•ECOND COFY, 
 I8d9. 
 
A PRACTICAL COURSE 
 
 IVlECHANlCAL DRAWING 
 
 WILLIAM FOX, M. E., 
 
 Assistant Professur cf Applied Matl'fniutics, College of the City 
 of New York-. 
 
 ' AND 
 
 CHARLES W. THOMAS, M. E., 
 
 Member of the A. S. M. r.. Instructor in Descriptive Geometrj cmd Drawing. 
 College of the City of New York. 
 
 WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY, 
 
 23 MURRAY AND 27 WARREN STREETS 
 
 1899 
 

 \^ .A^ 
 
 i 
 
 39565 
 
 Copyngm, 1899, 
 
 BY 
 
 D Van Nostrand Compawy, 
 
 isas I 
 
 
F*REKACE. 
 
 The object of this work is to provide a simple, prac- 
 tical course of progressive lessons in Mechanical Draw- 
 ing. It will be noticed that all instructions are given in 
 connection with a special, concrete exercise, instead of 
 being presented in an abstract and general manner; fur- 
 thermore, the didactic principle of " one thing at a time " 
 has been followed as much as possible. 
 
 No practical draughtsman will criticise us for not 
 starting with the traditional geometric problems that, 
 from time immemorial, have adorned the introductory- 
 pages of " Manuals of Mechanical Drawing." We have 
 reason to believe that the average student does not appre- 
 ciate the beauty and use of Euclid's Geometry and 
 Monge's Descriptive Geometry, if these subjects are 
 introduced before their bearing and practical application 
 are understood. We reserve the introduction of such 
 scientific work for a second part, hoping thereby to 
 arouse an interest in advanced problems that necessitate 
 strictly mathematical constructions. 
 
 The subject is best taught with the use of models, 
 instead of sketches and pictorial illustrations. A glance 
 through the book will convince the teacher that a set of 
 models corresponding to the exercises can be easily 
 procured. The result of the instruction will then be real 
 instead of imaginary, since the student knows absolutely 
 what his drawings represent, and need not rely on an 
 untrained imagination. 
 
 ■UjL 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 This course is peculiarly adapted to the need ^ of High- 
 schools, Schools for Apprentices, and 3'oung Mechanics. 
 The exercises are elementary and progressive in character. 
 There is no striving after effect ; all thinking teachers 
 deplore the tendency tov^ards ' ' exhibition-work ' ' of any 
 kind ; the danger in the case of mechanical drawing is 
 the greatest of all. The student is taught to copy a 
 magnificently tinted, complicated drawing in a faithful, 
 photographic style ; and, lo, the populace stand open- 
 mouthed before a work of ' ' art ' ' of absolutely no educa- 
 tional value. Ask the skillful draughtsman of a marine- 
 triple- expansion-steam-engine to make a working sketch 
 of the piston rod and nee what he invents ! 
 
 The figures in this book are intended to show what an 
 average draughtsman should be able to accomplish. No 
 unusual skill or finish is claimed for these illustrations ; 
 their very imperfections are such as to encourage the 
 student, since he feels that he can certainly do at least as 
 well as the designer. We trust that after he has faith- 
 fully worked through the series of exercises prescribed, 
 the pupil will find that he can make sketches from any 
 actual piece of machinery, and also that he will be able 
 to ' ' read ' ' and understand an ordinary mechanical 
 drawing. 
 
 We take this opportunity to express our thanks for 
 cuts furnished by Lexington Gear Works, Schwencke, 
 Kirk & Co., F. W. Devoe, C. T. Raynolds Co. and 
 Keuffel & Ksser. 
 
 CoivLEGE OF THE CiTY OF NEW YORK, W. F. 
 
 November, 1898. C. W. T. 
 
COXTHNTS. 
 
 PARES 
 
 Introduction 1-5 
 
 Working drawinocs ; perspective ; parallel perspec- 
 tive ; perpendicular projection; views. 
 
 Use of T-Square, Triangles and Ruling Pen. 6-11 
 
 E-vercise i. — Practice drawing. 
 
 Material required and its use. 
 Exercise 2. — A. Square Prism, a Square Pyramid, 
 and a Wedge 
 
 Clioice of views ; foresliortenc d lines. 
 
 Dimension Links 12-13 
 
 E.veirise j. — Biocks. 
 
 Dimensioning drawings. 
 
 Drawing to Scale 14-16 
 
 Exo'cise 4, — Bench. 
 
 Scale-rule. 
 Exercise 5. — Box. 
 
 Freehand working sketch. 
 
 Center Lines 17-20 
 
 Exercise 6. -Pin. 
 
 Method of drawing center-lines; use 
 of compass. 
 
 Use of Dividers 21-24 
 
 Exercise 7. — Ink-pot 
 
 Division of lines into equal parts. 
 
 Use of Bowpen 25-27 
 
 Exercise S. -Angle-patch. 
 
 Small circle.-^. 
 Exercise g. — Face-wheel 
 
 Center-circle. 
 
 Sections 28-34 
 
 Exercise 10. a. Cylindrical Pipe; /'. Box and Cover. 
 
 Manner of taking and drawn ng sec- 
 tions. 
 Exercise 11. — Stufhng-box and gland 
 
 Sectioning different pieces. 
 Exercise 12. — a Phenix Column; b. Brasses. 
 
 Large and small section -surfaces. 
 
VI CONTENTS 
 
 PAGES 
 
 Shading ^ 35-45 
 
 Exercise 13. — Examples iuvolving projecting parts 
 and hollows. 
 Outline-shading. 
 Exercise 14 — Eye-bar 
 
 Shading of cylinders. 
 Exercise 15. — Rivets. 
 
 Shading spheres and cones. 
 Exercise 16. — a. Journal; b. Handle. 
 
 Shading fillets ; irregular curved 
 surfaces; use of sweeps. 
 Exercise ly.— a. Key; b. Pin; c. Bracket; d. Cylin- 
 der-head. 
 Miscellaneous rules for shading. 
 
 IvKTTERING 46-49 
 
 Exercise 18. — Ruled letters. 
 Exercise ig — Freehand Tetters. 
 
 Round writing. 
 Exercise ^o.— Lettering the Exercises 1-17. 
 
 Rules. 
 
 Screws ' 50-63 
 
 Explanations and general directions. 
 
 Exercise 21. — Bolt and nuts. 
 
 Triangular thread. 
 Exercise 22. — Oil -cup. 
 Exercise 23 — Tail-stock of Lathe. 
 
 Square-thread 
 Exercise 24. — Relief Valve. 
 
 Drawing of a helical spring. 
 
 COG-W HEELS 64-76 
 
 Exercise 2§. — Two Gear-wheels. 
 
 Parts and proportions of teeth. 
 Exercise 26. — Rack and 'iuion. 
 Exercise ^7. — Worm and Worm-wheel. 
 Exercise 28 — Bevel-gear and Pinion. 
 
 Reading of Drawings 77-86 
 
 Exercise 2g. — Main Shaft of Steam-engine. 
 
 Conventional markings. 
 Exercise JO. — Piston and Piston-rod. 
 Exercise j/. — Con necting-rod . 
 
 Use of detail views. 
 
 Miscellaneous 87-92 
 
 Views ; Dimensions ; Methods ; Colored Inks ; 
 Special Practice; Lettered Instructions; Tra- 
 cing; Additional Instruments. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 A zc or king draiving must give all the necessary infor- 
 mation to the workman, if it is to be of any practical use 
 in the shop. The form of the object to be constructed, 
 as well as the dimensions, must be shown in an unmis- 
 takable manner. Sometimes rigid laws, and in other 
 cases conventional rules, must be obeyed in order that the 
 resulting drawing can be easily " read " or understood. 
 
 It is evident that in deciding as to the different methods 
 to be emploj^ed certain conditions are imposed ; the method 
 which fulfills the greatest number of these conditions and 
 in the best manner, would naturalh^ be the one adopted. 
 A few of these are the following : parallel lines are to be 
 shown parallel ; dimensions of lines in the drawing should 
 correspond in some definite ratio to the real dimensions in 
 space ; angles between lines should be represented true to 
 nature ; the details of construction and the interior also 
 must be distinctl}^ shown. 
 
 An ordinary perspective drawing is not available for 
 this work, since it shows the object as it appears to the 
 eye with all the distortions of form and changed relative 
 dimensions. We find, however, that, as the point of view 
 is moved further and further away from the object, these 
 distortions are gradually decreased. Thus, if far enough 
 away, the eye would perceive the right angles of the front 
 face of a cube, for example, as right angles, and the front 
 face itself as a square, and the other edges as parallel 
 lines. 
 
2 MECHANICAL DRAWINP- 
 
 Let us now imagine a '.ear pane of glass to be placed 
 in front of the cube, and let us trace the outline and edges 
 of the cube on that pane as they would appear to an eye 
 very far away. Rays of light from every point of the 
 cube to the distant eye are practically parallel to each 
 other, and the points where they pierce the pane of glass, 
 form the image or tracing of the cube beyond. "^ig. ■ 
 shows the cube as viewed at an angle by an eye placed 
 far away, above the level of the cube and to the vight. 
 If we now suppose the eye to move down and to the front 
 of the object, the rays of vision will become perpendicular 
 to the pane of glass, and the top and the side of the cube 
 will shrink in size until, when at last the eye is in front, 
 they disappear altogether and Fig. 2 is the result. 
 
 Fig. I is a so-called parallel perspective of the cube. 
 The top and side are evidentl}^ distorted, while the edges, 
 though parallel to each other, may or may not be equal 
 in length to the lines bounding the front face, depen-^''" 
 on the obliquity of the view. This method of drawing is 
 useful in bringing out the solidity of an object, an- .^ 
 giving ■ ■ ' ^a concerning the relative dimensions of 
 
INTRODUCTION. 3 
 
 some of the lines. TheinforL ..ion imparted is, however, 
 not absolute. Thus, in the case of Fig. i , the block repre- 
 sented may be a solid in which the sides, top and bottom 
 are inclined to the front face, and are not at right angles 
 to it, as in the cube. We shall emplo}^ this method of 
 representation (parallel perspective) as an auxiliary to 
 -^nable the student to imagine the solids to be drawn. 
 
 Fig. 2 gives the manner usually employed. We may 
 imagine the eye sighting along each perpendicular edge 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 and tracing the lines on the transparent pane as the eye 
 moves, keeping alwaj's directl}^ in front of the edges 
 drawn. The result will then be the same as if the view 
 were taken from a ver}' distant point. This drawing alone 
 (Fig. 2) is, however, not sufficient : it gives only two 
 dimensions of the solid. To obtain the third dimension, 
 another direct view of the cube is traced on a trans- 
 parent plane placed perpendicularly to the pane in front of 
 +he object. This second view maybe either from the top, 
 liom below, from the right or from the left, and is taken 
 ' sighting in a manner like the one described above. 
 In a working draAving these views are th"*^ ~' d on the 
 
4 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 same sheet of paper in proper corresponding positions. 
 Usually two of the views taken suffice to show the form 
 and proportions : in complicated pieces of machinery, 
 however, three and even more views are necessary to 
 give the information required. The planes on which the 
 tracing is supposed to be done are placed at right angles 
 to each other, and the tracings are then properly arranged 
 on the same sheet of paper. 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 Fig. 3 shows a glass box in which the solid is sup- 
 posed to be placed ; the views are shown traced on the 
 panes, the lines of sight being in every case at right 
 angles to the pane taken. The view on the front plate is 
 called the front-view or elevation, and shows the front of 
 the object in its natural upright position ; the top plane 
 giv th_ top-view or plan ; the right and the left sides 
 
INTRODUCTION. 5 
 
 show respective!}^ the right and left side-views or end- 
 elevations ; the bottom carries the bottom-view or view 
 from the bottom upward. 
 
 Fig. 4 illustrates the proper grouping of the drawings. 
 The hinges marked in Fig. 3 indicate the manner in 
 
 
 froul Vieui or Froril Ele\iol\on. 
 
 To-p\rve\*; or "PVoon. 
 Ri^\ SideV(ieuf of RiM t\ev(i\OYtt 
 
 Bo\lom \HivJi 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 
 which the various plates are swung forward into the 
 plane in front of the object. The front view is placed in 
 the center, and each of the other views is placed to that 
 side of the elevation from which it is taken. 
 
M U DRAWIN' 
 
 USE OF T-SQUARE, TRIANGLES AND 
 RULING-PEN- 
 
 EXERCISE 1. 
 
 Draw the front-view, top-view and riglit-side-view of the 
 object shown in Figs. 3 and 4, making the lines about four 
 times as long as in Fij. 4. It need hardly be said that the 
 box, the panes, and the hinges are not to be drawn. 
 
 Special Instructions : The student is advised to 
 procure a drawing-board, la^xiy", an i8" T-square, two 
 triangles, 45°, and 60° and 30°, and thumbtacks. Special 
 drawing paper is to be used for this work, and a hard 
 pencil. No. 5 or No. 6 or grade VH, is needed for the 
 purpose of producing a faint sketch that can easily be 
 erased after the drawing has been inked in. The exer- 
 ;ises in this book are designed so as to go on paper 
 10" X 14", leaving a margin of at least %" on three sides, 
 and a special margin of i" on the left side for the purpose 
 of binding the set. 
 
 Figs. 5 and 6 illustrate the position of the T-square 
 for drawing horizontal lines ; perpendiculars to these 
 horizontals are made by means of the triangles as shown. 
 Parallel horizontal lines are constructed by simply shift- 
 ing the T-square, the head of the same being in contact 
 with the left-hand edge of the board. In a similar m-^ - 
 ner, perpendiculars are passed through points by si. 
 sliding the triangle along the T-square until it is in 
 proper position, as shown in Figs. 7 and 8. 
 
USh OF i^-SOUARE, 
 
 'S, ETC. 7 
 
 tor the present in 
 
 An ordinar}^ ;u- may u^ ,^. 
 
 measuring off disuances, as required. 
 
 The spacing of the views is chiefly a matter of artistic 
 judgment. All that can be said in regard to this matter 
 is that the views must not be too far apart, because they 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 
 then appear to be independent of one another, and it 
 
 , difficult to trace corresponding parts. Further- 
 
 .00 small a space must also be avoided, because 
 
 . the views are merged together and do not appear 
 
8 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 separate and distinct. It is also evident that large draw- 
 ings will require larger spaces than small ones. From 
 y^!' to i" is the amount that may be allowed in making 
 the exercises described in this book. 
 
 It is often desirable to show edges that are not 
 directly visible. This is done by means of so-called 
 dotted lines, which are really formed of short dashes. 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 
 These indicate that a certain edge or line would appear 
 in that position if the object were transparent enough. 
 The bottom view in Fig. 4 illustrates this conventional 
 method of representing hidden edges. 
 
 After the drawing has been sketched in pencil, it is to 
 be " inked in." The drawing-pen, and the proper man- 
 ner of holding it, are shown in Figs. 5 to 8. The India 
 
USE OF T-SOUARE, TRIANGLES, ETC. 9 
 
 ink used is somewhat different from the ordinary writing 
 fluids ; it can be obtained prepared and ready for use, or 
 may be rubbed up from a stick of Chinese ink. A quill, 
 or an ordinary writing-pen, is employed to transfer the 
 
 Fig. 7. 
 
 ink to the space between the blades of the drawing-pen. 
 The outside of these blades must be kept clean and free 
 from ink to prevent blotting. The desired thickness of 
 the line is obtained by tightening the little thumb-screw, 
 bringing the points of the blades the required distance 
 
lO 
 
 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 apart. Try your pen on a separate slip of paper, before 
 applying it to the drawing. Like any c " .ools, draw- 
 ing instruments must be kept clean, and should be wiped 
 ^f^y^r - the ink has a chance to dry. .\s regards the 
 qLib.-iL_y of tliC instruments, they should be the best that 
 the student is able to procure. 
 
 Erase all pencil lines with a soft rubber, that does not 
 mar the ink-lines. 
 
 Fio. 8. 
 
 EXERCISE 2. 
 Draw the plan and the elevation of the following objects : 
 
 a. A square prism, 2" x 2" x 3" ; 
 
 b. A square pyramid, 2"x2"x3" high; 
 
 c. A wedge (triangular prism), rectangular base IK" x 3" ; 
 height, 2 2". 
 
 SpECIaIv Instructions : The elevation represents the 
 
 object in its natural position. Thus, the prism should be 
 
USE OF T-SOUARE, TRIANGLES, ETC. II 
 
 placed in an upright position, the front face (2" x 3") ap- 
 pearing as a 1- :angle in full size ; similarly the plan will 
 show a squar whose side is 2" . The pyramid, in a like 
 manner, is best placed on the square base : the ^ ^x 
 
 then be a square with the diagonals to represent the slant- 
 ing edges . It will be noticed that these edges are foreshort- 
 ened in both views, and therefore their actual length can- 
 not be determined directly from the drawing ; if the alti- 
 tude or height of the pyramid and half the diagonal in the 
 square plan are laid off perpendicularly to each other, then 
 the line (hypothenuse) completing the right-angled trian- 
 gle will give the length of the slanting edges. 
 
 From the dimensions given, the elevation and the plan 
 of the wedge can be readily found. The former will be 
 a rectangle, 3"x 2V2", but does not show the true size of 
 the slanting front face ; the wedge-line appears as a line 
 drawn across the rectangular plan (3" x i^/^'O' which gives 
 the true size of the base only. If desired, the dimensions 
 of the slanting lines can be found by a construction simi- 
 lar to the one described in connection with the pyramid. 
 Instead of the rectangular elevation , a view from the trian- 
 gular end may be substituted ; the result will then be a 
 drawing showing more clearly the form of the wedge. 
 
12 
 
 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 DIMENSION-LINES, 
 
 EXERCISE 3. 
 
 Draw three views (front-view, side-view, and plan) each 
 of Fig. 9 and Fig. 10.* Mark the dimensions on the drawing ! 
 
 SpECiaIv Instructions : Auxiliary lines are used to 
 show dimensions. These are thin, long-dashed lines 
 
 Fig. 9. 
 
 drawn near and parallel to the distances the size of which 
 is to be given. The ends of the dimension lines are shown 
 to correspond to the proper points by short cross lines ; 
 
 ♦Note: Fig. 10 is a so-called Isometric drawing. 
 
DIMENSION-LINKS. 
 
 13 
 
 they are also marked with arrowheads, drawn free-hand 
 with an ordinary writing-pen. In a space left open near 
 the middle of the dimension-line the figure indicating the 
 length is marked. These figures are best placed so as to 
 read along the dimension lines, and from the bottom or 
 from the right-hand side, for horizontals and verticals 
 respectively. The inch (marked '') is usually taken as 
 the unit.* 
 
 Fig. 10. 
 
 The sketches shown in Figs. 9 and 10 are intended to 
 take the place of models ; they indicate the solid form of 
 the object to be drawn. 
 
 The dimensions should be marked on every working 
 drawing ; hence the student is expected to ' ' figure ' ' every 
 exercise following. 
 
 ♦Several forms of these figures are given in Fig. 50. 
 
14 
 
 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 DRAWING TO SCALE. 
 
 EXERCISE 4. 
 
 Draw the three views required for the bench shown in 
 Fig. 11. Scale: 34" = l"- 
 
 SpECIai, Instructions : Since it is rarely practicable 
 to make the dimensions of a drawing the same as those of 
 the object itself, the method of drawing to scale has been 
 
 -Hi^FT 
 
 
 >iii*— 
 
 ..a 
 
 Fig 11. 
 
 invented. The relative proportions of the parts are cor- 
 rectly shown, while the actual dimensions are obtained by 
 using a reduced unit. Thus, in this drawing each ^" 
 stands for i'' on the object ; and if we construct a rule on 
 which the quarter-inches are marked in the order of num- 
 bers as the inches on the inch-rule, it can be used directly 
 
DRAWING TO SCALE. 1 5 
 
 to lay off required distances on our drawing. The student 
 is advised to buy a special scale-rule, at least 12" long, 
 and divided to several different scales on various sides. 
 A good scale is the triangular scale, shown Fig. 12, 
 giving different divisions on the six sides and in the 
 grooves. These correspond to %2", Vs", %6", Vi", % ", 
 V2", %", i") i%"» 3'> 12", to the foot, 5aelding reduc- 
 tions as follows : 1/128, %6, Ve-i, Ma, ¥32, %4, Vie, V\2, 
 i/s, lA, and I. 
 
 The 1/2'' to the foot can be used as a %" scale, the 
 inch being then subdivided into twelfths instead of 
 eighths and sixteenths as usual. 
 
 
 M'-''(i) V 2 
 
 3| i ^ 6 1\ At 
 
 10 Jil 12 1|3 r 
 
 cii (1 a i 
 
 1 s * t t. .1 \ 
 
 1 ly / 1 
 
 
 
 1 4:^^ 
 
 
 
 i I I I I I I ! M I I I 1 1 I I ililili [ I 
 
 Fig. 12. 
 
 The scale may also be given simply as an abstract 
 fraction, or again as a certain number of inches or frac- 
 tions of an inch to the foot. Thus, the scale \i" = 1" 
 may be called scale i/4, or scale 3" =^ i'. In every case 
 the scale of the drawing should be marked on it. If for 
 some reason or other an unusual scale is taken, a few 
 dimensions should be marked off on a separate line, as 
 exemplified in maps. 
 
 The student's attention is called to the special manner 
 of figuring small dimensions : the arrow-heads may be 
 turned the other way, as for the dimension 1I/2"; or else 
 the figure may be placed outside altogether, as for ^2" • 
 (See Fig. 11.) 
 
 The form of the bench is shown in the free-hand 
 perspective sketch. 
 
i6 
 
 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 EXERCISE 5. 
 
 Construct a complete working drawing from the free- 
 hand perspective sketch of the box shown in Fig. 13. Scale 
 1" - 1' (1 ft.). 
 
