Qass- Book HISTORY OF wm m m 1, NEW JERSEY, WITH BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHrS OF MANY OF ITS Pioneers and Prominent Men. rOJlPILED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF W. Vv^OODFORD CLAYTON, ASSISTED BY WILLIAM NELSON, A.M., RECORDING SECRETARY NEW JERSEY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. II.LTJSTRA.TED. PHILADELPHIA: EVERTS & PECK. 188 2. PRESS OF J. B LIPPINCOTT & CO., PHILADELPHIA. PREFACE. The design of tlie present voluoie has been to furnish a conipreiiciisive and reliable history of Bergen and Passaic Counties, New Jersey. In grouping these counties together in one vol- / ume respect has been had to that ancient tie of lineage and race which has given and will pre- ^ serve in both sections an identity of interest, and also to the fact that for more than a century and a half tiiese counties were one in territory and munici[)al government. It is therefore fitting that tiiey should be classed together in their history. '^ / I It is not necessary to ask the reader to pause iiere upon the tiireshold of this volume to I listen to a lengthy description of what it contains, or to a eulogy calculated to bins his judgment in favor of it in advance. The work will speak for itself. We ask only the reader's candid verdict after the volume shall have been impartially perused. I There are but a few words of explanation necessary in these prefatory remarks. The work .. f compiling this history was begun scarcely more than a year ago. Of course it coidd not have iXien so soon completed by a single writer. The plan has been to employ several writers upon \ ■ ^-.fferent departments. This plan has been carried out, and the present volume is the result of their united labors, amounting in all to several years' work for a single individual. The writers who have assisted in the compilation of this work are William Nelson, A.M., of Paterson, the late Judge Nehemiah Millard, of tiie same city, Rufus T. Peck, Esq., Charles K. Westbrook, A.B., and Edgar O. Wagner, Esq., of the publisiiers' regular staff of assistants. The three last mentioned gentlemen have written a large siiare of the biographical sketches. All the work thus furnished, except a part of the biographies and the history of the city of Paterson, by Mr. Nelson, has been submitted to the revision of the responsible historian, whose duty it has been not only to write the general history of both counties, but to so handle the whole mass of matter entering into the volume as to make it one liomogeneous, orderly, and consecutive work throughout. This latter task has been comparatively easy, owing to the excellence both in style and matter of most of the township histories furnished by the assistant writers. The name of Mr. Nelson attached to his part of the work is a sufficient guarantee that so much of it at least has been well done. And it has been tlie conscientious endeavor of the general historian to attain to a like excellence throughout the entire volume. It should be men- tioned in this connection that for the interesting early history of schools in the townships we are indebted to the carefully prepared centennial manuscript of Mr. Demarest, Superintendent of Schools in Bergen County. Our thanks are due for many courtesies extended to us and our Assistants in both counties, and for matter whicii has been gratuitously and cheerfully furnished by a number of per- sons. We desire also to acknowledge our indebtedness to the county and town officials and to members of the press generally throughout the counties. W. WOODFORD CLAYTON. Philadklphia, Murch, 1882. [, J CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. General and Topographical Features 13 CHAPTER II. Geology lii CHAPTER III. Discovery and Occupation of New Netherland 22 CHAPTER IV. Indian Occupation 24 CHAPTER V. Indian Hostilities. Final Disposal of tUo Delawares 29 CHAPTER VI. Old Bercen Town and Township. First Indian Deed — Pavonia — Ordirmnco Creating a Fortified Town — Repurchase from the Indians — Settlement of the Village — Meaning of the Name Bergen — Surrender to the English — NewCliarter of Ber- gen — Lands in the Township — Cliaiter of Carteret 32 CHAPTEK VII. Other Ancient Settlements. Settlements in 1685 — New Barbadoes Neck — Northwestern Part of the County 39 CHAPTER VIII. Land Patents in Bergen County. Capt. John Berry's Patent— Demarest Patent — Willock's and Johnston's Patent — Frenchman's Garden 42 CHAPTER IX. Manners and Customs of the Hollanders — Nomenclati-re, Domestic and Social Habits — Learned Clergy — Dutch Nomenclature 46 CHAPTER X. Expeditions Against the French — The Schuylers 48 CHAPTER XI. \ Bergen and Passaic Counties in the Rkvolution. T!io Preliminary Stage of the War — Bergen County Resolutions — Prep- arations to resist the British— Development of Loyalty to tlie King — Active tnovemeuts begun — Washington in Hackensack 49 CHAPTER XII. Bercen and Passaic Counties in the Revolution (Con- Exploit of Col. Aaron Burr— Clinton's Raid— Msj. Leo's Gallant At- tempt to Capture Paulus Hook— General Poor's Death— Raid of Hes- sians and Refugees 53 CHAPTER XIII. Bergen and Passaic Counties in the Revolution {Con- tinued). The Massacre near Old Tappan , 66 CHAPTER XIV. Bergen and Passaic Counties in the Revolution (Continued). Gen. Wayne's E.\peditiou 69 CHAPTER XV. Bergen AND Passaic Counties in the Revolution {Continued). Miscellaneous Notes and E.\tracts— E,vtract8 from the Minutes of the Council of Safety, 1777 .'. 64 CHAPTER XVI. Confiscated Estates in Bergen County. High Treason— Listof Confiscated Estates from the County of Bergen 67 CHAPTER XVII. Bergen County Men in the Revolution, Etc. Incidents of the Revolution in Passaic County 71 CHAPTER XVIII. The Old Township of Hackensack. Original Boundaries and Extent of the Township— Grants of Land — Traditions of Van Der Horst and others — The Patent of John Dema- rest — Civil Organization of tlio Township— Tlio Township in 1840 — Early Schools — Property Destroyed by the British 74 CHAPTER XIX. Civil Organization of the County of Bergen go CHAPTER XX. Civil List of Bergen County 81 CHAPTER XXI. Internal Improvements. Roads— Bridges— Ferries — Railroads— The Morris Canal 85 CHAPTER XXII. Early Courts op Bergen. Espatin — Courts at Bergen 89 CHAPTER XXIII. Courts after the Organization op the County. Colonial Laws and Courts in Bergen — Conrt-Houses, Clerks' and Sur- rogates' Offices !('t CHAPTER XXIV. The Bench and Bar of Bercen County 99 CHAPTER XXV. The Medical Profession in Bergen County. District Medical Society of Bergen County 110 CHAPTER XXVI. The Press op Bergen County. The Bergen County Democrat— Tho Hackensack Republican — The Bergen Index— The Englewood Times— The Bergen County Herald US 5 CONTENTS. CIIA.'TER XXVII. Tmb Sriptv* BKvrM'K— ficnooL Frxn fllAPTER XXVIII. STiiv \M> l!«i-Scliool As- :t~Tb«B«r^<-i> Coaiilj Farniera* Mutual Fire In«uninc« Com. : |4Dj— Bersvn (Vtuiiiv Aaaunioce AawcUUoD, IlAckoonck... 122 CIIAI'TKK XXIX. Briiiikn ami I'as.-m. Coi'S'tiks in tiik Waii iif the Uebf-llion. 8ltiiatluii In IS4I— FInil Brigade — Second Brigade— Exc«lslor Bri- t;n iir i>(ssAIc CouxTV Mex in the Waii of the IIebfi.- i.iox 162 CHAPTER XXXIV. New UAHBAtioEs. Ancient and Modrrn B^iundarieo— Phyaical Feature*— Meaning of Hack. rii«iA. k- I'-irlv s.-itl. iner.t« — Civil OrganlrAlion— Frfeliolders of Sew llorl.nilo*.*— Vlll^^^;.•- ;iiid lliinilfta — Newspapera- CInircltM arid llii'lr tjirljr lllilury— .HcliKila— Cliarterrd Cuni|>anirii and Societiea— Bank- uig Initltullona— FolruKUnl and Cliorr^ Hill— Uurlal-I'lacet lOO rjlAPTKU XXXV. SaIiM.I. ItlVEIl. Baunilailr. and lleneral I)ellun-Natnral Fealiira— Karly Settlo- nienu .-^ li .!• lllKtiwayi-Organiiatian— CiTil IJat — Churctapa- Iiurml-i'li. . . Ilui.irical Nolca 194 rilAPTKU XXXVI. FlIAXKLIX. Niine.Mloallnn aiHl |loMn. i{ Ml.i,.rT— a»IIOnpioliaUon ri.c~of IIMnrtcal lnlanM~VllU,i«andlUmleU— Ohurebea. »10 rHAI'TER XXXVIII. I,"r.t. IUtment— Plncesand Event of Ilii«torical Interest — Village* and Hamlets— ScliooU-Cliurclii** and Societie* 2j7 CHAPTER XLII. Palisade. Fbyaical Feature*— Early Settlement*— Civil Organitallon—Placn of Hiaturic Iulere*t — Village* and Hamlet* — School* — Cburchee ^Al CHAPTER XLIII. VXION. Originkl Purrha*« — Natural Feature* — Early Settlement* — School* — Early Iligliways— Organiulion— CItII Lial- Village* and llamleto— Sociclio* and Ordere — Cliurvhes— Lyudhurat — Klngsland— Schuyler Mine 298 CHAPTER XLIV. RlIHiKWUOO. Natural Feature* — Early Settlements- School*— Earl) Iligliwa.vs~ Organixjition — Civil List — KiilgewiNMl — Mauufacluring Intermt* — Cliii rrhrw—lliitial. Place*.... ^ ;109 CHAPTER XLV. Mini AM>. Natnral Fcatiirei*— Early Settlement*- Early llifrliwuy* — Oi;;'*""'' — Village* and Hamlet* — Chtirrhe*— Burial.Place* CHAPTER XLV I. HoHOKI S. ■ General l>p«criptJun— Natural Foaturva— Tlio Early Famllie* of Hoho- ku* — School*— Early Ilighways- OrgHuiutlon- Civil List — Village* and Hamlets— Mniiufacluring lulervete 9VI CHAPTER XLVII. OnnAXItATlOX liF Passak' Cot NT v. Donndarie*— Civil Pivision*- Area and Taxaldo Valualion 34>^ 'HAPTER XLV I II. PAH. The Wiidmann Silk-Dyeing Company — The American Silk-Finish- ing Company— Chemical Works— Bobbin-Tnrnei-s — Van Riper Jlan- ufacturing Company — Daggers & Row — Leather Belting — Shirt Manufacture- Manhattan Shirt-Mills— M. Price & Bros.— The Pas- saic Falls 483 CHAPTER LXVr. City of Paterson (Continued). Ecclesiastical History^Reformed Churches 490 CHAPTER LXVII. City of Paterson ((7oH^(Mi(«rf). HiPtory of Schools in Paterson — Paterson and other Academies — Elm Street Infant School rill CHAPTER LXVIII. City of Paterson (Continued). Banking Institutions — Passaic Water Company — Gaslight Compa- nies — Horse- Rail roads 516 CHAPTER LXIX. City of Paterson (Continued). Secret Societies — Cemeteries 621 CHAPTER LXX. CtTY OF Paterson (Continued). Biographical Sketches 623 CHAPTER LXXI. AVavnk. Natural Features— Early Settlements— Schools— Early Highways- Civil List — Manufacturing Interests — Preakness Reformed (Dutch) Church— Organization 653 CHAPTER LXXII. Manchester. Natural Features— Early Settlements- Schools— Early Highways- Civil List — Villages and Hamlets — BuriabPlaces — Manufacturing Interests — Organization 559 CHAPTER LXXIII. LiTTi-E Falls. Natural Features— Early Settlements— Schools— Early Highwuys— Villages and Hamlets— Civil List— Churches— Manufactures — Act of Organization — Notes and Incidents 564 CHAPTER LXXIV. POMPTON. Physical Features— Early Settlements— Civil Organization- Places of Historical Interest— Villages and Hamlet* — Schools— Churches — Industries — Comparative View 569 CHAPTER LXXV. ^ Wi:ST MlLFORD. Physical Features— Civil History— Early Settlements— Historic Places and Events— Villages and Hamlets— Schools— Churches- Industries ^76 CONTENTS. B I O C3- K/-A. I' H I O .A. L. Acker, D»Tld D 202 j Ackcrniau, A. N -. 399 Ackenon, G*rret G.,Sr 10* Ackeraon, Garral, Jr 106 Ailitnia, H. W 193 AdHius, llpnry ^l"^ Adoma. Prwr 525 Agnew, John ^* Andenion, Wm. S 399 Atkinson, Jame^ ^5 \Tiaon, John between 650, 551 Banks. H. M 118 BsntB, J. H. T 188 Bwita, Wm. S 10* Barbour, Tbomu *61 Bubonr, Wm ■"» Burthoir, Abraliam 280 Bcckwilh, F. C *29 Bentlo), John 6*5 Berdan, J. H 650 Berdan, John 393 Berdan, Rlnear J between 202, 203 Berry, John 1 232 B«Ter1dge, Thonind 546 BIbl.y, J. S 361 Blauicll, Garret 1 650 Blaurelt, Ijaac D 652 Board, Peter„ 3:t0 Bogart, Gilbert D 203^ Boggs, W.J *02 Booth, Jamee 523 Boyd, Adam 19* Brown, John J 6*8 Burdett. Abraham S facing 194 iSunpbeli, Abraham D 106 i>mpbell, Robert 192 (Tliapman, Lettieus, Jr 278 Ohrittio, C 107 Chrystil. Thomna B 120 Oiarch, Cbarlei A 366 Clark, Edward between 532,533 Ilignan, aanilins 217 Colllgnott, Nicholaj 218 Oonklln, George W 194 Cooke, John _ 420 i^Kjper, Corneliiu 3 206 i^ioper, Juhn facing 326 Oraby, H. n _ „ 535 Oroaalt, William S,37 Rorria, D. A 116 Hanfortb, Charlee 424 OaTenport, Miln 651 Day, \V. n 115 Decker, W. F 366 UrawMl, G. l> between 218, 210 Ileownat, I'oler S „ .'. 234 Drmarwt, Ralph 8 „ facing 218 DeSloit, Jacob J„8r _ 208 D«rT«>m, Andrew „ facing 144 Dlckemn, rhileman 353 Dorvmue, Jaix>l' W ^ facing 201 I>oremua, John II »..,» „., 201 narte, Paler I 207 Dnryea, John B , 493 Edwarda, John 428 fair, OiorSB _ 180 Franks, Loitia 526 3ra«n, Aahbel „ _ 103 Greppo, Clando 527 Haas, Nelson facing 183 namil, Robert 472 naring, A. B 218 Haring, G. A 200 Hnring, John J nc Hasbrouck, Cliarlcs facing 114 Ilening, CornelluB J " 219 Herring, G.R ' 244 Herring, Henry C •• 326 Hcrrinp, Thomaa H 253 Hoadley, David „ 272 Hobarl, Garret A 358 Holdrnm, Abram C 246 Holt, Samuel, Sr. facing 419 Homans, Jr., 1. Smith 276 Hopper, Hcnr>* A 114 Hopper, Henry A 201 Hopper, Jacob 1 233 Hopper, John 354 Hoxaey, Thomas D s«s Hudson, William S 4.16 Hughes, Roberts 435 Huntoon, Josiah 1* 5.14 Hnyler, George 292 Huyler, John -. 187 Jacksim, James 528 Jacobus, CorneliuB I — 294 Jiinsen, John N 574 Jones, J. Wyman 274 Kent, Ridley 364 KIngsland, Joseph 401 Kingsland, Richard 402 Kinne, Theo. Y 368 Knapp, M. M lOS Lydecker, G. A - 277 Mabie, John 25* Magennis, Patrick 63S Mat»h, Klias J 368 Martin, Joe. A 208 Martling, Stephen 256 Mclrf-an, Andrew 418 McNully, Win 803 Millard, Nehclniah 108 Miller, Eire S43 Myers, Clias. F. W - 361 Neer, II. C between 118, 119 Nightingale, Jamee 633 Ogden, E. B. D - 363 O'Neill, Cliarlee 630 O'Neill, John 631 Ontwater, Richard 401 Paullson, John P - »3 Peel, James 644 Pennington, Aaron 8 354 Pheliw. Wm.W M8 Planten, G - - 663 Pope, Samuel « 631 Poet, (^melius H 6*8 Bafferty, Philip — ~ 6*1 Rogers, Alel. W 366 Rogers. J. S 431 Rogers, Thomas 430 Romeyn, Jamee 180 Ronieyii, Tlieer, JotaD Hntlaon, Wm. S ■ " Huglirs, Robert S " Hunloon, Joslab P Huylcr. George •• HiiyltT, Juhn..... ^ JackMU.Jame* between 52f J.CT.bm, O. I > f«'"B JiiDseD, Jolm N ■ Junes, J. Wyoinn Jate-BagKiiig Mills Klng»lauJ, JiwiT'i between 402, 40.1 402, 40:) :i6sl 102 233 354 434 433 536 292 187 529 294 574 274 458 Klngelan.l, Kkbai-J Kinnie, Theo. Y f»<:'"K Kniipp, M. M Lydecker, G. A Mable, John " llagt*on, J. M 117 Sniitb, Daniel D facing 274 Speer, Alfred " 397 Spoer, RinenrS " 403 Stanton, Eliiiabelh Cady " 295 Steinle, Frederick " 192 Stocks and Pillory 98 Strange, William & Co., Mills of (aclng 476 Taylor, Samuel " 193 Terbunc, Garril " 360 Terliune, J. V. H Iietweeu 244,255 Terlinne, Jacob C " 254, 254 Terbune, R, I' " 190, 191 Todd, J. C lacing 540 Tilt, Uenj. B " 469 T..da, J. C, Machine- Works of " 441 Torbel, It. M " 658 Tuttle, Sucralcs " »« Van Brunt, John " 267 Van Uusklik, .lacob " 327 Van Buskirk, John 1 " 279 Van Dyk, Francis C " 539 Van Riper, C. S between 360, 3GI Van I'.lpcr, Cornelius .' facing 302 Van l!i|wr, Geo " 2<« Van Saun, Sannud " 528 Van Val.n.J. M -.. " lOB Van Winkl... Daniel " 308 Van Winkle, J. E " M( Van Winkle. Michael " 234 Vermilye. W. R " 209 Voorlil., Henry II " 328 Vmnbis, J.din II 8«» Ward, H. C. A facing tW Walerhouse, James '* 400 WcHlcrvelt, llcnj. J " •-'«« We»lervilt, II.Miry D U-tween i;TlJ, 277 Wesleividl, iSannlel D facing 191 Winton, Henry D " •''■' WoiKlruir, A. B... ■' 356 Worlendyke, C. A " 209 Zabriskie, Jobn C " 324 HISTORY OF BERGEN AND PASSAIC COUNTIES, nSTE'W JERSEY. CHAPTER I. GENERAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES. That portion of New Jersey the history of wliich is comprised in the present volume is situated chiefly between the Hudson and Passaic Rivers, with a small strip of land lying southward of the latter. Its south- eastern base or terminus is the peninsula of Bergen Neck, resting upon the Kill Van Kull, which sepa- rates it from Staten Island and forms the channel, now known as the Kills, between the Bay of New York on the east, and Achter Kull, or Newark Bay, on the west. The eastern boundary of this territory, along the North River, is quite straight, excepting the in- dentation caused by New York Bay between Con- stable's Hook and Paulus Hook, at Jersey City. The southwestern boundary pursues a somewhat zigzag course, following the Passaic River for some distance above its confluence with Newark Bay, then crossing it and running along the northern border of Essex County to the Morris County line, which it follows to the eastern line of Sussex County, and thence, by a direct line, passes to the boundary between New York and New Jersey. The territory, therefore, is bounded on the north by the New York State line. In its topographical features it is interesting, while in its commercial and manufacturing importance it is second to no other district of equal extent in the State. The rivers which flow through this territory, or form its boundaries, including the Hudson, though rising at points widely remote from each other, con- verge towards a common outlet as they approach the twin bays of Newark and New Y^ork, as if guided by a sort of instinct of nature to seek the centre of com- mercial activity of the Western Continent. As anciently all roads led to Rome, so in these modern days all roads, no less than the rivers we are describ- ing, lead to the city of New Y'ork. 2 The importance, commercially, of the eastern part of this territory as the iie.ruf: with New York of all the railroads and lines of transportation to and from the great West needs only to be mentioned in this connection. Every year adds to this section greater population, greater commercial value, and increased facilities for connecting the vastly-accumulating busi- ness of the great West with New York City ; and its value will only be still more enhanced when a wise economy shall have located the great