the next day, December 5, the senate was called together to advise what disposition should be made of those who were held in custody. " Decimus Junius Silanus, one of the consuls elect, was first called upon for his opinion, and he spoke in favor of the death penalty. When his turn came, Caesar, now praetor elect, proposed that the property of the accused should be confiscated, and that the men them- selves should be kept in confinement in such of the Italian towns as were best able to endure the burden, and that any one who brought forward a measure for the release of the prisoners should be regarded as a traitor. At some point in the debate Cicero made the address called the fourth Catilinarian oration, in which he very plainly expressed his wish that the conspirators should be punished by death. The wavering senate was finally brought to a decision by the arguments of Marcus Porcius Cato, who urged that for such a crime the only suitable punish- ment was death. SUMMARY Personal considerations must be ignored, and only the general wel- fare should engage the attention of the senate ; the consul is ready to sacrifice his life, if necessary. The senate has already practically con- demned the conspirators in what was done before, but the question of their guilt and punishment is now to be discussed as if no action had been taken. So far there are two propositions ; that of Silanus, who favors punishment by death ; and that of Caesar, who argues for h. & g. cic. — 20 306 NOTES [P. 87 life imprisonment in the municipal towns, with confiscation of property. By reason of their crimes the conspirators have ceased to be Roman citizens, and therefore they are not entitled to the protection of the Sempronian law. The death penalty is the milder of the two proposed, but there can be no cruelty in punishing so heinous a crime. The entire city will support the government in whatever measures are adopted. A great danger has been narrowly averted, and the punish- ment of these men must be so severe that no similar attempt will ever again be made. The consul will face the dangers of the situation fear- lessly, and asks no other reward than the everlasting remembrance of his services. Page 88. 4. depulsum sit. 'Shall have been removed. 1 a future perfect in the direct form of the thought. The senators are represented as hesitating and troubled by the thought that, if they adopt severe measures against the conspirators, the friends of the condemned men will endeavor to take the life of Cicero. 8. Mihi . . . est. 'If the consulship was given me (by the gods) with this understanding. 1 Cf. the sentence beginning Nunc si, line 20. 9. perferrem, feram. In repeating a noun or verb, it is common to use the simpler form, if there is one, for the repetition of the qualifi- cation is unnecessary. Halm. 14. aequitas continetur. A reference to the fact that the courts were held there, campus. The Campus Martius. Consular elections were held there, and were preceded by important religious ceremonies. Cf. page 49, line 23 ff. 15. sumraum auxilium. The senate had charge of foreign rela- tions, and so often listened to appeals for assistance from weaker states. 16. domus. Cf. page 48, line 30 ff. 17. sedes honoris. The sella cu?'?ilis, a folding stool made of ivory and gold, and used by all curule magistrates as a symbol of power. 19. tacui, pertuli, concessi, sanavi. The different methods that Cicero employed in defeating the purposes of the conspirators, tacui. Perhaps this word contains a reference to the disclosures that Cicero might have made, implicating other men in the conspiracy. This is the place to discuss the possible connection of Caesar with the plot to overthrow the government, if anything could be gained thereby ; but there is little or no evidence, and argument on that question must be P. 89] IV CATILINE 307 based largely on conjecture, meo quodam dolore. ' With some suffer- ing on my part.' in vestro timore. 'While you were in fear.' The significance of the two expressions lies mainly in the contrast between meo and vestro ; the burden and danger of the struggle fell upon Cicero, the rest were simply frightened. 20. Nunc. The course of thought is that hitherto he has faced many perils unflinchingly ; if now at the close of his consulship heaven grants him so great a mission as to save the entire state, then he will gladly submit to any fate that affects him alone. Page 89. 3. suum nomen. The gentile name, Cornelius. Cf. page 77, line 20 ff. 5. prope. To soften the arrogant assumption that destiny had appointed him to be the savior of the state. 11. deos qui. The gods most held in honor at Rome, pro eo ac mereor. ' As I deserve. 1 _I4- turpis forti. Because only a cowardly death is disgraceful. 15. immatura consulari. Because an ex-consul had already re- ceived the highest honors possible, misera sapienti. Because Cicero's philosophy taught disregard of death. His treatise De Morte Contem- nenda is most interesting and instructive. About twenty years after this time, in the closing lines of the second Philippic, Cicero utters these words : " etenim si abhinc annos prope XX hoc ipso in templo negavi posse mortem immaturam esse consulari, quanto verius nunc tiegabo seniV 16. fratris. Quintus Cicero, at this time praetor elect. He was a legate with Caesar in Gaul, and displayed remarkable bravery in his defense of the winter camp of the Romans among the Nervii. In the Civil war he fought on the side of Pompey, and afterward suffered death at the hands of the triumvirs. Quintus had considerable literary ability, but nothing has been preserved to us except some fragmentary lines, and a long letter to his brother, in which he advises him what course to follow in the consulship. 18. lacrimis. In Cicero, as well as in the Aeneid and in Homer, this expression of grief and sorrow is not regarded as undignified. 20. uxor. Terentia, the mother of Marcus and Tullia. The letters of Cicero indicate that the life of the family was harmonious, and in delightful contrast with the laxness that was very common among the upper classes at Rome ; but in 46 B.C. Cicero divorced Terentia, and 308 NOTES [P. 89 married a rich young woman, filia. Tullia, the much-loved daughter of Cicero. She was married this year to Piso. After her death in 45 B.C. Cicero wrote the essay .de Co?isolatione, only the name of which has come down to us. 21. filius.. The young Marcus, about two years old. One of Cicero's most interesting productions, the De Officiis, is addressed to his son while he was studying in Athens. The young man fought with the Pompeians, was afterward a colleague of Augustus in the consulship, and finally went as governor of Syria, the last act recorded of him. 22. obsidem. The thought that his son would be a citizen of the Roman state and would share in its glory and perils was enough to make the father faithful in the performance of his duties. 23. gener. Gaius Calpurnius Piso Frugi, Tullia's first husband. He was quaestor in 58 B.C., and at that time did what he could for the recall of Cicero from banishment. His death occurred early in 57 B.C., before his father-in-law returned from exile. Since Piso was not yet a member of the senate, he could only stand near the entrance and watch the proceedings from without. Moveor. The emphasis is on the copula, ' I am influenced.' 24. sed in earn partem, uti. ' But in this direction, to wish that.' 28. incumbite, etc. Language of the sea. The political horizon is black with indications of tempests. 29. quae impendent. The thought is not fully expressed ; after impendent there is the suggestion, • and will break over your heads, unless you take heed.' We should expect the future tense instead of providetis. 30. For the names and incidents referred to in this and the follow- ing lines consult the notes on lines 9-17, page 46. 31. agrarios. A general term for those who favored reforms in the assignment of the public lands. Page 90. 7. nemo, ne. A general negative is not changed in force by a following ne . . . quidem. 10. rei. From reus. 11. iudiciis. Explained in the following quod clauses. 19. praemia. There is no definite statement as to what these were. 23. Sed, etc. 'But I have begun to bring before you, as if the matter were still undecided, the question, what . . .' integrum modi- fies the quid clause. P. 91] IV CATILINE 309 25. quae sunt consulis. * Which belong to the consul, 1 i.e. to state the case, and the necessity of immediate action. 29. quicquid est. ' Whatever you have in mind.' This expression is general, and explained by the following quocumque . . . inclinant. 31. ante noctem. A senatus consiiltum had no force if passed before sunrise or after sunset, as we are informed by Aulus Gellius. Page 91. 1. opinione. i Than any one would think. 1 4. provincias. According to Sallust (Catilina 21) Catiline assured his associates that he could depend on Hither Spain and Mauretania. 11. dignitate. Silanus was consul elect and Caesar was praetor elect. 13. Alter. Silanus. Sallust says that Silanus, influenced by Caesar's speech, afterward voted to postpone consideration of the matter until more military support could be secured. 17. recordatur. Caesar had opposed the plan of Silanus on the ground that the course which he proposed was unprecedented. Cicero now assists Silanus by saying, 'and he has in mind the fact that this kind of punishment . . - 1 19. Alter. Caesar. Sallust has handed down a speech which he assigns to Caesar, of which a very brief abstract is here given : " In making decisions at critical times men should be entirely free from the influence of any feeling which would affect their judgment. In this case we must be careful lest our feelings lead us into a course of action that is not sanctioned by the laws. Most of the speakers who preceded me have made some brilliant oratorical displays in describing the horrors of the conflict which the prisoners would have caused, but such talk is not to the point. I think that no suitable punishment can be devised for the crime of these conspirators, but we shall be held responsible for punishing the prisoners in a legal manner. Silanus is honest in his motives, and death is none too severe a punishment, but there are laws which direct us not to take the life of a condemned citizen. All tyrannical measures have originated in precedents that were justifiable in themselves, and we must be exceedingly cautious lest we adopt a method of procedure which a less conscientious consul than Cicero might use most unjustly. In early times scourging and punishment by death were legal, but later the Porcian and other laws provided that condemned men should be allowed to go into exile ; therefore I oppose the proposition of Silanus as contrary to law. I 310 NOTES [P. 91 suggest that the property of these men be confiscated ; that the men themselves be kept in confinement in the municipal towns that have the largest resources ; and that, if any one shall hereafter introduce a bill into the senate or bring a measure before the people with reference to these men, the senate shall regard him as an enemy of the state and hostile to the welfare of all." 20. naturae. In accordance with the Epicurean system of philoso- phy, which taught that death was the end for mortals. 25. ista. 'That of yours.' Caesar's motion is presented, with a comment on each clause. 26. difficultatem. Because the cities would refuse such a burden, if they should be permitted to do as they wished. 28. qui, etc. 'Who will not think that it belongs to their position to refuse that which you will have decided upon for the welfare of all.' Page 92. 5. uno. Sc. dolore. 6. Itaque. Cicero says that the logical conclusion of the foregoing statements is that there is no punishment beyond the grave, and all stones about tortures of the wicked are tales invented to frighten evil doers. In his oration for Cluentius Cicero asserts that future punish- ment is a myth ; but in the fourteenth Philippic (page 229, line 9 ff.) the opposite statement is made. The fact is that it is idle to look for Cicero's beliefs in his public speeches. 9. voluerunt. l Asserted.' 11. mea. 1^.449,1(408,1,2); M.230, 2; A.&G. 222, a\ G. 3S1: B. 211, 1, a. 13. popularis. The different meanings of the word should be care- fully kept in mind. 16. nescio an. 'I am inclined to think that.' In this expression it is always to be understood that the inclination of the speaker's mind is toward the affirmative. 20. niaiorum. In the Aeneid the origin of the Julian gens is traced back to lulus, the son of Aeneas. 21. obsidem. By his severity toward the accused Caesar has shown that the safety of the country is nearer to his heart than partisan con- siderations. Intellectum est. When Caesar expressed his views. 23. saluti populi consulentem. A definition of animum vcrc popidarem. 24. popularis. The terms popiriares and optimates are defined in P. 93] IV CATILINE 311 pro Sestio (96) : "Duo genera semper in hac civitate fuerunt eorum, qui versari in re publico, at que in ea se excellentius gerere studuerunt ; quibus ex generibus alleri se populares, alteri optimates et haberi et esse voluerunt. Qui ea quae faciebant quaeque dicebant multitudini iucunda valebant esse, populares, qui autem ita se gerebant ut sua consilia Optimo cuiqtte probarent, optimates habeba7itur" 26. is. There is some authority for supposing that the man men- tioned here was Ouintus Metellus Nepos, who had been elected tribune for the following year, and who refused to allow Cicero to present the usual report at the close of his term of office, declaring that a man who had condemned Roman citizens unheard should not himself be heard. 29. qui. The antecedent is the subject of iudicarit. quaesitori. Cicero refers to himself as a qtiaesitor, because he presided at the examination of the Allobroges and the conspirators. 30. de tota re et causa. ' About the whole matter in general and the particular question before us. 1 32. legem Semproniam. Proposed by Gaius Gracchus and passed in 123 B.C. It declared that any judgment that affected the life or liberty of citizens must be endorsed by the people. Page 93. 1. qui, etc. In the preceding paragraph Caesar was praised for being superior to the demagogues of his party ; Cicero now declares that Caesar is unprejudiced enough to recognize the fact that the Sempronian law had reference to Roman citizens only, and these traitors have by their crimes ceased to be citizens. The argument has, of course, no force. See note on iussu consulis, page 45, line 19. 3. latorem. C. Gracchus, iussu populi. A misstatement, for Gracchus was killed by a mob whose only authority was that the senate had armed the consuls with dictatorial powers. 4. idem. Caesar, largitorem. Although he spent large sums in entertainments for the people. 10. in perniciem. 'To the ruin. 1 15. ad coutionem. The fact that so prominent a democrat as Caesar had proposed the measure would make it easier for Cicero to discuss the matter before the people afterward. 21. Nam, etc. * For, while I am quite severe in this matter, yet so may I enjoy the safety of the state with you, as I am not influenced by harshness of heart — for who is more tender-hearted than I ? — but by . . - 1 312 NOTES [P. 93 28. mihi. Dative of reference. 29. furor. Sc. eius, modified by bacchantis. 31. purpuratum. The word suggests the pomp and splendor of an Asiatic court. Page 94. 1. familias. The earliest form of the genitive singular in this declension. 10. Mihi, etc. Sc. videatur. Then the qui clause would be equiva- lent to a clause of condition. 20. Nisi vero. The following statement is ironical. 21. L. Caesar. Lucius Julius Caesar Strabo, consul in 64 B.C. He spoke in favor of punishing the conspirators by death, and cited the cases of his relatives to show that such a course was not unprecedented. 23. virum. Lentulus. 24. avum. Marcus Fulvius Flaccus (see note on page 46, line 12). Lucius Caesar's mother was Fulvia, daughter of Marcus Flaccus. 25. filium eius. The younger son of Flaccus. In the disorder which preceded the death of Gracchus this boy was sent to Opimius to secure a compromise, if possible. Opimius put the lad into prison and afterward slew him. 27. Quorum. 'What deed of these men (just mentioned) is like (the affair before us) ? ' 31. avus Lentuli. Publius Cornelius Lentulus, consul in 162 B.C. Page 96. 5. inflammandam. Sallust says that this task was assigned to Statilius and Gabinius. 6. Vereamini, censeo. ' You fear, I suppose.' 12. Sallust mentions a motion made by Nero, that voting on this question be postponed until better protection could be assured. 14. eorum. A modifier of voces. 16. transigunda. -undus is an earlier form of the gerundive than -endus. Page 97. 4. dissensione. For many years there had been con- tention as to what classes of citizens should compose the juries in the quaestiones perpetuae. One of the Gracchan laws, passed in 122 b c, transferred this privilege from the senators to the equites. Sulla changed this arrangement, and the dissatisfaction that followed resulted in the passage of the Aurelian law in the year 70 B.C.. in accordance with which law the jurymen were selected from the senators, the equites- and the tribuni aerarii. P. ioo] IV CATILINE 313 12. hie dies. The quaestors began their duties on the Nones of December, when their provinces were determined by lot ; in the same way and at the same time the clerks were assigned to their duties. 20. Operae pretium est. ' It is worth while.' 22. fortunam huius civitatis. ' Citizenship.' 29. qui modo. 'If only.' Page 98. 1. hoc. Explained by concur sare and sperare. 3. tabernas. They were on both sides of the Forum. See note on page 83 line 7. 15. incensis. Sc. tabernis ; l if the shops had been burned.' futu- rum f uit. ' What was it likely to be ? ' 25. arcem et Capitolium. On the Capitoline Hill there were two elevations ; the northern was the arx, on the southern was the Capi- tolium. 26 Penatium. The temple was on the Velia. Page 99. 2. civili causa. 'A political question.' 4. Cogitate. A use of participles in the place of verbs that can not be imitated in English. Translate, 'Think with how great toil this government was founded . . . and how one night . . .' 6. una nox. It is not clear what night Cicero has in mind. He may refer either to the night of the meeting at Laeca's house, or to the night when the conspirators and the Allobroges were placed under arrest. 13. ad sententiam 'To the voting.' 20. me factorum. For the cases, see H. 457 (409, III) ; M. 229; A. & G. 22 1, b ; G. 377 ; B 209, 1 . 26. Scipio. The older Africanus, who finished the second Punic war by his victory at Zama, 202 B.C. 32. bis. By the victories over the Cimbri and the Teutones. Page 100. 4. nisi forte. Nisi forte and nisi vero regularly intro- duce ironical statements. 8. uno loco. ' In one respect' 13. cum. 'Although.' reppuleris and possis have as subject the indefinite pronoun of the second person 'you.' 22. conspirationem. It lasted only a very short time. 24. Cicero here enumerates all the advantages which he lost by remaining in the city. 25. provincia. Either Macedonia, which he handed over to Anto- 314 NOTES [P. ioo nius, or Cisalpine Gaul, which he afterward relinquished, triumpho. There might be enough fighting connected with the government of a province to entitle the governor to the honor of a triumphal procession. 27. clientelis hospitiisque. The relation between a cliens and a patronus was that of a dependent to a superior ; the cliens served his patronus in whatever way he could, while the patronus gave his cliens protection. The relation between hospites, called Ziospitium, was one of equality. It will be remembered thai Sanga was the patronus of the Allobroges and Cicero was the patronus of Reate. Individuals, cor- porations, and even states found it advantageous to have a representa- tive of their interests at Rome, and they could in turn give their representatives social and political assistance. Popular governors were often honored in this way. 28. quae . . . compare Cicero means that with such resources as are at his command in the city it is as difficult to maintain those connections as it is to secure new ones, and therefore he lost a great opportunity when he gave up his province. Page 101. 6. suo solius periculo : 'With danger to himself alone. 1 Marcus Porcius Cato also addressed the senate. He denounced the degeneracy of the period, and urged the necessity of punishing the traitors promptly and severely in order to prevent similar plots. The senators then voted that the prisoners should be put to death, and Cicero had them strangled in the Tullianum before night. The Tul- lianum was the oldest prison at Rome, and is still to be seen on the eastern slope of -the Capitoline hill, to the right of the ascent from the Forum. It is also called the Mamertine dungeon, from a statue of Mars which stood near; but this name dates only from medieval times. Lanciani says: "The Career Tullianum (St. Peter's Prison) is mentioned by Livy as having been built by Ancus Marcius in a place near and a little higher than the Forum, career imminens foro. It contained an underground cell, formerly a cave named Tullianum. from a tullus or jet of water which sprang from the rock. It was used as a place of execution, and Sallust depicts it as a dark, filthy, and frightful den, twelve feet underground, walled in and covered with massive stone walls. The facade is very severe in style, and has an inscription commemorating the repairs to the prison, made at the time of Tiberius by C. Vibius Rufinus and M. Cocceius Nerva. Nichols justiv remarks P. ioi] FOR POM PEY'S COMMISSION 315 that ' the Career plays a part in Roman history like that of the Tower of London in English. The Tullianum was, if one may say so, a secret Tower Hill. One of the first heroes of the long tale of miseries is Pleminius, who, being detained in prison for his excesses at Locri, was convicted of bribing men to set fire to the city, lowered into the Tulli- anum, and executed. The same fate befell Lentulus, Cethegus, and several other conspirators during the Catilinarian troubles. Cicero, who played such a leading part in them, speaks of the Career as having been ordained by the kings as the avenger of heinous and notorious crimes. The jail is also associated with the name of. King Jugurtha (and Vercingetorix), starved to death in the lower hole. The body of Seianus, the disgraced minister of Tiberius, was cast on the Scalae Gemoniae (steps adjoining the prison), and also those of his innocent children, whose execution was marked by circumstances of frightful atrocity. Here also the headless trunk of Flavius Sabinus, brother of Vespasian, was thrown by the soldiers of Vitellius, and soon after Vitellius himself met his end on the same spot. The Career, like the Tower, had also its literary reminiscences. Naevius is said to have written two of his plays while confined in prison for his attacks on the aristocracy.' " Meanwhile Catiline continued to receive recruits until he had two legions of troops very poorly armed. Antonius and Quintus Metellus Celer advanced toward the rebels, and finally drove them into a place from which they could not escape. The discouraging tidings which had come from Rome to the insurgents concerning the exposure of their plans and the death of their leaders had thinned the ranks con- siderably by desertions, but the brave remnant resolved to fight, and they were all slain. THE ORATION FOR POMPEY'S COMMISSION The kingdom of Pontus, an offshoot of Persia, was founded at the beginning of the fourth century B.C. by Ariobarzanes I. Six kings, or satraps, reigned in succession until 120 B.C., when Mithridates VI came to the throne at the death of his father Mithridates Euergetes. At the time of his accession he was only eleven years old. Of his boy- hood and youth there are many remarkable tales, narrating the plots which his guardians formed against his life, his strength and skill in 316 NOTES [P. 101 athletic contests and hunting, and his ability to converse in more than twenty languages and dialects. It is recorded that one morning he could not be found, and when he returned several months later, after being given up for lost, he had traveled in disguise over all western Asia, and had secured a thorough acquaintance with both land and people. To sum up in a word the evidence concerning his character as a man and ruler, he seems to have been a genuine Oriental despot both in virtues and in vices, the one point of marked unlikeness being his tireless energy. At the age of twenty Mithridates Eupator, as he was called, began to enlarge his dominions, annexing Colchis, Lesser Armenia, the Tauric Chersonese, and the eastern coast of the Black Sea ; and he still further strengthened his position by giving his daughter Cleopatra to Tigranes, the king of Armenia. In these aggressive movements the ambitious young ruler came in contact with the Romans, to whom the exiled princes appealed for assistance. An apparently satisfactory settlement of the situation was secured by Sulla, who at that time was governor of Cilicia ; but within a short time after Sulla's departure from Asia Tigranes drove Ariobarzanes from the throne of Cappadocia, and in Bithynia a pretender rose against King Nicomedes. It was evident that the cause of the disturbances was Mithridates, and the Roman government dispatched Manius Aquillius as a special commissioner to assist Lucius Cassius, the governor of the Roman province of Asia, in the restoration of the dethroned monarchs. It is said that Aquillius conducted the negotiations with reference to his own interests, and that his avarice was the cause of the war which followed. However that may be, Mithridates was soon in the field with an immense number of troops, the entire east was aroused, the insignificant forces of the Romans were easily defeated ; Aquillius, after being tortured in every way, was finally killed by molten gold poured down his throat, and in accordance with an order issued by Mithridates eighty thousand or more Italians in Asia were massacred at one time. It was not easy for Rome to deal with the situation. The effects of the Social war were still felt, and the civil struggle was at hand. Sulla received orders to go to the east, but before he could start he was deposed, and the command of his troops was given to Marius. The soldiers remained loyal to Sulla, and he at once marched to Rome, con- quered his foes, and at last, in 87 B.C., he arrived in Greece, which he P. ioi] FOR POMPEY'S COMMISSION 317 found wholly in the power of the Pontic armies. At Chaeronea in 86 B.C. and at Orchomenos in 85 B.C. the forces of Mithridates, commanded by his best generals, received a crushing defeat from the Romans. Mean- while in those countries where Mithridates was at first enthusiastically welcomed as a deliverer from Roman rule, there was a decided change in public sentiment, for the conqueror began to manifest his real despotic character as soon as he felt secure in his conquests. Sulla also received assistance from another source. After his departure from Rome the Marian faction again secured control, and sent Lucius Flaccus with two legions to supersede him. On the way the soldiers deposed Flaccus and put in his place Gaius Flavius Fimbria, who arrived in the east in time to inflict a defeat on a son of Mithridates, and also on Mithridates himself. Peace was declared between Sulla and Mithri- dates, the latter binding himself to surrender all his acquisitions in Asia, to pay the Roman government a generous sum for the expenses of the war, and to give up a large fleet. The threatened conflict between the rival generals, Sulla and Fimbria, was averted by the refusal of Fimbria's troops to fight against their countrymen and by the death of Fimbria, who killed himself soon afterward. In 83 B.C. Sulla placed Lucius Licinius Murena in charge of Roman interests in Asia Minor, and returned to Rome to meet his enemies there and reorganize the state in behalf of the aristocracy. What is often called the second Mithridatic war was simply an engagement between Murena and Mithridates, in which the Roman was worsted. The only outcome of this fighting was a renewal of the peace which Sulla and Mithridates had made. In 74 B.C. Nicomedes III, the king of Bithynia, died, having be- queathed his kingdom to the Romans. Mithridates supported the claims of an alleged son of the king, and in this way reopened the struggle with his old antagonists. He expected and received assistance from the insurgents in Crete, from the pirates, and from Sertorius, who sent officers to train the eastern armies in Roman tactics. The com- mand of the Roman army was given to the consuls of the year 74 B.C., Marcus Cotta and Lucius Lucullus who had been a legate in Sulla's army. Cotta was soon besieged in Chalcedon and seemed likely to be destroyed, when his colleague came to the rescue. Mithridates then attacked Cyzicus with a large force, but Lucullus compelled him to retire with great losses. A naval victory followed, and then Mithridates began to retreat inland, pursued by Lucullus. At Cabira the Romans were again 3 1 8 NOTES [P. 101 victorious, and only the eagerness of the soldiers for plunder saved the life of the Pontic king, who fled to Armenia, where Tigranes gave him shelter, but refused to admit him to court. For some time after the Romans were engaged in the capture of such towns as Amisus and Sinope, which made a desperate resistance. Meanwhile a legate was sent to Tigranes to demand that he surrender Mithridates to the Romans. The demand was refused, and Lucullus advanced into Ar- menia. Near Tigranocerta the Romans met the Armenians, and easily routed a force many times larger than their own. Lucullus now had other foes to encounter. There was disaffection among the soldiers, who objected to the strict discipline of the com- mander and to further service in lands so remote. There was also opposition to Lucullus at Rome among the capitalists, whose financial gains were somewhat diminished by the measures which Lucullus had taken to relieve the distress of the provincials. The mutiny of the troops compelled Lucullus to retire into Mesopotamia, and the winter of 68 B.C. was spent in winter quarters in Nisibis. In the following year Triarius, one of Lucullus' legates, received so crushing a defeat at the hands of Mithridates that Lucullus learned of the disaster from the reports of the natives, not from the soldiers. The dissatisfaction at Rome now manifested itself in the recall of Lucullus and in the appoint- ment of Manius Acilius Glabrio to take charge of affairs in Pontus and Bithynia. When Glabrio arrived at his new post, he found the situation so little to his liking that he refused to take the troops from Lucullus. In 66 B.C. a tribune, Gaius Manilius, proposed a law to recall the commanders who were then in Asia, and to extend Pompey's power over all the east. The power which Pompey already possessed was a commission to extirpate the pirates who for many years had destroyed commerce, and had even ventured to approach Rome and carry away captives to be held for ransom. Pompey received this appointment in 67 B.C. in accordance with a law proposed by a tribune, Aulus Gabinius, which provided that some one of consular rank should have imperiunt for three years over the Mediterranean and over the provinces to a distance of fifty miles inland, and that he should have men and ships enough, with as much money as should be needed. The situation had been so serious and Pompey's success was so complete that he earned the gratitude of all, and it was not difficult to secure the passage of the bill, although it was opposed by members of the aristocratic party on P. ioi] FOR POMPEY'S COMMISSION 319 the ground that to put so much power in the hands of one man was a violation of the constitution and a dangerous precedent to establish. Pompey was as successful in this as in the piratic war, and soon forced Mithridates into exile in the northern country, where the old monarch, deserted by even his own son, preferred death to life in defeat. . Cicero was praetor for the year 66 B.C. Up to that time his public speaking had been confined to the courts ; now he made his first address to the people in a contio called for the purpose of discussing the proposi- tion of Manilius. The speech is a model in form, and in this respect it may be regarded as superior to the Catilinarian orations ; it must be admitted, however, that the argument is often somewhat superficial, and more suited to a politician than to a statesman. OUTLINE I. Introduction {Exordium). Cicero explains why this is his first appearance on the rostra, asserts that he will serve the people during his praetorship, and expresses his delight at having a subject so well suited to an orator in a new and trying situation. II. Statement of the Case (Narratio). Subject states are assailed by two powerful kings, public and private interests are in jeopardy, and a new commander must be chosen. III. Treatment of the Subject (Pai'titio). There are three points for consideration : the character of the war, its importance, the choice of a commander. IV. Affirmative Argument (Confirmatio). In this war the honor of the Roman people is involved, the safety of allies is endangered, the largest and surest revenues are likely to be lost, and many Roman citi- zens may lose their property. Lucullus has won brilliant victories, but his successes have been counterbalanced by reverses that were due to circumstances beyond his control; the situation, therefore, is critical. Pompey has the essential qualities of an able general, and also possesses moral qualities which make him an ideal commander for this war. V. Objections Answered (Confiitatio). The objection of Hor- tensius, that so much power should not be put into the hands of one man, experience has shown to be without foundation. The objection which Catulus makes, that there are no precedents for such a course, is wholly out of line with the facts. The crisis demands immediate 320 NOTES [P. 101 action, and Pompey is the only one who possesses the necessary quali- fications. VI. Conclusion (Peroratio). Cicero pledges his hearty support of the measure, and affirms that he has been influenced by no selfish considerations. Page 102. i. frequens conspectus vester. 'The sight of you gathered about in crowds, 1 literally, ' your crowded appearance.' 2. multo iucundissimus. ' The most pleasant ' (of sights), hie locus. The rostra. 3. amplissimus, ornatissimus. I.e. the rostra is the most dis- tinguished place for the discussion of public questions, and confers the most honor upon a speaker. The general meaning of this sentence is that Cicero's failure to appear before the people before had not been due to any lack of appreciation of what might be gained by such a course, but to wholly different considerations. His purpose in advo- cating the appointment of Pompey was to secure his support when the consulship should become a possibility. Cf. note on line 30, page 130. 4. hoc aditu laudis. ' This road to fame,' ablative of separation with firohibuerunt. 5. optimo cuique. ' To all the best men.' maxime patuit. This meeting was a contio, that is, the people assembled at the call of some magistrate who had a measure which he wished to lay before the voters for consideration. No one might address a contio except the magis- trate who convoked it, or any one whom he designated. A contio was for debate only; the voting was done in the comitia. voluntas. Sc. ftrohibuit. 6. rationes ab ineunte aetate susceptae. ' Plans formed at the beginning of manhood,' i.e. at the time when the toga virilis was assumed. 7. Nam, etc. His youthfulness and the conviction that an orator ought to bring to the rostra nothing but the finished product of his best powers were considerations that led him to remain in the courts. 8. huius auctoritatem loci. I.e. the influence which this place gives one who is permitted to speak here. 12. neque may be translated as a simple negative. The -que is correlative with et below in the sense of et . . . et. Logically the clause is dependent. ' While this place has never been,' etc vacuus ab eis. ' Without those.' P. 103] FOR POMPEY'S COMMISSION 32 1 13. privatorum. Contrasted with vestram causam. There have been many to support the interests of the people, while Cicero has devoted his energies to the needs of individuals. 14. caste integreque. The lex Cincia, passed 204 B.C., provided that lawyers should not receive fees for their services. Cicero asserts that he has never violated the provisions of that law. There was no law, however, against receiving 'presents 1 from a client, integreque. Because he had never accepted a bribe from a client's opponent. iudicio. As expressed at the polls. 15. fructum. The praetorship. 16. dilationem comitiorum. Postponement of an election oc- curred whenever the omens were unfavorable. In such cases all that had been done up to the time of postponement was null and void. primus does not indicate rank, but simply order of selection. The praetors were all of the same rank, and alter election their places were determined by lot. See pages 27 and 28. centuriis. Praetors were elected in the comitia centuriata. See pages 21 and 22. 18. quid aliis praescriberetis. I.e. what course you bade others take who might wish to be rewarded in like manner. 19. Nunc. Prominence is given this word by its position, aucto- ritatis. The personal influence which the office conferred upon the one who held it. 20. honoribus mandandis. ' By giving me public offices.' Cicero had been quaestor and aedile. ad agendum facultatis. ' Ability to discuss public questions. 1 21. quantum . . . adferre. ' As almost daily practice in speaking could bring to an energetic man from practice at the bar. 1 23. utar. The object is an unexpressed pronoun referring to aucto- r it at is. 25. potissimum. 'Above all others. 1 ei rei. Ability as an orator. His election to the praetorship was a recognition not only of his faithful services as a lawyer but also of his oratorical powers. Page 103. 2. illud. Explained by the quod clause. Cicero says that he ought to rejoice because in this new and trying situation he has a subject upon which any one could talk. 4. Dicendum est enim. 'For I am to speak. 1 5. virtute. 6. orationis. ' Theme. H. & g. cic. — 21 322 NOTES [P. 103 9. ut . . . proficiscatur. The purpose of making the statement contained in infertur. 12. relictus. Mithridates was 'left to himself after being almost destroyed, because Lucullus was more and more hampered by the dis- affection among his troops. 13. lacessitus. Tigranes was provoked to action by the arrogant demand of Claudius, a legate of Lucullus, that he should surrender Mithridates to the Romans. Until then the Armenian king had taken no active part in the struggle. Asiam. The Roman province of Asia in the western part of Asia Minor. 14. Equitibus. The capitalists of Rome were among the equites. 17. necessitudine. Cicero was of an equestrian family. 18. causamreipublicae. How the general welfare and the interests of individuals are both involved in this war is explained in chapter VII. 19. vestra provincia. Bequeathed to the Romans by King Nico- medes III, who died childless. 20. regnum Ariobarzanis. Cappadocia. 21. Totum. ; Wholly. 1 23. qui. Glabrio. He did almost nothing. 25. civibus. Those residing in these lands. Page 104. 7. pacis ornamenta. I.e. the revenues are used to pro- vide games, erect public buildings, and make various improvements ; in times of war they also help meet the extraordinary expenses. 9. quibus. Dative with consulendum. a quibus. The agent is expressed by the ablative instead of the dative, to avoid confusion with the indirect object. 11. Cicero appeals here to patriotism and further on to self-interest. 13. bello superiore. It is common in histories of Rome to recog- nize three wars with Mithridates, but evidently Cicero did not regard the little fighting done by Murena as worthy of being called a Avar. 14. insedit, inveteravit. The name of the Roman people is repre- sented as a fabric into which a stain has settled and upon which it has remained too long. The readiness with which this order for a general massacre was obeyed may not fully indicate the character of Roman rule in the East, but it certainly does show how the Romans were regarded by the Asiatics. 16. una significatione litterarum. ' By a simple message conveyed by letter. 1 litterarum is a subjective genitive. P. 105] FOR POMPEY'S COMMISSION 323 18. suscepit. Very uncommon with poenam. 19. tertium et vicesimum. Since the massacre. 20. neque Cappadociae. 'And not even of Cappadocia. 1 This country he had secured by conquest. The latter part of this sentence means that the one who murdered so many Roman citizens is not only unpunished, but he is actually no longer willing to remain in the remote regions of his kingdom, and is carrying on operations in full view of all Asia, in lands that are subject to the Roman government. 22. hoc est. 'That is. 1 25. Sulla celebrated a triumph in 81 B.C. and Murena in 80 b c. 27. pulsus superatusque. Adversative. 29. quod egerunt. * Because they prosecuted the war. 1 quod re- liquerunt. ' For leaving it unfinished. 1 There may be here a sarcastic reference to the inactivity of Glabrio. 30. res publica. The Marian party regained control at Rome immediately after Sulla's departure, and under the leadership of Cinna they ruled with a high hand. It was to oppose these popular move- ments that Sulla hastened toward Italy as soon as possible, and perhaps this is the consideration which influenced him in granting peace to Mithridates on so favorable terms. Page 105. 3. permagnos. The prefixes per- and con- have the same intensive force when joined with adjectives. The main part of the royal army had more than one hundred thousand men, sixteen thousand cavalrymen, and one hundred scythe-chariots, besides a fleet of four hundred vessels. 6. duces. Those in Spain. The rebels in Crete and the pirates also assisted Mithridates. 7. disiunctissimis maximeque diversis. • Most widely separated and very different from each other. 1 8. binis. Distributives are regularly used with nouns that are plural in form but singular in meaning, whenever they have a plural signifi- cance. H. 164, 3 (174, 2, 3) ; M. 74, 1 ; A. & G. 95, b ; G. 97, 3 ; B. 81, 4,3. 9. ancipiti contentione. ' A contest carried on in two places. 1 10. de imperio. < For supremacy. 1 11. Sed tamen. I.e. despite the extensive preparations of Mithri- dates. Sertorianae atque Hispanieuse. See note on line 6, page M3- 324 NOTES [P. 105 12. firmamenti. Support from outside sources, roboris. Strength in itself. The facts do not justify Cicero in this comparison ; possibly he is painting the situation in vivid colors in order to make Pompey's achievements seem more brilliant. 