 Speciai^ Instructions : A rough sketch is very 
 often given to a draughtsman, from which he is required 
 to construct a complete and accurate drawing. In order 
 to accustom the student to such work, he should be 
 required to develop and copy drawings without paying 
 
 Fig. 13. 
 
 the slightest attention to faulty outline, wrong propor- 
 tions, or other mistakes in the original before him. He 
 should also practice sketching free-hand and marking 
 dimensions in a clear and unmistakable manner ; for that 
 purpose actual models or pieces of machinery are neces- 
 sar}^, from which the draughtsman first makes a rough 
 dimensioned sketch, and then works out the finished 
 drawing. 
 
 The student must decide for himself what views are 
 necessary for the complete drawing. 
 
CENTER LINES. 
 
 17 
 
 CENTER LINES. 
 
 EXERCISE 6.* 
 
 Front- view and bottom- view of a pin, shown in Figs. 14 
 and 15. Full size. 
 
 Special Instructions : The center of the circle is 
 to be marked bj^ the intersection of two lines, called 
 center-lines. One of these is drawn through the two 
 
 Fig. 14. 
 
 Fig. 15. 
 
 views, and shows that they belong together : the other is 
 at right angles to the former and marks the center of the 
 circle. In order to distins^uish them from the other lines of 
 
 * Xote: Exercises 6 and 7 are designed to be drawn on the same sheet. 
 
15 • MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 the drawing, they are composed of alternate long and short 
 dashes, and are usually extended indefinitely beyond the 
 outlines of the views, and in no case terminate on the 
 outline or at any particular points. The center-line is 
 
 drawn in every case as an axis of symmetry, and dimen- 
 sions are laid off from it in both directions . These distances 
 are best marked on the front-view, because there the diam- 
 eters appear as straight lines. 
 
CENTER LINES. 
 
 19 
 
 The small circle shown in the elevation is one view of 
 a hole drilled through the shank of the pin. The center 
 of this hole must also be marked by the intersection of two 
 perpendicular center-lines. The distance of the center 
 
 Fig. 17. 
 
 from the end of the pin should likewise be noted on the 
 drawing. 
 
 The ' ' compass ' ' and the proper position for it are 
 illustrated in Fig. 16. The pen-point should be nearly 
 perpendicular to the paper ; the starting position should 
 
20 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 be such that the entire circle can be swept with one con- 
 tinuous stroke by moving the thumb forward and around 
 without shifting the hold on the compass. (Fig. 17.) A 
 circle that has been drawn in several instalments is never 
 as smooth and perfect as one finished with one sweep. 
 The student has probably learned from experience 
 that drawing-pens do not require any pressure to cause 
 the ink to flow from the instrument to the paper. 
 
USE OF DIVIDERS. 
 
 21 
 
 USE OF DIVIDERS. 
 
 EXERCISE 7. 
 
 Tliree views of ink-pot shown Fig. 18. Full Size. Mark 
 dimensions ! 
 
 Speciai. Instructions : The center-line being drawn 
 and the center marked in the plan, draw the circle in 
 
 Fig. 18. 
 
 which the regular hexagon is to be inscribed. A pair of 
 " dividers " is the instrument best adapted for " stepping 
 
^2 
 
 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 off" equal distances. The side of the hexagon is theo- 
 retically equal to the radius of the circle ; but if we appl}' 
 that principle in the present case we may discover an erroi 
 
 Fig. 19. 
 
 owing to spring of the dividers, or to inequalities in the 
 board or on the paper. Figs. 19, 20, and 21, show the 
 motion of the points of the dividers in stepping off equal 
 distances along a straight or a curved line . If the distance 
 
USE OE DIVIDERS. 
 
 23 
 
 is too small, we must separate the legs of the dividers by 
 a distance equal to one-sixth of the remainder left over, 
 after stepping six times. If, on the contrary, the side of 
 
 Fig. 20. 
 
 the hexagon is too great, it must be decreased by one- 
 sixth of the surplus or distance overstepped. Three suc- 
 cessive trials should, in any case, be sufiQcient to divide the 
 circle into six or any other number of parts. A similar 
 
24 
 
 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 use of the dividers enables the draughtsman to divide a 
 straight or a curved distance into any number of equal 
 parts. 
 
 Two viev^^s would have been sufficient in this case : 
 the plan and that view which shows three faces, and not 
 
 Fig. 21. 
 
 Lhe one showing only two. The extreme lines of the 
 elevation then represent edges, and not faces ; and the 
 middle face, at least, is drawn in true width, while both 
 faces in the other view appear fore-shortened. 
 
 The free-hand view gives the necessary dimensions. 
 
USE OF BOWPEN. 
 
 25 
 
 USE OF BOWPEN. 
 
 EXERCISE 8. 
 
 Two views of the angle-patch,* 12" long, indicated in the 
 rough sketch, Fig. 22. Scale: 3^" = 1". 
 
 Exercises 8 and 9 may be drawn on the same plate. 
 Speciai. Instructions : The center of every one of 
 the rivet holes should be marked distinctly by the inter- 
 
 FiG. 22. 
 
 section of short lines, perpendicular to each other, and 
 drawn in the main directions, viz.: horizontal and 
 vertical. 
 
 A smaller compass, called bowpen, may be necessary 
 for inking in small circles. (Fig. 23.) This instrument 
 is certainly more convenient and more accurate for this 
 work than an ordinary compass. 
 
 The angle is formed by two straight lines tangent to a 
 quadrant of a circle at its ends. It will be found best to 
 
 • Only part of the patch is shown ; the rest is supposed to be continued 
 In the same manner. 
 
26 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 ink the curve first, and then the straight lines, because 
 better tangency will be attained. This rale should be 
 applied in every case where straight lines and curves are 
 to be drawn tangent to each other. 
 
 The two views taken in this case can hardly be called 
 elevation and plan, or front- and top-view. It is better 
 to place them next to each other, as a front- and a side- 
 elevation, the latter being viewed from the open or con- 
 cave face of the angle. A third view may be considered 
 necessary to show the position, the form, and the spacing 
 of the holes in the other flange of the angle ; yet with the 
 
 ^g 
 
 Fig. 23. 
 
 center-lines and the distances marked, these holes can be 
 accurately located in the two views taken. 
 
 The radius of the quadrant can be indicated in a way 
 similar to that shown in the sketch (Fig. 22) : an arrow, 
 starting from the center and ending on the circumference, 
 carries the inscription i"R. 
 
 EXERCISE 9. 
 
 Two views of the face-wheel. Fig. 24, full size. 
 
 SpECiai. Instructions : It will be noticed that the 
 small circles, representing in plan the projections from 
 the face of the plate, are arranged around the center of 
 the disk. Instead of a straight center-line, a center- 
 
USE OF BOWPEN. 
 
 27 
 
 circle is drawn, marking the positions of these smaller 
 circles ; the short lines intersecting the center-circle mark 
 the centers, and are drawn pointing to the center of the 
 
 Fis. 24. 
 
 plate. The diameter of this center-circle is shown on an 
 inclined line passing through the center, and finished off 
 with arrow-heads at the circumference of the circle ; the 
 figure is marked beyofid the center. 
 
28 
 
 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 SECTIONS. 
 EXERCISE 10. 
 
 a. Two views of a cylindrical pipe; scale, 1" = 1". 
 
 b. Three views of a box and cover; scale, 1"=1". 
 
 Special Instructions : Fig. 25 gives the two 
 views of the pipe. On consideration, however, it is 
 observed that the information imparted by these views is 
 
 jf...i..—\— 
 
 ^ecytlon on 
 
 Fig. 25. 
 
 Fig. 2U. 
 
 not definite. We cannot tell from the drawing whether 
 the inner circle and the dotted lines correspond to a plug 
 filling the hollow, or merely to the hollow itself. In the 
 former case, we might mark that fact by lettering the 
 word, " plug," but in the latter case a more direct, con- 
 ventional way is employed. 
 
SECTIONS. 29 
 
 If we were to saw the pipe in half, as indicated in Fig. 
 27 , we notice that we are cutting the material in the walls 
 of the pipe only ; if there were a plug, we should be cut- 
 ting it also. If we now show the circular view with the 
 saw in place, we get the plan represented in Fig. 26. The 
 center-line made up of dashes alternating with two dots 
 (or rather two shorter dashes) is called the plane of sec- 
 tion and shows the manner in which the saw is supposed 
 to cut. We now suppose that the front half is removed 
 and the interior will be displayed as well as the surfaces 
 made b}^ the cutting plane. The dotted lines in Fig. 25 
 are replaced by lines in full. Fig. 26, and the plane sur- 
 
 FiG. 27. 
 
 faces are " sectioned," that is, covered with parallel lines. 
 The lettering " AB " and " Section on AB," is customary 
 though not absolutely necessary. 
 
 The section-lines are best drawn by sliding the 45° 
 triangle along the T-square, giving an inclination of 45" 
 with the center-lines. The thickness of the section-lines 
 should be somewhat less than that of the outline, while 
 the distance apart should not be less than about %2"- 
 The student is cautioned against careless sectioning, and 
 should rather stop short of the outline, than cross it in a 
 ragged manner. 
 
 The cylindrical box (b) to be drawn is shown only in 
 
30 
 
 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 "longitudinal section"* in Fig. 28. The other views 
 required are an outside elevation and the plan. The line 
 C, Fig. 28, represents the upper edge of the hollow in the 
 back-ground. The lines marked C in Figs. 26 and 27 
 show a similar construction. 
 
 Notice that the sectioning in the box proper is in a 
 different direction from that in the cover. This is done 
 in order to show that these two pieces are separate. 
 
 Fig. 38. 
 
 EXERCISE 11. 
 
 Fig. 29 represents a parallel perspective view of one-half 
 of a " stuffing-box and gland." The student is to draw a 
 sectional elevation and a plan. Scale : 3 " = 1 ft. 
 
 Special Instructions : As indicated in the per- 
 spective figure by the change of direction of the section- 
 lines, the object contains four separate pieces. In the 
 sectional view, therefore, a similar method must be em- 
 ployed to distinguish the various pieces from each other. 
 
 * The distinction between longitudinal section and cross section is apparent. 
 
SECTIONS. 
 
 31 
 
 No two draughtsmen would probably agree as to the direc- 
 tion and spacing of the section-lines. We advise the stu- 
 dent to choose the 45° inclination, whenever possible, and 
 also to keep the same spacing between the lines. Thus in 
 the figure shown, even contiguous pieces are sectioned in a 
 similar manner, and the difference between the parts is 
 shown by breaking the sectioning at the dividing lines, 
 
 taking care that the section lines are not continuous across 
 the two pieces. In exceptional cases, 30° or 60° inclina- 
 tion may be chosen. 
 
 The fact that the small pieces are to be made of brass, 
 while the rest of the device is to be cast iron, may be 
 indicated, as in the figure, by means of proper inscriptions. 
 The word " brass " is placed outside of the piece, because 
 the space is too small for a neat inscription ; the name 
 " cast iron " on the other hand, is printed right on the 
 parts as shown, in a space left in the sectioning. 
 
32 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 Some draughtsmen advocate special forms of section- 
 ing for different materials, such as, for example, is used 
 by Unwin in his book on Machine Design, illustrated on 
 p. 1 6 of that work : alternate thick and thin lines for 
 wrought iron, alternate full and dashed lines for brass, 
 dashed lines for steel, etc. No uniform and standard 
 method has yet been definitely adopted ; if, therefore, 
 any one desires to use this plan, sample squares, illus- 
 trating the different shading, should be marked on the 
 drawing, with the names of the materials represented. 
 (See Standard Sections, Fig. 89.) 
 
 EXERCISE 12, 
 
 a. Cross-section and elevation of Phenix column, Fig. 30; 
 
 Scab: V4" = l'. 
 
 b. Sectional front- view, and plan of the two brasses, Fig. 31. 
 
 (Fig. 32 illustrates the perspective.) Scale : K, 
 
 SpKCiaIv Instructions : The Phenix column is 
 built up of a number of flanged strips, fastened together 
 by bolts or rivets. For the sake of simplicity, these 
 fastenings are merely suggested in the drawing, as well as 
 the holes through which they pass. The cross-section 
 alone suffices in this case, if properly marked. The 
 vertical view should be drawn by the student, because it 
 presents the problem of correctly placing the vertical 
 lines. 
 
 L,arge surfaces need not be covered entirely with sec- 
 tion-lines, while small ones may be filled in in black. 
 This is illustrated in the drawings of the bushings, where 
 the narrow black spaces represent sections of the white 
 metal used. Water colors, instead of section-lines, are 
 sometimes used to cover a cut surface with a tint, definite 
 
SECTIONS. 
 
 33 
 
 colors being employed to distinguish the materials. This 
 method is, of course, not applicable if the drawings are 
 to be reproduced photographically, as, for instance, in 
 blue-printing. 
 
 Attention is called to the line CD in the elevation ; 
 being made up of alternate one long dash and two short 
 dashes, it indicates a plane of section. The view next to 
 
 Fig. 30. 
 
 it does not show any section-lines, because no metal i.:> 
 cut by the plane CD, which passes between the two parts 
 or brasses. 
 
 In the elevation only one brass is sectioned, since the 
 object is symmetrical, and the other half would simply be 
 
34 
 
 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 a repetition. The lines AOB show that one-half of the 
 right-hand brass is cut away. The front-elevation is 
 thus a combined outside and sectional view. 
 
 FRONT j EUtVATION, 
 
 SIDE tV-tVATIOM. 
 
 Fig. 31. 
 
 Figs. 30 and 31 are partly shaded to help the student 
 to imagine these objects. The principles involved are 
 explained in the following pages. 
 
SHADING. 
 
 35 
 
 SHADING. 
 EXERCISE 13. 
 Copy the Figs. 33-36. Full size. 
 
 Sp^ciai, Instructions : Some of the outlines are 
 drawn heavier than the others, so as to give an appear- 
 ance of solidity. The conventional rule prescribes the 
 
 "shading" of the lower and the right-hand edges of all 
 solid portions, supposed to project from the paper. It 
 follows, therefore, that the outlines of holes and depres- 
 sions are shaded along the upper and the left-hand edges. 
 The draughtsman finds it most convenient to have the 
 light fall on his work from over his left shoulder ; hence 
 the drawing also is supposed to be viewed in the same 
 light. Thus shadows will be formed to the right and 
 below each projecting part. 
 
36 
 
 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 In Figs. 33 and 35, a section is not necessary because 
 the shading of the plan shows that the openings are not 
 plugged or filled. The lines separating adjoining pieces 
 are not shaded if the surfaces are " flush " or continuous, 
 because then no shadows can be cast by them. There- 
 
 
 J' 
 
 .4.V 
 
 
 f J. 
 
 -f- 
 
 2% 
 
 a 
 
 g ^ 
 
 3' 
 
 
 it 
 
 
 
 
 — z"- 
 
 H 
 
 
 •*—- 
 
 2' - 
 
 
 
 
 "fT 
 
 Ll 
 
 ' — 2'— 
 
 Fig. 34. 
 
 fore, if the inner square, Fig. 33, or the inner circles. 
 Fig- 35, were not shaded, we should conclude that the 
 holes were filled. 
 
 The thickness of the shade-lines should be about 
 double that of the light lines.* In shading circles, first 
 draw the entire circle with the pen-compass, obtaining a 
 
 * The thickness added for the purpose of shading is usually placed to the 
 right and below the unshaded line. 
 
SHADING. 
 
 37 
 
 single thickness all around ; then, without changing the 
 radius, shift the pin-point down and to the right of the 
 real center by a distance equal to the thickness of the 
 line, and draw over the half of the circle to be shaded. 
 The thickest part will then be to the southeast (or north- 
 west in the case of holes) of the center, while the shading 
 will terminate at the northeast and southwest points. 
 
 It is customary to shade the right-hand edge of the 
 cylinder, although the correctness of this can be disputed; 
 similarly the shading of the entire line representing the 
 base of the cylinder, in the elevation, can be criticised. 
 As with all conventional methods, the draughtsman 
 should be allowed some license, especially if, as in this 
 case, he improves a drawing which, if constructed in 
 accordance with the strict rules of shades and shadows, 
 would appear strange. 
 
 The fillet-curves or quadrants in Fig. 36 should be 
 considered portions of circles bounding holes ; the left- 
 
38 
 
 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 hand one will, therefore, remain light, while the one on 
 the other side is partially shaded. Do not forget to draw 
 these curves before drawing the straight lines tangent to 
 them. 
 
 EXERCISE 14. 
 
 Eye-bar shown in Fig. 37. Full size. 'Exercise 15 may 
 go on the same plate.) 
 
 Special Instructions : The shading of the surfaces 
 is sometimes resorted to for the purpose of emphasizing 
 
 Fio. 38. 
 
 certain features. This shading should never be done 
 free-hand. The lines are drawn parallel to each other, 
 and to the elements of the surface ; they increase in thick- 
 ness and proximity towards a point corresponding to the 
 southeast portion with respect to the center or axis. The 
 curvature of the fillets is also similarly represented. At 
 the left end, a partial section is taken and the semi- 
 cylindrical hollow is shown shaded, the darkest portion 
 being at the left-hand edge. 
 
SHADING. 
 
 39 
 
 The irregular line representing the fracture is drawn 
 free-hand, with a writing pen, and indicates that the 
 section is only partial, since it is unnecessary to extend 
 the sectioning across the entire bar. 
 
 EXERCISE 15. 
 
 Figs. 39 and 40 illustrate two forms of rivets, showing a 
 section of the plates riveted. Draw these figures with the 
 shading as shown. The perspective sketches, Figs. 41 and 
 42, will help the student to understand the mechanical 
 drawing". 
 
 Fig. 39. 
 
 Fig. 40. 
 
 Special Instructions : Similar effects may be pro- 
 duced in various ways : thus the plan of Fig. 39 may be 
 shaded by means of straight lines, in a manner similar to 
 the shading of the head in the elevation. The lightest 
 portion should always be that turned towards the imagi- 
 nary source of light, above and behind the left shoulder 
 of the observer; i. e., in front of the upper, left-hand 
 corner of the sheet. 
 
40 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 In shading the elevation of a cone, Fig. 40, the slant- 
 ing lines are best drawn not convergent to the apex, so as 
 to avoid a blotch near that point. 
 
 The section is taken through the central axis of the 
 hole, and the uncut rivet is supposed to be placed into 
 position. This is the almost universal practice in repre- 
 
 FiG. 41. Fig. 13. 
 
 senting cylindrical pieces fitting into corresponding 
 cavities : the cylindrical piece itself is supposed to remain 
 uncut by the section-plane. 
 
 Make the drawings twice the size of Figs. 39 and 40. 
 
 EXERCISE 16. 
 
 a. Two views of the journal, Fig. 43, shaded; full size. 
 
 b. Two views of the handle, Fig. 44, shaded ; full size. 
 
 Special Instructions : The shading that the student 
 is asked to do in this exercise would rarely be applied in 
 practice. Patent-office drawings, and drawings for books, 
 trade-catalogues, and advertisements, however, require a 
 certain skill in mechanical shading that should be 
 acquired by every draughtsman. 
 
 In the journal. Fig. 43, the curved shading-lines in 
 the fillets run into the straight lines on the cylindrical 
 parts ; from a circular quadrant at the edges, these curves 
 should change into parts of ellipses, gradually increasing 
 
SHADING. 
 
 41 
 
 in eccentricity until they become straight lines on the 
 center line. They may, however, be drawn as arcs of 
 circles with increasing radii, the centers of these arcs 
 being on the perpendicular line through the center of the 
 quadrant at the edge. 
 
 Fig. 43. 
 
 Fig. 44 is somewhat difficult to shade, owing to the 
 irregular curved outline. In this case, the shading can be 
 done more effectively if it is first pencilled free-hand ; 
 
 " sweeps " are then fitted as nearly as possible for inking. 
 These sweeps are made of rubber or box- wood, and can 
 be obtained in an almost endless variety of forms. Fig. 
 45 shows a number of these sweeps, as illustrated in trade- 
 
42 
 
 MECHANICAL DRAWiNG. 
 
 catalogues. They are used like au ordinary straight- 
 edge to guide the ruling-pen in drawing a curve that can- 
 not be traced with the compass. 
 
 Attention is called to the free-hand curve representing 
 the broken ends of the shaft, Fig. 43. 
 
 EXERCISE 17. 
 
 a. Two views cf the key, Fig. 46, shaded. Full size. 
 
 b. " " " pin. Fig. 47, " " " 
 
 c. " " " bracket, Fig. 48. Scale, V2. Shade. 
 
 d. " " " cylinder-head. Fig. 49, shaded. Scale, Vs. 
 
 Speciai^ Instructions : The following conventional 
 rules are usually observed : 
 
 Parallel equi-distant lines of the same thickness indi- 
 cate a flat surface, facing the observer. Straight (Figs. 
 46 and 48) or circular (Fig. 49) lines may be used, depend- 
 ing on the outline. 
 
 A surface in the light appears darker the further it is 
 removed from the eye. This is also illustrated in Figs. 
 46, 48 and 49, where the shading lines are drawn further 
 apart or finer on the nearer surfaces. 
 
SHADING. 
 
 43 
 
 A surface inclined to the light, but still receiving 
 light, is drawn darker as the inclination of the rays 
 
 M"^: 
 
 Fig. 47. 
 
 decreases ; the high light is placed where these rays are 
 perpendicular to the surface. (See shading of cylinders 
 and sphere, Fig. 47.) 
 
 *n 
 
 Fig. 48, 
 
 A surface in the shade, z. e., turned away from the 
 light, is shaded lighter as it recedes from the eye. (See 
 shading of cylinders and sphere in Fig. 47 and others.) 
 
44 
 
 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 A shadow is rarely shown in a mechanical drawing, 
 as it tends to obscure the details of the work. If used at 
 all, it should be the darkest part of the drawing. 
 