warehouses for western-bound goods arriving from Europe on the New Jersey side of the Hudson. These are a few of the considerations which indi- cate the commercial importance of our territory. The falls and water-powers of the Passaic River are noted for the facilities they afford for manufacturing. Already on the principal fall of that river has been built up a manufacturing city of nearly sixty thou- sand people. And at Passaic and other points along its valley the banks are lined with mills and factories. The scenery of this section is picturesque, in many places imposing. The Palisades, with their bold and rugged fronts, form its eastern wall along the Hudson from a few miles above Hoboken to Tappan, a dis- tance of nearly twenty miles. Remarkable for their picturesque and sublime appearance, they are justly regarded as among the most interesting objects of natural scenery in America. In some places they rise almost perpendicularly from the shore to the height of five or six hundred feet, and form for miles a solid wall of dark, frowning rocks, impressing the stranger, as be sails along their base or views them from the speeding cars on the opposite shore, with their grand and imposing aspect. The summit is a slightly undulating table-land, averaging in width about two miles, largely covered with natural forest trees, interspersed with cleared farms, drives, and parks, from which the ground descends gradually to the beautiful Hackensack Valley, on the west. 13 14 HISTORY OF BERGEN AND PASSAIC COUNTIES, NEW JERSEY. to wonder at the marvels of modern phenomena be- cause of their very abundance and familiarity, but the " forjjotten lore of liy^one ages" excites in the mind of tiic student an ever new and fresli delight. Bergen, in her old undivided state, passed through the pha-ses of colonization and civil rule under the Dutch of New Netherland, with which her beginning as a settlement was contemporaneous; through the transition to an English colony aud the government of the Proprietors of East Jersey; llirough the ex- citing scenes of the early Indian wars, the period of colonial authority under the kings and queens of England, and the stirring events of the struggle for independence. She passed through the formative period of the State and the Nation, the subse miles, drainage 72 square miles. Elevations. — The Ramapo Mountains are the highest land in these counties, and are a portion of the Highland range, on the southciust border of this chain of mountains. The Highlands, ociupying a belt of country in New Jersey twenty-two miles wide on the New York State line and ten miles wide on- the Delaware, comprise a number of mountain ranges which ri.so from 300 to GOO feet above the valleys, and in some places, as at Rutherford's Hill, on Hamburg Mountain, to an altitude of 14SK feet above the seji. The Musconctcong Mountain, near the southwest end GENEKAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES. 15 of the range, is 986 feet above sea-level. The Morris and Essex Railroad summit, near Stanhope, is 922 feet. The summit near the turnpike from Berkshire valley to Sparta is 1209 feet. The summit of the turnpike from Hamburg to Snutftown is 1184 feet. The Wawayanda Mountain, near the New York line, is 1450 feet above mean tide. We give below a table of elevations at different points within the counties of Bergen and Passaic, as taken from actual surveys : NoRTHKUN Railroad op New Jersey. From a frofik/uniiaheil by T. W. Demorest, Esq. FRET. BiiKom of niai-sh near Wi'ehawken (below ti'ie) 30.0 Jlislii'Ht point .if licrgeii Hill 175.0 .Siiiniiiit I'l'twBcii Kngluwood urid Nurtli Englewood 60.0 ^^||lmnit lit-tweeii Closter and Col. Blanche's 76.0 New York and Erik Railway. CommisBioner^B Report. Jiosey City S.8 Hergeii Hill, New Jersey Riiilroad track 40.0 Hacken.'irtLk River 14.0 Boilint; Spiinj; 50.0 lioiling Spring Summit 57.0 I'iissaic River 25.0 Hnyler's 52.0 Fitteeiitli-mile Summit 110.0 i'atersou 7G.8 I'jiasaic River 45.0 iiudwinsville 137.4 llolnikus ., 197.5 Allendale „ 3'29.0 Level just above Ramsey's 347.5 Hollow between Ramsey's and SulTorne 272.0 SnITerns, N. Y 301.0 Monroe, N. Y 605.G Heights near Patersun. Barometric Meaaurement^ by Paul Cook. Morris Canal 174.0 Top of sandstone 406.2 Top of mountain above 506.4 Second crest 523.5 Garret Rock 534.4 High Mount, three and a half miles north of Paterson.... ti68.8 nF.iGUTs ON P. C. Co.'a Projected Line across New Jersey. By D. E. Culver, Civil Engineer. Huiison River 00.0 ^Veellawken Hill 170.0 Rutherford Park 58.0 Passaic River at Belleville 00.0 Kingsland Park Pond 32.0 Near Eaton's stnne residence 130.0 Notch in First Monutain 324.0 Peckman's River, near Stanley's Mill 172.0 Little Kails Methodist Church 190.0 Beatty's Mills, Little Falls 165.0 Sigac Creek 165.0 Pumptg7 of Now Jeraaj, p. ISO. Azoic Formation.— Gneiss. — The area of this for- mation in Bergen and Passaic Counties is very limited. Profes.sor Cook, in his description of its boundaries, says, " West of Denmark a spur of gneiss cxtemis up the narrow valley between the Copperas and Green Pond Mountain, quite to Green Pond. From Den- mark north to the IViuannock River, and thence ill Passaic County to We-st Milfonl, a valley separates the Highlands on the eitst from the conglomerate ranges of Copperas and Kaiiouse Mountain, although the dividing line between the two rocks runs upon the ea.stcrn slope of these two ranges. Beyond West Mil- ford the drift of the valley bounds the gneiss to Greenwood Lake." The gneiss is the principal rock of the Azoic for- mation. It is a stratified crystalline rock, composed • nild., p. 337. GEOLOGY. 17 of feldspar and quartz, with small quantities of mica, hornblende, magnetite, or other simple minerals. The quartz is generally in grains, which are flattened in the direction of stratification. The gneiss differs in appearance in different localities. East of Copperas Mountain it is of a fine granular composition and of a reddish color. In other specimens the feldspar is white, the quartz has a smoky appearance, while the hornblende is green or blackish. Generally the color depends upon the shade of the feldspar contained in the specimen. Crystalline Limestone. — "In the southeast belt of the Azoic formation are four small outcrops of the crystalline or metamorphic limestone, viz.: two in the Wynokie Valley, a third north of Montville, near Turkey Mountain, and the fourth near Mendham, in Morris County. In the Wynokie Valley this rock appears on lands of David Kanouse, east of Ringwood Creek, and about half a mile from the village of Wynokie, occupying a limited area at the foot of Ramapo Mountain. About one mile west of the valley road is another larger outcrop, trending north- ea.st and southwest along the border of the plain for nearly two miles. Its breadth is irregular, ranging from one hundred yards to a quarter of a mile. At several points it has been quarried for lime-burning. The stone is quite impure, being mixed with other rocks." It is in the gneiss and the crystalline limestone of the Azoic formation that the magnetic iron ore of New Jersey is found. It was supposed by the early geologists, as well as by many intelligent persons engaged in practical mining at an early day, that the mines of ore in the iron-bearing sections of New Jersey were veins of igneous origin, and that they had been forced into the positions they now occupy in a melted state. But Dr. Kitchell and his assistants, and all the later geologists, upon a more thorough examination of the subject have come to the conclu- sion that the magnetic iron ores of New Jersey are of sedimentary origin, and have been deposited in beds just as the gneiss and crystalline limestone have been deposited. Dr. Cook says, " From the observations of the present survey, no other conclusion can be reached but that the magnetic iron ores of this State have originated from chemical or mechanical deposits, just as our hematites and bog-iron ores do now; that they have afterwards been covered by strata of sand, clay, and carbonate of lime ; that with these they have since been upheaved, pressed into folds, and, under the influence of pressure and water for an immense length of time, they have undergone chemi- cal and mechanical changes which have brought them to their present condition. They occur both in the limestone and the gneiss ; they are entirely con- formable to the other rocks in stratification ; they contain lamin;e of gneiss, hornblende, etc., just as the rocks do, and at their edges they frequently pass from the ore to the rock by such insensible gradations that one cannot tell where the ore ends and the rocks begin." We append the following list of mines of magnetic iron ore in Bergen and Passaic Counties : Butler Mine, Hohokus, Bergen County; Kanouse Mine, Pompton, Passaic County; Wynokie Mine, Pompton, Passaic County ; Ringwood Mine, Pomp- ton, Passaic County.' Palaeozoic Formation. — Potsdam S.\ndstone. — This rock, which takes its name from Potsdam, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., where it is finely exposed, has but a limited area in Passaic County. It is seen at various places along the Green-Pond Mountain Range, where it resembles a red shale, being soft, crumbling, and easily converted into mud ; but it is more fre- quently a conglomerate, consisting of white and red quartz pebbles of the size of pigeons' eggs, cemented in a quartzose paste of a purplish color. This variety of the rock is hard and indestructible. It is evenly stratified, and some of the conglomerate beds are very thick. In most cases this rock is found along the sides of valleys dipping inwards and passing under other rocks which occupy the middle of the inter- vening space. In the Green-Pond Mountain Range this rock has a thickness of not less than seven hun- dred feet. It forms an interesting outcrop in the mountains north of Passaic, — Bearfort and Bellvale ; the Copperas Mountain, with its extension known as Kanouse Mountain, and the ridge running thence to the village of West Milford. Magnesian Limestone. — " In West Milford town- ship the magnesian limestone crops out at three points along the eastern side of the conglomerate ridge. Their positions as related to the gneiss and conglom- erate are very similar, being separated from the gneiss by a thin band of sandstone. Going north, the first outcrop is on the farm of Richard Gould. This forms a series of low knobs about three hundred yards long from northeast to southwest, and not over fifty yards in breadth. A meadow one hundred yards in breadth separates them from the conglomerate ledges on the west. It is separated from the gneiss to the east of it by a narrow belt of quartzite and sandstone, nowhere one hundred feet thick, and generally but a few yards across. About an eighth of a mile south of the lime- stone is Macopin Pond. The limestone dips 60° N. 60° W. . . . It is mostly of a pale-blue color, com- pact and fine-grained. Some of the beds are silicious and quartzose ; others contain masses of conglomerate and reddish quartz rock imbedded in the calcareous matrix, indicating a formation since the deposition of the conglomerate of this region. . . . The quarry at this locality has yielded a very large amount of stone for making lime. Analysis shows it to be magnesian in character. "About one and a half miles northeast of Gould's 1 See description and history of tlieae mines in the respective township histories in this worlc. 18 HISTORY OF BERGEN AND PASSAIC COUNTIES, NEW JERSEY. is the next outcrop of this rock. Its extent from southwest to northeast is about three-quarters of a mile along a little vale east of the ridge of conglom- erate. . . . The next and hist nuti-rop on the south is on the west side of the stream, and near L. Payn's. .... It is three-quarters of a mile from the northern- most outcrop, or Cisco's quarry. The extreme breadth does not exceed one hundred yards. At Payn's quarry the dip is 60' X. 55" W. . . . The rock varies in color from a reddish to a light blue." Hl'Dsos River Si..\te. — Ne.xt in the series of pahe- ozoic rocks comes the Hudson River slate, so named from being the prevailing rock along the Hudson River from Newburg upward. It extends through the northwestern half of the Kittatinny Valley of New Jersey, and is also found in some of the lime- 8tf)ne valleys farther southeast. At Upper Longwood, Petersburg, Oak Hill, and at other points in the valley west of the Green-Pond Mountain, it outcrops, and at frequent int«rvals in the valley of West Mil- ford from the Pequannock River to the State line. The finest exposure is in the West Milford Valley. where "the slate crops out in long, low swells ami rocky knobs from West Milford village south to within a mile or two of Newfoundland. North of the former place it occurs west of Greenwood Lake, and north of the road going west over Beartbrt Mountain. The most southern exposure of the rock in the valley is about one mile north of Newfoundland. Thence to the village of West Milford there is no doubt of its being a persistent rock-mass, underlying the whole of the valley between these points."" I This slate is the darker and harder variety. It stands nearly vertical, being a closely-folded syn- ! clitial, and has a strike nearly parallel to the direction of the valley. The rock is very slow to disintegrate, and therefore does not crumble down to form as rich and productive a soil as the softer variety of the same slate in Sussex County. It is, however, equally fine and sinoolh-graincd. Triassic Formation.— Red San'dstone. — Hergen and Pii-ssaic Counties arc chiefly included within llie area of the Triassic or red saiuUtone formation, which is comprised in a belt of country having the Highland Range on its northwest side, and on its southeast, a line almost straight from 8taten Island, near Wooil- bridge, to Trenton, and thence by the Delaware River till it joins the Highland Range again in the .Musco- netcong Mountain. The color of this rock and of the red shale which forms so much of the soil of this area of the State is supposed to be caused by the presence of oxide of iron. The average dip of the red sandstone, as shown along the Delaware I{iver, is about ten degrees, ami the thickness of the fornnition is supposed to be about twenty-seven thousand feet, or more than five miles. It wiu* probably a deep sea, of which the Highlands formed the northwestern shore, and was ages in filling up to its present level. The precise age of the formation is difficult to deter- mine on account of its containing very few organic remains. "The stems of plants are found fossil in this rock in the quarries at Newark, Belleville, Plucka- min, Milford, and probably at many other places. Coal has been found in seams from an eighth to half an inch thick in several places. It can be seen in the quarries at Martinville, Somerset Co. Enough was seen at Basking Ridge, and also at Chatham, to induce persons to bore for coal. Near I'nion Village coal is said to have been found three or four years since. It has been found near Spring Mills, in Hun- terdon, and also near Pompton, in Passaic County. . . . Fossil fishes have been found in the quarries at Pompton, and in several other |>laces. . . . The plants found evidently belong to orders higher than those of the Carboniferous age. And the footprints are those of air-breathing animals, probably of the Rep- tilian age."' Surface Geology. — The rocks hitherto described include in a regularly .tscending .series those which are more or less covereii by the surface formation known jis the Drift. Ages before man came upon the globe, this territory was covered by a Polar sea, which drifted vast masses of ice and dlbrin of broken rocks into all its valleys and depressions and high upon the sides of its loftiest mountains. This sea stood at the height of twelve hundred and fifty feet above mean tide in the present ocean, as is shown by the drift de- posits left upon the hills north of Budd's Lake, the highest point in the glacial formation in New Jersey. The period at which this glacier, or sea of ice, covered a portion of the earth's surface is known to geologists as the Chaniplain epoch. The course of the glacier was from the north, and it spread its freight of world- building material over Northern New Jersey as far south as Amboy, and thence, by a line somewhat varying, from the mouth of the Raritan to Belvi- dere, on the Delaware. Says Dr. Cook, in his late report on the Surface Geology of New Jersey, "The sovithern boundary line of the great terminal or fron- U\\ moraine across New Jersey has a general north- northwest course from the mouth of the Raritan River, at Perth Amboy, to Morri.stown ; thence a north course to Denville, where the direction changes to the west, which course is maintained to the Mus- conetcong Valley, where it again turns, and thence bears west-southwest to the Delaware River, at Bel- videre." It would be interesting to follow Dr. Cook in his detailed description of the drift along this ter- minal moraine, but it is unneces-sary to our purpose, being outside of the territory in which we are imme- diately concerned. Wc will only give his table of elevations of the ilrift at different points along iu : southern border : ' Gn>1oK7 of Now Jpr»*y, p. 14a. > Ililil., p. 114. GEOLOGY. 