14. The administration of Lucullus was such that his successes seem attributable to his ability, his reverses to misfortune. 19. ei. Cf. note on audaciae, page 84, line 9. 22. exorsus. ' The first part.' 28. Corinthum. Troubles between the Achaeans and other mem- bers of the Achaean league necessitated Roman interference, and am- bassadors were sent, who received very scant courtesy. In the uprising which followed, the Roman senate directed that Corinth should be leveled to the ground, and the order was executed by Lucius Mum- mius. The city was afterward rebuilt by Julius Caesar. 29. totius Graeciae lumen. i The eye of all Greece.' exstinctum. In agreement with lumen rather than with Corinthian. 30. legatum. Manius Aquillius, the commissioner sent to secure a settlement of the troubles in the East. He was captured by Mithridates while giving assistance and encouragement to Nicomedes, the antagonist of Mithridates, and so was thought to have forfeited his privileges as an ambassador. After forcing him to travel about the country, proclaim- ing his name and rank, his captors finally put him to death by pouring melted gold down his throat in mockery of his avarice. Page 106. 17. audent, periculo. From fear of Lucullus and Gla- brio, who had not yet left Asia. 21. Quo . . . aegrius. 'And for this reason they are deprived of his help all the more unwillingly. 1 23. repressos. The meaning is that Pompey's arrival in Cilicia deterred Mithridates and Tigranes from making any further advance in that direction. 26. quorum . . . commendetis. 'To intrust their welfare to such a man. 1 Page 107. 4. Antiocho. Antiochus the Great. In his conquests he attacked some powers that appealed to Rome. Read Mommsen, Vol. II, pages 444-468. Philippe Philip V. of Macedonia. Rhodes and Pergamus sought the protection of Rome against Philip's aggres- sive acts. 5. Aetoli. They were zealous in advancing the interests of Anti- P. 108] FOR POMPEY'S COMMISSION 325 ochus in Greece, and were persistent in their attacks on other Grecian states. In 189 B.C. Marcus Fulvius Nobilior dictated to them humili- ating terms of peace. Poenis. Massinissa, king of Numidia, made encroachments on the territory of the Carthaginians. War broke out in consequence, and the Romans began the third Carthaginian war, ostensibly, at least, in support of their ally, Massinissa. 10. tutandas : I.e. the revenues are barely equal to the outlay. 15. utilitatem. The provincial revenues contribute largely to Rome's expenses in war, and to the expenditures for improvements in time of peace. 18. cum venit. Cf. note on propositi, page 93, line 30. 24. ex portu, etc. The three kinds of revenue mentioned here are the port duties, the tax on produce, and the tax for the use of pasture land. 32. publicani. The Roman government did not collect taxes in the provinces, but awarded the contract to the highest bidder. The taxes often amounted to so large sums that great stock companies were formed for their collection. Page 108. 4. qui, etc. i Who are a source of revenue to you. 1 The clause refers to the publicani. 7. Ac ne, etc. 'And this consideration also should not be over- looked by you, which I had set before myself as the last point for dis- cussion when I began to speak of the character of the war, that the war affects the property of many Roman citizens, for whom . . .' 11. et. Used with deinde in line 18 in about the same sense as et . . . et. 12. rationes et copias. ' Business interests and capital.' 18. ceteris ordinibus. Than the equites, to whom the publicani belonged. 20. partim eorum. ' Some of whom.' 21. Est, etc. ' It therefore belongs to your kindness to keep a large number of those citizens from loss. 1 23. sapientiae. In the same construction as humanitatis. 25. Etenim, etc. The general meaning is that this consideration is of little value, that the revenues of the state may be recovered by a victory of the troops, even if the taxes now due are not collected, for the same men will not have the means to assume such contracts again on account of their losses, and others will not be willing to do so on 326 NOTES [P. 108 account of their fear of being neglected in the same manner, parvi. For the case, cf. note on fanti, page 55, line 13. his. The text is uncertain, but with this reading the most natural supposition is that vectigalibus is to be understood with his, and the two words refer to the taxes then due the publicani, who had already paid the government for the right to collect them, amissis. I.e. to the publicani. Page 109. 1. fidem. ' Credit.' 2. ut non trahant. 'Without dragging.' 5. ratio pecuniarum. 'System of finance.' Rome was the bank- ing center of the world. 7. ilia. ' Those in that country.' 8. ut non. ' Without that' 16. In quo. 'In the treatment of this topic' 23. urbem. Cyzicus, an island of Mysia. It was a very flourishing city, and inclose sympathy with the Romans. Mithridates laid siege to the town in 74 B.C. and was bravely opposed by the Cyzicenes. Lucullus marched to the relief of his besieged friends, and finally com- pelled Mithridates to retire with the loss of about two hundred thousand men. This defeat had all the more significance because Mithridates had entire control of the sea, all the Roman ships having been de- stroyed when Cotta was besieged in Chalcedon a short time before. 28. classem. Soon after the siege of Cyzicus, a large fleet of the enemy started westward with the intention, it was claimed, of carrying the war into Italy. Lucullus, who had successfully fought some naval engagements in the first Mithridatic war, secured a few vessels, overtook this fleet near Lemnos, and won a decisive victory. There were many Marians on board the eastern ships. Page no. 1. Sinopen. The birthplace of Mithridates. These and other towns made a stubborn resistance, and were subdued only with the greatest difficulty. 5. alios reges. Tigranes, also the kings of the Bosporani and of the Parthians. 7. sal vis sociis. They were not ruined by forced contributions to the war. 9. ita. ' And bestowed in such a way.' A participle may have been lost, but the context makes the meaning clear. 17. Medea. After the Argonauts had secured the Golden Fleece, and were about to return to their native land, Jason decided to take P. 112] FOR POMPEY'S COMMISSION 327 Medea with them, since the assistance which she gave them in defeating the designs of her father Aeetes rendered her stay at home impossible. Medea abducted her little brother Absyrtus, whom she cut into pieces and scattered behind her in order to check her father's pursuit. 25. nostri conligunt. There is a story that when Mithridates was almost in the hands of the pursuing soldiers a mule loaded with gold was turned loose and, while the Romans were dividing the spoil, the king escaped. Page in. 3. gravis atque vehemens opinio. ' A strong and deep- seated suspicion.' opinio is explained in the infinitive clause below. 5. fani. Mommsen says that this was probably the temple of the Persian Nanaea or Anaitis in Elymais or the modern Luristan, the most celebrated and the richest shrine in the whole region of the Euphrates. 10. longinquitate, desiderio. Lucullus had won a victory at Tigranocerta, the city mentioned in the line above, and was then marching toward Artaxata. 12. Fuit illud extremum. ' This was the outcome.' 20. ut nomen regale. ' So that the name of king.' 28. calamitatem. The defeat of Triarius at Ziela in 67 B.C. Lu- cullus was marching to his relief at the time. 29. ut, etc. There was not enough left of the army to send a regular report of the battle to Lucullus. 30. Hie, etc. 'Just at this time.' Page 112. 3. qui iam stipendiis confecti. These were the troops which the Marian party sent to Asia under the command of L. Valerius Flaccus, who was to supersede Sulla. 5. ea. explained by the quantum clause, vos coniectura per- spicite. < See for yourselves by inference.' There are many other facts that might be mentioned, but you can judge for yourselves how menacing you think that the war is now. 7. coniungant. ; Undertake together.' 13. videatur 'As it seems.' 15. haec deliberatio. Explained in the indirect question below. 25. ludo atque discipline. For an account of the Roman schools and studies consult the appendix of Becker's Gallus. 27. patris. Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo, who commanded troops in many of the engagements of the Social war, and was afterward sum- moned to Rome to defend it from the attack of Cinna. The younger 328 NOTES [P. 112 Pompey was, then, with his father in the Social war and served with him as a soldier in the Civil war. 30. imperator. When Sulla was returning from Asia after the first Mithridatic war, Pompey raised three legions among his father's troops and among his tenants in the Picene territory, and with these hastened to meet Sulla. On the way some small detachments of Marian forces were encountered and defeated. Sulla was so much pleased with the attention shown him by Pompey that he returned the young man's greeting with the title of Imperator. Page 113. 3. stipendiis, triumphis. His military training was received while acting as commander, not as a private soldier. 6. Civile. The struggles between Sulla and the Marian party. Africanum. After overcoming the remnants of the Marian party who had fled to Sicily, Pompey went to Africa to attack Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, who made an alliance with Hiarbas, king of Numidia. Transalpinum. On his way to Spain Pompey had to contend with various Gallic tribes that had been instigated by Sertorius to check the advance of the Roman army. Hispaniense. Quintus Sertorius mani- fested extraordinary ability as a general. He served with Marius in the campaign against the Teutones, and was a successful commander in the Civil war. He held the office of praetor in 83 B.C., and at the return of Sulla from Asia, went to Spain, where he maintained a position as governor against the strong forces which were sent to destroy him. For five years he held out against Metellus and Pompey, and then was slain by the treachery of his own officers, servile. Spartacus belonged to a band of gladiators kept at Capua by Lentulus. They escaped and were joined by others until they numbered many thousands. The con- suls of the year 72 B.C. were both defeated, but the praetor Marcus Licinius Crassus finally overcame the slaves and gladiators in a battle fought near Brundisium. While returning from Spain, Pompey met about five thousand of the fugitives who w r ere trying to escape into Gaul, and for his victory over them he claimed the credit of finishing the war. navale. The war against the pirates. Read Mommsen, Vol. IV, pp. 357-364- 15. virtutes. < Good qualities.' 16. existimantur. Sc. esse. 21. Testis. I.e. to his ability as a general. The wars named above are now mentioned in greater detail. P. 115] FOR POMPEY'S COMMISSION 329 25. magnis copiis. A very large number of the Marian party were in Africa. 31. taetro. Because fought with slaves and gladiators. Page 114. 2. sepultum. Pompey's statement was that he had plucked up the war by the roots. 9. hieme. When storms made navigation dangerous. 12. arbitraretur. A deliberative question. 16. cui praesidio fuistis. ' Whom have you protected ?' 18. quam multas. Plutarch says that the pirates had more than a thousand ships, and that they had captured four hundred towns. 22. propugnaculis. Armies and fleets. The thought of the sen- tence is that in the ' good old times 1 the Romans did not have to fight for their own protection. 24. dicam. A deliberative question. 28. duodecim secures. In the provinces each praetor had six lictors. The names of the two praetors mentioned here are given by Plutarch as Sextilius and Vellinus, who were seized and carried off in their robes of office, with their attendants and lictors. 29. Cnidum. These statements are corroborated by Plutarch. 32. portus. Rome depended almost entirely upon Sicily, Sardinia, Africa, and Egypt for supplies of grain. Page 115. 3. praetorc. Name unknown. 4. liberos. The plural must be an exaggeration, if Plutarch refers to this incident when he says that the pirates captured a daughter of Antonius, and she was ransomed for a large sum. The Antonius men- tioned here was probably Marcus Antonius, the orator, who fought against the pirates in 103 B.C. 6. Ostiense. In the works of Dio Cassius there is a statement that the ships were burned and everything plundered. The name of the consul who commanded the fleet is unknown. 12. lucem adferre. ' Bring relief. 1 14. ei. Repeats the vos. Oceani ostium. The Strait of Gibraltar. 17. praetereunda sunt. The subject is to be understood from haec, not from celeritate. 19. tarn brevi tempore quam celeriter. Translate as if tain celeriter quam. The meaning of the sentence is that no commercial enterprise ever sped so quickly over the sea as the onward progress of this war. Pompey began the crusade against the pirates by 330 NOTES [P. 115 dividing the territory into thirteen districts, each one in charge of a legate. 28. Achaiam. Evidently the use of this name to designate the entire Roman province of Greece had not yet become universal. 32. Ciliciam. The place most frequented by the pirates. Page 116. 1. partim. ' Some of them. 1 2. Cretensibus. The Cretans had given the pirates some assist- ance, and involved themselves in war with Rome. In 69 B.C. the proconsul Quintus Metellus defeated the Cretan army at Cydonia, and then captured the towns one after another. When the island was sub- jugated, the inhabitants wished to surrender to Pompey rather than to Metellus, thinking that they could secure more advantageous terms. Pompey sent an officer to arrange the terms of surrender, but Metellus refused to recognize his authority. Very bitter feeling was aroused between the two generals, and there might have been fighting also, if the command of the Mithridatic war had not drawn Pompey's attention elsewhere. Cretensibus. In the dative case. 10. Quid ceterae. < How about the other good qualities P 1 paulo ante. On page 113, line 15. 20. aliorum contentione. ' A comparison with others.' 22. Quem, etc. 'How can we regard him as a general in any classification in whose . . . ? ' 25. cogitare. Sc. putare possumus. 'What noble or exalted thought can we suppose that this man has about his country, who . . . ?' 27. diviserit. As a bribe for his appointment. 28. in quaestu. 'Invested.' 32. oonfiteri. I.e. whoever attacks me on this score will thereby reveal his own guilt. Page 117. 3. itinera. Those made in the Social war, in the wars between Sulla and the Marian party, and in the war with Spartacus . 4. civium Romanorum. Those who became citizens after the Social war. 11. alios in se. A general can not be strict in his treatment of cases brought before him, unless he is willing that his conduct should be as closely reviewed at Rome. 13. Hie = Haec cum it a si fit. P. 119] FOR POMPEY'S COMMISSION 33 1 15. manus, vestigium. I.e. the army not only refrains from vio- lence, but also does no injury upon its march. 18. non modo, etc. 'Not only is violence offered no one to induce him to make expenditures upon the soldiers, but . . .' 20. Hiemis, non avaritiae perfugium. ' A shelter from the winter, not for greed.' The first genitive is objective, the second subjective. 24. cursum. 'Rapidity.' 30. nobilitas urbis. Plutarch relates that Pompey did stop at Athens, but simply sacrificed to the gods, addressed the people, and then went quickly on his way. 32. signa et tabulas. The extent to which Roman governors robbed the provinces of their treasures of art is indicated by this ex- tract from the oration against Verres, the notorious governor of Sicily : In urbe nostra pulcherrima atque ornatissima quod signum, quae tabula picta est, quae non ab hostibus victis capta atque asportata sit f Page 118. 4. de caelo delapsum. Extravagant language, such as is used to describe a god's descent to earth. 6. quod, etc. 'A fact which was already beginning to appear to foreign nations as unworthy of belief, and as having been handed down by a baseless tradition.' 8. Nunc, etc. ' Now the glory of your government has commenced to shed its kindly light upon those nations.' 13. aditus ad eum privatorum. 'Access to him on the part of private citizens.' 14. liberae. 'Unchecked.' 18. hoc ipso ex loco. The Forum, where Pompey had addressed the people. 21. sanctissimam iudicarint. As shown by their willingness to surrender to him. 31. Vehementer, etc. 'Who does not know that what the enemy and what our allies think of our generals has much to do with the man- agement of wars, since even in so important matters men are moved to despise or fear, or hate or love, no less by prejudice or report than by some definite reason?' Page 119. 7. iudicia. Expressed in the ofiices and commands that had been given to him. 8. illius diei. The day on which the Gabinian law was proposed. 14. ut plura, etc. ' To leave much unsaid, and not to prove by 332 NOTES [P. 119 illustrations taken from the lives of others how much a man's reputa- tion has to do with the conduct of a war.' 22. calamitate. The defeat of Triarius. Page 120. 7. noster imperator. Quintus Caecilius Metellus, who afterward assumed the agnomen Creticus. 12. legatum. The idea seems to be that Mithridates sent a legate to Pompey for some reason, but the friends of Metellus Pius regarded the messenger as a spy because they were angry that he was sent to Pompey rather than to Metellus. 13. potissimum. ' Rather than to any one else.' 20. Reliquum, etc. ' It remains for me to speak reverently and briefly of good fortune, which no one may claim for himself, but which we may recall and mention in the case of another, as one should speak of a matter that lies within the power of the gods. 1 24. Maximo. Quintus Fabius Maximus Cunctator. Marcello. Marcus Claudius Marcellus, called the Sword of Rome. Scipioni. probably Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus. Mario. Gaius Marius. 31. hac utar, etc. 'I shall be so cautious in my statements that I shall not say that his good fortune lay within his own power, but . . .' Page 121. 1. invisa. Because he ascribed too much to Pompey's unaided abilities, ingrata. Because he failed to recognize the good- ness of the gods in blessing the Roman people by giving Pompey so much success. 4. ut adsenserint, etc. Indirect questions. 11. Quod ut, etc. 'That this favor may be his own, and may last forever.' 13. velle et optare. Velle means to wish and to cooperate toward the realization of one's wish ; optare, to wish and leave the realization of one's wish to others, or to fate ; expetere, to wish and apply to others for the realization of one's wish. Doderlein. 23. erat deligendus. To be translated as if it were an imperfect subjunctive. 24. nunc. 'As it is.' 26. ab eis. Glabrio and Lucullus, and perhaps Quintus Marcius Rex, who was proconsul in Cilicia. 32. beneficiis. He had held all the higher offices. Catulus was consul with Lepidus in 78 B.C., and opposed his colleague's efforts to annul the measures of Sulla. P. 123] FOR POMPEY'S COMMISSION 333 Page 122. 2. Q. Hortensius. He was born 114 B.C. In oratory- he adopted the showy Asiatic style, and for many years was the leader of the Roman bar, until defeated by Cicero in the famous case of Verres. His grand mansion on the Palatine was the beginning of the imperial palace. In politics he belonged to the aristocratic party. In spite of their rivalry Cicero and Hortensius were close friends. 3. multis locis. ' On many occasions.' 5. cognoscetis auctoritates contrarias. i Will learn of authori- tative opinions on the other side. 1 The influential men who supported Cicero's, views are mentioned in the second paragraph of chapter XXIII. 7. ipsa re et ratione. 'By the very facts in the case, and by reason.' 14. Obsolevit. The objection of Hortensius is that it is contrary to, the constitution to put so much power into the hands of one man. Cicero argues that the objection is entitled to no consideration, because the experiment was successfully tried in the case of the same man, when the control of the piratic war was given him. 15. re. ' By actual experience.' 21. turn. To be closely connected with vahiisset. The meaning is that the state would have been lost, if the Roman people had followed the leading of Hortensius instead of their real interests. 28. clausa maria. In consequence of this there would be a famine among the people, in Cicero's eyes a striking argument in favor of the Manilian law ; and so Cicero dwells at considerable length upon the war with the pirates, as though he thereby deprived the objections of the opposite party of all their force ; whereas they found in the new victories of Pompeius a new reason to limit his powers, and did not wish to buy the freedom of the sea, and the security of the provinces in Asia, at the cost of the liberty of Rome Drumann. 32. Atheniensium. Sc.civitatem. The sense of the following para- graphs is that it was disgraceful for Rome to be so helpless before the pirates, when smaller states could protect themselves. The naval supremacy of Athens followed the victories in the Persian wars. Page 123. 1. Karthaginiensium. It was the commercial impor- tance of Carthage that brought it into conflict with Roman jealousy. 2. Rhodiorum. Strabo praises the government of the Rhodians, and especially their control of the sea- 334 N0TES C p - "3 12. Antiochum. Antiochus the Great. Persen. Perses or Perseus. There seems to be little worthy of mention in this vaunted victory. In the earlier engagements the Romans were not at all successful, and at Samothrace the Macedonian king surrendered without making any effort to fight. Livy refers to this affair and the commander in the fol- lowing passage : " Cn. Octavius Kal. Dec. de rege Perseo navalem tri- umphum egit : is t r in m pirns sine cafttivis fuit, sine spoliis" 15. ei. Cf. note on ei, page 115, line 14. 19. Delos. Strabo says that after Corinth was destroyed by the Romans the merchants went to Delos, attracted by the security af- forded by the temple and by the excellence and convenience of the harbor. 24. non pudebat. The implication is that they should have been ashamed at the time of such weakness to appear in a place, the name and ornaments of which commemorated victories upon the sea. 28. Bono animo. 'With good intentions.' 1 31. dolori. I.e. the people preferred to follow a way out of their difficulties rather than to follow the lead of Hortensius. Page 125. 4. Quo niihi, etc. * Wherefore it seems to me that objection has been made hitherto all the more undeservedly, to Gabinius, shall I say, or . . .' Cicero implies below that the ground of objection to Gabinius was the fact that he was tribune the year preceding the time when his appointment was to be made. It has been suggested that the real difficulty lay in the fact that there was a law providing that any one who proposed a bill should not be appointed to any position created by his own measure ; but this supposition has objections and involves the necessity of assuming that Cicero is trying to gloss over the real trouble in line 15 ff. The bill of Gabinius, which gave Pompey the control of the war against the pirates, also allowed him the privilege of nominating his own legates, and, whatever the pretext, the opposition of the senators was very likely due to their hostility to Pompey. Cicero speaks very slightingly of Gabinius in another place, declaring that, if he had not proposed a popular measure, his condition and character were such that he would have had to turn pirate himself. Gabinius secured his appointment. 8. idoneus, etc. 'Worthy to obtain his request. 1 Aptus, dignus, and indignus have the same construction. 14. periculo. Perhaps the word means no more than 'dangerous P. 126] FOR POMPEY'S COMMISSION 335 responsibility,' but Dio Cassius informs us that the senate preferred to suffer anything from the pirates rather than see such a measure adopted, and they almost killed Gabinius even in the senate house. 15. Nothing farther is known of these men. 16. quos . . . nomino. i Whom I mention with all respect.' 17. plebi. An old form of the genitive singular. 18. in uno Gabinio. 'In the case of Gabinius alone. 1 diligentes. 1 punctilious. 1 19. in hoc imperatore atque in exercitu. 'With this general and in the army. 1 20. praecipuo iure. This may be an ablative of characteristic or an ablative of cause ; ' of especial privileges ' or i by an especial right. 1 21 . ad senatum relaturos. ' Will lay the matter before the senate. 1 23. If the consuls did not object, praetors might lay matters before the senate for consideration, cuiusquam edictum. The decree of a consul forbidding the praetor to bring the matter before the senate. 24. ius beneficiumque. Of allowing Pompey to choose his own legates, or possibly, of the right to refer matters to the senate, ve- strum. 'Conferred by you. 1 25. intercessionem. The veto of a tribune. 27. quid liceat. What they are allowed to do. Tribunes were responsible for the proper use of their power of veto. 29. Cn. Pompeio socius ascribitur. ' Is to be regarded as Pom- pey^ associate.' 30. socius. As an associate in the glory and success obtained in the war against the pirates. This sentence has nothing to do with the appointment of Gabinius except to furnish a reason for it. Page 126. 2. quaereret. This incident occurred during the discus- sion of the Gabinian law. Catulus.was arguing against the appointment of Pompey, and suggested the hazard of having so much depend on the life of a single individual. He asked who there was to take the posi- tion, if Pompey should die, and the crowd neatly upset the force of his argument by shouting that he would be a worthy successor. 10. quo, hoc. Ablatives of degree. 12. viri vita atque virtute. The alliteration is noteworthy. 14. At enim. ' But there is opposition, for it is urged that . . .' 1 5 . Non dicam. A good example of what the grammarians called fraeteritio. 336 NOTES [P. 126 17. semper, etc 'Always adapted the consideration of their meas- ures to the changed circumstances of new times.' 19. ab uno imperatore. Scipio Aemilianus. 30. conficere. When he raised an army and went to meet Sulla when he was returning from Asia. Page 127. 1. peradulescenti. He was then twenty-four years old. 2, senatorio gradu. The quaestorship entitled the holder to a seat in the senate, but it is not definitely known what was the earliest age at which the quaestorship could legally be held. 3. Siciliam, Africam. Cn. Papirius Carbo and other Marians were defeated and slain in Sicily, and in Africa Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, with Hiarbas, suffered the same fate. 8. equitem. The honor of a triumphal procession was regularly granted only to a man of consular or praetorian rank. 9. At earn, etc. I.e. the unusual course was not only followed, but received an enthusiastic welcome. 13. ad bellum. The war against Sertorius. Both the consuls, however, had declined the appointment. 22. legibus solutus. The consulship could not legally be given to a man under the age of forty-three. 23. ullum alium magistratum. There is no general agreement as to what office is meant. Some think that Cicero has the quaestorship in mind, while others believe that he is thinking only of the curule magis- tracies, and therefore the reference here is to the curule aedileship. 25. iterum triumpharet. 'For his victories in Spain. 1 29. These unprecedented acts have had the approval and sanction of Q. Catulus, and other such men. Page 128. 1. The people have in every case indorsed the measures which the optimates proposed for the advancement of Pompey ; the optimates should see that they are unjust in opposing a similar measure that originates among the people. 5. suo iure. The right of the people to be heard in this matter was the fact that they gave Pompey a similar appointment against the opposition of the opti7nates, and the result showed that they acted for the best interests of the commonwealth. 10. rei publicae parum consuluistis. 'Gave little attention to the general welfare. 1 12. plus vidistis. < Had a deeper insight' P. 130] FOR POMPEY'S COMMISSION 337 15. sibi et ceteris. Datives of agency, auctoritati is the indirect object. 20. interiorum. Those in the inland parts of Asia. Page 129. 1. Libenter disputarem. 'I should be very glad to discuss.' 9. conlatis signis. ' On the battlefield. 1 14. idoneus qui mittatur. 'Worthy to be sent. 1 15. The subjugation of no state is complete so long as the state has resources ; and no state is still wealthy which in their opinion has been properly subjugated. 19. videbat. The subject is ora mariti?)ta. 20. quot aniiis, ' Each year.' 22. classium nomine. ' By their fleets, which existed in name only.' The money taken from the treasury for the building and main- tenance of fleets was appropriated by the commanders, and they there- fore had no means of fighting the enemy successfully. 24. iacturis. May have reference to the bribes given to secure an appointment, condicionibus. The arrangements made with creditors. 28. videamus. For the mode see H. 584 (513, II) ; M. 375 ; A. & G. 312; G. 602; B. 307, 1. Page 130. 2. P. Servilius. Publius Servilius Vatia. During the ^ears 78-75 B.C. he conducted a campaign against the pirates with vigor and success. 5. C. Curio. During his proconsulship in Macedonia, in 75-73 B.C., he vanquished the Thracians and the Dardanians. 7. Cn. Lentulus. Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus, the censor of 70 B.C., who removed from the senate sixty-four of its members. Pompey chose him as one of the legates in the piratic war. 9. C. Cassius. Gaius Cassius Longinus Varus. He fought against Spartacus and was defeated by him. 10. ut . . . videam-ftr. An indirect question. Cicero calls atten- tion to the manner in which his side of the question is supported by men whose standing entitles them to be heard. 15. auctore populo Romano. 'Supported by the Roman people. 1 20. iterum. The first time was the passage of the Gabinian law. 21. de re aut de perficiendi facilitate. 'About the merits of the measure, or about our ability to secure its adoption. 1 24. hoc beneficio. Explained by fiotestate praetoria. H. & G. CIC — 22 338 NOTES [P. 130 28. qui praesident. Those whose temples were near, temploque. It must be kept in mind that the word tempium does not imply a build- ing, but means simply a consecrated spot. 29. qui . . . adeunt. 'Who engage in public life.' 30. rogatu cuiusquam. It may be that Cicero's motive on this, as well as other occasions, is found in the letter which his brother Quintus wrote to him concerning the consulship. "Hi (Jiomines nobiles) ro- gandi omnes sunt diligenter et ad eos allegandum est persuadendumque its 110s semper cum optiinatibus de re publico, sensisse, minime popular es fuisse ; si quid locuti populariter videamur, id nos eo consilio fecisse, ut nobis C11. Pompeium adiungeremus, ut eum, qui pluri?}ium posset, aut ainicum in nostra petitione haberemus aut certe non adversarium.' 1 ' 1 31. quo. ' Because.' Page 131. 2. ut hominem praestare oportet. ' So far as a human being may give assurance of the future.' 4. honorem. l Political advancement.' 5. eadem. Cf. page 102, line 13. 9. tantumque, etc. A sentence similarly constructed may be seen on page 83, line 22. THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS In the year following his consulship, Cicero appeared in court to defend the civic rights of a Greek poet named Archias, his friend and helper in his early studies. Archias was born about 119 B.C., a native of Antioch. At an early age he began to travel and to study in other countries, and in this way visited the principal cities of Asia Minor, Greece, and southern Italy, arriving at Rome in 102 B.C. At that time the Greek language and Greek literature were very popular among educated Romans, and the ability of Archias as a poet and tutor soon secured him recognition in the foremost families. He received an especial welcome from the Luculli, and accompanied Lucius Lucullus on a journey to Sicily and afterward to Asia. According to the custom of foreigners and freedmen, Archias assumed the gentile name of his patrons ; for his praenomen he selected Aulus. The lex Plautia Papiria was passed in 89 B.C. By its provisions all the citizens of the allied towns in Italy might become Roman citizens if they had a permanent residence in Italy and if they had their names P. 132] FOR ARCHIAS 339 recorded by a praetor within sixty days. Archias had been made a citizen of Heraclia on his Sicilian journey ; he now appeared before the praetor Ouintus Metellus and complied with the legal requirements. His name, however, for various reasons was not recorded on the census rolls. In 62 B.C. a man named Gratius brought suit against Archias on the charge that he was assuming the privileges of Roman citizenship ille- gally. The records of Heraclia had been destroyed in a conflagration, but the Heraclians sent witnesses to declare that Archias had received citizenship from them. The omission of the poet's name in the censors 1 rolls was satisfactorily explained. That Archias had a legal residence in Italy and that he had registered with Metellus also seem to have been points that required little effort to establish. And so Cicero speaks quite briefly concerning the legal aspects of the case, the larger part of the speech being devoted to praise of literature and poetry and to the poetic genius of Archias. SUMMARY If I possess in any degree the qualifications of a pleader, then Aulus Licinius is entitled to my services, for he was my adviser and guide in undertaking the studies that prepared me for this work. It should cause no surprise that an orator thus acknowledges his indebtedness to a poet, for I have not devoted myself exclusively to my calling, and further, all branches of learning are so related that one contributes to another. While the organization of the court and the circumstances of the trial seem to require that the arguments should be closely confined to points of law, yet, in view of the character and attainments of the defendant and the culture of my hearers, I beg to be allowed to speak somewhat broadly of education and of literary training ; and if I feel that my request is granted, I shall surely make you think, not merely that my client is a Roman citizen, but even that, if he were not a citizen, he should be made one. Early in life Archias devoted himself to writing in Antioch, the city of his birth ; afterward in Asia Minor, Greece, and Southern Italy he received a continuous ovation. At Rome he was at once recognized by the most eminent men and patrons of learning, whose indorsement made him welcome in all circles. 340 NOTES [P. 132 Some time later Archias accompanied Lucullus to Sicily, and on his return was made a citizen of Heraclia. He had a legal residence at Rome for many years, and therefore, when the law of Silvanus and Carbo was passed, there was nothing for him to do but have his name recorded by a praetor, which he did. If we confine our remarks to the legal aspects of the case, there is nothing further to be said, for they are established beyond a doubt. The loss of the records of Heraclia is made up by the testimony of official representatives of the city, sent here by the state to testify in behalf of my client, and by the statement of Lucullus, who declares that he was present at the time Archias was enrolled. His residence at Rome is beyond question. His name appears on the registry lists of the only praetor whose records have the authority of public documents. The presence of his name on the census rolls would not establish his citizenship, and the absence of it is accounted for by the fact that he was with Lucullus in the army when the census was taken. This man is entitled to our highest consideration because he is one of those who furnish us in books the recreation and the food which the mind requires. The best and most valuable thoughts are preserved for us in books, and in them also are pictured the lives of distinguished men, the inspiration and model of youth. It is true, as some assert, that all eminent men did not have the advantages of a liberal education ; it is also true that native ability without a liberal education oftener succeeds than an education without native ability ; but a combination of the two makes that remarkable and noble result which we all recog- nize. And books are a form of relaxation adapted to all ages, places, and times. In Roscius we admired the perfection of physical training; should we not have at least as high a regard for the intellectual perfection found in Archias ? The foremost thinkers have declared that the poet is not made by external training, but is inspired, as it were, by a breath from heaven ; we should therefore, who represent the highest culture, hold in honor these bards who have always been revered even among savage tribes. By making the exploits of our heroes the theme of his verse Archias even adds additional glory to the name of the entire Roman people. It is no objection, but rather an advantage, that he writes in Greek, for that language is read much more widely than Latin. The greatest generals have always bestowed especial honor upon poets P. 132] FOR ARCHIAS 34 1 and writers, for the greater a man is, the more he is influenced by the desire for glory. A virtuous life desires no other reward than that of living forever in the hearts of men. Surely we who are engaged in public life ought not all to appear so narrow-minded that we think that at the grave the mention of our names will cease. The most distinguished men have been exceedingly careful to leave behind them a statue or a mask that would represent to the living the form and features of the dead ; should we not much more desire to leave to posterity a sketch of our purposes and virtues, pre- pared by men of the largest capability? As for myself, I felt at the time that the deeds of my consulship would never be forgotten. Whether after death I shall have consciousness to appreciate that fact, I do not know ; but the wisest men have thought that there is a life after death, and I am delighted with the thought and hope that it will be so. For these reasons, gentlemen of the jury, preserve in our number this man who is a citizen of Rome by law, and whose worth and ability are attested by the high standing of the men whose friendship he has secured and retained all these years. What has been said in regard to the points of law involved in the case, I trust you have all indorsed ; and what I have said about the ability of Aulus Licinius and in general about his calling, I hope has been received by you in good part, as I know it has been received by the praetor who presides at this trial. Page 132. 1. In the first two sentences Cicero declares that if he possesses in any degree the three qualifications of an orator, — natural ability, practice in speaking, and theoretical knowledge of the subject, — then his client has an especial claim upon his services as a pleader ; for Aulus Licinius assisted him in the studies which prepared him for his work as a lawyer, iudices. Since 70 B.C. the juries had been selected from the senators, equites, and tribuni aerarii. quod, etc. 'And I feel how limited it is. 1 3. huiusce rei. Dicendi. 4. optimarum artium. They are the liberates artes, — grammar, rhetoric, logic, philosophy, music, etc According to the ancients, these are the proper studies for freemen (liberi), who desire in education intellectual and moral improvement rather than what is simply practical. 5. profecta. Perfect participle of proficisci. a qua, etc. 'To which I have been devoted all my life.' 34^ NOTES [P. 132 10. inde usque repetens. * Going back even to that point. 1 mihi principem. ' My guide.' 11. et . . . horum. ' Both in outlining and in beginning a course of these studies. 1 14. a quo. The antecedent is hide ipsi. 15. quo . . possemus. 'By which I could give assistance to others and rescue some. 1 The difference between ceteris and alios is noteworthy ; all his clients needed assistance, but not all were defend- ants in criminal trials and so needed preservation. 16. quantum . . . nobis. ' As far as it is in my power to do so. 1 17. Ac ne, etc. In the rest of this paragraph Cicero shows how it is that a poet could assist an orator. 19. ne . . . quidem. 'Nor. 1 20. huic uni studio. Oratory. 22. quoddam. i So to speak. 1 23. quadam. 'A kind of. 1 24. Cicero admits that the circumstances (in quaestione . . . ac frequentia) would seem to require him to speak only about the points of law involved in the case, but he suggests that there are considera- tions (me pro summo . . . praetore exercente indicium) which justify him in departing from the usual style of argument. 25. quaestione legitima. One of the permanent courts organized by Sulla. The term is opposed to quaestiones extraordinariae, tempo- rary courts appointed for special business. Nothing further is known about the court in which Archias was tried, iudicio publico. A case in which the state is involved. Page 133. 1. praetor em. Quintus Cicero, brother of Marcus, as a scholiast declares. 7. me. Subject of loqui and nti. 8. concursu, humanitate. Ablatives denoting attendant circum- stances. 10. patiamini. A case of pleonasm, i.e. unnecessary fullness of expression. 11. liberius. Than is customary, in eius modi persona. < In the case of such a character. 1 13. iudiciis periculisque. 'Courts and criminal trials. 1 The mean- ing here is that ajiterary man is not a familiar figure in court, and the case of Archias may therefore be argued outside the usual lines. P. 134] FOR ARCHIAS 343 17. asciscendum esse. What would be the form of this condi- tional sentence in direct discourse may be seen from comparison with a similar condition on page 121, line 22 ff. 19. ex pueris. ' From boyhood. 1 22. loco nobili. 'In high station. 1 23. urbe. For the case see H. 393, 7 (363, 4, 2); M. 242, 3; A. & G. 184, *; G. 411, R. 3; B. 169, 4. 25. contigit. Sc. ei. 27. ut famam, etc. 'That anticipation in regard to the man was greater than the report of his ability, and his arrival . . - 1 29. Italia. Southern Italy is meant. 32. propter tranquillitatem. Between the Gracchan troubles and the Marsic war there was no serious political disturbance. Page 134. 2. qui . . . iudicare. 'Who could form a correct judg- ment of gifts of genius. 1 5. absentibus. 'Those far away. 1 7. res maximas. The defeat of the Cimbri and the Teutones oc- curred at this time. 8. studium atque auris. 