 Additional streaks of light are sometimes introduced 
 in the shaded parts, to represent reflections from the sur- 
 face, if it is polished. These additional high lights are 
 very effective, especially in the shading of polished disks, 
 as in Fig. 49. 
 
 Attention is called to the dimension 2 '-4'' marked in 
 Fig. 49 ; as the mechanic uses the two-feet rule, all 
 
 FO/HsBOLTS 
 
 1 iE= 
 
 V 1 — ~ 
 
 w 1 ~ 
 
 1 '<s 
 
 iS 
 
 •zW* 
 
 dimensions above 24'' should be marked in feet and 
 inches. 
 
 The shading of the globular part, Fig. 47, is obtained 
 by means of concentric circles around the high-light point 
 as center. This point may be found by means of a rigid 
 geometrical construction ; it will, however, suffice to 
 place it approximately as follows : In the circle repre- 
 senting the front- view of the sphere draw a diameter, 
 making an angle of 45° with the vertical center-line ; the 
 high-light point, or point at which the light strikes the 
 
SHADING. 45 
 
 surface of the globe at right angles, will be found on that 
 line, at a distance of a little more than % of the diameter 
 (more exactly %4) from the upper, left-hand end of the 
 diameter drawn. 
 
 A study of illustrations in catalogues and mechanical 
 journals, together with close observations on the effects of 
 light and shade in reality, wall teach the student a great 
 deal more than lectures on the subject. Considerable 
 practice will of course be needed to attain special dex- 
 terity. The student is advised to practice shading on 
 the exercises preceding Number 13 ; Fig. 31 is thus 
 shown shaded in part. 
 
46 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 LETTERING. 
 
 Lettering and figuring are b}' no means unimportant 
 parts of a drawing ; many a careful work is spoiled by- 
 carelessness in this respect. A little practice and a few 
 precautions will enable the student to become fairly pro- 
 ficient in free-hand lettering. Certain styles of ruled 
 letters are used for the main titles, while free-hand print- 
 ing and figuring is adopted for minor inscriptions. 
 
 EXERCISE 18. 
 
 Ruled letters illustrated in lines 1-6 inclusive, Fig 50. 
 Complete the various alphabets indicated. 
 
 SpeciaIv Instructions : In every case, draw two or 
 three parallel lines in pencil, for the proper lining up of 
 the letters ; the letters themselves are also drawn in pencil 
 before being inked in ; the pencil guide-lines should, of 
 course, be erased after the letters are inked in. 
 
 The first two lines show an alphabet that may be con- 
 structed almost exclusively with T-square and triangles, 
 using perpendiculars. The ratio of the height to the 
 width may be varied, and different effects will be pro- 
 duced. In a like manner, slanting of the letters, either 
 forward or backward, may be preferred in some cases. 
 The objection to thio style is the identity of A and R, D 
 and O, U and V. 
 
LETTERING. 
 
 47 
 
 By introducing short oblique lines, 45°, to cut off the 
 corners, the type shown in the fourth line may be obtained ; 
 
 flBCDEGKNgnSXYZ 
 
 'ABCSRDQ aboom 12398 
 
 'OEInl^/^ O 123456789 
 
 ^ABCDEGHUKOabchnp 
 '(ibc(/ef6/7/jAlmoprs(x 
 
 'abcdfjikrsuj/ JJ BCJ^ Sa 
 r 125^567&90 
 
 Fig. 50. 
 
 this may be still further modified by substituting- quad- 
 rants of circles for the 45° lines. Similar alphabets, broad 
 or high, vertical or oblique, are easily developed. 
 
48 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 By substituting double lines for the single lines shown 
 in the previous alphabets, the letters may be made to 
 appear in relief, as if they were carved out. Shading the 
 outline as in an ordinary mechanical drawing (see Exer- 
 cise 13) will enhance the effect. Different examples are 
 given in line five of the figure. 
 
 Line three illustrates the introduction of short bars at 
 the ends of long lines. By shading only the horizontal 
 lines, good effects may be produced. The use of compli- 
 cated, shaded letters is questionable. They require con- 
 siderable time and labor, and very often prove too 
 ornamental for an ordinary mechanical drawing. The 
 styles described above can be made sufficiently impressive 
 and appropriate for any mechanical drawing. If the 
 student likes the work, he may try his hand at the other 
 types illustrated in the figure. 
 
 EXERCISE 19. 
 Free-hand lettering illustrated in lines 6, 7, 8 and 9. 
 
 SpeciaIv Instructions : The draughtsman should 
 not forget to rule his guide-lines. The work can be inked 
 at once, a writing pen with a fine point being used. If 
 the letters aic "'aded, the hair lines may be omitted 
 altogether, since the eye can supply them very readily 
 and with good effect. The inclined style seems to be 
 more convenient. Simple ornaments may be added, if 
 they do not appear too laborious and heavy. 
 
 The French " round writing " is extremely useful, on 
 account of the rapidity with which it can be produced, as 
 well as on account of its clear-cut, legible appearance. 
 Special stub-pens are used ; special copy-books for prac- 
 tice are the best means for attaining a proficiency in this 
 work. (Fig. 51.) 
 
LETTERING. ' 49 
 
 EXERCISE 20. 
 
 Letter the plates containing exercises 1-17. Mark the 
 name of the object, the date, the name of the draughtsman, 
 ths scale of the drawing, and other particulars that were 
 not introduced before. 
 
 Special Instructions : Rule the pencil guide-lines 
 in every case ! Avoid making the lettering too promi- 
 nent ; yovLT name, especially, should be marked in a 
 
 0i^ii4iO ^Jwtlnop 
 
 Fig. 51. 
 
 modest manner. The position for the principal lettering 
 will depend on the open spaces left by the general 
 arrangement of the drawings. Do not underscore any 
 words ! The space between letters of the same word may 
 equal the width of the letter D, while the space between 
 words may be double that width. In order to place 
 lettering symmetricalh^, start with the middle letter of 
 the inscription, and work in both directions.* 
 
 * For an excellent and easy method of lettering see "Lettering for Draughts- 
 men, Engineers, and Students,' by Chas. W. Reinhart. (D. Van Nostrand Co.) 
 
50 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 SCREWS. 
 
 The screw-thread cut on a bolt causes it to move in 
 the direction of its axis, as it is turned around the axis, 
 the part into which it fits being called the nut. If, on 
 the contrary, the bolt remains stationary, the turning of 
 the nut will cause the same to move along the bolt. 
 
 Fig. 52. 
 
 If we place a finger on any point of the thread and 
 follow the ridge around, we find that as we pass around 
 the axis, we also move lengthwise along the bolt. A 
 section of the bolt (Fig. 52) through the axis, shows the 
 thread to be almost triangular. The sides of the triangle 
 being inclined 60° to each other. The grooves between 
 the threads are also triangular. The apex of the triangle, 
 if followed around the bolt, will be seen to correspond to 
 the ridge of the thread, while the bottom of the groove 
 forms a similar curve (helix) around the axis. 
 
SCREWS. ^ I 
 
 As we take a front view of the screw, we observe the 
 ridge aud bottom lines as nerves, sloping upward on the 
 bolt, disappearing at the right, and re-appearing at the 
 left. In moving along the ridge from the left-hand 
 extremity of one of these visible portions to the right- 
 hand end, the displacement parallel to the axis will be 
 equal to that which takes place on shifting along the 
 back or hidden portion from right to left. 
 
 If, therefore, we lay off distances on the extreme left 
 edge, equal to the axial travel for each complete turn, we 
 shall obtain the positions of the ridge-points at the left. 
 
 Fig. 53. 
 
 This distance is called the pitch of the screw. (Fig- 53, 
 A-B.) Now draw perpendiculars across the axis, through 
 two consecutive ridge-points, A and B ; the thread will 
 then bring the ridge on the right half-way between these 
 two lines, to point D. 
 
 Instead of drawing the sinusoidal curve from ridge- 
 point on the left to the one just found on the right, it is 
 usually sufficient in practice to draw straight sloping lines, 
 the difference being hardly discernible. The other ridge- 
 lines are then simply drawn through the left-hand points, 
 parallel to this first line, BD. The bottom of the thread 
 
52 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 is represented by similar straight lines ; the bottom points 
 are found by constructing the section -triangle, sloping the 
 two sides from the ridge-points. The upper portion of 
 ^^S- 53 shows a thread drawn in this manner. 
 
 The simplest conventional method of representing 
 screw threads is shown in the lower portion of Fig. 53. 
 First draw the two parallel lines at a distance apart equal 
 to the diameter of the screw. This given diameter refers 
 to outside extreme measurements. Next find from tables 
 the standard number of threads per inch corresponding to 
 that diameter ; the pitch will equal the fraction of an inch 
 obtained by dividing one inch by the number of threads 
 
 per inch. Lay off this pitch {= -r ^ -. — ) 
 
 ^ \ no. threads per m./ 
 
 along the left-hand line. Through a point, C, half-way 
 between any two consecutive points, A and B, draw a 
 pencil -line across and mark its intersection, D, with the 
 right-hand line. The line BD gives the proper slope for 
 the ridge. On AB as base, construct the triangle AEB, 
 sloping AE and BE 30° up and 30° down, respectively, 
 getting the point E.* A pencil-line through E, parallel 
 to the axis, gives the limiting line of the bottom of the 
 thread on the left, while a line equally distant from the 
 center-line will give the sam^e depth on the right. Mark 
 points similar to E, as F, etc. 
 
 Set your triangle so that one edge is on the line BD, 
 and place a straight-edge touching one of the other sides 
 of the triangle ! Sliding this triangle along the straight- 
 edge, we are able to draw at once, in ink, parallel sloping 
 lines limited by the outer and inner bounding lines of the 
 screw, the ridges passing through points similar to A and 
 B, while the bottom lines correspond to points like E. 
 
 * Use the 30° and 60" triangle with the T-square. 
 
SCREWS. 
 
 53 
 
 Ink in the extreme lines, parallel to the axis, and erase 
 all pencil marks ! The lower part of Fig. 53 shows the 
 finished appearance of this thread. There is a difference 
 of opinion as to the shading of the thread-lines, some 
 draughtsmen drawing the long lines heavier, and others, 
 the short lines. The majority in practice seem to favor 
 the latter method, shading the bottom -lines. 
 
 Notice that the right-hand extremities of the shorter 
 lines are placed exactly opposite the left-hand ends of 
 the longer lines. This brings the shorter lines below the 
 proper position, half-way between the long ridge-lines. 
 This inaccuracy need not be considered in practice ; 
 
 Fig. 54. 
 
 indeed, the bottom lines are usually gauged by the eye, 
 without measurement, and are drawn as near the middle 
 as possible. -v: 
 
 If the diameter of the di'awing of the screw warrants 
 it, the limiting straight lines are replaced by a serrated 
 outline, as shown in the upper portion of Fig. 53. In 
 small drawings, on the other hand, the sloping lines may 
 be omitted, the zig-zag being sketched in free-hand with 
 an ordinary writing pen ; again, some draw the outer and 
 inner lines only, without the sloping lines across ; shading 
 may be used to enhance the effect. (Fig. 54.) In very 
 small screws it may be sufficient to draw the outer lines 
 and the long sloping lines, thus disregarding the bottoni 
 of the thread altogether, 
 
54 
 
 MECHANICAI^ DRAWING. 
 
 ' ' Right-handed ' ' threads are easily distinguished 
 from "left-handed" ones. In the latter case, if the 
 front- view is placed with the axis vertical, then the 
 thread-lines will slope up towards the left instead of the 
 right. (Fig. 55.) The other part of this figure shows 
 what is called a double thread ; there are two separate 
 
 p/rcH. 
 
 ridge-lines and bottom lines, the ends of successive visible 
 portions being exactly opposite to each other, as A and 
 B ; the pitch will equal the axial distance between alter- 
 nate threads. 
 
 If a right-handed screw be turned around its axis in 
 the direction of motion of the hands of a clock, it will 
 move into the nut ; to produce a similar effect with a 
 left-handed screw, the rotation must be " counter-clock- 
 wise " instead of " clock-wise. " 
 
 EXERCISE 21. 
 
 Two views of a 2" bolt, round head and hexagonal nut ; 
 standard size. Also add side-view of nut, and section of nut, 
 showing interior ; also views of a square nut, fitting the 2" 
 bolt. FuU size. 
 
 Speciai, Instructions : Fig. 56 shows a bolt similar 
 to the one required. The thread is not represented as it 
 passes through the nut ; neither is it shown in the portion 
 
SCREWS. 
 
 55 
 
 of the screw extending beyond the nut. The majorit3rof 
 draughtsmen are opposed to dotting hidden threads ; 
 hence these lines are usually omitted ; or, again, in some 
 special cases they are draw in full as if they were visible. 
 A dotted thread would certainly tend to confuse the 
 drawing without being of any use in explaining the con- 
 struction of the work. For similar reasons the end stick- 
 ing out be3^ond the nut need not be shown as a thread, 
 
 •* 1 e/xr/^ o/Aolt. 
 
 Fig. E6. 
 
 since the fact that a screw-bolt is intended is suflEiciently 
 indicated by the rest of the design. 
 
 In the sectional view of the nut, the thread lines that 
 appear correspond to the back of the screw, and, there- 
 fore, they slope in the opposite direction as compared with 
 the slope of the lines in the screw itself. The ' ' cham- 
 fering ' ' of the nut is produced by turning off the sharp 
 edges of the prism ; the chamfer-lines, thus produced, 
 are usually arcs of a circle. The side-surfaces of the nut 
 are fore-shortened in the view and hence the circular 
 chamfer-lines do not appear as circular arcs, but as por- 
 
56 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 tions of ellipses ; a sufficiently accurate representation is, 
 however, obtained by making them circular. All these 
 chamfer-arcs are tangent to the top-line and are, of 
 course, equal in height, their ends being on the same 
 level. The method of constructing the views of the 
 chamfered hexagonal nut are indicated in the figure. In 
 the front-elevation three faces are shown, while only two 
 appear in the side-view ; since the extreme lines in the 
 latter view correspond to faces of the prismatic nut, the 
 chamfer-lines of these faces are seen as straight lines, 
 extending to the top-line, just as in the other view. The 
 size of the wrench-opening required is indicated by the 
 width across the flats, shown in the side-elevation. This 
 distance is, of course, less than the distance across the 
 angles of the hexagon. The radii indicated in the figure 
 are not to be inked in. The point A is the center of the 
 middle arc ; the radius being equal to the depth of the 
 nut. The centers B, B, are found by passing an arc of a 
 circle through the points C, and tangent to the line D, E. 
 The centers F, F, in the side view are determined in a 
 similar manner. 
 
 The length of bolts is always taken as the distance 
 under the head to the point. The diagonals H, H, are 
 used in a conventional way to denote that the bolt is 
 square in section at that portion ; this is to prevent rota- 
 tion when the nut is tightened. 
 
 The square nut is also chamfered, and the chamfer- 
 lines are arcs of circles. Here, also, the side-lines should 
 extend to the top, on account of the chamfer cut on the 
 side-face. If the nut were represented with edo-e towards 
 the observer, two faces would appear fore-shortened. On 
 account of the confusion that might arise if only two 
 views of the nut are given, it is customary to show three 
 
SCREWS. 
 
 57 
 
 faces of the hexagonal nut in the elevation, and only one 
 of the square nut ; in any case, a closer inspection of the 
 views showing two faces brings out the distinction 
 between the two forms of nuts. (Fig. 57.) 
 
 As explained in a previous exercise, it is better to 
 construct the plan first. The circle tangent to the out- 
 line of the nut corresponds to the circle produced by the 
 
 chamfer. Some draughtsmen insist on dotting in the 
 smaller circle inside of the outer circle of the bolt, to 
 represent the bottom of the thread in the plan ; this 
 refinement is hardly necessary. 
 
 By reference to tables furnished in any trade-catalogue, 
 we find that a 2" bolt has 4^ threads per inch. The 
 dimensions of the head and nuts will vary for different 
 makes ; a good a v^erage value will be 3%'' diameter and 
 i%6" depth for the head, 3%" diameter and i^^e" depth 
 for the hexagonal nut, and 42%4" diameter and \^^/\q' 
 depth for the square nut. The diameter is taken " across 
 corners." 
 
58 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 EXERCISE 22. 
 
 Oil-cup and cover, shown in perspective, Fig. 58 ; detailed 
 views ; full size. (Same plate as Ex. 23.) 
 
 SpeciaIv Instructions : In deciding as to the views 
 that are required, we notice that an axial section is neces- 
 sary to show the interior. The knurling of the rim of 
 
 ;-^^ 
 
 ; ..'^l ■ 1 BRASS. 
 Fig. 58. 
 
 the cap may be sliown in an outside-view, or else the 
 wood ' ' knurled ' ' may be printed on the drawing. The 
 plan should show that the body of the cup is cylindrical, 
 and should also give some information concerning the 
 small tube inside. 
 
 We therefore advise the following views : Sectional 
 front- view ; top-view with the greater portion of the cap 
 supposed to be removed ; and side-view of the cap only. 
 
 The thread is of the same character as on the bolt, 
 and is represented in the same way. The pitch depends 
 on the diameter and is also found in the tables, owing to 
 the fact that standard taps and dies are used to prepare 
 
SCREWS. 
 
 59 
 
 the hole and the thread respectively. A taper is usually 
 given to the screwed nipple ; but it is doubtful whether 
 this fact is of sufficient importance to warrant its being 
 show^n in the drawing. 
 
 The cap i^hould not be screwed down tightly ; some 
 thread should appear on the box below the cap, and some 
 on the part of the cover beyond the box. The knurling 
 need not be drawn with great precision ; lines crossing 
 each other as indicated in the figure will convey this 
 information. 
 
 The student is reminded that he must change the 
 direction of the sectioning lines for the different pieces. 
 
 Fig. 59. 
 
 EXERCISE 23.* 
 
 Square-threaded screw, used in tailstock of a lathe ; show 
 hand-wheel and a portion of the stock. Fig. 59. Scale : V2. 
 
 Speciai^ Instructions: A section of a square-thread 
 screw is shown in Fig. 60. It will be noticed that the 
 hollows are taken the same in size as the projections, or, 
 in other words, the sides of the squares are equal to one- 
 
 * Same plute as Ex. 22. 
 
6o 
 
 MKCHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 half the pitch ; for a single-thread screw the hollows on 
 one side (B) are, therefore, exactly opposite the projec- 
 tions (A) on the other. 
 
 The sloping lines are drawn straight, their real curva- 
 ture being disregarded. If the screw is small, the bottom- 
 lines need not be shown, and if very small, the threads 
 
 Fig. 60. 
 
 are marked only on the right half of the screw. Fig. 6i 
 shows the different ways of drawing the square thread. 
 
 This screw is used chiefly for transmitting motion. In 
 the present example it is made left-handed, so that right- 
 handed turning of the hand-wheel should force the loose 
 " center " outward. 
 
 Fig. 61. 
 
 Other forms of threads are sometimes employed, but 
 they are of little importance; any one able to draw the 
 triangular thread and the square thread will find no diffi- 
 cult}^ in making representations of any other form, such 
 as the trapezoidal, the buttress, and the knuckle threads. 
 
 Attention is called to the sectional view of the hand- 
 wheel. The cutting plane is always supposed to cut the 
 rim and the hub only, not the arms. 
 
SCREWS. 
 EXERCISE 24. 
 
 6i 
 
 Relief-valve for steam-cylinder. Fig. 62. The valve-plug 
 proper is held against the seat by the tension of a coiled 
 spring ; this tension may be increased or otherwise adjusted 
 by means of a hand-screw pressing against the other end of 
 the spring. Scale : V2. A longitudinal section and an outside 
 elevation will show everything ; hence the plan is not required. 
 
 4~^tuS'a. 
 
 Fig. 63. 
 
 Fig. 03. 
 
 Special Instructions: The coiled spring is not 
 drawn by means of curved sloping lines, but, as in the 
 screw-thread, straight lines are used. The spring really 
 
62 
 
 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 forms a thread, which is, however, not wound on a 
 Cylinder ; hence a portion of the back is visible between 
 the front parts of the thread. The cross-sections of the 
 convolutions of the coil must be placed like the ridges in 
 the screw; i. e., those on one side opposite the spaces on 
 the other side. The pitch will depend on the distance 
 allowed for the spring. 
 
 The curves of the contour may be struck with the 
 compasses as tangent circular arcs ; as the special outline 
 is of no great importance, the centers of these arcs need 
 
 Fig. 64. 
 
 not be marked. The hole cut into the side for the escape 
 of the steam shows in the profile- view as two lines set 
 back towards the axis. The reason for this is apparent. 
 To get the amount of this recession accurately would 
 require the view given in Fig. 63, at the lower left-hand 
 corner. 
 
 The valve-plug itself is not sectioned, in accordance 
 with a law stated previously. 
 
 The ' ' studs ' ' called for in the drawing are not repre- 
 sented, and need not be shown, since a mistake is not 
 possible. Fig. 64 illustrates a "stud" or "standing- 
 
SCREWS 63 
 
 bolt." This is a bolt without a head, threaded at both 
 ends, and screwed into one of the pieces to be connected. 
 Properly speaking, in this lower portion, in which the 
 bolt "stands," the thread should "bottom," i. <?., the 
 thread should not extend be^^ond the limits of the tapped 
 hole. The plate that is bound down and held by the nut 
 is drilled, but not tapped, a fact shown in the figure by 
 the straight lines outside of the zig-zag lines. 
 
64 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 COG-WHEELS. 
 EXEECISE 25. 
 
 Represent to scale and in a conventional manner, a 10" 
 wheel gearing with, a 5" wheel, the diametral pitch being 7. 
 