19 Elevations above Mean Tide of Glacial Drifts oti the Line of the Terminal Moraine. FRKT. 1. Poplar Hiil, Wuodliriilgc 2W 2. Summit. Second Mountain 3S0 i 3. Long Hill (Mil) 4. Madison (ridge sontlieasl) 366 5. Southeast of Mori'istown 382 6. Green in Morriatowu 370 7. Morris Plains 405 8. Kotchiim Pond (Boontou Branch Railroad) 556 9. Snake Hill (nortli end) (670) 10. Southeast ot Rockaway (between two lines of Morris a?id Essex Railroad) (670J 11. Gravel Hill, southeast of Dover (645) 12. Dover (moraine north of the town) (640) 13. Near Mount Hope (960) 14. Canal level. Port Oram 668 Vk Jackson Hill Mine (960) 16. Sucaisnnna I'laius (north of) (760) 17. Hills cast of Drakesville depot (870) 15. Hills near Drakesville and Stanhope road (1100) 19. Hills southeast of Waterloo (one and one-half miles north of Budd's Lake) (1250) 20. Valley north of Hackettstown (650) 21. Ridge near A. R. Da.vs, northwest of Hackettstown (900) 22. Side of mountain near Amos Hoagland's (600) 2.i. Townsbury (580) 24. Side of mountain at Townsbury (660) '.^5. Mount Midiepinoki, west of Townsbury (950) 26. Hill south of Oxford Furnace (600) 27. Hill east of Oxford and Bridgeville road (520) 28. Hill we'itof Bridgeville (490) 29. Hill east of Belvidere (H. J. Butler's place) (.500) 30. Manunka Chunk Mountain (56o) Within this great terminal moraine are other uio- raiiies of recession, of less magnitude. " As the con- tinental glacier nielted away at the south and re- treated northward, it left the materials carried on its surface, and these were deposited somewhat as they were grouped on the ice. A gradual recession strewed more or less of the whole surface with the bowlders and bowlder earth, which made the mantle or drift- sheet reposing upon the underlying rock formations. Whenever this retreat was for a time stopped, and the glacier halted, there was an increased accumulation at its foot, and thus a succession of terminal or frontal moraines, but of limited extent, would be formed. The distribution of the glacial drift over this part of the State is very uneven. It is not a continuous forma- tion, nor is there any uniformity in its thickness. . . . The trap-rock hills west of Paterson, and many others, are quite bare, and show thin rocks in many out- cropping ledges. Others are so deeply covered that it is often difficult to ascertain the nature of the rocks in them. . . . "The drift in the valleys north of the terminal mo- raine is generally stratified. The great volume of water from the melting of huge bodies of ice flowed in these valleys as broad streams or filled them a.s lakes. And in this way much of the ground or fun- damental moraine, and parts of the terminal moraines, which marked the recession of the glacier front, were worked over aild redeposited in water. This rear- rangement of materials was probably in progress to a very limited extent during the whole glacial epoch. Warmer seasons or periods must have been marked by the melting of great masses of ice, and a recession for a time, attended by large streams flowing from beneath the glacier and carrying to lower levels au immense quantity of sediment. Subsequent advances of the glacier would move over some of these sedi- mentary deposits and mingle with them, or cover them with its unsorted debris. No doubt such alternate advances and recessions produced some of the drift phenomena now observed. The final retreat and dis- appearance of the glacier appears to have given rise to great streams and large lakes which, in part, ob- literated the great terminal moraine and deposited glacial drift over wide areas south of it. These beds of stratified drift, found in many of our northern vil- lages and on the plains of the central part of the State, are consequently of later age than the terminal moraine or the sheet of glacial drift covering the sur- face north of it. The size of the streams and the force of water are measured by the wide-spread gravels and bowlders and the disposition of the stones in many localities. The decreasing size of the gravel pebbles and the fine sediment evenly deposited in thin layers show the lessening force of the water as it flowed for- ward in broad channels and emptied into broader lakes and bays. As the trend of nearly all of these valleys is approximatel)' northeast and southwest, and as towards the north they were choked by the receding barriers of ice, it is safe to assume that the general course of the rivers draining away the waters from the melting ice front was a southerly or south- western one. And we may consider our existing river- system as a diminutive representative of that marking the close of the glacial ejioch. The valleys of the Hackensack, Passaic, Ramapo, Ringwood, Rockaway, Pequannock, Succasunna, Berkshire, Musconetco^g, Pohatcong, Pequest, Wallkill, Paulinskill, and Dela- ware all served as outlets and channels for the rivers of that epoch. And for a long period they may have continued to receive sediments derived from sources to the north and from higher lands bordering them. The waters finished the trans|)orting work begun by the ice, leveling, sorting, and distributing over a wide area the uneven glacial drift. The terrace epoch was a time of elevation, when the land gradually rose and the streams and lakes were lowered by the erosion of thin beds and outlets deeper in the drift which was de- posited during the Champlain epoch. As there were no longer any glacier-fed streams, the volume of water was diminished and broad river-beds were left dry, and the streams withdrew to the deeper channels. Many of the lakes were drained ofl' or dried up in part, and the whole drainage-system of the country began to assume the jiroportions of the historic period. These changes have been going on ever since, slowly modifying the surface, although retaining the general features which marked the Champlain epoch." The following extract from Dr. Cook's report will indicate the distribution and character of the glacial drift in different parts of Bergen and Passaic Counties : "1. .If.bsey ClTV. — The glacial drift can be seen at a few places only in an undisturbed condition. It cont-xins sufficient red shale to give color to it, and with the slialy earth there are large blocks of trap rock from Bergen Hill, of hard, indurated, banded shale; also from Bergen Hill, white, angular, feldspathic sandstones, gneisses, gi-anites, and syenites, cobble-stones of the same rocks, and pebbles and angular fragments of 20 HISTORY OF BKUGEN AND PASSAIC COUNTIES, NEW JERSEY. a gmt Tttriety of rockt. West of Jonwy Avenue, between Twelfth and Thlrtornlh Strpet«, the drift Ik's on a reddUh itratified sund. The tra|>- ruck Muck* are uut much worn or rounded on the edges, and are, io a few 8iicciniens, ten to flfteen ftH't long. The other crystiilline rocks, and •ome of the gray oandHtoueo, are well ruuuded and striated. A few of the trap*n>ck buwiderv api>ear much flecomjiosed and quite friable. They may r«>|>resent the rock of the urigioul surfiice of Bergen Hill. This drift i« thin, — not mure than three feet thick in placee. On the lilll In the weatiTU part of the city the more cuuimun liowldeni are trap rock, riHl samlBtone, gneissea, and indurated nhaleit. The natural drift surface can 1k) seen aUtui Comniunipaw, along the line of the Central Railroad of New Jersey. The nrte«ian wells which have been bored in the city have found rock at varying depths fruni fifteen to ninety feet. At Ma- thieaen Ai Wtecher's sugar refinery the surface earth was found to be twenty feet thick ; at Cox's brewery, un Grove Street between Seventh and Eighth Streets, there waa tMkwlder clny un«l earth to a depth of sev- enty feet; at the steel works, Lafayette, the rock was ninety feet deep. Constable's Uook is an upland island, surrounded by mursh iiimI water, and is a re«Mi-sh-yellow stratified sand-drift with many bowUters of trap rock,altereearlng at East Newark, are other examples. Tills feature of to[Migraphy haa determined somewhat the extent and character of the drift cuvoring. On the ennteru side of this great valley we see the top of the Palinade Mountain, covered in places by a thin sheet of glacial drift. R4>ck outcrops are commtui.and these bear every- where glacial markings. (Fordirection of striie and grt^toves, see Annual Rejiorts for 1877 and 1878.) Scattered bowlders are very numerous, half Imbedded in the drift soil or perched on the jiollshcd ledges. One of theee, known as 'Sam|woii*s Ri>ck,' in the rear of Wm. II. Dana's re«i- dence, Knglewoo^l, lias attracted attention, and was described in the Amnit:>in Jnurtfit «/ Science ami ArU, vol. xl,, 'id series. It is of coarao red «nart of the western slope of the Pullsailo range and on the sandstone ridges of tliis valley the drift is nnstratined, and on the latter It is so uniformly spread and so thick as to conceal the santlsione, excepting In a few very small outcrops, tlonerally it* surface is snioother and correa|>onds more to the rock sIo|H)s than it does In the heaii* ami Dumnds of the terminal morainoa. Between Clodtcr and KngtewiKMl there is much drift in the form of »liort hiUn. Near the funiier place they staiiil In the bonier of the plain ; southward they rise in the tra|H ntck slope. Their billowy surface Is very pnmilnent in the toixigrnphy of that |>art of the valley. S4>iiie of Iheni are at lca«t lUie hundred feel high. They look as tf they hod lieen the lateral moraine of a glacier whirh fllle'l the valley but no longer overtopped the nionntain. The c<>ni|NMltinn of the glacial drift varies greatly on the two sides of this valley. Near the I'alisnde Mountain the drift earth Is niontly rod shale and sand from the rod sandstone. The IniU'dded iKtwIden are sand- | sbuiM, then gneJMlc and granitic rocks. Ouing west, the proportion of sliale diiidnlshea, and the iHiwbler earth has a grayish-white color, ami Is largely ilerlviwl from gnetsslc ntcks. There are fewer sandstonee, and an lin reuswl numtn-r of crystalline hhU with (ireen-Pond Mountain » on- glonipnito. Till' gnelNMu and rongbunerate make u)i ninety per cent, of the l»wldeni in the drift along the Raniapo Mountain, and they are larger than Utoae to the oast. The largest which has Iteen oli«erved in thin |>arti>f the country Is In Ruckland County, a few rudi south of the Pierniunt Rail- ' road, and one and a half mllea loutlieast of Suffems. It appears to be mostly above ground. Its dimensions are forty-five by thirty, by twenty- five fevt, audita estimated weight Is one thousand five hundred tons. Tlie rock is a foldspathic gneiss, traversetl by veins of syenite. It may not have traveled far, aa the nearest outcrop of crystoJline rock is not more than two miles away. While shales, sandstones, conglomerates, gneiss, granite, and syenite are to be seen everywhere, no limestones have been otiaerved in the unstratified drift of the valley. Glaciated i>ebb1esand bowlderv abound. In the northwestern part of Ik>rgcn County tliere is a great accumulation of drift, l>oth assorted and stratiAed. The several cuttings on the New York, Lake Erie and Western Railway and the New Jersey Midland Rallroail expose fine si'clious. In one of these cuts, a little way north of Ramsey's Station, the drift at the southern end is glacial ; whereas to the north of it there Is a long section of grayish-white stratifit-d sand and gravel. The country south of Paterson and ea»t of the Watchung Mountain, or Orange Mountain, is ver}' gen- erally covered by glacial drift. It is here largely made up of red shale earth and retl sandstone b<»wlderB. The cuts on the lino of the New York and Gret^nwood Lake Railroad, near Bloomtield, Montclair. and the Notch, show good sections thruugh the drift down to the glaci- ated ledges. Along the Newark and Patcrson Railroad both forms of drift are seen. At the Newark brown-stone <)uarrief> the red shale drift earlli holds many large bowlders of retl sandstone, trap rock, gneise, Green-Pond Mountain conglomerate, and a multitude of sul>-angular fragmenta of shale. Flat pebbles of shale and Kindstone are also abun- dant. The stria- on many of the trai>-ro<-k and re^l sandstone l>owlder8 are very finely cut. No traced of any stratificatiiiii were ot«ervod. Tlie moan thickness is about ten feet. The top earth is of a yellowish color ; the lower drift is reddish brown. The grading for streets in East New* ark and tlM> railroad cuts give long and good sections of the drift. But hero It is, in part, stratified. "Along the wcetern foot of the Palisade Mountain and Bergen Hill there is much variety in the forms which the drift aasumes. At a num- ber of localities the glacial drift is found lying ni>on a reddish sand, which In tuin rests upon the i>olishod and striated trap riH'k. At Marion the following section was noted : •'1. A gravelly bed 3 feet, 2. Glacial drift 10 " .'1. Fine red sand "The same series was beautifully ex|>o8ed on the new straight line cut of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, in Bergen Cut. The section at this i>oint was: " 1. Y'ellow, tnippean clav snll and aubaoll 2 feet. 2. Re-1 shale, glacial ilr'ifl 10 ** :t. CoarHC red sand and fine gravel 1 to 3 " (4.) Glaciated trap rock " At the west end of Bergen tunnel, the south side of the cut consisted of the following members, vit.: "1. Yellow, Irappean clay loam soil and subsoil 2. Glacial drift 3to6f»et. 3. Stnitilied sand, gravel ami cobblv-stonos^ 3to6 ** 4. Glaciol drift 6 " 6. Stratified red sand at bottom *' In the glacial drift on Bergen Hill the bowlders of rml nandstone and shale pretlominato. The (vercentage of trap rock Im small, and there are few of ad, the glacial drift was cut thmugh, twenty-five to thirty feet thick, down to the polished and striated HK-k. The cuttings for streets encountered the same ilrift. Many largo and well-rountlod gneiss bowl- deni and angular blocks of induratetl striped shale are found. The latter are evidently n>>t far fmni the parent b'dges. Tnip n>cks and red sand- ntonu preilomlnat)' in mass, and there 1^ much shale in smaller and an- gular fragments. No serpentine has been ol«(>rved. The conijHKdtioh of thf drift indicates here, as elsewhere In the red sandstone country, a southeastern movement. The alluvial formation of the Newark mea- flows is supposed to rest up(^>n drift. Several weltn In the niarshes west of the Ilackennack River, near the Newark plank n>ad, go tlin>ugh the alluvium anil Into a , hut their eleTnlionfl art* Dut ktidwn. " Proceeding wjuth and sonttienst in the red sandstone idain, we notice a long cut in stratifle4l snndii and gravel at Ilawthurni', north of Fater* son. The level-lo|)|»etl hills eaat of the Now York, Lake Erie and Western Railway, in Patenson, are also a nuKlifled drift formation. The cuttings at the southern end show lines of stratiflcMlion in the re<1dish sandstone grrivel. At the tnp uf tho l>ank there are many largf* bowlders of gneisaic and granitic and red sandslono rocks, with a few of Green- Pond Mooutain conglomerate, uf trap rock and tria&tic conglomerated, all )ni)>edt|iMl in a red, t«liiily earth. They appejir also in lines in the earthy drift Thette liilln correspond in height tu tlie Hitnd and gno'el hills northwest of the city, towards Iliilcdon. They are one hundreil and sixty feet high, and lM>th are Che ramalna uf a terrace whoee further extent has not yet been tntceil. "In the lower iMirti>in of the red sandhtune plain, aUmt Newark nnd Elizabeth, and along the foot of the Palisade Moiinliiin and Itergun Mill, there are flat knolls and levels of red, sandy loam ami tine gravel which may belong to the Champlain ejHKh, or may he more recent. Some of them are but a few feet above high>iide level. The excavations along the Newark nnd New York and the Pennsylvaida Itailronds mIiow the nature and arrangement of the niateriHl. There U a good ex|ht.>>nre near New Durham, on the siiie of the Ilackenstti-k turnpike, in a giiivel pit twenty feet deep, and in which the reddish mtnd i^^ interstratilied ir- regularly with layeiB of gravel. The latter is mainly red Haiidstone, gneiss, and white quartz |K;bblea. " Passaic Vallev.— The modified drift of the Pawwic Valley, or tliat part of the retl sandstone plain iHiundeil on the northwest by the High- lands and on tho other nblea by the sweep of the Second MountJiin range, from Pompton to Hernanlsville, is remarkable for ila extent, thick ne«K, and it« long lines of tcrmce levels fringing these mountains about iL . . . From the number of hills t>f drift in the neighltorhood of Hanover, Columbia, Whlppany, Troy, atiad are atfto of the same height. The satid ami gravel hills along the Paiwiic near Totowa mark the site of the dam of drift which occasioned the f(»rmation of this terrace. The Pompton Plains is perhaps the mont remnrkable level in all this valley. As IIm name indicates, it is a plain, ami is boundud on the north and wext by the gneiss ridges of tho Highlands, nnk Mountains. The same level stretihes north of Pompton Furnace and Ponipton Village up the Wynokio Val- ley a longdistance, and Incluilos Furnace Pond williln its bt>undi4. It8 mean elevation is two hundred feet, duKamlliig slightly southward, in w hich direction its drainage Is elTectc^l. . . ." CHAPTER III. DISCOVERY AND OCCUPATION OF NKW NETHEKLAND. Early Explorers.— In 1525 the harbor or hay of New York wili liiscovered by Estevan Gomez, Crotii whom the natives obtiiiiu'd the maize, or Spiiiiish wlioat.' .