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THE 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS SYSTEM 
 
 ( OMMON SCHOOLS; 
 
 ENLARGED AND REVISED EDITION 
 
 TENTH ANNUAL REPOET 
 
 THE FIRST SECRETARY 
 
 M.\SSACHUSETTS BOARD OF EDUCATION. 
 
 BOSTON: 
 
 DUTTON AND WENTWORTH, STATE PRINTERS, 
 
 NO. 37, CONGRESS STREET. 
 
 1849. 
 
\8" 
 
(EommontDcaltlj of Massacljnstits. 
 
 Secretary of State's Office, 
 Dear Sir, Boston, May 4, 1849. 
 
 I transmit to you an attested copy of the " Resolves relating to a Reprint of 
 tlie Tentli Report of the Secretary of the Board of Education," passed, I be- 
 lieve unanimously, by the Legislature, at its late session ; and remain, 
 With great respect, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 Hon. Horace Mann. W. B. CALHOUN. 
 
 COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 In the Year One Thousand Eight Hundred and Forty-Nine. 
 
 RESOLVES 
 
 Relating to a Reprint of the Tenth Report of the Secretary of tlie Board of 
 
 Education. 
 
 Resolved, That the late Secretary of the Board of Education, Honorable 
 Horace Mann, be hereby appointed to prepare for republication, so much of 
 his Tenth Annual Report as, with tlie requisite additions and alterations, to be 
 also made by him, will exhibit a just and correct view of the Common School 
 system of Massachusetts, and the provisions of law relating to it. 
 
 Resolved, That there be printed ten thousand copies of such republication, 
 to be distributed and disposed of in the same manner as is now or may be pro- 
 vided in regard to the annual reports of the Board of Education. 
 
 Resolved, That the Governor and Council be authorized to determine the 
 compensation to be made to Mr. Mann for the foregoing service, and to draw 
 upon the treasurer of the Coimnonwealtli for the amount. 
 
 House of Representatives, March 21, 1849. 
 Passed. FRANCIS B. CROWNINSHIELD, Speaker. 
 
 In Senate, March 22, 1849. 
 
 Passed. JOSEPH BELL, President. 
 
 March 23, 1848.— Approved. 
 
 GEO. N. BRIGGS. 
 
 Secretary's Office ; Boston, March 23, 1849. 
 I certify the foregomg to be a true copy of the original Resolves. 
 
 WM. B. CALHOUN, Secretary of the Commonwealth. 
 
To His Excellency^ George N. Briggs, Governor, and 
 the Honorahle Council^ of the Commonwealth of Massa- 
 chusetts : — 
 
 Gentlemen ; — In pursuance of the Resolves above 
 cited, I have carefully revised the Tenth Annual Report, 
 therein referred to, and superintended its publication. 
 
 According to my understanding of the Resolves, they 
 did not contemplate any substantial change in the plan 
 or structure of the Report ; but only such modifications 
 of its details, as would make it the true representative 
 and illustrator of our Public School system, as it now 
 exists. 
 
 In conformity with this view, I have subjected the Re- 
 port to such changes and additions, p the legislation of 
 the State for the last three years has^'endered necessary ; 
 and have incorporated into it all the leadmg decisions 
 of the Supreme Court, so far as they interpret and apply 
 the statute law. 
 
 I have also subjoined to the Report, in a chronological 
 order, all the statute laws of the Commonwealth, now in 
 force, on the subject of Public Instruction. A few enact- 
 ments that have been repealed or superseded, are also 
 inserted, on account of the light which they throw on 
 existing laws, and on the history and progress of our 
 educational legislation. 
 
 In this part of the work, it has been my endeavor- 
 wherever a previous statute has been limited, enlarged, 
 or otherwise modified by a succeeding one, to refer to the 
 
modifying statute, in the body of the one so modified, or 
 at its end. This will make all references easy, and will 
 give notice to all readers that the former statute is not 
 to be received as the existing law, without an examina- 
 tion of the one referred to. 
 
 The Statistical and Graduated Tables, for the current 
 year, which are also inserted, were prepared under the 
 direction of my successor in office. Without an exami- 
 nation of this class of Tables, our Common School sys- 
 tem cannot be well understood. 
 
 A copious Index to the Report closes the work, — all of 
 which, in a printed form, I have now the honor most 
 respectfully to submit. 
 
 HOEACE MANN. 
 West Newton, Nov. 29th, 1849. 
 
MASSACHUSETTS SYSTEM 
 
 OF 
 
 COMMON SCHOOLS. 
 
 To WBITE a History of Popular Education in Massachusetts 
 would be a work of great interest, and of little difficulty. 
 Such a history, however, seems not to have been contemplated, 
 and, therefore, would not be warranted, by those Resolves of the 
 Legislature under which the following pages are prepared. 
 The Resolves provide only for "the republication of so much of 
 his [the late Secretary's] Tenth Annual Report, as, with the 
 requisite additions and alterations, will exhibit a just and correct 
 view of the Common School system of Massachusetts, and the 
 provisions of law relating to it." An adequate idea of this 
 " system," however, can hardly be obtained without a brief 
 reference to its origin, and to those great fundamental principles, 
 which its authors and supporters seem rather to have tacitly 
 assumed than to have fully expounded. 
 
 The Pilgrim Fathers who colonized Massachusetts Bay 
 made a bolder innovation upon all preexisting policy and 
 usages than the world had ever known since the commence- 
 ment of the Christian era. They adopted special and costly 
 means to train up the whole body of the people to industry, to 
 intelligence, to virtue, and to independent thought. The first 
 entry, in the public record-book of the town of Boston, bears 
 date, " 1634, 7th month, day 1." The records of the public 
 meetings for the residue of that year pertain to those obvious 
 necessities that claimed the immediate attention of an infant 
 settlement. But in the transactions of a public meeting, held 
 on the 13th day of April, 1635, the following entry is found : 
 " Likewise it was then generally agreed upon, that our brother 
 Philemon Purmont [or Purment] shall be intreated to become 
 scholemaster for the teaching and nourtering of children with 
 us." Mr. Purmont was not expected to render his services 
 gratuitously. Doubtless he received fees from parents; but 
 
8 
 
 the same records show that a tract of thirty acres of land, at 
 " Muddy River," was assigned to him ; and this grant, two 
 years afterwards, was publicly confirmed. About the same 
 time, an assignment was made of a " garden plott to Mr. Daniel 
 Maude, schoolemaster, upon the condition of building thereon, 
 if neede be." From this time forward, these golden threads 
 are thickly inwoven in the texture of all the public records of 
 Boston. 
 
 It is not unworthy of remark, that a word of beautiful sig- 
 nificance, which is found in the first record on the subject of 
 schools ever made on this continent, has now fallen wholly out 
 of use. Mr, Purmont was entreated to become a " scholemas- 
 ter," not merely for the " teaching," but for the " nourtering" 
 of children. If, as is supposed, this word, now obsolete in this 
 connection, implied the disposition and the power, on the part 
 of the teacher, as far as such an object can be accomplished 
 by human instrumentality, to warm into birth, to foster into 
 strength, and to advance into precedence and predominance, 
 all kindly sympathies towards men, all elevated thoughts 
 respecting the duties and the destiny of life, and a supreme 
 reverence for the character and attributes of the Creator, then 
 how many teachers have since been employed, who have not 
 NOURISHED the children committed to their care ! 
 
 In 1642, the General Court of the colony, by a public act, 
 enjoined upon the municipal authorities the duty of seeing that 
 every child, within their respective jurisdictions, should be edu- 
 cated. Nor was the education which they contemplated either 
 narrow or superficial. By the terms of the act, the selectmen 
 of every town were required to ^' have a vigilant eye over their 
 brethren and neighbors, — to see first that none of them shall 
 suffer so much barbarism in any of their families, as not to en- 
 deavor to teach, by themselves or others, their children and 
 apprentices, so much learning, as may enable them perfectly to 
 read the English tongue, and [obtain a] knowledge of the cap- 
 ital laws ; upon penalty of twenty shillings for each neglect 
 therein." 
 
 Such was the idea of ''barbarism," entertained by the colo- 
 nists of Massachusetts Bay more than two centuries ago. 
 Tried by this standard, even at the present day, the regions of 
 
civilization become exceedingly narrow ; and many a man, 
 who now blindly glories in the name and in the prerogatives 
 of a republican citizen, would, according to the better ideas of 
 the Pilgrim Fathers, be known only as the " barbarian" father 
 of "barbarian" children. 
 
 The same act further required that religious instruction 
 should be given to all children ; and also, " that all parents 
 and masters do breed and bring up their children and appren- 
 tices in some honest, lawful calling, labor, or employment, 
 either in husbandry or some other trade, profitable for them- 
 selves and the Commonwealth ; if they will not or cannot train 
 them up in learning to fit them for higher employments." 
 
 Thus were recognized and embodied, in a public statute, 
 the highest principles of Political Economy and of social well- 
 being ; — the universal education of children, and the prevention 
 of drones or non-producers among men. 
 
 By the same statute, the selectmen and magistrates were em- 
 powered to take children and servants from the custody of 
 those parents and masters, who, "after admonition," "were 
 still negligent of their duty in the particulars above mentioned," 
 and to bind them out to such masters as they should deem 
 worthy to supply the place of the unnatural parent, — ^boys 
 until the age of twenty-one, and girls until that of eighteen. 
 
 The law of 1642 enjoined universal education, but it did not 
 make education free ; nor did it impose any penalty upon mu- 
 nicipal corporations for neglecting to maintain a school. The 
 spirit of the law, however, worked energetically in the hearts 
 of the people ; for, in Governor Winthrop's Journal, (History 
 of New England, vol. 2, p. 215, Savage's edition,) under date 
 of 1645, we find the following : " Divers free schools were 
 erected, as at Roxbury, (for maintenance whereof every inhab- 
 itant bound some house or land for a yearly allowance forever,) 
 and at Boston, where they made an order to allow fifty pounds 
 to the master and an house, and thirty pounds to an usher, who 
 should also teach to read and write and cipher, and Indians' 
 children were to be taught freely, and the charge to be by 
 yearly contribution, either by voluntary allowance, or by rate 
 of such as refused, &c,, and this order was confirmed by the 
 
10 
 
 General Court. Other towns did the like, providing mainte- 
 nance by several means." 
 
 It is probable, however, that some towns, owing to the 
 sparseness of their population and the scantiness of their re- 
 sources, found all the moneys in their treasury too little to pay 
 the salary of a master ; and, surrounded by dangers, as they 
 were, from the ferocity of the aborigines and the inclemency 
 of the climate, believed that not an eye could be spared from 
 watching nor a hand from labor, even for so sacred a purpose 
 as that of instruction ; and therefore failed to sustain a school 
 for the teaching and " nourtering" of their children. But, in 
 all these privations and disabilities, the government of the col- 
 ony saw no adequate excuse for neglecting the one thing need- 
 ful. They saw and felt, that, if " learning were to be buried 
 in the graves of their forefathers, in Church and Common- 
 wealth," then they had escaped from the house of bondage, 
 and swam an ocean, and braved the terrors of the wilderness, 
 in vain. In the year 1647, therefore, a law was passed making 
 the support of schools compulsory, and education both univer- 
 sal and Free. 
 
 By this law, every town, containing fifty householders, was 
 required to appoint a teacher, " to teach all such children as 
 shall resort to him to write and read ;" and every town, con- 
 taining one hundred families or householders, was required to 
 ^'set up a grammar school," whose master should be "able to 
 instruct youth so far as they may be fitted for the university." 
 
 Tlie penalty for non-compliance with the above requirements 
 was five pounds per annum. In 1671, the penalty was in- 
 creased to ten pounds per annum ; in 1683, to twenty pounds ; 
 and, in 1718, to thirty pounds, for every town containing one 
 hundred and fifty families; to forty pounds, for every town 
 containing two hundred families ; and so on, pro rata, for towns 
 containing two hundred and fifty or three hundred families. 
 The penalty was increased, from time to time, to correspond 
 with the increasing wealth of the towns. All forfeitm-es were 
 appropriated to the maintenance of Public Schools.* 
 
 * It is well known that, in the dearth of the precious metals which prevailed among the 
 early settlers of Massachusetts, the colonial and provincial governments made various kinds 
 
11 
 
 It is common to say that the act of 1647 laid the foundation 
 of our present system of Free Schools. But the truth is, it 
 not only laid the foundation of the present system, but, in some 
 particulars, it laid a far broader foundation than has since been 
 built upon, and reared a far higher superstructure than has since 
 been sustained. Modern times have witnessed great improve- 
 ments in the methods of instruction and in the motives of dis- 
 cipline ; but, in some respects, the ancient foundation has been 
 narrowed, and the ancient superstructure lowered. The term 
 " grammar school," in the old laws, always meant a school 
 Avhere the ancient languages were taught, and where youth 
 could be '' jfitted for the university." Every town, containing 
 
 of grain, — wheat, rye, barley, Indian corn, &c., — witii several other commodities, a legal 
 tender in payment of debts, and received them for taxes. In our early legislation and his- 
 tory, these were called " country pay." From time to time, the law determined the value of 
 the bushel, or unit, of each kind of product. On an examination of twenty such deter- 
 minations of value, made from 1642 to 1C94, inclusive, I find that Indian corn was rated 
 at from one shilling and two pence a bushel to three shillings and six pence ; and that the 
 average for this whole period was, within a very slight fraction, two shillings and ten pence a 
 bushel. 
 
 Allowing six persons to a family, a town of three hundred families would contain a popu- 
 lation of eighteen hundred. 
 
 To pay a fine of sixty pounds, tlierefore, to which such a town would be liable by one of 
 the laws above referred to, if paid in Indian corn, at the average of the prices which pre- 
 vailed from 1642 to 1694, would require four hundred and twenty-three bushels. 
 
 The rates of labor, as ordained by the colonial government, show, in a still more striking 
 manner, how heavily the tovras were mulcted for neglecting to support schools. 
 
 Under date of September 30, 1630, " It is ordered, that laborers shall not take aboue 12d 
 a day for their work and not aboue 6d and meatc and drink under paine of 10s ; noe master 
 carpenter, mason, joyner or bricklayer, shall take aboue 16d a day for their worke, if they 
 have meate and drink, — and the second sort not aboue 12d a day under payne of 10s both 
 to giuer and receauer." 
 
 At these rates, it would take a laborer, (having board,) four hundred and eighty days to 
 pay a fine of one pound. The penalty imposed upon towns, by the law of 1647, for not 
 maintaining a free school, was five pounds, — equivalent, at the above rate, to the work of a 
 common laborer, (with board, but without clothing,) for twenty-four hundred days ; or all 
 the working days in almost eight years. 
 
 Under date of September 3, 1634, it was ordered, that " noc person that keepes an ordi- 
 nary shall take above 6d a mealc for a person, and not above Id for an ale quarte for beare 
 out of meale time vnder the penalty of 10s for eury offence, either of dyet or beare." 
 
 In 1654, May 3, the following order was made ; — " As the countrje is in debt, no stock in 
 the treasury, no mcanes, at present, to raise any, so that workmen cannot be procured to 
 finish the Castle, which yett is necessary forthwith to be done," the several military compa- 
 nies must do it ; one division of them by having each of their soldiers labor three days on 
 this fortification, and another by being individually assessed 4s 6d. Hence it would seem 
 that 4s 6d were held to be an equivalent for three days' work on the Castle, and going to 
 and returning from the work. — See An historical account of Massachusetts Currency, by 
 Joseph B. Felt. 
 
12 
 
 one hundred families or householders, was required to keep 
 such a school. Were such a law in force at the present time, 
 there are not more than twelve towns in the Commonwealth 
 which would be exempt from its requisitions. But the term 
 " grammar school" has wholly lost its original meaning ; and 
 the number of towns and cities which are now required by law 
 to maintain a school, where the Greek and Latin languages are 
 taught, and where youth can be fitted for college, does not 
 exceed thirty. The contrast between our ancestors and our- 
 selves, in this respect, is most humiliating. Their meanness 
 in wealth was more than compensated by their grandeur of 
 soul. 
 
 The institution of a Free School system, on so broad a ba- 
 sis and of such ample proportions, appears still more remarkable, 
 when we consider the period, in the world's history, at which 
 it was originated, and the fewness and poverty of the people by 
 whom it was maintained. In 1647, the entire population of 
 the colony of Massachusetts Bay is supposed to have amounted 
 only to twenty-one thousand souls. The scattered and feeble 
 settlements were almost buried in the depths of the forest. 
 The external resources of the people were small, their dwellings 
 humble, and their raiment and subsistence scanty and homely. 
 They had no enriching commerce, and the wonderful forces of 
 nature had not then, as now, become gratuitous producers of 
 every human comfort and luxury. The whole valuation of all 
 the colonial estates, both public and private, would hardly have 
 been equal to the inventory of many a private citizen of the 
 present day. The fierce eye of the savage Avas nightly seen 
 glaring from the edge of the surrounding wilderness, and no 
 defence or succor, save in their own brave natures, was at 
 hand. Yet it was then, amid all these privations and dangers, 
 that the Pilgrim Fathers conceived the magnificent idea, not 
 only of a Universal, but of a Free education for the whole peo- 
 ple. To find the time and the means to reduce this grand 
 conception to practice, they stinted themselves, amid all their 
 poverty, to a still scantier pittance ; amid all their toils, they 
 imposed upon themselves still more burdensome labors ; and, 
 amid all their perils, they braved still greater dangers. Two 
 
13 
 
 divine ideas filled theii* great hearts, — their duty to God and to 
 posterity. For the one, they built the church ; for the other, 
 they opened the school. Religion and Knowledge ! — two 
 attributes of the same glorious and eternal truth, and that truth 
 the only one on which immortal or mortal happiness can be 
 securely founded ! 
 
 It is impossible for us adequately to conceive the boldness of 
 the measure which aimed at universal education, through the 
 establishment of Free Schools. As a fact, it had no precedent 
 in the world's history ; and, as a theory, it could have been 
 refuted and silenced by a more formidable array of argument 
 and experience than was ever marshalled against any other in- 
 stitution of human origin. But time has ratified its soundness. 
 Two centuries of successful operation now proclaim it to be as 
 wise as it was courageous, and as beneficent as it was disinter- 
 ested. Every community in the civilized world awards it 
 the meed of praise ; and states at home, and nations abroad, 
 in the order of their intelligence, are copying the bright exam- 
 ple. What we call the enlightened nations of Christendom, 
 are approaching, by slow degrees, to the moral elevation which 
 our ancestors reached at a single bound ; and the tardy convic- 
 tions of the one, have been assimilating, through a period of 
 two centm'ies, to the intuitions of the other. 
 
 The establishment of Free Schools was one of those grand 
 mental and moral experiments whose effects could not be de- 
 veloped and made manifest in a single generation. But now, 
 according to the manner in which human life is computed, we 
 are the sixth generation from its founders ; and have we not 
 reason to be grateful, both to God and man, for its unnumbered 
 blessings ! The sincerity of our gratitude must be tested by 
 our efforts to perpetuate and to improve what they established. 
 The gratitude of the lips only is an unholy offering. 
 
 In surveying our vast country, — the rich savannas of the 
 south, and the almost interminable prairies of the west, — that 
 great valley, where, if all the nations of Europe were set down 
 together, they could find ample subsistence, — the ejaculation 
 involuntarily bursts forth, "Why were they not colonized 
 BY MEN LIKE THE PiLGRiM Fathers ?" — and as wc reflect, how 
 
14 
 
 different would have been the fortunes of this nation, had those 
 states, — already so numerous, and still extending, circle beyond 
 circle, — ^been founded by men of high, heroic, puritan mould ] 
 how different in the eye of a righteous Heaven, how different 
 in the estimation of the wise and good of all contemporary na- 
 tions, how different in the fortunes of that vast procession of 
 the generations which are yet to rise up over all those wide 
 expanses, and to follow each other to the end of time ; — as we 
 reflect upon these things, it seems almost pious to repine at the 
 ways of Providence ; resignation becomes laborious, and we 
 are forced to choke down our murmurings at the will of 
 Heaven ! Is it the solution of this deep mystery, that our 
 ancestors did as much in their time, as it is ever given to 
 one generation of men to accomplish, and have left to us and 
 to our descendants the completion of the glorious work they 
 began ? 
 
 The alleged ground upon which the founders of our Free 
 School system proceeded, when adopting it, did not embrace 
 the whole argument by which it may be defended and sus- 
 tained. Their insight was better than their reason. They 
 assumed a ground, indeed, satisfactory and convincing to 
 Protestants ; but, at that time, only a small portion of Christen- 
 dom was Protestant, and even now only a minority of it is so. 
 The very ground on which our Free Schools were founded, 
 therefore, if it were the only one, would have been a reason, 
 with more than half of Christendom, for their immediate abo- 
 lition. 
 
 In later times, and since the achievement of American inde- 
 pendence, the universal and ever-repeated argument in favor of 
 Free Schools has been, that the general intelligence which 
 they are capable of diffusing, and which can be imparted by 
 no other human instrumentality, is indispensable to the contin- 
 uance of a republican government. This argument, it is obvi- 
 ous, assumes, as a postulatum, the superiority of a republican 
 over all other forms of government ; and, as a people, we re- 
 ligiously believe in the soundness, both of the assumption and 
 of the argument founded upon it. But if this be all, then a 
 sincere monarchist, or a defender of arbitrary power, or a be- 
 
15 
 
 liever in the divine right of kings, would oppose Free Schools, 
 for the identical reasons we offer in their behalf. A perfect 
 demonstration of our doctrine, — that Free Schools are the only 
 basis of republican institutions, — would be the perfection of 
 proof, to his mind, that they should be immediately extermi- 
 nated. 
 
 Admitting, nay, claiming for ourselves, the substantial just- 
 ness and soundness of the general grounds on which our sys- 
 tem was originally established and has since been maintained, 
 yet it is most obvious that, unless some broader and more com- 
 prehensive principle can be found, the system of Free Schools 
 will be repudiated by whole nations as impolitic and dangerous ; 
 and, even among ourselves, all Avho deny our premises will, of 
 course, set at nought the conclusions to which they lead. 
 
 Again ; the expediency of Free Schools is sometimes advo- 
 cated on grounds of Political Economy. An educated people 
 is always a more industrious and productive people. Knowl- 
 edge and Abundance sustain to each other the relation of cause 
 and effect. Intelligence is a primary ingredient in the Wealth 
 of Nations. Where this does not stand at the head of the in- 
 ventory, the items in a nation's valuation will be few, and the 
 sum at the foot of the column insignificant. 
 
 The moralist, too, takes up the argument of the economist. 
 He demonstrates that vice and crime are not only prodigals and 
 spendthrifts of their own, but defrauders and plunderers of the 
 means of others ; that they would seize upon all the gains of 
 honest industry, and exhaust the bounties of Heaven itself, 
 without satiating their rapacity for new means of indulgence ,• 
 and that often, in the history of the world, whole generations 
 might have been trained to industry and virtue by the wealth 
 which one enemy to his race has destroyed. 
 
 And yet, notwithstanding these views have been presented a 
 thousand times, with irrefutable logic, and with a divine elo- 
 quence of truth which it would seem that nothing but com- 
 bined stolidity and depravity could resist, there is not at the 
 present time, with the exception of the states of New England 
 and a few small communities elsewhere, a country or a state in 
 Christendom, which maintains a system of Free Schools for 
 
16 
 
 the education of its children. Even in the state of New York, 
 with all its noble endowments, the Schools are not Free.* 
 
 I believe that this amazing dereliction from duty, especially 
 in our own country, originates more in the false notions which 
 men entertain respecting the nature of their right to property, 
 than in any thing else. In the district school meeting, in the 
 town meeting, in legislative halls, every where, the advocates 
 for a more generous education could carry their respective au- 
 diences with them in behalf of increased privileges for oiur 
 children, were it not instinctively foreseen that increased priv- 
 ileges must be followed by increased taxation. Against this 
 obstacle, argument falls dead. The rich man, who has no 
 children, declares that the exaction of a contribution from him, 
 to educate the children of his neighbor, is an invasion of his 
 rights of property. The man who has reared and educated a 
 family of children denounces it as a double tax, when he is 
 called upon to assist in educating the children of others also ; 
 or, if he has reared his own children without educating them, 
 he thinks it peculiarly oppressive to be obliged to do for others 
 what he refrained from doing even for himself. Another, hav- 
 ing children, but disdaining to educate them with the common 
 mass, withdraws tiiem from the Public School, puts them under 
 what he calls "selector influences,"" and then thinks it a griev- 
 ance to be obliged to support a school which he contemns. Or, 
 if these different parties so far yield to the force of traditionary 
 sentiment and usage, and to the public opinion around them, as 
 to consent to do something for the cause, they soon reach the 
 limit of expense at which their admitted obligation, or their 
 alleged charity, terminates. 
 
 It seems not irrelevant, therefore, in this connection, and for 
 the purpose of strengthening the foundation on which our Free 
 School system reposes, to inquire into the nature of a man's 
 right to the property he possesses ; and to satisfy ourselves re- 
 specting the question, whether any man has such an indefeasi- 
 ble title to his estates, or such an absolute ownership of them, 
 
 * By an act of the New York Legislature, passed at its last session, the question, whether 
 Free Schools shall be established throughout the state, is to be submitted to the decision of 
 the people, to be determined by ballot, at their primary meetings, during the current year. 
 
17 
 
 as renders it unjust in the government to assess upon him his 
 share of the expenses of educating the children of the commu- 
 nity, up to such a point as the nature of the institutions under 
 which he lives, and the well-being of society, require. 
 
 I believe in the existence of a great, immortal, immutable 
 principle of Natural Law, or Natural Ethics, — a principle ante- 
 cedent to all human institutions, and incapable of being abro- 
 gated by any ordinances of man, — a principle of divine origin, 
 clearly legible in the ways of Providence as those ways are 
 manifested in the order of nature and in the history of the 
 race, — which proves the absolute right to an education, of every 
 human being that comes into the world ; and which, of course, 
 proves the correlative duty of every government to see that the 
 means of that education are provided for all. 
 
 In regard to the application of this principle of natural law, — 
 that is, in regard to the extent of the education to be provided 
 for all, at the public expense, — some differences of opinion may 
 fairly exist, under different political organizations ; but under 
 our republican government, it seems clear that the minimum 
 of this education can never be less than such as is sufficient to 
 qualify each citizen for the civil and social duties he will be 
 called to discharge ; — such an education as teaches the individ- 
 ual the great laws of bodily health ; as qualifies for the fulfil- 
 ment of parental duties ; as is indispensable for the civil func- 
 tions of a witness or a juror ; as is necessary for the voter in 
 municipal and in national affairs ; and finally, as is requisite for 
 the faithful and conscientious discharge of all those duties 
 which devolve upon the inheritor of a portion of the sovereignty 
 of this great republic. 
 
 The will of God, as conspicuously manifested in the order 
 of nature, and in the relations which he has established among 
 men, places the right of every child that is born into the world, 
 to such a degree of education as will enable him, and, as fax as 
 possible, will predispose him, to perform all domestic, social, 
 civil, and moral duties, upon the same clear ground of natural 
 law and equity, as it places a child's right, upon his first com- 
 ing into the world, to distend his lungs with a portion of the 
 common air, or to open his eyes to the common light, or to 
 3 
 
18 
 
 receive that shelter, protection, and nourishment, which are 
 necessary to the continuance of his bodily existence. And so 
 far is it from being a wrong or a hardship to demand of the 
 possessors of property their respective shares for the prosecution 
 of this divinely-ordained work, that they themselves are guilty 
 of the most far-reaching injustice, when they seek to resist or 
 to evade the contribution. The complainers are the wrong- 
 doers. The cry, " Stop thief," comes from the thief himself. 
 
 To any one who looks beyond the mere surface of things, it 
 is obvious that the primary and natural elements or ingredients 
 of all property consist in the riches of the soil, in the treasures 
 of the sea, in the light and warmth of the sun, in the fertiliz- 
 ing clouds, and streams, and dews, in the winds, and in the 
 chemical and vegetative agencies of nature. In the majority of 
 cases, all that we call property, all that makes up the valuation 
 or inventory of a nation's capital, was prepared at the creation, 
 and was laid up of old in the capacious storehouses of nature. 
 For every unit that a man earns by his own toil or skill, he 
 receives hundreds and thousands, without cost and without 
 recompense, from the All-bountiful Giver. A proud mortal, 
 standing in the midst of his luxuriant wheat-fields or cotton- 
 plantations, may arrogantly call them his own ; yet what bar- 
 ren wastes would they be, did not Heaven send down upon 
 them its dews and its rains, its warmth and its light ; and sus- 
 tain, for their growth and ripening, the grateful vicissitude of 
 the seasons ! It is said that from eighty to ninety per cent, of 
 the very substance of some of the great staples of agriculture 
 are not taken from the earth, but are absorbed from the air ; so 
 that these productions may more properly be called fruits of the 
 atmosphere than of the soil. Who prepares this elemental 
 wealth ? Who scatters it, like a sower, through all the regions 
 of the atmosphere, and sends the richly-freighted winds, as His 
 messengers, to bear to each leaf in the forest, and to each blade 
 in the cultivated field, the nourishment which their infinitely- 
 varied needs demand ? Aided by machinery, a single manu- 
 facturer performs the labor of hundreds of men. Yet what 
 could he accomplish without the weight of the waters which 
 God causes ceaselessly to flow ? or without those gigantic forces 
 
19 
 
 which He has given to steam ? And how would the commerce 
 of the world be carried on, were it not for those great laws of 
 nature, — of electricity, of condensation, and of rarefaction, — 
 that give birth to the winds, which, in conformity to the will 
 of Heaven, and not in obedience to any power of man, forever 
 traverse the earth, and offer themselves as an unchartered me- 
 dium for interchanging the products of all the zones ? These 
 few references show how vast a proportion of all the wealth 
 which men presumptuously call their own, because they claim 
 to have earned it, is poured into their lap, unasked and un- 
 thanked for, by the Being so infinitely gracious in his physical 
 as well as in his moral bestowments. 
 
 But for whose subsistence and benefit were these exhaustless 
 treasuries of wealth created ? Surely not for any one man, 
 nor for any one generation ; but for the subsistence and benefit 
 of the whole race, from the beginning to the end of time. 
 They were not created for Adam alone, nor for Noah alone, 
 nor for the first discoverers or colonists Avho may have found 
 or have peopled any part of the earth's ample domain. No ! 
 They were created for the race, collectively, but to be possessed 
 and enjoyed in succession, as the generations, one after another, 
 should come into existence ; — equal rights, with a successive 
 enjoyment of them ! If we consider the earth and the fulness 
 thereof as one great habitation or domain, then each generation, 
 subject to certain modifications for the encouragement of indus- 
 try and frugality, — which modifications it is not necessary here 
 to specify, — has only a life-lease in them. There are certain 
 reasonable regulations, indeed, in regard to the out-going and 
 the in-coming tenants, — regulations which allow to the out- 
 going generations a brief control over their property after they 
 are called upon to leave it, and which also allow the in-coming 
 generations to anticipate a little their full right of possession. 
 But, subject to these regulations, nature ordains a perpetual 
 entail and transfer, from one generation to another, of all prop- 
 erty in the great, substantive, enduring elements of wealth ; — 
 in the soil ; in metals and minerals ; in precious stones, and in 
 more precious coal, and iron, and granite ; in the waters, and 
 winds, and sun ; — and no one man, nor any one generation of 
 
20 
 
 men, has any such title to, or ownership in, these ingredients 
 and substantials of all wealth, that his right is invaded when a 
 portion of them is taken for the benefit of posterity. 
 
 This great principle of natural law may be illustrated by a 
 reference to some of the unstable elements, in regard to which 
 each individual's right of property is strongly qualified in rela- 
 tion to his contemporaries, even while he has the acknowledged 
 right of possession. Take the streams of water, or the wind, 
 for an example. A stream, as it descends from its sources to its 
 mouth, is successively the property of all those through whose 
 land it passes. My neighbor, who lives above me, owned it 
 yesterday, while it was passing through his lands ; I own it to- 
 day, while it is descending through mine ; and the contiguous 
 proprietor below will own it to-morrow, while it is flowing 
 through his, as it passes onward to the next. But the rights 
 of these successive owners are not absolute and unqualified. 
 They are limited by the rights of those who are entitled to the 
 subsequent possession and use. While a stream is passing 
 through my lands, I may not corrupt it, so that it shall be 
 offensive or valueless to the adjoining proprietor below. I may 
 not stop it in its downward course, nor divert it into any other 
 direction, so that it shall leave his channel dry. I may law- 
 fully use it for various purposes, — for agriculture, as in irrigat- 
 ing lands or watering cattle ; for manufactures, as in turning 
 wheels, &c. ; — but ai r.^' my uses of it, I must pay regard to 
 the rights of my neighbors lower down. So no two proprietors, 
 nor any half-dozen proprietors, by conspiring together, can de- 
 prive an owner, who lives below them all, of the ultimate 
 right which he has to the use of the stream in its descending 
 course. We see here, therefore, that a man has certain quali- 
 fied rights, — rights of which he cannot lawfully be divested 
 without his own consent, — in a stream of water, before it 
 reaches the limits of his own estate ; — at which latter point, 
 he may, somewhat more emphatically, call it his own. And 
 in this sense, a man who lives at the outlet of a river, on the 
 margin of the ocean, has certain incipient rights in those foun- 
 tain-sources, that well up from the earth at the distance of 
 thousands of miles. 
 
21 
 
 So it is with the ever-moving winds. No man has a perma- 
 nent interest in the breezes that blow by him, and bring heal- 
 ing and refreshment on their wings. Each man has a temporary 
 interest in them. From whatever quarter of the compass they 
 may come, I have a right to use them as they are passing by 
 me ; yet that use must always be regulated by the rights of 
 those other participants and co-owners whom they are moving 
 forward to bless. It is not lawful, therefore, for me to corrupt 
 them, — to load them with noxious gases or vapors, by which 
 they will prove valueless or detrimental to him, whoever he 
 may be, towards whom they are moving. 
 
 In one respect, indeed, the winds illustrate our relative rights 
 and duties, even better than the streams. In the latter case, 
 the rights are not only successive, but always in the same order 
 of priority, — those of the owner above necessarily preceding 
 those of the owner below ; and this order is unchangeable, ex- 
 cept by changing the ownership of the land itself to which 
 the rights are appiutenant. In the case of the winds, however, 
 which blow from every quarter of the heavens, I may have the 
 prior right to-day, but, with a change in their direction, my 
 neighbor may have it to-morrow. If, therefore, to-day, when 
 the wind is going from me to him, I should usurp the right to 
 use it to his detriment, to-morrow, when it is coming from him 
 to me, he may inflict retributive usurpation upon me. 
 
 The light of the sun, too, is subject to the same benign and 
 equitable regulations. As the waves of this ethereal element 
 pass by me, I have a right to bask in their genial warmth, or to 
 employ their quickening powers. But I have no right, even 
 on my own land, to build up a wall, mountain-high, that shall 
 eclipse the sun to my neighbor's eyes. 
 
 Now, all these great principles of natural law, which define 
 and limit the rights of neighbors and contemporaries, are incor- 
 porated into, and constitute a part of, the civil law of every 
 civilized people ; and they are obvious and simple illustrations 
 of the great proprietary laws by which individuals and genera- 
 tions hold their rights in the solid substance of the globe, in 
 the elements that move over its surface, and in the chemical 
 and vital powers with which it is so marvellously endued. As 
 
22 
 
 successive owners on a river's bank have equal rights to the 
 waters that flow through their respective domains, subject only 
 to the modification that the proprietors nearer the stream's 
 source must have precedence in the enjoyment of their rights 
 over those lower down, so the rights of all the generations of 
 mankind to the earth itself, to the streams that fertilize it, to 
 the winds that purify it, to the vital principles that animate it, 
 and to the reviving light, are common rights, though subject to 
 similar modifications in regard to the preceding and succeeding 
 generations of men. They did not belong to our ancestors in 
 perpetuity ; they do not belong to us in perpetuity ; and the 
 right of the next generation in them will be limited and de- 
 feasible like ours. As we hold these rights subject to the 
 claims of the next generation, so will they hold them subject 
 to the claims of their immediate successors, and so on to the 
 end of time. And the savage tribes that roam about the head- 
 springs of the Mississippi, have as good a right to ordain what 
 use shall be made of its copious waters, when, in their grand 
 descent across a continent, they shall reach the shores of arts 
 and civilization, as any of our predecessors had, or as we our- 
 selves have, to say what shall be done, in perpetuity, with the 
 soil, the waters, the winds, the light, and the invisible agen- 
 cies of nature, which must be allowed, on all hands, to consti- 
 tute the primary and indispensable elements of wealth. 
 
 Is not the inference irresistible, then, that no man, by what- 
 ever means he may have come into possession of his property, 
 has any natural right, any more than he has a moral one, to 
 hold it, or to dispose of it, irrespective of the needs and claims 
 of those, who, in the august procession of the generations, are 
 to be his successors on the stage of existence ? Holding his 
 rights subject to their rights, he is bound not to impair the 
 value of their inheritance, either by commission or by omission. 
 
 Generation after generation proceeds from the creative ener- 
 gy of God. Each one stops for a brief period upon the earth, 
 resting, as it were, only for a night, — like migratory birds 
 upon their passage, — and then leaving it forever, to others 
 whose existence is as transitory as its own ; and the migratory 
 flocks of water-fowl, which sweep across our latitudes in their 
 
23 
 
 passage to another clime, have as good a right to make a per- 
 petual appropriation, to their own use, of the lands over which 
 they fly, as any one generation has to arrogate perpetual do- 
 minion and sovereignty, for its own purposes, over that portion 
 of the earth which it is its fortune to occupy during the brief 
 period of its temporal existence. 
 
 Another consideration, bearing upon this arrogant doctrine 
 of absolute ownership or sovereignty, has hardly less force 
 than the one just expounded. We have seen how insignificant 
 a portion of any man's possessions he can claim, in any proper 
 and just sense, to have earned ; and that, in regard to all the 
 residue, he is only taking his turn in the use of a bounty be- 
 stowed, in common, by the Giver of all, upon his ancestors, 
 upon himself, and upon his posterity, — a line of indefinite 
 length, in which he is but a point. But this is not the only 
 deduction to be made from his assumed rights. The present 
 wealth of the world has an additional element in it. Much of 
 all that is capable of being earned by man, has been earned by 
 our predecessors, and has come down to us in a solid and en- 
 during form. We have not erected all the houses in which 
 we live ; nor constructed all the roads on which we travel ; 
 nor built all the ships in which we carry on our commerce 
 with the world. We have not reclaimed from the wilderness 
 all the fields whose harvests we now reap ; and if we had no 
 precious metals, or stones, or pearls, but such as we ourselves 
 had dug from the mines, or brought up from the bottom of the 
 ocean, our coifers and our caskets would be empty indeed. 
 But even if this were not so, whence came all the arts and sci- 
 ences, the discoveries and the inventions, without which, and 
 without a common right to which, the valuation of the prop- 
 erty of a whole nation would scarcely equal the inventory of a 
 single man, — without which, indeed, we should now be in a 
 state of barbarism ? Whence came a knowledge of agriculture, 
 without which we should have so little to reap ; or a knowl- 
 edge of astronomy, Avithout which we could not traverse the 
 oceans ; or a knowledge of chemistry and mechanical philoso- 
 phy, without which the arts and trades could not exist ? Most 
 of all this was found out by those who have gone before us, 
 
24 
 
 and some of it has come down to us from a remote antiquity. 
 Surely all these boons and blessings belong as much to poster- 
 ity as to ourselves. They have not descended to us to be ar- 
 rested and consumed here, or to be sequestrated from the ages 
 to come. Cato, and Archimedes, and Kepler, and Newton, 
 and Franklin, and Arkwright, and Fulton, and all the bright 
 host of benefactors to science and art, did not make or be- 
 queath their discoveries or inventions to benefit any one gen- 
 eration, but to increase the common enjoyments of mankind 
 to the end of time. So of all the great lawgivers and moral- 
 ists who have improved the civil institutions of the state, who 
 have made it dangerous to be wicked, or, — far better than this, 
 — have made it hateful to be so. Resources developed, and 
 property acquired, after all these ages of preparation, after all 
 these facilities and securities, accrue not to the benefit of the 
 possessor only, but to that of the next and of all succeeding 
 generations. 
 
 Surely, these considerations limit still more extensively that 
 absolutism of ownership which is so often claimed by the pos- 
 sessors of wealth. 
 
 But sometimes, the rich farmer, the opulent manufacturer, or 
 the capitalist, when sorely pressed with his natural and moral 
 obligation to contribute a portion of his means for the educa- 
 tion of the young, replies, — either in form or in spirit, — " My 
 lands, my machinery, my gold, and my silver, are mine ; may 
 I not do what I will with my own ?" There is one supposa- 
 ble case, and only one, where this argument would have plau- 
 sibility. If it were made by an isolated, solitary being, — a 
 being having no relations to a community around him, having 
 no ancestors to whom he had been indebted for ninety-nine 
 parts in every hundred of all he possesses, and expecting to 
 leave no posterity after him, — it might not be easy to answer 
 it. If there were but one family in this western hemisphere, 
 and only one in the eastern hemisphere, and these two families 
 bore no civil and social relations to each other, and were to be 
 the first and last of the whole race, it might be difficult, except 
 on very high and almost transcendental grounds, for either one 
 of them to show good cause why the other should contribute 
 
25 
 
 to help educate children not his own. And, perhaps, the force 
 of the appeal for such an object, would be still further dimin- 
 ished, if the nearest neighbor of a single family upon our planet 
 were as far from the earth as Uranus or Sirius. In self-defence, 
 or in selfishness, one might say to the other, " What are your 
 fortunes to me ? You can neither benefit nor molest me. Let 
 each of us keep to his own side of the planetary spaces." But 
 is this the relation which any man amongst us sustains to his 
 fellows ? In the midst of a populous community to which he 
 is bound by innumerable ties, having had his own fortune and 
 condition almost predetermined and foreordained by his prede- 
 cessors, and being about to exert upon his successors as com- 
 manding an influence as has been exerted upon himself, the 
 objector can no longer shrink into his individuality, and dis- 
 claim connection and relationship with the world at large. He 
 cannot deny that there are thousands around him on whom he 
 acts, and Avho are continually reacting upon him. The earth 
 is much too small, or the race is far too numerous, to allow us 
 to be hermits ; and, therefore, we cannot adopt either the phi- 
 losophy or the morals of hermits. All have derived benefits 
 from their ancestors, and all are bound, as by an oath, to trans- 
 mit those benefits, even in an improved condition, to posterity. 
 We may as well attempt to escape from our own personal iden- 
 tity, as to shake off the threefold relation which we bear to 
 others,— the relation of an associate with our contemporaries ; 
 of a beneficiary of our ancestors ; of a guardian to those who, 
 in the sublime order of Providence, are to succeed us. Out of 
 these relations, manifest duties are evolved. The society of 
 which we necessarily constitute a part, must be preserved ; and, 
 in order to preserve it, we must not look merely to what one 
 individual or one family needs, but to what the whole commu- 
 nity needs ; not merely to what one generation needs, but to 
 the wants of a succession of generations. To draw conclusions 
 without considering these facts, is to leave out the most impor- 
 tant part of the premises. 
 
 A powerfully corroborating fact remains untouched. Though 
 the earth and the beneficent capabilities with which it is en- 
 dued belong in common to the race, yet we fimd that previous 
 4 
 
26 
 
 and present possessors have laid their hands upon the whole of 
 it ; — have left no part of it unclaimed and unappropriated. 
 They have circumnavigated the globe ; they have drawn lines 
 across every habitable portion of it, and have partitioned 
 amongst themselves, not only its whole area, or superficial 
 contents, but have claimed it down to the centre, and up to 
 the concave, — a great inverted pyramid for each proprietor, — 
 so that not an unclaimed rood is left, either in the caverns be- 
 low or in the aerial spaces above, where a new adventurer 
 upon existence can take unresisted possession. They have en- 
 tered into a solemn compact with each other, for the mutual 
 defence of their respective allotments. They have created leg- 
 islators, and judges, and executive officers, who denounce and 
 inflict penalties even to the taking of life ; and they have or- 
 ganized armed bands to repel aggression upon their claims. 
 Indeed, so grasping and rapacious have mankind been, in this 
 particular, that they have taken more than they could use, 
 more than they could perambulate and survey, more than they 
 could see from the top of the mast-head, or from the highest 
 peak of the mountain. There was some limit to their physical 
 power of taking possession, but none to the exorbitancy of 
 their desires. Like robbers, who divide their spoils before 
 they know whether they shall find a victim, men have 
 claimed a continent while still doubtful of its existence, and 
 spread out their title from ocean to ocean, before their most 
 adventurous pioneers had ever seen a shore of the realms they 
 coveted. The whole planet, then, having been appropriated, 
 — there being no waste or open lands, from which the new 
 generations may be supplied as they come into existence, — 
 have not those generations the strongest conceivable claim 
 upon the present occupants for that which is indispensable to 
 their well-being ? They have more than a preemptive, they 
 have a possessory right to some portion of the issues and profits 
 of that general domain, all of which has been thus taken up 
 and appropriated. A denial of this right by the present pos- 
 sessors, is a breach of trust, — a fraudulent misuse of power 
 given, and of confidence implied. On mere principles of polit- 
 ical economy, it is folly ; on the broader principles of duty and 
 morality, it is embezzlement. 
 
27 
 
 It is not at all in contravention of this view of the subject, 
 that the adult portion of society does take, and must take, 
 upon itself, the control and management of all existing prop- 
 erty, until the rising generation has arrived at the age of ma- 
 jority. Nay, one of the objects of their so doing, is to preserve 
 the rights of the generation which is still in its minority. So- 
 ciety, to this extent, is only a trustee managing an estate for 
 the benefit of a part-owner, or of one who has a reversionary 
 interest in it. This civil regulation, therefore, made necessary 
 even for the benefit of both present and future possessors, is 
 only in furtherance of the great law under consideration. 
 
 Coincident, too, with this great law, but in no manner super- 
 seding or invalidating it, is that wonderful provision which the 
 Creator has made for the care of offspring, in the affection of 
 their parents. Heaven did not rely merely upon our percep- 
 tions of duty towards our children, and our fidelity in its per- 
 formance. A powerful, all-mastering instinct of love was 
 therefore implanted in the parental, and especially in the ma- 
 ternal breast, to anticipate the idea of duty, and to make duty 
 delightful. Yet the great doctrine, founded upon the will of 
 God, as made known to us in the natural order and relation of 
 things, would still remain the same, though all this beautiful 
 portion of our moral being, whence parental affection springs, 
 were a void and a nonentity. Emphatically would the obli- 
 gations of society remain the same for all those children who 
 have been bereaved of parents ; or who, worse than bereave- 
 ment, have only monster parents of intemperance, or cupidity, 
 or of any other of those forms of vice that seem to suspend or 
 to obliterate the law of love in the parental breast. For these, 
 society is doubly bound to be a parent, and to exercise all that 
 rational care and providence which a wise father would exer- 
 cise for his own children. 
 
 If the previous argument began with sound premises and 
 has been logically conducted, then it has established this posi- 
 tion, — that a vast portion of the present wealth of the world 
 either consists in, or has been immediately derived from, those 
 great natural substances and powers of the earth, which were 
 bestowed by the Creator alike on all mankind,- or from the 
 
28 
 
 discoveries, inventions, labors, and improvements of our ances- 
 tors, which were alike designed for the common benefit of all 
 their descendants. The question now arises. At what time is 
 this wealth to be transferred from a preceding to a succeeding 
 generation ? At what point are the latter to take possession of 
 it, or to derive benefit from it, or at what time are the former 
 to surrender it in their behalf? Is each existing generation, 
 and each individual of an existing generation, to hold fast to 
 his possessions until death relaxes his grasp ? or is something 
 of the right to be acknowledged, and something of the benefit 
 to be yielded, beforehand ? It seems too obvious for argument, 
 that the latter is the only alternative. If the in-coming gener- 
 ation have no rights until the out-going generation have actu- 
 ally retired, then is every individual that enters the world liable 
 to perish on the day he is born. According to the very consti- 
 tution of things, each individual must obtain sustenance and 
 succor, as soon as his eyes open in quest of light, or his lungs 
 gasp for the first breath of air. His wants cannot be delayed 
 until he himself can supply them. If the demands of his na- 
 ture are ever to be answered, they must be answered years be- 
 fore he can make any personal provision for them, either by 
 the performance of any labor, or by any exploits of skill. The 
 infant must be fed before he can earn his bread ; he must be 
 clothed before he can prepare garments ; he must be protected 
 from the elements before he can erect a dwelling ; and it is 
 just as clear that he must be instructed before he can engage 
 or reward a tutor. A course contrary to this, would be the 
 destruction of the young, that we might rob them of their 
 rightful inheritance. Carried to its extreme, it would be the 
 act of Herod, seeking, in a general massacre, the life of one 
 who was supposed to endanger his power. Here, then, the 
 claims of the succeeding generation, not only upon the affec- 
 tion and the care, but upon the property, of the preceding one, 
 attach. God having given to the second generation as full and 
 complete a right to the incomes and profits of the world, as he 
 has given to the first, and to the third generation as full and 
 complete a right as he has given to the second, and so on 
 while the world stands, — it necessarily follows that children 
 
29 
 
 must come into a partial and qualified possession of these 
 rights, by the paramount law of nature, as soon as they are 
 born. No human enactment can abolish or countervail this 
 paramount and supreme law ; and all those positive and often 
 arbitrary enactments of the civil code, by which, for the en- 
 couragement of industry and frugality, the possessor of prop- 
 erty is permitted to control it for a limited period after his 
 decease, must be construed and executed in subservience to 
 this sovereign and irrepealable ordinance of nature. 
 
 Nor is this transfer always, or even generally, to be made in 
 kind ; but according to the needs of the recipient. The recog- 
 nition of this principle is universal. A guardian or trustee may 
 possess lands, while the ward, or owner under the trust, may 
 need money ; or the former may have money, while the latter 
 need raiment or shelter. The form of the estate must be 
 changed, if need be, and adapted to the wants of the receiver. 
 
 The claim of a child, then, to a portion of preexistent prop- 
 erty begins with the first breath he draws. The new-born in- 
 fant must have sustenance, and shelter, and care. If the natural 
 parents are removed, or parental ability fails, — in a word, if 
 parents either cannot or will not supply the infant's wants, — 
 then society at large, — the government, — having assumed to 
 itself the ultimate control of all property, — is bound to step in 
 and fill the parent's place. To deny this to any child, would 
 be equivalent to a sentence of death, — a capital execution of 
 the innocent, — at which every soul shudders. It would be a 
 more cruel form of infanticide than any which is practised in 
 China or in Africa. 
 
 But to preserve the animal life of a child only, and there to 
 stop, would be, — not the bestowment of a blessing, or the per- 
 formance of a duty, — ^but the infliction of a fearful curse. A 
 child has interests far higher than those of mere physical exist- 
 ence. Better that the wants of the natural life should be dis- 
 regarded than that the higher interests of the character should 
 be neglected. If a child has any claim to bread to keep him 
 from perishing, he has a far higher claim to knowledge to pre- 
 serve him from error and its fearful retinue of calamities. If a 
 child has any claim to shelter to protect him from the destroy- 
 
30 
 
 ing elements, he has a far higher claim to be rescued from the 
 infamy and perdition of vice and crime. 
 
 All moralists agree, nay, all moralists maintain, that a man 
 is as responsible for his omissions as for his commissions, — that 
 he is as guilty of the wrong which he could have prevented, 
 but did not, as for that which his own hand has perpetrated. 
 They, then, who knowingly withhold sustenance from a new- 
 born child, and he dies, are guilty of infanticide. And, by the 
 same reasoning, they who refuse to enlighten the intellect of 
 the rising generation, are guilty of degrading the human race. 
 They who refuse to train up children in the way they should 
 go, are training up incendiaries and madmen to destroy prop- 
 erty and life, and to invade and pollute the sanctuaries of soci- 
 ety. In a word, if the mind is as real and substantive a part 
 of human existence as the body, then mental attributes, during 
 the periods of infancy and childhood, demand provision at least 
 as imperatively as bodily appetites. The time when these re- 
 spective obligations attach, corresponds with the periods when 
 the nurture, whether physical or mental, is needed. As the 
 right of sustenance is of equal date with birth, so the right to 
 intellectual and moral training begins at least as early as when 
 children are ordinarily sent to school. At that time, then, by 
 the irrepealable law of nature, every child succeeds to so much 
 more of the property of the community as is necessary for his 
 education. He is to receive this, not in the form of lands, or 
 of gold and silver, but in the form of knowledge and a training 
 to good habits. This is one of the steps in the transfer of 
 property from a present to a succeeding generation. Human 
 sagacity may be at fault in fixing the amount of property to 
 be transferred, or the time when the transfer should be made, 
 to a dollar or to an hour ; but certainly, in a republican gov- 
 ernment, the obligation of the predecessors, and the right of 
 the successors, extend to and embrace the means of such an 
 amount of education as will prepare each individual to perform 
 all the duties which devolve upon him as a man and a citizen. 
 It may go further than this point; certainly, it cannot fall 
 short of it. 
 
 Under our political organization, the places and the pro- 
 
31 
 
 cesses where this transfer is to be provided for, and its amount 
 determined, are the district school meeting, the town meeting, 
 legislative halls, and conventions for establishing or revising 
 the fundamental laws of the state. If it be not done there, so- 
 ciety is false to its high trusts ; and any community, whether 
 national or state, that ventures to organize a government, or to 
 administer a government already organized, without making 
 provision for the free education of all its children, dares the 
 certain vengeance of Heaven ; and, in the squalid forms of 
 poverty and destitution, in the scourges of violence and mis- 
 rule, in the heart-destroying corruptions of licentiousness and 
 debauchery, and in political profligacy and legalized perfidy, — 
 in all the blended and mutually aggravated crimes of civiliza- 
 tion and of barbarism, will be sure to feel the terrible retribu- 
 tions of its delinquency. 
 
 I bring my argument on this point, then, to a close ; and I 
 present a test of its validity, which, as it seems to me, defies 
 denial or evasion. 
 
 In obedience to the laws of God and to the laws of all civ- 
 ilized communities, society is bound to protect the natural life 
 of children ; and this natural life cannot be protected without 
 the appropriation and use of a portion of the property which 
 society possesses. We prohibit infanticide under penalty of 
 death. We practice a refinement in this particular. The life 
 of an infant is inviolable even before he is born ; and he who 
 feloniously takes it, even before birth, is as subject to the ex- 
 treme penalty of the law, as though he had struck down man- 
 hood in its vigor, or taken away a mother by violence from 
 the sanctuary of home, where she blesses her offspring. But 
 why preserve the natural life of a child, why preserve unborn 
 embryos of life, if we do not intend to watch over and to pro- 
 tect them, and to expand their subsequent existence into use- 
 fulness and happiness ? As individuals, or as an organized 
 community, we have no natural right ; we can derive no au- 
 thority or countenance from reason ; we can cite no attribute 
 or purpose of the divine nature, for giving birth to any human 
 being, and then inflicting upon that being the curse of igno- 
 rance, of poverty, and of vice, with all their attendant calami- 
 
82 
 
 ties. We are brought, then, to this startling but inevitable 
 alternative. The natural life of an infant should be extin- 
 guished as soon as it is born, or the means should be provided 
 to save that life from being a curse to its possessor ; and, there- 
 fore, every state is morally bound to enact a code of laws le- 
 galizing and enforcing infanticide, or a code of laws establish- 
 ing Free Schools ! 
 
 The three following propositions, then, describe the broad 
 and ever-during foundation on which the Common School sys- 
 tem of Massachusetts reposes : — 
 
 The successive generations of men, taken collectively, con- 
 stitute one great commonwealth. 
 
 The property of this commonwealth is pledged for the edu- 
 cation of all its youth, up to such a point as will save them 
 from poverty and vice, and prepare them for the adequate per- 
 formance of their social and civil duties. 
 
 The successive holders of this property are trustees, bound 
 to the faithful execution of their trust, by the most sacred obli- 
 gations ; and embezzlement and pillage from children and de- 
 scendants have not less of criminality, and have more of mean- 
 ness, than the same offences when perpetrated against contem- 
 poraries. 
 
 Recognizing these eternal principles of natural ethics, the 
 Constitution of Massachusetts, — the fundamental law of the 
 state, — after declaring, (among other things,) in the preamble 
 to the first section of the fifth chapter, that " the encourage- 
 ment of arts and sciences, and all good literature, tends to the 
 honor of GOD, the advantage of the Christian religion, and 
 the great benefit of this and the other United States of Amer- 
 ica," proceeds, in the second section of the same chapter, to set 
 forth the duties of all future legislators and magistrates, in the 
 following noble and impressive language : — 
 
 " Wisdom and knowledge, as well as virtue, diffused gener- 
 ally among the body of the people, being necessary for the 
 preservation of their rights and liberties ; and as these depend 
 on spreading the opportunities and advantages of education in 
 the various parts of the country, and among the different or- 
 ders of the people, it shall be the duty of legislatures and mag- 
 
33 
 
 istrates, in all future periods of this Commonwealth, to cherish 
 the interests of literature and the sciences, and all semina- 
 ries of them ; especially the University of Cambridge, Public 
 Schools, and Grammar Schools in the towns ; to encourage 
 private societies and public institutions, rewards and immuni- 
 ties, for the promotion of agriculture, arts, sciences, commerce, 
 trades, manufactures, and a natural history of the country ; to 
 countenance and inculcate the principles of humanity and gen- 
 eral benevolence, public and private charity, industry and fru- 
 gality, honesty and punctuality in their dealings ; sincerity, 
 good humor, and all social aflfections, and generous sentiments 
 among the people." See also Rev. St., ch. 23, *§> 7. 
 
 I now proceed to give an account of existing legal enact- 
 ments for the organization and administration of the Massachu- 
 setts School System. In giving this account, I may have occa- 
 sion to point out some imperfections ; but, on the whole, it is 
 truly surprising that our ancestors, without experience and 
 without precedent, should have devised a system so perfect in 
 its organic principles, so well suited to their own purposes, and, 
 at the same time, so expansive as to be capable of easy adap- 
 tation to an advancing state of society. 
 
 For more convenient reference, specific provisions and ex- 
 planations will be numbered as distinct sections. 
 
 TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION OF MASSACHUSETTS, FOR SCHOOL 
 
 PURPOSES. 
 
 1. Authorities differ in regard to the area of Massachusetts. 
 The extremes, I believe, are 7250 square miles, and 8200.* 
 This area is divided, territorially, into three hundred and four- 
 teen towns or cities." Each town and city is a body politic 
 and corporate, required by law, among many other municipal 
 duties, to provide one or more schools for the free admission 
 and free education of all its children. The towns and cities 
 vary greatly in population and extent of territory. Boston, in 
 1845, had a population of 114,366; Hull, according to the 
 
 * The following Table, exhibiting the areas of the several States and Territories of the 
 United States, in square miles and acres, was prepared in the Land Office at Washington, 
 and published in 1849 :— 
 
 5 
 
34 
 
 last United States census, had a population of 231 only. Ac- 
 cording to Hay ward, the superficial extent of the town of 
 Middleborough is one hundred and sixty-eight and three fourths 
 square miles ; that of Newburyport, one square mile only. But, 
 
 ACRES. 
 
 22,400,000 
 
 6,139,200 
 
 5,120,000 
 
 4,640,000 
 
 768,000 
 
 3,040,000 
 
 29,440,000 
 
 4,384,640 
 
 30,080,000 
 
 25,576,960 
 
 21^637,760 
 
 35,459,200 
 
 35,995,520 
 
 32,584,960 
 
 34,511,360 
 
 FREE STATES 
 
 
 SQ,. MILES 
 
 Maine, . 
 
 35,000 
 
 New Hampshire, 
 
 8,030 
 
 Vermont, 
 
 8,000 
 
 Massachusetts, 
 
 7,250 
 
 Rhode Island, 
 
 1,200 
 
 Connecticut, . 
 
 4,750 
 
 New York, . 
 
 46,000 
 
 New Jersey, . 
 
 6,851 
 
 Pennsylvania, 
 
 47,000 
 
 Ohio, . 
 
 39,964 
 
 Indiana, 
 
 33,809 
 
 Illinois, 
 
 55,405 
 
 Michigan, 
 
 56,243 
 
 Iowa, . 
 
 50,914 
 
 Wisconsin, . 
 
 53,924 
 
 Total, 
 
 454,340 
 
 SLAVE STATES. 
 
 
 
 SQ. MILES 
 
 ACRES. 
 
 Delaware, 
 
 2,120 
 
 1,356,800 
 
 Maryland, 
 
 11,000 
 
 7,040,000 
 
 Virginia, 
 
 61,352 
 
 39,265,280 
 
 North Carolina, 
 
 45,500 
 
 29,120,000 
 
 South Carolina, 
 
 28,000 
 
 17,920,000 
 
 Georgia, 
 
 58,000 
 
 37,120,000 
 
 Kentucky, 
 
 
 37,680 
 
 24,115,200 
 
 Tennessee, 
 
 
 44,000 
 
 28,160,000 
 
 Louisiana, 
 
 
 46,431 
 
 29,715,840 
 
 Mississippi, 
 
 
 47,147 
 
 30,174,080 
 
 Alabama, 
 
 
 50,722 
 
 32,462,080 
 
 Missouri, 
 
 
 67,380 
 
 43,123,200 
 
 Arkansas, 
 
 
 52,198 
 
 33,406,720 
 
 Florida, 
 
 
 59,268 
 
 37,931,520 
 
 Texas, (if boundec 
 
 I 
 
 
 by Rio Grande, 
 
 325,520 
 
 208,332,800 
 
 District of Co 
 
 lumb 
 
 ia, 50 
 
 32,000 
 
 Total, 
 
 936,368 599,275,520 
 
 Territory north and west of Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Bounded north by 49° north latitude ; east, by Mississippi River ; 
 south, by the slate of Iowa and Platte River, emd west by 
 the Rocky Mountains, 723,248 
 
 Indian Territor3-, situated west of Arkansas and Missouri, and 
 south of Platte River, 248,851 
 
 Old Northwest Territory, balance remaining east of Missis- 
 sippi River, and northwest of Wisconsin, .... 22,336 
 
 Oregon Territory west of Rocky Mountains, .... 341,463 
 
 ACRES. 
 
 462,878,720 
 
 159,264,640 
 
 14,295,040 
 218,536,320 
 
 Total of old territory not organized into States, 
 
 California, . 
 New Mexico, 
 
 1,335,898 854,974,720 
 
 MILES. ACRES. 
 
 448,691 287,162,240 
 
 77,387 49,527,680 
 
 Total, 
 
 526,078 336,689,920 
 
 Grand Aggregate. 
 
 Total in Free States, , 
 Total in Slave States, 
 
 SQUARE MILES. ACRES. 
 
 454,340 290,777,600 
 936,368 699,275,520 
 
 Total in States, 1,390,708 890,053,120 
 
 Total, old territory, 1,335,898 854,974,720 
 
 Total, new territory, . . . 526,078 336,689,920 
 
 Total, 3,252,684 2,081,717,760 
 
35 
 
 greater or less, each town is indictable and punishable, if it 
 does'not maintain one or more schools. St. 1839, ch. 56, <§> 1. 
 Revised Statutes, ch. 23, *5' 60. The law fixes the minimum, 
 but not the maximum, of schooling. 
 
 In regard to this statutory and peremptory requisition to 
 maintain a school, it is observable that the law is superseded, 
 or has become obsolete, in an extraordinary way. There are 
 but two towns in the State which do not voluntarily tax them- 
 selves for an amount of schooling many times greater than the 
 law requires. One of these excepted towns supports its schools 
 with the income of a fund received by donation ; and the 
 population of the other town is so small that it has no occa- 
 sion for more than one school ; and, therefore, the length of 
 the year will not allow it to transcend the law so much as it 
 doubtless otherwise would. In this respect, the towns are like 
 a righteous man, who acts from a higher motive than a legal 
 mandate ; — who does right because it is right, and has no 
 occasion to think of penalties as restraints from wrong. 
 
 2. All children, residing within the limits for which the 
 above-mentioned schools are respectively established, have the 
 right of free admission to them. The law does not specify 
 any age, below which the right of attending the Public School 
 does not attach, or above which, it ceases. The power of de- 
 termining these questions is supposed to belong to the school 
 committees of the respective towns. As a matter of fact, 
 children of a very tender age are sometimes sent to school, 
 without objection ; and, in some parts of the State, it is no 
 uncommon thing to find young men and women, from twenty 
 to twenty-five years of age, still participating in the benefits 
 of the Public School. St. 1849, ch. 117, <§. 4. 
 
 3. Besides schools for children, each city or town may ap- 
 
 MILES. 
 
 Length of the Atlantic Coast to the mouth of St. Mary's River, . . . 1,450 
 
 From mouth of St. Mary's River to Cape of Florida, 450 
 
 Gulf Coast to mouth of the Sabiue River, 1,200 
 
 Total, 3,100 
 
 Those states where the public lands are situated, are generally exclusive of lakes, ponds, 
 &c. Marshes are estimated. 
 The territories include such waters as are interior. 
 
36 
 
 propriate such further sums of money as it may deem expe- 
 dient, for the support of schools for the instruction of adults^ 
 in reading, writing, EngHsh grammar, arithmetic, and geogra- 
 phy. St. 1847, ch. 137, <§. 1. 
 
 4. Such moneys are to be assessed, levied, collected, and 
 paid into the treasury, in the same manner as other city or 
 town taxes are ; and are then at the disposal of the school 
 committee of the city or town, and to be expended by them, 
 for the purpose above-mentioned, in such manner as they may 
 deem expedient. lb. *§> 2. 
 
 5. It is left optional with each town either to subdivide its 
 territory into school districts, or to administer its schools in its 
 corporate capacity, and without any such subdivision. Rev. 
 St., ch. 23, <§> 24. As a matter of fact, most towns are sub- 
 divided into districts. A portion of the towns maintain their 
 schools without any such territorial subdivision. 
 
 As a general fact, the schools in undistricted towns are 
 greatly superior to those in districted towns ; — and for obvious 
 reasons. The first class of towns, — the undistricted, — provide 
 all the schoolhouses, and, through the agency of the school 
 committee, employ all the teachers. If one good schoolhouse 
 is provided for any section of the town, all the other sections, 
 having contributed their respective portions of the expense to 
 erect the good house, will demand one equally good for them- 
 selves ; and the equity of such a demand is so obvious, that it 
 cannot be resisted. If, on the other hand, each section were 
 a separate district, and bound for the whole expense of a new 
 house, if it should erect one, it would be tempted to continue 
 an old house, long after it had ceased to be comfortable ; and 
 indeed, as experience has too often and sadly proved, long 
 after it has ceased to be tenan table. So, too, in undistricted 
 towns, we never see the painful, anti-republican contrast of 
 one school, in one section, kept all the year round, by a teacher 
 who receives a hundred dollars a month, while, in another 
 section of the same town, the school is kept on the minimum 
 principle, both as to time and price, and, of course, yielding 
 only a minimum amount of benefit, — to say nothing of proba- 
 ble and irremediable evils that it may inflict. In regard to 
 
37 
 
 supervision, also, if the school committee are responsible for 
 the condition of all the schools, they are constrained to visit 
 all alike, to care for all alike, and, as far as possible, to aim, in 
 all, at the production of equal results ; because any partiality 
 or favoritism will be rebuked at the ballot-box. In undis- 
 tricted towns, therefore, three grand conditions of a prosperous 
 school, — ^viz., a good house, a good teacher, and vigilant su- 
 perintendence, — are secured by motives which do not operate, 
 or operate to a very limited extent, in districted towns. Under 
 the non-districting system, it is obvious that each section of a 
 town will demand, at least, an equal degree of accommodation 
 in the house, of talent in the teacher, and of attention in the 
 committee ; and, should any selfish feelings be indulged, it is 
 some consolation to reflect that they too will be harnessed to 
 the car of improvement. 
 
 I consider the law of 1789, the germ of which may be 
 found in the Province Law of 8 Geo. 1, ch. 1, (Anc. Ch., p. 
 666,) authorizing towns to divide themselves into districts, the 
 most unfortunate law, on the subject of Common Schools, 
 ever enacted in the State. During the last few years, several 
 towns have abolished their districts, and assumed the adminis- 
 tration of the schools in their corporate capacity ; and I learn, 
 from the reports of school committees, and from other sources, 
 that many other towns are contemplating the same reform. 
 
 6. In order to constitute legal school districts, the whole ter- 
 ritory of a town must be divided. The several districts must 
 also be set off by metes and bounds. It is not sufficient to 
 assign certain individuals by name, with their families, to a 
 district. The town must be divided geographically. 12 Pick- 
 ering's Rep. 206, Perry v. Dover. 7 lb. 106, Withington v. 
 Eveleth. But if certain individuals named, with their polls 
 and estates, are assigned to a district, it will be valid. The 
 assignment of estates will carry the real estate of the persons 
 named. It is not necessary that the district should be included 
 within cotitinuous geographical lines. 7 Metcalfs Rep. 218, 
 Alden v. Roundsville. Probably a large number of towns in 
 the State, which carryVn their schools on the district system, 
 will be found, should any litigation arise, not to be legally 
 districted. 
 
38 
 
 The number of different districts, or schools, — for some dis- 
 tricts have more than one school, and some towns are not dis- 
 tricted, — in the State, during the school year 1848-9, was 
 3,748. Taking the whole area of the State at 8,200 square 
 miles, this gives, on an average, two ^^-fths square miles to a 
 district or school, — a fraction more than two miles and one 
 fifth. But there are in the State 955,283^ acres of unimproved 
 lands; and 360,278 1 acres which are unimprovable; so that 
 there is, upon an average, about one school to every two 
 square miles of improved land, in the State. 
 
 7. Two or more contiguous school districts, in adjoining 
 towns, may, with the consent of each district, and of the re- 
 spective towns to which they belong, unite and form one dis- 
 trict. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§.'§> 49, 50. They may separate by a 
 vote of the united district and of the towns. lb. "^51. See 
 post, under the head of " Cotitiguous School Districts in ad- 
 joining Towns" 
 
 8. Any two or more contiguous districts may associate to- 
 gether and form a Union District, for the purpose of maintain- 
 ing a Union School, to be kept for the benefit of the older 
 children of such associated districts, if the inhabitants of each 
 of such districts shall, at legal meetings called for the purpose, 
 agree to form such union by a vote of two thirds of the legal 
 voters of each district, present and voting thereon. St. 1839, 
 ch. 56, <§> 2. St. 1838, ch. 189, <§> 1. These acts were passed 
 to facilitate the classification of scholars. If two districts have 
 seventy-five scholars each, of all the various ages admitted to 
 the schools, each will maintain its school under almost paralyz- 
 ing disadvantages. Each will have a great number of studies, 
 and a great number of classes ; — of course, there will be but 
 little time for each class ; and a teacher most eligible for the 
 large scholars may be very unfit for the small ones, and vice 
 versa. But by forming a union district, each can send twenty- 
 five of its more advanced pupils to a union school, to be taught 
 by a male, and retain the other fifty, to be taught by females. 
 Thus three schools of proper size would be formed, which 
 could be maintained for as small a sum as the two original 
 ones would cost ; and, as every teacher well knows, could be 
 
39 
 
 taught with threefold the efficiency. Should a larger number 
 of districts, or districts containing a larger number of scholars, 
 be united, the benefits would be proportionably enhanced. 
 See post, under the head of " Union School DistrictsJ'^ 
 
 9. Any two adjacent towns, neither of which has more than 
 two thousand inhabitants, may form themselves into one High 
 School District, for establishing a school where the more ad- 
 vanced branches of knowledge may be taught, whenever a 
 majority of the citizens of each town, in meetings called for 
 the purpose, shall so determine. St. 1848, ch. 279, *§> 1- See 
 post, under the head of ^^ High Schools for adjacent Towns.^^ 
 
 10. Two districts of an anomalous character exist in the 
 State, each of which was created by a special act of incorpo- 
 ration obtained from the Legislature. Unlike other districts, 
 these chartered ones have power to tax themselves for the gen- 
 eral support of schools. They have, in this respect, the same 
 power that towns have. For school purposes, each one is a 
 town within a town. The establishment of such districts is 
 contrary to the general policy of the State ; and though sev- 
 eral efforts have been made, within a few years past, for the 
 creation of similar districts in other towns, they have been 
 unsuccessful. The objection urged against these applications 
 is briefly this : — If the populous and wealthy part of a town 
 has power to tax itself for the support of schools, the strongest 
 motive to make common cause loith the whole town, for the 
 same object, is taken away. The privileged part of the town 
 can have the best of schools, though all the residue of it 
 should have the poorest. The incorporated portion may have 
 the preponderance in respect to wealth, and a majority of the 
 voters. If so, the rest of the town would be at their mercy, 
 and would be obliged to accept such schools as their charity 
 would grant. The incorporated part, having incurred the 
 expense of providing for its own schools, must be actuated by 
 very high motives, to do for others as it had done for itself. 
 The whole host of selfish impulses would be arrayed against a 
 compliance with this great law of Christian ethics. On the 
 other hand, if the affluent and educated portion of the town 
 can move no faster than its neighboring districts move ; if the 
 
40 
 
 condition of its own improvement is, that the neighboring dis- 
 tricts shall be improved also ; then, whether animated by inter- 
 ested or disinterested motives, it must labor for the advance- 
 ment of others that it may secure its own. 
 
 This division of the State into towns, school districts, con- 
 tiguous school districts in adjoining towns, union districts, and 
 high school districts for adjacent towns, — with the two incor- 
 porated districts last mentioned, — includes the whole territorial 
 organisation of the Commonwealth, for school purposes. 
 
 DUTY OF TOWNS TO MAINTAIN SCHOOLS. 
 
 11. Each town in the State, however small may be its terri- 
 tory, its wealth, or its population, must maintain, in each year, 
 one school, for the term of six months, or two or more schools 
 for terms of time that shall together be equivalent to six 
 months. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§, 1. St. 1839, ch. 56, <§> 1. 
 
 12. In every town containing one hundred families or house- 
 holders, there must be kept, in each year, one school for the 
 term of twelve months, or two or more schools for terms of 
 time that shall together be equivalent to twelve months. Rev. 
 St., ch. 23, '^ 2. 
 
 13. In every town containing one hundred and fifty families 
 or householders, there must be kept, in each year, two schools 
 for nine months each, or three or more schools for terms of 
 time that shall together be equivalent to eighteen months. 
 Rev. St., ch. 23, ^ 3. 
 
 14. In every town containing five hundred families or house- 
 holders, there must be kept, in each year, two schools for 
 twelve months each, or three or more schools for terms of time 
 that shall together be equivalent to twenty-four months. Rev. 
 St., ch. 23, <§> 4. 
 
 15. It is required that, in each of the above-mentioned 
 schools, a teacher be employed whose morals are good, and 
 who is competent to instruct children in orthography, reading, 
 writing, English grammar, geography, arithmetic, and good 
 behavior. Rev. St., ch. 23, ^^ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 
 
 16. Every town containing five hundred families or house- 
 holders, must, besides the schools above mentioned, maintain 
 
41 
 
 a school, to be kept by a master of competent ability and good 
 morals, who shall, in addition to the branches of learning be- 
 fore mentioned, give instruction in the history of the United 
 States, book-keeping, surveying, geometry, and algebra; and 
 such last mentioned school must be kept for the benefit of all 
 the inhabitants of the town, ten months at least, exclusive of 
 vacations, in each year ; and at such convenient place, or alter- 
 nately at such places, in the town, as the said inhabitants at 
 their annual meeting shall determine ; and in every town con- 
 taining four thousand inhabitants, the said master shall, in 
 addition to all the branches of instruction which have been 
 above enumerated for both classes of schools, be competent to 
 instruct in the Latin and Greek languages, general history, 
 rhetoric and logic. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§> 5. 
 
 17. The two last mentioned schools must be kept for the 
 benefit of the whole town. It is not sufficient to establish 
 such a school for the benefit of one part of the town only. 
 16 Mass. Rep. 141, Com^nonwealth v. Dedham. 
 
 IS. To constitute such a school within the meaning of the 
 law, the teacher must not only be qualified, as the law pro- 
 vides, but must be engaged to teach a school of that descrip- 
 tion, and the school must be duly regulated as to the admission 
 of scholars. lb. 
 
 19. In every school in the Commonwealth, containing fifty 
 or more scholars, as the average number, the school district, or 
 town, to which such school belongs, must employ a female 
 assistant or assistants, unless such school district or town shall, 
 at a meeting regularly called for the purpose, vote to dispense 
 with the same. St. 1839, ch. 56, "^ 1. 
 
 The above are all the provisions of the law which are obli- 
 gatory upon towns, and which can be enforced by penalties, in 
 regard to the length of schools which the towns must provide, 
 the qualifications of the teachers they must employ, and the 
 number of branches which must be respectively taught therein. 
 
 20. Any town containing less than five hundred families or 
 householders may establish and maintain a school, for the ben- 
 efit of all the inhabitants of the town, for such term of time 
 
 6 
 
42 
 
 in any year, or in each year, as they may deem expedient, in 
 which school, instruction shall be given in the history of the 
 United States, book-keeping, surveying, geometry, and algebra. 
 Rev. St., ch. 23, <§> 6. See the next section. 
 
 21. For the purpose of carrying into execution the above 
 requirements of the law, it is expressly provided that " towns," 
 (and by a general provision of law, the word " towns" in- 
 cludes "cities" also, unless the latter are expressly excepted,) 
 " shall have power to grant and vote such sums of money as 
 they shall judge necessary for the following [among many 
 other] purposes : — 
 
 " For the support of town schools." Rev. St., ch. 15, Ǥ> 12. 
 See also Rev. St., ch. 23, <§> 9. 
 
 It was for a long time a debated question, whether, under 
 this general authority given to towns, " to grant and vote such 
 sums of money as they shall judge necessary for the support 
 of schools," they could " grant and vote" any more money 
 than would be sufficient to maintain the grades of schools 
 specified, and for the length of time specified, in the law, — 
 that is, whether their poiver were limited by their obligation. 
 This question has, at last, "been carried to the Supreme Court 
 of the State, and determined by it ; and it is now decided by 
 the highest judicial tribunal in the Commonwealth, that the 
 statute only expresses the minimum of time and of quality, 
 below which the schools shall never be suffered to fall, but 
 that it allows any town to rise as high above this lowest limit, 
 as, in its discretion, fairly and honestly exercised, it may deem 
 best. This conclusion was deemed to be a fair inference from 
 the language of the law, confirmed by long-continued usage, 
 and demanded by the necessities of a republican government. 
 Jolui N. Cushing v. Inhabitants of Newbury port ^ 10 Met- 
 calfs Rep. 508. 
 
 In the above case, the town of Newburyport, which had 
 raised money for the support of all the schools required by 
 law, and had supported them, also raised money to support, 
 and did support, a female high school for the purpose of teach- 
 ing book-keeping, algebra, geometry, history, rhetoric, mental 
 moral, and natural philosophy, botany, the Latin and French 
 
43 
 
 languages, and other higher branches of knowledge than were 
 taught in the grammar schools of the town. The court held 
 this to be a town school, within the meaning of the Revised 
 Statutes, and that the money for its support could be legally 
 raised by tax. lb. 
 
 The schools of Massachusetts, therefore, are not merely /ree, 
 but the towns have a right to make them as good, as long, and 
 as numerous, as, in the exercise of an honest discretion, they 
 may deem expedient. 
 
 22. Each town holds one or more annual meetings. These 
 meetings are called a?inual because the law requires that they 
 shall be held on some one of certain specified days, each year. 
 Of all these meetings, due notice must be given by a public, 
 official document, called a " warrant." Every male citizen, of 
 twenty-one years of age and upwards, (excepting paupers and 
 persons under guardianship,) who has resided in the State one 
 year, and within the town, in which he may claim a right to 
 vote, six months next preceding any meeting for the transac- 
 tion of town affairs, and who shall have paid, by himself or 
 his parent, master, or guardian, any state or county tax, which 
 shall, within two years next preceding such meeting, have 
 been assessed upon him in any town ; and also, every citizen 
 who shall be by law exempted from taxation, and who shall, 
 in all other respects, be qualified as aforesaid, is a legally quali- 
 fied voter upon all questions concerning town affairs ; and, of 
 course, upon all questions concerning schools and school com- 
 mittees. Rev. St., ch. 15, §17; 11 Pick. 538. 
 
 23. On the day appointed the voters assemble. The article 
 in the warrant, relative to the raising of money for the support 
 of schools, comes up in its order for the consideration and 
 action of the town. A specific sum must be proposed, and any 
 voter has a right to name the sum he wishes to have raised. 
 If any other voter deems it either too high or too low, he may 
 propose to modify the original proposition. The whole subject 
 of Public Education is thus thrown open. The liberal, the 
 public-spirited, those who see in our Public School system the 
 great upholding principle of all our institutions, and the means 
 of advancing the civilization of the race, — who see in it both 
 
44 
 
 the conservative and the progressive principle of society, — will 
 advocate a generous appropriation. Others, who are actuated by 
 opposite motives, if such there are, will contend for a reduction 
 of the grant to the lowest possible amount. On the one side, 
 the duty of a people to educate its children ; their right to so 
 much of the property of the community as is necessary for 
 such an object ; the relation of education, on the one hand, to 
 crime and pauperism, to superstition and violence, and, on the 
 other, to individual dignity and happiness, to social prosperity 
 and renown, to the ability of the people to read and interpret 
 the Scriptures for themselves, and to learn more of the attri- 
 butes of God from a knowledge of his works ; — all these and 
 every other consideration which legitimately appertains to the 
 subject, may be adduced and expounded ; while all the argu- 
 ments, and pretexts, and sophistries, which cupidity, and nar- 
 row-mindedness, and an aristocratic feeling dare to set forth, 
 may be advanced on the other. Every man who has a right 
 to vote, has a right to speak. When the discussion has closed, 
 — which has sometimes lasted for days, — the vote is taken. 
 The will of the majority decides the question. If exercised in 
 good faith, there is no earthly tribunal that can reverse the de- 
 cision. The vote is recorded. The amount is certified to the 
 assessors, is levied upon the inhabitants, and collected from 
 them, in the same manner as all other town taxes are levied 
 and collected. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§> 9. 
 
 Thus annually, in these primary meetings, the great vital 
 principles on which society is organized are subject to be 
 brought under review, in the presence of the whole people. 
 The claims of the future upon the present, the duty of parents 
 towards children, of ancestors to posterity, may be rehearsed 
 or discussed anew, with every returning year. 
 
 It is obvious, that, in a free government, the cause of Popu- 
 lar Education cannot advance without a corresponding ad- 
 vancement of the people. Hence, he who would improve the 
 schools must enlighten the public. The work is slow, like 
 the uprising of a coralline rock from the bottom of the ocean ; 
 but when it has once spread out its broad foundations and 
 reached the surface, it will defy the tempests and billows of 
 
45 
 
 popular commotion ; for nothing but some great catastrophe of 
 nature can upheave or overwhelm it. 
 
 When collected, the school money is deposited in the hands 
 of the town treasurer. 
 
 24. In all towns whose territory is divided into districts, an 
 important question now arises, respecting the principles on 
 which the money shall be apportioned among them. The 
 authority to apportion the money is vested exclusively in the 
 towns. It is doubtful whether any other power, so important 
 and so liable to abuse, has ever been conferred upon a munici- 
 pal corporation, without some right of appeal or redress, in 
 case of mal-administration. 
 
 The circumstances of the districts are exceedingly various. 
 Some contain but half a dozen scholars ; others as many hun- 
 dreds. Some have only a few small and poor farms ; in others, 
 there is a concentration of wealth. Hence, in a town con- 
 taining a dozen districts, it often happens that a majority of 
 them pay but a small portion of the school tax, while the resi- 
 due of it is principally derived from a few of the rest. It is 
 obvious, therefore, that no specific rule can be devised for cases 
 so various. This is probably the reason why the law has sub- 
 mitted all questions, relative to the distribution of the school 
 money among the districts, to the towns respectively. The 
 manner of distribution has been quite as various as the circum- 
 stances which the towns have had to consult. In some cases, 
 where no striking inequalities existed in the condition of the 
 districts, the money has been equally distributed among them. 
 In other cases, one third, one half, two thirds, three fourths, or 
 some other fractional part, has been divided equally among the 
 districts, and the residue, according to the number of children 
 they respectively contained, between the ages of 4 and 16 
 years ; or between the ages of 4 and 21. In some, the divis- 
 ion has been made according to the number of heads of fami- 
 lies in each district ; and, in others, according to the number 
 of houses in each ! Devices have been innumerable, and, for 
 want of recognizing a natural standard, the most arbitrary ones 
 have been adopted. Public attention had never been called to 
 this subject, until the year 1844. In that year, the basis of 
 
46 
 
 distribution, adopted by the several towns in the State, was 
 ascertained and published. (See Eighth Annual Report of the 
 Board of Education, pp. 79-97, and 7th volume Common 
 School Journal, pp. 102-114.) There is reason to fear that, 
 in many cases, an equitable principle of distribution has not 
 been applied. The stronger districts, being able to out-vote 
 the weaker, have sometimes assigned to themselves the lion's 
 share. The principle of distribution advocated in that Report 
 was, the bestowment of equal school privileges upon all the 
 children in the town, whether they chanced to belong to a large 
 district or to a small one, to a rich district or to a poor one. 
 
 The amount and quality of education which a child should 
 receive from the town of its nativity or residence, should not 
 depend upon his being born or having his home on one side or 
 the other of a school district boundary, arbitrarily drawn. The 
 republican and the Christian doctrine is, — the bestowment of 
 equal privileges upon all, and then let the fortunes of each 
 individual depend upon the use which he makes of the privi- 
 leges bestowed. 
 
 25. We have now arrived at a point in the order of proceed- 
 ings, where the money for the current expenses of the schools 
 has been voted by the town, collected, and deposited in the 
 town treasury, and the principles which are to regulate its dis- 
 tribution have been made known. But this money may not 
 have been designed to cover all the expenses incident to the 
 support of the schools. In cases where the towns are dis- 
 tricted, it is specifically restricted to the three following items : — 
 the wages of teachers, the board of teachers, and fuel for the 
 schools. St. 1846, ch. 223, ^ 2. 
 
 A suitable house must be provided, in which the school may 
 be kept, and the house must be properly furnished for the con- 
 venience of teacher and scholars. 
 
 26. When a town is not divided into districts, the duty of 
 erecting and furnishing schoolhouses must be performed by the 
 town in its corporate capacity. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§> 24. 
 
 27. And even when a town chooses to divide itself into dis- 
 tricts, it may still, in its corporate capacity, erect, own, and 
 
47 
 
 furnish all the schoolhouses, and retain the control over them. 
 Rev. St., oh. 23, <§,^ 32, 28. 
 
 28. When a town which has been districted wishes either 
 to abolish its districts, or to resume its right of ownership and 
 control over the schoolhouses, a convenient and equitable mode 
 of proceeding is, for the town to cause an appraisement of the 
 value of all the existing schoolhouses to be made, to levy a 
 tax sufficient for the erection of new ones, in all the districts, 
 and then to remit to the tax-payers of each of the districts a 
 proportion of the tax equal to the value of its house. In this 
 way, all the houses become the common property of the town, 
 and if any district has just provided itself with a suitable 
 building, it is exempted from a further assessment ; it pays its 
 tax by surrendering its house. 
 
 I now proceed to consider the important subject of 
 
 SCHOOL DISTRICTS. 
 
 29. These are formed by the town, — the voters in each dis- 
 trict having no further power, in giving them shape or extent, 
 than that which they possess as voters in the town. Rev. St., 
 ch. 23, Ǥ, 24. 
 
 A town has authority to alter the limits of all its school 
 districts, or of any of them. 15 Pick. 35, Allen v. Westport ; 
 4 Mass. 534, Richards v. Daggett. 
 
 30. But no town can be districted anew, for school pur- 
 poses, so as to change the taxation of lands of proprietors, into 
 districts using different schoolhouses, oftener than once in ten 
 years. St. 1849, ch. 206. 
 
 Where districts exist, it is apparent that they must be in- 
 vested with certain powers, by which they can perform their 
 duties and protect their rights. 
 
 31. In Massachusetts, each school district is a body corpo- 
 rate. It can prosecute or defend, in any action relating to the 
 property or affairs of the district. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§> 57. 
 
 32. Individual members of a district, however, have no right 
 to appear and be heard in defence of an action against the 
 district, on the ground that they have an interest in the re- 
 
48 
 
 suit. Lane v. School District in Weymouth, 10 Metcalfs 
 Rep. 462. 
 
 33. A district has power, as a corporation, to take and hold, 
 in fee simple or otherwise, any estate, real or personal, which 
 may be given to it, or purchased by it, for the support of a 
 school or schools in the district. Rev. St., ch. 23, ^ 58. 
 
 34. The inhabitants of any school district, qualified to vote 
 in town affairs, may, at any meeting legally called for the pur- 
 pose, raise money for erecting or repairing schoolhouses in 
 their respective districts ; for purchasing or hiring any build- 
 ings to be used as schoolhouses, and land for the use and 
 accommodation thereof ; and for purchasing fuel, furniture, or 
 other necessary articles for the use of schools ; they may also 
 determine in what part of their respective districts such school- 
 houses shall stand, and may choose any committee to carry 
 into effect the provisions aforesaid. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§. 28. 
 
 Every school district must be organized, — that is, it must 
 have a class of officers by whom its records can be made, kept, 
 and authenticated, and who can execute its legally expressed 
 will. 
 
 35. Where, however, an action was brought in the name 
 of a school district which was not duly organized, and while 
 the action was pending, the district organized itself legally, 
 and ratified the prosecution of the action, the ratification was 
 held to be valid and effectual, and the action was sustained. 
 Stoneham v. Richardson, 23 Pick. 62. 
 
 36. The selectmen of all towns, divided into school districts, 
 and the prudential committees of all such districts, upon appli- 
 cation made to them, respectively, in writing, by three or more 
 residents in any district, who pay taxes, must issue their war- 
 rant directed to one of the persons making such application, 
 requiring him to warn the inhabitants of such district, who are 
 qualified to vote in town affairs, to meet at such time and place 
 in said district, as shall be expressed in the warrant. Rev. St., 
 ch. 23, <§, 46. 
 
 37. The warning above described must be given seven days 
 at least before the time appointed for the meeting, and it must 
 be either by personal notice to every voter in the district, or 
 
49 
 
 by leaving at his last and usual place of abode a written notifi- 
 cation, expressing therein the time, place, and purpose of the 
 meeting. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§. 47. 
 
 38. After a district meeting has been once legally called, and 
 the district organized, the voters may, at any regular meeting, 
 having an article in the warrant for the purpose, prescribe the 
 mode of warning all future meetings of the district. They 
 may also direct by whom, and in what manner, such meetings 
 shall be called. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§, 48. 
 
 It is a general principle that no business can be legally trans- 
 acted in any meeting, of which due notice has not been given 
 by the insertion of an article in the warrant, calling the same. 
 10 Pick. 543, Little v. Merrill. 
 
 39. But where an application for calling a meeting of a 
 school district contained, in precise and enumerated articles, 
 the objects of the meeting, and such application was annexed 
 to the warrant for calling the meeting, and the person, to whom 
 the warrant Avas addressed, was therein directed to warn the 
 inhabitants of the district to meet for the purpose of acting on 
 the articles named in such annexed application, it was held 
 that those articles were a part of the warrant, as effectually 
 as if embodied in it. George v. School District in Mendon, 
 6 Metcalf's Rep. 497. 
 
 40. So, in the case of Alden v. Ronnsville, 7 Metcalf's Rep. 
 218, the following article was inserted in the warrant : — '' To 
 act any thing in relation to the limits of school districts, that 
 the town may see cause." When the town came to act on 
 this article, a petition from the inhabitants of four school dis- 
 tricts was presented, and the town voted to refer the whole 
 subject to the selectmen. At an adjourned meeting, the select- 
 men made a report, recommending that said four districts be 
 formed into three only ; and their report was recommitted to 
 them " to divide said districts." In the warrant for a subse- 
 quent town meeting, were the following articles : — " To hear 
 all reports of committees, and act thereon ;" " to act any thing 
 in relation to the limits of school districts, or relating to indi- 
 viduals or parts of districts, who may wish to be set off from 
 one district to another," &c. It was held, that these articles 
 
 7 
 
50 
 
 were sufficient to authorize the town at the last meeting to 
 accept the report of the selectmen making three districts out of 
 said four, and to establish those three districts. 
 
 41. But at a meeting of a school district, duly called by a 
 warrant of the selectmen "to choose a district committee, and 
 to act on other business that may be thought necessary," it 
 was voted that future meetings should be warned by the clerk 
 of the district ; and, at a future meeting so warned, a sum of 
 money was voted to be raised, which was afterwards assessed 
 by the assessors of the town. The court held that the vote 
 at the first meeting, authorizing the clerk to warn future meet- 
 ings, was invalid, as there was no article in the selectmen's 
 warrant concerning the calling of future meetings, and there- 
 fore the subsequent meeting, and the grant and assessment of 
 the money, were illegal. The clause " to act on other busi- 
 ness that may be thought necessary," was not sufficiently 
 specific. Little v. Merrill, 10 Pick. 543. 
 
 42. A freeholder, to whom a warrant was directed for call- 
 ing a school district meeting, returned thereon that " he had 
 warned all the legal voters" in the district "to meet at the 
 time and place and for the purposes within mentioned." It 
 was held that the return was defective in not specifying how 
 notice was given, or how long before the time of the meeting. 
 Perry v. Dover, 12 Pick. 206. 
 
 43. But the return of a person to whom a warrant was 
 directed to warn a meeting of the inhabitants of a school dis- 
 trict, pursuant to the statute of 1799, ch. 66, <§> 4, certifying 
 that he had warned the inhabitants of the district in the man- 
 ner required by the statute, was held to be conclusive evidence 
 of the fact, in an action against the assessors for assessing a 
 tax voted to be raised at such meeting. Saxton v. Nimms, 
 14 Mass. 315. 
 
 44. It is the first duty of the qualified voters, after having 
 been legally warned, and having assembled, to choose a mod- 
 erator. They must then choose a clerk. The clerk must be 
 sworn to the faithful discharge of the duties of his office, by 
 the moderator, in open meeting, or by a justice of the peace. 
 When qualified by taking the oath of office, the clerk must 
 
51 
 
 make a fair record of all votes passed at the meeting, and cer- 
 tify the same when required. The clerk is to hold his office 
 until another is chosen and sworn in his stead. Rev. St., ch. 
 23, <^ 27. 
 
 45. The clerk of a school district is liable only for a want 
 of integrity on his part. Should the district pass any illegal 
 vote for raising money by tax, the district is itself liable for 
 the illegality of its proceedings ; but if the clerk has certified 
 truly, to the assessors of the town, the votes of the district, he 
 is not liable. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§> 29. 
 
 46. In a book of records of a school district, it did not 
 appear that, at a certain meeting, there was an election of a 
 prudential committee ; and another record was introduced, 
 which the clerk of the district testified contained a true record 
 of the meeting, and in which the election of such a committee 
 was entered. He further testified that both these records were 
 made by him, soon after the meeting, from loose memoranda 
 put on paper at the time of the meeting. It was held that the 
 election of the committee was duly proved, the records not 
 being contradictory, and both being originals, and the one which 
 contained the entry of the election of equal validity with the 
 other. Williams v. Lunenburg, 21 Pick. 75. 
 
 47. Where the clerk of a school district removed into an 
 adjoining district, but within the same town, and another was 
 chosen in his stead, but not sworn, it was held that the first 
 continued competent to act as clerk. lb. 
 
 PRUDENTIAL COMMITTEES. 
 
 48. It is optional with the town, even after it has divided 
 its territory into school districts, either to choose a prudential 
 committee for the several districts belonging to the town, or to 
 decide that each district shall choose its own. Rev. St., ch. 
 23, <^<§, 25, 26. 
 