'Taste and a critical ear. 1 There is a slight zeugma, i.e. adhibere is used with both stadium and auris, while strictly it is applicable only to the former. 9. praetextatus. Probably not to be taken in a literal sense; cf. page 133, line 19. 10. Sed, etc. 'But now this is an indication not merely of his ability and literary attainments, but also of his disposition and char- acter, that the house which first welcomed him in his youth was also on the most intimate terms with him in his old age, 1 (literally, 'which was the first to be friendly to his youth was also the most friendly to his old age 1 ). 14. MetelloilliNumidico. Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus. Pio : Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius. 15. M. Aemilio. Marcus Aemilius Scaurus. Q. Catulo. Quintus Latatius Catulus. 16. L. Crasso. Lucius Licinius Crassus. Lucullos. Lucius Licinius Lucullus and Marcus Licinius Lucullus. Drusum. Marcus Livius Drusus. 17. Octavios. The most distinguished one was Gnaeus Octavius. Catonem. Probably the father of Cato Uticensis. Hortensium. The most eminent of the Hortensii was Quintus Hortensius- 344 NOTES [P. 134 18. devinctam consuetudine. ' Closely attached to him in friend- ship.' 23. in Siciliam. The purpose of the journey is unknown. 25. aequissimo. Most nearly approaching those of Rome. 29. Silvani lege et Carbonis. Before the Social war, in 90 B.C., the Italian cities had various degrees of rights and privileges, according to their treaties with Rome. In 90 B.C. the Julian law, proposed by the consul, Lucius Caesar, gave Roman citizenship to all the burgesses who had not joined in the revolt. Later in the same year, or at the begin- ning of the next, the tribunes, Marcus Plautius Silvanus and Gaius Papirius Carbo, proposed a law by which citizenship was granted to all the cities that had not received it before. Si qui, etc. The conditions prescribed by the law are quoted in indirect form. 31. domicilium. ' A settled home. 1 32. praetorem. I.e. before any one of the praetors. Page 135. 2. Q. Metellum. Quintus Metellus Pius, praetor for 89 B.C. 5. Heracliae. Locative. 12. Italico bello. The Social, or Marsic, war. 25. ex ilia . . . praetorum. ' Which alone out of the registration of that board of praetors. 1 26. Appi. Probably Appius Claudius, father of Publius Clodius. 27. Grabini. A case of asyndeton, i.e. omission of a coordinate conjunction. Publius Gabinius Capito was convicted of extortion in the province of Achaia. 28. levitas. Sc. resignasset. post damnationem . . . resignas- set. ' And after his conviction his downfall had destroyed all confidence in his records. 1 30. sanctissimus modestissimusque. 'Most conscientious and most law-observing. 1 32. venerit. Apparently in a suit similar to this, involving the claim of some one to citizenship. Page 136. 3. civitate. In Heraclia. 7. Graecia. Magna Graecia. credo. Usually used parenthetically when ironical. 9. scenicis artificibus. Cf. note on scaena, page 64, line 21. n. datam. By the lex Plant ia Papiria. legem Papiam. A law passed about 65 B.C. which required all who were not citizens to depart P. 137] FOR ARCHIAS 345 from Rome. It. is generally supposed that Archias was accused under this law. If this supposition is correct, it is quite certain that Archias won the suit, for we read of his being in Rome about a year later. 16. scilicet. Ironical, 17. proximis censoribus. ' At the time of the last censors. 1 They were Gnaeus Lentulus Clodianus and Lucius Gellius. 18. superioribus. Sc. censoribus. Lucius Marcius Philippus and Marcus Perperna took the census of 86 B.C. 19. quaestore. Lucullus served as quaestor with Sulla in the first Mithridatic war. Iulio et Crasso. Lucius Julius Caesar and Publius Licinius Crassus, censors in 89 B.C. They resigned before taking the census. 22. eis temporibus. Gratius had claimed that in this early period Archias himself did not think that he was a citizen. Cicero's answer is that during that time Archias did many things which only a Roman citizen might lawfully do. 24. testamentum fecit. I.e. he made a will that would be recog- nized by Roman law. 26. in beneficiis. Governors of provinces included in their report a list of those whose services had entitled them to recognition from the government. 28. numquam. The general negative is not affected by the negative in neque. 29. revincetur. I.e. Archias and his friends have always thought him a Roman citizen, and always will, and you can hope to gain noth- ing by charges of that sort. Page 137. 2. posse. The subject is an id. In poetry the mind finds food and refreshment. 5. fateor. It must be kept in mind that Cicero's words are addressed to an audience in which there were many of the old school of practical Romans who despised the ' new learning.' 6. ceteros pudeat. None need be ashamed of a love for books, except those who have selfishly allowed their tastes to interfere with their duties ; Cicero's life has been full of activity for the interests of others, litteris. Sc. in. 19. pilae. It is difficult to understand why Cicero classed ball-play- ing with gambling and protracted revelries : the game was in good repute among the Romans. 346 NOTES [P. 137 21 . oratio et facultas. i Oratorical ability,' a case of hendiadys, i.e. the use of two coordinate ideas instead of one modified by the other. 22. quae . . . defuit. 'Which, whether it be great or small, has, at least, never failed my friends in their times of need. 1 23. If my oratorical ability seems too insignificant to use as an argument, then this much, at least, may be said, that I know from what source to find those things (helps to right living) which are of the greatest value. 28. laudem atque honestatem. 'The glory of an honorable life.' 30. The significance of the use of atque is noteworthy, parvi. Genitive of indefinite value. 31. dimicationes. The events of his consulship and their possible consequences are in Cicero's mind. 32. cotidianos impetus. The attacks which his enemies and the friends of the Catilinarian conspirators were making upon him. Page 138. 1 . Sed, etc. The lives of eminent men would be lost to us, if they had not been preserved in books. 6. Quas, etc. As a statesman I endeavored to mold my feelings and thoughts after the lives of the worthy men of whom I had read. 10. Quid, etc. All great men have not had a liberal education, have they ? 13. sed, etc. 'But yet there is at least an answer for me to make. 1 14. Ego, etc. I admit that, without training, men have attained character and distinction through their extraordinary natural gifts, and I also admit that natural ability without training has oftener led to excellence and virtue than training without natural ability. 20. accesserit, etc. ' Has been added what might be called the training and molding power of learning, then that noble and extraor- dinary result regularly appears. 1 24. Africanum. The younger Scipio. 26. illis temporibus. ' For those times. 1 30. Quod, etc. Even if there were no moral and mental value in literature, it should be regarded as the most refined and cultured form of pleasure that the mind can have. Page 139. 4. adversis. Sc. rebus. 10. Rosci. Quintus Roscius, a famous actor, especially distinguished for gracefulness. P. 141] FOR ARCHIAS 347 14. animorum motus celeritatemque ingeniorum. * The activity of the mind and the speed of the intellect. 1 21. revocatum. I.e. recalled by applause to repeat the performance. 22. Quae . . . scripsisset. There are in the Greek Anthology some epigrams in the name of Archias, but whether they are the work of this Archias is uncertain. 27. Atque, etc. The most distinguished and most learned men have taught that poets are born, not made, and that their impulses come from within, not from without, and that they are inspired, so to speak, by a breath from heaven. 31. noster. I.e. our own Latin poet. Ennius. Quintus Ennius. Page 140. 4. Saxa . . . respondent. There may be here a refer- ence to the fabled power of music which Amphion, Orpheus, and Arion were said to possess. 6. Homerum. Rhodes, Argos, and Athens also claimed the honor of being the birthplace of the Greek poet. 17. Cimbricas res. The victory over the Cimbri. 24. Eius, etc. The reply of Themistocles is given in indirect form. sua refers to Themistocles. 28. varietate. Of circumstances. Page 141. 3. copias fudit. At the battle near Tigranocerta. populi Romani laus est. 'It is the glory of the Roman people, that . . .' 6. nostra semper feretur. 'Will always be spread abroad as ours. 1 8. depressa hostium classis. ' The sinking of the enemy's fleet. 1 Lucullus won these victories, over the fleet which Mithridates and the agents of Sertorius had dispatched against Italy. 10. Quae, etc. ' The renown of the Roman people is spread abroad by those by whose abilities these deeds are praised. 1 14. in sepulcro Scipionum. The tomb of the Scipios was dis- covered in 1780. Cremation was common at Rome, but the Cornelian gens showed a preference for burial, Sulla being the first one of the Cornelian gens to permit his body to be burned. There is now in the Vatican Museum a portrait head in peperino, which was discovered in the tomb in 1780, and may be the one mentioned here by Cicero. The illustration on page 145 shows the sarcophagus of Scipio Barbatus, now in the Vatican. 348 NOTES [P. 141 17. huius. Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis. Cato. Marcus Porcius Cato Censorius (or Maior) . 19. Maximi, etc. The principal representatives of these families were Quintus Fabius Maximus Cunctator, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, and Quintus Fulvius Flaccus. 21. Rudinum. The birthplace of Ennius was Rudiae, an insignifi- cant town in comparison with Heraclia. 23. civitatibus. Dative of agent. 25. It is no objection, but rather an advantage, that Archias writes in the Greek language. 27. Graeca. i Greek.' Latin had not yet gone much outside of Latium and the colonies. 32. cum, etc. 'Not only do these achievements bring renown to the peoples whose deeds are recorded, but also to those who fight for fame at the risk of life this is a stimulus to endure dangers and toils. 1 Page 142. 3. scriptores. Their writings have all perished. 9. Magnus. Pompey. 18. donaret. Sc. civitate. 19. petentem. Equivalent to a protasis. 20. de populo. 'Unknown.' 21. quod . . . fecisset. 'Which he had made and inscribed to him.' quod is attracted into the gender of the appositive. tanturn- modo alternis versibus longiusculis. The meaning is that the only claim which the production had to being called a poem was the fact that it was in verse, and the versification consisted mainly in the fact that every other line was shorter than the rest. 23. vendebat. Sulla was selling confiscated property at auction. 30. scribi. Used impersonally, pingue . . . peregrinum. Their verses sounded heavy and provincial. The two adjectives are cognate accusatives. Page 143. 1. hoc. Explained in trahimur, etc. 7. praedicari ac nominari. Used impersonally. 8. Brutus. Decimus Junius Brutus. Acci. Lucius Accius. 11. Fulvius. Marcus Fulvius Nobilior. 19. quas res. The defeat of the conspirators. 21. incohavit. A year after this Cicero wrote to Atticus that Archias had done nothing, and he feared that the poet was giving his attention to another subject. P. 146] FOR MILO 349 23. adornavi. I.e. with materials for the completion of the poem. 25. hanc. Sc. mercedem. 27. 110s. Object of exerceamus. si . . . praesentiret. 'If the mind did not look ahead at all into the future. 1 Page 144. 2. atque, etc. 'And reminds us that the mention of our name ought not to cease at the close of our life, but should continue throughout the future.' 5. An vero, etc. 'Are we to appear of so narrow mind? 1 The thought seems to be that only persons of narrow mind think that after a life of activity they will simply drop out of mind forever. 9. imagines. These were masks of their ancestors; they were made of wax and placed in niches about the atriiun. 20. pudore eo, ingenio tanto, and causa eius modi are ablatives of characteristic. 22. quantum, etc. 'As it is proper to regard this. 1 Page 145. 4. Quae de causa. The legal points of the case. j6. Quae remota. The praise of poetry and of Archias. THE ORATION FOR MILO This oration was spoken in defense of Titus Annius Papianus Milo, who was charged with the murder of Publius Clodius Pulcher. Clodius seems to have been an officer in the army of Lucullus in the war with Mithridates. He also prosecuted Catiline on a charge of extortion in the province of Africa, but later withdrew the complaint. In 62 B.C. Clodius committed sacrilege by entering the house of Caesar, dressed as a woman, while the Roman matrons were engaged in the worship of Bona Dea, an occasion at which no man was permitted to be present. When brought to trial for the offense, Clodius introduced evidence to prove an alibi, but the testimony was contradicted by Cicero, who swore that he had seen him in Rome at a time that made it impossible that Clodius could have been at Interamna, where he claimed to have been at the time the offense was committed. Whether this was the cause, or only a part of it, from that time Clodius showed bitter hostility to Cicero, and as tribune secured his banishment in 58 B.C. Milo was tribune in 57 B.C. Of his career before that time very little is known except that he was born at Lanuvium, and belonged to 350 NOTES JP. 146 the family of the Papii, but was adopted as a son by his mother's father, Titus Annius Luscus, who gave the boy his name and his property. In his tribunate Milo showed great activity in securing the recall of Cicero, and in this way he earned the orator's friendship and the enmity of Clodius, who opposed in every way the restoration of Cicero. Milo and Clodius kept bands of armed retainers about them, and terrified the citizens by the numerous broils in which they engaged. The feud between these desperate characters became still more bitter in 53 B.C., when Milo was a candidate for the consulship of the follow- ing year and Clodius for the praetorship. The other candidates for the consulship were Publius Plautius Hypsaeus, one of Pompey's officers in the Mithridatic war, and Quintus Metellus Scipio, father-in- law of Pompey, who had married again after the death of Julia. Hither- to Pompey had favored Milo, and had defended him when accused by Clodius ; now, however, he supported Milo's rivals, and made common cause with Clodius. The elections for the officers of 52 B.C. should have been held in July of 53 B.C., but they were repeatedly interrupted by riots. The year 52 B.C. began without any new consuls or praetors, a situation which the senate endeavored to remedy by appointing an interrex, but this action was hindered and postponed by the tribunes. On the eighteenth of January Milo attended a meeting of the senate in the morning, and then, accompanied by his wife and a retinue of about three hundred attendants, he started for Lanuvium, where he held the highest office. The purpose of the journey was the installation of a priest with public ceremonies. Clodius happened to be returning from Aricia, where he had made an address to the decurions, and had with him thirty slaves. The meeting occurred about two o'clock in the afternoon near Bovillae, and a short distance from a shrine of Bona Dea. Milo was riding in a heavy carriage with his wife Fausta and with Marcus Fufius. Clodius was on horseback, and was accompanied by Gaius Causinius Schola, Publius Pomponius, and Gaius Clodius. The two parties had almost passed by each other when some gladiators in the rear of Milo's train made an assault upon the slaves of Clodius. and Clodius, looking around in a threatening manner, received a wound in the shoulder. The slaves carried their injured master to an inn. When Milo found out that Clodius was wounded, he ordered his men to drag his old enemy from the tavern and slay him. The keeper of P. 146] FOR MILO 351 the inn and many of the slaves were also killed. The body of Clodius remained in the roadway until a senator named Sextus Tedius, who was returning to Rome, saw the corpse and ordered it carried to Rome in his lectica. When the tidings of the murder spread through the city, great crowds hastened to the house of Clodius on the Palatine, and viewed the body which lay in the atrium and still was covered with blood and dust. The next morning, influenced by the speeches of the tribunes, Titus Munatius Plancus and Quintus Pompeius Rufus, an excited mob carried the body to the Forum, where violent addresses still more inflamed their desire for revenge. At the suggestion of Gaius Clodius the body was once more taken up and carried to the Curia Hostilia and burned on a pyre made of the furniture. The Curia was itself consumed. No session of the courts could be held before the election of the officers, and the mob proceeded to the house of the interrex Marcus Lepidus and demanded that he should convoke the comitia at once. Since he could not legally do this, Lepidus refused to comply, and was besieged in his house for several days. Other interreges were appointed, but could accomplish nothing on account of the rioting. Finally the senate adopted the desperate measure of passing the decree consoles videant ne quid res publico, detrimenti capiat, and since there were no consuls, the interrex, the tribunes, and Pompey received the ex- traordinary powers. Pompey was also commissioned to raise troops throughout all Italy. A little later the senate made him consul without a colleague, an appointment almost equivalent to a dictatorship, and by virtue of this office Pompey at once laid several proposals before the senate in regard to the punishment of bribery, connection with unlaw- ful organizations, and acts of violence. The purpose of the last bill was to establish a special commission to try all cases that might arise out of the affray at Bovillae, the burning of the Curia, and the attack on the house of Lepidus. Quintus Hortensius made a motion that these were all offenses against the state, but that the offenders should be tried under the ordinary laws governing such cases, with the excep- tion that their cases might be advanced on the docket and taken up at once. At the demand of a tribune, the two parts of the motion were voted on separately ; the first was adopted, the second was lost. It was finally arranged that the presiding officer of the commission should be selected by the comitia from among the ex-consuls (the praetors 352 NOTES [P. 146 not having been elected), that less than the usual time should be given to the taking of testimony and the speeches of the pleaders, and that the jury should be chosen from the three classes from which the juries were regularly drawn, the senators, the equites, and the tribuni aerarii. From a panel of 360 jurymen 81 were selected by lot, and this number was reduced by challenges to 51, the prosecution and the defense each being allowed to challenge five of each of the classes. Meanwhile Pompey did not improve Milo's -case by declaring that he believed that Milo harbored worse designs than his deeds indicated, and that he believed his own life in danger from the ruffian. The trial was set for some day early in April, probably the fifth. The evidence is not sufficient to enable us to determine with certainty whether the trial was to last four or five days. Two nephews of Clodius appeared as prosecutors, both named Appius, sons of Gaius Clodius, a brother of Publius. The presiding judge was Lucius Domitius Aheno- barbus. Large bodies of soldiers guarded every point, and Pompey him- self viewed the proceedings from the treasury in the temple of Saturn. The first move of the prosecution was to ask the court to direct that the slaves of Milo should be examined under torture. Milo admitted that he had freed the slaves who took part in the struggle. By this course he shut out testimony that might have been damaging to him. Causinius Schola gave his testimony as a witness, and when Marcus Marcellus, who was assisting Cicero, rose to examine him, so much dis- turbance was made by the Clodian faction that Pompey brought even larger forces of troops on all the succeeding days of the trial. Other witnesses were called, men from Bovillae, priestesses from a shrine near the place where the contest occurred, and Fulvia, the widow of Clodius. On the day before the verdict was to be given, Titus Munatius Plancus. a tribune, addressed the spectators and urged them to be present on the following day to see that Milo did not escape due punishment. On the last day of the trial, either the fourth or the fifth, the counsel for the defense spoke for two hours. Cicero then rose to plead for Milo, but, unnerved by the presence of the soldiers and by the hostile demonstrations of the friends of Clodius, he did not speak with his usual vigor and power. Milo was convicted by a vote of 38 to 13, and went into exile at Massilia. Not being pleased with the report of his speech which was made by the shorthand reporters of the court. Cicero wrote out the speech as we have it. A copy of it in the revised form was sent P. 146] FOR MILO 353 to Milo, who expressed his appreciation of it by saying : "I am glad that this was not delivered, for if it had been, I should not have known the flavor of the mullets here." In 48 B.C. Milo and Marcus Caelius Rums organized a band of slaves and lost their lives in an attack on Cosa near Tarentum. SUMMARY The unusual appearance of the surroundings and the presence of troops disturb me not a little, although I know that these precautions are taken to insure safety, for it would not befit Pompey's wisdom or justice to use these forces for the purpose of intimidation. All are our friends except the Clodian mob, whose cries ought to influence you to save this man who can thwart their mad schemes. It was to be ex- pected that Milo would be attacked by the rabble, but I never supposed that his enemies could do him any harm in a court composed of such men as you are. And yet we do not ask for compassion ; unless it can be proved beyond a doubt that Milo acted in self-defense, we shall not claim that his public record entitles him to especial consideration and that the death of Clodius is a national blessing. But there are some misconceptions which must be removed before I begin my argument. It is asserted by some that any one who has taken human life should not be allowed to live. How about Horatius and Africanus 1 approval of Gracchus' death and Orestes and many others ? The Twelve Tables sanction the killing of a burglar in the night time, and in the day time also, if he defends himself with a weapon. The oft-quoted story about Marius and the soldier is a case in point: The privilege of self-defense is a law of nature. Even the laws which forbid carrying weapons with intent to kill tacitly recognize the right to use weapons in defense of self. Milo's enemies also claim that the senate has already practically ex- pressed its belief in his guilt. Not at all ; the senators are, with very few exceptions, in favor of Milo, as is shown by the remark of Munatius, that they all vote as I wish. The senate did not vote for a special commission, but rather opposed it. The senators simply voted that the brawl was an offense against the state ; they did not attempt to fasten the guilt on any one. I voted for the measure with this understanding. If a bribed tribune had not interposed a veto, the senate would have voted that the case be tried in the regular courts. h. & g. cic. — 23 354 NOTES [P. 146 Another false claim is that Pompey has shown his hostility to Milo by proposing a special court to try him. Pompey simply proposed an investigation. There is no question about the death of Clodius and the perpetrator of the deed; and therefore a proposition for an investiga- tion under such circumstances carries with it the implication that the accused may have been justified in his act. There was no special com- mission when Drusus and Africanus were murdered, for the reason that murder is the same crime whether the victim be of high or of low de- gree ; unless it is true, as some say, that this crime is more atrocious because Clodius perished on the road that was built by his ancestors. They did not talk in that way when Clodius killed a knight on the same road. Clodius attempted to take the life of Pompey, a man in whose safety lay the welfare of the country ; he planned to kill me too, but there was no special commission in either case. But, of course, we ought not to compare the lives of Drusus and of Africanus and of Pompey and of myself with the life of Clodius ; the whole nation is mourning for him. Pompey proposed this special commission because it was well known that Clodius was his enemy and Milo his friend, and, if he took any course favorable to Milo, people would not think that his reported reconciliation with Clodius could have been genuine. He knew that, whatever he did, you could be depended on to render a just verdict. For that reason he did not overlook my friends in select- ing the jury. He placed especial confidence in the justice of Domi- tius, the presiding officer of this court. Now, since admitted homicide is not necessarily murder, and since neither the senate nor Pompey has already judged our case, and since we have a judge and jury that can be depended on to act justly, the one point to be considered is, which of the two men planned an attack upon the other ? The facts in the case are these. Clodius postponed his canvass for the praetorship one year in order to have a full term of office in which to carry out his designs. But Milo then became a candidate for the consulship and would surely oppose all demagogic and pernicious legis- lation. Clodius therefore threatened to kill Milo. for he saw that his election was assured, and learning that Milo was going to Lanuvium on the 1 8th of January, he left an important meeting on the 17th and started for his villa to prepare an attack upon Milo. Milo started on the day appointed, in every way unprepared for a contest. His party was met P. 146] FOR MILO 355 by Clodius and his attendants at a time and a place and in a manner that all indicated premeditation. Some of the Clodian band made an attack upon Milo and killed the driver of the coach. Milo's slaves, hearing that their master was dead, did what all faithful slaves should have done. The whole case will be decided, if we can determine which of the two planned that meeting. That question will be answered, if we can show which would profit by the death of the other. Clodius wished Milo out of the way, for he could not otherwise hope to secure the passage of those vicious laws, which Sextus Clodius could tell us about. On the other hand, Milo lost by the death of Clodius for the reason that his popularity as a candidate was quite largely due to his ability to keep that dangerous demagogue in check. Again, Milo had no personal animosity toward Clodius, while Clodius hated Milo bitterly on account of the suits brought against him. Clodius was given to violence all his life ; Milo always respected the law, although he had many excellent opportunities to slay his enemy and thereby earn uni- versal gratitude. But the time when Clodius perished was most unfor- tunate for Milo, since his canvass for the consulship made it necessary to avoid every possible cause of opposition. The most powerful induce- ment to commit crime is the hope of escaping punishment ; in this respect Milo had nothing to hope for, Clodius everything. Moreover, Clodius had told many credible witnesses of his intention to kill Milo. Clodius could have easily known about Milo's visit to Lanuvium ; Milo knew nothing about the plans of Clodius. A witness for the prosecu- tion has admitted that Clodius intended to remain at his villa that night, but suddenly started for Rome on hearing of the death of Cyrus. That testimony frees Milo and also myself from the suspicion of having plotted to kill Clodius. The real reason for his sudden departure from the villa must have been the report that Milo was approaching, for the story about Cyrus is evidently absurd. If Milo had intended to waylay Clodius, he would have chosen a more favorable spot, where suspicion might be averted. So far the evidence is all on one side. Everything about the affair, particularly the place where it occurred, indicates preparation on the part of Clodius, none on the part of Milo. The fortune of war and Milo's prowess made him victorious over a debauched desperado. Milo freed his slaves to reward them, not to keep them from giving 356 NOTES . [P. 146 evidence ; they could testify to nothing which is not admitted by us. The testimony given by the slaves of Clodius is worthless ; the exami- nation was conducted at the request of Appius, and the slaves had been coached by him. Milo's quiet return to Rome is enough to disarm sus- picion, and the spirit in which he met the charges of conspiracy is note- worthy. It is Pompey's excessive caution that has made him suspicious of Milo, and these suspicions count against us in this trial ; but this display of force surely means nothing but protection against the pre- vailing disorder. Milo would have proved his loyalty to you, if you had given him an opportunity, Pompey. Some day you will feel the need of his help. And yet, if Pompey suspected Milo, he would have punished him without recourse to the courts. The removal of Clodius has brought joy to alt, and Milo could well rest his case on the service which he has rendered the state. My words will not be ascribed to personal dislike, for all hated him. Neither you nor Pompey would recall that monster to life, if you could, and therefore Milo should be rewarded rather than punished. If he had attacked and killed Clodius, he would admit the deed and expect to be praised by you ; but if you did not appreciate his patriotism, he would depart from so ungrateful a country. He who performs such a service incurs the risk of being misunderstood, and therein lies the merit of a good deed, for the true patriot serves his country without the certainty of reward. Providence caused the death of that impious man by inciting him to attack Milo. It was also due to the same power that his death occurred near the sacred things which he had defiled. And it was the will of heaven that the wretch's body should be so maltreated after death. No one but Milo could have destroyed this man. In death he burned the Curia : what would he accomplish, if he were still alive? I beg for the compassion which Milo bravely refuses to ask for him- self. Spare him as we spare the gladiators who do not plead for mercy. Milo will go into banishment, if need be, sustained and com- forted by the thought of duty done. He does not charge you with ingratitude, but thinks you timid. His reward will be the conscious- ness of having done his duty and the glory which will spread through- out the world. Your fortitude, Milo, makes the grief of separation greater. The fact that friends, not enemies, will be the cause of our sorrow makes it harder to bear. My only comfort, as I think of your P. 146] FOR MILO 357 kindness to me and my family, is the thought that I have been faithful to you. My grief prevents further utterance. No one will approve a just verdict more than Pompey. Page 146. 1 . The first clause contains a reference to the fact thai Cicero was almost overcome by fear or nervousness because of the presence of the soldiers and the cries of Clodius 1 friends. Whether he actually broke down or not depends upon the degree of euphemism that there may be in the words of Asconius, ' he did not speak with his usual steadiness.' Dio Cassius and Plutarch give the impression that the failure was nearly complete. 5. novi iudici. The special commission organized to try Milo. nova forma. The unusual appearance of armed troops in a court of justice. 8. corona. The ring of spectators that stood around when a trial was in progress. 9. 11011 ilia, etc. ' Although the guards which you see before the temples were stationed there to guard against violence, yet they do not fail to bring something (of anxiety) to a pleader. 1 The simplest explanation of the two negatives is that they are equivalent to an affirmative. 12. in foro et in iudicio. The last places where armed interference should be looked for. 13. tamen, etc. 'Yet we can not even lose our fear without some apprehension. 1 ne non timere quidem. I.e. through the presence of the soldiers, who are intended to prevent any violence on the part of the mob. 14. Quae . . . putarem. 'in; anger, resentment, animosity. DOMESTICUS 450 DUCO domesticus, -a, -urn of the house ; of the family, domestic, private, personal; native, internal, civil. bellum domesticum, civil war. (domus) omicilium, -1, n., habitation, dwell- ing place, residence, abode, home ; place of residence, legal residence. (domus) domina, -ae, f., mistress, (cf. domi- nus) dominatio, -onis, f., reign, rule, dominion, supremacy, tyranny. (dominor) dominor (1), rule, control, lord it over any one, tyrannize, (dominus) dominus, -1, m., master, ruler, owner, proprietor. Domitius, -1, m., a gens name. L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, consul in 54 B.C. He fought for Pompey at Corfinium and at Massilia, and was killed in the flight after the battle of Pharsalus. domitor, -oris, m., tamer, breaker (of horses) ; vanquisher, con- queror, (cf. domo) domo, -are, domul, domitus, tame, domesticate, train, break; subdue, vanquish, conquer. domus, -us, f. (for peculiarities of declension see grammars), house, dwelling, home ; household, family, house, domi (locative), at home. domum, homeward, home, domo, from home. ddno (1), give, present, bestow ; for- give, re??iit, pardon, (donum) com — condono (1), give up, forgive, pardon, overlook. donum, -I, n., gift, present, offering; presentation. dormio, -ire, dormivi, dormitus, sleep. Drusus, -1, m., a family name. See Livius. dubitatio, -onis, f., doubt, hesita- tion, perplexity, uncertainty, ir- resolution, (dubito) dubito (1), be uncertain, be per- plexed; waver, hesitate, vacillate, delay, (dubius) dubius, -a, -um, wavering, doubt- ful, uncertain, non est dubium quin, there is no doubt that. duco, -ere, duxi, ductus, lead, draw ; guide, direct, conduct ; drag out, prolong; reckon, consider, think, regard, spiriturn diicere, to draw breath, parietem dii- cere, to extend a wall, in matri- monium diicere, to marry (used of the man). ad — adduco, -ere, adduxi, adductus, lead to, bring to; induce, persuade, influence. com — condxico, -ere, con- duxi, conductus, bring together, collect ; hire, employ. de — dediico, -ere, deduxi, deductus, lead dozen; draw off, withdraw ; bring; lead, induce. navem deducere, to launch a ship, de sententia deducere, to dissuade, coloniam deducere, to plant a colony. e — ediico, -ere, edu^, eductus, lead out, bring out, march out. gladium educere, to draw a sword. DUCTUS 451 EDOCEO in — induco, -ere, indiixi, inductus, lead in, bring in, in- troduce ; persuade, induce, insti- gate, animum inducere, to make up one's mind. intro — introduco, -ere, in- troduxi, introductus, bring in, introduce. per — per duco, -ere, per-" duxi, perductus, lead through, conduct ; extend, prolong; bring over, persuade, induce. pro — produco, -ere, pro- duxl, productus, lead forth, bring forward; beget, produce; lengthen, protract, extend. re — reduco, -ere, reduxi, re- ductus, to lead back, draw back ; restore, replace; draw off, with- dratv. trans — tradxico, -ere, tra- duxi, traductus, lead across, transfer, change. ductus, -us, m., leadership, com- mand, (duco) dudum, adv., a time ago, before, formerly, iam dudum, this long time, now for a longtime, (diu -f dum) duint, see do. dulcedo, -inis, f., sweetness, de- lightfulness, attractiveness, charm. (dulcis) dulcis, -e, sweet ; pleasant, delight- ful, charming, precious. dum, while, as long as ; till, until ; if only, provided that ; with nega- tives, yet, as yet. dum modo, if only, dum taxat, only, merely. duo, -ae, -o, two. duodecim (indecl.), twelve. (duo + decem) duodecimus, -a, -um, tivelflh. (duo -f decern) dure, adv., harshly, (durus) durus, -a, -um, hard ; rough, ud cultivated ; harsh, unfeeling, piti less, stern. dux, ducis, m. and f, leader, guide, conductor, commander, ducibus dis, under the leadership of the gods. (cf. duco) Dyrrhachium, -T, n., a town of Illyria on the coast of the Adri- atic, the usual landing place for those who crossed over from Brun- disiura. The modern name is Durazzo. E. e, see ex. ea, adv., on that side, that way, there. (a form of is) ebriosus, -a, -um, given to drink- ing, addicted to drink. As subst., toper, drunkard, (ebrius) ebrius, -a, -um, drunk, intoxicated. ecquis (-qui), ecqua, ecquid (-quod), any? ecquid, any at all? ecquid, adv., at all? eculeus, -1, m., a little horse, colt ; a rack, torture horse, (dim. of equus) edictum, -1, n., order, proclamation, edict, manifesto. (edico, pro- claim) editus, -a, -um, elevated, lofty, high. (p. p. of edo) edo, see do. edoceo, see doceo. EDUCO 452 ENNIUS educo, see duco. effeminatus, -a, -um, womanish, unmanly, effeminate, enervated. (p. p. of effemino, weaken} effero, see fero. efficio, see facio. effigies, -ei, f., representation, por- trait, image, statue. efflagito, see flagito. efflo, see £15. effrenate, adv., without restraint, violently, (effrenatus) effrenatus, -a, -um, unbridled, un- restrained. effugio, see fugio. effundo, see fundo. egens, -entis, (pres. p. of egeo), needy, destitute. egeo, -ere, egul, — , be needy, be in want, lack, be without, be destitute. egestas, -tatis, f., beggary, poverty, destitution, need, (egeo) ego, mei, /, me, we, us, etc. egredior, see gradior. egregius, -a, -um, remarkable, ex- traordinary, superior, excellent. (e + grex) eicio, see iacio. elabor, see labor. elaboro, see laboro. eligo, see lego. eloquentia, -ae, f., eloquence. (eloquens, eloquent) eludo, -ere, elusi, elusus, stop playing ; parry, avoid, elude ; de- ceive, baffle, mock, make sport of. (e + ludo, play) emergo, -ere, emersi, emersus, bring to light, raise up; intrans., come out, come up, rise, emerge; get out of difficulty, get one's head above water, (e+mergo, dip) emitto, see mitto. emo, -ere, emi, emptus, take; buy, procure. ad — adimo, -ere, ademi, ademptus, take away; remove from, deprive of. co — coemo, -ere, coemi, coemptus, buy up, purchase. de — demo, -ere, dempsi, demptus, take away, remove. inter — interims, -ere, inter- emi, interemptus, take frotn among, destroy, kill; distress, afflict. red — redimo, -ere, redemi, redemptus, buy back, ransom, re- deem ; contract for, take by contract. emolumentum, -1, n., gain, advan- tage. emorior, see morior. enarro (1), set forth in detail, re- count, describe, relate, (e + narro, tell) enim, really, in fact; for, now, be- cause, etenim, for of course, for you see, for as is evident, neque enim (the negative of etenim), for of course . . . not. at enim (introducing objections), but, it is claimed. enitor, see nitor. Ennius, -1, m., a gens name. Q. Ennius, styled the " Father of Roman Poetry," born at Rudiae in 239 B.C. He went to Rome with Cato in 204 B.C. and soon became famous as a writer in various forms of literary composition. Considera- ENTELLUS 453 EQUES ... ble , fragments of his works are extant. Entellus, -l, m., mentioned by Ver- gil (V, 387 ff.) as a Sicilian who conquered Dares, a Trojan, in a boxing contest. eo, ire, Ivi (ii), iturus, go, come ; move, advance ; prosper, turn out. ad saga ire, to assume the garb of war. ab — abeo, abire, abivi, abi- turus, go away, depart; pass away, vanish. ad — adeo, adire, adii, adi- tus, go to, approach; enter tipon, begin, undertake ; meet, encounter ; undergo, ad rem publicam adire, to take part in the affairs of state, hereditatem adire, to receive an inheritance. ex-exeo, exire, exii, ex- iturus, go out, come out ; retire, depart, withdraw; fall out, be drawn (of lots) ; turn out, result. tela exire, to avoid the weapons. in — ineo, inire, inivi (mil), initus, go into, enter upon ; begin, undertake, engage in ; make, form, devise, ineunte aetate at the beginning of manhood. inter — intereo, interire, in- tern, interiturus, go to ruin, per- ish, die, be killed. intro — introeo, introire, in- troivi, — , go within, enter. ob — obeo, obire, obii, obi- tus, go to meet ; go about, engage in, undertake ; carry out, execute ; get at, reach, f acinus obire, to commit a crime. per — pereo, perire, peril, peritiirus, pass away, disappear ; perish, die, be lost, go to ruin. prae — praeeo, praeire, praeii, — , go before ; dictate, pre- scribe. praeter — praetereo, prae- terire, praeterii, praeteritus, pass by, pass over, disregard, over- look, omit. prod — prodeo, prodire, pro- diT, proditus, go forth, come for- ward, appear, obviam alicui prodire, to go out to meet any one. red — redeo, redire, redii, reditus, go back, return; be restored. sub — subeo, subire, subii, subitus, go under ; succeed, fol- loiv, come after ; take upon one's self, undergo, submit to. eo, adv., thither, to that place, there; to such a degree, to that point. usque eo, even to such a degree. (old case form of is) eodem, adv., to the same place, to the same point, there also, (old case form of idem) epigramma, -atis, n., inscription, epigram. (e7rt77/)d / u/xa) Epirus, -1, f., a country between Thessaly and the Adriatic Sea, made a Roman province by Aemi- lius Paullus. epistula, -ae, f., letter, epistle. epulum, -1, n., dinner, feast, banquet. eques, -itis, m., horseman, rider; trooper, cavalryman ; knight, a member of the order of knights. (equus) EQUESTER 454 EX equester, -tris, -tre, of knights, of cavalry, (eques) equidem, a.