 Special Instructions: The 10" and 5" refer to the 
 diameters of the " pitch " circles. These are imaginary 
 circles tangent to each other. The teeth or cogs project 
 be3^ond the pitch-circle by a distance called the addendum; 
 the dedendum is the working depth of the teeth, inside 
 of the pitch-circle; the clearance is the remaining depth 
 to the base of the cogs. The total depth, measured 
 radially, is thus seen to be equal to the sum of the adden- 
 dum, dedendum, and clearance. 
 
 The term diametral pitch denotes the number of teeth 
 for each inch of diameter. Thus, in this case, the 10" 
 wheel has 7x10 = 70 teeth, while the 5" wheel has 7x5 = 
 35 teeth. In order that two wheels should gear, they 
 must have the same pitch, because then the distances 
 from the middle of one tooth to the middle of the next 
 one, measured along the pitch circles, will be equal in the 
 two wheels. This distance is called the circular pitch, 
 and is evidently the circumference of the pitch-circle 
 divided by the number of teeth. The circumference is 
 equal to n times the diameter, while the number of teeth 
 equals the diametral pitch times the diameter; therefore 
 the circular pitch is found by dividing it by the diametral 
 pitch, since the diameter is cancelled by the division. 
 
COG-WHEELS. 
 
 65 
 
 The addenda and dedenda are usualh^ equal in the two 
 wheels to the length of diameter per tooth; i. e., to the 
 diameter divided by the number of teeth, or what amounts 
 to the same thing, to one inch divided by the diametral 
 pitch. The clearance prevents the teeth of each wheel 
 from scraping the bottom of the space in the other wheel. 
 
 It varies in amount for different makes from 
 
 • 157 
 
 diam. pitch 
 
 to 
 
 • 125 
 
 diam. pitch. 
 
 The profiles of the teeth are portions of cycloids or of 
 involutes of circles; the}^ may, however, be represented 
 by means of arcs of circles. 
 
 The space between the teeth is also made a little wider 
 at the pitch-circle than the cogs themselves, by an amount 
 called " backlash." 
 
 Fig. 65 illustrates the different portions of the cogs, 
 and gives their names. 
 
 In our drawing we shall make the addendum and 
 dedendumeach 1/7", the clearance %6", and the tooth and 
 space equal; the profiles can be drawn as circular arcs 
 with a constant radius. 
 
66 
 
 ME^CHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 Place the centers A and B, Fig. 66, (lo'' + 5'') ^ 2 = 
 yi/^" apart, measured to scale; the two dotted pitch-circles 
 are tangent to each other at the point C on the center- 
 line AB. The circumference of the pitch-circle A is to 
 be divided into 70 parts, each of which is to be further 
 subdivided into two. By trial, step off the circumference 
 with the dividers into 10 parts at first, and then subdivide 
 one of these parts into 7. lyay off a few of these in both 
 directions from C. The other wheel has the same circu- 
 
 FlG 
 
 lar pitch; but, since it has a shorter radius and therefore 
 greater curvature, the distance between the points of the 
 dividers should be a trifle less. As only a few teeth need 
 be shown on each wheel, this correction may be dis- 
 regarded. 
 
 Fig. 67 shows on a larger scale a good method of 
 drawing the profiles of the cogs. I^ay off CD equal to the 
 addendum y^" and EC equal to the depth remaining, %6"; 
 the circles through D and E, from center A, are drawn 
 in pencil, giving respectively the point-circle and the 
 
COG-WHEELS. (y'] 
 
 root-circle , limiting the teeth . lyay off from C the distances 
 CF = FG = GH etc., equal to the circular pitch , which is 
 Vro of the circumference in the given case. Place the 
 point K at a distance from G equal to V^ GH, the circular 
 
 Fig. 67. 
 
 pitch. Set the bowpen for the radius = CK = 2^4 times 
 the pitch, and, with the center successively at F, G, H, 
 etc., strike off the arcs as shown. The points and the 
 roots or bottoms of the spaces are then inked in from the 
 center. A, of the wheel. In drawing the cogs on the other 
 wheel, use the same radius for the profile.* 
 
 Fig. 66 shows the complete drawing. Where the 
 teeth are not represented, the blank wheel-disks, showing 
 the dotted addendum or point-circle, give the necessary 
 information in a conventional way. 
 
 The edge-view of the wheels show transverse lines 
 that might be spaced accurately if the cogs were drawn 
 all around the wheels. Nothing would be gained by 
 such unnecessary accuracy, since only the thickness of 
 the wheel is determined from that view. Approximate 
 lining may be done as follows: Draw two transverse lines 
 in the middle of the view and at a distance apart equal to 
 the width of the tooth at the point; pairs of lines are then 
 
 * The radius chosen for the profiles will not give a well-shaped tooth in every 
 case; the draughtsman must decide by trial what radius to take. 
 
68 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 drawn on each side of the middle pair to correspond to 
 the teeth next on each side, the distances showing the 
 pitch. As we proceed further away from the middle, 
 both the distances between the point-lines and the spaces 
 between teeth decrease constantly, the latter being, how- 
 ever, always greater than the others next to them. At 
 the extremes, furthest away from the middle, they are 
 shown quite close, but still distinct. The lines that cor- 
 respond to the base of the teeth are 7iot shown, as they 
 would tend to confuse the drawing without adding any 
 new information. A good effect is produced by drawing 
 the right-hand edges heavier, as shown in Fig. 66. 
 
 Fig. 68 gives another conventional way of repre- 
 senting gears. This is readily understood without any 
 further explanation. 
 
 
 Fig. 68. 
 
 EXERCISE 26. 
 
 Hack and Pinion. Diametral pitch = 6 ; 15 teeth on tne 
 pinion ; full size. (Same plate as Ex. 27.) 
 
 Spe;ciai< Instructions : The rack is simply a por- 
 tion of a cog-wheel whose diameter is infinitely great. 
 The pitch-circle of the pinion is tangent to the straight 
 
COG-WHEELS. 
 
 69 
 
 pitch-line of the rack. The distance measured on the 
 pitch-line of the rack from center to center of consecutive 
 spaces (or cogs) must be the same as the circular pitch on 
 the pinion. This latter is equal to 3. 141 6'' divided by 6, 
 the diametral pitch, or .5236"; hence this distance must 
 be laid off on the pitch-line of the rack. 
 
 The pitch-diameter of the pinion must be ^%'' = 2%''; 
 the addendum = %"; the outside diameter = ly^' + %" = 
 2%"; the whole depth of the tooth = % + -1^% = -Zb^b" ■ 
 The other dimensions are taken from stock-sizes of gear- 
 wheels. (Fig. 69.) 
 
 Fig. 60. 
 
 The circumference of the pitch-circle is 2.5" x 3.1416 = 
 7.854". The rack is 8i/^"long, so that the pinion may make 
 one complete revolution in shifting the rack each way. 
 
 Strike off the profiles with circular arcs as before ! 
 The two views required are : the front- view, showing the 
 gears meshing, and a sectional side-view (or top-view), 
 giving the form of the body of the pinion. Since the 
 number of teeth is odd, the section must pass through 
 one tooth; this fact is, however, not usually represented, 
 and the section is shown as if the cutting plane passed 
 through the middle of a space. 
 
yo MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 EXERCISE 27.* 
 
 Worm and worm-wheel, Single thread, right-handed; 
 lead=,314 '; diameter of the worm = 2"; number of teeth = 55. 
 Full Size. 
 
 Speciai. Instructions: Each revolution of the screw 
 or worm moves the pinion or wheel forward one cog, if 
 there is only one thread ; this advance is called the lead. 
 It follows, therefore, that the pitch of the pinion must be 
 equal to the lead of the worm, and the diametral pitch 
 will equal ^•^'^" / .zi^' — lo- Since there are 55 cogs on 
 the wheel, great reduction of speed is obtained. 
 
 The diameter of the pitch-circle of the pinion = 5%o"= 
 
 5!/^"; addendum = %o"; pitch-diameter of the worm = 
 
 1" — .2" =^ 1.8"; therefore the distance between the 
 
 axis of the worm and the axis of the wheel must be 
 
 I 8'' S s'^ 
 
 — — -\- — — = 3.65'', because the two pitch-circles must 
 
 be tangent to each other in the middle section. The 
 diameter of the wheel at the " throat "is 5-5"+ -2" = 
 5.7", and the whole depth of the cogs = ^■'^^Vio" = .2157". 
 
 The ' ' face ' ' of the w^heel is made % of the diameter 
 of the worm, or i^/^" in this case. The other propor- 
 tions may be taken from Fig. 70. 
 
 Fig. 71 is a perspective sketch of a worm-gear. 
 
 Since the exterior view of the cogs of the pinion and 
 of the convolutions of the worm is of little importance, 
 it will be found more convenient to draw two sectional 
 views : one passing through the axis of the wheel and 
 perpendicular to the worm -axis, the other through the axis 
 of the worm and perpendicular to the wheel -axis. The lat- 
 ter view resembles the profile of the rack and pinion. The 
 
 * Same plate as Exercise 36. 
 
COG-WHEELS. 
 
 71 
 
 section of the worm-thread is usually bounded by straight 
 lines, so that the worm is really a screw with a triangular or 
 rather trapezoidal thread, in which the sides slope 15°. 
 The other sectional view is drawn as if it passed through 
 spaces and cut neither thread nor cog ; it shows the hol- 
 lowed edge of the teeth, the width of the "face " and 
 the particular form of the body and hub of the pinion. 
 A little reflection will convince the student that the 
 
 Fig. 70. 
 
 ordinary spur-wheel would have to be modified in order 
 to gear with a worm ; thus the spaces and teeth can no 
 longer run perpendicularly across the edge of the wheel, 
 but must be curved and slanted at an angle, so as to hug 
 the helical turns of the worm. 
 
 In Fig. 70 only a portion of the gearing device is 
 shown in section ; the rest, in outside view, is drawn in a 
 manner similar to that employed in representing screws 
 
72 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 and ordinary cog-wheels. The fore-shortened sides (AB) 
 of the sloping and hollowed teeth of the pinion appear 
 about 1/4 of the lead in width.* Care should be taken to 
 
 Fig. 71. 
 
 pass the median profile (CD) through the middle points 
 of this width. 
 
 The entire circular view need not be shown. 
 
 * The wheel embraces about 90° or one-quarter of the circumference of the 
 worm, and, hence, the teeth are in contact with a quarter turn of the thread. 
 
COG-WHEELS. 
 EXERCISE 28. 
 
 73 
 
 Bevel and pinion gear ; shafts at right angles to each 
 other ; largest pitch-diameters, 8" and 4"; 2 pitch ; face=l>^"' 
 
 Special Instructions : The cogs of bevel wheels 
 (Fig. 72) are cut on cones instead of cylinders, as in the 
 ordinary spur-wheel. The pitch-circles corresponded to 
 imaginary pitch-cylinders, that were in rolling contact 
 
 Fig. 73. 
 
 with each other; these are now replaced by pitch-cones, 
 in which the largest diameter is called the pitch-diameter. 
 Fig- 73 shows the simplest conventional method of 
 representation. The conical pitch-surfaces are shown in 
 the two views, the " face " being the slant height of the 
 frustums. The dotted prolongations of the extreme 
 elements, AO, BO, and CO, indicate that O is the com- 
 mon apex of the two pitch-cones. The pitch and the 
 
74 
 
 MbCHA.,.v,/:Liv DRAWING. 
 
 diameters being marked, the number and proportions of 
 the teeth are readily determined. 
 
 The holes in the gears, as well as the special size of the 
 hub and the form of the body (whether plain, webbed or 
 armed), may be indicated in the figure. 
 
 Figure 74 is somewhat more explicit than the previous 
 illustration. The "back-cones," ADB and AEC are 
 merely suggested, the lines ED, BD, CK being perpen- 
 dicular to AO, OB, OC, respectively. AOC and AOB 
 
 Fig. 73. 
 
 are the pitch-cones. The addenda portions of the teeth 
 are omitted, and the gears appear as if they were cut 
 down to the pitch-cones. The radial lines in f- -^ circular 
 view simply suggest the teeth in the crudest ma... ^ 
 
 are spaced approximately. Notice the shading of the 
 right-hand and lower edges, in a manner similar to that 
 shown in Fig. 66. 
 
 Fig. 75 is more elaborate. The sectional view appeals 
 most strongly to the practical man, since it sho\vs all 
 
COG-WHEELS. 
 
 75 
 
 construction details, and also the depth of the teeth, 
 ab = cd. The cogs themselves are supposed to be uncut 
 by the section plane. 
 
 AB and AC are still the pitch-diameters; CEA and 
 ADB the " back-cones "; Aa = Ad = addendum - 1/2"; 
 ac = db = clearance = -1^%" = .0785". The heavy dash- 
 lines FG and HI represent conventionally the broken 
 edge-lines of the cogs in the background. 
 
 The other view given in Fig. 75 affords excellent 
 
 Fig. 74. 
 
 practice for spacing and drawing numerous short lines. 
 The outlines of the teeth may be constructed as in the 
 sp^r-w'^- 3. All the " point-lines " and "base-lines" 
 . ..-o on cones whose common apex is at O, are drawn 
 radially from O' as a center. The fore-shortened depth 
 F'K' on the inner cone is easily obtained by viewing FK 
 from the side, as indicated by the dashed lines shown in 
 the figure. 
 
 Two methods of fastening the wheels to shafts are 
 
76 
 
 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 illustrated : the pinion is held by a " key ' ' or wedge, 
 while the gear is bound by a "set-screw." It should 
 also be noticed that the shafts passing through the holes 
 in the gears are not sectioned. 
 
 NoTK ON Gears in General : Ordinary spur-wheels 
 transform rotation around one axis into rotation around 
 another and parallel one. The axes of the bevel-gears 
 intersect and are usually at right angles to each other; 
 
 while the axes of the worm and its pinion do not inter- 
 sect, but are also perpendicular to each other. 
 
 The discussion of the relative velocities of the wheels 
 and the design of the proper form of the cogs does not 
 come within the province of this book. 
 
 Gears, like bolts and screws, have been standardized 
 so that a careful detail drawing is only required when new 
 designs are introduced. Then the problem becomes a 
 very difficult one, and presupposes for its solution a 
 knowledge of the laws of kinematics. 
 
READING OF DRAWINGS. 
 
 n 
 
 READING OF DRAWINGS. 
 
 The draughtsman should be able to understand a 
 drawing; he must see the object in his mind's e^^e; he 
 must trace out the lines corresponding to each other in 
 the various views; he must appreciate all the dimensions 
 as well as the forms. 
 
 The following exercises are given as a substitute for 
 reading and deciphering drawings. 
 
 EXERCISE 29. 
 
 Copy Fig. 76, showing main shaft of a steam-engine; 
 scale : 1/8. Analyze and explain the construction and form 
 of the shaft. 
 
 Special Instructions : The cross-section is repre- 
 sented in a break in the view shown; the shaft is circular 
 
 r '^essjit aH JO/S/rs-. 
 
 r-'>i-^ 
 
 ©S©-M; 
 
 MixOa SUe\.,l.o^ 
 
 * 5-0" - 
 
 Fig. '.6. 
 
 in section, and a rectangular groove, slot, or " key-way " 
 is cut a distance of 3' 9". The shaft is turned cylindrical 
 to different diameters at the different portions as indicated. 
 
yS MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 The key-way at the left end is marked i%"x%6"; 
 the latter dimension is evidently the depth of the slot. 
 
 The diagonal lines shown near each end are used con- 
 ventionally to indicate the place for the bearings or sup- 
 ports of a shaft. The distance between the centers ot these 
 journals (6' o'^) is marked because it is customary to 
 measure between centers rather than between the ends of 
 symmetrical parts. 
 
 The length, 5' 11%'', is figured separately because it 
 shows a portion of the shaft turned to the same diameter. 
 It will be noticed that the dimension " over all " is given; 
 this is important since it suggests to the workman the 
 entire length of the piece without obliging him to per- 
 form the arithmetical calculation himself. The draughts- 
 man must, of course, be careful in marking this "over 
 all" dimension, making sure that it tallies with the 
 detailed figures. 
 
 ' ' Press fit ' ' indicates the accuracy required in turning 
 that portion. "Machine steel," of course, gives the 
 material to be used. " i off"" means that only one such 
 piece is required for a single machine. 
 
 EXERCISE 30. 
 
 Figs. 77, 78, and 79 show the construction of a piston, 
 piston-rod and packing-rings of a steam-engine. Draw an 
 outside elevation of the piston and rod together ; also a sec- 
 tional view on the plane marked ** A," perpendicular to the 
 rod and along the face of one ring, not cutting the latter ! 
 
 Special Instructions : The views suggested are 
 evidently practice-drawings only, and would not be used 
 for a working drawing. In making them the student 
 must understand the views shown. 
 
READING OF DRAWINGS. 
 
 79 
 
 The rod is easily seen to be round from the section 
 placed between the imaginary breaks. The different 
 lengths and diameters are also evident. The screw-thread 
 
 -s|"- 
 
 r- —'**—»! 
 
 
 Fig. 7T. 
 
 extends a distance of 3%" on a diameter ot i%", the pitch 
 being marked because it is not standard for that diameter. 
 
 
 Fig. 78. 
 
 The other end of the rod fits into the 1%'' hole through 
 the piston, and should be turned to " press fit." 
 
 The piston is, of course, cylindrical, 11" diameter and 
 
8o 
 
 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 5^" thick. The section shows that it is cast hollow, 
 while the other view indicates three webs dividing the 
 hollow interior into three spaces. The part marked 
 " i%" pipe plug " is supposed to fill a hole left for core- 
 prints in casting the piece; two other marks placed sim- 
 ilarly with reference to the other hollows are for the same 
 purpose. 
 
 Two holes, %" diameter and %" deep, are bored into 
 
 
 Fig 79. 
 
 the end of the piston on opposite sides of the center and 
 /i^/2' away; as seen from the end-view, the parts where 
 these holes are bored are made thicker for some distance 
 around, no special dimensions being given. 
 
 The hole for the rod is provided with a countersink; 
 the part of the rod that :^ts into that hole is %" longer 
 than the thickness of the piston; this y^' is forced down 
 to fill the countersink. 
 
READING OF DRAWINGS 8t 
 
 Two grooves, %" wide and %" from each end, are cut 
 into the piston to a depth of %"; the iqI/^" circle shows 
 the bottom of these grooves. The metal behind these 
 grooves is strengthened to an amount that can be judged 
 from the drawing. 
 
 The ' ' packing rings ' ' are shown in the detail drawing 
 (Fig. 79) better than by a section or by dotted lines. The 
 outer 12^4" circle and the inner ii%6" circle are struck 
 from centers %2" apart, the outer circle being placed con- 
 centric with the piston in Fig. 78. The ring is thus 
 %" at the thinnest part, and %q" at the thickest. At 
 the former a half-lap cut is made, extending a distance 
 of %". (As the rings are sprung into position in the 
 grooves and are then forced into the 12'' cylinder, the 
 half-lap will close up a distance of about ^•^*^^"/4=.785", 
 reducing the open circle diameter 1 2 Vi" to a diameter 12")- 
 Only one ring is represented, dotted in the circular view 
 of Fig. 78, to avoid a confusion of lines; the other ring 
 would be placed with the joint on the opposite side of 
 the piston, so as to diminish the leakage of steam. 
 
 ' ' 2 off ' ' means that two of these rings are to be made 
 from this detail sketch. Similar phrases are sometimes 
 used to denote the same thing: thus, "one of this," 
 " one like this," " one a set," are such instructions. 
 
 Attention is called to the position in which the packing 
 ring is placed so as to give a good view; in the section- 
 view the joint of one ring is shown dotted, the other ring 
 being cut off with the front portion of the piston. The 
 section-plane passes through one of the webs, but the 
 metal of the web is not represented in section, because 
 such cross-hatching would obscure the view. 
 
 The outside elevation is omitted, since nothing new 
 would be shown by it. 
 
82 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 EXERCISE 31. 
 
 Fig. 80 gives outside and sectional views of a connecting 
 rod. Make special detail views of the various parts, marking 
 all dimensions ! 
 
 Special Instructions: Figs. 81-86 give these 
 details in parallel perspective; the student should not 
 copy these views, but should show plan and elevations 
 of all the parts. 
 
 In order to understand the drawing let us consider 
 one end at a time, beginning with the cross-head end 
 (left). We notice, first, that there are several pieces held 
 together; to take them apart we must first take out the 
 so-called "cotter" and "gib" (Fig. 81). The taper 
 marked applies to one side each of the cotter and the gib. 
 Next we slip off the U-shaped "strap" (Fig. 82) being 
 careful, in our drawing, to place the holes for the cotter 
 and gib at the proper distance from the ends. The box 
 (Fig. 83) consists of two ' ' brasses, ' ' provided with flanges; 
 the front view shows that they do not touch, the space 
 being left for adjustment. 
 
 The rod proper (Fig. 84) fits against the box and 
 presses the same against the cross-head pin, when the 
 wedges are tightened ; clearance spaces, left between 
 the cotter and the strap, and also between the gib and 
 the rod, are clearly indicated in the elevation; hence the 
 hole through the rod should be carefully placed at the 
 right distance from the end of the rod. 
 
 The right-hand end fits over the crank-pin. The 
 brasses on that side (Fig. 85) are kept in position by a 
 wedge (Fig. 86) pressing with its tapering side against 
 an equally tapered surface in the box-end of the rod, 
 while its other surface is forced against the left-hand side 
 
READING OF DRAWINGS. 
 
 83 
 
84 
 
 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 of the brass. This wedge contains a tapped hole, into 
 which screw the bolts used for tightening the device. 
 The left-hand brass on this end should be studied, 
 
 Fig. 81. 
 
 because it is designed so as to slip into the box-space in 
 the rod ; hence the dimensions of the flange on one side 
 
 Fig. 83. 
 
 are small enough to allow it to enter after the other brass 
 and the crank-pin are in place; the wedge must also be 
 
 Fig. 83, 
 
 placed against the brass before it is introduced into the 
 box-space of the rod. If the two tap-bolts are now 
 
READING OF DRAWINGS. 
 