 49. By whomsoever chosen, the prudential committee must 
 be a resident of the district for which he is chosen. lb. 
 
 50. Whenever a town determines that teachers shall be 
 selected and contracted with by the prudential committees of 
 the several districts, such town or district may elect three per- 
 
52 
 
 sons instead of one, as its prudential committee. Rev. St., 
 eh. 23, <§, 25. St. 1839, eh. 137. 
 
 If the town chooses the prudential committees, then the 
 town will determine whether they shall consist of one or of 
 three ; if the town delegates this choice to the districts, then 
 the districts will determine. 
 
 51. Primarily, it is the duty of the superintending school 
 committee to select and contract with all the teachers for the 
 district schools. But if any town so chooses, it may vote to 
 transfer this duty from the superintending to the prudential 
 committees. St. 1838, ch. 105, ^ 2. Rev. St., ch. 23, Ȥ> 25. 
 
 There must be an article in the warrant for the above pur- 
 pose, and it is supposed that the vote has validity only during 
 the school year for which it is passed. If so, then the vote 
 must be renewed each year, or else the duty of selecting teach- 
 ers and contracting with them Avill devolve upon the superin- 
 tending committee. 
 
 52. The duties of the prudential committee, by whomsoever 
 chosen, are as follows : — 
 
 First. If the district owns a schoolhouse, he is to keep it 
 in good repair, at the expense of the district. Rev. St., ch. 23, 
 >§) 25. This does not require a previous vote of the district, 
 directing or requiring the committee to put the house in proper 
 order. If a window pane is broken ,• if a window blind loses 
 a hinge or a fastening, or a door is without a latch, or the plas- 
 tering has fallen from the walls, or the room needs white- 
 washing, or is tight and without a ventilator, or the seats need 
 repairs to make them comfortable, or if the windows have 
 neither blinds nor curtains ; — in all these and all similar cases, 
 it is the duty of the prudential committee to repair the injury, 
 or supply the defect. So in regard to chairs, shovel, tongs, 
 andirons, brooms, mats, door-scrapers, sink, water-pail, dippers, 
 or tumblers, &oc. 6cc. Emphatically, if the schoolhouse be 
 without an appendage which modesty and decency require, 
 and which may prevent unchaste thoughts and indecent expos- 
 ures from maturing into an unchaste life, it is believed to be 
 the immediate duty of the prudential committee to supply it. 
 53. Second. If the district owns no schoolhouse, then the 
 
53 
 
 prudential committee is to provide a suitable place in which 
 the school may be kept. The place provided must be a " suit- 
 able " one ; but whatever is incompatible with comfort, or in- 
 jurious to health ; whatever embarrasses the teacher in com- 
 municating knowledge, or retards the children in acquiring it, 
 cannot be held '^ suitable" by any reasonable tribunal. The 
 comprehensive expression of the law is, that the committee 
 shall "provide all things necessary for the comfort of the schol- 
 ars." Rev. St., ch. 23, ^ 25. 21 Pick. 199, Medford v. Med- 
 ford. 
 
 For all the above-mentioned purposes, the prudential com- 
 mittee has the whole credit of the district at his command. 
 Their property is at his disposal. He must make these provis- 
 ions, and the district must pay for them. They cannot pro- 
 hibit him by any vote. He derives his power from the law, 
 and the district cannot repeal a statute of the Commonwealth. 
 If an execution be obtained against the district, on account 
 of a liability properly incurred by the prudential committee, it 
 may be levied upon the property of any individual belonging 
 to the district ; and this is so even if the district has corporate 
 property liable to be taken. 6 Metcalf 's Rep. 546, Gaskill v. 
 Dudley. 
 
 For no one of the above purposes can the prudential com- 
 mittee take any part of the money raised by the town for the 
 support of schools. They are charges upon the district, and 
 the district must raise the money necessary to defray them. 
 
 It has often happened that the prudential committee has been 
 seriously embarrassed for want of a small sum of ready money 
 in his hands, to pay for trifling repairs, or to purchase necessary 
 articles of small value. It is true, he may bind the whole 
 property of the district by any contract he may make ; but to 
 impose upon the district and the town all the trouble and ex- 
 pense incident to the levying and collecting of a small tax, is 
 what a good citizen is reluctant to do, unless under circum- 
 stances admitting of no alternative. Formerly, and before the 
 illegality of such a course was pointed out, it was customary 
 for the prudential committees to abstract a portion of the 
 money raised by the town for the support of schools, in order 
 
54 
 
 to defray these contingent expenses. But such a course is 
 clearly without warrant, and may subject all parties concerned 
 in it to legal animadversion. As the law now stands, the prop- 
 er way to meet these petty contingencies is, for the district to 
 vote a small sum, — ten, twenty, fifty, or more dollars, accord- 
 ing to its circumstances and probable needs, — to be placed in 
 the hands of the prudential committee, and to be by him ap- 
 plied to defray this class of expenses, as they may arise, — he, 
 of course, being accountable to his successor, at the end of his 
 official term, for any surplus remaining in his hands. 
 
 54. Third. The prudential committee is to provide fuel for 
 the schools. The expense of fuel may be taken from the 
 money appropriated by the town,^St. 1846, ch. 223, <§, 2 ; — or 
 the district may raise money for this purpose by a tax. Rev. 
 St., ch. 23, ^ 28. 
 
 55. Fourth. When an express vote of the town, passed for 
 the then current year, has transferred the duty of selecting and 
 contracting with teachers from the superintending to the pru- 
 dential committee, the duty of making such selection devolves 
 upon the latter. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§.<§> 25, 28; St. 1839, ch. 
 105, >§> 2. But it is not legally possible, under any circumstan- 
 ces, for the prudential committee to make an absolute, uncon- 
 ditional contract with any person for keeping a school. He 
 cannot appoint a teacher ; he can only nominate a candidate for 
 teaching. The person selected must be approved by the super- 
 intending committee, before he can legally commence the 
 school. Such an approval ratifies the act of the prudential 
 committee ; but the act without such ratification is void. Rev. 
 St., ch. 23, <§, 14. 
 
 56. Fifth. The prudential committee must give such infor- 
 mation and assistance to the school committee of the town as 
 may be necessary to aid them in the discharge of their duties. 
 Rev. St., ch. 23, <§> 25. Under this specification of duty, the 
 
 ■prudential committee is bound, — 
 
 1st. To cause the candidate to appear before the superin- 
 tending committee, at such time and place as they may have 
 appointed, for examination; — and the prudential committee 
 should, if practicable, be present at the examination. 
 
55 
 
 2d. To ascertain whatever, by diligent and careful inquiry, 
 he can, respecting the moral character of the candidate he pre- 
 sents, his previous history, and his success as a teacher if he 
 has ever taught school before, and what means he has taken to 
 qualify himself for teaching. 
 
 3d. To give the superintending committee due notice of 
 the time when the school will begin, and also of the time when 
 it will close, so that they may visit it according to law. 
 
 4th. To give the superintending committee the earliest in- 
 formation of any danger, from any cause within their jurisdic- 
 tion, which may impend over the school, and threaten to im- 
 pair its usefulness. 
 
 The prudential committee and the superintending committee 
 are different hands of the same body, and if they are not ani- 
 mated and moved by a common spirit, either one can defeat the 
 most praiseworthy efforts of the other. 
 
 57. In all cases where, through neglect or other cause, no 
 prudential committee shall be chosen for any school district, the 
 superintending school committee must perform all the duties of 
 the prudential committee. Rev. St., ch. 23, •§> 31. The rule 
 would doubtless be the same, if a prudential committee should 
 die, remove, or be otherwise disabled, or resign, and no suc- 
 cessor should be appointed. 
 
 58. So, too, if any district should neglect or refuse to estab- 
 lish a school and provide a teacher for the same, it becomes 
 the duty of the superintending committee to establish such 
 school, and to provide a teacher therefor, as the prudential com- 
 mittee should have done. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§> 45. See also 
 post, 104. 
 
 59. In an action against a school district, to recover the rent 
 of a schoolroom, hired by the prudential committee of the dis- 
 trict, he is competent to testify to the contract made by him, 
 and to the fact of the keeping of a district school in such room. 
 Allen V. Westport, 15 Pick. 35. 
 
 60. It is no defence to such action that the school was part- 
 ly supported by private contributions, and so was continued 
 longer than it otherwise would have been, or that the instruct- 
 ors were not legally employed or duly qualified for their situa- 
 
56 
 
 tions, or that there was no legal appropriation or distribution by 
 the town of the funds raised for the support of schools. lb. 
 
 DISTRICT SCHOOLHOUSES, 
 
 61. To enable towns and districts to construct schoolhouses 
 after the most approved models, one copy of a work entitled, 
 "School Architecture for the improvement of schoolhouses," 
 by Henry Barnard, Esq., is furnished, at the expense of the 
 State, to the clerk of each town and city. Res, 1849, ch. 70. 
 
 62. If the town does not provide the schoolhouses, it is the 
 duty of the districts, respectively, to do so. Rev. St., ch. 23, 
 '§>^ 25, 32. 
 
 63. The voters of any regularly constituted school district 
 may raise money for erecting or repairing a schoolhouse, or for 
 purchasing or hiring any building to be used as a schoolhouse, 
 and land for the use and accommodation thereof They may 
 also raise money for purchasing fuel, furniture, and other neces- 
 sary articles for the use of the school or schools. Rev. St., 
 ch. 23, <5> 28. Ante, 34. 
 
 64. But a district, after having voted to raise money, may, 
 at any time before it is assessed, rescind the vote. Pond v. 
 Negus, 3 Mass. 280. 
 
 65. The district may determine where their schoolhouse 
 shall stand, and they may choose any committee to carry into 
 effect any of the above-named powers. lb. 
 
 66. If the voters of a district cannot determine where to 
 place their schoolhouse, the selectmen of the town to which 
 the district belongs, upon application made to them by the 
 committee appointed to build or to procure the schoolhouse, or 
 by five or more of the legal voters of the district, shall deter- 
 mine where such schoolhouse shall be placed. Rev. St., ch. 
 23, <^ 30. 
 
 67. Whenever a suitable place shall have been designated 
 by any town, or by any school district, for the erection of a 
 schoolhouse and necessary buildings, and the owner of the 
 land so designated shall refuse to sell the same, or shall demand 
 a price therefor which, in the opinion of the selectmen, is un- 
 reasonable, 4he said selectmen, with the approbation of the 
 
57 
 
 town, may proceed to select, at their discretion, a schoolhouse 
 lot, and lay out the same, not exceeding in quantity forty square 
 rods, and to appraise the damages to the owner of such land, in 
 the same way and manner as is provided for laying out town- 
 ways and appraising damages sustained thereby ; and upon 
 payment, or tender of payment, of the amount of such dama- 
 ges, by the town or district designating such schoolhouse lot, to 
 the owner thereof, the said land may be taken, held, and used 
 for the purpose for which it was designated. St. 1848, ch. 
 237, <^ 1. 
 
 68. But if the owner of such land feels aggrieved by the 
 selection of such lot, or by the amount of damages awarded 
 for it, he is entitled to have the matter of his complaint tried 
 by a jury, which may be applied for within one year after the 
 location of the lot, and the county commissioners are bound 
 to order a jury accordingly. The jury have power to change 
 the location of the lot, and to re-assess the damages. The pro- 
 ceedings in all respects are to be conducted in the same man- 
 ner as is provided in cases of damages occasioned by laying out 
 highways. If the jury shall increase the damages, or change 
 the location, then the damages and all charges shall be paid by 
 the town or district for whose benefit the lot was selected ; 
 otherwise, the charges which may arise on such application 
 shall be paid by the applicant himself lb. <§> 2. 
 
 69. The land so taken can be held and used for no other 
 purpose than that for which it was taken ; and upon the dis- 
 continuance upon the same, for one year, of such a school as 
 may be required by law at the time of such discontinuance, the 
 land will revert to the original owner, his heirs or assigns, dis- 
 encumbered of the easement or lien to which it had been sub- 
 ject, lb. 
 
 70. It may happen that a majority of the voters in a district 
 may be opposed to assessing upon themseh^es the requisite 
 sums of money for any of the purposes for which a district is 
 authorized to raise money. To prevent the evils which might 
 follow, if, at any time, the district should fall under the power 
 of perverse or avaricious men, it is provided that any five in- 
 habitants of the district, who pay taxes, may make application 
 
 8 
 
58 
 
 in writing to the selectmen of the town in which the school 
 district is situated, requesting them to insert, in their next war- 
 rant for a town meeting, an article requiring the opinion of the 
 town relative to the expediency of raising such moneys as 
 were proposed in the warrant for the district meeting ; and if 
 the majority of the voters present in such town meeting shall 
 think the raising of any of the sums of money, proposed in said 
 warrant, to he necessary and expedient, they may vote such 
 sum as they shall think necessary for the said purposes, and the 
 same shall be assessed on the polls and estates of the inhabi- 
 tants of such district, and it may be collected and paid over for 
 the use of the district. Rev. St., ch, 23, <§. 44. 
 
 71. If, however, the inhabitants of the district neglect or 
 refuse to choose a committee to expend the money so voted by 
 the town, for the purpose for which it was voted, then the 
 town may empower its board of selectmen, or its school com- 
 mittee, or it may choose a special committee to superintend the 
 laying out of the money so voted. In such case, the money 
 must be paid over, not to the district but to the committee 
 authorized to expend it. St. 1848, ch. 274. 
 
 72. When a town abolishes the school districts and forms 
 new ones, the legal title to the existing schoolhouses vests in 
 those of the new districts within whose territory they happen 
 to fall. Stoneham v. Richardson, 23 Pick. 62. 
 
 73. A school district, at a meeting legally held, voted to 
 build a schoolhouse, chose a building committee, and instructed 
 said committee to make a written contract with M, to build the 
 house for a certain sum, pursuant to M's proposal. The meet- 
 ing was then adjourned. At another meeting, called and held 
 before the day to which the former meeting was adjourned, the 
 district voted to build a schoolhouse on a plan then first pro- 
 posed by D ; to purchase a site therefor according to a proposal 
 then first made ; to raise and appropriate a certain sum for 
 building the house and purchasing the site thereof; and chose 
 a building committee to oversee the erection of the house, to 
 enter into a contract with D for the building thereof, according 
 to the plan proposed by D, and to take a deed of the site. It 
 was held, that the votes of the second meeting, by necessary 
 
59 
 
 implication, rescinded the votes passed at the first, and that 
 they were legal and binding. George v. School District in 
 Mendon, 6 Metcalf s Rep. 497. 
 
 74. Where a school district accepted the proposals of a build- 
 er to erect a schoolhouse for a certain sum, with liberty to build 
 a public hall over the same as the builder's property, he allowing 
 the district to have the use of the hall, free of charge, for meet- 
 ings of the district, for examination of the schools, &:.c. ; and 
 the house was so built ; it was held that the district had not 
 exceeded its authority, and that a tax to pay for the house was 
 legally assessed. lb. 
 
 SCHOOL DISTRICT TAXES. 
 
 75. Whatever moneys a school district has legally voted to 
 raise by tax, must be certified by the clerk of the district to 
 the assessors of the town. Within thirty days after the receipt 
 of the certificate, the assessors are required to assess the mon- 
 eys so certified, in the same manner as town taxes are assessed, 
 upon the polls and estates of the tax-payers in the district and 
 on all lands liable to be taxed therein. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§> 37. 
 Williatns v, Lunenburg, 21 Pick. 75. 
 
 76. Having made the assessment, the assessors must issue 
 their warrant and direct it to one of the collectors of the town, 
 requiring him to collect the tax so assessed, and to pay the 
 same to the treasurer of the town, within a time to be limited 
 in the warrant. A certificate of the assessment must also be 
 made by the assessors, and delivered to the treasurer of the 
 town. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§. 38. 
 
 77. This last provision, in relation to the certificate of the 
 assessment to be delivered to the treasurer, is necessary, be- 
 cause, if the moneys are not collected and paid over to said 
 treasurer at the time specified in the warrant, he is authorized 
 to enforce their collection and payment in the same manner as 
 in the case of moneys raised by the town for its own use. 
 Rev. Stat., ch. 23, ^ 41. 
 
 78. Every collector has the same powers, in regard to the 
 collection of a district tax ; all assessors have the same power 
 in regard to the abatement, in whole or in part, of the same ; 
 and the collector, assessors, and treasurer are respectively enti' 
 
60 
 
 tied to the same compensation for services performed in rela- 
 tion to a district tax, as for the like services in respect to town 
 taxes. Rev. Stat., ch. 23, «§>§ 40, 43, 42. 
 
 79. In raising and assessing money, in the several school 
 districts, every inhabitant of the district must be taxed, in the 
 district in which he lives, for all his personal estate, (see be- 
 low, 81,) and for all the real estate which he holds in the 
 town, being mider his own actual improvement ; and all other 
 of his real estate, in the same town, shall be taxed in the dis- 
 trict in which it lies. Rev. Stat., ch. 23, <5' 33. 
 
 80. In the assessment of all taxes, pursuant to the preced- 
 ing paragraph, all real estate and machinery, belonging to 
 manufacturing corporations, must be taxed in the districts 
 where the same are situated, (see below, 81 ;) and in assess- 
 ing the shares in such corporation, for the like purposes, the 
 value of said machinery and real estate shall be first deducted 
 from the value of such shares. Rev. Stat., ch, 23, >§» 34. 
 
 81. All stocks in trade, including stock employed in the 
 business of manufacturing, or of any of the mechanic arts, in 
 towns within the State, other than where the owners reside, 
 must be taxed in those towns, if the owners hire or occupy 
 manufactories, stores, shops, or wharves therein, whether the 
 said stocks in trade, or the goods, wares, and merchandise, or 
 other property composing the same, are within said towns, on 
 the first day of May, of the year when the tax is made, or 
 elsewhere. St. 1839, ch. 139, <^ 1. 
 
 82. Whenever the real estate of a non-resident owner shall 
 be taxed to such owner, it may be taxed in such district as the 
 assessors of the town shall determine ; and the said assessors, 
 before they assess a tax for any district, must determine in 
 which district the lands of any such non-resident shall be 
 taxed, and certify their determination to the clerk of the town, 
 who shall record the same ; and such land, while owned by 
 any person resident without the limits of the town, shall be 
 taxed in such district accordingly, until the town shall be dis- 
 tricted anew. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§> 35. St. 1849, ch. 206. 
 
 83. All the lands, within any town, owned by the same 
 person, not living therein, must be taxed in the same district. 
 Rev. St., ch. 23, <§, 36. 
 
61 
 
 84. The moneys collected and paid over to the town treas- 
 urer, in the manner above described, for the use of any dis- 
 trict, are then at the disposal of any committee appointed by 
 the district, to be by them applied to the building or repairing 
 of schoolhouses, or to the purchase of buildings to be used as 
 schoolhouses, or to the purchase of land for the sites of school- 
 houses, or to any other purpose for which the district may law- 
 fully raise money, according to the votes or directions of the 
 inhabitants of the same. Rev. St., ch. 23, *§. 39. 
 
 85. If, after a tax has been voted and assessed on the in- 
 habitants of a school district, part of the district is set off to 
 another district, the inhabitants of such part still remain liable 
 to pay the tax. Waldro7i v. Lee, 5 Pick. 323. 
 
 86. But if, after the inhabitants of a school district have 
 voted to raise money for building a schoolhouse, and before 
 the same is assessed, the limits of the district be altered, and a 
 new district be formed by the town, the vote to raise the 
 money is annulled, and the assessment cannot be legally made. 
 Richards v. Daggett, 4 Mass. 534, 
 
 87. Moneys voted to be raised by a school district, for the 
 building and repairing of a schoolhouse, pursuant to statute 
 1799, ch. 66, were held to be legally assessed by assessors 
 chosen after such vote. Pond v. Negus, 3 Mass. 230. 
 
 88. It was held not necessary that such vote should be 
 certified by the district clerk, to the assessors in office at the 
 time the vote passed, but that it might be certified to assessors 
 chosen afterwards. lb. 
 
 89. It was also held unnecessary for the assessors to make 
 the assessment within thirty days from the date of the certifi- 
 cate of the district clerk ; the naming of the time for the as- 
 sessment being directory to the assessors, and not a limitation 
 of their authority. lb. Williams v. Lunenburg, 21 Pick. 75. 
 
 90. Should the assessors make an illegal assessment, and 
 issue their warrant to collect the money, they may revoke 
 their doings, and make a new assessment and issue a new 
 warrant, without a second certificate from the district clerk ; 
 or, if their office should expire before making such new assess- 
 ment, or, if they should neglect, or have no time to make any 
 
62 
 
 assessment, the district clerk may make a second certificate to 
 their successors, who may make the assessment. Pond v. A^'e- 
 gus, 3 Mass. 230. 
 
 91. If a school district vote that the money raised by them, 
 for the purpose of building or repairing a schoolhouse, shall be 
 paid within a certain time, the assessors may, notwithstanding 
 such vote, make the assessment after the expiration of the time 
 of payment expressed in the vote. lb. 
 
 92. Should assessors omit, through error of judgment, or 
 mistake of law, to assess on an individual a school district tax, 
 such omission would not invalidate the assessment as against 
 other persons. Williams v. Lunenburg, 21 Pick. 75. 
 
 93. Nor would a tax assessed upon the inhabitants of a 
 school district be rendered void by the omission of the assess- 
 ors, through misinformation, mistake of fact, or error of judg- 
 ment, to assign the real estate of one or more non-resident 
 owners to any school district. George v. School District in 
 Mendon, 6 Metcalf's Rep. 497. 
 
 94. But, where stat. 1826, ch. 143, ^ 11, (Rev. St., ch, 23, 
 <§) 35,) required assessors, before assessing any school district 
 tax, to determine in which district the lands of persons residing 
 out of the limits of the town, should be taxed, and to certify 
 in writing, their determination to the clerk of the town whose 
 duty it was to record the same, and a school district tax was 
 asssessed, and the assessors failed to comply with the above 
 directions, the assessment was held invalid. Taft v. Wood, 
 14 Pick. 362. 
 
 95. In an action against a school district, to recover back a 
 tax which had been paid to a collector de facto of the town, it 
 was held that it was not open to the plaintiff to object that the 
 officer had not been duly elected and sworn. Williams v. 
 Lunenburg, 21 Pick. 75. 
 
 96. In an action against a school district, to recover back 
 money paid for a school district tax, the plaintiff objected that 
 the meeting at which the tax was voted, was called by a pru- 
 dential committee, elected at a meeting warned under an irreg- 
 ular warrant. It was held that the question of the regularity 
 of this warrant was not open ; it was sufficient that the com- 
 mittee was a committee de facto. lb. 
 
63 
 
 97. It seems, in general, that an inhabitant of a school dis- 
 trict cannot bring an action against the town for money col- 
 lected on an illegal assessment upon the district, but the money 
 is received by the town treasurer when paid over to him, as 
 agent of the district. Perry v. Dover, 12 Pick. 206. 
 
 98. All property belonging to Common School districts, 
 the income of which is appropriated to the purposes of educa- 
 tion, is exempt from taxation. St. 1843, ch. 85. 
 
 CONTIGUOUS SCHOOL DISTRICTS IN ADJOINING TOWNS. 
 
 99. In treating of the territorial division of the State for 
 school purposes, it was mentioned, that any two or more con- 
 tiguous school districts, in adjoining towns, may, with the con- 
 sent of each district, and of the respective towns to which 
 they belong, unite and form one district. Ante, p. 38. Rev. 
 St., ch. 23, <^ 49. 
 
 100. But no districts can be so united unless the inhabitants 
 of each, at a legal meeting called for the purpose, shall agree 
 thereto ; nor unless the towns to .which such districts belong, 
 shall, at legal town meetings, called for the purpose, assent to 
 such union. When any such vote shall be passed by any 
 school district, the clerk of the district must forthwith send a 
 certified copy of the vote to the clerk of his town. Rev. St., 
 ch. 23, <5> 50. 
 
 101. Whenever the voters of such united districts shall, at 
 any legal meeting called for the purpose, deem it expedient to 
 separate, and again resolve themselves into their original dis- 
 tricts, they may do so, first obtaining the consent of their re- 
 spective towns. Rev. Stat., ch. 23, <§> 51. 
 
 102. The first meeting of such united district shall be 
 called in such manner as may be agreed upon by the respec- 
 tive districts, at the time of forming the union ; and the united 
 district may, from time to time thereafter, prescribe the mode 
 of calling and warning the meetings, in like manner as other 
 school districts may do. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§> 52. 
 
 103. Such district, at its first meeting, and annually there- 
 after, must choose a prudential committee, who shall receive 
 and expend the money, raised and appropriated in each town, 
 
64 
 
 for said united district, and shall possess all the powers, and 
 discharge all the duties, allowed or prescribed to the prudential 
 committees of other districts. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§. 53. 
 
 No provision is made for the case that would occur if 
 one of the towns containing a part of the united district should 
 authorize its prudential committees to select and contract with 
 teachers, and the other town should give no such authority. 
 
 104. At the time of voting to raise any money by such 
 united district, the voters must determine the amount to be 
 paid by the inhabitants in each town, — which amount must be 
 in proportion to their respective polls and estates ; and the 
 clerk of the united district must certify such vote to the assess- 
 ors of each of the towns to which the territory of the district 
 belongs. Rev. St., ch. 23, <5> 54. 
 
 105. All moneys duly voted to be raised by any such united 
 district shall be assessed, by the assessors of the respective 
 towns, upon the polls and estates of the inhabitants of the dis- 
 trict, and collected in the same manner in which taxes are 
 assessed and collected in other school districts. Rev. St., ch. 
 23, <§, 55. 
 
 106. The respective school committees of the towns, from 
 which such united district is formed, must discharge the duties 
 of school committee for the district, in alternate years, com- 
 mencing with the most ancient town. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§> 56. 
 
 UNION SCHOOL DISTRICTS. 
 
 107. In speaking of the territorial division of the State for 
 school purposes, the power of any two or more contiguous 
 districts to unite for the purpose of forming a Union School 
 district, and also the design, benefit, and preliminary condi- 
 tions of such union, were mentioned. St. 1838, ch. 189, *§> 1. 
 Aiite, p. 38. 
 
 108. Every union district thus formed is a body corporate, 
 possessing all the powers of other school districts in relation to 
 prosecuting and defending suits at law, or holding real or per- 
 sonal property. Such a name may be given to such district as 
 may be determined by itself at its first meeting. lb. <§> 2. 
 
 109. The first meeting of such union district must be called 
 
6d 
 
 in such manner, and at such time and place, as may be agreed 
 upon by the several associated districts respectively, by a vote 
 of the same, at the time of forming the union ; and the union 
 district may, from time to time thereafter, prescribe the mode 
 of calling and warning the meetings thereof, in like manner as 
 other school districts may do, and may also determine at what 
 time its annual meetings shall be held. lb. «^ 3. 
 
 110. Such union district, at the first meeting thereof, must 
 choose, by ballot, a clerk, who shall be sworn in the same 
 manner, and shall perform the same duties, as are prescribed in 
 relation to the clerks of other school districts, and shall hold 
 his office until another shall be chosen in his stead. lb. *§> 4. 
 
 111. Such union district, at any legal meeting called for 
 that purpose, may raise money for erecting, purchasing, renting, 
 or repairing any building to be used as a schoolhouse for the 
 union school, and for purchasing or renting land for the use 
 and accommodation thereof; also, for purchasing fuel, furni- 
 ture, and other necessary articles for the use of said school j 
 and in assessing and collecting a tax or taxes for the above 
 purposes, such proceedings must be had as are prescribed by 
 law for other school districts. (See ante, pp. 59-63.) The 
 union district may also determine where its schoolhouse shall 
 stand, and in case the location thereof be not determined by 
 said district, the same must be referred to the selectmen of the 
 town, in the same manner as is provided in the case of other 
 districts. (See ante, p. 56.) A union district has power to 
 choose any committee to carry its legally expressed purposes 
 into effect. lb. "^ 5. 
 
 112. The prudential committees of the respective districts 
 forming the union district shall, together, constitute the pru- 
 dential committee of the union district ; and they have all the 
 powers, and are bound to discharge all the duties, in relation 
 to the school and schoolhouse of the union district, which are 
 prescribed to other prudential committees in relation to the 
 schools and schoolhouses of their respective districts. lb. <§> 6. 
 
 113. The prudential committee of the union district must 
 also determine the ages and qualifications of the children of 
 the associated districts, who may attend the union school, and 
 
 9 
 
66 
 
 they must also determine what proportion of the money, raised 
 and appropriated by the town for each of the districts compos- 
 ing the union district, shall be appropriated and expended in 
 paying the instructor or instructors of the union school ; sub- 
 ject, however, in both the above cases, and in all other matters 
 relating to said school, to any votes of said union district that 
 may be passed at any legal meeting thereof. But the schools 
 in each of the associated districts must continue to be main- 
 tained, in the same manner as though no union district had 
 been formed. lb. <§> 7. 
 
 Should one of the associated districts have a prudential com- 
 mittee consisting of three persons, while the prudential com- 
 mittee of the other, or others, of said associated districts should 
 consist of but one, it is presumed that, in voting, the three 
 would have the power of giving but one vote. 
 
 114. The school committee of the town in which a union 
 district may-be located, are invested with the same powers, 
 and must perform the same duties, in relation to such union 
 school, as are prescribed to them in relation to district schools, 
 lb. ^ 8. 
 
 HIGH SCHOOLS FOR ADJACENT TOWNS. 
 
 115. There is a further provision for the union of two adja- 
 cent towns for the purpose of forming a high school. No 
 such union, however, can be formed by any town, or with any 
 town, whose population exceeds two thousand. The language 
 of the law is also clear and express, that " a majority of the 
 citizens of each town," (and not merely a majority of the 
 voters legally assembled in town meeting,) is necessary to 
 make such union a valid one. St. 1848, ch. 279, <§. 1. 
 
 116. The school committees of the two towns, so united, 
 must elect one member from each of their respective boards, 
 and the two, so elected, will form the committee for the man- 
 agement and control of such school. These two persons are 
 invested with all the powers which the law confers upon 
 school committees and prudential committees. St. 1848, ch. 
 279, <^ 2. 
 
 117. If the associated towns vote to erect a schoolhouse, 
 
67 
 
 this committee has the power of determining its location ; if 
 the towns make no provision for a schoolhoiise, then the com- 
 mittee may cause the school to be kept alternately in the two 
 towns. lb. <§> 3. 
 
 118. Unless the towns otherwise agree, (which they have 
 power to do,) all expenses of what kind soever, caused by 
 such school, are to be borne by the two towns according to 
 the proportions which they pay of the county tax. lb. <§. 4. 
 
 The course of proceedings has now been traced from the 
 territorial division of the State into towns, and of towns into 
 districts, to the raising and apportioning of money for the sup- 
 port of schools, and the erection, furnishing, and warming of 
 the schoolhouses. We have now the districts, the houses, and 
 the money for sustaining the schools. The provisions for sup- 
 plying teachers and for superintending the schools remain to be 
 mentioned. This leads to a consideration of the powers and 
 duties of 
 
 SCHOOL COMMITTEES. 
 
 119. The inhabitants of every town, at their annual meet- 
 ing, must choose, hy written ballots, a school committee, con- 
 sisting of three, five, or seven persons. The powers to be 
 exercised by this committee are expressed in the most general 
 and comprehensive terms. They are to " have the general 
 charge and superintendence of all the Public Schools in the 
 town." Rev. St., ch. 23, <^ 10. 
 
 120. The designation given to this committee by the statute 
 is " a school committee ;" but where the record of an annual 
 town meeting, for the choice of town officers, stated the elec- 
 tion of a prudential committee, and then of an examining com- 
 mittee of five persons, and no other committee which was 
 chosen was designated or described as a school committee, it 
 was held that the school committee were sufficiently denoted 
 by the term examining committee. Hartwell v. Littleton, 13 
 Pick. 229. 
 
 121. Any town containing more than four thousand inhabit- 
 ants may choose an additional number, not exceeding six, on 
 such committee. lb. ^ 12. 
 
68 
 
 122. Special provisions for cities, in regard to the number 
 of the school committee they may choose, and the manner in 
 which they shall be chosen, are contained in their respective 
 charters. 
 
 123. For every day in which a member of this committee 
 shall be actually employed in discharging the duties of his 
 office, he is entitled to demand and receive one dollar from the 
 town, and at the same rate for any part of a day. The city 
 of Boston is specially excepted from the provision which enti- 
 tles school committee men to compensation for their services. 
 Any town may add to the legal compensation of the commit- 
 tees whatever sum it may choose. St. 1838, ch. 105, <§> 4. 
 
 124. The powers of the school committees are derived from 
 the law, and their duties are enjoined by it. Their authority 
 cannot be restricted, nor their compensation diminished, by 
 any act of the town. The town chooses them ; when chosen, 
 the law governs them. 
 
 125. But if any school committee shall fail to make the 
 annual report or the annual return, required by law, and in 
 consequence of such failure, the town shall lose its portion of 
 the income of the school fund, then the town may withhold 
 from the committee such compensation for their services, as 
 they would otherwise be entitled to receive. St. 1847, ch. 
 183, ^ 2, and St. 1848, ch. 173, <§, 1. 
 
 126. The first duty of a school committee, after being duly 
 organized, is to provide themselves with a record-book, in 
 which all the votes, orders, and proceedings of the committee 
 must be duly recorded. St. 1838, ch. 105, ■§> 3. 
 
 127. If their predecessors in office had such a book, the 
 committee are entitled to receive it from them. If they had 
 not, the committee must supply themselves forthwith. The 
 expense of such a book is a legal charge against the town. At 
 the expiration of their term of office, the committee are bound 
 to deliver this book to their successors, St. 1838, ch. 105, <§> 3. 
 
 128. If the territory of a town be not divided into school 
 districts, it is the duty of the school committee to select and 
 contract with the teachers employed in the Public Schools. 
 Rev. St., ch. 23, <§><5. 10, 24, 31. 
 
69 
 
 129. If a town be divided into school districts, it is still the 
 duty of the school committee to select and contract with the 
 teachers, unless the town, having an article in the warrant for 
 the purpose, shall have expressly voted to transfer this duty 
 from the school committee to the prudential committees. St. 
 1838, ch. 105, <§> 2. It is presumed that this vote, in order to 
 be valid, must be annual. 
 
 130. When the following preliminary conditions are per- 
 formed, viz., the division of the town into districts ; the choice 
 of prudential committees for the districts, — whether by the 
 town, or by the districts themselves, — and the express vote of 
 the town that the teachers shall be selected and contracted 
 with by said prudential committees, then it becomes the duty 
 of said prudential committees to select the teachers and present 
 them to the school committee for examination. Rev. St., ch. 
 23, <§,<§. 24, 25, 26. St. 1838, ch. 105, <§> 2. 
 
 131. But in all cases, and by whomsoever these preliminary 
 duties are performed, the school committee have the sole power 
 of examining teachers, and of giving them a certificate of 
 qualification. No person can legally enter any Public School, 
 in the capacity of a teacher, until he has received from the 
 school committee a written certificate of his qualifications 
 therefor. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§i'§> 13, 14. Commonwealth v. 
 Dedham, 16 Mass. 141. 
 
 132. Whenever any school committee, being satisfied respect- 
 ing the qualifications of a candidate, shall give a certificate, 
 said certificate must be prepared, in duplicate, and one copy 
 must be filed with the town treasurer, before any payment is 
 made to the teacher on account of his services. lb. <§> 14. 
 Any moneys paid to any person by the town treasurer, on the 
 ground of services performed as a teacher, without first receiv- 
 ing one of the duplicate certificates which the committee are 
 required to give, are paid by said treasurer without authority 
 of law, and he will still remain liable to the town for the sum, 
 as though no payment had been made. No reason is perceived 
 why this liability should not continue during the legal exist- 
 ence of his bond, — that is, for twenty years after its date, — 
 binding his heirs, and the sureties and their heirs, during this 
 term of time. 
 
70 
 
 133. The power, then, of a prudential committee to select 
 and contract with a teacher, extends no further, in any case, 
 than to make an agreement, conditioned that, if the candidate 
 for teaching the school shall be able to undergo a satisfactory- 
 examination before the school committee, and obtain a certifi- 
 cate of qualification from them, he may then commence the 
 school. lb. <§) 14. The power of the prudential committee, 
 in regard to teachers, is only a power of nomination or pre- 
 sentation. 
 
 134. The law does not stop with requiring that schools 
 shall be kept ; it solicitously points out the qualifications of the 
 teacher ; and before any person can keep such a school as the 
 law recognizes, he must submit himself to be examined by 
 the school committee ; and, in all cases, and at the very least, 
 the committee must be satisfied of the existence of the follow- 
 ing qualifications in the candidate, before they give him their 
 certificate of approval. 
 
 135. 1st. Moral CIualifications. The committee must 
 be satisfied of the good moral character of a teacher. Rev. St., 
 ch. 23, <§, 13. No talents, however profound, no genius, how- 
 ever splendid, no attainments, however ample, can atone for 
 any deficiency in moral character. In the beautiful language 
 of the law, it is the " duty of the president, professors, and tu- 
 tors of the university at Cambridge, and of the several colleges, 
 and of all preceptors and teachers of academies, and all other 
 instructors of youth, to exert their best endeavors to impress 
 on the minds of children and youth, committed to their care 
 and instruction, the principles of piety, justice, and a sacred re- 
 gard to truth, love to their country, humanity, and universal 
 benevolence, sobriety, industry, and frugality, chastity, moder- 
 ation, and temperance, and those other virtues, which are the 
 ornament of human society, and the basis upon which a repub- 
 lican constitution is founded ; and it shall be the duty of such 
 instructors to endeavor to lead their pupils, as their ages and 
 capacities will admit, into a clear understanding of the ten- 
 dency of the above-mentioned virtues to preserve and perfect a 
 republican constitution, and secure the blessings of liberty, as 
 
71 
 
 well as to promote their future happiness, and also to point out 
 to them the evil tendency of the opposite vices." Rev. St., ch. 
 23, ^ 7. 
 
 The school committee may be satisfied respecting the moral 
 character of the candidate, by actual knowledge, derived from 
 long personal acquaintance ; or, in the case of a stranger, they 
 may have well authenticated testimonials of the fact. The 
 committee should note, in their record-book, all letters or cer- 
 tificates of recommendation exhibited by any candidate, whom 
 they shall approve, with the names of their authors ; and, when 
 practicable, the letters and certificates themselves should be 
 put on the committee's files, so that their authors may be held 
 to a rigid accountability for the truth of the credentials they 
 have given. If, before the civil tribunals, a man is held to a 
 strict pecuniary liability for accrediting an insolvent as a man 
 in good mercantile standing, or for recommending a swindler 
 as a man of integrity, how much more stringent ought the rule 
 of a moral tribunal to be, when the dearest and most sacred in- 
 terests of children are perilled by means of false testimonials of 
 good character, whether knowingly or heedlessly given ! 
 
 136. 2d. Literary (Qualifications. The committee must 
 satisfy themselves, " by personal examination," of the " literary 
 qualifications" of the candidates ; — that is, they must person- 
 ally examine the candidates in all the branches they will be 
 called upon to teach. lb. >§) 13. Even for the lowest grade 
 of schools known to the law, the teacher must be competent 
 to give instruction in orthography, reading, writing, English 
 grammar, geography, and arithmetic. This is the minimum 
 of literary qualification. It is lawful for districts to employ 
 teachers who are competent to teach higher branches ; or who 
 are able to teach the required branches better, because they are 
 masters of higher ones ; — who, for instance, can teach reading 
 better, because familiar with the principles of elocution and 
 rhetoric, and with the etymology of words, from whatsoever 
 language they may be derived ; — who can teach writing bet- 
 ter, because adepts in drawing ; — who can teach English gram- 
 mar better, because familiar, from the study of other languages, 
 
72 
 
 with the principles of universal grammar ; — who can teach 
 geography better, because acquainted with astronomy, geology, 
 statistics, and civil and natural history ; — and who can teach 
 arithmetic better, because masters of the higher mathematics. 
 So, too, a knowledge of Human Physiology may be required 
 in a teacher, in order to secure the health of the children ; be- 
 cause, on health depends their ability to go to school at all, 
 and much also of their ability to study when in school. 
 
 When the wealth of the town is suiRcient to bear the ex- 
 pense, and the proficiency of the scholars in all the primary 
 branches has prepared them to enter upon a higher course, the 
 law will not only authorize a town to demand instruction in a 
 more advanced course, but its true spirit will require the exam- 
 ining committee to reject a candidate who is not competent to 
 carry the pupils through it. Gushing v. Newhuryport^ 10 
 Metcalf s Rep. 508. 
 
 . 137. 3d. Capacity to Govern. The committee must also 
 make special inquiry as to the capacity of each candidate for 
 the government of a school. Rev. St., ch. 23, § 13. No am- 
 biguous indications, on this point, will be given by the general 
 air and manner of a candidate, the expression of the counte- 
 nance, the tone of the voice, the firmness or fickleness legible 
 in the eye, the self-esteem, or the servility proclaimed by the 
 natural language. 
 
 When a candidate has taught school before, and has suc- 
 ceeded in maintaining good order, without the use of improper 
 means, or without the use of proper means to an improper ex- 
 tent, this fact is strong evidence in favor of a capacity for gov- 
 ernment. Especially is it so, if the general circumstances and 
 condition of the schools are substantially alike. 
 
 Visiting a school in which a candidate may be engaged, and 
 actually witnessing the manner in which he conducts it, is also 
 a valuable means of ascertaining the same fact. 
 
 But it is supposed that neither nor all of the above methods 
 can supersede an actual questioning of the candidate as to his 
 views of the principles on which a school should be conducted. 
 It is of primary importance to know whether the fundamental 
 
73 
 
 idea of governmentj in his opinion, is the will of the teacher, 
 or the applause of the neighborhood, — which may be for one 
 quality in one place and for another quality in another, — or 
 the good of the governed ; — whether, on the one hand, he 
 would succumb to resistance and be driven away before rebell- 
 ion, rather than to strike a blow ; or, on the other, whether he 
 would flout the docile, and be capricious towards the obedient, 
 to prove whether there exists in them an unreasoning and un- 
 conditional submission to his claim of sovereignty. 
 
 If a candidate has no views respecting the great principles 
 on which the government of a school should proceed, the com- 
 mittee cannot affirm that he has a capacity to govern. If such 
 a person has any capacity, it must be in a latent state ; but the 
 committee must be satisfied, not of a possible or potential, but 
 of an actual capacity ; it must be in a developed state. 
 
 Probably few provisions, if any, in the statute book, have 
 been more efficacious and serviceable in improving our schools, 
 than the one which requires committees to examine teachers, — 
 as a few considerations will abundantly show. 
 
 There are annually employed, in the Public Schools of Mas- 
 sachusetts, between five and six thousand different persons as 
 teachers. I suppose it to be indisputable that no section of the 
 Union, of equal population, supplies so large a proportion of 
 young men for the professions, and for the various departments 
 of educated labor, as New England ; and, among the New Eng- 
 land States, Massachusetts, in this respect, is doubtless pre- 
 eminent. The Public Schools of many towns, and the large 
 number of highly respectable academies and private schools, 
 carry forward a numerous body of young men and women to 
 such a degree of literary attainment as enrolls them in the list 
 of candidates for school keeping. Students in our colleges ; 
 ambitious young men, who are looking forward to some other 
 employment, actually more lucrative, and, in public estimation, 
 more honorable, and who must obtain a little money as a 
 means of securing their ultimate object ; many mechanics and 
 farmers, possessed of more than ordinary intelligence and at- 
 tainment, and who were renowned, when they went to school, 
 for doing all the "hard sums " in the arithmetical text books ; — 
 10 
 
74 
 
 all these have been candidates for public school keeping. Ad- 
 ded to this, the average rate of compensation given to teachers 
 in Massachusetts has far exceeded that which has been given 
 in any of the neighboring states. Hence, in the autumn of 
 the year, hosts of adventurers flock hither, from Maine, from 
 New Hampshire, from Vermont, and from Connecticut, in quest 
 of employment as teachers in our schools. Some of these are 
 full, not only of enterprise, but of talent ; but, under such cir- 
 cumstances, it would be strange indeed, if among the fine gold 
 there should not be found something of dross. All these are 
 competitors for our Public Schools. They often exhibit recom- 
 mendations of a highly imaginative character, — recommenda- 
 tions which prove the good will of their signers, far more than 
 their good sense or their trustworthiness ; for it is well known 
 that the facility with which such recommendations can be ob- 
 tained is the scandal of our people. What barrier, then, but 
 the vigilance and intelligence of our school committees, shall 
 prevent our schools from being invaded by practical immorality, 
 by literary imposture, and by an inaptitude for all government 
 except the government of fear and force ? What but the 
 fidelity of school committees shall prevent sound knowledge 
 and high talent from being thrust aside by ignorance and pre- 
 tension ? The interests of all good teachers, emphatically the 
 interests of the rising generation, demand, by every considera- 
 tion that can appeal to patriotism, to philanthropy, or to the 
 sense of religious obligation, that the legal duty of examining 
 teachers should be performed without fear, or favor, or excep- 
 tion. It has happened, a thousand times, that prosperity or 
 adversity has shone or frowned upon the schools of a town, — 
 like sunshine or frost upon the early flowers of spring, — as it 
 has been blest or cursed with a faithful or a neglectful school 
 committee. 
 
 Yet it cannot be denied that, for every public consideration 
 demanding a thorough examination of teachers, there is a self- 
 ish one which resists it. Individuals in a district or a town, 
 who, in their own minds, have appropriated to themselves the 
 ensuing term of the schools, may, by management or collusion, 
 secure the choice of a committee, who, either through inability 
 
75 
 
 or favoritism, will make the examination only a polite and 
 facile ceremony of introduction into the school ; or, — what 
 has not unfrequently happened, — the expectants will secure 
 the choice of a prudential committee, who will open to them 
 the door of the schoolhouse without any examination at all. 
 Sometimes it is not difficult for a person, through his relatives 
 and friends, to create an apparent public opinion in a district, 
 which shall seem to demand, that the individual shall be se- 
 lected to keep the school who has himself been the fraudulent 
 author of the factitious opinion that points to him. All per- 
 sons, too, who are intending to obtain a school, but who are 
 fearful of the results of an examination, will, of course, be op- 
 posed to the principle of the law which requires an examina- 
 tion, and will therefore be ready to aid those who strive to 
 evade it. 
 
 The statute of 1826, ch. 143, <§» 5, (passed March 10, 1827,) 
 directed that school committees should ascertain the qualifica- 
 tions of teachers, by personal examination, " or otherwise." 
 Under the alternative clause, " or otherwise," committees 
 might legally justify themselves for deciding the question of 
 qualification, on written or oral evidence, produced by the can- 
 didate, or by the prudential committee ; and, as a matter of 
 fact, it is well known that the committees, either to avoid the 
 labor of examination, or for some other reason, usually adopted 
 such a course. But in the Revised Statutes, ch. 23, <§> 13, re- 
 enacting, in other respects, the former provision, the words, " or 
 otherwise," were purposely omitted. Hence the only mode 
 now known to the law, of performing this duty, is by a per- 
 sonal examination of the candidate, — that is, by question and 
 answer, either oral or written. 
 
 In the autumn of 1837, — two years after the enactment of 
 the Revised Statutes, and during the first year of the existence 
 of the Board of Education, — a circular letter was sent to each 
 board of school committee men in the State, inquiring, among 
 other things, to what extent teachers were examined before 
 they comimenced their schools ; and, where an examination 
 was had, whether it was genuine and thorough, or only formal 
 and superficial. The result of the answers received was, that. 
 
76 
 
 in regard to a majority of the teachers in the State, the exami- 
 nation was either dispensed with altogether, or candidates 
 were tried by tests which were not sure to make any discrimi- 
 nation between the genuine and the spurious. What still fur- 
 ther aggravated this difficulty was, that in two thirds of the 
 towns in the Commonwealth, more or fewer of the teachers 
 were allowed, in contravention of the express letter and true 
 spirit of the law, to commence their schools without being 
 examined at all. As a natural consequence, wherever this 
 important provision of the law has been disregarded, a greater 
 or less number of incompetent teachers have obtained illicit 
 possession of the schools ; and their pupils, if afterwards sub- 
 jected to a thorough scrutiny, have betrayed not only a mea- 
 greness of general attainment, but shameful looseness and 
 inaccuracy in what they professed to have learned. 
 
 Public opinion, however, has now, for twelve years, been 
 brought to bear upon this subject ; the positive requirements 
 of the law have been urged home upon committees ; the ben- 
 efits of a compliance with it have been experienced, and this 
 experience has been contrasted with the evils of non-compli- 
 ance, until, at the present time, this salutary law is professedly 
 complied with in almost every town in the State, and, in the 
 great majority of them, it is substantially so. 
 
 138. Should the examination of a candidate prove satisfac- 
 tory to the committee, they are to prepare two certificates of 
 the same tenor and date. One of these constitutes the com- 
 mission or credential of the teacher. It shows, to all parties 
 concerned, that he has authority to enter the school and to 
 assume the instruction and government of it. The other, as 
 before stated, must be filed with the treasurer of the town, 
 before any payment can lawfully be made to the teacher on 
 account of his services. lb. <§> 14. 
 
 139. It follows, from these provisions, as a necessary conse- 
 quence, that a teacher who opens his school, without having 
 previously received a certificate of qualification from the com- 
 mittee, must forfeit all claim to wages, until such time as a 
 certificate may be given him. Having entered the school, 
 not only without law, but in defiance of law, he can recover 
 
77 
 
 nothing in a court of law ; but is the object of punishment, 
 rather than of remuneration. 
 
 Neither can a committee antedate a certificate. To give 
 their certificate an earUer date than the true one would be a 
 plain violation of their duty, because they cannot say, offi- 
 cially, that a man has been qualified, but only that he is now 
 qualified. 
 
 So, too, the practice which, in some few instances, has 
 existed, of giving a conditional certificate, — that is, that a 
 teacher may commence the school, provided he will submit to 
 a further examination afterwards ; or that he may commence 
 the school, but shall leave it, provided the committee are not 
 satisfied, at their first visitation, with its appearance ; or, in- 
 deed, on any other condition, — has no warrant in law. The 
 statute provides only for the alternative of a full certificate, 
 for the school for which it is given, or an absolute rejection. 
 
 140. An important question has been agitated, whether a 
 person illegally admitted, or smuggled, into a school, by the 
 prudential committee, without a certificate, can legally exercise 
 any of the prerogatives of a teacher ; — whether, for instance, 
 if he should chastise a refractory or vicious scholar, so much 
 only, as, under other circumstances, would be held justifiable, 
 he could defend himself from fine or damages, in a prosecution 
 or action for assault and battery, instituted against him in a 
 court of law. 
 
 On the one hand, it is maintained, that a supposititious teach- 
 er, — a teacher without a certificate, — can no more justify a 
 punishment inflicted by him on a scholar, than a sheriff, with- 
 out a commission, can justify an arrest of person, or a seizure 
 of chattels ; — no more than a constable or collector can justify 
 the taking of property for non-payment of taxes, when he has 
 received no warrant from the assessors to collect them ; — no 
 more than a judge, who, without a commission from the execu- 
 tive in conformity with the constitution and laws of the land, 
 has usurped the bench, can, with impunity, pronounce sentence 
 of imprisonment or of death against an offender arraigned at 
 his bar. As, in the above cases, the sheriff cannot justify him- 
 self by pleading, that the subject of his arrest was obnoxious 
 
78 
 
 to punishment ; nor the collector, that the man whose property- 
 he has taken was liable for taxes ; nor the judge, that the per- 
 son arraigned had committed offences worthy of imprisonment 
 or execution ,• so, it is said, the teacher cannot show, in his 
 defence, that the pupil whom he has punished had been guilty 
 of misconduct. The pretended teacher is not a teacher. It 
 would be of the worst possible tendency to allow any man to 
 derive lawful authority from the commission of an unlawful 
 act. Public policy requires that a teacher, who has obtruded 
 himself into a school without the necessary credentials, should 
 be peremptorily debarred from pleading his own misconduct in 
 justification of an act, which, if committed out of a school, 
 would doubtless be unlawful. How can a teacher commend 
 or enforce his own laws, for the well-ordering of the school, 
 when his being where he is, and doing what he does, is a per- 
 petual violation and contempt of the law of the Common- 
 wealth ? Such is the course of argument usually presented, 
 against the right of a teacher to punish, who has received no 
 certificate of qualification from the committee. 
 
 On the other hand, some incline to the opinion that a teacher, 
 without a certificate, though not, in law, a teacher, yet is so, 
 in fact; and that, while the actual relation of teacher and 
 pupil subsists, all the legal powers of a teacher attach to this 
 relation, and may therefore be exercised by him. If a school 
 kept by a teacher, without a certificate, is not a Public School, 
 then it must be a private school ; and the teacher of a private 
 school has as clear a legal right to inflict punishment, in exi- 
 gencies that require it, as any other teacher, or as any parent. 
 Every parent who sends his child to a private school, is pre- 
 sumed, by that very act, to transfer so much of his authority 
 to the teacher, as may be necessary for the good government 
 of that child ; and if a school, otherwise public, becomes a 
 private school, because the teacher has no certificate, then 
 every parent is to be presumed, in the same way, to transfer to 
 the teacher so much of his authority as may be necessary to 
 keep his child or children in order. It is maintained, too, that 
 the right grows out of the relation, independently of any idea 
 of transfer. Such is the course of argument on the other side. 
 
79 
 
 The reply to this argument admits the correctness of its 
 positions in regard to the rights and powers of a private school 
 teacher ; but it avers that every person who sends a child to a 
 Public School, has a right to suppose, and is bound to suppose, 
 that it is a legally constituted Public School, and is kept by a 
 legally qualified teacher ; and, therefore, that he is not to be 
 subjected to any of the legal presumptions or conditions that 
 appertain to the relation between a parent and a private school 
 teacher. 
 
 Without giving any opinion upon this debatable point, I 
 would express an earnest hope, that a compliance with the law 
 by all teachers may prevent so unpleasant a question from ever 
 being litigated in our courts. 
 
 141. The laws of the state of Maine, besides annulling the 
 right of a teacher without a certificate to recover any compen- 
 sation for his or her services, enact that every such teacher 
 shall forfeit and pay a sum, not exceeding the sum agreed upon 
 for his or her daily wages, for each day he or she shall so teach 
 such school. 
 
 Such a law would be very salutary in Massachusetts. It 
 would save committees a vast amount of trouble and perplex- 
 ity, and greatly improve the character of our schools, by ex- 
 cluding those interlopers, who are afraid to go before a com- 
 mittee for examination, but are not afraid to violate a law of 
 the Commonwealth. 
 
 142. A certificate given by a committee in one town, has no 
 legal validity in any other town. 
 
 143. A committee cannot give a certificate to continue in 
 force for more than a year after its date ; they can neither post- 
 date nor antedate a certificate. The better opinion seems to be, 
 that they cannot give a certificate which will survive or outlast 
 their own official term, (See Jackson v. Hampden, 20 Maine 
 Rep. 37,) although to this limitation there may be excepted 
 cases, arising under the charters of cities. 
 
 144. The committee may, and generally should, designate 
 the school or schools, and the term or terms, for which they 
 declare a candidate to be qualified ; for, where there is a gra- 
 dation of schools, a teacher may be well qualified to keep one 
 
80 
 
 school, and not another ; or to keep a summer term, and not a 
 winter term. 
 
 145. 4th. Good Behavior. In addition to good morals and 
 literary attainments, the law requires that every teacher shall 
 be competent to teach "Good Behavior." Rev. St., ch. 23, 
 <§> 1. Unfortunately, conduct scrupulously upright and exem- 
 plary, and acquisitions extensive and profound, are not always 
 accompanied by gentlemanly or lady-like demeanor; or, in 
 other words, observation assures us, that awkward, rude, or 
 grotesque manners, and personal habits uncleanly and even dis- 
 gusting, are sometimes found in the company of spotless integ- 
 rity and various knowledge. But it should not be so. We 
 feel a painful sense of incongruity when it is so. Our children 
 should be saved, not only from the contaminations of immoral- 
 ity, but from the contagion of coarse manners. Before the 
 habits of youth are formed, they are as easily formed to civility 
 and decorum as to rudeness and vulgarity ; or, if they are not 
 as easily moulded to the former as to the latter, then the need 
 of good breeding, in order to make up this difference in natural 
 tendency, becomes so much the more urgent. If preposses- 
 sions for uncouth and inelegant manners are once formed in 
 the minds of children, or natural aptitudes for what is low and 
 unseemly once developed, they will remain a part of their con- 
 stitution forever. Subsequent opportunities and efforts may 
 relieve and partially conceal their grossness ; yet, like the inner 
 layers of a tree which has been diseased in its youth, though 
 the health and vigor of a hundred subsequent- years may cover 
 them over with a hundred circles of beautiful fibre, the un- 
 soundness within will remain forever. 
 
 If the framers of this provision of the law comprehended 
 its full meaning and significance, they were indeed sagacious. 
 Manners easily and rapidly mature into morals. As childhood 
 advances to manhood, the transition from bad manners to bad 
 morals is almost imperceptible. Vulgar and obscene forms of 
 speech keep vulgar and obscene objects before the mind, en- 
 gender impure images in the imagination, and make unlawful 
 desires prurient. From the prevalent state of the mind, actions 
 
81 
 
 proceed as water rises from a fountain. Hence, what was orig- 
 inally only a word or a phrase, becomes a thought, is mere- 
 triciously embellished by the imagination, is inflamed into a 
 vicious desire, gains strength and boldness by being always 
 made welcome, until at last, under some urgent temptation, it 
 dares, for once, to put on the visible form of action ; it is then 
 ventured upon again and again, more frequently and less 
 warily, until repetition forges the chains of habit ; and then 
 language, imagination, desire, and habit bind their victim in 
 the prison-house of sin. In this way, profane language wears 
 away a reverence for things sacred and holy ; and a child, who 
 has been allowed to follow, and mock, and hoot at an intem- 
 perate man in the streets, is far more likely to become intem- 
 perate himself, than if he had been accustomed to regard him 
 with pity, as a fallen brother, and with a sacred abhorrence, as 
 one self-brutified or demonized. So, on the other hand, purity 
 and chasteness of language tend to preserve purity and chaste- 
 ness of thought and of taste ; they repel licentious imaginings; 
 they delight in the unsullied and the untainted, and all their 
 tendencies and aptitudes are on the side of virtue. Excepting 
 prior-formed habits, habit can overcome anything but instinct, 
 and can greatly modify even that. 
 
 There is another consideration which shows not only the 
 importance, but the indispensableness, of ''good behavior," as a 
 means of advancing the civilization of the race. Superstition, 
 ignorance, cruelty, poverty, do not make up our entire con- 
 ception of barbarism. We include in this idea, not only great 
 enormities, but all minor offences against modesty, civility, and 
 decorum. The flagitious deeds even of savages are committed 
 with long intervals between, — as it were upon the holidays of 
 license or revenge ; but their personal manners fill up all the 
 intercourse of life, — a continual grit in the daily bread of exist- 
 ence. Now, a people cannot pass from a state of barbarism to 
 one of refinement and civilization without casting off this ex- 
 terior of rude and rugged manners, as well as by becoming skilful 
 in the arts and learned in the sciences. This change, from the 
 coarse to the refined, is supposed to have first taken place in 
 cities and in the courts of kings. From cities and from courts 
 11 
 
82 
 
 are derived almost all the words which we now use to express 
 the manners of a lady or a gentleman ; while the words which 
 express inelegance, or want of refinement, are borrowed from 
 the country. Etymologically, the words urbane and urbanity 
 are derived from a Latin word signifying a city ; while their 
 opposites, rustic and rusticity, signify qualities which were sup- 
 posed to belong to the country. The word polite also has a 
 derivation precisely similar, though it comes from another lan- 
 guage ; while impolite means something unlike the city. Civ- 
 ility, in the same way, is an abstract term, derived from the 
 manners of city residents ; incivility, from those who resided 
 elsewhere. So courtesy was borrowed from the court, and in- 
 dicates the elegance of manners, the complaisance and the 
 kindness which belong to a true gentleman or lady. 
 
 But since the signification and use of these and similar 
 words have become fixed, great changes have taken place. 
 On the one hand, refinement has often run into a hateful fas- 
 tidiousness, while the spirit of true politeness and civility has 
 evaporated, leaving nothing but heartless conventionalism be- 
 hind ; and, as a natural consequence, an adherence to certain 
 arbitrary forms in the intercourse of life, has been deemed of 
 more value than benevolence and sincerity. On the other 
 hand, the condition of the masses has been greatly improved. 
 In many nations they have been elevated from the state of 
 serfs and slaves to the enjoyment of a few natural and civil 
 rights, and occasionally they have been allowed to exercise 
 political franchises. In our own country, the whole people, 
 by a single revolutionary act, have declared themselves to be 
 freemen and sovereigns; — as freemen, repudiating all foreign 
 authority, and as sovereigns, assuming the exclusive right to 
 govern themselves. If, then, with us, every man calls himself 
 a citizen, his conduct should be characterized by civility ; and 
 if all the people, by virtue of their political franchises, are 
 sovereigns, and have a right of presentation at court, the man- 
 ners of all should be stamped with courtesy. 
 
 And yet it cannot be denied that, in a life of unintermitting 
 manual toil, there is something adverse to the cultivation of 
 refined manners, of elegant tastes, and of that ease and grace 
 
83- 
 
 of demeanor, which are the appropriate expression of well- 
 trained kindness and benevolence. The general idea of man- 
 ual labor includes, of course, all the various occupations and 
 forms of employment, which the present highly artificial de- 
 mands of society have originated. Though but very few of 
 these employments are incompatible with cleanliness both of 
 dress and person, yet, almost without exception, they tempt 
 the laborer to forego this elementary or constituent part of 
 "good behavior." If the laborer be in straitened circum- 
 stances, he feels compelled to live in a tenement so small as to 
 endanger those decencies which domestic life should cultivate, 
 and grievously to encroach upon, if not to destroy, those deli- 
 cate attentions or forbearances, which, each sex owes to the 
 other. If pressed for time, he is tempted to take his meals 
 with indecent haste ; — he is prone, on these oft-returning occa- 
 sions, to cast off the restraints of propriety, and, in the eager 
 indulgence of his own appetite, to forget the wants or the 
 rights of others. If surrounded by children, the importunate 
 demands of nature, clamoring for the means of subsistence, 
 force every thing else to give way. Should poverty, with its 
 cruel restrictions, invade the family, should its daily wants 
 exceed its supplies, the selfishness of each of its members is 
 brought into vigorous action. A hungry child, watching for 
 his share of bread at the table, a cold one for his place at the 
 fire, or for his portion of the scanty covering of the bed, is in 
 a most untoward condition for the cultivation of kindness and 
 generosity. And what, under such hostile circumstances, can 
 the maternal head of the family do, to tame the wild energy 
 of natural impulses, and to domesticate the virtues of gentle- 
 ness and affection, of deference for the rights of others, and of 
 forbearance in the assertion of one's own ? How grievously 
 must all these difiiculties be aggravated, when sickness invades 
 the humble dwelling, and subtracts greatly from the resources, 
 which are already too scanty for the wants of its inmates ! 
 Yet it is under circumstances at least similar to these, if not 
 identical with them, that a portion of our children are reared. 
 
 Take many retired spots in the country where the popula- 
 tion is sparse ; where each family depends mainly for its sub- 
 
84 
 
 sistence upon the productions of a small farm and upon house- 
 hold industry ; where the children are born, and where they 
 live until the years of majority, far away from the great thor- 
 oughfares of the world, rarely, if ever, going beyond the neigh- 
 boring hills ; and how few of them, comparatively speaking, 
 during all the forming years of childhood and youth, ever 
 enjoy the opportunity of a single hour's conversation or inter- 
 course with any refined and educated man or woman j — with 
 any one whose manners are a model for imitation ; whose con- 
 versation is instructive and captivating ; who always seeks for 
 useful topics of remark, and never seeks in vain ; whose lan- 
 guage is pure and copious ; whose dress and address are comely, 
 appropriate, and dignified ; and who exhibits, in all his words, 
 and tones, and gestures, that vast difference, so difficult to be 
 described, and yet so impossible to be unnoticed, which marks 
 the distinction between a gentleman and a clown ! 
 
 The members of the three learned professions, as they are 
 called, are supposed to have enjoyed better opportunities for 
 obtaining intelligence, and for acquiring polished manners and 
 courteous habits, than any other class of our people. Almost 
 without exception, they have enjoyed a collegiate education, 
 and have had opportunities to move in refined and educated 
 circles ; and there is scarcely a town in the Commonwealth, 
 where there is not a clergyman, a lawyer, or a physician, who 
 is an educated man. In the great majority of our towns, there 
 are several members, of one or another of the professions, who 
 come within this description. But how infrequent is the in- 
 tercourse of either of these classes with the mass of the peo- 
 ple, as they are scattered about in their farmhouses and their 
 workshops ! The clergyman may make it a point of duty to 
 visit the families belonging to his parish, at least once a year ; 
 but how little effect can such an annual and perhaps hasty 
 visit have in the formation of the tastes or the manners of 
 children ! Physicians rarely visit the houses of their towns- 
 men, except on the occasion of sickness, — that is, at times of 
 some degree, at least, of peril and alarm, and when even the 
 rules and forms of civility, which men are wont to observe in 
 their common intercourse with each other, are liable to be sus- 
 
85 
 
 pendedj amid the intrusive demands or fears of the hour. Still 
 more seldom, perhaps, does a lawyer visit the private dwelling 
 of the laborer, unless it be for the performance of some pro- 
 fessional duty, — to take the deposition of a sick man, or to 
 make the will of a dying one, or to superintend the legal 
 transfer of property, when a family is broken up and dispersed 
 by the cruel fate of an insolvency. In populous towns, there 
 may be, it is true, a few others, who do something towards 
 giving expression and authority to the usages of refined life. 
 There are a few of the wealthy and the educated, who are ex- 
 empt from the necessity even of professional labor, who devote 
 themselves to literature and to a study of the works of art, and 
 who have the resources and the leisure for commanding the 
 objects and for indulging the pleasures of an imagination 
 formed to the study and the appreciation of classic elegance. 
 But, generally speaking, this class of persons, so far from ming- 
 ling Avith the mass of the people, and exciting a desire for 
 more polished manners, through a sympathy with the moral 
 qualities of their possessors, almost invariably gather them- 
 selves into a clan, — surrounding themselves with a partition- 
 wall, high and thick, that they may shut out the offensiveness 
 of the plebeian gaze, and bar out the contamination of a ple- 
 beian foot. 
 
 With children circumstanced as above supposed, born of 
 illiterate parents, surrounded by neighbors as rustic as them- 
 selves, and having no opportunity for companionship or ac- 
 quaintance with well-bred people, why is it not inevitable, 
 under all the existing arrangements of society, save one; — 
 why is it not inevitable, that they should grow up without 
 those restraints upon their feelings which decorum imposes, 
 with offensive provincialisms or vulgarities in their speech, 
 with habits of pronunciation uncouth and contrary to all the 
 usages of good speakers, with voice and gesture untrained, 
 and perhaps with ridiculous oddities of manner ? In the by- 
 ways and crowded streets of a city, where poverty casts its 
 victims into heaps, and stows them away in cellars and gar- 
 rets, the condition of the children is even worse than in the 
 most obscure and secluded portions of the country. Here it 
 
86 
 
 often happens that the surface disease of coarse and untamed 
 manners is aggravated and made virulent by moral distempers 
 within. 
 
 Now, to meet a great exigency of civilization ; to save a 
 considerable portion of the rising generation from falling back 
 into the condition of half-barbarous or of savage life, what 
 other instrumentality does society afford, than to send, into 
 every obscure and hidden district in the State, a young man or 
 a young woman whose education is sound, whose language is 
 well selected, whose pronunciation and tones of voice are cor- 
 rect and attractive, whose manners are gentle and refined, all 
 whose topics of conversation are elevating and instructive, 
 whose benignity of heart is constantly manifested in acts of 
 civility, courtesy, and kindness, and who spreads a nameless 
 charm over whatever circle may be entered ? Such a person 
 should the teacher of every Common School be. Such a 
 teacher, by associating with the children of the school for a 
 considerable portion of the time each day ,• by remaining with 
 them for weeks and months successively ; by having an oppor- 
 tunity to observe their conduct towards each other, and thus 
 to become acquainted with their various dispositions ; by gain- 
 ing access to their minds through the delightful medium of 
 instruction ; and, finally, by prolonging this relationship through 
 all the susceptive and impressible years of childhood and 
 youth, — such a teacher, so far as it may be in the power of 
 any mortal agency to do it, may mould the habits and manners 
 of the rising generation into the pleasing forms of propriety 
 and decorum, and, by laying their foundations in the princi- 
 ples of justice, magnanimity, and aff'ection, may give them an 
 ever-during permanence. 
 
 146. Notwithstanding all the guards and precautions of an 
 examination, it may still happen that a teacher, having the 
 certificate of the committee in his pocket, may be found, on 
 trial, unfit to keep a school ; or, at least, to keep the particular 
 school for which he was approved. This may happen, either 
 through some inherent quality of disposition or of tempera- 
 ment, not revealed by the examination, or from some change 
 of views or of purposes arising subsequently to it. To meet 
 
87 
 
 this class of cases, the law has wisely empowered the school 
 committee of each town " to dismiss from employment any 
 teacher in such town, whenever the said committee may think 
 proper." St. 1844, ch. 32. The teacher's wages cease from 
 the time of his dismission. lb. This has proved a terrible 
 law to incompetent teachers. 
 
 DUTY OF THE TOWN COMMITTEE TO PROVIDE A SCHOOL WHEN 
 THE PRUDENTIAL COMMITTEE FAILS TO DO SO. 
 
 Two provisions of the law may here be mentioned, which 
 perhaps have not been brought out with sufficient distinctness 
 under an appropriate head. 
 
 147. If, through any refusal or neglect, a prudential com- 
 mittee man be not chosen for a district, or if any one, who 
 has been chosen, neglects or declines to serve, or expressly 
 resigns, or becomes incapable of resigning through disease or 
 insanity, and the vacancy be not filled, — then all the duties of 
 the prudential committee of such a district devolve upon the 
 town's committee. They are to see that there is a suitable 
 place in which the school may be kept, and that all suitable 
 furniture be provided for it. These provisions are to be made 
 at the expense of the district, and, for these purposes, the com- 
 mittee have the credit of the district at their command ; that 
 is, they may incur whatever expense may be necessary, and 
 the district is liable to pay it. In such a case, too, notwith- 
 standing the town has voted that the prudential committees of 
 the respective districts shall select and contract with their own 
 teachers, it will be the duty of the town's committee to select 
 and contract with a teacher, to make arrangements for his 
 board, and to provide fuel for the school. The expenses of 
 board and fuel may be defrayed from the district's distributive 
 share of the money raised by the town. 
 
 In a word, in all cases where no prudential committee man 
 is chosen, or where, from any cause, he does not act, the town 
 committees are not only to discharge their own proper duties, 
 but those of the prudential committee also. The expenses 
 must be borne by the same parties as before. The intent of 
 the law evidently is, to prevent the neglect or perverseness of 
 
88 
 
 any district committee from working a forfeiture of the chil- 
 dren's school privileges. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§> 45. 
 
 148. It may sometimes be a difficult question to be deter- 
 mined, at what time the duties of a prudential committee, in 
 making provision for a school, are transferred to the town's com- 
 mittee. The only tangible rule seems to be this ; — there must 
 have been a neglect on the part of the district, or of its pru- 
 dential committee ; and then the town's committee must pro- 
 ceed to repair the consequences of that neglect, sufficiently 
 early to allow the school to be kept its full term of time, dur- 
 ing the customary or appropriate season of the year. For 
 instance, if the district draws a sum of money from the town 
 sufficient to keep a summer school for four months, and if 
 custom, convenience, and good policy point to the first of 
 October as the most eligible period for closing the summer 
 school, then the town's committee must see that a school be 
 commenced in the district early in the month of June. There 
 is no interim, or point of time, when the legal power to make 
 provision for the school does not exist somewhere. It exists 
 in the district, or in the prudential committee, until they forfeit 
 it by non-performance of duty ; and, at the moment of for- 
 feiture, it is transferred to the town's committee. Nor can the 
 power exist in both parties at the same time. When the town 
 committee have lawfully assumed its exercise, in regard to a 
 particular school, the prudential committee cannot reclaim it. 
 
 149. It is supposed that the town's committee are entitled 
 to the same compensation for this class of services as for any 
 other which the law imposes upon them. 
 
 DUTY OF THE TOWN's COMMITTEE IN REGARD TO SCHOOLS KEPT 
 FOR THE BENEFIT OF ALL THE INHABITANTS OF THE TOWN. 
 
 The other provision, above referred to, relates to the schools 
 which are established for the benefit of all the inhabitants of 
 the town. 
 
 150. It will be recollected that every town containing five 
 hundred families, or householders, is required to keep a school 
 of a higher grade, for the benefit of all the inhabitants of the 
 town. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§, 5. This class of schools may he 
 
89 
 
 kept by any town. Cushing v. Newburyport, 10 Metcalfs 
 Rep. 508. 
 
 151. In regard to the above class of schools, — viz., those 
 kept for the benefit of all the inhabitants of the town, — the 
 town's committee are required to make all the necessary ar- 
 rangements, and to perform all the duties, which the prudential 
 committees are required to do for district schools. In regard to 
 this class of schools, no provision exists for the choice, in any 
 case, of a prudential committee. In addition to the general 
 duty of supervision, all the duties belonging to the prudential 
 committees of districts, in regard to district schools, belong to 
 the town's committee in regard to this class of schools. 
 
 152. The school committee are to determine the number 
 and qualifications of the scholars to be admitted into the school 
 kept for the benefit of the whole town. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§> 
 15. See a7ite, (19,) and post^ " Visitation of Schools,^^ and 
 '' School Books." 
 
 If all the preceding legal requirements have been observed, 
 then a suitable schoolhouse has been provided and furnished, 
 and a teacher has been examined and rightfully installed over 
 the school. The business of instruction is now to begin. 
 
 VISITATION OF SCHOOLS. 
 
 Here a new order of duties opens upon the school commit- 
 tee. One class of these duties, — that of visiting the schools, — 
 is specifically pointed out by the law ; other duties are too 
 various and indefinable to be the subject of statutory enumera- 
 tion. 
 
 153. The duty of visiting alL the district and town schools 
 not less than a certain number of times, depending in each 
 case upon the length of the school, is expressly enjoined upon 
 the committee. 
 
 In regard to schools kept for the benefit of all the inhab- 
 itants of the town, the committee must visit them at least 
 "quarter yearly." Rev. St., ch. 23, <§. 15. At the "quarter 
 yearly" visitations, the committee are required to make a care- 
 ful examination of the school, and to ascertain whether the 
 scholars are supplied with books ; they must also inquire into 
 12 
 
90 
 
 the regulation and discipline of the school, and the habits and 
 proficiency of the scholars therein. lb, 
 
 154. In regard to district schools, the committee, or some 
 one or more of them, are to visit each school in the town on 
 some day during the first or second week after it is opened ; 
 and also on some day during the two weeks preceding its close. 
 Respecting these two visits, the law is silent on the point of 
 giving previous notice of the visit, and it is therefore discre- 
 tionary with the committee, whether to give such notice or not. 
 lb. <§> 16. In practice, the notice is usually given. 
 
 155. In addition to the two special visits above named, the 
 committee, or some one or more of them, are to visit "all the 
 schools kept by the town," once a month, without giving pre- 
 vious notice thereof. lb. Hence there must be, in each term, 
 two more visits than the number of months during which the 
 school is kept. 
 
 156. It has been sometimes contended, in regard to district 
 schools, that the law requires but two visits to each, — one near 
 the opening and the other towards the close, — and that the 
 provision which requires the committee to visit " all the schools 
 kept by the town," once a month, without giving previous 
 notice, refers to those schools of a higher grade which are to 
 be kept, in the language of the law, "for the benefit of all the 
 inhabitants of the town." 
 
 That such a construction is erroneous, it is believed will suf- 
 ficiently appear, from two considerations. 
 
 1st. In the section which provides for the visitation of the 
 schools kept "for the benefit of all the inhabitants of the 
 town," the number of visits enjoined is explicitly given. They 
 are to be "at least quarter yeaiiy." After having thus expressly 
 stated, in one section, the number of visits to be made by the 
 committee to this class of schools, it is hardly conceivable, that 
 the statute would go on, in the next section, to say that the 
 visits to the same schools shall be monthly. 
 
 2d. There are many towns in the State not districted. If 
 the law had required the monthly visits to be made to district 
 schools only, it might possibly have been contended, that it did 
 not apply to schools in towns not districted ; but by requiring 
 
91 
 
 that "all the schools kept by the town" should be visited once 
 a month, it doubtless embraced all the schools, whether the 
 town should be districted or not, except the particular class of 
 schools which had been before provided for. 
 
 157. The law prescribes the minimum of visits ; it does not 
 prohibit the committee from making more than the specified 
 number, when, in their discretion, the good of the school re- 
 quires it. 
 
 At these visits, the whole condition of the school is to be in- 
 quired into. The order and proficiency of the scholars ; the 
 course of instruction and discipline ; the sufficiency of school 
 books, whether as to number or kind ; the classification of the 
 scholars ; the fitness of the studies pursued ; and, indeed, all 
 the elements are to be thoroughly investigated, which, in their 
 combination, make up a school's prosperity. At the first visit- 
 ation, the committee will naturally desire to learn the then 
 present condition of the school ; to ascertain, as exactly as pos- 
 sible, its state of progress, that they may measure, at the end 
 of the term, the advancement it has made. They will observe 
 the methods of the teacher, and, if they deem it useful, will 
 give him, — in private, — such friendly counsel and advice as 
 he may appear to need. They will urge upon the pupils, by 
 the most powerful and persuasive arguments and incitements 
 they can use, the indispensableness to their highest good of 
 regularity and punctuality in attendance, of diligence and 
 ardor in study, of correctness in deportment, of cheerful and 
 prompt obedience to the requirements of the teacher, and of a 
 sacred regard to duty in all their conduct. They will strive to 
 incite in the minds of the school an invincible resolution to be 
 diligent and dutiful children, that they may become useful and 
 exemplary men ; and to kindle in their hearts a holy ambition 
 to do right, — though unapplauded by the world, though un- 
 observed, though in obscurity and in solitude, — because it is 
 right. 
 
 158. During the period of visitation, the committee have 
 the entire control of the school. For the time being, it is their 
 school, and the teacher is their servant. They may decide 
 what classes shall be called upon to perform exercises, and in 
 
92 
 
 what studies. They may direct the teacher to conduct the 
 examination, or may conduct it wholly themselves, or they 
 may combine both methods. In fine, they may dismiss the 
 teacher for the hour, and pursue the examination in his absence. 
 All these prerogatives are supposed to be indispensable to enable 
 the committee, under such circumstances as have existed, and 
 may possibly exist again, to ascertain the true condition of a 
 school, and, therefore, they are necessarily incident to the office 
 of an examining committee. Should any scholar misbehave 
 himself, or prove refractory or contumacious to the committee, 
 while they are engaged in examining the school, it is presumed 
 they have authority to suspend, to expel, or to punish on the 
 spot, in the same way that the teacher may do in case of like 
 misconduct committed against himself. To the honor, how- 
 ever, of the schools of Massachusetts, it should be said, that 
 not more than two or three instances of such an exigency have 
 come to my knowledge within the last twelve years. 
 
 The examination of teachers and of scholars constitutes an 
 unerring index of the condition of any system of schools. As 
 these are thorough or ceremonial, the schools will rise to the 
 zenith of prosperity and usefulness, or sink to the nadir of 
 worthlessness and banefulness. 
 
 159. Although the school committees, throughout the State, 
 (with a very few special exceptions in the cities,) are chosen at 
 an annual town meeting held in the month of February, March, 
 or April, yet, for the single purpose of completing their official 
 business for the year, they retain their offices, notwithstanding 
 successors have been chosen. St. 1846, ch. 223, <§> 1. 
 
 160. It is the duty of the school committee of each year to 
 visit the winter schools at their close, and, after they have 
 closed, to make a return of all such particulars in their con- 
 dition as are indicated by the blank Form of Inquiry, pre- 
 pared by the Board. (See post, under the head '■'■ Inquiries 
 and Returns.^'') But the winter schools may not close until 
 after the annual meeting at which the school committee are 
 chosen. Were the newly elected committee to succeed to all 
 the duties pertaining to the office, as soon as they have been 
 ■elected, they would be required, in many instances, to report 
 
93 
 
 upon schools which they had never visited, and of whose con- 
 dition they would be ignorant. Hence the law provides that 
 the committee of the preceding year shall complete the work 
 they had begun. So far as the examination of new teachers, 
 and the visitation of schools belonging to the new year, are 
 concerned, the newly elected committee are to enter upon the 
 discharge of their duties immediately after their election. lb. 
 There may be a time, therefore, when two school committees 
 are rightfully in office, in the same town. But though two 
 committees may exist, they exist only in relation to different 
 duties. They have coordinate but not concurrent jurisdiction. 
 
 SCHOOL BOOKS. 
 
 161. The law is peremptory in declaring that the committee 
 shall prescribe what books are to be used in the schools. Rev. 
 St., ch. 23, ^ 17. They should prepare a list of such books as 
 they may deem most conducive to the advancement of the 
 scholars, and cause a copy thereof to be placed in the hands of 
 each teacher before the opening of the school. Other means 
 should be used by the committee to make known to all the 
 inhabitants of the town, or of the several districts, what books 
 are prescribed for their respective schools, so as to enable each 
 parent or guardian to procure, in season, and without unneces- 
 sary trouble, the requisite supply. As far as the varying con- 
 dition of the schools will allow, the books should be the same 
 for all the town ; but the committee, so far from being debarred 
 from prescribing different books for different schools, would be 
 bound to do so, should a difference in their proficiency de- 
 mand it. 
 
 162. ,The committee may direct what books shall be used in 
 the respective classes. lb. It is optional with them to use this 
 power or not. Their conduct must therefore be determined by 
 their discretion. To prescribe what books shall be used in the 
 respective classes would be nearly equivalent to classifying the 
 school, and determining all the studies to be pursued therein. 
 This may sometimes be expedient. 
 
 163. When the committee have prepared the list, and certi- 
 fied the same to the teacher and parents, it is a virtual exclu- 
 
94 
 
 sion of all other text books from the school. No teacher or 
 pupil is at liberty to substitute any other therefor. There 
 would seem to be no legal impediment, nor indeed any reason- 
 able objection, to making use of other books, as books of refer- 
 ence, — as books for comparison or elucidation merely; but 
 the lessons must be studied in, and recited from, the books on 
 the committee's list. 
 
 164. The above provisions have reference to text books 
 only, — to books for the use of the classes or the teacher, in the 
 regular routine of exercises. They have no relation to library 
 books. The selection of these belongs to the town or the dis- 
 trict, or to any committee to whom they may respectively del- 
 egate the power of choice. 
 
 165. It is the duty of all parents, masters, and guardians, to 
 furnish the children, whom they send to school, with the kind 
 and the number of books prescribed for their use by the com- 
 mittee. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§, 18. 
 
 166. In case any scholar shall not be furnished, by his par- 
 ent, master, or guardian, with the requisite books, he must be 
 supplied therewith by the school committee. lb. <§> 20. 
 
 167. The expense of supplying books to scholars who come 
 to school without them, is, in the first instance, to be directly 
 charged to the town by the committee. lb. But this expense, 
 except in certain specified cases, is to be reimbursed to the 
 town in the following manner : — 
 
 168. The school committee are to keep an account of all 
 the books so supplied by them, with their prices, and also an 
 account of the names of all children to whom they were fur- 
 nished, and of their parents, masters, or guardians. At some 
 convenient and proper time, after such supply is made, the 
 committee are to give notice, in writing, to the assessors of the 
 town, of the kinds and the cost of the books so by them sup- 
 plied, together with the names of the children so supplied, and 
 the names of the parents, masters, or guardians by whom the 
 books should have been supplied. lb. <§> 21. 
 
 169. When the list of the books which have been furnished 
 to the children shall be delivered to the assessors, as above 
 mentioned, they are, in the first place, to decide whether the 
 
95 
 
 parents, masters, or guardians, whose names have been returned 
 to them, are, or are not, pecuniarily able to pay therefor ; or, 
 if not able to pay for the whole, then whether they are able to 
 pay a part of the price of said books, and what part. Said 
 price, or so much thereof as the assessors may adjudge the par- 
 ents, masters, or guardians of ability to pay, they shall add to 
 tlie next annual tax of said parents, masters, or guardians, and 
 the amount so added is then to be levied, collected, and paid 
 into the town treasury, in the same manner as town taxes, 
 lb. <§.>§. 21, 22. In this way, the town reimburses itself for 
 such portion of the original cost of the books furnished, as the 
 parents, masters, or guardians of the children, so supplied, are 
 able to pay. The residue is a gratuity to the poor, and is a 
 charge upon the town. 
 
 170. The deficiency of books intended by the statute is a 
 deficiency in the kinds of books prescribed by the committee. 
 No number of other books can be any legal substitute for those 
 prescribed. If scholars bring other books instead of those 
 enumerated on the committee's list, they are still to be consid- 
 ered as destitute of books ; and they are to be supplied by the 
 committee, and the cost charged to the parents, or other parties 
 liable. 
 
 171. As conducive to uniformity in books, by making the 
 kinds which the committee have prescribed easily obtainable 
 by all, the law authorizes the committee of each town to pro- 
 cure, at the expense of the town, or otherwise, a sufficient sup- 
 ply of class or text books for all the schools in the town. Rev. 
 St., ch. 23, ^ 19. 13 Pick. 229, Hartwell v. Littleton. 
 
 172. If the committee adopt this course, they are required 
 to give notice of the place where the books are deposited j and 
 they are bound to furnish said books to all the scholars belong- 
 ing to the schools, at such prices as will merely reimburse to 
 the town the expense of the same. lb. This "expense" must 
 mean the original cost of the books, all reasonable charges for 
 transportation, and commission for sales. If the committee are 
 judicious in their purchases, this mode of furnishing school 
 books is much the most economical. 
 
 173. The requisition of the statute, in regard to giving 
 notice of the place or places where the books which the com- 
 
96 
 
 mittee have procured for the schools may be obtained, is sub- 
 stantially complied with by furnishing the books to the school 
 teachers, with notice to the schools that they may be procured 
 from the teachers. 13 Pick. 229, Hartwell v. Littleton. The 
 committee, however, should make the notice as extensive as 
 possible. 
 
 174. If any of the books so purchased by the committee re- 
 main on hand, at the expiration of their official year, a question 
 has arisen whether they should not be personally liable there- 
 for ; and it is said that if the committee have unlimited power 
 in this respect, they may purchase a favorite kind of books in 
 such quantity as to control their successors, by limiting their 
 free choice in the selection of books ,• or, as a necessary conse- 
 quence, subject the town to great loss, by leaving in their pos- 
 session a large amount of unsalable works. 
 
 On this point it may be observed that, where the committee 
 purchase books at the expense of the town, it will be impossi- 
 ble for them to determine with exactness how many will be 
 called for. If, then, they have acted in good faith in making 
 the purchase, it would be an unreasonable hardship to compel 
 them to take any excess of books v/hich might remain on hand 
 at the end of the year. If, on the other hand, a committee 
 should ever abuse their discretionary power, by purchasing an 
 inordinate quantity of books, either for the sake of enforcing, 
 under the penalty of a pecuniary loss, the continuance of a 
 favorite book in the schools, or for any other sinister and repre- 
 hensible end, the town could refuse payment of the bills, and 
 would doubtless be sustained by the courts in its refusal, A 
 suspicion of such a case has never arisen in Massachusetts, 
 within my knowledge, but once. 
 
 RELIGIOUS LIBERTY. 
 
 175. The school committee shall never direct to be pur- 
 chased or used, in any of the town schools, any school books 
 which are calculated to favor the tenets of any particular sect 
 of Christians. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§, 23.* 
 
 *See Abstract of School Returns for 1843-4, " Templeton/' for a case where a teacher 
 was dismissed, for persisting in his efforts to give sectarian instruction. 
 
97 
 
 "It is the right, as well as the duty, of all men in society, 
 publicly, and at stated seasons, to worship the Supreme Being, 
 the great Creator and Preserver of the universe. And no sub- 
 ject shall be hurt, molested, or restrained, in his person, liberty, 
 or estate, for worshipping GOD in the manner and season most 
 agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience ; or for his 
 religious professions or sentiments, provided he doth not dis- 
 turb the public peace, or obstruct others in their religious wor- 
 ship." Massachusetts Declaration of Rights, Art. 2. 
 
 "All religious sects and denominations, demeaning them- 
 selves peaceably and as good citizens of the Commonwealth, 
 shall be equally under the protection of the law ; and no sub- 
 ordination of any one sect or denomination to another shall 
 ever be established by law." Amendments to the Constitution 
 of Massachusetts, Art. 11. 
 
 "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of 
 religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." Cotistitutiofi 
 of the United States, Amendments, Art. 1. 
 
 For other duties of the school committees, and for a defini- 
 tion of the times when their offices begin and when they ter- 
 minate, see post, ^^ Inquiries atid Returns,^' and ^^ Committees^ 
 Reports. ^^ 
 
 TEACHERS. 
 
 176. Before leaving those provisions which the law has 
 made for the internal management and regulation of the 
 schools, it is necessary to say a few words respectmg the au- 
 thority of teachers. 
 
 Until a Public School teacher has received a certificate of 
 qualification from the committee of the town where he teaches, 
 it is at least questionable whether he has any authority at all 
 as a teacher, and whether he would have any right to enforce 
 his commands, however openly or contumaciously resisted. 
 But, having a legal certificate in his possession, he has an in- 
 disputable right to repress disobedience to his orders, and to 
 enforce compliance with all lawful commands. For this pur- 
 pose, he may, in the last resort, appeal to physical force, and 
 13 
 
98 
 
 inflict any bodily chastisement, not unsuitable to the age, sex, 
 or condition of the offender. The circumstances which justify 
 an appeal to this ultimate remedy must, in the first instance, 
 be decided upon by the teacher himself; but this decision is 
 always liable to be appealed from, and the soundness of the 
 discretion used to be re adjudicated, by a court and jury of the 
 country. It is true, there is no statutory provision in our law 
 empowering teachers to inflict blows ; but the reason of this 
 omission was, not because it was intended to withhold the 
 power, but because the power was so universally known and 
 recognized, as to supersede the necessity of conferring it. 
 There is not a law book in the English language, which treats 
 of the relative rights and duties of parents and children, of 
 master and apprentice, of master and servant, or of teacher and 
 pupil, which does not recognize in the former, in certain sup- 
 posable cases, a right to inflict personal chastisement upon the 
 latter ; and there is not a court of record either in England or 
 America in which this right has ever been denied or ques- 
 tioned, while it has been affirmed in innumerable instances. 
 In all the legal adjudications that have ever been made, no 
 question has ever been raised as to the abstract right. The 
 only questions have been, either as to the sufficiency of the 
 circumstances, alleged and proved, to justify its use ; or whether 
 the punishment, considering the nature and circumstances of 
 the particular offence, has not been excessive. 
 
 177. But pupils have rights as well as teachers. They have 
 as valid a right to immunity from punishment, when they have 
 committed no offence ; they have as valid a right to exemption 
 from severity or frequency of punishment, when their offences 
 have been slight, or far between, as the teacher has to inflict 
 punishment at all. 
 
 178. Teachers have a right to expel, temporarily, from 
 school ; committees have a right to expel, permanently, from 
 school, — that is, during their continuance in office. If teachers 
 have occasion to suspend or expel a scholar from school, the 
 sentence should not cover a longer period of time than would 
 be sufficient for convening the committee, in order to lay the 
 <jase before them. (See Report made by the Committee on 
 
99 
 
 Education to the House of Representatives, Feb. 8, 1841 ; cited 
 at length in the Common School Journal, Vol. Ill, p. 65.) 
 
 179. The question is not without some practical difficulty, 
 how far the school committee and teachers may exercise au- 
 thority over school children, before the hour when the school 
 begins, or after the hour when it closes, or outside of the school- 
 house door or yard. On the one hand, there is certainly some 
 limit to the jurisdiction of the committee and teachers, out of 
 school hours and out of the schoolhouse ; and, on the other 
 hand, it is equally plain, if their jurisdiction does not com- 
 mence until the minute for opening the school has arrived, nor 
 until the pupil has passed within the door of the schoolroom, 
 that all the authority left to them, in regard to some of the 
 most sacred objects for which our schools were instituted, 
 would be but of little avail. To what purpose would the 
 teacher prohibit profane or obscene language among his schol- 
 ars, within the schoolroom and during school hours, if they 
 could indulge it with impunity, and to any extent of wanton- 
 ness, as soon as the hour for dismissing the school should ar- 
 rive ? To what purpose would he forbid quarrelling and fight- 
 ing among the scholars, at recess, if they could engage in single 
 combat, or marshal themselves into hostile parties for a general 
 encounter, within the precincts of the schoolhouse, and within 
 the next five minutes after the school should be closed ? And 
 to what purpose would he repress insolence to himself, if a 
 scholar, as soon as he had passed the threshold, might shake 
 his fist in the teacher's face, and challenge him to personal 
 combat? These considerations would seem to show that there 
 must be a portion of time, both before the school commences 
 and after it has closed, and also a portion of space between the 
 door of the schoolhouse and that of the paternal mansion, 
 where the jurisdiction of the parent, on one side, and of the 
 committee and teachers, on the other, is concurrent. Many of 
 the school committees in the Commonwealth have acted in 
 accordance with these views, and have framed regulations for 
 the government of the scholars, both before and after school 
 hours, and while going to and returning from the school. The 
 same principle of necessity by virtue of which this jurisdiction, 
 
100 
 
 out of school hours and beyond school premises, is claimed, 
 defines its extent and affixes its limit. It is claimed, because 
 the great objects of discipline and of moral culture would be 
 frustrated without it. When not essential, therefore, to the at- 
 tainment of these objects, it should be forborne. 
 
 180. Payment of a teacher's wages by the town to the com- 
 mittee does not discharge the town, if the teacher does not 
 receive the money. Clark v. Great Barrington, 11 Pick. 260. 
 
 181. When the prudential committee of a district hires a 
 teacher, he acts as the agent of the town and not of the dis- 
 trict, and therefore the teacher's claim is not upon the commit- 
 tee but upon the town. lb. 
 
 182. The teacher of a town school is not liable to an action 
 by a parent for refusing to instruct his children. Spear v. 
 Cummings, 23 Pick. 224. 
 
 BOARD OF EDUCATION. 
 
 183. I now come to the consideration of an entirely distinct 
 class of agencies and of duties, whose object it is to obtain in- 
 formation respecting the true principles of Popular Education, 
 and the most eligible means of promoting it ; and to diffuse 
 that information among the people. 
 
 If anything has been done within the last twelve 3?"ears to 
 carry forward the cause of education in Massachusetts, it has 
 been done by arguments and appeals, founded upon an unim- 
 peachable basis of facts. The people of this Commonwealth 
 are a highly reflecting people, — not so susceptible and volatile 
 as to be suddenly carried away by any new theory, however 
 brilliant or plausible, nor so bigotedly conservative, as to set 
 their faces against improvement, because it is innovation. They 
 well know that improvement is necessarily innovation. Our 
 present form of government was a bold innovation upon that 
 which preceded it ; and one of the greatest innovations in the 
 whole history of mankind was the establishment of Free 
 Schools themselves. One needs not hesitate to say that, if 
 any new measure, depending upon the popular will, were to be 
 attempted in Massachusetts, it would be necessary to convince 
 a much larger portion of the people of its justice and its utility, 
 
101 
 
 than in any other state in the Union, or country in the world. 
 In a despotism it is only necessary to convince the sovereign 
 of the expediency of a new measure, and his resistless fiat in- 
 sures its execution. Many self-styled republics have been but 
 little better than oligarchies, where, under a nominal govern- 
 ment of the whole, a few politicians have ruled the state. But 
 experience has proved that no organic change can be effected 
 in the institutions of Massachusetts, but by carrying a convic- 
 tion of the justness and the expediency of the proposed modi- 
 fication home to the minds, — by satisfying both the intellect 
 and conscience, — of a great majority of the people. 
 