(\v.,for my part, as far as I am concerned, at all events ; cer- tainly, surely, by all ??ieans, truly ; why ! equitatus, -us, m., cavalry, horse- men, (cf. equito, ride) quus, -l, m., horse. erga, prep, with ace, towards, in relation to, in respect to. ergo, adv., accordingly, therefore, then, consequently. erigo, see rego. eripio, see rapio. erratum, -1, n., error, mistake, fault. (erro) erro (i), wander, go astray; be mistaken, make a mistake, vehe- menter errare, to 7?iake a great mistake, to be greatly mistaken. ab — aberro ( i ) , wander away, go astray ; be not in har- mony with, be different from. error, -oris, m., going astray ; error, mistake, (cf. erro) eructo (i), belch, vomit, throw up. (e + ructo, belch) erudio, -ire, erudivi, eruditus, train, teach, instruct, educate, pol- ish, (e + rudis.) eruditus, -a, -um, trained, edu- cated, learned, (p. p. of erudio) erumpo, see rumpo. escendo, see scando. et, and, also, even. et, et, both, and. etenim, see enim. etiam, adv., now also, even now, even yet, yet, still ; also, even, likewise, furthermore. etiam atque etiam, again and again, etiam nunc, even now, up to this time, still. etiam si, even if, al- though, (et + iam) Etruria, -ae, f., Etruria, a country in Italy, north of Latium. Etruscus, -a, -um, of Etruria, Etruscan. Etriisci, -orum, m., the Etruscans. etsi, even if, although, (et -f Si) evado, see vado. evello, see vello. evenio, see venio. eventum, -1, n., occurrence, event ; issue, outcome, result, (evenio, happen) eventus, -us, m., occurrence, acci- dent ; issue, result, (evenio) everto, see verto. evocator, -oris, m., recruiter, sum- mo ner. (evoco) evoco, see voco. evomo, -ere, evomui, evomitus, vomit up, spew out. (e + vomo, spew) ex (often e before consonants), prep, with abl., out of. Denoting place, out of, from. Denoting time, from, since, after. Denoting source and material, from, of, out of Denot- ing cause, from, through, by, on accomtt of, in consequence of. De- noting the whole or a class, of, out of, from among. Denoting means, out of, by, with, by means of, on. Denoting the measure or rule, ac- cording to, after, in conformity with, aliqua ex parte, in some measure, ex tempore, off hand. EXAGGERO 455 EXISTIMATIO § re publica, for the advantage of the state. exaggero (i), heap up, pile up; enlarge, heighten, magnify, (ex -f aggerd, pile up) exanimatus, -a, -urn, overcome, overpowered, terrified, disheart- ened, paralyzed. (p. p. of ex- animo) exanimo (i), put out of breath, fatigue; deprive of life, kill; frighten, terrify; unnerve, pros- trate, paralyze, (exanimus, life- less) exardesco, -ere, exarsi, — , take fire, blaze up; be exasperated, be enraged. (ex + ardesco, take fire) exaudio, see audio. excedo, see cedo. excellens -entis, prominent, re- markable ; superior, noble, dis- tinguished, (pres. p. of excello) excellenter, adv., excellently, re- markably well, (excellens) excello, -ere, excellul, excelsus, be superior, excel, surpass. excelsus, -a, -urn, lofty, elevated, high. (p. p. of excello) excido, see cado. excipio, see capio. excito (i), call out, rouse ; stimu- late, inspire, awaken; stir up, ex- cite, (freq. of excieo, call out) excludo, see claudo. excogito, see agito. excolo, see colo. excrucio ( I ) , torture, torment; har- ass, vex, distress, (ex -}- crucid, crucify) excubiae, -arum, f., watching, keep- ing guard ; guards, sentinels, walch- men. (cf. excubo, watch) excursio, -onis, f., a running forth; invasion, raid, incursion. (cf. excurro) excuso (i), excuse, offer an excuse refuse, decline, (ex + causa) exemplum, -l, n., sample, pattern, model, copy; example, precedent, case; warning, lesson ; purport, general meaning; transcript, copy. exeo, see eo. exerceo, see arceo. exercitatio, -onis, f., exercise, prac- tise; exercise, training, experience, opportunity for the exercise of. (exercito) exercitatus, -a, -um, trained, experienced, versed, skilled, (p. p. of exercito, train) exercitus, -us, m., a trained body of men, army, (exerceo) exhaurio, see haurio. exhibeo, see habeo. exigo, see ago. exiguus, -a, -um, scanty, small, lim- ited, meager ; paltry, mean, insig- nificant, (cf. exigo) eximie, adv., especially, exceedingly, very ?>iuch, particularly. (ex- imius) eximius, -a, -um, taken out; excep- tional, extraordinary, uncommon, remarkable ; choice, distinguished, excellent, admirable, (cf. eximo) existimatio, -onis, f., Judgment, opinion, estimate, verdict; good name, reputation ; public opinion. (existimo) EXISTIMATOR 456 EXTER existimator, -oris, m,, judge, critic. (existimo) existimo (1), estimate, value, reck- on; consider, regard; think, sup- pose, ii7iagine. (ex + aestimo, value) xitiosus, -a, -um, destructive, ruinous, deadly, (exitium) xitium, -1, n., ruin, destruction, extinction, (cf. exeS) exitus, -us, m., going out, departure, egress, exit; outcome, result, issue ; end, close, termination, (cf. exeS) exoletus, -1, m., a favorite, (ex- olesco, cease) exoptS, see opto. exornS, see Srno. exorsus, -us, m., beginning, first part, (exordior, begin) expeditus, -a, -um, unfettered, un- impeded, unobstructed, unembar- rassed, (p. p. of expedio) expedio, -ire, expedivi, expedi- tus, extricate, set free, liberate ; set in order, make ready, prepare ; be profitable, be advantageous, be wise, be best. expellS, see pello. experior, -Iri, expertus, try, test, prove; find out by experience, find to be true. expers, -ertis, without a part, hav- ing no share, destitute, without. (ex + pars) expeto, see peto. expflS (1), rob, pillage, plunder, steal, (ex + pUS, plunder) expio (1), cleanse, purify ; make amends for, atone for, expiate. (ex + piS, purify) expleo, see pleo. explicS, see plicS. explorS, see plSro. expono, see pono. exports, see porto. exposed, see poscS. exprimo, see premo. expromS, see prSmS. expugnatiS, -Snis, f., a taking by assault, storming, (expiignS) expugno, see piigno. exquiro, see quaero. exscindo, see scindS. exsequiae, -arum, f, funeral, fu- neral procession, mourners, (cf. exsequor) exsilium, -1, n., exile, (exsul) exsistS, see sisto. exsolvo, see solvS. exspectatiS, -Snis, f., a waiting for, expecting ; expectation, a?itici- pation; longing, desire. (ex- spectS) exspectS, see spectS. exstinguo, -ere, exstinxl, ex- stinctus, put out, extinguish; kill, annihilate, destroy, (ex + stin- guo, put out) exstS, see stS. exstructio, -Snis, f., structure. (exstruS) exstruS, see struS. exsul, -is, m., exile. exsulS (1), be an exile, be in ban- ishment, (exsul) exsulto, -are, exsultavi, — , leap up; rejoice, revel, delight, (freq. of exsiliS, jump up) extenuS, see tenuo. exter, -tera, -terum, outside, outer; EXTERMINO 457 FACIO foreign, strange, extremus (su- perl.), outermost, farthest, extreme, last, ad extremum, at last, finally. extermino, see termino. externus, -a, -urn, outside, out- ward, external ; foreign, strange. extern!, -orum, m., foreigners, strangers, (exter) extimesco, -ere, extimui, — ,fear greatly, be in great terror at, dread; show fear, display terror, (ex + timed, fear) extollo, see tollo. extorqueo, see torqueo. extra, adv. and prep. As adv., on the outside, without. As prep, with ace, outside of, beyond, aside from. extra 6r- dinem, out of the regular order. extra causam, not to the point, beside the question, (case form of exter) exuo, -ere, exui, exutus, put off, throw off, cast aside, divest, (cf. induo) exuro, see uro. exuviae, -arum, f., clothing, equip- ment; spoils, trophies, (exuo) P. F., abbr. of filiua. Fabius, -1, m., a gens name. Q. Fabius Maximus, the one named Cunctator for the tactics which he employed against Hannibal. Fabricius, -I, m., a gens name. Q. Fabricius, a tribune of 57 B.C. fabula, -ae, f., narrative; story, tale, fiction, fable ; drama, play. (cf. for, speak) facile (superl. facillime), adv., easily, without difficulty ; readily, willingly, (facilis) facilis (superl. facillimus), -e, easy, not difficult; approachable, courteous, affable, (cf. facio) facilitas, -tatis, f., ease, facility, readiness; courtesy, affability, ac- cessibility, (facilis) facinorosus, -a, -um, criminal, vicious, villainous. As subst., crim- inals, scoundrels, (facinus) f acinus, : oris, n., a deed, an act; wicked deed, crime, outrage, (cf. facio) facio, -ere, feci, factus (faxint = fecerint), make, construct, build ; do, carry on, perform ; cause, pro- duce, compose; choose, appoint, constitute; make, render; sup- pose, assume, admit; value, es- teem; pass., become, be made, happen, etc. votum facere, to offer a prayer, sumptum facere, to incur expense, fidem facere, to inspire belief. potestatem facere, to give an opportunity. reliquum facere, to leave, ali- quem certiorem facere, to in- form any one. certior fieri, to be informed, fit obviam, come to meet, meet, ut fit, as usually happens, quid puero misero fiet ? what will become of the poor boy? The passive of this verb is fid, fieri, factus. ad — adficid, -ere, adf eci, adfectus, do to, treat, use ; affect, influence, present, visit with, con- fer upon, honor with; weaken^ FACTUM 458 FAMILIARIS break down, praemils adfectus, honored with gifts, aetate adfec- tus, worn out with old age. com — conficio, -ere, con- feci, confectus, make up; com- plete, accomplish, finish; make, compose ; wear out, exhaust, over- come ; kill, destroy, exercitum conficere, to raise an army. de — deficio, -ere, defeci, defectus, fall off, withdraw, revolt; forsake, abandon, desert; fail, cease, be lacking, be exhausted. a. re publica. deficere, to revolt from the slate. ex — efficio, -ere, effecl, ef- fectus, make out, do, cause, ac- complish, produce, bring about. inter — interficio, -ere, inter- red, interfectus, kill, destroy, put to death. per — perficio, -ere, perfeci, perfectus, bring to an end, com- plete, finish; bring about, cause, accomplish, effect, succeed in. prae — - praeficio, -ere, prae- feci, praefectus, put before, set over, place at the head of, put in command of. pro — proficio, -ere, profeci, profectus, make progress ; bring about, accomplish ; be helpfid. re — reficio, -ere, refeci, re- fectus, make over, repair ; re- fresh, reinvigorate, relieve, restore. factum, -1, n., deed, act, achievement. (facio) facultas, -tatis, f., capability, power, ability ; ease, facility, readiness; chance, opportunity ; slock, store, abundance ; riches, resources. (facilis) Faesulae, -arum, f., an Etruscan city, now Fiesole. Faesulanus, -a, -urn, of Faesulae. falcarius, -1, m., a scythe maker. inter falcarios, in the scythe makers' quarter. Falcidius, -1, m., a gens name. C. Falcidius, a tribune of the people. fallax, -acis, deceitful, deceptive, hypocritical, treacherous, (fallo) fallo, -ere, fefelli, falsus, deceive, dupe, cheat, betray ; fail, disap- point ; escape one's notice, pass un- noticed ; pass., be mistaken. re — refello, -ere, refelli, — , disprove, refute, show to be false. falso, adv., deceitfully, falsely,* un- truly, erroneously, without founda- tion, (falsus) falsus, -a, -urn, deceptive, deceitful, false ; unfounded, groundless, 7?iis- leading. (p. p. of fallo) falx, -cis, f., sickle, knife. fama, -ae, f., saying, report, rumor, tradition; public opinion, fame, reputation, renown, good name. (cf. for, speak) fames, -is (abl. fame), f., hunger, famine, starvation. familia, -ae, f., a household; serv- ants, attendants, slaves, band of slaves, mater familias (an old form of the genitive), mistress of a house, matron, (famulus, serv- ant) familiaris, -e, of a house, of a house- hold, of a family, domestic, private ; friendly, intimate. As subst., FAMILIARITAS 459 FERO friend, acquaintance, res fami- liaris, private property, (familia) familiar it as, -tatis, f., friendship, intimacy, (familiaris) familiariter, adv., on friendly terms, intimately, as a friend, (famili- aris) fanum, -i, n., a shrine, sanctuary. (for, speak) fas (indecl.) n., divine law, right. fas est, it is right, it is proper, it is permitted, (for, speak) fascis, -is, m., bundle, package ; pi., the fasces,- the bundle of rods con- taining an ax, carried by the lictors before the highest Roman magis- trates. fastidio, -Ire, fastidivi, fastidi- tus, feel disgust; loathe, despise, disdain ; be critical, (fastidium, nausea) fatalis, -e, appointed by fate, or- dained by destiny, fated, destined. (fatum) fateor, -eri, fassus, confess, admit, acknowledge, (cf. for) com — confiteor, -eri, con- fessus, acknozvledge, concede, grant. pro — profiteor, -eri, pro- fessus, declare publicly, profess, avow, declare ; make profession, register. fatum, -I, n., prediction, oracle; fate, destiny; ruin, destruction. fata Sibyllina, the Sibylline books, said to have been bought by Tar- quin. (for, speak) fauces, -ium, f., the throat, jaws ; entrance, defile, pass. faveo, -ere, favi, fautiirus, favor, be kindly 'disposed toward, be pro- pitious. Favonius, -l, m., a gens name. M. Favonius, mentioned as one opposed to Clodius. fax, facis, f., torch, firebrand; meteor, comet. faxint, see facio. febris, -is, f., fever. Februarius, -a, -urn, of February. felicitas, -tatis, f., good fortune, success, manifestation of divine favor, (felix) feliciter, adv., happily, fortunately, successfully, (felix) femina, -ae, f., woman, female. fere, adv., almost, nearly, about ; gen- erally, usually; with negatives, hardly, scarcely. fero, ferre, tuli, latus, bear, carry, bring, support; allow, permit, endure, suffer, tolerate ; lead, con- duct, direct; with reflexive or in pass., betake one's self hasten, rush ; as- sert, say, report, prae se ferre, to show, declare, moleste ferre, to take anything hard, be vexed. sententiam ferre, to express one's opinion, vote, legem or roga- tionem ferre, to propose a law. ferunt, they say. ad — adfero, adferre, attuli, adlatus, bring to, carry to ; cause, produce, bring forth ; allege, claim, report, announce. medicinam adferre, to apply a remedy, vim adferre, to use violence. ante — antefero, anteferre, antetuli, antelatus, place before, prefer. FERO 460 FESTUS au — auferS, auferre, abstulT, ablatus, carry off, take away, withdraw, re?nove. com — confers, conferre, contuli, conlatus, bring to- gether, gather ; compare, contrast ; devote, apply ; charge, ascribe, im- pute ; grant, bestow; invest, se conferre, to betake one^s self. signa conferre, to join in battle. de — defers, deferre, detuli, delatus, bring down, carry away ; grant, allot, bestow, confer upon; re- port, set forth, state ; accuse, charge. dis — differo, differre, dis- tuli, dflatus, carry apart; put off, defer, postpotie, adjourn. ex — effero, efferre, extuli, elatus, bring out, carry away; make known, spread abroad; praise, extol ; pass., be lifted up, be puffed up, be elated. in — InferS, inferre, intuli, inlatus, bring in, introduce; cause, create, inspire ; make, wage, carry on ; bring forward, allege. bellum inferre, to wage war. vim et manus inferre, to lay violejit hands upon, ignem in- ferre, to set fire. ob — offero, offerre, obtuli, oblatus, bring before; present, offer, expose; cause, procure. per — perferS, perferre, per- tuli, perlatus, carry through, bring; announce, report; bear, suffer, submit to, put up with. prae — praefero, praeferre, praetuli, praelatus, carry before, put before ; prefer, esteem above. pro — profero, proferre, prS- tuli, prSlatus, 'bring forth, bring out; produce, discover, reveal; bring forward, cite, mention. re — referS, referre, rettuli, relatus, bring back; ascribe, assign, refer; set down, record. gratiam referre, to show grati- tude, requite, ad senatum re- ferre, to lay before the senate, ad unam summam referri, to be assigned to the one main point. sub — suffers, sufferre, sus- tuli, sublatus, undergo, stiffer. trans — transfers, transferre, transtuli, translatus, bear across, carry over, transfer; postpone, defer. ferocitas, -tatis, f., wildness, fierce- ness ; savageness, ferocity, cruelty. (ferox) ferox, -Scis, wild, bold ; savage, cruel, fierce, pitiless. ferramentum, -i, n., an iron tool, weapon, sword, (ferrum) ferreus, -a, -um, made of iron, iron ; unfeeling, hard-hearted, (ferrum) ferrum, -i, n., iron ; an iron tool, weapon. fertilis, -e, fruitful, fertile, pro- ductive, (cf. ferS) ferus, -a, -um, wild, untamed; rude, uncultivated, barbarous ; savage, cruel, fierce. festinatio, -Snis, f., haste, hurry. (festinS) festinS (1), hasten, hurry, be quick. (festinus, quick) festus, -a, -urn., festal, gala ; joyful, merry. FICTUS 461 FLAGITIOSUS fictus, -a, -um, made up, false, trumped up. (p. p. of fingo) fidelis, -e, trustworthy, faithful, sin- cere, true, (fides) fidelitas, -tatis, f., faithfulness, fidelity, (fidelis) fides, -ei, f., trust, confidence, reli- ance ; faith, credence, belief; trustworthiness, cottscientiousness, faithfulness, honesty, genuineness, good faith, integrity, uprightness ; pledge, promise, assurance, con- firmation ; credit (a commercial use of the word), fidem facere, to inspire belief fides publica, a pledge given in the name of the state. Fidius, -1, m., a title of Jupiter as god of faithfulness, me dius fi- dius (sc. iuvet), so may the god of faithfulness help me, by the god of truth ! fido, -ere, fisus sum, trust, confide in, have confidence, rely on. (cf. fides) com — confido, -ere, confi- sus sum, trust, be confident, feel assurance ; trust to, rely on. "dis — diffido, -ere, difflsus sum, lose confidence, distrust, de- spair of, be discouraged. fiducia,-ae, f., cottfidence, assurance; security, pledge, (fidus) fidus, -a, -um, trustworthy, faithful ; sure, trusty. figo, -ere, feci, fixus, place, fix, fasten. ad — adfigo, -ere, adfixi, ad- fixus, fasten, attach. de — defigo, -ere, defixi, de- fixus, drive down, fix, fasten, set, thrust ; turn, direct. filia, -ae, f., daughter. filiola, -ae, f., little daughter (dim. of filia) filius, -1, m., son. fingo, -ere, finxi, fictus, mold, form, fashion, shape ; invent, de- vise, imagine, concoct; make out, pretend. ad — adfingo, -ere, adfinxi, adfictus, devise in addition, in- vent besides ; impute, ascribe. finis, -is, m., boundary, limit ; end, conclusion ; territory, country. quern ad finem? to what limit? finitimus, -a, -um, bordering on, adjacent, adjoining, next to ; pi. as subst., neighbors, (finis) fio, fieri, factus, be made, become. See facio. firmamentum, -i, n., prop, stay, support, (firmo) firmo (1), make firm, strengthen, for- tify ; assure, encourage, (firmus) ad — adfirmo (1), strengthen; declare, assert, maintain, affirm. com — confirmo ( 1 ), strengthen, establish; animate, cheer, inspire, encourage ; prove, support, corrob- orate ; declare, assert. in — infirmo (1), weaken, in- validate, disprove. firmus, -a. -um, firm, steady, reso- lute ; true, trusty, faithful. Flaccus, -i, m., a family name. See Fulvius, Laenius, and Valerius, flagitiose, adv., shamefully, basely, disgracefully, (flagitium) flagitiosus, -a, -um, shameful, dis- FLAGITIUM 462 FORMA graceful, infamous ; profligate, dis- solute, (flagitium) flagitium, -1, n., a sha??ieful act, outrage ; shame, disgrace. fl.agi.t5 (1), solicit, urge, demand earnestly, importune, require, call for. ex — efflagito ( 1 ) , demand urgently, solicit, insist. flagro ( i ) , blaze, bum ; be stirred. com — conflagro (1), burn up, be consumed. de — deflagro (1), burn down, be consumed. flamen, -inis, m., priest (of a par- ticular divinity). flamma, -ae, f., blaze, flame, fire ; glow, passion, wrath. flecto, -ere, flexl, flectus, bend, turn, direct; sway, change, affect, guide, control. fleo, -ere, flevi, fletus, weep, lament. fletus, -iis, m., weeping, tears, grief, lamentation, (cf. fleo) flexibilis, -e, pliant, flexible, yield- ing, (cf. flecto) flo (1), blow. com — conflo (1), blow up, kindle; excite, arouse, inflame; bring together, make up, raise, compose ; bring about, cause, pro- duce. in — inflo (1), breathe into, bloxv upon; inspire, encourage; puff up, elate, inflate. ex — efflo (1), breathe out, breathe forth. floreo, -ere, florui, — , blossom ; be prosperous, flourish, be eminent. florens, -entis, prosperous, flourish- ing; distinguished, famous, emi- nent, (pres. p. of floreo) floresco, -ere, florui, — , begin to blossom ; grow bright ; become famous, (incep. of floreo) flos, floris, m., blossom, flower; flower, best part. fluctus, -us, m., wave, billow, surge ; commotion, turbulence, (cf. fluo) flumen, -inis, n., stream, river; flow, fluency, (fluo) fluo, -ere, fluxi, fluxus, flow, roll, glide. ad — adfluo, -ere, adfluxl, adfluxus, flo w to; abound in, be full, be oversowing. dis — diifluo, -ere, diffluxi, — , flow apart, flow in different directions. focus, -i, m., hearth, fireside. foederatus, -a, -um, allied, con- federate, (foedus) foedus, -eris, n., league, alliance, covenant, treaty, agreement. foedus, -a, -um, foul, loathsome, un- seemly, repulsive, abominable. tons, fontis, m., fountain, spring, source. for as, adv., outdoors, abroad, outside, out, away, (case form of fora, door) fore, future infinitive of sum. forensis, -e, of the forum ; public ; ordinary, (forum) foris, adv., out of doors, without, abroad; in public life, in relations outside the home. (case form of fora, door) forma, -ae, i., figure, form, shape; FORMIAE 463 FREQUENTC appearance, looks, beauty ; a wax image. Formiae, -arum, f., an old town in Latium, on the Appian Way. One of Cicero's villas, called Formid- num, was near. His death oc- curred not far from this place. Formianum, -1, n., name of a villa at Formiae. form id o, -inis, i.,fear, dread, terror. formidolosus, -a, -um, alarming, terrible, to be dreaded, (formido) fors, fortis, f., chance, forte, by chance, accidentally ; perhaps. forsitan, adv., perhaps, it may be. (fors sit an) fortasse, adv., perhaps, possibly, per- chance. forte, see fors. fortis, -e, strong, powerful ; sturdy, brave, bold, valiant, fearless, cour- ageous ; spirited, manly, worthy, honorable. f ortiter, &dv.,firmly, steadily ; boldly, fearlessly. fortitudo, -inis, f., strength, power ; bravery, firmness, resolution, (for- tis) fortuna, -ae, f, chance, fortune; condition, lot, circumstances ; mis- fortune; property, possessions. Fortuna, -ae, f., Goddess of Fortune. fortunatus, -a, -um, prosperous, fortunate, blessed. (fortxinS, make happy") forum, -1, n., open place, public place, market place, exchange. Forum Romanum, a name given to the space between the Palatine and the Capitoline. See page 300. Forum Aurelium, -1, n., a town in Etruria, on the Aurelian Way. foveo, -ere, fovi, fotus, keep warm ; cherish, fondle, caress, pet. fragilis, -e, brittle, easily broken, fragile ; weak, delicate, * frail. (frango) fragilitas, -tatis, f., brittleness ; weakness, frailty, (fragilis) frango, -ere, fregi, fi actus, break, shatter, wreck, crush, bruise ; over- come, crush, dishearten. com — confringo, -ere, con- fregi, contractus, break in pieces, shatter, destroy. in — infringo, -ere, infregi, Infr actus, break dozvn, destroy; weaken, diminish. per — perfringo, -ere, per- fregi, perfractus, break through, break in pieces ; break, violate. frater, -tris, m., brother. fraterne, adv., in a brotherly way. (fraternus, of a brother) fraudatio, -onis, f., deception, cheat- ing, dishonesty, (fraudo, cheat) fraus, fraudis, f., deceit, treachery, wickedness, dishonesty. freno (1), b?-idle, check, curb, (fre- num) frenum, -1, n., a bridle. frequens, -entis, repeated, frequent, common ; crowded, full, thronged ; in great numbers, conspectus frequens, the sight of you in large numbers. frequentia, -ae, f., crowd, concourse, multitude, throng, (frequens) frequento (1), visit often, resort to ; attend in great numbers, throng, FRETUS 464 FUNGOR ■ frequent ; bring together in great numbers, (frequens) fretus, -a, -um, sustained, upheld ; relying, trusting, depending. frigus, -oris, n., cold. irons,* frontis, f., brow, forehead. fructus, -us, m., enjoyment, delight, pleasure ; frtut, product, income; reward, recompense, return, (cf. fruor) frumentarius, -a, -um, of grain, of provisions, res frumentaria, grain supply, provisions, (frii- mentum, grain) fruor, -I, fructus, enjoy, take pleas- ure in, rejoice in. per — perfruor, -1, perfruc- tus, enjoy fully. frustra, adv., in vain, to no purpose, without effect, vainly. fuga, -ae, f., flight, (fugio) fugio, -ere, fugl, fugitus, flee ; flee from, shun, avoid, escape the notice of. com — confugio, -ere, con- fugi, confugitus, flee, take refuge. ex— effugio, -ere, effugi, ef- fugitus, flee away; flee from, avoid, escape. pro — profugio, -ere, pro- fugi, — ,flee away, flee for refuge ; escape, take refuge. re — refugio, -ere, refugi, — , flee back, recoil, shrink from ; escape, flee for refuge. fugitivus, -1, m., a runaway, fugi- tive slave, deserter, (fugio) fulgeo, -ere, fulsi, — , shine, flash, glitter. fulmen, -inis, n., thunderbolt, light- ning. Fulvius, -1, m., a gens name. 1. M. Fulvius Flaccus, an ac- tive supporter of the Gracchi and their proposed reforms. He was slain in the attack made by Opimius on C. Gracchus in 121 B.C. 2. M. Fulvius Nobilior, consul in 189 B.C., the conqueror of the Aetolians, and the patron of the poet Ennius. fumus, -1, m., smoke. fundamentum, -1, n., foundation, support, (fundo) fundo (1), found, lay the founda- tions of, establish, (fundus) fundo, -ere, fudi, fiisus, pour, pour out ; scatter ; vanquish, put to rout, rout. circum — circumfundo, -ere. circumfudi, circumfusus. pour around, enclose, surround. ex — effundo, -ere, effudi, eifusus, pour out, breathe out. ob — offundo, -ere, ofhidi, offiisus, pour before, cover, over- spread. pro — profundo, -ere, pro- fudi, profusus, pour out; spend freely, squander, dissipate. fundus, -1, m., the lowest part, bot- tom ; farm, estate. funesto (1), pollute, defile, desecrate. (funestus) funestus, -a, -um, deadly, fatal, destructive ; sad, mournful, (^fu- nus) fungor, -i, functus, discharge, per- form, do ; have experience with. FUNUS 465 GENS per — perfungor, -1, perfiinc- tus, perform, discharge ; pass through, be done with, finish. funus, -eris, n., funeral procession, funeral rites, funeral. fur, furis, m. and f., a thief. Furfanius, -1, m., a gens name. T. Furfanius, mentioned as a victim of Clodius. furia, -ae, f., madness, insanity; fury, passion, rage; personified, the Furies, (furo) furiosus, -a, -urn, full of madness, raging, furious, (furia) Furius, -I, m., a gens name. 1. P. Furius, a member of the Catilinarian conspiracy. 2. L. Furius, consul 136 B.C. He is mentioned by Cicero as a man of culture. furo, -ere, furui, — , rage, rave, be mad, be crazy, be excited, be furious. furor, -oris, m., madness, rage t frenzy, fury, passion; prophetic insight, inspiration, (furo) furtim, adv., stealthily, slyly, fur- tively, (furtum) furtum, -1, n., theft, a theft, (cf. fur) Gabinius, -1, m., a gens name. 1. A. Gabinius, proposer of the law by which Pompey was put in charge of the war against the pirates. He was consul with L. Piso in 58 B.C., and assisted Clodius in his opposition to Cicero. 2. P. Gabinius Capito, a praetor of 89 B.C. H. & G. CIC. — 30 3. P. Gabinius Cimber, one of Catiline's associates. Gabinius, -a, -um, of Gabinius, Gabinian. Gaius, -1, m., a praenomen. The abbreviation is C, a survival of the time when the same character was used for c and g. Gallia, -ae, f., Gaul. 1. Gallia Cisalpina (also Galli Citerior), the country which is no Northern Italy. 2. Gallia TrdnsalpTna (also Gallia Ulterior), name of the country bounded by the Atlantic, Insula Batavorum, the Rhine, the Alps, and the Pyrenees. Gallicanus, -a, -um, Gallic. Gallicus, -a, -um, of the Gauls, Gallic, ager Gallicus, name given to the territory along the Adriatic that was taken from the Gauls by the Romans. Gallus, -1, m., a Gaul. Gallus, -1, m., a family name. See Sergius. ganeo, -onis, m., profligate, glutton, debauchee, (ganea, cook-shop) gaudeo, -ere, gavisus sum, re- joice, be glad, be delighted. gaudium, -1, n., joy, gladness. (gaudeo) gavisus, see gaudeS. gaza, -ae, f, treasure, riches, wealth. gelidus, -a, -um, cold, ice-cold. (gelii, ice) gemo, -ere, gemui, — , sigh, groan, lament. gener, -erl, m., son-in-law. gens, gentis, f., a house, clan, fam- Q GENUS 466 GRATIA ily, race, nation, people, ubinam gentium? where in the world? genus, -eris, n., origin, birth, de- scent ; class, sort, nature, descrip- tion, kind, style, method, manner. germanitas, -tatis, f., brotherhood, the relation of brothers. (ger- manus) germanus, -a, -um, full, real, own. • As subst., own brother, own sister. gero, -ere, gessi, gestus, bear, carry; do, perform; manage, carry on, conduct, se gerere, to conduct one's self, act. bellum gerere, to wage war. rem pu- blicam gerere, to conduct the affairs of state, male gerendo negotio, through poor manage- ment of business, res gestae, deeds, achievements, exploits. com — congero, -ere, con- gessi, congestus, bring together, collect, accumulate. gestio, -ire, gestivi, gestitus, be delighted, rejoice; desire eagerly, long. gigno, -ere, genui, genitus, beget, create, produce. Glabrio, -orris, m., a family name. See Acilius. gladiator, -oris, m., a gladiator ; ruffian, thug, cut-throat. (gla- dius) gladiatorius, -a, -um, of a gladi- ator, gladiatorial, (gladiator) gladius, -i, m., a sword. Glaucia, -ae, m., a family name. See Servllius. gloria, -ae, f., fame, renown, glory ; pride, ambition, boasting. glorior (1), glory in, boast of, pride one's self, (gloria) gloriose, adv., gloriously, magnifi- cently, grandly; boastfully, ex- ultingly. (gloriosus) gloriosus, -a, -um, famous, grand, renowned ; boastful, haughty. (gloria) Gnaeus, -1, m., a praenomen. The abbreviation is Cn. gnavus, -a, -um, active, energetic. Gracchus, -1, m., a family name. See Sempronius. gradior, -1, gressus^ take steps, walk, go. com — congredior, -1, con- gressus, come together, meet; en- gage in combat, join battle, fight. e — egredior, -1, egressus, go out, go away, depart; disem- bark, land. in — ingredior, -1, ingressus, go into, enter ; enter upon, begin, undertake. pro — progredior, -1, pro- gressus, go forward, advance, proceed. gradus, -us, m., step, walk ; inter- val, degree ; rank, position, grade. Graecia, -ae, f., Greece. Graeculus, -1, m., a petty Greek, Greekling. (dim. of Graecus) Graecus. -a, -um, Grecian, of Greece, of the Greeks, Greek. As subst., a Greek, the Greeks. gratia, -ae. f., favor, esteem, regard, friendship, love ; a favor, kindness, service ; thankfulness, gratitude ; personal influence, gratia, with preceding genitive, for the sake of, GRATIOSUS 467 HABEO for the purpose of, gratiam (or gratias) habere, to feel gratitude, be thankful, gratias agere, to make an expression of gratitude, thank, gratiam referre, to re- pay a favor, reward, requite, recompense. gratiosus, -a, -urn, acceptable, agree- able ; in favor, popular, influen- tial, (gratia) Gratius, -1, m., a gentile name. Gratius, the accuser of Archias. gratuitS, adv., without pay, for nothing; for no particular reason, wantonly. (gratultus, without pay) gratulatio, -onis, f.,joy, rejoicing; manifestation of joy, congratula- tion ; festival of joy, public thanks- giving, (gratulor) gratulor (1), be glad, rejoice; con- gratulate, (gratus) gratus, -a, -urn, dear, pleasing, be- loved, acceptable ; pleased, grateful, thankful. gravis, -e, heavy; harsh, severe; hard to bear ; weighty, important ; eminent, powerful, influential, of authority; venerable, dignified; strong, weighty. gravitas, -tatis, f., weight, heavi- ness ; power, importance, influ- ence; dignity, seriousness, force of character, (gravis) graviter, adv., heavily ; with great weight, forcibly ; severely, strongly, deeply, graviter ferre, to take to heart, be grieved at. gravS (1), weigh down, burden; be unwilling, hesitate, (gravis) grego (1), gather together, (grex) ad — aggrego (1), gather to- gether, bring together, unite, attach. com — congrego ( 1 ) , bring to- gether, collect; pass., gather, assem- ble. se — segrego (1), separate, remove. grex, gregis, m., a flock, herd, drove; clique, horde, gang, band. gubernatio, -onis, i., piloting, steer- ing; guidance, control, manage ment. (guberno) guberno (1), steer, pilot ; manage} direct. gusto (1), taste; appreciate, enjoy. (gustus, tasting) H. habeo, -ere, habui, habitus, have, hold, keep, possess; carry, wear; hold, keep, restrain, detain ; speak, pronounce, utter; think, believe, esteem, regard ; with reflexive and an adverb, be. senatum habere, to hold a meeting of the senate. spem habere, to rest one's hopes. contionem habere, to address the people assembled in a contio. quoquo modo se illud habet, however that is. ad — adhibeo, -ere, adhibui, adhibitus, hold to, bring, apply ; call in, summon, admit ; furnish, offer; use, employ, vim adhi- bere, to use violence. co — cohibeo, -ere, cohibui, COhibitus, hold together ; restrain, repress, check, control. de — debeo, -ere, debui, de- HABITO 468 HIC bitus, owe, be indebted, be under obligation ; ought, should, be due. ex- exhibeo, -ere, exhibui, exhibitus, hold out, hold forth, show, display, exhibit. in — inhibeo, -ere, inhibul, inhibitus, hold in, curb, check, re- strain. prae — praebeo, -ere, prae- bui, praebitus, hold before, offer ; supply, furnish ; shoiu, present. pro — prohibeS, -ere, pro- hibui, prohibitus, hold before; hold back, hinder, restrain, pre~ vent; defend, protect, preserve. habito (1), dwell, live, abide; in- habit, have as one's abode, (freq. of habe5) habitus, -us, m., condition, state, appearance ; dress, attire, habit; nature, character, quality, (ha- be5) haered, -ere, haesi, haesiirus, stick, hold fast, cling ; be embar- rassed, be perplexed, be at a loss, be entrapped, be caught. co — cohaereo, -ere, co- haesi, cohaesurus, hold together, check, restrain, control. in — inhaered, -ere, inhaesi, inhaesurus, stick fast, cling, ad- here. haesito (1), stick fast; be caught, hesitate, be at a loss. (freq. of haereo) Hannibal, -is, m., the leader of the Carthaginians in the second Punic war. haruspex, -icis, m., soothsayer, di- haud (usually a modifier of a single word), adv., not, not at all. haud scio an, / am inclined to think, probably. haurio, -ire, hausT, haustus, draw off, drain, empty, remove; drink in, receive, imbibe, take in. ex — exhaurio, -ire, exhausi, exhaustus, draw off; take out, take away, remove. hebddmas, -adis, f., the seventh day. hebesco, -ere, — , — , become dull. (hebeo, be dull) hem, ah ! alas ! Heraclia (Heraclea), -ae., f., the name of a Greek city in the south- ern part of Italy. (Hercules) Heracliensis, -e, of Heraclia. As subst, the people of Heraclia. Hercules, -is, m., the son of Jupiter and Alcmena. me hercule (sc. iuves), so may you, Hercules, help 7Jie ; in the name of Hercules ; most certainly ; assuredly. hereditas, -tatis, f., inheritance, legacy, (heres) heres, -edis, m. and f., heir, heiress. hesternus, -a, -urn, of yesterday, yesterday's, yesterday, hesterno die, yesterday, (heri, yesterday?) heus, ho ! here ! see here ! hallo ! hiberno(i), pass the winter, spend the winter, (hibernus) hibernus, -a, -um, of winter. hiberna (sc. castra), -orura, n., winter camp, winter quarters. hie, adv., here, in this place ; now, at this time ; in this particular, on this point, under these circum- stances. HIC 469 HORRIBILIS hie, haec, hoc, this (with reference to the speaker), this man, this woman, this thing; the present, the actual; the following, as follows ; he, she, it. hoc est, that is. hoc magis, the more for this reason, all the more, ille, hie, the former, the latter. huiusce, ho see, hisce are forms of the same word with the addition of a particle -ce, which still further strengthens the demonstrative force of the pro- noun. The -c of the forms hie, haec, and hoc is a survival of the same particle. hicine, adv., here, (hie, here, + the enclitic -ne) hiems, -emis, f., winter; stormy weather, tempest. hinc, adv., from this place, from here, hence ; from this fact, from this source, on this account; next, after- wards, hinc, illinc, on this side, on that side. Hirtius, -1, m., a gens name. A. Hirtius, consul in 43 B.C., a friend of Caesar, and the supposed writer of the eighth book of the Gallic War. He fell in the battle at Mutina. Hispania, -ae, f., Spain. Hispaniensis, -e, Spanish. (His- pania) Hispanus, -a, -urn, Spanish. As subst., a Spaniard, the Spaniards. hodie, adv., to-day ; at this time, now. (ho- (stem of hie) + die) hodiernus, -a, -um, of to-day, to- day's, hodiernus dies, this day, to-day. (hodie) Homerus, -1, m., Homer. homo, -mis, m. and f., a human being, man, person ; person, fellow, creature. honestas, -tatis, f., honor, reputa- tion ; uprightness, integrity, char- acter, (honos) honeste, adv., decently, properly, creditably, honorably, (honestus) honestd (1), honor, grace, adorn, embellish, (honestus) honestus, -a, -um, respected, es- teemed, honored, distinguished ; worthy, honorable, creditable. (honos) honor (honos), -oris, m., honor, esteem, distinction ; praise, glory, renown; public honor, public office, a high position ; gift, reward. honoris causa, with all respect. honorificentissimus, superl. of honorificus. honorificus, -a, -um, honorable, in distinguished terms. (honor + facio) honos, see honor. hoi a, -ae, f., hour, a twelfth of the time from sunrise to sunset. Horatius, -1, m., a gens name. M. Horatius, the survivor of the combat with the Curiatii. horreo, -ere, horrui, — , be rough, bristle; tremble, shudder ; tremble at, shudder at, dread, be afraid of ab — abhorred, -ere, abhor- rul, — , shrink from ; be not in line with, be at variance zvith, be incon- sistent tvith, be averse. horribilis, -e, to be dreaded, dread- ful, fearful, horrible, (horreo) HORTATUS 470 IACIO hortatus, -us, m., admonition, di- rection, e?icouragement, exhorta- tion, (hortor) Hortensius, -1, m., a gens name. Q. Hortensius, the eminent advo- cate who was the leader of the Roman bar before Cicero won that position from him. hortor (1), urge, encourage, cheer, exhort. co — cohortor ( 1 ) , encour- age, exhort, rally, address. hortus, -1, m., garden. hospes, -itis, m., entertainer, host ; guest, visitor; stranger, foreigner ; guest friend, i.e. one between whose family and some family of another nation existed an hereditary friendship. hospitium, -1, n., entertainment, hospitality ; friendship ; guest friendship, i.e. the relation exist- ing between hospites. (hospes) hostilis, -e, of the enemy, hostile, unfriendly, (hostis) hostis, -is, m. and f., stranger, for- eigner ; public enemy, public foe, the enemy. Hostius, -T, m., a gens name. Hostius Hostllius, a leader of the Romans in the battle with the Sabines. hue, adv., hither, to this place; to this point, to such a point, so far. humanitas, -tatis, f., human na- ture, humanity ; kindness, sympa- thy, philanthropy ; culture, refine- ment, civilization, cultivation. (humanus) humanus, -a. -um, of man. of men, human; kind, gentle, courteous, polite; cultured, refined, culti- vated, (homo) humilis (superl. humillimus) , -e, low, shallow; low, humble, poor, lowly, obscure, mean, (humus) humus, -1, f., the ground, the soil. huml (locative), on the ground. Hydrus, -untis, f., a port of Italy, south of Brundisium. I. iaceo, -ere, iacui, — , lie, be pros- trate; be overthrown, lie in death, lie dead ; be disproved, be refuted. iacio, -ere, ieci, iactus, throw, cast, hurl; lay, establish; build, construct, throw tip against, charge ; throw out, spread, speak, utter. ab — abicio, -ere, abieci, abiectus, cast away, throw down, throw out, cast aside. am — amicio, -ire, — , amic- tus, throiv around, wrap, envelop, surround. com — conicio, -ere, conieci, coniectus, throw together^* hurl, discharge, direct, aim ; put, place, station ; conjecture, guess, sortem conicere, to cast lots. de — deicio, -ere. deieci, deiectus, throw down, cast a\: turn aside, keep off, ward off, avert ; turn out, dislodge, eject; strike down, kill. e — eicio, -ere. eiecl. eiec- tus, cast out, drive out, expel; with reflexive, rush cut, rush away. in — inicio, -ere. inieci, in- iectus. t/irow into, hurl upon; IACTO 47i IGNAVUS place in, put on, throw on ; inspire, cause. ob — obicio, -ere, obieci, obiectus, throw before, throw in the way: offer, present ; throzu up against, cast in one's teeth, up- braid. pro — proiciS, -ere, proieci, proiectus, cast forth, throw oat, get rid of, expel, banish. re — reicio, -ere, reieci, re- iectus, throw back, hurl back, cast off, reject. sub — subicio, -ere, sub- ieci, subiectus, throw under, place under, set (of fire) ; push up, thrust up, hand up. iactd (i), throw about, loss, brandish; speak, utter, say. se iactare, to make a display of one's self, show off. (freq. of iacio) iactura, -ae, f., a throwing away, loss, sacrifice; expetiditure, cost. (iacio) iactus, -us, m., throwing, casting, stroke. iam, adv., now, at this time ; just now, a moment ago ; forthwith, straight- way, at once, immediately, pres- ently ; already, by this time, ere now; with a negative, no longer. iam diidum, for a long time, this long time, iam pridem, long since, for a long time, iam turn, even then, at that very ti?ne. iam vero, now, then again, further- more. Ianiculum, -i, n., the Janiculum, a hill on the right bank of the Tiber. ianua, -ae, f-, entrance, door, gate. I arm ar his, -a, -um, of January. ibi, adv., there, in that place ; then, thereupon ; in that case, (old case form of is) Id., abbr. of Idus. ic5, -ere, Ici, ictus, strike, smite, slay, foedus Icere, to make a covenant. ictus, -us, m., a stroke, blow, (ico) idcirco, adv., /or this reason, on this account, (id + circo) idem, eadem, idem (as adjective), the same; as subst., the same one { the same thing; often best rendere by an adverb, also, too, likewise (is + dem) identidem, adv., repeatedly, again and again, (idem + et + idem) ideo, adv., for that reason, therefore. (id + e5) idoneus, -a, -um, fit, suitable, capable, worthy, deserving. Idus, -uum, f., the Ides, i.e. the 15th of March, May, July, and October ; the 13th of the other months. ieiunus, -a, -um, fasting, hungry ; insignificant, trifling; poor, mean, low, contemptible. igitur, adv., therefore, then, accord- ingly. Ignarus, -a, -um, ignorant, not knowing, unaware, unacquainted with, (in + gnarus, knowing) lgnavia, -ae, f., idleness, shiftless- ness ; cowardice, sloth; worthless- ness. (ignavus) ignavus, -a, -um, slothful, shiftless ; cowardly, (in -f gnavus, active^ IGNIS 472 IMPENSA Ignis, -is, m.,fire. Ignominia, -ae, f., disgrace, dis- honor, infamy, (in + (g)nomen) ignoratio, -onis, f., lack of knowl- edge, ignorance, (ignoro) ignoro (1), not know, be ignorant of, not understand. ignosco, see nosco. igndtus, -a, -um, strange, unknown, obscure, (in + (g)notus) Ilias, -ados, f., the Iliad. ille, ilia, illud, that ; as subst., that man, that woman, that thing ; he, she, it, they; the well known, the famous, ille, hie, the former, the latter. illinc, adv., from that place, thence; on that side, (illim + ce) Illyricus, -a, -um, Illyrian, of Illyricum. imago, -inis, f., copy, likeness, image, representation, portrait, picture, statue ; idea, conception. imbecillitas, -tatis, f., weakness, feebleness, helplessness, imbecility. (imbecillus, weak) imberbis, -e, beardless. (in + barba) imbuo, -ere, imbul, imbutus, moisten, stain, taint ; steep, satu- rate, imbue, fill. imitatio, -onis, f., imitation, affec- tation, (imitor) imitator, -oris, m., imitator, fol- lower, (imitor) imitor (1), imitate, copy, follow. ■ immanis, -e, enormous, monstrous ; fierce, savage, cruel, barbarous, inhuman, brutal. immanitas, -tatis, f., greatness, enormity; heinousness, brutality, barbarism, ferocity, (immanis) immaturus, -a, -um, unripe, im- mature ; unti?fiely, premature. (in -f maturus, ripe) immineo, -ere, — , — , overhang, impend ; menace, threaten. imminuo, see minuo. immitto, see mitt 6. immo, adv., nay, by no means, on the contrary, immo vero, nay rather, nay even. immoderatus, -a, -um, beyond bounds, unrestrained, excessive. (in + moderatus) immortalis, -e, undying, imperish- able, immortal ; endless, eternal. (in + mortalis) immortalitas, -tatis, f., immortal- ity; undying renown, (immor- talis) immotus, -a, -um, motionless; unmoved, unshaken, firm, undis- turbed, (in + motus) imparatus, -a, -um, not ready, un- prepared, (in -f- paratus) impedlmentum, -1, n., hindrance, obstacle; in the plural, baggage. (impedio) impedio, -ire, impedivi, impe- ditus, entangle, hamper ; hinder, embarrass, obstruct, stand in the way of, check. impeditus, -a. -um, hampered, en- tangled ; unzvieldy, difficult to manage, (p. p. of impedio) impello, see pello. impendo, see pendo. impensa. -ae, f., expense, outlay, charge. IMPERATOR 473 IN imperator, -oris, m., commander- in-chief, general; leader, guide. (impero) imperatorius, -a, -um, of a com- mander, befitting a commander. (imperator) imperitus, -a, -um, unskilled, inex- perienced ; ignorant, uninformed. (in + peritus) imperium, -I, n., command, order ; power, control, authority; sover- eignty, sway, dominion, govern- ment, e?npire ; position of power, commission, (impero) impero (i), command, order, direct. impertio, see partio. impetro {\),gain one's end, accom- plish, cause, bring about, obtain a request, (in + patro, accomplish) impetus, -us, m., attack, assault, onset, onrush ; fury, violence, vehe- mence, impetuosity. impietas, -tatis, f., irreverence, impiety, disloyalty, treason, (im- pius) impius, -a, -um, wicked, impious, disloyal, traitorous, shameless, (in + pius) impleo, see pleo. implico, see plico. imploro, see ploro. impono, see pono. importunus, -a, -um, unfit, un- suitable; savage, cruel, relentless. imprimo, see premo. improbitas, -tatis, f., wickedness, rascality, lack of principle, (im- probus) improbo, see probo. improbus, -a, -um, bad, vile, wick- ed, impious, unprincipled, dishon- est, shameless, (in + probus) improvidus, -a, -um, not foresee- ing; thoughtless, heedless, careless. (in + providus, foreseeing) imprudens, -entis, not foreseeing, not expecting, unsuspecting, una- ware ; translated as an adverb, unwittingly, (in + prudens) impubes, -eris, beardless, youthful. As subst., a mere child, (in + pubes, grown up) impudens, -entis, shameless, impu- dent, (in + pudens, modest) impudenter, adv., shamelessly, boldly ', impudently, (impudent) impudentia, -ae, f., shamelessness, impudence, (impudens) impudicus, -a, -um, shameless, un- chaste, (in + pudicus, modest) impugnatio, -onis, f., attack, as- sault, (impugno, assail) impune, adv., without punishment, with impunity ; in safety, without harm, (impunis, unpunished) impunitas, -tatis, f., freedom from punishment, lack of punishment, impunity ; safety, security, (im- punis, unpunished) impunitus, -a, -um, unpunished, unrestrained. ( in + punitus, punished) impunis, -a, -um, unclean, filthy, impure; rascally, vile, unprinci- pled, abandoned.