 ^5 
 
 passed through the holes in the rod and are screwed into 
 the wedge, the latter is tightened and presses the brasses 
 against the crank-pin. 
 
 The rod itself (Fig. 84) is rectangular in section, the 
 
 Fig. 84. 
 
 larger dimension increasing from 2%'' at the left, grad- 
 ually to 3!/^" at the right, the thickness remaining con- 
 stant. The ends of the rod must correspond exactly to 
 
 Fig. 85. 
 
 the size of the strap, the brasses, and the wedge. The 
 1/2 " screw hole in the side is for a set-screw to " lock "' 
 the cotter in any position, by pressing agains-t it. Places 
 
 with ' ' pipe tap ' ' marked are intended for the reception of 
 oil-cups. Attention is called to the form of the holes 
 through which the tightening bolts pass in the crank-end 
 of the rod; they are not circular, but are bounded by two 
 
86 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 straight lines and two semicircles. This is necessary to 
 allow for the adjustment required. 
 
 The length of the rod, technically speaking, is the 
 distance between the centers of the cross-head pin and 
 crank-pin respectively; in the drawing this length is 
 shown by the distance from the center of the circle 
 formed by the brasses at one end to the center of the 
 circle at the other end. 
 
 The original drawing shown (Fig. 80) is called the 
 ' ' assembled, " " general, " or " connected ' ' view, while 
 the drawings of the parts are designated "details." 
 "F all over" means that all the surfaces are to be 
 machine-finished to the size marked. If only some of the 
 surfaces are to be fini_hed, then mark " F " or " X " on 
 them. (The "X" mentioned is really a corruption of 
 the letter " f.") 
 
MISCELLANEOUS. Sy 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 In the following chapter, additional instructions are 
 given without illustration in any given case ; the student 
 wnll at this stage of his work be able to appreciate the few 
 hints and regulations summarized below. 
 
 Views : In choosing the views to be taken, give pref- 
 erence to what may be called the natural positions, thus 
 avoiding oblique and inverted views, and queer sections ! 
 Draw only as man}" views as are necessary to represent all 
 the particulars of form and size ! 
 
 In a symmetrical drawing two views may be easily 
 combined into one : half may be shown in section and 
 half in outside view. The center-line (dash and dot) 
 remains as the boundary line between the two parts, or 
 else an irregular line, sketched free-hand, may be intro- 
 duced somewhat to one side of the center-line. Thus, the 
 piston shown in Fig. 78 could be represented in that 
 manner, half only being in section. 
 
 Let your drawings be clean , clear and concise ! If 
 many particulars and dimensions are to be marked, it is 
 better to make separate detail drawings than to attempt to 
 crowd ever^^thing into a complicated general drawing. 
 
 Parts of the same machine that are intended to be made 
 in different departments of a shop are usually detailed on 
 separate sheets. Thus, the cast iron work is shown sepa- 
 rately for the pattern-maker, who makes his own allow- 
 
88 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 atices for shrinkage and the like; the forge-sheet is designed 
 for the blacksmith, and often the necessary additions are 
 made by the draughtsman for fitting and finishing. Of 
 course it is worth while to mark ver}^ distinctly any special 
 instructions to the mechanic who is to work from the 
 drawing. 
 
 Dimensions : The dimensioning of a drawing is next 
 in importance to the proper representation of the shape of 
 the object ; considerable attention should therefore be 
 paid to this branch of the work. 
 
 1 . The figures should be plain and easily read at a 
 glance ; they should not be too small or hidden in out 
 of the way places. 
 
 2. The best place for the dimensions is outside of the 
 drawing proper. 
 
 3. Place no dimensions on the center-lines, and none 
 on the lines of the drawing itself ! 
 
 4. Mark the chief dimensions in the general view ; 
 repeat important dimensions in the different views ! 
 
 5. Group the dimensions ! That is, place together 
 dimensions pertaining to the same part ! 
 
 6. The dimension " over all " should be marked con- 
 spicuously ! 
 
 7. If the distance required is not properly shown to 
 scale in the drawing, and if it is decided that it is not 
 worth while to change the whole design, you may mark 
 the proper dimension as follows: "Make 5"." This 
 means that the distance is to be 5'' irrespective of the 
 size drawn. 
 
 If the design is changed and certain dimensions are 
 to be altered, it is best to cross over the old figures with- 
 
 ^ i"- out blurring them and to mark underneath the 
 ^^y<^' new and corrected dimensions. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS. 89 
 
 8. In describing dimensions, take the following 
 order : a, width ; b, thickness ; c, length. 
 
 Method : In drawing thick lines, hold the pen in the 
 proper position and be especially careful to clean the out- 
 side of the pen, if you wish to prevent blotting ! 
 
 Where accurate construction is required, all shade- 
 lines should be omitted. 
 
 In no case should the draughtsman use the corners of 
 the triangles or the ends of a scale, because the}'- are sure 
 to be worn off and hence inaccurate. 
 
 It will be found extremely expeditious to perform in 
 groups all operations that require the same setting of an 
 instrument ; thus, a series of equal circles and arcs should 
 be drawn together ; lines having the same thickness, 
 lines running in parallel directions, curves of similar 
 forms, figures and letters, should all be inked together, 
 wherever possible. 
 
 Colored Inks : Before blue-prints were introduced, 
 it was customary to confine the use of black ink to the 
 lines representing edges on the object itself, to the figures, 
 the arrow-heads, and to the lettered instructions ; red ink 
 was used for center-lines and dimension-lines and offset- 
 lines ; blue ink also had a special function in some draw- 
 ing rooms. If colored ink is used, the distinction between 
 full, dashed, dotted and composite lines need not be 
 observed so rigoroush'. 
 
 Special Practice : It is impossible to give any par- 
 ticular instructions that are recognized in all drawing- 
 rooms. Each factory is a law unto itself, and hence we 
 find diversions of many kinds. Thus full lines, long 
 dashes, ver}- short dashes, dashes and dots are used indis- 
 criminately for dimension-lines, offset-lines, center-lines, 
 hidden line^ • different methods of representing material 
 
90 
 
 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 by special sectioning are employed (vid. Fig. 87, rec- 
 ommended to the Am. Soc, of Mech. Engineers, but 
 not adopted) ; views are arranged contrary to the rules 
 laid down in these pages ; special short-cuts and conven- 
 tions are used. 
 
 The intelligent draughtsman should have no difficulty 
 in adapting himself to what is considered the best prac- 
 
 tice in his immediate surroundings. It is hardly worth 
 while to temporize concerning these minor details, inas- 
 much as unanimity of practice, no matter how desirable, 
 will not be possible until all the technical schools and 
 all the technical societies decide on some definite stand- 
 ards. 
 
 Lettering : Lettered instructions are often clearer 
 than an elaboration of detail ; e. g. , the words " knurl- 
 ing "or " tapped ' ' are more explicit than the correct 
 drawing:- 
 
MISCELLANEOUS. 91 
 
 The name of the whole machine, as well as that of the 
 special part, should be marked on each sheet. The name 
 or initials of the draughtsman and the date are likewise 
 important. The date of any alteration made should also 
 be recorded. 
 
 Tracing : The drawing is to be inked on the tracing 
 cloth or tracing paper ; and, therefore, the sketch on the 
 ordinary paper need not be finished in ink. The smooth 
 side of the cloth is preferable, but takes the ink badly 
 unless rubbed with powdered chalk. 
 
 The sensitive paper can to-day be bought so cheaply 
 that it is not worth the draughtsman's while to prepare 
 it himself. An exposure of from 5 to 15 minutes suffices, 
 and a good wash in clean water " fixes " the drawing. 
 The blue-print usually distorts the proportions, since the 
 paper contracts unequally. 
 
 Additional Instruments : The instrument market 
 is well supplied with a variety of instruments, some of 
 which are extremely useful, while others are chiefly orna- 
 mental. A reference to the trade catalogues will be 
 found instructive. A few of the more important drawing 
 tools are enumerated below : 
 
 The Beam Compass is a straight rod to which are 
 attached separate pin, pencil and pen points ; it is used for 
 drawing circles of a radius too large to be spanned by the 
 ordinary compass. Extension pieces fastened in the latter 
 instrument to lengthen its span are a very awkward, 
 heavy and inaccurate device. 
 
 The proportional dividers are extremely useful to the 
 copyist in enlarging or reducing drawings ; the draughts- 
 man proper, however, has little use for them. 
 
 The protractor can be replaced by a table of slopes and 
 tangents. 
 
92 MECHANICAL DRAWING. 
 
 T\\^ prick-point is excellent for very accurate work ; 
 the points to be marked are pricked into the paper, and 
 a small circle is pencilled around each to help to identify 
 the point. 
 
 The use of sponge-rubbers is advised for cleaning an 
 inked drawing. 
 
 The double tria?igle, the tetr angle (four-sided), are 
 modifications of the ordinary triangles, and have the ad- 
 vantage of giving a greater variety of inclinations and 
 angles. 
 
 Section- liners are made in various forms, to insure an 
 accurate spacing of the lines used for sectioning. A good 
 substitute may be improvised by driving nails into a wood 
 rule at a distance apart a little greater than the side of the 
 triangle. By alternately sliding the rule on the T-square, 
 or straight-edge, and of the triangle on the rule, equal 
 spacing is obtained. 
 
INDKX. 
 
 PAGES 
 
 Addendum 64 
 
 Angle Patch 25 
 
 Arrowheads for dimensioning .... . 13 
 
 Assembled view 86 
 
 Backlash 65 
 
 Beam Compass 91 
 
 Bevel and Pinion 73-76 
 
 Bench 14 
 
 Blue Prints 91 
 
 Bolt 54-55 
 
 Bottom view 5 
 
 Bowpen, use of 25-27 
 
 Box 16 
 
 " and Cover 29-30 
 
 Bracket 42, 45 
 
 Brasses 33-34 
 
 " box 82 
 
 Broken ends 42 
 
 Care of Instruments 10 
 
 Center lines 17-18 
 
 " of circle, how marked 17-19-25 
 
 ' ' circle 27 
 
 Chamfer. '. 55-56 
 
 Changed dimensions 88 
 
 Circles, drawing of 19-20 
 
 Circular pitch .. 64 
 
 Clearance 64 
 
 Cog-wheels 64 
 
 Coiled Spring 61-62 
 
 Coloring for sections 32-33 
 
 Colored Inks 89 
 
 Conventional method, bevel gears 73-74 
 
 " " gears 68 
 
94 INDEX. 
 
 PAGES 
 
 Conventional method, screws 51-53 
 
 Combined views 34 
 
 Compass, use of 19-20 
 
 Connecting-rod 82 
 
 Connected views 86 
 
 Cotter and gib 82 
 
 Countersink 80 
 
 Cylinder head 42, 45 
 
 Dedendum .... 64 
 
 Detail drawings 86 
 
 Diagonal lines, for bearings . . . c . 78 
 
 Diametral pitch 64 
 
 Diameter, how marked 27 
 
 Diameters, dimensions .. 18 
 
 Dimension lines 12 
 
 Dimensions, changed 88 
 
 " diameters .... 18 
 
 " how placed I3) 88 
 
 ' ' over 24 inches 44 
 
 " over all 78 
 
 " small 15 
 
 Direction of light 35-39 
 
 Dividers, use of 21-24 
 
 Division of lines 21-24 
 
 Dotted lines . . . 8 
 
 Double Thread • 54 
 
 Drawing board 6 
 
 circles 19-20 
 
 cog-wheels 67-68 
 
 isometric 12-13 
 
 paper 6 
 
 pen 8-9 
 
 perspective 6 
 
 threads 51-53 
 
 to scale 14 
 
 working i 
 
 Edge view, cog-wheel 67-6S 
 
 Elevations 4-10 
 
INDEX. 95 
 
 PAGKS 
 
 Elevations, end 5 
 
 Eye-bar 38 
 
 F-finish 86 
 
 Face-wheel 26 
 
 Fastening of wheels 76 
 
 Flat surface shading 42 
 
 Foreshortened lines 11 
 
 Front view 4 
 
 Function of gears 76 
 
 Gears, conventional method 68 
 
 General view .... 86 
 
 Gib and cotter 82 
 
 Grouping of operations 89 
 
 Handle 41 
 
 Hand-wheel 60 
 
 Helix 50 
 
 Hexagon 21-23 
 
 Hexagonal Nut 56-57 
 
 Hidden Edges 8 
 
 High Light 43-44 
 
 Holes for Adjustment 85-86 
 
 Horizontal lines 6 
 
 India ink 8-9 
 
 Inking-in 8, 89 
 
 Ink-pot 21 
 
 Isometric drawing 12-13 
 
 Journal 40 
 
 Key 42-45 
 
 Key and key way . . 76-78 
 
 Knurling 58-59 
 
 Lead of Worm 70 
 
 Left-handed screw 60 
 
 Length of rod 86 
 
 Lettered instructions 9f>-9i 
 
 Lettering ,. . . . 46-49 
 
 Lines in background 30 
 
96 INDEX. 
 
 PAGES 
 
 Main shaft, steam engine 77-78 
 
 Marking material 31-32 
 
 " scale 15 
 
 Nut, hexagonal, square 56-57 
 
 " sectional view 55 
 
 Oil cup 58 
 
 Outline shading 35. 89 
 
 Packing rings 81 
 
 Parallel lines 6 
 
 Pencil 6 
 
 Perpendiculars 6 
 
 Perspective i 
 
 ' ' parallel 2-3 
 
 Phenix Column 32-33 
 
 Pin •17 42,45 
 
 Pinion 68-69 
 
 Pipe 28 
 
 Piston 80 
 
 ' ' rod 79 
 
 Pitch, circular 64 
 
 " -cones 73 
 
 ' ' -diameter 64 
 
 " -lines 69 
 
 " of screw 51 
 
 Plan 4 
 
 Polished surface 44 
 
 Practice, special 89-90 
 
 Press fit 78 
 
 Prick point 92 
 
 Profiles of cogs 65-67 
 
 Projection 3 
 
 Proportional dividers . 91 
 
 Protractor 92 
 
 Rack and Pinion 68-69 
 
 Radius, how marked 26 
 
 Reading of drawings 77 
 
 Relief Valve 61 
 
INDEX. 97 
 
 PAGES 
 
 Rivets 39-40 
 
 Round writing 48 
 
 Rubber 10 
 
 " sponge 92 
 
 Rule, 12-inch 7 
 
 " scale 14-15 
 
 Scale, drawing to 14 
 
 Screws 50-63 
 
 " square thread 59-60 
 
 " set screw 76, 85 
 
 " thread, convent oual method 51-53 
 
 Sections, how made 28-34 
 
 " plane of 29 
 
 Section-lines 28-34 
 
 Sectioning, different pieces . . 30-31 
 
 ' ' small surfaces 32 
 
 " standard method of 89 
 
 " special 32 
 
 Section-liner 92 
 
 of nut 55 
 
 ' ' showing hole and cylinder 40 
 
 Shading 35-45 
 
 " outline 35. 89 
 
 " circles 36-37 
 
 " cylinder 37 
 
 " fillet curves 37-38 
 
 ' ' surfaces 38 
 
 " sphere 39 
 
 " rules for 42 
 
 " fiat surfaces 42 
 
 Shadow 44 
 
 Shade lines, thickness 36 
 
 Side view 5 
 
 Sketch, working 16 
 
 Spacing 7 
 
 Spring, coiled 61-62 
 
 Square nut 56-57 
 
 Standing-bolt 62-63 
 
98 INDEX. 
 
 PAGES 
 
 Stepping off 21,22,23 
 
 Strap 82 
 
 Studs 62-63 
 
 Stuffing box and gland 30-31 
 
 Sweeps 41-42 
 
 Tail stock of lathe 59 
 
 Tangent arcs and 1 nes 25-26 
 
 Taper 82 
 
 Teeth of cogs 64 
 
 Tetrangle 92 
 
 Threads, screw 50 
 
 " right and left-handed 54 
 
 " double 54 
 
 " conventional way 51-53 
 
 Top view 4 
 
 T-square 6 
 
 Triangles 6 
 
 Tracing 91 
 
 Views, assembled, connected, general . 86 
 
 " choice of 10, 11, 87 
 
 " names of 4 
 
 " number necessary 4 
 
 " placing of 4-5 
 
 Wedge... 82 
 
 Wheels, cog 67 
 
 " section of 59 
 
 Working drawings i 
 
 Worm, lead of 70 
 
 " and worm-wheel 70-72 
 
ESTABLISHED 1884. 
 
 Cflfls. E. Dressier & Bro., 
 
 MANUFACTURING 
 
 Klectrical J>IQ1NEERS 
 
 No. 17 LEXINGTON AVENUE, 
 
 (COLLEGE BUILDING,) 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 -^€>e«- 
 
 \ME beg to announce that we manufacture all models 
 ^ which are described in this book and are also 
 prepared to furnish blue-prints from tracings of the 
 author's original drawings of the tlnished exercises. 
 
 Prices of Models and Blue- 
 prints on Application. 
 
 (OVER.) 
 
^ OUR SPECIALTY s 
 
 is the manufacture of cross-sec- 
 tion and working-models of 
 MICROSCOPES, 
 STEAM ENGINES, 
 GAS ENGINES, 
 
 HOT AIR ENGINES, 
 and all other special scientific ap- 
 paratus and instruments for 
 schools and technical institutions. 
 We also carry in stock physical 
 and chemical apparatus and do 
 repair work of every description. 
 Special attention given to the construction of models 
 and Inventors' experimental work. 
 
 CHA5. E. DRE5SLER & BRO., 
 
 New York. 
 
 %i^'^,<<fii^:y:$':>if'7yXZ*7fjK;:-)ii?-:*^i?:'^^<'f^e» 
 
 Out patented Bttnsen-FIame Safety Gas 
 Earner for Laboratory and other uses. 
 
 * WRITE FOR PRICES. « 
 
CLASSIFIED CATALOGUE OF 
 
 BOOKS ON STEAM, STEAM ENGINES, Ete. 
 
 for sale by 
 23 Murray and 27 Warren Sts., New York. 
 
 BOILERS. 
 
 Barr. Practical Treatise on High Pressure Steam Boilers, including 
 
 Results of Recent Experimental Tests of Boiler Material, etc. 8vo. Illus- 
 trated. Indianapolis, 1893. ^3.00 
 
 Barrus. Boiler Tests : Embracing the results of one hundred and thirty- 
 seven evaporative tests, made on seventy-one boilers, conducted by the 
 author. 8vo. Boston, 1895. ^S-oo 
 
 Colyer. A Treatise on the Working and Management of Steam Boil- 
 ers and Engines. Shaftings, Gear, and Machinery. 2d edition, revised 
 and enlarged. i2mo. London, 1892. $i-5o 
 
 Courtney. The Boiler Maker's Assistant in Drawing, Templating, and 
 Calculating Boiler Work and Tank Work, with rules for the Evapora- 
 tive Power and the Horse Power of Steam Boilers, and the Proportions 
 of Safety Valves, and Useful Tables of Rivet Joints of Circles, Weights 
 of Metals, etc. Revised and edited by D. K. Clark, C.E. Illustrated. 
 London, 1898. (Weale's Series. ) $0.80 
 
 The Boiler Maker's Ready Reckoner. With examples of Practical 
 Geometry and Templating, for the Use of Platers' Smiths, and Riveters. 
 Revised and edited by D. K. Clark. 3d edition. London, 1890. (Weale's 
 Series.) $1.60 
 
 Davis. A Treatise on Steam-Boiler Incrustation, and Methods for Pre- 
 venting Corrosion and the Formation of Scale ; also a Complete List 
 of all American Patents issued by the Government of the United States 
 from 1790 to July i, 1884, for Compounds and Mechanical Devices for 
 Purifying Water, and for Preventing the Incrustation of Steam Boilers. 
 65 engravings. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1884. $2.00 
 
 Foley, Nelson. The Mechanical Engineer's Reference Book for Ma- 
 chine and Boiler Construction, in two parts. Part I., General En- 
 gineering Data. Part II., Boiler Construction. With 51 Plates and 
 numerous illustrations specially drawn for this work. Folio, half mor. 
 London, 1895. $25.00 
 
 Horner. Plating and Boiler Making. A Practical Handbook for Work- 
 shop Operation, including an Appendi.x of tables by A Foreman Pattern 
 Maker. 338 illustrations. i2mo. London, 1895. ^3-oo 
 
LIST OF BOOKS. 
 
 Hutton. Steam Boiler Construction: A Practical Handbook for Engi- 
 neers, Boiler Makers, and Steam Users. With upwards of 300 illustra- 
 tions. 3d edition. 8vo. London, 1898. $6.00 
 
 Munro. Steam Boilers : Their Defects, Management, and Construction. 
 
 2d edition enlarged, with numerous illustrations and tables. i2mo. 
 