 Hence, the numerous and important additions which, within 
 the last twelve years, have been engrafted upon the school sys- 
 tem of Massachusetts, have been questioned at every step, and 
 encountered by every conceivable objection. The advocates 
 of each measure have been called upon, not merely to demon- 
 strate its practical utility, but to answer imaginary forebodings 
 respecting evils possibly consequent upon it. The demonstra- 
 tion was easy, while the objections drawn from the imagina- 
 tion have been confuted by time. So careful have the Board 
 of Education, and their coadjutors, both in and out of the 
 Legislature, been, not to venture upon any ill-considered or ill- 
 digested schemes, that, in not a single instance, has it been 
 necessary for them to retrace their steps. 
 
 184. The Board of Education was established by an act of 
 the Legislature, approved April 20, 1837, and it was organized 
 on the 29th of June of the same year.* 
 
 The Board consists of ten persons. The Governor and Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor for the time being are, ex officiis, members of 
 the Board. The remaining eight persons are nominated to the 
 Council by the Governor, and, if the nomination be approved, 
 they are appointed. The members appointed by the Governor 
 
 * Immedialely after its organization, the Board issued an " Address to the People of 
 Massachusetts," which was afterwards appended to their First Annual Report. (See, also, 
 Common School Journal, Vol. I, p. 268.) In its internal organization, the Board has a stand- 
 ing committee of visiters, (so called,) for each of the State Normal Schools, an executive 
 committee, a committee on school libraries, a committee on accounts, and such other com- 
 mittees as, from time to time, may be found necessary. The Secretary of the Board is 
 chosen annually. He has a right to take part in the deliberations of the Board, but has no 
 right of voting. The Board also chooses a Treasurer, who holds his office for one year. 
 
102 
 
 and Council hold their office for the period of eight years ; but 
 for the purpose of securing a rotation of office, it was provided, 
 in the original constitution of the Board, that the person first 
 named in the commission should go out of office at the end of 
 one year, the second at the end of two years, and so on, till the 
 whole Board should be changed. This provision of the law 
 having been executed, each new member is now appointed for 
 the term of eight years ; or, in case of the resignation of a 
 member, to complete an unexpired term of eight years. In 
 practice, the construction of the law has uniformly been, that 
 no member is reappointable as his own immediate successor. 
 St. 1837, ch. 241, ^ 1. 
 
 185. In the act establishing the Board, (the provisions of 
 which have since been very much modified and enlarged,) the 
 following duties were enjoined upon them and upon their Sec- 
 retary : — 
 
 1st. They were required to prepare and lay before the Legis- 
 lature, in a printed form, on or before the second Wednesday in 
 January, annually, an Abstract of the School Returns, received 
 by the Secretary of the Commonwealth. lb. <§> 3. 
 
 186. 2d. They were to appoint a Secretary, at a salary not 
 exceeding one thousand dollars a year, whose duty it should 
 be, under the direction of the Board, "to collect information 
 of the actual condition and efficiency of the Common Schools, 
 and other means of Popular Education, and to diffuse, as widely 
 as possible, throughout every part of the Commonwealth, infor- 
 mation of the most approved and successful methods of arrang- 
 ing the studies and conducting the education of the young, to 
 the end that all children in this Commonwealth, who depend 
 upon Common Schools for instruction, may have the best edu- 
 cation which those schools can be made to impart." lb. 
 
 187. 3d. The Board was required, annually, to "make a de- 
 tailed Report to the Legislature of all its doings, with such ob- 
 servations as their experience and reflection might suggest upon 
 the condition and efficiency of our system of Popular Educa- 
 tion, and upon the most practicable means for improving and 
 extending it." lb. <§. 3. 
 
 188. Afterwards, by St. 1838, ch. 55, it was provided that 
 
103 
 
 the expenses actually incurred in the discharge of their official 
 duties, by those members of the Board who are appointed by 
 the Governor and Council, after being audited and allowed by 
 the Governor and Council, should be reimbursed to them. 
 These expenses consist in the cost of attending the annual or 
 other meetings of the Board, in making visitations to the State 
 Normal Schools, in postage, stationery, ifcc. Their average 
 amount has been not far from two hundred dollars a year, for 
 the whole Board. The services of the Board are gratuitously 
 rendered. 
 
 189. In 1838, the duties of the Secretary having been very 
 much enlarged, his salary was fixed at $1500 a year. But no 
 allowance was made for any expenses incurred in the discharge 
 of his duties. During the continuance of the first Secretary 
 in his office, no allowance was ever made for office-rent, clerk- 
 hire, purchase of suitable or necessary books, and so forth, or 
 for other incidental expenses. Though required, once in each 
 year, at such time as the Board of Education should appoint, 
 to "attend, in each county of the Commonwealth, a meeting 
 of all such teachers of Public Schools, members of the school 
 committees of the several towns, and friends of education gen- 
 erally in the country, as might voluntarily assemble ;" yet no 
 part of the travelling or other expenses of these circuits was 
 ever provided for or refunded.* 
 
 SECRETARY OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION. 
 
 190. The Secretary of the Board of Education is Librarian 
 of the State Library. St. 1849, ch. 155, ■§> 1. As such libra- 
 rian, the apartments in the State House, occupied by the State 
 Library, are furnished for his accommodation, and set apart as 
 
 * The first Secretary of the Board of Education never made application to the Legisla- 
 ture himself, nor suffered his friends to make application for him, for any clerical or other 
 assistance iu the discharge of the duties of his office, or for any relief from its pecuniary bur- 
 dens. His ambition was to place the importance and utilitj' of the office on such high and 
 incontestable grounds that, when he should resign it, it should be deemed worthy to be in- 
 corporated into the government of the State as one of its integral and permanent depart- 
 ments ; and that his successor should be placed upon such a footing of independence and 
 dignity as should make his position an eligible one for any man of high talents, of varied 
 attainments, and of philanthropic character. How far this ambition has been gratified, will 
 appear by reference to the provisions subsequently enumerated in the text. 
 
104 
 
 his office. He is to report annually, in the month of January, 
 respecting the condition of the Library. lb. <§> 3. 
 
 191. The Secretary has power to appoint an assistant, who, 
 when necessary, shall act as clerk of the Board. 
 
 192. The Secretary is to "apply himself diligently to the 
 object of collecting information of the condition of the Public 
 Schools ;" — "of the fulfilment of the duties of their office by 
 all members of the school committees of all the towns, and 
 the circumstances of the several school districts, in regard to 
 all the subjects of teachers, pupils, books, apparatus, and meth- 
 ods of education ; with the intent of furnishing all requisite 
 materials for the report by law required from the Board of 
 Education." St. 1838, ch. 159, *§, 1. 
 
 193. The Secretary is to suggest to the Board and to the 
 General Court, improvements in the present system of Common 
 Schools. St. 1849, ch. 215. This provision, in connection 
 with a clause in the first section of the sixty-fifth chapter of 
 the statutes of 1849, clearly implies that the Secretary is to 
 make an annual report. 
 
 He is to visit, as often as his other duties will permit, differ- 
 ent parts of the Commonwealth, for the purpose of arousing 
 and guiding public sentiment in relation to the practical inter- 
 ests of education j 
 
 To collect in his office such school books, apparatus, maps 
 and charts, as can be obtained without expense to the Com- 
 monwealth ; 
 
 To purchase rare and valuable works on education for the 
 use of the Board, and for the benefit of teachers, authors and 
 others, who wish to consult them ; for which purpose the sum 
 of fifty dollars a year is placed at his disposal ; 
 
 To receive and arrange in his office, the reports, returns and 
 registers [blank,] now or hereafter in the office of the Secretary 
 of the Commonwealth ; and 
 
 To receive, preserve or distribute the State documents in re- 
 lation to the Common School system. St. 1849, ch, 215, <§> 1. 
 
 194. The Secretary of the Board is to make up the annual 
 Abstracts of the School Returns. St. 1847, ch. 183, <§> 1. 
 
 195. He is to cause the blank Forms of Inquiry, the School 
 Registers, the Abstract of School Returns, and the annual Report 
 
105 
 
 of the Board of Education and that of its Secretary, to be for- 
 warded to the sheriffs of the several counties, for distribution 
 to the clerks of the several towns and cities within their 
 counties respectively. St. 1849, ch. 65, *§> 1. 
 
 196. He is also to make an annual report to the Legislature 
 of the several expenses incurred by the Board of Education, 
 "for any object whatever." Res., March 1, 1842. 
 
 197. The Secretary's salary is $1600 per annum, payable 
 quarterly. St. 1849, ch. 215, <§> 2. 
 
 198. All necessary travelling expenses, incurred by the Sec- 
 retary in the performance of his official duties, after being ap- 
 proved by the Board ; and all postages and other necessary ex- 
 penses arising in his office, are to be paid by the State. St. 
 1849, ch. 215, <§> 3. 
 
 SCHOOL REGISTERS. 
 
 199. The Board of Education are required to prescribe a 
 blank Form for a School Register, to be used in all the Public 
 Schools in the State. St. 1849, ch. 209. The Registers are 
 to be forwarded from the office of the Secretary of the Board, 
 through the hands of the sheriffs of the several counties, to the 
 town clerks, by whom they are to be delivered to the school 
 committees. St. 1849, ch. 65. 
 
 200. Each school is to be furnished with a Register. The 
 committees of the towns having received the Registers are 
 thenceforth responsible for them ; and it is their duty to cause 
 the Registers, in the form prescribed by the Board, to be faith- 
 fully kept in all the schools. St. 1838, ch. 105, <§> 6. 
 
 201. No teacher is entitled to receive any payment for his or 
 her services, until the Register for his or her school, properly 
 filled up and completed, shall be deposited with the school com- 
 mittee, or with such person as they may designate to receive it. 
 St. 1849, ch. 209. 
 
 202. The following exhibits a condensed plan of the Regis- 
 ter prescribed by the Board, and now in use in the schools of 
 the State :* 
 
 * It being understood that the Board had under its consideration the subject of making 
 some change in the form of the present Register, application was made to them for a copy 
 
 14 
 
106 
 
 1. REGISTER of 
 
 Kept by 
 
 Coramencing 
 
 Ending 
 
 2. NAMES of School Committee for the Year 18 
 NAME of Prudential Committee for the Year 18 
 
 4^ 
 
 5, Scholars. 
 
 6. Record of Daily Attendance 
 FOR THE Term. 
 
 Names of 
 Parents or 
 •Guardians. 
 
 Date of 
 
 entering 
 
 the 
 School. 
 
 Date of 
 leaving 
 
 the 
 School, 
 
 OJ 
 
 B 
 
 z 
 
 o 
 
 m 
 
 Names of 
 Scholars. 
 
 Age. 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 B 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 O 
 
 s 
 
 3 
 
 
 2 
 
 S 
 
 3 i-O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15. Length of School in months and 
 days, four weeks making a month, 
 
 17. Average attendance of Scholars, 
 
 16. Whole number of different Schol- 
 ars attending the School, 
 
 18. Wages of Teacher per month, $ 
 
 Prefixed to the blank sheets of the Register are the following 
 
 DIRECTIONS AND EXPLANATIONS : 
 
 (1.) In the first blank are.to be entered the name or designation of the school, 
 — as " District No. 1," " Central District," or whatever it may be, — the name 
 of tlie teacher, and the date of the school's commencing and closing. 
 
 (2.) This blank is for the names of the Superintending and Prudential Com- 
 mittees. 
 
 (3.) If school committees give the teacher a list of the books to be used in 
 the school, he should immediately fill the blank, No. 3, by transcribing the list. 
 The committee, if they prefer, may fill this blank, before delivering the Regis- 
 ter to the teacher. 
 
 (4.) No. 4 requires no explanation. 
 
 (5.) The columns for the date of any scholar's entering or leaving the school 
 may be left blank, unless when a scholar shall enter or leave during the term. 
 If a scholar enters after the commencement of the term, let the date of tlie event 
 be entered against his name, and let a horizontal black line be drawn from his 
 " Age" to the colmnn denoting the day when his attendance begins. That is, 
 
 of the new form, should a new one be adopted. But as the printing of this edition of the 
 Report has already been delayed for some weeks awaiting the action of the Board, and as 
 no new form has as yet been prepared, or decided upon by the Board, the existing form of 
 the Register is inserted. Should any change be made before the last sheets of the Report 
 go to press, the new form will be given in the Appendix. 
 
107 
 
 3. LIST of Books prescribed by the School Committee. 
 
 7. 
 
 a 
 n 
 
 E 
 
 s 
 Z 
 
 "o 
 
 J3 
 
 6. conlin'd. 
 Record* 
 continued. 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 
 10. 
 
 11. Studies. 
 
 12. Other' 
 
 Studies, 
 (if any ) 
 
 13. 
 
 14 
 
 -6 
 
 1 
 
 fa 
 
 *. 
 
 CO 
 
 -a 
 S 
 
 £ 
 
 "5 
 6 
 Z 
 
 O « 
 
 z ■■ 
 
 d S 
 Z" 
 
 bij'o 
 
 °-= 
 
 ~ O 
 
 z- 
 
 > -a 
 5.2 £ 
 
 ^b6 
 
 D^ cs o 
 
 S'itB 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 as 
 
 
 3 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 "So 
 
 o. 
 a 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 O 
 
 C 
 
 2 
 
 < 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 Davs when visited 
 by School Comm., 
 di Names of Com. 
 making; the visit. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19. Value of Teacher's Board per 
 month, $ 
 
 Signed, 
 
 
 
 Teacher. 
 
 if a scholar comes in, for the first time, on the first day of tlie second week of 
 the school, let a horizontal black line be drawn, against his name, through the 
 first six days of the school's keeping. So, when a scholar leaves, let a horizon- 
 tal black line be drawn, against his name, after the day on ivhich he left. In all 
 other cases, it will be understood that the attendance commenced with the 
 school, and that the scholar did not leave untU its close. 
 
 In the colimin " Scholars' Nuunber," enter a number from 1, onward, against 
 all the scholars' names. Where the school consists of thirty different scholars, 
 they are to be numbered from 1 to 30 ; if of sixty, then from 1 to 60, and so on. 
 The object of this will be seen hereafter. 
 
 The names of the scholars may be entered in such order as the teacher may 
 prefer ; but it is suggested that an entry of the names, according to the order 
 of the seats occupied, will prove most convenient ; because, when the teacher 
 is filling the Register, tlie arrangement of the scholars in their seats will then 
 correspond with the order of their names in the Register, and will thus facilitate 
 a reference from one to the other. As other circumstances, however, may con- 
 flict with this suggestion, the intelligent teacher is left to adopt his o-wn course. 
 Some teachers prefer the alphabetical order. 
 
 (6) (6.) In providing a blank for the daily attendance of each scholar, it is 
 obviously necessary to make provision for the longest term during which any 
 
 * This Table of Daily Attendance, as contained in the Register, is so extended as to be 
 sufficient for a period of six months. 
 
108 
 
 of our schools are kept. As many of the schools, with the exception of vaca- 
 tions, are kept through the year, and others four or five months, both summer 
 and winter, it is necessary that each sheet of the Register should be suiEcient 
 for any half year. The blank No. 6 wOl suffice for twenty-three weeks, and 
 will doubtless be sufficient to meet the wants of any school for a half year.* 
 
 The blank supposes the school to begin on Monday ; if it does not, but begins 
 on Wednesday, for instance, let a horizontal line, or dash, be drawn, connecting 
 the scholar's name with the column for the day when the school begins. 
 
 In the blank, the iveeks are separated from each other by a heavy line ; and by 
 drawing a brace over the days belonging to any particular month, the namt, (and, 
 if desired, the day also,) of the month may be entered in writing, above them. 
 It will then be seen, at a glance, during what months the school has been kept. 
 
 As it is hoped that the number of scholars in attendance will very much 
 overbalance the number of absentees, it is the plan of the Register to denote 
 tardinesses and absences by appropriate marks, but to make no entry for signi- 
 fying attendance. By adopting this mode, the labor of the teacher will be 
 greatly lightened, and a mere inspection will show the number of marks for 
 tardiness or absence standing against any scholar's name, and sullying and dis- 
 figuring his portion of the Register. 
 
 Half a caret, thus, / , will denote tardiness, and may be entered as soon after 
 the school begins, as it is found that a scholar is not in his seat. If he after- 
 wards comes in, the mark wUl stand, as evidence of his being late at school. 
 If he does not come in during the half day, turn the half caret into a whole one, 
 thus, A ) a^nd it will denote a half day's absence. If the absence or tardiness 
 be in the morning, let the sign of it be made in the upper half of the space ; 
 if it be in the afternoon, let it be entered in the lower half. There is sufficient 
 room, in each space, for an entry, both morning and afternoon, if it be done 
 neatly. As no entry, according to the plan of the Register, is to be made for 
 indicating the presence of a scholar, the corresponding spaces against his name 
 will be left vacant, unless teachers may choose to adopt some system of nota- 
 tion for signifying the moral conduct of the scholar, or the character of his 
 recitations, or both. If they choose to do this, the otherwise unoccupied space 
 will afford them an opportunity for making the entry. As only a part of our 
 teachers are accustomed to keep such a record, and as the modes of keeping it 
 are various, no form is here given, but each teacher is left to do as he pleases. 
 
 In the spaces where the days, Monday, Tuesday, &c., are printed, there is 
 sufficient room for entering the state of the weather, as Fair, Cold, Snowy, &c. 
 Such entries may serve to explain the causes for the tardiness or absence of 
 some scholars, and they will also show that other scholars did not yield to them. 
 If a thermometer belongs to the school, the teacher may enter here, if he 
 pleases, the number of the degree at which the mercury stands at 12 o'clock, 
 noon, of each day. 
 
 (7.) The first, or left-hand column, on the right-hand page, is for entering 
 again the number of the scholar, (or his initials, as the teacher may prefer,) so 
 as to aid the inspector's eye hi running across the sheet. 
 
 * See Note, page 107. 
 
109 
 
 (8.) At the close of the school, tlie aggregate number of the tardinesses, and 
 of the days of each scholar's absence and attendance, together with the number 
 of days he may have belonged to the school, will be entered here. The num- 
 ber of absences and attendances must be reduced to days before being entered 
 in their respective colunms. 
 
 (9) (10.) The marks / and /\, in either of these columns, will denote, (as 
 before,) the tardiness or absence of the scholar, on the days, or half days, of the 
 committee's visitation. If no entry be made, the scholar's presence will be in- 
 ferred. 
 
 (11.) Under this head, each of the studies required by the statute of tlie Com- 
 monwealth to be taught in every Common School has a separate column. The 
 sign for minus, thus, — , entered in any column, will signify that the scliolar is 
 not pursuing the study named at its head. If no entry be made, it will indicate 
 that tlie branches, named over the blank space, are pursued. 
 
 (12.) Under this head, any other study pursued in the school may be entered. 
 The teacher will enter, in writing, the name of the study, and then the letter S. 
 placed under it, and against any scholar's name, will indicate that he is studying it. 
 
 (13.) This requires no explanation. 
 
 (14.) Under this head, the teacher may enter any such remarks respecting 
 the scholar, — his deficiency in class books, his conduct, &.c. &c., — as he may 
 deem proper. 
 
 (1.5.) This requires no explanation. 
 
 (16.) The whole number of different scholars who may have belonged to the 
 school during the term, wUl be ascertained by looking at the bottom of the third 
 column, under No. (5), " Scholars' Number." 
 
 (17.) The average attendance of any one scholar ma}?^ be found by comparing 
 the whole amount of his attendance, (reduced to days,) witli the whole number 
 of tlie days, during which he may have belonged to the school. 
 
 The average attendance of /Ae whole school, for the whole term, will be found 
 in the following manner : — 
 
 Add up the two columns, " No. of days' attendance," and " No. of days be- 
 longing to the school." Reduce them by a common divisor to their lowest 
 terms, (though the result will be the same if they are not so reduced,) and, as 
 the latter, (" No. of days belonging to the school,") is to the former, (" No. of 
 days' attendance,") so is the average number of scholars who have belonged to 
 the school, to the average attendance.* 
 
 For example, suppose the footing of the column, " No. of days belonging to 
 the school," to be 5600 ; suppose, also, the footing of the column, " No. of 
 days' attendance," to be 5040, (there having been 560 absences,) and suppose 
 the average number of scholars who have belonged to the school to be 70 ; 
 tlien m^ = '^°, and as 10 : 9 : : 70 : 63. Sixty-three, tlierefore, is the aver- 
 age attendance. The result would be the same without the reduction ; thus, 
 as 5600 : 5040 : : 70 : 63. 
 
 The teacher, of course, will take into consideration the number of half days 
 
 * The average number of scholars who have belonged to the school is found by dividing 
 the amount or aggregate of the " No. of days belonging to the school," by the whole number of 
 days the school has been kept. The quotient will be the average number belonging to the school . 
 
no 
 
 which constitute a school week, according to the custom of the place where he 
 teaches. If both Wednesday and Saturday afternoons are half holidays, then 
 ten half days, whether of absence or attendance, will make a week. 
 
 The above problem is so easy, that any teacher who cannot work it out cor- 
 rectly should be cautious about becoming a candidate for school keeping. 
 
 The Register books are of diiferent sizes. Where the number of scholars in 
 a school does not exceed thirty-three, two pages will be sufficient for a term. 
 If the number of scholars be more than thirty-three, but not exceeding sixty- 
 six, four pages will suffice for a term. And so of stUl larger schools. 
 
 Where more than one leaf is occupied, there will be some supernumerary 
 headings ; but this it was impossible to avoid. 
 
 It will be observed by school committees, that Register books of different 
 sizes are sent to them. The different sizes of the books are intended to cor- 
 respond with the different numbers of scholars belonging to their respective 
 schools, as ascertained by an examination of the School Returns for the last 
 and previous years. Where it has appeared by these Returns, that the number 
 of scholars belonging to a school has been equal to twenty-Jive, a book sufficient 
 for thirty-three has been prepared, in order to provide for an increase of the 
 school. The same proportion has been observed in regard to larger schools. 
 The school conmiittees, of course, will distribute the Registers according to the 
 number of scholars respectively belongmg to tlieir districts, or schools. 
 
 The books are designed to last for five tears. Should another sheet, or 
 another hook, be wanted before the expiration of that tune, application must be 
 made to the Secretary of the Board, stating the whole number of the scholars 
 belonging to the school, and whether or not that number will probably increase, 
 before the expiration of the five years above mentioned.* 
 
 INQUIRIES AND RETURNS. 
 
 203. During the month of January, — and, of course, some 
 months before the expiration of the committees' official year, — 
 a Blank Form of Inquiry is to be prepared, under the direction 
 of the Board of Education. One copy of this blank form is 
 to be sent by the Secretary of the Board, through the hands of 
 
 * The above Form of a Register was prepared with great care, and after the examination 
 of hundreds of different forms used in the schools of this country and in those of Europe. 
 When the first sketch or outline of it was completed, it was exhibited, or a copy of it trans- 
 mitted, to distinguished teachers in every county in Massachusetts, and to other teachers of 
 the highest reputation, in the other New England States and in New York. As only one 
 modification of any importance was suggested, it may be said to have had the unanimous 
 approval of the most distinguished educators in this country. 
 
 The advantages of a permanent Register book over fugitive sheets, aj-e almost too obvious 
 to be enumerated. It is less expensive ; it is less liable to be lost, mislaid, or mutilated; it will 
 exhibit the condition of a school for a series of years ; from its pages much can be learned of 
 the early history of the scholars ; and hence it will be one of the strongest proofs to show the 
 intimate connection between youthful conduct and adult character. A manufacturer may as 
 well be without a Time book, or a merchant without a Journal, as a teacher without a Register. 
 
Ill 
 
 the sheriffs, to the clerks of the several cities and towns, and 
 the clerks are respectively to deliver said copy to the school 
 committee of each city and town in the State. St. 1846, ch. 
 223, <^ 3. 1849, ch. 65. 
 
 A portion of this blank is of a permanent character, — being 
 the same, or substantially the same, from year to year ; a por- 
 tion of it is variable, being adapted to obtain information, on a 
 certain class of facts, one year, and on another class, another 
 year. The permanent part comprises all the great statistical 
 facts, — such as the amount of money appropriated, the length 
 of the schools, the total attendance and average attendance of 
 the scholars, (fcc, — which constitute the basis, and denote the 
 prosperity, of the system. The Inquiries propounded by the 
 other part are of such a nature that they need not be repeated 
 from year to year. The Board has discretionary power to in- 
 sert, in the blanks, whatever questions they deem expedient.* 
 
 * Among other questions propounded, within the last ten years, to school committees, pro- 
 fessional men, and others, in order to obtain information bearing upon the question of Pop- 
 ular Education, are the following' :— 
 
 Is inconvenience or discomfort suffered from the construction or location of schoolhouses 
 in your town, and, if so, in what manner ? Are the requisitions of law complied with in 3'our 
 town, in relation to the aggregate lengths of time in which schools are kept j the different 
 kinds of schools kept, and the qualifications of the teachers employed ? Does your town 
 choose a school committee each year ? Do they organize as a committee, and do they visit 
 and examine the schools, as required by law ? Are school committee men paid for their 
 services, and, if so, how much ? Are teachers employed for the Public Schools, without 
 being examined and approved, or before being examined and approved, by the committee ? 
 Do parents in general exhibit any public interest in the character and progress of 
 schools, by attending examinations or otherwise ? Do the school committee select the 
 kinds of books to be used in schools, or is it left to parents and teachers ? Do the school 
 committee cause books to be furnished, at the expense of the town, to such scholars as are 
 destitute of those required ? Is there a uniformity of books in the same school ? Is any 
 apparatus used in your schools ? If so, in how many, and of what kinds is it ? Have any 
 teachers been employed who practise school keeping as a regular employment, or profes- 
 sion ? If any, how many ? Are they male or female ? 
 
 Are scholars in your schools kept in spelling classes, from the time of their earliest com- 
 bination of letters, up to the time of their leaving school j or what is the course ordinarily 
 pursued, in regard to teaching orthography, and how long is it continued ? Are there de- 
 fects in teaching scholars to read ? This inquiry is not made in regard to the pronunciation 
 of words and the modulation of the voice; but do the scholars fail to understand the mean- 
 ing of the words they read 1 Do they fail to master the sense of the reading lessons ? Is 
 there a presence, in the minds of the scholars, when reading, of the ideas and feelings in- 
 tended to be conveyed and excited by the author ? 
 
 Is there in your town Euiy Town, Social, or District School Library ? If so, how many ? 
 What number of volumes do they contain, and what is their present value, as nearly as you 
 can estimate it ? What number of persons have a right of access to them ? Are the books 
 of which they consist adapted to the capacities of children and youth, and have they good 
 
112 
 
 intellectual and moral tendencies ? Please be as particular as your convenience will allow, 
 respecting the character of the books. 
 
 Have you any Mechanics' Institute in your town, either with or without reading rooms ? 
 If any, what number of members belong to it ? Have you Lyceums, Literary Societies, or 
 Associations under any name, before which courses of Popular Lectures, on literary or scien- 
 tific subjects, have been delivered within the year last past ? If any, what number of persons 
 have usually attended the Lectures ? What amount of money has been expended for Lec- 
 tures within the last year ? What is the probable amount of incidental expenses for Lecture 
 rooms, fuel, lights, attendance, tfec. ? At what time were the above institutions established, 
 and are they in a flourishing or declining condition ? 
 
 How many schoolhouses are owned in your town, either by the town or school districts ? 
 How many schoolrooms are hired by the town or by districts ? How many schoolhouses 
 have been built in your town, since the beginning of the year 1838, to the present time ? At 
 what cost, including the price of land, and ail fixtures and appurtenances ? How many 
 schoolhouses have been substantially repaired or remodelled during the same period ? At 
 what cost 1 
 
 In how many of your Public Schools, (if in any,) are there regular exercises in vocal music ? 
 
 On what basis is the money raised by your town apportioned or distributed among the 
 school districts, and what is the lowest sum apportioned to any one district ? 
 
 Please state how many schools have been broken up (if any) during the school year, and 
 for what cause,— whether from incompetency of the teacher, insubordination of the scholars, 
 or any other. Please stale, in months, or in years and months, (as the case may be,) for 
 what period of time your teachers have been engaged, respectively, in keeping school, and 
 how many of them have taught, during the current year, for the first time. 
 
 How many of your schoolrooms have a black-board ? How many have none ? How 
 many of your schoolrooms have outline maps ? How many have none ? How many of 
 your schoolrooms have a globe ? How many have none ? What other apparatus is there 
 in your schools ? 
 
 Questions contained in a Circular addressed to Manufacturers, Rail- 
 road Contractors, Agriculturists, &c. 1st. Have you had large numbers of 
 persons in your employment or under your superintendence ? If so, will you please to state 
 how many ? Within what period of time ? In what department of business ? Whether at 
 different places ? Whether natives or foreigners ? 2d. Have you observed diiferences 
 among the persons you have employed, growing out of differences in their education, and 
 independent of their natural abilities; that is, whether, as a class, those who, from early life, 
 have been accustomed to exercise their minds by reading and studying, have greater docil- 
 ity and quickness in applying themselves to workj and, after the simplest details are mas- 
 tered, have they greater aptitude, dexterity, or ingenuity in comprehending ordinary pro- 
 cesses, or in originating new ones ? Do they more readily or frequently devise new modes 
 by which the same amount of work can be better done, or by which more work can be done 
 in the same time, or by which raw material or motive-power can be economized ? Li short 
 do you obtain more work and better work with less waste, from those who have received 
 what, in Massachusetts, we call a good Common School education, or from those who have 
 grown up in neglect and ignorance 1 Is there any difference in the earnings of these two 
 classes, and consequently in their wages 1 3d. What, within your knowledge, has been the 
 effect of higher degrees of mental application and culture upon the domestic and social 
 habits of persons in your employment ? Is this class more cleanly in their persons, their 
 dress, and their households 5 and do they enjoy a greater immunity from those diseases 
 which originate in a want of personal neatness and purity ? Are they more exemplary in 
 their deportment and conversation, devoting more time to intellectual pursuhs or to the re- 
 fining art of music, and spending their evenings and leisure hours more with their families, 
 and less at places of resort for idle and dissipated men ? Is a smaller portion of them ad- 
 dicted to intemperance 1 Are their houses kept in a superior condition 1 Does a more eco- 
 nomical and judicious mode of living purchase greater comforts at the same expense, or 
 equal comforts with less means ? Are their families better brought up, more respectably 
 
113 
 
 dressed, more regularly atteiuliint upon the school and the church 5 and do their children, 
 when arrived at years of maturity, enter upon the active scenes of life with better prospects 
 of success ? 4th. In regard to standing and respectability among co-laborers, neighbors, 
 and fellow-citizens generally, how do those who have enjoyed and improved the piivilcge of 
 good Common Schools, compare with the neglected and the illiterate 1 Do the former ex- 
 ercise greater influence among their associates ? Are the}' more often applied to for advice 
 and counsel in cases of difficulty 5 or selected as umpires or arbitrators for the decision of 
 minor controversies 1 Are higher and more intelligent circles for acquaintance open to 
 them, from conversation and intercourse with which their own minds can be constantly im- 
 proved ? Are they more likely to rise from grade to grade in the scale of labor, until they 
 enter departments where greater skill, judgment, and responsibility are required, and which, 
 therefore, command a larger remuneration ? Are they more likely to rise from the condi- 
 tion of employees, and to establish themselves in business on their own account? 5th. 
 Have you observed any difference in the classes above-named, (I speak of them as classes, 
 for there will, of course, be individual e.xceptions,) in regard to punctuality and fidelity in 
 the performance of duties ? Which class is most regardful of the rights of others, and most 
 intelligent and successful in securing their own ? You will, of course, perceive that this 
 question involves a more general one, viz., from which of the above described classes, have 
 those who possess property, and who hope to transmit it to their children, most to fear from 
 secret aggression, or from such public degeneracy as will loosen the bands of society, cor- 
 rupt the testimony of witnesses, violate the sanctity of the juror's oath, and substitute, as a 
 rule of right, the power of a numerical majority, for the unvarying principles of justice. Gth. 
 Finally, in regard to those who possess the largest shares in the stock of worldly goods, 
 could there, in your opinion, be any police so vigilant and effective, for the protection of all 
 the rights of person, property, and character, as such a sound and comprehensive education 
 and training as our system of Common Schools could be made to impart 5 and would not 
 the payment of a sufficient tax to make such education and training universal, be the cheap- 
 est means of self-protection and insurance ? And in regard to that class which, from the 
 accident of birth and parentage, are subjected to the privations and the temptations of pov- 
 erty, would not such an education open to them new resources in habits of industry and 
 economy, in increased skill, and in the awakening of inventive power, which would yield re- 
 turns a thousand fold greater than can ever be hoped for, from the most successful clandes- 
 tine depredations, or open invasion of the property of others ? 
 
 Extract from a Circular addressed to Physicians. From a retrospect of 
 your extensive medical practice, and from your observations on health and longevity, I trust 
 you will be able to arrive at, or at least to approximate, some pretty definite conclusion res- 
 pecting the proportion of sickness, physical disability, and premature death, which may be 
 fairly attributed to an ignorance of physiological principles, already discovered, and which 
 most persons would avoid, if proper attention were paid to early education and habits. Or, 
 in other words, — in the present state of the science of Physiology, how great a proportion of 
 disease, of suflering, of a diminution of the physical capacity of usefulness, and of the 
 abridgment of life, comes from sheer ignorance, (as contradistinguished from that which 
 proceeds from causes not known, or from inordinate indulgences,) and which, therefore, we 
 might hope to see averted, if the community had that degree of knowledge which is easily 
 attainable by all. 
 
 By so doing, I think you will furnish a powerful argument in favor of making those condi- 
 tions, on which health and life depend, a subject of study, not only for adults, but especially 
 for tlie young 5 — and, in order to teach the latter class as extensively as possible, you would 
 prove the expediency of introducing the study of Physiology into our Common Schools, 
 after the primary studies have been mastered. 
 
 204. The following is a copy of the permanent part of the 
 Blank Form of Inquiry : 
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 205. When these forms are sent out, they are called " Blank 
 Forms of Inquiry ;" when returned by the committees, they 
 are called "Returns." 
 
 206. If, through accident or mistake, any committee should 
 fail to receive a Blank Form of Inquiry on or before the last 
 day of March, it is their duty forthwith to give notice of such 
 failure to the Secretary of the Board, who must then transmit 
 such blank as soon as may be. St. 1846, ch. 223, >§( 3. 1849, 
 ch. 65, <§) 1. This leaves committees without any excuse for 
 not making their Returns within the period prescribed by law. 
 
 207. The committees, having received the Blanks, are to 
 take the Registers which have been kept through the year, to 
 collate and condense, (or transcribe, as the case may require,) 
 the respective entries made therein, to answer all the inquiries 
 which the blank contains, to make oath to a certificate of the 
 number of persons between the ages of 5 and 15, within the 
 town, on the first day of the preceding May, and of the amount 
 of money which the town has raised by tax during the then 
 current year, for the payment of the wages and board of teach- 
 ers, and for providing fuel for the schools, to sign the same, by 
 a majority at least of their members, and to return it to the 
 office of the Secretary of State, on or before the last day of 
 April. St. 1846, ch. 223, ^ 2. 
 
 In order to make the Return a valid one, it has recently been 
 decided by the House of Representatives, (on the petition of 
 the school committee of Boston, 1845,) that said Return must 
 be signed by a majority of the committee. 
 
 208. But whenever, in consequence of vacancies occurring 
 in the committee of any city or town, after the date of the 
 warrant for the annual town meeting for the election of their 
 successors, or the inability, arising after the said date, of any of 
 the members of said committee to act, such committee shall be 
 reduced to a minority of the original number, the remaining 
 members of the committee are competent to make the returns 
 required to be made and transmitted to the office of the Secre- 
 tary of the Commonwealth, In such case, however, the re- 
 turns must be accompanied by a certificate of the person or 
 persons so making them, setting forth the existence of such 
 
117 
 
 vacancies or disabilities, and the time when they arose. St. 
 1849, ch. 144. 
 
 209. If the respective parties, before mentioned, have per- 
 formed the duties required of them by law, the following 
 things have now been done : — 
 
 1. A School Register has been prepared by the Board of 
 Education, and a number of copies of the same has been for- 
 warded to the several school committees sufficient to supply 
 each school in their respective towns with one copy. 
 
 2. The committees have distributed the Registers among 
 the teachers, at or before the commencement of their respective 
 schools. 
 
 3. The teachers have made their daily entries in the Reg- 
 isters, and each teacher, at the close of his school, has, as a 
 condition precedent to his right to demand payment for his ser- 
 vices, delivered his book to the committee, or to some person 
 authorized by them to receive it. 
 
 The Board of Education has also prepared a Blank Form of 
 Inquiry, and one copy of the same has been transmitted by the 
 Secretary of the Board to each school committee in the State. 
 
 5. The school committee have taken the Registers of all 
 the schools in the town, collated and condensed their statistical 
 items, and transferred the results to the Blank Form of Inquiry, 
 They have also answered all such questions as may have been 
 inserted in the Forms, have authenticated the whole by the 
 proper signatures and certificates, and have returned the same, 
 (on or before the last day of April of each year,) to the office 
 of the Secretary of State for the use of the Board of Education. 
 
 It is obvious that a vast body of statistical information, com- 
 prehensive, exact, and touching all the vital interests of the 
 schools, will now have been collected, and deposited in the 
 hands of the Board. 
 
 SCHOOL committees' REPORTS. 
 
 210. But there is another fruitful field of wisdom, whose 
 productions have not yet been gathered. 
 
 By the law of 1838, ch. 105, <§. 1, and a reenactment of the 
 
118 
 
 same, with slight modij&cations, — St. 1846, ch. 223, <§. 4, — the 
 school committees of all the towns are required annually to make 
 a "detailed report" of the condition of the several Public 
 Schools, in their respective towns, which report shall contain 
 such statements and suggestions in relation to these schools as 
 the said committee shall deem necessary or proper to promote 
 the interests thereof. This report is to be read before the as- 
 sembled citizens, at an annual town meeting to be held in each 
 town, in the month of February, March, or April ; or, at the 
 discretion of the school committee, to be printed for the use of 
 the inhabitants. 
 
 It will be seen that, by virtue of the above provision, the 
 report prepared by the committee must be either read in open 
 town meeting, or printed for the use of the inhabitants ; and 
 that it is left optional with the committee to decide which 
 course shall be taken. 
 
 211. The law, requiring the committee, as one of the alter- 
 natives of their duty, to print their report, while it does not 
 prescribe the number of copies to be printed, leaves the deter- 
 mination of this question, of course, with the committee. If 
 they exercise their discretion in an unimpeachable manner, 
 their decision is final and binds the town. The town thereby 
 becomes liable to defray all the necessary expenses incident to 
 the printing and distribution of the report. 
 
 212. The report, if printed, is to be printed "for the use of 
 the inhabitants." A fair construction of this would seem to 
 imply that one copy at least should be supplied to every head 
 of a family or householder in the town, and to every voter, 
 whether or not he might be the head of a family or a house- 
 holder, together with a few extra copies for the use of the 
 committee, to enable them to exchange reports with the com- 
 mittees of other towns. In populous cities, where it cannot be 
 expected that every householder or voter would read the re- 
 port, a less number may be sufficient. 
 
 213. The original report, whether read in open town meet- 
 ing, or printed for the use of the inhabitants, is to be deposited 
 in the office of the town clerk. St. 1846, ch. 223, <§> 4 ; 1838, 
 ch. 105, ^ 1. 
 
119 
 
 No jurisdiction or control over this report seems to be given to 
 the town. They may accept it in testimony of their approval ; 
 but they have no authority to reject it, or to modify it. The 
 law points out the path which the original report must take : — 
 it must be read in open town meeting, or be printed for the 
 use of the inhabitants, and then go to its place of deposit in 
 the office of the town clerk. Neither, on the other hand, has 
 the report, as such, any legal force or validity. It may recom- 
 mend new measures or propose the abolition of old ones ; but, 
 if not accepted or made authoritative and binding by the act 
 of the town, the old measures will continue in force, and the 
 newly proposed ones will have no legal existence. 
 
 214. The school committee of each town must make a copy 
 of the report and transmit it to the office of the Secretary of 
 State, on or before the last day of April. This copy must be 
 certified or attested ; but the law does not say by whom. 
 Doubtless, any member of the committee, by law required to 
 make the report, or the clerk of the town, who is made the 
 legal depositary of it, would be held a proper certifying officer, 
 within the meaning of the law. St. 1846, ch. 223, ^ 4; 1838, 
 eh. 105, ^ 1. 
 
 SCHOOL ABSTRACTS. 
 
 215. When the Returns, — which were described above, and 
 which embrace all the statistics of the schools, — together with 
 the Reports which contain the committees' "detailed" state- 
 ments of the condition of the schools, are received by the 
 Secretary of the Commonwealth, both classes of documents 
 are handed over to the Board of Education. From these doc- 
 uments, the Secretary of the Board prepares a volume, entitled 
 "The Abstract of the Massachusetts School Returns." 
 
 216. The Reports of the committees are all carefully read 
 by the Secretary of the Board, and selections are made from 
 them of such parts as possess the greatest interest and value, 
 and to such an extent as is compatible with the limits of the 
 volume to be prepared. In his office, also, the Returns are all 
 collated and condensed, and arranged in convenient tabular 
 forms, so as to show, as far as statistics can show it, both the 
 
120 
 
 actual and relative condition of the schools, in every town in 
 the State. St. 1838, ch. 105, ^ 7. 
 
 217. It is obvious, from the nature of the case, that the sta- 
 tistical returns of our schools, if accurately made, and made by 
 all the towns in the State, must possess an intrinsic and perma- 
 nent value. The tables, (if prepared as they have hitherto 
 been,) will show the population and valuation of each town, 
 and the number of persons belonging to it between the ages of 
 5 and 15 years. Thus they give direct and authentic informa- 
 tion of the number of children to be provided for, and of the 
 extent of the town's pecuniary resources, from which its ability 
 to make provision arises. They will show the number of Public 
 Schools in each town, the whole number of children who 
 have attended these schools at any time during the year ; how 
 many of them were between the ages of 5 and 15 years, how 
 many were under 5 and how many were over 15 ,• and, in con- 
 nection with these items, they also show the average number 
 in attendance. They show the aggregate length of all the 
 schools in each town, both for the summer and winter terms, 
 and the number of teachers in each town and their sex. They 
 show the average compensation made to teachers, both male 
 and female, and the value of their board. They show the 
 amount of money raised by tax in each town, and, as the 
 amount of the valuation of each town is also given, it is easy 
 to determine what percentage the respective towns levy upon 
 themselves for this object. The number of children between 
 5 and 15 being also given, it is easy to see how much the 
 towns raised per capita for the education of the children within 
 them. If the inhabitants of any town have the public spirit 
 which prompts them to contribute something, either in the 
 way of supplying board for the teachers, or fuel for the schools, 
 beyond the regular appropriation made by the town in its cor- 
 porate capacity, that amount also appears ; and if there are any 
 funds or revenues devoted by any town to this purpose, the 
 town is credited with their amount. 
 
 218. The existence of any other educational means is also 
 recognized and reported. The number of incorporated acade- 
 mies, with the number of months they may have been kept 
 
121 
 
 during the year, the average number of scholars belonging to 
 them, and the aggregate paid for tuition therein ; the number 
 of private schools of all kinds, together with the number of 
 months kept, average of scholars, and aggregate of tuition, — 
 all have their appropriate heads, and are matters of distinct 
 statement. From these last-mentioned items, it may be seen, 
 at a glance, whether the academies of the State are in a flour- 
 ishing or a declining condition, and whether the private schools, 
 in any town, are gaining upon and supplanting the Public 
 Schools, or whether the spirit of republicanism and Christianity 
 is gradually levelling up the privileges of the poorer classes to 
 an equality with those of their more wealthy townsmen. 
 
 For a complete specimen of the Statistical Tables, as they 
 are annually prepared, see Appendix. 
 
 219. The Reports of the committees embrace a species of 
 information which statistics can never exhibit. If the commit- 
 tees have performed their duty, they have thoroughly exam- 
 ined every teacher before he was allowed to enter his school. 
 They have made themselves acquainted not only with the' text 
 books already in the schools, but with such of their competitors 
 for public favor as present any reasonable claims to superiority. 
 They have visited all the schools within their jurisdiction, both 
 summer and winter, — once shortly after their commencement, 
 to ascertain their condition ; once each month during their prog- 
 ress, to inspect, to counsel, and to encourage ; and once near 
 their close, to winnow the chaff from the wheat, by a thorough 
 examination. At these visitations, they have had an opportu- 
 nity to learn the condition of the schoolhouse and its appurte- 
 nances, and to determine their fitness or unfitness as a place for 
 physical, mental, and moral growth. They have had an op- 
 portunity to observe the manners of the teacher in his inter- 
 course with the children, — to learn whether he has been actu- 
 ated by a proper spirit in the relation which he has sustained 
 to the future citizens of a republic and to heirs of immortality, 
 and whether he has had the tact and the talent successfully to 
 execute the good things he may have devised for their benefit. 
 They have had an opportunity to ascertain on what principles 
 the school has been classified, the regular or irregular attend- 
 16 
 
122 
 
 ance of the scholars, their supply or deficiency of text books, 
 the presence or absence of black-boards, charts, maps, globes, 
 and other apparatus, the possession or non-possession of a 
 school library, and so forth. They have had an opportunity to 
 know whether the irrevocable lapse of a most important period 
 of the pupils' lives has left its equivalent of improvement be- 
 hind it, — in fine, whether the teacher has carried the children 
 successfully forward through one of the stages of that immense 
 distance that lies between the weakness, the ignorance, and 
 the irresponsibility of infancy, and the power, the knowledge, 
 and the majestic and glorious attributes of full-developed man- 
 hood. 
 
 220. Nor has the attention of the faithful and intelligent 
 school committee been circumscribed even within the ample 
 outline of duties above denoted. They have inquired what 
 has been done in other towns, and with what results of success 
 or of failure, and they have investigated the causes of either ; 
 they have cautiously experimented, wherever the probabilities 
 of reason or the preponderance of testimony gave hope of im- 
 provement ; and they have critically examined into all those 
 external relations, those circumstances of the neighborhood, 
 which bear with favorable or with adverse influence upon the 
 schools. Surveying the vast interests intrusted to their care, 
 foreseeing the mighty events to be one day evolved from in- 
 ceptive processes, now so minute, and, to most minds, so triv- 
 ial, and pervaded by a sense of religious obligation for the 
 faithful discharge of their duties, the committee have sought 
 for wisdom as for hid treasure, and have studied to turn all 
 their acquisitions to practical account. 
 
 It is. under these circumstances, that the faithful committee 
 sit down to deliberate upon and to prepare their report. They 
 award personal commendation or censure ; they point out im- 
 provements and defects in modes or systems ; they detail the 
 results of experiments, whether successful or unsuccessful ; 
 they propose changes, or give their reasons for adhering to ex- 
 isting usages ; in fine, — having formed opinions, by the aid of 
 experience, observation, and study, — they seek to advance 
 those opinions from theory to practice. 
 
123 
 
 221. Beyond any thing hitherto spoken of, it must also be 
 mentioned, that one most conspicuous and fsir-shining quality, 
 in many of the committees' reports, has been their eloquent 
 advocacy of the precious and enduring interests connected 
 with our Common Schools ; — not any brilliant declamation or 
 rhetorical artifices do I mean ; but there has been a calm and 
 steady transfusion into the public mind of the great thoughts 
 which belong to this great theme, until many, who before 
 looked upon the institution as valueless, or even as oppressive, 
 have come to regard it as containing the only guaranties of 
 liberty, order, and law. Just in proportion as the community 
 has appreciated this interest, it has itself been elevated. Such, 
 indeed, is the efiect with which nature invariably rewards the 
 attainment of any new truth. Truth enfranchises its recipient. 
 It gives prerogatives and dominion unknown before ; and, 
 wherever it restrains, it makes its disciple see that the freedom 
 of which he before boasted was but bondage. The devotee of 
 sensual and sordid propensities, if once he can be made to taste 
 the refined and exquisite gratifications of generosity and no- 
 bleness, will turn and dash in pieces the idol pleasures which 
 before he had worshipped as gods. 
 
 222. The Reports of the committees, containing the ma- 
 tured results of their observation and experience, and the Re- 
 turns, comprising the statistics of the schools, being placed in 
 the hands of the Secretary of the Board of Education, are the 
 materials from which the Annual Abstract is compiled. Hith- 
 erto the volumes of Abstracts have averaged nearly or quite 
 three hundred closely printed octavo pages. The number of 
 copies of the Abstract, which are to be printed for distribution, 
 has never been determined by law. The customary number, 
 since they were first required to be printed, has been 1750. 
 When ready for distribution, one copy is given to each mem- 
 ber of the Legislature, so that the rulers of the State may have 
 the means of knowing the condition of its schools, and be ex- 
 culpated from the criminality of that ignorance and indiffer- 
 ence which attach to so vast a proportion of all the legislators 
 of the country, whether State or National. One copy is sent 
 to each town and city clerk, and two or more copies to each 
 
124 
 
 board of school committee men in the Commonwealth. Thus 
 each town and each school committee, in requital for its own 
 contribution to the common stock, receives back the views, 
 plans, suggestions, and experimental results, of all the other 
 committees in the State. The light emanating from each town 
 is concentrated in a focus, from which its whole radiance is re- 
 flected back to every point, whence any beam of it was origi- 
 nally rayed forth. 
 
 In reading the reports from year to year, it has been inter- 
 esting to remark, how a voice of wisdom emanating from one 
 committee, perhaps in a remote or obscure section of the State, 
 would, the succeeding year, be echoed back from a hundred 
 points ; and how an original or important suggestion, thrown 
 out for consideration in one town, would come back, the sub- 
 sequent year, reported upon as tried by the test of experiment, 
 and ratified. In some instances, two different towns have tried 
 the same experiment with different results, and hence, have 
 sent forth opposite opinions respecting its utility. Upon this 
 conflict of testimony, a third town has re-subjected the case to 
 experiment, detected the causes of the different results which 
 had been reported, and determined more accurately the condi- 
 tions of success. 
 
 In only one instance has there been too free a use, by any 
 committee, of the labors of others. In that case, an entire 
 report, made in a previous year by the committee of a distant 
 town, was transcribed, without alteration or acknowledgment, 
 and submitted as original, — a bold, bald, unmitigated, uncon- 
 scionable plagiarism ! 
 
 REPORTS OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION, AND ITS SECRETARY. 
 
 223. Another instrumentality provided by the Legislature 
 for diffusing information, not only on the subject of Common 
 Schools, in particular, but on the general principles of educa- 
 tion and on educational systems, is the following : — 
 
 By the act establishing the Board of Education, they were 
 authorized to appoint a Secretary, whose duty it should be to 
 " collect information," &c. See ante, 186. St. 1837, ch. 241, 
 ^2. 
 
125 
 
 224. By the same act, the Board of Education was required, 
 annually, to " make a detailed report to the Legislature of all 
 its doings, with such observations as their experience and re- 
 flection might suggest, upon the condition and efiiciency of 
 our system of Popular Education, and the most practicable 
 means of improving and extending it." St. 1837, ch. 241, 
 
 225. By the act of 1849, ch. 65, <§» 1, the Secretary of the 
 Board is required, among other things, to forward to the sher- 
 ifis " the Annual Report of the Board of Education, and that 
 of its Secretary. ^^ This clearly implies that it is now the legal 
 duty, as it has heretofore been the practice, of the Secretary, 
 to make an Annual Report. 
 
 226. It is the duty of the clerk of the Senate, for the time 
 being, to cause to be printed annually, before the meeting of 
 the Legislature, or as soon thereafter as may be, eight thou- 
 sand copies of the Report of the Board of Education, three 
 thousand copies of which are to be reserved for the members 
 of the Legislature. Resolve, 1849, ch. 52. 
 
 227. It has been before mentioned that all documents, sent 
 out by the Secretary of the Board, are to be sent to the sheriffs 
 of the respective counties. Ante, 195. St. 1849, ch. 65, <§. 1. 
 
 228. These documents are to be distributed, by each sheriff, 
 to the clerks of the cities and towns within his county, for 
 which service he is entitled to receive three cents a copy, to 
 be paid by the treasurer of the Commonwealth. lb. 
 
 229. When the clerks of the several cities and towns receive 
 the documents so transmitted, they are to deliver the blank 
 Forms of Inquiry and the Registers to the school committee. 
 St. 1849, ch. 65, <§> 2. They are also to deliver one copy of the 
 Annual Abstract of School Returns and one copy of the Re- 
 port of the Board of Education and of its Secretary, to the sec- 
 retary of the school committee, to be by him carefully kept for 
 the use of the committee, and handed over to his successor in 
 office ; and also two additional copies of said reports for the 
 use of said committee ; and it is further the duty of said clerks 
 to deliver one copy of the said report to the clerk of each of 
 the school districts in his city or town, to be by said district 
 
126 
 
 clerk deposited in the district school library, if there be one, 
 and if not, to be carefully kept by himself for the use of the 
 prudential committee, the teachers, and the inhabitants of the 
 district, during his continuance in office, and then to be handed 
 over to his successor ; and in case the city or town shall not 
 be districted, the said reports shall be delivered to the school 
 committee, and so placed by them that they shall be access- 
 ible to the several teachers and to the citizens ; and said re- 
 ports shall be deemed to be the property of the city or town, 
 and not of any officer, teacher, or citizen thereof. St. 1849, 
 ch. 65, <§, 2. 
 
 All the direct means for diffusing information among the 
 citizens at large, on the subject of schools and of education, 
 have now been enumerated. 
 
 Among other provisions for increasing the efficiency of our 
 schools, are the laws and resolves on the subject of Apparatus, 
 District School Libraries, State Normal Schools, Teachers' In- 
 stitutes, &c. 
 
 SCHOOL LIBRARIES AND APPARATUS. 
 
 230. The inhabitants of any school district, in any city or 
 town, and of any city or town not divided into school districts, 
 may, at any meeting called for that purpose, raise money for 
 the purchase of libraries and necessary school apparatus, in the 
 same manner as school districts may now raise money for 
 erecting and repairing schoolhouses in their respective districts. 
 St. 1849, ch. 81, <§, 1. 
 
 231. In addition to the above liberal provisions, the State 
 offers a bounty to encourage the purchase of school libraries, 
 on the following conditions : — 
 
 Each school district, in every town legally divided into 
 school districts, however small may be the number of the chil- 
 dren belonging to it, on exhibiting proof to the treasurer of the 
 Commonwealth that it has raised and appropriated the sum of 
 fifteen dollars or more for a district school library, is entitled to 
 receive fifteen dollars from said treasurer, to be expended for 
 the same object. Said moneys are to be paid over by the treas- 
 
127 
 
 iirer to the order of the selectmen of the town, or the mayor of 
 the city, in which such district is situated. Resolve, March 3, 
 1842. 
 
 232. If any school district has twice sixty children between 
 the ages of 4 and 16 years, and shall produce evidence to the 
 treasurer that it has raised and appropriated, for a school li- 
 brary, twice fifteen dollars, then, and on the same terms and 
 conditions as above specified, it is entitled to draw from the 
 treasurer twice fifteen dollars, for the same purpose. Any dis- 
 trict containing three times sixty scholars between the ages of 
 4 and 16, /o?/r times sixty, or any higher number of times sixty, 
 has the same ratable or proportional claim upon the treasurer, 
 on exhibiting the same proof of its title. Resolves, March 7, 
 1843, and March 11, 1844. 
 
 233. Any town or city in the Commonwealth, whose terri- 
 tory is not legally divided into school districts, on producing 
 evidence to the treasurer that it has raised and appropriated for 
 school libraries as many times fifteen dollars, as the number 
 sixty is contained, exclusive of fractions, in the number of 
 children between 4 and 16 years of age belonging to such 
 town or city, is entitled to receive from said treasurer, to be 
 expended for the same purpose, as many times fifteen dollars, 
 as the number sixty is contained in the number of its children 
 between the above-mentioned ages. Resolve, March 7, 1843. 
 
 234. For special provisions in regard to school libraries for 
 the schools of the city of Boston, see Resolve, March 25, 1845. 
 
 235. The question has been once or twice asked, and under 
 circumstances which authorized the suspicion that some ul- 
 terior action was contemplated, whether a school district, after 
 having received and expended the bounty of the State for the 
 purchase of a school library, could then sell the library and 
 dispose of the money for any other purpose, — either by divid- 
 ing it among the inhabitants of the district, or in any other 
 way. Disclaiming all authority and desire to adjudicate upon 
 the merits of such a case, I have, nevertheless, expressed the 
 individual opinion, that any disposition of a library, purchased 
 in part by means derived from the State, for any other purpose 
 than that of re-investing the proceeds of the sale in other libra- 
 ry books, would not be warranted by law. 
 
128 
 
 The object and intent of the law evidently were to establish 
 a library for the benefit of the school district. A school dis- 
 trict has the nature and qualities of a perpetual corporation. 
 The library, therefore, was as much designed for those who are 
 to belong to the district in future, as for those who are now 
 members of it. Hence, each district holds its library not only 
 for the benefit of the children now belonging to it, but for the 
 benefit of their successors. To dispose of it, therefore, and 
 appropriate the proceeds of the sale for any other purpose, even 
 though in itself a laudable one, would seem to be a breach of 
 trust ; and, if so, it would, of course, be unlawful. The Legis- 
 lature of the State doubtless has power, — should it ever see 
 good reason, — ^for granting a dispensation. 
 
 236. It is supposed that a town would have no more right 
 than a district to abolish its school libraries, after having availed 
 itself of the bounty of the State for their procurement. 
 
 237. Any town or district, being the legal owner of a school 
 library, has, according to the principles of the common law, a 
 right to make all reasonable rules and regulations for its care 
 and management. 
 
 STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 
 
 238. One of the most efficient agencies for improving not 
 only the Common Schools, but all the schools in the State, has 
 been the State Normal Schools. 
 
 In a communication made by the Secretary of the Board of 
 Education to the Legislature, dated March 12, 1838, it was 
 stated that private munificence had placed at his disposal the 
 sum of ten thousand dollars, to be expended, under the direc- 
 tion of the Board of Education, for qualifying teachers for our 
 Common Schools, on condition that the Legislature would 
 place in the hands of the Board an equal sum, to be expended 
 for the same purpose. 
 
 On the 19th day of April of the same year, resolves were 
 passed, accepting the proposition, and authorizing the Governor, 
 with the advice and consent of the Council, to draw his war- 
 rant upon the treasurer for the sum of ten thousand dollars, to 
 be placed at the disposal of the Board for the purpose specified 
 in the communication made by the Secretary. 
 
129 
 
 239. The Board, after mature deliberation, decided to estab- 
 lish three Normal Schools, — one for the northeastern, one for 
 the southeastern, and one for the western part of the State. 
 Accordingly, one was opened at Lexington, in the county of 
 Middlesex, on the 3d day of July, 1839. This school, having 
 outgrown its accommodations at Lexington, was removed to 
 West Newton, in the same county, in September, 1844, where 
 it now occupies a commodious building. 
 
 The second Normal School was opened at Barre, in the 
 county of Worcester, on the 4th day of September, 1839. 
 This school has since been removed to Westfield, in the county 
 of Hampden, both on account of the insufficiency of the ac- 
 commodations at Barre, and because the latter place is situated 
 far east of the centre of population of the western counties. 
 
 The third school was opened at Bridgewater, on the 9th day 
 of September, 1840, and is permanently located at that place. 
 
 240. For the two last-named schools, there had been, from 
 the beginning, very inadequate schoolroom accommodations. 
 In the winter of 1845, a memorial, on behalf of certain friends 
 of education in the city of Boston and its vicinity, was pre- 
 sented to the Legislature, offering the sum of five thousand 
 dollars, to be obtained by private subscription, on condition 
 that the Legislature would give an equal sum, for the purpose 
 of erecting two Normal Schoolhouses, — one for the school at 
 Westfield and one for that at Bridgewater. By resolves of 
 March 20, 1845, the proposition of the memorialists was ac- 
 cepted and the grant made ; and by the same resolves it was 
 ordered, '' that the schools, heretofore known as Normal Schools, 
 shall be hereafter designated as State Normal Schools." 
 
 241. The school at West Newton is appropriated exclusively 
 to females ; those at Bridgewater and Westfield admit both 
 sexes. 
 
 242. Among the standing regulations adopted by the Board, 
 for the government of the State Normal Schools, are the fol- 
 lowing : — most of which were adopted in the beginning, and 
 have been constantly in force, — only a few modifications, and 
 those very slight ones, having since been introduced. 
 
 Admission. As a prerequisite to admission, candidates must 
 17 
 
130 
 
 declare it to be their intention to qualify themselves to become 
 school teachers. If they belong to the State, or have an inten- 
 tion and a reasonable expectation of keeping school in the 
 State, tuition is gratuitous. Otherwise, a tuition-fee is charged, 
 which is intended to be about the same as is usually charged 
 at good academies in the same neighborhood. If pupils, after 
 having completed a course of study at the State Normal Schools, 
 immediately engage in school-keeping out of the State, or in a 
 private school or an academy, they are considered as having 
 waived the privilege growing out of their declared intention to 
 keep a Common School in Massachusetts, and are held bound 
 in honor to pay a tuition-fee for their instruction. 
 
 If males, pupils must have attained the age of seventeen 
 years complete, and of sixteen, if females ; and they must be 
 free from any disease or infirmity, which would unfit them for 
 the office of school teachers. 
 
 They must undergo an examination, and prove themselves 
 to be well versed in orthography, reading, writing, English 
 grammar, geography, and arithmetic. 
 
 They must furnish satisfactory evidence of good intellectual 
 capacity and of high moral character and principles. 
 
 Examinations for admission take place at the commencement 
 of each term, of which there are three in a year. 
 
 Term of Study. At West Newton and Bridgewater, the 
 minimum of the term of study is one year, and this must be 
 in consecutive terms of the schools. In regard to the school 
 at Westfield, owing to the unwillingness of the pupils in that 
 section of the State to remain at the school even for so short 
 a time as one year, the rule requiring a year's residence has 
 been from time to time suspended. It is found to be univer- 
 sally true, that those applicants, whose qualifications are best, 
 are desirous to remain at the school longest. 
 
 Course of Study. The studies first to be attended to, in 
 the State Normal Schools, are those which the law requires to 
 be taught in the district schools, namely, orthography, reading, 
 writing, English grammar, geography, and arithmetic. When 
 these are mastered, those of a higher order are progressively 
 taken. 
 
131 
 
 For those pupils who wish to remain at the school more 
 than one year, and for all belonging to the schools, so far as 
 their previous attainments will permit, the following course is 
 arranged : — 
 
 1. Orthography, reading, grammar, composition, rhetoric, and 
 logic. 
 
 2. Writing, drawing. 
 
 3. Arithmetic, mental and written, algebra, geometry, book- 
 keeping, navigation, surveying. 
 
 4. Geography, ancient and modern, with chronology, statis- 
 tics, and general history. 
 
 5. Human Physiology, and Hygiene, or the Laws of Health. 
 
 6. Mental Philosophy. 
 
 7. Music. 
 
 8. Constitution and History of Massachusetts and of the 
 United States. 
 
 9. Natural Philosophy and Astronomy. 
 
 10. Natural History. 
 
 11. The Principles of piety and morality common to all sects 
 of Christians. 
 
 12. The science and art of teaching with reference to 
 all the above-named studies. 
 
 Religious Exercises. A portion of the Scriptures shall be 
 read daily in every State Normal School. 
 
 "*" Visiters. Each Normal School is under the immediate in- 
 spection of a Board of Visiters, who are in all cases to be mem- 
 bers of the Board of Education, except that the Secretary of 
 the Board may be appointed as one of the visiters of each 
 school. 
 
 The Board appoints one Principal Instructor for each school, 
 who is responsible for its government and instruction, subject 
 to the rules of the Board, and the supervision of the visiters. 
 The visiters of the respective schools appoint the assistant in- 
 structors thereof. 
 
 243. To each Normal School an Experimental or Model 
 School is attached. This school is under the control of the 
 Principal of the Normal School. The pupils of the Normal 
 School assist in teaching it. Here, the knowledge which they 
 
132 
 
 acquire in the science of teaching is practically applied. The 
 art is made to grow out of the science, instead of being empiri- 
 cal. The Principal of the Normal School inspects the Model 
 School, more or less, daily. He observes the manner in which 
 his own pupils exemplify, in practice, the principles he has 
 taught them. Sometimes, all the pupils of the Normal School, 
 together with the Principal, visit the Model School in a body, 
 to observe the manner in which the teachers of the latter, for 
 the time being, conduct the recitations or exercises. Then, 
 returning to their own schoolroom, in company with the assist- 
 ant teachers themselves, who have been the objects of inspec- 
 tion, each one is called upon to deliver his views, whether com- 
 mendatory or otherwise, respecting the manner in which the 
 work has been performed. At this amicable exposition of 
 merits and defects, the Principal of the Normal School presides. 
 After all others have presented their views, he delivers his own ; 
 and thus his pupils, at the threshold of their practice, have an 
 opportunity to acquire confidence in a good course, of which 
 they might otherwise entertain doubts, and to rectify errors 
 which otherwise would fossilize into habit. 
 
 The salaries of the teachers of the State Normal Schools 
 are paid by the State. 
 
 244. An appropriation of seven thousand dollars a year, 
 (by a Resolve which will expire in April, 1852,) is made for 
 the support of the Normal Schools. Resolve, 1849, ch. 89. 
 
 teachers' institutes. 
 
 245. Teachers' Institutes are assemblies of teachers, of one 
 or of both sexes, for the purpose of being taught. In other 
 words, a Teachers' Institute is a school composed of teachers, 
 and of persons intending to become such, who assemble to 
 spend a longer or a shorter time together, for the purpose of 
 improvement in the art of teaching. The duration of the 
 meeting is not fixed. It is longer or shorter, according to the 
 ability and zeal of the members. It is not known that any 
 one has been held for a shorter period than one week. Some 
 have continued six weeks. As an instrumentality adapted to 
 the improvement of teachers at large, Institutes were first in- 
 
133 
 
 trodiiced in the state of New York. They are now held in 
 various states, — New York, Massachusetts, Maine, Connecticut, 
 Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Vermont, Ohio, Michigan, 
 Pennsylvania, and perhaps others. 
 
 246. Massachusetts was the first State to afford legislative 
 encouragement to Teachers' Institutes. The sum of twenty- 
 five hundred dollars a year is placed at the disposal of the 
 Board of Education, to defray certain expenses incident to this 
 class of meetings. St. 1846, ch. 99, <§> 3. 
 
 247. Whenever "reasonable assurance" is given to the 
 Board, that a number of teachers of Common Schools, not less 
 than fifty, shall desire to assemble for the purpose of forming 
 a Teachers' Institute, and to remain in session for such period 
 of time as the Board shall determine, then the Board, by a 
 committee, or by their Secretary, or, in case of his inability, 
 by such person or persons as they may delegate, are to appoint 
 a time and place for a meeting, make suitable arrangements 
 therefor, and give due notice thereof. St. 1846, ch. 99, <§> 1 ; 
 1848, ch. 10 ; 1849, ch. 62. 
 
 248. The Board, or their committee or appointee, must en- 
 gage teachers and lecturers for each Institute that may be 
 called ; provide rooms, fires, lights, attendance, and so forth ; but 
 for these purposes, they are not authorized to expend on any one 
 Institute a greater sum than two hundred dollars. By a regu- 
 lation of the Board, the personal expenses of the Secretary of 
 the Board, incurred in calling and attending the Institutes, may 
 be defrayed from said sum of two hundred dollars ; but no 
 extra allowance is made for his services. The personal ex- 
 penses of the members for travel, board, and so forth, are to be 
 defrayed by themselves. 
 
 249. The committee of the Board, its Secretary, or, in his 
 absence, the person appointed by them, or him, stands in the 
 same relation to the Institute in which a teacher stands to his 
 school. 
 
 250. The instruction at the Institutes is designed to be of 
 such a character as shall furnish a model for Common School 
 exercises, although the former will naturally partake more of 
 the oral method than the latter. Owing to the shortness of 
 
134 
 
 the time during which the Institutes are usually held, they can 
 do but little besides giving some practical skill, — some knowl- 
 edge of the art of teaching. For a mastery of principles, or 
 an indoctrination into the science of teaching, Normal Schools 
 must be the main and the only unfailing reliance, in any sys- 
 tem of Common Schools. 
 
 251. The evenings of the session are usually occupied by 
 debates, or by lecturers, who treat of any of the important 
 topics embraced in the vast range of Common School interests. 
 
 PENALTIES rOR DISTURBING SCHOOLS, FOR NOT PROVIDING, AND 
 FOR WITHHOLDING, THE MEANS OF EDUCATION. 
 
 252. Every person who shall wilfully interrupt or disturb 
 any school, or other assembly, met for a lawful purpose, within 
 the place of such meeting or out of it, shall be punished by 
 imprisonment in the county jail, not more than thirty days, or 
 by fine not exceeding fifty dollars. St. 1849, ch. 59. 
 
 253. In addition to the penalties to which any town, school 
 district, or school officer may be liable, at common law, for 
 malfeasance or nonfeasance in the performance of ofiicial duty, 
 it is expressly provided by statute, that if any town shall refuse 
 or neglect to raise money for the support of schools, as required 
 by law, such town shall forfeit a sum equal to twice the highest 
 sum which had ever before been voted for the support of 
 schools therein. Rev. St., ch. 23, <§. 60. 
 
 254. If any town shall refuse or neglect to choose a school 
 committee to superintend its schools, or to choose a prudential 
 committee for its several districts, when it is the duty of the 
 town to choose such prudential committee, such town shall 
 forfeit a sum not less than one hundred nor more than two 
 hundred dollars, which shall be paid into the treasury of the 
 county. One fourth of said sum shall be for the use of the 
 county ; the other three fourths shall be paid by the county 
 treasurer to the school committee of the town on which the 
 fine had been imposed ; or, if no such committee exists, then 
 to the selectmen of the town for the use of the schools 
 therein. lb. 
 
 255. Every such school committee or board of selectmen 
 
135 
 
 must forthwith receive, from the treasurer of the county, any 
 money so payable to them, and must apportion and appropriate 
 the same to the support of the schools of such town, in the 
 same manner as it should have been appropriated, if it had 
 been regularly raised by the town for that purpose. lb. §61. 
 
 256. Children in Manufacturing Establishments. No 
 child under the age of fifteen years shall be employed in any 
 manufacturing establishment, unless such child shall have at- 
 tended some public or private day school, — where instruction 
 is given by a teacher qualified according to law to teach 
 orthography, reading, writing, English grammar, geography, 
 arithmetic, and good behavior, — at least one term of eleven 
 weeks of the twelve months next preceding the time of such 
 employment, and for the same period during any and every 
 twelve months in which such child shall be so employed. St. 
 1836, ch. 245, <§, 1 ; 1849, ch. 220, <§, 1. 
 
 257. The above prohibition does not apply to any child who 
 shall have removed into this Commonwealth from any other 
 state or country, until such child shall have resided six months 
 within this Commonwealth. 1849, ch. 220, ■§> 1. 
 
 258. The owner, agent, or superintendent of any manufactur- 
 ing establishment, who shall employ any child in such estab- 
 lishment contrary to the above provision, shall forfeit a sum not 
 exceeding fifty dollars for each offence, to be recovered by in- 
 dictment, to the use of Common Schools in the town where 
 such establishment may be situated. St. 1836, ch. 245, <§> 2 ; 
 St. 1842, ch. 60, Ǥ. 2 ; 1849, ch. 220, <^ 3. 
 
 259. If any owner, agent, or superintendent of a manufac- 
 turing establishment, before employing any child under the age 
 of fifteen years, shall obtain and preserve a certificate, signed 
 by the instructor of the school where such child did attend, at 
 least one term of eleven weeks of the twelve months next pre- 
 ceding the time of such employment, declaring that said child 
 has received the instruction required by law, and if the truth 
 of the certificate shall be sworn to by the instructor before 
 some justice of the peace for the county where the instructor 
 resides, and, upon the certificate, shall also be certified the fact 
 of the administration of an oath or afiirmation by said justice, 
 
136 
 
 then the person otherwise liable to said penalty shall be ex- 
 empted therefrom. St. 1838, ch. 107 ; 1849, eh. 220, <^<§> 1, 3. 
 
 260. It is the special duty of the school committees in the 
 several towns and cities of the Commonwealth to prosecute 
 the owners, agents, or superintendents of manufacturing estab- 
 lishments, for employing children under fifteen years of age, 
 who have not received the instruction above described. St. 
 1842, ch. 60, <§> 1. 
 
 261. No child under the age of twelve years can be law- 
 fully employed to labor, in any manufacturing establishment, 
 more than ten hours in any one day. St. 1842, ch. 60, <§> 3. 
 
 262. The owner, agent, or superintendent of any manufac- 
 turing establishment, who shall knowingly employ any child, 
 under the age of twelve years, more than ten hours in any one 
 day, shall forfeit the sum of fifty dollars for each offence, to be 
 recovered in any court competent to try the same, to the use 
 of the person prosecuting. St. 1842, ch. 60, <§> 4. 
 
 263. Any child, unlawfully excluded from public school in- 
 struction in this Commonwealth, may recover damages there- 
 for, in an action on the case, to be brought in the name of said 
 child by his guardian or next friend, in any court of competent 
 jurisdiction to try the same, against the city or town by which 
 the public school instruction is supported. St. 1845, ch. 214. 
 This act was passed in order to secure to all colored children 
 equal privileges with the whites, in all our schools. 
 
 AIDS AND ENCOURAGEMENTS TOWARDS UNIVERSAL EDUCATION. 
 
 264. It is the duty of all resident ministers of the gospel, of 
 the selectmen and the school committees, in the several towns 
 and cities of the State, to exert their influence and use their 
 best endeavors, that the youth of their towns or cities shall 
 regularly attend the schools established for their instruction. 
 Rev. St., ch. 23, <5> 8 ; ch. 2, <§. 6, art. 17. 
 
 265. All property belonging to Common School districts, the 
 income of which is appropriated to the purposes of education, 
 is exempt from taxation. St. 1843, ch. 85. 
 
 266. Massachusetts School Fund. In the year 1834, it 
 was enacted that from and after the first day of January theii 
 
137 
 
 next, all moneys in the treasury derived from the sale of lands 
 in the state of Maine, and from the claim of the State on the 
 government of the United States for military services, and not 
 otherwise appropriated, together with fifty per cent, of all 
 moneys thereafter to be received from the sale of lands in the 
 state of Maine, should be appropriated to constitute a perma- 
 nent fund for the aid and encouragement of Common Schools • 
 provided, that said fund shall never exceed one million of dol- 
 lars. St. 1834, ch. 169, ^ 1. Rev. St., ch. 11, <§, 13. St. 1844, 
 ch. 6, <§> 1. 
 
 267. The investment of all moneys appropriated to the 
 school fund is to be made by the treasurer of the Common- 
 wealth, with the approbation of the Governor and Council. 
 Rev. St., ch. 11, -^ 14. 
 
 268. When the lands are sold, notes are usually, if not al- 
 ways, taken. The usage and practice under the act have al- 
 ways been, to add the interest accruing on the notes to the 
 principal. When the notes are paid, the moneys received are 
 invested, and then become a part of the funded capital. It is 
 the income of the funded capital only which is distributed 
 among the towns. 
 
 269. The Massachusetts School Fund, therefore, consists of 
 two parts. 1. " Notes for la?ids,^^ the interest of which is 
 added to the principal of the fund, until the notes are paid. 2. 
 " The funded capital,'^ — that is, stocks, notes of banks, cash 
 deposited and bearing interest, &c., — the interest of which is 
 annually distributed. The whole amount of the fund, on the 
 first of June, 1849, was $868,452 60. The amount of in- 
 come which was apportioned to cities and towns, on the same 
 day, (besides f340 given to certain tribes of Indians,) was 
 $33,763 20. A part of the fund bears an interest of six per 
 cent. ; no part of it bears a less interest than five per cent. 
 
 270. All sums of money drawn from the treasury, by virtue 
 of appropriations made for educational purposes, are a charge 
 upon the moiety of the proceeds of the sales of the public 
 lands now set apart for the purpose of constituting a "" school 
 fund ;" and all payments made on account of such appropria- 
 tions are to be deducted from the amount received into the 
 
 18 
 
138 
 
 treasury from the moiety of the sales of the public lands, be- 
 fore such moiety shall be credited to the school fund. If the 
 sum received on account of said moiety should not be suffi- 
 cient to pay the sum drawn, on account of any appropriation 
 for educational purposes, such draft must then be paid from the 
 " school fund" already invested. St. 1846, ch. 219, <§. 2. 
 
 271. The income of the funded capital, to the first day of 
 June, in each year, (excepting the sum of two hundred and 
 forty dollars appropriated to the Indians, as hereafter men- 
 tioned,) is apportioned by the secretary and treasurer of the 
 Commonwealth, and is payable by the treasurer, on the tenth 
 day of July, to the treasurers of the several cities and towns 
 for the use of the Common Schools therein, according to the 
 number of persons in said cities and towns between the ages 
 of 5 and 15 years, provided certain conditions have been com- 
 plied with by said cities and towns. St. 1846, ch. 223, <§. 5 ; 
 1849, ch. 117; 1840, ch. 7, § I] 1839, ch. 56, <^ 3. Rev. 
 St., ch. 23, ^ 67. See ante, 269. 
 
 272. The conditions, whose performance entitles a city or 
 town to a distributive share of the income of the fund, are the 
 following : — 
 
 1st. It must have raised by taxation, upon the polls and es- 
 tates therein, for the payment of the wages and board of teach- 
 ers, and for fuel for the schools, a sum equal at least to one 
 dollar and fifty cents for each person, between the ages of 5 
 and 15 years, belonging to said city or town on the first day of 
 May. St. 1846, ch. 223, <§. 5 ; 1849, ch. 117, ^ 3. 
 
 273. 2d. It must have ascertained, through the agency of 
 the school committee, as soon as practicable after the first day 
 of May, and by their actual examination, or in such other way 
 as they may direct, the number of persons belonging to said 
 city or town, on said first day of May, between the ages of 5 
 and 15 years, and the said number must be certified by the 
 oath of the committee. The committee must also certify under 
 oath the amount of money which the town has raised by tax- 
 ation, for the payment of the wages and board of the teachers, 
 and for fuel for the schools. St. 1846, ch. 223, ^ 2. The cer- 
 tificates of the committee must be signed and sworn to by a 
 
139 
 
 majority of the committee, with an exception previously men- 
 tioned. See ante, 208, and St. 1849, ch. 144. 
 
 274. 3d. It must, by its school committee, have answered 
 all the inquiries and filled all the blanks contained in the 
 Blank JForm of Inquiries prepared by the Board of Education, 
 and transmitted by its Secretary. St. 1846, ch. 223, <§. 3. 
 
 275. 4th. The school committee of said town or city must 
 have made a detailed report of the condition of the several 
 Public Schools within their jurisdiction, which report must 
 contain such statements and suggestions, in relation to said 
 schools, as the committees may deem necessary or proper in 
 order to promote the interests thereof. This report must be 
 read in open town meeting, at one of the annual meetings of 
 the town, or, at the discretion of the committee, be printed for 
 the use of the inhabitants of the town. The original report 
 must be deposited in the office of the town clerk, and a certi- 
 fied copy of it be transmitted by the committee to the Secre- 
 tary of the Commonwealth, on or before the last day of April, 
 lb. ^ 4. 
 
 Indians. Within the limits of Massachusetts there are a 
 few small tribes or communities of Indians. According to an 
 actual enumeration of them, made by commissioners, in 1848, 
 their whole number, including all people of color connected 
 with them, amounted to 847. See Report of F. W. Bird, 
 Whiting Griswold, and Cyrns Weeks. Honse Document for 
 1849, No. 46. 
 
 276. That there may not be a child in the State destitute 
 of the means of education, the Commonwealth annually appro- 
 ates the following sums for the support of Common Schools 
 among these Indians, namely : — 
 
 For the Marshpee Indians, one hundred dollars. Rev. St., 
 ch. 23, <§, 68. 
 
 For the Gay Head Indians, sixty dollars. St. 1838, ch. 154. 
 
 For the Christiantown and Chappequiddick Indians, sixty 
 dollars. lb. 
 
 For the Herring Pond Indians, twenty dollars. lb. 
 
 These sums are to be paid over on the first of January, an- 
 nually. Rev. St., ch. 23, <^ 68. St. 1838, ch. 154. 
 
140 
 
 An annual account of the appropriation of these moneys is 
 to be rendered to the Governor and Council. 
 
 277. In addition to the above, the sum of twenty-five hun- 
 dred dollars was reserved from the Surplus Revenue, and has 
 been loaned by the treasurer of the Commonwealth, the in- 
 come of which is distributed as follows, namely : — 
 
 To the Marshpee Indians, the income of one thousand dol- 
 lars. St. 1837, ch. 85, <§, 7. 
 
 To the Christiantown and Chappequiddick Indians, the in- 
 come of six hundred dollars. lb. 
 
 To the Gay Head Indians, the income of six hundred dol- 
 lars, lb. 
 
 To the Herring Pond Indians, the income of three hundred 
 dollars. lb. All of said sums are to be paid over in the month 
 of March, annually, and to be appropriated to the purposes of 
 Common School education among said Indians. lb. 
 
 278. American Institute of Instruction. This society 
 was formed in the year 1830. It held its first meeting in the 
 hall of the House of Representatives, in Boston, on the 19th 
 day of August of the same year. At this meeting, eleven states 
 were represented. A constitution was adopted, which declares 
 that the object of the society shall be " the diffusion of useful 
 knowledge in regard to education." Discussions were held 
 and twelve lectures delivered. In 1831, the society was in- 
 corporated under the name of " The American Institute of 
 Instruction." St. 1831, ch. 67. It has since held annual meet- 
 ings, and has published nineteen volumes of lectures delivered 
 before it. The twentieth volume is now in press. 
 
 279. To enable the society to publish its lectures, and oth- 
 erwise to promote the object of its formation, the Legislature 
 of Massachusetts, since the year 1835, has granted it an annu- 
 ity of three hundred dollars. Res. 1835, March 14; 1840, 
 March 23 ; 1845, ch. 112. 
 
 280. The Institute may justly be considered as the source 
 of all the improvements in education, which have since been 
 made in New England and the other Northern States ; and its 
 influence is slowly diffusing itself through the uncongenial re- 
 gions of the South. 
 
141 
 
 281. Massachusetts Teachers' Association, The sum of 
 one hundred and fifty dollars is to be paid annually, in the 
 month of August, to the president or treasurer of the Massa- 
 chusetts Teachers' Association, to be applied to the purposes of 
 said association. Resolve, 1849, ch. 75. 
 
 282. County Associations of Teachers. Whenever any 
 County Association of Teachers and others shall hold semi- 
 annual meetings of not less than two days each, for the express 
 purpose of promoting the interests of Common Schools, such 
 associations are entitled to receive fifty dollars a year from the 
 State. St. 1848, ch. 301, Ǥ> 1. 
 
 283. For obtaining said sum of fifty dollars, the president 
 and secretary of the association must certify under oath, to the 
 Governor, that two such semi-annual meetings have been held. 
 The Governor will then draw his warrant on the treasurer of the 
 Commonwealth. lb. <§> 2. 
 
 284. The Deaf and Dumb. The State of Massachusetts 
 makes an annual grant of eight thousand five hundred dollars 
 to defray the expenses of instruction, board, washing, lodging, 
 and stationery of all the indigent deaf and dumb persons, be- 
 longing to it, who are between the ages of 8 and 25 years. 
 These beneficiaries of the State are educated at the American 
 Asylum in Hartford, Connecticut. Res. Feb. 18, 1825, ch. 83 ; 
 March 24, 1843 ; 1847, ch. 94. 
 
 285. To encourage and assist those parents, who have suffi- 
 cient pecuniary ability to pay for the education of their chil- 
 dren, at Hartford, the State will, in the first instance, become 
 responsible to the asylum for all expenses of instruction, board, 
 (fcc, and will accept the obligation of the parents to make re- 
 imbursement. Res. Feb. 18, 1825, ch. 83. 
 
 286. The beneficiaries of the State are entitled, under the 
 above provisions, to remain at the institution at Hartford, for 
 the period of six years. Res. Feb. 18, 1825 ; March 24, 1843. 
 
 287. The Blind. The Perkins Institution and Massachusetts 
 Asylum for the Blind was opened in 1833. By virtue of the Re- 
 solves of the sixteenth and twenty-eighth of February, 1833, 
 and others of a subsequent date, the institution has received not 
 less than a hundred and twenty thousand dollars from the 
 
142 
 
 treasury of the State ; and yet no one doubts that it has saved 
 the community much more than this sum, by turning those, 
 who would otherwise have been dependents and burdens upon 
 their friends or upon society, into intelligent, industrious, and 
 useful citizens. All this, however, is nothing when compared 
 with the sufferings it has relieved and the happiness it has be- 
 stowed. 
 
 288. By the -Resolve of 1847, ch. 49, the sum of |9000 is 
 annually appropriated to the institution, during the pleasure of 
 the Legislature. The condition attached to this grant is, that 
 the institution shall receive, board, lodge, and educate forty in- 
 digent blind persons, belonging to the Commonwealth, if there 
 shall be so many applicants. In point of fact, the institution 
 has always received and educated all the indigent blind be- 
 longing to the State, who have brought themselves within the 
 general rules for admission adopted by its government. 
 
 289. By the Resolve of 1849, ch. 77, the sum of $5000 was 
 given to the institution for the purpose of erecting, on the land 
 of the institution, a suitable workshop for the employment of 
 adult blind poor persons ; on condition that the institution 
 should add thereto the like sum of $5000, and any further 
 sum that might be found necessary to complete the building. 
 This establishment is to be under the general superintendence 
 of the trustees of the Blind Institution. It will furnish em- 
 ployment and the means of a comfortable subsistence to the 
 adult blind poor. 
 
 290. Idiots. A sum, not exceeding twenty-five hundred 
 dollars a year, is appropriated for three years for the purpose 
 of testing the teachableness and improvability of idiots. Re- 
 solve, 1848, ch. 65. Under this Resolve, a school for idiots 
 has been opened in the Blind Institution, at South Boston. 
 The effects already produced upon the members of the school 
 furnish the most gratifying auguries of its ultimate success. 
 
 291. Prisoners in the State Prison, in Jails, and in 
 Houses of Correction. The county commissioners of the 
 several counties in the Commonwealth are authorized, at their 
 discretion, and at the expense of their respective counties, to 
 provide moral and religious instruction for the prisoners con- 
 fined in their jails and houses of correction. St. 1848, ch. 29. 
 
143 
 
 292. The sum of one hundred dollars annually is appropri- 
 ated, from the funds of the State Prison, to be expended by the 
 warden, under the direction of the inspectors of the prison, for 
 the increase, preservation, and care of the library of said prison. 
 Res. 1847, ch. 16. 
 
 293. The warden and inspectors of the State Prison, the 
 county commissioners of each county, the mayor and alder- 
 men of the city of Boston, with the sheriffs of each county 
 respectively, are authorized to furnish, at the expense of said 
 counties, suitable instruction in reading and writing, for one 
 hour each evening, (Sundays excepted,) to all such prisoners 
 as may be benefited by said instruction, and are desirous to 
 receive the same. St. 1848, ch. 324, '§> 3. 
 
 294. Lyceums, &c. Any twenty or more persons, in any 
 county or town in the State, may associate together for the 
 purpose of mutual improvement and the promotion of common 
 education, and may become a corporation by any name they 
 may choose to adopt. Rev. St., ch. 41, <§> 7. St. 1846, ch. 94, 
 <§> 1. Such corporation may hold real and personal estate to 
 any amount not exceeding twenty thousand dollars. St. 1846, 
 ch. 94, -^ 2. 
 
 295. State Reform School. The State Reform School 
 is located at Westborough, in the county of Worcester. It is 
 about twelve miles distant from the city of Worcester, and two 
 and a half from the Boston and Worcester Railroad. This 
 school was established by the State, by the act of 1847, ch. 
 165. It was opened for the admission of members, November 
 1, 1848. The buildings afford accommodation for 300 boys, 
 besides all necessary apartments for superintendent, teachers, 
 and attendants. A farm of about 225 acres belongs to the es- 
 tablishment. The grants made by the State for the erection 
 of buildings, and other objects connected with the institution, 
 amount to ^115,000. Besides this, an individual, who con- 
 cealed his person, and showed only his bountiful hand, gave 
 $22,500 for the school.* 
 
 296. The object of the school is declared to be, ^'■for the in- 
 
 * Since ascertained to be the Honorable Theodore Lyman, who died July 17, 1849. 
 
144 
 
 siruction, employment, and reformation of juvenile offenders." 
 The government is vested in a board of seven trustees, to be 
 appointed and commissioned by the Governor, by and with the 
 advice and consent of the Council. St. 1847, ch. 165, <§. 1. 
 
 Two trustees are to be appointed and commissioned annu- 
 ally ; and, for this purpose, the places of the two senior mem- 
 bers, as they stand arranged in their commission, are to be an- 
 nually vacated. The actual expenses of the trustees are to be 
 refunded to them. No trustee receives any compensation for 
 his services. lb. <§> 14. 
 
 297. The trustees of the school, for the time being, are a 
 corporation for the purpose of taking and holding, to them- 
 selves and their successors, in trust for the Commonwealth, 
 any grant or devise of lands, and any donation or bequest of 
 money, made for the use of the institution, and for the purpose 
 of preserving and investing the proceeds of any such grant, de- 
 vise, donation, or bequest, in notes, bonds, or other securities. 
 St. 1848, ch. 305, ^ 1. 
 
 298. The trustees have charge of the general interests of the 
 institution ; they appoint its officers, and have full visitatorial 
 powers. St. 1847, ch. 165, ^ 2. 
 
 299. Whenever any boy, under the age of sixteen years, 
 shall be convicted of any offence known to the laws of the 
 Commonwealth, and punishable by imprisonment, other than 
 such as may he punished hy imprisonment for life, the court 
 or justice, before whom such conviction shall be had, may, at 
 their discretion, sentence such boy to the State Reform School, 
 or to such punishment as i^ now provided by law for the same 
 offence. If the sentence shall be to the school, then it shall be 
 in the alternative, to the State Reform School, or to such pun- 
 ishment as would have been awarded, without this act. lb. <§. 4. 
 
 300. Any boy, convicted and sent to the school, may be 
 there kept, disciplined, instructed, employed, and governed un- 
 til he shall be either reformed or discharged ; or he may be 
 bound out by the trustees ; or, if adjudged by them to be in- 
 corrigible, or an unfit subject for the school, he may be re- 
 manded to prison under the sentence of the court. lb. •§.<§> 5, 6. 
 
 301. No commitment of any boy can be for a longer term 
 
145 
 
 than for his minority, nor for a shorter term than one year. 
 Boys, however, whom the trustees adjudge to be reformed, 
 may be discharged at any time. Whenever any boy is dis- 
 charged, as reformed, or by the expiration of his term, or as 
 having arrived at the age of twenty-one, such discharge is a 
 full and complete release from all penalties and disabilities, 
 created by the sentence. lb. <§> 7. 
 
 302. The trustees may bind out the boys, as apprentices or 
 servants. When any boy is so bound, all the parties to the 
 indentures come within the provisions of the eightieth chap- 
 ter of the Revised Statutes, ^'- Of Masters, Apprentices, and 
 Servants.'' lb. '§. 8. 
 
 303. The trustees are to cause the boys under their charge 
 to be instructed in piety and morality, and in such branches of 
 useful knowledge as shall be adapted to their age and capacity. 
 The boys are also to be instructed in some regular course of 
 labor, either mechanical, manufacturing, agricultural, or horti- 
 cultural, or a combination of them, as shall be best suited to 
 their age and strength, disposition and capacitor ; or in any 
 such other arts and trades, as may seem to the trustees best 
 adapted to secure the reformation, amendment, and future ben- 
 efit of the boys. In binding them out, the trustees must have 
 scrupulous regard to the religious and moral character of those 
 to whom they are bound, to the end that they may secure to 
 the boys the benefit of a good example and wholesome instruc- 
 tion, and the sure means of improvement in virtue and knowl- 
 edge, and thus the opportunity of becoming intelligent, moral, 
 useful, and happy citizens of this Commonwealth. lb. >§> 9. 
 
 304. The superintendent, together with such subordinate 
 officers as the trustees may appoint, are to have the immediate 
 charge and custody of the boys. The superintendent must be 
 a constant resident at the institution, and must discipline, gov- 
 ern, instruct, and employ, and use his best endeavors to reform 
 the inmates, in such a manner, as, while preserving their 
 health, will secure the formation, as far as possible, of moral, 
 religious, and industrious habits, and regular, thorough progress 
 and improvement in their studies, trades, and various employ- 
 ments, lb. *§> 10. 
 
 19 
 
146 
 
 305. The superintendent must keep a register, containing 
 the name and age of each boy, and the circumstances con- 
 nected with his early history ; and he is also to add such facts 
 as may come to his knowledge relating to the subsequent his- 
 tory of each boy, while at the institution, and after he shall 
 have left it. lb. <§> 11. 
 
 306. One or more of the trustees must visit the school once 
 in every two weeks, for the examination of the boys in the 
 schoolroom and workshop. Once in every three months, the 
 school, in all its departments, is to be thoroughly examined by 
 a majority of the board, and a report made. Annually, in De- 
 cember, an abstract of the quarterly reports is to be prepared, 
 which, together with a full report by the superintendent, is to 
 foe laid before the Governor and Council, for the information of 
 the Legislature. lb. <§. 15. 
 
 For other information respecting the management of the 
 farm, the pecuniary responsibility of certain officers, &c. &c., 
 see the statute itself, 1847, ch. 165. 
 
 307. International Literary and Scientific Exchanges. 
 By a standing Resolve, the sum of three hundred dollars is ap- 
 propriated annually to promote the system of international lit- 
 erary and scientific exchanges, introduced by M. Yattemare. 
 Res. 1849, ch. 115. See also Resolves of 1845, ch. 51, and of 
 1847, ch. 41. 
 
 provision for answering the requests of other states 
 and foreign countries. 
 
 308. The constitution of Massachusetts, after having de- 
 clared the obvious truths, that the encouragement of arts and 
 sciences and all good literature tends to the honor of GOD, the 
 advantage of the Christian religion, and the benefit of the 
 State, proceeds to recognize and to act upon the principles of 
 a wise and broad philanthropy, by superadding, that it tends 
 also to the benefit of " the other United States of America^ 
 Ch. 5, sec. 1, art. 1. 
 
 309. In pursuance of this noble and beneficent sentiment, 
 the Legislature, by a standing provision, has instructed the 
 Secretary of the Commonwealth, under the direction of the 
 
U7 
 
 Governor, to obtain and forward, at the public expense, books 
 and other documents containing information respecting the lit- 
 erary, charitable, and other institutions of this Commonwealth, 
 as applications for the same are received, from time to time, 
 from the authorities of other states or of foreign countries. 
 Res. March 20, 1845, ch. 101. 
 
 I have now completed, as well as I have been able, the pro- 
 posed account of our laws and decisions on the subject of 
 Public Instruction. The recital of this provision for sending 
 abroad, to other states and foreign countries, gratuitous infor- 
 mation respecting our education and our charities, brings the 
 work I had undertaken to an appropriate close. It is the top- 
 most spire of light shooting its beams high up and afar oif, 
 from the Pharos of our educational and charitable institutions, 
 for the enlightening of mankind ; — at once illuminating the 
 earth and pointing to heaven. 
 