\s early as tliat piTiotl the search iiail Ixcii undertaken by nierrhant-s anil Kitst Inilia traders fur a shorter route to the Kaat by some passage through the continent of North America. Kings anil emper- ors, seeking to defeat their rivals and to secure the monopoly of the trade with tho Kastern nations, fitted out expeditions to diseover the supposed Northwest Passage. > I..MIK I.IiiikI HUI. Sue., I. 2Ti. Gomez was sent out by the Emperor Charles V. of Spain, " who had fitted out the expedition for the purpose of discovering a shorter passage to the Mo- luccas."' He appears to have made a map of the continent, so far as it was then known, extending iis far north as the strait beyond Nova Zembla. This map wiis embodied in the sailing directions to Henry Hudson ; and that portion of the country extending from New Jersey to Rhode Island is called the land of Estevan Gomez.' The tradition that the Spanish visited New York before the Dutch was extant among the Indians as late as 1076. Stuyvesant also claimed that Verrazzano, sent out by Francis I., King of France, in l.i24, visited the Bay of New Y'ork.' This is liighly probable, as Verrazzano sailed "southwest from the Cape of the Bretons a good five hundred leagues towards the coast of Florida."^ He took possession of the whole country in the name of the King of France; and in 1529 the French geographer Crignon was sent out with the famous navigator Parmilier, to collect information and make a map of the country. This map, containing the geographical information furnished by Crignon, was published in Italy in loot!." By virtue of the discoveries of Verrazzano, the charter of Henry IV. of France was granted to De Monts in 1(J03. upon which was b;ised the French claim and the long struggle for ascendency between tlie English and French colonies. The charter to De Monts (called the charier of .-Vcadia) embraced all that jiortion of the country lying between the fortieth and forty-si.vth degrees of north latitude, and conse- quently included the greater part of New Jersey. But the grant of the French king was ignored by .lames I. of England, who, upon the discoveries maile by the Cabots, Weymouth, and others, granted, in l(iO(), "to Edward Maria Wingfielil and his a.s.soci- atcs, under the name of the tioiit/i Mrijiiiin or I.nudun Company, the land between the thirty-fourth and forty-first degrees of north latitude, and to the North Virffiiiia or Plymouth Company the land lying between the thirty-eighth and forty-fifth degrees of north lati- tude." These companies respectively sent out colonies in the year 1G07, — the former the colony which set- tled permanently at .famestown, Va., and the latter the Popham colony, which settled at Monhegan Island, in Maine. Henry Hudson. —The E;ist India merchants and niariiiiiie powers of Europe were meantime zealous in the pursuit of their favorite discovery, — the North- west piuwage. The English in lt>(>7 and U1U8 sent out Henry Hudson, whom the Dutch called the "bold Englishman," on two voyages with this express ob- ject in view. He was disappointed in his search, but I Dlilillc'a Lih uf ChIkiI, 271. > llucUi.ri'i .SiiniiiK DIrocUoiK, 46.— Wlnflold'a Hiat. Iltiit. Co., t. * Kuiiiu(it<'« llnllaii Oeogni|iliy.— Map uf New France. Publlalied in ^ Sltijrvc«ant'a " Maiilfoalo" It* the Oovoin.tr uf Maryland. — Bancroft, f.S, I. 17. • Maine Hill. Cull. DISCOVERY AND OCCUPATION OF NEW NETHERLAND. 23 was not discouraged. With unshaken faith in his final success, he applied in 1609 to the Dutch East India Company at Amsterdam ; and, as Columbus had been successful in Spain, so was Hudson successful in Holland. The Company, favoring his enterprise, put him in command of a yacht or " Vlie-boat," built to navigate the Viie, or Texel, called " De Halve Maan" (Half Moon), of thirty lasts'' burden, and manned by a crew of twenty men, partly Dutch and partly Eng- lish. The following throws some light upon the pur- pose and conditions of his voyage : " By his agie^'nient with the Company, tinted January 8, 1609, he was tit sail abi>ut tlie fii-st uf April in search of a passage to the north of Nova Zenihla, and to continue along that parallel until he was able to sail south to the latitude of si,\ty degrees, and then hasten back to re- port to his employers. For this service he was to receive eight hundred guilders, and in case he did not come back witiiili a year, they were to give his wife two hundred guilders more. In case he found the pasKige, the Company were to reward hirn for his dangers, troubles, and knowl- edge, in their discretion."- Hudson set sail from the Texel, April 6, 1609, and sailed to Newfoundland. His anxiety to discover his favorite passage led him to disregard his orders, and he coasted southward as far as Chesapeake Bay, and, returning, cast anchor inside of Sandy Hook on the 3d of September. The scenery around delighted hiin, and he pronounced it " a very good land to fall in with, and a pleasant land to see." Here Hudson met the natives for the first time. The journal says, " The people of the country came aboard of us, seeming very glad of our coming, and brought green tobacco and gave us of it for knives and beads. They go in deer-skins loose, well dressed. They have yellow copper. They desire clothes, and are very civil."'* On the 6th of September, John Coleman, an Englishman of the crew, with four men, was sent to sound the river opening to the north, — the Narrows. They sailed through and found "a very good riding for ships." They found also "a narrow river to the westward between two islands," — the Kill Van KulL Passing through this two leagues they came to an open sea, — Newark Bay. The Dutch called it Achtn- Cull — that is, the after bay, because it lay behind the Bay of New York. It was called by the English After Coll,^ and sometimes, corrupting the word, they called it Arthur Cull. It is sometimes applied to the territory bordering on the bay, as well as to the bay itself-" On their return they were at- tacked by a hostile party of twenty-six Indians in two canoes; Coleman was killed by an arrow which struck him in the throat, and two more were wounded. It is thought that these Indians came from Staten Island, as the Jersey Indians visited the ship the next 1 A last is nearly two tons. s " Henry Hudson in Holland," by H. C. Murphy.— Winfield, 4. s Juet's Journal of Ilinlson's Voyage. N. Y. Hist. Coll., 323. * Col. Hist. N. r., ii. 576. 5 On Vandnrdonck's map of New Netherland (1656), the " Achier Rtvkr^^ evidently means the whole bay and sound to the mouth of the Raritan, including the two rivers, Hackensack and Passaic, which were regarded as branches. day and were ignorant of what had occurred. The next day the body of Coleman was buried on Sandy Hook, and the place where it was interred still bears the name of Coleman's Point. Returning again through the Narrows, Hudson cast anchor on the 11th of September in the harbor of New York, "and saw it was a very good harbor for all winds." His first landing appears to have been at a point about six miles up on the New York side. Having thus familiarized himself with the bays and inlets about Manhattan, he prepared next to explore the noble river which bears his name, and which he still hoped might be the long-sought passage to the Indies. With what feelings of joy this thought must have inspired him for a time, and how great must have been the disappointment when he found the river gradually growing less and less navigable, and saw before him the lofty mountain ranges among which it has its source ! The precise point at which he terminated his voyage northward is not material, though it is believed that he stopped at a point in what is now the town of Half-Moon, in Saratoga Count}', some eight or ten miles above Albany.* He returned on the 2d of October, and in consequence of an attack from the Indians at the head of Manhattan Island, " he bore gradually across the river, and anchored in Weehawken Cove, just above Castle Point.' On the 4th, with fair weather and a north- west wind, he weighed anchor, passed through the Kills to Amboy, and thence stood out to sea." Occupation of New Netherland.— The report of Hudson's discovery on his return to Holland created a great stir among the merchants. It had opened a new field for trade which they were eager not only to occupy, but to monopolize. In 1610, it appears that at least one ship was sent hither by the East India Company for the purpose of trading in furs, which it is well known continued for a number of years to be the principal object of commercial at- traction to this part of the New World. Five years after Hudson's voyage, a company of merchants, who had procured from the Stales-General of Holland a patent for an exclusive trade on Hudson's River, had built forts and established trading-posts at New Am- sterdam (New York), Albany, and the mouth of the Rondout Kill. The latter was a small redoubt on the site of what is now a part of the city of Kingston, N. Y. It was known as the " Ronduit," from whence comes the name of Rondout." The fort near Al- bany was upon Castle Island, immediately below the present city, and the one at New York was erected on what is now the Battery. It was finished and occupied later than the others, on account of the hos- tility of the " fierce Manhattans," who were not dis- posed to allow the Dutch to gain possession of the * He explored the river, according to his own account, a distance of fifty-three leigues from its mouth. ' Juet's .lournal.— N. Y. Hist. Coll., N. S , i. 331, quoted by Winfleld. » Brodhead's Uisl. N. Y., vol. i. p. 7. 24 HISTORY OF BERGEN AND PASSAIC COUNTIES, NEW JERSEY. island. On the e.Tpiration of the prant of the United Company of New Netherland, the States General re- fused to renew it, but they continued to trade thither until 1(523 or 1(324, when the Dutoli West India Com- pany, a powerful mercantile as.sf)ciation chartered in 1621, took possession of the lands temporarily granted to their predecessors. In 1624, Peter Minuit was ap- pointed Director of New Netherland, built Fort Am- sterdam, and brought over colonists who settled on Long Island. Staten Island and Manhattan were purchased of the Indians, and up to 162!( the settle- ments were merely trading-posts. In that year the West India Company's Council granted to certain in- dividuals extensive seigniories or tracts of land with feudal rights over the lives and persons of their sub- jects. Under tliis grant Kiliaen Van Rensselaer, a pearl-merchant of .Vmstcrdam, secured in 1630 and subselacable people than the latter. This probably arose from the fact that those cast of the Hudson and along its upper banks were allies of the Iroipiois, which were then the dominating confederacy of the red republicans of the forest. They had not only carried their conquests along the Hudson to the ocean, but along East River and Long Island Sound to the Connecticut, exacting sul)missi<)n and tribute I'rom all the tribes of this region of country. They had also carried their con- quering arms southward along the Sustjuehanna and the Delaware, reducing t DnxiliMd, ni>li>r]r ot New Yiirk. INDIAN OCCUPATION. 25 Manhattan after they had carried on a successful and uninterrupted commerce at Fort Orange for at least ten years. During this time they had cemented such a friendship with the Mohawks as availed them for assistance in their subsequent struggle with the sev- eral tribes inhabiting this region. Most writers on Indian antiquities have considered the tribes of the lower Hudson and of East New Jersey as branches of the general Delaware nation or Lenni Lenapc, which means original people. Those most intimately connected with this region were the Minsies and Mohicans — the former being the inhabit- ants of the range of country from the Minisink to Staten Island and from the Hudson to the Raritan Valley. The latter inhabited the east side of the lower Hudson to its mouth. The Dutch called them respectively the Sanhikans and the Manhikans. Ac- cording to Brodhead,' the former were also called Wabingi, or Wappinges, the latter, as Heckewelder claims, being derived (rom the Delaware word icapinq, signifying opossum. These were divided into numer- ous tribes, and these again into clans. In this section of New Jersey they were called Raritans, Hacken- sacks, Pomptons, and Tappeans. On the Island of New York dwelt the fierce Manhattans, whom De Laet calls " a wicked nation," and " enemies of the Dutch." On Long Island, called by the natives Se- wan-hacky, the land of shells, were the savage Meton- wacks, divided into several tribes. The names of thirteen of these tribes have been preserved, viz., the Canarse and Xyack Indians, settled at the Narrows in Kings County ; the Rockaway, Merrikoke, Marsa- peagne, and Matinecoe tribes, in Queens County; and the Nissaqnage, Setauket, Corchaug, Secataug, Patchogue, Shinnecoe, and Montauk, in Sufiblk County. These Indians sold their lands to the whites in 1702-3, except about five hundred acres, on which lived a remnant of the Montauks as late as 1829. Great efforts were made to civilize them by means of missions and schools, Rev. Azariah Horton being mis- sionary among them in 1741 ; but all these efforts proved unavailing ; they gradually became extinct.^ Tie Delawares, or Lenni Lenapfe.— The Dela- wares — tne Indian people with which this history has principally to deal — occupied a domain extending along the sea-shore from the Chesapeake to the country bordering Long Island Sound. Back from the coast it reached beyond the Susquehanna Valley to the foot of the Alleghany Mountains, and on the north joined the southern frontier of their domineer- ing neighbors, the hated and dreaded Iroquois. This domain, of course, included not only the counties of Bergen and Passaic, but all of the State of New Jer- sey. The principal tribes composing the Lenni Lenape or Delaware nation were those of the Unamis or Turtle, > Brodhead, i. 73. - Furman'3 Notes to Denton's " Brief Description of New York," pp. 37-42. the L^nalachtgo or Turkey, and the Minsi or Wolf. The latter, which was by far the most powerful and warlike of all these tribes, occupied the most northerly portion of the country of the Lenape and kept guard along the Iroquois border, from whence their domain extended southward to the Musconetcong^ Mountains, about the northern boundary of the present county of Hunterdon. The Unamis and Unalachtgo branches of the Lenape or Delaware nation (comprising the tribes of Assanpinks, Matas, Shackamaxons, Chiche- qHaas, Raritans, Nanticokes, Tuteloes, and many others) inhabited the country between that of the Minsi and the sea-coast, embracing the present coun- ties of Hunterdon and Somerset and all that part of the State of New Jersey south of their northern boundaries. The tribes who occupied and roamed over the counties of Bergen and Passaic were those of the Turkey and Wolf branches of the Lenni Lenape nation, but the possessions and boundaries of each cannot be clearly defined. The Indian name of the Delaware nation, Lenni Lenape, signifies, in their* tongue, " the original peo- ple," — a title which they had adopted under the claim that they were descended from the most ancient of all Indian ancestry. This claim was admitted by the Wyandots, Miarais, and more than twenty other aboriginal nations, who accorded to the Lenape the title oi grandfathers, or a people whose ancestry ante- dated their own. The Rev. John Heckewelder, in his " History of the Manners and Customs of the Indian Nations," says of the Delaware nation, — "They will not admit that the whites are superior beings. They say that the hair of their heads, their features, and tlie various colors of their eyes evince that tliey are not, like themselves, Lenni Len^ipe^ — an oriijintil people, — a race of men that has existed unchanged from the be- ginning of time; but that they are a mixed race, and therefore a trouble- some one. Wherever they may be, the Great Spirit, knowing the wick- edness of their disposition, found it necessary to give them a Great Book, and taught them how to read it that they might know and ob- serve what He wished them to do and what to abstiin from. But they — the Indians — have no need of any such book to let them know the will of their Maker; they find it engraved on their own hearts; they have had sutficient discernment given to them to distinguish good from evil, and by following that guide they are sure not to err.'* Traditions amongf the Delaware Tribes. — Con- cerning the origin of the Lenape, numerous and 3 " The Wolf, commonly called the Minsi, which we have corrapted into Monseys, had chosen to live back of the other two tribes, and formed a kind of bulwark for their protection, watching the motions of the Mengwe and being at hand to afford aid in case of a rupture with them. The Bliusi were considered the most warlike and active branch of the Lenape. They extended their settlements from the Minisink. a place named after thetn, where they had their council-seat and fire, quite up to tlie Hudson on the east, and to the west and south far beyond the Sus- quehanna. Their northern boundaries were supposed originally to be the heads of the great rivers Susquehanna and Delaware, and their southern that ridge of hills known in New Jersey by the name of Mus- kanecuui, and in Pennsylvania by those of Lehigh. Conewago, etc. Within this boundary were their principal settlements; and even as late as the year 1742 they had a town with a peach-orchard on the tract of land where Nazareth, in Pennsylvania, has since been built, another on the Lehigh, and others beyond the Blue Ridge, besides many family set- tlements here and there scattered." — fHxtonj, M4eur the Minni or Wolf tribe say thmt iu the l^gliiiiing they dwelt Id the earth iiuwilh him into his eubtormneouB habltntiuii; that the deer wan oaten, and he and his couilMiliiuns found the meat eo good that tliey unatii- mouslj determined to leave their dark abode and remove to a place where Uiey could enjoy the light of heaven and have each excellent game in abundance. "The two other trihea, the riiamis or Tortoise, and the Uiialaclitgufl or Turkey, have much similar notion!, but r^ect the story of the lake, which Boeoia peculiar to the Miimi trilie.