 • London, 1892. $'-50 
 
 Roper. The Steam Boiler : Its Care and Management. With instruc- 
 tions for increasing the Efficiency and Economy, and insuring the Dura- 
 bility and Longevity of all classes of Steam Boilers, Stationary, Loco- 
 motive, Marine, and Portable. With Hints and Suggestions and Advice 
 to Engineers, Firemen, and Owners of Steam Boilers. 4th edition, 
 revised. i2mo, tuck, mor. Philadelphia, 1897. ^2.00 
 
 Use and Abuse of the Steam Boiler. Illustrated, nth edition. 
 
 i2mo, mor. tucks. Philadelphia, 1897. ^2.00 
 
 Rose. Steam Boilers. A Practical Treatise on Boiler Construction and 
 Examination. For the Use of Practical Boiler Makers, Boiler Users, 
 and Inspectors, and embracing in plain figures all the calculations neces- 
 sary in designing and classifying Steam Boilers. 73 engravings. 8vo. 
 Philadelphia, 1897. ^--So 
 
 Rowan. On Boiler Incrustation and Corrosion. New edition, revised 
 and enlarged by F. E. Idell. i6mo, boards. New York, 1895. $0.50 
 
 Sexton. Pocket Book for Boiler Makers and Steam Users, comprising a 
 variety of useful information for Employer and Workman, Government 
 Inspectors, Board of Trade Surveyors, Engineers in charge of Works 
 and Slips, Foremen of Manufactories, and the General Steam-Using 
 Public. 4th edition, revised and enlarged. 32mo, roan. London, 1895. 
 
 ^2.00 
 
 Stromeyer. Marine Boiler Management and Construction. Being a 
 Treatise on Boiler Troubles and Repairs, Corrosions, Fuels, and Heat. 
 On the Properties of Iron and Steel, on Boiler Mechanics, Workshop 
 Practices, and Boiler Designs. 8vo. London, 1893. $5.00 
 
 Thurston. Manual of Steam Boilers : Their Designs, Construction, and 
 Operation, For Technical Schools and Engineers. 183 engravings in 
 text. 6th edition, 8vo. New York, 1898. $5.00 
 
 Steam Boiler Explosions. In Theory and Practice, Illustrated. 
 
 2d edition, i2mo. New York, 1888. ifi-5o 
 
 A Handbook of Engine and Boiler Trials, and of the Indicator and 
 
 Prony Brake, for Engineers and Technical Schools. 3d edition. Illus- 
 trated, Svo. New York, 1897. #5-00 
 
D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY. 
 
 Traill. Boilers : Their Construction and Strength. A Handbook of 
 Rules, Formulae, Tables, etc., relative to Material, Scantlings, and Pres- 
 sures, Safety Valves, Springs, Fittings and Mountings, etc. For use of 
 Engineers, Surveyors, Draughtsmen, Boiler Makers, and Steam Users. 
 With illustrations. 3d edition, i2mo, mor. London, 1S96. ^5.00 
 
 Triplex. Marine Boilers. A Treatise on the Causes and Prevention of 
 their Priming, with Remarks on their General Management. Illustrated. 
 i2mo. Sunderland", 1S91. ^i.oo 
 
 Warn. Sheet-Metal Worker's Instructor : For Zinc, Sheet-Iron, Copper, 
 and Tin-Plate workers. Containing Practical and Simple Rules for 
 describing the various Patterns required in the different branches of the 
 above Trades. To which is added an Appendix, containing Instructions 
 for Boiler Making, Mensuration of Surfaces and Solids, Rules for Cal- 
 culating the Weights of different Figures of Iron and Steel, Tables of 
 the Weights of Iron, Stee-l, etc. Illustrated by Thirty-two Plates and 
 Thirty-seven Wood Engravings. Svo. Philadelphia. $3.00 
 
 Wilson. A Treatise on Steam Boilers : Their Strength, Construction, 
 and Economical Working. Enlarged and illustrated from the Fifth Eng- 
 lish edition by J. T. Flather. i2mo. New York, 1897. #2.50 
 
 Boiler and Factory Chimneys: Their Draught Power and Stability. 
 
 3d edition, i2nio. London, 1S92. ^1.50 
 
 FUELS. 
 
 Abbott. Treatise on Fuel. Founded on the original Treatise of Sir W. 
 Siemens. Illustrated. i6mo. New York, 1891. $0.50 
 
 Barr. Practical Treatise on the Combustion of Coal, including descrip- 
 tions of various mechanical devices for the Economic Generation of 
 Heat by the Combustion of P'uel, whether Solid, Liquid, or Gaseous. 
 Svo. 1879. ^2.50 
 
 Clark and Williams. Fuel : Its Combustion and Economy, consisting of 
 Abridgments of Treatise on the Combustion of Coal and the Economy 
 of Fuel. With extensive additions in recent practice in the Combustion 
 and Economy of F^uel, Coal, Coke, Wood, Peat, Petroleum, etc. 4th 
 edition. i2mo. London, 1891. $1.50 
 
 Hodgetts. Liquid Fuel for Mechanical and Industrial Purposes. Illus- 
 trated. Svo. London, 1890. $2.50 
 
 Phillips. Fuels : Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous ; their Analysis and Valua- 
 tion. For the use of Chemists and Engineers, i2mo. London, 1896. 
 
 |o.8o 
 
LIST OF BOOKS. 
 
 Sexton, A. H. Fuels and Refractory Materials. Svo. Cloth. London, 
 1897. . $2.00 
 
 Willian:is. Fuel : Its Combustion and Economy. Consisting of an 
 AbriJ.gment of "A Treatise on the Combustion of Coal and the Pre- 
 vention of Smoke." With extensive additions by D. Kinnear Clark. 
 4th edition. London, 1891. ^l.50 
 
 GAS ENGINES. 
 
 Clerk. The Theory of the Gas Engine. 2d edition, with Additional 
 Matter edited by F. E. Idell. j6mo. New York, 1S91. ^0.50 
 
 The Gas Engine. History and Practical "Working. With 100 illus- 
 trations. 6th edition. i2mo. New York, 1896. ^4.00 
 
 Donkin. A Text-Book on Gas, Oil, and Air Engines : or Internal Com- 
 bustion Motors without Boiler. 154 illustrations. Svo. London, 1896. 
 
 ^7-50 
 Goodeve. On Gas Engines : with Appendix describing a Recent Engine 
 with Tube Igniter. i2mo. London, 1887. . ^i.oo 
 
 Robinson. Gas and Petroleum Engines. A Practical treatise on the in- 
 ternal combustion engine. With numerous illustrations. Svo, London, 
 1890. [Reprinting.] 
 
 HEAT. — THERMODYNAMICS. 
 
 Anderson. On the Conversion of Heat into Work. A Practical Hand- 
 book on Heat Engines. 3d edition. Illustrated. i2mo. London, 
 1893. ^2.25 
 
 Box. Treatise on Heat as Applied to the Useful Arts, for the use of 
 Engineers, Architects, etc. 8th edition. i2mo. London, 1S95. ^5-oo 
 
 Larden. A School Course on Heat. Illus. i2mo. London, 1894. $2.00 
 
 McCuUoch. Elementary Treatise on the Mechanical Theory of Heat and 
 its application to Air and Steam Engine. Svo. New York, 1876. ^3.50 
 
 Maxwell. Theory of Heat. New edition, with Corrections and Addi- 
 tions by Lord Rayleigh, Sec. R. S. Illustrated. i2mo. New York, 
 1897, $1.50 
 
 Peabody. Thermodynamics of the Steam Engine and other Heat En- 
 gines. Svo. New York, 1S98. $5-00 
 
 Rontgen. The Principles of Thermodynamics. With special Applica- 
 tions to Hot Air, Gas, and Steam Engines. With additions from Profes- 
 sors Verdet, Zeuner, and Pernolet. Translated, newly and thoroughly 
 revised and enlarged by Professor A. Jay Du Bois. 732 pages. 3d edi- 
 tion. Svo. New York, i8q6. $5-00 
 
D. VAN iXOSTRAND COMPANY. 
 
 Tyndall. Heat considered as a mode of Motion. 6th edition. i2mo. 
 
 New York, 1890. $2.50 
 
 Williams. On Heat and Steam : embracing New Views of Evaporization, 
 
 Condensation, and Expansion. Illus. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1882. $2.50 
 Wood. Thermodynamics, Heat Motors, and Refrigerating Machines. 
 
 Revised and enlarged edition. 8vo. New York, 1895. $4.00 
 
 HOISTING MACHINERY. 
 
 Colyer. Hydraulic, Steam and Hand Power-Lifting and Pressing Ma- 
 chinery. 72 large plates. 8vo. London, 1892. $10.00 
 
 Glynn. Treatise on the Construction of Cranes and other Hoisting Ma- 
 chinery. 7th edition. Illustrated. London, 1S87. ^0.60 
 
 Marks. Notes on the Construction of Cranes and Lifting Machinery. 
 i2mo. London, 1892. $1.00 
 
 Towne. A Treatise on Cranes, descriptive particularly of those designed 
 and built by the Yale and Towne Manufacturing Company, owning and 
 operating the Western Crane Company , including also a description of 
 light hoisting machinery as built by the same makers. 8vo. New York, 
 18S3. ;^i.oo 
 
 Weisbach and Hermann. The Mechanics of Hoisting Machinery, in- 
 cluding Accumulators, E.xcavators, and Pile-drivers. A Text-book for 
 Technical Schools and a guide for Practical Engineers. Authorized trans- 
 lation from the second German edition by Karl P. Dahlstrom. 177 illus- 
 trations. 8vo. New York, 1893. $375 
 
 ICE-MAKING MACHINES. 
 
 Dixon. Manual of Ice-Making and Refrigerating Machines. A Treatise 
 
 on the Theory and Practice of Cold-Production by Mechanical Means. 
 i6mo. St Louis, 1894. $1.00 
 
 Leask. Refrigerating Machinery. Its Principles and Management. 
 
 , With numerous illustrations. 8vo. London, 1894. $2.00 
 
 Ledoux. Ice-Making Machines : the Theory of the Action of the Various 
 Forms of Cold-producing or so-called Ice-Machines. Translated from 
 the French. 24S pages and numerous tables. i6mo. New York, 1892. 
 
 ^0.50 
 
 Redwood. Theoretical and Practical Ammonia Refrigeration. A Prac- 
 tical handbook for the use of those in charge of refrigerating plants. 
 Illustrated with numerous Tables. i2mo. New York, 1896. $i.CO 
 
 Wallis-Tayler. Refrigerating and Ice-Making Machinery. i2mo, cloth. 
 Illustrated. London, 1896. ^3-00 
 
LIST OF BOOKS. 
 
 INDICATORS. 
 
 Bacon. Treatise on the Richards Steam Engine Indicator. "With a 
 Supplement, describing the latest Improvements in the Instruments for 
 Taking, Measuring, and Computing Diagrams. Also an Appendix, con- 
 taining Useful Formulas and Rules for Engineers. 23 diagrams. 4th 
 edition. i6mo, flex. New York, 1883. $1.00 
 
 Ellison. Practical Applications of the Indicator. With reference to the 
 Adjustment of Valve Gear on all Styles of Engines. 2d edition. Svo. 
 100 engravings. Chicago, 1897. $2.00 
 
 Hemenway. Indicator Practice and Steam Engine Economy. With 
 Plain Directions for Attaching the Indicator, Taking Diagrams, Comput- 
 ing the Horse-Power, Drawing the Theoretical Curve, Calculating Steam 
 Consumption, Determining Economy, Locating Derangement of Valves, 
 and making all desired deductions; also, Tables recjuired in making the 
 necessary computations, and an Outline of Current Practice in Testing 
 Steam Engines and Boilers. 6th edition. i2mo. New York, 1898. 
 
 ^2.00 
 
 Le Van. The Steam Engine Indicator and its Use. A Guide to Practi- 
 cal Working Engineers for greater economy, and the better Working of 
 Steam Engines. i8mo, boards. New York, 1896. $0.50 
 
 The Steam Engine and the Indicator : Their Origin and Progressive 
 
 Development, including the most recent examples of Steam and Gas 
 Motors, together with the Indicator, its Principles, its Utility, and its Ap- 
 plication. Illustrated by 205 engravings, chiefly of Indicator -cards. Svo. 
 Philadelphia, 1890. ^4.00 
 
 Porter. A Treatise on the Richards Steam Engine Indicator, and the 
 Development and Application of Force in the Steam Engine. 5th edi- 
 tion, revised and enlarged. Svo. London, 1894. ^3-00 
 
 Pray. Twenty Years with the Indicator. Being a Practical Text book 
 for the Engineer or the Student, with no Complex Formulse. With 
 many illustrations and rules as to the best way to run any Steam Engine 
 to get the most economical results. How to Adjust Valves and Valve 
 Motions Correctly. Full directions for working out Horse-Power, the 
 Amount of Steam or Water per Horse-Power, Economy and Fuel. Ex- 
 tended directions for Attaching the Indicator, what Motions to use and 
 those not to use. Full directions for Computation of Power by Planim- 
 eter and other methods, with many tables and hints. Svo. New York, 
 1896. $2.50 
 
D. VAN NOSTRA ND COMPANY. 
 
 INJECTORS. 
 
 Kneass. Practice and Theory of the Injector. 8vo. New York, 1895. 
 
 Nissenson. Practical Treatise on Injectors as Feeders of Steam Boilers. 
 
 Illustrated. Svo, paper. New York, 1890. $0.50 
 
 Pochet. Steam Injectors : Their Theory and Use. i6mo, boards. New 
 
 York, 1S90. $0.50 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS TO ENGINEERS, FIREMEN, 
 AND BOILER ATTENDANTS. 
 
 Bale. A Hand-Book for Steam Users, being Rules for Engine Drivers 
 and Boiler Attendants, with Notes on Steam Engine and Boiler Manage- 
 ment and Steam Boiler Explosions. i2mo. London, 1890. ^0.80 
 
 Edwards. 900 Exemination Questions and Answers for Engineers and 
 Firemen (Stationary and Marine), who desire to obtain a U. S. Govern- 
 ment or State License. A new, revised, and enlarged edition. 32mo, 
 mor. Philadelphia, 1897. ^1.50 
 
 Grimshaw. Steam Engine Catechism. A Series cf Direct Practical 
 Answers to Direct Practical Questions. Mainly intended for Young En- 
 gineers. iSmo. New York, 1897. $2.00 
 
 Grimshaw. The Engine Runner's Catechism. Telling how to Erect, 
 Adjust, and Run the principal Steam Engines in use in the United States. 
 Illustrated. i8mo. New York, 1898. $2.00 
 
 Hawkins. Maxims and Instructions for the Boiler Room. Useful to 
 Engineers, Firemen, and Mechanics, relating to Steam Generators, Pumps, 
 Appliances, Steam Heating, Practical Plumbing, etc. 184 illustrations. 
 Svo. New York, 1899. J^2.oo 
 
 Aids to Engineers' E.raminations. Prepared for Applicants of all 
 
 Grades with Questions a.id Answers. A Summary of the Principles and 
 Practice of Steam Engineering. i2mo, leather, gilt edge. New York, 
 1894. $2.00 
 
 Reynolds. The Engineman's Pocket Companion and Practical Educator 
 for Engineman, Boiler Attendants, and Mechanics. Illustrated. i6mo, 
 London, 1886. $i-40 
 
 Roper. Instructions and Suggestions for Engineers and Firemen who 
 wish to Procure a License, Certificate, or Permit to take charge of any 
 class of Steam Engines or Boilers, Stationary, Locomotive, and Marine. 
 i8mo, mor. Philadelphia, i8f)4. $2.00 
 
LIST OF BOOKS. 
 
 Questions and Answers for Engineers. This little book contains all 
 
 tiie questions that Engineers will be asked when undergoing an exami- 
 nation for the purpose of procuring licenses, and they are so plain that 
 any Engineer or Fireman of ordinary intelligence may commit them to 
 memory in a short time. 5th edition. i8mo, mor. Philadelphia. $2,00 
 
 Stephenson. Illustrated Practical Test E.xamination and Ready Refer- 
 ence Book for Stationary, Locomotive, and Marine Engineers, Firemen, 
 Electricians, and Machinists, to procure Steam Engineer's license. i6mo, 
 Chicago, 1892. $1.00 
 
 Stromberg. Steam User's Guide and Instructor. Plain and Correct Ex- 
 planations in regard to Engines, Pumps, Dynamos, and Electricity. Prac- 
 tically, so that Engineers, Machinists, Firemen, and Electricians of Lim- 
 ited Education can understand and become expert practical engineers. 
 i6mo. St. Louis, 1S94. ^1.50 
 
 Watson. How to Run Engines and Boilers. Practical Instruction for 
 Young Engineers and Steam Users. 2d edition. Illustrated. i6mo. 
 New York, 1S96. . |i.oo 
 
 Zwicker. Practical Instructor in questions and answers for Machinists, 
 Firemen, Electricians, and Steam Engineers. 24mo. St. Louis, Mo., 
 1898. ^i.oo 
 
 LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERING. 
 
 Grimshaw. Locomotive Catechism. Containing nearly 1,300 Questions 
 and Answers Concerning Designing and Constructing, Repairing and 
 Running Various Kinds of Locomotive Engines. Intended as Exami- 
 nation Questions and to Post and Remind the Engine Runner, Fireman, 
 or Learner. 176 illustrations. i2mo. New York. 1898. $2.00 
 
 Hill. Progressive Examinations of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen. 
 i6mo. New York, 1891. ^0.50 
 
 Hoxsie. Pocket Companion for Locomotive Engineers and Firemen : Con- 
 taining General Rules and Suggestions for the Management of an Engine 
 under all circumstances. 5th edition. i6mo. Albany, 1876. $1.50 
 
 Hughes. Construction of the Modern Locomotive. 8vo. Illustrations 
 and folding plates. New York, 1894. ^3- 50 
 
 Meyer. Modern Locomotive Construction. 1,030 illustrations. 4to. New 
 York, 1894. $10.00 
 
 Phelan. Air Brake Practice, being a description of the construction, ob- 
 jects sought, and results obtained, by the Westinghouse automatic air 
 brake, as well as complete directions for operating it under the many 
 diverse conditions in daily practice. 3 large folding plates. i2mo. New 
 York, 1890. #1.00 
 
D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY. 
 
 Reagan. Locomotive Mechanism and Engineering. i2mo, with 145 il- 
 lustrations. New York, 1S98. $2.00 
 
 Reynolds. Locomotive Engine Driving. A Practical Manual for Engi- 
 neers in charge of Locomotive Engines. 8th edition, enlarged. i2mo. 
 London, 1892. ^1.40 
 
 The Model Locomotive Engineer, Fireman, and Engine Boy: Com- 
 prising a Historical Notice of the Pioneer Locomotive Engines and their 
 Inventors. i2mo. London, 1895. $ .80 
 
 Continuous Railway Brakes. A Practical Treatise on the several 
 
 Systems in use in the United Kingdom ; their Construction and Perform- 
 ance. Numerous illustrations and tables. 8vo. London, 1882. $3.60 
 
 Engine Driving Life: Stirring Adventures and Incidents in the Lives 
 
 of Locomotive Engine Drivers. 2d edition, with additional chapters. 
 i2mo. London, 1894. $0.80 
 
 Rogers. Pocket Primer or Air Brake Instruction. Stiff paper cover. ^0.50 
 
 Roper. Hand-Book of the Locomotive ; including the construction of 
 engines and boilers and running of locomotives. 15th edition, revised. 
 i2mo, mor. tucks. Philadelphia, 1897. $2.50 
 
 Sinclair. Locomotive-Engine Running and Management. A Piactical 
 Treatise on Locomotive Engines, showing their performance in running 
 different kinds of trains with economy and Despatch. Also, directions 
 regarding the care, management, and repairs of Locomotives and all their 
 connections. Illustrated by numerous engravings. 21st edition, revised. 
 T2mo. New Voi'k, 1S99. $2.00 
 
 Stretton. The Locomotive Engine and its Development. A Popular 
 Treatise on the Gradual Improvements made in Railway Engines be- 
 tween the years 1803 and 1892. Illustrated. i2mo. 3d edition. Lon- 
 don, 1S96. $i-5o 
 
 Synnestvedt. Diseases of the Air Brake System. Their Causes, Symp- 
 toms, and Cure. Illustrated. i2mo. 1894. $1.00 
 
 Woods. Compound Locomotives. 2d edition, revised and enlarged by 
 D. L. Barnes. 8vo. Illustrated. Chicago, 1894. $3-Oo 
 
 MACHINE TOOLS AND APPLIANCES. 
 
 Harrison. The Mechanic's Tool Book, with Practical Rules and Sugges- 
 tions for Machinists, Iron Workers, and others. i2mo. New York, 
 1882. $1.50 
 
LIST OF BOOKS. 
 
 Hasluck. The Mechanics' Work-shop Handy Book. A Practical Man- 
 ual on Mechanical Manipulation. Embracing Information on Various 
 Handicraf . Processes, with Useful Notes and Miscellaneous Memoranda. 
 i2mo. London, 1895. ^0.5.0 
 
 Knight. Mechanician. A Treatise on the Construction and Manipulation 
 of Tools, for the Use and Instruction of Young Engineers and Scientific 
 Amateurs. 4th edition. 4to. London, 1888. ^7.25 
 
 Lukin. Young Mechanic. Containing directions for the use of all kinds 
 of Tools and for construction of Steam Engines and Mechanical Models, 
 including the Art of Turning in Wood and Metal. Illustrated. i2mo. 
 New York. ^i-75 
 
 Rose. Complete Practical Machinist. Embracing Lathe Work, Vise 
 Work, Drills and Drilling, Taps and Dies, Hardening and Tempering, 
 the Making and Use of Tools, Tool Grinding, Marking out Work, etc. 
 Illustrated by 356 engravings. 19th edition, greatly enlarged. i2mo. 
 Philadelphia, 1899. ^2.50 
 
 Shelley. Work -shop Appliances. Including descriptions of some of the 
 Gauging and Measuring Instruments, Hand Cutting Tools, Lathes, Drill- 
 ing, Planing, and other Machine Tools used by Engineers. loth edition, 
 with an additional chapter on Milling, by R. R. Lister. Illustrated. 
 