- (in + purus) imus, superb of inferus. in, prep, with ace. and abl. With the ace. : With verbs of motion, into, upon, to, toward, among. In expressions of time, for, INANIS 474 INCREPO to, into, till. To express purpose, for, with a view to, in order to. To denote result, to, unto. In ex- pressions of manner, according to, after, in accordance with. In ex- pressions of reference, in relation to, about, concerning, regarding. With the abl. : To denote place, in, on, at, within, among, upon, over, under. In temporal expres- sions, in, within, in the course of, during. In other relations, in, in the case of, in the matter of in re- lation to, in reference to. inanis, -e, e??ipty, unoccupied ; use- less, vain, idle. inaudltus, -a, -um, unheard of, unusual, strange, (in + auditus) inauratus, -a, -um, gilded, golden. (inauro, gild) incendium, -I, n., burning, fire, conflagration, (cf. incendo) incendo, -ere, incendi, incensus, set on fire, bum; rouse, excite, inflame. incensio, -orris, f., burning, (in- cendo) inceptum, -l, n., undertaking, begin- ning. (incipiS) incertus, -a, -um, undetermined ; uncertain, doubtful, dubious; un- trustworthy, inconsistent. ( in + certus) incestus, -a, -um, impure, unclean, defiled, polluted, vile, lewd, incestu- ous, (in + castus, pure) incestus, -us, m., unchastity, incest. incohS (i), begin, commence. incido. see cado. incido, see caedo. incipio, see capio. incitamentum, -I, n., incentive, in- ducement, stimulus, (incito) incito (i), set in motion, rouse, ex- cite, incite, urge on. (in + cito, rouse) inclino (i), bend, lean, turn ; yield, give way ; be inclined. (in -f *clln6, bend) includo, see claudo. incolunris, -e, uninjured, . un- harmed, safe, sound. incommode, adv., inconveniently, uncomfortably, (incommodus) incommodum, -I, n., trouble, dis- advantage; misfortune, loss, in- jury, defeat, (incommodus) incommodus, -a, -um, unsuitable, unfit; troublesome, annoying, dis- agreeable. inconsideratus, -a, -um, not con- sidered ; thoughtless, heedless, incon- siderate, (in + consideratus) incorrupte, adv., fairly, justly, with- out bias, without prejudice, (in- corruptus) incorruptus, -a, -um, unspoiled; unbribed, fair, just, (in -j- cor- ruptus) increbrescS, -ere, increbul, — , thicken, become frequent; grow, increase, (in + crebresco, be- come frequent) incredibilis, -e, not to be believed, beyond belief, incredible; marvel- ous, unparalleled, extraordinary. (in + credibilis) increpo, -are, increpuT. increpi- tu"*.. mate a noise, sound, rattle, rustle, (in -f crepo, rattle) tNCtfMBO 475 INFITIATOR incumbo. -ere, incubui, incubi- tus, lie upon, lean, rest; put forth all one's energies, exert one's self. indago (i), track, trace out, investi- gate. inde, adv., from that place, thence ; from that time, thereafter, after that ; thereupon, theft. indemnatus, -a, -urn, uncondemned. (in + damnatus) index, -icis, m. and f., informer, betrayer; accuser, witness. (cf. indico) indicium, -l, n., information, evi- dence, testimony ; token, sign, indi- cation, (cf. indico) indico (i), point out, make known, tell, inform ; betray, accuse, charge. indico, see dico. indigeo, -ere, indigui, — , need, lack ; long for, want, desire, (in- du + egeo) indigne, adv., unworthily, dishonor- ably, shamefully, (indignus) indignus, -a, -um, unzuorthy, unfit. (in + dignus) indued, see duco. industria, -ae, f., diligence, activ- ity, industry, careful application. (industrius) industrius, -a, -um, careful, pains- taking, diligent, industrious. inedia, -ae, f. , fasting, hunger. ineo, see eo. iners, -ertis, 'without skill, incojn- petent ; inactive, slothful, sluggish. (in + ars) inertia, -ae, f., unskillfulness ; in- activity, slothfulness, sluggishness. (iners) inexpiabilis, -e, not to be atoned for, inexpiable ; implacable. Infamia, -ae, f., ill report; dis- honor, reproach, disgrace. (Infa- mis) Infamis. -e, of ill repute, disreputa- ble, disgraceful, infamous, (in -f fama) Iniellx, -icis, unfortunate, ill- omened, ill-starred, unhappy. (in + f elix) inferior, inferius, the comparative of inferus. infero, see fero. inferus, -a, -um (superl. infimus and imus), low. infer!, -orum, m., those in the lower world, the dead, the shades, the lower world. infirm, -orum, m., the lowest, the vilest, sub infimo colle, at the bottom of the hill, ab inferis, from the world below. infestus, -a, -um, disturbed, un- safe ; hostile, dangerous, opposed to. infidelitas, -tatis, f., unfaithful- ness, treachery ; pi, acts of un- faithfulness, (infidelis) infimus, -a, -um, the superlative of inferus. infinitus, -a, -um, boundless, with- out limit; endless, countless, in- finite, (in + finitus) infirmitas, -tatis, f., weakness, un- steadiness, inconstancy . (Infir- mus) infirmo, see firmo. infirmus, -a, -um, weak, feeble; inconstant ; inconclusive, of no weight, (in + firmus) infitiator, -oris, m., denier, repu- INFITIOR 476 INNUMERABILIS diator. The word strictly means a debtor who denies ever having received a loan, (infitior) infitior (1), deny. mflammo (1), set on fire ; kindle, arouse, infuriate, (in + flammo, kindle) Inflo, see flo. informo, see formo. infringo, see frango. ingenium, -1, n., nature, character, disposition, temper ; ability, capac- ity, talent, genius, intellect. ingens, -entis, very large, enor- mous, vast, huge, immense. ingenuus, -a, -um, freeborn. As subst, a free man. ingratus, -a, -um, unpleasant, dis- agreeable ; thankless, ungrateful. (in + gratus) ingravesco, -ere, — , — , become heavier, grow more serious, become worse. (in + gravesco, grow heavy) ingredior, see gradior. inhaereo, see haereo. inhio (1), open the mouth, hold the open mouth to. (in + hio, open) inhumanus, -a, -um, inhuman, brutal, barbarous; rude, rough, coarse, uncultivated. (in + hu- manus) inhumatus, -a, -um, unburied. (in + hum 6. bury) inibi, adv., in that place, therein, there, (in + ibi) inicio, see iacio. inimicitia, -ae, f., unfriendliness, hostility, enmity, quarrel, feud. (inimicus) inimicus, -a, -um, unfriendly, hos- tile ; hurtful, injtirious, opposed to. (in + amicus) iniquitas, -tatis, f., unevenness, irregularity ; difficulty; unfair- ness, injustice, iniquity. (ini- quus) iniquus, -a, -um, uneven ; unfair, unjust, iniquitous ; unfavorable, disadvantageous ; opposed to, ad- verse, hostile, (in + aequus) initio (1), initiate, consecrate. initium, -1, n., entrance ; beginning, commencement. iniuria, -ae, f., injustice, wrong, outrage, insult, violence, iniuria, unjustly, wrongfully, (iniurius, from in + ius) iniuriose, adv., unjustly, unfairly, unlawfully, (iniuriosus, unfair) iniiistus, -a, -um, unjust, unfair, unreasonable, (in + itistus) inlecebra, -ae, f., enticement, allure- ment, attraction, charm, induce- ment. inlucesco, -ere, inluzi, — , grow light, begin to shine, dawn, (in + lucesco, begin to shine) inlustris, -e, bright, brilliant, splen- did; famous, distinguished, re- nowned, illustrious. (i.UC, shine) inlustro, see liistro. innocens, -entis, harmless, inof- fensive ; blameless, guiltless, inno- cent, upright, (in + nocens) innocentia, -ae, f., blamelessness, uprightness, integrity. (inno- cens) innumerabilis, -e, countless, num- berless, innumerable. (in -f nu- INOPIA 477 INSTRUMENTUM merabilis, capable of being counted) inopia, -ae, f., lack, scarcity, need, poverty, deslittition . (inops , poor) inquam, inquis, inquit (defective verb; see grammars), say. inrepo, see repo. inretio, -ire, inretivl (ii), inre- titus, ensnare, entrap, entangle, involve, (in + rete, net) inrito (i), incite, instigate; pro- voke, ir?-itate, exasperate. inrogo, see rogo. inrumpo, see rumpo. inruo, see ruo. inruptio, -onis, f., invasion, incur- sion, attack, raid. (inrumpS) lnsania, -ae, f., madness, insanity ; folly ; excess, extravagance. (Insa- nus) insanio, -ire, insanivi, — , be mad, be crazy, (insanus) insanus, -a, -um, mad, crazy, in- sane ; violent, raging; excessive, extravagant, (in + sanus) inscitia, -ae, f., ignorance, stupidity, awkwardness. (inscitus, igno- rant) Inscribo, see scrlbo. insepultus, -a, -um, unburied. (in + sepultus) insequor, see sequor. inservio, see servio. insideo, see sedeo. insidiae, -arum, f., snare, trap, ambush, ambuscade; plot, device, treachery, deception. (cf. in + sedeo) insidiator, -oris, m., waylayer, plotter, footpad. (insidior) insidior (i), lie in ambush, lie in wa it for, plot aga inst. (insidiae) insidiose, adv., treacherously, deceit- fully, (insidiosus) insidiosus, -a, -um, treacherous, deceitful, dangerous, (insidiae) inslgne, -is, n., mark, sign, symbol, token ; badge, decoration, (insignis) insignis, -e, marked; remarkable, extraordinary, (in + signum) insimulo, see simulo. insolens, -entis, unwonted, un- usual; immoderate, excessive; arrogant, haughty, insolent. (in + solens, accustomed) insolenter, adv., in an unusual man- ner ; haughtily, arrogantly, inso- lently, (insolens) insolentia, -ae, f., unusualness, strangeness ; haughtiness, arro- gance, insolence, (insolens) insolitus, -a, -um, unwonted, un- tisual, unaccustomed, (in + soli- tus) inspects, see specto. insperans, -antis, not expecting; contrary to one's expectations. (in + sperans) insperatus, -a, -um, unlooked for, unexpected, unforeseen. (in + speratus) instituo, see statuo. Institutum, -I, n., purpose, inten- tion, design; practice, usage, cus- tom, habit; ordinance, decree, regulation. (Instituo) insto, see sto. instrumentum, -I, n., tool, imple- ment; material, apparatus, stock in trade, equipment, (instruo) INSTRUO 4 ;8 INTESTINUS InstruS, see struo. insula, -ae, f., an island. insultS (i), leap tipon, trample on, ^ trample under foot ; revile, abuse, insult, outrage, (freq. of lnsilio, leap 011) insum, see sum. integer, -gra, -grum, untouched, whole, unbroken, entire, complete; blameless, irreproachable, spotless, pure; undecided, undetermined; impartial, unbiased, unprejudiced ; unexhausted, sound, fresh, vigorous; unimpeachable, loyal, upright, (in + TAG, touch) integre, adv., honestly, honorably, uprightly, (integer) integritas, -tatis, f., integrity, hon- esty, uprightness, blamelessness. (integer) intellego, see legS. intendo, see tendS. intent 5 (i), stretch, direct, aim, wield, brandish; threaten, (freq. of intendo) inter, prep, with ace, between, among. In temporal expressions, for, within, in the course of. inter se (takes the place of a reciprocal pronoun), each other, one another. Interamna, -ae, f., a town in Um- bria. Interamnas, -atis, of Interamna. intercedo, see cedo. intercessiS, -onis, f., intervention, mediation, protest, veto, (inter- cedo) intercludo, see claudo. interdum, adv., sometimes, now and then, occasionally, (inter -f dum) interea, adv., in the mean time, meanwhile, (inter + ea) intereo, see eS. interfector, -oris, m., slayer, mur- derer, (interficio) interficio, see facio. interim, adv., in the mean time, meanwhile, (inter -f im, an old ace. of is) interims, see emS. interior, interius, inner, in the inner part of; superl. intimus, -a, -urn, inmost, innermost. . in- timus, -l, m., an intimate friend. interitus, -us, m., death, murder ; destruction, ruin, overthrow, (in- tereS) intermortuus, -a, -um, lifeless, half dead, faint, stifled, (inter + mortuus) internecio, -Snis, f., slaughter, destruction, extermination. (cf. inter, nex) internecivus, -a, -um, destructive, murderous, of destruction, of anni- hilation, (internecio) interponS, see pono. interrogS, see rogo. intersum, see sum. intervallum, -I, n. (the space between two ramparts), distance apart, intermediate distance, dis- tance, space, ti?ne, interval, (inter + vallum) interventus, -us, m., coming be- tween, intervention, (cf. inter- venio) intestinus, -a, -um, inward, in- ternal, intestine, within, (intus) INTIMUS 479 ITEM intimus, -a, -urn, the superlative of interior. intra, adv., and prep, with ace. As adv., on the inside, within. As prep, with the ace, within, inside, inside of; in the course of, during. (*interus) introducS, see duco. introeS, see eo. intueor, see tueor. intus, adv., within, (in + tus) inultus, -a, -um, unpunished, un- avenged, (in + ultus) inuro, see uro. iniisitatus, -a, -um, unwonted, un- usual, extraordinary, (in -f usi- tatus) inutilis, -e, useless, unserviceable ; unfavorable, hurtful, prejudicial. (in + utilis) invado, see vado. inveniS, see venio. investigo (i), track, trace out, search into, investigate. (in + vestigo, track) inveterasco, -ere, inveteravl, — , grow old ; become established, be- come fixed, become rooted ; live long, remain long, drag along. (invetero) invlctus, -a, -um, unconquered ; invincible, (in + vlctus) invideo, see video. invidia, -ae, f., envy, jealousy; hatred, odium, tinpopularity . (invidus) invidiose, adv. , hatefully ; in a man- ner to arouse prejudice, (invidio- sus) invidiosus, -a, -um, causing odium, a source of unpopularity, a cause of prejudice, (invidia) invidus, -a, -um, envious, jealous , ill-disposed, hostile, unfriendly. (cf. invideo) invigilo, see vigilo. invlsus, -a, -um, hated, odious, dis- pleasing, detested, (invideo) invito (i), invite, ask, arouse, urge. invitus, -a, -um, unwilling, reluc- tant. ipse, ipsa, ipsum, self of one's self in person, very, precisely. Ira, -ae, f., anger, wrath, resentment. iracundia, -ae, f., wrath, anger, passion, (iracundus) iracundus, -a, -um, easily angered, irascible, irritable; wrathful, re- sentful. (Ira) Irascor, -I, Iratus, be angry, get into a rage. (Ira) is, ea, id, this, that, these, those; such, such an one ; he, she, it, they. eo, for that reason, therefore. Isse, the perfect infinitive of eo. iste, ista, istud, that, that of yours, that near you ; stick, of such a kind; contemptuous, that fellow, that. (is + te) istlc, adv., there, in that place. (istl + ce) ita, adv., in this manner, so, in this way, thus, as follows; to such a degree, so far. Italia, -ae, f., Italy. Italicus, -a, -um, Italic, Italian, of Italy. itaque, adv., and so, therefore, accord- ingly, (ita + que) item, adv., likewise, also, too, as well. ITER 48O IUPPITER iter, itineris, n., road, way ; route, course; journey, march, passage, voyage, (cf. eo, go) iterum, adv., again, a second time. iterum et saepius, again and again, repeatedly. iubeo, -ere, iussl, iussus, bid, order, command, direct. iucunditas, -tatis, f., pleasantness, char 77i, delight ; e7tjoy77ie7it, pleas- ure, (iucundus) iucundus, -a, -um, pleasant, agree- able, pleasing. iudex, -icis, m., jury7na7i ; judge, U77ipire, arbiter. (ius -+- Die, speak) dicialis, -e, of the courts, belo7tg- i7ig to the court, judicial, (iudi- cium) iudicium, -1, n., trial, court ; se7t- te7ice, judg77ient, decision, decree. (iudex) iudico (1), pass judg7ne7it, judge, decide; think, co7isider, esti77iate, criticise, (iudex) di — diiudic 6(1), settle between, decide, settle, adjust. iugulo (1), cut the throat of, 7/iurder, assassinate, (iugulum) iugulum, -1, n., collar bo7ie ; throat, neck. (dim. of iugum, yoke) Iugurtha, -ae, m.,Jugu7'tha,a. king of Numidia, captured and taken to Rome by Marius in 106 B.C. He perished in the Tullianum. Iulius, -1, m., a gens name. 1. C. Julius Caesar, the great Dictator. 2. L. Iulius Caesar, consul in 64 B.C. 3. C. Iulius Caesar Octavianus, the adopted son and heir of Julius Caesar; afterward called Augustus. 4. I. Ifdius Caesar, consul in 90 B.C. and censor the following year. iungo, -ere, iunxi, iunctus, join, U7iite, co7i7tect, bri7ig together ; asso- ciate, ally. ad — adiungo, -ere, adiunxi, adiunctus,y^z« to, wiite to, attach, add. Q. Arrio adiuncto, to- gether with Qui7itus Arrius. com — coniungo, -ere, con- iunxi, coniunctus, bring together, unite closely, join, bellum con- iungere, to unite in waging a war. dis — disiungo, -ere, dis iunxi, disiunctus, disunite, separate, sever, re77iove. se — seiungS, -ere, seiunxi, seiunctus, distmite, part, sever, separate. Iunius, -a, -um, of June. Iunius, -i, m., a gens name. 1. D. Itmius Brutus, consul in 138 B.C., famous for victories in Spain. 2. D. Iu7iius Brutus Albinus, a legate with Caesar, in the Gallic war and also in the Civil war, and later, one of the conspirators by whom Caesar was killed. After Caesar's death, Brutus attempted to control Gallia Cisalpina and was attacked in Mutina by Antony. Brutus lost his life in flight after the fall of Mutina. Iuppiter, Iovis, m., Jupiter, Jove. The title Optimus Maximus is often IURO 48l LABOR applied to him as the foremost among the gods. Jupiter is sup- posed to be a personifiation of the bright clear sky. iuro (1), swear, take a7i oath, (ius) com-coniuro (1), take an oath together, conspire, plot together. ius, iuris, n., right, law, justice, equity; privilege, prerogative. iure, by right, rightfully, justly. praecipuo iure, by an especial claim, optimo iure, with per- fect justice. ius, iuris, n., broth, soup. iusiurandum, iurisiurandl (both words declined), n., oath. iussus, -us, m. (only in the abl. sing.), order, command, (iubeo) iuste, adv., justly rightly, (iiistus) iustitia, -ae, f., justice, sense of justice, uprightness, righteousness. (iustus), iiistus, -a, -wax, just, upright, right- eous; fair, reasonable, equitable- lawful, right, proper ; perfect, com- plete, regular, (ius) iuventiis, -tutis, i., youth; young men, young people, youth, (iuve- nis, young) iuvo, -are, iuvi, iutus (future participle, iuvaturus), aid, assist, help ; phase, delight. ad — adiuvo, -are, adiuvi, adiutus, give assistance, give help, support, sustain. the first of each Roman month (CAL, call) Karthaginiensis, -e, Carthagin- ian. As subst., the Carthaginians. Karthago, -inis, f., Carthage. L. K. KaKoaronaxos, dyspeptic. Kal. , abbr. of Kalendae. Kalendae, -arum, f, the Calends, H. & G. CIC. — 31 L., abbr. of I^ucius. labefacio, -ere, labefeci, labe- factus, cause to totter, shake, loosen. labefacto (1), cause to totter, shake, disturb; weaken, ttndermine, over- throw, ruin, destroy. (freq. of labefacio) labes, -is, f, fall; ruin, destruc- tion; blot, stain, disgrace, scandal (labor) Labienus, -i, m ., a family name.' T. Labienus, one of Caesar's most trusted legates in the Gallic war? In the Civil war Labienus joined Pompey, but seems to have been quite unsuccessful. He fell at the battle of Munda. labor, -1, lapsus, glide, slide, slip, fall, sink ; make a slip, be impru- dent, be mistaken; perish, go to destruction. de — delabor, -1, delapsus, glide down, sink down, fall, de- scend. di — dilabor, -I, dilapsus, glide apart, slip down, fall apart; scatter, disperse; go to pieces, go to ruin, perish. e-elabor, -I, elapsus, slide out, slip away, escape, fall out, be lost. labor, -oris, m., toil, effort, exer- LABORIOSUS 482 LATEO Hon, labor; hardship, suffering, pain. laboriosus, -a, -um, toilsome, labo- rious, wearisome, (labor) laboro (1), toil, labor ; suffer, be in trouble, be afflicted, be harassed ; care for, be concerned, be anxious ; busy one's self with, care for, strive for, attend to. (labor) e — elaboro (1), work out, accomplish ; take pains, elaborate. lacero (1), mangle, tear, rend, mu- tilate, lacerate, (lacer, torn) dl — dilacero (1), tear to pieces. lacesso, -ere, lacessivi, lacessi- tus, provoke, irritate, exasperate ; attack, assail, harass ; arouse, stir, stimulate. (*lacio, entice) Acrima, -ae, f., a tear. actens, -entis, taking milk, suck- ing, nursing. (*lacteo, suck) lacus, -us, m., lake, pond. Laeca, -ae, m., a family name. M. Laeca, a member of the Catili- narian conspiracy. laedo, -ere, laesi, laesus, hurt, wound, injure; annoy, afflict, grieve ; break, violate, betray. Laelius, -1, m., a gens name. C. Laelius, consul in 140 B.C., a sol- dier in the third Punic war. He is one of the principal characters in Cicero's De Amicitia. Laenius, -1, m., a gens name. M. Laenius Flaccus, a knight of Brun- disium, friendly to Cicero in his exile. laetitia, -ae, f, joy, gladness, pleas- ure, (laetus) laetor (1), rejoice, exult, delight. laetus, -a, -um, glad, joyful, rejoic- ing. lamentatio, -onis, f., wailing, weep- ing, lamentation, (lamentor) lamentor (1), lament, bewail, weep for, sorrow for. (lamentum) 1 amentum. -1, n., weeping, lamenta- tion, (cal, call) langueS, -ere, — , — , be faint, be weary, be listless. languidus, -a, -um, faint, weak ; dull, languid, listless, spiritless, stupid. Lanuvinus, -a, -um, of Lanuvium. As subst, the people of Lanuvium. Lanuvium, -1, n., a town of Latium, on the Appian Way. lapis, -idis, m., a stone. laqueus, -1, m., noose, snare. Lar, Laris. m., household divinity. Lar familiaris, the guardian god of the family ; home, hearth, fire- side. largior, -Iri, largitus, give freely, lavish, bestow; bribe. (largus, plentiful) largitio, -onis, f, lavish gibing, generosity ; bribery, corruption. t (largior) largitor, -oris, m., liberal giver ; spendthrift, prodigal ; briber, (lar- gior) late, adv., widely, broadly, exten- sively, longe lateque, far and wide, (latus) latebra, -ae, f., hiding-place, lurk- ing-place, recess, retreat. (cf. lateS) lateo, -ere, latui, — , lie hidden, LATIARIS 483 LENIS be concealed, escape notice, be ob- scure. Latiaris, -e, of Latium. Iuppiter Latiaris, Jupiter (as the divin- ity of the Latin League). Latmiensis, -is, m., a Roman name. See Caelius. Latinus, -a, -um, Latin. Latium, -1, n., Latium. lator, -oris, m., bearer ; proposer (of a law), mover, (fero) latro, -onis, m., robber, highway- man, footpad, bandit. latro cinium, -1^., freebooling, rob- bery, brigandage ; band of robbers. (latro cinor) latro cinor, -ari, — , be a robber, be a bandit, latrocinans, as a rob- ber, (latro) latus, -eris, n., side, flank, breast. latus, -a, -um, broad, wide, extensive. laudatio, -onis, f., praise, commen- dation, encomium ; panegyric, eulogy, funeral oration, (laud.6) laudo (1), praise, commend, eulo- gize, applaud, approve, extol. (laus) laureatus, -a, -um, covered with bay, crowned with bay leaves. (laurea, bay tree) laus, laudis, f., praise, commenda- tion ; renown, glory, credit. lectulus, -1, m., little bed, couch. (dim. of lectus) lectus, -1, m., bed, couch. lectus, -a, -um, choice, excellent, superior, (p. p. of lego) legatio, -onis, f., office of a legate; embassy, legation, ius legationis, the rights of ambassadors, (lego) legatus, -1, m., ambassador, legate, lieutenant, (lego) legio, -onis, f., legion, (cf. lego, choose) legitimus, -a, -um, legal, lawful, according to law, established by law, fixed by law. (lex) lego, -ere, legi, lectus, gather, collect ; pick out, select, choose ; read, read of peruse ; elect, appoint. com — conligo, -ere, conlegi, conlectus, bring together, gather, collect, acquire; with reflexive, recover one's self. de — deligo, -ere, delegi, de- lectus, pick out, select, choose, elect. di — duigo, -ere, dilexi, dr lectus, single out, select; lo esteem, regard. e — eligo, -ere, elegi, el ctus, pick out, select, choose, elect. inter — intellego, -ere, intel- lexi, intellectus, distinguish be- tween, discern, perceive, under- stand, know. nee — neglego, -ere, neglexi, neglectus, disregard, be indiffer- ent to ; despise ; overlook, neglect. lego (1), send as a legate, appoint as a legate, commission, despatch. ad — adlego (1), commission, appoint, send. lenio, -ire, lenivi, lenitus, soften, soothe, assuage, mitigate, (lenis) de — delenio, -ire, delenivi, delenitus, soothe, pacify ; capti- vate, win over. lenis, -e, soft, smooth; calm, kind, gentle. LENITAS 484 LIBIDO lenitas, -tatis, f., softness, smooth- ness ; gentleness, tenderness, (le- nis) lend, -onis, m., pifnp, procurer, seducer ; tool. Lentulus, -1, m., a family name. See Cornelius. lentus, -a, -um, pliant, flexible; sticky, tenacious ; slow, sluggish. lepidus, -a, -um, charming, grace- ful, elegant; effeminate. Lepidus, -1, m., a family name. See Aemilius. Lepta, -ae, m., a surname. Q. Lepta, Cicero's praefectus fabrum in Cilicia. Leucas, -adis, f., name of an island and of a town off Acarnania. levis, -e, light, having little zueight ; slight, trivial, unimportant, worth- less ; capricious, inconstant, fickle ; swift, nimble, rapid. levitas, -tatis, f., lightness; incon- stancy, fickleness, lack of principle, worthlessness, shallowness, (levis) leviter, adv., lightly, slightly, easily. ut levissime dicam, to say the least, (levis) levo (1), lift up, raise ; lighten, re- lieve, alleviate; co})ifort, console. annonam levare, to relieve the market, lower the price of provi- sions. re — relevo (1), lift zip; re- lieve, ease ; alleviate. lex, legis, f., law, enactment, statute ; stipulation, condition, terms. libellus, -1, m., a little book, pam- phlet, treatise, (dim. of liber) libens, -entis, willing, with pleas- ure, readily, gladly, (pres. p. of libet) libenter, adv., gladly, willingly, with pleasure, (libens) liber, -bri, m., book. liber, -era, -erum, free, unre- stricted, tmrestrained, unchecked. liberalis, -e, of a freeman, befitting freedom; honorable, noble (stu- dia); generous, liberal, (liber) liberalitas, -tatis, f., nobility ; gen- erosity, liberality, (liberalis) liberaliter, adv., as a freeman, nobly ; generously, kindly, (libe- ralis) liberatio, -onis, f., release, setting free, liberation, acquittal. (li- bero) liberator, -oris, m., deliverer, lib- erator, (libero) liber § , adv., without restraint, freely ; frankly, openly, boldly, (liber) liberi, -orum, m., children (of free parents) . libero (1), set free, liberate, release; extricate, relieve; acquit, absolve. (liber) libertas, -tatis, f., freedom, liberty, independence, atrium Liberta- tis, the temple of Liberty, (liber) libertinus, -i, m., a freedman. (libertus) libertus, -i, m., a freedman (with reference to the master who freed him, e.g. Ciceronis libertus Tiro, Cicero's freedman, Tiro). (liber) libet, -ere, libuit, — , it pleases, is pleasing, is agreeable. libido, -inis, f., desire; evil desire, LIBRARIUM 485 LOCUPLETO lust, lawlessness, wantonness, lezvd- ness, sensuality, (cf. libet) librarium, -1, n., bookcase, (liber) licentia, -ae, f., freedom, liberty ; lazvlessness, license, (licens) licet, -ere, licuit (licitum est), — , it is permitted, it is allowed, one may. licet recognoscas, you may reviezv. Licinius, -1, m., a gens name. 1. Aulus Licinius Archias, the poet whom Cicero defended. See page 338. 2. L. Licinius Crassus, a dis- tinguished orator, born 140 B.C. 3. P. Lichiius Crassus, censor in 89 B.C. 4. L. Licinius Murena, a legate -with Sulla in Asia. See page 317. 5. Licinius, mentioned as a keeper of an eating-house. 6. L. Licinius Lucullus, an offi- cer in Sulla's army and later com- mander of the forces sent against Mithridates. Ligarius, -T, m., a gens name. 1. Q. Ligarius, see page 389. 2. T. Ligarius, brother of Q. Ligarius. lignum, -1, n., zvood, firewood, timber. limen, -inis, n., threshold, entrance. lingua, -ae, f., tongtte, language, speech. linquo, -ere, liqui, — , leave, for- sake, give up, abandon. de + re — derelinquo, -ere, dereliqul, derelictus, abandon entirely, forsake utterly, give up altogether. re — relinquo, -ere, reliqui, relic tus, leave, leave behind; abandon, forsake, desert; pass over, give no heed to, disregard ; leave undone, leave unattended to; dismiss, relinquish. linter, -tris, f., boat, skiff, canoe. linum, -1, n.,fiax; thread, cord. liquefacio, -ere, liquefeci, lique- factus, make liquidfdissolve, melt. liqueo, be fluid '+ facio) lis, litis, {., strife, dissension, quar- rel ; suit, suit at law, action, liti- gation ; damages. littera, -ae, f., letter (of the alpha- bet); pi., a letter, epistle; letters, literature, books ; learning, scholar- ship, liberal education. litteratus, -a, -um, learned, liber- ally educated, cultivated, cultured. (littera) litura, -ae, f., erasure; correction. Livius, -I, m., a gens name. M. Livius Drusus, an aristocrat who supported some reforms in the in- terest of the people. He was mur- dered in 91 B.C., probably by his political opponents. loco (1), put, place, set, arrange ; let by contract, contract for, let a contract for. (locus) com — conloco (1) , place, put, arrange; set up, erect; engage, hire, employ ; invest. Locrensis, -e, of Locrl, a. Greek city in Southern Italy. As subst, the Locrians, the people of Locri. locuples, -etis, rich, zvealthy. (lo- cus 4- root of plenus) locupleto (1), make rich, enrich. (locuples) LOCUS 486 LYSO locus, -1, m. (plural usually loca, -orum, n.), a place, spot ; post, station, position; degree, rank; topic, subject ; chance, opportunity, longe, adv., far, far away, distant. (longus) longinquitas, -tatis, f., distance, remoteness, (longinquus) longinquus, -a, -urn, far away, distant, remote; long-continued, lasting, prolonged, (longus) longiusculus, -a, -um, a little longer, (dim. of longius) longus, -a, -um, long, extended; lasting, prolonged, tedious ; distant, remote, ne longum sit, not to ?nake the narrative tedious. loquor, -1, locutus, speak, talk, say. com — conloquor, -1, conlo- cutus, talk with, confer, converse, have an interview. lorica, -ae, f., corselet (made of thongs), cuirass, (lorum, thong) luceo, -ere, luxl, — , shine, glitter ; be plain, be clear, be obvious, (cf. lux) luctuosus, -a, -um, full of sorrow, filled with sadness, sad, mournful, distressing, (luctus) luctus, -us, m., grief, sorrow, dis- tress, (lug, mount) Lucullus, -1, m., a family name. See Licinius. lucus, -1, m., open grove, sacred grove, park. ludibundus, -a, -um, playful, frol- icsome, (ludo, frolic) ludus, -1, m., play, sport, game, diversion, pastime; school, train- ing-school; public games, show, ex- hibition, (lud, play) liigeo, -ere, luxl, luctus, be in sorroiv, mottm, lament. lumen, -inis, n., light; eye; dis- tinguished person, (luc -j- men) luo, -ere, lul, — , loose, free ; pay, suffer ; atone for. (lu, loose) di — dHuo, -ere, dilui, dilu- tus, wash away, dissolve ; weaken, refute. por — polluo, -ere, pollui, pollutus, defile, pollute, desecrate. lupa, -ae, f., she-wolf; prostitute. lupinus, -a, -um, of a wolf, of the wolf, (lupus, wolf) liistro (1), ?nake bright, illu??iinate ; survey, examine; traverse, go over ; review, consider ; purify. in — inlustro (1), make light, illuminate, make clear; make fa- mous. Lutatius, -I, m., a gens name. 1. Q. Lutatius Catulus, consul in 102 B.C. 2. Q. Lutatius Catulus, son of the preceding, consul in 78 B.C. lutum, -1, n., mud, mire. lux, lucis, f., light, brightness, day- light; help, succor ; day. in lu- cem proferre, to bring into pub- lic view, lucem adferre, to bring relief. (LUC, shine) luxuria, -ae, f., luxuriance, profu- sion ; extravagance, riotous living, excess, debauchery. (luxus, ex- cess) Lyso. -onis, m., a native of Patrae, and a friend of Cicero. He cared for Tiro in his sickness. M 487 MALUS M. M. , abbr. of Marcus. M'., abbr. of Manius. Macedonia, -ae, f., Macedonia. machinator, -oris, m., designer; contriver, manager, (machinor) machinor (i), devise, design, in- vent; contrive, plot, scheme, (ma- china, machine) macto (1), honor, extol; immolate, sacrifice; kill, slaughter, destroy; punish, (mactus, honored) macula, -ae, f., spot, stain, blot, blemish, disgrace. maculo (1), stain, defile, pollute. (macula) madefacio, -ere, madefeci, ma- def actus, wet, moisten, soak, drench. (madeo, be wet + fa- cio) Maelius, -1, m., a gens name. Spu- ritis Maelius, see page 262. maereo, -ere, — , — , be sad, mourn, grieve, lament. maeror, -oris, m., grief, sorrow, sadness. maestitia, -ae, f., sadness, sorrow, grief, (maestus, sad) magis, adv., more, rather ; superl. mazime, most, especially, (mag, big) magistratus, -us, m., office of a magistrate, magistracy ; magis- trate, (magister, master) magnifice, adv., magnificently, nobly, grandly ; pompously, haughtily. (magnificus) magnificus, -a, -um (comp.magni- ficentior), noble, grand, mag- nificent, eminent, distinguished. (magnus + root of facio) magnitudo, -inis, f., greatness, great size, great extent ; abundance. (magnus) magnus, -a, -um (comp. maior, superl. maximus), 6 w^, large (in all senses); noble, grand ; impor- tant, momentous ; stately, lofty, im- pressive; eminent, powerful, ma- ior (sc. natu), older, magni ha- bere, to value highly, id quod maximum est, the main point. Magnus, -1, m., a name given to Pompey. maior, the comp. of magnus. ma- iores (sc. natu), -um, m., ances- tors. maius, comp. of magnus. Maius, -a, -um, of May, May. male (comp. peius, superl. pes sime), adv., badly, poorly, ill hardly, maliciously, unfortunately, unsuccessfully, (maius) maledictum, -1, n., insulting words, abuse, (maledico, abuse) maleficium, -1, n., evil deed, harm, mischief, injury, wrong, (male- ficus, vicious) malleolus, -l, m., fire-dart, fire- brand, (dim. of malleus, hammer) malo, malle, malui, — , wish more, wish rather, choose, prefer, (ma- gis + volo) malum, -1, n., evil; mischief; harm; misfortune, trouble, (maius) maius, -a, -um (comp. peior, superl. pessimus), bad (in all senses); tvicked, depraved, crimi- nal; injurious, harmful. MANCUS 488 MARS mancus, -a, -um, maimed, crippled, imperfect, defective. mandatum, -1, n., charge, commis- sion, injunction, direction, order. (mando) mando (1), put into one's hands, commit, consign, order, (manus + do) com — commendo (1), com- mit, entrtist, confide. mane, adv., in the morning, early in the morning, early. maneo, -ere, mansi, mansus, stay, remain; continue, endure, persist ; await, expect. per — permaneo, -ere, per- mansi, permansus, re?nain, stay; hold out, persist. re — remaneo, -ere, remansi, remansus, stay behind, remain; continue, be. manicatus, -a, -um, with long sleeves, (manicae, long sleeves) manifesto, adv., clearly, evidently, manifestly, (manifestus) manifestus, -a, -um, clear, plain, evident, apparent, manifest, overt, caught in the act. ManHius, -I, m., a gens name. C. MdnTlius, a tribune Qf 66 B.C., who proposed the law to give Pompey control of the war against Mithridates. Manius, -1, m., a praenomen. Manlianus, -a, -um, ofAfanlius. Manlius, -1, m., a gens name. (1) C. Manlius, a centurion in Sulla's army; later, the commander of Catiline's forces at Faesulae. He was killed with the rest of the band when attacked by the forces of the state. (2) L. Manlius Torqudtus, con- sul in 65 B.C. mano, -are, manavi, — , run, flow ; spread, get abroad. mansuete, adv., gently, kindly, mildly, calmly, (mansuetus) mansuetiido, -inis, f., mildness, gentleness, kindness, clemency. (mansuetus) mansuetus, -a, -um, gentle, kind, quiet, (mansuesco, become ac- cuslomed to the hand) manubiae, -arum, f., booty, spoils, prize-money. manus, -us, f., hand ; handwrit- ing, penmanship ; band, company, troops. manu mittere, to set free, emancipate. Marcellus, -1, m., a family name. See Claudius. Marcius, -i, m., a gens name. L. Marcius, a knight. Marcus, -1, m., a praenomen. mare, -is, n., sea, the sea. terra marique, on land and on sea. maritimus, -a, -um, of the sea, on the sea, maritime, tiaval. (mare) maritus, -1, m., male, married man, husband, (mas, male) Marius, -i, m., a gens name. C. Marius, the conqueror of the Teutones and the Cimbri, the leader of the popular party, and the man who was seven times consul. marmor, -is, n., marble. Mars, Martis, m., Mars, the god of war ; war. MARTIUS 489 MENDICITAS Martius, -a, -urn, of Mars, legio Martia, the name of a legion often mentioned in the fourteenth Philippic. Massilia. -ae, f., the ancient name of Marseilles. Massiliensis, -e, of Massilia. As subst., the people of Massilia. mater, -tris, f., mother. mater familias. see familia. materia, -ae, f., material, matter, stuff, substance, timber; subject, topic, theme ; occasion, cause, source. (mater) materies, -el, f., same as materia. matrimonium, -1, n., wedlock, mar- riage, matrimony ; matrimonial welfare, (mater) mature, adv., early, speedily, quickly. (maturus) maturitas, -tatis, f., ripeness, maturity, full development, (ma- turus) maturo (1), hasten, quicken, hurry. (maturus) maturus, -a, -um, ripe, mature; fit, suitable ; early, speedy. matutinus, -a, -um, of the morn- ing, early. (Matuta, the goddess of the dawn) maxime, see magis. maximus, see magnus. Maxirnus, -1, m., a family name. See Fabius. maxumus. see maximus. Medea, -ae, f., Medea, a sorceress, the daughter of Aeetes, the king of Colchis. medeor, -eri, — , cure, heal, remedy, correct. medicina, -ae, f., the art of healing, medicine, surgery; a medicine, remedy, (medicus, healing) medicus, -1, m., physician, doctor. mediocris, -e, medium, average, moderate, ordinary, mediocre ; small, slight, insignificant, (me- dius) mediocriter, adv., ordinarily, mod- erately, to some extent, somewhat. (mediocris) meditor (1), dxvell upon, reflect upon, meditate, think of; study, practice, rehearse. meditatus, (with passive force), practiced. medius, -a, -um, middle, midway, half-way between, in the middle; in the middle of, in the midst of in the center of. ex media morte, frofn the midst of death, from the jaws of death. melior, comp. of bonus. membrum, -1, n., a part of the body, limb, member. memini, -isse (defective), re??iem- ber, bear in mind. Memmius, -1, m., a gens name. C. Memmius, see page 264. memor, -is, mindful, heedful, re- membering, (cf. memini) memoria, -ae, f., memory, recol- lection, remembrance ; tradition, record, memoria tenere, to re- member, memoriae proditum, handed down by tradition, post hominum memoriam, within the memory of men. mendacium, -1, n., falsehood, lie, untruth, (mendax, lying) mendicitas, -tatis, f., MENS 490 MINUO poverty, indigence. (mendicus, indigent^) mens, mentis, f., mind, intellect, soul; feeling, disposition; pur- pose, design. mensis, -is, m., month. mentio, -Snis, f., a calling to mind, mention. mentior, -iri, mentitus, lie, assert falsely. mercator, -oris, m., trader, mer- chant, (mercor, trade) mercenarius, -a, -um, serving for Pay, hired, paid, ?nerce?tary. (merces) merces, -edis, f., pay, wages ; re- ward, recompense. mereor, -eri, meritus, deserve, deserve well of, merit; win, gain, obtain. merito, see meritum. meritum, -1, n., desert, merit, worth ; favor, kindness, good deed. merits, deservedly, (mereor) merx, mercis, f., goods, wares, mer- chandise. Mescinius, -5, m., a gens name. L. Mescinius Riifus, Cicero's quaes- tor in Cilicia. Messala, -ae, m., a family name. M. Valerius Messala, consul in 61 B.C. -met (a suffix added to personal pronouns), self. metator, -oris, m., measurer, sur- veyor, (metior, measure) Metellus, -1, m., a family name. See Caecilius. metuS, -ere, metuT, metutus, fear. metus, -us, m., fear, anxiety, ap- prehension. (metuS) meus,-a, -um, ?ny, mine. miles, -itis, m., soldier. miliens, adv., a thousand times, countless times, (mille) militaris, -e, of soldiers, of war , mili- tary, res militaris, the art of war. (miles) militia, -ae, f., military service, ser- vice in the army, warfare, ivar. domi mflitiaeque, at home and abroad, (miles) mille (indecl. in singular; in plural, milia, -ium, n.), a thousand. mille passuum, a mile. MilS, -Snis, m., a family name. See Annius. minae, -arum, f., threats, menacing words. minax, -acis, threatening, menacing. minime, see parum. minimus, -a, -um, see parvus. minitor (1), menace, threaten. (freq. of minor) minor (1), threaten, (minae) minor, see parvus. Minucius, -i, m., a gens name. Minucius, one of the associates of Catiline. minuo, -ere, minui, minutus, les- sen, diminish; weaken. de — deminuo, -ere, de- minui, deminutus, lessen, di- minish; take from, take away, curtail, impair. in — imminuS, -ere, immi- nui, imminutus, lessen, dimin- ish; weaken, enfeeble; encroach upon, infringe upon, violate. MINUS 491 MITTO minus, see parvus and parum. mirifice, adv., wonderfully, marvel- ousfy. (mirificus) mirificus, -a, -urn, wonderful, mar- velous, extraordinary, minis + fac) miror (1), wonder at, marvel; be amazed, be astonished ; regard, esteem, admire, (minis) ad — admiror (1), wonder at; be surprised, be astonished ; ad- mire. minis, -a, -um, wonderful, surpris- ing, marvelous, strange. misced, -ere, miscui, mixtus, mix, mingle; compound, set on foot, concoct. com — commisceo, -ere, commiscui, commixtus, mix, mingle together. misellus, -a, -um, poor, unfortu- nate, (dim. of miser) Misenum, -1, n., a town and prom- ontory in Campania. miser, -era, -erum, wretched, piti- able, poor, unfortunate ; sad, dis- tressing ; worthless, vile. miserabilis, -e, pitiable, deplorable, wretched ; sad, plaintive. (mi- seror) miserandus, -a, -um, to be pitied, pitiable, wretched, (miseror) miser e, adv., wretchedly, (miser) miseret, -ere, miseruit, — , feel pity, me miseret tuT, / pity