*' There was another leading tradition current among the nations of the Lenapt^, which was to the effect that, ages before, their ancestors had lived in a far-off country to tjie west, heyonil great rivers and moun- tains, and that, in the belief tliat there existed, away towards the rising sun, a red man's ])aradi.se, — a land of deer and beaver and salmon, — they had left their western home and traveled eastward for many moons, until they stood on the western shore of tlie Namisi Sipu (Mississippi), and there they met a numerous nation, migrating like themselves. They were a stran- ger tribe, of whose very existence the Leiiapt' had been ignorant. They were none other than the Meng- we; and this was the first meeting of those two peo- ples, who afterwards became rivals and enemies, and continued such for centuries. Hoth were now trav- elers and bound on the same errand. 15ut they found a lion in their path, for beyond tlie great river lay tlie domain of a nation called AUegewi, who were not only strong in numbers and brave, but mor6 skilled than themselves in the art of war, who had reared great defenses of earth inclosing their villages and strongholds. In the true spirit of military strategy, they permitted a part of the emigrants to cross the river, and then, having divided their autagonist.s, fell upon them with great fury to annihilate them. But when the Lenapi"* saw this they at once formed an al- liance, offensive and defensive, with the Meiigwe. The main body cros.sed the river and attacked the Al- legewi with such desperate energy that tliey defeated and afterwards drove tlit-ni into the interior, where they fought from stronghold to stronghold, till finally, after a long and bloody war, the Allegewi were not only humiliated, but exterminated, and their country was vc pay utii'iilion to llie rcaaoiiri wliicli tlioy give for those tlenoiiiiiialionH, the idea of a supiiosed faiiiliy conntcUon Ik eaally discerMible. The TrMloiM— or, as they are commonly called, the Tarllc— tribe, among the l.ena|«', claim a 8U|i»- rioilty and aeceiidelicy over the others, because their relation, the great Torli>iM,tL fabled monster, the Atlas of their uiylliology, liears, acconling ' In a nnall, quaint, and now very rmre rolunio entitled " .\n llistorical Dewrlptlon of the I'rovince and (Country of West New Jersey in America, Never made fublick till now, by Ijabriel Tl las, Uindon, lll'JS," and deilicated "To tlio Kiglil Honourable Sir John M.Hir, Sir Thomas Ijine, Knights and Ableriiicn of the City of lAjiidon, and to the n^al of the Worthy .Memboniof the West Jersey Proprietors," is found the following in reference to the aborigines of llibi region : " The lint InhabitJinU of this Cciuntrey were the /nWiiias, being suplKisei! to l-e part of the Ten dis- persod Tribes of Itr.ul, for Indeed they are very like the Jmt in their Persons, and sHl whom they must please, else iiis Iheyfancyi many nilsforlunes villi be- fall them, and great Injuries will be done them. When they bury their Dead, they put Into the tJniund with Iheni some House I'teiisils and some Money (as tokens of their Love and Affection i, with other Things, •ipecting they shall have Occasion tor them In Uie other World." INDIAN OCCUPATION 27 to tlieir tradiliuns, this threat inlnnil uii liiu back,^ aud also because he is anipliibidiis and c:tti live butli on land and in the water, wliich neither of the lieada of the otlier tribes can do. The merits of the Turkey, wliicli gives its name to the second tiibe, are tliat he is stationary and always remains witli or al>o\it them. As to tlie WulJ\ after wliicli tlie tliii'fl tribe is named, lie is a rambler by nature, nuining from one place to another in quest of his prey ; yet tliey consiiler him as their benefactor, as it was by his means tliat the Indians gut out of the interior of the earth. It was he, they believe, who by the appointment uf the Great .Spirit killed the deer which tiie Bloiisey found who first discovered the way to the surface of the earth, and which allured them to come out of their ilamp and dark residence. For tluit re.tson the wolf is to be honorei foot, that animal having a round foot, like a dog." Indian Population in New Jersey.— It does not appear that the Intiians inhabiting New Jersey were very numerous. In an old publication entitled " A Description of New Albion," and dated a.d. 1648, it is found stated that the native people in this section were governed by about twenty kings ; but the in- significance of the power of those " kings" may be inferred from the accompanying statement that there were "twelve hundred [Indians] under the two Rari- tan kings on the north side, next to Hudson's River, and those came down to the ocean about Little Egg- bay and Sandy Barnegatte ; and about the South Cape two small kings of forty men apiece, and a third reduced to fourteen men, at Roymont." From which it appears evident that the so-called " kings" were no more than ordinary chiefs, and that some of these scarcely had a following. Whitehead, in his " East Jersey under the Proprietary Governments," con- cludes, from the above-quoted statement, " that there were probably not more than two thousand [Indians] within the province while it was under the domina- tion of the Dutch." And in a publication'-' bearing date fifty years later (1698) the statement is made that " the Dutch and Swedes inform us that they [the Indians [ are greatly decreased in numbers to what they were when they came first into tiiis country. And the Lulians themselves say that tw-o of them die to every one Christian that comes in here." Conquest of the Lenni Lenapfe by the Iroquois. • — Before the European explorers had i>enetrated to the territories of the Lenape the power and prowess of the Iroquois had reduced the former nation to the condition of vassals. The attitude of the Iroquois, however, was not wholly that of conquerors over the t And they believed that sometimes the grandfattier tortoise became weary aud shook himself or changed his position, aud that this was the cause of earthquakes. 3 Gabriel Thomas' "Historical Description of the Province and Coun- try of West New Jersey in America." Delawares, for they mingled, to some extent, the character of protectors with that of masters. It has been said of them that " the humiliation of tributary nations was to them [the Iroquois) temi>ered with a paternal regard for their interests in all negotiations with the whites, and care was taken that no tres- passes should be committed on their rights, and that they should be justly dealt with." This means, simply, that the Mengwe would, so far as lay in their ])ower, see that none others than themselves should be permitted to des])oil the Lenapii. They exacted from them an annual tribute, an acknowledgment of their state of vassalage, and on this condition they were permitted to occupy their former hunting- grounds. Bands of the Five N.ations, however, were interspersed among the Delawares,' probably more as a sort of police, and for the purpose of keeping a watchful eye upon them, than for any other purpose. The Delawares regarded their conquerors with feel- ings of inextinguishable hatred (though these were held in abeyance by fear), and they also pretended to a feeling of superiority on account of their more an- cient lineage and their further removal from original barbarism, which latter claim was perhaps well grounded. On the part of the Iroquois, they main- tained a feeling of haughty superiority towards their vassals, whom they spoke of as no longer men and warriors, but as women. There is no recorded instance in which unmeasured insult and stinging contempt were more wantonly and publicly heaped on a cowed and humiliated people than on the occasion of a treaty held in Philadelphia in 1742, when Connossa- tego, an old Iroquois chief, having been requested by the Governor to attend (really for the purpose of forciii;/ the Delawares to yield up the rich lands of the Minisink), tirose in the council, where whites and Delawares and Iroquois were convened, and in the name of all the deputies of his confederacy said to the Governor that the Delawares had been an unruly people and wei-e altogether in the wrong, and that they should be removed from their lands ; and tlien, turning superciliously towards the abashed Delawares, said to them, " You deserve to be taken by the hair of your heads aud shaken until you recover your senses and become sober. We have seen a deed, signed by nine of your chiefs over fifty years ago, for this very land. But liow came you to take it upon yourselves to sell lauds at all? We conquered you; we made women of you ! You know you are women and can no more sell lands than women. Nor is it fit that you should have power to sell lands, since you would abuse it. You have had clothes, meat, and drink, by the goods paid you for it, and now you want it again, like children, as you are. What makes 3 The same policy was pursued by the Five Nations towards the Sha- wauese, who had been expelled from the far Southwest by stronger tribes, and a portion of whom, traveling eastward as far as the country adjoining the Delawares, had been permitted to erect their lodges there, but weie, like the Leuape, held in a state of subjection by the Iroquoia. 28 HISTORY OF BERGEN AND PASSAIC COUNTIES, NEW JERSEY. you sell lands in the dark? Did you ever tell us you had sold this land? Did we ever receive any part, even to tlie value of a pipe-shank, from you for it? This is acting in the dark, — very differently from the conduct which onr Six Nations observe in the sales of lanil. Hut we find you are none of our blood ; you act a dishonest part in this as in other matters. Your ears are ever open to slanderous reports about your brethren. For all these reasons we charge you to reinore inttautlij .' We do not give you liberty to think about it. You are women ! Take the advice of a wise man, and remove instantly ! You may return to the other aide of the river, where you canie from, but we do not know whether, considering how you have demeaned yourselves, you will be permitted to live there, or whether you have not already swallowed that land down your throats, sis well as tlie land on this side. You may go either to Wyoming or Shamo- kin, and then we shall have you under our eye and can see how you behave. Don't deliberate, but go, and take this belt of wampum." He then forbade them ever again to interfere in any matters between white man and Indian, or ever, under any pretext, to pretend to sell lands; and as they (the Iroquois), he said, had some business of importance to transact with the Englishmen, he commanded them to immediately leave the council, like children and women, as they were. Heckewelder, however, attempts to rescue the good name of the humbled Delawares by giving some of their explanations, intended to show that the epithet " women," as applied to them by the Iroquois, Wiis originally a term of distinction rather than reproach, and "that the making women of the Uelawares was not an act of compulsion, but the result of their own free will and consent." He gives the story, as it wius narrated by the Delawares, substantially in this way : The Delawares were always too powerful for the Inxjuois, so that the latter were at length convinced I that if wars between them should continue, their own extirpation would become inevitable. They accord- ingly sent a message to the Delawares, representing i that if continual wars were to be carried on between i the nations, this would eventually work the ruin of I the whole Indian race; that in order to prevent this it wa.s nece.Hsary that one nation should lay down their arms ami be called the womnu, or meiliator, with power to command the peace between the other na- tions who might be disposed to persist in hostilities against each other, and finally recommending that the part of the womeri should be assumed by the Dr-lawares, as the mi«st powerful of all the nations. The Delawart^, upon receiving this message, and not perceiving the treacherous intentions of the Iro- quois, consented to the proposition. The Iro<|uois then appointed a council and feast, and invited the Delawares to it, when, in pursuance of the authority given, they made a 'solemn speech, conUunlng three capital points. TJie first was that the Delawares be ' (and they were) declared women, in the following words : " We dress you in a woman's long habit, reaching down to your feet, and adorn you with ear-rings," meaning that they should no more tiike up arms. The second point Wiis thus expressed : " We hang a calabash filled with oil and medicine upon your arm. With the oil you shall cleanse the ears of other na- tions, that they may attend to good and not to bad words: and with the medicine you shall heal those who are walking in foolish ways, that they may re- turn to their senses and incline their hearts to peace." The third point, by which the Delawares were ex- horted to make agriculture their future employment and means of subsistence, was thus worded : " We deliver into your hands a plant of Indian corn and a hoe." Each of these points was confirmed by de- livering a belt of wampum, and these belts were carefully laid away, and their meaning frequently repeated. "The Iroquois, on the contrary, assert that they con(iuered the Delawares, and that the latter were forced to adopt the defenseless state and appellation of a woman to avoid total ruin. Whether these differ- ent accounts be true or false, certain it is that the Delaware nation has ever since been looked to for the preservation of peace and intrusted with the charge of the great belt of peace and chain of friendship, which they must take care to preserve inviolate. Ac- cording to the figurative explanation of the Indians, the middle of the chain of friendship is placed upon the shoulder of the Delawares, the rest of the Indian nations holding one end and the Europeans the other.'" It wiLs not a lack of bravery or military enterprise on the part of the Delawares which causcil their over- throw; it was a mightier agent than courage or en- ergy : it was the gunpowder and lead of the Iro<]Uois, which they had procured from the trading Dutch on the Hudson almost imme New York Historical Col ections. and the execution of vengeance must be delayed till he should reach manhood. Years passed, but the outrage done his relative was not forgotten. In 1641 he appeared, now grown to manhood, to execute the behest of the unwritten law of his people, unheeding as to which of the pale-faces should be the victim of the deadly stroke of his tomahawk. It happened to be an inoffensive old man, Claes Cornells Smits, a " raad maker," living near Canal Street. Pretending to desire to barter some beavers for duffels,^ he watched his opportunity, killed Smits, robbed the house, and escaped with his booty.''- Satisfaction and the sur- render of the savage were promptly demanded. But, as he had only acted in accordance with the custom of his race, the sachem refused to surrender him. Kieft wished to seize upon this occasion to punish the natives, but he did not dare to act independently of the people, who desired peace. He therefore called them together for consultation. They chose twelve select men* to determine everything in connection with the Director and Council. This popular branch of the government stayed for a time the impetuosity of the executive and those immediately under his con- trol, and for a brief period secured peace. But the air was full of rumors of Indian troubles. In 1642, De Vries, who had established a colony at Tappaen, in passing through the woods towards Ackensack,^ met an Indian who said the whites had " sold to him brandy mixed with water" and had stolen his beaver- skin coat. He said he was going home for his bows and arrows, and would shoot one of the " roguish Swanekins," as the Indians called the Dutch. He was as good as his word, and shot Garret Jansen Van Vorst, who was roofing a house at Achter Kull. The chiefs, being alarmed at what was done, offered to pay two hundred fathoms of wampum to Van Vorst's widow, in order to purchase their peace. But Kieft would accept of nothing but the surrender of the murderer. The chiefs would not agree to this ; they said that he had gone two days' journey among the Tankitekes," and that he was the son of a chief. In 1643, Kieft espoused the cause of the Mohawks, who were at war with the Weckquaesgecks, Tankite- kes, and Tappeans. In the depth of winter these fierce warriors swept down upon their enemies, killing sev- enteen and making prisoners of many women and children. " The remainder fled through a deep snow to the Christian houses on and around the Island of Manhattan. They were humanely received, being half dead of cold and hunger, and supported for four- teen days ; even some of the Director's corn was sent to them." They did not suspect that the Director was secretly in league with their most dreaded and deadly foes, and that, although the people were friendly 3 A coarse kind of cloth. 2 Brodhead, 1. 310. ^Winfield: ** This wiia the first representative hody iu New Netlier- land." ^ Hackensack, in ladiau Low-land. " Haverstraw Indians, of whom Pachani was chief. 