 Massachusetts is parental in her government. More and 
 more, as year after year rolls by, she seeks to substitute pre- 
 vention for remedy, and rewards for penalties. She strives to 
 make industry the antidote to poverty, and to counterwork the 
 progress of vice and crime by the diffusion of knowledge and 
 the culture of virtuous principles. She seeks not only to miti- 
 gate those great physical and mental calamities of which man- 
 kind are the sad inheritors, but also to avert those infinitely 
 greater moral calamities which form the disastrous heritage of 
 depraved passions. Hence it has long been her policy to endow 
 or to aid asylums for the cure of disease. She succors and 
 maintains all the poor within her borders, whatever may have 
 been the land of their nativity. She founds and supports hos- 
 pitals for restoring reason to the insane ; and even for those 
 violators of the law whom she is obliged to sequestrate from 
 society, she provides daily instruction and the ministrations of 
 the gospel at the public charge. To those who, in the order 
 of nature and providence, have been bereft of the noble facul- 
 ties of hearing and of speech, she teaches a new language, and 
 opens their imprisoned minds and hearts to conversation with 
 
148 
 
 men and to communion with God ; and it hardly transcends the 
 literal truth to say, that she gives sight to the blind. For the 
 remnants of those aboriginal tribes who, for so many ages, 
 roamed over this land, without cultivating its soil or elevating 
 themselves in the scale of being, her annual bounty provides 
 good schools ; and when the equal, natural and constitutional 
 rights of the outcast children of Africa were thought to be in- 
 vaded, she armed her courts of judicature with power to pun- 
 ish the aggressors. The public highway is not more open and 
 free for every man in the community, than is the public school- 
 house for every child ; and each parent feels that a free edu- 
 cation is as secure a part of the birthright of his offspring, as 
 Heaven's bounties of light and air. The State not only com- 
 mands that the means of education shall be provided for all, 
 but she denounces penalties against all individuals, and all 
 towns and cities, however populous or powerful they may be, 
 that shall presume to stand between her bounty and its recipi- 
 ents. In her righteous code, the interception of knowledge is 
 a crime ; and if parents are unable to supply their children 
 with books, she becomes a parent and supplies them. 
 
 The policy of the State promotes not only secular but reli- 
 gious instruction ; yet in such a way, as leaves to every indi- 
 vidual the right of private judgment and the sacred freedom of 
 conscience. 
 
 Public sentiment exceeds and excels the law. Annually, 
 vast sums are given for eleemosynary and charitable purposes ; 
 — to promote the cause of temperance, to send the gospel to the 
 heathen, and to diffuse the doctrines of peace, which are the 
 doctrines of the Prince of Peace. 
 
 For public, free education alone, including the direct outlay 
 of money, and the interest on capital invested, Massachusetts 
 expends, annually, more than a million of dollars. To support 
 religious institutions for the worship of God and the salvation 
 of men, she annually expends more than another million ; and 
 what she gives away, in the various forms of charity, far ex- 
 ceeds a third sum of equal magnitude. She explores the world 
 for new objects of beneficence ; and so deep and common is the 
 feeling which expects and prompts all this, that she is grad- 
 ually changing and ennobling the definition of a cardinal word 
 
149 
 
 in the language of morals, — doing what no king or court with 
 all their authority, nor royal academy with all its sages and lit- 
 erary men, can do, — she is changing the meaning of Charity 
 into Duty. 
 
 For the support of the poor, nine tenths of whose cost origi- 
 nate with foreigners or come from one prolific vice, whose last 
 convulsive energies she is now struggling to subdue, she annu- 
 ally pays more than three hundred thousand dollars ; for the 
 support and improvement of public highways, she pays a much 
 larger sum ; and within the last dozen or fourteen years, she 
 has invested a capital in railroads, within and without the 
 State, of nearly or quite sixty millions of dollars. 
 
 Whence come her means to give, with each returning year, 
 more than a million of dollars to public education ; more than 
 another million to religion ; and more than a third to ameliorate 
 and succor the afflicted and the ignorant at home, and to bless, 
 in distant lands, those who sit in the region and shadow of 
 death ? How does she support her poor, maintain her public 
 ways, and contribute such vast sums for purposes of internal 
 improvement, besides maintaining her immense cornmercial 
 transactions with every zone in the world ? 
 
 Has she a vast domain ? Her whole territory would not 
 make a court-yard of respectable dimensions to stand in front 
 of many of the states and territories belonging to the Union. 
 
 Does she draw revenues from conquered provinces or sub- 
 jugated realms ? She conquers nothing, she subdues nothing, 
 save the great elemental forces of nature, which God gives 
 freely, whenever and wherever they are asked for in the lan- 
 guage of genius and science ; and in regard to which no profu- 
 sion or prodigality to one can diminish the bounty always 
 ready for others. 
 
 Does she live by the toil of a race of serfs and vassals whom 
 she holds in personal and hereditary bondage, — by one com- 
 prehensive and sovereign act of violence seizing upon both 
 body and soul at once, and superseding the thousand acts of 
 plunder which make up the life of a common robber ? Every 
 man who treads her sacred soil is free ; all are free alike ; and 
 within her borders, for any purpose connected with human 
 slavery, iron will not be welded into a fetter. 
 
150 
 
 Has she rich mines of the precious metals ? In all her cof- 
 fers, there is not a drachm of silver or of gold which has not 
 been obtained by the sweat of her brow or the vigor of her 
 brain. 
 
 Has she magazines of mineral wealth imbedded in the earth, 
 or are her soil and climate so spontaneously exuberant that she 
 reaps luxuriant harvests from uncultivated fields ? Alas ! the 
 orator has barbed his satire, by declaring her only natural pro- 
 ductions to be granite and ice ! 
 
 Whence, then, I again ask, comes her wealth ? — I do not 
 mean the gorgeous wealth which is displayed in the voluptuous 
 and too often enervating residences of the affluent, but that 
 golden mean of property, — such as Agur asked for in his per- 
 fect prayer, — which carries blessings in its train to thousands 
 of householders ; which spreads solid comfort and competence 
 through the dwellings of the land ; which furnishes the means 
 of instruction, of social pleasures and refinement, to the citi- 
 zens at large ; which saves from the cruel sufferings and the 
 more cruel temptations of penury. The families, scattered over 
 her hills and along her valleys, have not merely a shelter from 
 the inclemencies of the seasons, but the sanctuary of a home. 
 Not only food, but books, are spread upon their tables. Her 
 commonest houses have the means of hospitality ; they have 
 appliances for sickness, and resources laid up against accident 
 and the infirmities of age. Whether in her rural districts or 
 her populous towns, a wandering, native-born beggar is a prod- 
 igy, and the twelve millions of dollars deposited in her Savings' 
 Institutions do not more loudly proclaim the frugality and 
 providence of the past, than they foretell the competence and 
 enjoyments of the future. 
 
 One copious, exhaustless fountain supplies all this abundance. 
 It is Education, — the intellectual, moral, and religious education 
 of the people. Having no other mines to work, Massachusetts 
 has mined into the human intellect, and, from its limitless re- 
 sources, she has won more sustaining and enduring prosperity 
 and happiness than if she had been founded on a stratification 
 of silver and gold, reaching deeper down than geology has yet 
 penetrated. From her high religious convictions, she has 
 
151 
 
 learned that great lesson, — to set a value upon time. Regard- 
 ing the faculties as the gift of God, she has felt bound both to 
 use and to improve them. Mingling skill and intelligence with 
 the daily occupations of life, she has made labor honorable ; 
 and, as a necessary consequence, idleness is disgraceful. Knowl- 
 edge has been the ambition of her sons, and she has reverenced 
 and venerated the purity and chastity of her matrons and her 
 daughters. At the hearth-stone, at the family table, and at the 
 family altar, — on all those occasions where the structure of 
 the youthful character is huilded up, these sentiments of love 
 for knowledge and of reverence for maidenly virtue have been 
 huilded in ; and there they stand, so wrought and mingled with 
 the fibres of being, that none but God can tell which is nature 
 and which is education ; which we owe primarily to the grace 
 of Heaven, and which to the cooperating wisdom of the insti- 
 tutions of men. Verily, verily, not as we ought, have we 
 obeyed the laws of Jehovah, or imitated the divine example of 
 the Savior ; and yet, for such imperfect obedience and distant 
 imitation as we have rendered, God has showered down manna 
 from the heavens, and opened a rock whence flow living waters 
 to gladden every thirsty place. He who studies the present or 
 the historic character of Massachusetts will see, — and he who 
 studies it most profoundly will see most clearly, — that what- 
 ever of abundance, of intelligence, or of integrity, whatever 
 of character at home or of renown abroad she may possess, — 
 all has been evolved from the enlightened, and at least par- 
 tially Christianized mind, not of a few, but of the great masses 
 of her people. They are not the result of outward riches or 
 art brought around it, or laminated over it, but of an awakened 
 inward force, working energetically outwards, and fashioning 
 the most intractable circumstances to the dominion of its own 
 desires and resolves ; and this force has been awakened and its 
 imspent energies replenished, more than from all things else, by 
 her Common Schools. 
 
 When we witness the mighty achievements of art, — the 
 locomotive taking up its burden of a hundred tons, and trans- 
 porting it for hundreds of miles, between the rising and the 
 setting sun ; the steamboat cleaving its rapid way, triumphant 
 
152 
 
 over wind and tide ; the power-loom, yielding products of 
 greater richness and abundance, in a single day, than all the in- 
 habitants of Tyre could have manufactured in years ; the print- 
 ing-press, which could have replaced the Alexandrian library 
 within a week after it was burnt ; the lightning, not only do- 
 mesticated in the laboratories of the useful arts, but employed 
 as a messenger between distant cities ; and galleries of beauti- 
 ful paintings, quickened into life by the sunbeams ; — when 
 we see all these marvels of power and of celerity, we are prone 
 to conclude that it is to them we are indebted for the increase 
 of our wealth and for the progress of our society. But were 
 there any statistics to show the aggregate value of all the 
 thrifty and gainful habits of the people at large ; — the greater 
 productiveness of the educated than of the brutified laborer ; 
 the increased power of the intelligent hand and the broad sur- 
 vey and deep intuition of the intelligent eye ; — could we see a 
 leger account of the profits which come from forethought, 
 order, and system, as they preside over all our farms, in all our 
 workshops, and emphatically in all the labors of our house- 
 holds, — we should then know how rapidly their gathered units 
 swell into millions upon millions. The skill that strikes the 
 nail's head, instead of the finger's ends ; the care that mends a 
 fence and saves a cornfield, that drives a horseshoe nail and 
 secures both rider and horse, that extinguishes a light and saves 
 a house ; the prudence that cuts the coat according to the 
 cloth, that lays by something for a rainy day, and that post- 
 pones marriage until reasonably sure of a livelihood ; the fore- 
 thought that sees the end from the beginning, and reaches it 
 by the direct route of an hour instead of the circuitous grop- 
 ings of a day ; the exact remembrance impressed upon child- 
 hood to do the errand as it was bidden ; and, more than all, the 
 economy of virtue over vice ; of restrained over pampered de- 
 sires ; — these things are not set down in the works on Political 
 Economy ; but they have far more to do with the Wealth of 
 Nations than any laws which aim to regulate the balance of 
 trade, or any speculations on capital and labor, or any of the 
 great achievements of art. That vast variety of ways in 
 which an intelligent people surpass a stupid one, and an exem- 
 
153 
 
 plary people an immoral one, has infinitely more to do with 
 the well-being of a nation, than soil, or climate, or even than 
 government itself, excepting so far as government may prove 
 to be the patron of intelligence and virtue. 
 
 From her earliest colonial history, the policy of Massachu- 
 setts has been to develop the minds of all her people, and to 
 imbue them with the principles of duty. To do this work 
 most effectually, she has begun it with the young. If she 
 would continue to mount higher and higher towards the sum- 
 mit of prosperity, she must continue the means by which her 
 present elevation has been gained. In doing this, she will not 
 only exercise the noblest prerogative of government, but will 
 cooperate with the Almighty in one of his sublimest works. 
 
 The Greek rhetorician Longinus quotes from the Mosaic ac- 
 count of the creation what he calls the sublimest passage ever 
 uttered: "God said, 'Let there be light,' and there was light." 
 From the centre of black immensity effulgence burst forth. 
 Above, beneath, on every side, its radiance streamed out, silent, 
 yet making each spot in the vast concave brighter than the line 
 which the lightning pencils upon the midnight cloud. Dark- 
 ness fled, as the swift beams spread onward and outward, in an 
 unending circumfusion of splendor. Onward and outward, 
 still they move to this day, glorifying, through wider and wider 
 regions of space, the infinite Author from whose power and 
 beneficence they sprang. But not only in the beginning when 
 God created the heavens and the earth, did he say " Let there 
 be light." Whenever a human soul is born into the world, its 
 Creator stands over it, and again pronounces the same sublime 
 words, "Let there be light." 
 
 Magnificent, indeed, was the material creation, when, sud- 
 denly blazing forth in mid space, the new-born sun dispelled 
 the darkness of the ancient night. But infinitely more mag- 
 nificent is it, when the human soul rays forth its subtler and 
 swifter beams ; — when the light of the senses irradiates all out- 
 ward things, revealing the beauty of their colors and the ex- 
 quisite symmetry of their proportions and forms ; when the 
 light of reason penetrates to their invisible properties and laws, 
 and displays all those hidden relations that make up all the 
 20 
 
154 
 
 sciences ; when the light of conscience illumines the moral 
 world, separating truth from error, and virtue from vice. The 
 light of the newly-kindled sun, indeed, was glorious. It struck 
 upon all the planets, and waked into existence their myriad 
 capacities of life and joy. As it rebounded from them, and 
 showed their vast orbs all wheeling, circle beyond circle, in 
 their stupendous courses, the sons of God shouted for joy. 
 That hght sped onward, beyond Sirius, beyond the Pole-star, 
 beyond Orion and the Pleiades, and is still speeding onward 
 into the abysses of space. But the light of the human soul 
 flies swifter than the light of the sun, and outshines its merid- 
 ian blaze. It can embrace not only the sun of our system, but 
 all suns and galaxies of suns ; ay ! the soul is capable of know- 
 ing and of enjoying Him who created the suns themselves ; 
 and when these starry lustres that now glorify the firmament 
 shall wax dim, and fade away like a wasted taper, the light 
 of the soul shall still remain ; nor time, nor cloud, nor any 
 power but its own perversity, shall ever quench its brightness. 
 Again I would say, that whenever a human soul is born into 
 the world, God stands over it, and pronounces the same sublime 
 fiat, "Let there be light ;" and may the time soon come when 
 all human governments shall cooperate with the divine govern- 
 ment in carrying this benediction and baptism into fulfilment. 
 
155 
 
 LA.WS OF MASSACHUSETTS 
 
 ON THE SXJBJECT OF 
 
 PUBLIC INSTRUCTION; 
 
 CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS DECLARATION OF RIGHTS, ART. II. 
 
 " It is the right, as well as the duty, of all men in society, 
 publicly, and at stated seasons, to worship the Supreme Being, 
 the great Creator and Preserver of the universe. And no sub- 
 ject shall be hurt, molested, or restrained, in his person, liberty, 
 or estate, for worshipping GOD in the manner and season most 
 agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience ; or for his 
 religious professions or sentiments, provided he doth not dis- 
 turb the public peace, or obstruct others in their religious wor- 
 ship." 
 
 AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION OF MASSACHUSETTS, ART. XI. 
 
 "All religious sects and denominations, demeaning them- 
 selves peaceably and as good citizens of the Commonwealth, 
 shall be equally under the protection of the law ; and no sub- 
 ordination of any one sect or denomination to another shall 
 ever be established by law." 
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, AMENDMENTS, ART. I. 
 
 "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of 
 religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." 
 
 CHAPTER 169. 
 
 AN ACT TO ESTABLISH THE MASSACHUSETTS SCHOOL FUND. 
 
 Section 
 
 2. Investment of moneys. 
 
 3. Income only to be appropriated. 
 
 Section 
 
 1. Moneys derived from the sale of lands in 
 the state of Maine to be appropriated to 
 the encouragement of Common Schools. | 
 
 Sect. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Repre- 
 sentatives^ in General Court assembled, and by the authority of 
 the same, That, from and after the first day of January next, 
 all moneys in the treasury, derived from the sale of lands in 
 the state of Maine, and from the claim of the State on the 
 government of the United States for military services, and not 
 otherwise appropriated, together with fifty per centum of all 
 
156 
 
 moneys thereafter to be received from the sale of lands in 
 Maine, shall be appropriated to constitute a permanent fund for 
 the aid and encouragement of Common Schools : provided, that 
 said fund shall never exceed one million of dollars. 
 
 Sect. 2. Be it further enacted, That the investment of the 
 moneys hereby appropriated shall be made by the treasurer and 
 receiver general, with the approbation of the Governor and 
 Council first obtained. 
 
 Sect. 3. Be it /wither enacted, That the income only of 
 said fund shall be appropriated to the aid and encouragement 
 of Common Schools, and that a just and equal distribution 
 thereof shall be made to the city of Boston and the several 
 towns and districts in the Commonwealth, in such manner as 
 the Legislature shall hereafter appoint : provided, that there 
 never shall be paid to any city, town or district a greater sum 
 than is raised therein respectively for the support of Common 
 Schools. [March 31, 1834.] 
 
 REV. STAT.— CHAP. 11. 
 
 MONET RECEIVED OF THE UNITED STATES FOR MILITIA SERVICES. 
 
 Section Section 
 
 13. Proceeds of Maine lands and militia 14. Investment of school fund, 
 claim appropriated to school fund. 
 
 Sect. 13. All moneys and stocks in the treasury, on the 
 first day of January in the year one thousand eight hundred 
 and thirty-five, which shall have been derived from sales of the 
 Commonwealth's lands in the state of Maine, and from the 
 claim of the Commonwealth on the government of the United 
 States for military services, and which shall not be otherwise 
 appropriated, together with one half of the moneys thereafter 
 received from the sale of lands in Maine, shall constitute a 
 permanent fund, to be called the Massachusetts School Fund, 
 for the encouragement of Common Schools, according to the 
 provisions of the twenty-fourth chapter ; provided, that said 
 fund shall never exceed one million of dollars. 
 
 Sect. 14. The investment of all moneys, appropriated to 
 the said school fund, shall be made by the treasurer of the 
 Commonwealth, with the approbation of the Governor and 
 Council. 
 
 REV. STAT.— CHAP. 15. 
 
 Sect. 12. Towns shall have power, at any legal meeting, 
 to grant and vote such sums of money as they shall judge 
 necessary for the following [among many other] purposes, that 
 is to say : — For the support of town schools. [See also. Rev. 
 St., ch. 23, ^ 9.] 
 
157 
 
 REV. STAT.— CHAP. 23. 
 
 OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
 
 Section 
 
 of the public schools. 
 
 1. What schools shall be provided by 
 
 towns of 50 families. 
 
 2. " " 100 " 
 
 3. " " 150 " 
 
 4. " " 500 " 
 
 5. Additional school in towns of 500 fam- 
 ilies ; — in towns of 4000 inhabitants. 
 
 6. Towns of less than 500 families, au- 
 thorized to maintain school, &c. 
 
 7. Duty of instructors in colleges, &c. 
 S. " ministers and town officers. 
 9. Towns may raise money for schools. 
 
 10. School committee to be chosen annu- 
 ally. 
 
 11. Duty of school committee, where school 
 is kept for benefit of all the inhabitants. 
 
 12. School committees, additional members 
 
 of, in towns of more than 4000 
 inhabitants. 
 
 13. " to examine as to qualifications 
 
 of instructors. 
 
 14. Instructors, not to be paid unless the 
 committee certify, &c. 
 
 15. Committee, to decide on admission of 
 
 scholars into schools kept 
 for the whole town. 
 
 16. " to visit all the district 
 
 schools. 
 
 17. Authority of committee as to school 
 books. 
 
 18. Scholars to be supplied by their par- 
 ents, &c., with the books prescribed. 
 
 19. Books may be provided by school com- 
 
 mittee. 
 
 20. " when to be furnished to scholars 
 at expense of the town. 
 
 21. Expense of books so supplied, to be 
 taxed to parents, &c. 
 
 22. If parents, &c., are unable to pay, 
 such tax for books may be wholly or 
 partially omitted. 
 
 23. Books not to be bought, which favor 
 any particular sect of Christians. 
 
 SCHOOL DISTRICTS. 
 
 24. School districts, formation of in each 
 town. 
 
 25. Pnidential committee in each district. 
 
 26. " " may be chosen 
 
 by the districts. 
 
 27. Clerk shall be chosen and sworn, who 
 shall keep records, itc. 
 
 28. Districts may raise money for the erec- 
 tion of houses and other purposes — may 
 fix the site of schoolhouses. 
 
 29. Clerk liable only for want of integrity; 
 district for illegality in assessing taxes. 
 
 30. Selectmen, to determine the places for 
 schoolhoases, in case, &c. 
 
 31. If prudential committee is not chosen, 
 town committee shall perform his duties. 
 
 32. Towns may provide schoolhouses, &c., 
 at common expense. 
 
 33. Where personal and real estate may be 
 taxed. 
 
 34. Property in manufacturing corpora- 
 tions, where taxed. 
 
 Section 
 
 35. Non-resident's estate, where taxed. 
 
 36. All lands of any non-resident, to be 
 taxed in one district. 
 
 37. School taxes assessed in same manner 
 as town taxes. 
 
 38. Assessors, to issue warrants to collect- 
 ors. 
 
 39. Money raised, to be at the disposal of 
 committees. 
 
 40. Collectors, to have same power as in 
 case of town taxes. 
 
 41. Treasurers, to have like powers, as in 
 case of town taxes. 
 
 42. Assessors, &c., to have same compen- 
 sation as in case of town taxes. 
 
 43. Assessors may abate, as in town taxes. 
 
 44. If inhabitants of district refuse to raise 
 money, the town may order it. 
 
 45. If districts neglect to establish schools, 
 town committee may do it. 
 
 46. Selectmen or prudential committee may 
 issue warrants for district meetings. 
 
 47. Manner of warning meetings. 
 
 48. The districts may direct the mode of 
 calling meetings. 
 
 CONTIGUOUS SCHOOL DISTRICTS IN AD- 
 JOINING TOWNS. 
 
 49. Contiguous districts, of adjoining towns, 
 may unite themselves into one. 
 
 50. No such union to be formed without 
 consent of the districts and towns. 
 
 .51. United districts may be again separated. 
 
 52. First and other meetings of united dis- 
 tricts, how called. 
 
 53. Prudential committee to be chosen. 
 64. Moneys raised, to be in proportion, &c. 
 
 55. Moneys to be assessed by assessors of 
 respective towns. 
 
 56. School committees of adjoining towns, 
 to officiate alternately, &c. 
 
 GENERAL PROVISIONS. 
 
 57. School districts, to be corporations for 
 certain purposes. 
 
 68. Same subject. 
 
 59. Provisions of this chapter not to affect 
 funds, &c., of corporations for support- 
 ing schools. 
 
 60. Forfeiture, if towns neglect to raise 
 money for schools 5 and now appropri- 
 ated. 
 
 61. School committee, &c., to receive and 
 appropriate sums forfeited. 
 
 SCHOOL RETURNS. 
 
 62. School committees, to make returns to 
 the Secretary. 
 
 63. Returns respecting the school districts. 
 
 64. Returns respecting all the schools of a 
 town. 
 
 65. Secretary, to furnish towns with blank 
 forms of returns. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF THE SCHOOL FUND. 
 
 66. No allowance of school fund to towns 
 neglecting to make returns, or to raise 
 a sum of money equal, &c. 
 
 67. Manner of apportioning school fund 
 among towns. 
 
 68. Allowance to the Marshpee Indifins. 
 
158 
 
 Section 
 
 regulations in furtherance of the 
 discipline of colleges. 
 69. Innholders, &c., not to g-ive credit to 
 under graduates, except, &.C. 
 
 Section 
 
 70. Licenses not to be granted to persons 
 violating, &c. 
 
 71. Penalty for giving such credit. 
 
 or THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 
 
 Sect. 1. In every town containing fifty families, [since ex- 
 tended to all towns, however few the population. St. 1839, 
 ch. 56, >§> 1,] or householders, there shall be kept in each year, 
 at the charge of the town, by a teacher or teachers of compe- 
 tent ability and good morals, one school for the instruction of 
 children in orthography, reading, writing, English grammar, 
 geography, arithmetic, and good behavior, for the term of six 
 months, or two or more such schools, for terms of time, that 
 shall together be equivalent to six months. 
 
 Sect. 2. In every town, containing one hundred families or 
 householders, there shall be kept in each year one such school, 
 for the term of twelve months, or two or more such schools, 
 for terms of time, that shall together be equivalent to twelve 
 months. 
 
 Sect. 3. In every town, containing one hundred and fifty 
 families or householders, there shall be kept in each year two 
 such schools, for nine months each, or three or more such 
 schools, for terms of time, that shall together be equivalent to 
 eighteen months. 
 
 Sect. 4. In every town, containing five hundred families 
 or householders, there shall be kept in each year two such 
 schools for twelve months each, or three or more such schools, 
 for terms of time, that shall together be equivalent to twenty- 
 four months. 
 
 Sect. 5. Every town, containing five hundred families or 
 householders, shall, besides the schools prescribed in the pre- 
 ceding section, maintain a school, to be kept by a master of 
 competent ability and good morals, who shall, in addition to 
 the iDranches of learning before mentioned, give instruction in 
 the history of the United States, book-keeping, surveying, ge- 
 ometry, and algebra ; and such last mentioned school shall be 
 kept for the benefit of all the inhabitants of the town, ten 
 months at least, exclusive of vacations, in each year, and at 
 such convenient place, or alternately at such places in the 
 town, as the said inhabitants at their annual meeting shall de- 
 termine ; and, in every town, containing four thousand inhab- 
 itants, the said master shall, in addition to all the branches of 
 instruction, before required in this chapter, be competent to in- 
 struct in the Latin and Greek languages, and general history, 
 rhetoric, and logic. [This section modified by St. 1840, ch. 
 76. Modification repealed by St. 1848, ch. 283.] 
 
159 
 
 Sect. 6. Any town, containing less than five hundred fam- 
 ilies or householders, may establish and maintain such a school, 
 as is first mentioned in the preceding section, for such term 
 of time, in any year, or in each year, as they shall deem ex- 
 pedient. 
 
 Sect. 7. It shall be the duty of the president, professors, 
 and tutors of the university at Cambridge, and of the several 
 colleges, and of all preceptors and teachers of academies and all 
 other instructors of youth, to exert their best endeavors, to im- 
 press on the minds of children and youth, committed to their 
 care and instruction, the principles of piety, justice, and a sa- 
 cred regard to truth, love to their country, humanity and uni- 
 versal benevolence, sobriety, industry, and frugality, chastity, 
 moderation, and temperance, and those other virtues, which 
 are the ornament of human society, and the basis upon which 
 a republican constitution is founded ; and it shall be the duty 
 of such instructors to endeavor to lead their pupils, as their 
 ages and capacities will admit, into a clear understanding of 
 the tendency of the above-mentioned virtues to preserve and 
 perfect a republican constitution, and secure the blessings of 
 liberty, as well as to promote their future happiness, and also 
 to point out to them the evil tendency of the opposite vices. 
 
 Sect. 8. It shall be the duty of the resident ministers of 
 the gospel, the selectmen, and the school committees, in the 
 several towns, to exert their influence, and use their best en- 
 deavors, that the youth of their towns shall regularly attend 
 the schools established for their instruction. 
 
 Sect. 9. The several towns are authorized and directed, at 
 their annual meetings, or at any regular meeting called for the 
 purpose, to raise such sums of money, for the support of the 
 schools aforesaid, as they shall judge necessary ; which sums 
 shall be assessed and collected in like manner as other town 
 taxes. [See Rev. St., ch. 15, <§> 12.] 
 
 Sect. 10. The inhabitants of every town shall, at their an- 
 nual meeting, choose, by written ballots, a school committee, 
 consisting of three, five, or seven persons, who shall have the 
 general charge and superintendence of all the Public Schools in 
 such town. [As to the expiration of the committee's office, see 
 St. 1846, ch. 223, <^ 1.] 
 
 Sect. 11. In any town, containing five hundred families, 
 and in which a school shall be kept for the benefit of all the 
 inhabitants, as before provided in this chapter, the school com- 
 mittee, chosen under the preceding section, shall perform all 
 the like duties, in relation to such school, the house where it 
 shall be kept, and the supply of all things necessary therefor, 
 which the prudential committee of a school district may per- 
 form in such district. 
 
160 
 
 Sect. 12. Any town, containing more than four thousand 
 inhabitants, may choose an additional number, not exceeding 
 six, on such committee. 
 
 Sect. 13. The school committee shall require full and satis- 
 factory evidence of the good moral character of all instructors, 
 who may be employed in the Public Schools in their town, and 
 shall ascertain, by personal examination, their literary qualifi- 
 cations and capacity for the government of schools. 
 
 Sect. 14. Every instructor of a town or district school 
 shall obtain, of the school committee of such town, a certifi- 
 cate in duplicate of his qualifications, before he opens such 
 school, one of which shall be filed with the town treasurer, be- 
 fore any payment is made to such instructor on account of his 
 services. 
 
 Sect. 15. The school committee shall determine the num- 
 ber and qualifications of the scholars, to be admitted into the 
 school, kept for the use of the whole town as aforesaid, and 
 visit such school, at least quarter yearly, for the purpose of 
 making a careful examination thereof, and of ascertaining that 
 the scholars are properly supplied with books ; and they shall, 
 at such examination, inquire into the regulation and discipline 
 of the school, and the habits and proficiency of the scholars 
 therein. 
 
 Sect. 16. The school committee, or some one or more of 
 them, shall, for the purposes aforesaid, visit each of the district 
 schools in their town, on some day during the first or second 
 week after the opening of such schools, respectively, and also 
 on some day during the two weeks preceding the closing of 
 the same ; and shall also, for the same purposes, visit all the 
 schools kept by the town, once a month, without giving pre- 
 vious notice thereof to the instructors. 
 
 Sect. 17. The school committee of each town shall direct 
 what books shall be used in the several schools kept by the 
 town ; and may direct what books shall be used in the respec- 
 tive classes. 
 
 Sect. 18. The scholars at the town schools shall be sup- 
 plied by their parents, masters, or guardians, with the books 
 prescribed for their classes. 
 
 Sect. 19. The school committee of each town may procure, 
 at the expense of the town, or otherwise, a sufficient supply of 
 such class books, for all the schools aforesaid, and shall give 
 notice of the place, where such books may be obtained ; and 
 the books shall be supplied to the scholars, at such prices, as 
 merely to reimburse the expense of the same. 
 
 Sect. 20. In case any scholar shall not be furnished by his 
 parent, master, or guardian, with the requisite books, he shall 
 
161 
 
 be supplied therewith by the school committee, at the expense 
 of the town. 
 
 Sect. 21. The school committee shall give notice, in writ- 
 ing, to the assessors of the town, of the names of the scholars 
 so supplied by them with books, and of the books so furnished, 
 the prices thereof, and the names of the parents, masters, or 
 guardians, who ought to have supplied the same ; and said as- 
 sessors shall add the price of the books so supplied, to the next 
 annual tax of such parents, masters, or guardians ; and the 
 amount so added shall be levied, collected, and paid into the 
 town treasury, in the same manner as the town taxes. 
 
 Sect. 22. In case the assessors shall be of opinion, that any 
 such parent, master, or guardian, is unable to pay the whole 
 expense of the books so supplied on his account, they shall 
 omit to add the price of such books, or shall add only a part 
 thereof, to the annual tax of such parent, master, or guardian, 
 according to their opinion of his ability to pay. 
 
 Sect. 23. The school committee shall never direct to be 
 purchased or used, in any of the town schools, any school 
 books which are calculated to favor the tenets of any particu- 
 lar sect of Christians. 
 
 SCHOOL DISTRICTS. 
 
 Sect. 24. The inhabitants of every town may, at any town 
 meeting to be called for that purpose, divide their town into 
 school districts, and determine the limits of such districts, [this 
 power of towns limited in a certain case. St. 1849, ch. 206,] 
 or they may, if they think it expedient, carry into effect the 
 provisions of this chapter, without forming such districts. 
 
 Sect. 25. Every town, which is or may be divided into 
 school districts, shall, at their annual meeting, in addition to 
 the school committee for the town, choose one person, [or 
 three, in a certain class of cases. St. 1839, ch. 137,] resident 
 in each school district, to be a committee for that district, and 
 to be called the prudential committee ; who shall keep the 
 schoolhouse of such district in good order, at the expense of 
 the district ; and, in case there be no schoolhouse, provide a 
 suitable place for the school of the district, at the expense 
 thereof; provide fuel, and all things necessary for the comfort 
 of the scholars therein ; select and contract with a schoolmaster 
 for the district ; [if the town shall expressly so vote. St. 
 1838, ch. 105, § 2, J and give such information and assistance 
 to the school committee of the town, as may be necessary to 
 aid them in the discharge of the duties required of them. 
 
 Sect. 26. In any town, which shall so determine, the said 
 prudential committee may be chosen by the inhabitants of the 
 several school districts, to which they respectively belong, in 
 such manner as the district may direct. 
 21 
 
162 
 
 Sect. 27. The inhabitants of each school district, quahfied 
 to vote in town affairs, shall choose a clerk, who shall be sworn 
 to the faithful discharge of the duties of his office, by the mod- 
 erator, in open meeting, or by any justice of the peace, and 
 who shall make a fair record of all votes, passed at any meet- 
 ing of the district, and certify the same when required, and 
 who shall hold his office until another shall be chosen and 
 sworn in his stead. 
 
 Sect. 28. The said inhabitants may, at any meeting called 
 for that purpose, raise money for erecting or repairing school- 
 houses in their respective districts ; for purchasing or hiring 
 any buildings to be used as schoolhouses, and land for the use 
 and accommodation thereof; [see St. 1848, ch. 237,] for pur- 
 chasing fuel, furniture, and other necessary articles for the use 
 of schools ; they may also determine, in what part of their 
 respective districts such schoolhouses shall stand, and may 
 choose any committee to carry into effect the provisions afore- 
 said ; and they may also, by the prudential committee of the 
 district, select, contract with, and employ, an instructor for 
 each school in the district. 
 
 Sect. 29. The clerk of a school district shall be answerable 
 only for want of integrity on his own part ; and, if he shall 
 certify truly, to the assessors of the town, the votes of the dis- 
 trict for raising by a tax any sum of money, the district shall 
 be liable, in case of any illegality in the proceedings, which 
 may have been had, in relation to raising such money. 
 
 Sect. 30. If any school district cannot determine where to 
 place their schoolhouse, the selectmen of the town, to which 
 the district belongs, upon application made to them by the 
 committee appointed to build or procure the schoolhouse, or 
 by five or more of the legal voters of the district, shall deter- 
 mine where such schoolhouse shall be placed. 
 
 Sect. 31. In all cases, Avhere a prudential committee shall 
 not be chosen for any school district, the school committee of 
 the town shall perform all the duties of the prudential commit- 
 tee thereof. 
 
 Sect. 32. The inhabitants of every town may, if they shall 
 think it expedient, carry into effect the provisions of the twen- 
 ty-eighth section, at the common expense of the town, so far 
 as relates to providing schoolhouses for the several school dis- 
 tricts of the town ; and the town in such case may, at any le- 
 gal meeting, raise money and adopt all other proper measures 
 for this purpose. 
 
 Sect. 33. In raising and assessing money in the several 
 school districts, every inhabitant of the district shall be taxed, 
 in the district in which he lives, for all his personal estate, and 
 for all the real estate which he holds in the town, being under 
 
163 
 
 his own actual improvement ; and all other of his real estate, 
 in the same town, shall be taxed in the district in which it lies. 
 [See St. 1839, ch. 139, ^ 1.] 
 
 Sect. 34. In the assessment of all taxes, pursuant to the 
 preceding section, all real estate and machinery, belonging to 
 manufacturing corporations, shall be taxed in the school dis- 
 tricts where the same are situated ; and in assessing the shares 
 in such corporation, for the like purposes, the value of said ma- 
 chinery and real estate shall be first deducted from the value of 
 such shares. [See St. 1839, ch. 139, § 1.] 
 
 Sect. 35. Whenever the real estate of a non-resident owner 
 shall be taxed to such owner, it may be taxed in such district 
 as the assessors of the town shall determine ; and the said as- 
 sessors, before they assess a tax for any district, shall determine 
 in which district the lands of any such non-resident shall be 
 taxed, and certify, in writing, their determination to the clerk 
 of the town, who shall record the same; and such land, while 
 owned by any person resident without the limits of the town, 
 shall be taxed in such district accordingly, until the town shall 
 be districted anew. [See St. 1849, ch. 206.] 
 
 Sect. 36. All the lands, within any town, owned by the 
 same person, not living therein, shall be taxed in the same 
 district. 
 
 Sect. 37. The assessors of the town shall assess, in the 
 same manner as town taxes are assessed, on the polls and es- 
 tates of the inhabitants of each school district, and on all lands 
 liable to be taxed therein, as aforesaid, all moneys voted to be 
 raised by the inhabitants of such districts, for the purposes 
 aforesaid ; and such assessment shall be made within thirty 
 days after the clerk of the district shall certify to said assessors 
 the sum voted by the district to be raised. 
 
 Sect. 38. The said assessors shall make a warrant, substan- 
 tially in the form heretofore used, except that a seal shall not 
 be required thereto, directed to one of the collectors of the 
 town, to which such district belongs, requiring him to collect 
 the tax so assessed, and to pay the same to the treasurer of the 
 town within a time to be limited in the warrant ; and a certifi- 
 cate of the assessment shall be made by the assessors, and de- 
 livered to the said treasurer. 
 
 Sect. 39. The money so collected and paid shall be at the 
 disposal of the committee appointed by the district, to be by 
 them applied to the building or repairing of schoolhouses, or 
 to the purchase of buildings to be used as schoolhouses, or to 
 the purchase of land for the sites of schoolhouses, as before 
 provided, and according to the votes or directions of the in- 
 habitants of the district. [See St. 1848, ch. 274.] 
 
 Sect. 40. Every collector, in collecting such tax, shall 
 
164 
 
 have the same powers, and proceed in the same manner, as is 
 by law provided in collecting town taxes. 
 
 Sect, 41. The treasurer of any town, to whom a certifi- 
 cate of the assessment of a district tax shall be transmitted as 
 aforesaid, shall have the like authority, to enforce the collection 
 and payment of the money so assessed and certified, as in the 
 case of moneys raised by the town, for the use of the town. 
 
 Sect. 42. The assessors, treasurer and collector shall have 
 the same compensation, respectively, for assessing, collecting 
 and paying out all moneys, assessed for the use of a school 
 district, as is allowed by the town for the like services in 
 respect to town taxes. 
 
 Sect. 43. The assessors of the several towns shall have 
 the same power to abate the tax, or any part thereof, assessed 
 on any inhabitant of a school district, as they have to abate 
 any town taxes. 
 
 Sect. 44. Whenever a meeting of the inhabitants of any 
 school district shall be called, for the purpose of raising money, 
 and a majority of the voters present shall be opposed to the 
 raising of the money, any five inhabitants of such school dis- 
 trict, who pay taxes, may make application in writing to the 
 selectmen of the town, in which the school district is situated, 
 requesting them to insert, in their warrant for the next town 
 meeting, an article requiring the opinion of the town relative 
 to the expediency of raising such moneys as were proposed in 
 the warrant for said district meeting ; and if the majority of 
 the voters, present in such town meeting, shall think the rais- 
 ing of any of the sums of money, proposed in said warrant, 
 to be necessary and expedient, they may vote such sum as 
 they shall think necessary for the said purposes, [and may 
 appoint a committee to expend it. St. 1848, ch. 274, *§> 1,] 
 and the same shall be assessed on the polls and estates of the 
 inhabitants of such district, and be collected and paid over, in 
 the manner before provided. 
 
 Sect. 45. If any school district shall neglect or refuse to 
 establish a school and employ a teacher for the same, the 
 school committee of the town may establish such school, and 
 employ a teacher therefor, as the prudential committee might 
 have done. 
 
 Sect. 46. The selectmen of the several towns, divided 
 into school districts as aforesaid, and the prudential committee 
 of every such district, upon application made to them., respec- 
 tively, in writing, by three or more residents in any district 
 who pay taxes, shall issue their warrant, directed to one of the 
 persons making such application, requiring him to warn the 
 inhabitants of such district, qualified to vote in town affairs, to 
 
165 
 
 meet at such time and place in the same district, as shall be 
 expressed in the warrant. 
 
 Sect. 47. The warning aforesaid shall be given seven days 
 at least before the time appointed for the meeting, and shall be 
 either by personal notice to every inhabitant of the district 
 qualified to vote in town affairs, or by leaving, at his last and 
 usual place of abode, a written notification, expressing therein 
 the time, place, and purpose of the meeting, unless the district 
 shall prescribe another mode of warning their meetings. 
 
 Sect. 48. Every school district may, at any regular meet- 
 ing, having an article in the warrant for that purpose, pre- 
 scribe the mode of warning all future meetings of the district ; 
 and they may also direct by whom and in what manner such 
 meetings shall be called. 
 
 CONTIGUOUS SCHOOL DISTRICTS IN ADJOINING TOWNS. 
 
 Sect. 49. Where two or more contiguous school districts, 
 in adjoining towns, are too small to maintain schools advan- 
 tageously in each, such districts may, if they see fit, unite and 
 form one district, with all the powers and privileges, and sub- 
 ject to all the liabilities, which now are, or hereafter may be, 
 allowed or prescribed in regard to school districts. 
 
 Sect. 50. No districts shall be so united, unless the inhabit- 
 ants of each shall, at legal meetings called for the purpose, 
 agree thereto ; nor, unless the respective towns shall, at legal 
 town meetings called for the purpose, assent to the same ; and 
 when any such vote shall be passed by any school district, the 
 clerk thereof shall forthwith send a certified copy of said vote 
 to the clerk of his town. 
 
 Sect. 51. Whenever the voters in such united district shall, 
 at any legal meeting called for the purpose, deem it expedient 
 to separate, and again form two or more districts, they may so 
 do, first obtaining the consent of the respective towns. 
 
 Sect. 52. The first meeting of such united district shall 
 be called in such manner as may be agreed upon by the respec- 
 tive districts, at the time of forming the union ; and the united 
 district may, from time to time thereafter, prescribe the mode 
 of calling and warning the meetings, in like manner as other 
 school districts may do. 
 
 Sect. 53. Such district, at the first meeting, and annually 
 thereafter, shall choose a prudential committee, who shall re- 
 ceive and expend the money, raised and appropriated in each 
 town, for said united district, and shall possess all the powers, 
 and discharge all the duties, allowed or prescribed to the pru- 
 dential committees of other districts. 
 
 Sect. 54. The inhabitants of every such united district 
 shall, at the time of voting to raise such moneys, determine 
 the amount to be paid by the inhabitants in each town, which 
 
166 
 
 shall be in proportion to their respective polls and estates ; and 
 the clerk of the district shall certify such vote to the assessors 
 of each of the said towns. 
 
 Sect. 55. All moneys, duly voted to be raised by any such 
 united district, shall be assessed, by the assessors of the respec- 
 tive towns, upon the polls and estates of the inhabitants of the 
 district, and collected in the same manner that taxes are as- 
 sessed and collected in other school districts. 
 
 Sect. 56. The respective school committees of the towns, 
 from which such united district is formed, shall discharge the 
 duties of school committees for the district, in alternate years, 
 commencing with the most ancient town. 
 
 GENERAL PROVISIONS. 
 
 Sect. 57. Every school district shall be a body corporate, 
 so far as to prosecute and defend in all actions relating to the 
 property or affairs of the district. 
 
 Sect. 58. They shall also have power, as a corporation, to 
 take and hold, in fee simple or otherwise, any estate, real or 
 personal, which has been, or may be given to, or purchased by 
 them, for the supporting of a school or schools in the district. 
 
 Sect. 59. Nothing contained in this chapter shall affect the 
 right of any corporation, which is or may be established in 
 any town, to manage any estate or funds given or obtained 
 for the purpose of supporting schools therein, or, in any wise, 
 to affect any such estate or funds ; but such corporate powers 
 and such estate and funds shall remain, as if these provisions 
 had not been enacted. 
 
 Sect. 60. If any towns shall refuse or neglect to raise 
 money for the support of schools, as required by this chapter, 
 such town shall forfeit a sum, equal to twice the highest sum 
 which had ever before been voted for the support of schools 
 therein ; and, if any town shall refuse or neglect to choose a 
 school committee to superintend said schools, or to choose, for 
 the purposes before mentioned in this chapter, prudential com- 
 mittees in their several districts, when it is the duty of the 
 town to choose such prudential committee, such town shall 
 forfeit a sum not less than one hundred nor more than two 
 hundred dollars, which shall be paid into the treasury of the 
 county ; and one fourth thereof shall be for the use of the 
 county, and three fourths thereof shall be paid by the county 
 treasurer to the school committee of such town, if any, and if 
 not, to the selectmen of the town, for the support of schools 
 therein. 
 
 Sect. 61, Every such school committee, or board of select- 
 men, shall forthwith receive, from the treasurer of the county, 
 any money so payable to them, and shall apportion and appro- 
 priate the same, to the support of the schools of such town, in 
 
167 
 
 the same manner it should have been appropriated, if it had 
 been regularly raised by the town for that purpose. 
 
 SCHOOL RETURNS. 
 
 [Sections 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, and 67, relating to " School Returns" and the " Distribution 
 of tlie School Fund," have all been repealed or superseded by subsequent enactments.] 
 
 Sect. 62. The school committees of the several towns and of the city of Boston shall, 
 on or before the first day of November, in each j^ear, make official returns, to the Secretary 
 of tJie Commonwealth, of all the Public Schools m such towns and city respectively, whether 
 such schools are kept for school districts, or for the common benefit of ail th^ inhabitants ; 
 which said school returns shall be made, as is provided in the two following- sections. 
 
 Sect. 63. The said school returns shall, so far as respects the school districts of each 
 town, contain true answers to the following inquiries concerning said school districts, and 
 shall be made in the following form : — 
 
 — 
 
 
 Children not at- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 Children at- 
 
 tending Common 
 
 Time of 
 
 
 Wages in 
 
 Price of 
 
 o 
 
 
 tending Com- 
 
 Schoolsany portion 
 
 keeping 
 
 
 
 money, exclu- 
 
 Board per 
 
 
 
 mon Schools. 
 
 of the year, from 4 
 
 School. 
 
 or.,. 
 
 sive of board. 
 
 week. 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 to 16 years of age. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ']" 
 
 
 From 4 to 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 i 
 
 16 yrs. of 
 age. 
 
 
 4; 
 
 a 
 E 
 
 > 
 
 = 
 
 
 6 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 c 
 c 
 a 
 
 ii 
 
 o 
 
 
 V 3 
 
 6 
 ee 
 
 6 
 
 S 
 fa 
 
 5 c 
 
 1:1 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sect. 64. The said school returns shall, in addition to the answers required by the pre- 
 ceding section, concerning the school districts in each town, contain also true answers to the 
 following general inquiries respecting all the schools kept in such town ; and shall be in the 
 following form : — 
 
 Inquiries with respect to all the schools in the tmcn. 
 
 1. — What amount of money is raised by taxes in the town, for supporting the Common 
 Schools ; and vi'hat by voluntary contributions 1 
 
 "2. — What part of the money raised by taxes is paid for furniture, wood, and incidental 
 expenses, and what part for instruction only ? 
 
 3. — Are there any private schools or academies ; what portion of the year have they been 
 kept; and what is the average number, in the year, attending them ? 
 
 4. — What is the estimated amount paid for tuition in such schools and academies ? 
 
 5. — Are the school committees regularly chosen each year ; do they organize themselves 
 as a committee, and do they visit and examine the schools as required by law; how are the 
 examinations conducted ? 
 
 6. — Do parents interest themselves in the character of the schools, and attend the exami- 
 nations ? 
 
 7. — What are the books in general use ; specifying spelling books, grammars, arithmetics, 
 geographies, reading and other books ? 
 
 8. — Who selects books ? 
 
 9. — What is the furniture of the schoolhouse, and the apparatus, including maps ? 
 
 10. — Is it desirable to increase the number of studies ? 
 
 11. — Are tliere any local funds ? 
 
 Sect. 65. The Secretary of the Commonwealth shall annually furnish every town with 
 blank forms of returns, corresponding to the forms contained in the two preceding sections. 
 distribution of the school fund. 
 
 Sect. 66. No apportionment of the school fund, as provided in the following sections, 
 shall be made to any town, which shall have failed to make school returns, for the year next 
 preceding the time of such apportionment, or which shall have failed, at the annual meeting 
 preceding the time when the annual appropriation shall be made, to raise by taxation, for 
 paying the wages of instructors solely, a sum equal at least to one dollar for each person 
 belonging to said town on the first day of May preceding, between the ages of four and 
 sixteen years. 
 
 Sect. 67. The income of the Massachusetts School Fund, except the sum of one hundred 
 dollars mentioned in the following section, shall be apportioned by the secretary and treas- 
 urer, and paid over by the treasurer, on the fifteenth of January in each year, to the mayor 
 and aldermen of the city of Boston, and to the selectmen of the several towns, for the use 
 
168 
 
 of Common Schools therein, which shall have made the returns, and raised the sums of 
 money required by the preceding section, and which shall have returned to the secretary 
 the certificate required by this section, according to the number of persons in such city and 
 towns, between the ages of four and sixteen 3"ears, to be enumerated and ascertained in the 
 following manner, to wit : the school committee of each town shall, annuallj', in the months 
 of May or June, ascertain from actual examination, or otherwise, the number of persons 
 belonging to such town on the first day of May in each year, between the ages of four and 
 sixteen years, and shall make a certificate thereof, and also of the sum raised by the town 
 at the annual meeting in the same year, for paying the wages of instructors solely, and 
 shall transmit the same to the Secretary of the Commonwealth, on or before the first da3' of 
 November following, which certificate shall be in the following form, to wit : 
 
 We, the school committee of , do certify, from the best information we have been 
 
 able to obtain, that on the first day of May, in the year , there were belonging to 
 
 said town the number of persons, between the ages of four and sixteen years ; and we 
 
 further certify, that said town, at their last annual meeting, raised the sum of dollars, 
 
 to pay the wages of instructors solely, in the Common Schools for the current year. 
 
 I School Committee. 
 
 ss. 
 
 On this day of , personally appeared the above-named school committee 
 
 of the town of , and made oath that the above certificate by them subscribed is tiaie. 
 
 Before me, 
 
 Justice of the Peace. 
 
 Sect. 68. There shall be allowed and paid, out of the 
 income of said Massachusetts School Fund, the sum of one 
 hundred dollars, on the first day of January annually, to the 
 commissioner of the Marshpee Indians, to be applied, under 
 his direction, to the support of Common Schools among the 
 said Indians. 
 
 REGULATIONS IN FURTHERANCE OF THE DISCIPLINE OF 
 COLLEGES. 
 
 Sect. 69. No innholder, tavern keeper, retailer, confec- 
 tioner, or keeper of any shop, or boarding-house, for the sale 
 of drink or food, or any livery stable keeper, for horse or car- 
 riage hire, shall give credit to any undergraduate of either of 
 the colleges within this State, without the consent of the pres- 
 ident, or of such officer as may be thereto authorized by the 
 governments of such colleges, respectively, nor in violation of 
 any rules and regulations of said colleges. 
 
 Sect. 70. No person shall be approved, by the selectmen 
 of any town, to be licensed for either of the employments 
 aforementioned, nor shall any such license be granted to any 
 person, if it shall appear that he has, within the year then last 
 past, given credit to any undergraduate of said colleges, con- 
 trary to the provisions of this chapter. 
 
 Sect. 71. If any person shall give credit to any undergrad- 
 uate of a college, contrary to the provisions of this chapter, he 
 shall forfeit a sum equal to the amount so unlawfully trusted 
 or credited, whether the same shall have been paid or not. 
 [Nov. 4, 1835.] 
 
169 
 
 REV. STAT.— CHAP. 41. 
 
 OF LIBRARY CORPORATIONS AND LYCEUMS. 
 
 Section 
 
 5. Assessments, by-laws, transfers, &.c. 
 
 6. Corporation may hold real and person- 
 al estate. 
 
 TOWN AND COUNTY LYCEUMS. 
 
 7. Incorpoiation, &c., of town and coun- 
 ty lyceums. 
 
 Section 
 
 social libraries. 
 
 1. Proprietors of libraries may constitute 
 themselves a corporation. 
 
 2. Choice of officers. 
 
 3. Powers and liabilities of such corpora- 
 tion. 
 
 4. Treasurer to give bond. 
 
 SOCIAL LIBRARIES. 
 
 Sect. 1. Any seven or more proprietors of a library may 
 form themselves into a corporation, under such corporate name 
 as they shall adopt, for the purpose of preserving, enlarging, 
 and using such library ; and, for that purpose, any justice of 
 the peace may, on the application of five or more of such pro- 
 prietors, issue his warrant to one of them, directing him to call 
 a meeting of the proprietors, at the time and place and for the 
 purposes expressed in the warrant ; and said meeting shall be 
 called, by posting up the substance of the warrant in some 
 public place, in the town where the said library is kept, seven 
 days at least before the time of the meeting. 
 
 Sect. 2. Any seven or more of the proprietors of such 
 library, met in pursuance of such notice, may choose a presi- 
 dent, a clerk, who shall be sworn to the faithful discharge of 
 his duty, a librarian, collector, treasurer, and such other officers 
 as they may find necessary ; and they may also determine upon 
 the mode of calling future meetings. 
 
 Sect, 3. When such proprietors shall be organized as a 
 corporation, in the manner before provided, they shall have all 
 the powers and privileges, and be subject to all the duties and 
 liabilities, of a corporation organized according to the provis- 
 ions of the forty-fourth chapter, so far as the said provisions 
 shall be applicable in such case, and not inconsistent with this 
 chapter. 
 
 Sect. 4. The treasurer shall give bond, with sufficient 
 sureties, to the satisfaction of the proprietors, for the faithful 
 discharge of his duties. 
 
 Sect. 5, The said proprietors may raise such money, by 
 assessments on the several shares, as they shall judge necessary 
 for the purposes of preserving, enlarging and using the library ; 
 and the shares may be transferred according to the provisions 
 of the forty-fourth chapter. 
 
 Sect. 6. The said proprietors may hold real and personal 
 estate, to any amount not exceeding five thousand dollars, in 
 addition to the value of their books. 
 22 
 
170 
 
 TOWN AND COUNTY LYCEUMS. 
 
 Sect. 7. Any twenty or more persons, in any town or 
 county within this State, who shall, by writing, associate for 
 the purpose of mutual improvement and the promotion of com- 
 mon education, may become a corporation by the name of 
 " The Lyceum of the town of" (here insert the name of the 
 town,) or " The Lyceum of the county of" (here insert the 
 name of the county,) as the case may be, by calling their first 
 meeting and being organized, in like manner as is provided in 
 this chapter in the case of social libraries ; and every lyceum, 
 upon becoming a corporation as aforesaid, shall have, during 
 the pleasure of the Legislature, all the like rights, powers, and 
 privileges as the proprietors of such libraries, and may hold 
 real and personal estate not exceeding ten thousand dollars. 
 [See St. 1846, ch. 94.] 
 
 CHAPTER 245. 
 
 AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE BETTER INSTRUCTION OF YOUTH 
 EMPLOYED IN MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS. 
 
 Section I Section 
 
 L Children under 13 years of age not to 2. Penalty on owners, &c., for employ- 
 
 be employed in factories, unless they ing- children contrary to this statute — 
 
 have attended school 3 months in the ! and to what use and how recoverable, 
 
 preceding year. I 
 
 Sect. 1. From and after the first day of April, in the year 
 eighteen hundred and thirty-seven, no child under the age of 
 fifteen years shall be employed to labor in any manufacturing 
 establishment, unless such child shall have attended some 
 public or private day school, where instruction is given by a 
 teacher qualified according to the first section of the twenty- 
 third chapter of the Revised Statutes, at least three months of 
 the twelve months next preceding any and every year in which 
 such child shall be so employed. [See also St. 1838, ch. 107; 
 1842, ch. 60, <^ 2, and 1849, ch. 220, <§, 1.] 
 
 Sect. 2. The owner, agent, or superintendent of any man- 
 ufacturing establishment, who shall employ any child in such 
 establishment contrary to the provisions of this act, shall forfeit 
 the sum of fifty dollars for each offence, to be recovered by 
 indictment, to the use of Common Schools in the towns re- 
 spectively where said establishments may be situated, [This 
 section repealed by St. 1849, ch. 220.] [April 16, 1836.] 
 
171 
 
 CHAPTER 147. 
 
 AN ACT AUTHORIZING SCHOOL DISTRICTS TO ESTABLISH LIBRA- 
 RIES FOR THE USE OF COMMON SCHOOLS. 
 
 Section 
 
 2. How assessed aiul collected. 
 
 Section 
 
 ]. Districts authorized to raise money for 
 libraries, &c. 
 
 Sect. 1. Each legally constituted school district in this 
 Commonwealth is hereby authorized to raise money for the 
 purpose of establishing and maintaining a Common School 
 Library and apparatus for the use of the children therein, 
 under such rules and regulations as said district may adopt : 
 provided^ that no greater sum than thirty dollars the first year, 
 or ten dollars in any subsequent year, shall be expended for the 
 purpose aforesaid. [See also Resolves of March 3, 1842 ; 
 March 7, 1843; March 11, 1844; March 25, 1845, (this re- 
 lates to school libraries in Boston;) and St. 1849, ch. 81, <§> 1.] 
 
 Sect. 2. Any sum of money raised by virtue of this act, at a 
 meeting called for the purpose, shall be assessed, collected, and 
 paid over, as other school district taxes are. [April 12, 1837.] 
 
 Act of 1837, ch. 227, passed April 19, 1837, concerning the Re- 
 turns of Common Schools, repealed by subsequent enactments. 
 
 CHAPTER 241. 
 
 AN ACT RELATING TO COMMON SCHOOLS. 
 
 Section 
 
 3. Board to make yearly report of its 
 doings, with suggestions, &c. 
 
 4. Governor may draw for Secretary's 
 salary. 
 
 Section 
 
 1. Board of Education, how constituted; 
 term of office, &c. 
 
 2. Board to make yearly abstract of 
 school returns ; may appoint a Secre- 
 tary ; his duty, &c. 
 
 Sect. 1. His excellency the Governor, with the advice and 
 consent of the Council, is hereby authorized to appoint eight per- 
 sons, who, together with the Governor and Lieutenant Governor 
 ex offlciis, shall constitute and be denominated the Board of 
 Education ; and the persons so appointed shall hold their offices 
 for the term of eight years : provided, the first person named 
 in said Board shall go out of office at the end of one year, the 
 person next named shall go out of office at the end of two 
 years, and so of the remaining members, one retiring each 
 year, and in the order in which they are named, till the whole 
 Board be changed ; and the Governor, with the advice and 
 consent of the Council as aforesaid, shall fill all vacancies in said 
 Board, which may occur from death, resignation, or otherwise. 
 
 Sect. 2. The Board of Education shall prepare and lay 
 before the Legislature, in a printed form, on or before the 
 
172 
 
 second Wednesday of January, annually, an abstract of the 
 school returns received by the Secretary of the Commonwealth, 
 and the said Board of Education may appoint their own Secre- 
 tary, who shall receive a reasonable compensation for his ser- 
 vices, not exceeding one thousand dollars per annum, [altered, 
 St. 1838, ch. 159, ^ 1, and St. 1849, ch, 215, <§, 2,] and who 
 shall, under the direction of the Board, collect information of 
 the actual condition and efficiency of the Common Schools, 
 and other means of popular education, and diffuse as widely as 
 possible, throughout every part of the Commonwealth, infor- 
 mation of the most approved and successful methods of arrang- 
 ing the studies, and conducting the education of the young, to 
 the end that all children in this Commonwealth, who depend 
 upon Common Schools for instruction, may have the best edu- 
 cation which those schools can be made to impart. [See St. 
 1838, ch. 159, ^ 1 ; Resolve, March 1, 1842 ; St. 1847, ch. 
 183, and 1849, chs. 65, 155, and 215.] 
 
 Sect. 3. The Board of Education, annually, shall make a 
 detailed report to the Legislature of all its doings, with such ob- 
 servations as their experience and reflection may suggest, upon 
 the condition and efficiency of our system of popular education, 
 and the most practicable means of improving and extending it. 
 
 Sect. 4. For the salar}^ of the Secretary of the Board of 
 Education, provided for in the second section of this act, the 
 Governor is authorized to draw his warrants from time to time, 
 as the same may be required. [April 20, 1837.] 
 
 CHAPTER 85. 
 
 APPROPRIATIONS FOR SCHOOLS AMONG CERTAIN INDIAN TRIBES. 
 
 Reservation by State, for benefit of certain Indians. 
 
 Sect. 7. Two thousand five hundred dollars of said moneys 
 [Surplus Revenue,] shall be reserved and loaned by the treas- 
 urer and receiver general of the Commonwealth, and the 
 income therefrom paid annually, in the month of March, as 
 follows, to wit : to the treasurer of the district of Marshpee, 
 the income of one thousand dollars ; to the guardian of the 
 Chappequiddick and Christiantown Indians, the income of one 
 thousand two hundred dollars ; one half of said income for the 
 benefit of said Christiantown and Chappequiddick Indians, and 
 the other half for the benefit of the Indians at Gay Head ; — 
 and to the treasurer of the Herring Pond Indians, the income 
 of three hundred dollars, — all of said income to be appropri- 
 ated to the purposes of Common School education in said 
 places, and no other distribution shall be made to said Indians 
 from said moneys. [See St. 1838, ch. 154.] [March 21, 1837.] 
 
173 
 
 CHAPTER 55. 
 
 AN ACT TO DEFRAY THE EXPENSES OF THE BOARD OF EDUCA- 
 TION. 
 
 Expenses of members to be reimbursed; their accounts to be audited, &c., by the Executive. 
 
 The members of the Board of Education, appointed by the 
 Governor and Council, pursuant to the provisions of an act 
 relating to Common Schools, passed April twentieth, in the 
 year one thousand eight hundred and thirty-seven, shall be 
 reimbursed for all expenses incurred in the discharge of their 
 official duties, their accounts being first audited and allowed 
 by the Governor and Council ; and the incidental expenses of 
 said Board shall be allowed and paid in the same manner. 
 [March 31, 1838.] 
 
 CHAPTER 105. 
 
 AN ACT CONCERNING SCHOOLS. 
 
 Section 
 
 1. Committees to make yearly detailed 
 reports of condition of schools : how 
 such reports shall be disposed of. 
 
 2. Shall select and contract with teach- 
 ers, unless, &c. 
 
 3. Shall keep a record book, record their 
 votes, &c., and deliver it to their suc- 
 cessors. 
 
 4. Compensation of committees. 
 
 Section 
 
 5. Form of blanks and inquiries to be 
 prescribed by Board of Education. 
 
 6. Registers to be kept by committees : 
 form of, to be prescribed by said 
 Board, and to be forwarded by the Sec- 
 retary of State. 
 
 7. Abstract of returns to be made, under 
 direction of said Board, in Secretary's 
 office. 
 
 8. When to take effect. 
 
 Sect. 1. The school committees shall annually make a 
 detailed report of the condition of the several Public Schools 
 in their respective towns, designating particular improvements 
 and defects in the methods or means of education, and stating 
 such facts and suggestions in relation thereto, as in their opin- 
 ion will best promote the interests and increase the usefulness 
 of said schools ; which report shall be read in open town meet- 
 ing, in February, March, or April, in each year, or be printed 
 and distributed for the use of the inhabitants, and shall be 
 deposited in the office of the clerk of the town ; and an 
 attested copy thereof shall be transmitted by said school com- 
 mittee to the office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth, 
 with the official return now required by law. [See St. 1846, 
 ch. 223, ^ 4.] 
 
 Sect. 2. The school committees shall select and contract 
 with the teachers for the town and district schools ; any pro- 
 vision in the twenty-third chapter of the Revised Statutes to 
 the contrary notwithstanding: provided^ however^ that the 
 teachers may be selected and contracted with by the prudential 
 committees as heretofore, whenever the town shall so determine. 
 
174 
 
 Sect. 3. The school committee in each town shall be pro- 
 vided with a record book, in which all votes, orders, and pro- 
 ceedings of the committee shall be duly recorded, and said 
 record shall be delivered over by the committees, at the expi- 
 ration of the year, to their successors in office. 
 
 Sect. 4. The members of the school committees, except 
 in the city of Boston, shall be paid, by their respective towns, 
 one dollar each per day for the time they shall be actually em- 
 ployed in discharging the duties of their office, together with 
 such additional compensation as the town may allow. [But 
 this compensation may be forfeited by certain neglects of duty, 
 St. 1847, ch. 183, <§, 2, and St. 1848, ch. 173, ^ 1.] 
 
 Sect. 5. The form of the blanks, and the inquiries pro- 
 vided for by the statute of the year one thousand eight hun- 
 dred and thirty-seven, chapter two hundred and twenty-seven, 
 and the time when the same shall be returned into the ofiice 
 of the Secretary of the Commonwealth, shall hereafter be pre- 
 scribed by the Board of Education. [Altered, St. 1841, ch. 
 17, and 1846, ch. 223.] And the school committees shall fill 
 the blanks and answer the inquiries contained in such form, in 
 the same manner and under the same provisions as they are 
 now required by law to do. 
 
 Sect. 6. The Board of Education shall prescribe a blank 
 form of a register, to be kept in all the town and district 
 schools in the Commonwealth ; and the Secretary of State [of 
 the Board of Education, St. 1849, ch. 209, <§, 1,] shall forward 
 a sufficient number of copies of the same to the school com- 
 mittees of the respective towns ; and said committees shall 
 cause registers to be faithfully kept in all said schools, accord- 
 ing to the form prescribed. 
 
 Sect. 7. The abstract of the school returns shall be made 
 up under the direction of the Board of Education, in the office 
 of the Secretary of the Commonwealth, [of the Secretary of 
 the Board, St. 1847, ch. 183, <§, 1.] 
 
 Sect. 8. This act shall take effect from and after its pas- 
 sage. [April 13, 1838.J 
 
 CHAPTER 107. 
 
 AN ACT IN ADDITION TO AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE BETTER 
 INSTRUCTION OF YOUTH EMPLOYED IN MANUFACTURING ESTAB- 
 LISHMENTS. 
 
 Penalty of former act avoided by showing tiiat children attended school three mouths of the 
 preceding year, and received the prescribed instruction. 
 
 No person shall be liable to the penalty provided in the act 
 passed the sixteenth day of April, in the year one thousand 
 
175 
 
 eight hundred and thirty-six, entitled " an act to provide for 
 the better instruction of youth employed in manufacturing 
 establishments," who shall, in each year, before employing any 
 child under the age of fifteen years, as in said act mentioned, 
 obtain and preserve a certificate, signed by the instructor of the 
 school where such child attended at least three months of the 
 twelve months next preceding, as in said act is provided, that 
 such child has received the instruction in said act intended to 
 be secured ; the truth of which certificate shall be sworn to 
 by the said instructor, before some justice of the peace for the 
 comity where such instructor resides ; and upon said certifi- 
 cate shall also be certified the fact of such oath or affirmation 
 by said justice. [See St. 1836, ch. 245 ; 1842, ch. 60, and 
 1849, ch. 220.] [April 13, 1838.] 
 
 CHAPTER 154. 
 
 AN ACT TO AID IN THE SUPPORT OF COMMON SCHOOLS AMONG 
 CERTAIN TRIBES OF INDIANS IN THIS COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 Allowance for schools among certain Indians. Account of appropriation to be rendered 
 yearly to the Executive. 
 
 There shall be allowed and paid, out of the income of the 
 Massachusetts School Fund, the sum of one hundred and forty 
 dollars, on the first day of January, annually, in the manner 
 hereafter provided, viz., sixty dollars to Smith Mayhew, Esq., 
 of Chilmark, to be applied, under his direction, to the support 
 of Common Schools among the Gay Head Indians ; sixty dol- 
 lars to the guardian of the Indians of Christiantown and Chap- 
 pequiddick, and twenty dollars to the treasurer of the Herring 
 Pond Indians, to be applied by them in like manner to the 
 support of Common Schools among the said Indians ; any 
 thing contained in the sixty-seventh section of the tAventy- 
 third chapter of the Revised Statutes to the contrary notwith- 
 standing ; and an annual account of the appropriation of said 
 moneys shall be rendered to the Governor and Council. [See 
 St. 1837, ch. 85.] [April 18, 1838.] 
 
 CHAPTER 70. 
 
 RESOLVES RELATIVE TO QUALIFYING TEACHERS FOR COMMON 
 
 SCHOOLS. 
 
 Governor authorized to draw warrant for glO,000. Board of Education to report annually 
 how said money has been expended. 
 
 Whereas, by a letter from the Honorable Horace Mann, 
 Secretary of the Board of Education, addressed on the twelfth 
 
176 
 
 of March current to the President of the Senate and the 
 Speaker of the House of Representatives, it appears, that pri- 
 vate munificence has placed at his disposal the sum of ten 
 thousand dollars to promote the cause of popular education in 
 Massachusetts, on condition that the Commonwealth will con- 
 tribute, from unappropriated funds, the same amount in aid of 
 the same cause ; the two sums to be drawn upon equally, from 
 time to time, as needed, and to be disbursed under the direc- 
 tion of the Board of Education in qualifying teachers for the 
 Common Schools ; therefore. 
 
 Resolved, That his excellency the Governor is hereby author- 
 ized, by and with the advice and consent of the Council, to 
 draw his warrant upon the treasurer of the Commonwealth, in 
 favor of the Board of Education, for the sum of ten thousand 
 dollars, in such instalments and at such times as said Board 
 may request : provided, that said Board, in their request, shall 
 certify, that the Secretary of said Board has placed at their 
 disposal an amount equal to that for which such application 
 may be made by them ; both sums to be expended, under the 
 direction of said Board, in qualifying teachers for the Common 
 Schools in Massachusetts. 
 
 Resolved, That the Board of Education shall render an an- 
 nual account of the manner in which said moneys have been 
 by them expended. [April 19, 1838.] 
 
 CHAPTER 159. 
 
 AN ACT TO PRESCRIBE THE DUTIES AND FIX THE COMPENSATION 
 OF THE SECRETARY OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION. 
 
 Section 
 
 1. Secretary to attend meetings of teach- 
 ers and committees ; to give notice of 
 such meetings ; to collect information 
 
 Section 
 
 to be embodied in report of the Board. 
 
 2. Secretary's salary to be ^1500. 
 
 3. Act to take immediate effect. 
 
 Sect. 1. The Secretary of the Board of Education, in ad- 
 dition to the duties required of him by the act establishing the 
 Board of Education, shall, once in each year, at such times as 
 the Board of Education may appoint, attend in each county of 
 the Commonwealth a meeting of all such teachers of Public 
 Schools, members of the school committees of the several 
 towns, and friends of education generally in the county, as 
 may voluntarily assemble at the time and place in the county 
 designated by the Board of Education, of which sufficient 
 notice shall by him be given, [ahered, St. 1842, ch. 42 ;] and 
 shall then and there diligently apply himself to the object of 
 collecting information of the condition of the Public Schools of 
 such county, of the fulfilment of the duties of their office by 
 
177 
 
 all members of the school committees of all the towns, and 
 the cu'cumstances of the several school districts in regard to all 
 the subjects of teachers, pupils, books, apparatus, and methods 
 of education ; with the intent of furnishing all requisite mate- 
 rials for the report by law required from the Board of Edu- 
 cation. 
 
 Sect. 2. The compensation of the Secretary of the Board 
 of Education shall be one thousand five hundred dollars per 
 annum, to be made in equal quarterly payments. 
 
 Sect. 3. This act shall take effect from and after its pas- 
 sage. [April 21, 1838.] 
 
 CHAPTER 189. 
 
 AN ACT CONCERNING THE UNION OF SCHOOL DISTRICTS. 
 
 Section 
 
 choice of committee. 
 
 6. Who shall be prudential committee of 
 such districts. Their powers. 
 
 7. Such committee to determine ages. 
 &c., of pupils, and the proportion of 
 money to be expended, subject to vote 
 of district. 
 
 8. Town committee's power, &c., to ex- 
 tend to union districts. 
 
 Section 
 
 1. Purpose and manner of forming union 
 districts. 
 
 2. Corporate powers of such districts. 
 
 3. Manner of calling and warning meet- 
 ings. 
 
 4. Clerk to be chosen and sworn ; his du- 
 ties and tenure of office. 
 
 5. Power of districts as to raising money 
 to build, &c., schoolhouses, &c. Pro- 
 vision as to location of houses, and 
 
 Sect. 1. Any two or more contiguous school districts, in 
 this Commonwealth, may associate together and form a union 
 district, for the purpose of maintaining a union school, to be 
 kept for the benefit of the older children of such associated 
 districts, if the inhabitants of each of such districts shall, at 
 legal meetings called for that purpose, agree to form such union 
 by a vote of two thirds of the legal voters thereof. [By two 
 thirds of the legal voters of each district, present and voting 
 thereoti. St. 1839, ch. 56, ^ 2.] 
 
 Sect. 2. Every union district thus formed shall be a body 
 corporate, with the corporate powers of other school districts, 
 in relation to prosecuting and defending suits at law, and hold- 
 ing real and personal property, and shall be called by such 
 name as said district at its first meeting shall determine. 
 
 Sect, 3. The first meeting of such union district shall be 
 called in such manner, and at such time and place, as may be 
 agreed upon by the associated districts respectively, by a vote 
 of the same, at the time of forming the union ; and the union 
 district may, from time to time thereafter, prescribe the mode 
 of calling and warning the meetings thereof, in like manner as 
 other school districts may do, and may also determine at what 
 time its annual meetings shall be held. 
 
 Sect. 4. Such union district, at the first meeting thereof, 
 23 
 
178 
 
 shall choose, by ballot, a clerk, who shall be sworn in the same 
 manner and shall perform the same duties as are prescribed in 
 relation to the clerks of other school districts, and shall hold 
 his office until another shall be chosen in his stead. 
 
 Sect. 5. Such union district may, at any legal meeting 
 called for that purpose, raise money for erecting, purchasing, 
 renting, and repairing any building to be used as a schoolhouse 
 for the union school aforesaid, and purchasing or renting land 
 for the use and accommodation thereof; also, for purchasing 
 fuel, furniture, and other necessary articles for the use of said 
 school ; and in assessing and collecting a tax or taxes for the 
 above purposes, the like proceedings shall be had as are pre- 
 scribed by law for other school districts : said district may also 
 determine where said schoolhouse shall stand, and in case the 
 location thereof should not be so determined by said district, 
 the same shall be referred to the selectmen of the town, in the 
 same manner as is provided in the case of other districts ; said 
 district may choose any committee to carry into effect the pro- 
 visions aforesaid. 
 
 Sect. 6. The prudential committees of the respective dis- 
 tricts forming the union district, shall, together, constitute the 
 prudential committee of said district, who shall have all the 
 powers, and discharge all the duties, in relation to said school 
 and the schoolhouse of said district, as are prescribed to other 
 prudential committees in relation to the schools and school- 
 houses in their respective districts. 
 
 Sect. 7. The prudential committee of the union district 
 shall also determine the ages and qualifications of the children 
 of the associated districts who may attend the union school, 
 and shall also determine what proportion of the money, raised 
 and appropriated by the town for each of the districts compos- 
 ing the union district, shall be appropriated and expended in 
 paying the instructor or instructors of the union school ; sub- 
 ject, however, in both the above cases, and in all other matters 
 relating to said school, to any votes of said union district that 
 may be passed at any legal meeting theieof : pi'ovided, however, 
 that the schools in each of the associated districts shall con- 
 tinue to be maintained in the same manner as if this act had 
 not been passed. 
 
 Sect. 8. The school committee of the town in which such 
 union district may be located, shall have the same powers, and 
 perform the same duties, in relation to such union school, as 
 are prescribed to them in relation to other district schools. 
 [April 25, 1838.] 
 
179 
 
 CHAPTER 56. 
 
 AN ACT CONCERNING SCHOOLS. 
 
 Section 
 
 ber of pupils, sums raised by towns, 
 <&c. 
 
 4. Payment of income of school fiiml for 
 1838 and 1839. 
 
 5. Repeal of former law. 
 
 Section 
 
 1. School to be kept six months in every 
 town ; provision for female assistants. 
 
 2. Provision for union districts. 
 
 3. Appropriation of income of school 
 fund; school committees to certify num- 
 
 Sect. 1. In every town in this Commonwealth there shall 
 be kept in each year, at the charge of the town, by a teacher 
 or teachers of competent ability and good morals, one school 
 for the instruction of children in orthography, reading, writ- 
 ing, English grammar, geography, arithmetic, and good be- 
 havior, for the term of six months, or two or more such 
 schools for terms of time which shall together be equivalent to 
 six months ; and in every school in this Commonwealth con- 
 taining fifty scholars as the average number, the school district 
 or town to which such school belongs shall be required to em- 
 ploy a female assistant or assistants, unless such school district 
 or town shall, at a meeting regularly called for that purpose, 
 vote to dispense with the same. 
 
 Sect. 2. Any two or more contiguous school districts may 
 associate together and form a union district, for the purpose of 
 maintaining a union school, to be kept for the benefit of the 
 older children of such associated districts, if the inhabitants of 
 each of said districts shall, at legal meetings called for that 
 purpose, agree to form such union by a vote of two thirds of 
 the legal voters of each district present and voting therein. 
 
 Sect. 3. [This section superseded by subsequent enact- 
 ments. See St. 1846, ch. 223, and 1849, ch. 65.] The in- 
 come of the Massachusetts School Fund, except the sum of 
 two hundred and forty dollars appropriated to the support of 
 Common Schools among the Indians, shall be apportioned by 
 the secretary and treasurer, and paid over by the treasurer, on 
 the fifteenth of January in each year, to the mayors and alder- 
 men of the several cities, and to the selectmen of the several 
 towns, for the use of the Common Schools therein, according 
 to the number of persons in such cities and towns between 
 the ages of four and sixteen years ; and said persons shall be 
 enumerated and ascertained in the following manner, to wit : 
 the school committee of each town shall, annually in the 
 month of May, ascertain, from actual examination or otherwise, 
 the number of persons between the ages of four and sixteen 
 years, belonging to such town on the first day of said May, 
 and shall make a certificate thereof, and also of the sum raised 
 by the town for the support of schools, including only fuel, 
 
180 
 
 wages, and board of teachers, during the current year, and 
 shall transmit the same to the Secretary of the Commonwealth, 
 at such time as may be prescribed by the Board of Education, 
 which certificate shall be in the following form, to wit : — 
 
 We, the school committee of , do certify, from the 
 
 best information we have been able to obtain, that on the first 
 day of May, in the year , there were belonging to said 
 
 town the number of persons, between the ages of four 
 
 and sixteen years ; and we further certify, that said town has 
 raised the sum of dollars, for the support of Common 
 
 Schools for the current year, including only the wages and 
 board of teachers, and fuel for the schools. 
 
 i School Committee. 
 
 ■ , ss. 
 
 On this day of , personally appeared the 
 
 abovenamed , school committee of the town of 
 
 , and made oath that the above certificate, by them 
 subscribed, is true. Before me. 
 
 Justice of the Peace. 
 
 Provided, That no such apportionment shall be made to any 
 town which shall have failed, for the year next preceding the 
 time of such apportionment, to make the school returns and 
 reports required by law, or which shall have failed to raise by 
 taxation, for the support of schools, including only fuel, wages, 
 and board of teachers, during the current year, a sum equal at 
 least to one dollar and twenty-five cents for each person, be- 
 tween the ages of four and sixteen years, belonging to said 
 town on the first day of the preceding May, or shall have 
 failed to make return of the certificate as herein above pro- 
 vided. 
 
 Sect. 4. [Expired.] The income of the Massachusetts 
 School Fund from the first day of December, one thousand 
 eight hundred and thirty-seven, to the fifteenth of January, 
 one thousand eight hundred and thirty-nine, shall be appor- 
 tioned and paid over, on the first day of June next, to the sev- 
 eral cities and towns which shall have made the returns re- 
 quired by this act, and shall have raised the sums of money 
 required by the twenty-third chapter of the Revised Statutes. 
 
 Sect. 5. The first section of the statutes of the year one 
 thousand eight hundred and thirty-eight, chapter one hundred 
 and eighty-nine, so far as the same is inconsistent with this 
 act, is hereby repealed. [March 18, 1839.] 
 
181 
 
 CHAPTER 137. 
 
 AN ACT CONCERNING DISTRICT SCHOOLS. 
 
 Provision for electing three persons as a prudential committee. 
 
 Whenever a town shall determine that teachers shall be 
 selected and contracted with by the prudential committees of 
 the several districts, according to the provisions of the one 
 hundred and fifth chapter of the laws of the year one thousand 
 eight hundred and thirty-eight, such a town or district may 
 elect three persons as a prudential committee, who shall per- 
 form all the duties provided for in the twenty-fifth section of 
 the twenty-third chapter of the Revised Statutes. [April 9, 
 1839.] 
 
 CHAPTER 139. 
 
 AN ACT CONCERNING THE ASSESSMENT OF TAXES. 
 
 Section 
 
 1. Where stock in trade, &c., shall be 
 taxed. 
 
 Section 
 
 2. Where ships and stage horses shall be 
 taxed. 
 
 3. When to take effect. 
 
 Sect. 1. All stocks in trade, including stock employed in 
 the business of manufacturing, or of any of the mechanic arts, 
 in towns within the State, other than where the owners reside, 
 shall be taxed in those towns, if the owners hire or occupy 
 manufactories, stores, shops, or wharves therein, whether the 
 said stocks in trade, or the goods, wares, and merchandise, or 
 other property, composing or forming a part of the same, are 
 within said towns on the first day of May, of the year when 
 the tax is made, or elsewhere. 
 
 Sect. 2. All ships or vessels, at home or abroad, and all 
 horses employed in stages or other vehicles for the transporta- 
 tion of persons, shall be taxed to the owners in the towns 
 where they reside. 
 
 Sect. 3. This act shall take eff'ect from and after its pas- 
 sage. [April 9, 1839.] 
 
 St. 1840, chap. 7, expired. 
 
 St. 1840, chap. 76, repealed by St. 1848, chap. 283. 
 
 St. 1841, chap. 17, superseded by St. 1846, ch. 223, except- 
 ing the following section : — 
 
 Sect. 4. So much of the statute of the year one thousand 
 
182 
 
 eight hundred and thirty-eight, chapter one hundred and five, 
 as gives the Board of Education authority to prescribe at what 
 time the reports and returns of school committees shall be 
 made, and also so much of the statute of the year one thou- 
 sand eight hundred and thirty-nine, chapter fifty-six, as is in- 
 consistent with the provisions of this act, is hereby repealed. 
 [February 8, 1841.] 
 
 CHAPTER 42. 
 
 AN ACT CONCERNING THE DUTIES OF THE SECRETARY OF THE 
 BOARD or EDUCATION. 
 
 Secretary required to attend meetings of school teachers only when directed by the Board. 
 
 So much of the one hundred and fifty-ninth chapter of the 
 laws of this Commonwealth, passed in the year one thousand 
 eight hundred and thirty-eight, as requires that meetings of 
 teachers of Public Schools and others shall be attended by the 
 Secretary of the Board of Education once in each year, in each 
 county of the Commonwealth, is hereby repealed ; and it shall 
 henceforward be the duty of said Secretary to attend said meet- 
 ings at such times and places as the Board of Education shall 
 from time to time appoint. [March 1, 1842.] 
 
 CHAPTER 27. 
 
 RESOLVE CONCERNING THE BOARD OF EDUCATION. 
 
 Expenses incurred by the Board to be reported. 
 
 Resolved, That the Secretary of the Board of Education 
 hereafter make an annual report of the several expenses in- 
 curred by said Board for any and whatever object. [March 1, 
 1842.] 
 
 CHAPTER 60. 
 
 AN ACT CONCERNING THE EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN IN MANU- 
 FACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS. 
 
 Section 
 
 1. School committees to prosecute 
 breaches of St. 1836, ch. 245. 
 
 2. Penalty in St. 1836, ch. 245, § 2, to be 
 given to person prosecuting. 
 
 Section 
 
 3. Children under 12 years not to be em- 
 ployed more than 10 hours in a day. 
 
 4. Penalty for violating § 3. 
 
 Sect. 1. It is hereby made the duty of the school com- 
 mittee, in the several towns and cities of this Commonwealth, 
 to prosecute all breaches of an act entitled " An act to provide 
 for the better instruction of youth employed in manufacturing 
 
183 
 
 establishments," passed on the sixteenth day of April, in the 
 year eighteen hundred and thirty-six. 
 
 Sect. 2. The penalty imposed in the second section of said 
 act shall be given to the person prosecuting for the offence 
 described in said act, any thing in said act to the contrary 
 notwithstanding. [This section repealed by St. 1849, ch. 
 220, <5> 2.] 
 
 Sect. 3. From and after the passage of this act, no child 
 under the age of twelve years shall be employed in laboring in 
 any manufacturing establishment more than ten hours in any 
 one day. 
 
 Sect. 4. The owner, agent or superintendent of any man- 
 ufacturing establishment, who shall knowingly employ anj^ 
 such child under the age of twelve years in such establish- 
 ment, contrary to the provisions of the third section of this 
 act, shall forfeit the sum of fifty dollars for each offence, to be 
 recovered in any court of this Commonwealth competent to 
 try the same, to the use of the person prosecuting. [See also 
 St. 1838, ch. 107, and 1849, ch. 220.] [March 3, 1842. J 
 
 CHAPTER 74. 
 
 RESOLVES CONCERNING NORMAL SCHOOLS AND SCHOOL DISTRICT 
 
 LIBRARIES. 
 
 ^6,000 per annum for tliree years for Normal Schools. Appropriation for School Libraries. 
 
 1. Resolved, That the sum of six thousand dollars, annually, 
 for three years, be and the same is hereby appropriated to the 
 support of Normal Schools, under the direction of the Board 
 of Education. And his excellency the Governor is hereby 
 authorized, from time to time, to draw his warrant on the treas- 
 ury for the same, on the application of said Board. [See also 
 St. 1847, ch. 82, and Res. 1849, ch. 89.] 
 
 2. Resolved, That the sum of fifteen dollars, to be taken 
 from the school fund, be and the same is hereby appropriated 
 to every school district in the Commonwealth, to be expended 
 in books for a school district library ; and that the treasurer 
 pay said sum, for said purpose, to the order of the mayor of 
 every city and the selectmen of every town, for each and every 
 school district within the same which shall have produced evi- 
 dence of having raised and appropriated fifteen dollars or more 
 for the same object. [See also Res. 1843, ch. 6 ; 1844, ch. 
 63; and 1845, ch. 113.] [March 3, 1842.] 
 
184 
 
 CHAPTER 6. 
 
 RESOLVES IN ADDITION TO A RESOLVE CONCERNING SCHOOL DIS- 
 TRICT LIBRARIES. 
 
 Resolve of March 3d, 1842, extended. Treasurer of Commonwealth to make sale of vari- 
 ous securities belonging to school fund. 
 
 Resolved, That the provisions of the Resolve of March 
 third, eighteen hundred and forty-two, concerning school dis- 
 trict libraries, be and the same are hereby extended to every 
 city and town in the Commonwealth, not heretofore divided 
 into school districts, in such manner as to give as many times 
 fifteen dollars, to every such city or town as the number sixty 
 is contained, exclusive of fractions, in the number of children 
 between the ages of four and sixteen years in said city or 
 town : provided, evidence be produced to the treasurer, in 
 behalf of said city or town, of its having raised and appro- 
 priated, for the establishment of libraries, a sum equal to that 
 which, by the provision of this Resolve, it is entitled to receive 
 from the school fund. 
 
 Resolved, That the treasurer be instructed, under the advice 
 and direction of the Governor and Council, to make sales, 
 from time to time, of notes of hand, bank stock, and other 
 securities belonging to the school fund, to such amount as 
 shall enable him to comply with the provisions of the above 
 Resolve, and with those of the Resolve of March third, 
 eighteen hundred and forty-two, concerning school district 
 libraries. [See also Res. 1844, ch. 63, and 1845, ch. 113.] 
 [March 7, 1843.] 
 
 CHAPTER 85. 
 
 AN ACT CONCERNING THE PROPERTY OF COMMON SCHOOL DIS- 
 TRICTS. 
 
 Property of school districts exempted from taxation. 
 
 All property belonging to Common School districts, the in- 
 come of which is appropriated to the purposes of education, is 
 hereby exempted from taxation. [March 24, 1843.] 
 
 St. 1844, ch. 6, appropriates seventy-five thousand dollars, 
 one half of the money received by Massachusetts, under the 
 provisions of the treaty with Great Britain for the settlement 
 of the North Eastern boundary, to the School Fund. 
 
185 
 
 CHAPTER 32. 
 
 AN ACT CONCERNING THE POWERS OF SCHOOL COMMITTEES. 
 
 School committees empowered to dismiss teachers. 
 
 The school committee of any town is hereby authorized to 
 dismiss from employment any teacher in such town, whenever 
 the said committee may think proper, and from the time of 
 such dismissal such teacher shall receive no further compensa- 
 tion for services rendered in that capacity. [February 23, 1844.] 
 
 CHAPTER 57. 
 
 RESOLVES CONCERNING THE ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE OFFICERS 
 OF THE STATE LUNATIC HOSPITAL AND THE BOARD OF EDU- 
 CATION. 
 
 Clerk of tl^e Senate to print, &c., reports, tfec, as documents of the Senate and House. 
 Disposition of reports of the Board of Education. Fifteen hundred copies of ihe report 
 of the Lunatic Hospital to be furnished to the superintendent. 
 
 Resolved, That the Clerk of the Senate for the time being 
 be authorized and directed to cause to be printed annually, be- 
 fore the meeting of the Legislature, or as soon thereafter as 
 may be, the usual number of the annual reports of the officers 
 of the State Lunatic Hospital and of the Board of Education, 
 and that he cause the former to be numbered owe of the Senate, 
 and the latter one of the House. [See Resolve 1849, ch. 52.] 
 
 Resolved, That the usual number of the printed reports of 
 the Board of Education, distributed in the Legislature, be re- 
 served for that purpose, and that the Secretary of the Com- 
 monwealth, after sending one copy to each school district and 
 each board of school committee men in the State, place the 
 residue at the disposal of the Secretary of said Board. 
 
 Resolved, That fifteen hundred printed copies of each annual 
 report of the officers of the State Lunatic Hospital be fur- 
 nished to the superintendent for the time being of said institu- 
 tion. [March 7, 1844.] 
 
 CHAPTER 63. 
 
 RESOLVE CONCERNING SCHOOL DISTRICT LIBRARIES. 
 
 Resolves of March 3d, 1842, and March 7th, 1843, extended to all school districts. 
 
 Resolved, That the provisions of the Resolve of March the 
 third, in the year one thousand eight hundred and forty-two, 
 and the Resolve of March the seventh, in the year one thousand 
 24 
 
186 
 
 eight hundred and forty-three, be and the same are hereby ex- 
 tended to every school district of every town in the Common- 
 wealth. [March 11, 1844] 
 
 St. 1845, chap, 100, repealed by St. 1849, chap. 65. 
 
 St. 1845, chap. 157, repealed by St. 1849, chap. 209. 
 
 CHAPTER 214. 
 
 AN ACT CONCERNING PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 
 
 ^leiiaedy for tie unlawful exclusion of a child from public school instruction. 
 
 Any child, unlawfully excluded from public school instruc- 
 tion in this Commonwealth, shall recover damages therefor, in 
 an action on the case, to be brought in the name of said child, 
 by his guardian or next friend, in any court of competent 
 jurisdiction to try the same, against the city or town by which 
 such public school instruction is supported. [March 25, 1845.] 
 
 CHAPTER 100. 
 
 RESOLVES RESPECTING STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 
 
 Allowance of ^5000 to Board of Education to provide buildings for Normal Schools, (fee. 
 To be taken from the capital of the school fund. Normal Schools to take the name of 
 State Normal Schools. 
 
 Whereas, Charles Sumner, R. C- Waterston, G. F. Thayer, 
 Charles Brooks, and William Brigham, a committee of friends 
 of education, have presented their memorial to the Legislature, 
 praying that the sum of five thousand dollars may be placed in 
 the hands of the Board of Education, on condition that the 
 said memorialists will place an equal sum in the hands of the 
 said Board, to be appropriated for defraying the expenses of 
 providing suitable buildings for the Normal Schools, and for 
 purchasing apparatus and libraries for the same ; therefore. 
 
 Resolved, That his excellency the Governor, by and with 
 the advice and consent of the Council, be and he hereby is 
 authorized and requested to draw his warrant upon the treas- 
 urer of the Commonwealth, in favor of the Board of Educa- 
 tion, for the sum of five thousand dollars, at such time as the 
 Board shall request : provided, that the said Board in their 
 request shall certify, that the above named memorialists have 
 placed at their disposal the sum of five thousand dollars ; and 
 
187 
 
 the said sums shall then be appropriated by the said Board, for 
 defraying the expenses of providing suitable buildings for the 
 State Normal Schools, and for purchasing apparatus and libra- 
 ries therefor. 
 
 Resolved, That the treasurer shall take the said sum of five 
 thousand dollars from the capital of the school fund. 
 
 Resolved, That the schools heretofore known as Normal 
 Schools, shall be hereafter designated as State Normal Schools. 
 [March 20, 1845.] 
 
 CHAPTER 101. 
 
 RESOLVE CONCERNING THE TRANSMISSION OF STATE DOCUMENTS. 
 
 Secretary, under direction, &c., to forward documents, &c., to authorities of other states and 
 
 countries. 
 
 Resolved, That the Secretary of the Commonwealth be and 
 he is hereby instructed, under the direction of his excellency 
 the Governor, to obtain and forward books and other docu- 
 ments containing information respecting the literary, charitable 
 and other institutions of this Commonwealth, as applications 
 for the same are received from time to time from the authori- 
 ties of other States, or of foreign countries. [March 20, 1845.] 
 
 CHAPTER 113. 
 
 RESOLVES IN ADDITION TO THE RESOLVES CONCERNING SCHOOL 
 DISTRICT LIBRARIES. 
 
 Allowance for District School Libraries extended to the city of Boston, for Latin, English 
 High, Grammar and Writing Schools, according to number of children, &c., between 1 
 and 16 years old, to be estimated by the mayor, who is to certify, &c. Allowance, &c., 
 extended to city of Boston, for primary and intermediate schools, according to number of 
 children, &c., between 4 and 7 years old, &c. Apportionment of books to be made by 
 school committee. When to take effect. 
 
 Resolved, That the provisions of the Resolve of March 
 third, one thousand eight hundred and forty-two, be extended 
 to the Latin School, English High School, and Grammar and 
 Writing Schools of the city of Boston, in such manner as to 
 give as many times fifteen dollars towards a purchase of a 
 library, or libraries, for said schools, as the number sixty is 
 contained, exclusive of fractions, in the number of children 
 belonging to said schools between the ages of seven and six- 
 teen years, said number to be estimated by the mayor of said 
 city : provided, the said mayor shall certify, to the treasurer of 
 the Commonwealth, that an equal sum of money has been 
 raised and appropriated, subsequent to the first day of January, 
 in the year one thousand eight hundred and forty-five, for the 
 same purpose. 
 
188 
 
 Resolved, That the provisions of the preceding Resolve, and 
 of the Resolves to which it is in addition, be extended to the 
 primary and intermediate schools of the city of Boston, in 
 such manner as to give as many times fifteen dollars for the 
 purchase of a library, or libraries, for said schools, as the num- 
 ber sixty is contained, exclusive of fractions, in the number of 
 children belonging to said schools between the ages of four 
 and seven years, said number to be estimated as in the preced- 
 ing Resolve is provided, when it shall be made to appear to the 
 treasurer of the Commonwealth, by a certificate of the mayor 
 of said city, that an equal sum has been raised and appro- 
 priated, subsequent to the first day of January, in the year one 
 thousand eight hundred and forty-five, for the same purpose. 
 