you. (miser) miseria, -ae, f., wretchedness, mis- fortune, affliction, misery, distress. (miser) misericordia, -ae, f., mercy, pity, compassion, sympathy. (miseri- cors) misericors, -cordis, tender-hearted, compassionate, merciful. miseror (1), bewail, complain of, bewail the fate of. (miser) Mithridates, -is, m., Mithridates the Great. See page 3156°. Mithridaticus, -a, -um, of Mith- ridates, Mithridatic. mitis, -e, mellow, ripe, soft ; gentle, kind. mitto, -ere, misi, missus, cause to go, let go ; send, despatch ; release, set free; cast, throw, hurl, manu mittere, to set free, emancipate. a — amitto, -ere, amisi, Omis- sus, let go ; lose. ad — admitto, -ere, admisi, admissus, send to, let go ; permit, allow; commit, perpetrate, in se f acinus admittere, to commit a crime. com — committo, -ere, com- misi, commissus, bring together, co7)ibine, unite; trust, entrust; permit, allow ; cause, commit, per- petrate ; expose; carry on, do. proelium committere, to begin battle. de — demitto, -ere, demlsi, demissus, let down; with reflex- ive, descend. di — dimitto, -ere, dimisi, dimissus, send in different direc- tions, send out, send away; dismiss, break up, adjourn ; let go, let slip, leave, relinquish, lose, abandon. e — emitto, -ere, emisi, emissus, send out; throw, hurl, Mixfus 492 MOLESTE discharge; set free, let go, let slip ; utter, pronounce. in — immitto, -ere, immisi, immissus, send in, let in, admit, insert; throw upon ; send against, let loose against. ob — omitto, -ere, omisi, omissus, let go, abandon; lay aside, not to mention, pass over, leave unsaid, say nothing of. per — permitto, -ere, permisi, permissus, entrust, put into the hands of, put in charge of; grant, allow, permit. prae — praemitto, -ere, prae- misi, praemissus, send forward, send ahead. praeter — praetermitto, -ere, praetermisi, praetermissus, let go by, omit, pass over. pro — promitto, -ere, pro- misi, promissus, prom ise, assure. re — remitto, -ere, remisi, remissus, send back, let go back ; give back, return, restore; grant, pardon. trans — transmitto , -ere, transmisi, transmissus, send across, carry over, transmit ; pass over, traverse; entrust, devote. mixtus, -a, -um, made up of differ- ent elements, heterogeneous, mixed, confused, mingled, (p.p. of mis- ceo) moderate, adv., with self-control, with moderation, moderately. (moderatus) moderatio, -orris, f., guidance, con- trol, regulation ; self-control. moderatus, -a, -um, self controlled, well-balanced. (p. p. of mo- deror) moderor (1), guide, control, regu- late, restrain, govern. (modus) modestia, -ae, f., moderation, dis- cretion, self-control ; obedience, subordination; unassuming con- duct, modesty ; honor, dignity, pro- priety, (modestus) modestus, -a, -um, within due liniits ; self-controlled, sober, te??i- perate, well-balanced, discreet. (modus) modice, adv., with moderation, dis- creetly, (modicus, moderate') modo, adv. and conj. As adv., only, merely, simply, just ; just now, lately, recently, a short time ago. As conj., if only, provided that, on condition that. modus, -I, m., measure; rhythm, melody ; due measure, moderation ; limit, bounds; way, manner, mode, fashion, style. quern ad mo- dum, as. huius modi, of this kind. eius modi, of this sort, of that kind. moenia, -ium, n., fortif cations of a city, city walls. moles, -is, f., mass ; massive struc- ture, dike, pier, dam, mole, foun- dation ; weight, greatness, size, strength, great quantity ; difficulty, labor, trouble. moleste, adv., heavily, severely; with difficulty; with vexation. moleste ferre, to take hard, to be displeased at, to be troubled. (old case form of molestus) MOLESTIA 493 MULIER molestia, -ae, f., annoyance, trouble, vexation ; distress, uneasiness. (molestus) molestus, -a, -urn, grievous, irk- some, annoying, displeasing, un- pleasant, (moles) molior, -in, molitus, endeavor, struggle, strive; make, construct; attempt, undertake, endeavor to accomplish, (moles) mollis, -e, tender, delicate, soft; sen- sitive; weak, feeble. moneo, -ere, monui, monitus, re- mind, admonish, warn, advise, urge. ad — admoneo, -ere, admo- nui, admonitus, remind, sug- gest; warn, admonish. monitum, -I, n., admonition, coun- sel, advice, warning, (moneo) mons, montis, m., mountain. (MAN, project) monstrum, -I, n., supernatural ap- pearance, omen, portent, wonder ; monstrosity, monster, abomination. monumentum, -I, n., memorial, monument, public work; tradition, chronicle, record, (moneo) mora, -ae, f., hesitation, delay, post- ponement; cause of delay, hin- drance, obstacle. moratus, -a, -urn, having morals, having institutions, bene mora- tus, having good morals, having good institutions, (mos) morbus, -I, m., sickness, disease, malady, (same root as morior) morior, -I, mortuus, (future part. moriturus), die. mortuus, dead. e — emorior, -I, emortuus, die off, pass away. moror (i), delay, tarry, wait. com — commoror (i), linger, abide, stay. re — remoror (i), delay, de- tain, hinder, keep waiting. mors, mortis, f., death ; dead body. mortalis, -e, subject to death, mor- tal, of mortals. As subst., men. (mors) mortuus, p. p. of morior. mos, moris, m., custom, habit, man- ner, way; pi., manners, morals, character. motus, -us, m., motion ; commotion, disturbance, upheaval, uprising. terrae motus, earthquake, (mo- ved) moveo, -ere, movi, motus, move, set in motion, disturb; stir, influ- ence, affect, excite; drive away, dislodge. com — commoveo, -ere, commovi, commotus, move violently, shake thoroughly ; move, influence, agitate, alarm. per — permoveo, -ere, per- movi, permotus, move deeply, affect, influence ; trouble, agitate. re — removeo, -ere, removi, remotus, move back ; remove, put out of the way. remoto Cati- lina, with Catiline out of the way. mucro, -onis, m., point of a weapon ; blade, swordk mulco (i), handle roughly, maltreat. muliebris, -e, of a woman, womanly, feminine, of women, made up of women ; effeminate, womanish. (mulier) mulier, -eris, f., woman, wife. MULIERCULA 494 NATURA muliercula, -ae, f., little woman (as an affectionate, compassionate, or contemptuous expression) . (dim. of mulier) multa, -ae, f., a fine, penalty. multitudo, -inis, f., large number, great numbers, throng, multitude. (multus) mult 6, see multus. multo (i), fine, punish, (multa) multum, see multus: multus, -a, -urn, (comp. plus, su- perl. plurimus), much, large ajnount of; pi., many, numerous. multum, much, greatly, exten- sively, multo, by far, by much. plus, pliiris, more; as subst., more, many, several, plurimus, -a, -um, most, very many, very much, quam plurimi, as many as possible, plurimum valere, to have great weight. mulus, -l, m., mule. ulvius, -a, -um, Mulvian. pons Mulvius, a bridge over the Tiber near Rome. It was constructed by M. Aemilius Scaurus in 109 B.C. It is now called Ponte Molle. municeps, -cipis, m. and f., inhab- itant of a free tozvn, citizen, (mu- nia, duties, + root of capio) municipium, -1, n., free toivn, muni- cipality. The term is applied to towns which were subject to Rome, but retained the privilege of self- government, (municeps) munio, -ire, munivi, munitus, protect with a wall; fortify, pro- tect, defend ; build, construct, make. (moenia) munitus, -a, -um, well fortified, protected ; safe, secure, (munio) munus, -eris, n., service, offi.ce, func- tion, duty, employment ; service, favor, kindness ; gift, contribution, present ; shozu of gladiators, enter- tainment, exhibition. Murena. -ae, m., a family name. See Licinius. murus, -1, m., a wall. Musa, -ae, f, Muse, one of the nine Muses; pi., the Muses. mutatio, -onis, f., change, exchange. (miito) Mutina, -ae, f., a town of Cisalpine Gaul, now Modena. muto (1), move, remove; change, alter, transform, (freq. of mo- veo) com— commuto (1), change entirely; change, exchange, substi- tute. mutus, -a, -um, still, mute, dumb, speechless, silent. Mytilenaeus, -a. -um, of Mytilene, a city of Lesbos. nam, for, inasmuch as, since ; now. nanciscor, -1, nactus, obtain, get, secure; light upon, come across, find. nascor, -1, natus, be born, spring up, arise, start, begin, be innate. Nasica, -a, m., a family name. See Cornelius, natio, -onis, f., birth, origin ; stock, kind, species; nation, race, tribe, clan, (nascor) natura, -ae, f., birth; nature, nat- NAUFRAGIUM 495 NEGO ural disposition, natural character, character, natural ability, (na- scor) naufragium, -I, n., shipwreck ; ruin, destruction, (navis + fk ag, break) naufragus, -a, -urn, shipwrecked, wrecked, ruined, (navis -f FRAG, break) nausea, -ae, f., sea-sickness. nauta, -ae, m., sailor, (for navita from navis) nauticus, -a, -urn, of ships, of sail- ors, nautical, naval. navalis, -e, of ships, nautical, naval. (navis) navicularius, -I, m., boat-owner, shipmaster, (navicula, a little boat) navigatio, -onis, f., sailing, voyage, traveling by sea. (navis + ag, drive) navigo (i), sail, sail over the sea. (navis + ag, drive) navis,-is, f., ship, boat, (na, swim) ne, adv., surely, truly, indeed. ne, adv. and conj. As adv., not. ne — quidem, not even, nor. As conj., that . . . not, lest, for fear that. -ne, adv. and conj. As adv., used simply as a sign of a question. As conj., whether. Neapolis, -is, f., Naples, a city of Campania; now Napoli. Neapolitanus, -a, -um, of Na- ples, Neapolitan; Neapolitan!, -orum, m., the people of Naples, the Neapolitans. nec, see neque. necessarius, -a, -um, unavoidable, necessary, indispensable. As subst., relative, kinsman, friend, neces- sario, of necessity, unavoidably. (necesse) necesse (indecl.), inevitable, neces- sary. necessitas, -tatis, f., unavoidable- ness, necessity; force, constraint, compulsion ;.need, want ; relation- ship, friendship, (necesse) necessitudo, -inis, f., necessity, compulsion ; connection, intimacy, friendship, ■ relationship. (ne- cesse) necne (used in double indirect ques- tions), adv., or not. (nec + ne) need (i), put to death, kill, slay, murder, (nex) nefandus, -a, -um, unspeakable, unutterable ; infamous, heinous, abominable, (ne + fandus, to uttered) nefarie, adv., wickedly, impiously\ abominably, (nefarius) nefarius, -a, -um, wicked, impious, criminal, infamous, abominable. (nefas, sin) nef as (inched.), n., sin, impiety, sacri- lege, (ne + fas) neglegens, -entis, indifferent, heed- less, careless, negligent, (pres. p. ofneglego) neglegenter, adv., heedlessly, care- lessly, negligently, (neglegens) 'neglego, see lego. nego (i), say no, deny, refuse. de — denego (i), say no, re- ject, refuse. NEGOTIOR 496 NITOR negotior ( I ) , do business, trade, be a trader, be a banker, (negotium) negotium, -1, n., business, employ- ment, occupation, undertaking ; matter, affair, thing; difficulty, trouble, nihil negoti, nothing of a task, a matter of no difficulty. (nec, not, -f otium) nemo (gen. and dat. sing, and all the plural supplied by nullus) , -inis, m. and f., no one, nobody ; some- times used as an adjective with the force of an emphatic no. nemo non, everybody. non nemo, somebody, (ne, no; + homo) nempe, adv., certainly, without doubt, of course, to be sure, assur- edly, why ! nemus, -oris, n., grove, forest; sacred grove. nepos, -Otis, m., grandson ; spend- thrift, prodigal. Nepos, -otis, m., a family name. See Caecilius. nequam (indecl.), worthless, shift- less, bad, vile. Comp. nequior, superl. nequissimus. nequaquam, adv., by no means, not at all, in no way. neque (or nec), and not, nor. neque, neque, neither, nor. (ne + que) nequior, comp. of nequam. nequissimus, superl. of nequam. nequeo, see queo. nequitia, -ae, f., worlhlessness, shift- lessness, inefficiency ; badness, vile- ness. (nequam) nervus, -1, m., muscle, sinew, ten- don ; strength, power, vigor, force. nescio, see scio. neve (or neu), and not, nor ; that not, lest, (ne + ve) nex, necis, f., death, ?nurder, slaughter, assassination. ('SEC, kill) nihil (indecl.), n., nothing; not at all, in no respect, (nihilum) nihilum (or nflum), -1, n., nothing; not at all. nihilo minus, none the less, nevertheless. (ne + hi- lum, trifle) Nflus, -1, m., the Nile, the Egyptian river. nimirum, adv., without doubt, un- questionably, certainly. (w.,not,+ mirum) nimis, adv., beyond measure, too, too much, excessively. nimium, see nimius. nimius, -a, -urn, beyond measure, excessive, too great, too much. nimium, too much, too. (nimis) nisi, if not, unless, except. nisi si, unless. nisi forte, nisi vero, unless perhaps (ironical). (ne + si) nisus, -us, m., exertion, effort; posi- tion, posture. niteo, -ere, nitui, — , shine, glitter, glisten. nitidus, -a, -urn, bright, shining, glittering ; plump, sleek, spruce. (cf. niteo) nitor, -i, nisus (nixus). support one's self, lean upon ; rest, rely, depend upon; strive, struggle, en- deavor. e — enitor, -i, enisus (enix- us), struggle out, climb upward; struggle, strive. NIX 497 NOVEMBER nix, nivis, f., snow. nobilis, -e, well-knozun, famous, re- nowned; of high station, of noble birth; superior, excellent. nobilitas, -tatis, f., fame, renown, celebrity; high rank, noble birth, noble origin; aristocracy, nobles, nobility ; excellence, superiority. (nobilis) nocens, -entis, hurtful, harmful; guilty, criminal. (pres. p. of noceo) noceo, -ere, nocui, nociturus, harm, Hurt, injure. noctu, adv., by night, in the night. (abl. of *noctus) nocturnus, -a, -urn, of the night, in the night, by night, nocturnal. (nox) nolo, nolle, nolui, — , wish not, not wish; not be willing, be unwilling. nomen, -inis, n., name, appellation; fame, renozun, reputation; pre- text, pretense, excuse; authority, responsibility, tuo nomine, on your account. ndminatim, adv., byname, expressly, particularly, (nomino) nomino (i), call by name, name, mention, (nomen) non, adv., not. Non. , abbr. of Nonae. Nonae, -arum, f., the Nones, i.e. the seventh of March, May, July, October, and the fifth of the other months. (nonus, because the Nones came on the ninth day be- fore the Ides) nondum, adv., not yet. (non -f dum) H. & G. CIC. — 32 nonne, adv., not ? an indication that an affirmative answer is expected. nonus, -a, -um, ninth, (novem) nosco, -ere, novi, notus, become acquainted 'with, learn; in the per- fect tenses, be familiar with, know, under stand, be acquainted with. ad — agnosco (for ad- gnosco), -ere, agnovi, agno- tus, recognize, discern; acknowl- edge; understand. co — cognosco, -ere, co- gnovi, cognitus, find out about, investigate, learn, examine ; recog- nize, identify, acknozvledge. in — Ignosco, -ere, ignovi, ignotus, pardon, forgive. re + co — recognosco, -ere, recognovi, recognitus, recall, review. nosmet, we ourselves, us ourselves. (nos + met) noster, -tra, -trum, our, our own, ours, of us. (nos) nota, -ae, f., mark, sign; written character, letter ; brand, reproach, disgrace. noto (1), put a mark upon, stamp; stamp with disapproval, brand, stigmatize, censure, re- proach, (nota) de — denoto (1), mark out, point out, designate, indicate. notus, -a, -um, known, well- known, familiar ; famous, notori- ous, (nosco) novem (indecl.), nine. Nov. , abbr. of November. November, -bris, -bre, of No- ve??iber. (novem) NOVI 498 NYMPHA S ' novi, see nosco. novus, -a, -urn, new, fresh,.recent ; strange, unfamiliar; novel, un- precedented; latest, last. res novae, political revolution, ta- bulae novae, reduction or abo- lition of debts. nox, noctis, f., night. nubo, -ere, nupsi, nuptus, veil one's self; i7iarry. nudius (used only with an ordinal in expressions of time), nudius tertius, it is now the third day, day before yesterday. (nunc + dies) nudo (1), lay bare, expose, uncover ; strip, despoil, rob. (nudus) nudus, -a, -um, naked, bare, un- covered; unprotected, exposed ; lightly clad, without a toga ; desti- tute of, without, deprived of; mere, bare, simple. nugae, -arum, f., trifles, follies; stuff, itonsense ; vain fellow, frivo- lous person. ^lullus, -a, -um, none, no, not any. non nullus, some. As subst., some one, some persons, nullus non, every one, all. num, adv., used in direct questions to indicate that a negative answer is expected, e.g. : Num negare audes, you don't venture to make a denial, do you ? In indirect questions num = whether, if. Numantia, -ae, f., Numantia, an important city of Spain, destroyed by Scipio. numen, -inis, n., nod ; command, will, authority; divine will, pozuer of the gods, divinity, majesty, god, goddess, (nuo, nod) numero ( I ) , count, reckon ; con- sider, regard, (numerus) numerus, -1, m., number; rank, position, classification, category. Numidicus, -i, m., Numidicus, a name given to Q. Caecilius Metel- lus for his victories in Africa. See Caecilius. nummus, -1, m., a coin, money; sestertius, sesterce. numquam, adv., never, non num- quam, sometimes. (ne -f um- quam) nunc, adv., now; now, as it is, as things are. etiam nunc, even now, even then, (num + ce) nundinum. -1, n., a market-day. trinum nundinum, three mar- ket-days, the third market-day. (novem -f dies) niintio (1), report, make known, announce, (nuntius) de — denuntio (1), announce, declare, proclaim ; threaten, men- ace, warn. re — renuntio (1), bring back word, report ; announce, proclaim. nuntius, -1, m., messenger ; message. nuper, adv., recently, lately, not long xago. nuptiae, -arum, f., marriage, wed- ding, (cf. nubo) nusquam, adv., nowhere, in no place, (ne + usquam) nutus, -us, m., nod; assent, com- pliance ; command, will. (cf. nuo, nod) nympha, -ae, f., a nymph. 499 OBTINGO O, oh ! ! ob, prep, with ace, to, towards ; on account of, by reason of, for. quam ob rem, wherefore, for this reason. obduresco, -ere, obdurui, — , grow hard, become insensible, (ob + duresco, harden, from duro) obeo, see eo. obicio, see iacio. oblecto ( i ) , delight, please, (ob + lacto, flatter) obligo (i), bind ; put under obliga- tion, pledge, mortgage, (ob + ligo , bind) oblino, -ere, oblevi, oblitus, be- smear, bedaub, (ob + lino, daub) oblitus, see oblino. oblitus, -a, -um, forgetful, unmind- ful, (p. p. of obliviscor) oblivio, -onis, f., forgetfulness, ob- livion, (cf. obliviscor) obliviscor, -I, oblitus, forget ; dis- regard, neglect. obmiitesco, -ere, obmutui, — , become still, be silent, (ob -f- mu- tesco) oboedio, see audio. oborior, see orior. obruo, see ruo. obscure, adv., mysteriously, darkly, obscurely, (obscurus) obscuritas, -tatis, f., darkness, ob- scurity, indistinctness, uncertainty. (obscurus) obscuro ( i ) , darken, obscure ; hide, conceal, veil, (obscurus) obscurus, -a, -um, dark, obscure ; disguised, hidden; indistinct, un' intelligible ; low, humble, obscure^ unknown, (ob -f scu, cover) obsecro, see sacro. obsecundo (i), comply zuith, favor, assist, (ob + secundo, favor) obsequium, -i, n., compliance, obe- dience, (obsequor) obsequor, see sequor. observo, see servo. obses, -idis, m. and f., hostage; pledge, security. obsideo, see sedeo. . obsidio, -onis, f., siege, blockade. (obsideo) obsigno, see signo. obsisto, see sisto. obsolesco, -ere, obsolevi, obso- letus, grow old, decay ; get out of date, lose force. (obs + olesco, grow) obstinatus, -a, -um, resolute, de- ter mined ; fixed, stubborn, obsti- nate, (obstino, persist) obsto, see sto. obstrepo, -ere, obstrepui, — , make a noise, resound, drown out { overwhehn. (ob + strepo, roar obstupefacio, -ere, obstupefeci] obstupefactus, astonish, amaze, daze, bewilder. (ob + stupe- facio) obstupesco, -ere, obstupui, — , become stupefied, be bewildered, be amazed, be thunderstruck, (ob -f stupesco) obsum, see sum. obtempero, see tempero. obtestor, see testor. obtineo, see teneo. obtingo, see tango. OBTRECTO 500 OFFENSIO obtrectS, see tract 6. obviam, adv., in the way, against, in face of. alicui obviam fieri, to meet, alicui obviam venire, to go to meet any one. (ob + viam) obvius, -a, -urn, in the way. ali- cui obvius esse, to meet any one. (ob + via) occasio, -onis, f., opportunity, suit- able time, chance, (ob + cad) occasus, -us, m., going down, set- ting ; sunset, west; fall, ruin, destruction, (ob + cad) occidens, -entis, m., sunset, west. ab occidente, in the zuest. (pres. part, of occido) occidio, -onis, f., extermination, annihilation, (cf. occido) occido, see cado. occido, see caedo. occludo, see claudo. occultator, -oris, m., concealer, secreter, harborer. (occulto) occulte, adv., secretly, privately. (occultus) occulto (1), conceal, secrete, (freq. of occulo, cover) occultus, -a, -um, concealed, cov- ered up, secret, hidden, (p. p. of occulo, cover) occupatio, -onis, f., taking posses- sion, seizure ; business, occupation, employment, (occupo) occupatus, -a, -um, busy, engaged, occupied, (p. p. of occupo) occupo (1), seize, take possession of; engross, take up, engage, (ob + CAP) occurro, see curro. occursatio, -onis, f., running to meet, demonstration, friendly ex- pression, (occurso, run to meet) oceanus, -1, m., ocean. Ocriculanus, -a, -um, of Ocricu- lum, an Umbrian town. Oct., abbr. of October. Octavianus, -a, -um, of Octavius. Octavianus, -i, m., Octavian, a name assumed by C. Octavius after his adoption by Julius Caesar. Octavius, -i, m., a gens name. 1. Cn. Octavius, consul in 87 B.C. See page 303. 2. Cn. Octavius, the conqueror of Perseus. octavus, -a, -um, eighth, (octo) octo (indecl.), eight. October, -bris, -bre, of October. (octo) oculus, -1, m., the eye. odi, odisse, — , — (the perfect is used as a present, the pluperfect as an imperfect, and the future perfect as a future), hate, detest, dislike, (cf. odium) odiosus, -a, -um, hateful, offensive, disagreeable, (odium) odium, -i, n., hatred, animosity, enmity ; odium, detestation; nui- sance, abomination. offendo, -ere, offendi, offensus, strike against, stumble; stumble upon, light upon, find ; make a mistake, blunder ; do harm, injure, offend, hurt the feelings, vex, dis- please, (ob -1- *fendo, strike) off ensio, -onis, f., stumbling ; hatred, aversion, dislike; disaster, misfor- tune, defeat, (offendo) I OFFENSUS 501 OPTIME offensus, -a, -urn, displeased, vexed, offended; offensive, hateful, odious. (p. p. of offendo) offero, see fero. officio sus, -a, -urn, courteous, oblig- ing, helpful ; conscientious, loyal. (ofticium) officium, -l, n., a set-vice, kindness, favor ; duty, obligation ; function, office, employment. offundo, see ftmdo. olim, adv., once, formerly, once upon a time ; ever ; some day, some time (in the future), hereafter. omen, -inis, n., sign, token, omen, foreboding, harbinger. omitto, see mitt 6. omnino, adv., altogether, wholly, ut- terly, certainly ; at all, in all, only, just. (cf. omnis) omnia, -e, all, every, all kinds of omnes, -him, m., all men. om- nia, -ium, n., all things. onus, -eris, n., load, burden, freight, cargo ; trouble, difficulty. opera, -ae, f., work, labor, toil, ser- vices, operam dare, to devote one's energies, to take pains, to try. operio, see pario. Opimius, -I, m., a gens name. Z. OpTmius, see page 264. I opimus, -a, -um, fat; rich, fertile, fruitful. opinio, -onis, f., belief, opinion, supposition, impression ; idea, no- tion ; esteem, reputation, praeter opinionem, contrary to expecta- tion, beyond all expectation, la- this opinione, more zuidely than people think, (opinor) opinor (1), think, suppose, believe ; imagine, conjecture, fancy. opitulor (1), aid, assist, succor. oportet, -ere, oportuit, — , (im- personal), ought, should, me hoc facere oportet, I ought to do this. oppeto, see peto. oppidd, adv., very, exceedingly. (oppidum ?) oppidum, -1, n., a town. oppono, see pono. opportunitas, -tatis, f., timeliness, fitness, suitableness ; chance, occa- sion, opportunity ; convenience, ad- vantage, (opportunus) opportunus, -a, -um, timely, suit- able, fit, seasonable ; advantageous, useful, serviceable. oppositus, -a, -um, placed in the way, in the zvay of, opposite; op- posed, against, (p. p. of oppono) oppositus, -us, m., setting against, opposition, intervention, (oppo- no) opprimo, see premS. oppugnatio, -onis, f., a storming, besieging, siege, assault, attac, (oppugno) oppiigno, see pugno. ops, opis, f., help, aid, support, as- sistance, protection ; pi., riches, means, resources, property. optabilis, -e, to be wished for, de- sirable, (opto) optimas, -atis, m., a member of the aristocratic party ; pi., the opti- mates, i.e. the political party op- posed to the people, (optimus) optime, superl. of bene. OPTIMUS 502 OS optimus, -a, -urn, superl of bonus. opt 6 (1), choose, select ; wish, wish for, pray for. ex — exopto ( 1 ) , wish ear- nestly, desire greatly, long for. opus, opens, n., work, labor, toil; a work, structure, fortification ; work of skill, fine workmanship ; need, necessity, tanto opere, so greatly, so much, magno opere, very much, greatly ; urgently. quanto opere, how much, how greatly, opus est, there is need, it is necessary. 6ra, -ae, f., border, margin, bound- ary ; coast, sea-coast ; region, coun- try. oratio, -onis, f., words, speech, dis- course ; address, speech, harangue, oration ; subject-matter, subject, theme ; oratorical ability, elo- quence. (6r6) orator, -oris, m., speaker, pleader, orator; ambassador, representative. (6r6) orbis, -is, m., circle, ring, orbis terrae, orbis terrarurn, the world. rbitas, -tatis, f., deprivation, be- reavement; childlessness, orphan- hood, orphanage, widozchood. (or- bus) orbus, -a, -um, deprived, bereft, destitute ; childless, fatherless, wid- owed, ordior, -iri, orsus, begin, commence, start. ordo, -inis, m., line, row, series, tier; grade, rank, order; class, body. oriens, -entis, m., the rising sun (sc. sol) ; the east, Orient, (pres. p. of orior) orior, -iri. ortus. rise, arise ; spring up, start, begin, originate ; spring from, be born, be descended. ad — adorior, -iri, adortus, rise up against, attack, assail. ob — oborior, -Iri, obortus, rise before, spring up, appear. ornamentum. -1, n., apparatus, out- fit, equipment, furniture ; decora- tion, ornament, jewel, treasure. (orno) ornate, adv., elegantly, ornately, elaborately, eloquently, (ornatus ornatus, -us, m., attire, apparel; equipment, apparatus ; decoration, ornament. (6rn6) ornatus. -a, -um. furnished, equipped, provided ; decorated, adorned ; eminent, illustrious, dis- tinguished, honorable. (p. p. of orno) orno ( 1 ) , equip, furnish, supply, pre- pare ; decorate, adorn ; honor. ad— adorno (1), fit out, fur- nish, equip, provide ; adorn, embel- lish. ex — exorno (i\ equip, fur- nish; adorn, decorate, embellish. 6r6 (1), speak; plead, beg, in;: beseech. (6 s) Orpheus, -1. m., one of Cicero's freedmen. ortus. -us. m., risi source, ortus solis. sunrise east, ^orior^ 6s, oris, n., month ; face, features, ssion. OSCITANS 503 PAPIRIUS oscitans, -antis, listless, sluggish. (pres. p. of oscito, yawn) ostendo, see tendo. ostento (1), show, present to view ; display, show off, parade ; threaten, menace, (freq. of ostendo) Ostiensis, -e, of Ostia, the port of Rome, at the mouth of the Tiber. ostium, -1, n., mouth; door, entrance. Ocean! ostium, the Straits of Gibraltar, (cf. 6s) otiosus, -a, -um, at leisure, disen- gaged, unemployed, idle; uncon- cerned, indifferent, neutral ; calm, peaceful, peace-loving, (otiuni) otium, -1, n., leisure, idleness, ease, inactivity ; quiet, repose, rest, peace, quiet mode of life. ovo, -are, — , — , exult, rejoice; have an ovation. P., abbr. of Publius. pacatus, -a, -um, brought to sub- mission, subdued; quiet, peaceful. (p. p. of paco) pacisco, -ere, — , — , bargain, agree upon, arrange. paciscor, -1, pactus, bargain, agree upon, arrange. paco (1), pacify, subdue, overcome. (pax) Paconius, -1, m., a gens name. M. Paconius, a knight. i pactum, -i, n., bargain, agreement, arrangement, compact; manner, way, means, (cf. paciscor) I pactus, -a, -um, arranged, agreed upon, settled, (p. p. of paciscor) paene, adv., almost, nearly. paenitet, -ere, paenituit, — , (im- personal), repent, regret, me fa- ctorum numquam paenitebit, I shall never regret the course which I have taken. paenula, -ae, f., a traveling cloak. paenulatus, -a, -um, wrapped in a paenula, cloaked, (paenula) pagina, -ae, f., a sheet, page. palam, adv., openly, plainly. Palatium, -1, n., the Palatine, the original site of the city of Rome. On this hill were the costly resi- dences of Quintus Catulus, Marcus Cicero, Quintus Cicero, Clodius, Catiline, and many other promi- nent Romans. The palaces of the emperors were also built there. (Pales, a goddess of shepherds) Palladium, -1, n., the Palladium, a small image of Pallas at Troy, upon the preservation of which depended the safety of the city; a palladium, (dim. of Pallas) Pamphylia, -ae, f., a small country on the southern coast of Asia Minor. Pansa, -ae, m., a family name. C. Vibius Pansa, one of the coft suls of 43 B.C. He lost his life i an attack upon Antony at Mutina." See page 395 ff. Papirius, -1, m., a gens name. 1. C. Papirius Carbo, tribune in 89 B.C. and one of the proposers of the law by which citizenship was given to the inhabitants of allied towns in Italy. 2. M. Papirius Maso, slain by Clodius in a quarrel. PAPIUS 504 PARTIM Papius, -a, -urn, of Papius, Papian. lex Papia, the Papian law, a measure proposed by Gaius Papius in 65 B.C. The purpose of this law was to prevent the usurpation of the privileges of Roman citizen- ship by those who were not en- titled to them; the provisions of the bill are not clearly understood. par, paris, equal, like, similar ; ade- quate, suitable ; sufficient for, a match for. paratus, -a, -um, prepared, ready ; furnished, well equipped ; skillful. (p. p. of paro) parco, -ere, peperci, parsus, spare; be considerate of, have re- gard for ; cease, stop. parens, -entis, m. and f., parent, ancestor, (pario) pareo, -ere, parui, — , be clear, be plain, be manifest, appear ; obey, be obedient, submit. ad — appareo. -ere, apparui, — , be plain, appear. paries, -ietis, m., a wall (of a house or building). ParHia, -ium, n., Parilia, the feast of Pales, held annually on April 21. (Pales, a divinity worshiped among the shepherds) pario, -ere, peperi, partus (fut. part, pariturus) , bring forth, give birth to, bear ; get, obtain, acquire, secure, procure. ob — operio, -ire. openii. opertus, cover tip, cover. re — reperio, -ire. repperi. repertus, find, find out, discover, learn. Parma, -ae, f., a town in Gallia Cisalpina. Parmensis, -e, of Parma; Par- menses, -ium, m., the inhabitants of Parma. (Parma) paro (1), make ready, prepare, fur- nish ; arrange, plan, make prepa- rations for ; secure, obtain. ad — appar ( 1 ) , prepare, make ready ; make preparations for. ' com — comparo (1), make ready, prepare ; get together, collect. se — separo ( 1 ) , part, divide ; distinguish, set apart. parricida, -ae, m. and f., parricide, murderer, (pater, caedo) parricidium. -i, n., parricide, mur- der, (parricida) pars, partis, f., part, portion, share; part, some, several; side, party, faction; part, rdle, character, function; way, manner; degree. magna ex parte, in large part. aliqua ex parte, in some meas- ure, ex hac parte, on this side. ex omnibus partibus, on all sides, in omnes partes, in all directions, in bonam partem, in good part, in utramque par- tem, in both directions, gravis- Rimam rei publicae partem suscipere. to undertake a very important duty for the state. particeps, -cipis. taking part, shar- ing, participating. As subst., par- ticipant, sharer, associate, colleague. (pars + capio) partim. adv., partly, in part, par- tim, partim, some, others, qui PARTIO 505 PATRIMONIUM partim, partim, some of whom, others, partim eorum, some of them. (ace. of pars) parti 6, -ire, partivl, partltus, divide, apportion, (pars) dis — dispertiS, -Ire, disper- tivi, dispertitus, divide, distrib- ute. in — impertio, -Ire, imper- tlvi, impertltus, give a part to, bestow, assign, give. panim, adv., too little, not enough; not m uch, not very. Com p . minus, less, not. quo minus, that . . . not. Superl. minime, least, in the . slightest degree, very little, not at all, by no means, not in the least. minime vero, by no means indeed. parvulus, -a, -um, very small, petty, insignificant, (dim. of parvus) parvus, -a, -um, little, small; tri- fling, insignificant, unimportant. Comp. minor, minus, lesser, smaller. Superl. minimus, -a, -um, least, smallest; most insig- nificant, parvl animl, narrow minded, unaspiring, parvi du- cere, to consider as of little im- portance. pasco, -ere, pavi, pastus, feed, pasture, tend ; feast, feed upon, satisfy. passus, -us, m., step, pace (of about five Roman feet). mille pas- suum, a Roman mile. (cf. pan- do) pastio, -onis, f., pasturing, graz- ing; pasture-land. (cf. pasco) pastor, -oris, m., shepherd, herds- man, (pasco) patefacio, -ere, patefeci, pate- factus (pass, pateflo), make open, open; reveal, disclose, make known, bring to light, (pateo + facio) pateo, -ere, patul, — , lie open, be open; be evident, plain; extend, reach. pater, -tris, m., father ; pi., ances- tors, patres conscrlptl, sena- tors, pater familias, father of a family, head of a household. paternus, -a, -um, of a father, fatherly, paternal, (pater) patiens, -entis, suffering, support- ing, capable of enduring; patient, long-suffering. (pres. p. of pa- tior) patientia, -ae, f., patience, forbear- ance, long-suffering, (patiens) Patina, -ae, m., a family name. T. Patina, mentioned as a friend of Clodius. patior, -I, passus, suffer, bear, put up with, endure; permit, allow, tolerate. per — perpetior, -I, perpes- sus, bear to the end, suffer, endure. turpiter perpetl, to suffer dis- honor. Patrae, -arum, f., a very ancient city of Achaia, now Patras. patria, -ae, f., fatherland, native country, (patrius) patricius, -a, -um, of a father; patrician, noble, patricil, -orum, n\., patricians, nobles, (pater) patrimSnium, -I, n., an inheritance from a father, inheritance, ances- tral estate, (pater) PATRIUS 506 PENDO patrius, -a, -um, of a father, pater- nal, fatherly, ancestral. t (pater) patronus, -1, m., protector, defender, patron, representative, (pater) patruus, -1, m., uncle (on the fath- er's side), (pater) pauci, -ae, -a, few, a few, little. pauci, -orum, m., few persons, a few. pauca, -orum, n., a few things, little, briefly. paulisper, adv., a little while, for a short time, (paulis, a case form of pauhis, + per) paululum, adv., a very little, (ace. of paululus, very little) paulus, -a, -um, little, small, slight, insignificant, paulum, -1, n., a little, trifle, paulo ante, a short time ago. paulo post, a little while after. Paulus, -1, m., a family name. See Aemilius. paveo, -ere, pavi, — , be in terror, be afraid, tremble with fear. pax, pacis, f., peace, harmony; tranquillity, rest, pace tua, with your permission. peccatum, -1, n., error, mistake, blunder ; fault, transgression, sin. (pecco) pecco (1), make a mistake, err ; do wrong, transgress, sin. pecto, -ere, pexi, pexus, comb. pexo capillo, with hair nicely arranged. pectus, -oris, n., breast; heart, soul; mind, understanding. pecuarius, -a, -um, of cattle, pe- cuaria, -ae, f., stock-raising, care of cattle, (pecu, cattle) pecunia, -ae, f., money, wealth, a siwi of money, (pecu, cattle) pecus, -udis, f., beast, animal, brute. pedester, -tris, -tre, on foot, pedes- trian ; on land, by land. pe- destres copiae, infantry, (pes) peior, comp. of malus. peius, comp. of male. pello, -ere. pepuli, pulsus, strike, beat ; drive out, thrust away, ban- ish, expel, discomfit. ad — appello (1), address, ac- cost; name, call, entitle; entreat, request. com — compello. -ere. com- pull, compulsus. drive together ; force, compel. de — depello. -ere. depuli, depulsus. drive off, drive away, expel; ward off, avert; throw down. ex — expello, -ere. expuli. • expulsus. drive out, thrust forth, expel. in — impello. -ere. impuli, impulsus, strike against; move, persuade, urge, impel, instigate. re — repello, -ere. reppuli. repulsus, drive back, ward off; defend, pr Penates, -ium. m., kemse Penates ; home, fireside. pendeo, -ere, pependi. — be suspended. rest ; be in sus ite. in — impended, -ere. — , — , pendo, -ere. pependi. pensus, :gh, weig/t out; PENES 507 PERGO pay, suffer, undergo ; weigh, pon- der, consider. dependo, -ere, depend!, de- pensus, weigh out ; pay, render. penes, prep, with ace, in the poiver of, in the control of; with. penetro (1), enter, penetrate ; reach, reach to. penitus, adv., inwardly, within, deeply ; through and through, wholly, completely, entirely. pensito (1), weigh out, pay ; pon- der, consider, (freq. of penso. freq. of pendo) per, prep, with ace., through, through- out, along, across, over, among; during, in the course of; through, by, by means of, through the agency of; under pretense of ; in the name of, by. per se, in itself, per nos, by ourselves, by our own unaided efforts, per me, for all I care. per deos immortales, by the immortal gods ! peradulescens, -entis, very young. peragro (1), travel over, traverse, spread over, (per + ager) perbenevohis, -a, -um, very kind, friendly, (per + benevolus) perbrevis, -e, very short, very brief. (per + brevis) percallesco, -ere, percallui, — , become hardened, become callous. (inceptive from per + calleo, be callous) percello, -ere, perculi, percul- sus, knock down, strike down, smite, overthrow ; discourage, dis- hearten. percipio, see capio. percitus, -a, -um, deeply moved, excited, aroused, incensed, (p. p. of percieo, stir up) "perculsus, p. p. of percello. percutio, -ere, percuss!, percuo- sus, strike through, pierce, trans- fix ; smite, slay, de caelo per- cussus, struck by lightning, (per + quatio, shake) perdo, see do. perducS, see duco. perduellio, -onis, f., treason. (perduellis, an enemy) peregrlnor (1), travel in foreign countries, travel, be abroad, (pe- regrmus) peregrinus, -a, -um, foreign, alien ; outlandish, provincial, peregri- nus, -1, m., a foreigner, (pere- gre, abroad) perennis, -e, perpetual, unfailing, never-failing, eternal. (per + annus) pereo, see eo. perfectio, -onis, f., finishing, com pletion, accomplishment. (per- ficio) perfectus, -a, -um, finished, com- plete ; excellent, perfect, (p. p. of perficio) perfero, see fero. perficio, see facio. perfringo, see frango. perfruor, see fruor. perfugio, see fagio. perfugium, -i, n., place of refuge, refuge, asylum, shelter. (per- fugio) perfungor, see fungor. pergo, see rego. PERHORRESCO 508 PERTINAX perhorresco, -ere, perhorrul, — , become rough; shudder all over, quake with fear ; shudder at, fear greatly, have a horror of (per + * horrgsco, an inceptive from hor- reo, be rough) perlclitor (1), test, try, prove; risk, endanger, iinperil ; be in danger, be imperilled, (pericu- lum) periculose, adv., with peril, with risk, (periculosus) periculosus, -a, -urn, dangerous, perilous, hazardous, (periculum) perlculum, -1, n., test, trial ; dan- ger, peril, risk ; trial, suit, law- suit. perinde, adv., precisely, just, ex- actly, perinde a.c,just as. (per -f inde) periniquus, -a, -um, very unfair, very unjust, (per -j- iniquus) peritus, -a, -um, having experi- ence, skilled, trained, versed, of large experience. perniagnus, -a. -um, very great, ex- ceedingly large, (per + magnus) permaneo, see maneo. permitto, see mitto. permodestus, -a, -um, excessively modest, very shy, extremely timid, very retiring, (per-fmodestus) permoveo, see moveo. permultus, -a, -um, very much, very many, in large numbers. (per -f multus) permutatio, -onis. f., cotnplete change, revolution ; exchange, bill of exchange, (permuto, cha?ige completely) pernicies, -el, f., destruction, ruin, overthrow; pest, plague, curse. perniciosus, -a, -um, destructive, ruinous, pernicious, (pernicies) pernocto (1), pass the night, stay all night, (per + nocto) perpetior, see patior. perpetuus, -a, -um, continuous, continual, uninterrupted ; lasting, permanent; whole, entire, in per- petuum (sc. tempus) , forever. persaepe, adv., very often, (per -f saepe) persapienter, adv., very wisely. (per -f sapienter) perscribS. see scribo. persequor, see sequor. Perses. -ae, m., Perses or Perseus, the last king of Macedonia, de- feated by L. Aemilius Paulus at Pydna, 168 B.C. perseverantia, -ae. f., persistence, perseverance, steadfastness, (per- severo, persist) persolvo. see solvo. persona, -ae. f., a mask; party character, rdle ; personage, a character, (cf. per + sono) perspicio, see specio. persuaded, see suadeo. pertenuis, -e. very slight, very frail, very weak, (per -f tenuis) perterreo. see terreo. pertimesco. -ere, pertimui. — , fear greatly, dread ; be thoroughly alarmed, (per -f .timesco) pertinacia. -ae. f., obstinacy, stub- bornness, (pertinax) pertinax. -acis. obstinate, stubborn. (per -f tenax) PERTINEO 509 PHILIPPUS pertineo, see teneo. perturbatus, -a, -um, troubled, disturbed, agitated ; confused, ei?i- barrassed. (p. p. of perturbo) perturbo ( 1 ) , confuse utterly, throw into disorder, disturb, trouble. (per + turbo) pervado, see vado. pervagatus, -a, -um, spread out, widely extended, well-known, (p. p. of pervagor, wander over) pervenio, see venio. pervulgo (1), spread abroad, make common, make public. (per + vulgo) pes, pedis, m.,foot. Pescennius, -1, m., one of Cicero's freedmen. pessime, superl. of male. pestifer, -era, -erum, destruc- tive, noxious, pestilent, pestilen- tial, (pestis + fer) pestilentia, -ae, f., plague, pesti- lence, (pestilens, pestilential) pestis, -is, f., plague, pestilence, pest ; scourge, curse; destruction, ruin, overthrow. Petilius, -1, m., a gens name. Q. Petllius, addressed by Cicero as one of the jury which tried Clodius. petitio, -onis, f., thrust, blow, at- tack; candidacy, canvass; claim, suit, complaint, (pet 5) peto, -ere, petivi (-ii), petitus, aim at, strive for, try to get, seek ; attack, assail, assault ; beg, beseech, entreat, ask; demand, require; obtain, secure. ad — appeto, -ere, appetivi (-ii), appetitus, strive for, seek after; attack, assail; long for, desire. ex — expeto, -ere, expetivi (-ii), expetltus, strive for, seek after ; long for, wish ; ask, demand. ob — oppeto, -ere, oppetivl (-ii), oppetitus, meet, encounter. re — repeto, -ere, repetivi, repetitus, seek again, demand back, claim; repeat, renew; re- call, recollect ; inflict, wreak. sub — suppeto, -ere, suppe- tlvi (-ii), suppetitus,^?