 ' i2mo. London, 1897. #1.50 
 
 Smith. Cutting Tools worked by Hand and Machine. 14 plates and 51 
 illustrations. 2d edition. i2mo. London, 1884. ^i-5o 
 
 Usher. Modern Machinist. A Practical Treatise on Modern Machine 
 Shop Methods, describing in a comprehensive manner the most Approved 
 Methods, Processes, and Appliances Employed in Present Practice, etc. 
 257 illustrations. i2mo. New York, 1895. ^2.50 
 
 Watson. Modern Practice of American Machinists and Engineers. i2mo. 
 Illustrated. Philadelphia, 1892. $2.50 
 
 MECHANICAL DRAWING AND MACHINE 
 DESIGN. 
 
 Andre. Draughtsman's Hand-Book of Plan and Map Drawing ; including 
 Instructions for the preparation of Engineering, Architectural and Me- 
 chanical Drawings, with numerous illustrations, and colored examples. 
 8vo. London, 1891. $3-75 
 
 Appleton's Cyclopaedia of Technical Drawing. Embracing the Principles 
 of construction as applied to Practical Design. With numerous illustra- 
 tions of Topographical, Mechanical, Engineering, Architectural, Perspec- 
 tive, and Free-hand Drawing. 8vo, leather. New York, 18S7. ^9 00 
 
D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY. 
 
 Armengaud, Amoroux, and Johnson. Practical Draughtsman's Book of 
 Industrial Design, and Machiinists' and Engineers' Drawing Companion. 
 Forming a Complete Course of Mechanical, Engineering, and Architectu- 
 ral Drawing, with additional matter and plates, selections from and ex- 
 amples of the most useful and generally employed mechanism of the 
 day. Illustrated by fifty folio steel plates, and fifty w'oodcuts. New 
 edition. 4to, half mor. Philadelphia, 1892. $6.00 
 
 Barber. Engineers' Sketch Book of Mechanical Movements, Devices, Ap- 
 pliances, Contrivances, Details employed in the Design and Construction 
 of Machinery for every Purpose. Collected from numerous sources and 
 from actual work. Classified and arranged for reference. Nearly 2,000 
 illustrations. Svo. London, 1897. $4-00 
 
 Building and Machine Draughtsman. A practical guide to the projection 
 and delineation of subjects met with in the practice of the engineer, 
 machinist, and building constructor, etc. ; by practical draughtsmen. 
 i2mo. London, 1S91. $2.00 
 
 Burns. Illustrated Architectural Engineering and Mechanical Drawing 
 Book. For the use of Schools, Students, and Artisans. loth edition, 
 revised and corrected, with additional sections on important departments 
 of the art. Svo. 284 illustrations. New York, 1893. $1.00 
 
 Davidson. Drawing for Machinists and Engineers. Comprising a com- 
 plete course of Drawing adapted to the requirements of Millwrights and 
 Engineers ; also, course of practical instruction in the coloring of me- 
 chanical drawings. 4th edition. i6mo. London. $i.75 
 
 Donaldson. Drawing and Rough Sketching for Marine Engineers, with 
 Proportions, Instructions, Explanations, and Examples ; also How to De- 
 sign Engines, Boilers, Propellers, Paddle Wheels, Shafts, Rods, Valves, 
 etc. 6th edition. Illustrated. London, 1899. $300 
 
 Faunce. Mechanical Drawing, prepared for the use of the students of 
 the Mass. Institute of Technology. 2d edition, revised and enlarged. 
 Illustrated and 8 plates. i2mo. Boston, 1898. ^1-25 
 
 Halliday. First Course in Mechanical Drawing (Tracing). Folio, paper. 
 London, 1S89. ^0.75 
 
 Mechanical Graphics. A second course in Mechanical Drawing, with 
 
 preface by Professor Perry. Svo. London, 18S9. $2.00 
 
 Hulme. Mathematical Drawing Instruments and How to Use Them. 
 4th edition. i2mo. New York, 1890. $1.50 
 
 Klein. Elements of Machine Design. Notes and plates. 8vo. Beth- 
 lehem, Pa., 1889. $6.00 
 
 Low. Introduction to Machine Drawing and Design. i2mo. London, 
 1,898. Net $0.75 
 
LIST OF BOOKS. 
 
 Low and Bevis. Manual of Machine Drawing and Design. 3d edition, 
 753 illustrations. 8vo. London, 1898. $2.50 
 
 MacCord. Practical Hints for Draughtsmen. Illustrated with 68 dia- 
 grams and full page plates. 3d edition, 410. New York, 1890. $2.50 
 
 Mechanical Drawing. Progressive Exercises and Practical Hints. 
 
 For the use of all who wish to acquire the Art, with or without the aid 
 of an Instructor. 232 illustrations. 410. New York, 1895. $4.00 
 
 Kinematics, or Practical Mechanics. A Treatise on the Transmis- 
 sion and Modification of Motion and the Construction of Mechanical 
 Movements. For the use of Draughtsmen, Machinists, and Students of 
 Mechanical Engineering, in which the laws governing the motions and 
 various parts of Mechanics, as affected by their forms and modes of con- 
 nection, are deduced by simple geometrical reasoning, and their applica 
 tion is illustrated by accurately constructed diagrams of the different 
 mechanical combinations discussed. 4th edition. 8vo. New York, 
 1896. $5-00 
 
 Mahan and Thompson. Industrial Drawing. Comprising the Descrip- 
 tion and Uses of Drawing Instruments, the Construction of Plane Fig- 
 ures, the Projections and Sections of Geometrical Solids, Architectural 
 Elements, Mechanism, and Topographical Drawing. Revised and en- 
 larged, and chapter on Colored Topography added. 30 plates. 8vo. 
 New York, 1890. $3- 50 
 
 Minifie. Mechanical Drawing. A Text-Book of Geometrical Drawing, 
 for the use of Mechanics and Schools, in which the Definitions and Rules 
 of Geometry are familiarly explained : the Practical Problems are ar- 
 ranged from the most simple to the more complex, and in their descrip- 
 tion technicalities are avoided as much as possible. With illustrations 
 for Drawing Plans, Sections, and Elevations of Buildings and Machin- 
 ery ; an Introduction to Isometrical Drawing, and an Essay on Linear 
 Perspective and Shadows. Illustrated by over 200 diagrams, engraved 
 on steel. With an Appendix on the Theory and Application of Colors. 
 Svo. New York, 1893. $4.00 
 
 Geometrical Drawing. Abridged from the octavo edition, for the 
 
 use of Schools. Illustrated with 48 steel plates. 9th edition. Revised 
 and enlarged. i2mo. New York, 1890. ^2.00 
 
 Palmer. Mechanical Drawing, Projection Drawing, Geometric and Oblique 
 Drawing, Working Drawings. A Condensed Text for Class Room use. 
 Svo. Columbus, O. 1894. ^i.oo 
 
D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY. 
 
 Ripper. Machine Drawing and Design for Technical Schools and Engi- 
 neer Students. Being a complete course of Instruction in Engineering 
 Drawing, with Notes and Exercises on the Application of Principles to 
 Engine and Machine Design, and on the Preparation of Finished Col- 
 ored Drawings. Illustrated by 52 plates and numerous explanatory 
 drawings. Svo. London, 1S97. ^6.00 
 
 Roberts. Drawing and Designing for Marine Engineers. 21 large fold- 
 ing plates and many other illustrations throughout the text. Svo. Lon- 
 don, 1898. $3.00 
 
 Rose. Mechanical Drawing Self-Taught. Comprising Instructions in 
 the Selection and Preparation of Drawing Instruments, Elementary In- 
 struction in Practical Mechanical Drawing, together with Examples in 
 Simple Geometry and Elementary Mechanism, including Screw Threads, 
 Gear Wheels, Mechanical Motions, Engines and Boilers. Illustrated by 
 330 engravings. 4th edition, revised. Svo. Philadelphia, 1898. $4.00 
 
 Shaw. Mechanical Integrators. Including the various Forms of Pla- 
 nimeters. iSmo, boards. Illustrated. New York, 1SS6. $0.50 
 
 Smith. Graphics, or the Art of Calculation by Drawing Lines, applied 
 especially to Mechanical Engineering. Part I. Text, with Separate Atlas 
 of Plates — Arithmetic, Algebra, Trigonometry, Vector and Lecor Addi- 
 tion, Machine Kinematics, and Statics of Flat and Solid Structures. Svo. 
 London, 1SS8. $5-oo 
 
 Stanley. Descriptive Treatise on Mathematical Drawing Instruments, 
 
 their Construction, Uses, Qualities, Selection, Preservation, and Sugges- 
 tions for Improvements, with Hints upon Drawing and Coloring. 5th 
 edition. i2mo. London, 1878. I2.00 
 
 Tomkins. Principles of Machine Construction ; being an application of 
 Geometrical Drawing for the Representation of Machinery. Text i2mo. 
 Plates 4to. New York. $3- 5° 
 
 Unwin. Elements of Machine Design. Part I. General Principles, Fas- 
 tenings, and Transmissive Machinery. i6th edition. i2mo. London, 
 1898. #2.00 
 
 Part II. Chiefly on Engine Details. i2mo. 13th edition, revised 
 
 and enlarged. London, 1895. ^1.50 
 
 Warren. Elements of Machine Construction and Drawing : or, Machine 
 Dramng, with some elements of descriptive and rational kinematics. 
 2 vols. Text and plates. Svo. New York. ^7-5o 
 
LIST OF BOOKS. 
 
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERS' HAND-BOOKS. 
 
 Adams. Hand-Book for Mechanical Engineers. 2d edition. Revised 
 and enlarged. i2mo. London, 1897. $2.50 
 
 Appleton's Cyclopcedia of Applied Mechanics : a Dictionary of Mechani- 
 cal Engineering and the Mechanical Arts. Edited by Park Benjamin. 
 Nearly 7,000 illustrations. Revised and improved edition. 2 vols. 8vo, 
 leather. New York, 1893. ;^i5.oo 
 
 Bale. Steam and Machinery Management : A Guide to the Arrangement 
 and Economical Management of Machinery, with Hints on Construction 
 and Selection. Illustrated. 2d edition. i2mo. London, 1890. (Weale's 
 Series.) ^i.oo 
 
 Benjamin. Wrinkles and Recipes. Compiled from the Scientific Atneri- 
 can. A collection of Practical Suggestions, Processes, and Directions, 
 for the Mechanic, Engineer, Farmer, and Housekeeper. With a Color 
 Tempering Scale and Numerous Wood Engravings. 4th revised edition. 
 i2mo. New York, 1894. ^2.00 
 
 Byrne. Hand-Book for the Artisan, Mechanic, and Engineer. Compris 
 ing the Grinding and Sharpening of Cutting Tools, Abrasive Processes, 
 Lapidary Work, Gem and Glass Engraving, Varnishing and Lackering 
 Apparatus, Materials and Processes for Grinding and Polishing, etc. 8vo. 
 Illustrated. Philadelphia, 1SS7. IS-oo 
 
 Carpenter. Text-Book of Experimental Engineering. For Engineers and 
 for Students in Engineering Laboratories. 249 illustrations. 5th revised 
 edition. 8vo. New York, 1S98. ^6.00 
 
 Chordal. Extracts from Chordal's Letters. Comprising the choicest 
 selections from the Series of Articles which have been appearing for the 
 past two years in the columns of the American Machinist. With over 50 
 illustrations. i2mo. New York, 1898. #2.00 
 
 Clark. Manual of Rules, Tables, and Data for Mechanical Engineers, 
 based on the most recent investigations. With numerous Diagrams. 
 6th edition. 1,012 pages. London, 1897. $5.00 
 
 Mechanical Engineers' Pocket-Book of Tables, Formulae, Rules, and 
 
 Data. A Handy-Book of Reference for Daily Use in Engineering Prac- 
 tice. i6mo, mor. London, 1893. $3-oo 
 
 Dixon. The Machinists' and Steam Engineers' Practical Calculator. 
 A compilation of useful Rules and Problems, arithmetically solved, to- 
 gether with general information applicable to Shop Tools, Mill Gearing, 
 Pulleys and Shafts, Steam Boilers and Engines. Embracing valuable 
 Tables and Instructions in Screw Cutting, Valve and Link Motion. 2d 
 edition. i6mo, mor., pocket form. New York, 1892. #1.25 
 
D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY. 
 
 Engineering Estimates, Costs, and Accounts. A Guide to Commercial 
 Engineering. With numerous Examples of Estimates and Costs of Mill- 
 wright Work, Miscellaneous Productions, Steam Engines and Steam 
 Boilers, and a Section on the Preparation of Costs Accounts. By a Gen- 
 eral Manager. Svo. London, 1S90. $4.80 
 
 General Machinist, Being a Practical Introduction to the Leading Depart- 
 ments of Mechanism and Machinery, the Communication of Motion or 
 the Transmission of Force by Belt, Rope, Wire Rope, and Pulley Gearing 
 — Toothed- Wheel and Frictional Gearing ; together with the details of 
 the component and essential parts of mechanism — Shafts, Pedestals, 
 Hanger, Clutches, etc., and of the methods of fitting up Machines, Screw 
 Bolts, Riveting,- etc. By various practical writers and machinists. 75 
 illustrations and 4 folding plates. Svo. London, 1891. ^2.00 
 
 Grimshaw. Hints to Power Users. Plain, Practical Pointers, fiee from 
 high Science, and intended for the man who pays the bills. i2mo. New 
 York, 1 89 1. $1.00 
 
 Hasluck. Mechanic's Workshop Handy-Book. A Practical Manual on 
 Mechanical Manipulation. Embracing Information on Various Handi-_ 
 craft Processes, with Useful Notes, and Miscellaneous Memoranda. 
 i2mo. London, 18S8. $0.50 
 
 . Haswell. Engineers' and Mechanics' Pocket Book, Containing Weights 
 and Measures, Rules of Arithmetic, Weights and Materials, Latitude and 
 Longitude, Cables and Anchors, Specific Gravities, Squares, Cubes, and 
 Roots, etc. ; Mensuration of Surfaces and Solids, Trigonometry, Me- 
 chanics, Friction, Aerostatics, Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics, Dynamics, 
 Gravitation, Animal Strength, Windmills, Strength of Materials, Limes, 
 Mortars, Cements, etc. ; Wheels, Heat, Water, Gunnery, Sewers, Com- 
 bustion, Steam and the Steam Engine, Construction of Vessels, Miscel- 
 laneous Illustrations, Dimensions of Steamers, Mills, etc.; Orthography 
 of Technical Words and Terms, etc. 62d edition. Revised and enlarged. 
 i2mo, mor. tuck. New York, 1899. $4.00 
 
 Hawkins. Hand-Book of Calculations, for Engineers and Firemen ; re- 
 lating to the Steam Engine, the Steam Boiler, Pumps, Shafting, etc. 
 Illustrated. Svo. New York, 1898. ^2.00 
 
 Hutton. Works Manager's Hand-Book of Modern Rules, Tables, and 
 Data for Civil and Mechanical Engineers, Millwrights, and Boiler Makers, 
 Tool Makers, Machinists, and Metal Workers, Iron and Brass Founders, 
 etc. 5th edition, revised, with additions. Svo, half-bound. London, 
 1895. $6.00 
 
LIST OF BOOKS. 
 
 Hutton. Practical Engineer's Hand-Book. Comprising a Treatise on 
 Modern Engines and Boilers, Marine, Locomotive, and Stationary, and 
 containing a large Collection of Rules and Practical Data Relating to 
 Recent Practice in Designing and Constructing all kinds of Engines, 
 Boilers, and other Engineering Work. 5th edition, carefully revised, with 
 additions. 370 illustrations. 8vo. London, 1S96. $7-oo 
 
 Kent. Mechanical Engineers' Pocket-Book. A Reference Book of Rules, 
 Tables, Data, and Formulse, for the Use of Engineers, Mechanics, and 
 Students. 1,087 pages. i2mo. New York, 1S99. #5-oo 
 
 Knight. American Mechanical Dictionary. A Descriptive Word Book 
 of Tools, Instruments, Chemical and Mechanical Processes ; Civil, Me- 
 chanical, Railroad, Hydraulic, and Military Engineering. A History of 
 Inventions. General Technological Vocabulary, and Digest of Mechani- 
 cal Appliances in Science and the Industrial and Fine Arts. 3 vols. 
 Illustrated, Svo. Boston, 1884. ^24.00 
 
 Supplement to the above, $9.00 
 
 The 4 vols., complete, ^27.50 
 
 Lockwood's Dictionary of Terms used in the Practice of Mechanical En- 
 gineering. Embracing those current in the Drawing Office, Pattern Shop, 
 Foundry, Fitting, Turning, Smiths' and Boiler Shops, etc., comprising 
 upwards of 6,000 definitions. Edited by a Foreman Pattern Maker. 
 i2mo. London, 1888. ^3-oo 
 
 Molesworth. Pocket-Book of Useful Formulae and Memoranda for Civil 
 and Mechanical Engineers. 23d edition, revised and enlarged. Pocket- 
 book form. London, 1899. $2.00 
 
 Moore. Universal Assistant and Complete Mechanic : Containing over 
 One Million Industrial Facts, Calculations, Receipts, Processes, Trade 
 Secrets, Rules, Business Forms, Legal Items, etc. Illustrated. i2mo. 
 New York. ^2.50 
 
 Nystrom's Pocket-Book of Mechanics and Engineering. Revised and 
 corrected by W. D. Marks. 20th edition. Greatly enlarged. i2mo, 
 mor. tucks. Philadelphia, 1895. ^3- 50 
 
 Rankine. Useful Rules and Tables relating to Mensuration, Engineering 
 Structures, and Machines. 7th edition, thoroughly revised by W. J. 
 Millar. With Electrical Engineering Tables, Tests, and Formulae for the 
 Use of Engineers, by Prof. A. Jamieson. i2mo. London, 1889. ^4.00 
 
 Roper. Engineers' Handy-Book. Containing a full explanation of the 
 Steam Engine Indicator, and the Use and Advantage to Engineers and 
 Steam Users. With Formulas for estimating the Power of all Classes 
 
D. VAJSf NOSTRAND COMPANY. 
 
 of Steam Engines ; also Facts, Figures, Questions, and Tables, for Engi- 
 neers who wish to qualify themselves for the United States Navy, the 
 Revenue Service, the Mercantile Marine, or to take charge of the better 
 class of stationary Steam Engines. Illustrated. 14th edition. i6mo, 
 mor. tucks. Philadelphia, 1899. fo-5° 
 
 Scribner. Engineers' and Mechanics' Companion. Comprising United 
 States Weights and Measures, Mensuration of Superfices and SoHds; 
 Tables of Squares and Cubes ; Square and Cube Roots ; Circumference 
 and Areas of Circles ; the Mechanical Powers ; Centres of Gravity ; Gravi- ' 
 
 . tation of Bodies; Pendulums; Specific Gravity of Bodies; Strength, 
 Weight, and Crush of Materials ; Water-wheels, Hydrostatics, Hydraulics, 
 Statics, Centres of Percussion and Gyration ; Friction Heat ; Tables of 
 the Weight of Metals, Scantling, etc. ; Steam and Steam Engine. 20th 
 edition, revised. i6mo, full mor. New York, 1890. ^i-50 
 
 Spons' Tables and Memoranda for Engineers, and convenient reference 
 for the pocket. loth edition, 64mo, roan, gilt edges. London, 1889. 
 In cloth case. ^0.50 
 
 Mechanics' Own Book. A Manual for Handicraftsmen and Ama- 
 
 • teurs. Complete in one large vol., 8vo, containing 700 pp. and 1,420 
 illustrations. 2d edition. London, 1898. ^2.50 
 
 Dictionary of Engineering. Civil, Mechanical, Military, and Naval, 
 
 with Technical Terms in French, German, Italian, and Spanish. 8 vols. 
 
 8vo, cl. London, 1S74. Each, ^5.00 
 
 Supplement to above. 3 vols., cl. London, 1881. Each, #5.00 
 
 Templeton. Practical Mechanics' Workshop Companion. Completing 
 a great variety of the most useful Rules and Formula; in Mechanical 
 Science, with numerous Tables of Practical Data and Calculated Results 
 fo; Facilitating Mechanical Operations. 17th edition, revised, modernized, 
 and considerably enlarged, by Walter S. Hutton. i6mo, leather. Lon- 
 don, 1895. ^--oo 
 
 Engineers', Millwrights', and Mechanics' Pocket Companion. 
 
 Comprising Decimal Arithmetic, Tables of Square and Cube Roots, Prac- 
 tical Geometry, Mensuration, Strength of Materials, Mechanical Powers, 
 Water Wheels, Pumps and Pumping Engines, Steam Engines, Tables of 
 Specific Gravity, etc. Revi.sed, corrected, and enlarged from the 8th Eng- 
 lish edition, and adapted to American Practice, with the addition of much 
 new matter. Illustrated by J. W. Adams. i2mo, mor. tucks. New York, 
 1893. • ^2.00 
 
LIST OF BOOKS. 
 
 Van Cleve. English and American Mechanic. An everyday Hand-Book 
 for the Workshop and the Factory. Containing Several Thousand Re- 
 ceipts, Rules, and Tables indispensable to the Mechanic, the Artisan, and 
 the Manufacturer. A new, revised, enlarged, and improved edition. 
 Edited by Emory Edwards, M.E. i2mo. Philadelphia, 1S93. $2.00 
 
 MECHANICS (ELEMENTARY AND APPLIED). 
 
 Church. Notes and Examples in Mechanics ; with an Appendix on the 
 Graphical Statics of Mechanism. 128 illustrations and 6 plates. 8vo. 
 New York, 1897. ^2.00 
 
 Cotterill. Applied Mechanics, an Elementary General Introduction to 
 the Theory of Structures and Machines. Illustrated. 3d edition. 8vo. 
 London, 1895. ^5-oo 
 
 and Slade. Lessons in Applied Mechanics. i2mo. London, 1894. 
 