30 HISTORY OF BERGEN AND PAS8AIC COUNTIES, NE\Y JERSEY. and hospitable and treated them with great kindness, the commander of the army of Xew Xetlierland was abuul to let htose upon them his ruthless soldiery to murder and slaughter tliem iiidisrriminatoly. liut such was the fact. Being alarmed lest the Mohawks should fall upon them at Manhattan, they tied, most of them, to Pavonia, where the Ilackensacks were bi- vouacked one thousand strong.' Says Mr. Winfield, — l "They came over to this eiJe of the river on the 2.'JU of Fehruary, ' 1943, and encamped on thi- westerly eJpe of Jnn Je Lacher'n Iloeck, I behiml the settlement of Egbert Wuuterasen and adjoining the bouwerie i of JaQ Ewersteu Bout The light of th« ^.'jth of February, 1643, was fading, and the iihadowtt of the black winter night were drawing i oTor tlie l^eantifvil Wy. Huddled and shiToring on the western tlope of Jan do Lacher's Hoeck, under the pr(.>tection uf the Dutch, the unsus- pecting ludiaiifl thought themselves safe fmm the tierce Mohawk^*. But while they drew around the camp-firoa, or dreamed of their forsaken wigwams, Manhattan w&g nil aetir with the movement of trooii« and citizens. The noble-hearted Pe Vrlcs stood beside the Director as the soldiers under Sergeant llodolf {kaseed by tlie furt on their way to Pavo- nia. * Lot this work alone,' said he; 'you will go to break the Indians' heads, but it is our nation you are going to murder.' ' Tlie order haa gone forth; it siiall not be recalleonder over them.* Captain De Vriei^, who, in contem- plating the conBe<|Ueuce-s of the expedition, could not sleep, says, * I remained that night at the Governor's, and b)ok a seat in the kitchen near the Are, and at midnight I heard loud shrieks. I wont out to the parapets of the fort anil looked towards Pavonia. I saw nothing but the flash uf the guns, and hoard nothing more of the yells and clamor of the ; Indians who were butchered iiuring their sleep.' Neither age nor sex could stay the hamls of the unrelenting soldiers. Sucklings were torn from their motliers' bn-a«ts, butchered in the presence of their parents, and their mangled limbs thrown into the lire or water. Others, ' white fastened to litUe l»oanls,'— the rude cradle of tho papoose, — were cut through, stabbed, and miserably massacred. Some were (hntwn alive Into tho river, and when their fathers, obeying the prtunptings of nature, rushed in to nave Itiem, the soldiers prevented their coming to shore, and thus |mronts atid children porishod. . . . De Vrlos says, 'Siiine came running to us fnun the country having their hands cut off. Some, who bad their legs cut off, were snpiMjrting their entrails with their arms, wtiilf others were mangled in other horrid ways, in part too shocking to t>e concelTteon attiickod by the Mohawks."*) Such a warfare could not fail to exasperate the native** ; and as soon as they became aware that these massacres were hy the whites, they resolved upon a relentless war. To render their retaliatiini more effec- tive, seven tribes entered into an alliance. They killed all the men they could find, dragged the women and children into captivity, burnt houses, barns, grain, hay-stacks, and laid waste the farms and plantations on every hand. From the Uaritan to the (.'onnecticut not a white person was safe from the murderous toma- hawk and 8cal|>ing-knife except those who clustered about F'ort Am>t4'rdam. The war continued in all its fury for several months. In March a peace was con- I O'Caltaghan, N. T., 1. 20:. t Wlnfleld's History of llndson County, 30, 40. eluded, which, however, lasted only until October, when, three or four soldiers stationed at Pavonia for the protection of a family having been attacked, war was renewed ; and so serious was itj* character that in March, 1*J44, the authorities of New Amsterdam proclaimed a solemn fiist to placate the anger of Jehovah. Peace was permanently secured the fol- lowing year. ** This day, being the 30tti day of August, 164-^, appeareil in the Fort Amstordatn, before the Director and Council, in the presence of the whole commonality, the sachems or chiefs of the savages, as well in their own behalf as t>eing authorized by the neighboring savages, namely : Oratanky, chief of .-IcJtiMi^WwcJii/ (Hackensack); SFjj;SEKi:MrK and Wil- liam, chiefs of Tapptan and Uetkawairattk ; Pa^'iiam and PknNhwink (who were here yesterday and gave their jMjwpr of attorney to the former, and also to<:>k upon themselves to answer for those of Owtnc^ and the vicinity of MajaHioetinntmm, of Marechoicu-k^ of Ntfock and its neighborhood), and Aepjen, who personally api^-ared, speaking in behalf of Wappitur, \yiijtuie$kfckx, SitiMtruckt, and Kicitinroons. "First. They agree to conclude with us a solid and durable peaco, which they promise to keep faithfully, its we also obligate oUTBelvea to ilo on our part. 'SECOND. If it hap(>en (which God in his mercy avert) that ther« arise some difhculty between us and them, no warfare shall eDsue Id cod> sequence, but they Hhall complain to our Governor, and wo shall com- plain to their sjicheniH. "If any person shall bo killed or murdered, justice shall be directly administered upon the raurdorer, that wo may henceforth live in peace and ninily "TiiiRU. They are not to come ou Manhattan Island, nor in Uie iieighlKirhood of Christian dwellings, with their arms; neither will we approHcli their villages with our guns, except we are conducteti thither by a savage to give them warning. "Kdirtu. And whereas Uiero is yet among them an Knglish girl, whoni they promiswl t4> conduct to tlie English at Stamford, they sUIl engage, if she is not already a>nducted there, to bring her there in safety, and wo promise in return to pay them the ransom which has been promised by tho English. "All which Is pn>misegether for this puriKwe, in the presence of the Maqias' ambassa, when Si- mon Walingc^ was found osed from the arrows and wounds in his head, killed by the Indians. It was ascertained to have been done either by the Raritans or by some stranger from the south, antl the local Indians hast- ened to renew their covenant (d' friend.ship. (tovernor Stuyvesant presented them with about twenty florins and some tobacco, and a gun to Oratanius. The Indians were delighted, reaflirmcd the treaty, and returned to their homes.^ In 1()5.'>, during the absence (»f (Jovernor Stuyve- sant to expel the Swedes from the Delaware, troubles again arose with the Indians which bore disaslnnisly upon the settlements on the west side of the Hutlson. Ilentlrick Van Dyck, having his orchard robbed of some of ita tempting fruit by Indians who landed at > Valentino's Manual <1R63), M«. INDIAN HOSTILITIES. 31 night in their canoes on Manhattan, attempting to drive off the intruders, accidentally in the darkness shot an Indian girl. News of the outrage spread, and the Indians determined on signal vengeance. With- out giving warning of their purpose, on tlie night of the l.'Jth of September, sixty-four canoes, carrying five hundred armed warriors, landed at New Amster- dam. They searched through the town until they found Van Dyek at the house of a neighbor named A'an Diegrist, whom they cut down with a tomahawk, and in the affray wounded Van Dyck in the breast with an arrow. The town and garrison being aroused, the Indians were driven to their canoes, and sought safety by flight to the west side of the river. In re- taliation they set the houses on fire, and soon all Pa- ^ vonia was in ashes. From thence they passed down to Staten Island and laid that W4iste. In this assault ' one hundred persons were killed, one hundred and fifty carried into captivity, and over three hundred deprived of their homes. The savages of Hackensack, Tappaen, Ahasimus, and others were present in this fearful devastation, and perpetrated inhuman barbar- ities, notwithstanding their solemn pledge to adhere to the terms of their treaty. When Governor Stuy- vesant sought to bring them to terms, they hesitated and delayed, promised and failed to fulfill their [)ledges, in hopes to extort from the government a ransom for the prisoners. Finally, the Director wished to know how much they would take for " the prisoners en masse, or for each." " They replied, seventy-eight pounds of powder and forty staves of lead for twenty-eight per- j sons." The ransom was paid, and an additional pres- ent made by the Governor. This proved the final settlement with the Indians, so far as the Dutch were concerned. During all these troubles most of the mischief was done in that part of New Netherland included in the ancient territory of Bergeu County. The Pomptons and Minsies, having sold their lands, removed from New Jersey about 17.37. The Pompton Indians were engaged with the Del- aware Minsies in the war of 1755, under Teedyes- cung. This war was waged on account of the decep- tion practiced upon the Indians in procuring the lands in Northampton and Pike Counties, Pa., and was carried across the Delaware into New Jersey. During the year 1757 and the first part of 1758 the western borders of the province were in much alarm on ac- count of the Indians raiding upon the .settlers across the Delaware. From May, 1757, to June, 1758, tweaty- seven murders were committed by the Indians in Sus- sex County.' Final Disposal of the Delawares. — In June, 1758, Governor Bernard, of New Jersey, consulted with Gen. Forbes and Governor Denny, of Pennsylvania, as to the measures best calculated to put a stop to this un- pleasant warfare; and, through Teedyescung, king of the Delawares, he obtained a conference with the 1 See History of Sussex and Warren Counties. Minisink and Pompton Indians, protection being as- sured them. . . . The conference look place at Bur- lington, Aug. 7, 1758. . . . The result was that the time was fixed for holding another conference at Easton, at the request of the Indians, that being, as they termed it, the place of the "old council-fire." At the treaty of 1758 the entire remaining claim of the Delawares to lands in New Jersey was extin- guished, except that there was reserved to them the right to fish in all the rivers and bays south of the Rar- itan, and to hunt on all uninclosed lands. A tract of three thousand acres of land was also purchased at Edge Pillock, in Burlington County, and on this the few remaining Delawares of New Jersey (about sixty in number) were collected and settled. They remained there until the year 1802, when they removed to New Stockbridge, near Oneida Lake, in the State of New York, where they joined their "grandsons," the Stockbridge tribe. Several years afterwards they again removed, and settled on a large tract of land on Fox River, Wis., which tract had been purchased for their use from the Menominee Indians. There, in conjunction with the Stockbridges, they engaged in agricultural pursuits, and formed a settlement which was named Statesburg. There, in the year 1832, there remained about forty of the Delawares, among whom was still kept alive the tradition that they were the owners of fishing and hunting privi- leges in New Jersey. They resolved to lay their claims before the Legislature of this State and request that a moderate sum (two thousand dollars) might be paid them for its relinquishment. The person selected to act for them in presenting the matter before the Legislature was one of their own nation, whom they called Shawuskukhkung (meaning "wilted grass"), but who was known among the white people as Bar- tholomew S. Calvin. He was born in 1756, and was educated at Princeton College, at the expense of the Scotch missionary society. At the breaking out of the Revolution he left his studies to join the patriot army under Washington, and he served with credit during the Revolutionary struggle. At the time when his red countrymen placed this business in his hands he was seventy-six years of age, yet he proceeded in the matter with all the energy of youth, and laid before the Legislature a petition in his favor signed by a large number of respectable citizens of New Jersey, together with a memorial, written by his own hand, as follows : "Mt Brethren: I am old and weak and poor, and therefore a fit representative of my people. You are young and strong and rich, and therefore fit representatives of your people. But let me beg you for a moment to lay aside the recollections of your strength and of our weak- ness, that your minds may be prepared to examine with candor the sub- ject of our claims. " Our tradition informs us — and I believe it corresponds with your records — that the right of fishing in all the rivers and bays south of the Raritan, and of hunting in all uninclosed lands, was never relinquished, but, on tlie contrary, was expressly reserved in our last treaty, held at Crosswicks in 1758. Having myself been one of the parties to the sale, — I believe, in 1801, — I know that these rights were not sold or parted with. 32 HISTORY OF BERGEN AND PASSAIC COUNTIES, NEW JERSEY. "We now offer to tell Uibm priTllegot to the State of New Jersey. Tbey were once of frrpRt raliie to us, and we apprehend that neither time nor iJlslaiirp nur the noii-uBe of our ri^tite hoa Ht all affected then), Irnt that tlie coiirta here wniiM consider our claims Tiilid wt, however, our wUh thiu to eKcile lliigalion. We consider the State Le^slature the prxiper purchaser, and throw ourvelree upon its twnerol^nce and magnanimity, trusting that fe«liiigB of justice and liberality will induce you to ^vo us what you deem a comiwiiSHliun. And, as we tiave ever looked up to the leadiuR chanicteni of the United States (and to the leading characters of this SUle in particular^ as our fathora. prt>teclora, and friends, we now look up to you as such, and hunihly l>eg that you will liMk upon us with that eye of pity, as we have reason to think our poor untutored foro- fathen looked upon yours when they first arrived upon our then exten* live but uncultivated dominions, and sohl theni their lauds, in oiany iutaoces for triflea, in coniparisiin. as ' li>;ht as air.' ' "From ynur humble |>eliiioner, I '* Baktholomkw S. Calvin, " In bf}utl/ of himself and hu red hreiltren." In the Legislature the subject was referred to a committee, which, after patient hearing, reported favorably ; whereupon the Legislature granted to the Delawares the sum of two thousand dollars — the full amount asked for — in consideration of this relinquish- ment of their last rights and claims in the State of ^ New Jersey. Ui»on this result Mr. Calvin addressed to the Lcgi.slature a letter of thanks, which was read , before the two houses in joint session and was received with repeated rounds of most enthusiastic applause. CHAPTER VI. OLD BEU13EX TOWN AM) TOWNSHIP. The most ancient and historically interesting part of the old county of Bergen is that portion of it which was set off to form tlie county of Hudson in 1840, after having borne the name of Bergen for nearly two hundred years. Lying along the west side of New York Bay and Hudson River, in close proximity to the Dutch headcjuarters on Manhattan, it early attracted attention, and became the subject of the first jmrclixHe from the Indians in East Jersey. First Indian Deed.— On the 12th of July, 16:U), this portion of territ^)ry was purclut-sed of the Indians by the Director-* leneral and Council of New Nether- land, for Michael Pauw, Burg<»master of Amsterdam, and Lord of Achtienlioven, near Utrecht. The fol- lowing is a copy of the c<»nveyance, which is the first deed of record in New Netherland : ** We, Director and Council of Now NVtherland, residing on the Island of Uanhalas and the Fori Amstenlani, under the authority of their High Mlf(htin«any, at their (1iaml>«n at Anisfenlam, do hereby witness and dm'lare that on this day, the date hereof un- derwritt«'n, l^fore nn In their pro|>er p<>rs»ns Bpi>enred and Bhowii both for themselvea and raJo oDrtfTM, for the remaining Joint owners of the same land, declared tlial for and In cfiari-(»-pt/)s. ** llacklngh.** afflte-l to It in this decl. mmtni /'KKf or ytnre ; thuti glrluK »• / oiii ..r uKi.lith* naUvM ranred pipe*.— WmMd't Uiti. Hud, Co., \h. they acknowledged to hare recelred into their own hands, power and poasesaion, before the passing of these preeeuts, in a right, true, and free ownership, have »rdd, transporteeen with sufficient clearness, and be distinguished ; and thai, with all the jurl3n, right and equity, t4.> them, the grantors. In their quality ufor>Sfti88e8sion thereof, and at ttie same time giving full and irrevocable power, authority, and special command to the said Mr. Pauw |>eaceably to enjoy, occupy, cultivate, have and hold the aforesaid land taH'ptam actor et prixrur'Uor in rem mam ac propriam ; and also to do with and dispose of the same as he might do with his own lands to which he has a good and lawful title ; without their, the grantors, in their quality aforesaid, saving or reserving any pari, right, action, or authority Ihereunio in the least, either of ownerohip or juriedlction ; hut allogfther to the l»ohe approved of and held valid by the remaining joint owners as they are by right obligated to do; all in gtK>d faith without fraud or deceit. * In witne«is whereof, theee preaonta are confirmed with our usual sig- natures and with uur seal thereto affixed. *' Done at the aforesaid Island of Manahataa, in Fort .\msterdam, thia I2th July. 1630."! Pavonia.