^/^;^, be in store ; be sufficient, avail. Petreius, -1, m., a gens name. M. Petreius, a legate with Antonius in the army that defeated Catiline. He and L. Afranius were Pompey's trusted legates in Spain and com- manded his forces against Caesar. Petreius killed himself after the battle of Thapsus. petulantia, -ae, f., wantonness, im- pudence, (petulans, saucy) Pharnaces, -is, m., a son of Mith- ridates who succeeded him on the throne and was conquered by Caesar in 47 B.C. Pharsalia, -ae, f., the region about Pharsdlus in Thessaly. Here Caesar defeated Pompey in 48 B.C. Pharsalicus, -a, -um, of Pharsalia. Philhetaerus, -1, m., see Clodius. Philippus, -T, m., a proper name. 1. Philippus V., the Macedonian monarch who was defeated by the Roman army at Cynoscephalae, 197 B.C. 2. L. Philippus, consul in 91 B.C. PHILOGONUS 510 PLERIQUE Philogonus, -1, m., a freedman of Q. Cicero, philosophus, -1, m., a philosopher. Philotimus, -1, m., a freedman of Cicero. Plcenum, -T, n., a district on the eastern coast of Italy. Picenus, -a, -urn, of Picenum. pie, adv., conscientiously ; religiously, dutifully, affectionately, (phis) pietas, -tatis, f., faithfulness (toward family, country, and the gods), filial affection, patriotism, piety ; duty, uprightness, loyalty, affection, (pius) pignero (1), pledge, claim as one's own. (pignus) pignus, -oris, n., pledge, security ; hostage. pigritia, -ae, f., laziness, indolence. (piger) pila, -ae, f., ball ; ball playing. pilum, -1, n., javelin, a long heavy spear used by the infantry of the legion. pingo, -ere, pinxi, pictus, paint; represent, delineate; adorn, deco- rate. pinguis, -e,fat; rich, fertile ; dull, stupid, coarse, awkward, heavy. Pisaurum, -1, n., an old Umbrian town on the road to Ariminum ; now Pesaro. PIso, -orris, m., a family . name. See Calpurnius. Pius, -1., m., a name of Q. Metellus. See Caecilius. pi., abbr. of plebs. placed, -ere, placui, placitus, please, be pleasing, suit, satisfy; it is thought best, it is determined, it is decided, it is voted, senatui placuit, the senate decided. placo (1), quiet, soothe; appease, reconcile, conciliate, win. plaga, -ae, f., blow, stroke, lash, thrust, wound ; blow, misfortune, calamity, disaster. Plancius, -1, m., a gens name. Cn. Plancius, quaestor of Macedonia. He entertained Cicero at Thessalo- nica. Cicero defended him against a charge of bribery (54 B.C.) in an oration that is extant. plane, adv., clearly, plainly, dis- tinctly ; entirely, wholly, com- pletely, quite, (planus, even) Plautius, -1, m., a gens name. M. Plautius Silvdnus, tribune in 89 B.C. plebs, plebis, f., and plebes, -ei (-1), f, the commoji people, the plebeians, the populace; masses, throng, the lower classes. plenus, -a, -urn, fill, filed ; whole, entire, complete, (cf. pleo) *pleo, -ere, plevi, pletus, fill. com — compleo, -ere, com- plevi, completus, fill up, fill full; complete, accomplish, finish. ex — expleo, -ere, explevi, expletus, fill up, fill full; com- plete, accomplish, finish; satisfy, appease. in — impleS, -ere, implevi, imple tus, fill up, fill full ; satisfy, appease; complete, finish, discharge. plerique, -aeque, -aque (used only in the plural), most, the larger part, the majority; very many, many. (cf. pleo) PLERUMQUE 511 PONO plerumque, adv., generally, usually ', for the most part, comtnonly, very often, (plerusque) plico, plicare, — , — , fold, wind, coil. ad — applico, -are, applicavi (-ui), applicatus, join, connect, attach ; direct, apply to. ex — explico, -are, explicavi (-ui), explicatus (-icitus), un- fold, unroll ; set free, release, extri- cate ; set forth, explain. in — implico, -are, implicavi (-ui), implicatus (-icitus), en- fold, envelop ; entangle, involve, implicate. plSrS (1), cry out ; lament, bewail. de — deplSrS (1), weep bit- terly ; lament, give up for lost, de- plore. ex — exploro (1), search out, examine, investigate, test. in — implSro (1), beg, beseech, entreat, implore. PIStius, -1, m., a gens name. L. Plotius, a teacher of rhetoric in Rome. PIStius, -a, -um, of Plotius. lex Plotia, a law relating to cases of assault and violence. plurimus, -a, -um, the superl. of multus. plus, pliiris, comp. of multus. poena, -ae, f., penalty ; punishment. poeniS, see punio. poenitor, -Sris, m., punisher, avenger, (poenio) Poenus, -a, -um, Carthaginian; Poeni, -Srum, m., the Cartha- ginians. poeta, -ae, m., a poet. poliS, -Ire, polivi, politus, make smooth, polish; adorn, decorate, embellish. polliceor, -eri, pollicitus, offer, promise; propose, suggest. polluo, see luo. pompa, -ae, f., parade, procession ; funeral procession. Pompeius, -i, m., a gens name. Cn. Pompeius Magnus, born 106 B.C. He fought with Sulla, defeat- ing the Marian forces in Sicily, Africa, and Spain. He also crushed the pirates and overcame Mithri- dates. He was killed in Egypt after the battle of Pharsalia, 48 B.C. PompSnius, -i, m., a gens name. T. Pomponius Atticus, an intimate friend of Cicero, a successful pub- lisher and man of business. His sister Pomponia was the wife of Quintus Cicero. Pomptinus, -1, m., a family name. C. Pomptinus, a praetor of 63 B.C. pondus, -eris, n., weight. ponS, -ere, posul, positus, put, place, set, lay down ; fix, station, lay ; lay aside, take off, remove. ante — antepono, -ere, ante- posui, antepositus, set before; value more highly, prefer, esteem above. de — depono, -ere, deposui, depositus, set down, place ; lay aside, remove, put away ; give up, resign, abandon. ex — exponS, -ere, exposui, expositus, set out, expose; set PONS 512 PORTENTUM ashore, disembark ; set forth, relate, state, declare. in — impono, -ere, imposui, impositus, place upon, set upon; thrust upon, impose. inter — interpono, -ere, in- terposui, interpositus, put be- tween, place among; insert, inter- pose ; assert, allege, put forward ; let pass, permit to elapse ; pass., pass, elapse, tribus diebus«in- terpositis, after three days had elapsed, se interponere, to act as go-between. ob — oppono, -ere, opposui, oppositus, place opposite, oppose. prae — praepono, -ere, prae- posui, praepositus, place in front, set before ; put in command of, place in charge of pro — propono, -ere, pro- positi, propositus, put forth, set forth; deter?nine upon, resolve, propose; threaten, denounce. re — repono, -ere, reposui, repo situs, put back, restore ; lay aside, keep. pons, pontis, m., a bridge. pontifex, -icis, m., priest, pontiff, pontifex. pontifex maximus, the chief priest. Pontus, -1, m., Pontus, a district in Asia Minor, south of the Pontus Euxinus. popa, -ae, m., a priesfs assistant, an under priest. popina, -ae, f., tavern, eating house. popularis, -e, of the people ; de- voted to the interests of the people, democratic ; pleasing to the people, popular ; belonging to the party of the people. As subst., a member of the popular party, (populus) populariter, adv., commonly, vul- garly ; in a manner to please the people, (popularis) populor (1), lay waste, ravage, devastate. de — depopulor (1), waste, ravage, plunder. populus, -1, m., a people, a nation, a tribe ; the people, the state ; the common people, the masses, popu- lus Romanus, the Roman people, i.e. all the citizens of Rome, de populo, of the throng, obscure, unknown. Porcius, -I, m., a gens name. 1. M. Porcius Cato (also called Censorius, Priscus, and Maior, to distinguish him from the Cato men- tioned below), born at Tusculum in 234 B.C. His ability in war, statecraft, and oratory was greatly admired, especially by the Romans of later times. 2. M. Porcius Cato Uticensis, great-grandson of Cato the Censor. His character won high regard among the Romans. He fought with Pompey, and afterward killed himself at Utica. porrigo, see rego. porro, adv., forward, onward ; henceforth, hereafter; then, next, further, moreover. porta, -ae, f., gate. portentum, -1, n., sign, omen, por- tent ; monster, monstrosity, demon. (portendo, reveal) PORTO 513 POTIS porto (1;, bear, carry, take, bring. abs— asportS (1), carry off, carry away, remove. de — deporto (1), carry away, take down ; bring off, bring home. ex — exports ( 1 ) , carry out, send out, export. re — reports (1), carry back, bring back. portus, -us, m., harbor, haven, port. ex portu vectigalia, revenue from port duties. poscS, -ere, poposci, — , ask, de- mand, request. de — deposco, -ere, depo- posci, — , request earnestly, de- mand. ex — exposes, -ere, expo- poscT, — , ask earnestly, implore, beg. possessiS, -Snis, f., seizure; pos- session, occupation; pi., property, possessions, estates, (cf. possideS) possideo, see sedeS. possum, posse, potui, — , to be able, can. post, adv., and prep, with ace. As adv., behind, back; after- wards, after, later. paulS post, a little later, post quam, after, after that. As prep., after, behind ; after, since, post memoriam homi- num, 7oithin the memory of men. post homines natos, since men were created. postea, adv., afterwards, later, here- after, postea quam, after, after that, (post + ea) posteaquam, see postea. H. & G. CIC. — 33 posteritas. -tatis, f., future ages, the future, generations to come, pos- terity, in posteritatem, for the future, (posterus) posterns, -a. -um, next, later, com- ing after, subsequent, future, po- ster!, -Srum, m., later generations, descendants, posterity, in poste- rum, for the future. Comp., posterior, -ius, later, folloiving, next; inferior, worse. Superl., postremus, -a, -um, last; lowest, basest, vilest, worst. posthac, adv., hereafter, henceforth. (post + hac) postquam, after. See post. postremo, adv., lastly, finally, at last, (postremus) postremus, -a, -um, superl. of posterus. postridie, adv., on the following day, the next day. (cf. posterus and dies) postulatio, -Snis, f., demand, re- quest, (postulo) postulS (1), ask, request ; dejnand, require, claim. pot ens. -entis. powerful, influen- tial, (pres. p. of possum) potentia, -ae, f., power, authority, influence, (potens) potestas, -tatis, f., power, author- ity ; ability, capacity ; permission ; chance, opportunity, (potis) potior, -iri, potitus, take possession of, acquire, obtain ; be master of control, hold, rerum potiri, get control of affairs, (potis) potis, -e, able, capable. Comp , po- tior, -ius, better, preferable. Su- POTISSIMUM 514 PRAESENS perl., potissimus, -a, -um, chief, principal, foremost. potissimum, adv., chiefly, princi- pally, above all others, rather than any o?ie else, especially, (superl. ofpote) . potius. adv., rather, more. (comp. of pote) potus, -a, -um, having drunken, intoxicated. pr., abbr. of pridie. prae, prep, with abl., before, in front of, in comparison with; for, on account of, because of. praebeo, see habe5. praeceps, -cipitis, headlong, in haste, head foremost ; rash, incon- siderate, hasty, thoughtless, driven headlong, (prae -f caput) praeceptum, — 1, n., order, injunc- tion, command ; teaching, instruc- tion, direction, (praecipio) praecipio. see capio. praecipue. adv., especially, particu- larly, chiefly, (praecipuus) praecipuus, -a. -um, special, par- ticular, peculiar ; superior, beyond all others, extraordinary. (prae + CAP, take) praeclare, adv., very clearly, very plainly ; nobly, grandly, admira- bly, gloriously, (praeclarus) praeclarus, -a, -um. very bright, very brill? ant ; admirable, remark- able, excellent; very renowned, famous, distinguished, illustrious. (prae + clarus) praeco, -onis, m., crier, herald; eulogist, (cf. prae and voco) praeconium, -1, n., heralding, pro- claiming, publishing; celebration, eulogy, (praeconius, of a herald) praecurro, see curro. praeda, -ae, f., spoil, booty, plunder. praedator. -oris, m., plunderer, robber, (praedor, spoil) praedicatio, -onis, f., procla- mation ; praise, co??imendation. (praedico) praedico, see dico. praedico, see dico. praeditus, -a, -um, having, possess- ing, enjoying ; gifted, endozved, pos- sessed, furnished, (prae + datus) praedium. -1, n.,farm, estate. praedo, -onis, m., robber, pirate. (praeda) praeeo, see eo. praefectura, -ae, f., office of a pre- fect ; district governed by a prefect, prefecture, (praefectus) praefectus, -1, m., cavalry captain ; governor, prefect, (praeficio) praefero, see fero. praeficio, see facio. i praemitto, see mitto. praemium, -1, n., advantage; re- ward, prize. Praeneste. -is, n., a strongly forti- fied city of Latium, about twenty miles from Rome; now Palestrina. praepono. see pond. praeripio, see rapid. praescribo, see scribo. praesens. -entis, present, in per- son ; immediate, impending ; pow- erful, influential; favoring, helping, propitious ; direct, straight from ; prompt, resolute. (pres. p. of praesum) PRAESENTIA 515 PREHENDO praesentia, -ae, f., presence ; pres- ent time, present circumstances. (praesens) praesentic, see sentio. praesertim, adv., especially, par- ticularly. praesideo, see sedeo. praesidium, -1, n., defense, protec- tion ; help, aid, assistance ; body of troops, armed force, guard, garrison ; fortification, stronghold. (cf. praesideo) praestabilis, -e, excellent, desir- able; preferable. praestans, -antis, excellent, su- perior, surpassing, remarkable. (pres. p. of praesto) praesto, see sto. praesto, adv., at hand, ready. praestolor (i),- wait for, await. praesum, see sum. praeter, prep, with ace., before, in front of; besides, in addition to; besides, except ; contrary to, against; above, beyond, more than. (comp. of prae ?) praeterea, adv., further, besides, in addition, and besides, (praeter + ea) praetereo, see eo. praeteritus, -a, -um, past, prae- terita, -orum, n., the past, by- gones, (praetereo) praetermitto, see mitt 6. praeterquam, adv., except, besides, further than, (praeter + quam) praetextatus, -a, -um, wearing the toga praetexta, in childhood. (praetexta) I praetextus, -a, -um, bordered, edged, toga praetexta, the toga edged with purple, worn by chil- dren and magistrates, in prae- texta (sc. toga), in childhood. (p. p. of praetexo, border) praetor, -oris, m., leader, com- mander; praetor. See page 27. praetorius, -a, -um, of a praetor or commander. Conors prae- toria, body-guard, (praetor) praetura, -ae, f., office of a praetor, praetorship. (prae + h go) prandeo, -ere, prandi, pransus, take breakfast, lunch. pransus, -a, -um, having eaten, filed, satiated, (p. p. of prandeo) pravitas, -tatis, f., crookedness, de- formity ; tvickedness, viciousness, depravity, (pravus) pravus, -a, -um, crooked ; wicked, vicious, depraved, perverse. Frecianus, -a, -um, of Precius. Precius, -1, m., a Roman who made Cicero his heir. precor (1), pray, supplicate, be- seech, entreat, beg; call upon, invoke. de — deprecor (1), avert by prayer, remove by eiiireaty, plead to have removed, protest against, deprecate. prehendo, -ere, prehendi, pre- hensus, seize, grasp, hold. com — comprehends, -ere, comprehend!, comprehensus, take hold of, seize ; arrest, capture ; detect,'find out, discover ; perceive, grasp, comprehend. de — deprehendo, -ere, de- prehendi, deprehensus, capture, PREMO 5 I6 PRIVO seize, grasp ; catch in the act, come upon, surprise, detect ; find out, dis- cover ; comprehend, understand. re — reprehendo, -ere, re- prehend!, reprehensus, hold back, seize; censure, reprove, re- buke. premo, -ere, press!, pressus, press ; press hard, pursue closely ; , weigh down, burden, overwhelm, ■ crush ; check, restrain. com — comprimo, -ere, com- press!, compressus, press to- gether ; put down, crush ; curb, restrain, check. de — deprimo, -ere, depress!, depressus, press down ; sink, overwhelm. ex — exprimo, -ere, ex- press!, expressus, press out ; elicit, extort ; form, model, portray, represent, delineate. in — imprimo, -ere, impress!, impressus, press upon; stamp, imprint, engrave, mark, impress. ob — opprimo, -ere, oppress!, oppressus, press against; over- whelm, overthrozv, crush, sink. re — reprimo, -ere, repress!, repressus, press back; restrain, curb, check. pretium, -I, n., price, money, value, worth, operae pretium est, it is worth while. *prex, *precis (used only in the plural), f., a prayer, entreaty. prid., abbr. of pridie. pridem, adv., for a long time, iam pr!dem, now for a long time, this long time. pridie, adv., the day before, pridie Kalendas, the day before the Calends. Prllius, -!, m. (sc. lacus), a name of an Etruscan lake, probably Lago di Castiglione. primo, adv., at first, first, (primus) primus, -a, -um, superl. of prior. princeps, -cipis, first, foremost, leading. As subst., chief, leader, leading man. principatus, -us, m., ^position of leader, leadership, control, (prin- ceps) principium, -!, n., beginning, com- mencement, principio, in the first place, to begin, (princeps) prior, prius (comp. of a positive not in use), former, previous, ear- lier, before. Superl. primus, -a, -um, first, foremost ; eminent, dis- tinguished, noble, excellent. in prlmis (sometimes written impri- mis), among the first, especially, parti ctdarly, chiefly. pristinus, -a, -um, former, early, old-time. prius, adv., sooner, before, prius quam, before. Superl. primum, in the first place, first, the first time. cum primum, as soon as. ut primum, as soon as. quam pri- mum, as soon as possible. prius, adv. ; also neuter of prior. privatus, -a, -um, personal, indi- vidual, private, privatus. -!, m., a private citizen, a person in pri- vate life. (p. p. of privo). privignus, -!, m., a stepson. privo (1), deprive, rob; release. PRO 517 PROLATO pro, prep, with abl., before, in front of; for, in behalf of for the benefit of; in the place of, for, in return for ; in view of, considering ; in comparison with, alongside of; be- cause of, on account of; in viezu of, according to, in the place of, as. pro eo ac, according as. pro nihilo, as nothing, pro consule, acting for the cousttl, proconsul. pro, Of Ah! proavus, -1, m., great-grandfather, ancestor, (pro -f avus) probitas, -tatis, f., uprightness, honesty, integrity, worth, probity. (probus) pfobo (1), approve, endorse, ac- cept; inspect, test ; esteem highly, be pleased with ; make clear, show, prove, demojistrate. (probus) ad — approbo (1), approve, favor, endorse, sanction. com — comprobo (1), ap- prove, sanction ; prove, establish. in— -improbo (1), disapprove, reject ; blame, censure. probus. -a, -um, superior, excellent; upright, honest, honorable. procedo. see cedo. procella, -ae, f., storm, hurricane, tempest ; violence, commotion. processio, -onis, f., advance, (pro- cedo) procreo, see creo. procul, adv., at a distance, far away, afar off, from afar. procuratio, -onis, f., management, conduct, superintendence. (pro- euro) prodeo, see eo. prddigium, -1, n., sign, omen, por- tent ; prodigy, monster. prodigus, -a, -um, wasteful, lavish, prodigal. proditor, -oris, m., betrayer, trai- tor, (prodo) prodo, see do. prodiico, see duco. proelium, -1, n., battle, combat, fight. profectio, -onis, f., a going atvay, departure, (proficiscor) profecto, adv., for a fact, actually, really, indeed, (pro + facto) profero, see fero. professio, -onis, f., declaration, avowal, public acknowledgment ; registration, (profiteor) proficio, see facio. proficiscor, -1, profectus, set out, start, go, depart ; arise, proceed ; begin, commence, (proficio) profiteor, see fateor. profligo, see fligo. profugio, see fugio. profundo, see fundo. profundum, -1, n., a depth, abyss. (profundus) profundus, -a, -um, deep, bottom- less, (pro + fundus) profusus, -a, -um, lavish, extrava- gant ; profuse, excessive, (p. p. of profundo) progredior, see gradior. prohibeo, see habeo. proicio, see iacio. proinde, adv., hence, therefore, ac- cordingly ; just, exactly, precisely, in like manner, (pro + inde) prolato, -are, — , — , extend, en- large ; put off, defer, delay, post- PROMISSUM 5 I8 PROSPERE pone, (prolatus, p. p. of pro- fero) promissum, -1, n., a promise, (pro- mitto) promitto, see mitto. promo, -ere, prompsi, proin- ptus, bring forward, produce. (pro + emo) de — depromo, -ere, de- prompsi, depromptus, draw forth, bring out ; appropriate. ex — expromo, -ere, ex- prompsi, expromptus, bring out, exhibit, display ; express. promptus, -a, -um, brought for- ward ; disclosed, exposed ; ready, quick, prompt, (promo) promulgo (1), bring forjvard, pro- pose ; propose a bill. propago (1), enlarge; generate, propagate, rear ; extend, prolong. prope, adv., near, nigh; nearly, almost. Comp. proprius, superl. proxime. Often prope has the force of a preposition and is used with the ace., e.g. proxime deos, nearest to the gods, prope diem, soon, presently. propero ( I ) , hurry, hasten ; quicken. (properus, quick) ad — adpropero (1), hasten, quicken, accelerate. propinquus, -a, -um, near, neigh- boring; related, kindred. pro- pinquus, -1, m., relative, kinsman. (prope) propior, -ius, nearer, closer. Su- perl. proximus, -a, -um, very near, nearest, next; latest, last; following, ensuing. proximi, -orum, m., relatives, kindred, (cf. prope) propius, see prope. propono, see pono. propraetor, -oris, m., a propraetor, one who governs a province in the year following his praetorship. (pro -f praetor) proprius, -a, -um, one's own, indi- vidual, special, particular, pecul- iar ; characteristic, appropriate ; permanetit, lasting, enduring. propriae imperatorum, belong- ing only to generals. propter, adv., and prep, with ace. As adv., near, close by, at hand. As prep., near, next to; on ac- count of for, for the sake of be- cause of. propterea, adv., on this account, therefore, for this reason, propte- rea quod, because, (propter -f ea) propudium, -1, n., shayjieful con- duct, disgrace, scandal ; vile wretch. prdpugnaculum. -1, n., bulwark, tower, fortress, rampart ; defense, protection, propugnacula im- peri, the defenses of the state, i.e. the army and navy, (propugno) propugnator. -oris, m., defender, champion, (propugno) propulso, -are, — , propulsatus. ward off, repulse, avert, (freq. of propello) proscriptio. -onis, f., advertise- ment of sale of goods ; proscrip- tion, confiscation, (proscribo) prosequor, see sequor. prospere, adv., according to hope, PROSPICIO 519 PUGNO favorably, successfully, prosper- ously, (prosperus, fortunate) prospicio, see specio. prosterno, see sterno. prosum, see sum. protinus, adv., at once, forthwith, immediately, (pro + temis) providentia, -ae, f., foresight ; fore- thought, precaution ; providence. (provideo) provided, see video. provincia, -ae, f., office, duty, cha7'ge ; province, i.e. the territory governed by a magistrate from Rome; government of a province, provincial government. provincialis, -e, of a province, pro- vincial, (provincia) provoco, see voco. proxime. see prope. proximus, see propior. prudens, -entis, foreseeing, fore- knowing; with full knowledge, de- liberate ; wise, discreet, prudent. (for providens) prudentia, -ae, f., foresight ; prac- tical wisdom, prudence, good sense, discretion, (priidens) pruina, -ae, f., frost. piibes, -eris, grown up, adult. pubes, -is, f., men grown, young men. publicanus, -a, -um, of the revenue. As subst, a tax collector, farmer of the revenue. (publicus) publicatio, -onis, f., confscation. (publico) public e, adv., in the name of the state, officially, as a state ; gener- ally, in general, (publicus) Publicius, -1, m., Publicius, men- tioned by Cicero as a dissolute idler. publico (1), seize for public use, confiscate, (publicus) publicus, -a, -um, of the people, of the state, belonging to the state, public, official ; common, general. res publica, rel pxiblicae, f., the matters of the state, the inter- ests of the state ; the stale, the commonwealth, iudicium publi- cum, a trial conducted by the state. in publicum, in public, out into the streets, (for populicus) Publius, -1, m., a praenomen. pudet, -ere, puduit (puditum est) , — , be asha?ned. me pudet factorum, / am ashamed of my deeds. pudicitia, -ae, f., chastity, honor, virtue, modesty, (pudicus, mod- est) pudor, -oris, m., sense of shame ; sense of right, sense of honor, con- scientiousness ; sense of propriety, modesty. puer, -eri, m., boy, lad; slave; pi., children, ex pueris, from childhood. puerllis. -e, of a child, of childhooi youthful, (puer) pueritia, -ae, f., boyhood, childhood, youth, (puer) pugna, -ae, f., fight, encounter, quar- rel. pugno (1), fight, contend, struggle. (pugna) ex — expugno ( 1 ) , take by as- sault, take by storm, capture. d, ttHM d, PULCHER 520 QUAESTORIUS re — repugno (1), oppose, re- sist. pulcher, -chra, -chrum, hand- some, attractive, beautiful ; glori- ous, noble, illustrious. Pulcher, -chri, m., a surname. See Clodius. pulchre, adv., nobly, excellently, hon- orably ; successfully. (pulcher) pulsus, p. p. of pello. pulvinar, -aris, n., couch of the gods (for the feasting of the gods on especial occasions) ; shrine, temple, (pulvinus. cushion) punctum, -1, n., a prick, point. punctum temporis, a point of time, instant, (pungo) pungo, -ere, pupugi. punctus, prick, pwtcture, pierce; sting, trouble, mortify, annoy, distress. Punicus, -a, -um, Carthaginian, Punic. punio, -ire, punivl, pmritus, punish, (poena) purgo (1), cleanse, purify ; exoner- ate, exculpate, free from blame. purpura, -ae, f., purple color, pur- ple ; purple clothing, garments of purple. The color meant is really a dark red. urpuratus, -a. -um, clothed in purple. As subst., courtier, royal attendant, (purpura) purus, -a, -um. clean, pure, un- stained, unsullied, imspotted. puto (1), clean, cleanse, clear up; reckon, estimate, regard; think, judge, consider, believe, suppose. (putus, pure) dis — disputo ( 1 ) , examine, investigate ; discuss, argue, main- tain. Q., abbr. of Quintus. qua, adv., where, (abl. of qui) quadriduum, -1, n., period of four days, four days' 1 tiiiie. quaero, -ere, quaesivi, quae- situs, search for, seek, look for ; find, get, obtain ; ask, inquire, i?i- quire about, demand ; investigate, conduct an investigation, be presi- dent of a commission of investiga- tion. ad — adquiro, -ere, adqui- sivi, adquisitus, acquire, gain, add. ex— exquiro, -ere, exqui- sivi, exquisitus, search out, in- vestigate, inquire into. re— requiro, -ere, requisivi, requisitus, seek again; ask, de- mand; miss, lack. quaesitor, -oris, m., investigator, one -who conducts an investigation, president of a commission of inves- tigation, (quaero) quaeso, / beg, pray, tell me. (the original form of quaero, before rhotacism occurred) quaestio, -onis, f., examination, investigation ; examination by torture; commission, court, trial; subject of investigation, question, case, cause, (cf. quaero) quaestor, -oris, m., quaestor. See page 28. quaestorius. -a, -um, of a quaestor. (quaestor) QUAESTUS 521 QUEROR quaestus, -us, m., acquisition, gain, profit, advantage ; business, em- ployment, pecuniam in quaestu relinquere, to leave funds profit- ably invested, (quaero) qualis, -e, interrog., of what sort? of what kind? what kind of? rel., stick as, as. talis, qualis, suck, as. talis is often unex- pressed, when qualis = suck as. quam, adv., how? how muck? as, than. It is used to strengthen superlatives, e.g. quam plurimi, as many as possible, quam diu? kozv long? quam diu, as long as. tarn, quam, so, as ; so much, as. tarn is often unexpressed, when quam = as, as much as. quamquam, in dependent clauses, although, though ; in independent clauses, and yet, however, yet after all. (quam + quam) quamvis, adv. and conj., as you will, as much as you will ; kozu- ever, however much, although. (quam + vis, from volo) quando, adv., interrog., when ? rel., when, since, because; indef., at any time, ever, si quando, if ever, zvhenever. quantum, adv., interrog., how much? how far ? rel., so much as, as far as. (quantus) quantus, -a, -um, interrog., kozv great? how much? rel., as. tan- tus, quantus, as great, as; as much, as. tantus is often unex- pressed, when quantus = as great as, as much as. tanto, quant 6 (with comparatives), the, the. quanti, of what value, how highly ; quanti faceretis me, how highly you regarded me. quantuscumque, -tacumque. -tumcumque, of whatsoever size ; however insignificant, however small, (quantus + cumque) quapropter, adv., interrog., where- fore, for what reason ? rel., where- fore, for that reason, therefore. (qua + propter) quartanus, -a, -um, of the fourth ; quartana (sc. febris), -ae, f., quartan fever, an ague occurring every fourth day. (quartus) quartus, -a, -um, fourth, quartus decimus, fourteenth. (quat- tuor) quasi, adv., as if, just as if; as it were, so to speak ; a kind of like. quasi vero, as if indeed. quasso (1), shake violently, zoave ; skiver, shatter, dash to pieces, de- stroy, (freq. of quatio, shake') quatenus, adv., to what point ? kozv far? how long? (qua + tenus, up to) quattuor (indecl.), four. -que (always enclitic), and. que 6, -ire, quivi, quitus, be able can. ne — nequeo, -ire, nequivi — , be not able, be unable, can not.' querella (querela), -ae, f., com- plaint, lament ; occasion for com- plaint, (queror) querimonia, -ae, f., complaint, la- ment ; accusation, reproach, (que- ror) queror, -1, questus, complain, QUI 522 QUISQUAM lament; find fault with, complain of. qui, quae, quod, who, which, that ; whoever, whatever, eo, quo (with comparatives), the, the. qui, adv., interrog., in what way? how? rel., in which way, how. (old case form of qui) quia, since, because, inasmuch as. (old case form of qui) quicumque, quaecumque, quod- cumque, whoever, whatever, every one who, everything tvhich, all that, (qui + cumque) quidam, quaedam, quiddam (as adj., quoddam), a certain one, a certain thing ; some one, one, a man, something, a thing ; a kind of, often best rendered by as one might say, what might be called. (qui -f dam) quidem, adv., certainly, indeed, in fact, assuredly; at least, at any rate ; concessive, to be sure, doubt- less, 7to doubt ; often used to make a single word prominent, when it may be best rendered by as for or by accenting the word emphasized, e.g. mini quidem ipsi, as for myself; mea quidem sententia, in my opinion, ne . . . quidem, not even, (qui + dem) quies, -etis, f., rest, quiet, sleep, repose. uiesco, -ere, quievi, quietus, become still, go to rest, sleep ; be at rest, be quiet, be silent. quietus, -a, -urn, at rest, at peace, undisturbed, untroubled, (p. p. of quiesco) quin, in direct questions, why not? in dependent clauses, but that, that not, that, who not. quin etiam, nay even, nay more, in fact, (old case form of qui + ne) quinam, see quisnam. quinquaginta (indecl.), fifty. quinque (indecl.), five. quintus, -a, -um, fifth, (quinque) Quintus, -i, m., a praenomen. quippe, adv., of course, as you see, obviously, plainly, certainly ; often ironical, surely, indeed, doubtless. Quirites, -ium, m., citizens of Rome, felloiv- citizens. quis (qui), quae, quid, as subst., who ? tvhich ? what? as adj., what ? what sort of? quid est quod. why is it that ? quid multa, why speak further ? Quid ? Again. quid ergo, what then ? quis, qua, quid (used as an indef. pron. with si, nisi, ne, and num), any one, any, anything. quisnam (quinam) , quaenam, quidnam, who in the world? what, pray. The -nam adds in- sistence, usually indicated in Eng- lish by the tone of voice, (quis + nam) quispiam, quaepiam. quidpiam (quodpiam, as adj.), as subst., any one, some one, anything, some- thing; as adj., some, any. (quis + piam) quisquam. quaequam, quidquam (also quicquam), as subst., any one at all, anything whatsoever ; as adj., any at all, any whatscr any. (quis -f quam) QUISQUE 523 RAPIO quisque, quaeque, quidque (as adj., quodque), as subst, each one, every one, anything ; as adj., each, every, nobilissimus quis- que, all the noblest men. quis- que unus, each one. (quis + que) quisquis, — , quidquid or quic- quid (as adj., quodquod), as subst., whoever, every one who, whatever ; as adj., whatever, what- soever, (quis + quis) quivis, quaevis, quidvis (as adj., quodvis), as subst., whoever you wish, any one you will, any one whatever ; as adj., any possible, any at all. (qui + vis) quo, adv., wherefore, because; in order that, that. quo minus, that not. (case form of qui) quo, adv., interrog., whither? to what place ? which way ? at what? as rel., whither, where. quo usque, how far ? quoad, adv., as far as, as long as, until, quoad longissime, just as far back as. (quo -f ad) quocumque, adv., whithersoever, in whatsoever direction, to whatever place, (quo + cumque) quod, that, in that, as for the fact that, the fact that ; because, inas- much as, since ; as far as. quod si, and if but if quondam, adv., once, formerly ; at limes, soinetimes ; some day (in the future) . quoniam, since, as, whereas, (quom + iam) quoque, also, as well, too, even. quot (indecl.), interrog., how many? rel., as many as. quot annis, each year, yearly. quotiens, adv., how often ? how many times? as often as, repeat- edly. quotienscumque, adv., just as often as, every time that, (quo- tiens + cumque) quotus, -a, -um, which in order? quotus quisque, how many ? R. radix, -icis, f., root; foot, base. raeda, -ae, f., a fottr-wheeled car- riage. raedarius, -i, m., driver, coachman. (raeda) rapina, -ae, f., robbery, pillage, plundering ; booty, spoil, plunder. (rapio) rapio, -ere, rapui, raptus, seize, carry off, drag away ; rob, plun- der, pillage ; hurry along, hasten, drag onzaard. ab— abripio, -ere, abripui, abreptus, snatch away, tear away, remove forcibly. ad — adripio, -ere. adripui, adreptus, grasp, seize, 'lay hold on ; take, appropriate. di — diripio, -ere, diripui direptus, tear asunder, tear in. pieces ; ravage, pillage. e — eripio, -ere, eripui, ereptus, tear out, snatch away ; rescue, save, deliver; with re- flexive, break away, rush away, escape. RATIO 524 REDEO prae — praeripio, -ere, prae- ripui, praereptus, carry off, snatch away ; forestall, anticipate. sub — surripio, -ere, sur- ripui, surreptus, snatch away ; steal. ratio, -onis, f., a reckoning, co??i- putation, calculation, account; business, business interests, business relations ; ?natter, affair ; respect, consideration, relation, regard ; plan, design, purpose; manner, method, style; reason, judgment, wider -standing ; theory, theoretical knowledge, science, art ; principles, plan, system, omni rati one, in every way. ratio pecuniarum. system of exchange. vitae ra- tiones, plans of life. ratio studiorum, a course of studies. in dissimili ratione, in a differ- ent direction. ratiocinor (1), reckon, calculate; reason, argue, (ratio) rea, -ae, f., defendant, the accused. (fern, of reus) Reatinus, -a, -um, of Redte, a Sabine town. recens, -entis, fresh, recent, late, new. recensio, -onis, f., enumeration, census ; the censor's records, (re- censeo, count) receptor, -oris, m., a harborer, concealer ; haunt, (recipio) recessus. -us, m., withdrawal; place of retreat, retired spot, re- treat, nook, corner. (recedo. retire) recipio, see capio. recito (1), read aloud, recite, (re -f cito, call) reclamo, see clamo. recognosco, see nosco. recolo, see colo. reconciliatio, -onis, f., restoration, renewal ; reconciliation, (recon- cilio) reconcilio, see concilio. recondo, see do. reconditus. -a, -um. concealed, hid- den, retired; profound, abstruse, recondite, (p. p. of recondo) recordatio. -onis, f., recollection, remembrance, (recordor) recordor (1), recall, recollect, re- member, (re + cor) recreo. see creo. recta, adv. (sc. via.), straightway, directly, at once, immediately. (rectus) recte. adv., in a straight line; rightly, correctly, properly ; well, appropriately, (rectus) rectus, -a. -um, straight; right, proper, upright; appropriate, be- fitting, (p. p. of rego) recupero (1), get back, recover, re- gain ; reestablish, restore. recurro, see curro. recusatio. onis. f., refusal, objec- tion, protest, (recuso) reciiso (1), raise objections against, shrink from, decline, refuse, re- cusare quominus sit, refuse h be. (re + causa) redactus. p. p. of redigo. redarguo. see arguo. reddo, see do. redeo. see eo. REDIMIO 525 RELIGIO redimio, -ire, — , redimitus, wreathe, encircle. redimo, see emo. reditus, -us, m., going back, return. (redeo) reduco, see duco. redundo ( 1 ) , overflow ; run, swim ; remain, be left. (cf. unda, wave) redux, -cis, leading back; brought back, restored, (re + dux) refello, see fallo. refero, see fero. refert, referre, retulit, — , it con- cerns, it matters, it is of impor- tance, it makes a difference, it is of value, illud parvi refert, that is of little value, (a case form of res + fero) refertus, -a, -um, crowded, filled full. (p. p. of refercio) reficio, see facio. reformido (1), dread, shrink from, shudder at. (re + tormldd, fear) refugio, see fugio. refuto (1), drive back, check; re- but, refute, confute, disprove. regalis, -e, of a king, kingly, royal. nomen regale, the name of king. (rex) regia, -ae (sc. domus), f., the Re- gia, the name of the house of Numa which was kept for the use of priests, (regius) regie, adv., after the manner of a king, despotically, tyrannically. (regius) Reginl, -orum, m., the Reglnt, the people of Regium. regio, -onis, f., direction; line, boundary, limit; region, district, place; country, territory, (reg, stretch, guide) Regium, -1, n., Regium, a city in the southwestern part of Italy; now Reggio. regius, -a, -um, of a king, kingly, royal, regal, (rex) regno (1), be a king, reign, rule as a king, (regnum) regnum, -1, n., kingship, royalty ; dominion, rule, sway; kingdom, realm, (reg, guide) rego, -ere, rexi, rectus, keep straight; direct, guide, lead ; man- age, control, govern, (reg, guide) com — corrigo, -ere, correxl, correctus, make straight; im- prove, correct, reform. e — erigo, -ere. erexi, ere- Ctus, raise up, lift up, elevate, erect; animate, arouse, cheer, encourage. per — pergo, -ere, perrexi, perrectus, go on, proceed ; hasten. por — porrigo, -ere, porrexi. porrectus, stretch forth, hold out, extend. sub — surgo, -ere, surrexi, — , rise, arise. reicio, see iacio. relaxo (1), widen; open, loosen; lighten, ease, relieve ; unbend, relax, let doiun. (re + laxo, make wide) relevo, see levo. religio, -onis, f., sense of obligation to do right, conscientiousness ; re- ligious scruple, sacred obligation ; piety, reverence ; worship of the gods, religion, faith; sanctity, sacredness, holiness ; sacred place, sacred object. RELIGIOSUS * 526 RES religiosus, -a, -um, conscientious, scrupulous, pious ; sacred, holy, re- vered, venerable, (religio) relinquo, see linquo. reliquiae, -arum, f., remnants, re- mains, fragments ; the rest, the remainder, (relinquo) reliquus, -a, -um, left, remaining, the rest of; the other, other ; subse- quent, future, intervening, quod reliquum est, as for the future. reliquum est, it remains, it is left, nihil reliqui, nothing left. nihil reliqui ad celeritatem mihi feci, / left nothing undone in the way of speed, (cf. relin- quo) remaned, see maneo. remansio, -onis, f., a remaining, staying behind. (remaneo) remex, -igis, m., oarsman, (re- mus, oar, -f AG, drive) remimscor, -1, — , remember, keep in mind. remissio, -onis, f., a sending back, releasing ; a letting down, loiver- ing, relaxing; relaxation, rec- reation, form of relaxation. (remitto) remissus, -a, -um, relaxed; negli- gent, careless, remiss, (p. p. of remitto) remitto, see mitto. remoror, see moror. removed, see moveo. Remus, -1, m., Remus, the brother of Romulus. renovo (1), reneiv, restore, (re + novo, make new) reniintio, see nuntio. repello, see pello. repente, adv., suddenly, unexpect- edly, (repens, sudden) repentinus, -a, -um, sudden, unex- pected, unlooked for. (repens, sudden) reperio, see pario. repeto, see peto. repo, -ere, repsi, reptus, creep, crawl, (rep, creep) in — inrepo, -ere, inrepsi. — , creep in, steal in, be inserted stealthily. repono. see pono. reporto, see porto. reprehendo, see prehendo. reprehensio, -onis, f., reproof censure, criticism, (reprehendo) reprimo, see premo. repudio (1), cast off, put away ; reject, refuse, scorn, disdain, repu- diate ; disbelieve, scout. (repu- dium, putting away) repugno, see pugno. requies, -etis, f., rest, quiet, repose. (re + quies) requiro. see quaero. res, reT, f., a thing, matter, affair, busi- ness ; property, money, possessions, estate; profit, interest, advantage ; condition, state, circumstances ; fact, reality, actuality; event, occur- rence, case ; lawsuit, suit ; cause, reason, ground ; science, art. res publica, the interests of the state, government, state, novae res. change of government, revolution. res gestae, exploits, achievements. res mHitaris, the art of war, war- fare, res obire. to transact busi- RESCINDO 527 ROGO ness. ad rem piiblicam adire, to engage in public life, res mari- timae, poiver on the sea. res secundae. prosperity, qua re, why ? wherefore ? wherefore, for that reason. quam ob rem, wherefore, on that account. re vera, in very truth, in fact, re, by actual experience, indeed, in fact; by later developments, re- rum potiri, to obtain sovereignty, control the government, become master. rescindo, see scindo. rescribo, see scribo. resecS, see seco. reservS, see servo. resideo. see sedeS. resigno, see signo. resists, see sisto. respicio, see specio. respiro, see spiro. respondeo, see spondeS. respSnsum, -1, n., reply, answer, response, (respondeo) restinguS, see stinguo. restituo, see statuo. restitutor, -oris, m., a restorer. (restituo) restS, see sto. retards, see tardS. reticentia, -ae, f., silence, reticence. (reticeS) reticeo, see taceo. retineS, see teneo. retorqueo, see torqueS. retractatio, -Snis, f., shrinking, hesitation, refusal. (retracts, withdraw) retundo, see tundS. reus, -1, m., defendant, prisoner, the accused, (res) reverto, see vertS. re vine 6, see vine 5. reviviscS, -ere, revixi, — , come to life again, live again ; revive, recover, (re + vivo) revoco, see voco. rex, regis, m., king, monarch, despot, (reg, guide*) Rhenus, -1, m., the Rhine. Rhodius, -a, -um, of Rhodes. Rhodii, -Srum, m., the Rhodians. Rhodus. -1, f., Rhodes, an island in the Aegean. ridiculus, -a, -um, laughable, droll, absurd, ridiculous, (rideo, laugh) ripa, -ae, f., a river bank. rSbur, -oris, n., oak; power, vigor, strength. robustus, -a, -um, powerful, strong, vigorous. (rSbur) rogatio, -Snis, f., question; entreaty, request; proposed law, bill, reso- lution, (rogo) rogatus, -us, m. (used only in the abl. sing.), entreaty, request. (rogo) rogitS (1), keep asking; ask eagerly, inquire persistently. (freq. of rogS) rogS (1), ask, inquire; request, beg; (of proposed laws) propose, submit., introduce, move ; vote, pass. sententiam rogare, to ask one's opinion, to call upon one to vote ab — abrogS ( 1 ), repeal, annu, in — inrogS ( 1 ) , propose. inter — interrogS (1), ask, in quire of ROMA 528 SACERDOS Roma, -ae, f., Rome. Romanus, -a, -um, ^//w?