 Resolved, That the apportionment, or distribution of the 
 books purchased as above provided for, shall be determined by 
 the school committee of the city of Boston. 
 
 Resolved, That these Resolves shall take effect from and after 
 their passage. [March 25, 1845.] 
 
 CHAPTER 94. 
 
 AN ACT RESPECTING CORPORATIONS FOR MUTUAL IMPROVEMENT 
 AND THE PROMOTION OF EDUCATION. 
 
 Section 
 
 1. Corporations under R. S., ch. 41, § 1, 
 may have such corporate name as the 
 
 Section 
 
 associates may adopt. 
 2. Additional powers granted. 
 
 Sect. 1. Corporations may be formed pursuant to the sev- 
 enth section of the forty-first chapter of the Revised Statutes, 
 either by the name of " Lyceum," as is therein provided, or 
 by any other corporate name which the associates shall adopt. 
 
 Sect. 2. Corporations formed in pursuance of the said 
 seventh section may, in addition to the powers and privileges 
 therein granted, have and exercise all the powers and privi- 
 leges granted by the first six sections of said forty-first chapter, 
 and may hold real and personal estate to any amount not ex- 
 ceeding twenty thousand dollars, in addition to the value of 
 their books. [March 11, 1846.] 
 
 CHAPTER 99. 
 
 AN ACT TO ESTABLISH TEACHERs' INSTITUTES. 
 
 Section | Section 
 
 1. Teachers' Institutes to be estabhshed 2. Expenses of, — how defrayed, 
 
 by tlie Board of Education. | 3. Fund for, established. 
 
 Sect. 1. Whenever reasonable assurance shall be given to 
 th« Board of Education, that a number not less than seventy 
 
189 
 
 [altered to fifty, by St, 1848, ch. 10,] teachers of Common 
 Schools shall desire to assemble for the purpose of forming a 
 Teachers' Institute, and to remain in session for a period not 
 less than ten working days, [see St. 1849, ch. 62,] the said 
 Board, by a committee of their body, or by their Secretary, or, 
 in case of his inability, by such person or persons as they may 
 delegate, shall appoint a time and place for said meeting, make 
 suitable arrangements therefor, and give due notice thereof. 
 
 Sect. 2. For the purpose of defraying the expenses of 
 rooms, fires, lights, attendance, or other necessary charges, and 
 for procuring teachers and lectures for said institute, the said 
 Board, their Secretary, or other person or persons duly appointed 
 by them, may draw upon the treasurer of the Commonwealth 
 for a sum not exceeding two hundred dollars for any one insti- 
 tute, from such fund as may be in the treasury, under the 
 general warrant of the Governor for said purpose. 
 
 Sect. 3. To meet the expenses aforesaid, the Governor is 
 hereby authorized to draw his warrant upon the treasurer for a 
 sum not exceeding twenty-five hundred dollars per annum, to 
 be taken from the capital of the school fund, and to remain in 
 the treasury subject to the drafts provided for in the second 
 section of this bill. [March 12, 1846.] 
 
 CHAPTER 219. 
 
 AN ACT TO DESIGNATE THE FUND TOR THE PAYMENT OF THE 
 SALARY OF THE LAND AGENT, AND OF APPROPRIATIONS FOR 
 EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES. 
 
 Moneys, hereafter paid or appropriated for purposes of education, to be a charge upon the 
 
 school fund. 
 
 Sect. 2. All sums of money which shall be hereafter 
 drawn from the treasury, by virtue of appropriations made, or 
 to be made, for educational purposes, shall be considered as a 
 charge upon the moiety of the proceeds of the sales of the 
 public lands now set apart for the purpose of constituting "a 
 school fund," and all payments made on account of such ap- 
 propriations shall be deducted from the amount received into 
 the treasury from the moiety of the sales of the public lands, 
 before such moiety shall be credited to the school fund : pro- 
 vided, however, that if the moneys received on account of said 
 moiety should not be sufficient to pay the sum drawn on ac- 
 count of any appropriation for educational purposes, such draft 
 shall be paid from " the school fund," already invested. [April 
 15, 1846.] 
 
190 
 
 CHAPTER 223. 
 
 AN ACT RELATING TO THE DUTIES OF SCHOOL COMMITTEES, AND 
 THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE INCOME OF THE SCHOOL FUND. 
 
 Section 
 
 1. School committees, &c., to hold over 
 till winter terms are closed, and returns 
 made to the Secretary. 
 
 2. School committee to ascertain and cer- 
 tify the number of children, &,c., and 
 certify the amount of money raised, &,c. 
 
 3. Blanks, &c., to be prescribed by 
 Board of Education, &c.; distributed 
 by Secretary, through the sheriffs and 
 town clerks ; and tilled and returned 
 
 Section 
 
 by school committees, &c. Notice of 
 failure to receive blanks, &c. 
 
 4. Report of school committee to be 
 transmitted to Secretary ; deposited in 
 clerk's office, and read in town meet- 
 ing, or published. 
 
 3. Distribution of income of school fund. 
 
 6. Time of taking effect. Copies to be 
 transmitted. 
 
 7. Repeal of inconsistent provisions. 
 
 Sect. 1. In every city and town in the Commonwealth, in 
 which it is now required by law that the school committee 
 shall be elected in the month of February, March, or April, 
 the school committee of the year preceding such election shall 
 continue to hold their office, and to discharge the duties there- 
 of, notwithstanding the election of successors, until the winter 
 terms of the several schools shall have closed, and until the 
 certificate, return, and report, as hereinafter provided, shall 
 have been by them made and transmitted to the office of the 
 Secretary of the Commonwealth : provided, however, that, in 
 regard to the examination of teachers for the summer schools, 
 the visitation of those schools, and all other duties, except the 
 making and transmitting of the said documents, the term of 
 office of the new committee shall be held to commence imme- 
 diately after their election to the same. 
 
 Sect. 2. The school committee of each city and town 
 shall, as soon as may be after the first day of May, annually, 
 ascertain, by actual examination or otherwise, the number of 
 persons between the ages of four and sixteen years, belonging 
 to such city or town, on the said first day of May, and shall make 
 a certificate thereof, under oath, and also of the sum raised by 
 such city or town for the support of schools, including only 
 wages, and board of teachers, and fuel for the schools, during 
 the said year ; and shall transmit the same to the Secretary of 
 the Commonwealth, on or before the last day of the following 
 April, which certificate shall be in the following form, to wit : 
 
 We, the school committee of , do certify, from the 
 
 best information we have been able to obtain, that, on the first 
 
 day of May, in the year , there were belonging to said 
 
 town the number of persons, between the ages of four 
 
 and sixteen years ; [altered to five and fifteen. See St. 1849, 
 ch. 117, <§> 1 ;] and we further certify, that said town raised 
 the sum of dollars for the support of Common Schools 
 
191 
 
 for the said year, including only the wages and board of teach- 
 ers, and fuel for the schools. 
 
 School 
 Committee. 
 
 , ss. On this ■ day of , personally ap- 
 peared the above-named school committee of and made 
 
 oath that the above certificate by them subscribed is true. 
 Before me, 
 
 , Justice of the Peace. 
 
 Sect. 3. The form of the blanks, and the inquiries pro- 
 vided for by the statute of the year one thousand eight hun- 
 dred and thirty-seven, chapter two hundred and twenty-seven, 
 shall be prescribed by the Board of Education ; and it shall be 
 the duty of said Board, in the month of January, annually, to 
 transmit to the Secretary of the Commonwealth copies of said 
 blanks for the several cities and towns. It shall be the duty 
 of said Secretary to cause said blanks to be forwarded to the 
 sheriffs of the several counties, who shall transmit them as soon 
 as may be to the clerks of the several cities and towns within 
 their comities respectively, and said clerks shall forthwith trans- 
 mit the same to the school committees. [See St. 1849, ch. 65.] 
 The school committees of the several cities and towns shall re- 
 turn said blanks, duly filled up, to the office of the Secretary of 
 the Commonwealth, on or before the last day of April. If any 
 school committee shall fail to receive such blank form of re- 
 turn on or before the last day of March, they shall forthwith 
 give notice thereof to the Secretary of the Commonwealth, 
 who shall transmit such blank as soon as may be. 
 
 Sect. 4. The school committees shall annually make a de- 
 tailed report of the condition of the several Public Schools in 
 their respective cities and towns, which report shall contain 
 such statements and suggestions in relation to such schools, as 
 the said committees shall deem necessary or proper to promote 
 the interests thereof; and a certified copy of such report shall 
 be transmitted by said committees to the office of the Secretary 
 of the Commonwealth, on or before the last day of April. Said 
 report shall also be deposited in the office of the clerk of the 
 city or town, and shall either be read in open town meeting in 
 the month of February, March, or April, or, at the discretion 
 of the school committee, shall be printed for the use of the in- 
 habitants. 
 
 Sect. 5. The income of the Massachusetts School Fund, 
 to the first day of June in each year, except the sum of two 
 hundred and forty dollars appropriated to the support of schools 
 among the Indians, shall be apportioned by the secretary and 
 treasurer, and paid over by the treasurer on the tenth day of 
 
192 
 
 July, to the treasurers of the several cities and towns, for the 
 use of the Common Schools therein, according to the number 
 of persons therein, between the ages of four and sixteen years, 
 [St. 1849, ch. 117, <§) 1,] ascertained and certified as pro- 
 vided in the second section of this act : provided, however, 
 that no such apportionment shall be made to any city or town 
 which shall have failed to comply with any of the provisions 
 of this act, or which shall not have raised by taxation, for the 
 support of schools, including only wages, and board of teach- 
 ers, and fuel for the schools, during the said year, a sum 
 equal at least to one dollar and twenty-five cents [one dollar 
 and fifty cents. St. 1849, ch. 117, <§> 3,] for each person be- 
 tween the ages of four and sixteen years, belonging to said 
 city or town on the first day of May of said year. 
 
 Sect. 6. This act shall take effect from and after the last 
 day of April, in the present year ; and the Secretary of the 
 Commonwealth shall transmit a copy thereof to the school 
 committee of each city and town, as soon as may be after the 
 passage of the same. 
 
 Sect. 7. All acts and parts of acts, inconsistent with this 
 act, are hereby repealed. [April 15, 1846.] 
 
 CHAPTER 137. 
 
 AN ACT RELATING TO COMMON SCHOOLS. 
 
 Section 
 
 of moneys raised for this purpose. 
 3. When to take effect. 
 
 Section 
 
 L Towns may provide for the instruction 
 
 of adults in reading, &c. 
 2. Manner of assessment, disposal, &c., 
 
 Sect. 1. In addition to the grants of money for Common 
 Schools which cities and towns are now, by law, authorized 
 to make, any city or town may appropriate such further sums 
 of money as it may deem expedient, for the support of schools 
 for the instruction of adults in reading, writing, English gram- 
 mar, arithmetic, and geography. 
 
 Sect. 2. Such moneys shall be assessed, levied, collected, 
 and paid into the treasury, in the same manner that other town 
 or city taxes are, and shall then be at the disposal of the school 
 committee of the town or city, to be expended by them for 
 the purpose aforesaid, in such manner as they may deem expe- 
 dient. 
 
 Sect. 3. This act shall take effect from and after its pas- 
 sage. [March 29, 1847.] 
 
193 
 
 CHAPTER 16. 
 
 RESOLVE RELATING TO THE LIBRARY OF THE STATE PRISON. 
 
 Annual appropriation of ^100 after April 1, 1847, to be expended by the Warden, &c. 
 
 Resolved, That, from and after the first day of April, one 
 thousand eight hundred and forty-seven, the sum of one hun- 
 dred dollars, annually, shall be appropriated from the funds of 
 the State Prison, to be expended by the warden, under the di- 
 rection of the inspectors of said prison, for the increase, preser- 
 vation and care of the library of said prison. [March 4, 1847.] 
 
 CHAPTER 165. 
 
 AN ACT TO ESTABLISH THE STATE REFORM SCHOOL. 
 
 Section 
 
 L School for juvenile offenders in West- 
 borough. Government thereof. 
 
 2. Duties of trustees. By-laws. 
 
 3. Governor to issue proclamation as soon 
 as, &c. 
 
 4. Male convicts, under sixteen, may be 
 sentenced, &c. 
 
 5. Reform School convicts to be kept, 
 &c., till reformed and discharged, or 
 bound out, or remanded to prison. 
 
 6. Trustees, &c. maj-, in their discretion, 
 deliver said convicts to be imprisoned. 
 
 7. Period of commitment. Release from 
 liabilities at discharge from school. 
 
 Section 
 
 8. Binding out to apprenticeship. 
 
 9. Course and purpose of instruction and 
 discipline. 
 
 10. Duties of the superintendent and as- 
 sistants. 
 
 11. Superintendent to give bond, &c. To 
 keep accounts, &c., and a register. 
 
 12. Contracts made by the superintendent. 
 1.3. Treasurer to give bonds, &c. 
 
 14. Trustees to take charge of the farm, 
 &c. 5 and to be changed annually, &c. 5 
 and to serve gratuitously. 
 
 15. Visitations. Examinations. Annual ab- 
 stracts of reports of the same, &c. 
 
 Sect. 1. There shall be established, in the town of West- 
 borough, in the county of Worcester, on the land conveyed to 
 the Commonwealth for the purpose, a school, for the instruc- 
 tion, employment and reformation of juvenile offenders, to be 
 called the State Reform School ; and the government of said 
 school shall be vested in a board of seven trustees, to be ap- 
 pointed and commissioned by the Governor, by and with the 
 advice of the Council. 
 
 Sect. 2. It shall be the duty of said board of trustees to 
 take charge of the general interests of the institution ; to see 
 that its affairs are conducted in accordance with the require- 
 ments of the Legislature, and of such by-laws as the board 
 may, from time to time, adopt, for the orderly and economical 
 management of its concerns ; to see that strict discipline is 
 maintained therein ; to provide employment for the inmates, 
 and bind them out, discharge, or remand them, as is herein- 
 after provided ; to appoint a superintendent, a steward, a teach- 
 er or teachers, and such other officers as, in their judgment, the 
 wants of the institution may require ; to prescribe the duties of 
 the superintendent and other officers ; to exercise a vigilant su- 
 25 
 
194 
 
 pervision over the institution, its officers and inmates ; to re- 
 move such officers at pleasure, and appoint others in their stead, 
 and to determine the salaries to be paid to the officers, respec- 
 tively, — subject, in all cases, to the approval of the Governor 
 and Council. The trustees shall also prepare, and submit to 
 the inspection of the Governor and Council, a code of by-laws, 
 which shall not be valid until sanctioned by them. The by- 
 laws may, subsequently, be enlarged or amended, by the assent 
 of five members of the board of trustees, at any legal meeting 
 of said board, and not otherwise ; but no alteration shall • be 
 valid until it shall have been approved by the Governor and 
 Council. 
 
 Sect. 3. As soon as the Governor shall have been notified, 
 by the commissioners to be appointed under a Resolve " for 
 erecting the State Reform School buildings," that said build- 
 ings are prepared for occupancy, he shall forthwith issue his 
 proclamation, giving public notice of the fact. 
 
 Sect. 4. After proclamation shall have been made, as pro- 
 vided in the third section of this act, when any boy, under the 
 age of sixteen years, shall be convicted of any offence known 
 to the laws of this Commonwealth, and punishable by impris- 
 onment, other than such as may be punished by imprisonment 
 for life, the court, or justice, as the case may be, before whom 
 such conviction shall be had, may, at their discretion, sentence 
 such boy to the State Reform School, or to such punishment 
 as is now provided by law for the same offence. And if 
 the sentence shall be to the Reform School, then it shall be 
 in the alternative to the State Reform School, or to such pun- 
 ishment as would have been awarded if this act had not been 
 passed. 
 
 Sect. 5. Any boy, so convicted and sent to said school," 
 shall there be kept, disciplined, instructed, employed, and gov- 
 erned, under the direction of said board of trustees, until he 
 shall be either reformed and discharged, or shall be bound out 
 by said trustees, according to their by-laws, or shall be re- 
 manded to prison, under the sentence of the court, as incorri- 
 gible, upon information of the trustees as hereinafter provided. 
 
 Sect. 6. If any boy shall, upon any conviction, be sen- 
 tenced to said school, and the trustees, or any two of them in 
 the absence of the others, shall deem it inexpedient to receive 
 him, or if he shall be found incorrigible, or his continuance in 
 the school shall be deemed prejudicial to the management and 
 discipline thereof, they shall certify the same upon the mitti- 
 mus by virtue of which he is held, which mittimus, together 
 with the boy, shall be delivered to the sheriff" of any county or 
 his deputy, or to the constable of any town, who shall, forth- 
 with, commit said boy to the jail, house of correction, or State 
 
195 
 
 prison, as the case may be, in pursuance of the alternative sen- 
 tence provided for in the preceding section of this act. 
 
 Sect. 7. All commitments to this institution, of boys, of 
 whatever age when committed, shall be for a term not longer 
 than during their minority, nor less than one year, unless 
 sooner discharged by order of the trustees, as hereinbefore pro- 
 vided ; and whenever any boy shall be discharged therefrom 
 by the expiration of his term of commitment, or as reformed, 
 or as having arrived at the age of twenty-one years, such dis- 
 charge shall be a full and complete release from all penalties 
 and disabilities which may have been created by such sentence. 
 
 Sect. 8. The trustees of this school shall have power to 
 bind out all boys committed to their charge, for any term of 
 time during the period for which they shall have been commit- 
 ted, as apprentices or servants, to any inhabitants of this Com- 
 monwealth ; and the said trustees, and master or mistress, ap- 
 prentice or servant, shall, respectively, have all the rights and 
 privileges, and be subject to all the duties, set forth in the 
 eightieth chapter of the Revised Statutes, in the same manner 
 as if said binding or apprenticing were made by overseers of 
 the poor. 
 
 Sect. 9. The trustees shall cause the boys under their 
 charge to be instructed in piety and morality, and in such 
 branches of useful knowledge as shall be adapted to their age 
 and capacity ; they shall also be instructed in some regular 
 course of labor, either mechanical, manufacturing, agricultural, 
 or horticultural, or a combination of these, as shall be best 
 suited to their age and strength, disposition and capacity ; also 
 such other arts and trades, as may seem to them best adapted 
 to secure the reformation, amendment, and future benefit of 
 the boys ; and, in binding out the inmates, the trustees shall 
 have scrupulous regard to the religious and moral character of 
 those to whom they are to be bound, to the end that they may 
 secure to the boys the benefit of a good example and whole- 
 some instruction, and the sure means of improvement in virtue 
 and knowledge, and, thus, the opportunity of becoming intel- 
 ligent, moral, useful, and happy citizens of this Common- 
 wealth. 
 
 Sect. 10. The superintendent, with such subordinate offi- 
 cers as the trustees shall appoint, shall have the charge and 
 custody of the boys. He shall himself be a constant resident at 
 the institution ; and shall discipline, govern, instruct, and em- 
 ploy, and use his best endeavors to reform the inmates, in such 
 manner as, while preserving their health, will secure the for- 
 mation, as far as possible, of moral, religious, and industrious 
 habits, and regular, thorough progress and improvement ia 
 their studies, trades, and various employments. 
 
196 
 
 Sect. 11. The superintendent shall have the charge of the 
 lands, buildings, furniture, tools, implements, stock, and pro- 
 visions, and every other species of property pertaining to the 
 institution, within the precincts thereof; he shall, before he 
 enters upon the duties of his office, give a iDond to the Common- 
 wealth, with sureties satisfactory to the Governor and Council, 
 in the sum of two thousand dollars, conditioned that he shall 
 faithfully account for all moneys received by him as superin- 
 tendent, and faithfully perform all the duties incumbent on 
 him as such. He shall keep, in suitable books, regular and 
 complete accounts of all his receipts and expenditures, and of 
 all property entrusted to him, showing the income and ex- 
 penses of the institution ; and he shall account to the treasurer, 
 in such manner as the trustees may require, for all moneys re- 
 ceived by him from the proceeds of the farm or otherwise. 
 His books, and all documents relating to the school, shall, at 
 all times, be open to the inspection of the trustees, who shall, 
 at least once in every six months, carefully examine the said 
 books and accounts, and the vouchers and documents con- 
 nected therewith, and make a record of the result of such ex- 
 amination. He shall keep a register, containing the name and 
 age of each boy, and the circumstances connected with his 
 early history ; and he shall add such facts as may come to his 
 knowledge relating to the subsequent history of said boy, 
 while at the institution, and after he shall have left it. 
 
 Sect. 12. All contracts, on account of the institution, shall 
 be made by the superintendent, in writing, and when approved 
 by the trustees, if their by-laws require it, shall be binding in 
 law, and the superintendent, or his successor, may sue, or be 
 be sued thereon, to final judgment and execution ; and no such 
 suit shall abate by reason of the office of superintendent be- 
 coming vacant pending such suit, but any successor of the su- 
 perintendent may take upon himself the prosecution or defence 
 thereof, and, upon motion of the adverse party, and notice, he 
 shall be required so to do. 
 
 Sect. 13. There shall be a treasurer, to be appointed by 
 the Governor and Council, who shall, before he enters upon 
 the discharge of the duties of his office, give a bond to the 
 Commonwealth, with sureties satisfactory to the Governor and 
 Council, in the sum of three thousand dollars, conditioned that 
 he shall faithfully account for all money received by him as 
 treasurer; which bond, and also that of the superintendent, 
 when approved, shall be filed in the office of the treasurer and 
 receiver general. 
 
 Sect. 14. The board of trustees shall be appointed forth- 
 with, and they shall take charge of the farm in Westborough 
 which belongs to the Commonwealth, except so much thereof 
 
197 
 
 as shall be needed for the purposes of the commissioners, for 
 the erection of the buildings. When the Governor shall have 
 made proclamation that the buildings are ready for occupancy, 
 the school and the buildings shall be at once in the charge of 
 the trustees. 
 
 When two years shall have expired after the first appoint- 
 ment of a board of trustees, two trustees shall be appointed 
 and commissioned annually ; and, for this purpose, the places 
 of the two senior members, as they stand arranged in their 
 commission, shall be, thereafter, annually vacated. No trustee 
 shall receive any compensation for his services ; but he shall 
 be allowed the amount of expenses incurred by him in the dis- 
 charge of the duties of his office. 
 
 Sect. 15. One or more of the trustees shall visit the school 
 at least once in every two weeks, at which time the boys shall 
 be examined in the schoolroom and workshop, and the regis- 
 ter shall be inspected. A record shall be regularly kept, of 
 these visits, in the books of the superintendent. 
 
 Once in every three months, the school, in all its depart- 
 ments, shall be thoroughly examined by a majority of the 
 board of trustees, and a report made, showing the results of 
 these examinations. Annually, in the month of December, an 
 abstract of these quarterly reports shall be prepared, which, to- 
 gether with a full report by the superintendent, shall be laid 
 before the Governor and Council, for the information of the 
 Legislature. The treasurer shall also submit, at the same time, 
 a financial statement, furnishing an accurate detailed account 
 of the receipts and expenditures, for the year terminating on 
 the last day of the month of November next preceding. [April 
 9, 1847.J 
 
 CHAPTER 183. 
 
 AN ACT KELATING TO THE ABSTRACTS OF SCHOOL RETURNS AND 
 THE DUTIES OF SCHOOL COMMITTEES. 
 
 Section 
 
 fund, &c., may withhold compensation 
 from school committees. 
 
 Section 
 
 1. Abstracts to be made by the Secretary 
 of the Board of Education. 
 
 2. Towns losing their income from school 
 
 Sect. 1. The abstracts of school returns, prescribed by the 
 statute of eighteen hundred and thirty-seven, chapter two hun- 
 dred and forty-one, shall, hereafter, be made up by the Secre- 
 tary of the Board of Education ; and so much of any act, as 
 provides that the said abstracts shall be made up in the office 
 of the Secretary of State, is hereby repealed. 
 
 Sect. 2. Any city or town may withhold such compensa- 
 tion as the school committee of such city or town are now au- 
 
198 
 
 thorized, by law, to receive, if such town shall have forfeited 
 its due portion of the income of the school fund through the 
 failure of such committee to comply with the provisions of the 
 law in relation to school returns. [April 14, 1847.] 
 
 [For the act concerning the House for the Reformation and 
 Employment of Juvenile Offenders, in the city of Boston, see 
 St. 1847, ch. 208.] 
 
 CHAPTER 49. 
 
 RESOLVE CONCERNING THE PERKINS INSTITUTION AND MASSACHU- 
 SETTS ASYLUM rOR THE BLINB. 
 
 Appropriation of ^9000 annually. Repeal of previous Resolves. 
 
 Resolved, That there be allowed and paid annually, in quar- 
 terly payments, out of the treasury of the Commonwealth, the 
 sum of nine thousand dollars to the treasurer of the Perkins 
 Institution and Massachusetts Asylum for the Blind, for the 
 use of said institution, said payments to continue during the 
 pleasure of the Legislature, and no longer : provided, that the 
 said institution shall receive, board, lodge, and educate, forty 
 indigent blind persons belonging to the Commonwealth, if so 
 many shall be recommended, to be placed there in conformity 
 to the Resolves passed by the Legislature on the sixteenth and 
 twenty-eighth of February, in the year eighteen hundred and 
 thirty-three ; and the Governor is requested to draw his war- 
 rants accordingly. All previous Resolves, granting money to 
 the said institution, are hereby repealed. [April 17, 1847.] 
 
 CHAPTER 71. 
 
 RESOLVES CONCERNING THE ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE BOARD OF 
 EDUCATION AND THE ABSTRACTS OF SCHOOL RETURNS. 
 
 Clerk of the Senate to print 6000 copies of the Annual Report of the Board of Education. 
 
 Resolved, That the Clerk of the Senate, for the time being, 
 be authorized and directed to cause to be printed, annually, be- 
 fore the meeting of the Legislature, or as soon thereafter as 
 may be, six thousand [altered to eight thousand, by Res. of 
 1849, ch. 52,] copies of the Annual Report of the Board of 
 Education, instead of the number authorized by the Resolves 
 of the year one thousand eight hundred and forty-four, chapter 
 fifty-seven. [Second Resolve superseded.] [April 23, 1847.] 
 
199 
 
 [Resolve of 1847, ch. 82, appropriating $6000 annually for 
 the support of the State Normal Schools, superseded by Re- 
 solve of 1849, ch. 89, which makes an appropriation of $7000 
 a year for the same object.] 
 
 CHAPTER 10. 
 
 AN ACT IN ADDITION TO " AN ACT TO ESTABLISH TEACHERS' 
 
 INSTITUTES." 
 
 Skction 
 
 1. Teachers' Institutes to be established 
 on application of 50 instead of 70 
 
 Section 
 
 teachers. 
 2. Repealing clause. 
 
 Sect. 1. Whenever reasonable assurance shall be given to 
 the Board of Education, that a number, not less than fifty 
 teachers of Common Schools, shall desire to assemble for the 
 purpose of forming a Teachers' Institute, according to the 
 ninety-ninth chapter of the statutes of the year eighteen hun- 
 dred and forty-six, the Board of Education shall appoint a 
 time and place for said meeting, in manner and form as is pre- 
 scribed in the act aforesaid. 
 
 Sect. 2. Any thing contained in the act aforesaid, contrary 
 to the provisions of this act, is hereby repealed. [February 
 11, 1848.] 
 
 CHAPTER 29. 
 
 AN ACT TO 
 
 PROVIDE FOR THE INSTRUCTION OF PRISONERS IN 
 JAILS AND HOUSES OF CORRECTION. 
 
 Section 
 
 2. Expenses of such instruction to be re- 
 turned by inspectors of prisons. 
 
 3. When to take effect. 
 
 Section 
 
 L County commissioners to provide 
 moral and religious instruction for pris- 
 oners in the jails and houses of correc- 
 tion. 
 
 Sect. 1. The county commissioners of the several coun- 
 ties in this Commonwealth are hereby authorized, at their dis- 
 cretion, and at the expense of their respective counties, to pro- 
 vide moral and religious instruction for the prisoners confined 
 in the jails and houses of correction of their respective coun- 
 ties. 
 
 Sect. 2. The inspectors of prisons in the several counties 
 shall cause to be transmitted, in their annual returns to the 
 Governor, a statement of the expense incurred in carrying this 
 act into effect in their respective counties. 
 
 Sect. 3. This act shall take effect from and after its pas- 
 sage. [February 28, 1848.] 
 
200 
 
 CHAPTER 173. 
 
 AN ACT IN ADDITION TO AN ACT RELATING TO ABSTRACTS OF 
 SCHOOL RETURNS, AND THE DUTIES OF SCHOOL COMMITTEES. 
 
 Section 
 
 nefflect. 
 2. When to take effect. 
 
 Section 
 
 1. Compensation of school committee 
 may be withheld, in case of forfeiture 
 of income of school fund through their 
 
 Sect. 1. Any city, or town, may withhold such compen- 
 sation as the school committee of such city, or town, are now 
 authorized by law to receive, if such town shall have forfeited 
 its due portion of the income of the school fund, through the 
 failure of such committee to comply with the provisions of the 
 fourth section of the two hundred and twenty-third chapter of 
 the general laws passed in the year one thousand eight hun- 
 dred and forty-six. 
 
 Sect. 2. This act shall take effect from and after the thir- 
 tieth day of June, in the year one thousand eight hundred and 
 forty-eight. [April 22, 1848.] 
 
 CHAPTER 237. 
 
 AN ACT TO AUTHORIZE TOWNS TO TAKE LAND FOR SCHOOL- 
 HOUSES. 
 
 Section 
 
 2. Owner of land taken may have a jury 
 to revise the proceedings. 
 
 3. Repealing clause. 
 
 Section 
 
 1. Selectmen may lay out land for school- 
 houses, in the same manner as for high- 
 ways, provided the owner refuse to sell, 
 or demand an unreasonable price. 
 
 Sect. 1. Whenever a suitable place shall have been desig- 
 nated, by any town or school district, for the erection of a 
 schoolhouse and necessary buildings, agreeably to the provis- 
 ions of the twenty-third chapter of the Revised Statutes, and 
 the owner of the land shall refuse to sell the same, or shall 
 demand therefor a price which, in the opinion of the selectmen, 
 is unreasonable, the said selectmen, with the approbation of the 
 town, may proceed to select, at their discretion, a schoolhouse 
 lot, and lay out the same, not exceeding in quantity forty 
 square rods, and to appraise the damages to the owner of such 
 land, in the same way and manner as is provided for laying 
 out townways and appraising damages sustained thereby ; and 
 upon payment, or tender of payment, of the amount of such 
 damages, by the town or district designating such schoolhouse 
 lot, to the owner thereof, the said land shall be taken, held, 
 and used, for the purpose for which it is designated. 
 
 Sect. 2. Whenever the owner of such land shall feel 
 
201 
 
 aggrieved by the selection and location of such lot, and the 
 damages awarded, he shall be entitled to have the matter of 
 complaint tried by a jury, which may be applied for within 
 one year after the location of such lot, and shall be ordered 
 accordingly by the county commissioners ; and the jury shall 
 have the power to change the location and assess the damages, 
 and the proceedings shall, in all respects, be conducted in the 
 same manner as is provided in cases of damages by laying out 
 highways ; and if the damages shall be increased, or the location 
 be changed by the jury, the damages and all charges shall be 
 paid by the town or district for whose benefit the lot is se- 
 lected ; otherwise, the charges which may arise on such appli- 
 cation shall be paid by such applicant. And the land so taken 
 shall be held and used for no other purpose than that contem- 
 plated in this act, and shall revert to the owner, his heirs or 
 assigns, upon the discontinuance thereon, for one year, of such 
 school as is now, or may hereafter be, required of the town or 
 district by law. 
 
 Sect. 3, All such provisions of law as are inconsistent 
 with this act are hereby repealed. [May 1, 1848.] 
 
 CHAPTER 65. 
 
 RESOLVES CONCERNING TRAINING AND TEACHING IDIOTS. 
 
 A sum not exceeding j;2300 annually for training-, &c., ten idiotic children. Account of 
 expense of such training, &c., to be rendered annually to Governor and Council. Towns 
 to furnish such children with clothing, if paupers. Governor authorized to draw his war- 
 rcuit. 
 
 Resolved, That there be paid, out of the treasury of the 
 Commonwealth, a sum not exceeding twenty-five hundred 
 dollars annually, for the term of three years, for the purpose of 
 training and teaching ten idiotic children, to be selected, by 
 the Governor and Council, from those at public charge, or from 
 the families of indigent persons, in different parts of the Com- 
 monwealth : provided, that an arrangement can be made by 
 the Governor and Council with any suitable institution now 
 patronized by the Commonwealth for charitable purposes ; and 
 provided, that said appropriation shall not be made a charge 
 upon the school fund. 
 
 Resolved, That the trustees of the institution undertaking 
 the instruction and training of said idiots shall, at the end of 
 each and every year, render to the Governor and Council an 
 account of the actual expense incurred on account of said idiots ; 
 and, if the amount expended shall be less than the sum re- 
 ceived from the public treasury, the unexpended balance shall 
 be deducted from the amount of the next annual appropriation. 
 
 Resolved, That the said trustees shall be authorized to re- 
 26 
 
202 
 
 quire that the authorities of any town which may send any 
 idiot pauper to them for instruction, be required to keep them 
 supplied with comfortable and decent clothing. 
 
 Resolved, That the Governor be authorized to draw his war- 
 rant for twenty-j&ve hundred dollars, on the treasurer of the 
 Commonwealth, in favor of the treasurer of any institution 
 which shall take the responsibility of training and teaching 
 said ten idiots, as soon as he shall receive official information 
 that the trustees will assume that responsibility. [May 8, 
 1848.] 
 
 CHAPTER 274. 
 
 AN ACT RELATING TO DISTRICT SCHOOLHOUSES. 
 
 Section 
 
 the purposes of § 28. 
 2. When to take effect. 
 
 Section 
 
 1. Towns voting money, in pursuance of 
 R. S., ch. 23, § 44, may empower se- 
 lectmen, &c., to expend the same for 
 
 Sect. 1. Whenever the inhabitants of any town shall, ac- 
 cording to the provisions of the forty-fourth section of the 
 twenty-third chapter of the Revised Statutes, vote any sum 
 for any of the purposes named in the twenty-eighth section of 
 the said twenty-third chapter, they may also empower the 
 selectmen of the town, or the school committee, or may choose 
 any committee, to carry into effect the provisions of said 
 twenty-eighth section, if the inhabitants of any school district 
 shall neglect or refuse to choose such committee. 
 
 Sect. 2. This act shall take effect from and after its pas- 
 sage. [May 9, 1848.] 
 
 CHAPTER 279. 
 
 AN ACT TO AUTHORIZE ADJACENT TOWNS TO UNITE FOR SCHOOL 
 
 PURPOSES. 
 
 Section 
 
 \. Union of adjacent towns to form a 
 high school district. 
 
 2. School committees of such towns to 
 elect one member from each board, 
 to form the committee for such school. 
 
 3. Such committee to determine the loca- 
 
 Section 
 
 tion of schoolhouse, if authorized to 
 be built, or authorize location of the 
 school, alternately in the two towns. 
 4. Towns to be assessed for tlie ex- 
 penses, according to their proportions 
 of the county tax. 
 
 Sect. 1. Any two adjacent towns, having not more than 
 two thousand inhabitants each, may form one high school dis- 
 trict, for establishing such a school as is contemplated in the 
 fifth section of the twenty-third chapter of the Revised Stat- 
 utes, whenever a majority of the citizens of each town, in 
 meetings called for that purpose, shall so determine. 
 
 Sect. 2. The school committees of the two towns, so 
 united, shall elect one from each of their respective boards, 
 and the two, so elected, shall form the committee for the man- 
 
203 
 
 agement and control of such school, with all the powers con- 
 ferred upon school committees and prudential committees. 
 
 Sect. 3. The committee, provided for in the foregoing sec- 
 tion, shall determine the location of such schoolhouse as shall 
 be authorized to be built by the towns forming such district, 
 or authorize the location of such school alternately, in the 
 two towns, whenever the towns shall not determine to erect a 
 house for its permanent location. 
 
 Sect. 4. In the erection of any schoolhouse for the per- 
 manent location of such school, and in the support and main- 
 tenance of the same, and in all incidental expenses attending 
 the same, the proportions to be paid by each town, unless 
 otherwise agreed upon, shall be according to the proportions of 
 such towns in the county tax. [May 9, 1848.] 
 
 St. 1848, chap. 283, repeals St. 1840, chap. 76. 
 
 CHAPTER 301. 
 
 AN ACT GRANTING AID TO COUNTY ASSOCIATIONS OF TEACHERS 
 
 AND OTHERS. 
 
 Section 
 
 1. County associations of teachers hold- 
 ing two meetings a year, of not less 
 than two days each, to receive J?60 
 annually from the State. 
 
 Section 
 
 2. Warrant for same to be drawn, on the 
 sworn certificate of president and sec- 
 retary. 
 
 3. When to take effect. 
 
 Sect, 1. Whenever a county association of teachers and 
 others, which has been or may be formed, shall hold semi- 
 annual meetings, of not less than two days each, for the ex- 
 press purpose of promoting the interests of Common Schools, 
 such association shall be entitled to receive fifty dollars a year 
 from the State. 
 
 Sect. 2. In pursuance of the provisions of the first section 
 of this act, when the president and secretary of the association 
 shall, under oath, have certified to the Governor that two semi- 
 aimual meetings have been held, as aforesaid, he is hereby 
 authorized to draw his warrant, in favor of said association, 
 on the treasurer of the Commonwealth, for the sum of fifty 
 dollars. 
 
 Sect. 3. This act shall take effect from and after its pas- 
 sage. [May 10, 1848.] 
 
204 
 CHAPTER 305. 
 
 AN ACT CONCERNING THE STATE REFORM SCHOOL. 
 
 Section 
 
 1. Trustees of State Reform School, for 
 time being, to be a corporation for cer- 
 
 Section 
 
 tain purposes. 
 2. When to take effect. 
 
 Sect. 1. The trustees of the State Reform School, for the 
 time being, shall be a corporation, by the name of the Trus- 
 tees of the State Reform School, for the purpose of taking 
 and holding, to themselves and their successors, in trust for the 
 Commonwealth, any grant or devise of lands, and any dona- 
 tion or bequest of money, or other personal property, which 
 has been or may hereafter be made for the use of said insti- 
 tution ; and for the purpose of preserving and investing the 
 proceeds of any such grant, devise, donation, or bequest, in 
 notes or bonds secured by good and sufficient mortgages, or in 
 other securities ; with all the powers necessary to carry into 
 effect the purposes aforesaid. 
 
 Sect. 2. This act shall take effect from and after its pas- 
 sage. [May 10, 1848.] 
 
 CHAPTER 324. 
 
 AN ACT IN RELATION TO PRISONERS. 
 
 Instruction in reading and writing to be furnished to prisoners. 
 
 Sect. 3. The warden and inspectors of the State prison, 
 the county commissioners of each county, the mayor and 
 aldermen of the city of Boston, with the sheriffs of each 
 county, respectively, are hereby authorized to furnish, at the 
 expense of said counties, suitable instructions in reading and 
 writing, for one hour each evening, (except Sundays,) to all 
 such prisoners as may be benefited by such instruction, and 
 desirous to receive the same. [May 10, 1848.] 
 
 CHAPTER 34. 
 
 RESOLVES RELATING TO A REPRINT OF THE TENTH REPORT OF 
 THE SECRETARY OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION. 
 
 Horace Mann to prepare the Report. Number of copies. Compensation. 
 
 Resolved, That the late Secretary of the Board of Educa- 
 tion, Honorable Horace Mann, be hereby appointed to prepare, 
 for republication, so much of his Tenth Annual Report, as, 
 with the requisite additions and alterations, to be also made by 
 him, will exhibit a just and correct view of the Common 
 School system of Massachusetts, and the provisions of law 
 relating to it. 
 
205 
 
 Resolved, That there be printed ten thousand copies of such 
 republication, to be distributed and disposed of in the same 
 manner as is now, or may be provided, in regard to the Annual 
 Reports of the Board of Education. 
 
 Resolved, That the Governor and Council be authorized to 
 determine the compensation to be made to Mr. Mann, for the 
 foregoing service, and to draw upon the treasurer of the Com- 
 monwealth for the amount. [March 23, 1849.] 
 
 CHAPTER 59. 
 
 AN ACT TO PREVENT DISTURBANCES OF SCHOOLS AND PUBLIC 
 
 MEETINGS. 
 Penalty of imprisonment or fine, for. 
 
 Every person who shall wilfully interrupt or disturb any 
 school or other assembly of people, met for a lawful purpose 
 within the place of such meeting, or out of it, shall be pun- 
 ished by imprisonment in the county jail, not more than thirty 
 days, or by fine not exceeding fifty dollars. [March 27, 1849.] 
 
 CHAPTER 62. 
 
 AN ACT RELATING TO TEACHEBS' INSTITUTES. 
 
 Section 
 
 2. Repealing clause. 
 
 Section 
 
 1. Board of Education to determine the 
 length of sessions. 
 
 Sect. 1. The Board of Education are authorized to deter- 
 mine the length of time during which the Teachers' Institutes, 
 established under the ninety-ninth chapter of the statutes of 
 the year eighteen hundred and forty-six, and the tenth chapter 
 of the statutes of the year eighteen hundred and forty-eight, 
 shall remain in session. 
 
 Sect. 2. Any thing contained in the acts aforesaid, con- 
 trary to the provisions of this act, is hereby repealed. [March 
 27, 1849.] 
 
 CHAPTER 65. 
 
 AN ACT CONCERNING THE DISTRIBUTION, CUSTODY, AND PRESER- 
 VATION OF SCHOOL RETURNS, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS AND 
 PAPERS RELATING TO SCHOOLS. 
 
 Section 
 
 1. School documents, how distributed; 
 fee of sheriffs. 
 
 2. Duty of town clerks, &c., as to dis- 
 tributing, — of school committee, — of 
 
 Section 
 
 district clerks and prudential com- 
 mittee. 
 3. Stat. 1845, ch. 100, repealed. 
 
 Sect. 1. It shall be the duty of the Secretary of the Board 
 of Education to cause the blank forms of inquiry, the school 
 
206 
 
 registers, the abstract of school returns, and the annual report 
 of the Board of Education, and that of its Secretary, to be for- 
 warded to the sheriffs of the several counties, for distribution 
 to the clerks of the several towns and cities within their coun- 
 ties respectively, and it shall be the duty of the sheriff so to 
 distribute them ; and he shall be entitled to receive three cents 
 a copy for each copy of said several documents so distributed, 
 to be paid by the treasurer of the Commonwealth. 
 
 Sect. 2. It shall be the duty of the clerk of each of the 
 several cities or towns to deliver the blank forms of inquiry, 
 and the registers, when the same shall be received by him, to 
 the school committee ; it shall also be his duty to deliver one 
 copy of the said abstract and reports to the secretary of the 
 school committee of the city or town, to be by him carefully 
 kept for the use of the said committee, and handed over to his 
 successor in office ; and also two additional copies of said re- 
 ports for the use of said committee ; and, further, it shall be 
 the duty of the clerks of the several cities or towns to deliver 
 one copy of the said reports to the clerk of each of the school 
 districts in the respective cities or towns, to be by him depos- 
 ited in the district school library, if there be one, and if not, to 
 be by him carefully kept for the use of the prudential commit- 
 tee, the teachers, and the inhabitants of the district, during his 
 continuance in office, and then to be handed over to his suc- 
 cessor ; and, in case the city or town shall not be districted, 
 the said reports shall be delivered to the school committee, and 
 so placed by them, that they shall be accessible to the several 
 teachers, and to the citizens ; and they shall be deemed to be 
 the property of the town or city, and not of any officer, teacher, 
 or citizen thereof. 
 
 Sect. 3. The one hundredth chapter of the acts, passed in 
 the year one thousand eight hundred and forty-five, is hereby 
 repealed. [March 30, 1849.] 
 
 CHAPTER 52. 
 
 RESOLVE CONCERNING THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BOARD OF 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 Clerk of Senate to cause the report to be printed. 
 
 Resolved, That the Clerk of the Senate, for the time being, 
 be authorized and directed to cause to be printed annually, be- 
 fore the meeting of the Legislature, or as soon thereafter as 
 may be, eight thousand copies of the Annual Report of the 
 Board of Education, instead of the number authorized by the 
 Resolves of the year one thousand eight hundred and forty- 
 seven, chapter seventy-one ; that three thousand copies of said 
 report be distributed annually for the use of the members of 
 the Legislature. [April 4, 1849.] 
 
207 
 
 CHAPTER 81. 
 
 AN ACT RELATING TO SCHOOL LIBRARIES AND SCHOOL APPARATUS. 
 
 Section 
 
 2. Stat. 1837, ch. 147, repealed. 
 
 Section 
 
 1. School districts may raise money for 
 the purchase of school libraries, Sic. 
 
 Sect. 1. The inhabitants of any school district, in any city 
 or town, and of any city or town not divided into school dis- 
 tricts, in this Commonwealth, may, at any meeting called for 
 that purpose, raise money for the purchase of libraries, and 
 necessary school apparatus, in the same manner as school dis- 
 tricts may now raise money for erecting and repairing school- 
 houses in their respective districts. 
 
 Sect. 2. The one hundred and forty-seventh chapter of 
 the statutes, passed in the year one thousand eight hundred 
 and thirty-seven, is hereby repealed. [April 5, 1849.] 
 
 CHAPTER 117. 
 
 AN ACT TO AMEND " AN ACT RELATING TO THE DUTIES OF SCHOOL 
 committees, and THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE INCOME OF THE 
 SCHOOL FUND." 
 
 Section I Section 
 
 1. School committees to return the num- between 5 and 15. 
 
 ber of persons between the ages of 5 | 4. Act not to exclude scholars under 5, 
 and 15, instead of 4 and 16. j or over 15, from schools. 
 
 2. Income of school fund to be appor- [ 5. Repeal of inconsistent provisions, 
 tioned accordingly. j 6. When to take effect. 
 
 3. What sum to be raised on each person i 
 
 Sect. 1. The school committees of the several cities and 
 towns, instead of ascertaining the number of persons between 
 the ages of four and sixteen years belonging to such cities 
 and towns respectively, as required by the second section of 
 the act of which this is an amendment, approved by the Gov- 
 ernor, on the fifteenth day of April, in the year one thousand 
 eight hundred and forty-six, shall ascertain the number of per- 
 sons between the ages of five and fifteen years, and shall alter 
 the form of the certificates, required from them by the said 
 section, accordingly. 
 
 Sect. 2. The income of the Massachusetts School Fund 
 shall hereafter be apportioned to the several cities and towns ac- 
 cording to the number of persons therein, between the ages of 
 five and fifteen, instead of four and sixteen, as required by the 
 fifth section of the aforesaid act of the fifteenth of April, in the 
 year one thousand eight hundred and forty-six. 
 
 Sect. 3. The sum required to be raised by any city or 
 town, as one of the conditions of receiving its portion of the 
 income of the school fund, shall be, at least, equal to one dol- 
 
208 
 
 lar and fifty cents, instead of one dollar and twenty-five cents, 
 as required by said act, of which this is an amendment, for 
 each person between the ages of five and fifteen years belong- 
 ing to said city or town. 
 
 Sect. 4. Nothing in this act contained shall be considered 
 as prohibiting the attendance upon the schools of scholars 
 under five or over fifteen years of age. 
 
 Sect. 5. All acts, and parts of acts, and all resolves, and 
 parts of resolves, inconsistent with the provisions of this act, 
 are hereby repealed. 
 
 Sect. 6. This act shall take effect on and after the first 
 day of May, in the year one thousand eight hundred and for- 
 ty-nine. [April 18, 1849.] 
 
 CHAPTER 70. 
 
 RESOLVE CONCERNING BARNARD's SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 
 One copy for each town. 
 
 Resolved, That the Secretary of the Commonwealth be 
 directed to furnish, to the clerk of each town in the State, one 
 copy of a Avork entitled " School Architecture for the Improve- 
 ment of Schoolhouses," by Henry Barnard, commissioner of 
 Public Schools in the state of Rhode Island : provided, that 
 the expense thereof do not exceed one dollar for each copy so 
 delivered ; the said amount to be deducted from the proceeds 
 of public lands, or the school fund, according to the provisions 
 of the act of the year one thousand eight hundred and forty- 
 six, chapter two hundred and nineteen, entitled " An act to 
 designate the fund for payment of the salary of the land agent, 
 and of appropriations for educational purposes ;" and that war- 
 rants be drawn accordingly. [April 20, 1849.] 
 
 CHAPTER 75. 
 
 RESOLVE ON THE PETITION OF THE MASSACHUSETTS TEACHERS' 
 
 ASSOCIATION. 
 
 Grant of ^150 annually, for five years. 
 
 Resolved, That there be paid, annually, in the month of 
 August, for the term of five successive years, to the president 
 or treasurer of the Massachusetts Teachers' Association, the 
 sum of one hundred and fifty dollars, to be applied to the pur- 
 poses of said association ; the said amount to be deducted 
 from the proceeds of public lands, or the school fund, accord- 
 ing to the provisions of the act of the year one thousand eight 
 hundred and forty-six, chapter two hundred and nineteen, en- 
 
209 
 
 titled " An act to designate the fund for the payment of the 
 salary of the land agent, and of appropriations for educational 
 purposes," and that warrants be drawn accordingly. [April 
 20, 1849.] 
 
 CHAPTER 89. 
 
 RESOLVE CONCERNING STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 
 
 Grant of J^7000, annually, for three years. 
 
 Resolved, That the sum of seven thousand dollars, annually, 
 for three years, be appropriated to the support of State Normal 
 Schools, under the direction of the Board of Education ; the 
 said amount to be deducted from the proceeds of public lands, 
 or the school fund, according to the provisions of the act of 
 the year one thousand eight hundred and forty-six, chapter 
 two hundred and nineteen, entitled " An act to designate the 
 fund for the payment of the salary of the land agent, and of 
 appropriations for educational purposes ;" and his excellency 
 the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Coun- 
 cil, is authorized to draw his warrant accordingly. [April 25, 
 1849.] 
 
 CHAPTER 144. 
 
 AN ACT CONCERNING SCHOOL COMMITTEES. 
 
 Where school committees become reduced in number, remaining members empowered to 
 
 make returns. 
 
 Whenever, in consequence of vacancies occurring in the 
 school committee of any city or town in this Commonwealth, 
 after the date of the warrant for the annual town meeting for 
 the election of their successors, or the inability, arising after the 
 said date, of any of the members of said committee to act, such 
 committee shall be reduced to a minority of its original num- 
 ber, the remaining members of said committee shall be compe- 
 tent to make the returns required to be made and transmitted 
 to the office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth ; and such 
 returns shall be accompanied by a certificate of the person or 
 persons so making them, setting forth the existence of such 
 vacancies or disabilities, and the time when the same arose. 
 [April 26, 1849.] 
 
 CHAPTER 155. 
 
 AN ACT RELATING TO THE STATE LIBRARY. 
 
 Section 
 
 \. Secretary of Board of Education to be 
 
 librarian. 
 2. Laws, &c., to be placed in the library. 
 
 Section 
 
 3. Librarian to make report, annually, to 
 the Legislature. 
 
 Sect. 1, The Secretary of the Board of Education shall be 
 the librarian of the State Library, with power to appoint an as-* 
 
 27 
 
210 
 
 sistant, who shall also act, when necessary, as clerk of the 
 Board. 
 
 Sect. 2. All laws, documents, and other publications be- 
 longing to the State, and for public use, shall be deposited in 
 the library, which shall be kept open every day in the year, 
 except Sundays and the usual public holidays. 
 
 Sect. 3. Said librarian shall report to the Legislature, an- 
 nually, in the month of January, the receipts and expenditures 
 on account of the library, with a list of all books, maps, and 
 charts, acquired since the last report, specifying those obtained 
 by exchange, donation, or purchase ; and those, if any, which 
 have been lost or are missing ; and make such suggestions in 
 relation to the library as may lead to its improvement. [April 
 28, 1849.J 
 
 CHAPTER 206. 
 
 AN ACT IN RELATION TO SCHOOL DISTRICTS. 
 
 Restriction as to re-districting. 
 
 No town shall be districted anew, for school purposes, so as 
 to change the taxation of lands of proprietors into districts 
 using different schoolhouses, oftener than once in ten years. 
 [May 2, 1849.] 
 
 CHAPTER 209. 
 
 AN ACT CONCERNING SCHOOL REGISTERS. 
 
 Section 
 
 1. Who to prescribe form of. Duty of 
 teachers in regard to. 
 
 Section 
 
 2. Stat. 1845, ch. 157, repealed. 
 
 Sect. 1. Instead of the school registers, in book form, now 
 transmitted to school committees, the Secretary of the Board 
 of Education is hereby required to transmit registers in such 
 form as the said Board shall prescribe ; and no school teacher 
 shall be entitled to receive payment for his or her services, un- 
 til the register of his or her school, properly filled up and com- 
 pleted, shall be deposited with the school committee, or with 
 such person as they may designate to receive it. 
 
 Sect. 2. The act entitled an act relating to Common 
 Schools, passed on the eighteenth day of March, in the year 
 one thousand eight hundred and forty-five, is hereby repealed. 
 [May 2, 1849.] 
 
211 
 
 CHAPTER 215. 
 
 AN ACT IN RELATION TO THE OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF 
 THE BOARD OF EDUCATION. 
 
 Section I Section 
 
 1. General duties of Secretary of Board 3. Travelling and other necessary ex- 
 of Education. penses. 
 
 2. Salary. I 
 
 Sect. 1. The Secretary of the Board of Education, in 
 addition to the duties imposed on him by law as recording and 
 corresponding secretary of the said Board, and as State libra- 
 rian, shall obtain and diffuse information relating to the Public 
 Schools of the Commonwealth ; suggest to said Board and to 
 the General Court improvements in the present system of 
 Common Schools ; visit, as often as his other duties will per- 
 mit, different parts of the Commonwealth for the purpose of 
 arousing and guiding public sentiment in relation to the prac- 
 tical interests of education ; collect in his office such school 
 books, apparatus, maps, and charts, as can be obtained without 
 expense to the Commonwealth, and also to purchase, at an 
 expense not exceeding fifty dollars a year, rare and valuable 
 works on education for the use of the said Board, and for the 
 benefit of teachers, authors, and others, who wish to consult 
 them ; receive and arrange, in his office, the reports, returns, 
 and registers of the Common Schools, now and hereafter in 
 the office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth, and receive, 
 preserve, or distribute the state documents in relation to the 
 Common School system. 
 
 Sect. 2. The Secretary of the Board of Education shall 
 receive an annual salary of sixteen hundred dollars, to be 
 paid in quarterly payments out of the treasury of the Com- 
 monwealth. 
 
 Sect. 3, All necessary travelling expenses, incurred by the 
 Secretary of the Board of Education in the performance of 
 his official duties, after being approved by the said Board, shall 
 be paid out of the treasury of the Commonwealth ; and all 
 postages and other necessary expenses, arising in the office of 
 the said Secretary, shall be paid in the same manner as those 
 of the other departments of the government. [May 2, 1849.] 
 
212 
 
 CHAPTER 220. 
 
 AN ACT CONCERNING THE EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN IN MANU- 
 FACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS. 
 
 Section 
 
 1. Stat. 1836, ch. 245, § 1, how constraed : 
 said statute and present act not to 
 apply to children coming into State, 
 until after six months' residence. 
 
 Section 
 
 2. Stat. 1842, ch. 60, § 2, and Stat. 1836, 
 ch. 245, § 2, repealed. 
 
 3. Penalty for violation of act. 
 
 Sect. 1. The meaning of the first section of the act passed 
 on the sixteenth day of April, in the year one thousand eight 
 hundred and thirty-six, entitled " An act to provide for the 
 better instruction of youth employed in manufacturing estab- 
 lishments," is hereby declared to be, that no child under the 
 age of fifteen years shall be employed in any manufacturing 
 establishment, unless such child shall have attended some 
 public or private day school, where instruction is given by a 
 teacher qualified according to the first section of the twenty- 
 third chapter of the Revised Statutes, at least one term of 
 eleven weeks of the twelve months next preceding the time of 
 such employment, and for the same period during any and 
 every twelve months in which such child shall be so employed ; 
 but the provisions of this act, and of the act above named, 
 shall not apply to any child who shall have removed into this 
 Commonwealth from any other state or country, until such 
 child shall have resided six months within this Commonwealth. 
 
 Sect. 2. The second section of the act passed on the third 
 day of March, in the year one thousand eight hundred and 
 forty-two, entitled "An act concerning the employment of 
 children in manufacturing establishments," and the second 
 section of the act passed April sixteenth, eighteen hundred and 
 thirty-six, entitled " An act to provide for the better instruction 
 of youth employed in manufacturing establishments," are here- 
 by repealed. 
 
 Sect. 3. The owner, agent, or superintendent of any man- 
 ufacturing establishment, who shall employ any child in such 
 establishment contrary to the provision of this act, shall forfeit 
 a sum not exceeding fifty dollars for each offence, to be recov- 
 ered by indictment, to the use of Common Schools in the 
 towns respectively, where said establishment may be situated. 
 [May 2, 1849.] 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
The Law requires that Tables, like the following, should be 
 prepared and published, annually, by the Secretary of the Board 
 of Education. (See ante, pp. 119-121.) As the Massachusetts 
 School system cannot be adequately understood without the ex- 
 planations furnished by these Tables ; and, as those of the latest 
 date will give the best view of the present condition of the 
 system, I have requested the present Secretary of the Board to 
 allow me to use those of the current year, in preference to re- 
 printing those of 1846 which accompanied the Tenth Annual 
 Keport. The Tables of the present year, being later, are more 
 valuable, and being now in type, for another purpose, can be 
 printed more cheaply. To the present Secretary, in whose office, 
 and under whose direction, they have been prepared, belong the 
 whole merit and responsibility of them. 
 
 HORACE MANN. 
 
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SCHOOL RETURNS— 1848-49. 
 
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 i^&coa5CO-*ir:c:i^cO'-ii^'*cocC'*co'*ooo^i>»OTjHcoo 
 
 lO 1—1 1—1 »-l 1—1 
 
 CO 
 00 
 
 t>. -^ .-1 ^ tH -i* l>. i> l>. 1> 1-H -^ t>. -^ ■>* tH 1— 1 
 
 r-l OJ OJ CT 1— 1 OJ rH 1— 1 1— 1 (M CT 
 
 Oi CO o CO 'X ao CO ■^' tjI od ao co* »«" i>.' co t>.* ct Ci co oj c: xi J>." i-n o? r-n 
 
 ^(r{i*Tti-ll^(7iC0C^{i-liOC\{ 1-li-lrHCOr-llOCOi-lCTC^Otr-ICO 
 
 CO 
 
 t>.Tt'*i 1—1 t>.l>.i— 1— Hi— I'* -^i— i"i*l>.i— Ib*-^ 
 
 rH 1— 1 CT (7< (M l:^^ 1— 1 ^ ct rn ct ^ i— i 
 
 MCOOloiorHOi— llCril>.Q6'*OXCC»C'*'-^TOOrH00mQ0'^ 
 
 t^col?J■<9<(^Jt^^oco<^^I-lOT}<Tl^i:^tl-!C<co(^J»ooG^Jknc^i(^^— (t^ 
 
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 •5j< O Tfi CO Oi (NC^fOO OQOO OCOl^ ^CO CO'* lOWJ^«CO« 
 Tf CCI ■<*!-( i-i jirSCO C^J "* CV{ OJ C^i rl CO CT "* , C>l'*i-lCO'* 
 
 r-t 
 
 .Oii-lir-lC^r-ICO a , 1-1 i-< ,, C* j-l 
 
 
 cxjincocoocO'ftt^.r-iTfooiociics^jaofHTtt^QOi— icoc^?t>. 
 
 r-iX)'^CjCO'*r-i»C*rfT)<COl^l^COCCl^i— lt>.COCOG^!OlOl— I'* 
 Cgt>.COCO-*'-l-i;t*CO(^K?>iWTfC0CVC0C>J'^CTt^»OO{Tt<'!rC^C*0^ 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 o 
 
 2P3!'92S'-^^'^'^'W'3^■*OiO(^^wcJ5Qocol^cococooLooioo 
 ojmoco^jOi'shcoooooooi'^TOQOi-iii'iccoaocirHasiooj 
 
 QO »0 lO ■<* « CO fO ■* (7t (>? CO CO OJ CO rH '^ r-i O CO rH CT CO 1-1 r-l lO 
 
 o 
 
 GO 
 
 C0rHC0C0tjlCQ0^Ol^C0in0J0JrHlCCi'*O0iC0Q0C5OOC: 
 
 (^jcorH^coi-H-^Cit^Tf—ji^^Oicoioc-. i^t>.ic»oc:'^co'TtHco 
 
 aOkOTtTj-COCOC^COrHrHCOCOCvJrHCVrHC^JrHTtCOrHCVJCVJrHrHO 
 
 CO 
 
 1— 1 
 
 oagTf(^^cO'*(MlC(^^aO'*aocoQOrHrHOiC)rHcoco<co(^^co■^co 
 coJ>cococoaoTf^lO(^^(^Jco'*rHcococ^lOrHl>io<^{cococ^<o<^> 
 
 1— 1 
 
 lC'*lCCT(MOTt^Oi'^»nCOCirHt^rHlOCOC^COOiCOC-j»Crt<0'* 
 
 CO "* Ci cr. CT CO CT u^ o Gc oj GO CO CO oi o; o CT o CO rH ci (?< S it S 
 
 CgaOTrir:^t^CO^(WrlCO^COOJC^JrHCOCTi>'^OJCOCOrHrH^. 
 
 o 
 co^ 
 
 rH 
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 0}OrHCit>-C0OrHr>.00OQ0J>.C0kCC0(Mt>.rHG0C0i^OC0O'* 
 
 nn 
 
 
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 iw^'T!:::'J2';gr:::!:7!<"'^ 
 
 rHOi'!*O5C0QOJ>Oia01>lrtQ0(NWO5 
 
 o 
 
 rHrHincOCOCOCOCO'^O 
 
 OC0ClOOC0^C0Q0a0C0m(ritN.O 
 
 CO 
 
 (5co;^ioii2>2<2S'<^i':3 
 
 C5OrHC0C0l>.C0r-ll0'*C0(^?-^C0G0 
 
 (^T 
 
 W CO l^ ~. CO kO LO O! CO CD 
 
 ocolCrHoocot^co(^^(^^^HCicooo 
 
 rn 
 
 COrHCOrHCiS^QOO'^lO 
 
 "*O;-*l>.t^rHrH^HQ0lO-^C0'*COC0 
 
 o 
 
 ocoi>mofr^j>coaoco 
 
 cri>rtCoCT lo rt cj CO irf ori>rco"ari>r 
 
 (^r 
 
 
 i>.i— iC0rH-rfiOCOCOt-C0l--»CX>C. 00 
 
 -T^ 
 
 rHO CO OC^JaOCO'!l^COC^ 
 
 <^t(^JcoTf<coco(^{ocic^^TtcocorHco 
 
 lO 
 
 
 rH 
 
 CO 
 
 CO-^rHGOOrHrHCOOt^. 
 
 l>l^OOJCOCVJOTf<OQOCOCOC\JClCO 
 
 
 
 rHrHCOOJOCir^OrHOiCOCOCVlCCX. 
 
 
 J> JS ;;? S: "^ 23 '-'^ ;3 =5^' ^ 
 
 OOC^'^CjaOOOlOGOOjCO'^OOOC^ 
 
 en 
 
 3^(?J Ol (r< rH CO rH C< 
 
 rHrHrHrH rH C^ r-( ^ r^ r-t Ci 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 i^'^' ^ jf^ fcS S 
 
 be 
 
 o 
 
 -a 
 
 
 filial llltiai .f I itlHliiil 
 
MIDDLESEX COUNTY 
 
 •siooqog 
 -Aaa Btiidjng JO ainoDUi 
 
 #50 00 
 
 58 93 
 
 213 71 
 
 •atnBS mOJj aniooni 
 
 #90 00 
 18 00 
 
 45 00 
 336 00 
 
 90 80 
 
 37 20 
 
 238 26 
 59 63 
 
 spana: 1B001 JO ^unoray 
 
 #1500 00 
 300 00 
 
 750 00 
 5600 00 
 
 1500 00 
 
 620 00 
 3970 94 
 1174 00 
 
 •noi:) 
 -mi aoj pred a:)tj39jgSy 
 
 OOOOQO o coooooo o o 
 o o o o OS o coooooo o o 
 
 OOCOOiC^ lO iG0C0OOC0»0 lO 1 1 1 1 1(2 
 SScoioCO O C0i>O»CJ>C0 lO CO 
 Qf •'^ •'^ Of CO lOi-IkO -^ --1 
 ^ CO C^ 1-1 
 
 SJBioqog JO •OK aSBJaAV 
 
 »«oc^koj> ^ 1-1(7100 Q0OC0C2 go o 
 cocococoi-i 1 c^ 1 oic^r-i ii-tco'^co I a > ■ > ■^ 
 
 •;da:q 
 sq^nora jo a^tiSaaSSy 
 
 1> 1— 1 i>» 
 
 '"lOOiQO '(7{ 'COWOiCOi-li-io'o ' ' ' ' 'OJ 
 1—1 CO 00 1—1 CO (7! rH 
 
 1—1 
 
 •Biooqog -raoo Saojoad 
 0^ !)d85i siooqag puis 
 'siooqog apAU J 'sainia 
 -p^ay -dioouian jo ojvi: 
 
 (?<i-IC0CO'* ,1-1 , C<f OJ 00 f-< 1-1 1-1 kO OJ , lO , , , '^ 
 
 -non 
 -mi joj piBd a^-eSajSSy 
 
 #100 00 
 
 1740 00 
 5000 00 
 
 808 00 
 1000 00 
 
 1045 00 
 
 •sj^ioqag JO 'ojii sS-BjaAy 
 
 O IC ifl lO O 1> 
 iCOl 1 1 1 1 I'^fiOii 1 1 i-^GOiOi 1 1 
 
 •i)dayi 
 sqgiioui JO aquSajS^y 
 
 1—1 
 
 >C0' ' ' ' ' ',-^'l-t' ' ' 'o'rH'-H' ' ' 
 r-( rH 1— 1 1— 1 r-l 
 
 •sairaapBoy 
 paj-gjodiooni jo jaqtnn^ 
 
 11— (i 1 1 1 1 ii—lii— li 1 1 11— li— lii-^i 1 1 
 
 •siooqag onqna joj pa? 
 -nqjunoa 'iuBji '[anj 
 pais' pjBoq JO 'junoray 
 
 #75 00 
 30 00 
 
 •lanj 
 puB piBoq 'sjaqoBag jo 
 saSBAV aqg jf|uo Snipnp 
 -ai '»'[ooqag jo 'gaod 
 -dns aq^ aoj saxB^ iq 
 pasiBJ Xaaocajo ijunoiny 
 
 OOOOOOOOCOOOOO(7JOOOOOOOO 
 OOOOOOOOOOOOOrtOOOOOOOO 
 
 oooooooooioooo-^oooooooo 
 
 OOOOOOOO'^omOO'^OOOOOOl^O 
 
 oajcooo»0':tii^cocMoa>'oioioiraocooic\f»oicci 
 
 1— < 1— < CT Qo~ -^^^ CM 1—1 CO 1—1 1—1 1—1 Oi 
 
 Ed 
 
 •qgnota 
 lad pjBoq JO 
 aniBA aSBjaAy 
 
 io^,*^(X)00ocoaoiraQOOoJCii>i— ij>i— ic^^'-H 
 ^*oo^t>.co•^ooor-lool^«o^c^{ooa)'*Cicoco<7{c^^ 
 
 mo©inwioaoiociOooocoioici>.wiccoi>oi:o 
 
 •pjBoq JO an 
 -|BA Snipniout 
 '■qgra jad piBii 
 saSBAi aSBjaAy 
 
 m-^OOi— IJ>000»Ci— (J>Oii— ICikC(??J>»CiCiJ>>OCO 
 
 S^^.J>^'^oo'*l-^QOQOlO(Mc^^QOOcococoooo 
 
 C^Cv?ir5COC^OJ^C>JCO'*OCTCOO(??C5rH^XOrHCO^ 
 ^rtr-lrt^rtrHi-HCMi— (CMi— IrHi— (1— li-<i-lr-ti— iCTi— li-l 
 
 1 
 
 •q^noni 
 aad piBoq jo 
 aiq^A aSBiBAy 
 
 OOLOOlOOl>.OOOOOOC^i>.Ot>;t>.3<QOOOCO 
 OJJ>lC(MOCOOOi-(OOOOlCOOCD(X>'*i>OOCO 
 
 05^00050it>.'^Ol>.00';i<OOOOOOt>.05i>aOJ>i— lOOi 
 1^ 1—1 r-l i—( 1—1 1-^1—1 
 
 •pjBoq JO an 
 -^BA Smpnpai 
 '■q'jta ja'd pred 
 esSviA. aSBJaAy 
 
 QOOVCmOCOCOOCOOOt^'^lOCOi— i-^C?SJ^SP^ 
 t^lOCvJt^OCOOOi— lOOC0'*CVQ0-i(7fCTC^l>OJ>. 
 
 ou:)OjOicoi-HOcooii^io»oGico«;>5coi-ii-i3;coc2 
 
 COC^COOJCvJCOOCOiXTit^OJCOCOC^COCTCOCO'^COCO 
 
 
 O 
 
 
SCHOOL RETURNS— 1848-49. 
 
 XI 
 
 I I I I I I 
 
 I I I I I I I I I I I I I 
 
 ' '^ 
 
 i-l I , (NO I 
 
 1— I 1— t CO 
 
 »-l CO 
 
 o 
 I o 
 
 I I I I I I I I I I I S S ' 
 
 o o 
 
 O I O 1— I o 
 O O (>? lO 
 
 i-H CO 
 
 lOCT i»CC0OOrHO lO I 
 t>. OJ T-H CO O O GO O -^ 
 
 O t>. 1-H T— I o •«*•<* o o o 
 
 c^co icooj-^CTcoco irH isr? 
 
 1— I l-H OJ 
 
 l>?0 't>.*<MO'r-lir5CC> 'Tt< 'CO 
 
 1— I 1— I I— I CO 
 
 CO 
 
 c:r-^T^<^JIOt^ ,co .'-H 
 
 Cfi— I ,-<*i— li-Hi— Ir-ICO ,c<f ,i> 
 
 I I O I I I I I I I I I O I I I I I 
 
 o o 
 
 m to 
 
 § ■ '8 
 
 CO 00 
 
 I I — > I I I 
 
 o ' 
 
 I I I I I I I ,,~ I I I I 
 
 * ' o 
 
 !^' 
 
 o?ooooooooooooooooooooooooo 
 
 COOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 
 
 C^OOOOOOOir5OC5OOOOOOOOOOC0OO»0O 
 
 C-jOOOOOOOC^JOO'— linOO-^OOOOOOOOOlOOJO 
 Tf<OC0'"-DOOOOCji>l000i-Ht>.l>t^OQ0»n000i'X)OO<0O 
 ^CO ^HCOi— lT)<i— (CT COi-Hf-^ t— I COOJ C^rHi— I CO 
 
 CO 
 
 oocococioocr. OTcoi^Qocoi^oooocoaooooi^oor-i 
 
 OOOiCOOmOLCi^COO-^COr-tOCOCO-r^rHOOOmOtMCO 
 
 00i>l0CiC0l>lC^L'^Ot>.';DC0C0C0»ClCkrt':000C01>l0i©lrtl> 
 
 pOQOiC(r?>CCTOCOO?COCOOOiOiCCOCOOl^OOOJOOO 
 t'.COClrtiQO'— iQOOO^O^lCCOOCOOiCOQO^OOCOOOO 
 
 OQ0C0C0l0»r5C^lC-*(Ml0C0t^C0-^C0'-H(rJl^0iJ>.OCTl«000: 
 CTi— IrHi— li— (i-Hi— (1— li— li— It— li— IrHi-Hi— trHi— li— li— li— It— IrHi— (rHi-Hr-l 
 
 OC0CiOt>.(M!C0OC0OC0OOOOO»r5OOOOOOOOO 
 OCOOOi-lCOCOlOCOlOOOOOLOrtCOCTC^IOOODOC^J-^C^irj 
 
 COi— IOOOOOiOt>.OOQOQOOO<MlN.oOOOl>.t>.T-lr}<QOOb.0500'— I 
 I— It— (l— It— I ,Hi— It— I l— (l— li— I i— ( 
 
 COCO-^COCOOOOOi-hiOOOOICCOCTt— IfMOOCOOOCOQOOJ 
 
 oooCTcococi-^-H^QOi/5ooaDC*i>r>.'*Qooooi>.o?030 
 
 C0C0C0'X>C0C0(MC0C0(?J'*»O'^(?»C0OJ(?J(?«TtlCC0C0OJC0^'* 
 
 bo 
 
 ^J. (1> 
 
 
 bD 
 
 .3 
 
 t^> 
 
 be 
 
 •3 C g S 
 
 he 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
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 WORCESTER COUNTY 
 
 '^Oii-HrH ,kOWi#(r? .(TJO? , C^ -^t (7? ^ i-H 1^3 rji Irt Tjl W 
 I— < r-l I— I 
 
 oocococoooocoi-u>.ffO'*QOJ>Qo:oj>:ooii>.o<>fao35 
 
 coco-^JNico?i>.icoco':oo!>.ooi>j>irjoi-HCO'^(rjo 
 
 a fi 
 
 32b JO SJBa^C ffi J9A0 'O^ 
 
 ■lootjog pna) 
 -^B oqAi aSv, JO sana.t 
 ^ J9pun suosaad jo -ofj 
 
 ^-i ^-4 ^^ *^ |^> z^*} w-J (^) M^ ^4H «w rvY ^H r\t 
 
 <TiC<l 
 
 sS'e JO s.iTjait g^ puB f. 
 aaaM^aq snosjad jo -o^ 
 
 C5'*OCi:>Tt<t^Ci:OGO<r)rHt^'^lOOiOJQDOO^O-<*Oi 
 
 I— I 
 
 
 ■^ fa's 
 ? a ° 
 
 
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 rf<-^rH»ci-iinCTi-HCOcor-4co(rJt>-wx)ccicO"*'*oo:i'^ 
 
 1— lOlOCOCTOJt^CiCVJt^OiO-^I^lCGOGOQOOSr-HQO-^-^ 
 
 cccoI-Hrtr-lr}^r-nH(^Jc^^r-l(^^^0(^{lC(^J(7^cccoco^op^ 
 
 1— H 
 
 a) J3 
 •m fcCO 
 
 o ca CO 
 
 J>Tt<i— I^CvJi— lOiJ>.,— ii^OOJQOOOmi-HCOOJlCCTTOO© 
 
 •Biooqog onqn,! jo -Ofj 
 
 cow-^ooioi-HQoicocoyjoi 
 
 '^ODC^OM-^t^Oii-l 
 
 1 w < 
 
 IC (?? OJ t^ C5 
 CO J> i>.'^ i^ 
 
 ITQ^« C0^C5^T-H_ 
 
 1— I '*! 00 <r) Oi 
 
 •^ CO 1-1 Oi ^. 
 
 Oi o 
 
 OJ Oi 
 
 i^QO CO 
 
 ■<* c<? o cc 
 
 1-H \fi I 
 
 00 00 ( 
 I— I Gi.( 
 
 CO --I 
 00 Ci 
 
 i>rco' 
 
 rH lO 
 
 O CO 
 00 -^ 
 
 O 00 
 
 CO 00 
 CO CO 
 00 GO 
 
 •* o 
 
 CO 00 
 
 m CO l^ 00 1— I OJ ■<* 
 
 C5 1^ o m CO o oi 
 
 rH 00 Ci^^^ 00 Oi,(N 
 
 in ic od" rH oT iCcc" 
 ci o> o? rH in 00 o 
 
 Id Tt< IC -^ •^ CO cc 
 
 Sir^Sn^SS sp b» {>? i> rH j> c^ TjH o CO oi 1-H -^ ^ 05 1^ oi 
 
 iSSSiPSP 00 Ci J> rH Oi rH in O CO'* 00 l^ j>. 00 rH O CO 
 
 ^^^&;*^ ,rHi>-^rHCOCOCOCOCTOit^»n001>OJ>0 
 
 << 
 
 piiMHilllillllliii 
 
SCHOOL RETURNS— 1848-49. 
 
 xiu 
 
 tCiCO^Oi^Ci-^n'^Ci'^Ci ,-^0001 ,CC^TtiOlOO?ini>»C«(??WCO«5'-lCO 
 
 i 
 
 OiXirH»rtiLoio';o<riirt«'*t^'*Oi-HCOi>«t^i>cx)a>OiC5r>.i«iO'*oocs^i>oji^ 
 
 1— 1 rH 1— 1 1— 1 1— 1 
 
 s 
 
 •<* 
 
 oo'o«oi^i:oc50i^o»r5coi^o«C5r^ooiOO?;?5oai<?><?)'aooiao':ocoo?c^ 
 
 iC 
 
 
 w t; 
 
 55 ^ 
 
 
 coco 
 
 cooci— ^CiQocc>'-Hr^co'*Ciix>o5oaooo>oicr^co^icci'*o>iO'*i— I'-hcj'T! 
 
 ^>^ UJ "^ Ui 'JU ^^-^ T^ 1^ (iV ^^ Wi *<U (-V ^^ 'JU '^ G^' *^ IfJ I'* VJ ^l-J it; -^j -tt vr l[J '^TT ^^ 1— I W.* '-.^ 
 
 
 t>. — 
 
 IWO ,C0 ,Tf<T^Tt(MOi-IOOaO-<*«500'Ht>.r}<00 ,C5Ol>CC00O0JW00 0JO 
 t— 1(^ 1— IrHr- Ir-li— IrH i— I i— (t— ((MrH^ll— ll— I rHl— (rHi— ( 1— ICTb» 
 
 i>»W'*i>'^coo5rHicco^oaor^-<*coO'^coi>»X-'Or>.oaoaOTf>r5rHOO'0^-^ 
 (^^oco^c^>.(^:)l^•^coGOcoO'-HOT-H■^oool^3:!'*ooT}<(7J(^J(^r~^-^•oc^. 00^-^1— I 
 
 05 
 
 O ^ 
 
 'H 2 
 
 
 r^oscocii^'toi— iTti^oi>.ir:-^oo»rtcoQo^iciowcC'-<ooooD''i'OGOoJcooi>»n 
 
 in 1— I O CO ^ CO CD '^ O 1-H O O) CO O TO CO lO CO CO O CC CT CO ^ l^ '^ 'X "J t^ '42 i^ CC >0 1—1 
 TOC0l^-^0{TOTO'*rom(M'*C^-rf»0TOTOC^OlClrtOlCiC'*-^TOTO'*TOG^irt»^l^ 
 
 "* 
 
 t^05CTOCOQOCOOlO'*r^'*-^OOJCOOOC^TOOt^r-*kOOCT'-H'^Ol>.COOlCTO-3' 
 
 •>*aico»ccoic»ncoaicoCTC*aoi— ii^ioqoc^ooocococotot— iocotocO'-hctoj'^o 
 
 CvJrHlC^rHC^TOTOrHTti— ITOr- ICOTOtTJi— IC^ICTOTO'^-^'^CO-^TOTOCOCOC^ ^l,"^ 00 
 
 f— I ^ 
 CO S 
 
 §5 
 
 aOTOJ>l>.OQOJ>COt>»'-HlC'*r-(TOTOmt>.TOl>.COTOOlOOCTTOOOOTOOi 
 Q0TO0OO<TOl>-COC>JOJCii— li>.QO>C^-rJHOCiTOC\JCOC^minCTi>OiraQOC5 
 
 COCOOOOC<JOJ-<*OrH,— IGOl^(??0^'*CiCT(rjr-(TO'*lCQOWr-lCTT^O'*CO 
 00 Oi i-H CO l>. ir^ 1-'^ O •^ O l>. O X; CO ^H X -* O C") O TO C^' TO "* G^ J>> TO "^ C' O? 
 TO kC (?» -^ l^ C^' O CO TO C^( TO "-0 X 1-^ TO iC^ ~ TO O TO O CO C^ 00 TO CO X' O O t^ 
 
 TO TO ■<* 
 X X O 
 
 ' Ci t^ o 
 
 l>r!> CO 
 
 in m Ci 
 
 •<!t •<* CO 
 00*^ 
 
 c2 
 
 o}-^TO^CTxa5iox<Mo»co^t^t>.Oi-Hir5rH-^t^icococO'^OTOxr^ 
 
 t^(r>t^l^lO'*-*XTO'*J>t^rH--f<OCOX'^TOO'^Ot^t^COOCjOiCX 
 Cvj»ni^'-^l^OJ'*'^Oi>COt>.OiTOCOOf-^^OCOCOOTOl^-*OCT'^CO^ 
 1-HTOi— tO! I— li— li— li— li-H I— 1 T— (1— li— li— IrHCQl— <f-h5VJC^^Hi— <C^i— ir-Hr-(l— 1 
 
 •<* »0 C5 
 • CO J>'* 
 
 I— 1 T— 1 i> 
 
 TO 
 
 « 
 
 lO 
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 -S 
 
XM 
 
 WORCESTER COUNTY 
 
 H 
 K 
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 ■«! 
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 g 
 
 15 
 
 
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 rfCirHi-H ,krtCvfTt<(?? , OI« , (?J Tf « CO rH iTi -^ in -!t W 
 
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 aocowaoiftaocOi-it^C3'*QOJ>QOCoj>i:ooit^OCToo05 
 
 rH I— 1 i-H 
 
 OS 
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 CO 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 COM'*i>lOCTJ>lftOCOCOOJ>001>l>0»OT-lW^CTO 
 
 1— ll—l I— 1 I— ( l-Hi— 1 rH I— I I— (i-Ht— (1— 11— li-Hi— IrH 
 
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 1 1 1 1 1 0? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 
 
 O 
 
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 fc o 
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 hJ as 
 
 w ^ 
 
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 l^ ■<* i-( -^ J> -^ •^ I— 1 r* -^ J> t>, r-l l>. fH Tf rH l^ rH rHt^ 
 
 c^'ciMrHQoict^oo^'^cocococTJrHcxJ'^orHeogiincD 
 
 1 1 
 
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 T^lrHTl*^ t^ rH -^ -^ rf -rt< "^ rH •<*■<* -^ '*-* t^ -^ t>. 
 rHC^JrHrH C^rHrH^^rHrHCTrHrHrH^<rH r^ 
 
 C0C0rHTS<rHCC(?JrH(:vJC<:irHC:iO!lCr-. lOCCCOCCCOOCTCT 
 
 a fi 
 ^ 1 
 
 J> i-H-^ J> rHrHb.rtll> l>. rH t^ rH t^ 
 
 •^^ (MC* ^rH ^ _OJ ^« _ 
 
 0ic^00(r]!'^cJrHC0'*OCCS5a3OC0CT-<^:0J>.C0I^Or>. 
 C0CCrHlOrHTOC^rHO{-^rH<MOJt^rHmC0CCC<fC0>OCCC^ 
 
 1001133 p 
 
 a°v JO sa^aA" 9 
 
 laqjE otiAi 
 
 <lCin^C^CCrHO?lCOrHOCOCO-*lrtaiO>-*J:^0?TOOOCO 
 
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 IOC 
 
 -?B 0T[Ai gSu 
 f japun suos 
 
 qog pna) 
 JO sJDa.t 
 lad JO -OM 
 
 oo»oci<©ccrH:cQor^om(N'*0'!tio»r^wCTaiO'* 
 
 rH rH i-H r-t <M (N rH CT rH rj< i— 1 Oi r^ Ci 
 
 •OA 
 
 aSB JO s.n9K 
 uaaM^aq snos 
 
 io? aqi ui 
 
 91 Pa« ^ 
 jad JO -o^i 
 
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 ' 2 
 
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 CCOTTOC0l^'^(M'*rH-<rt<CiC0Ci0i000DC00?CTiC?O-^0i 
 lOCTiX><^C5rHOJ>'*C5'*C:)'^mrH-<*QOrHC.)C\JrHJ>lf: 
 TjlT^rHlCrHlC«!-<C0C0rHTO(7jr^C0C0CC«^^OC0'* 
 
 rH050<r>c^?(^J^>0(^}l^a)O^J>WQOQOQoa5rHao'#-* 
 
 ■'^rHCOr-limOCSWCOQOrHl^Ci-^'^CM't^COCrJC^aOrHm 
 TOCOrHrfrH-rPr--. rH(7JO;rHCTrH»nCTlOCTC\{CCTO0tC0C0 
 
 =« ^ 
 
 •a a~ 
 
 t3 CO 
 
 •s 
 
 
 lOCOOOCOrHrHCT^OlC^^TOOrHr-lCCOiailOGOl^in 
 
 rH 
 
 =^a 
 
 a 
 
 l^-^rHrHlTJi-fSit^rHCOtNQOOOlCrHOOCTlOWCOOCO 
 ■<*'!trH»/:rHCCO?T-<C0C0rHCC!C^00C0':OC0CCiC0TOinC0'* 
 
 •gjooqog one 
 
 ina JO -0^ 
 
 COlOrt^OOlOrHOOlCOCOCOOl^OCOOOC^OCC^i^OirH 
 rHrH rH ^^. i—^r^ r^ Ol r-i r-i r^ r-^ rn t-H r^ 
 
 a 
 
 
 1 
 
 "3 
 
 OCTCOGO"* C0i>0i'*CC0Jinm>n'!t<O'*Q0mOC0CC' 
 CTOmC^i-^ rH»COOJ>QO^'*COCO'*^Cil>>incoa: 
 
 kC C>J W l^ C5 rH IC OJ O CC rH O CO O 00 IC CC t^ 00 rH CTTt< 
 TO JC^ t^ -^ 1> 00 00 OJ Oi 00 CH> 00 CO 00 Ci J> O ^ CO krj 05 
 OJ^COCO^Cj^rH^ ' rH^ CJ^ 00^ CO^ OJ^ Oi^ OO^CO^ CO rH^ 00^ 05^^^ 00 Oj^C^ 
 
 rH^OOCOCi O'TflC(MrHi>-^(7J'*OGiC^>0J'-HmQ0O 
 
 •^ m ^ a '-•■ •<* ss> CO CO rH lo -^ i> CO 00 ic Tt< ic "^ -^ CO CO 
 
 c 
 
 
 a 
 ^.2 
 
 '^;z?52r:;J2 co!:^c>jj>rHi^c^-<*ocoairH'*'!)<c3it^oi 
 
 ICCi-^lOCO 00 Oi i> rH 05 rH in O CO^ 00 r^ t^ 00 rH O CO 
 
 colnco^-^> ,rHi>TtrHCocococo(Ma)i>>nooi>oi^o 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 i 
 
 
 
SCHOOL RETURNS— 1848-49. 
 
 Xlll 
 
 ,wcol«(^?^(?^Tfco^<^)co(M ,-<*oooj ,co^Tj<icicc?ini^inco<??(?Jco*>ci-ioo 
 
 a3COi-iicicm:oo»Ai©'^j>'*oi-Hcoi>^t^i>.oooia50it^if5m'^ooco-^t>.c>jt>» 
 
 i-H rH 1—1 I— I 1-H 
 
 OOCOCOOl^COC50t>.Olf5COt>.OCOO>l>'«OiOOCOCOOOiCTWaOC5aOCOCOO>C2 
 rHi— I r— IrHi-Hr^i-H i— It— li-Hi— It— (>— It— I I— It-H'^ 
 
 r^l^Jjl^COJ>.'^l^C005i-<i?^mi>OC5»-l3iCiOOClC01>C5C^"<*'*CO— ICOt— i^COOO 
 
 '*co~-iCTticoinO'^cocot>-comt>.T}<'*co^micQOQO'*ioi>cc-oiOTt"'^<^t>.^- 
 
 CM 
 
 §5| 
 
 5S " 
 
 TfcocooowoD'Oi-ioJO?t>.oomi-it>.ai«oo'-Oooco'0'*oji>icorH<-oc50c03;i^ 
 c^JC^co(^^OJr-^(^^cooJCO'-lcOl-lCoco(?^oJT-^co(7»co^coc*(^^cococo(^J'-lCTCOcolC 
 
 COCOOCi-HC300COi-(l^COrt<CiCOCOOOOOC^»Oml^COtOmC:'*^?lO-«t'-lrjCjCO 
 CJ'HC0C^CTi-lO<C0CTC0T-iC0'-<(7!C0Olr-(C^C0C0(?{C0lCC^C>JC0C0C0OIC^OJC0C0OJ 
 
 W -6 
 
 1> - 
 
 mco'>*(M3icO'-^->*iOrH— io^j>c*i^ooc^Cico-H , cocoi^t^moo'oomo 
 mcomi— loiioco''*^^'— ico'^ccoi-^c^coc^'^ioic 'i>.co^jo mcor-i':*cct^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 -o 
 
 CO c 
 
 t^ - 
 
 — ■ 3 
 
 i^ '-5 
 
 § I 
 
 1-1 .2 
 -^ ^ 
 
 t^ S 
 
 CO fi. 
 
 CO P 
 
 1-^inZO CO , ^ -^ -^ (M O T-l 00 CO -Tt* I© 00 1-1 N. -^ O O , CO CO t^CO OO OOT WOOOJ o 
 1— iCvt I— li— li— li— li— li— I I— I I— li— ICTi— li— li— li— I p^i— ii-^i— I 1— lC^J> 
 
 l>.C0'*t^-^C005rHlC00OO00l^-^C0O'*C0t^^Ol>.O00Q0-*mrHOOC0FHTt 
 
 o?ocomt>.coi^tooaocoorHOi-i'*OGoi^55Tt*x>'*(>K?Jcojj^;oajOO-^-*:-] 
 cocococof^co-^-^c^ini— i-^c^-^-^co-^c^cc-^-^iomio-^mcoin-^coc^oicoj 
 
 CO 
 
 •^ CO CO in CO lo 
 o ^ i^ "* t^ crs 
 coc^fin CO 
 
 OCTCOi-iT-^CTCT-^COt^COOasOCOCTCROOC^COCOCO^COCTl^OCOOOOO^in 
 
 o-*in'*i'-Hoinoocoo»ot>.inxiF-ii— ico'^"-o-Hccin^corfCiC"j»noocooo-^c^rH 
 c^rH■<*cO'-lOJ(^^c^{r-lco1-l(^^1-l(^^co(?J!^^1-lcoco;McococooJ(^^c^(^l(^J<^?'-^cocoao 
 
 .OiCoo^i^cDi— (Tfrfoi^in-^Qomcoooi— iininco^'^ooooDcooooCTOOtiin 
 i'-<oco^^cococoor-HO'?>?coococoinccccoco!?>JCO'Hi>'^oocoi>-cor>.coin'H 
 
 i>.S5(Nocooocoo>n-rt<i^'!*'^0(?jcooo(7Jcooj:^^ino(r)i-H-rfor^cooinco^ 
 _ -- _ .- . - — ~ ■" "~ "^' 00 1— 1 1>« in 00 CT o 00 CO' CO CO CO ^H o CO CO CO T^ oj on -^ o 
 
 CO S 
 
 rioo-<*or^i>OiOODi-ico-*i>.OTti-ioicocoo(MTf<coo(?j(??c^i^Ciooi>cococo 
 
 1— ll— 1 1—1 I— 1 1—1 1— ll— ll— 1 1— IrH^^l— !l— (1— li— (1— II-H I— It— ICO 
 
 1 
 
 -a 
 
 oocot^i^oaot^cor^T^in-^i-fcocomr^coj^cocooinoCTPOOaocooi 
 oocoaooJcoi^col?Q(^^c^1-lt^oolnrf■^lncJCO(^{co!^)lnlnoJl>olnoo5i 
 
 C0C0OC0CT0J'*Oi-li-l00t^CT0i'*d0?CTrHC0-*in00ini-l(7Jrt<O'*C0 
 
 Qoaii-icoi^inino'-t<oi^oooco^ao'*os^?oco3vco'*s^t^w-f^-0» 
 
 COin(^J'^t^CTOCOCOC*COCOOOrtCOCTOiCOOCOOCO(MOOCO<»OOOOJ>. 
 
 cf t>r go" co' >n" ^<^ ^" c^" Tf cT t>r -!f in ^' co" c^T 5^" co" co" o" c-r o" rn" -T ^>^ co" ^" ^»'" o" in" 
 ^^^^rjococ-wOnoo^in-^aot^coofCTCjin'aii^^i-Hoooic^jTfooco'-o 
 ■^ co^-^ incocoCT'*c>i^rH^c^tTf-<*'*c>?in'*Tf<coi>incot>.'5}'r}<'^co 
 
 457,983 33 
 
 457,783 81 
 
 3,696,004 84 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 00 
 
 co^ 
 
 1—1 
 CO 
 
 !5 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 > 
 
 ■a 
 a 
 cS 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 o}t^coi-iCToo05inao(r?oino5i^j>.Oi-iini— irtiN-inoco^-^ocoGOJ^ 
 t^«i^t^>n'*^QDCO'*i^t>.i— i^cocoQc^coo-^or^i^coociomoo 
 (rnni^^i>c'?-^^ot^cor^OiCOcoc*^^ococoocot^'*OCT'tcorH 
 
 f-JCO^HC^ 1— <i— ll— It— ll— ( 1— t 1— ll— ll— ll— lrH(7li— l-H?lC^rHrHC^i— '-MrH^H 
 
 in-* j> 
 Tt in C5 
 
 i-i 1— 1 1^ 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 ' i- O tH O 
 
 
 
 o 5. 
 
 kT be a? 
 bs &) 
 
 s 
 
 
 -° -2 o S g c U c ^ 
 
 -P o 
 
 >- != 
 
 j^gg;z;;z;^!2;OOPL,(aHAHPHrtP^a!M5ca2a2a2!KE-it3Di>l> 
 
 ^c2 
 
 MJ C "^ 
 
 a> (u 0) 
 
XIV 
 
 WORCESTER COUNTY 
 
 •sjootiog 
 o? paiBUdojddB anna 
 -Aaji snjdjng jo araooni 
 
 •aniBg raoij ainooni 
 
 spmi J |BDOi JO ?unomy 
 
 •nop 
 -mi joj piBd 9'ivSai33y 
 
 SJBioqog JO -OK aSBMAy 
 
 •^da^i 
 sqjuota JO a}t!3aj33y 
 
 ■siooqog -0100 Snoiojd 
 0? 3da>i siooqog puB 
 'siooqag a^uAijj 'sainia 
 -pi30V 'djooninn jo -o^j 
 
 •nop 
 -mx aoj pred s^vSaiSSy 
 
 sjB[oqog jo -0^ aSBjaAV 
 
 •?da:q 
 sq^nora jo a^BSaoSSy 
 
 •saitnapBoy 
 pa^BJo Jjoonr jb jaquinjsi 
 
 
 I O I 
 
 in 
 
 O 
 O 
 
 Oi 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 coo 
 
 CO o 
 COrH 
 
 O O CO o o o 
 
 i'^ "^ CO in CO CO 
 ^ coco 
 
 ?3 
 
 -^ Ci CN I o 
 C^ CO 1-1 o 
 
 t^ T}< rH Tf Oi'^^ r-l O 
 
 O Oi I— I 1—1 lO o •* 
 
 "* rt< CO OJ C? CO 
 
 lOCOO 'O 'OJCOCOCO 'cO-^00 'co^ 
 i-l -rj^ C^ CO 1-1 
 
 rHOfWi-lr-IC? iCTCTCO ,1-1 ,COOJ00i-l .COCOi-i ,Oi-l 
 
 I I I I I O I 
 
 I I I I O O I I 
 
 ■^ o 
 
 I I I I I I 
 
 I I I I 
 
 ' o? 
 