 Net ^1.25 
 
 Dana. A Text-Book of Elementary Mechanics for the use of Colleges 
 and Schools. loth edition. i2mo. New York, 1898. $i-50 
 
 DuBois. Elementary Principles of Mechanics. Designed as a Text-Book 
 for technical schools. 3 vols. 8vo. New York. 
 
 Vol. I. Kinematics. ^3-5° 
 
 Vol. II. Statics. ^4-oo 
 
 Vol. III. Kinetics. $3-5° 
 
 Garnett. Treatise on Elementary Dynamics. For the use of Colleges 
 and Schools. 5th edition. 8vo. London, 1889. Net $1.50 
 
 Geldard. Statics and Dynamics. Illus. i2mo. London, 1893. ^1.50 
 
 Goodeve. Principles of Mechanics. New edition, rewritten and enlarged. 
 i2mo. London, 1889. $--5° 
 
 Manual of Mechanics. An Elementary Text-Book for Students of 
 
 Applied Mechanics. Illustrated. i2mo. London, 1 881. $0.80 
 
 Hancock. Text-Book of Mechanics and Hydrostatics. With over 500 
 diagrams. 8vo. New York, 1894. ^i-75 
 
 Hughes. Condensed Mechanics : a selection of Formula;, Rules, Tables, 
 and Data for the Use of Engineering Students, Science Classes, etc., in 
 accordance with the requirements of the Science and Art Department. 
 i2mo. London, 1 891. $1.00 
 
 Jamieson. Elementary Manual of Applied Mechanics. Specially ar- 
 ranged for the use of First Year Science and Art, City and Guilds of 
 London Institute, and other Elementary Engineering Students. i2mo. 
 London, 1898. ^'-^S 
 
D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY. 
 
 Kennedy. Mechanics of Machinery. With numerous illustrations. i2mo. 
 London, iSS6. ^3-50 
 
 Kinematics of Machinery ; or, The Elements of Mechanism. i6mo, 
 
 boards. New York, iSSi. I0.50 
 
 Nystrom. New Treatise on Elements of Mechanics. 8vo. Philadelphia, 
 1S75. ^--oo 
 
 Perry. Applied Mechanics. Illustrated. i2mo. London, 1898. 
 
 $2.50 
 
 Practical Mechanics. Being the Fourth Volume of " Amateur Work Il- 
 lustrated." Plates and illustrations. 4to. London. ^3-00 
 
 Rankine. Applied Mechanics, comprising Principles of Statics, Cinemat- 
 ics, and Dynamics, and Theory of Structures, Mechanism, and Machines. 
 i2mo. 15th edition, thoroughly revised, by W. J. Millard. London, 1S98, 
 
 $5.00 
 
 ■ and Bamber. Mechanical Text-Book ; or, Introduction to the Study 
 
 of Mechanics and Engineering. With numerous diagrams. 4th edition, 
 revised. 8vo. London, 1S90. ^3- 5° 
 
 Stahl and Woods. Elementary Mechanism. A Text-Book for Students 
 of Mechanical Engineering. 7th edition, revised and enlarged. Illus- 
 trated. i2mo. New York, 1896. ^2.00 
 
 Weisbach. Theoretical Mechanics, -with an introduction to the Calculus. 
 Translated from the fourth German edition by E. B. Coxe. 8th edition, 
 ■revised. 8vo. New York, 1889. $10.00 
 
 Vol. 1 1., Part I. Hydraulics and Hydraulic Motors. $5-oo 
 
 Vol. XL, Part 2. Heat, Steam, and Steam Engines. ^5-oo 
 
 Vol. III., Part I. Kinematics and Machinery of Transmission. I5.00 
 Vol. III., Part 2. Machinery of Transmission and Governors. ^5-00 
 
 Wood. Elements of Analytical Mechanics. With numerous examples . 
 and illustrations. For use in Scientific Schools and Colleges. 7th edi- 
 tion, revised and enlarged, comprising Mechanics of Solids and Mechanics 
 of Fluids, of which Mechanics of Thirds is entirely new. 8vo. New 
 York, 1897. $3.00 
 
 Principles of Elementary Mechanics. Fully illustrated. 9th edition. 
 
 i2mo. New York, 1894. $1-25 
 
 Wright. Text-Book of Mechanics. With numerous examples. 3d edi- 
 tion. i2mo. New York, ^2.50 
 
LIST OF BOOKS. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Amateur Mechanic's Workshop. A Treatise containing plain and concise 
 directions for the manipulation of Wood and Metals, including Casting, 
 Forging, Brazing, Soldering, and Carpentry. By the author of " The 
 Lathe and its Uses." 7th edition. Illustrated. 8vo. London, 1888. 
 
 I3.00 
 
 Saunders. Compressed Air Production. Rules, tables, and illustrations 
 relating to the Theory and Practice of -Air Compression and Compressed 
 Air Machinery. Illustrated. 8vo. New York, 1898. ^i.oo 
 
 Smith. Workshop Management : a Manual for Masters and Men, com- 
 prising a few Practical Remarks on the Economic Conduct of Workshops. 
 3d edition. i2mo. London, 1S83. • #0.80 
 
 Plympton, Prof. Geo. W. How to become an Engineer ; or, the Theo- 
 retical and Practical Training necessary in fitting for the Duties of 
 the Civil Engineer. (Van Nostrand's Science Series). $0.50 
 
 STEAM AND STEAM ENGINES. 
 
 Alexander. Model Engine Construction. With Practical Instvuccions to 
 Artificers and Amateurs. Containing numerous illustrations and twenty- 
 one Working Drawings, from Original Drawings by the Author. i2mo. 
 London, 1895. ^3.00 
 
 Baker. Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of the Steam Engine. 
 With Rules at length and Examples worked out, for the use of practical 
 men, with numerous diagi'ams. 8th edition. London, 1890. ^0.60 
 
 Bale. How to Manage a Steam Engine ; a Handbook for all who use 
 Steam. Illustrated, with examples of different Types of Engines and 
 Boilers ; with Hints on their Construction, Working, Fixing, Economy 
 of Fuel, etc. 7th edition. i2mo. London, 1890. ^0.80 
 
 Bourne. Catechism of the Steam Engine in its various Applications to 
 Mines, Mills, etc. New edition, enlarged. Illustrated. i2mo. New 
 York, 1897. $2.00 
 
 Hand-Book of the Steam Engine, containing all the Rules required 
 
 for the right Construction and Management of Engines of every Class, 
 with the easy Arithmetical Solution of those Rules. Illustrated. i2mo. 
 New York, 1892. |i-75 
 
 Burn. Steam Engine, its History and Mechanism. 3d edition. 8vo. 
 Illustrated. London, 1857. ^i.oo 
 
D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY. 
 
 Clark. Steam and the Steam Engine, Stationary and Portable. (Being 
 an Extension of the Elementary Treatise on the Steam Engine, of Mr. 
 John Sewell.) 4th edition. London, 1892. ^140 
 
 ■ The Steam Engine. A Treatise on Steam Engines and Boilers ; 
 
 comprising the Principles and Practice of the Combustion of Fuel, the 
 Economical Generation of Steam, the Construction of Steam Boilers, 
 and the principles, construction, and performance of Steam Engines, 
 Stationary, Portable, Locomotive, and Marine, exemplified in Engines 
 and Boilers of recent date. Illustrated by above 1,300 figures in the text, 
 and a series of folding plates drawn to scale. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 
 1895. #15.00 
 
 Colyer. Treatise on Modern Steam Engines and Boilers, including Land, 
 Locomotive, and Marine Engines and Boilers. For the use of Students. 
 With 46 plates. 4to. London, 1886. #5-oo 
 
 Cotterill. Steam Engine considered as a Thermodynamic Machine. A 
 Treatise on the Thermodynamic Efficiency of Steam Engines. Illus- 
 trated by tables, diagrams, and examples from practice. 3d edition, re- 
 vised and enlarged. 8vo. London. 1896. net #4.50 
 
 Diesel. Theory and Construction of a Rational Heat Motor. Translated 
 from the German by Bryan Donkin. With eleven figures in the text and 
 three plates. 8vo. London, 1S94. #2.50 
 
 Edwards, American Steam Engineer, Theoretical and Practical. With 
 Examples of the latest and most approved American Practice on the De- 
 sign and Constniction of Steam Engines and Boilers of every description. 
 For the use of Engineers, Machinists, Boiler Makers, etc. Illustrated by 
 77 engravings. i2mo. Philadelphia, 1893. $2.50 
 
 . Practical Steam Engineers' Guide in the Design, Construction, and 
 
 Management of American Stationary, Portable, and Steam Fire Engines, 
 Steam Pumps, Boilers, Injectors, Governors, Indicators, Pistons, and 
 Rings, Safety Valves and Steam Gauges. For the use of Engineers, 
 
 , Firemen, and Steam Users. Illustrated. 3d edition, revised and cor 
 rected. i2mo. Philadelphia, 1898. #2.50 
 
 Evers. Steam and other Prime Movers. A Text-Book both Theoretical 
 and Practical. Illustrated. i2mo. London, 1890. $i-50 
 
 Steam and the Steam Engine ; Land, Marine, and Locomotive Il- 
 lustrated. i2mo. New York. #1.00 
 
 Ewing. Steam Engine and other Heating Engines. Illustrated. Svo. 
 Cambridge, 1897. ^3-75 
 
LIST OF BOOKS. 
 
 Goodeve. Text-Book on the Steam Engine. With a Supplement on Gas 
 Engines and on Heat Engines. 12th edition, enlarged. i2mo. 143 
 illustrations. London, 1893. ^2.co 
 
 Gould. Arithmetic of the Steam Engine. i2mo. N. Y. 1898. ^i.co 
 
 Grimshaw. Steam Engine Catechism. A series of direct practical an 
 swers to direct practical questions, mainly intended for young engineers 
 and for examination questions. loth edition, enlarged and improved. 
 i8mo. New York, 1S97. ^2.00 
 
 Haeder. Hand-Book on the Steam Engine with especial Reference to 
 Small and Medium sized Engines. For the Use of Engine Makers, Me- 
 chanical Draughtsmen, Engineering Students, and Users of Steam 
 Power. 1,100 illustrations. i2mo. London, 1896. ^3.00 
 
 Henthorn. Corliss Engine and its Management. Edited by E. P. Watson. 
 3d edition, enlarged with an appendix, by Emil Herter. Illustrated. 
 i8mo. New York, 1897. $1.00 
 
 Holmes. Steam Engine. 212 illustrations. loth edition. i2mo. London, 
 189S. ^2.00 
 
 This is a complete practical and theoretical treatise on the steam-engine, written in 
 very clear and beautiful style, rendering the more abstruse principles of the subject as 
 plain and simple as it is probably possible to make them. It is one of the best, if not tlie 
 best, combinations of theoretical investigation and practical applications in the whole lite- 
 rature of the subject, and forms an admirable companion to Ripper's smaller and more 
 exclusively practical treatise. 
 
 Jamieson. Text-Book of Steam and Steam Engines. loth edition, with 
 numerous diagrams, four folding plates and examination questions. i2mo. 
 London, 1897. #3-oo 
 
 Elementary Manual on Steam and the Steam Engine. With nu- 
 merous diagrams, arithmetical examples, and examination questions. 
 i2mo. London, 1898. $i-40 
 
 Lardner. Treatise on the Steam Engine, for the use of Beginners. i6th 
 edition. Illustrated. London, 1893. $0.60 
 
 Le Van. Steam Engine and the Indicator ; their Origin and Progressive 
 Development, including the most recent examples of Steam and Gas 
 Motors, together with the Indicator, its Principles, its Utility, and its Ap- 
 plication. Illustrated by 205 Engravings, chiefly of Indicator Cards. 8vo. 
 Philadelphia, 1892. ^4.00 
 
 Mallet. Compound' Engines. i6mo, boards. New York, 1884. ^0.50 
 
 Marks. Relative Proportions of the Steam Engine. i2mo. Illustrated. 
 3d edition. Philadelphia, 1896. ^3-oo 
 
 Peabody. Table of the Properties of Saturated Steam and other Vapors. 
 
 " Svo. New York, 1888. $1.00 
 
D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY. 
 
 Pray. Steam Tables and Engine Constants. For facilitating all calcu- 
 lations upon Indicator Diagrams or Various Problems connected with 
 the operation of the Steam Engine, from reliable data and with precision 
 compiled from Regnault, Rankine, and Dixon directly, making use of the 
 exact records. 8vo. New York, 1894. ^2.00 
 
 Rankine. Manual of the Steam Engine and other Prime Movers, with 
 numerous tables and illustrations. i2mo. 13th edition. London, 1897. 
 
 $5.00 
 
 Rigg. Practical Treatise on the Steam Engine, containing Plans and 
 Arrangements of Details for Fixed Steam Engines, with Essays on the 
 Principles involved in Design and Construction. Copiously illustrated 
 with woodcuts and 96 plates. 4to. 2d edition. New York, 1894. 
 
 ^10.00 
 
 Ripper. Steam. Illustrated. i2mo. London, 1SS9. ^i.oo 
 
 This work is based upon a course of lectures given to an evening class of young me- 
 chanical engineers on steam, steam-engines, and boilers. It is remarkably clear, concise, 
 and practical ; no superfluous matter is introduced, and every page goes directly to the 
 point. It is the best book for beginners, and also for those who wish to have a manual 
 embracing the practical features of the subjects in small compass. 
 
 Roper. Hand-Book of Modern Steam Fire Engines ; including the run- 
 ning, care, and management of Steam Fire Engines and Fire Pumps. 
 2d edition, revised and corrected by H. L. Stellwagen. Illustrated. 
 i2mo, mor. tucks. Philadelphia, 1897. ^3-5° 
 
 Hand-Book of Land and Marine Engines, including the Modelling, 
 
 Construction, Running, and Management of Land and Marine Engines 
 and Boilers. 9th edition, revised, enlarged, and improved. i2mo, mor. 
 tucks. Philadelphia, 1897. ^3-5° 
 
 Catechism of High Pressure or Non-Condensing Steam Engines, 
 
 including the Modelling, Constructing, Running, and Management of 
 Steam Engines and Steam Boilers. 20th edition, revised and enlarged. 
 Illustrated. ] 2mo, mor. tucks. Philadelphia, 1S97. $2.00 
 
 Young Engineer's Own Book. Containing an Explanation of the 
 
 Principle and Theories on which the Steam Engine as a Prime Mover is 
 based, with a description of different kinds of Steam Engines, Condens- 
 ing and Non-Condensing, Marine, Stationary, Locomotive, Fire, Trac 
 tion, and Portable. 106 illustrations. 3d edition, revised. 16 mo, mor. 
 tucks. Philadelphia, 1897. $3°° 
 
 Rose. Modern Steam Engines. An Elementary Treatise upon the 
 Steam Engine, written in Plain Language; for use in the Workshop as 
 well as in the Drawing Office. Giving Full Explanations of the Con- 
 
LIST OF BOOKS. 
 
 struction of Modern Steam Engines ; including Diagrams showing their 
 Actual Operation ; together with Complete but Simple Explanation of 
 the Operations of various kinds of Valves, Valve Motions, and Link 
 Motions, etc., thereby enabUng the ordinary engineer to clearly under- 
 stand the Principles involved in their Construction and use, and to Plot 
 out their movements upon the Drawing Board. New edition, revised 
 and improved. 453 illustrations. 4to. Philadelphia, 1897. ^6.00 
 
 Key to Engines and Engine Running A Practical Treatise upon 
 
 the Management of Steam Engines and Boilers, for the use of those 
 who desire to pass an Examination to take Charge of an Engine or 
 Boiler. With numerous Illustrations and Instructions upon Engineers' 
 Calculations, Indicator Diagrams, Engine Adjustments, and other Valu- 
 able Information necessary for Engineers and Firemen. i2mo. N. Y. 
 1899. I3.00 
 
 Thurston. History of the Growth of the Steam Engine. 4th revised 
 edition. Illustrated. i2mo. New York, 1897. ^2.50 
 
 Manual of the Steam Engine. For Engineers and Technical 
 
 Schools. Part I. Structure and Theory. Illustrated. 8vo. New 
 York, 1 89 7. _ ^6.00 
 
 Part II. Design, Construction, and Operation. Illustrated. 8vo. New 
 
 York, 1897. $.6.00 
 
 Or in sets. ^10.00 
 
 . Hand-Book of Engine and Boiler Trials, and of the Indicator and 
 
 Prony Brake, for Engineers and Technical Schools. Illustrated. 8vo. 
 New York, 1S97. ^5-oo 
 
 ■ Stationary Steam Engines, Simple and Compound, especially as 
 
 adapted to Electric Lighting Purposes. 5th edition, revised, with addi- 
 tions. Illustrated. i2mo. New York, 1893. ^2.50 
 
 Turnbull. Treatise on the Compound Engine. 2d edition, i-evised and 
 enlarged by Prof. S. W. Robinson. i6mo, boards. New York, 1884. 
 
 ^0.50 
 
 Wansbrough. Portable Engine ; its Construction and Management. A 
 practical manual for owners and users of steam engines generally. 
 i2mo. Illustrations and plates. London, 1887. #1.50 
 
 Weisbach. Heat, Steam, and Steam Engine. Translated from the 4th 
 edition of Vol. II. of Weisbach's Mechanics. Containing notes giving 
 practical examples of Stationary, Marine, and Locomotive Engines, 
 showing American practice, by R.. H. Buel. Numerous illustrations 
 8vo. New York, 1891. #5-oo 
 
D. VAN NO STRAND COMPANY. 
 
 Whitham. Steam Engine Design. For the use of Mechanical Engi- 
 neers, Students, and Draughtsmen. 3d edition, revised. With 210 
 illustrations. 8vo. New York, 1898. i^S-oo 
 
 Descriptive Treatise on Constructive Steam Engineering, embra- 
 cing Engines, Pumps, and Boilers, and their accessories and appendages. 
 Illustrations and many folding plates. 8vo. New York, 1897. $6.00 
 
 Yeo, John. Steam and the Marine Steam Engine. 8vo. London, 1894. 
 
 ^2.50 
 Tliis book is intended more particularly for engineers of the Royal Navy, but will be 
 exceedingly useful to those of the mercantile marine as well. It is almost entirely de- 
 scri-itive, and is noteworthy for what it omits as well as for what it contains. Although 
 treating exclusively of the marine engine and boiler, there is so much in it that is general 
 to all branches of steam engineering, and the whole is so well and clearly expressed, and 
 shows such a profound knowledge of the subject, that it cannot fail to be of the highest 
 value to the general student. _ 
 
 TRANSMISSION OF POWER, BELTING, ETC. 
 
 Compressed Air. Experiments upon the Transmission of Power by 
 Compressed Air, in Paris (Popp's System), and the Transmission and 
 Distribution of Power from Central Stations by Compressed Air. Illus- 
 trated. i6mo. New York, 1892. I0.50 
 
 Toothed Gearing. A Practical Hand-Book for Offices and Workshops. 
 By a Foreman Pattern Maker. 184 illustrations. i2mo. London, 
 1892. #2.50 
 
 Unwin. On the Development and Transmission of Power from Central 
 Stations. Being the Howard Lectures delivered at the Society of Arts 
 in 1893. Illustrated. 8vo. New York, 1894. fe-50 
 
 VALVES AND VALVE GEARS. 
 
 Auchincloss. Practical Application of the Slide-Valve and Link-Motion 
 
 to Stationary, Portable, Locomotive, and Marine Engines, with new and 
 simple methods for proportioning the parts. Illustrated. 13th edition, 
 revised and enlarged. 8vo. New York, 1897. $2.00 
 
 Bankson. Slide Valve Diagrams. A French Method of Obtaining 
 Slide Valve Diagrams. 8 Plates. i6mo. New York, 1892. Ic.50 
 
 Buel. Safety Valves. i6mo, boards. New York, 1876. $0.50 
 
 Halsey. Slide Valve Gears ; an explanation of the action and construc- 
 tion of plain and cut-off slide valves. Analysis by the Bilgram Diagratn. 
 79 illustrations. 3d edition, i2mo. New York, 1894. $^-$0 
 
LIST OF BOOKS. 
 
 Le Van. Safety Valves ; Their History, Antecedents, Invention, and 
 Calculation. 69 Illustrations. i2mo. New York, 1892. $2.00 
 
 MacCord. Treatise on the Movement of the Eccentric upon the Slide 
 Valve, and explaining the Practical Process of Laying out the Move- 
 ments, adapting the Valve for its various duties in the Steam Engine, 
 for the Use of Engineers, Draughtsmen, Machinists, and Students of 
 Valve Motion in general. 2d edition. 4to. Illustrated. New York, 
 1S83. ;^2.5o 
 
 Peabody. Valve Gears and Steam Engines, ^t^ Plates. 8vo. New 
 York, 189S. $2.50 
 
 Rose. Slide Valve Practically Explained. Embracing Simple and 
 Complete Practical Demonstrations of the Operations of each Element 
 in a Slide- Valve Movement, and illustrating the effects of variations in 
 their proportions, by examples carefully selected from the most recent 
 and successful practice. Illustrated. i2mo. Philadelphia, 1895. ^i.oo 
 
 Spangler. Valve Gears. 2d edition, revised and enlarged. 8vo. New 
 York, 1898. ^2.50 
 
 Welch. Treatise on a Practical Method of Designing Slide Valve Gear- 
 ing by Simple Geometrical Construction, based upon the principles enun- 
 ciated in Euclid's Elements, and comprising the various forms of Plain 
 Slide Valve and Expansion Gearing ; together with Stephenson's, Gooch's, 
 and Allen's Link Motions, as applied either to reversing or to variable 
 expansion combinations. i2mo. London, 1875. $i-5o 
 
 Zeuner. Treatise on Valve Gears, with Special consideration of the link 
 motions of locomotive engines. 4th edition. Translated by Prof. J. F. 
 Klein. 8vo. London, 1884. $S-°° 
 
A\J6 
 
 7 \899