«. Roma- nus, -1, m., a Roman. (Roma) Romulus, -1, m., Romulus, the founder of Rome. (Roma?) Roscius. -1, m., a family name. Q. Rosciits Gallus, a distinguished actor, who was defended by Cicero in an oration that has been pre- served. rostrum, -1, n., beak, bill, mouth; beak, prow, rar?i ; pi., the rostra, a platform in the Forum from which speakers addressed the peo- ple. It was ornamented with the prows of captured vessels, (rodo, gnatv) Rudiae, -arum, f., Rudiae, a town in Calabria, the birthplace of En- nius. Rudinus, -a, -um, of Rudiae. rudis, -e, rough, raw ; rough, coarse, ttncultivated, tineducated, ignorant. . Riifio, -onis, m., a common name of slaves. ruina, -ae, f., falling dozvn ; down- fall, ruin, destruction, overthrow. '(ru6) rumor, -oris, m., report, rumor, common talk, hearsay ; reputation. rumpo, -ere, rupi, ruptus, break, break open, break through, burst. (rup, break) ab — abrumpo, -ere, abrupi, abruptus, break off, break away ; sever, interrupt. com — corrumpo, -ere, cor- rupt corruptus, destroy, spoil ; tamper with, falsify, pervert. e — erumpo, -ere, erupi, eruptus, burst out, break away, rush away; send out, hurl forth. in — inrumpo, -ere. inrupi, inruptus, burst in, break in upon. ruo, -ere, rui, rutus (fut. part, rui- turus), fall, tumble down, fall in ruins; go to ruin; hasten to de- struction ; hurry, rush along, dash. (ru,/«//) com — ccrruo, -ere, corrui, — , fall together ; fall down, fall in ruins ; destroy, overthrow. in — inruo, -ere, inrui, — , rush into, rush upon, attack. ob — obruo, -ere, obrui, ob- rutus, tear down, bury in ruins, overwhelm, overthrow, destroy. rursus, adv., on the contrary, on the other hand; again, back, anew, once more, (for reversus) rusticor (1), go into the country, have a holiday, enjoy a vacation. (rusticus) rusticus. -a. -um, of the country, rural, rustic ; rough, coarse, boor- ish ; plain, simple, rusticus. -i. m., peasant, countryman, (riis, country') S. S. D., abbr. of salutem dicit. sends greeting. S. P. D.. abbr. of salutem pluri- mam dicit. sends most cordial greeting. Sabinus, -a, -um. Sabine. Sabini. -orum. m., the Sabines. sacer. -era. -crum. consecrated, sacred. sacerdos. -dotis. m. and f., priest, priestess. SACRAMENTUM 529 SANCTITAS sacramentum, -1, n., a sum depos- ited as security for a possible Judg- ment in a suit ; an oath, the oath of allegiance ; a lawsuit, (sacro, consecrate) sacrarium, -1, n., shrine, sanctuary, chapel, (sacrum) sacrificium, -1, n., sacrifice, (sa- crificus, of sacrifice) sacro (1), consecrate, make sacred. com — consecro ( 1 ), dedicate, consecrate ; halloiv, hold in rever- ence. ob — obsecro (1), beseech, im- plore. sacrosanctus, -a, -urn, halloived by sacred rites, inviolable ; regarded as sacred, revered as sacred, (sa- cer -f sanctus) sacrum, -1, n., sacred thing, sacred place, sacred rite, (sacer) saeculum, -T, n., generation, age; race, people. saepe, adv. (superl. saepissime), often, frequently. saepius. re- peatedly, itenim et saepius, again and again. saepio, -ire, saepsi, saeptus, hedge around, enclose, protect, guard, (saepes, hedge) saeptum, -1, n , enclosure, railing ; pi., polls, voting booths, (saepio) sagatus, -a, -um, clothed in the sagum, in arms, (sagum) sagax. -acis, keen-scented, quick, sagacious, shrezad. sagum, -1, n., military cloak, zvar- dress. ad saga Tre, to assume the garb of war. Sal. , abbr. of salutem. H. & G. CIC. — 34 Saiaminii, -orum, m., Salaminians, the people of Salamis. salio, -ire, salui, saltus, leap, bound, spring, jump. de — desilio, -ire, desilul, desultus, leap dozvn. Sallustius, -i, m., a gens name. Cn. Sallustius, one of Cicero's freedmen or slaves. saltern, adv., at least, at all events. salto (1), dance, (freq. of salio) saltus, -us, m., woodland, pasture land. salus, -utis, f., health, welfare, safety; preservation, deliverance, restoration, acquittal ; greeting, salutation, (salvus) saliitaris, -e, healthful, zuholesome, beneficial, useful, salutary ; saving, preserving. littera saliitaris, the letter A, an abbr. of absolvo, used by jurors in voting for acquit- tal, (salus) saluto (1), greet, salute ; visit, call upon, pay one's respects to. ( salus) salveo, -ere, — , — , be in good health, be well, salve, salvete, fareivell, adieu, (salvus) salvus, -a, -um, safe, sound, secure, u nh arm ed, u n injured. Samos, -i, f., Samos, an island in the Aegean sea. sancio, -ire, sanxi, sanctus, con- secrate ; enact, ordain, decree. sancte, adv., conscientiously ; rever- ently, piously, religiously, pure (sanctus) sanctitas, -tatis, f., sacredness, u\ rightness, integrity, purity, virtue (sanctus) SANCTUS 530 SCELERATUS sanctus, -a, -um, sacred, holy, up- right, pure, conscientious, just. (sancio) sane, adv., soundly, soberly, reason- ably ; doubtless, truly, certainly; if you like, for all I care; pretty, quite; by all means, (sanus) sanguis, -inis, m., blood; bloodshed, murder. sanitas, -tatis, f., soundness, health ; sound mind, reason, sanity, (sa- nus) sano (1), make sound, cure, heal, restore to health; repair, restore. (sanus) sanus, -a, -um, sound, healthy, well ; sober, rational, sensible, sane. sapiens, -entis, wise, prudent. As subst., philosopher, (sapio) sapienter, adv., wisely, (sapiens) sapientia, -ae, t,wisdo??i, prudence ; philosophy, (sapiens) sapio, -ere, sapivi, — , taste; be wise, have intelligence, have the power of discernment. Sardinia, -ae, f., Sardinia. satelles, -itis, m. and f., accomplice, tool, minion. satietas, -tatis, f., abundance, full- ness, satiety; loathing, disgust. (satis) satio (1), satisfy, appease; glut, satiate, feast. ( satis) satis, As subst., enough, plenty. As adj., enough, sufficient. As adv., enough, sufficiently, ade- quately ; fully, quite; sometohat, pretty, satis facere, to do enough, satisfy, recompense. Saturnalia, -ium, n., the Saturna- lia, the feast of Saturn held late in December after the harvest and vintage. It was a season of unre- strained merriment and jollifica- tion. The feast commenced on the 17th of December. Saturninus, -1, m., a family name. L. Saturninus, see page 264. saucius, -a, -um, wounded, injured, smitten. Saxa. -ae, m., a family name. De- cidius Saxa, a friend of Antony. saxum. -1, n., a large stone, rock. scaena, -ae, f., a stage, scene. scaenicus, -a, -um, of the stage, theatrical, (scaena) scalae, -arum, f., stairs, steps. scando, -ere, — , — , rise, climb. ad — ascendo, -ere. ascend!, ascensus, go tip, mount, ascend. de — descends, -ere, de- scend!, descensus, go down, descend ; resort to, stoop. § — escendo, -ere. escendi, escensus, climb up, moztnt. trans — transcendo, -ere, transcend!, — , climb over, sur- mount; go beyond, transcend. Scantia, -ae, f., the name of a woman who had suffered in some way at the hands of Clodius. Scaurus, -!, m., a family name. See Aemilius. scelerate. adv., wickedly, crimi- nally, (sceleratus) sceleratus, -a. -um, polluted, de- filed ; wicked, impious, villainous, accursed. As subst., scoundrel, villain, (p. p. of scelero. defile) SCELESTUS 531 SCUTUM scelestus, -a, -um, tvicked, accursed, knavish ; outrageous, shameful, abominable. As subst., scoundrel, miscreant, (scelus) scelus, -eris. n., wickedness, crime, zvicked deed. scenicus, see scaenicus. Schola, -ae, m., see Causinius. sciens, -entis, knotving, having knowledge, skilled, expert; often best rendered by an adverb, knowingly, intentionally, pur- posely, (pres. p. of scio) scientia, -ae, f., knowledge, ac- quaintance, skill, (sciens) scilicet, adv., you may knoiv, plainly, certainly, of course; no doubt, quite likely. (SC1-, from scire, + licet) scindo, -ere, scidl, scissus, cut, split, cleave. ex — exscindo, -ere, exsci- di, exscissus, cut down, destroy, annihilate. re — rescindo, -ere, rescidi, rescissus, cut down, tear down; rescind, annul. scio, -ire, scivi, scitus, know, understand, be aware. ne — nescio, -ire, nescivi (-ii) , nescitus, not know. Scipio, -onis, m., a family name. See Cornelius, (scipio, staff) sciscitor (1), ask, question, make in- quiries, (from scisco, from scio) scortum, -1, n., harlot, prostitute. scriba, -ae, m., clerk, secretary. (cf. scribo) scribo, -ere, scrips!, scriptus, write, write about, compose. ad — ascrlbo, -ere, ascripsl, ascriptus, enroll, add ; appoint, assign. circum — circuniscribo, -ere, circumscrlpsi, circumscri- ptus, encircle, limit, restrain, cir- cumscribe ; cheat, defraud. com — conscribo, -ere, con- scripsi, conscriptus, write together ; enroll, enlist, levy. de — describo, -ere, de- scripsi, descriptus, draw, de- scribe ; fix, appoint. di — discribo, -ere, discripsi, discriptus, assign, apportion. in— inscribo, -ere, Inscripsi, inscriptus, write upon, inscribe ; assign, attribute. per — perscribo, -ere, per- scripsi, perscriptus, write in full, write out in detail, describe fully, recount, narrate; register, record. prae — praescribo, -ere, praescripsi, praescriptus, write before ; enjoin, order, charge, impress upon. re — rescribo, -ere, rescripsi, rescriptus, write back, answer, reply. Scribonius, -1, m, a gens name. C. Scribonius Curio, an active supporter of Caesar. He was slain in Africa in the Civil war. scriptor, -oris, m., author, writer. (scribo) scrfptura, -ae, f., writing; tax on pasture land,pasttire tax. (scribo) scutum, -1, n., a shield, made of wood. SECEDO 532 SE.MEL secedo, see cedo. secerno, see cerno. secessid, -onis, f., withdrawal, retirement; insurrection, secession. (secedo) secius, see secus. seco, -are, secui, sectus, cut. re — reseco, -are, resecui, resectus, cut loose, cut off ; cut back, curtail, check. secundum, prep, with %.zc, following, after ; according to, in accordance with, (secundus) secundus, -a, -um. following; sec- ond ; favorable, successful, propi- tious, res secundae. prosperity. (sequor) securis, -is, f., axe; especially the axes carried by the lictors as a symbol of power, duodecim se- cures, tzvelve lictors, i.e. two prae- tors, (sec, cut) secus (comp. secius), adv., other- wise, differently ; less. nihilo secius, none the less, non multo secus, not far from that time. sed, but, on the contrary; however, yet. non modo, sed etiam. not only, but also. sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessus, sit, be seated. circum — circumsedeo, -ere, circumsedi, circumsessus, sit around ; invest, besiege, surround, beset. dis — dissideo, -ere, dissedi. — , sit apart ; be at variance, dis- agree, differ. in — insideo. -ere. insedi. — , sit upon ; settle into, cling to, remain. ob — obsideo, -ere, obsedi, obsessus. beset, besiege, blockade; watch for, look out for. por — possideo, -ere, pos- sedi. possessus, hold, have, pos- sess. prae — praesideo, -ere. prae- sedi. — , sit before ; guard, protect ; preside over, direct, superintend, manage. re — resideo. -ere. resedi. — , sit back ; be left, remain, stay. sedes. -is, f., seat ; abode, dwelling- place, habitation, residence. seditio, -onis, f., separation; dis- cord, dissension, strife ; insurrec- tion, uprising, riot, treason, per seditionem, unconstitutionally. seditiose, adv., treasonably, with treasonable purpose, (seditiosus, treasonable) sedo (1), quiet, stop, check; ap- pease, allay, (cf. sedeo) sedulitas, -tatis, f., persistency, activity, zeal, enterprise, (sedu- lus, persistent) seges, -etis, f., grain crop, crop; field, ground, soil. segniter, adv., slowly, lazily, slug- gishly, nihilo segnius, no less actively, (segnis, active) segrego, see grego. seiungo. see iungo. sella, -ae. f., seat, chair, work-stool. sella curulis. a folding stool made of ivory and gold, used by curule magistrates as a symbol of author- ity. semel. adv., once, a single time, but once, non semel. not once only. SEMEN 533 SEQUOR semen, -inis, n., seed. (cf. sero, sow) seminarium, -I, n., nursery; hot- bed, (semen) semiustilatus, -a, -um, half-burned, scorched, stifled, (semi + ustulo, bum) semper, adv., always, at all times. sempiternus, -a, -um, everlasting, eternal, imperishable. (semper) Sempronius, -I, m., a gens name. 1. Tiberius Sempronius Grac- chus, see page 262. 2. Gains Sempronius Gracchus, see page 263. senator, -oris, m., senator. (cf. senex) senatorius, -a, -um, of the senators, of a senator, of the senate, (sena- tor) senatus, -us, m., the senate, (cf. senex) senectus, -tiitis, f , old age. (se- nex) senex (comp. senior), senis, old, aged. As subst., old man. senium, -1, n., old age, senility; grief sorrow, affliction, gloom. (senex) sensus, -us, m., feeling, percep- tion, sense, consciousness ; sensation, emotion, sentiment; taste, vieiu, opinion ; meaning, significance. (sentio) sententia, -ae, f., opinion, thought, purpose, sentiment; judgment, reso- lution, decision, ballot, vote, ver- dict ; meaning, signification, in eandem sententiam, of the same significance, (cf. sentio) sentina, -ae, f., bilge-water; off- scourings, dregs, filth, sewage. sentio, -ire, sensi, sensus, feel, perceive, hear, see; think, believe, have an opinion. ad — adsentio, -ire, adsensi, adsensus, agree with, assent, de- fer to, yield. com — consentio, -ire, con- sensi, consensus, agree, unite, be in harmony ; conspire, plot to- gether. dis — dissentio, -ire, dissen- si, dissensus, differ in feeling, disagree, dissent, differ. prae — praesentio, -ire, prae- sensi, praesensus, feel in ad- vance, divine, look forward to. separo, see paro. sepelio, -Ire, sepelivi (-ii), se- pultus, bury ; ruin, destroy. septem (indecl.), seven. Septimus, -a, -um, the seventh. (cf. septem) sepulcrum, -i, n., place of burial, tomb, grave, sepulcher. (cf. sepe- lio) sepultura, -ae, f., burial ; funeral ceremonies, burial rites, (cf. se- pelio) sepultus, p. p. of sepelio. sequor, -1, secutus, follow, come after, come next; attend, accom- pany ; comply with, follozv, adopt; aim at, seek, illud sequitur, the next point is. ad — adsequor, -i, adsecu- tus, follow up, overtake; accom- plish, effect. com — consequor, -1, conse- SERENUS 534 SERVO cutus, follow after, pursue ; reach, overtake; obtain, attain, get, ac- complish, secure ; ensue, result, fol- low. in — insequor, -I, Inseciitus, follow up ; attack, assail ; ensue. ob — obsequor, -1, obsecii- tus, yield to, submit to, gratify, humor. per — persequor, -I, perse- cutes, follow up, pursue ; avenge, revenge ; follow out, perform, ac- complish. pro — prosequor, -I, prose- cutus, accompany, attend, escort, honor ; follow up, pursue. serenus, -a, -um, clear, fair, bright. Sergius, -l, m., a gens name. i. L. Sergius Catillna, see page 257 ff. 2. T. Sergius Gallus, mentioned as having property near Bovillae. sermo, -onis. m., conversation, talk, intercourse; report, account, ru- mor; speech, language, (sero?) sero, adv., late. Comp. serius, later, too late, (serus) serpo, -ere, serpsi, — , creep, crawl; proceed stealthily, wind its way. Sertorianus, -a, -um, of Sertorius. Sertorius, -1, m., a gens name. Q. Sertorius, a brave soldier with Marius. He continued the war in Spain and successfully withstood Pompey and Metellus until assas- sinated in 72 B.C. sertum, -T, n., garland, wreath. (sero, entwine) serus, -a, -um, long delayed, late, too late. servDis, -e, of slaves, servile, (ser- vus) Servilius, -1, m., a gens name. 1. C. Servilius Ahdla, see page 262. 2. C. Servilius Glaucia, see page 264. 3. P. Servilius Vatia, proconsul of Cilicia in 78 B.C., when he pro- ceeded against the pirates with some success. 4. P. Servilius Vatia, son of the preceding, consul with Caesar in 48 B.C. 5. Q. Servilius Caepio, of whom very little is known. servio, -ire, servivi, servitus, be a slave, be serfs, be subjects ; serve, obey, be a slave to ; devote one's self to, give attention to ; cater to, pan- der to ; aim at, labor for. (ser- vus) in — inservio, -ire, inservivi (-ii), — , be a slave to, yield to; consult, have regard for. servitium, -i, n., slavery, servitude ; body of slaves, slaves, (servus) servitus, -tutis, f., slavery, servi- tude, (servus) Servius, -I, m., a praenomen. servo (1), watch, guard ; save, pre- serve ; keep, maintain; lay up, preserve ; give heed to, observe. ad — adservo (1), watch over, guard, keep. com— conservo (1), save, preserve, keep safe ; observe, regard, keep. ob — observo (1), watch, guard; keep, maintain; heed, ob- \ SERVUS 535 SILVA serve, give attention to ; watch for, lie in wait for. re — reservo (i), keep, pre- serve; keep back, reserve. servus, -i, m., a slave. Sestius, -l, m., a gens name. P. Se- stins, tribune of the plebs in 57 B.C., when he committed many acts of violence. He was brought to trial the following year, was defended by Cicero in a speech still extant, and was acquitted. seu, see sive. severe, adv., strictly, rigidly; harshly, severely, (severus) severitas, -tatis, f., strictness; harsh- ness, severity ; gravity, seriousness. (severus) severus, -a, -um, stern, uncompro- mising, strict, severe. sex (indecl.), six. sexaginta (indecl.), sixty. sextus, -a, -um, sixth, (sex) Sextus, -1, m., a proper name. (sextus) si, if, in case that, on condition that; whether, si quidem, yes if, if as is claimed, etiam si, even if si quando, if ever, whenever. Sibyllinus, -a, -um, of the Sibyl, Sibylline, fata Sibyllina, see page 296. sic, adv., in such a manner, in this manner, so. ut, sic, while, yet. (si + ce) sica, -ae, f., dagger, (seco ?) Sica, -ae, m., an intimate friend of Cicero, who lived near Vibo. sicarius, -i, m., assassin, cutthroat, thug, (sica) Sicilia, -ae, f., Sicily. siccus, -a, -um, dry ; thirsty. sicut (also sicuti), adv., just as, just as if (sic + ut and uti) Sigeum, -i, n., a promontory near Troy. signifer, -eri, m., standard-bearer ; chief, leader, (signum + fero) significatio, -Snis, f., sign, signal- token, indication, expression ; inti- mation, warning; expression of appreciation, applause. (signi- fied) signified (1), make signs, indicate; intimate, warn, hint at, show. (signum + facio) signo (1), mark, stamp, imprint, seal ; point out, indicate, designate. (signum) de — designo (1), mark out, designate; choose, elect, appoint. consul designatus, consul elect. ob — obsigno (1), seal, seal up ; sign as a witness. re — resigno (1), unseal, open ; annul, destroy. signum, -i, n., sign, token, indica- tion, proof; seal (of letters) ,• fig- ure, statue ; constellation, heavenly body; ensign, standard. signis conlatis, in actual conflict. Silanus, -i, m., a family name. D. Junius Silanus, consul in 62 B.C. silentium, -i, n., silence, quiet. ' silentio, quietly, (silens) sileS, -ere, silui, — , be silent, keep silence, say nothing; pass over in silence. silva, -ae, f., forest, woods. SILVANUS 536 SIVE Silvanus, -1, m., a family name. See Plautius. Silvester, -tris, -tre, covered with trees, wooded, (silva) similis (superl. simillimus) -e, like, simitar. similiter, adv., in like manner, like- wise, in the same way. (similis) similitudo, -inis, f., likeness, re- semblance, similarity, (similis) simpliciter, adv., simply, plainly, in a straightforward way ; opoily, plainly, frankly. (simplex, simple') simul, adv., at the same time, to- gether, simul atque (or ac), as soon as. simulacrum, -1, n., likeness, image, form ; pretejise, shozu, gnise, sem- blance ; form, appearance, phan- tom, shadow, (simulo) simulatio, -onis, m., pretense, show, hypocrisy, (simulo) simulator, -oris, m., pretender. (simulo) simulo ( 1 ) , pretend, feign, simulate. (similis) dis — dissimulo (i), disguise, conceal ; pretend, pretend not to see, shut the eyes to. in — insimulo (1), charge, ac- cuse. simultas, -tatis, f., enmity, hatred, grudge, hostility. sin, but if. (si 4- ne) sine, prep, with abl., without. singularis, -e, single, solitary; unique, peculiar ; extraordinary, unparalleled, remarkable, marvel- ous, (singuli) singuli, -ae, -a, one at a time, one by one ; each, singly, individually. in dies singulos, day by day. sino, -ere, sivi, situs, place, lay; per??iit, let, allow, suffer, quan- tum est situm in nobis, as far as lies in my power. de — desino. -ere. desii, de- situs, cease, desist, forbear, stop. Sinope. -es, f., an important com- mercial city on the Euxine. It was the birthplace and residence of Mithridates the Great. sinus, -us, m., hollow, fold; bosom ; bay, inlet. sis, if you please, will you. (si vis) sisto, -ere. sisti, status, cause to stand, place, put, set ; arrest, stop, check, stay. com — consists, -ere. con- stiti, constitus, stand still; stay, remain; exist; consist of. de— desisto, -ere. destiti. destitus, stop, cease, give up, abandon. ex — exsisto, -ere, exstiti, exstitus, stand out, come forth, appear ; arise, spring up, become ; be done, be committed ; be, exist. ob — obsisto, -ere. obstiti. obstitus, stand in the way, re- sist, oppose. re — resists, -ere. restiti. — . remain, survive, be left; oppose,, withstand, resist. sitis, -is, f., thirst. situs, -a, -urn. placed, situated, lying, (p. p. of sin5) sive (or seu). or if, or. sive, sive, either, or ; whether, or. (si + ve) SMYRNAEUS 537 SONO Smyrnaeus, -a, -um, of Smyrna ; pi., the people of Smyrna. sobrius, -a, -um, sober. (se + ebrius) socia, -ae, f., associate, companion. (fem. of socius) societas, -tatis, f., felloivship, asso- ciation ; a league, alliance, com- pany, organization, (socius) socius, a, -um, connected with, united with, allied, sharing. (same root as in sequor) SOCius, -l, m., associate, comrade, companion, partner, ally, helper. (socius) sodalis, -is, m., comrade, crony, boon companion., sol, solis, m., the sun. solacium, -1, n., comfort, consola- tion. soleo, -ere, solitus sum, be ac- customed, be wont, have the habit of. sSlitudo, -inis, f., loneliness, soli- tude, seclusion; wilderness, lonely place. (sSlus) sollemnis, -e, annual, yearly; stated, appointed ; regular, custo- mary, ordinary ; sacred, religious, solemn. sollicitatio, -onis, f, vexing, troubling ; stirring up, instigation, solicitation, (sollicito) sollicito (i), stir up, rouse, move; vex, harass, trouble; urge, incite, approach, make overtures to. (sol- licitus) sollicitudo, -inis, f., anxiety, con- cern, apprehension, solicitude. (sollicitus) sollicitus, -a, -um, agitated, troubled, distressed, anxious, wor- ried, (sollus, altogether, + citus, stirred up) solum, -l, n., bottom, foundation, base ; ground, soil. solum, adv., only, merely. non solum, not only, (solus) solus, -a, -um, alone, only, the only ; lonely, solitary. solutio, -onis, f., loosing, setting free ; payment, (solvo) solutus, -a, -um, set free, unre- strained, free ; lax, careless, negli- gent, (p. p. of solvo) solvo, -ere, solvi, solutus, set free, release, loose ; pay, pay off; take apart, separate ; acquit, ab- solve; cancel, annul; accomplish, perforni ; weigh anchor, set sail. (se + luo) ab — absolvo, -ere, absolvi, absolutus, release, discharge, ac- quit ; complete, finish. dis — dissolvo, -ere, dis- solvi, dissolutus, loose, separate, dissolve, destroy ; abolish, annul; release, free from debt. ex — exsolvo, -ere, exsolvi, exsolutus, release, free ; acquit, absolve ; pay, discharge. per — persolvo, -ere, per- solvi, persolutus, pay in full, pay ; offer, render ; pay, stiff er. somnus, -T, m., sleep, slumber, sleepiness. sono, -are, sonui, sonitus, sound, have a sound of. pingue quid- dam sonantibus atque pere- grinum, having a coarse and provincial sound. SONUS 538 SPERO sonus. -1, m., a sound, noise. sordes, -is, f., filth, un'cleanness ; sorrow, mourning ; vileness, base- ness. soror, -oris, f., sister. sors, sortis, f., a lot; casting lots, drawing by lot, selection by lot, allotment ; fortune, destiny. sortitus, -us, m., casting lots, as- signment by lot. (sortior, cast lots) Sp., abbr. of Spurius. spargo, -ere, spar si. sparsus, sow, scatter ; spread, disseminate. di — dispergo, -ere, dispersi, dispersus, spread abroad, scatter; disperse. spatium, -1, n., space, extent, dis- tance, interval ; time, period of time, moment of time. species, -el, f., sight, appearance, show; semblance, pretext, show. (specio) specio, -ere, spexi, — , look, see. ad — aspicio, -ere, aspexi, aspectus, look upon, look at, be- hold. circum — circumspicio, -ere, circunispexl, circumspectus, look over, look around upon, sur- vey ; ponder, consider, think over. com — conspicio, -ere, con- spexl, conspectus, look upon, observe, behold, gaze upon ; catch a glimpse of, catch sight of, descry. de — despicio, -ere, despexi, despectus, look down, look down upon ; despise, disdain. di — dispicio, -ere, dispexi, dispectus, distinguish, see, dis- cern, detect. per — perspicio, -ere, per- spexi, perspectus, see through, see thoroughly ; inspect, examine; see plainly, understand ; find out, discover, learn. pro — prospicio, -ere, pro- spexi, prospectus, look for- ward, foresee ; look out for, proz'ide for, care for. re — respicio , -ere, respexi, respectus, look back, look behind; look back upon, review ; look out for, consider. sub — suspicio, -ere, su- spexi, suspectus, look up to; admire ; mistrust, suspect. spectaculum, -1, n., a sight, spectacle; entertainment, show. (specto) specto (1), look at, regard, behold, gaze at ; tend, incline, look toward ; try, test, prove, ad arma res spe- ctat, the situation looks like war. res eo spectat, this is the mean- ing of the case. (freq. of specio) ex — exspecto (1), wait for, await, wait to see; long for, desire; anticipate, expect; dread, appre- hend. in — inspects ( 1 ) , look on, be- hold, praetore inspectante, be- fore the eyes of a praetor. speculator, -oris, m., examiner, explorer; scout, spy. (speculo) speculor (1), watch, examine, rec- onnoiter, spy out. spero (1), hope, hope for ; look for, expect; trust, (spes) de — despero (1), lose hope, cease to hope, despair. SPES 539 STATUO spes, -el, f., hope, expectation, an- ticipation. spiritus, -us, m., breath ; air, atmos- phere ; spirit; inspiration ; arro- gance, haughtiness, (spiro) spiro (i), breathe; breathe forth, exhale. com — conspiro (i), harmo- nize, accord ; unite, combine; plot, conspire. re — respiro ( i ) , breathe again, recover breath, revive ; abate, di- minish. aplendidus, -a, -urn, bright, shin- ing; illustrious, distinguished, brilliant, conspicuous, protninent. (cf. splendeo, shine) splendor, -oris, m., brightness, brilliancy ; splendor, magnificence ; merit, excellence, (cf. splendeo, shine) spolio (i), strip, rob, despoil, plun- der, deprive, impoverish. (spo- lium) de — despolio (i), plunder, despoil. spolium, -l, n., skin, hide; spoil, booty. spondeo, -ere, spopondi, spon- sus, promise, vow, bind one's self. re — responded, -ere, re- spond!, responsus, reply, an- sxver ; be a match for. spons, -ontis, f.' (used only in the abl. sing.) ,free will, mea sponte, of my own accord, voluntarily. Spurius, -l, m., a praenomen. squaleo, -ere, squalui, — , be filthy ; be in mourning, be in sor- row. squalor, -oris, m., squalor; wretched raiment, neglected gar- ments, tokens of sorrow. (cf. squaleo) stabilio, -ire, stabilivi (-ii), sta- bilitus, make firtn, establish, se- cure, (stabilis) stabilis, -e, fixed, stable ; firm, en- during ; steady, consistent, un- wavering, (sta, stand) stabilitas, -tatis, f., firmness, steadiness ; durability, security, stability, (stabilis) stadium, -l, n., a stadium (a meas- ure of 625 Roman feet); race- course, course. Statilius, -1, m., a gens name. Z. Statilius, one of Catiline's com- panions in the conspiracy. statim, adv., straightway, at once, forthwith, immediately. stator, -oris, m., stay, protector. Iuppiter Stator, so named because of the miraculous checking of the flight of the Roman troops in the battle with the Sabines. (cf. sto) statua,-ae, f., image, statue, (cf.sto) statuo, -ere, statu!, statutus, set tip, erect, construct; settle, es- tablish, fix, determine, define; re- solve, decide, make up one's mind. (status) com — constituo, -ere, con- stitui, constitutus, place, erect, set up ; station, draw tip, arrange ; appoint, determine, fix upon; de- cide, determine, resolve. de — destituo, -ere, destitui, destitutus, abandon, forsake, be- tray. STATUS 540 STRINGO in = instituo, -ere, InstituI, institutus, put in place, found, establish ; appoint, institute, or- dain ; resolve, determine; under- take, begin; provide, procure; teach, train, instruct. re— restituo, -ere, restitui, restitiitus, set up again, replace ; restore, reinstate. status, -us, m., standing, position, attitude; condition, state, situa- tion, (sto) sterno, -ere, stravi, stratus, scat- ter, strew ; overthrow, smite. pro — prosterno, -ere, pro- stravi, prostratus, overwhelm, overthrow, prostrate, destroy. stimulus, -1, m., goad, spur ; in- centive, incitement, encouragement. stinguo, -ere, — , — , put out, ex- tinguish. ex — exstinguo, -ere, exstin- XI, exstmctus. put out ; destroy. re— restinguo. -ere. restmxi, restlnctus, put out, extinguish; exterminate, destroy. stipendium, -1, n., tribute, tax; income, salary, pay ; military ser- vice, (stips. gift) stipo (1), crowd, surround. stirps, stirpis, f. and m., stem, stock, root; stock, race, family; offspring, descendants ; source, ori- gin, cause. sto, -are, steti, status, stand; abide, continue; delay, linger ; be determined. ad — asto, -are, astiti, — , stand near, stand by. circum — circumsto, -are, circumsteti, — , stand around, surround. com — consto, -are, con- stiti, constatus. stand together, agree, be consistent; consist, be composed; be dependent, depend. constat, it is plain, it is agreed, it is evident. ex — exsto, -are, — , — , stand out, appear ; exist, be. in — insto, -are, institi, In- status, stand upon, be close at hand, approach ; press closely, menace, threaten. ob — obsto, -are, obstiti. ob- status. stand before; withstand, oppose, thwart. prae — praesto, -are, prae- stiti, praestatus (-stitus), stand before; be at the head, be superior, excel; vouch for, insure, guarantee; show, evince, mani- fest; assert, claim, maintain. praestat, it is better. re — resto, -are, restiti, — , resist, oppose ; be left, remain. restat, it remains. strenue, adv., quickly, promptly, strenuously, (strenuus, quick) strepitus. -us, m., noise, murmur. din. (strepo, rumble) stringo, -ere, strinxi, strictus. fasten tightly, bind ; strip off, lay bare ; unsheathe, draw. com — constringo. -ere. con- strinxi. constrictus. bind, fet- ter, shackle ; curb, check, restrain. de — destringo. -ere. de- strinxi. destrictus, strip off; draw, unsheathe. STRUO 541 SUFFERO di — distringo, -ere, di- strinxi, dlstrictus, drazv asun- der, stretch apart ; distract. 1 struo, -ere, struxi, structus, heap up, set in order, arrange ; make, build, construct ; devise, contrive. ex — exstruo, -ere, exstruxl, exstructus, heap up, build, con- struct. in — Instruo, -ere, instruxi, instructus, draw up, array, marshal ; provide, furnish, equip. studeo, -ere, studui, — , be eager, desire ; devote one's self, pursue ; favor, support. studiose, adv., eagerly, zealously, carefully, (studiosus) studiosus, -a, -um, eager, zealous, devoted, attached, friendly, favor- able, (studium) studium, -1, n., eagerness, zeal, en- thusiasm, desire ; devotion, loyalty, attachment ; occupation, profession, calling; research, study; loyalty to party, partisanship, party. stulte, adv., foolishly, stupidly. (stultus) stultitia, -ae, f., folly, stupidity. (stultus) stultus, -a, -um, foolish, stupid. stuprum, -1, n., defilement, leivdness, debaitchery. suadeo, -ere, suasi, suasus, ad- vise, recommend ; urge, exhort, persuade ; favor, support, indorse. per — persuadeo, -ere, per- suasi, persuasus, convince, pre- vail upon, induce, persuade. suasor, -oris, m., adviser; advo- cate, (suadeo) suavis, -e, sweet, pleasant, agreeable attractive. suavitas, -tatis, f., sweetness, pleas- antness, attractiveness, agreeable- ness. (suavis) suaviter, adv., sweetly, pleasantly, delightfully, (suavis) sub, prep, with ace. and abl. With the ace., under, below close by, up to ; until, about, toward, after. With the abl., tinder, below, near, at the foot of; during, within, at, • at the time of subeo, see eo. subicio, see iacio. subiector, -oris, m., a forger. (subicio, counterfeit) subigo, see ago. subito, adv., suddenly, unexpect- edly, (subitus, sudden) sublatus, p. p. of tollo. sublevo, see levo. suboles, -is, f., offspring, progeny posterity. subsellium, -T, n., low seat, bench (sub + sella) subsidium, -1, n., help, relief, assist ance, support; means, resources (sub + sedeo) subsido, -ere, subsedi, subses sus, sit down, remain, wait, stop (sub + sido, sit) substructio, -onis, f., foundation (substruo, build tinder) subsum, see sum. subvenio, see venio. succedo, see cedo. succurro, see curro. suffero, see fero. SUFFRAGATIO 542 SUMMA suffragatio, -oilis, f., support, rec- ommendation, (suffragor, vote for) suffragator, -oris, m., supporter, partisan, (suffragor, vote for) suffragium, -1, n., vote, ballot ; right of voting, franchise. sui, sibi, etc., himself, herself, itself themselves, inter se, each other, one another. Sulla, -ae, m., a family name. See Cornelius. Sulpicius, -1, m., a gens name. 1 . C. Sulpicius Galba, praetor in 63 B.C. 2. P. Sulpicius Riifus, tribune of the people in 88 B.C. sum, esse, nil, futurus, be, exist ; with the gen., belong to, be the duty of, be the part of, be valued at ; with the dative, have, quid mini cum els, what have I to do with them ? est civium, consists of citizens. magni est, is of great value. mihi est aliquid, / have some- thing. ab — absum, abesse, ami, afuturus. be away, be absent, be away from, be far from the truth. tantum abest ut videar, ut . . . , so far am I from appearing, that .... ad — adsum, adesse, adfui, adhiturus, be near, be at hand ; be at one's post, stand by, assist ; be near, impend, adeste animis, be of good courage (also, be atten- tive) . de — desum, deesse, defiri. defuturus, be away, be absent; be lacking, be missing; be found wanting, fail in one's duty, be un- faithful, be neglectful, be at fault. in — insum, inesse, inhii, in- futurus, be in, be on ; be present, belong to. inter — intersum, interesse, interful, interfuturus, be be- tween, be among; intervene, elapse; be concerned in, be engaged in, be present ; be of interest, be of impor- tance, concern ; make a difference, be a difference, be different, cuius interfuit, whose interest it was. hoc interest, there is this differ- ence, quid me a interest, what is for my interest ? ob — obsum, obesse, obfui, — , be against, harm, injure. prae — praesum, praeesse, praefui, praefuturus, be at the front, be at the head of; command, preside over, have charge of. pro — prosum, prodesse, profui, profuturus, be of advan- tage, profit, help, serve. sub — subsum, subesse, — , — , be under, be behind ; be close at hand, be near, impend ; be at the bottom, lie concealed. super — supersum, super- esse, superfui, superfuturus, be over, be left, remain; survive, be left alive. summa, -ae, f, the highest point, the top ; chief place, leadership, prece- dence; chief point, main issue: sum, total, aggregate, whole, chief thing, main thing, (fern, of sum- mus) SUMMUS 543 SUSPICOR summus, see superus. sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptus, take; take on, assume; take up, begin, enter upon ; take hold of, get, obtain, acquire, supplicium de aliquo siimere, to inflict punish- ment on any one. (sub + emo) com — consiimo, -ere, con- sumpsi, consumptus, use up, consume ; weaken, exhaust, de- stroy ; pass, spend. siimptuose, adv., extravagantly, ex- pensively, sumptuously. (sum- ptuosus) sumptuosus, -a, -urn, extravagant, expensive, costly, (sumptus) sumptus, -us, m., outlay, expense, expenditure, cost; lavish outlay, extravagance, sumptum in mi- litem facere, to make contribu- tions to the soldiers, (sumo) superbe, adv., haughtily, arrogantly, insolently, (superbus) superbia, -ae, f., haughtiness, arro- gance, insolence, (superbus) superbus, -a, -um, haughty, arro- gant, insolent, overbearing, (su- per) superior, comp. of superus. super o (i), rise above, overtop, go beyond, be superior to, outstrip, ex- cel; overcome, conquer , defeat ; sur- vive, (superus) superstes, -stitis, outliving, sur- viving, (super 4- sta, stand) supersum, see sum. superus, -a, -um, above, on high. Comp. superior, -ius, upper, higher ; former, preceding, past; former, older ; better, superior. Superl. supremus, -a, -um, high- est, topmost ; last, final Superl. summus, -a, -um, highest, top- most; the highest part of, the top of; greatest, most important, high- est ; best, most perfect, summa hieme, in the depth of winter. quattuor aut summum quin- que, four or at most five, summa res publica, the highest welfare of the state, the best interests of the state, (super) suppedito ( i ) , furnish, supply, pro- vide. suppeto, see peto. supplex, -icis, suppliant, begging, entreating. supplicatio, -onis, f., supplication ; public thanksgiving, (supplied, pray) supplicium, -I, n., kneeling, sup- plication ; punishment, torture. (supplex) supra, adv., and prep, with ace. (superus) As adv., above, over, more, ut nihil supra possit, that nothing could be added. As prep., above, beyond, more than. supremus, superl. of superus. surgo, see rego. surripio, see rapio. suscenseo, -ere, suscensui, — , be angry, be offended. suscipio, see capio. suspicio, see specio. suspicio. -onis, f., distrust, suspi cion. (suspicio) suspicor (i), mistrust, suspect SUSTENTO 544 TANGO surmise, conjecture, (sub + spe- cio) sustento (i), hold up, support; maintain, sustain, keep up; put up with, forbear, (freq. of SUS- tineo) sustineo, see teneo. suus, -a, -um, his, her, its, their ; his ozun, her own, its own, their own. sui, -orum, m., his (etc.) friends, countrymen, sua, -orum, n., his (etc.) possessions, (cf. sui) symphonia, -ae, f., harmony; a music ale. symphoniacus, -a, -um, of music, musical, pueri symphoniacl, musicians. Syria, -ae, f., Syria. T. T., abbr. of Titus. tabella, -ae, f., tablet; docwnent, letter, dispatch ; vote, ballot, (dim. of tabula) tabellarius, -I, m., messenger, coti- rier. (tabella) taberna, -ae, f., booth, shop; inn, tavern. tabesco, -ere, tabui, — , pine away, waste away. (tabeo, waste) tabula, -ae, f., board ; writing-tab- let, document; list, register, record, account ; picture, pa inting. tabu- lae publicae, public records, no- vae tabulae, reduction (or aboli- tion) of debts, duodecim tabu- lae, the Twelve Tables, a collection of early laws. tabularium, -1, n., office of record, archives, (tabularius) taceo, -ere, tacui, tacitus, be silent, keep silence ; pass over in silence, leave unsaid, say nothing about. re — reticeo, -ere, reticui, — , keep silent, say nothing. tacite, adv., silently, in silence. (tacitus) taciturnitas, -tatis, f., silence. (taciturnus, silent) tacitus, -a, -um, unmentioned ; done in silence, secret, hidden; still, noiseless, (p. p. of taceo) taeter, -tra, -trum,/^/, loathsome, repulsive, disgusting, abominable, shameful. talaris, -e, of the ankles, reaching the ankles. tunica talaris, a tunic reaching to the ankles, (ta- lus, ankle) talis, -e, such, of such a sort, talis, qualis, such, as. tam, adv., to such a degree, so much, so. tam, quam, as much, as ; so, as. tamen, adv., nevertheless, notwith- standing, however, still, yet. tametsi, and yet, after all. (ta- men ? + etsi) tamquam, adv., as much as; as, just as, like; as if, just as if. (tam + quam) tandem, adv., at last, finally ; in questions, pray, tell me, in the world, but often best rendered by stress of voice, (tam + dem) tango, -ere, tetigi, tactus, touch ; border on, adjoin, be close to; TANTO 545 TEMPUS come to; reach, arrive at; move, affect, impress; strike. tactus de caelo, struck by lightning. (TAG, touch) ad — attingo, -ere, attigi, attactus, touch ; reach, attain to. com — contingo, -ere, con- tigi, contactus, touch; happen, occur, come to pass. ob — obtingo, -ere, obtigi, — , happen, befall, occur. tanto opere, see opus. tantum. adv., so much, to such a degree ; only so much, only, merely. tantum modo, only, merely. (tantus) tantundem, adv., just as muck, to the same extent. (tantum + dem) tantus, -a, -um, of such size, so great, so large, such; so impor- tant, of so much importance ; of only so much weight, so trivial, so j unimportant. tanti est, it is worth while. tantum civium, only so many citizens. tanto melior, so much the better. tarde, adv., slowly, late, (tardus, slow) tarditas, -tatis, f., slowness, delay. (tardus, slotv) tardo (i), check, hinder, delay. (tardus, slow) re — retardo (i), hinder, im- pede, check. Tarentini, -orum, m., the Taren- tines, the people of Tarentum. tectum, -I, n , roof, shelter ; house, dwelling, (tego) tego, -ere. texi, tectus. cover; h. & g. cic. — 35 hide, conceal; shelter, protect. (TEG, cover) com — contego, -ere, con- texi, contectus, cover up, bury ; hide, conceal. telum, -l, n., a weapon ; spear, jave- lin, dagger, arrow. esse cum telo, to go armed. temere, adv., rashly, blindly, thoughtlessly, recklessly. temeritas, -tatis, f., rashness, thoughtlessness, heedlessness, indis- cretion, foolhardiness. (temere) temperantia, -ae, f., moderation, self-control, sobriety, temperance. (temperans) tempero (i), control one's self; ride, regulate, restrain. victo- riam temperare, to exercise self- control in the time of victory, (cf. tempus) ob — obtempero, (i), comply, obey. tempestas, -tatis, f., time, season; weather, bad weather, storm, tem- pest ; calamity, mis for tune, (tem- pus) tempestivus, -a, -um, seasonable, timely, opportune ; appropriate, fitting; early, convivium tem- pestivum, protracted banauet, i.e. one that begins early and ends late, (tempestas) templum, -l, n., consecrated place, temple, shrine, (tem, cut) tempto (i), test, try, sound; attack, assail; attempt, essay, (cf. tendo) tempus, -oris, n., time ; a particu- lar time, occasion^ opportunity ; a critical time, crisis, emergency, exl TENDO 546 TERMINO gency ; a time of need, need, necessity, trouble ; condition, times, circumstances, id temporis, at that time, ex tempore, offhand. (tem, cut) tendo, -ere, tetendi, tensus (tentus), stretch, extend; direct one's course, go ; strive, endeavor. ad — attendo, -ere, attend!, attentus, direct toward ; notice, perceive; give heed, listen, pay attention. com — contends, -ere, con- tend!, contentus, stretch, strain ; endeavor, struggle, strive, try ; vie, contend,fight ; go hurriedly, hasten; contrast, compare; maintain, af- firm, contend. in — intends, -ere, intend!, intentus, stretch out toward, ex- tend ; aim, direct; purpose, in- tend. obs — ostendo, -ere, ostendi, ostentus, stretch out before, show, declare, make known ; exhibit, dis- play ; pass., show itself, appear. tenebrae, -arum, f., darkness, gloom, obscurity. Tenedos, -I, f., an island in the Aegean. teneS, -ere, tenui, tentus, hold, keep ; have, possess, occupy ; bind, fasten, keep bound ; understand, comprehend ; seize, arrest, hold in custody, culpa, teneri, to be con- victed of a fa tdt. ad — attineS, -ere, attimii, — , hold out, reach, touch ; relate to, belong to, concern, make a dif- ference, quod ad sumptum attinet, as far as expense is con- cerned, nihil attinet, is not at all in point. com — contineS, -ere, con- tinul, contentus, hold together, keep in, curb, restrain ; bound, inclose, contain; pass., be confined to, depend upon. ob — obtineo, -ere, obtinu!, obtentus, keep, hold; assert, main- tain. per — pertineS, -ere, per- tinu!, — , reach, extend ; reach to, lead to, conduce ; concern, have to do with, pertain, ad te nSn per- tinere, to have no concern for yon. vehementer pertinere ad bella administranda, to have a strong bearing upon the management of wars. re — retineS, -ere, retinu!, retentus, hold back, restrain, check, repress, detain; keep, pre- serve, maintain, uphold, observe. sub — sustineo, -ere, sus- tinu!, sustentus, hold up, sup- port, sustain ; endure, undergo. tener, -era, -erum, soft, tender, delicate, sensitive ; young, youthful. tenuis, -e, thin, fine, slight ; delicate^ feeble ; poor, humble, lowly ; scanty, insignificant. ter, adv., three times, (cf. tres) Terentia, -ae, f., the wife of Cicero. tergiversatio, -Snis, f., subterfuge, pretense, (tergiversor, turn the back) tergum, -1, n., the back, a tergo, in the rear, behind. termino (1), bound, limit, circum- TERMINUS 547 TOLLO scribe; end,fnish, terminate, (ter- minus) ex — extermino ( i ) , drive out, expel, banish. terminus, -I, m., boundary, limit. terra, -ae, f., land ; region, country. orbis terrae (or terrarum), the world. terreo, -ere, terrui, territus, frighten, alarm, terrify, dismay. de — deterred, -ere, de ter- rui, deterritus, frighten off, hin- der, deter, prevent. per — perterreo, -ere, per- terrui, perterritus, /rz£-///} , -*, <° **. >«?« > V* # <>- v - ; \