 •siooqog oiiqn^ joj pa^ 
 -nquinoa "jfnB ji 'lanj 
 pnu pjBoq JO iunoniy 
 
 ' O CO o o ' o 
 
 1—1 CO CO O 00 
 
 •lanj 
 poB pjBoq 'siaqoBaj jo 
 saSBAi aq? Xino Saipnp 
 -m 'siooqag jo qiod 
 -dng aq^ joj gax^j Xq 
 pasiBJ ^auom jo junomy 
 
 OOOOOOIOOOOOOOOO^HOOOOOOOO 
 
 oooooocooooooooooooooooooo 
 
 OOOOOJ^i— lOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOO 
 OOOOOOOCiOOOOOOOOCSOOOOOCOOO 
 0}CTlOOOkOl>.OmOC>J'*C*OO^QOJ>C<?-^0(?}C>?^C>iC5 
 1^1— I 1—1 I— (i-H 1— I I— t Ol ,-|i— (t— li— IrHCOr-Hi— I 
 
 •qjnoni 
 jad pj-Boq JO 
 aniBA aSBjaAy 
 
 kOCO"*-^Or-ICOOCOOOCOCOi— l-^Or^. COGOi— li-IC0COTHt>. 
 
 •pjBoq JO an 
 -JBA Snipnxani 
 '•qim jad pred 
 saSBAi aSBjaAy 
 
 CiOOO?OGO^O?i— iO0DJ>C00iCjQ0C5O»OC0'^C0C0C0 
 CX)lC"*i— l(>?'*'*COCiOJ>CO-^'— l^CVJ^mcOCO'^GOaO-^ 
 
 1— l(MrJ<'!t*'-('*O»CC0'— lr-IU:>OtWC0inC0C?Tj<CTmCiJC0i-H 
 1— Ji— li— IrHrHi— li—li— IrHrHi— IrHi— li— lr-(i— li— ll— li— li— (I— li— Ir-li— I 
 
 •qinotn 
 jad pxBoq JO 
 aniBA aSBjaAy 
 
 :5P£22£2SQ55'^^'^<^'i^'''oocoQOi-ioooioco-^ 
 iomcocociriaooocoocor-ico(McoocoG^i>i— it^CTco-^ 
 
 ^CO i>COCOi>OiOOi>.COOCOCOaOCDQOCOQOJ>COOOJ>001> 
 
 •pjBoq JO an 
 -IBA Snipnpni 
 '•q?ni jad pred 
 saSBAk. aSBjaAy 
 
 ^2SSS2'525''5o<x)ioQoiocooo^inoocoi«-^ 
 
 I— lxn)OCT-^lCOOC0i>i— ICTOit^rHOirjOSGOi— IOC0>0'<!ti 
 
 5S3SSSfcSS2JS^WT-iiO(rjC5r-iCiir5GOO'>iCi-icooco 
 
 us 
 
 -2 - 
 
 be 
 
 oj airs'© o'jinC ^ O S.-ti cd S.rt.ed 
 
 bD 
 
 >^ o 2 
 
 
 0) M 
 
 CD ■^ ^ TO ViJ ^— I U O ?-( i-tn P^ >— ' ^-'-;— |CO fc-i'.w ww ^ ^ CTI'gjjI? 
 
 s S 
 
SCHOOL RETURNS— 1848-49. 
 
 XT 
 
 127 49 
 
 . . 
 
 . . 1 . 1 . . . 1 
 
 .......... 
 
 ■ ' 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 1 .... 1 . 1 
 
 8 
 
 90 00 
 24 00 
 
 120 00 
 247 00 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 . o 
 
 CO 
 
 C3 
 
 1 . . 1 . . . . 1 
 
 
 1500 00 
 400 00 
 
 2000 00 
 4469 69 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 . o 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 1—1 
 
 ooooot>.oo 
 inmoooooo 
 
 CJ 00 O Tf m CC (?J o , 
 
 6> CO (M '^ i^ m CO o 
 
 OJO^i-^r-liOi-HOfrH 
 
 95 00 
 179 00 
 
 ooooooooo 
 ooinoinoooo 
 
 COCOt^OiC^OrHOCO 
 
 CO Oi Of O? (Ml GO 00 r-H O 
 
 1—. 1—1 CO O! 1—1 CO 1—1 
 
 ooooinc-jooo 
 
 OOOOi— lOOOO 
 
 , J^OOOQO-^l^^OO 
 OOCOO'^.-li— lOJl^O 
 i-(i-IOO(?J'*'*OiCfCO 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 1 i^ 
 
 1—1 
 
 1-H 
 CO 
 
 in" 
 
 1—1 
 
 CC^lSw^^OJTO . 
 
 ?§g . 
 
 oot>.in^inc;}Q0;-| 
 
 COCOOJOff^fCOCOOJCO 
 
 OOCir-lint>.i— lOO 
 
 . cocoinco(rjc^c^coo 
 
 0{ 
 
 1 1—1 
 
 in 
 
 CO 
 
 ooiococoooj>w ' 
 
 rH 1—1 1—1 
 
 2.21 
 5.14 
 
 cocococoinc5i>t^t^ 
 
 I— 1 1—1 
 
 ' 1— iin(Oicooocooo 
 
 1—1 1— 1 1— 1 0{ 1— ( rH 
 
 1— 1 
 
 ' in 
 
 I— ( 
 1—1 
 
 00 
 CO 
 
 0{ J> 1-* 1— 1 •<* l> OJ rH , 
 
 ^eo , 
 
 (?ji-ico'^cO'*cocoin 
 
 , COOJi— li— li-<OOii-li— 1 
 1—1 
 
 . ^ 
 
 00 
 
 1—1 
 
 200 00 
 1320 00 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 ... 1 . 1 1 . 1 . 1 ...... 1 1 . 1 ..... 1 . 1 .. 1 in 
 
 r-t 
 
 in 
 
 ... 1 .... 1 1 ........... 1 1 . 1 ... 1 1 . ^ 2 
 
 CO 
 
 
 m 
 
 20 00 
 12 00 
 
 
 15 00 
 12 06 
 
 68 00 
 
 52 00 
 
 40 00 
 22 00 
 
 O 
 O 
 
 1—1 
 in 
 
 opooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 
 ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 
 
 ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 
 ooinoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 
 co'*c^aoaooon-^'*co<r*cooc^ooaiaoc<ocooooc5cvjoc^c^cicic<»in(ro 
 
 T— ItH i-ni— I 1—1 1—1 1— (1— ( 1— ir-li— li— IrHi— I i—li— li— It— 1 i— li— Ij^ 
 
 I— ( 
 
 CO 
 
 00 
 CO 
 
 irT 
 
 eoojrHcocoincO'^^s<?'*c?i-HinLn-^OjrH:vji— lOJo^cocomminTOi— iCTt^co 
 oooininQOin<riCJCimrtQOt^ooin'*ooin~. o{i>-rt<coincoo^-^OTf*ini-ii>. 
 
 •<*coinininininrriininin-^-<*'^inininin'*corj<inininincoincocoinincot>. 
 
 CO 
 
 m 
 in 
 
 coofSv»i>.Oii— iin'*i>.j>.o-^i-i-^oaocoQOi>.ooj(M!i— ii— icococot^coincocoin 
 aioinoo?-^-^oc5cooin-<*r-HCOi>oorHt>.oi>i— icococ^jr-ii— itMomcococo 
 
 CTLO-^OT-^-^cjCT-^cocoCTi— iCTcomW'#c^inco-*cocO'*'*-*'^-^cococooi 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 OQOCO'#oi-^t^roinco^ini^'*'*OTOLnr^i:^co'*coCTcooininooc^corMO 
 i>.coininc^i-ir-iin(Mcoi— it>-coin'^OQOcoincoin'^oocococot>.i— (t>.cococoo 
 
 C0a000O00J>i>C0l^C0C0C0C0C0i>00l^C0C0t>.C0i>l>t>.C0C0t^001>C0t^i>O 
 
 1—1 
 
 
 0(r{cooot^oco1-^-^coln^:^alOO'*c:)lno(^<(^JQooJ(^^cooo(^^^^*r^Ciln 
 c^i-iCicoocoini^'!}<i^oi>ojoc^i-iQot^oc;(r<oti>'*CiOininococococo 
 
 C5CTi>coincoao-^Cicocoi>incor^oi^coinGO-*c:iOC5i-n>C5i-u>Qoi^ooGO 
 
 S5 
 
 
 5 be 
 
 §vril|8iVgiiiiiiil 
 
 ^3 
 
 ^ff 
 
 a> *3 •tp 
 
 
 
 rough, 
 
 oylston 
 
 rookfiel( 
 
 to 
 
 s 
 o 
 
 
 ^Mpq 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 
 
 C) 
 
 f> 
 
 
 
 
 Sh 
 
 « O) a; 
 
 0) 
 
 • rH 
 
 o 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
XVI 
 
 HAMPSHIRE COUNTY 
 
 tn 
 PS 
 
 n 
 
 u 
 
 -n 
 o 
 
 M 
 
 n 
 g 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 fa 
 
 CO 00 iO CO CV? CC <M lO CO 00 -^ k« Ci CO , CO , CO CO J> rH CO (M 
 
 T— 1 
 
 1 
 
 i>rHioj>'*LOC^o{'^ir5coi:oi>oi>co»c<?Jicaocoicoi 
 
 CO 
 1—1 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 fa 
 
 i-l-<*OOiCOQOW5J>J>OC005>Ot>.t>.J>.-^OaO'*t>.0^ 
 1— Ir-ii— 1 1— 1 (?l i—li— li— IrH 
 
 (M 
 
 1—1 
 (M 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r-l < I I ■ > ■ i-l ■ I • 
 
 (?» 
 
 O 
 
 HI 
 
 1^ 
 
 W 
 H 
 <! 
 
 e 
 w 
 pj 
 cs 
 
 < 
 
 »^ 
 O 
 
 o 
 M 
 u 
 
 CO 
 
 U 
 
 B 
 
 ^1 
 
 ■^ ^H •^ I— I -^ J> rH i> •^ -* I— 1 l>» rH ^H T* t^ 1— 1 
 i-lCTi-( (>J 1-1 (M rt 1-1 CM W CM ^ (M 
 
 (M(^?'*l-^^'*l-^TJ3co(^ia50iOicoco^«Id'•odl-icJ3Goco 
 aoo<:oi>'*^coocOGO^ini^^coTt*cMt^coci^iooo 
 
 r-( 1—1 
 
 1—1 
 CO 
 
 ^ 1 
 ^ 1 
 
 J> 1— 1 "^ J> t^ J>. rH i> T-H "^ 1—1 -^ ^H "!# 
 
 _<M 1-1 (M (M 1-i CM i-((Mi-l 
 
 oicOOir5o6rH(^!ir5cdrt-^i-(dcMCOL'5-*Ol^CO<McicM 
 C0>OC0COi-lO{i-l(Mi-l'*iM00'a5CMi-<(:^i-IC0C>i-^(MCMC0 
 
 in 
 
 CO 
 
 S 1" 
 
 a « 
 ^ 1 
 
 r-t r-( T^ I— 1 -^ 1—1 1—1 1—1-^ -^ •^ -^ 1— 1 J>. tH -^ 1> 
 (MOJCT (M 1^ CM CM CM^ i-l rH i-l C^! _ (?* i-l 
 
 C>jmTj<OlCCOQOQOGO^'*QOo6'^t^(MC<fOCOlCt^Gdi-H 
 ■^■^COCOOKM^S^rt-^CMiMQOCir-lCMi— l^CO'*G^C>{"ti 
 
 o 
 
 1—1 
 
 CO 
 
 bSe jo sivai 9x JSao ofii 
 
 l0C0C0C0(Mi-HC0l0(MOlCCiOO'*C{(MC0'^iC^rt<O 
 1— ICO CO CO 1— 1 (M 1—1 1—1 1—1 CO 1— 1 (M (M T-I"*i— Irt-^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 -* 
 
 •looijos pna) 
 
 -?B OqM aSB JO SJB9i 
 
 ^ japan suosjad jo o^ 
 
 rt< 1-1 rt O '^ CO CO O O J> , i^ C^ CO CO CT CM , IC ^ (M CO O 
 1—1 CO 1—1 1—1 T— 1 1—1 0{ CT 
 
 CO 
 Ci 
 I— I 
 
 aSB JO 
 uaaii? 
 
 sjBai: 9X pn^ f 
 aq snosjad jo ox 
 
 Oi>'*'*OOCOCOOO^CO^i>OCOCOt^l^lCOOiJ>Oii-l 
 
 oaiJ>-t^i—ioocoi— ii— lO^HOiQOi— iooi— iot^aoocoj>.i— 1 
 
 i>CO<MC0(M(Mi-lC0(rJlO(Mi-li-l(M(MCM(MC0C<Q0T-IC0C0 
 I— 1 
 
 05 
 00 
 
 a 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 t3 
 
 a 
 
 TtCOCftCi0005QO»CCOX)1^0lCCrii-l-*OCD(MCO'*(Mr-l 
 1— l-<*l>l0-*O00CiCji>OtX)C0C0'*02'*OC0i— iCOCiin 
 lCOrH(MT-(OJ r-Hi— ICOC'ii— It^i-HlMi— IrHCOi-l^r-HCMCM 
 
 00 
 
 iO 
 
 a 
 
 CO 
 
 
 oo-^coooQOi>.GOcjoot^co»ni>»rtoo<Moociaj':0'*i-H 
 
 C0Ol^05'*i>00-*C0CiC0T-l(M'*t^l0OC0lC^OCMO 
 CO'^i— li— li— (1— 1 T— li— l(Mi— l^^t>-nHi-^i— li— ((Mr— l-^i— (CM(M 
 
 (M 
 
 1—1 
 
 1—1 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 3 • 
 2-3 
 
 II 
 
 am 
 
 3 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 0'*i«i^t^iC(Mini-irHi-(ici^i^^coaocoi7?ir:oTfo 
 
 CiCOC0COl>'*rH(MC0mini— l(Ml^OCO!>J>COaOlCCO(M 
 OO(MC0i-l<M^C^C^^iM(MOi-iC0(Mi-IC0tMOrHC0C0 
 1—1 
 
 00 
 
 a . 
 
 a 
 
 CX)COkOCOOCOOO^COOi— i^!0(M'*(MfHOLOO(M»C'* 
 
 ^i>CMt^aooocoQo-^02'*Oi>(Mc:)(Mcoot^'*Oiao 
 
 ■^■^(MOJi— Idi— li— li— IC0r-^r^^^rH(Mr^^HC0C^JOr^(M(M 
 1—1 
 
 CO 
 
 •stooi 
 
 3S mv^i JO ON 
 
 C000OOC0<X)in}^t>.C0t>-i-Hr^001>00^OCXDL0 8>r-<r^ 
 1— li— li— (rH 1— (1— ICM 1— li— li— li— 1 
 
 i 
 
 d 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 
 
 ooooooooooooooooooooooo 
 
 rHO(MOO»OOJ>COCii^'*QOl^'*lOOr^X)WOJ:^Oii— 1 
 
 t^QOi-ii^cr5cocoacr^o;cx)(McocociCJCOco-^kccortL':) 
 
 >* ^ rH O '*^'* 00 O QO^O^Cq^rH i— 1 O CO^CO O ^00 OO^O^rH^OO 
 
 "^ co^ o~ ■*" r-T c^ 1-h" o" CO co~ cT ic" cT CO cT CO oo" ^ ic" ■*" LrT o" i>r 
 
 »0C5O-^a0C0C0C0OCi"*O>Ot^C0O'*J>CC00C0-*O 
 cp-^C>J(Mi-lO!^CMi^'*TtH(M 1-H^i-l 1-1 CM 1-1 cr? yrCO 1-1 CO 00 
 "5©= i-T 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 1—1 
 CO 
 
 <^ . 
 P..2 
 
 0'*cMt^i^cocO'r-iTf*cot>.oocoooa)t^oC5C:i> 
 
 lOlCCOCOrHt^lCl^OirHCOi— llOkOki^rtaOOmOJLOOOi 
 iCMOi— ICMJ>CilOCi00(»ait>.t^t>.O5Oii>-*i— lQ01>C0i— 1 
 (MOJi— <r- 1 1— li— (CO I— (I— li— It— li— 1 
 
 00 
 
 cT 
 
 CO 
 
 
 0- 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 ^2^ log- H ^'S & j^ ^^ ^ =5 fr S 'a 1° 
 
 3" 
 
 o 
 Eh 
 
SCHOOL RETURNS— 1848-49. 
 
 xvii 
 
 -Biooqog 
 -A3}x gni'dang jo amoaui 
 
 #113 75 
 
 159 31 
 
 146 98 
 
 
 
 
 
 •aniBS taojj amooui 
 
 #36 42 
 186 41 
 110 92 
 
 CO 
 
 spanj^ rBjoi JO nunoray 
 
 #607 00 
 3106 87 
 
 1848 67 
 
 i 
 
 IC 
 
 •noil 
 -inx 10} p!«d ajuSaaaSy 
 
 #1256 60 
 16 00 
 60 00 
 90 00 
 
 52 00 
 
 70 00 
 12 00 
 
 14 00 
 
 362 50 
 60 00 
 
 73 00 
 
 278 00 
 
 1023 70 
 60 00 
 92 00 
 19 33 
 
 CO 
 
 l-H 
 
 CO 
 
 sjBioqog JO -0^ aSeiaxy 
 
 t^ IC O O 00 O lO CO O -^ O CO CO O t>. 
 COtMOJCO iCO iC^CO iCO i^(7J 1 .i-^CM i HZ Ci ^ , 
 
 CO 
 
 •}dax 
 stpnoui JO a;T!3aj33v 
 
 1— 1 rH 1— 1 (?{ C^ 1— 1 
 
 CJr-^COCO'CO'COrH' 'xrtlO' '(n'q6'WC0O3C0 
 1—1 Ol Ol 
 
 
 1—1 
 1— ( 
 
 •siooqag -inoo 3noio.id 
 0} ?da3| sjoonag piiB 
 's[ooii3g ajBAUfj 'sauaa 
 -puoy 'daoauiun jo o^^ 
 
 lCC>?^Hr-l |0? ,r-<i— 1 .r-i ,1>.C0 , ,i— (rH , Ci r-^ Ci Ci 
 
 
 
 •nop 
 -mx Joj ptBd a:(B3aaS3v 
 
 #950 00 
 3400 00 
 
 600 00 
 675 00 
 
 2760 00 
 90 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 •sJTSioqog JO o^ aSBjaAy 
 
 O O O lO o o 
 OiiiOiiiilOiiCTiiiiCOCOiiii 
 
 8 
 
 sqjnoca jo a}'B3aa3;Sy 
 
 •^ 
 
 1-H I— ( r-( 1— 1 1—1 
 
 I— 1 
 
 •saimapBay 
 pa^cjodjoaai jo aaqnmjj 
 
 l~H...^^.. ..1— l..rHi...i— It— I1..1 
 
 f^ 
 
 ■stooqog ojtqn^ joj psj 
 -uqujuoa 'AuBjt '[aiij 
 pau pjBoq JO innoiuy 
 
 00000 0000 0000000 0000 
 
 ooinoo 0000 >n in 0001^ 
 
 OOOiOOCOt^ lOkClCO lOOOOCTi-^Or-l 1030--IC73 
 
 T— li^O'^Oi Oi>Tf<C0 TtiOiOOJ-t^OO COOi-^'* 
 
 (TiCOrrCO rr TtrlCvtrHOJr-lrH COCOO 
 
 
 
 GO 
 CO 
 
 paB pjEoq 'sjoqaea^ jo 
 sa3BAi aq') iCiuo Saipnta 
 -in 'siooqog jo 'laod 
 -dns aqj .loj saxBj Aq 
 padtBJ iaaoin JO ^nnoiny 
 
 00000000000000000000000 
 00000000000000000000000 
 
 000^0000000000000000000 
 
 ooo(>j»fJooiooomaiOooo!iooooiooo 
 iO':fioao'«*J>coooi«coi>.^oco-=t»ocooi.':oTri^io 
 
 rH r^ 1— 1 Tf ,_| ^ 
 
 
 
 CO 
 0" 
 
 
 •q'jnora 
 jad piBoq JO 
 aniBA a3BaaAy 
 
 OCTOL'5OC0Oi-fX-I>|i-iOl«OOOOOOO'*l0O 
 QOlOOCVOQOOi— ICOC^Jt^OrtOOOOOOOOS'^'^O 
 
 C3 
 
 ■paBoq JO an 
 -XBi. Sutpniaui 
 'q^ca jad piBii 
 sa3BAi aSeaaAy 
 
 Q0C^l0Q0C0'*C0OJ>Ol/^OrH(?JOOOCT1^0?a0O00 
 COQOl^OQO^lCOOJ'g^Cii.^QOOlOCOCOOmCiGSCOCN 
 
 COCTrt-^TfCTCNCO'-lCTCTCTO^CMOKMO^COCTOOJCO 
 ^ rt r-( rH rH rH rH r-l ,-H nH rt r^ r-< nH rHn-(i-ii-lrHr-ii-lrt 
 
 1—1 
 
 
 •q^nora 
 jad pjBoq JO 
 atqBA aSsjaAy 
 
 COOO^OOOOl^CO'OOCOOOOOOOt^OOO 
 CSOOr-HOOOOOD'— ICiOOCOOOOOlOOOOOO 
 
 (X)CC>OO00OC0XCC^OOOG0O»0OOJ>.OTfOJ>O 
 
 CO 
 
 •pjBoq JO an 
 -IBA Saipnpui 
 'qjra jad piBii 
 8a3BAi a^BJaAy 
 
 aoc^iooo(>joi>.Oi>cO(^Jt^oot^i— toooiraooxi 
 '^coaoooi^Oi>.Oi— loji-ioooocoooooioot^ 
 
 oo'*CJT-^cooaiOioj'^i>oa30oci'— iojTj<0'*CiCOo 
 
 CO 
 
 
 in 
 
 O 
 Eh 
 
 Amherst, 
 
 Belchertown, 
 
 Chesterfield, 
 
 Cummington, 
 
 Easthampton, 
 
 Enfield, 
 
 Goshen, 
 
 Granby, 
 
 Greenwich, 
 
 Hadley, 
 
 Hatfield, 
 
 Middlefield, 
 
 Nortliampton, 
 
 Norwich, 
 
 Pelhani, 
 
 Plainfield, 
 
 Prescott, 
 
 South Hadley, 
 
 Soutliampton, 
 
 Ware, 
 
 Westliampton, 
 
 Williamsburg, 
 
 Worthington, 
 
 3 
 
 
 
XVIU 
 
 HAMPDEN COUNTY 
 
 s: 
 
 u 
 
 w 
 
 Eh 
 O 
 
 n 
 S 
 
 15 
 
 
 1 
 
 (?« 1— 1 CO 1— 1 r-l 
 
 m 
 
 rH 
 
 1 
 
 J>GOJ>CX)OOCOCOCOCT'^Oi-|i»l>r-('^J>TjHCO 
 rH 1— 1 tH 
 
 1-\ 
 
 g 
 
 02 
 
 1 
 
 1— 1 I— 1 i-H CTJ 1—1 1—1 rH CO 1— 1 0{ 1— 1 
 
 
 
 iiiTfiiiiiiCT'ilO''"'' 
 
 T^ 
 T^ 
 
 O 
 
 w . 
 
 H to 
 
 K o 
 w o 
 
 H ^ 
 
 §^ 
 C5 
 
 CD 
 
 <! 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 rj< t^ •<!}< Tt< Tt 1— 1 "^ Tti •* -^ TJ< tS* 1> 
 
 1—1 I— (I— 11— 10{ 1— ll— 11— ll— 1 I— (1—1 
 
 CO 00 00 t^ j>.' T-M rH in" o in i> rjl ai (:vj cj ci CT in i-( 
 
 OCOQOOiX!i7}QOCOr-(COOiCMi>0{COC>{inC50 
 r^ Oi • r^ r^ i— 1 rH rH 
 
 CO 
 
 u 1 
 
 3 ft 
 
 a 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 I— 1 rH 1— 1 1— 1 rH 
 
 Oi(rjd'*oooin(M05^CTcocorHoi>c*coin 
 
 '*C0C0OiC\irHT3<C0'^rHinrHC0<©(MrHi>CrjTi< 
 
 CO 
 
 it 
 
 •^ T-K rj< rfi rH rH J> J> "^f 
 
 ■"! "^ ""1 "^ '^ ^ '"' 
 
 "^^DOiCTOSrHCOOJOasinrHCOrHCiC^JoOJi© 
 inCO^rHCOrHCOCOCOrH-^1— Irf^COrHrHGOOin 
 
 in 
 
 CO 
 
 •jootiog pua^^B oqii 
 bSb JO sJBai 9x -wAo -o^ 
 
 OrHCTinCTCOOJOOOOCO-^OOOOCDCOOOCO 
 C\i ■<* (Ti 1X7? rH (Tt rH rH rH Tji C^ J>. C^J rH CO CO -^ 
 
 Ci 
 
 m 
 in 
 
 •looqog pna? 
 -^■B oqAt eS-B JO s.iBa-t 
 ^ Japan suosjad jo -o^ 
 
 in :ooo oc?i>oo'*rt*QO in o , <>{ o? m c^ '^ 
 
 rH 1— 11— 1 rHrHC\i r^ r^ ^ Oi Oi Q\ 
 
 
 •HMO) aqi nt 
 bSb jo sJB3jf 9x pae ^ 
 u9aAi!)3q gnosjsd jo -o^ 
 
 incooQooiOininrHoooCTcocooooCTCico 
 OiOJ^Oi'^ocorHcvjGOcorHin-^coinco'^co 
 
 CO ^ -^ !» CO rH CO CO in 00 rH CO rH rH rH Oi rH in 
 
 CO 
 rH 
 
 o_ 
 
 rH 
 rH 
 
 1 V 
 
 ^ w o 
 
 §j.s| 
 
 a 
 
 corHCoinCT^coO'*coaoco^i>cooiooi'* 
 inocot^oooj>cocoinooininooococ^QOCi 
 
 (7!C0<M!OC\{ (riC\!<7J ^ OJ rf rH HD 1> CO 
 
 o 
 
 rH 
 
 eg- 
 
 ^oc^c^in^oooiooi>.ini— iJ>-«*orj<oin^ 
 ■^OQO'*i>inaioa>'*0'*aoi^j>i>o{i:o^ 
 
 CT CTJ r-H Oi rH rH C\{ (7i in rH C* in m CO 
 
 1— 1 
 CO 
 
 No. of Scholars 
 
 of aliases in all the 
 
 Schools. 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 1— ( 
 
 inixiiX)'*oooo'*in'^co<r*o^coQoo?rHOiCT 
 '^i>c^fCicoocoin^c»cocjrHinoj>'*oia5 
 
 C0C0C0in(7Jr-iC0C0in Cg COrHrHrHQOCi'3^ 
 r^ CM 
 
 CO 
 rH 
 
 
 OiC^':Oi>Q005rHOiX)rHC:5rHCOQOQO<©C^OJOO 
 O00ini>-rt<a5'*l>CvJt>.C0t>-inrH05rHO<:Dr)H 
 C0O{C\iin<?< (7!(7^'* J> Olr^ rH 1> 00 tJh 
 rH ffil 
 
 CO 
 00 
 
 •siooqos onqn^ jo -0^ 
 
 ffflO'^ooi-^rHocoinos'^Oit^cocooiaiin 
 
 rHrHrHC^ rHrHrH rH ff* rHOirH 
 
 0{ 
 
 1 
 
 ooo o o o o CO o o o o in o o o o o 
 ooo o o o o 00 o o o o CO o o o m o 
 
 rH O 05 CiCOCOO CO OO OrH rH CO in Ot^ CO 
 inrH(7i GOCOl-IOil^OrHOirHrJlr-taSrHi— ICO 
 
 o -Tt* !>_ 1 oq^j>^i> o t^rH^in CO "* rH ci^cvj^in co co 
 
 j^Tco" rn" cTco'rH o"o"co"in"Qcri>'crj>rco cr'*~t>r 
 
 Oj'Tf^ OOrHTj^l-^COaiClOjOSrHCO-^CSCOQO 
 CO'*?^ C\JrHC0C0CO CD OJ CO rH rH 00 Oi CO 
 
 ^ co" 
 
 rH 
 
 i> 
 
 CO 
 Ol 
 
 "^ 
 
 od~ 
 
 00 
 
 (S 
 
 7-{ 
 
 "3 
 P..2 
 
 O ■" 
 
 CM 
 
 i> Oi (7! ^ CO O 00 1— 1 O C3 in "* m !> CO CO CO '* 
 
 Gvj rH CO 1— 1 cv< i> CO in '^ CO in rH Qo CT 00 c* cv{ CO 
 
 '^'^•CO .■^'^Cv!C\JrHi>rHC5CVJa5COCOincOOO 
 ^^T-^-r^ -r^ r-^-^^Q^ OJ ""^o" COCOrH 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 pqpqooOWh:;H:!g§p^p:5a!ai&H^^^^ 
 
 '3 
 o 
 
SCHOOL RETURNS— 1848-49. 
 
 XIX 
 
 •Bjooqag 
 o'i psjBudojddB anna 
 -A3JI snjdang JO anioDai 
 
 ■BUKs moii atnooai 
 
 span j; \eo(yi jo ^rniotny 
 
 •not J 
 
 I I I I I I 
 
 i; 
 
 CO 00 
 
 en CO 
 CO in 
 00 
 
 i 
 
 o o o 
 
 »fl 1 00 -* 
 
 00 CO, "-^^ 
 
 IC 00 
 
 t^-!* 
 
 Z^ 
 
 a 1 o 
 
 i-H o 
 CO '5P 
 
 (TJ (?J Xi O >n VO 
 1— I l^ '^ O 00 -^ 
 1-1 CO C* CO 
 CO 
 
 ^ 
 
 SJ^lOtlOg JO -on 33BJ9AV 
 
 •jdaii 
 sqinota jo a^vSsiSSy 
 
 siooqog -raof) Snojoid 
 05 4dai( siooqog poB 
 'sjooqag ajBAUj 'saira 
 -apBov •daoaniun jo •o^j 
 
 •non 
 •mx joj pred aq'eSaaSav 
 
 siBioqag jo 'o^sj aSejaAy 
 
 in "!*< O? !>• l^- <M o in 
 
 (M I I iCOtHCOWC^CT ir-l 
 
 CO IC ' Oi ' 1-1 
 
 CO t>^ ko "^ <?? w '2? ' 
 
 ^ 00 ^ OJ 
 
 , i-l !>. , CO 
 
 , "* CO C< 00 00 rH , Ci , 
 
 rH O 
 , O 1 ^ 
 
 1-1 (?« 
 
 •!ldai( 
 sq?nom jo a)T!3aj3Sv 
 
 •saiiuapuov 
 paiwodjooni jo aaqranfj 
 
 1-1 CT 
 
 • o ' d 
 
 ■sJIooqog oiiqn,! JOj p«i 
 -nqujuoa 'AuB jt '[anj 
 puE pjBoq JO 4unoiav 
 
 ■lanj 
 pan pjBoq 'siaqoBaj jo 
 saSBAi aqi ^Cjno Snipnp 
 -ni 'siooqog Jo ^Jod 
 -cins aqj Joj saxu; iCq 
 pasiBi iauoni jo ^unoniv 
 
 •qinotn 
 jad pjBoq JO 
 anjBA aSejaAV 
 
 •pjBoq JO an 
 -JBA SaipniDui 
 '•qjin jad pa-d 
 saSBAi aSBjaAV 
 
 in CO CO 
 00 »n o 
 CO 1-1 i>- 
 
 oooomoooo 
 ooooi>ooom 
 
 in'*c*ot>.'-<coiO'-; 
 coci-^iocO'OOQOt^in 
 
 CO rHCT-rt<r-ii-lT-HkC 
 
 o in o o o 
 o c^ o o in 
 
 00 CO "* O CO 
 
 i> -rf in in o 
 
 1-1 C\J CO 
 
 00 i 
 
 CO < 
 
 ooooocoooooo 
 oooooooooooo 
 
 o o o o o o 
 o o o o o o 
 
 oooooooooooo 2S2S2S 
 ooooooinmoooin ico^oooo 
 OCToo^coc^c^cr. !^)'C0C2(^^ '-oco-*oi--. 
 
 OCOCOrtOCTCOOCOO^COOOOOC^f;-^ 
 0?ClQ0OOC0J>OCMO'*C0OinOOC0in!> 
 
 ininincoininininminincocococoincoinin 
 
 •qjnoni 
 jad pjBoq JO 
 anjBA aSBjaAV 
 
 •pjEoq JO an 
 -juA Snipnpni 
 '■qqui jad pred 
 saSBAA aSBjaAy 
 
 rv> rH inooJc^co^co'*'*cocDooco>nj>.i>-90 
 
 Oc5Sttin00Ol>i>^Q0C000i-l-*(7?r-^.-lO 
 
 (rjo?rtino.-<co^r-(gCTCTrHCOcorH2CT;21 
 
 ^ 
 
 o^oooCTCOt^inoojooi>.oincocojS 
 
 JfCOOOOCOCOi-li-lOOOOOCOOC^CO-^CO 
 
 cocooocicomt^cocococoooooi— icomcor^-t* 
 
 inciOCiin'*aocoooco'*2i2^2&^S2S!i 
 oocor-icoi>-oinaoirjo^ocMoooco'*in^ 
 
 oco^Hoooioocococoi>''*<M(Mi— 'O5OiC02232 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
XX 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY 
 
 H 
 O 
 
 
 as 
 w 
 B 
 u 
 
 W 
 
 H 
 
 O 
 PS 
 M 
 
 65 
 
 
 i 
 
 d 
 i 
 
 1— 1 I— 1 r- 1 
 
 CO 
 1— t 
 
 1 
 
 J> ^ (N "Tf* Oi OD (?! r-l CO ra t^ -^ !> CO ' J>. IC CO t^ i-H CO lO (N i> ' ■5l< 
 
 1-^ 
 1— t 
 
 D 
 
 •1 
 Em 
 
 '*cocoa5C£!i>-o(rjOi-Hi— iCiJ>»nco^c*■^o^^cooiC£lOTl^co 
 
 I— i I— ( 1— 1 I— 1 I— 1 1— 1 ^H rH 1— 1 1— 1 T— 1 r-\ 
 
 s 
 
 "3 
 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^ I 1 1 1 1 I I I I • ■ ' r ■ ■ ■ 
 
 r-4 
 
 O 
 
 w . 
 
 ?^ o 
 w o 
 
 «^ 
 
 H 
 <! W 
 
 W H 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 ^1 
 
 CVJCli— Iffi 1— I]— lr-<^H{7JOJl— 1 CT 
 COOi;dcOi-H'*l>C00500ci'*lC^lOJ>COl^OGOQOOlOQO'3Q 
 
 co^^iOi-iOi-Hi-icoao«:io^cO'-ii>coi^»nTtioin^'*"*co 
 1—1 1-1 1— i 
 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 J>'^^i>. r-H t>. -^ -^ -^ J> ^ I* 1-1 1> r-l t* l>. 
 
 1— 1 i-H CT 1— 1 rH T-i 1— 1 rH C^J CT 
 
 a C3 (^? CO 'Tf 00 CO co" 00 Ci C3 ic d ic ai ira 00 00 ;^ 00 d ;-j ^° ^ CO 
 
 CO 1— 1 S^ OJ iO ^ rH CO CT Oi G^? 1— 1 CO Oi CO CO 0? C<! Ot C« (7J CO rH 
 
 
 S 1" 
 
 a fi 
 1 1 
 
 i-( T:t< J>i-! ■* i>t^ !>'* 1>^J>-*J> 
 C? 1-1 CT 1— 1 _ r-H ^ i-j _ 1-H 
 
 ^'r^'*QOl>idi-(CO^Oida5KOCiCOCTir5000'':J<CI5CO^^OrH 
 ■^(MOiOJiOincO CT-^COC^JCTt-i -^C0C0C^(rf'*(MC^OJi-lC^ 
 
 1— t 
 
 CO* 
 
 •lOOTIDg pi 
 
 aS'B JO sjuaif 9 
 
 ]; 19 AO -Ofj 
 
 i>cooi0oo:ico ,coicj>c^?coo?c^ojctc5:hCTt-jcoco>«3;co 
 
 CO rH rH "^ S^ ^ C^ ' i^ nH CO CT CO i-l r-l "* CO lO CO i-l (>! C^ CT C^ CT OJ 
 
 1 
 
 ^ aapun snos 
 
 •looqog 
 
 BJOSJBaS 
 
 led JO '0^ 
 
 QOlOOlOOi>!>CTCOQOOQOCO<Mr-l»nCOCOOOG^J>COCO»n>C 
 1-1 rH 1—1 1—1 1—1 1— 1 CT 1-1 1-1 1-1 1— 1 
 
 i 
 
 nt32BJOSJ'E3i 
 
 aaaA^aq saos 
 
 nAi05 aq:) 
 Cgtpmjf 
 jad JO -0^ 
 
 oococoi^^rHS>crjir50iCTcooao03f-iS'5S5^ii92S'^S£* 
 coQOooo^oc^JOlOr-^aooilC'^p^>^J^.CTl£5co;3coo^.^^• 
 
 iCr^OfCOWO-^lOrHCTlCC^iOlC^OJ C0C0"*-*i-<C0!7iC^C«<?JC>{ 
 
 §3 
 
 1 » 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 C0C0OC<?t^C0Oa5O00l^0ilCC0C0'*J>.i— lOOCOCOOCOCOOJ 
 
 oc?i-iQocO'*cocoaDOCO^aococoooor>.coco^2)cocooos 
 
 COC'JC^JC^f-^COCO 1— l^(MCTi-li— 1 C0OlC0'^rH{^!OJi-iO!r-lCV{ 
 
 1— ( 
 
 
 ^rtCr)is.i^(3i,HC5CO^'!**l«knCOWCiOOiOiOTl<COCOCOi-<rf 
 COl^QOGO(XlC005!>'*^>GOt^U^C010COInC^l^CO!>^^CO'-^COCO 
 Oi rt 1— 1 rH CO C\( 0{ 1—1 CO rH 1—1 rH 1—1 (^i (?* (M C* l— 1 i— 1 i-l i— 1 (7i I— 1 
 
 o 
 
 1— t 
 
 ■S.s-s 
 
 d 
 
 a ^ 
 
 a " 
 
 OCO'^QOCOi— IC00051— IOC0Q0-^G0i-<lCt>.Olf50i'^C0C0C000 
 
 Qor^t^cocoo^ooocococoi-iJ>ai-*ooooiCit^cocor^co 
 
 COG^C^COOTf^i-ltrjLOCOCTOl'N C0C0^iOl-^OJO{O{(^{C^!(?? 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 00 
 
 CO-^lOJ^COlOi— ICO'^CT<M'-^r-li-(COOIlOOi^COCTOGDt>.-^Cri 
 COCO^'^CTC^t^asQOOCOOOit^i^Oi— lOCOCOi— li-IO^rHt^ 
 COOJOJCT-^COCO 1— I'^CTCTi— lr-1 COCO'^COi— lOJ<7}i— lOir-ti-t 
 
 
 •siooqog oi[c 
 
 nj JO -0^ 
 
 ^COaOOaiOOCO(??COOi-ICit^O':t<CO<M^'*i>OOt^i-li-ICO 
 1—1 I— li— li— li— 1 r— li— ( 1— (r— li— IrH i— li— 1 i— li— 1 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 K 
 
 \ 
 
 oooooooooooooooooooooooooo 
 oooooooooooooooooooooooooo 
 
 l0C0-*i-(OQ0O»nC01rtI^rHC0t>.OCiC0C0Q0T+;'^'*05OlCJ> 
 ^CD'*'*OOmCT(X)a)f>.00-Hl>CllOOi-<t^GiO?'^lOi>OCOC^ 
 OjOOOOii— l>^Ot^C0i-Hi— lOO-^QOl^QOCOOOCTrfCsOiCTrHt^Oi 
 
 co"o"a^rH"o"(^^crf"Qo"o"rH"ln~»o"c^^o'rHl-H oroorcrioj>rco'~o'TO o" 
 
 C>>i— IliOCMOJCTt^lCCOCOl^ClCOi^'^COCOCOQOlCmt^QOCOGOOJ 
 COCTi— iO?-^^lO rHlOi— li— Ir-li— 1 OIO!^<?Ji— IC^ii— IrHCTrtCM 
 
 8 
 
 oo" 
 
 
 a 
 
 ooj'^r^T-iajOJO^oocoi^iraiotMiojinincoi— icoff?J>05i-(>rt(?j 
 
 i-HClC00?i>OT-IOCilCt^051>C0C0»rtO!>OOC«00i-l!>l^J> 
 
 coa50rHCi'#05coiN.j>a5Qoaococ^(rjcocoioi>.oa>j>oooo 
 l-^^^l— (1— ll— 11— ( I— 1 ,_l,_l,_l^,_( ,_(,_( 
 
 r-H 
 GO 
 
 
 IT 
 
 C 
 Eh 
 
 
 
 o 
 
SCHOOL RETURNS— 1848-49. 
 
 XXI 
 
 ■siootpg 
 on TpQ'iV.uioiMv, anua 
 -A»ii snidang jo amoonx 
 
 ■auras incuj araoonj 
 
 (MO ' •>* ' C« 
 1— I t>. (M I-H 
 
 CO ' O .-I 
 
 span J J13307 JO ^nnoray 
 
 CO'* 
 
 r-l r— I 
 
 O l^ 
 
 (7{ 00 
 
 O I o 
 
 o o 
 
 '* OJ 
 
 oo 
 
 O Ci 
 lOCO 
 
 -non 
 -mx •loj VT^^ a^TjSajSSy 
 
 1—1 1 , m 00 com 
 
 lO lO Ci GO )> 
 
 m= >-i (M 
 
 o o 
 
 J>.Oi O TfOO^rHCJC^JCiCOCO 
 I— I C< I— I 1-H I— I 
 
 si^ioqag JO -ojj aSBJaAy 
 
 •jda:^ 
 gq^nota jo a:)BSaj33y 
 
 OJ rH 1-1 C^ (M (M 
 
 'COrH 'COlCrHkC 'lCl>i-5-^(?JcO(?iTt<o6 
 
 •s(ooiia>; -inoo Snoiojd 
 05 gdai) s|ooqog paB 
 'sjooqog ajiiAua 'saiin 
 -ap'Bav 'djoauian jo -Ofi 
 
 , CO I 
 
 i-l CO rH CO , -^ CO 1-1 Ol 1-1 rH — I O? CO 
 
 •UOIJ 
 
 -inx 10} pred a^'ESaaSSy 
 
 coc> 
 
 sj^ioqag JO -o^ aSejaAy 
 
 ■?da^ 
 stonora JO ai'ESajSSy 
 
 
 ' OJ 
 
 ' ^ 
 
 •saitnaptiay 
 paiBJodjooni jo jaqran^ 
 
 00000000i-<0 
 
 OOOOICOIOOCOO 
 
 : 1— I CO 1— I c^i 
 
 o o o o o o o 
 
 o o o o o o o 
 
 o o o o o o o 
 
 OrHLOlC'^CO'-H iCTOOOl^lr^C^OOO iCOrHOOlCmCD 
 
 lOkOCOCTi— il^'*! OJiOCOi— iCi^CiOii— lie mr\>^-!*r>*ir5nn 
 
 ■<*co <:^j>iooj (?j(M"'~' ... 
 
 •sjooriog oiiqtid joj paj 
 -nqu^noa 'Xu'BJ! 'pnj 
 puB pjBoq JO ^nnoiny 
 
 O IC in o o o o 
 
 GO <?{ ^ "* C^J O 00 
 CO 
 
 ptre pjBoq 'sjaqaus:) jo 
 sa3B4i aqj .Vjao Snipnp 
 -n; 'siooqag jo ^.lod 
 -dns aqi joj saxuj ;(q 
 pasrea Xauorajo^unouiy 
 
 OOOOOOC0OOOOOC0OC50JOOOOOOOOOO 
 
 ooooO'ro'oioooo^Cjooioooooooioooio 
 
 t^OCOCOOOOlOiM^LOlOOO'^COC^GOOOOGOLIXJin'Ot^-^CO 
 3;& ^H rH 1—1 1—1 
 
 •qinora 
 lad pjBoq JO 
 atquA aSBJBAy 
 
 ':OOl>J>Tj<0>i^O}(7>l'*t^O^OOOCOC5'HOGO'^OCOCi'-l 
 >000»reoOJ>.i— IC^OOOOi— lOOOO'OCTOi— lOl-H-^CO-^ 
 
 ^co'*mmoioococo'*iCTticoiiticoiO'!*»0'*'*coicrj<-5tT(H 
 
 •pjHoq JO an 
 -JIBA auipnioni 
 '•qjin jad ptijd 
 saSBAi a^BjaAy 
 
 rHO^OJOJo-^trjco-^^ocjcoCTcocooJc^^^o-HOOJC^ 
 
 •qinora 
 jad pjBoq JO 
 an[BA aSBjaAV 
 
 >« 00 lo CO CO CO t>. Oi o i^ in >o m CO co lo j> co -^ lo -^ t>. in 
 
 •pjBoq JO an 
 -Ii!A Suipnpui 
 '■qira jad pred 
 saSBAi aSBjaAy 
 
 -*CTOO'*moocoi— lot^i— ICO 
 
 T-l'*lOlC-*C^OOCOCirHCOOCO 
 
 COCOCOOOi— lOOCO 
 
 "^COCOl— lOrHTtO-^ 
 
 S£sSG'^'^Si2stl'-0'^'-*^o '•^CTcomococjr^Oi '^ 
 2? oj (^^(^^1-l1-l(^^co(^^(^^l-l(M(?J{^{ CTc^c^CTCTff^rHCTrH (M 
 
 «^ i: c »jr r. „ 
 C 5 ed -^ ^ 1^ 
 
XXll 
 
 BERKSHIRE COUNTY 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 r— i 
 
 Pi 
 
 W 
 o 
 
 o 
 Pi 
 n 
 b 
 
 i 
 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 CO ,oJOJ ,05 ,o?coo?io ,ci{i-i!> , ,i>eococ:c?o 
 
 
 C*-<*CO;OCO'*lO'*CTkCC*OOaOOC^«i-H>J>^OTl<CO 
 i-H I— 1 rH 
 
 to 
 
 "3 
 
 a- 
 
 0'*OQO(roiniccot^ict^cooj>j>coi-H^ot^|^»o-* 
 
 G^ii— 1 1—1 1—1 I— lr-*i— ti— 1 
 
 1 
 
 C^iiiirH<<ii'>>>i<i><<T-l'i 
 
 Em 
 
 o 
 
 M . 
 H tn 
 
 CS Hi 
 
 1?; o 
 w o 
 
 w " 
 <! W 
 
 C5 
 
 - 1 
 
 j>-^t^i— 1 -^ !>!> r>. 1—1 1—1 1-1 1— iTj< 1—1 
 
 t'ioirJt^^orNii-iMC^'^coi-H^-^OicdaoGs^iC'^oow 
 
 00 CO J> IC (TJ Tti Tj< CO CO Tt* O kC Olio O 1-1 CJiCO-^O^O 
 
 1—1 1— ( 1—1 1—1 
 
 1 1 
 
 s 1 
 
 I— 1 i-H J> "* ■«* 1—1 -^ 1> Tf JC>. 1— 1 1— 1 J>. -^ 1—1 !> 
 OJ C<? 1-1 1-1 O* 1-1 1-1 0»CT i-l <M 
 
 QOOJdcOOFHkniOCOCTCOCOihlcOr-^^OCOCToirHQO^CO 
 Oi 1— 1 CO C5 1— 1 <?< 1— 1 1— 1 O C^ C>{ (7J CO (TJ CO lO OJ OJ J>- (M ■<* 
 
 3 O 
 
 1— 1 <M 1-1 i-i 1-1 1—1 C^l 
 
 o6l>.*lO'^0<©COi>IcOi-HOGD^OOt>^C^lCt^t^'*inTi<Oi 
 QO 1-1 "* CO r-( (TJ CT T-< 00 (M CO (?} W C^ CT i-( ■^ CO O? 00 C* O 
 
 aSB JO gjBajf ofi J8A0 -o^ 
 
 00 as CT in 00 00 «2 o lo 00 CT 1— 1 o tr* Oi m co i— i lo ira w oo 
 
 Oi-ICOrH i-IOJCO i-l 1-1 1 <M rH CM i-l O! CO CTCT 
 
 ■looqog pna? 
 -%•& oqAi aSB JO saBai 
 f japun suosaad jo -o^ 
 
 t^-^-^OlrHCOCi^Ol^tM-sJiCTCOC^lO , 000 0?<©J> 
 d 1—1 CM 1— li— I'l— li— (rHi— IrH 
 
 •UAio? aq? m 
 aSB JO s-iBajf 9X pnB ^ 
 uaaiigaq suosaad jo -o^ 
 
 looi-iomwcoo-^cooooioo^mi— loociini^oo 
 
 J>C00000C<fr^-<*:DOiC0CTi— IO'*C5^W"*OOCOCOGOt>. 
 lO 1-1 CT CT T-ICT (?>{ 1-1 J>. (M CO CO 1> CO rH 1-1 '^ 0{ rH rH 1-1 CO 
 
 T— 1 1—1 
 
 cs =« o 
 
 4i 
 
 
 ooioo-^t^'^ooimt^i— i'!*'*ooi>-rt<ico?o»r5THO 
 
 OiQO(MJ>QOOl^-*OiCO'-<'*'*QO'^J>i— li— iCOi— i^COOJ 
 00 OJ 1— 1 (M 1—1 rH Tf< rH C? 1—1 CO rH 1-1 CO Oi rH i>. rH O? 
 
 !^ 
 
 OOOrHOJt^rHOCOlOO-^G>Wl^OOCOCi03C5CTQO-*0:i 
 '^OCir^.COCiCOTHCOOOOCTrHinOOrH-HOCOOOOOJ 
 J> rHrH rH rH rH ^ rH rH rH CO rH i-l (M CT lO rH C? 
 
 C * m 
 tCm O 
 O CSCQ 
 
 6 ^ 
 
 O 
 
 - 
 
 9 
 
 a.- 
 
 00rH00l>rHOmC0-^rHlC0it0Q000C£iCiOCr50iCTrH00 
 rHCTOC^OCOlCaOt^CiCOCiCOOOCiOSCT'^CTlCrHOOOO 
 CO rH CO Oi rH (M (M rH (lO rH OJ rH IC (M rH rj^ CO rH Ci rH CO 
 
 oc:i»0'!i^<MOrHrHQOQO'!*aocir^'*c<fcocorHCi-Tt<c<!J>. 
 
 lCOCOCQCi'*rHCOCOCT'*i>QOCMOOOCO^QOO'*iX)rH 
 rHrHOJCJ (M CQ rH CO rH C^ rH Ti< C>J rH rH CO (M rH 00 rH CO 
 
 •siooqag 0!iqn<i jo -o^i 
 
 m'*oooTt<coioccii>j>.j:^aooi>oocorH-*oj>QO<x><io 
 
 (7*rH rH ^^ r^ r^ t^ ■r^ 
 
 9 
 
 •1 
 1 
 
 O O O O O O O CO O O O O O O OOOOOOOO 
 O O »0 O O O O (M O O O O O O OOOOOOOO 
 
 ro m O kO Oi Oi 00 CO W O O"* rH GO CO CO CO CO CT 00 l> 00 
 (MrHCOOOrHailOOC\!>OCO(MCOr^ CTCi"*Tj<l^O'*0 
 OJ^Oi^rH^CO CT^C^oq^-<* rHOiCiOt^Oi 'rHOCiO 00^O_rH_»O^ 
 
 coco'jf c^co o oTT^in t^Tr-To "^co" of cTo^co oo'irT^-^ 
 j>aiOJc^ioi-^cocoCTrHcooi>rH loir^oooiococot^ 
 ^2^ aco CMC? cococtco^co co(MrHO(Mco 
 
 CM 
 
 cOrHCTlOO»r5aorH-^(^^lClOQOCO oot^o?i^co!>i^-^ 
 
 OaO'^aDt>.lCCO"^00}>0'*CT'-H C0C'?Q0i>.l^'*C5CO 
 t^-^COGjCOCMOTfr^aiairH'^CO 'rtCvlCO^Wl^O'* 
 CO r^ r-<T^ (M ,— 1 CV} rH r-^T-{ C^r^r-'. 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 ■^a S^^ CS !5JD-2-^^^;3 =3 §,5^i «K^-S S-t^-^ § 
 
SCHOOL RETURNS— 1848-49. 
 
 xxni 
 
 trir^otaotciCin 
 
 1— I ■<* (r>t I—I T-i cc I— I 
 
 
 l-H 1— 1 
 
 Of 
 
 00 
 1—1 
 
 a>coot>.QOi^coo 
 
 r-( I— 1 I— 1 r-l 
 
 i 
 
 II 1 
 
 ■^ 
 
 1—1 1— ( 
 
 1— ( 
 
 1>I 
 
 •5t t>. J> rH -^ 1--. ■^ 
 I— 1 C^ I— 1 I— 1 
 
 l>li-lrHdoicOi>QO 
 i-i»OCOr-ir-lCvf^r-l 
 
 
 T^ t>. rH rH ■<* J> l>. 
 
 oi CO 00 (?J irt r-H i-H ci 
 
 CO 
 
 «00 (TtC^tC^C^J 
 
 1—1 
 1— t 
 
 OlOCOt^lNOO-* 
 1— 1 T— 1 1— 1 I— 1 r— 1 
 
 
 l>. CO l-H CO O 'M "w C\« 
 
 CO 
 rH 
 
 i"H _a 
 
 r— I u 
 
 00l>.CiC0>n^CO-^ 
 •^ Ot t^ -^ 0~. '^ ^ ^ 
 CM;<XiC0r-lrHC0IOi— I 
 
 (r{»ocoi-i<MCO'=ri-i 
 
 05«001>00t>.*^0 
 r-l 1—11—1 
 
 
 o o o o oo o o 
 
 i-lCTJ>00C0C0OC0 
 
 rHODS^j;rj»o^-^cr^ 
 CO 00 ^iq^oo^co i>^c\{, 
 
 O" i-T oT rH~ CO CT t>r rji 
 OJCOOOCOQO-^O 
 riiCg^OJi-iC^iOi— 1 
 
 •o 
 
 oT 
 
 »0<MCNt^i— iaocoi> 
 
 i-HC^Oit^Oi-^lOOi 
 
 Oi CO Oi -^ Cj -^ 1-* 00 
 
 (^! 1— 1 rH 1— 1 0{ 
 
 o 
 
 00 
 
 ■^ 
 1-?" 
 
 
 ^le -5 .5 ^ M ^ -§ 
 
 oj ^ +; I*^ 
 
XXIV 
 
 BERKSHIRE COUNTY 
 
 •siooqog 
 o:) pa^BudoaddB enaa 
 -Aajj snidjng jo acaoani 
 
 I I I I I I 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 OJ o 
 
 •atnBS tnojj araooui 
 
 span^ jBooi JO ^anomy 
 
 c* o 
 
 1 O l>. OJ 
 
 O Ci 
 
 CO 1:0 I O 1 CT o 
 
 03 OJ 0{ CO 
 
 1 o 
 
 CO 
 
 I O O O 1 o o 
 00 CO o 1^0 
 
 1—1 CO CM CO CO 
 
 I C* O 1 l^ 
 
 00 
 
 •nop 
 -mx joj pred e^BSaaSSy 
 
 , m 1 o CO i« o o 
 
 J> O -^ CO o o 
 
 1— i uj 1— I "^ CO 
 
 00 I GO (^) O O CO 
 
 CO 1—1 -rJH rH T}< 1-^ CO 
 
 1—1 10 
 
 CO 
 
 ID 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 Q 
 
 H 
 
 1—1 
 
 w 
 
 m 
 
 H 
 
 SJ'Btoqog JO -o^ a^BjaAv 
 
 •!)da^ 
 stj^uotn JO a^BSaaSSy 
 
 ' (^^ 
 
 'OG^J■*C0O ' r}H r-l ' <?< C* CM CO CO 
 1— I 1— I 0{ <7< r-l ITS 
 
 •stooqog -moQ Saoiojd 
 o:) }d9>( Sfooqag puB 
 's[ooq3g a^BAiid 'sainia 
 -pi3ay •djQoaian jo -o^ 
 
 CO(ri , , rS , CO , tH CO ^ ■* CT (?? 1-1 1-1 , 1-1 O? (M CO f-H 
 
 ■nop 
 -mx aoj pred ajBSaaSSy 
 
 O I I I I I I I O I o 
 
 I I I I 
 
 
 ?©= 
 
 1—1 
 
 
 
 •sjB[oqog JO -ojn s2vx9Ay 
 
 § ' ' ' 
 
 . . . .CO 
 
 1 1 
 
 CO 
 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 CO 
 
 •^da:q 
 sq^nora jo aj'BSajSSy 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 1—1 
 
 1 1 1 1 fH 
 
 1— ( 
 
 1 J> 1 
 
 1 rH 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 1—1 
 
 •saiuiapBoy 
 pajBJod jooui jb jaquinx 
 
 T-i 1 1 1 
 
 1 1 1 T— 1 
 
 
 
 •siooqog otiqnj joj paj 
 -nquguoD •AuBji qanj 
 pnu piBoq JO !)anotay 
 
 OCOOOOQOi-HCOOi-HlOOOt^t^CO^ 
 1— lOC0C3l->.(MO-*10iL^r-1i— IOr-(OC\(CD 
 »00<»«'*i-lCOCOi-^03CO'*»0'^CO-^i-( 
 
 >OOOJ>J>CO^'*i>-lOCOJ>. 
 
 _< ^—1 , — \ _j r-^ f^t Cr^ *— W ^_ r~\» /--i» »^N 
 
 ^ . . Ot (>« IC 
 CO O COC^f CO 
 
 qanj 
 put! pasoq 'sjaqoua^ jo 
 saSEii aq^ jfjao Saipnp 
 -uj 'siooqag jo :)jod 
 -das aq^ aoj sax^^ jfq 
 pasiBj iauora jo ^unouiy 
 
 (rDOOOOOinOOOOOOOkOJ>>000000 
 ''J<lOOOOOO{OOOC?OCX)OC\(CDl>CC>lOOOO 
 »0 CV CO CO C^^ IQ O CO 1— I CO 10 CO 1-1 1> CO CN? *> 10 CO 00 CO 
 
 CO I— I rH cr^ 
 
 •qijnoca 
 jad pj^Boq JO 
 an[BA a^BaaAy 
 
 (T>JOOOOC^?OOlOr-IGOOOOOOOOOOTt<0 
 rJHOOlOOCOOCSCOt'.tOOCOOOOOC'OC^SCiO 
 
 lCC0C01CC0l0C0-^T}<l0i>C0»0Q0C0C0C0i0C0C0OC0 
 
 •pj'Boq JO aa 
 -^■BA Saipiqauj 
 '■qiin aad piud 
 saSBAi a^BjaAy 
 
 COi— ICTCii— li— ICMOii— ICO'^COCOlCi— li— li— li— iCTrHCOi— I 
 
 •qguoni 
 jad pjBoq JO 
 8n[eA a^BJaAy 
 
 cpC000C0l>.t>.C0C0-^O00C000Q000C0C0C000J>G01> 
 
 •pjBoq JO an 
 -le/L Saiptqaai 
 'qica aad pred 
 saSe^ al^BiaAy 
 
 rH050JCiC00lC<JOt^C'?C0OC0'*i-l0ii-lC0C0'*a0O 
 C^^l— l(7Ji-(C\{C^iCTi-li-IO{C\«i-(C^(^JC\ii-IG^C^C\tCVOJO« 
 
 «= 
 
 
 be 
 „ o 
 
 
 
 tt; 3 
 
 n^ tC r/i ^i: 
 
 cS S O aj ,£: 
 
 2 '^ f^ 3^ S 
 
 r£3 
 
 n-1 W -M CD . JIj m -TI . 
 
SCHOOL RETURNS— 1848-49. 
 
 xxr 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 1 1 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 ' ' 
 
 i 
 
 OCT >o 
 
 8 
 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 § 
 
 OSCOC5 1 
 
 5S 
 
 CO 
 
 1 1 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 OOOQO 
 
 OCD 00 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 
 § 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 o 
 
 1 1 
 
 l^ 
 
 I— 1 
 
 CO 
 I— 1 
 
 oo o o 
 oo o o 
 
 
 moo 
 oi oo 
 
 s 
 
 ■^ -Jt* O i-H 
 
 Oi CO 00 CM 
 
 ' 
 
 1 1-H -rj* l^ 
 
 co^ m 
 
 I— 1 nH 
 
 l-H 
 
 l-( 
 
 0)00 10 COOi OS 
 .-CO(Mi-l 1 1 CTCT r-t 
 
 3 
 
 i-HCO c^ 
 
 CO 
 
 W CO 1-H CO , , (M C>{ rH 
 
 kO 
 
 707 21 
 
 1—1 
 
 1 1 1 O 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 g 
 
 1 1 1 1—1 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 § 
 
 1 1 1 tH 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 W5 
 
 O O O O O O rf< O 
 
 o o o o o o -^ o 
 
 OOOi-iOit^CO lO 
 CO O O O CO O t^ Oi 
 CO r-l lO CM rl '^ CO 
 
 1—1 
 
 OlOOOOOOOO 
 01>0000000 
 
 ooomoooooo 
 o-^t^oomooo 
 Qocoaooco-^ioio-^ 
 I-H 1— 1 1—1 
 
 CO 
 
 S5" 
 
 05000000000 
 
 oooooooooo 
 
 lO 
 
 OCOOilOO-^T-H-<*Oi 
 CiTj<(Ml^i005500W 
 
 (?* CT CO OiOi 1-1 CO OJ 1-1 
 
 1— 1 1— 1 I— 1 1— ( l-H 1— 1 I— 1 
 
 1—1 
 1—1 
 
 cooooooor^o 
 
 COOOO»OOCOt— lO 
 iXlCOOOCO'!tOOJ>00^ 
 
 1—1 
 00 
 
 CO 
 
 OlCOil>.l>-i— lOOJin 
 OlCt^COCOGil^Ol^ 
 
 OJCilC-HOOUtiClQO 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 ^ . - 01 ^ bjO-3 5 c3 iS 
 :3 >~'iC M C -^ r/) L!= '"S 
 
 cd es J3 ° >^^~>. b* > > 
 
XXVI 
 
 NORFOLK COUNTY 
 
 
 COOtXMrtiCOCOra-^COCOiXMkOCOOOrHrf^COrHGO 
 
 
 W(?J<?<'«J^ w'•^(^^C5't-('r-^ 
 
 3 « 
 
 I Of rf J>. i-H CO i 
 I CO lO <N lO CS I 
 
 1-H IC O OS) CVi i 
 
 D 
 O 
 Q 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 I o O 1— i lO -^ I 
 I TO Of t^ OJ o • 
 
 a p 
 
 •looijag puawB oqii 
 i JO SJBajC 9X J3A0 ON 
 
 •looqag paa; 
 -^■8 oijAi aSB JO sj^a^C 
 ^ jspan suosjad jo -o^ 
 
 OiCO 
 
 ' ' r-1 (Of i-l CO W C^ iH 
 
 ■uiio; am ni 
 aSs JO siBajC gj pan f 
 naaii^aq saoeaad jo 'on 
 
 &Q-*(Of-^TOt>Cs C0O!'-H^C\JC0CO'*C^(^{^C0i>.CO 
 
 i>.-^iOQOcoc5coi>.CiCoa)Qoiv.ooGoaiooot^coi-Hr^ 
 
 CO'^OCOi— IQ0'^C0QCb-0iCiC0Q0l0C0Oi0C005'*0> 
 r-l ^ C^i CO OJ CO 05 Of (?{ 1-1 CC C\! Of CO ^ (^f i-l ^ (Of CO o 
 
 OfOfP50fQOWJ>'^0-^-i-HW'!*CO(X)CO(3iC:iCO}^QO'>* 
 
 oic55oF-<ooco»-Hioiji'-*co»-((3iOt'-<o-<*QoaoiO'5)< 
 
 CO»^OftO"^OOP2'-t'sfCOO>0'<!tCOOi>l^OfCOCO(j5J> 
 ]— I I— f Of 
 
 o SI^ 
 
 iS5C?i!>.j>ofco-^i>.i35'^ciioin(r5aiOcooiot>.-^Of 
 
 OcbcOOGOOf'— IJ>->-0(X)^lf?(Of'*'— lr-IC2rHJ>»CCO»n 
 (OfOOf"*OfGO^ COCO'-<'T'*COOi^CO(?}COCO(3-jCO 
 *H r-i a 
 
 •siooTjog otiqnj jo -o^ 
 
 (X)r-(COXC!01>rH^QOO'*OCOCOCOO'*lOOfCOi3iO 
 tH t--1(0J t-1nH T— 11— tCOl— lrH(Of 
 
 o o 
 o o 
 
 oco 
 in (» 
 
 GO l-N. 
 
 Of'l-H 
 
 t^ CO 
 
 Of lO 
 
 o o o 
 
 CO 00 t^ 
 
 CO Of 1-H 
 
 c;3 o i> 
 ■co^ofco' 
 "* CO o 
 
 l>. lO CO 
 
 ) o o o o o 
 
 o o o 
 o o o 
 
 QO lO 
 K^(Of 
 
 ad'i-H 
 
 rt en 
 
 Of CO 
 
 C:i iX> CO -^ ifi 
 O 1^ l->. l>. Of 
 
 CO »C O rH CO 
 
 ' Of" o" i>." cT Of" co" co" Of' 
 
 (33 CO 1-H Of C^ "" '"'^ — ' 
 
 fH Of '^ (M TJH 
 
 > J>. CO ic 
 : "* LQ o 
 ) Of o 
 
 i CO QO . . 
 
 I cocoa> 
 
 O O O' 
 
 o o o 
 
 lO CO 1-H 
 
 1-1 O CO 
 
 o in ■* 
 
 00 lO 1— I 
 
 l>. (Of CO 
 
 CO 
 
 (XI (3i rH 1-H 
 GO J> 00 (35 
 GO -^O^O^ 
 
 c^aoctj-^ 
 
 GO (j: CO CO 
 CO CO GO CO 
 
 lOGOlOlOi-HOOOOOl^COCOOJCOCOCOClCOirji-HOOlC 
 lCCDCO(jii:^C3l^Of(33i-HGO^C<PaOQOi-HQOl^^G5COi-H 
 Oi— IC0Cj3'*(0fQp»Ci0Ji:^a0OG0-^^0?OOi-H-^t^Ci 
 r-l (Of i-l 1-H 1— I CO -n* 1— I 1-H (Of 1-H i-H CO CO l3i 1— I Of 1-H CO Of 
 
 qT a> 
 0) _g 
 
 ■a 
 
 P.5 
 
 R 'T3 !>; 
 
 jj r-j P^ CD 
 
 pq W W O O ft P P fin Ph S ^ ^ IZ; aP^ P^ 02 QQ 
 
 cd laj ^, 
 
SCHOOL RETURNS— 1848-49. 
 
 XXVll 
 
 •siooqog 
 0? paiBucIojddB anna 
 -Aa}£ 8n[(Iang jo atnooai 
 
 #140 63 
 6:3 00 
 
 150 86 
 341 86 
 
 ^ 
 
 •aniBS rao-ij auiojai 
 
 #25 09 
 300 00 
 
 26 40 
 549 86 
 
 225 91 
 12 00 
 
 90 00 
 75 00 
 
 530 00 
 4440 00 
 
 172 01 
 
 420 00 
 120 10 
 
 lo 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 •span J iBDOi JO ijanoray 
 
 #418 16 
 5000 00 
 
 440 00 
 9307 28 
 
 3765 19 
 200 00 
 
 1500 00 
 
 1250 00 
 
 10,600 00 
 
 74,000 00 
 
 2710 00 
 
 7000 00 
 2001 71 
 
 Cj 
 
 T-H 
 
 00" 
 
 1— ( 
 
 1—1 
 
 •nop 
 -mx Joj piBd a^BSajgSv 
 
 0000000 00 CO 00 
 0000000 00 CO c\? 00 
 
 COQOOOOOOOtM lOCO lOOOCOCOO lO lOrH 
 
 co"^>coioooci t^.'* ^^w:ioi>.i— 10 ■^ in cy 
 
 ^^HIOCOCOOOO I— 1 COOiOO 1— 1 (M cooo 
 
 1—1 
 
 00 
 
 •sjBioqog JO 'ON aSBjaAV 
 
 ioCTO»i^o--icvj 00 icoint^coo c^oo 
 
 1-1 CO "* 1— 1 CO 5\? CO I t>. CO 1 CO CO (Of O! rl C^{ iC\{ 1 (7} CT 
 
 
 •Qdaji 
 sq^uoin JO ainSaiSSy 
 
 Tt t^ rt Tfi 
 
 1—1 1— 1 1—1 
 
 l^lOCOOJCOrHO? 'Tt*-^ '00005(N-* 'o 'coco 
 (OJCOi-i CiCO i-ICO>-((?{ 00 T-i 1-1 .-1 
 
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 •sjooqas •moo Sao]o.id 
 04 ^da^i sjooipg pnB 
 'sjooqa^ 85BAUJ 'sauna 
 -puay 'djoaumn jo •oj^ 
 
 Tf'^tCOi-l'-HCOQO , r-tOi ,lOC0i-IC0'-(O? , ^ ,(MCO 
 
 CO 
 
 s 
 
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 -rax Joj pred a^BSajSSy 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ^ 
 
 
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 gqjuotn JO a?BSaa33y 
 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 CO 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 CO 
 
 •sajniapBDy 
 pajBJodjooui JO jaqinnij 
 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <—l 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 1— i 
 
 •siociqog oiiqn J joj pa) 
 -nqu^noa '.CnBjt 'lanj 
 paB pjBoq JO ^unoray 
 
 #18 00 
 150 00 
 
 
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 paB pjBoq 'sjaqoBaj jo 
 saSBAi aqi jCjno Saipnp 
 -III 'siooqog JO '^jod 
 -dns aq] joj sasBj Xq 
 pasiBJ Xaaoui JO junoray 
 
 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOi^OOOOO 
 0000000000000000(7!00000 
 
 OOOOOOCTOOOOOOOOOt^OOOOO 
 
 OOOOOOOOOOOOO^OOl^OOOOO 
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 ^Oi CO^r^WCi rHi— 1 T-IOir^C0OJ^7 r-ii-HCOOJ 
 
 i-H 
 
 (?j 
 
 
 ■qgnora 
 jad pjBoq JO 
 antBA aSsaaAy 
 
 i^-cot^cot^owooo-^c^ooocooooocoojco-^m 
 
 ^-OCOCOCOOCOCOCO'^i— lOOCOOOCTOOCOOOCOr-ICO 
 CO 00C0C0t^»00C0l0lCC0l0t>.C0C0u:)00Ol01>l0»0 
 
 CO 
 
 •^ 
 
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 •pjBoq JO an 
 -JBA Saipnpui 
 '■qjui jad piBd 
 
 sa2BAi aSuaaAy 
 
 Ci-^»coo?Ci'-HOi-ii— ij^ooowi-foi^^t^c^jr^ 
 
 0^ir50COCOCOlOCO'*OOlOCOlOOaiOCO».0"'*COCO 
 
 mt^oi^(Mcoi^oJ'*m»r5icooi^co-^rHmi>.aoioio 
 
 ^r-( CTrtrHrHOJr-lrHrHi-lrti-lrHi-li-IC^rtrHi-lrHrt 
 
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 ►J 
 
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 00 
 00 
 
 J>. 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 Bellingham, 
 
 Braintree, 
 
 Brookline, 
 
 Canton, 
 
 Cohasset, 
 
 Dedham, 
 
 Dorchester, 
 
 Dover, 
 
 Foxborough, 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 Medfield, 
 
 Medway, 
 
 Milton, 
 
 Needham, 
 
 Quincy, 
 
 Randolph, 
 
 Roxbury, 
 
 Sharon, 
 
 Stoughton, 
 
 Walpole, 
 
 Weymouth, 
 
 Wrentliam, 
 
 'cd 
 
XXVlll 
 
 BRISTOL COUNTY 
 
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 "^ 
 
 O 
 
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 COO?OCO<:OCO'*lO^CO)OO^QOaOC^-*COkn 
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 C^JO-^OrHlCOOO-^OOkCCirHcilrtOCOrHrH 
 10 CO CO (M CO C^ C>! CO (^t CO (M CO ■* rH rH OJ 00 
 
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 05 
 
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 ooCTCoco»ncoic»nocorHococoCTJ>c^coao 
 
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 ■C(B oqAi aSu jo sjb8jC 
 f Japan suosjad jo -o^ 
 
 1— 1 r-i'T^ <Sl i-l C* rH ' -^ rH 
 
 Si 
 
 aS"B JO gJBai 9X pnu ^ 
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 COCOCOlC!>kn'i*-^COkCrH'*J>f:t<'^OC^O 
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 COOi-^OOOrHOOOOCOC^OQOrHrHOJOt^rHCT 
 <r'rH:OC^-^J>CO(^JCTOCO'*CO^CO<?<CTC^lO 
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 56 
 
 00 
 
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 CO irj(7}C0t*Of rHCT OCT in OICT C^ rHO-^ 
 
 CT 
 
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 OOrHCTQOCOJ>OOOCOCTlOlC(j5COrHOiOCO 
 ^>CC73CiCOrHCOCiCO'*'*Ol^lCCOt^lOCOOO 
 l>iCTOOCOkOOOlCOCO^'*GOCOlO^CTCOCOCO 
 rH CT CT ^ 
 
 10 
 
 
 
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 CTOioocot^'^t^r^incoi^^oor^cooco 
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 CT CT rH 
 
 
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 CO 
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 T*J>l0rHO't|kCrHQ000a3Oi>in'*WOl0O 
 C* CT rH rH CT (M rH CT r^ ^r^ r^ rH CO (M 
 
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 0" CO QO" rn' tsT (Of i>r 0" OT 00" OT -*~ ct" rH" rH of 0~ 00" 
 Ol^-^^tM-^lCQOOS-^l^COOOOOCOlOCClO 
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 00 
 
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 00 
 CO 
 
 ?f 
 
 rH 
 
 11 
 « 
 
 EM 
 
 inicowQO'^rHQOCTCTt^m'^asoicom'^ioo 
 
 Q000C0i>.l^>OC0J>C0Q0'*00 0?<:C'CiOG0'*CT 
 inOOrHCOOa5t^J>COOlCrHCOrHCiO-*COQO 
 CO -^ 1—1 O! CO CO rH rH (j^J^rH CT rH CT rH rH i—( t>. O! 
 
 rH 
 
 o~ 
 
 CO 
 
 
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 C 
 
 1 
 > 
 
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 3^ 
 
 
 
SCHOOL RETURNS— 1848-49. 
 
 XXIX 
 
 •Bjooqag 
 01 pa^isudoaddu anaa 
 -Aay sn[djng jo araoaai 
 
 
 ■aniBS mojj araoani 
 
 spun J iBooi JO ^nnomy 
 
 ■nop 
 -itii joj pred ainSaaSSy 
 
 g? 
 
 I CO I 
 
 CO 
 
 T)< 00 I— I CI QO 1— I ■^ C5 1— I rH I— I CO r-H O 
 ^ I— I 1— I Tt 0{ 
 
 sj^ioqog JO 'o^i aSBjaAV 
 
 S5; 
 
 85 
 
 •idaji 
 sq^nora jo a^BSaiSSy 
 
 ooo?Ti-i>.air>-'*iCi-Hi^O''c<*icCT'-ii>.CTo 
 
 ■stooqog ■tnoo Snojojd 
 0% ida^i siooqog puB 
 's[ooqog aqBAU J 'saitna 
 -peov 'djooatun jo -Ofj 
 
 O -^ O "f^ •* CT rf (?J CO »C CO »0 (?« iH d Tf CO , 
 
 ■tioij 
 •mx JOJ pred a^TjSajSSy 
 
 OO I 
 
 o5qo 
 
 o 
 
 I o 
 
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 CO 
 
 SJBioqog JO 'O^i aSBjaAy 
 
 •qda^i 
 sq^uoui JO aiBSajSSy 
 
 •sa raapBoy 
 paq-BJod JODtn jo jaqranjj 
 
 •STOoqog oqqn J Joj pa? 
 -nqu^aoa 'jCuu ji 'lanj 
 puB pjBoq JO ^unomy 
 
 Or-I <M 
 
 CO !—( I— I 
 
 I CT O Tf c; O I 
 C* O CO lO o 
 
 co« oj 
 
 qanj 
 puB pjBoq 'sjaqoBa) jo 
 sa3i34i aqi Xino Saipnp 
 -m 'siooqog jo iJod 
 -dng aqi aoj saxej Xq 
 pasiBJ iaaoui JO ^unoniy 
 
 ClOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOO 
 OOOOOOOOICOOOOOOOOOO 
 1— ilCOOlCOCOOQOCOC?'*GOCi'— ICOCOOLO 
 O! (M r-l — I m CO tH ivf -— I CT 1— I CO i-l 
 
 •qinoni 
 jad pjBoq JO 
 aniBA 33«jaAy 
 
 mcO'*coicioo»ocoj>cocoiCTj<rt<cocoinTj< 
 
 •pjBoq JO an 
 -JBA Snipnput 
 '•qjra jad pred 
 saScAv aSBJaAy 
 
 inCTco-^rfii:)cooocoi>.iO'*coco(r?cocoTt<oj 
 
 •q^nota 
 jad pjBoq JO 
 anjBA aSBjaAy 
 
 CDr>.i— lOC0C0Oi>.OrH00O'*OOOO(Ml0 
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 pjBoq JO an 
 -|i!A Snipnioai 
 '•qjra jad pred 
 saSBAi eSBJaAy 
 
 COOCOCOCiOlCOOJl^'— linOlCCOOOiOi— ICO 
 
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XXX 
 
 PLYMOUTH COUNTY 
 
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 CO -^ rH lO OJ rH (?i r-l CO CO CO CT "^ C? '^ C^ !>■ CO CO (T^ 
 
 a A 
 
 ■^ICClOJOOinOOt^COOt^COCO'^COQOClC^rHC^ 
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 1 JO sJBai 9X JaAO -om 
 
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 ^^ 
 
SCHOOL RETURNS— 1848-49. 
 
 XXXI 
 
 -qootjDg 
 0} psqBijdojddu anna 
 Aaji gn[dang jo acaoaux 
 
 200 00 
 276 20 
 
 
 ■aoiBS inojj araoDni 
 
 472 60 
 17 73 
 
 §8 
 
 spnnj iBooi JO innomy 
 
 #9452 09 
 295 60 
 
 S 
 05 
 
 -nix .'oj piod a'\vSaiiiky 
 
 #634 00 
 130 00 
 
 348 00 
 418 00 
 
 15 75 
 
 288 00 
 
 10 00 
 
 1650 00 
 
 14 80 
 
 151 00 
 
 121 00 
 
 1375 00 
 
 1553 00 
 
 237 00 
 
 16 00 
 
 in 
 
 r-l 
 
 CO 
 
 ■sjBioqog JO •o>i aSBjaAy 
 
 cio ,coj>co , ,co(?JC^-* ,a>Qi<x> , m , go o 
 
 85 
 
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 sqjaora jo aiBSajSSy 
 
 I— ( 1— 1 ■^ 
 
 COCO 'cOi— IrH ' ' <£>Ci^oi '-^OJ^. 'r*< 'OrH 
 ^Hi— li— (I— 1 COi— ( I— li— (t^OC^ 
 
 1—1 
 
 ?3 
 
 ] -siouLiog 'ino,^ Suoioad 
 0) ida>i sioonjg puB 
 'b'looqog ajTJAUd 'saiuia 
 -pBoy •djoaaiun jo •o>i 
 
 1-1 ' ' ' ' ' G^< ' 
 
 S 
 
 •noil 
 -mx Joj piBd a^'BSdjSiiv 
 
 #180 00 
 800 00 
 
 250 00 
 
 900 00 
 
 1092 12 
 800 00 
 
 1— 1 
 
 o» 
 
 sjBioqag JO 'OH aSejaAy 
 
 lOiini lOiCOi 1 lOOi 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 ■^ '^ CO l^ CO »o 
 
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 •}da5i 
 rqinoin jo a^vSaiMSy 
 
 . O . O CO CT O o 
 
 'i— I'rH"' 'i— I'l'i— lrHi''<''' 
 
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 •saiinapBDV 
 pa^BJodioaui jo jaquinfj 
 
 irHir-<i 11— iirHi i ii— liHi i i i i i i 
 
 CO 
 
 •gpoqjg Ofiqni Joj pa? 
 -uqU4aoo 'XuB JI -lanj 
 pun pjBoq JO :)uaoiuv' 
 
 #290 50 
 45 00 
 
 793 00 
 
 548 00 
 250 41 
 142 00 
 
 200 00 
 
 1-1 
 
 •[anj 
 pac p.iBoq 'gjaqoBa; jo 
 saSEAi aqj .^luo auipnp 
 -ni 'siooqag jo ?joiI 
 -dns aq) joj saxB^ Xq 
 pasiBJ jiaaouijo }unoaiy 
 
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 no 
 
 
 Oi 
 
 1^ 
 
 •q^aoin 
 jad pa^oq jo 
 aniBA aSBjaAv 
 
 »occi-*ocomo-*cor^'*iocBt^rH-<*orHO'*ao 
 aoofcoo^i^ojr-tcocooc\fO'*cx)coo(MC^CjO 
 
 inowir:iort<'*Tj<Gomco'*ioocococo»OT}<m'* 
 
 lO 
 
 •pjEOq JO MX 
 
 -JBA Saipapui 
 '•qim jad piBd 
 gaSBAi aSBJBAV 
 
 t>. ^^ <.>. O 1-- O O O 1» ~j .jO rH t^ CO "O O l-^ lO rH o 
 ■<*OOrti(7{r-ICOOCOCOi:MlOlOTt<CO'*»OC^C^a5CO 
 
 cocococo'5f<(rjc^coiCrHico?coTi<r-iTj<'*coCT-^'* 
 
 ^rH r-lrlr-lr-lrHrHrHr-lrMrHr-lr-lr-lrHrHr-lr-lrHrH 
 
 IC 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 ■qiuora 
 jad pjBoq JO 
 enjBA aSsjaAV 
 
 rHmiOOmiOOJ>Ol>.Ol^»itir}<t^lCOCOt^l^lO 
 
 (0{i>.(>j^'5ti>ocjo0'*coioor-i-^oi0'*ir:t>. 
 
 Cil>r^(351>t^CO»OC0wia)COCOGOt^CO00i>00l>.CO 
 ^ r-l 
 
 GO 
 
 •p.tBoq JO an 
 -\vx Saipnpni 
 '■q}iu jad pred 
 asSviA aSsaaAV 
 
 co»nomif5LOor>.coi^oo'*c>{OirHiitior^QOic 
 
 Cit>.lOO'*C\fOa5COCO'*int>.rHi— ITti>Q0^(MO{ 
 C0C0t^C00iG0tN.»0C0Cj>C00C0'*OM<''tJ>0?0JO 
 
 nc^ o^coo<(^^«(^^coc^{coc^l(^JcooJcoc^^oJcococo 
 
 00 
 
 
 O 
 
 Abington, 
 
 Bridgewater, 
 
 Carver, 
 
 Duxbury, 
 
 E. Bridgewater, 
 
 Halifax, 
 
 Hanover, 
 
 Hanson, 
 
 Hingham, 
 
 Hull, 
 
 Kingston, 
 
 Marslifield, 
 
 Middleborough, 
 
 N. Bridgewater, 
 
 Pembroke, 
 
 Plymouth, 
 
 Plympton, 
 
 Rochester, 
 
 Scituate, 
 
 Wareham, 
 
 W. Bridgewater, 
 
 1 
 
xxxn 
 
 BARNSTABLE COUNTY 
 
 H 
 
 ;^ 
 p 
 o 
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 PQ 
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 •looqog pu3} 
 }B oqAi 9Sb jo sjBai 
 ^ Japan saoswd jo 'Oij 
 
 •UMo:) aq^t ni 
 aSB JO sj'eajf gx paiJ ^ 
 naaAi^aq guosjad jo •oj.! 
 
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 a 
 
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 •jooqag pna:)5T3 oqiv 
 I JO saBajf Qi aaAO -o^ 
 
 COCO , OQOCTCOOO 
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 Ir^Oi— IfMlOC^rfO'^WOOrH 
 
 OilC(?J-<*kCt^COOr-lrHGi(rJCT 
 
 l-H ' 1— I ' ' ' 
 
 cooi'*aoko^>.t^QO'*05(^^o^J 
 
 J>rHC0'*rH'^-^CMC0aO(^JC0O3 
 
 ■^ 1— I Tt< Tf< 1— I 1— I •<!*< t^ 
 
 1— ( (M I— I 1— I OJ C* 1— I 
 
 QOGOCOCOt— iCOi— ICD-^OCOIC1> 
 1— IC01>OC^COC3COC^'*C<1010 
 
 (TJCOCOOlCOOOr-HOWOCOO 
 J>COOOOC£3t^COOiaiOOC301> 
 
 tS CO o 
 „ o 
 
 i.S o 
 
 I (t o 
 
 •siuoqos otiqnd JO "ON 
 
 
 (TJOCOCVfOOCOOit^rHOOC^ 
 
 Tj<QO(r}»OlO'*OlOCDCOCTO>n 
 a5iT>iCOO(7{0;OTjilOCO-*0'* 
 
 Ojr^aiOOOi^t^coQocoi^co 
 ■QOi— iGOi>.i-^>0(Moop:)Oco 
 
 1— ICO'i^i— ICO'*CO'^^C\J'*CO 
 
 ^ 
 
 J>COCiaOOrtGOCOQOOlOGOi> 
 Omt^-COOii— lOr-IOOiOrHlO 
 
 cocomi>oi«20i<r!t>.ooi>o 
 
 r^G^-<*>OlCCOJ>00t>.COC5Q0GO 
 OCOI^OCMCO-^IOOIOOCO^ 
 
 C0l0<:^05'*Q0CTOOC0i-HCV?C0 
 lOl^<nJ^COOCOOOlOO(C5lOO 
 
 00 oi^ CO (^!_ ^>._^ o cj_ CO o i>^ "^ o^ -^_^ 
 kirT r-H~ >o~ CO i^r oT txT co" co^ QcT cT oT irT 
 
 QOi-IGOOIC^GOCOt^CVGOCOlOCO 
 
 OC<C0i— ilCQOCOi^CT'— lOfl^li^ 
 
 co»ocoaia5iooia5pHj>CiCO»o 
 
 '^ 1— I C\J CT C^ C\! !— I CT CO 1-1 C^ C^J 
 
 i '«'' i S H a' 
 
 «t3 
 
 tp 'S 
 
 ^->^p 
 
 
 
 l-t ^ 
 
 CO S 
 
SCHOOL RETURNS— 1848-49. 
 
 XXXlll 
 
 
 •Biooqag 
 0} pajBiadojdd'B anua 
 -A»a 8n[dang jo araooai 
 
 #80 00 
 320 00 
 
 376 03 
 
 8 
 
 
 aniBS raojj atnooui 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 •''•■''■''' o ' 
 
 00 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 
 00 
 
 
 •spnn J t'Booq jo ?unomy 
 
 ?S ' 
 
 CO 
 1— I 
 
 1-^ 
 
 
 -non 
 -inx Joj pred ajuSsaSSv 
 
 OO OOOOOOO OO 
 
 OO o o o o in) o o OO 
 
 OO lOli^mOOJOfM iCTO 
 O O O CO (>» CO Oi lO OJ t>. o 
 
 00 1—1 CO -^ CO •<* r-l —1 
 ^CO: 1— 1 1—1 1—1 
 
 o 
 
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 s 
 
 
 •BJBioqog JO '0^ aSwaAy 
 
 ICO O O 00 O (>J O CO O CO 
 OJ CO 1 -^ lO i-< CO CO CT T-l 1 CO ci 
 
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 •!(d35I 
 
 sq^aora jo a?B33^23y 
 
 ■^ ifS ' ITS ■<* IT* iH 1— 1 00 O 'coco 
 CO 1> CO rH 1— 1 r-( 05 CO 
 
 ■* 
 
 T— 1 
 
 CO 
 
 
 sjooqag •moo Suojoad 
 01 qd3>( siooqog paB 
 's[Ooq3g a^BAU^ 'saim 
 -aptjoy -daoonmn jo'-oN 
 
 COi-i , »C « IC 1-1 CO W5 l^ ,1-100 
 1—1 r- 1 I— 1 1—1 
 
 00 
 
 
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 -Tnx JOj pred a^BSdiSSy 
 
 #350 00 
 
 325 00 
 600 00 
 
 360 00 
 540 00 
 
 70 00 
 
 o 
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 s-iBloqag JO -oji aSisjaAy 
 
 O wo krt 'C o 
 , , TJ4 , , CO-* 1 1 CM"* ' C^* 
 
 ^ 
 
 
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 sq^aoni jo a/i-eSa-iSSy 
 
 'S* ■* 5* 
 -^1-1 "-J 
 
 ' 'i>!' 'odi-i' 'ojoj'io 
 1—1 1—1 1—1 
 
 1—1 
 
 
 ■gaiuiapBoy 
 paqwodjoani jo aaqran^j 
 
 1 11— Ir 11— (rHl 11— (1— III— 1 
 
 CO 
 
 
 •siooqag atiqnj JOJ pa} 
 -nqujaoa '^ob ji 'janj 
 pnB pj'Boq JO junomy 
 
 #118 00 
 600 00 
 
 35 00 
 392 22 
 750 00 
 
 100 00 
 
 480 00 
 150 00 
 
 CM 
 
 
 •isnj 
 pmi pjTJoq 'sjaqoBS) jo 
 saSuM. aqj ^lao Saipn[a 
 -ui 'sjooqag Jo q.iod 
 -dns eqq aoj saxo} ^fq 
 pasiBJ Aauora jo ^unoray 
 
 ooooooooocoooo 
 ooooooooocoooo 
 
 OOOOOOOOOQOIOOO 
 OOOOiCOOOOOi^OO 
 ^OOCfOJ^CvfCOi-lOCOOOOO 
 
 ■^ ^Hl— 1 1— 11— ll— IC^C^ ^^1—1 
 
 1—1 
 
 
 pi 
 
 ■qqnoin 
 jad pjBoq JO 
 aiifBA dSBjaAy 
 
 QOCOOCOOOO^Oi-lt^OaOO 
 CjC0CJ00'rrC0t>.-*l>.<?J00T-IO 
 
 Tt^C0C0C0'*»rt(??ir5COC0»dO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 •pjBoq JO an 
 -jBA gaipnpni 
 '•qfta jad piBd 
 soSbai aSBJaAy 
 
 i-l(Mi-(QOOCOr^COO^Ol^i> 
 lC'*C0rHOl>.G0-^O'*t>.l>.l> 
 
 Tj<Oi-ii-l(rJCT(MCi'5f<t^OiCOCT 
 1— li— li-Hi— li— li— Ir-H I— li— 1 I— li— 1 
 
 •* 
 
 00 
 
 CM 
 
 1—1 
 
 
 m 
 
 Hi 
 
 •qjnoin 
 jad pjBoq JO 
 aiifBA aSuiaAy 
 
 COl^l^OOOCTOOCTOOl^ 
 OrHCTOOOOOOOCOOi-IC^J 
 
 05 0oi^i>.coaot^t^0ioocoaooo 
 * 
 
 
 
 ■pj'Boq JO an 
 -l^BA SuipniDai 
 '•qira jad piBd 
 saSBAi. aSmaAy 
 
 coi^coaoococooooooco 
 ococ^oiooooiooco-^oco 
 
 l>.Oi— ia0C0i-(00C0OOC0>C05 
 C0C0C0C^(NC0O<(M-<*COC\JC0C^ 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 Barnstable, 
 
 Brewster, 
 
 Chatham, 
 
 Dennis, 
 
 Eastham, 
 
 Falmouth, 
 
 Harwich, 
 
 Orleans, 
 
 Provincetown, 
 
 Sandwich, 
 
 Truro, 
 
 Wellfleet, 
 
 Yarmouth, 
 
 J- 
 o 
 
XXXIV 
 
 DUKES COUNTY 
 
 H 
 O 
 
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 in 
 
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 •3 
 
 tHOJ I-H 
 
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 S 
 
 
 
 
 
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 s 
 
 
 
 
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 in 
 
 
 
 
 
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 Ki a 
 
 £ fi 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
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 rjHCO'* 
 
 
 
 aSs JO sjieaX 9X mao -ofj 
 
 C^ rH 
 
 •^ 
 
 
 
 •lOOTiog pu9:» 
 
 
 
 
 
 -HB oqja. sSb jo 8iwj£ 
 
 COCO , 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 f japun snosiad jo -o^ 
 
 
 2? 
 
 
 
 •tmo} aq? m 
 
 TTl'^^ 
 
 
 
 aSB JO siieaX 9X pnu ^ 
 
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 03 
 
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 aaaAi^taq suosjad Jo •ofi 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 
 -1, S 
 
 a 
 
 005 <r> 
 
 
 
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 ■^00!> 
 
 
 
 
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 £•' 
 
 
 
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 9 « 
 
 OCOO{ 
 
 i2 
 
 
 
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 CO 
 
 
 
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 15 
 
 •^ P 
 
 
 
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SCHOOL RETURNS— 1848-49. 
 
 XXXV 
 
 •SJOOHDg 
 
 -Aa}{ snfdjng jo smooaj 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 'am«g inuJj amooax 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 ' 
 
 ■span J {BOOi jo^anorav 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 1 
 "oo 
 
 GO 
 
 •nop 
 
 $38 88 
 821 00 
 410 00 
 
 ■gjBioqog JO -OK 33M3Ay 
 
 2Sg 
 
 01 
 1— ( 
 
 in 
 00 
 
 •}d3^ 
 gq^ooni JO anvSaiSSy 
 
 1—1 
 
 •s[ooqog '0103 Suojoid 
 0^ ido>i siooqog puB 
 'siooqog a^iBAUj 'gatuia 
 -pBoy •djoauinn jo -oji 
 
 COl^Oi 
 
 Oi 
 
 •noiq 
 -tnx Joj ptBd a^vSaiSSy 
 
 . , . 
 
 • 
 
 sa^ioqag jo 0^ aSejaAy 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 •qda5( 
 sq^aotn jo a^vSaiSSy 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 •satniapBav 
 pajBJodaooni jo jaqranj^ 
 
 1 1 l-H 
 
 1—1 
 
 •siouqog o!iqn<i joj pa? 
 -nqu?noD 'XaBji 'janj 
 puB pjBoq JO ^nnoray 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 • 
 
 •lanj 
 puB pjBoq 'sjaqoBai jo 
 saSBAv aqj jfjao Suipnjo 
 -ui 'siooqog JO ?aod 
 -dns aqi Joj saxB? ^q 
 pasrei ianoHi JO lunoray 
 
 $400 00 
 
 1200 00 
 
 900 00 
 
 
 
 
 •qinora 
 jad pjBoq JO 
 ani-BA aSBaaAy 
 
 4©: 
 
 
 •pj8oq JO aa 
 -jBA Saipnpui 
 '•q^ra aad pred 
 sa3BM aSBjaAY 
 
 $12 00 
 13 60 
 12 57 
 
 01 
 
 
 ■q^aora 
 jad pjBoq JO 
 atqBA aSsaaAy 
 
 $7 67 
 7 33 
 7 80 
 
 t^ 
 
 •pjBoq JO an 
 -JBA Saipnpui 
 '•qiui aad piBd 
 sakvii. aSsjaAy 
 
 $31 00 
 24 16 
 33 60 
 
 g 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 Chilmark, 
 
 Edgartown, 
 
 Tisbury, 
 
 1 
 H 
 
 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 H 
 M 
 o 
 
 Eh 
 
 o 
 
 OS 
 CO 
 
XXXVl 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 l-I 
 
 •q:tnoui 
 jad pjBoq JO 
 an^BA aSBJaiy 
 
 I— 1 1—1 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■pjBoq JO an 
 -JBA Saipnpa! 
 '•q?ni jad pred 
 sa3BM aSBiaAv 
 
 00J>.»00il>.J>00O00r-(CviO»0O 
 l>C0C£)t^(?JC0C^CVJi>OOrHa)O 
 
 CO 
 
 
 No. of Teach 
 ers, includ- 
 ing Summer 
 and Winter 
 terms. 
 