— On the 10th of August, 1630, Pauw also obtained a deed from the Indians for Staten Island^ and on the 22d of November, 1(I3(», a deed f<»r the western shore of the Hudson between Commiinipuw and Weehawken, where Jersey City is now situated. This purchase on the Jersey shore of the Hudson was named Paronia, the name beinp derived from latinizing the name of Mr. Pauw, the purchaser; and it was applied to the general colony on the west bank of the Hudson for a number of years. When and by whom the first settlement was made in Pav(tnia is uncertain. It is generally believed that there was some kind of a trading-post established here contem- porary with or immediately succeeding the Dutch settlement on Manhattan, about 1«>18.* But there seems to be no p(»sitive proof of the assertion. By the third article of the " Freedoms and Exemptions/* Pauw was obliged, within four years, to plant a colony of fifty .'*ouIs, upwards of fifteen years old, within the bounds of his purcha.'*e. How strictly he complied with this condition we are not informed; but in the year l«i;j;5 (here wa-s a colony in Pavonia under the charge of .Michael Paulusen or Paula/. De Vries visited him in May of that year, and made the follow- ing entr>' in his journal: "Coming to the boat on Long Island, night came on, and the tide began to turn, so that we rowed to Pavonia. We were there received by Michael Poula/, an (tfiicer in the service of the Company." The West India Ctunpany appears at this time to have had an agent there in the interest of the proprietor or Patroon. In the latter part of ' Land Paper (Albany) G. G.. 1.-WinfteM*s Und Titles, 3. * Smith's lliiU N. J.— Taylor's Anoals. etc. OLD BERGEN TOWN AND TOWNSHIP. 33 1633 the Company ordered the erection of two houses ill Pavonia. One of them was built at Communipaw, and was afterwards owned by Jan Evertsen Bout; the other was erected at Ahasimus, and was subse- quently owned by Cornelius Van Vorst. These were frame houses thatched with flags ; at least, we have authority for saying that such was the Van Vorst ■''mansion," in which lived the "head-commander" of the Patroon of Pavonia, the noble Lord of Achtien- hoven and Burgomaster of Amsterdam. We quote the following from Winfield's History of Hudson County : " No sooner had Van Vorst become settled in his new home than the dignitaries of New Amster- dam, representing both church and state, resolved to pay him a visit, as well to a.ssure hira of their distin- guished consideration as to sample his newlj'-arrived Bordeaux. On the 25th of June, 1636, Wouter Van Twiller, who was always 'glad to taste good wine,' but on whose shoulders rested the weighty cares of the New Netherland State, and Dominie Everardus Bogardus, the old Dutch preacher and husband of Anneke Jans, accompanied by Capt. De Vries, came over to Pavonia. Van Vorst entertained them with princelj- hospitality from his newly-filled wine-cellar. As time passed on and the sampling of the wine was repeated, the Governor and the Dominie grew warm and disputatious, if not angry, with their host. The modest entry in De Vries's journal that they ' had some words with the Patroon's Commissary' plainly means that they quarreled with him. The subject of the dispute was a murder which had been recently committed in Pavonia. Although the discussion ran high, and bad blood for a while threatened the peace of the occasion, yet another bumper or two was like oil on the troubled waters, for ' they eventually parted good friends.' Leaving their host and his good Vrouwtje, they entered their boat and started for New Amsterdam. Van Vorst, determined to deepen their impression how royally the rei>resentative of the Pa- troon of Pavonia could entertain such distinguished guests, fired a salute from a swivel' mounted on a pile in front of his house. How the reverberations of that primal salute must have rolled over the hills of Ahasimus ! and what a brilliant illumination followed to light the way of the parting guests ! ' A spark un- fortunately flying on the roof, which was thatched with reeds, set it in a blaze, and in half an hour the whole building was burned down.'^ Thus ended the first recorded entertainment in Pavonia." The colony of Pavonia did not prosjjer. Difficul- ties arising between the Patroon, ilr. Pauw, and the Directors of the Company, the latter finally succeeded in purchasing Pavonia for twenty -six thousand florins. Part of it (Ahasimus) became known as the " West India Company's Farm," and was leased by Jan Evertsen Bout. • St'-eii-atuk, a stone gun. s Bi-odliead, i. 26:1.— N. Y. Hist. Soc., N. S., i. 259. Meantime, under the reckless and arbitrary policy of the Director-General, Kieft, from 1638 to 1646, the Indians began to be troublesome and to threaten the extermination of the colony. Traders, disregarding the exclusive privileges of the Company, and actuated by a desire for gain, had unlawfully furnished the savages with arms and ammunition, which, upon the first serious provocation, became instruments of de- struction in their hands far more eftective than their aboriginal bows and arrows. To hasten the impend- ing conflict, Kieft, in 1639, resolved to exact of the Indians a tribute of maize, furs, and wampum. In 1643 the storm broke out, which ended in the destruc- tion of the settlements. " Pavonia and the adjoining district suffered more than any other section of New Netherland. So thoroughly wa.s the destruction of the settlements accomplished that from Tappan to the Highlands of the Nevesink the country was once more in the possession of its original masters." A re- port to the States-General says, " Every place almost is abandoned. We, wretched people, must skulk with our wives and little ones, that still are left, in poverty together, by and around the fort on Manhattes, where we are not one hour safe." These troubles kept the country in an almost disor- ganized condition till the close of the first Indian war, in the spring of 164.5, when a number of tribes con- cluded a treaty of peace with the authorities at New Amsterdam. The war had been carried on for eigh- teen months with but slight intermission. On the return of peace the owners and tenants of farms on the west side of the Hudson returned, and rebuilt their desolated homes. Petrus Stuyvesant, assuming command as Director- General, arrived at Manhattan on the 11th of May, 1647. Although Stuyvesant pursued a just and con- ciliatory policy towards the Indians, trouble soon again broke out. The shooting of an Indian girl by Hendrick Van Dyck, while in the act of stealing fruit from his orchard in the vicinity of Fort Amster- dam, was the immediate occasion. On the 15th of September, 1647, sixty-four canoes, carrying five hundred armed warriors, landed without warning at New Amsterdam and scattered themselves through the streets. Pursuing Van Dyck to the house of a neighbor, Vandiegrist, they wounded the former with arrows and cut down the latter with a tomahawk. " The town was aroused ; the guard attacked the savages and drove them to their canoes. They then crossed over to the west side of the river, and in the twinkling of an eye a house at Hoboken was in flames, and all Pavonia was soon on fire. From one end of the settlement to the other the torch and the toma- hawk did their work. Excepting the family of Mi- chael Jansen, at Communipaw, every man who did not seek safety in flight was killed. All the cattle were destroyed and everything burned. From Pavonia they passed over to Staten Island, and laid that waste. The attack raged for three days with all the fury of savage 34 HISTORY OF BERCEN AND PASSAIC COUNTIES, NEW JERSEY. warfare. The Dutrh lost one hundred in killed, one hundnni and Hfty were carried into captivity, and over three liundrcd were deprived of their homes."' Peace was finally made, and the captives restored. Ordinance Creating a Fortified Town.— The experience of scattered srttlenieiits having hitherto proveiii time to time pmvml tlial, in ; coiiaequoncc of (he sepanite dwellingv uf the country peuple lucatu^l on the FlHthind in diveni hookm und places, in coniplete opiKiBitton !<• the Onler and good tniontiiinnrtlie Ilunonitik' Company and its goTernmcut here, nuuiy niurden* of IViplc, killini; and deatrnction n{ rnttlo, ami burning of IIuubcs, have bet^-n L-tminiitted and per]>cti'ati'd hy the Indt> , aua, nativeM of this Conntry, the most of whicti niiglil )nive ht>et), with GoiVs hulp, prpveiitf><) and avoidixl, if the good InhabilAntti of this prov- ince bad »ettto>l thumHelvctt togeltior in the form of Townft, Vinages.and tiamlels, like our noighbon* of AVir Ewjlaud, wlio, hecauso of their com- bination and compai-t re«idenceet, liave never been ttubjoct to such, ul least not to so many and such general, disastorn, which have been causetl, next to GimI's rlghl<'uiis chiistisentent. on account of uur sins, l"y tempi- i Ing the Ravage barbarians thereunto by thu Hei>arate residences of the Country people; the one not being able, in time of neeil, to come to the •Mistance of the other, in consequence of the distance of the places, and the im|Mifl(iibility of the IHrector-GmiPral and Council to provide each Mpamte country house with sgnanl. To this, tiien, l>osidcN the Murders, I>amBgM, and the destruction of divers IViplo, Itouwries, and PliittUi- | tiuDS already sufTered, Is owing als«> the last, to the serious loss and bin- I dnince of Ihfs c^iunlry and ttie people tiiereof, ttie recurrence of wliich is to l>e apprehendfHl Hiid expt'< ted bfreaftcr no loss than now and hen-- toforc, nnh'NS the K'mhJ Inbabitntits are taught l>y their lo8.»tvi and Uwmv of uUient to he wiser and more prudent, uud to allow tliomselves to bu tnlluenced by gooound to, to form compai:t dwellings ' in suitalde places In fonn and manner as will be hiid down by the Diroc* ' tor-General and ('oiincil, or l>y their Commisslonere, when the Director- Generai and Council will l>e alilo to assist and maintAin thotr subjects, with the power intrusted to th«'m by Got! and the Supremo government. " In order timl tbiM may )>e the belter executed and obeyed in future, the l>lr(H;tor General and (VnMM'll aforesaid ilo hereby ln>t only warn their good subjects, but likewise charge and command Ibcm to conceu- tmle Ihemsetveis, by next Spring, in the form of Towns, Villages, and Hainli-ts, Ho that Ihey may be tlie more elTectnally protected, niainl.iined, and di'fi'iidiHl against all amautls and attacks of the Itarbartans, by ea< h other and liy the military enlrusled to the Director-General and Council : Warning all thosi' who will, conlhiry hereunt*!, lenmiu hereafter on their iftdatod pInnlatioitH, that they will do mt at their iieril. without obtaining, in timeof ii(m>m the IMreclor-Genenil and Council. They shall, moreover, l>e flneii annually tliesuni of 26 guUdorv for the Itehoof of (Imi puldic. " rnribennnre, the l)|r«H:tur-Genenil ami Council, in onler to prevent a tiMi sniMen connngnlion, do ordain thnt from now henceforth no Housea shall be roverea) wltli Stniw or Reed, nor any more Chimneys tie cnnstnictotl uf ClnpUianls t>r W(M>d. "Thus 'lone. r««idv(Mi, rmumed, and enacted in the Asseuibly of tlie IMrector-<«eneral and (Vmncll, holden at hWt Ain»lerilitm In A«ir A'rfA#r- land, Dalml as nlM*Te."3 This onlinance wiw not iinincdiatcly carried into efiect. owing to the reluctaincc of the people to abandon I WlnnHd's nistorjr of llndaon Oiunty, pp. M, &f>. * N. Y. Ctd. UHA^ vl. 2ifl; W.nnfld, Ah. their old plantations and to adopt a mode of living not only novel, hut attended hy a sacrifice which many felt ill prepared to make. The ordinance was reaf- finned the next year, and the people were commanded to ci>s. l*eiH>ghon, I'arsoiliques, andotheni, part- ners of the lands hereafter mentioned. Who declare to l>e the right owners of the lands lying on the west side of the N«irili River In New Nethorlandt, beginning by the Great Rock aUive Wlehacken.^ and from thence acrotss through the Inuds, till alH>ve the Islandt Siskakes,* and from tlience along the channel side till Constable's Hoeck. And from Constable's Hoeck again, tilt the aforementioned UfK-ktaliove Wiehacken, with all the lands, inlnndK, rliannels, valleys, therein comprehendeil, in such manner iw the ub>renieutioned |»4rcel of lands are surrounded nnd eti(.ompassed by the North River, the Kill Van Koll, and the aforesaid direct line from the Rock above Wlehackeii. till aln»ve Slskakes, where it is divided by the Channel. Which lands tlicy offer abeidutely to sell into the Directur-GeuerHl and Council on the one side, and the aforesaid Indians, ftir tliem^elvevi and them that are abtient, have acconled and agreed in the manner following, in the presence of the bereiuafter men- tioned Cbrititian and Indian wiiueMes: The aforesaid Indians do ac- knowletlge to have sold, reeigned, and lrans|>urted,as they do by these presents, nil the landK heretofore mentioned, to the aforesaid Director- General and Council and their snccessorn, for eighty fathom of wampum, twenty fathom of cloUi, twelve kettles, six guns, two blankets, one double kettle, and one half-barrel of strong beer. Which effects they hereby acknowleilge to have enjityed and recelrod l»eforvtlie poMlng and signing of this. "Wherefore they do declare, for tliemwlves anil them which are ali- MDt, to resign and tranap^ift tlio lands before mentbiriet rem.»ve by thi- first convenient opiH>r- tunity off the lauds aforeMiid ; and tliat none of their nallon shall come and continue to dwelt upon It, without knowledge or consent of the Director-General and Council. Thus dune at the fort Amsterdam, and ilgnid with the marks of the Imliaits, after the cargi>es were dellrered to their hands, on the :imb day of January, Anno Domini 1&'>8. " T, the mark of Tberincquss made " K, the nnirk of WawajH-hack. by himself. '*(, the mark of Seghkow. '* F, tlie mark of Same*. '*t, tlio mark of Kughkenmingh Warlmus Con woe. " F, the mark of nod and faithful magistrates aro in the eastern side of the Delaware River,— including New York ami New Jersey. In the same year James, Duke of York, by indenture of lease and release, ' Sherlir. 1 Magiitralea. • AlUny Itacorda, xlx. 282.— WInllolil, p. 80. • Dutch giiTernmant rotored pi lor to this last data. granted and sold to John, Lord Berkeley, Baron of Stratton, and Sir George Carteret, of Saltrum, the territory of Nova Cicsarea, or New Jersey. Under their charter from the Duke of York, Berkeley and Carteret proceeded to establish civil government in New Jersey. For this purpose they had a constitu- tion drawn up in England, entitled "The Concessions and Agreement of the Lords Proprietors of the Pro- vince of New Csesarea or New Jersey to and with all and every the Adventurers, and all such as shall settle or plant there." This instrument was engrossed on parchment, and signed by them on the 10th of Feb- ruary, 1(>G4. Philip Carteret was appointed (Jovernor of the province, but did not arrive thither till August, 1665. In the mean time New Jersey was placed un- der the jurisdiction of Col. Richard Nicoll, Governor of New York. During the interval a legislative Council or Assembly convened at Klizabethtown'' on the 10th of April, 1664. Bergen was represented in this Assembly — the first ever held in the province — by Engelbert Steenhuysen and Herman Smeeman." This government was continued over the Province of New Jersey until. the establishment of the separate Propri- etary governments after the division into Eiist and West Jersey. With the Western division our history has nothing to do, and therefore we shall pass over the subject of the partition lightly. On the 1st of July, 167r), par- tition was made of New Jersey by deed,' so that the eastern jiart, known as East Jersey, was allotted to Sir George t'arteret. Sir George, by his last will and testament, dated Dec. 5, 1678, devised the same to.Iohn, Earl of Bath, and others, lus trustees, to sell the same, and appointed Elizabeth Carteret sole executri.x ; and she, with the other trustees, by deed of lease and release, dated 1st and 2d of February, 1680, sold and conveyed all East .lersey to William Penn and eleven others, which twelve persons \;ere known by the name of the "Twelve Proprietors of East Jersey." Th&se twelve proprietors, by twelve separate deeds, in 1682, conveyed each one-half of their respective inter- ests in E;ust .lersey to .lames. Earl of Perth, and eleven others, whereby East Jersey became held by twenty- four General Pi-oprictors, each holding in fee one- twenty-fourth part or propriety of the same. Thus from these proprietors have issued from time to time their deeds for the portions of territory .sold by them in East .Jersey, their office being at Perth Amboy, where all such conveyances and other records have been kept. Philip Carteret, soon after his arrival at Elizabeth- town as Governor, in August, 1(!6.'), reorganized the Ctmrt at Bergen, commissioning Capt. Nicholits Var- let, who was m:ide jiresident, to "constitute and ap- point a court of judicature for the inhabitants of Bergen, Geniocnepaen, .Miasymes, and Hoobooken, A .So namod In honor of Ellzabatli, wife of Sir George Carteret. • Umdhrad, p. 729. ' Quinlaparlito Deed, Learning and Splcer, 61. OLD BERGEN TOWN AND TOWNSHIP. 