 •saiBuia^ 
 
 CT-^OT-*COO"*Ci^'HO-^Ci'-t 
 10 IC 0000 CO CO COW'*'* CO i-H 
 
 t^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 IC 
 
 
 •saiBjij; 
 
 OJ^t^-^OOCOOOCOCOTtiCOOiC^O 
 
 co'^'^'— i(r?coi— laocoasoocor-ii— 1 
 
 T-lCTCO^T-li-li-lr-ii-lrHr-lrH 
 
 ^ 
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 Mi: is 
 
 c3 o O 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 JXMOCOlCCTinCT-^COOiniOCO 
 CNCT CJ 1-1 CJ G^ i-H C<! i-H I^J CT r-( 
 
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 i-IG500lC(lOCOXCU>QOl^l^COlC— 1 
 rH T-i 
 
 J> 
 
 
 oSb JO saual gi; aaAO -o^ 
 
 O5lC'*Q0C0Cr5C<fi— ICOCJCOCOi— iCO 
 
 ooocot^coinoi— i-^Tj<i:ooo-<*co 
 
 1-1 (M 
 
 Of 
 
 cT 
 
 rH 
 
 
 •looqog pnaq 
 -^B oqM 33b jo saBaX 
 ^ japnn saosjad jo -o^ 
 
 t^-^-^tiQS^-^cocor^i— 11-HO 
 
 , 1— 1 -^ CO Gi —1 CO l^ Oi 1— 1 »n — 1 , 
 ' CT ITi J> 1-1 (^i C5 CT rl CT CT (M 
 
 CO 
 
 
 •sai^nnoo aq:) u; 
 eSe JO saBa/C gx puB \ 
 ueaM^aq snosaad jo -o^ 
 
 i>cocoo?G5^moJoo-*oo(rfoo"* 
 iccscoco'^i-KMicoc^oiciaooiC: 
 CT^ CO 0^ o_ »n^ 0^ co^ rH i>._^ i:q_ CO ^^ «>, 
 
 CO OT c6~ CT 00 r-T Otf C<r 00 CO oT r-T r-T 
 OJ C^! CO 0{ 1—1 I— 1 1— 1 1— ( I— 1 
 
 rH 
 
 
 
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 Q0ooc300OrHT#FH00rHc:ikCi>. 
 
 COOOiCilCr-H^CiCTOiCOi— lO(rj 
 
 j> CNj^oo^^QO CT^^^in c*^o_ao CO i^^"* 0^ 
 
 in cd'c^'~T-r:cri>rc£ri>rrH"o"Qd~o~ ^^ 
 
 !—( I-( OJ C< I— 1 1— 1 
 
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 a 
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 3 
 
 OS 
 
 a 
 
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 i-iC0C0t^C^C5O00C0(rJC0!>00C0 
 
 coomco^CT'*i— loorH-^irti^o 
 
 00J>OC0i-4i-li-lC0i-<CTt^C0C0O 
 
 irrco"i-H~t>rirrco"o~co'~oori>r-^'~ r-r 
 
 I— ( T-l (7J T-H 1—1 
 
 co" 
 
 rH 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 ^1= 
 
 1 
 
 lCl>i— (■^OO^COCOOIOCOL'^^CO 
 i-(CO^CO'*COCO-^COOOiCO'-IOO 
 00 -rf^^rH 00 00 -^i-H^CO CO OJ^CO O^^ CO 
 Or-TcO t>rj>roo6'0'*~';lH~rH oT i-T 
 CT 0{ CO OJ 1—1 1— 1 rH 1— 1 1— 1 
 
 rH" 
 rH 
 
 
 i 
 
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 3 
 
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 ooo^o><rirt<^CTO(MOicoco 
 
 J>05CT'-l0000-^»n'*l^iCOl0i— 1 
 
 CO j>^co in i-H Tj< CO ^^co '^Oi^io '^f, 
 Or-frHcf i:oorco"orcoco"oin~ t^ 
 
 (NO^COCi iHr-l 1-1 
 
 CO 
 
 rH 
 
 
 •Biooqog ojiqna jo -o^ 
 
 CTt^00C0C0C5OC0«000C0Oa)»0 
 1— iCOOOfCT-^COQOTfOil^J^i— IrH 
 0{C0OC0C^C\J(MC^CTC^(Mi-l 
 
 CO 
 
 
 3 
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 OOOOOi-lOCOO^OOOO 
 
 ooooot-.ot^ooooooo 
 
 O'*<MC0rHC0rt<C0i>l0aiC0C0'':f< 
 
 00001— llClrJC3<^{(^^oo'-loo^l^ 
 
 CT_O,C0^C0 ^^0 Oi^iO^CO f^^^CO CO 
 
 CD" (rf "*" od" 00 00 ciD <rf co~ -^ ^ j>^ "^ 
 01— ia50CiaO'*"*c^o:ic:X)aioi>. 
 
 Oi-ilOaOO{i— lOlTMO^COOOrHO 
 
 0" i-T i>r oT tC CD CO oT irT oT cT TjT r-T CO 
 
 rHCOCOOJ rH rH 1— 1 rH 
 
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 3 
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 COl^r-COl^COCTOOlOCOCiOOtM 
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 ic "* CO ic iC 00 —H~ CO j>r CT CO oT 
 
 OiOlOCSCOCOOJ-^lOCOTtCO 
 
 
 
 
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 "gain^aj apBia aABq 
 qaiqAi suAio^ jo jaqran^ 
 
 C0Ci001>COCX)COrHC>JC5rHCOC0rH 
 (W* 10 C< rH CJ CO 0* rH (M rH 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 H 
 H 
 K 
 
 
 
 
 Suffolk, 
 
 Essex, 
 
 Middlesex, 
 
 Worcester, 
 
 Hampshire, 
 
 Hampden, 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 Berkshire, 
 
 Norfolk, 
 
 Bristol, 
 
 Plymoutli, 
 
 Barnstable, 
 
 Dukes County, 
 
 Nantucket, 
 
 1 
 
RECAPITULATION. 
 
 XXXVll 
 
 •S[oori3g 
 -Aaa sn[djns jo atnoaui 
 
 C0-rf0i"^OO0ilC05pC0 
 rlCOTfOl^Oi-HCOlCiOJO 
 
 COC^COO'TiGJlCOi— 1«$0 
 
 •aiuBS niojj araoaui 
 
 oooooiocsi— ior>.ocoQ 
 
 OCO-^OiCOO-jiCCiCOOJOO 
 ^•«* rH CO i-l CO 
 
 spunj IBOOi JO (lunoatv 
 
 •not) 
 -mi SO} ptBd a^TsSaaSSv 
 
 SMioqag JO -oji aSujoAy 
 
 O »0 kJti O CT O lO --H CT CO l^ CO I 
 OQO>n-*COl^QOCOC5^"<*CO 
 0_CT l''^CO_in_rH^'^'-^^rH_'-i,l>-„CO^ 
 
 00 cr^c£r»c~'^'~i>~crad~co 05 r^ 
 
 OlOCOCTCOOOiO'— lOkrtOQOO 
 
 ooj^i^cioor^cogo-^ri^^S 
 oCTinrHcoi^CT-r-^ioco^-coc: 
 
 o c^ >o CO lo CO Of '"i,'^''^^'";-^'-^ 
 
 o'uiTao'io CO ic c^Tc^"'* CO CO CO iH co 
 
 O OJ 1-1 r-l rH (M r-( 
 
 O'^r^osciioo^iicoicocojo 
 
 j^OC0OC0OC5iC0Ot-.i0 2IC0C0 
 C>J Tt C<f Tj< 1—1 rH rH CJ d rH (M 
 
 •idaii 
 sqiuotn JO 04i!SaaS3y 
 
 •sjooqag -raoo SaoiOJd 
 0} ?da5i 81001(08 pu3 
 'sjooqag aiUAUj 'sairaa 
 -pEoy •djoaainn jo -Ofj 
 
 •noil 
 ■mx Joj pred a'ivSsiSSy 
 
 sJBtoqag JO 'oii aSBjaAy 
 
 t^'*rH Tjl Tj* rH "^ ^J 
 
 r-iCi rHrHOJ rH(N 
 
 oooCTi-^coooGocoCTrij^coirt^ 
 
 GOCOOgOrHrHOl>.pCOCO^QOO 
 O rH J> CO rH i^J rH OJ t>. CO CO CO (M 
 
 OCOCTaOOl^CTiCOGOOQOl>.Cit^ 
 ^irtrHrH-^^rtCOOiXMCOOOrHrH 
 rH rH rH rH 
 
 OOOOO-^rHOOC^Q 
 inOOOmCOCTOOrHO 
 
 co»ooiofO)J>:OOCTi2 
 
 I rHOlCOl^l^GO^iSC^SSI 
 
 Oi o Q -^^o^oq^Oi^co cq_o_of_ 
 trf CO -^00 Iff of co" 'sf'* oi 
 
 rHt^COlOCOCOrHjnO'iHjn 
 J> ITS (?J O ■<* rH (M C^ CO <?* 
 
 •^da^ 
 smaocn JO 9ve2siSSy 
 
 t>.C3COCOCTCOOCO— |OCO 
 Oi O ■^ »C CO »0 lO COCOUTi 
 
 s 
 
 •saicaapBov 
 paiBJodjoam jo jaqumfj 
 
 OrHlCCOCOCOWrHCOCOCOrHrH 
 
 •spotiag onqti<i joj pa^ 
 -nquinoa '^m: Ji 'pnj 
 puB paBoq JO lunorav 
 
 •lanj 
 pun piTJoq 'sjaqoBai jo 
 sagBM eqi Xiuo Satpnp 
 -ni 'siooqag jo laod 
 -dns aqi aoj saxB4 Xq 
 pasiBi ^auoui JO lunotuy 
 
 •qgnota 
 jad pJBoq JO 
 arq^EA aSBjaAy 
 
 OrHrHlCOrHCOOOrHCT 
 
 oom(?*ocO'*ooa5(N 
 
 > ino^i^ocoincorHcoc^ 
 
 ^C*!>COrHrH'^rHrH(7JCO 
 
 OOl>COOOCO!>t>.Cil2COOCO 
 
 oi>-oj^ooc<a5CTaoocooo 
 
 OrHcooj"*CTrHG5C5jrai>.cooi;i 
 
 inCTGOaOGOO;-iQOGOCOgiCOOCO 
 O 00 rH CO '^ Ci,Cr'J,CO_Oi_l^C^<^''^<^ 
 
 ■gi00^l-*(rJC0rH(MCO»nTfrH 
 
 OOCTCOCOOi'^-^C^COCO^COCOCO 
 >nC0'*>S»?5C0OC0Tf*C0l0t>.'* 
 
 OOOCOkCOlOlOlOCOlrtlO'^'^O 
 
 •pjBoq JO an 
 -{■BA Saiptqaui 
 '■qim jad pred 
 saSBAv aSsJdAy 
 
 CO o CO ■* t^ C5 o ic ic ii io 00 c^ JO a> 
 mc^comwioorHt>.coco-^t^i» 
 
 o CO ic CO oj o? oj c^ CO -^ CO o? oj eg -^ 
 
 (ytT-tt—^j—tr-it-ir-tj—ir-ir-tr-ir-M—^T-f 
 
 
A GRADUATED TABLE, &c. 
 
 In preparing the following Table, the Income of the Surplus Revenue, when- 
 ever appropriated for the support of the Public Schools, has been added to the 
 amount of money granted by the town and raised by a direct tax ;— the former 
 being as really a contribution as the latter, for the education of the children, and, 
 like the latter, being expended for the benefit of all. 
 
 The amount voluntarily contributed for board and fuel is not included in the 
 estimate. The considerations pertaining to this item fall under a different head. 
 These contributions depend upon the will of the inhabitants of the several dis- 
 tricts; and, of course, they fluctuate with that will. While, in some districts, 
 much may be contributed, — in others, there will be little ; and, in others, nothing. 
 So, too, these contributions vary greatly, from year to year, in the same district. 
 Now, as it is obvious that the only sure and permanent reliance of all the children 
 in the town, for an education, is upon the town appropriations, it follows, that those 
 modes of sustaining the schools which do not combine permanence and universality 
 of advantages, are greatly mferior in value. Still, however, such voluntary con- 
 tributions modify the town's apparent liberality ; and they are therefore exhibited 
 in the Table. They show what amount of money was expended, in the town, for 
 Public Schools ; but they do not show whether the children of all, or of only a 
 few of the districts, participated in its benefits. 
 
 Neither is the Income from Local Funds included in the estimate. These are 
 usually the proceeds of donations which were not made for the purpose of reliev- 
 ing the towns from a pecuniary burden, but for the purpose of increasing the 
 educational advantages of the children ; — not to be subtracted from, but added to, 
 what the towns would otherwise grant. No mention, therefore, is made, in this 
 connection, of the Income from Local Funds. 
 
 Against the name of each town, at its left hand, is set, not only tlie No. which 
 indicates its relative liberality, as compared with other towns in the State, in 
 raising money for the support of schools for the year 1848-9, but also the No, 
 which indicated its relative standing for tlie preceding year, — that of 1847-8. It 
 may thus be seen at a glance, in regard to any town, whether it has risen or fallen 
 in the scale of merit, since the last year. For instance, Boston, which was No. 2, 
 last year, is No. 1, this year ; and Brookline, which was No. 1, last year, is No. 2, 
 this year ; and so of the rest 
 
A GRADUATED TABLE, 
 
 Shoiinng the Comparative Amount of money appropriated, by the different toivns in 
 the Stale, for the education of each child in the town hetiveen the ages of 4 and 
 16 years. 
 
 
 
 
 ■a fl-S< aJ 
 
 >^ X 
 
 g .i \ a'-o \ 
 
 1 -a 
 
 
 
 
 ii " 60 
 
 ■^ 2" • 
 
 
 
 0) r-^ 
 
 ^ a 
 
 
 
 
 .2 2 g« 
 
 "2 "■§ 
 
 e-|i 
 
 
 ^■g 
 
 •c a 
 
 s 
 
 OS 
 
 
 S n So 
 
 wj a> o 
 
 Sll 
 
 
 1^1 
 
 II 
 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 
 3 m O 
 
 3 3 O 
 
 ° 0) » 
 
 III 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 
 <! 3*; 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 BOSTON, 
 
 #10 65.3 
 
 #232,800 00 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 21,853 
 
 _ 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Brookline, 
 
 7 39 
 
 3,200 00 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 433 
 
 . 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 Charlestown, 
 
 6 79 
 
 24,955 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 3675 
 
 _ 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Somerville, 
 
 6 46.8 
 
 3,519 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 544 
 
 _ 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 W. Cambridge, 
 
 6 26.9 
 
 2,683 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 428 
 
 _ 
 
 26 
 
 6 
 
 Lexington, 
 
 6 12.7 
 
 2,500 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 408 
 
 _ 
 
 25 
 
 7 
 
 Boxborough, 
 
 5 97 
 
 400 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 67 
 
 _ 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 Dedham, 
 
 5 71.4 
 
 5,000 00 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 875 
 
 _ 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 North Chelsea, 
 
 5 68.2 
 
 1,000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 176 
 
 . 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 Cambridge, 
 
 5 49.7 
 
 18,249 53 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 3320 
 
 - 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 Brighton, 
 
 5 44.4 
 
 2,700 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 496 
 
 _ 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 Roxbury, 
 
 5 43.8 
 
 19,877 27 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 3655 
 
 _ 
 
 23 
 
 13 
 
 Dorchester, 
 
 5 42.6 
 
 9,002 00 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 1659 
 
 . 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 Concord, 
 
 5 37.6 
 
 2,500 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 465 
 
 . 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 Medford, 
 
 5 17.2 
 
 3,600 00 
 
 
 _ 
 
 696 
 
 . 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 Nantucket, 
 
 5 16.6 
 
 9,267 06 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 1794 
 
 _ 
 
 6 
 
 17 
 
 Chelsea, 
 
 5 09 
 
 6,250 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 1228 
 
 _ 
 
 7 
 
 18 
 
 Watertown, 
 
 4 96.5 
 
 2,800 00 
 
 
 _ 
 
 564 
 
 . 
 
 10 
 
 19 
 
 Lowell, 
 
 4 82.6 
 
 30,492 62 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 6318 
 
 _ 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 Kingston, 
 
 4 77.6 
 
 1,600 00 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 335 
 
 _ 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 Dover, 
 
 4 69.2 
 
 500 00 
 
 #63 00 
 
 #563 00 
 
 120 
 
 - 
 
 17 
 
 22 
 
 New Braintree, 
 
 4 67.8 
 
 800 00 
 
 
 . 
 
 171 
 
 _ 
 
 31 
 
 23 
 
 Plymouth, 
 
 4 59.9 
 
 7,000 00 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 1522 
 
 #548 00 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 Waltham, 
 
 4 54 
 
 3,500 00 
 
 
 _ 
 
 771 
 
 _ 
 
 49 
 
 25 
 
 Springfield, 
 
 4 48.7 
 
 9,630 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 2146 
 
 _ 
 
 29 
 
 26 
 
 New Bedford, 
 
 4 42 
 
 16,600 00 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 3755 
 
 _ 
 
 
 27 
 
 Chicopee,* 
 
 4 35.8 
 
 7,400 00 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 1698 
 
 _ 
 
 12 
 
 28 
 
 Milton, 
 
 4 35.7 
 
 2,000 00 
 
 
 _ 
 
 459 
 
 _ 
 
 27 
 
 29 
 
 Salem, 
 
 4 28.2 
 
 18,613 75 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 4347 
 
 _ 
 
 32 
 
 30 
 
 Newburyport, 
 
 4 20.9 
 
 8,300 00 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 1972 
 
 _ 
 
 38 
 
 31 
 
 Fairhaven, 
 
 4 14.9 
 
 5,000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 1205 
 
 125 00 
 
 18 
 
 32 
 
 Worcester, 
 
 4 13.8 
 
 13,300 00 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 3214 
 
 50 00 
 
 21 
 
 33 
 
 Weston, 
 
 4 10.2 
 
 1,050 00 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 256 
 
 _ 
 
 40 
 
 34 
 
 Hatfield, 
 
 4 03.6 
 
 750 00 
 
 113 75 
 
 863 75 
 
 214 
 
 _ 
 
 48 
 
 35 
 
 Carlisle, 
 
 4 03.2 
 
 500 00 
 
 
 
 124 
 
 _ 
 
 22 
 
 36 
 
 South Reading, 
 
 4 02.2 
 
 1,850 00 
 
 
 _ 
 
 460 
 
 _ 
 
 37 
 
 37 
 
 Littleton, 
 
 4 01.7 
 
 900 00 
 
 
 
 224 
 
 _ 
 
 87 
 
 38 
 
 Lancaster, 
 
 3 99 
 
 3,200 00 
 
 
 _ 
 
 802 
 
 _ 
 
 39 
 
 39 
 
 Northampton, 
 
 3 89.8 
 
 4,600 00 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 1180 
 
 150 00 
 
 35 
 
 40 
 
 Billerica, 
 
 3 88.6 
 
 1,500 00 
 
 
 _ 
 
 386 
 
 . 
 
 46 
 
 41 
 
 Maiden, 
 
 3 82.2 
 
 3,000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 785 
 
 . 
 
 51 
 
 42 
 
 Bolton, 
 
 3 76.4 
 
 1,091 65 
 
 
 _ 
 
 290 
 
 . 
 
 53 
 
 43 
 
 Montgomery, 
 
 3 75 
 
 300 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 80 
 
 181 00 
 
 34 
 
 44 
 
 Sherburne, 
 
 3 74.5 
 
 925 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 247 
 
 - 
 
 * A newly-incorporated town. 
 
xl 
 
 GRADUATED TABLE. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^L 
 
 S-S 
 
 
 ceo 
 
 . 13 
 
 ^ a 
 
 ^ 
 
 4 
 
 
 ropriat 
 ! for ea 
 itween 
 rs ofaj 
 
 
 -Si 
 
 
 •T3 '3 
 
 11^ 
 
 •a «i 
 II 
 
 1-1 
 u 
 
 CO 
 
 I-l 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 Sum app 
 by towns 
 child b( 
 and 16 y] 
 
 ■<S p. 
 
 g >-^ 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 ^11 
 
 
 78 
 
 45 
 
 Longmeadow, 
 
 #3 73.1 
 
 $1250 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 335 
 
 #142 00 
 
 61 
 
 46 
 
 Tyngsborough, 
 
 3 67 
 
 800 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 218 
 
 43 67 
 
 47 
 
 47 
 
 Paxton, 
 
 3 61.4 
 
 600 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 166 
 
 - 
 
 83 
 
 48 
 
 Barnstable, 
 
 3 60.1 
 
 4400 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1222 
 
 _ 
 
 103 
 
 49 
 
 Dunstable, 
 
 3 59.7 
 
 500 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 139 
 
 30 00 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 Hingham, 
 
 3 58.4 
 
 3097 05 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 864 
 
 -■ 
 
 99 
 
 51 
 
 Harvard, 
 
 3 52.8 
 
 1400 00 
 
 f 36 00 
 
 #1436 00 
 
 407 
 
 - 
 
 64 
 
 52 
 
 Walpole, 
 
 3 52.1 
 
 1500 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 426 
 
 - 
 
 149 
 
 53 
 
 Newton, 
 
 3 49 
 
 4000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 1146 
 
 _ 
 
 100 
 
 54 
 
 Essex, 
 
 3 48.5 
 
 1300 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 373 
 
 _ 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 Lawrence, 
 
 3 44.4 
 
 3750 00 
 
 _ 
 
 
 1089 
 
 _ 
 
 88 
 
 56 
 
 Bridgewater, 
 
 3 44.2 
 
 2000 00 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 581 
 
 _ 
 
 36 
 
 57 
 
 Wayland, 
 
 3 37.1 
 
 900 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 267 
 
 _ 
 
 54 
 
 58 
 
 Hull, 
 
 3 33.3 
 
 200 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 60 
 
 _ 
 
 117 
 
 59 
 
 Haverhill, 
 
 3 33.2 
 
 4000 00 
 
 521 16 
 
 4521 16 
 
 1357 
 
 . 
 
 52 
 
 60 
 
 Danvers, 
 
 3 30.4 
 
 5451 00 
 
 553 20 
 
 6004 20 
 
 1817 
 
 _ 
 
 28 
 
 61 
 
 Duxbury, 
 
 3 28.6 
 
 2100 00 
 
 200 00 
 
 2300 00 
 
 700 
 
 _ 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 Middleborough, 
 
 3 28.4 
 
 4000 00 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 1218 
 
 793 00 
 
 43 
 
 63 
 
 Bedford, 
 
 3 26.5 
 
 800 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 245 
 
 _ 
 
 113 
 
 64 
 
 Boxford, 
 
 3 25.5 
 
 700 00 
 
 61 77 
 
 761 77 
 
 234 
 
 _ 
 
 82 
 
 65 
 
 Shirley, 
 
 3 23.7 
 
 780 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 241 
 
 _ 
 
 57 
 
 66 
 
 Provincetown, 
 
 3 22.5 
 
 2000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 617 
 
 _ 
 
 135 
 
 67 
 
 Ashby,- 
 
 3 22 
 
 900 00 
 
 50 00 
 
 950 00 
 
 295 
 
 _ 
 
 93 
 
 68 
 
 Lynn, 
 
 3 21.9 
 
 10000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 3107 
 
 - 
 
 41 
 
 69 
 
 Heath, 
 
 3 21.4 
 
 810 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 252 
 
 310 00 
 
 
 70 
 
 W. Brookfield,* 
 
 3 21.4 
 
 900 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 280 
 
 40 00 
 
 44 
 
 71 
 
 Woburn, 
 
 3 16.8 
 
 3000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 947 
 
 . 
 
 84 
 
 72 
 
 Harwich, 
 
 3 15.8 
 
 1200 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 380 
 
 _ 
 
 59 
 
 73 
 
 Framingham, 
 
 3 13.1 
 
 3000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 958 
 
 _ 
 
 45 
 
 74 
 
 Sunderland, 
 
 3 12.5 
 
 650 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 208 
 
 40 00 
 
 75 
 
 75 
 
 Sharon, 
 
 3 07.7 
 
 600 00 
 
 150 86 
 
 750 86 
 
 244 
 
 . 
 
 74 
 
 76 
 
 Methuen, 
 
 3 07.7 
 
 1600 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 520 
 
 10 00 
 
 91 
 
 77 
 
 Acton, 
 
 3 07.7 
 
 1000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 325 
 
 . 
 
 66 
 
 78 
 
 Reading, 
 
 3 05.8 
 
 2000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 654 
 
 _ 
 
 60 
 
 79 
 
 Cohasset, 
 
 3 04.6 
 
 1200 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 394 
 
 _ 
 
 89 
 
 80 
 
 Bellingham, 
 
 3 04.4 
 
 800 00 
 
 140 63 
 
 940 63 
 
 309 
 
 18 00 
 
 72 
 
 81 
 
 Scituate, 
 
 3 04.3 
 
 3000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 986 
 
 _ 
 
 42 
 
 82 
 
 Dighton, 
 
 3 03.9 
 
 1000 00 
 
 170 24 
 
 1170 24 
 
 385 
 
 112 00 
 
 102 
 
 83 
 
 Tall River, 
 
 3 03.5 
 
 8600 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 2834 
 
 _ 
 
 80 
 
 84 
 
 Pembroke, 
 
 3 03 
 
 1000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 330 
 
 _ 
 
 124 
 
 85 
 
 Ludlow, 
 
 3 01.6 
 
 950 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 315 
 
 250 00 
 
 69 
 
 86 
 
 Wrentham, 
 
 3 01.1 
 
 2100 00 
 
 341 86 
 
 2441 86 
 
 811 
 
 _ 
 
 81 
 
 87 
 
 Petersham, 
 
 3 00 
 
 1200 00 
 
 
 _ 
 
 400 
 
 54 25 
 
 155 
 
 88 
 
 Saugus, 
 
 3 00 
 
 1083 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 361 
 
 ■ _ 
 
 233 
 
 89 
 
 Deerfield, 
 
 3 00 
 
 1563 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 521 
 
 241 00 
 
 63 
 
 90 
 
 Quincy, 
 
 2 99.6 
 
 3400 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 1135 
 
 
 70 
 
 91 
 
 Tewksbury, 
 
 2 97.9 
 
 700 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 235 
 
 - 
 
 77 
 
 92 
 
 Stoneham, 
 
 2 97.3 
 
 1100 00 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 370 
 
 _ 
 
 76 
 
 93 
 
 Chelmsford, 
 
 2 97 
 
 1500 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 505 
 
 _ 
 
 65 
 
 94 
 
 WUmington, 
 
 2 94.8 
 
 625 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 212 
 
 _ 
 
 85 
 
 95 
 
 Canton, 
 
 2 94.1 
 
 1600 00 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 544 
 
 150 00 
 
 154 
 
 96 
 
 Sterling, 
 
 2 91.4 
 
 1300 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 446 
 
 - 
 
 201 
 
 97 
 
 Royalston, 
 
 2 89.8 
 
 1200 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 414 
 
 15 00 
 
 177 
 
 98 
 
 Westborough, 
 
 2 88.5 
 
 1200 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 416 
 
 - 
 
 152 
 
 99 
 
 W. Bridge wat'r. 
 
 2 88.2 
 
 1000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 347 
 
 - 
 
 A newly-incorporated town. 
 
GRADUATED TABLE. 
 
 xli 
 
 
 
 
 'Osa^ aS 
 
 l»> ' 1 i •:!< 1 1 a CO 
 
 . -a 
 
 
 
 
 liag- 
 
 5fi 
 
 S-pss 
 
 
 IS 
 
 f § 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 iropri 
 
 etwet 
 rs.of 
 
 » u ° 
 
 ■35^ 
 
 
 
 
 "H 
 
 a 
 
 
 1 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 — O t3 '"' 
 
 3^0 
 
 ° « m 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 •5S"S 
 
 ll 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 
 9 "^ :;: t3 
 
 III 
 
 ill 
 
 
 ill 
 
 < 32 
 
 56 
 
 100 
 
 Burlington, 
 
 ,#2 87.1 
 
 #300 00 
 
 $58 93 
 
 $358 93 
 
 125 
 
 _ 
 
 67 
 
 101 
 
 Medway, 
 
 2 85.7 
 
 1500 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 525 
 
 _ 
 
 143 
 
 102 
 
 Lynnfield, 
 
 2 85.7 
 
 600 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 210 
 
 _ 
 
 15(> 
 
 103 
 
 Auiesbury, 
 
 2 85.3 
 
 2000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 701 
 
 _ 
 
 79 
 
 104 
 
 Foxborough, 
 
 2 85 
 
 1200 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 421 
 
 - 
 
 284 
 
 105 
 
 Erving, 
 
 2 83.2 
 
 250 00 
 
 53 00 
 
 303 00 
 
 107 
 
 _ 
 
 71 
 
 106 
 
 Braintree, 
 
 2 82.1 
 
 2000 00 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 709 
 
 _ 
 
 97 
 
 107 
 
 Southborough, 
 
 2 81.7 
 
 800 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 284 
 
 _ 
 
 146 
 
 108 
 
 Brimfield, 
 
 2 81.7 
 
 1200 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 426 
 
 #156 00 
 
 33 
 
 109 
 
 Lincoln, 
 
 2 78 
 
 570 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 205 
 
 . 
 
 110 
 
 110 
 
 Halifax, 
 
 2 77.8 
 
 500 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 180 
 
 45 00 
 
 144 
 
 111 
 
 Plynipton, 
 
 2 77.8 
 
 600 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 216 
 
 250 41 
 
 168 
 
 112 
 
 Winchendon, 
 
 2 77.3 
 
 1500 00 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 541 
 
 _ 
 
 115 
 
 113 
 
 Marshfield, 
 
 2 75.4 
 
 1300 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 472 
 
 _ 
 
 104 
 
 114 
 
 Lunenburg, 
 
 2 75.2 
 
 900 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 327 
 
 _ 
 
 132 
 
 115 
 
 Phillipston, 
 
 2 75.2 
 
 600 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 218 
 
 _ 
 
 185 
 
 116 
 
 E. Bridgewater, 
 
 2 73.7 
 
 1500 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 548 
 
 _ 
 
 171 
 
 117 
 
 Hanover, 
 
 2 72.7 
 
 1200 00 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 440 
 
 _ 
 
 94 
 
 118 
 
 N. Brookfield, 
 
 2 72.1 
 
 1200 00 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 441 
 
 - 
 
 90 
 
 119 
 
 Barre, 
 
 2 71.1 
 
 1800 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 664 
 
 50 00 
 
 179 
 
 120 
 
 Leicester, 
 
 2 70.4 
 
 1460 00 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 540 
 
 _ 
 
 106 
 
 121 
 
 Westhampton, 
 
 2 69.5 
 
 450 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 167 
 
 300 00 
 
 158 
 
 122 
 
 Hanson, 
 
 2 69.4 
 
 800 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 297 
 
 _ 
 
 73 
 
 123 
 
 Dracut, 
 
 2 69.2 
 
 1544 12 
 
 213 71 
 
 1757 83 
 
 653 
 
 75 00 
 
 119 
 
 124 
 
 Edgartown, 
 
 2 69.1 
 
 1200 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 446 
 
 - 
 
 304 
 
 125 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 2 68.6 
 
 209 53 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 78 
 
 92 50 
 
 105 
 
 126 
 
 Granby, 
 
 2 67.3 
 
 850 00 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 318 
 
 75 00 
 
 58 
 
 127 
 
 South Hadley, 
 
 2 66.7 
 
 1000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 375 
 
 131 50 
 
 169 
 
 128 
 
 Seekonk, 
 
 2 66.3 
 
 1100 00 
 
 242 00 
 
 1342 00 
 
 504 
 
 500 00 
 
 166 
 
 129 
 
 Chilmark, 
 
 2 64.9 
 
 400 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 151 
 
 - 
 
 134 
 
 130 
 
 Marblehead, 
 
 2 64.6 
 
 4000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 1512 
 
 . 
 
 151 
 
 131 
 
 Rowe, 
 
 2 64.5 
 
 500 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 189 
 
 83 00 
 
 123 
 
 132 
 
 Newbury, 
 
 2 63.2 
 
 2700 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1026 
 
 - 
 
 182 
 
 133 
 
 Abington, 
 
 2 58.8 
 
 3000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 1159 
 
 _ 
 
 170 
 
 134 
 
 Ipswich, 
 
 2 58.5 
 
 1900 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 735 
 
 18 00 
 
 116 
 
 135 
 
 Hadley, 
 
 2 58.5 
 
 1300 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 503 
 
 30 00 
 
 174 
 
 136 
 
 Weymouth, 
 
 2 58.4 
 
 3000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1161 
 
 - 
 
 108 
 
 137 
 
 Charlton, 
 
 2 58 
 
 1200 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 465 
 
 160 70 
 
 101 
 
 138 
 
 Ashland, 
 
 2 58 
 
 800 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 310 
 
 _ 
 
 125 
 
 139 
 
 Needham, 
 
 2 56.9 
 
 1110 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 432 
 
 _ 
 
 68 
 
 140 
 
 Greenfield, 
 
 2 56.4 
 
 1500 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 585 
 
 250 00 
 
 163 
 
 141 
 
 N. Bridgewater, 
 
 2 55.5 
 
 2000 00 
 
 276 20 
 
 2276 20 
 
 891 
 
 - 
 
 120 
 
 142 
 
 Stow, 
 
 2 54.5 
 
 700 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 275 
 
 . 
 
 131 
 
 143 
 
 Warren, 
 
 2 53.8 
 
 1000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 394 
 
 52 00 
 
 98 
 
 144 
 
 Douglas, 
 
 2 53.7 
 
 1200 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 473 
 
 - 
 
 145 
 
 145 
 
 Wales, 
 
 2 53.1 
 
 400 00 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 158 
 
 46 25 
 
 160 
 
 146 
 
 Northfield, 
 
 2 52.6 
 
 1000 00 
 
 66 00 
 
 1066 00 
 
 422 
 
 150 00 
 
 118 
 
 147 
 
 Warwick, 
 
 2 51.8 
 
 700 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 278 
 
 25 00 
 
 109 
 
 148 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 2 50 
 
 1200 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 480 
 
 - 
 
 133 
 
 149 
 
 Westford, 
 
 2 49.4 
 
 1000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 401 
 
 - 
 
 206 
 
 150 
 
 Medfield, 
 
 2 48.8 
 
 500 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 201 
 
 - 
 
 122 
 
 151 
 
 Middlefield, 
 
 2 48.7 
 
 490 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 197 
 
 448 00 
 
 265 
 
 152 
 
 Tolland, 
 
 2 47.7 
 
 322 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 130 
 
 78 00 
 
 130 
 
 153 
 
 Enfield, 
 
 2 47.3 
 
 700 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 283 
 
 - 
 
 138 
 
 154 
 
 Sheffield, 
 
 2 46.7 
 
 1875 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 760 
 
 500 00 
 
xlii 
 
 GRADUATED TABLE. 
 
 s 
 
 
 I-l 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 T-l 
 
 o 
 
 t4 
 
 159 
 
 155 
 
 925 
 
 156 
 
 192 
 
 157 
 
 173 
 
 158 
 
 197 
 
 159 
 
 127 
 
 160 
 
 167 
 
 161 
 
 263 
 
 162 
 
 157 
 
 163 
 
 129 
 
 164 
 
 148 
 
 165 
 
 266 
 
 166 
 
 137 
 
 167 
 
 111 
 
 168 
 
 147 
 
 169 
 
 194 
 
 170 
 
 208 
 
 171 
 
 176 
 
 172 
 
 178 
 
 173 
 
 165 
 
 174 
 
 228 
 
 175 
 
 150 
 
 176 
 
 230 
 
 177 
 
 141 
 
 178 
 
 126 
 
 179 
 
 140 
 
 180 
 
 95 
 
 181 
 
 187 
 
 162 
 
 142 
 
 183 
 
 153 
 
 184 
 
 299 
 
 185 
 
 181 
 
 186 
 
 253 
 
 187 
 
 258 
 
 188 
 
 86 
 
 189 
 
 234 
 
 190 
 
 180 
 
 191 
 
 204 
 
 192 
 
 162 
 
 193 
 
 214 
 
 194 
 
 191 
 
 195 
 
 188 
 
 196 
 
 164 
 
 197 
 
 136 
 
 198 
 
 139 
 
 199 
 
 237 
 
 200 
 
 223 
 
 201 
 
 193 
 
 202 
 
 96 
 
 203 
 
 190 
 
 204 
 
 184 
 
 205 
 
 207 
 
 206 
 
 222 
 
 207 
 
 306 
 
 208 
 
 175 
 
 209 
 
 Somerset, 
 
 Princeton, 
 
 Oakham, 
 
 Auburn, 
 
 Hamilton, 
 
 Norton, 
 
 West Newbury 
 
 Ashburnham, 
 
 Manchester, 
 
 Pepperell, 
 
 Middleton, 
 
 Wareham, 
 
 Oxford, 
 
 Mendon, 
 
 Holliston, 
 
 Pittsfield, 
 
 Salisbury, 
 
 Plainfield, 
 
 Dartmouth, 
 
 Whately, 
 
 Taunton, 
 
 Northborough, 
 
 Southampton, 
 
 Groton, 
 
 Brookfield, 
 
 Pawtucket, 
 
 Greenwich, 
 
 Shelburne, 
 
 Rutland, 
 
 Webster, 
 
 Mt. Washington 
 
 Gloucester, 
 
 Hubbardston, 
 
 Easton, 
 
 Dudley, 
 
 West Boylston, 
 
 Freetown, 
 
 Monson, 
 
 Rowley, 
 
 Hopkinton, 
 
 Fitchburg, 
 
 Stoughton, 
 
 Goshen, 
 
 Shrewsbury, 
 
 Montague, 
 
 Adams, 
 
 Berkley, 
 
 Attleborough, 
 
 Russell, 
 
 Yarmouth, 
 
 Uxbridge, 
 
 Topsfield, 
 
 Peru, 
 
 Rockport, 
 
 Beverly, 
 
 .3 g a « 
 
 n V] O) (H 
 CO,Q o cs 
 
 45.9 
 45.7 
 45.6 
 45.1 
 45.1 
 44.4 
 44.4 
 44.4 
 42 7 
 41.5 
 41.5 
 
 2 40.3 
 
 2 40.1 
 
 2 40.1 
 
 2 40 
 39.9 
 39.8 
 39.6 
 39 
 39 
 38.9 
 38 
 35 
 35 
 35 
 34 
 
 33.6 
 33 
 33 
 
 2 33 
 
 2 32 
 
 2 32 
 32.1 
 31.8 
 31.2 
 30.8 
 30.4 
 30.3 
 29.4 
 28.5 
 
 2 27 
 
 2 26 
 
 2 25 
 
 2 25 
 
 2^5 
 
 2 25 
 
 2 24 
 
 2 23 
 
 2 23 
 
 2 23 
 
 2 23 
 
 2 23 
 
 2 22.2 
 
 2 22.2 
 
 2 21.2 
 
 ■a ^S 
 5^ rt^ o 
 
 o 2 ^ 
 
 S >< o 
 -«! J p. 
 
 1000 
 
 700 
 
 500 
 
 500 
 
 1200 
 
 1100 
 
 1200 
 
 1000 
 
 1000 
 
 500 
 
 1800 
 
 1400 
 
 600 
 
 1200 
 
 2800 
 
 1700 
 
 520 
 
 2500 
 
 650 
 
 6000 
 
 800 
 
 500 
 
 1600 
 
 900 
 
 2400 
 
 500 
 
 800 
 
 800 
 
 1200 
 
 267 
 
 4500 
 
 1200 
 
 1500 
 
 800 
 
 900 
 
 1000 
 
 1200 
 
 500 
 
 1200 
 
 2400 
 
 1700 
 
 300 
 
 900 
 
 852 
 
 3543 
 
 500 
 
 2109 
 
 250 
 
 1500 
 
 1200 
 
 600 
 
 300 
 
 2000 
 
 3000 
 
 S-a 
 
 
 as 
 
 4) T— t 
 
 ■o a 
 
 -2^ 
 
 r^ ^ V 
 
 
 •3^ M 
 
 11 
 o o 
 
 '-' OJ tn 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 °i° 
 
 
 a £-2 
 
 
 oil 
 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 244 
 
 $64 00 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 407 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 285 
 
 20 00 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 204 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 204 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 491 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 450 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 491 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 412 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 414 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 207 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 749 
 
 200 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 583 
 
 12 00 
 
 127 49 
 
 727 49 
 
 303 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 500 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 1167 
 
 226 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 709 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 217 
 
 241 50 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 1046 
 
 1600 00 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 272 
 
 86 00 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 2512 
 
 50 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 336 
 
 . 
 
 159 31 
 
 659 31 
 
 280 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 680 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 383 
 
 33 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 1024 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 214 
 
 45 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 343 
 
 321 50 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 343 
 
 12 06 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 515 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 115 
 
 123 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 1936 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 517 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 647 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 346 
 
 80 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 390 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 434 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 521 
 
 487 75 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 218 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 525 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 1054 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 751 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 133 
 
 100 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 400 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 379 
 
 190 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1575 
 
 510 75 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 223 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 943 
 
 77 50 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 112 
 
 175 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 672 
 
 150 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 538 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 269 
 
 24 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 135 
 
 325 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 900 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1356 
 
 - 
 
GRADUATED TABLE. 
 
 xliii 
 
 
 
 
 "O^ ■* ai 
 
 •^ . 
 
 a-- 
 
 
 c to 
 
 , 73 
 
 
 
 
 "JO hn 
 
 ^'a. 
 
 
 
 IIH 
 
 ■a a 
 
 06 
 
 en 
 
 
 ropriat 
 for ea 
 itween 
 
 •S. of 8] 
 
 g a> § 
 
 2-1 
 
 SI'S 
 
 
 
 at 
 
 d 
 
 r-i 
 U 
 
 00 
 rH 
 
 1 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 Sum app: 
 by towns 
 child be 
 and 16 yi 
 
 
 ° 0) s 
 
 8 >-a 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 ■si's 
 
 ^ J3 
 
 2 ■«-: 
 g 01 <K 
 
 ■< 3<S 
 
 256 
 
 210 
 
 Cummington, 
 
 #2 20.3 
 
 $824 00 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 374 
 
 $443 00 
 
 211 
 
 211 
 
 Westminster, 
 
 2 19.8 
 
 1200 00 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 546 
 
 22 00 
 
 161 
 
 212 
 
 Athol, 
 
 2 19 
 
 1200 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 548 
 
 15 00 
 
 296 
 
 213 
 
 Sandisfield, 
 
 2 16.2 
 
 800 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 370 
 
 630 00 
 
 232 
 
 214 
 
 Mansfield, 
 
 2 16.2 
 
 856 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 396 
 
 - 
 
 262 
 
 215 
 
 Westfield, 
 
 2 14.6 
 
 2000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 932 
 
 154 00 
 
 287 
 
 21G 
 
 Cheshire, 
 
 2 14.3 
 
 600 00 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 280 
 
 400 00 
 
 199 
 
 217 
 
 Amherst, 
 
 2 14.3 
 
 1500 00 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 700 
 
 18 00 
 
 189 
 
 218 
 
 Fahnouth, 
 
 2 14.1 
 
 1200 00 
 
 320 00 
 
 1520 00 
 
 710 
 
 392 22 
 
 251 
 
 219 
 
 Wilbraham, 
 
 2 13.9 
 
 900 00 
 
 246 70 
 
 1146 70 
 
 536 
 
 606 50 
 
 195 
 
 220 
 
 Becket, 
 
 2 13.5 
 
 600 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 281 
 
 580 00 
 
 249 
 
 221 
 
 Egremont, 
 
 2 13.4 
 
 525 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 246 
 
 301 50 
 
 121 
 
 222 
 
 New Salem, 
 
 2 12.9 
 
 800 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 371 
 
 110 31 
 
 186 
 
 223 
 
 Sandwich, 
 
 2 12.9 
 
 2308 33 
 
 376 03 
 
 2684 36 
 
 1261 
 
 100 00 
 
 209 
 
 224 
 
 Townsend, 
 
 2 11.9 
 
 1000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 472 
 
 55 34 
 
 212 
 
 225 
 
 Georgetown, 
 
 2 11.2 
 
 1000 00 
 
 90 00 
 
 1090 00 
 
 516 
 
 - 
 
 183 
 
 226 
 
 Milford, 
 
 2 10.8 
 
 1400 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 664 
 
 - 
 
 235 
 
 227 
 
 Rehoboth, 
 
 2 10.4 
 
 900 00 
 
 139 35 
 
 1039 35 
 
 494 
 
 322 00 
 
 196 
 
 228 
 
 Upton, 
 
 2 10.3 
 
 900 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 428 
 
 - 
 
 294 
 
 229 
 
 Buckland, 
 
 2 09.8 
 
 600 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 286 
 
 35 00 
 
 205 
 
 230 
 
 Northbridge, 
 
 2 08.7 
 
 1000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 479 
 
 - 
 
 257 
 
 231 
 
 Natick, 
 
 2 08.3 
 
 1000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 480 
 
 . 
 
 246 
 
 232 
 
 Worth ington. 
 
 2 08 
 
 500 00 
 
 146 98 
 
 646 98 
 
 311 
 
 549 75 
 
 218 
 
 233 
 
 Easthampton, 
 
 2 06.4 
 
 450 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 218 
 
 397 00 
 
 219 
 
 234 
 
 Lenox, 
 
 2 05.9 
 
 700 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 340 
 
 617 00 
 
 238 
 
 235 
 
 Monterey, 
 
 2 05.4 
 
 325 00 
 
 67 41 
 
 392 41 
 
 191 
 
 407 25 
 
 281 
 
 236 
 
 Brewster, 
 
 2 05.1 
 
 800 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 390 
 
 118 00 
 
 220 
 
 237 
 
 Berlin, 
 
 2 04.1 
 
 500 00 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 245 
 
 
 260 
 
 238 
 
 Orleans, 
 
 2 04.1 
 
 1100 00 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 539 
 
 - 
 
 236 
 
 239 
 
 Gardner, 
 
 2 04 
 
 800 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 392 
 
 - 
 
 227 
 
 240 
 
 Blackstone, 
 
 2 04 
 
 1787 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 876 
 
 - 
 
 226 
 
 241 
 
 Eastham, 
 
 2 03.8 
 
 450 00 
 
 80 00 
 
 530 00 
 
 260 
 
 35 00 
 
 224 
 
 242 
 
 Randolph, 
 
 2 03.3 
 
 2000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 984 
 
 - 
 
 243 
 
 243 
 
 Marlborough, 
 
 2 02.2 
 
 1300 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 643 
 
 - 
 
 288 
 
 244 
 
 New Marlboro', 
 
 2 02 
 
 700 00 
 
 204 78 
 
 904 78 
 
 448 
 
 644 00 
 
 172 
 
 245 
 
 Leominster, 
 
 2 01.7 
 
 1200 00 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 595 
 
 - 
 
 247 
 
 246 
 
 Raynham, 
 
 2 01.5 
 
 800 00 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 397 
 
 - 
 
 202 
 
 247 
 
 Spencer, 
 
 2 01.2 
 
 1000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 497 
 
 - 
 
 217 
 
 248 
 
 Belchertown, 
 
 2 00.9 
 
 1400 00 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 697 
 
 279 00 
 
 128 
 
 249 
 
 Holland, 
 
 2 00 
 
 200 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 100 
 
 94 00 
 
 295 
 
 250 
 
 Leverett, 
 
 2 00 
 
 496 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 248 
 
 197 50 
 
 114 
 
 251 
 
 Westport, 
 
 2 00 
 
 1500 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 750 
 
 - 
 
 213 
 
 252 
 
 Grafton, 
 
 1 99.9 
 
 1793 81 
 
 60 00 
 
 1853 81 
 
 927 
 
 - 
 
 215 
 
 253 
 
 Bradford, 
 
 1 99.2 
 
 1424 00 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 715 
 
 - 
 
 261 
 
 254 
 
 Holden, 
 
 1 98.8 
 
 1000 00 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 503 
 
 - 
 
 239 
 
 255 
 
 Charlemont, 
 
 1 98 
 
 600 00 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 303 
 
 225 00 
 
 200 
 
 256 
 
 Ware, 
 
 1 97.8 
 
 1600 00 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 809 
 
 39 00 
 
 312 
 
 257 
 
 Williamstown, 
 
 1 97.4 
 
 1500 00 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 760 
 
 - 
 
 277 
 
 258 
 
 Stockbridge, 
 
 1 96.1 
 
 1000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 510 
 
 201 00: 
 
 267 
 
 259 
 
 Conway, 
 
 1 95.8 
 
 830 00 
 
 ~ 
 
 . 
 
 424 
 
 573 00 
 
 282 
 
 260 
 
 Chatham, 
 
 1 94.8 
 
 1200 00 
 
 
 _ 
 
 616 
 
 600 00 
 
 203 
 
 261 
 
 Alford, 
 
 1 92.3 
 
 250 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 130 
 
 203 20 
 
 242 
 
 262 
 
 Templeton, 
 
 1 92.3 
 
 1000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 520 
 
 - 
 
 269 
 
 263 
 
 Otis, 
 
 1 90.3 
 
 550 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 289 
 
 517 00 
 
xliv 
 
 GRADUATED TABLE. 
 
 
 
 ■a^ ^ (J 
 
 -> 1 S -r 1 
 
 G '^ 
 
 1 ■a 
 
 
 
 
 =3 S a « 
 
 
 &|i 
 
 
 19 
 
 ^ a 
 "5 =3 
 
 00 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 m CJ ° 
 
 1-1 
 
 
 
 
 at 
 
 O d 
 
 t:- 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 T-l 
 U 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 O, "0 » f 
 
 jj t-l CO 
 
 a is 
 
 O 0) m 
 
 8 g-g 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 oil 
 
 
 245 
 
 264 
 
 Millbury, 
 
 $1 90.3 
 
 $1250 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 657 
 
 _ 
 
 221 
 
 265 
 
 Sudbury, 
 
 1 90.2 
 
 740 00 
 
 i" 
 
 - 
 
 389 
 
 - 
 
 279 
 
 266 
 
 Lanesborough, 
 
 1 88.6 
 
 600 00 
 
 - 
 
 318 
 
 #510 00 
 
 229 
 
 267 
 
 Andover, 
 
 1 88.2 
 
 3500 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 1860 
 
 _ 
 
 298 
 
 268 
 
 Carver, 
 
 1 88.1 
 
 600 00 
 
 _ 
 
 
 319 
 
 290 50 
 
 216 
 
 269 
 
 Swanzey, 
 
 1 87.5 
 
 600 00 
 
 _ 
 
 
 320 
 
 259 50 
 
 301 
 
 270 
 
 Florida, 
 
 1 87.5 
 
 300 00 
 
 _ 
 
 
 160 
 
 146 00 
 
 270 
 
 271 
 
 Shutesbury, 
 
 1 87.3 
 
 500 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 267 
 
 40 50 
 
 198 
 
 272 
 
 Boylston, 
 
 1 87.3 
 
 500 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 267 
 
 10 50 
 
 255 
 
 273 
 
 Dana, 
 
 1 86 
 
 400 00 
 
 _ 
 
 
 215 
 
 50 00 
 
 240 
 
 274 
 
 Williamsburg', 
 
 1 84.7 
 
 700 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 379 
 
 311 00 
 
 112 
 
 275 
 
 Sutton, 
 
 1 82.8 
 
 1000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 547 
 
 _ 
 
 273 
 
 276 
 
 Chesterfield, 
 
 1 82.5 
 
 500 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 274 
 
 308 50 
 
 254 
 
 277 
 
 Gill, 
 
 1 82.2 
 
 400 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 219 
 
 222 00 
 
 107 
 
 278 
 
 Chester, 
 
 1 81.8 
 
 800 00 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 440 
 
 703 00 
 
 244 
 
 279 
 
 Dalton, 
 
 1 81.8 
 
 500 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 275 
 
 328 00 
 
 250 280 
 
 Tisbury, 
 
 1 81.5 
 
 900 00 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 496 
 
 - 
 
 292 
 
 281 
 
 Wendell, 
 
 1 81 
 
 400 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 221 
 
 55 00 
 
 259 
 
 282 
 
 Coleraine, 
 
 1 79.5 
 
 1000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 557 
 
 714 00 
 
 241 
 
 283 
 
 Wenham, 
 
 1 78.6 
 
 500 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 280 
 
 _ 
 
 276 
 
 284 
 
 Bemardston, 
 
 1 78.6 
 
 500 00' - 
 
 _ 
 
 280 
 
 351 00 
 
 283 
 
 285 
 
 Southbridge, 
 
 1 78.3 
 
 1200 00 
 
 
 _ 
 
 673 
 
 _ 
 
 248 
 
 286 
 
 Windsor, 
 
 1 77.8 
 
 400 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 225 
 
 90 00 
 
 290 
 
 287 
 
 Washington, 
 
 1 76.5 
 
 450 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 255 
 
 407 00 
 
 272 
 
 288 
 
 Orange, 
 
 1 75.4 
 
 800 00 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 456 
 
 - 
 
 289 
 
 289 
 
 Rochester, 
 
 1 74.3 
 
 2000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 1144 
 
 142 00 
 
 264 
 
 290 
 
 Sturbridge, 
 
 1 72.4 
 
 1000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 580 
 
 68 00 
 
 293 
 
 291 
 
 Granville, 
 
 1 71.9 
 
 600 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 349 
 
 365 00 
 
 210 
 
 292 
 
 Prescott, 
 
 1 69.1 
 
 350 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 207 
 
 140 00 
 
 268 
 
 293 
 
 Lee, 
 
 1 67.4 
 
 1180 00 
 
 
 _ 
 
 705 
 
 400 00 
 
 278 
 
 294 
 
 Hawley, 
 
 1 67.2 
 
 500 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 299 
 
 160 00 
 
 280 1 295 
 
 Richmond, 
 
 1 66.6 
 
 300 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 180 
 
 357 01 
 
 285 1 296 
 
 Tyringham, 
 
 1 64.8 
 
 300 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 182 
 
 139 00 
 
 274 
 
 297 
 
 Hinsdale, 
 
 1 56.2 
 
 500 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 320 
 
 415 00 
 
 308 
 
 298 
 
 Clarksburg, 
 
 1 55 
 
 200 00 [ - 
 
 _ 
 
 129 
 
 170 00 
 
 291 
 
 299 
 
 Blandford, 
 
 1 51.9 
 
 600 00 - 
 
 _ 
 
 395 
 
 685 00 
 
 286 
 
 300 
 
 Leyden, 
 
 1 50 
 
 300 00 - 
 
 _ 
 
 200 
 
 247 00 
 
 271 
 
 301 
 
 W. Springfield, 
 
 1 48 
 
 1700 00 - 
 
 - 
 
 1149 
 
 1200 50 
 
 92 
 
 302 
 
 New Ashford, 
 
 1 47 
 
 75 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 51 
 
 61 00 
 
 302 
 
 303 
 
 Palmer, 
 
 1 43.2 
 
 1200 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 838 
 
 183 00 
 
 303 
 
 304 
 
 Wellfleet, 
 
 1 42.9 
 
 1000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 700 
 
 480 00 
 
 252 
 
 305 
 
 Norwich, 
 
 1 40.8 
 
 300 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 213 
 
 250 00 
 
 297 
 
 306 
 
 Pelham, 
 
 1 39.8 
 
 400 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 286 
 
 122 00 
 
 307 
 
 307 
 
 Gt. Barrington, 
 
 1 38.5 
 
 1100 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 794 
 
 350 00 
 
 300 
 
 308 
 
 Truro, 
 
 1 36.1 
 
 875 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 650 
 
 _ 
 
 305 
 
 309 
 
 Dennis, 
 
 1 31.6 
 
 1200 00 
 
 _ 
 
 , _ 
 
 912 
 
 _ 
 
 231 
 
 310 
 
 W.Stockbridge, 
 
 1 29.8 
 
 500 00 
 
 153 00 
 
 653 00 
 
 426 
 
 373 44 
 
 310 
 
 311 
 
 Hancock, 
 
 1 27.1 
 
 300 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 236 
 
 371 28 
 
 309 
 
 312 
 
 Harwich, 
 
 1 25.8 
 
 1300 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 1033 
 
 750 00 
 
 275 
 
 313 
 
 Ashfield, 
 
 1 25 
 
 700 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 560 
 
 450 00 
 
 311 
 
 314 
 
 Savoy, 
 
 1 25 
 
 348 75 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 279 
 
 150 00 
 
 313 
 
 
 South wick,* 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 *356 
 
 *551 50 
 
 * No Returns. From last year's Abstract. 
 
GRADUATED TABLES, 
 
 Slioioing the Comparative Amount of money appropriated hy the different totvns in 
 each of the Counties in the State, for the education of each child in the town, 
 between the ages of 4 and 1 6 years. 
 
 SUFFOLK COUNTY. 
 
 i 
 
 05 
 1 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 Sum appropriated 
 by towns for each 
 child between 4 
 and 16 yrs. of age. 
 
 m 
 
 3 m ° 
 
 S => o 
 
 a a s 
 
 8 S:^ 
 
 i-iPh o3 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 li. 
 
 rj =8 0) 
 
 OS'S 
 
 oil 
 
 ^11 
 
 1 1 
 
 BOSTON, 
 
 #10 65.3 
 
 #232,800 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 21,853 
 
 - 
 
 3 2 
 
 North Chelsea, 
 
 5 68.2 
 
 1,000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 176 
 
 - 
 
 21 3 
 
 Chelsea, 
 
 5 09 
 
 6,250 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1228 
 
 - 
 
 ESSEX COUNTY. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 SALEM, 
 
 4 28.2 
 
 18,613 75 
 
 
 
 4347 
 
 . 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Newburyport, 
 
 4 20.9 
 
 8300 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1972 
 
 - 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 Essex, 
 
 3 48.5 
 
 1300 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 373 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 Lawrence, 
 
 3 44.4 
 
 3750 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1089 
 
 - 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 Haverhill, 
 
 3 33.2 
 
 4000 00 
 
 521 16 
 
 4521 16 
 
 1357 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 Danvers, 
 
 3 30.4 
 
 5451 00 
 
 553 20 
 
 6004 20 
 
 1817 
 
 - 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 Boxford, 
 
 3 25.5 
 
 700 00 
 
 61 77 
 
 761 77 
 
 234 
 
 - 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 Lynn, 
 
 3 21.9 
 
 10,000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 3107 
 
 - 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 Methuen, 
 
 3 07.7 
 
 1600 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 520 
 
 10 00 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 Saugiis, 
 
 3 00 
 
 1083 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 361 
 
 - 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 Lynnfield, 
 
 2 85.7 
 
 600 00 
 
 - 
 
 
 210 
 
 - 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 Amesbury, 
 
 2 85.3 
 
 2000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 701 
 
 - 
 
 n 
 
 13 
 
 Marblehead, 
 
 2 64.6 
 
 4000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1512 
 
 - 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 Newbury, 
 
 2 63.2 
 
 2700 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1026 
 
 - 
 
 19 
 
 15 
 
 Ipswich, 
 
 2 58.5 
 
 1900 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 735 
 
 18 00 
 
 22 
 
 16 
 
 Hamilton, 
 
 2 45.1 
 
 500 00 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 204 
 
 - 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 West Newbury, 
 
 2 44.4 
 
 1100 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 450 
 
 - 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 Manchester, 
 
 2 42.7 
 
 1000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 412 
 
 - 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 Middleton, 
 
 2 41.5 
 
 500 00 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 207 
 
 _ 
 
 24 
 
 20 
 
 Salisbury, 
 
 2 39.8 
 
 1700 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 709 
 
 - 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 Gloucester, 
 
 2 32.4 
 
 4500 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1936 
 
 - 
 
 17 
 
 22 
 
 Rowley, 
 
 2 29.4 
 
 500 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 218 
 
 - 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 Topsfield, 
 
 2 23 
 
 600 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 269 
 
 24 00 
 
 29 
 
 24 
 
 Rockport, 
 
 2 22.2 
 
 2000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 900 
 
 - 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 Beverly, 
 
 2 21.2 
 
 3000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1356 
 
 - 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 Georgetown, 
 
 2 11.2 
 
 1000 00 
 
 90 00 
 
 1090 00 
 
 516 
 
 - 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 Bradford, 
 
 1 99.2 
 
 1424 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 715 
 
 - 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 Andover, 
 
 1 88.2 
 
 3500 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 1860 
 
 - 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 Wenham, 
 
 1 78.6 
 
 500 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 280 
 
 - 
 
xlvi 
 
 GRADUATED TABLES. 
 
 MIDDLESEX COUNTY. 
 
 00 
 
 1" 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ropriated 
 for each 
 tweea 4 
 ■s. of age. 
 
 
 ill 
 
 
 ill 
 
 
 ti- 
 
 u 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 u 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 CO .a o c3 
 
 Ill 
 
 ° «J m 
 
 11% 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 
 ass 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 CHARLESTOWN 
 
 #6 79 
 
 #24,955 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 3675 
 
 _ 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Somerville, 
 
 6 46.8 
 
 3519 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 544 
 
 - 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 West Cambridge, 
 
 6 26.9 
 
 2683 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 428 
 
 - 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 Lexington, 
 
 6 12.7 
 
 2500 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 408 
 
 - 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 Boxborough, 
 
 5 97 
 
 400 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 67 
 
 - 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 Cambridge, 
 
 5 49.7 
 
 18,249 53 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 3320 
 
 - 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 Brighton, 
 
 5 44.4 
 
 2700 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 496 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 Concord, 
 
 5 37.6 
 
 2500 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 465 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 Medford, 
 
 5 17.2 
 
 3600 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 696 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 Watertown, 
 
 4 96.5 
 
 2800 00 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 564 
 
 - 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 Lowell, 
 
 4 82.6 
 
 30,492 62 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 6318 
 
 - 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 Waltham, 
 
 4 54 
 
 3500 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 771 
 
 - 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 Weston, 
 
 4 10.2 
 
 1050 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 256 
 
 _ 
 
 23 
 
 14 
 
 Carlisle, 
 
 4 03.2 
 
 500 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 124 
 
 - 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 South Reading, 
 
 4 02.2 
 
 1850 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 460 
 
 - 
 
 19 
 
 16 
 
 Littleton, 
 
 4 01.7 
 
 900 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 224 
 
 - 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 Billerica, 
 
 3 88.6 
 
 1500 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 386 
 
 - 
 
 22 
 
 18 
 
 Maiden, 
 
 3 82.2 
 
 3000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 785 
 
 _ 
 
 16 
 
 19 
 
 Sherburne, 
 
 3 74.5 
 
 925 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 247 
 
 - 
 
 26 
 
 20 
 
 Tyngsborough, 
 
 3 67 
 
 800 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 218 
 
 #43 67 
 
 36 
 
 21 
 
 Dunstable, 
 
 3 59.7 
 
 500 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 139 
 
 30 00 
 
 43; 22 
 
 Newton, 
 
 3 49 
 
 4000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 1146 
 
 _ 
 
 18 23 
 
 Wayland, 
 
 3 37.1 
 
 900 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 267 
 
 _ 
 
 20 24 
 
 Bedford, 
 
 3 26.5 
 
 800 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 245 
 
 _ 
 
 33 25 
 
 Shirley, 
 
 3 23.7 
 
 780 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 241 
 
 _ 
 
 40, 26 
 
 Ashby, 
 
 3 22 
 
 900 00 
 
 #50 00 
 
 #950 00 
 
 295 
 
 - 
 
 21 27 
 
 Woburn, 
 
 3 16.8 
 
 3000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 947 
 
 _ 
 
 25 28 
 
 Framingham, 
 
 3 13.1 
 
 3000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 958 
 
 _ 
 
 34l 29 
 
 Acton, 
 
 3 07.7 
 
 1000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 325 
 
 _ 
 
 28' 30 
 
 Reading, 
 
 3 05.8 
 
 2000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 654 
 
 - 
 
 29 31 
 
 Tewksbury, 
 
 2 97.9 
 
 700 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 235 
 
 - 
 
 32 32 
 
 Stoneham, 
 
 2 97.3 
 
 1100 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 370 
 
 _ 
 
 31 33 
 
 Chelmsford, 
 
 2 97 
 
 1500 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 505 
 
 . 
 
 271 34 
 
 Wilmington, 
 
 2 94.8 
 
 625 00 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 212 
 
 - 
 
 24 35 
 
 Burlington, 
 
 2 87.1 
 
 300 00 
 
 58 93 
 
 358 93 
 
 125 
 
 - 
 
 15 36 
 
 Lincoln, 
 
 2 78 
 
 570 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 205 
 
 _ 
 
 30 37 
 
 Dracut, 
 
 2 69.2 
 
 1544 12 
 
 213 71 
 
 1757 83 
 
 653 
 
 75 00 
 
 35 38 
 
 Ashland, 
 
 2 58 
 
 800 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 310 
 
 _ 
 
 37 39 
 
 Stow, 
 
 2 54.5 
 
 700 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 275 
 
 _ 
 
 39 40 
 
 Westford, 
 
 2 49.4 
 
 1000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 401 
 
 _ 
 
 38 41 
 
 Pepperell, 
 
 2 41.5 
 
 1000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 414 
 
 - 
 
 42 42 
 
 Holliston, 
 
 2 40 
 
 1200 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 500 
 
 _ 
 
 41 
 
 43 
 
 Groton, 
 
 2 35.3 
 
 1600 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 680 
 
 _ 
 
 45 
 
 44 
 
 Hopkinton, 
 
 2 28.5 
 
 1200 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 525 
 
 _ 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 Townsend, 
 
 2 11.9 
 
 1000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 472 
 
 55 34 
 
 48 
 
 46 
 
 Natick, 
 
 2 08.3 
 
 1000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 480 
 
 _ 
 
 47 
 
 47 
 
 Marlborough, 
 
 2 02.2 
 
 1300 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 643 
 
 _ 
 
 46 48 
 
 Sudbury, 
 
 1 90.2 
 
 740 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 389 
 
 - 
 
GRADUATED TABLES. 
 
 xlvii 
 
 WORCESTER COUNTY. 
 
 
 
 
 •OM-^ ii 
 
 i*' i 
 
 3 'S 
 
 
 aco 
 
 A'° 
 
 
 
 
 9 u hn 
 
 ^ o. 
 
 
 
 QJ T— ( 
 
 .5 
 
 ^ 
 
 03 
 
 
 *-■ m « t. 
 
 ^ 01 O 
 
 ■3£| 
 
 
 
 i1- 
 
 2 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 
 so 
 
 III 
 
 Hi 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 
 U 
 
 ill 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 N. BRAINTREE, 
 
 #4 67.8 
 
 #800 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 171 
 
 _ 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Worcester, 
 
 4 13.8 
 
 13,300 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 3214 
 
 $•50 00 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 Lancaster, 
 
 3 99 
 
 3200 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 802 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 Bolton, 
 
 3 76.4 
 
 1091 65 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 290 
 
 . 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 Paxton, 
 
 3 61.4 
 
 600 00 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 166 
 
 _ 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 Harvard, 
 
 3 52.8 
 
 1400 00 
 
 $36 00 
 
 #14.36 00 
 
 407 
 
 - 
 
 
 7 
 
 WestBrookfield,* 
 
 3 21.4 
 
 900 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 280 
 
 40 00 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 Hardwick, 
 
 3 15.8 
 
 1200 00 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 380 
 
 - 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 Petersham, 
 
 3 00 
 
 1200 00 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 400 
 
 54 25 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 Sterling, 
 
 2 91.4 
 
 1300 00 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 446 
 
 _ 
 
 39 
 
 11 
 
 Royalston, 
 
 2 89.8 
 
 1200 00 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 414 
 
 15 00 
 
 31 
 
 12 
 
 Westborough, 
 
 2 88.5 
 
 1200 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 416 
 
 . 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 Southborough, 
 
 2 81.7 
 
 800 00 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 284 
 
 _ 
 
 28 
 
 14 
 
 Winchendon, 
 
 2 77.3 
 
 1500 00 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 541 
 
 _ 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 Lunenburg, 
 
 2 75.2 
 
 900 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 327 
 
 _ 
 
 20 
 
 16 
 
 Phillipston, 
 
 2 75.2 
 
 600 00 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 218 
 
 _ 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 North Brookfield, 
 
 2 72.1 
 
 1200 00 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 441 
 
 . 
 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 Barre, 
 
 2 71.1 
 
 1800 00 
 
 _ 
 
 
 664 
 
 50 00 
 
 .32 
 
 19 
 
 Leicester, 
 
 2 70.4 
 
 1460 00 
 
 _ 
 
 
 540 
 
 _ 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 Charlton, 
 
 2 58 
 
 1200 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 465 
 
 160 70 
 
 19 
 
 21 
 
 Warren, 
 
 2 53.8 
 
 1000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 394 
 
 52 00 
 
 12 
 
 22 
 
 Douglas, 
 
 2 53.7 
 
 1200 00 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 473 
 
 _ 
 
 45 
 
 23 
 
 Princeton, 
 
 2 45.7 
 
 1000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 407 
 
 _ 
 
 36 
 
 24 
 
 OakJiam, 
 
 2 45.6 
 
 700 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 285 
 
 20 00 
 
 30 
 
 25 
 
 Auburn, 
 
 2 45.1 
 
 500 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 204 
 
 _ 
 
 54 
 
 26 
 
 Ashburnham, 
 
 2 44.4 
 
 1200 00 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 491 
 
 _ 
 
 22 
 
 27 
 
 Oxford, 
 
 2 40.1 
 
 1400 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 583 
 
 12 00 
 
 16 
 
 28 
 
 Mendon, 
 
 2 40.1 
 
 600 00 
 
 127 49 
 
 727 49 
 
 303 
 
 
 24 
 
 29 
 
 Northborough, 
 
 2 38 
 
 800 00 
 
 _ 
 
 
 336 
 
 - 
 
 18 
 
 30 
 
 Brookfield, 
 
 2 35 
 
 ■900 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 383 
 
 33 00 
 
 23 
 
 31 
 
 Rutland, 
 
 2 33.2 
 
 800 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 343 
 
 12 06 
 
 25 
 
 32 
 
 Webster, 
 
 2 33 
 
 1200 00 
 
 
 . 
 
 515 
 
 
 51 
 
 33 
 
 Hubbardston, 
 
 2 32.1 
 
 1200 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 517 
 
 _ 
 
 7 
 
 34 
 
 Dudley, 
 
 2 31.2 
 
 800 00 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 346 
 
 80 00 
 
 47 
 
 35 
 
 West Boylston, 
 
 2 30.8 
 
 900 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 390 
 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 Fitchburg, 
 
 2 27.7 
 
 2400 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 1054 
 
 _ 
 
 21 
 
 37 
 
 Shrewsbury, 
 
 2 25 
 
 900 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 400 
 
 . 
 
 34 
 
 38 
 
 Uxbridge, 
 
 2 23 
 
 1200 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 538 
 
 _ 
 
 42 
 
 39 
 
 Westminster, 
 
 2 19.8 
 
 1200 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 546 
 
 22 00 
 
 27 
 
 40 
 
 Atliol, 
 
 2 19 
 
 1200 00 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 548 
 
 15 00 
 
 33| 41 
 
 Milford, 
 
 2 10.8 
 
 1400 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 664 
 
 
 37 42 
 
 Upton, 
 
 2 10.3 
 
 900 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 428 
 
 _ 
 
 41 43 
 
 Northl) ridge, 
 
 2 08.7 
 
 1000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 479 
 
 _ 
 
 44 44 
 
 Berlin, 
 
 2 04.1 
 
 500 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 245 
 
 _ 
 
 481 45 
 
 Gardner, 
 
 2 04.1 
 
 800 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 392 
 
 _ 
 
 46 
 
 40 
 
 Blackstone, 
 
 2 04 
 
 1787 00 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 876 
 
 . 
 
 29 
 
 47 
 
 Leominster, 
 
 2 01.7 
 
 1200 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 595 
 
 _ 
 
 40 
 
 48 
 
 Spencer, 
 
 2 01.2 
 
 ]000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 497 
 
 - 
 
 43 
 
 49 
 
 Grafton, 
 
 2 00.9 
 
 1793 81 
 
 60 00 
 
 1853 81 
 
 927 
 
 _ 
 
 .53 
 
 50 
 
 Holden, 
 
 1 98.8 
 
 1000 00 
 
 
 
 503 
 
 _ 
 
 49 
 
 51 
 
 Templeton, 
 
 1 92.3 
 
 1000 00 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 520 
 
 _ 
 
 .->o 
 
 52 
 
 Millbury, 
 
 1 90.3 
 
 1250 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 657 
 
 - 
 
 A newly-incorporated town. 
 
xlTiii 
 
 GRADUATED TABLES. 
 
 a: 
 
 j 
 
 
 -? - |;Z 
 
 f"=x 
 
 
 
 - - s. 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £~ 
 
 
 TOTXS. 
 
 r- z — =^ 
 
 ^ •= £ 
 
 = = X 
 
 TOT^T,. 
 
 _ c; 
 
 
 3- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Jill 
 
 ■< S s. 
 
 - — -s 
 
 
 • 5 5 
 11 1. 
 
 411 
 
 38 
 
 53 
 
 Borkton. 
 
 si 87.3 
 
 S500 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 267 
 
 SlO 50 
 
 5-2 
 
 54 
 
 Dana, 
 
 ; 1 86 
 
 400 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 215 
 
 50 00 
 
 17 
 
 oo 
 
 Sutton, 
 
 I 1 S-2.8 
 
 1000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 547 
 
 . 
 
 56' 
 
 56 
 
 Soutiibridg-e, 
 
 j 178.3 
 
 1200 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 673 
 
 - 
 
 DO 
 
 O/ 
 
 Storbrida'e, 
 
 ' 1 7-2.4 
 
 1000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 580 
 
 68 00 
 
 HAMPSHTRE COUNTY. 
 
 2 
 1 
 6 
 5 
 3 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 11 
 17 
 4 
 
 1 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 10 12 
 
 21 13 
 
 12 14 
 
 19 15 
 16 16 
 15 17 
 
 13 18 
 18 19 
 
 22 20 
 
 14 21 
 
 20 22 
 
 23 2:3 
 
 HATFIELJ), 
 
 Xorthamptxjn, 
 
 Westhampton, 
 
 Granby, 
 
 South Hadley, 
 
 Hadlev. 
 
 Middleneld, 
 
 Enfield, 
 
 Plainfield, 
 
 Southampton, 
 
 Greenwich, 
 
 Goshen, 
 
 Cnmminoton, 
 
 Amherst. 
 
 Worthington, 
 
 Easthampton, 
 
 BelchertoTm, 
 
 Ware, 
 
 Williamsburg, 
 
 Giesterfield, 
 
 Prescott, 
 
 Norwich, 
 
 Pelham, 
 
 4 03.6 
 
 3 89.8 
 
 2 69.5 
 
 2 67.3 
 
 2 66.7 
 
 2 58.5 
 
 2 48.7 
 
 2 47.3 
 
 2 .39.6 
 
 2 .35.5 
 
 33.6 
 
 25.5 
 
 20.3 
 
 14.3 
 
 08 i 
 
 06.4 
 
 00.9 
 
 97.8 
 
 84.7 
 
 82.5 
 
 69.1 
 
 40.8 
 
 39.8 
 
 750 
 
 4600 
 
 450 
 
 850 
 
 1000 
 
 1300 
 
 490 
 
 700 
 
 520 
 
 500 
 
 500 
 
 300 
 
 824 
 
 1.500 
 
 500 
 
 450 
 
 1400 
 
 16CtO 
 
 700 
 
 500 
 
 350 
 
 .300 
 
 400 
 
 00 
 
 113 75 
 
 863 75 
 
 214 ! 
 
 00 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 1180 1 
 
 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 167 
 
 00 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 318 
 
 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 375 : 
 
 00 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 503 ! 
 
 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 197 ! 
 
 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 283 ' 
 
 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 217 
 
 00 
 
 159 31 
 
 659 31 
 
 280 
 
 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 214 
 
 00 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 1.33 
 
 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 374 
 
 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 700 
 
 00 
 
 146 98 
 
 646 98 
 
 .311 
 
 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 218 
 
 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 697 
 
 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 809 
 
 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 379 
 
 00 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 274 
 
 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 207 
 
 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 213 
 
 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 286 
 
 150 00 
 300 00 
 
 75 00 
 131 50 
 
 .30 00 
 448 00 
 
 241 50 
 
 45 00 
 100 00 
 443 00 
 
 18 00 
 549 75 
 .397 00 
 279 00 
 
 •39 00 
 311 00 
 .308 50 
 140 00 
 250 00 
 122 00 
 
 HAMPDEX COUNTY. 
 
 l] 1^ RPRTNGFTET.T), 
 
 4 48.7 
 
 9630 00 
 
 . 
 
 2146 
 
 . 
 
 1 2 Chieopee,* 
 
 4 35.8 
 
 7400 00 
 
 - 
 
 1698 
 
 _ 
 
 2 3 Montg-omeiT, 
 
 3 75 
 
 300 00 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 181 00 
 
 •3 4 Longmeadow, 
 
 3 73.1 
 
 1250 00 
 
 _ 
 
 
 335 
 
 142 00 
 
 6 5 Ludlow, 
 
 3 01. 6| 
 
 950 00 
 
 -_ 
 
 
 .315 
 
 250 00 
 
 ft 6 -Rrirnfipld. 
 
 2 ^.7 
 
 1200 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 426 
 
 156 00 
 
 8 7 Wales, 
 
 2 53.1 
 
 400 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 158 
 
 46 25 
 
 13: 8 Tofland. 
 
 2 47.7. 
 
 •322 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 130 
 
 78 00 
 
 10' 9 Monson. 
 
 2 .30.3 
 
 1200 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 521 
 
 487 75 
 
 4 10 Russell, 
 
 2 23.2 
 
 250 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 112 
 
 175 00 
 
 12 11 Westfield, 
 
 2 14.6 
 
 2000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 932 
 
 154 00 
 
 n 12 W^flbTahaTT.^ 
 
 2 13.9 
 
 900 00 
 
 246 70 
 
 1146 70 
 
 5.36 
 
 606 50 
 
 7 13 Holland, 
 
 2 00 1 
 
 200 00 
 
 _ 
 
 
 100 
 
 94 00 
 
 5 14 Chester, 
 
 1 81.8' 
 
 800 00 
 
 _ 
 
 
 440 
 
 703 00 
 
 16 15 GranTiQe, 
 
 1 71.9 
 
 600 00 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 .349 
 
 365 00 
 
 15 16 Blandford, 
 
 1 51.9 
 
 600 00 
 
 _ 
 
 • 
 
 .395 
 
 685 00 
 
 14 17 West Springfield, 
 
 1 48 
 
 1700 00 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 1149 
 
 1200 50 
 
 17 18 Palmer, 
 
 1 43.2, 
 
 1200 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 838 
 
 183 00 
 
 16 Southwick,T 
 
 1 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 T.356 
 
 ^551 50 
 
 * Kewly-incorporated UnnL 
 
 f No Returns. From last vears Abstract. 
 
GRADUATED TABLES. 
 FR.^MiLTN COUNTY. 
 
 xlix 
 
 aol S 
 
 TOTAL w 
 
 1 
 
 1 HEATH, 
 
 S3 21.4 
 
 S810 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 •i52 
 
 s:310 00 
 
 2 Q Sunderland. 
 
 3 12.5 
 
 650 00 I - f - f 206 40 00 
 
 11 3 Deerfield, 
 
 3 00 
 
 1563 00 
 
 521 -241 00 
 
 21 4 Ervmg, 
 
 2 83.2 
 
 250 00 g53 00 $303 00 
 
 107 
 
 - 
 
 26 5 Monroe, 
 
 2 68.6 
 
 209 53 - 
 
 78 
 
 92 50 
 
 7 6 Rowe, 
 
 2 64.5 
 
 500 00 - 
 
 189 
 
 83 00 
 
 3 7 Greenfield, 
 
 2 56.4 
 
 1500 00 
 
 585 
 
 250 00 
 
 8 8 NortMeld, 
 
 2 52.6 
 
 1000 00 ^ 66 00 1066 00 
 
 422 
 
 150 00 
 
 4 9 Warwdck, 
 
 2 51.8 
 
 700 00 
 
 - i 
 
 278 
 
 25 00 
 
 9 
 
 10 \Miatelv, 
 
 2 39 
 
 650 00 
 
 - • - 
 
 272 
 
 86 00 
 
 la 
 
 11 Shelburne, 
 
 2 :3:3.2 
 
 800 00 - ' 
 
 a43 
 
 321 50 
 
 6 
 
 12 Montague, 
 
 2 2.5 
 
 852 75 
 
 379 
 
 190 00 
 
 5J 13 New Salem, 
 
 2 12.9 
 
 800 00 - . 
 
 371 
 
 110 31 
 
 24 14 Buckland, 
 
 2 09.8 
 
 600 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 286 
 
 :35 00 
 
 25 15 Leverett, 
 
 2 00 
 
 496 00 
 
 - 
 
 ■ 
 
 24.8 
 
 197 50 
 
 12 16 Cliarlemont, 
 
 198 
 
 eoo 00 
 
 
 - 
 
 30:3 
 
 •225 00 
 
 15 17 ConwBV, 
 
 1 95.8 
 
 830 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 424 
 
 .573 00 
 
 16-' 18 Shutesborv, 
 
 1 87.3 
 
 500 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 267 
 
 40 50 
 
 1^ 19 Gill, 
 
 1 82.2 
 
 400 00 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 219 
 
 •>» 00 
 
 2:3 20 Wendell, 
 
 1 81 
 
 400 00 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 221 
 
 55 00 
 
 14 21 Coleraine, 
 
 1 79.5 
 
 1000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 5.D/ 
 
 714 00 
 
 19 22 Bemardston, 
 
 1 78.6 
 
 500 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 280 
 
 351 00 
 
 17 23 Oranfre. 
 
 1 75.4 
 
 800 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 456 
 
 - 
 
 20] 
 
 24 Hawley, 
 
 1 67.2 
 
 500 00 
 
 _ 
 
 
 299 
 
 160 00 
 
 22 
 
 25 Lerden, 
 
 1 50 
 
 .300 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 200 
 
 247 00 
 
 18 
 
 26. Ashfield, 
 
 1 25 
 
 700 00 ' - 
 
 - 
 
 560 
 
 450 00 
 
 BERKSHIRE COOTTY. 
 
 1 ' 
 
 2 46.7 
 
 1^75 00 
 
 
 
 760 
 
 
 2i 1 SHKKKIKI.I). 
 
 500 00 
 
 3J 2 Pittsfieli 
 
 2 39.9 
 
 2800 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 1167 
 
 •>26 00 
 
 25' 3 Ml Washington. 
 
 2 32.6 
 
 267 47 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 115 
 
 1-23 00 
 
 9] 4 Adam>, 
 7^ 5 Pern, 
 24 6 Sandisfield, 
 
 2 25 
 
 3513 75 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 Id/ 5 
 
 510 75 
 
 2 -22.2 
 
 300 00 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 1:35 
 
 :}25 00 
 
 2 16.2 
 
 800 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 :370 
 
 630 00 
 
 21 7 Cheshire, 
 
 2 14.3 
 
 600 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 280 
 
 400 00 
 
 4j 8 Becket 
 
 2 13.5 
 
 600 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 281 
 
 580 00 
 
 13 9 Egremont 
 
 2 13.4 
 
 525 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 246 
 
 :301 50 
 
 & 10 Lenox, 
 
 2 05.9 
 
 700 00 
 
 _ 
 
 
 :340 
 
 617 00 
 
 10 11 Monterer, 
 
 2 05.4 
 
 :325 00 
 
 67 41 
 
 .392 41 
 
 191 
 
 407 25 
 
 22 12 New Marlboro". 
 
 2 02 
 
 700 00 
 
 504 78 
 
 904 7^ 
 
 448 
 
 644 00 
 
 31 13 WillianEtown. 
 
 1 97.4 
 
 1500 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 760 
 
 - 
 
 17 14 Stockbridge, 
 
 1 96.1 
 
 1000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 510 
 
 •301 00 
 
 5] 15 -\lford. 
 
 1 92.3 
 
 250 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 1:30 
 
 203 20 
 
 151 16 Otis, 
 
 1 90.3 
 
 550 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 289 
 
 517 00 
 
 18 17 Lanesborougfa, 
 
 1 88.6 
 
 600 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 318 
 
 510 00 
 
 26 18 Florida, 
 
 1 87.5 
 
 300 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 160 
 
 146 00 
 
 11; 19 Dalton, 
 
 1 81.8 
 
 500 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 275 
 
 :J28 00 
 
 12 20 Windsor, 
 
 1 77.8 
 
 400 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 225 
 
 90 00 
 
 23 21 Washington. 
 
 1 76.5 
 
 450 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 ■255 
 
 407 00 
 
GRADUATED TABLES. 
 
 
 
 ated 
 each 
 n 4 
 age. 
 
 
 2'^ 
 
 
 C52 
 1^ 
 
 ■ -a 
 pO a 
 'S °^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 2 -5 «o 
 
 
 3 S.S 
 "S « » 
 
 
 m 
 
 o ej 
 "5 
 
 § 
 
 00 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 P-^I- 
 
 
 * s ^ 
 
 a aS 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 ■SS" 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 I-H 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 o 5g2 
 
 S g c 
 
 wMs 
 
 
 
 al-3 
 
 14 
 
 Lee, 
 
 #1 67.4 
 
 #1180 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 705 
 
 .#400 00 
 
 19 
 
 28 
 
 Richmond, 
 
 1 66.6 
 
 300 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 180 
 
 357 01 
 
 20 
 
 24 
 
 Tyringham, 
 
 1 64.8 
 
 300 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 182 
 
 139 00 
 
 16 
 
 25 
 
 Hinsdale, 
 
 1 56.2 
 
 500 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 320 
 
 415 00 
 
 28 
 
 26 
 
 Clarksburg, 
 
 1 55 
 
 200 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 129 
 
 170 00 
 
 1 
 
 27 
 
 New Ashford, 
 
 1 47 
 
 75 00 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 51 
 
 61 00 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 Gt. Barrington, 
 
 1 38.5 
 
 1100 00 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 794 
 
 350 00 
 
 8 
 
 29 
 
 West Stockbridge, 
 
 1 29.8 
 
 500 00 
 
 153 00 653 00 
 
 426 
 
 373 44 
 
 29 
 
 80 
 
 Hancock, 
 
 1 27.1 
 
 300 00 
 
 - 
 
 236 
 
 371 28 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 Savoy, 
 
 1 25 
 
 348 75 
 
 - 
 
 279 
 
 150 00 
 
 NORFOLK COUNTY. 
 
 1 1 
 
 BROOKLINE, 
 
 7 39 
 
 3200 00 
 
 
 
 433 
 
 
 2 2 
 
 Dedham, 
 
 5 71.4 
 
 5000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 875 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 Roxbury, 
 
 5 43.8 
 
 19,877 27 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 3655 
 
 - 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 Dorchester, 
 
 5 42.6 
 
 9002 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1659 
 
 - 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 Dover, 
 
 4 69.2 
 
 500 00 
 
 63 00 
 
 563 00 
 
 120 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 Milton, 
 
 4 35.7 
 
 2000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 459 
 
 - 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 Walpole, 
 
 3 52.1 
 
 1500 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 426 
 
 - 
 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 Sharon, 
 
 3 07.7 
 
 600 00 
 
 150 86 
 
 750 86 
 
 244 
 
 - 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 Cohasset, 
 
 3 04.6 
 
 1200 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 394 
 
 - 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 Bellingham, 
 
 3 04.4 
 
 800 00 
 
 140 63 
 
 940 63 
 
 309 
 
 18 00 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 Wrenthara, 
 
 3 01.1 
 
 2100 00 
 
 341 86 
 
 2441 86 
 
 811 
 
 - 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 Quincy, 
 
 2 99.6 
 
 3400 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1135 
 
 - 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 Canton, 
 
 2 94.1 
 
 1600 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 544 
 
 150 00 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 Medway, 
 
 2 85.7 
 
 1500 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 525 
 
 - 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 Foxborough, 
 
 2 85 
 
 1200 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 421 
 
 - 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 Braintree, 
 
 2 82.1 
 
 2000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 709 
 
 - 
 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 Weymouth, 
 
 2 58.4 
 
 3000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1161 
 
 - 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 Needham, 
 
 2 56.9 
 
 1110 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 432 
 
 - 
 
 17 
 
 19 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 2 50 
 
 1200 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 480 
 
 - 
 
 21 
 
 20 
 
 Medfield, 
 
 2 48.8 
 
 500 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 201 
 
 - 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 Stoughton, 
 
 2 26.3 
 
 1700 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 751 
 
 - 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 Randolph, 
 
 2 03.3 
 
 2000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 984 
 
 - 
 
 BRISTOL COUNTY. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 N. BEDFORD, 
 
 4 42 
 
 16,600 00 
 
 
 
 3755 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Fairhaven, 
 
 4 14.9 
 
 5000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1205 
 
 125 00 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 Dighton, 
 
 3 03.9 
 
 1000 00 
 
 170 24 
 
 1170 24 
 
 385 
 
 112 00 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 Fall River, 
 
 3 03.5 
 
 8600 00 
 
 
 - 
 
 2834 
 
 - 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 Seekonk, 
 
 2 66.3 
 
 1100 00 
 
 242 00 
 
 1342 00 
 
 504 
 
 500 00 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 Somerset, 
 
 2 45.9 
 
 600 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 244 
 
 64 00 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 Norton, 
 
 2 44.4 
 
 1200 00 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 491 
 
 - 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 Dartmouth, 
 
 2 39 
 
 2500 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1046 
 
 1600 00 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 Taunton, 
 
 2 38.9 
 
 6000 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 2512 
 
 50 00 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 Pawtucket, 
 
 2 34.4 
 
 2400 00 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 1024 
 
 - 
 
 19 
 
 11 
 
 Easton, 
 
 2 31.8 
 
 1500 00 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 647 
 
 - 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 Freetown, 
 
 2 30.4 
 
 1000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 434 
 
 - 
 
GRADUATED TABLES. 
 
 li 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 •dja-* oj 
 
 ^L. 
 
 §-c 
 
 
 c^ 
 
 •2« 
 
 
 
 
 0) S a cs 
 
 T-gi 
 
 e-oi 
 
 
 •s-s 
 
 •S OS 
 
 ^ 
 
 o> 
 
 
 ropr 
 for 
 twee 
 s. of 
 
 S (u 2 
 ■55.S 
 
 »ii 
 
 
 - 2 • 
 •as, 
 
 II 
 o o 
 
 o 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 rH 
 
 1 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 Sum app 
 by towns 
 child be 
 andl6yr 
 
 i 1- s 
 
 3 « ° 
 
 O S .J 
 
 a is 
 
 Q * " 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 No. of 
 between 
 years of 
 
 Bit 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 Berkley, 
 
 .f2 24.2 
 
 $500 00 
 
 _ 
 
 223 
 
 _ 
 
 12 14 
 
 Attleborough, 
 
 2 23.7 
 
 2109 89 
 
 - 
 
 943 
 
 #77 50 
 
 16 15 
 
 Mansfield, 
 
 2 16.2 
 
 856 00 
 
 . 
 
 396 
 
 - 
 
 171 16 
 
 Rehoboth, 
 
 2 10.4 
 
 900 00 
 
 139 35 
 
 1039 35 494 
 
 322 00 
 
 18 17 
 
 Raynham, 
 
 2 01.5 
 
 800 00 
 
 . 
 
 397 
 
 - 
 
 5 18 
 
 Westport, 
 
 2 00 
 
 1500 00 
 
 - 
 
 750 
 
 - 
 
 131 19 
 
 Swanzey, 
 
 1 87.5 
 
 600 00 
 
 - 
 
 320 
 
 259 50 
 
 PLYMOUTH COUNTY. 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 -« 
 
 KINGSTON, 
 
 4 77.6 
 
 1600 00 
 
 
 _ 
 
 335 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 Plymouth, 
 
 4 59.9 
 
 7000 00 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 1522 
 
 548 00 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 Hingham, 
 
 3 58.4 
 
 3097 05 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 864 
 
 - 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 Bridgewater, 
 
 3 44.2 
 
 2000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 581 
 
 - 
 
 5 
 
 5 Hull, 
 
 3 33.3 
 
 200 00 
 
 - 
 
 
 60 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 6 Duxbury, 
 
 3 28.6 
 
 2100 00 
 
 200 00 
 
 2300 00 
 
 700 
 
 - 
 
 6 
 
 7 Middleborough, 
 
 3 28.4 
 
 4000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1218 
 
 793 00 
 
 7 
 
 8 Scituate, 
 
 3 04.3 
 
 3000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 986 
 
 - 
 
 8 
 
 9 Pembroke, 
 
 3 03 
 
 1000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 330 
 
 - 
 
 13 
 
 10 W. Bridgewater, 
 
 2 88.2 
 
 1000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 347 
 
 - 
 
 10 
 
 Hi Halifax, 
 
 2 77.8 
 
 500 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 180 
 
 45 00 
 
 12 
 
 12 Plympton, 
 
 2 77.8 
 
 600 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 216 
 
 250 41 
 
 11 
 
 13 Marshfield, 
 
 2 75.4 
 
 1300 00 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 472 
 
 - 
 
 18 
 
 14 E. Bridgewater, 
 
 2 73.7 
 
 1500 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 548 
 
 - 
 
 16 
 
 15 Hanover, 
 
 2 72.7 
 
 1200 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 440 
 
 - 
 
 14 
 
 16 Hanson, 
 
 2 69.4 
 
 800 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 297 
 
 - 
 
 17 
 
 17 Abington, 
 
 2 58.8 
 
 3000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1159 
 
 - 
 
 15 
 
 18 N. Bridgewater, 
 
 2 55.5 
 
 2000 00 
 
 276 20 
 
 2276 20 
 
 891 
 
 - 
 
 19 
 
 19 Wareham, 
 
 2 40.3 
 
 1800 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 749 
 
 200 00 
 
 21 
 
 20 Carver, 
 
 1 88.1 
 
 600 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 319 
 
 290 50 
 
 20 
 
 21 Rochester, 
 
 1 74.3 
 
 2000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1144 
 
 142 00 
 
 BARNSTABLE COUNTY. 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 BARNSTABLE, 
 
 3 60.1 
 
 4400 00 
 
 
 
 1222 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Provincetown, 
 
 3 22.5 
 
 2000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 617 
 
 - 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 Yarmoutli, 
 
 2 23.2 
 
 1500 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 672 
 
 150 00 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 Falmouth, 
 
 2 14.1 
 
 1200 00 
 
 320 00 
 
 1520 00 
 
 710 
 
 392 22 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 Sandwich, 
 
 2 12.9 
 
 2308 33 
 
 376 03 
 
 2684 36 
 
 1261 
 
 100 00 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 Brewster, 
 
 2 05.1 
 
 800 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 390 
 
 118 00 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 Orleans, 
 
 2 04.1 
 
 1100 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 539 
 
 - 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 Eastham, 
 
 2 03.8 
 
 450 00 
 
 80 00 
 
 530 00 
 
 260 
 
 35 00 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 Chatham, 
 
 1 94.8 
 
 1200 00 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 616 
 
 600 00 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 Wellfleet, 
 
 1 42.9 
 
 1000 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 700 
 
 480 00 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 Truro, 
 
 1 36.1 
 
 875 00 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 650 
 
 - 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 Dennis, 
 
 1 .31.6 
 
 1200 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 912 
 
 - 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 Harwich, 
 
 1 25.8 
 
 1300 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1033 
 
 750 00 
 
lii 
 
 GRADUATED TABLES. 
 
 DUKES COUNTY. 
 
 
 
 
 'Oja^m 
 
 >> X 
 
 
 
 a«D 
 
 i"" 
 
 06 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 •opriate 
 for eac 
 tween 
 s. of ag 
 
 
 III 
 
 
 
 :2 S 
 8§ 
 
 i 
 
 U 
 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 Sum appi 
 by towns 
 child be 
 and 16 yr 
 
 S m 
 
 s ^ 
 
 ass 
 
 2 S 
 
 ags 
 
 5^1 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 <4-, el's 
 
 §.2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 EDGARTOWN, 
 
 $2 69.1 
 
 #1200 00 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 446 
 
 _ 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Chilmark, 
 
 2 64.9 
 
 400 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 151 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 Tisbury, 
 
 1 81.5 
 
 900 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 496 
 
 - 
 
 NANTUCKET COUNTY. 
 
 NANTUCKET, 
 
 5 16.6 
 
 9267 06 
 
 1794" 
 
GRADUATED TABLE. 
 
 liii 
 
 A GRADUATED TABLE, 
 
 Shoiving the Comparative Amount of money appropriated by the different Counties 
 in the State, for the education of each child, between the ages of 4 and ] 6 years, 
 in each County. 
 
 00 
 
 t- 
 
 s 
 
 r-m 
 
 1 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Sum appropriated 
 by counties for ea. 
 child between 4 
 and 16 yrs.of age. 
 
 III 
 
 3^ O 
 III 
 
 Income of Surplus 
 Revenue appropri- 
 ated to schools. 
 
 . TOTAL. 
 
 p«0 
 2 ca a) 
 
 Amount contrib- 
 uted for board and 
 fuel. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 SUFFOLK, 
 
 $10 32 
 
 .$240,050 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 23,257 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Nantucket, 
 
 5 17 
 
 9,267 06 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1,794 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 Middlesex, 
 
 4 34 
 
 143,183 27 
 
 #322 64 
 
 $143,505 91 
 
 33,063 
 
 $204 01 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 Norfolk, 
 
 3 93 
 
 64,989 27 
 
 696 35 
 
 65,685 62 
 
 16,728 
 
 168 00 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 Plymouth, 
 
 3 05 
 
 40,297 05 
 
 476 20 
 
 40,773 25 
 
 13,358 
 
 2268 91 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 Essex, 
 
 3 03 
 
 87,821 75 
 
 1226 13 
 
 89,047 88 
 
 29,393 
 
 52 00 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 Bristol, 
 
 2 97 
 
 54,765 89 
 
 551 59 
 
 55,317 48 
 
 18,604 
 
 3110 00 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 Hampden, 
 
 2 83 
 
 30,902 00 
 
 246 70 
 
 31,148 70 
 
 11,016 
 
 6108 00 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Worcester, 
 
 2 61 
 
 75,682 46 
 
 223 49 
 
 75,915 95 
 
 29,032 
 
 744 51 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Hampshire, 
 
 2 45 
 
 20,484 00 
 
 420 04 
 
 20,904 04 
 
 8,549 
 
 4378 25 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 Dukes, 
 
 2 29 
 
 2,500 00 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1,093 
 
 - 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 2 17 
 
 17,911 28 
 
 119 00 
 
 18,030 28 
 
 8,325 
 
 5169 31 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 Barnstable, 
 
 2 10 
 
 19,333 33 
 
 776 03 
 
 20,109 36 
 
 9,582 
 
 2625 22 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 Berkshire, 
 
 1 96 
 
 23,389 97 
 
 425 19 
 
 23,815 16 
 
 12,132 
 
 10,453 43 
 
 AGGREGATE OF THE STATE. 
 
 14 
 
 Counties, 
 
 3 87 
 
 830,577 3315483 36 
 
 836,070 69 
 
 215,926 
 
 35,281 64 
 
The principle on which the following Table is constructed is as follows : — 
 
 The first column indicates, in a numerical order, the precedence of the towns, — 
 the more meritorious, in regard to attendance, standing before tlie less. 
 
 The second consists of the names of the towns. 
 
 The third shows the No. of children in each town between the ages of 4 and 
 16 years. 
 
 The fourth shows the mean average attendance upon the schools for both tlie 
 summer and winter terms. This is found by adding together the average attend- 
 ance for both summer and winter, and dividing the sum by 2. 
 
 The fifth exhibits, in decimals, the ratio which the mean average attendance 
 bears to the whole number of children in the town between 4 and 16. The deci- 
 mals are continued to four figures, the first two of which are separated from the 
 last two by a point, as only the two former are essential to denote the real per « 
 cent. Yet the ratios of many towns are so nearly equal, or the difference is so 
 small a fraction, that the first two decimals, with the appropriate mathematical sign 
 appended, indicate no distinction. The continuation of the decimals, therefore, is 
 simply to indicate a priority in cases, where, without such continuation, the ratios 
 would appear to be precisely similar. 
 
 The mean average attendance upon school being compared with the whole 
 number of children between 4 and 16 years of age, it is possible that the result 
 may be more than 100 per cent., because the attendance of children, under 4 or 
 over 16 years of age, may more than compensate for the absence of children 
 between those ages ; also, because children may attend successive schools and be 
 registered in each, and consequently the same children may be included several 
 times in the total average attendance as returned. In the latter case, as the 
 returns give merely the sum of the averages of all the several schools, and may 
 not furnish the means of obtaining a true mean average for the year, the result ob- 
 tained by applying the general rule mentioned above wUl be inaccurate and too 
 large. And this explains the reason why the first place in the Tables has been 
 assigned to Burlington for two years past, while this town has had no real prece- 
 dence over many other towns. 
 
A GRADUATED TABLE, 
 
 /« which all tJie lowiis in the Slate are numerically cuTanged, according to the 
 AVERAGE ATTENDANCE of their children upon the Public Schools, for the year 
 
 1848-9. 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 £ . 
 
 lance to 
 of chil- 
 and 16, 
 icimals. 
 
 
 
 g& 
 
 1° 
 
 ■a 
 a 
 
 d o 
 
 ance to 
 of chil- 
 and 16, 
 cimals. 
 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 
 
 a o a 
 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 si a 
 
 ."CD S 
 
 ?' o 
 
 •3 .-* « 
 
 no •a 
 £S^ £.2 
 
 
 
 °1s 
 
 
 ■5 .§11 
 
 
 
 
 ° s 
 
 
 
 
 g-s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^-SS 
 
 1 
 
 BOXBOROUGH 
 
 67 
 
 82 
 
 1.22-38 
 
 42 
 
 Otis, 
 
 289 
 
 220 
 
 .76-12 
 
 2 
 
 Carlisle, 
 
 124 
 
 126 
 
 1.01-61 
 
 43 
 
 Boxford, 
 
 234 
 
 178 
 
 .76-07 
 
 3 
 
 Royalston, 
 
 414 
 
 394 
 
 .95-17 
 
 44 
 
 Bedford, 
 
 245 
 
 186 
 
 .75-92 
 
 4 
 
 Acton, 
 
 325 
 
 303 
 
 .93-23 
 
 45 
 
 Townsend, 
 
 472 
 
 358 
 
 .75-85 
 
 5 
 
 Hardwick, 
 
 380 
 
 332 
 
 .87-37 
 
 46 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 78 
 
 59 
 
 .75-64 
 
 6 
 
 Hatfield, 
 
 214 
 
 185 
 
 .86-45 
 
 47 
 
 Petersham, 
 
 400 
 
 302 
 
 .75-50 
 
 7 
 
 Littleton, 
 
 224 
 
 188 
 
 .83-93 
 
 48 
 
 Holden, 
 
 503 
 
 379 
 
 .75-35 
 
 8 
 
 New Braintree, 
 
 171 
 
 143 
 
 .83-63 
 
 49 
 
 Sherburne, 
 
 247 
 
 186 
 
 .75-30 
 
 9 
 
 Metliuen, 
 
 520 
 
 428 
 
 .82-31 
 
 50 
 
 Ashby, 
 
 295 
 
 222 
 
 .75-25 
 
 10 
 
 Dedhani, 
 
 875 
 
 720 
 
 .82-29 
 
 51 
 
 Hawley, 
 
 299 
 
 225 
 
 .75-25 
 
 11 
 
 Medway, 
 
 525 
 
 430 
 
 .81-90 
 
 52 
 
 Ludlow, 
 
 315 
 
 237 
 
 .75-24 
 
 12 
 
 Warwick, 
 
 278 
 
 226 
 
 .81-29 
 
 53 
 
 Marlborough, 
 
 643 
 
 483 
 
 .75-12 
 
 13 
 
 Holliston, 
 
 500 
 
 406 
 
 .81-20 
 
 54 
 
 Chelmsford, 
 
 505 
 
 378 
 
 .74-85 
 
 14 
 
 Phillipston, 
 
 218 
 
 177 
 
 .81-19 
 
 55 
 
 Middlefield, 
 
 197 
 
 147 
 
 .74-62 
 
 15 
 
 Ashburnliam, 
 
 491 
 
 397 
 
 .80-86 
 
 56 
 
 Essex, 
 
 373 
 
 278 
 
 .74-53 
 
 16 
 
 North Chelsea, 
 
 176 
 
 142 
 
 .80-68 
 
 57 
 
 Shutesbury, 
 
 267 
 
 199 
 
 .74-53 
 
 17 
 
 Dracut, 
 
 653 
 
 524 
 
 .80-25 
 
 58 
 
 Leyden, 
 
 200 
 
 149 
 
 .74-50 
 
 18 
 
 Concord, 
 
 465 
 
 372 
 
 .80-00 
 
 59 
 
 Gill, 
 
 219 
 
 163 
 
 .74-43 
 
 19 
 
 Florida, 
 
 160 
 
 128 
 
 .80-00 
 
 60 
 
 Billerica, 
 
 386 
 
 287 
 
 .74-35 
 
 20 
 
 Easthani, 
 
 260 
 
 207 
 
 .79-62 
 
 61 
 
 Sharon, 
 
 244 
 
 181 
 
 .74-18 
 
 21 
 
 Nortlifield, 
 
 422 
 
 335 
 
 .79-38 
 
 62 
 
 Natick, 
 
 480 
 
 356 
 
 .74-17 
 
 22 
 
 Plainfield, 
 
 217 
 
 172 
 
 .79-26 
 
 GS 
 
 Westminster, 
 
 546 
 
 405 
 
 .74-17 
 
 23 
 
 Sterlinsr, 
 
 446 
 
 353 
 
 .79-14 
 
 64 
 
 Paxton, 
 
 166 
 
 123 
 
 .74-09 
 
 24i Bolton, 
 
 290 
 
 229 
 
 .78-96 
 
 65 
 
 Oakham, 
 
 285 
 
 211 
 
 .74-04 
 
 25 Stow, 
 
 275 
 
 217 
 
 .78-91 
 
 6G 
 
 Barre, 
 
 664 
 
 491 
 
 .73-95 
 
 26 Briorhton, 
 
 496 
 
 390 
 
 .78-63 
 
 67 
 
 Provmcetown, 
 
 617 
 
 456 
 
 .73-91 
 
 27 
 
 Brookfield, 
 
 383 
 
 301 
 
 .78-59 
 
 68 
 
 Sliirley, 
 
 241 
 
 178 
 
 .73-86 
 
 28 
 
 Heath, 
 
 252 
 
 197 
 
 .78-17 
 
 69 
 
 Templeton, 
 
 520 
 
 384 
 
 .73-85 
 
 29 
 
 Greenwich, 
 
 214 
 
 167 
 
 .78-03 
 
 70 
 
 Nortliborough, 
 
 336 
 
 248 
 
 .73-81 
 
 30 
 
 Warren, 
 
 394 
 
 307 
 
 .77-93 
 
 71 
 
 Upton, 
 
 428 
 
 315 
 
 .73-60 
 
 31 
 
 Orange, 
 
 456 
 
 354 
 
 .77-63 
 
 72 
 
 Maiden, 
 
 785 
 
 577 
 
 .73-50 
 
 32 
 
 Milford, 
 
 664 
 
 514 
 
 .77-41 
 
 73 
 
 Rutland, 
 
 343 
 
 252 
 
 .73-47 
 
 33 
 
 Charlemont, 
 
 303 
 
 234 
 
 .77-22 
 
 74 
 
 Tyngsborough, 
 
 218 
 
 160 
 
 .73-39 
 
 34 
 
 Lunenburg, 
 
 327 
 
 252 
 
 .77-07 
 
 75 
 
 Tewksbury, 
 
 235 
 
 172 
 
 .73-19 
 
 35 
 
 Dunstable, 
 
 139 
 
 107 
 
 .76-98 
 
 76 
 
 Charlton, 
 
 465 
 
 340 
 
 .73-12 
 
 36 
 
 South Hadley, 
 
 375 
 
 288 
 
 .76-80 
 
 77 
 
 Princeton, 
 
 407 
 
 297 
 
 .72-97 
 
 37 
 
 Rowe, 
 
 189 
 
 145 
 
 .76-71 
 
 78 
 
 Becket, 
 
 281 
 
 205 
 
 .72-95 
 
 38 
 
 Sunderland, 
 
 208 
 
 159 
 
 .76-44 
 
 79 
 
 Cliihuark, 
 
 151 
 
 110 
 
 .72-85 
 
 39 
 
 Hopkinton, 
 
 525 
 
 401 
 
 .76-38 
 
 80 
 
 West Boylston, 
 
 390 
 
 284 
 
 .72-82 
 
 40 
 
 Lynnfield, 
 
 210 
 
 160 
 
 .76-19 
 
 81 
 
 Walpole, 
 
 426 
 
 310 
 
 .72-77 
 
 41 
 
 Mediield, 
 
 201 
 
 153 
 
 .76-12 
 
 82 
 
 Sudbury, 
 
 389 
 
 283 
 
 .72-75 
 
Ivi 
 
 GRADUATED TABLE. 
 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 II 
 
 ■g o 
 
 ■3 
 
 a 
 
 11 
 
 b. o 
 
 attendance to 
 le No. of chil- 
 iween 4 and 16, 
 d in decimals. 
 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 §1 
 
 '3 
 
 a 
 
 :i 
 
 £ a 
 
 attendance to 
 e No. of chil- 
 ween 4 and 16, 
 d in decimals. 
 
 
 
 o a § 
 
 ^, 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^1 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 o_K a 
 
 
 |5^S 
 
 
 
 
 t a 
 
 l^^s 
 
 83 
 
 Foxborough, 
 
 421 
 
 306 
 
 .72-68 
 
 135 
 
 Belchertown, 
 
 697 
 
 475 
 
 .68-15 
 
 84 
 
 Worthington, 
 
 311 
 
 226 
 
 .72-67 
 
 136 
 
 Williamsburg, 
 
 379 
 
 258 
 
 .68-07 
 
 85 
 
 Orleans, 
 
 539 
 
 391 
 
 .72-54 
 
 137 
 
 Cohasset, 
 
 394 
 
 268 
 
 .68-02 
 
 86 
 
 Dalton, 
 
 275 
 
 199 
 
 .72-36 
 
 138 
 
 Easthampton, 
 
 218 
 
 148 
 
 .67-89 
 
 87 
 
 N. Brookfield, 
 
 441 
 
 319 
 
 .72-33 
 
 139 
 
 Boston, 
 
 21853 
 
 14818 
 
 .67-81 
 
 88 
 
 New Salem, 
 
 371 
 
 268 
 
 .72-24 
 
 140 Harvard, 
 
 407 
 
 275 
 
 .67-57 
 
 89 
 
 Conway, 
 
 424 
 
 306 
 
 .72-17 
 
 141 Athol, 
 
 548 
 
 370 
 
 .67-52 
 
 90 
 
 W. Brookfield, 
 
 280 
 
 202 
 
 .72-14 
 
 142 
 
 Marshfield, 
 
 472 
 
 318 
 
 .67-37 
 
 91 
 
 Westborough, 
 
 461 
 
 332 
 
 .72-02 
 
 143 
 
 Rehoboth, 
 
 494 
 
 332 
 
 .67-20 
 
 92 
 
 Westhampton, 
 
 167 
 
 120 
 
 .71-86 
 
 144 
 
 Chelsea, 
 
 1228 
 
 825 
 
 .67-18 
 
 93 
 
 Coleraine, 
 
 557 
 
 400 
 
 .71-81 
 
 145 
 
 Wales, 
 
 158 
 
 106 
 
 .67-09 
 
 94 
 
 Hubbardston, 
 
 517 
 
 371 
 
 .71-76 
 
 146 
 
 Monterey, 
 
 191 
 
 128 
 
 .67-01 
 
 95 
 
 Pepperell, 
 
 414 
 
 297 
 
 .71-74 
 
 147 
 
 Shrewsbury, 
 
 400 
 
 268 
 
 .67-00 
 
 96 
 
 Canton, 
 
 544 
 
 390 
 
 .71-69 
 
 148 
 
 Hadley, 
 
 503 
 
 337 
 
 .66-99 
 
 97 
 
 Somerville, 
 
 544 
 
 390 
 
 .71-69 
 
 149 
 
 Berlin, 
 
 245 
 
 164 
 
 .66-94 
 
 98 
 
 Gardner, 
 
 392 
 
 281 
 
 .71-68 
 
 150 
 
 Needham, 
 
 432 
 
 289 
 
 .66-89 
 
 99 
 
 Pelham, 
 
 286 
 
 205 
 
 .71-68 
 
 151 
 
 Greenfield, 
 
 585 
 
 391 
 
 .66-84 
 
 100 
 
 Auburn, 
 
 204 
 
 146 
 
 .71-57 
 
 152 
 
 Norwich, 
 
 213 
 
 142 
 
 .66-67 
 
 101 
 
 Montague, 
 
 379 
 
 271 
 
 .71-50 
 
 153 
 
 Scituate, 
 
 986 
 
 657 
 
 .66-63 
 
 102 
 
 Lexington, 
 
 408 
 
 291 
 
 .71-32 
 
 154 
 
 Waltham, 
 
 771 
 
 513 
 
 .66-54 
 
 103 
 
 Spencer, 
 
 497 
 
 354 
 
 .71-23 
 
 155 
 
 Swanzey, 
 
 320 
 
 212 
 
 .66-25 
 
 104 
 
 Middleborough, 
 
 1218 
 
 867 
 
 .71-18 
 
 156 
 
 Goshen, 
 
 133 
 
 88 
 
 .66-16 
 
 105 
 
 Palmer, 
 
 838 
 
 596 
 
 .71-12 
 
 157 
 
 Halifax, 
 
 180 
 
 118 
 
 .65-56 
 
 106 
 
 Sutton, 
 
 547 
 
 389 
 
 .71-11 
 
 158 
 
 Medford, 
 
 696 
 
 456 
 
 .65-52 
 
 107 
 
 Kingston, 
 
 335 
 
 238 
 
 .71-04 
 
 159 
 
 Stoughton, 
 
 751 
 
 489 
 
 .65-11 
 
 108 
 
 Whately, 
 
 272 
 
 193 
 
 .70-96 
 
 160 
 
 Richmond, 
 
 180 
 
 117 
 
 .65-00 
 
 109 
 
 Plympton, 
 
 216 
 
 153 
 
 .70-83 
 
 161 
 
 N. Bridgewat., 
 
 891 
 
 576 
 
 .64-65 
 
 110 
 
 E. Bridgewater, 
 
 548 
 
 388 
 
 .70-80 
 
 162 
 
 Charlestown, 
 
 3675 
 
 2369 
 
 .64-46 
 
 111 
 
 Bernardston, 
 
 280 
 
 198 
 
 .70-71 
 
 163 
 
 Weston, 
 
 256 
 
 165 
 
 .64-45 
 
 112 
 
 Manchester, 
 
 412 
 
 290 
 
 .70-39 
 
 164 
 
 Wayland, 
 
 267 
 
 172 
 
 .64-42 
 
 113 
 
 Raynham, 
 
 397 
 
 279 
 
 .70-27 
 
 165 
 
 Chesterfield, 
 
 274 
 
 176 
 
 .64-23 
 
 114 
 
 Winchendon, 
 
 541 
 
 380 
 
 .70-24 
 
 166 
 
 Hamilton, 
 
 204 
 
 131 
 
 .64-22 
 
 115 
 
 Longmeadow, 
 
 335 
 
 235 
 
 .70-15 
 
 167 
 
 Bellingham, 
 
 309 
 
 198 
 
 .64-08 
 
 116 
 
 Sandisfield, 
 
 370 
 
 259 
 
 .70-00 
 
 168 
 
 Danvers, 
 
 1817 
 
 1164 
 
 .64-06 
 
 117 
 
 Westford, 
 
 401 
 
 280 
 
 .69-83 
 
 169 
 
 Watertown, 
 
 564 
 
 361 
 
 .64-01 
 
 118 
 
 Lincoln, 
 
 205 
 
 143 
 
 .69-76 
 
 170 
 
 Westport, 
 
 750 
 
 480 
 
 .64-00 
 
 119 
 
 Wrentham, 
 
 811 
 
 561 
 
 .69-17 
 
 171 
 
 Hanson, 
 
 297 
 
 190 
 
 .63-97 
 
 120 
 
 Erving, 
 
 107 
 
 74 
 
 .69-16 
 
 172 
 
 Lynn, 
 
 3107 
 
 1985 
 
 .63-89 
 
 121 
 
 W. Cambridge, 
 
 428 
 
 296 
 
 .69-16 
 
 173 
 
 Dudley, 
 
 346 
 
 221 
 
 .63-87 
 
 122 
 
 Holland, 
 
 100 
 
 69 
 
 .69-00 
 
 174 
 
 Hanover, 
 
 440 
 
 281 
 
 .63-86 
 
 123 
 
 South Reading, 
 
 460 
 
 317 
 
 .68-91 
 
 175 
 
 Leicester, 
 
 540 
 
 344 
 
 .63-70 
 
 124 
 
 Sturbridge, 
 
 580 
 
 399 
 
 .68-79 
 
 176 
 
 Peru, 
 
 135 
 
 86 
 
 .63-70 
 
 125 
 
 Southborough, 
 
 284 
 
 195 
 
 .68-66 
 
 177 
 
 Douglas, 
 
 473 
 
 301 
 
 .63-63 
 
 126 
 
 Leverett, 
 
 248 
 
 170 
 
 .68-55 
 
 178 
 
 Topsfield, 
 
 269 
 
 171 
 
 .63-57 
 
 127 
 
 Wilbraham, 
 
 536 
 
 369 
 
 .68-54 
 
 179 
 
 Grafton, 
 
 927 
 
 588 
 
 .63-43 
 
 128 
 
 Buckland, 
 
 286 
 
 196 
 
 .68-53 
 
 180 
 
 Fahnoutli, 
 
 710 
 
 450 
 
 .63-38 
 
 129 
 
 Pembroke, 
 
 330 
 
 226 
 
 .68-48 
 
 181 
 
 Mendon, 
 
 303 
 
 192 
 
 .63-36 
 
 130 
 
 Wilmington, 
 
 212 
 
 145 
 
 .68-39 
 
 182 
 
 Blanford, 
 
 395 
 
 250 .63-29 
 
 131 
 
 Dover, 
 
 120 
 
 82 
 
 .68-33 
 
 183 
 
 Berkley, 
 
 223 
 
 141 
 
 .63-23 
 
 132 
 
 Wellfleet, 
 
 700 
 
 478 
 
 .68-29 
 
 184 
 
 Northampton, 
 
 1180 
 
 746 
 
 .63-22 
 
 133 
 
 Leominster, 
 
 595 
 
 406 
 
 .68-23 
 
 185 
 
 Reading, 
 
 654 
 
 413 
 
 .63-15 
 
 134 
 
 Enfield, 
 
 283 
 
 193 
 
 .68-19 
 
 186 
 
 Egremont, 
 
 246 
 
 155 
 
 .63-01 
 
GRADUATED TABLE. 
 
 Ivii 
 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 IS 
 
 ° i s 
 
 ■3 
 
 a 
 « 
 
 bo's 
 
 g 
 
 io of attendance to 
 e whole No. of chil- 
 en between 4 and 16, 
 pressed in decimals. 
 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 Ml 
 
 C cs ■ 
 
 aj OJ C 
 
 a 
 
 i ■ 
 
 S a 
 JJ 
 
 io of attendance to 
 e whole No. of chil- 
 en bet-ween 4 and 16, 
 pressed in decimals. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 |5^S 
 
 187 
 
 Amherst, 
 
 700 
 
 441 
 
 .63-00 
 
 239 
 
 Clarksburg, 
 
 129 
 
 75 
 
 .58-14 
 
 188 
 
 Dighton, 
 
 385 
 
 242 
 
 .62-86 
 
 240 
 
 Weymouth, 
 
 1161 
 
 671 
 
 .57-79 
 
 189 
 
 Rowley, 
 
 218 
 
 137 
 
 .62-84 
 
 241 
 
 Chatham, 
 
 616 
 
 355 
 
 .57-63 
 
 190 
 
 Groton, 
 
 680 
 
 427 
 
 .62-79 
 
 242 
 
 Blackstone, 
 
 876 
 
 503 
 
 .57-42 
 
 191 
 
 Hinsdale, 
 
 320 
 
 200 
 
 .62-50 
 
 243 
 
 Dennis, 
 
 912 
 
 522 
 
 .57-24 
 
 192 
 
 Montgomery, 
 
 80 
 
 50 
 
 .62-50 
 
 244 
 
 Yarmouth, 
 
 672 
 
 384 
 
 .57-14 
 
 193 
 
 Springfield, 
 
 2146 
 
 1340 
 
 .62-44 
 
 245 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 480 
 
 274 
 
 .57-08 
 
 194 
 
 Wareham, 
 
 749 
 
 467 
 
 .62-35 
 
 246 
 
 Newton, 
 
 1146 
 
 654 
 
 .57-07 
 
 195 
 
 Dana, 
 
 215 
 
 134 
 
 .62-32 
 
 247 
 
 Pittsfield, 
 
 1167 
 
 666 
 
 .57-07 
 
 196 
 
 Wenham, 
 
 280 
 
 174 
 
 .62-14 
 
 248 
 
 Saugus, 
 
 361 
 
 206 
 
 .57-06 
 
 197 
 
 W.Bridgewater, 
 
 347 
 
 215 
 
 .61-96 
 
 249 
 
 Alford, 
 
 130 
 
 74 
 
 .56-92 
 
 198 
 
 Fitchburg, 
 
 1054 
 
 653 
 
 .61-95 
 
 250 
 
 Washington, 
 
 255 
 
 145 
 
 .56-88 
 
 199 
 
 Seekonk, 
 
 504 
 
 312 
 
 .61-90 
 
 251 
 
 Nantucket, 
 
 1794 
 
 1015 
 
 .56-58 
 
 200 
 
 Ashland, 
 
 310 
 
 191 
 
 .61-61 
 
 252 
 
 Boylston, 
 
 267 
 
 151 
 
 .56-55 
 
 201 
 
 Roxbury, 
 
 3655 
 
 2247 
 
 .61-47 
 
 253 
 
 Mt. Washingt'n, 
 
 115 
 
 65 
 
 .56-52 
 
 202 
 
 Plymoutli, 
 
 1522 
 
 935 
 
 .61-43 
 
 254 
 
 Woburn, 
 
 947 
 
 533 
 
 .56-28 
 
 203 
 
 Shelburne, 
 
 343 
 
 210 
 
 .61-21 
 
 255 
 
 Middleton, 
 
 207 
 
 116 
 
 .56-04 
 
 204 
 
 Westfield, 
 
 932 
 
 570 
 
 .61-16 
 
 256 
 
 Southbridge, 
 
 673 
 
 377 
 
 .56-02 
 
 205 
 
 Braintree, 
 
 709 
 
 433 
 
 .61-07 
 
 257 
 
 Lancaster, 
 
 802 
 
 449 
 
 .55-98 
 
 20G 
 
 Cheshire, 
 
 280 
 
 171 
 
 .61-07 
 
 258 
 
 Dartmouth, 
 
 1046 
 
 585 
 
 .55-93 
 
 207 
 
 Cummington, 
 
 374 
 
 228 
 
 .60-96 
 
 259 
 
 Milton, 
 
 459 
 
 255 
 
 .55-55 
 
 208 
 
 Oxford, 
 
 583 
 
 355 
 
 .60-89 
 
 260 
 
 Savoy, 
 
 279 
 
 154 
 
 .55-20 
 
 209 
 
 Gt. Barrington, 
 
 794 
 
 482 
 
 .60-71 
 
 261 
 
 Andover, 
 
 1860 
 
 1010 
 
 .54-30 
 
 210 
 
 Southampton, 
 
 280 
 
 170 
 
 .60-71 
 
 262 
 
 Carver, 
 
 319 
 
 173 
 
 .54-23 
 
 211 
 
 Rockport, 
 
 900 
 
 546 
 
 .60-67 
 
 263 
 
 Beverly, 
 
 1356 
 
 734 
 
 .54-13 
 
 212 
 
 Lowell, 
 
 6318 
 
 3828 
 
 .60-59 
 
 264 
 
 Newbury port, 
 
 1972 
 
 1063 
 
 .53-90 
 
 213 
 
 Tyringham, 
 
 182 
 
 110 
 
 .60-44 
 
 265 
 
 New Bedford, 
 
 3755 
 
 2024 
 
 .53-90 
 
 214 
 
 Easton, 
 
 647 
 
 391 
 
 .60-43 
 
 266 
 
 Granville, 
 
 349 
 
 188 
 
 .53-87 
 
 215 
 
 Bridgewater, 
 
 581 
 
 350 
 
 .60-24 
 
 267 
 
 Somerset, 
 
 244 
 
 131 
 
 .53-69 
 
 216 
 
 Wendell, 
 
 221 
 
 133 
 
 .60-13 
 
 268 
 
 Bradford, 
 
 715 
 
 379 
 
 .53-01 
 
 217 
 
 Lawrence, 
 
 1089 
 
 650 
 
 .59-69 
 
 269 
 
 Granby, 
 
 318 
 
 168 
 
 .52-83 
 
 218 
 
 New Marlboro', 
 
 448 
 
 267 
 
 .59-60 
 
 270 
 
 Abington, 
 
 1159 
 
 612 
 
 .52-80 
 
 219 
 
 Deerfield, 
 
 521 
 
 310 
 
 .59-50 
 
 271 
 
 Attleborough, 
 
 943 
 
 497 
 
 .52-70 
 
 220 
 
 Ware, 
 
 809 
 
 481 
 
 .59-45 
 
 272 
 
 Harwich, 
 
 1033 
 
 543 
 
 .52-57 
 
 221 
 
 Chicopee, 
 
 1698 
 
 1008 
 
 .59-36 
 
 273 
 
 Northbridge, 
 
 479 
 
 251 
 
 .52-40 
 
 222 
 
 Fairhaven, 
 
 1205 
 
 715 
 
 .59-34 
 
 274 
 
 Millbury, 
 
 657 
 
 343 
 
 .52-21 
 
 223 
 
 Ipswich, 
 
 735 
 
 436 
 
 .59-32 
 
 275 
 
 Adams, 
 
 1575 
 
 822 
 
 .52-19 
 
 224 
 
 Duxbury, 
 
 700 
 
 414 
 
 .59-14 
 
 276 
 
 Brewster, 
 
 390 
 
 203 
 
 .52-05 
 
 225 
 
 Uxbridge, 
 
 538 
 
 317 
 
 .58-92 
 
 277 
 
 Freetown, 
 
 434 
 
 224 
 
 .51-61 
 
 226 
 
 Norton, 
 
 491 
 
 289 
 
 .58-85 
 
 278 
 
 Salem, 
 
 4347 
 
 2227 
 
 .51-23 
 
 227 
 
 Worcester, 
 
 3214 
 
 1890 
 
 .58-80 
 
 279 
 
 Monson, 
 
 521 
 
 266 
 
 .51-06 
 
 228 
 
 Brimfield, 
 
 426 
 
 250 
 
 .58-68 
 
 280 
 
 Newbury, 
 
 1026 
 
 523 
 
 .50-97 
 
 229 
 
 Windsor, 
 
 225 
 
 132 
 
 .58-67 
 
 281 
 
 Hingham, 
 
 864 
 
 440 
 
 .50-93 
 
 230 
 
 Mansfield, 
 
 396 
 
 232 
 
 ..58-58 
 
 282 
 
 Hancock, 
 
 236 
 
 120 
 
 ..50-85 
 
 231 
 
 Quincy, 
 
 1135 
 
 664 
 
 .58-50 
 
 283 
 
 Sandwich, 
 
 1261 
 
 640 
 
 .50-75 
 
 232 
 
 Tolland, 
 
 130 
 
 76 
 
 .58-46 
 
 284 
 
 Ashfield, 
 
 560 
 
 284 
 
 .50-71 
 
 233 
 
 Prescott, 
 
 207 
 
 121 
 
 .58-45 
 
 285 
 
 Gloucester, 
 
 1936 
 
 978 
 
 .50-52 
 
 234 
 
 Hull, 
 
 60 
 
 35 
 
 .58-33 
 
 286 
 
 Stockbridge, 
 
 510 
 
 257 
 
 .50-39 
 
 235 
 
 HaverhOl, 
 
 1357 
 
 791 
 
 .58-29 
 
 287 
 
 W. Springfield, 
 
 1149 
 
 677 
 
 .50-22 
 
 236 
 
 Framingham, 
 
 958 
 
 558 
 
 .58-25 
 
 288 
 
 Lenox, 
 
 340 
 
 170 
 
 .50-00 
 
 237 
 
 Cambridge, 
 
 3320 
 
 1933 
 
 .58-22 
 
 289 
 
 Sheffield, 
 
 760 
 
 380 
 
 .50-00 
 
 238 
 
 Dorchester, 
 
 1659 
 
 965 
 
 .58-17 
 
 290 
 
 Truro, 
 
 650 
 
 325 
 
 .50-00 
 
Iviii 
 
 GRADUATED TABLE. 
 
 
 
 s^ 
 
 -a 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 S ho 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 1^ 
 
 o n S 
 
 S . 
 ^^1 
 
 10 of attendance 
 i whole No. of c 
 jn between 4 and 
 pressed in decim 
 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 
 £ . 
 So 
 a) .a 
 
 S a 
 
 S^ 
 
 OS 
 
 io of attendance 
 e whole No. of c 
 en between 4 and 
 pressed in decim 
 
 
 
 
 g a 
 
 |£^2 
 
 
 
 
 S a 
 
 ^5^S 
 
 291 
 
 Brookline, 
 
 433 
 
 214 
 
 .49-42 
 
 304 
 
 Burlington,* 
 
 125 
 
 55 
 
 .44-00 
 
 292 
 
 Webster, 
 
 515 
 
 254 
 
 .49-32 
 
 305 
 
 Marblehead, 
 
 1512 
 
 656 
 
 .43-39 
 
 298 
 
 Georgetown, 
 
 516 
 
 254 
 
 .49-22 
 
 306 
 
 Russell, 
 
 112 
 
 48 
 
 .42-86 
 
 294 
 
 W. Stockbridge, 
 
 426 
 
 209 
 
 .49-06 
 
 307 
 
 Williamstown, 
 
 760 
 
 324 
 
 .42-63 
 
 295 
 
 Randolph, 
 
 984 
 
 482 
 
 .48-98 
 
 308 
 
 Salisbury, 
 
 709 
 
 302 
 
 .42-59 
 
 296 
 
 Pawtucket, 
 
 1024 
 
 497 
 
 .48-53 
 
 309 
 
 Lanesborough, 
 
 318 
 
 135 
 
 .42-45 
 
 297 
 
 Barnstable, 
 
 1222 
 
 581 
 
 .47-55 
 
 310 
 
 W. Newbury, 
 
 450 
 
 190 
 
 .42-22 
 
 298 
 
 Chester, 
 
 440 
 
 209 
 
 .47-50 
 
 311 
 
 Amesbury, 
 
 701 
 
 291 
 
 .41-51 
 
 299 
 
 Fall River, 
 
 2834 
 
 1337 
 
 .47-28 
 
 312 
 
 Edgartown, 
 
 446 
 
 162 
 
 .36-32 
 
 800 
 
 Lee, 
 
 705 
 
 328 
 
 .46-52 
 
 313 
 
 Tisbury, 
 
 496 
 
 174 
 
 .35-08 
 
 801 
 
 Rochester, 
 
 1144 
 
 529 
 
 .46-24 
 
 314 
 
 New Ashford, 
 
 51 
 
 16 
 
 .31-37 
 
 802 
 
 Taunton, 
 
 2512 
 
 1129 
 
 .44-94 
 
 
 Southwickjf 
 
 356 
 
 221 
 
 .62-08 
 
 303 
 
 Stoneham, 
 
 370 
 
 166 
 
 .44-86 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *In the Appendices to the Eleventh and Twelfth Annual Reports of the Board of Education, 
 the " Mean Average Attendance," in Burlington, was stated to be, for 
 
 1846—7 - - - 130 5 and the "Ratio of Attendance," - - - 1.08. 
 1847—8 - - - 140; " " « « <• ... 1.25. 
 
 But this estimate, though obtained by the same process of calculation as in all the other toivns, 
 was apparently excessive ; and the error now proves to have arisen from a peculiarity in the 
 method of keeping the schools in Burlington which was passed unnoticed in their Annual Re- 
 turns. The town is not districted ; and the schools are not all kept simultaneoushj in any given 
 season, (as everywhere else in the Commonwealth,) but successively. In 1846-7, there were 
 two successions of schools, both summer and winter. In 1847-8, and 1848-9, at the commence- 
 ment of each summer term a school was begun in the centre of the place, which was followed 
 by two others, and these again by two others, in the outskirts of the town. And the like may 
 be said of the winter schools ; two were commenced at the beginning of the winter term in differ- 
 ■ ent parts of the town, which were succeeded by two others in opposite quarters. In consequence 
 of this arrangement there have been three successions of schools there in the summer of each of 
 the two years last mentioned, and two in the winter, and the schools keeping at any one time 
 have ever been open alike to all the children in the town. Hence, in many instances the same 
 children have attended and been registered in four and even five different schools in the course 
 of one year, which accounts, in part, for the excess of the mean average attendance upon school, 
 in Burlington, for the years 1846-7 and 1847-8, (as published in the aforenamed Annual Reports 
 of the Board,) above the whole number of children between 4 and 16 years of age in the place. 
 In the last Annual Report from Burlington, the peculiarity just referred to has been particu- 
 larly described, and the proper way for ascertaining the mean annual aierage attendance vpon 
 school there, in view of it, has been suggested, viz., to divide the sum of the average attend- 
 ance upon all the summer schools by the number of successions of those schools, for the mccin 
 average attendance in summer ; the sum of the average attendance upon all the winter schools, 
 by the number of successions, for the mean average attendance in winter ; and the sum of the 
 mean average attendance for botli seasons by two, for the mean average attendance for the 
 year. By this rule we obtain the following results, viz., for 
 
 1846 — 1, Mean average attendance for the year. 64.75; Ratio of Attendance, .54- — 
 1847—8, " " " " 57.915; " " .51.7 
 
 1848—9, " " " " 55.; " " -44. 
 
 t No Returns. From last year's Abstract. 
 
GRADUATED TABLES. 
 
 lix 
 
 GRADUATED TABLES, 
 
 In which all the toivns, in the respective Counties in tJie State, are numerically ar- 
 ranged, according to the mean average attendance of their children upon the Public 
 Schools, for the year 1848-49. 
 
 [For an explanation of the principle on which these Tables are coustructed, sec ante, p. liv.] 
 
 SUFFOLK COUNTY. 
 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 §1 
 1-3 
 
 .— CO -2 
 
 13 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 * o 
 
 g 
 
 io of attendance to 
 B whole No. of chil- 
 en between 4 and 16, 
 pressed in decimals. 
 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 U IS 
 
 a a! . 
 
 ■3 5 
 := to 2 
 
 ° § « 
 
 a 
 
 Is. 
 
 fl g 
 
 io of attendance to 
 e whole No. of chil- 
 en between 4 and 16, 
 pressed in decimals. 
 
 
 
 ^^.2 
 
 1 § 
 
 |5^S 
 
 
 
 
 §,^ 
 
 jS^'S « 
 
 1 
 
 N. CHELSEA, 
 
 176 
 
 142 
 
 .80-68 
 
 3 
 
 Chelsea, 
 
 1228 
 
 825 
 
 .67.18 
 
 2 
 
 Boston, 
 
 21853 
 
 14818 
 
 .67-81 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ESSEX COUNTY. 
 
 METHUEN, 
 
 Lynnfield, 
 
 Boxford, 
 
 Essex, 
 
 Manchester, 
 
 Hamilton, 
 
 Danvers, 
 
 Lynn, 
 
 Topsfield, 
 
 Rowley, 
 
 Wenham, 
 
 Rockport, 
 
 Lawrence, 
 
 Ipswich, 
 
 Haverhill, 
 
 520 
 
 428 
 
 210 
 
 160 
 
 234 
 
 178 
 
 373 
 
 278 
 
 412 
 
 290 
 
 204 
 
 131 
 
 1817 
 
 1164 
 
 3107 
 
 1985 
 
 269 
 
 171 
 
 218 
 
 137 
 
 280 
 
 174 
 
 900 
 
 546 
 
 1089 
 
 650 
 
 735 
 
 436 
 
 1357 
 
 791 1 
 
 .82-31 
 
 16 
 
 .76-19 
 
 17 
 
 .76-07 
 
 18 
 
 .74-53 
 
 19 
 
 .70-39 
 
 20 
 
 .64-22 
 
 21 
 
 .64-06 
 
 22 
 
 .63-89 
 
 23 
 
 .63-57 
 
 24 
 
 .62-84 
 
 25 
 
 .62-14 
 
 26 
 
 .60-67 
 
 27 
 
 .59-69 
 
 28 
 
 .59-32 
 
 29 
 
 .58-29 
 
 
 Saug'us, 
 
 Middleton, 
 
 Andover, 
 
 Beverly, 
 
 Newburyport, 
 
 Bradford, 
 
 Salem, 
 
 Newbury, 
 
 Gloucester, 
 
 Georgetown, 
 
 Marblehead, 
 
 Salisbury, 
 
 West Newbury, 
 
 Amesbury, 
 
 361 
 
 206 
 
 207 
 
 116 
 
 1860 
 
 1010 
 
 1356 
 
 734 
 
 1972 
 
 1063 
 
 715 
 
 379 
 
 4347 
 
 2227 
 
 1026 
 
 523 
 
 1936 
 
 978 
 
 516 
 
 254 
 
 1512 
 
 656 
 
 709 
 
 302 
 
 450 
 
 190 
 
 701 
 
 291 
 
 .57-06 
 .56-04 
 .54-30 
 .54-13 
 .53-90 
 .53-01 
 .51-23 
 .50-97 
 .50-52 
 .49-22 
 .43-39 
 .42-59 
 .42-22 
 .41-51 
 
 MIDDLESEX COUNTY. 
 
 BOXBOROUGH 
 
 Carlisle, 
 
 Acton, 
 
 Littleton, 
 
 Holliston, 
 
 Dracut, 
 
 Concord, 
 
 Stow, 
 
 67 
 
 82 
 
 1.22-38 
 
 9 
 
 124 
 
 126 
 
 1.01-61 
 
 10 
 
 325 
 
 283 
 
 .87-08 
 
 11 
 
 224 
 
 188 
 
 .83-93 
 
 12 
 
 500 
 
 406 
 
 .81-20 
 
 13 
 
 653 
 
 524 
 
 .80-25 
 
 14 
 
 465 
 
 372 
 
 .80-00 
 
 15 
 
 275 
 
 217 
 
 .78-91 
 
 16 
 
 Brighton, 
 
 Dunstable, 
 
 Hopkinton, 
 
 Bedford, 
 
 Townsend, 
 
 Sherburne, 
 
 Ashby, 
 
 Marlborough, 
 
 496 
 
 390 
 
 139 
 
 107 
 
 525 
 
 401 
 
 245 
 
 186 
 
 472 
 
 358 
 
 247 
 
 186 
 
 295 
 
 222 
 
 643 
 
 483 
 
 .7S-m 
 
 .76-98 
 .76-38 
 .75-92 
 .75-85 
 .75-30 
 .75-25 
 .75-12 
 
Ix 
 
 GRADUATED TABLES. 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 nee to 
 f chil- 
 ndl6, 
 imals. 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 4i 
 g 
 
 nee to 
 r chil- 
 ndl6, 
 imals. 
 
 
 
 
 
 d O ra o 
 
 
 
 a 3 • 
 
 ^8 
 
 ca o = S 
 a 6 a^ 
 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 
 % a 
 S o 
 
 atte 
 le N 
 weer 
 din 
 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 
 
 -SIS §.a 
 
 
 
 
 
 <" ^ ■£ S 
 
 
 
 
 
 <" O "S m 
 
 
 
 
 
 ="9^ i 
 
 
 
 "-8-S 
 
 ■^ 3 
 
 0.3^ !0 
 
 
 
 oc 2 
 
 S 
 
 o^ at 
 
 •T 0) o P. 
 
 
 
 ° ce ® 
 
 fl s 
 
 .2^g| 
 
 
 
 
 g * 
 
 ^^5^g 
 
 
 
 
 ^c. 
 
 |5^2 
 
 17 
 
 Chelmsford, 
 
 505 
 
 378 
 
 .74-85 
 
 33 
 
 Waltham, 
 
 771 
 
 513 
 
 .66-54 
 
 18 
 
 Billerica, 
 
 386 
 
 287 
 
 .74-35 
 
 34 
 
 Medford, 
 
 696 
 
 456 
 
 .65-52 
 
 19 
 
 Natick, 
 
 480 
 
 356 
 
 .74-17 
 
 35 
 
 Charlestown, 
 
 3675 2369 
 
 .64-46 
 
 yo 
 
 Shirley, 
 
 241 
 
 178 
 
 .73-86 
 
 36 
 
 Weston, 
 
 256 
 
 165 
 
 .64-45 
 
 21 
 
 Maiden, 
 
 785 
 
 577 
 
 .73-50 
 
 37 
 
 Wayland, 
 
 267 
 
 172 
 
 .64-42 
 
 22 
 
 Tyngsborough, 
 
 218 
 
 160 
 
 .73-39 
 
 38 
 
 Watertown, 
 
 564 
 
 361 
 
 .64-01 
 
 23 
 
 Tewksbury, 
 
 235 
 
 172 
 
 .73-19 
 
 39 
 
 Reading, 
 
 654 
 
 413 
 
 .63-15 
 
 24 Sudbury, 
 
 389 
 
 283 
 
 .72-75 
 
 40 
 
 Groton, 
 
 680 
 
 427 
 
 .62-79 
 
 25, Pepperell, 
 
 414 
 
 297 
 
 .71-74 
 
 41 
 
 Ashland, 
 
 310 
 
 191 
 
 .61-61 
 
 26 Somerville, 
 
 544 
 
 390 
 
 .71-69 
 
 42 
 
 Lowell, 
 
 6318 
 
 3828 
 
 .60-59 
 
 27 
 
 Lexington, 
 
 408 
 
 291 
 
 .71-32 
 
 43 
 
 Framingham, 
 
 958 
 
 558 
 
 .58-25 
 
 28 
 
 Westford, 
 
 401 
 
 280 
 
 .69-83 
 
 44 
 
 Cambridge, 
 
 3320 
 
 1933 
 
 .58-22 
 
 29 
 
 Lincoln, 
 
 205 
 
 143 
 
 .69-76 
 
 45| Newton, 
 
 1146 
 
 654 
 
 .57-07 
 
 30 
 
 W. Cambridge, 
 
 428 
 
 296 
 
 .69-16 
 
 46 Woburn, 
 
 947 
 
 533 
 
 .56-28 
 
 31 
 
 South Reading, 
 
 460 
 
 317 
 
 .68-91 
 
 47 Stoneham, 
 
 370 
 
 166 
 
 .44-86 
 
 32 
 
 Wilmington, 
 
 212 
 
 145 
 
 .68-39 
 
 48 Burlington, 
 
 125 
 
 55 
 
 .44-00 
 
 WORCESTER COUNTY. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 ROYALSTON 
 
 Hardwick, 
 
 New Braintree, 
 
 Phillipston, 
 
 Ashburnham, 
 
 Sterling, 
 
 Bolton, 
 
 Brookfield, 
 
 Warren, 
 
 Milford, 
 
 Lunenburg, 
 
 Petersham, 
 
 Holden, 
 
 Westminster, 
 
 Paxton, 
 
 Oaldiam, 
 
 Ban-e, 
 
 Templeton, 
 
 Northborough, 
 
 Upton, 
 
 Rutland, 
 
 Charlton, 
 
 Princeton, 
 
 West Boylston, 
 
 N. Brookfield, 
 
 W. Brookfield, 
 
 Westborough, 
 
 Hubbardston, 
 
 Gardner, 
 
 414 
 
 394 
 
 380 
 
 332 
 
 171 
 
 143 
 
 218 
 
 177 
 
 491 
 
 397 
 
 446 
 
 353 
 
 290 
 
 229 
 
 383 
 
 301 
 
 394 
 
 307 
 
 664 
 
 514 
 
 327 
 
 252 
 
 400 
 
 302 
 
 503 
 
 379 
 
 546 
 
 405 
 
 166 
 
 123 
 
 285 
 
 211 
 
 664 
 
 491 
 
 520 
 
 384 
 
 336 
 
 248 
 
 428 
 
 315 
 
 343 
 
 252 
 
 465 
 
 340 
 
 407 
 
 297 
 
 390 
 
 284 
 
 441 
 
 319 
 
 280 
 
 202 
 
 461 
 
 332 
 
 517 
 
 371 
 
 392 
 
 281 
 
 .95-17 
 
 .87-37 
 .83-63 
 .81-19 
 .80-86 
 .79-14 
 .78-96 
 .78-59 
 .77-93 
 .77-41 
 .77-07 
 .75-50 
 .75-35 
 .74-17 
 .74-09 
 .74-04 
 .73-95 
 .73-85 
 .73-81 
 .73-60 
 .73-47 
 .73-12 
 .72-97 
 .72-82 
 .72-33 
 .72-14 
 .72-02 
 .71-76 
 .71-68 
 
 Auburn, 
 Spencer, 
 Sutton, 
 Winchendon, 
 Sturbridge, 
 Southborough, 
 Leominster, 
 Harvard, 
 Athol, 
 
 Shrewsbury, 
 Berlin, 
 Dudley, 
 Leicester, 
 Douglas, 
 44' Grafton, 
 
 45 Mendon, 
 
 46 Dana, 
 
 47, Fitchburg, 
 
 48 Oxford, 
 
 49 Uxbridge, 
 
 50 Worcester, 
 
 51 Blackstone, 
 
 52 Boylston, 
 
 53 Southbridge, 
 
 54 Lancaster, 
 
 55 Northbridge, 
 
 56 Millbury, 
 57| Webster, 
 
 204 
 497 
 547 
 541 
 580 
 284 
 595 
 407 
 548 
 400 
 245 
 346 
 540 
 473 
 927 
 303 
 215 
 
 1054 
 583 
 538 
 
 3214 
 876 
 267 
 673 
 802 
 479 
 657 
 515 
 
 146 
 354 
 
 389 
 380 
 399 
 195 
 406 
 275 
 370 
 268 
 164 
 22i: 
 344' 
 301 
 588; 
 
 192; 
 
 134; 
 653 
 355 
 317 
 1890; 
 503 
 151 
 377 
 449 
 251 
 343 
 254 
 
 .71-57 
 .71-23 
 .71-11 
 
 .70-24 
 .68-79 
 .68-66 
 .68-23 
 .67-57 
 .67-52 
 .67-00 
 .66-94 
 .63-87 
 .63-70 
 .63-63 
 .63-43 
 .63-36 
 .62-32 
 .61-95 
 .60-89 
 .58-92 
 .58-80 
 .57-42 
 .56-55 
 .56-02 
 .55-98 
 .52-40 
 .52-21 
 .49-32 
 
GRADUATED TABLES. 
 
 Ixi 
 
 HAMPSHIRE COUNTY. 
 
 
 
 S| 
 
 i 
 
 S.-gSi 
 
 
 
 " Si, 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 B>" 
 
 -2 . 
 
 
 
 
 5v 
 
 S . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ M 
 
 OS o 
 
 § o °= g 
 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 S » £3 
 
 §^ g 
 OS P. 
 
 as 
 
 .2^ SB. 
 
 
 
 
 a=^ 
 
 |5-S£ 
 
 
 
 = ^.2 
 
 S« 
 
 |5-52 
 
 1 
 
 HATFIELD, 
 
 214 
 
 185 
 
 .86-45 
 
 13 Hadley, 
 
 503 
 
 337 
 
 .66-99 
 
 2 
 
 Plainfield, 
 
 217 
 
 172 
 
 .79-26 
 
 14 j Norwich, 
 
 213 
 
 142 
 
 .66-67 
 
 3 
 
 Greenwich, 
 
 214 
 
 167 
 
 .78-03 
 
 15 Goshen, 
 
 133 
 
 88 
 
 .66-16 
 
 4 
 
 South Hadley, 
 
 375 
 
 288 
 
 .7(5-80 
 
 16 
 
 Chesterfield, 
 
 274 
 
 176 
 
 .64-23 
 
 5 
 
 Middlefield, 
 
 197 
 
 147 
 
 .74-62 
 
 17 
 
 Northampton, 
 
 1180 
 
 746 
 
 .63-22 
 
 G 
 
 Worthington, 
 
 311 
 
 226: .72-67 
 
 18 
 
 Amherst, 
 
 700 
 
 441 
 
 .63-00 
 
 7 
 
 Westhampton, 
 
 167 
 
 120 .71-86 
 
 19 
 
 Cummington, 
 
 374 
 
 228 
 
 .60-96 
 
 H 
 
 Pelham, 
 
 28(5 
 
 205 .71-68 
 
 20 
 
 Southampton, 
 
 280 
 
 170 
 
 .60-71 
 
 9 
 
 Enfield, 
 
 283 
 
 193 .68-19 
 
 21 
 
 Ware, 
 
 809 
 
 481 
 
 .59-45 
 
 10 
 
 Belcliertown, 
 
 697 
 
 475 .68-15 
 
 22 
 
 Prescott, 
 
 207 
 
 121 
 
 .58-45 
 
 11 
 
 Williamsburg, 
 
 379 
 
 258 .68-07 
 
 23 
 
 Granby, 
 
 318 
 
 168 
 
 .52-83 
 
 ly 
 
 Easthampton, 
 
 218 
 
 148; .67-89 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 HAMPDEN COUNTY. 
 
 LUDLOW, 
 
 Palmer, 
 Longmeadow, 
 Holland, 
 Wilbraham, 
 
 Wales, 
 
 Blandford, 
 
 Montgomery, 
 
 Springfield, 
 
 Westfield, 
 
 315 
 
 237 
 
 .75-24 
 
 11 
 
 838 
 
 596 
 
 .71-12 
 
 12 
 
 335 
 
 235 
 
 .70-15 
 
 13 
 
 100 
 
 69 
 
 .69-00 
 
 14 
 
 536 
 
 369 
 
 .68-.54 
 
 15 
 
 158 
 
 106 
 
 .67-09 
 
 16 
 
 395 
 
 250 
 
 .63-29 
 
 17 
 
 80 
 
 50 
 
 .62-50 
 
 18 
 
 2146 
 
 1340 
 
 .62-44 
 
 
 932 
 
 570 
 
 .61-16 
 
 
 Chicopee, 
 
 Brimfield, 
 
 Tolland, 
 
 Granville, 
 
 Monson, 
 
 W. Springfield, 
 
 Chester, 
 
 Russell, 
 
 South wick,* 
 
 1698 
 
 1008 
 
 426 
 
 250 
 
 130 
 
 76 
 
 349 
 
 188 
 
 521 
 
 266 
 
 1149 
 
 677 
 
 440 
 
 209 
 
 112 
 
 48 
 
 356 
 
 221 
 
 .59-36 
 .58-68 
 .58-46 
 .53-87 
 .51-06 
 .50-22 
 .47-50 
 .42-86 
 .62-08 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY. 
 
 WARWICK, 
 
 Northfield, 
 
 Heath, 
 
 Orange, 
 
 Charlemont, 
 
 Rowe, 
 
 Sunderland, 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 Hawley, 
 
 Shutesbury, 
 
 Leyden, 
 
 GUI, 
 
 New Salem, 
 
 278 
 
 226 
 
 .81-29 
 
 14 
 
 422 
 
 335 
 
 .79-38 
 
 15 
 
 252 
 
 197 
 
 .78-17 
 
 16 
 
 456 
 
 354 
 
 .77-63 
 
 17 
 
 303 
 
 234 
 
 .77-22 
 
 18 
 
 189 
 
 145 
 
 .76-71 
 
 19 
 
 208 
 
 159 
 
 .76-44 
 
 20 
 
 78 
 
 59 
 
 .75-64 
 
 21 
 
 299 
 
 225 
 
 .75-25 
 
 22 
 
 267 
 
 199 
 
 .74-53 
 
 23 
 
 200 
 
 149 
 
 .74-50 
 
 24 
 
 219 
 
 163 
 
 .74-43 
 
 25 
 
 371 
 
 268 
 
 .72-24 
 
 26 
 
 Conway, 
 
 Coleraine, 
 
 Montague, 
 
 Whately, 
 
 Bemardston, 
 
 Erving, 
 
 Leverett, 
 
 Buckland, 
 
 Greenfield, 
 
 Shelburne, 
 
 Wendell, 
 
 Deerfield, 
 
 Ashfield, 
 
 424 
 
 306 
 
 557 
 
 400 
 
 379 
 
 271 
 
 272 
 
 193 
 
 280 
 
 198 
 
 107 
 
 74 
 
 248 
 
 170 
 
 286 
 
 196 
 
 585 
 
 391 
 
 343 
 
 210 
 
 221 
 
 133 
 
 521 
 
 310 
 
 560 
 
 284 
 
 .72-17 
 .71-81 
 
 .71-50 
 .70-96 
 .70-71 
 .69-16 
 .68-55 
 .68-53 
 .66-84 
 .61-22 
 .60-13 
 .59-50 
 .50-71 
 
 * No Returns. From last year's Abstract. 
 
Ixii 
 
 GRADUATED TABLES. 
 
 BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 
 
 
 
 !§= 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 -3 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 Ml 
 
 at S3 
 .•3 to ^ 
 
 cS o 
 
 o 
 aJ3 
 
 c3 O =5 o 
 ■a . tH » 
 
 a o I- ^ 
 
 
 
 
 "3 o 
 o 
 
 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 5^ 
 
 
 
 TOWNS. 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 
 
 "Sag 
 
 a?. 
 
 .2^gl 
 
 
 
 ^^2 
 
 a £ 
 
 .S^gS. 
 
 
 
 
 ^c 
 
 l^-s 
 
 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 |5^Si 
 
 1 
 
 FLORIDA, 
 
 160 
 
 128 
 
 .80-00 
 
 17 
 
 Pittsfield, 
 
 1167 
 
 666 
 
 .57-07 
 
 2 
 
 Otis, 
 
 289 
 
 220 
 
 .76-12 
 
 18 
 
 Alford, 
 
 130 
 
 74 
 
 .56-92 
 
 3 
 
 Becket, 
 
 281 
 
 205 
 
 .7295 
 
 19 
 
 Washington, 
 
 255 
 
 145 
 
 .56-88 
 
 4 
 
 Dalton, 
 
 275 
 
 199 
 
 .72-36 
 
 20 
 
 Mt.Washmgt'n, 
 
 115 
 
 65 
 
 .56-52 
 
 5 
 
 Sandisfield, 
 
 370 
 
 259 
 
 .7000 
 
 21 
 
 Savoy, 
 
 279 
 
 154 
 
 .55-20 
 
 6 
 
 Monterey, 
 
 191 
 
 128 
 
 .67-01 
 
 22 
 
 Adams, 
 
 1575 
 
 822 
 
 .52-19 
 
 7 
 
 Richmond, 
 
 180 
 
 117 
 
 .65-00 
 
 23 
 
 Hancock, 
 
 236 
 
 120 
 
 .50-85 
 
 8 
 
 Peru, 
 
 135 
 
 86 
 
 .63-70 
 
 24 
 
 Stockbridge, 
 
 510 
 
 257 
 
 .50-39 
 
 9 
 
 Egremont, 
 
 246 
 
 155 
 
 .63-01 
 
 25 
 
 Lenox, 
 
 340 
 
 170 
 
 .50-00 
 
 10 
 
 Hinsdale, 
 
 320 
 
 200 
 
 .62-50 
 
 26 
 
 Sheffield, 
 
 760 
 
 380 
 
 .50-00 
 
 11 
 
 Cheshire, 
 
 280 
 
 171 
 
 .61-07 
 
 27 
 
 W.Stockbridge, 
 
 426 
 
 209 
 
 .49-06 
 
 12 
 
 Gt. Barrington, 
 
 794 
 
 482 
 
 .60-71 
 
 28 
 
 Lee, 
 
 705 
 
 328 
 
 .46-52 
 
 13 
 
 Tyringham, 
 
 182 
 
 110 
 
 .60-44 
 
 29 
 
 Williamstown, 
 
 760 
 
 324 
 
 .42-63 
 
 14 
 
 N.Marlborough, 
 
 448 
 
 267 
 
 .59-60 
 
 30 
 
 Lanesborough, 
 
 318 
 
 135 
 
 .42-45 
 
 15 
 
 Windsor, 
 
 225 
 
 132 
 
 .58-67 
 
 31 
 
 New Ashford, 
 
 51 
 
 16 
 
 .31-37 
 
 16 
 
 Clarksburg, 
 
 129 
 
 75 
 
 .58-14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NORFOLK COUNTY. 
 
 1 
 
 DEDHAM, 
 
 875 
 
 720 
 
 •82-29 
 
 12 
 
 Stoughton, 
 
 751 
 
 489 
 
 .65-11 
 
 2 
 
 Medway, 
 
 525 
 
 430 
 
 .81-90 
 
 13 
 
 Bellingham, 
 
 309 
 
 198 
 
 .64-08 
 
 3 
 
 Medfield, 
 
 201 
 
 153 
 
 .76-12 
 
 14 
 
 Roxbury, 
 
 3655 
 
 2247 
 
 .61-47 
 
 4 
 
 Sharon, 
 
 244 
 
 181 
 
 .74-18 
 
 15 
 
 Braintree, 
 
 709 
 
 433 
 
 .61-07 
 
 5 
 
 Walpole, 
 
 426 
 
 310 
 
 .72-77 
 
 16 
 
 Quincy, 
 
 1135 
 
 664 
 
 .58-50 
 
 6 
 
 Foxborough, 
 
 421 
 
 306 
 
 .72-68 
 
 17 
 
 Dorchester, 
 
 1659 
 
 965 
 
 .58-17 
 
 7 
 
 Canton, 
 
 544 
 
 390 .71-69 
 
 18 
 
 Weymouth, 
 
 1161 
 
 671 
 
 .57-79 
 
 8 
 
 Wrentham, 
 
 811 
 
 561 .69-17 
 
 19 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 480 
 
 274 
 
 .57-08 
 
 9 
 
 Dover, 
 
 120 
 
 82 .68-33 
 
 20 
 
 Milton, 
 
 459 
 
 255 
 
 .55-55 
 
 10 
 
 Cohasset, 
 
 394 
 
 268 .68-02 
 
 21 
 
 Brookline, 
 
 433 
 
 214 
 
 .49-42 
 
 11 
 
 Needham, 
 
 432 
 
 289 .66-89 
 
 22 
 
 Randolph, 
 
 984 
 
 482 
 
 .48-98 
 
 BRISTOL COUNTY. 
 
 RAYNHAM, 
 
 Rehoboth, 
 
 Swanzey, 
 
 Westport, 
 
 Berkley, 
 
 Dighton, 
 
 Seekonk, 
 
 Easton, 
 
 Fairhaven, 
 
 Norton, 
 
 397 
 
 279 
 
 .70-27 
 
 11 
 
 494 
 
 332 
 
 .67-20 
 
 12 
 
 320 
 
 212 
 
 .66-25 
 
 13 
 
 750 
 
 480 
 
 .64-00 
 
 14 
 
 223 
 
 141 
 
 .63-23 
 
 15 
 
 385 
 
 242 
 
 .62-86 
 
 16 
 
 504 
 
 312 
 
 .61-90 
 
 17 
 
 647 
 
 391 
 
 .60-43 
 
 18 
 
 1205 
 
 715 
 
 .59-34 
 
 19 
 
 491 
 
 289 
 
 .58-85 
 
 
 Mansfield, 
 
 Dartmouth, 
 
 New Bedford, 
 
 Somerset, 
 
 Attleborough, 
 
 Freetown, 
 
 Pawtucket, 
 
 Fall River, 
 
 Taunton, 
 
 396 
 
 232 
 
 1046 
 
 585 
 
 3755 
 
 2024 
 
 244 
 
 131 
 
 943 
 
 497 
 
 434 
 
 224 
 
 1024 
 
 497 
 
 2834 
 
 1337 
 
 2512 
 
 1129 
 
 .58-58 
 .55-93 
 .53-90 
 .53-69 
 .52-70 
 .51-61 
 .48-53 
 .47-28 
 .44-94 
 
GRADUATED TABLES. 
 
 Ixiii 
 
 PLYMOUTH COUNTY. 
 
 MIDDLEBORO' 
 
 Kingston, 
 
 Plympton, 
 
 E. Bridgewater, 
 
 Pembroke, 
 
 Marshfield, 
 
 Scituate, 
 
 Halifax, 
 
 N. Bridgewater, 
 
 Hanson, 
 
 Hanover, 
 
 1218 
 335 
 216 
 
 548 
 330 
 472 
 986 
 180 
 891 
 297 
 440 
 
 
 ?, 
 
 867 
 238 
 153 
 388 
 226 
 318 
 657 
 118 
 576 
 190 
 281 
 
 .71-18 
 .71-04 
 .70-83 
 .70-80 
 .68-48 
 .67-37 
 .66-63 
 .65-56 
 .64-65 
 .63-97 
 .63-86 
 
 Wareham, 
 
 W. Bridgewater 
 
 Plymouth, 
 
 Bridgewater, 
 
 Duxbury, 
 
 Hull, 
 
 Carver, 
 
 Abington, 
 
 Hingham, 
 
 Rochester, 
 
 I-. 
 
 749 
 347 
 
 1522 
 
 581 
 
 700 
 
 60 
 
 319 
 
 1159 
 864 
 
 1144 
 
 a o 
 
 467 
 215 
 935 
 350 
 414 
 35 
 173 
 612 
 440 
 529 
 
 a o 
 
 
 .62-35 
 .61-96 
 .61-43 
 .60-24 
 .59-14 
 .58-33 
 .54-23 
 .52-80 
 .50-93 
 .46-24 
 
 BARNSTABLE COUNTY. 
 
 EASTHAM, 
 
 Provincetown, 
 
 Orleans, 
 
 Wellfleet, 
 
 Falmouth, 
 
 Chatham, 
 
 Dennis, 
 
 260 
 617 
 539 
 700 
 710 
 616 
 912 
 
 207 
 456 
 391 
 478 
 450 
 355 
 522, 
 
 .79-62 
 .73-91 
 .72-54 
 .68-29 
 .63-38 
 .57-6:3 
 .57-24 
 
 8 Yarmouth, 
 
 9 Harwich, 
 
 10 Brewster, 
 
 11 Sandwich, 
 
 12 Truro, 
 
 13 Barnstable, 
 
 672 
 1033 
 
 390 
 1261 
 
 650 
 1222 
 
 384 
 543 
 203 
 640 
 325 
 581 
 
 .57-14 
 .52-57 
 .52-05 
 .50-75 
 .50-00 
 .47-55 
 
 DUKES COUNTY. 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 CHILMARK, 
 
 Edgartown, 
 
 151 
 
 446 
 
 110 
 162 
 
 .72-85 
 .36-32 
 
 3 
 
 Tisbury, 
 
 496 
 
 174 
 
 .35-08 
 
 NANTUCKET COUNTY. 
 
 1 
 
 NANTUCKET 
 
 1794 
 
 1015 
 
 .56-58 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MEAN AVERAGE ATTENDANCE FOR THE STATE. 
 
 No. of children between 4 and 16 years of age in the State, - - 215,926 
 
 Mean average attendance upon school, ------ 134,734 
 
 Ratio of attendance to the whole No. of children between 4 and 16, 
 
 expressed in decimals, .-..---- .^-|- 
 
INDEX. 
 
 ACADEMIES, duty of teachers of, 70. 
 
 ADULTS, provision for educating, 36. 
 
 AGENT, owner, or superintendent of a manufacturing establishment. See Penalty. 
 
 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF INSTRUCTION, object of and provision for, 140. 
 
 influence of, 140. 
 APPARATUS. See School Libraries and Apparatus. 
 
 ASSESSORS, required to assess all moneys voted by districts, within thirty days after re- 
 ceiving certificate from the clerk, 59, 61. 
 
 must issue warrant to a collector, 59. 
 
 must deliver a certificate of assessment to the treasurer of the town, 59. 
 
 powers and compensation of, 59, 60. 
 
 to determine in which district lands of non-residents must be taxed, 60. 
 
 must certify such determination to the town clerk, 60. 
 
 may assess moneys granted before they were chosen, 61. 
 
 may revoke an illegal assessment and issue a new warrant, 61. 
 
 may assess a tax though the time limited by the district has expired, 62. 
 
 when mistake or error of, will or will not invalidate their assessment, 62. 
 
 must assess all moneys levied by contiguous school districts, 64. 
 
 when to charge the price of school books to parents, &c., 94. 
 
 BARBARISM, Colonial definition of, in 1642, 8. 
 
 BARNARD'S SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE, one copy supplied to the clerk of each 
 
 town or city, 56. 
 BLANK FORMS OF INQUIRY, how prepared, 110. 
 BLIND, provision for, 141, 142. 
 
 BOARD OF EDUCATION, how constituted, and duties of, 101. 
 to make annual report, 102, 125. 
 
 expenses of, to be reimbursed, accounts to be audited, 102, 103. 
 to prescribe form of Register, 105. 
 
 of blank inquiries, 110. 
 report of, number of copies of, to be printed, 125. 
 to establish Teachers' Institutes, 133. 
 
 to determine length of sessions of Teachers' Institutes, 133. See Teachers' Institutes. 
 BOOKS, to be used in the schools, must be prescribed by committee, 93. 
 classes, may be, 93. 
 text, must be supplied to scholars not provided, 94. 
 to whom must be charged, in such case, 94. 
 may be purchased for all the schools, 95. 
 notice of such purchase, how given, 95. 
 
 not to favor tenets of any particular sect of Christians, %. See School Libra- 
 ries and Apparatus. 
 BOSTON, school records of, 7. 
 Free Schools in, 9. 
 population of, in 1845, 33. 
 
ii INDEX. 
 
 CHAPPEQUIDDICK INDIANS. See Indians. 
 CHILDREN, the natural rights of all to an education, 17. 
 
 the legal right of all to attend school, 35, 136. 
 
 in manufacturing establishments, how to be instructed, 135. 
 CHRISTIANTOWN INDIANS. See Indians. 
 CLASSIFICATION OF SCHOLARS, how facilitated, 38. 
 CLERK of a district must be chosen and sworn, 50. 
 
 must make fair records, 51. 
 
 holds his office till another is chosen and qualified in his stead, 51. 
 
 is liable only for want of integrity, 51. 
 
 case of a sufficient record by, 51. 
 
 removal of to an adjoining district is not a disqualification to act, 51. 
 
 must certify the district's vote to raise money to the assessors of the town, 59. 
 
 may make a second certificate to assessors subsequently chosen, 62. 
 
 of Union School district, when chosen, 65. 
 duties of, 65. 
 CLERK OF SCHOOL DISTRICT, liable only for want of integrity when certifying as 
 to a district tax, 51. 
 
 duty of in relation to school documents, 125. 
 CLERK OF THE SENATE, to cause annual report of the Board of Education to be 
 
 printed, 125. 
 CLERKS OF TOWNS, duty of, in relation to school documents, 125. 
 COLLECTOR, powers and compensation of, 59, 60. 
 CONNECTICUT, candidates for school teachers from, 74. 
 CONTIGUOUS SCHOOL DISTRICTS, in adjoining to\vns, 38. 
 COUNTY ASSOCIATIONS of Teachers, appropriation for, and how obtained, 141. 
 
 DEAF AND DUMB, provision for, 141. 
 DISTURBANCE of Schools, 134. 
 DISTRICT. See School District. 
 
 ENCOURAGEMENT to arts, science, and literature, enjoined, 32. 
 of education, 136. 
 
 in other states and in foreign countries, 146. 
 
 FINES. See Penalty. 
 
 FOREIGN COUNTRIES, and other stales, provision for answering the requests of, 146. 
 
 FREE SCHOOLS, established in certain places, 9. 
 
 throughout the colony, 10. 
 
 argument in favor of, 13 — 32. 
 
 objections made to, 15. 
 
 GAY HEAD INDIANS. See Indians. 
 
 GRAMMAR SCHOOLS, meaning of, in colonial laws, 11, 
 
 GOOD BEHAVIOR, importance of, 80—86. 
 
 HAYWARD, his work on statistics cited, 34. 
 HERRING POND INDIANS. ^&e Indians. 
 HIGH SCHOOLS, for adjacent towns, 39. 
 
 committee of, how chosen, QQ. 
 
 by what towns, and by what vote, may be formed, &S. 
 
 powers of committee of, 66, 67. 
 
 expenses of, how to be borne, 67. 
 HOUSES OF CORRECTION. See Prisoners. 
 HULL, population of, in 1840, 34. 
 
INDEX. iii 
 
 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY, knowledge of, may be required in all teachers, 72. 
 
 IDIOTS, provision for the education of, 142. 
 INDIANS, tribes, and number of, 139. 
 
 provision for the education of, 139, 140. 
 
 appropriation for, when to be paid over, 139, 140. 
 
 account of to be rendered, 139, 140. 
 INFANTICIDE, under what alternative should be legalized, 32. 
 INQUIRIES AND RETURNS, blank form of, &c. 110. 
 
 to whom sent, 110. 
 
 how supplied, when not received, 116. 
 INTERNATIONAL literary and scientific exchanges, 146. 
 
 JAILS. See Prisoners. 
 
 LAND, remedy of owner of, when taken for a schoolhouse, 57. 
 
 when disencumbered of the easement, 57. 
 LAW, of 1789, referred to and disapproved, 37. 
 LONGINUS quoted, 153. 
 LYCEUMS, provisions for the incorporation of, 143. 
 
 MACHINERY, «fcc., where to be taxed. See Taxes. 
 MAINE, candidates for school teachers from, 74. 
 
 penalty imposed by, on teachers without a certificate, 79. 
 MANNERS. See Good Behavior. 
 MARSHPEE INDIANS. See Indians. 
 MASSACHUSETTS, territorial organization of, for school purposes, 33. 
 
 area of, 33, 38. 
 
 number of schools in, 38. 
 
 average number of square miles to a school, 38. 
 
 character of the people of, 100, 147. 
 
 School Fund, 136. See School Fund. 
 
 Teachers' Association, appropriation for, 140. 
 
 parental in her institutions and government, 147. 
 MIDDLEBOROUGH, area of, 34. 
 
 MINISTERS of the Gospel, duty of, to promote attendance of children upon school, 136. 
 MODEL or experimental schools, 131. 
 
 MODERATOR of a district school meeting, must be first chosen, 50. 
 MUDDY RIVER, 30 acres of land at, assigned to Mr. Purmont, 8. 
 
 NATURAL ETHICS. See Natural Law. 
 
 NATURAL LAW, the right of every child to an education, deduced from, 17. 
 
 NEWBURYPORT, area of, 34. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE, candidates for school teachers from, 74. 
 
 NORMAL SCHOOLS. See State Normal Schools. 
 
 " NOURTERING," of children, meaning of the word, 8. 
 
 OWNER, agent, or superintendent, of a manufacturing establishment. See Penalty. 
 
 PENALTY, for neglecting to provide schools, and educate children, as required by law, 8, 
 10, 35, 134. 
 for disturbing schools, 134. 
 how appropriated, in certain cases, 134. 
 
 for employing children in manufacturing establishments, unless, &c., 135, 136. 
 how may be avoided, 135. 
 for unlawfully excluding children from school, 136. 
 
iv INDEX. 
 
 PILGRIM FATHERS, a bold innovation made by, 7, 12. 
 
 POPULATION of Massachusetts Bay, in 1647, 11. 
 
 POPULAR EDUCATION, can advance only as the people are improved, 44. 
 
 PRISONERS, provisions for the education of, in the state prison, in jails, and in houses of 
 
 correction, 142. 
 PROPERTY, qualified right of possessor in, 18. 
 
 all, under a lien, for purposes of education, 27, 32. 
 
 where to be taxed, 60. 
 PRUDENTIAL COMMITTEES, by whom chosen, 51. 
 
 must be residents of the district for which chosen, 51. 
 
 when prudential committee may consist of three, 51, 52. 
 
 may select and contract with teachers, 52, 54, 69. 
 
 duties of, 52, 53, 54, 55. 
 
 to keep the schoolhouse in repair, 52. 
 
 to furnish it with all things " suitable," 52, 53. 
 
 may make the district liable for "all things necessary for the comfort of the scholars," 
 53. 
 
 out of what funds, to make repairs and to supply furniture, 33. 
 
 to provide fuel, 54. 
 
 to give information and assistance to town's committee, 54, 55. 
 
 can make only conditional contract with teachers, 70. 
 
 at what time, their power to contract with a teacher is transferred to town's commit- 
 tee, 88. 
 PURMONT, Philemon, an early schoolmaster, 7. 
 
 REAL ESTATE, where to be taxed, 60. 
 
 when must be taxed in the same district, 60. 
 REGISTERS. See School Registers. 
 RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION, given in the Colonial schools, 9. 
 
 Liberty, 96, 97. 
 RETURNS. See Inquiries and Returns. 
 
 when valid, 116. 
 ROXBURY, Free Schools in, 9. 
 
 SECRETARY OF BOARD OF EDUCATION, how appointed, 102. 
 general duties of, 102—105, 119, 120, 125. 
 to be librarian of State Library, 103. 
 with power to appoint assistant, 104. 
 to make annual report as librarian, 104. 
 
 as secretary, 105, 125. 
 contents of such report, 104. 
 duty of, as to Abstract of School Returns, 104. 
 as to school blanks and registers, 104. 
 at meetings of Institutes, &c., 133. 
 to collect school books, apparatus, maps, &c., 104. 
 
 to purchase limited amount of works on education for benefit of teachers, &c., 104. 
 to receive and arrange reports, returns, &c., of Common Schools, 104. 
 to receive and preserve State documents in relation to the Common School system, 
 
 104. 
 salary of, 105. 
 
 travelling and other necessary expenses of, by whom approved and paid, 105. 
 to make an annual report to the Legislature of expenses of Board, 105. 
 SECRETARY OF SCHOOL COMMITTEE, duty of, in relation to school documents, 
 125. 
 
INDEX. V 
 
 SELECTMEN, when to determine where schoolhouse shall stand, 56, 65. 
 when may select schoolhouse lot for a district, 56, 67. 
 duty of, to promote attendance of children upon school, 136. 
 SCHOOLS, for the instruction of adults, authorized, 36. 
 money for such schools, how assessed, &c., 36. 
 best in undistricted towns, 36. 
 to be kept six months in every town, 40. 
 for what times, in towns of more or fewer inhabitants, 40. 
 what shall be taught in different schools, 40, 41, 42. 
 if of more than fifty scholars, one or more female assistants must be employed, 
 
 unless, &c., 41. 
 at what places in towns, and when for all inhabitants of town, 41. 
 money for support of, to be raised in towns, 42. 
 instructors of, to be examined by committee, 69, 76. 
 
 to be of good moral character, and to have literary, &c. qualifications, 
 
 69—76. 
 to file committee's certificate of qualifications with town treasurer before 
 
 they receive pay, 69. 
 to impress on youth principles of piety, temperance, &c., 70. 
 not to be paid until register is completed and deposited, 105. 
 pupils at, how to be supplied with books, 94. 
 penalty, if towns neglect to raise money for, 134. 
 
 selectmen, or committee, to apply proceeds of certain penalties to support of, 134. 
 public, children unlawfully excluded from, entitled to action against city or town, 136. 
 provisions for, among certain Indians, 139, 140. 
 SCHOOLS AND PUBLIC MEETINGS, penalty for wilfully interrupting, &c., 134. 
 SCHOOL BOOKS, not to favor tenets of any particular sect of Christians, 96. See Books. 
 SCHOOL COMMITTEE, of 3, 5, or 7, to be chosen by written ballots, at annual town 
 meetings, 67, 68. 
 prudential committee chosen by towns for each district, 51, 52, 63, 54, 55, 56. 
 may be chosen by districts, if towns so determine, 51. 
 powers and duties of, 52—56. 
 when prudential committee may consist of three, 51. 
 
 must establish school and employ instructor, if districts neglect or refuse, 55, 87. 
 of contiguous school districts, who to constitute, and duty of, 64. 
 of two adjoining towns, how to discharge duties in districts situate therein, 64. 
 when to visit district and other schools, 64, 89. 
 of union districts, who to constitute, 65. 
 
 powers and duties of, 65, 66. 
 town committee's power to extend to, 66. 
 additional number may be chosen by towns of more than 4000 inhabitants, 67. 
 what description of sufl^cient, 67. 
 to have general charge of all Public Schools, 67. 
 compensation of, 68. 
 
 forfeited by neglect of duty in regard to returns, 68. 
 
 in case of forfeiture of income through their neglect, 68. 
 dut}' of, to keep a record, 68. 
 when to select and contract with teachers, 68, 69. 
 to select and contract with teachers, unless, &c., 69. 
 have sole power of examining and approving teachers, 69. 
 must prepare certificate in duplicate, 69, 76. 
 to require evidence of instructors' good moral character, 70. 
 
 capacity to govern, 72. 
 to examine, personally, instructors' literary, &c., qualifications, 71 — ^76. 
 
vi INDEX. 
 
 SCHOOL COMMITTEE. (Continued.) 
 
 may employ teachers who have higher qualifications than are required by law, 71. 
 
 who can teach other branches besides those required by law, 72. 
 
 cannot antedate a certificate, nor give a conditional one, 77. 
 
 cannot give a certificate to continue in force more than a year, 79. 
 
 may, and perhaps should, designate the school, &c., for which a candidate is ap- 
 proved, 79. 
 
 may dismiss a teacher at their discretion, 87. 
 
 in towns of 500 families, &c., where school is kept for all of the inhabitants, to per- 
 form duties of prudential committee of districts, 88. 
 
 to decide on admission of pupils into such schools, 89. 
 
 to visit and examine such schools, quarterly at least, 89. 
 
 must inquire into regulation, discipline, &c., of all schools, 90, 91. 
 
 authority of, during visitation of a school, 91. 
 
 how long, and for what purposes to continue in office, 92. 
 
 elected in February, March or April, to hold over after their successors are chosen , 
 for certain purposes, 92, 93. 
 
 to direct what books shall be used, 93. 
 
 to supply books, at town's expense, to children not otherwise furnished, 94. 
 
 must give notice to assessors respecting books supplied to children, 94. 
 
 may procure school books, and must give notice where they may be obtained, 93. 
 
 authority to procure books to be governed by a sound discretion, 96. 
 
 must cause Registers to be kept in the schools, 103. 
 
 to cause Registers of schools to be kept, 105. 
 
 to certify to number of pupils between the ages of four and sixteen, 115, 116. 
 
 certificate, form of, and when to be transmitted, 115, 116. 
 
 to certify to state treasurer, yearly, the number of youth in, and the sum raised by 
 town for instructors' wages, 115, 116. 
 
 must fill and return blanks, 116. 
 
 to make returns of schools to Secretary of State, with certificate, 116. 
 
 to answer inquiries of Board of Education, 116. 
 
 to return blanks, filled up, to the Secretary, on or before the last of April, 116. 
 
 when reduced in number, remaining members empowered to make returns, 116. 
 
 to send certificate with such returns, setting forth the facts, 116. 
 
 to make yearly detailed reports, 117. 
 
 how such reports to be disposed of, 118. 
 
 may be printed by committee, 118. 
 
 contents of such reports, 118 — 124. 
 
 must send a copy of their report to the Secretary of State, 119. 
 
 penalty on towns for not choosing, 134. 
 
 to apply penalties, paid by towns for default, to support of schools, 134, 135. 
 
 to endeavor that youth regularly attend school, 136. 
 
 duty of to prosecute for employing children unlawfully, in manufacturing establish- 
 ments, 136. 
 
 to prosecute for breaches of tlie laws respecting the employment of children in facto- 
 ries, 136. See Manufacturing Establishments. 
 SCHOOL DISTRICTS, two of an anomalous character in the State, 39. 
 
 may be formed by tovras, 47. 
 
 limits of, when may and when maj' not be altered by towns, 47. 
 
 to be corporate bodies for certain purposes, 47. 
 
 not to be re-districted so as to change taxation of lands oftener than once in ten years, 
 47. 
 
 must be organized, 48. 
 
 may hold property for supporting schools therein, 48. 
 
INDEX. vii 
 
 SCHOOL DISTRICTS. (Continued.) 
 may sue and be sued, 48. 
 
 may organize after au action is brought, for prosecuting it, 48. 
 meetings of, to be called by warrants of selectmen or prudential committee, 48. 
 
 how to be warned, 48, 49. 
 may raise money for erecting, &c., schoolhouses, for land, and for buying articles 
 
 necessary for the use of schools, 48, 56. 
 may fix the site of schoolhouses, 48, 56. 
 may direct mode of warning and calling meetings, 49. 
 no business can be legally transacted by, of which notice is not given in the warrant 
 
 49, 50. 
 must choose a moderator and clerk, 50. 
 
 may choose prudential committee when towns so determine, 51. See School Committee. 
 shall choose a clerk, who shall be sworn, and record and certify votes, 50, 51. 
 clerk of, to certify to assessors votes to raise money for building houses, &c., 50, 51 . 
 
 to be liable only for want of integrity, 51. 
 liable for illegal proceedings in raising money, 51. 
 may, by prudential committee, select and employ instructors, 52. 
 members of, competent witnesses by or against the district, 55. 
 
 cannot appear and be heard in an action against the district, 47. 
 liable for rent of schoolhouse, hired by prudential committee, 55. 
 must provide schoolhouses, when towns do not, 56. 
 
 if unable to determine where schoolhouse shall stand, selectmen may determine, 56. 
 may choose committee to erect, &c., schoolhouses, 56. 
 money raised by, to be applied by such committee, 56. 
 having voted to raise money, may rescind the vote before assessment, 66. 
 when may take land for schoolhouse, 56, 58, 59. 
 may unite with an individual in erecting a schoolhouse, 59. 
 inhabitants of, where taxed, 60. 
 when property of, is exempted from taxation, 63. 
 certain property of, exempt from taxation, 63. 
 Contiguous, districts in adjoining towns may unite, 38, 63. 
 
 how may separate, 38. 
 
 terms of union, 63; first meeting of, how called, 63. 
 
 may prescribe manner of calling and warning other meetings, 63. 
 
 when shall choose prudential committee, 51, 63 ; powers of such commit 
 tee, 63, 64. 
 
 may again separate,^terms of separation, 63. 
 
 clerk of, to certif3' vote of union to the clerk of the tovra, 63. 
 to certify votes to raise money, 64. 
 
 shall determine what proportion of money shall be paid by inhabitants of 
 each tovra, 64. 
 powers, committees, duties of committees, and of clerks of such unions, 64 — 66. 
 town committee's power to extend to such districts, 66. 
 
 adjacent towns may unite to form, for the establishment of a high school, 39, 66. 
 committee for, how formed, 66. 
 
 to erect or locate house for, 67. 
 proportion of expenses of, how borne by respective towns, 67. 
 authorized to raise money for libraries, and apparatus, 126. 
 SCHOOL FUND, for encouragement of Common Schools, established, 136. 
 amount of, and from what sources derived, 137. 
 
 appropriations and payments, for the purposes of education, to be a charge upon, 137 
 investment of, by treasurer, &c., 137. 
 limitation of, 137. 
 investment of, 137. 
 
viii INDEX. 
 
 SCHOOL FUND. ( Continued.J 
 
 amount of, 137. 
 
 for what purposes may be drawn upon, 137. 
 
 income of, how and by whom apportioned, 138. 
 
 not to be allowed to towns that neglect to make certain returns, or to raise a 
 certain yearly sum to pay instructors, &c., 138. 
 
 amount of city and town tax, raised on condition of receiving, 138. 
 
 income of, how and on what conditions to be appropriated, 138, 139. 
 
 forfeited by cities and towns neglecting, &c., 138, 139. See School Committees. 
 SCHOOLHOUSES, best in undistricted towns, 36. 
 
 when 7nust be provided by the town, 46. 
 
 when may be provided by the town, 46. 
 
 how property in, may be changed from districts to the town, 47. 
 
 to be kept in good order by prudential committee, 52. 
 
 by whom to be kept in repair, 52. 
 furnished, 52, 53. 
 
 site of, to be fixed by selectmen, if district cannot determine, 56. 
 
 may be erected, &c., and site of fixed by districts, 56. 
 
 land may be taken and laid out for, in certain cases, bj- selectmen, 56. 
 owner of, may have proceedings revised by a jury, 57. 
 
 money for, may be voted by towns, if districts refuse, and assessed on inhabitants of 
 districts, 57. 
 
 location of, for union high school, 65. See School Districts. 
 
 taxes for. See Taxes. Assessors. Collectors. 
 SCHOOL LIBRARIES AND APPARATUS, towns and districts authorized to raise 
 money for, 126. 
 
 manner of assessing and collecting the same, 126. 
 
 inhabitants of school districts authorized to raise money for purchasing, 126. 
 
 on what conditions, towns and districts may receive the bounty of the State for libra- 
 ries, 127. 
 
 whether towns or districts can sell libraries, bought, in part, with tovra's money, qu., 127. 
 SCHOOLMASTERS. See Teachers. 
 SCHOOL MONEYS, how collected, 59. 
 
 when collected, where deposited, 45. 
 
 how apportioned, 45. 
 
 principle of a just apportionment stated, 46. 
 
 when voted by the town, to what objects restricted, 46. 
 SCHOOL RETURNS, blank form of, to be furnished to towns by Secretary of Board of 
 Education, 110. 
 
 form of, 114. 
 
 to contain answers to specified questions, 114, 115, 116. 
 
 to be made yearly, by committees, to Secretary of State, 1 16. 
 SCHOOL RETURNS AND REGISTERS, form of, &c., 105—110. 
 
 blanks for, to be distributed by Secretary, 104. 
 
 abstract of, when, how, and by whom prepared, 104, 119. 
 
 Board of Education to prescribe form of, 105. 
 
 teachers, duty of, respecting, 105. 
 
 not entitled to pay, until such duty is performed, 105. 
 
 to be forwarded to sherifis, by Secretary of Board of Education, 105, 125. 
 duty of, as to distributing, 125. 
 
 clerks of towns and cities, duty of, as to, 125. 
 of districts, duty of, as to, 125. 
 
 prudential committee, duty of, as to, 126. 
 
 how disposed of, when town not districted, 126. 
 
 to be deemed property of town or district, 126. 
 
INDEX. ix 
 
 SHERIFFS, to distribute school documents, 125. 
 STATES AND TERRITORIES, areas of, given, 34, n. 
 STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS, value of, 128. 
 
 organization of, 128. 
 
 number of, and date of commencement, 129. 
 
 qualifications for, and admission to, 130. 
 
 terms, and course of study in, 130, 131. 
 
 Visiters of, and instructors in, 13L 
 
 Experimental or Model School connected with, 131. 
 
 salaries of teachers of, paid by the State, 132. 
 
 appropriation for, 132. 
 STATE REFORM SCHOOL, description of, 143. 
 
 government of, 144. 
 
 trustees of, how appointed, 144. ' 
 
 duty and powers of trustees of, 144, 146. 
 
 who may be committed to, 144. 
 
 term of commitment to, 144. 
 
 inmates of, when may be discharged, 144. 
 instruction of, 144, 
 
 duties of officers of, 144. 
 STOCKS, where to be taxed, 60- 
 SUPERINTENDENT, agent or owner of manufacturing establishment. See Penalty. 
 
 TAXES, for adult schools, how levied, 36. 
 
 upon whom to be levied, 60. 
 
 to whom paid over when levied by a district, 61. 
 
 when inhabitants remain liable to be taxed, though set off to another district, 61. 
 
 when not, 61. 
 
 when an inhabitant, in an action to recover back money, cannot object tliat collector 
 was not a legal officer, 62. 
 cannot object to the warrant by which a district meeting was 
 called, 62. 
 
 town not liable for, when taxes are voted by a district, 63. 
 
 when school district property is exempted from, 63, 136. 
 
 of contiguous school districts, how to be assessed, 64. 
 TEACHERS, cannot enter a Public School, until approved by the committee, 69. 
 
 cannot receive pay until certificate is filed with town treasurer, 69. 
 
 cannot legally commence a school, without a certificate, 76. 
 
 forfeit all claim to wages if without a certificate, 76. 
 
 how far, teacher without a certificate may be liable, 77. 
 
 authority of, within the schoolroom and precincts of the schoolhouse, 97—100. 
 
 has a claim on the town, for his wages, 100. 
 
 when not liable to an action by a parent for refusing to instruct his children, 100. 
 
 not entitled to pay until they have filled up Register, &;c., 105. 
 
 county associations of, appropriations for, 141. 
 TEACHERS' ASSOCIATIONS, when entitled to aid from the State, 141. 
 
 warrant for such aid, how to be drawn, 141. 
 TEACHERS' INSTITUTES, object of, and how established and conducted, 132, 133, 134. 
 
 fund for, established, 1.33. 
 
 expenses of, how defrayed, 133. 
 
 Board of Education to determine length of sessions of, 133. 
 TOWNS AND CITIES, may provide schools beyond the requisitions of the law, 36. 
 
 may provide schools for adults, 36. 
 
 may divide territory into school districts or not, at their option, 36. 
 
X INDEX. 
 
 TOWNS AND CITIES. (Continued.) 
 
 whole territory of, must be divided, to make legal districts, 37. 
 
 any, may keep a high school, 41. 
 
 may vote money for the support of schools, 42. 
 
 may vote as much money as they deem necessary, 42. 
 
 when restricted from dividing territory, 47. 
 
 may choose prudential committees, or devolve choice on the districts, 51. 
 
 when a town or district may elect three persons as a prudential committee, 51. 
 
 may determine that prudential committee shall select and contract with teachers, 52. 
 
 such vote of, in force but for one year, semble, 52. 
 
 when may compel districts to raise money for lawful purposes, 57, 58. 
 
 when town may appoint a committee to expend money which it has compelled a dis- 
 trict to raise, 58. 
 
 not liable for taxes levied and collected for a district, 63. 
 
 liable for expense, when committees print their reports, 118. 
 
 have no jurisdiction over school committees' reports, 119. 
 
 may raise money for libraries and apparatus, 126. 
 TREASURER, town, when he may enforce collection and payment of money, 59. 
 
 compensation of, 59, 60. 
 
 liable for paying money for a teacher before a certificate of his qualification is filed, 69. 
 
 UNION SCHOOL DISTRICTS, object and powers of, 38, 64. 
 
 by whom named, 64. 
 
 first meeting of, how called, 64. 
 
 subsequent meetings, bow called, 66. 
 
 must choose clerk at first meeting, 65. 
 
 for what purposes may raise money, 65. 
 
 may determine where its schoolhouse shall stand, 65. 
 
 may choose any committee to execute its legal votes, 65, 
 
 who to be the prudential committee of, 65. 
 
 powers of prudential committee of, 65, 66. 
 
 schools of, do not supersede the district schools, 66. 
 UNIVERSITY AT CAMBRIDGE, duty of officers of, 70. 
 
 VATTEMARE, M. objects of, for literary and scientific exchanges, promoted, i4S. 
 VERMONT, candidates for school teachers from, 74. 
 VOTERS, who are legal for school purposes, 43. 
 
 WARRANT, subjects to be acted upon, must be inserted in, 43i. 
 WINTHROP'S JOURNAL, cited, 9, 
 
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