37 to be held and kept as often as occasion shall require in the aforesaid town of Bergen." This was the first court under the English rule. Herman Bmeenian and Caspar Stuynmets, of Bergen, and Elias Micheelssen of Comniunipaw, were appointed magistrates, to sit in the court as assistants. This court had a " Reg- ister," or clerk, to keep a record of all actions, and a " sergeant," or " statesboade," to execute alt its acts and warrants. All writs and warrants were in the name of the king, and no appeal to the Governor and CouncU was allowed under the sum of ten pounds sterling. " And this," says the Commission, "to con- tinue till Wee shall otherwise provide for the settle- ment of those aflairs, and no Longer." The judges of this court up to the time of the di- vision of the province were, Nicholas Varlet, Presi- dent ; Herman Smeeman, Caspar Steinmets, Julias Michielsen, Ide Van Vorst, Assistants, Aug. 30, 16G5 ; Tynaraent Van Vleck, Clerk ; William Sandford, March 8, 1669; Samuel Edsall, Lourens Andriesen (either to act as pi-esident), Feb. 15, 1674 ; John Berry, President; Samuel Edsall, Lourens Andriesen, Elias Michielsen, Engelbert Steenhuysen, Assistants, March 13, 1676. The same persons were reappointed Feb. 16, 1677.' New Charter of Bergen. — On the 22d of Septem- ber, 1668, a new charter was granted to Bergen, con- firmatory of the rights as to land possessed by the "Freeholders and Inhabitants" under the Dutch charter of 1658. It also contained some new pro- visions and privileges, and defined the boundaries of the township of Bergen, as follows : "The boiinda and limits of the aforesaid town and corporation of Ber- gen is, to begin at tlie north end thereof, from a place called Mordavis Meadow, lying upon the west side of Hudson's River; from thence to run upon a northwest line, by a three-rail fence, that is now standing, to a place called Espatin, and from thence to a little creek surrounding north- northwest, till it conies into Httckensack River; containing in breadth from the top of the hill one and a-haif miles, or one hundred and twenty chains. From thence it runs along said Ilackensack River upon a south-sontliwest line, till it comes to the poiut or neck of land that is over against Staten Island and Sllotiter's Island, in Arthur Cull Bay, containing in length about twelve miles. From thence to run eastward along the river called Kill Van KoU, that parts Staten Island and the main, to a point or neck of land called Constable's Point or Constable's Hook, and from thence to rnn up northward, all along the bay up into Hudson's River, till it comes to Mordavis Meadow aforesaid; so that the whole tract of upland and meadow properly belonging to the juris- diction of Uie said town and corimi-ation of Bergen, is bounded at the north end by a tract of land belonging to Capt. Nicholas Varlet, and Mr. Samuel Edsall ; on the east side by Hud oil's River; on the south end by the Kill Van Koll, that parts Staten Island and the main; and on the west side by Arthur Cull Bay and Hackensack River. The whole, both upland, meiidow and waste land, containing, according to the survey, eleven thousand five hundred and twenty acres, English measure." This charter granted the utmost liberty of con- science in matters of religion; provided for a court of judicature for the trial of all causes actionable between party and party, as well as criminal causes ; made provision also for the support of the church and a free school for the education of youth. Rarely ^ See chaptei- on Courts in this work. do we find in any charter of rights and privileges, of so early a date, so many truly libera! provisions. Under this charter the government of the township was maintained until the 14th day of January, in the 12th year of the reign of Queen Anne, 1714, when a petition from Andrew Van Buskirk, Barrent Chris- tian, Enoch Freeland, Kutt Van Home, Hendrick Cuyper, Winder Deverichs, and John Deverichs, freeholders, in behalf of themselves and the other freeholders of the town, setting forth the previous possession and enjoyments of their ancestors, of divers lands, tenements, and hereditaments, and their exer- cise of divers privileges and immunities, by virtue of the charter of September 22, 1668, and that many of the lands were lying undivided, and were subject to great damage and waste of wood ; and that by said charter sufficient authority was not given to pre- vent such damage, as well as for other purposes, and that, in consequence, relief was needed from the government. An act was passed of that date, in the reign of Queen Anne, giving the petitioners a new charter, as a township or body corporate, by the name of " The Trustees of the Freeholders, Inhabitants of the Township of Bergen," with more extensive powers. When New Netherland was retaken by the Dutch in 1673, a summons was sent from the fleet'' in New York harbor to the citizens of Bergen to surrender and renew their allegiance. It was addressed " To the luhabiidHls of the Villitge of Bergen, iind the Hamlets and Bouwries thereon depending : " You are hereby ordered and instructed to despatch Delegates from your Village here to us, to treat with us on next Tuesday respecting the surrender of your town to the obedience of their High Mightinesses the Lord States-General of the United Netlierlands, his Serene Highness the Prince of Orange, or on refusal so to do, we shall be obliged to constrain you thereunto by force of arms. " Dated at the City Hall of the City of New Orange the 12tli of August, 1673. "Cornelius Evertse, Junior, Jacob Benches. " By their order, N. Bayard, Secretary." The people surrendered, and on the 21st of August a number of the leading citizens, repairing to New York, now New Orange, were qualified as magistrates by taking the prescribed oath of allegiance. On the following Sunday the officers crossed over to the vil- lage to administer the oath to the rest of the inhab- itants. "They found the number of the burghers of Bergen and the surrounding dependencies to heseventy- eighl, sixty-nine of whom appeared at the tap of the drum and took the oath of allegiance."" The Dutch authorities, however, remained but a short time in possession of the country, for on the 9th of February, 1674, peace was established between England and Holland, and by the sixth article of the treaty of Westminster, New Netherland was restored - A fleet of twenty-three vessels, carrying sixteen hundred men. 3 Winfield, p. 117. 38 HISTORY OF BERGEN AND PASSAIC COUNTIES, NEW JERSEY. to the English. On the 10th of November following, the final surreuder took place. This event was fullowed by a second grant to the Duke of York by Charles 11. , June 29, 1G74.' The duke, July 2Uth of the same year, reconveyed to Sir Georpe Carteret that portion known after the division as Kasi .IiTscy. Lands in the Township. — The original grants of lands in the old townsliip of Hergen were all derived from the Dutcli government. The titles to these lands were respected in the articles of capitulation, wherein it wits stipulated that all people were per- mitted to enjoy their lands, homes, and goods, and dispose of them at i>leasure. Subseijuently the free- holders in the township, feeling insecure on account of the treaty of Hreda, took out confirmatory grants from the proprietors of East Jersey, subject to a quit- rent of one halfpenny per acre yearly. lu the charter of Carteret this was eom|)oundod for fifteen pounds sterling per annum, which wiis paid for a time. Upon its refusal a controversy arose between the pro[irictors and the freeholders of Bergen. Cornclus Van Kipen was arrested for the debt. A compromise was effected, and in consideration of the payment of one thousand five hundred dollars the freeholders of Bergen re- ceived a full release, signed Oct. 5, 1809. The common lands of the township were surveyed and divided by commissioners appointed by the Leg- islature in 17(>4. The title of the act is as follows : "An Act appointing Commissioners for finally set- tling and determining the deverul Rights, Titles, and Claims U) the Common Lands of the Township of Bergen, and for making a partition thereof in just and e()uitablc I'roportions among tliose who shall be ad- judged by the said Commissioners to be entitled to the same." The partition directed by the said Act was performed by si.\ of the seven commissioners therein appointt-d, — to wit, .Jacob Spicer, Charles Clinton, William Donaldson, Azariah Dunham, John Berrien, and .Xbraham Clark, Jr. ; Samuel Willis, the seventh, declined to serve. Not one of these commis- sioncn* lived in the county of Bergen. Jacob Spicer lived in Cape May, wiis a wealthy land-owner, mer- chant, and surveyor, and with Aaron Leaming [ire- pared the revision of the laws known as " Leaming and .Spicer's Collection." Charles Clinton lived in Ulster County, New York, where he was appointed •Surveyor-General and Judge of the Common Pleas, and served in the campaign against Fort Krontenac in 17-'>t;. He Wiis the grandfather of De Witt Clinton. William Doruildson lived in Somerset County, anil wiLs a surveyor. Azariah Dunham resiliil TIIlM— NolM loFlrld-Book, pp. 3U, Ml. ' Arllrlm In full In Winn.'M'» Liilid Tlll,n. 10, 17. « Unil Titlri, |<. 24. OTHER ANCIENT SETTLEMENTS. 39 Bergen now Hudson County. On account of their great value in this regard, the Board of Chosen Free- holders of Hudson County, through an appropriate committee appointed Jan. 12, 1871, authorized Charles H. Winfield, Esq., to edit and publish them in book form. Hence the " Land Titles in Hudson County," to which the reader is referred, not only for a full ac- count of the lands apportioned by the Commissioners of 17(5-1, but a vast amount of valuable information respecting the earliest patents and patentees under the Dutch government and that of the Proprietors, in that part of the ancient county of Bergen which was set off under the name of Hudson in 1840. Charter of Carteret. — The charter of Carteretf 1668) made provision for the educational and religious inter- ests of the town. The sixth article provided that all the freeholders, or a major part of them, should have power to choose their own minister for preaching the word of God and administering the holy sacraments, and, being so chosen, all persons, as well as freeholders, should contribute according to their estates and means for his support, or should lay out such a portion of land for the minister, and for the keeping of a, free school for the education of youth, as they shall see fit, which land, being once laid out, is not to be alienated, but to "remain {oiever free from paying any rent or any other rate or taxes whatsoever." In accordance with these provisions, three lots were early set apart for the purpose of a free school, — one village lot and two out or pasture lots, — numbers 177, 178, and 179, respec- tively, of the Field-Book. In this book, made by the commissioners for the division of the common lands, they are designated "For the Free School of the town of Bergen." For many years the school of the village was kept under the direction of the Church, " the Consistory appointing the schoolmaster, who, in ad- dition to the ordinary instruction in the elementary branches of education, was required to hear recitations in the catechism, and at stated times to receive the pastor or elders of the church, when all the pupils of the school were to be catechised. . . . For several successive generations this was the course pursued." " The author has heard," says Rev. Dr. Taylor, "some of the most aged people of his pastoral flock refer to the days of their childhood, when from all parts of the township, as it then existed, including Hoboken, Jersey City, and 15ergen Point, they and their school- mates were busied with their lessons in Dutch and English, using principally as a reading-book the Psalter and New Testament, and rather dreading the day for the good old Dominie's catechism." " ]5ergen Columbia Academy" was an institution which existed many years. The date of its charter is not given in the history furnished by Dr. Taylor, but the large brown-stone building erected for its accom- modation in 1790, this author thinks, was the third building used for the school.' > Taylor's Aunals, p. 102. The old Reformed Dutch Church of this town was the earliest organization of the kind in East Jersey. In 1662, four hundred and seventeen guilders ($166.80) were raised by tax in the township for building an edifice of worship. In this year there were twenty- seven communicants. The building was not erected till 1680. It was an octagonal building in the shape of a lantern, the roof being exceeding steep, with a cross extended to a considerable height above its apex. The windows were on the eight sides, and quite small and high from the ground. This building was standing in 1764.'^ A new building was erected in 1773. In a stone over the front door was this inscription : "Kerk Geljouwt in Het Taer 16SII. Her Bouwt in Itet Yacr 1773."' CHAPTER VII. OTHER ANCIENT SETTLEMENTS. We will now notice some of the other settlements in the old township of Bergen and other parts of the county. Communipaw, adjoining Jersey City on the south, was one of the earliest settlements on the west bank of Hudson River. Its first settler was Jan Evertse Bout in 1634. He was the agent of Nicholas Pauw until the patroon sold to the West India Company^ and about 1638 rented the Company's farm. This farm or bouwrie included all the upland lying be- tween Communipaw Creek on the south and the meadow on the north. Bout afterwards received a patent of the farm as a gift. " Up to February, 1643," says Winfield, " no set- tlement had been made north of Hoboken. At this place a farm-house and brew-house had been built, and a bouwrie cleared and planted. Here Aert Teunissen Van Putten resided." Van Putten was the first white resident of Hoboken. He leased the farm Feb. 15, 1640, for twelve years from Jan. 1 1641.* "At Ahasimus was the family of Cornelius Van Vorst, deceased, at the head of which was Jacob Stof- felsen, who had married Van Vorst's widow. " At Paulus Hoeck were Abraham Isaacsen Planck and his tenants, Gerrit Dircksen Blauw, Claes Jansen Van Purmerendt, alias Jan Potagie, and Cornells Arissen. " At Jan de Lacher's Hoeck, or Mill Creek Point, as an under-tenant of Bout, resided Egbert Wouters- sen with his family. . . . " On the blutf immediately in the rear of Cavan Point, and just where the Central Railroad crosses the Morris Canal, lived Dirck Straatmaker." 2 See cut in Wiufield's History of Hudson County, p. 381. 3 For full history of this and other churches in the old township, see Taylor's Annals, and Winfield's History of Hudson County. * N. y. Col. MSS., i. 187. 40 HISTORY OF BKKCEN AND PASSAIC COUNTIES, NEW JERSEY. These settlements were destroyed in the Indian war of 1644. After tlie war Bout retunu'd to liis farm at Communipaw. He soon sold part of it to Michael Jansen for eight thousand florins, and the rest to Clacs Pietersen Cos for one thousand four hundred and forty-four Horins and three stivers. Jaiisen in 1046 and sul>se N Smilli'ii lllat. Nrw Jirwjr. ■ (In till. 'JMtli of Jtiljr, lOHA, In cnnsldnnitlun of cortnln act« promotive of lt<« MlTnnlftK* And lntf>r»i>l of Kiwt Jerery, tlio |)roprlotoni In Knylanil Krvntvii Ar« ),iiiiilr*(l Bcrm of lanout three mllM^ which distance serves to Constable's llixik, npwanlrt of ten Diilefi. "To go back to the south part of Itergen Neck, that b opposite to Statan Island, where is but a narrow luissage of water, which ebbfl and flows ttetween the said island and Bergen Point, called Constable's Hook. There is a considerable plantation on that side of Constable's Hook, ex- tending inland aliout a ntile over from the liay on the east aide of the neck that leads to New York, to that on the west that goes to Hackeii- sack and Snake Hill, the neck running up between lioth, from the south to the north of Hudson's River, tt» the utmost extent of their Ujunds. It was first settled by Samuel Kdsall in Col. Nichol's time, and by hitn sold fur £600." Other small plantations along the Neck to the east are named. Among them one "belonging to George I'mpane (Gomouueepan) which is over against New York, where there is about forty families,* within which, about the middle of the neck, which is here aUnit three miles over, stands the town of Bergen, which gives name to that neck. Then, again, northward to the water's side, going up Hudson's River, there lies out a iH>int of land where is a plantation and a water (mill) belonging Ui a merchant in Nflw York. " Southward Uiere is a small Tillage, of about five or six familiea, which is commonly called the liuke's Farm. Further up is a good plaotaUon in A neck of laml almost an island, culled Hobuck; it did belong to a Dutch merchant, who formerly in the Intlian war bwl bis wife, children, and servants tiiiuwacred by the Indians, and bis house, cattle, and stock destroyed by them. It is now settled again, and a mill erected there by one dwelling at New York. ** Up iiorthwiinl along the river side are the lauds ncMir to BIr. William Lawrence, which is six or seven miles further. OpixisltD thereto there is a plantation of M r. I'/Uull, and al^ive that <'a|it. llienlleld's plantation ; tills lost is iilmost opiNisite the northwest of >laiiliatla's Islsitd. " Here are the utmost extent of the nortliem boumU ol Kast JnrMy, as always contemplalMl. " Near the mouth of the bay, upon the side of Overlieck's Creek, ailja- celit to Ilackensack River, sevet al of the rich valleys were settled by the Dutch ; and iiejir Snake Hill is a line plantation owneii by rinliome A KIckbe, for half of which rinliorii.' is said I.1 have |>ai.l JWKI. "The plantations .ui Isilh sides of the neck to its utmost extent, ■• also tho.-o- at llaikensack, ar<> under the jurisdiction of Bergen Town, ^ilUllte ulmut tlie mid. lie of tile nwk." . . . New Barbadoes Neck. — That portion of the an- cient territory of Bergen known as New Barbadoes Neck was probably first settled by the Kingslands soon after the settlements above described. It is not certain that Juilge William Samlford ever .settled upon his patent in this section of the c