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 ■■J-.. aX^' 
 
 
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 ^ HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 AND 
 
 Their Legends and Folk Lore 
 
 EMMET STARR 
 
 Published by 
 
 THE WARDEN COMPANY 
 
 Oklahoma City, Okla. 
 
 1921 
 
 E. 
 
77 
 5S« 
 
 Copyright 1922 by the Warden Co. 
 
 FEB 21 1922 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 This humble effort is attempted for the purpose of perpetuating some 
 of the facts relative to the Cherokee tribe, that might otherwise be lost. The 
 object has been to make it as near a personal history and biography of as 
 many Cherokees as possible. 
 
 Without the assistance of the magnanimous, wholesoul membership of 
 the nation, the work would not have been possible and for that reason 1 wish 
 to thank each and every member, for their hearty collaboration and express 
 my regret that the work has not the merit with which many others might have 
 invested it. 
 
 Emmet Starr. 
 Claremore, Okla. 
 December 12, 1^2 I. 
 
From Press and Bindery of the Warden Co. 
 
Contents 
 
 Page 
 CHAPTER 1. 
 
 \/Origin, Religion, Ciiaracteristics 2 1 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 Trouble with the Chickamaugau, Attack at Knoxville, Mussel Shoals 
 Massacre, Removal to Arkansas, First Printed Laws 35 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 Convention of Delegates, Constitution Adopted -- 55 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 Proclamation of May 28, 1828 67 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 Treaty with the Cherokees, 1835 85 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 The Emigration from Georgia, Cost Detachment, Resolutions of Protest, 
 Political Differences, Civil War Averted 103 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Act of Union Between the Eastern and Western Cherokees 121 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 Treaty with the Cherokees, 1846. Schools Established. Old Settler Pay- 
 ments. Keetoowah Society Organized. Organization of Military 
 Companies. Cherokees Enter the Civil War. General Waite Sur- 
 renders -- 137 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 Treaty with the Cherokees, 1866. Delawares Acquire Full Rights. Shaw- 
 nees Adopted by Cherokees. Land Sold to Osages. Officers' Sala- 
 ries Fixed. Land Donated to Masons. Lodges 167 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 The Texas Cherokees 1820-30. Grant from Mexico. Grant from 
 Texas. Treaties. Expulsion 187 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 / Public School System Established. National Officials. Male and Female 
 
 Seminary. Graduates. Eleemosynary Institutions --_225 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Missionary Activities, First Printing 247 
 
12 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 Officers of the Cherokee Nation, September 9, 1839, to June 30, 1908__26l 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 Old Families and Their Genealogy 303 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 Continuation of Old Families __ — 335 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 Continuation of Old Families 363 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 Continuation of Old Families 374 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 Continuation of Old Families 399 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 Continuation of Old Families -- 419 
 
 CHAPTER XXi. 
 Redbird Smith. The Nig'hthawk Branch of the Keetoowah Organization. 
 Election of Chief Levi Gritts 477 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 Continuation of Old Families 543 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 HON. ROBT. L. OWEN 
 
14 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 O. H. P. BREWER 
 Oliver Hazard Perry Brewer, the son of Lieutenant Colonel Oliver Hazard Perry and 
 Delilah (Vann) Brewer, was born in Canadian District on March 15, 1871. A member of 
 the senior class at the Male Seminary he was expelled about a couple of months before 
 graduation day for condemning the action of the principal of that school in unmercifully 
 beating one of the smaller boys. Brewer then attended Arlcansas University and gradu- 
 ated on December 6, 1803. He was elected Senator from Canadian District on August 5, 
 1901. Elected a memtier of the Cherokee National School Board and chosen as its presi- 
 dent in November. 1903. A democrat, he was elected delegate to the Oklahoma State 
 Constitutional Convention from District Number Seventy-seven on November 6, 1906. 
 Appointed postmaster of Muskogee in 1917. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 D. M. cFAULKNER 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 (pPh.J^c:£> 
 
 (SHQU(JYAH) 
 
CHEROKEE ALPHABET. 
 
 CHARACTERS SYSTEMATICALLY AR- 
 RANGED WITH THE SOUNDS 
 
 D 
 
 
 K 
 
 T 
 
 (0 
 
 0= 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 
 
 e 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 V 
 
 S 
 
 © 
 
 I- 
 
 y 
 
 A 
 
 J 
 
 E 
 
 S*i 
 
 ki 
 
 ge 
 
 g' 
 
 RO 
 
 sa 
 
 g^ 
 
 <* 
 
 
 P 
 
 J3 
 
 !< 
 
 r 
 
 Jl7 
 
 ba 
 
 
 he 
 
 hi 
 
 ho 
 
 bn 
 
 hv 
 
 W 
 
 
 (T 
 
 f 
 
 G 
 
 M 
 
 >q 
 
 la 
 
 
 le 
 
 li 
 
 lo 
 
 lu 
 
 Iv 
 
 r 
 
 
 (M 
 
 H 
 
 -b 
 
 y 
 
 
 ma 
 
 
 me 
 
 lui 
 
 mo 
 
 rau 
 
 
 6 
 
 t. 
 
 ^1 ( 
 
 h 
 
 Z 
 
 q 
 
 O 
 
 nti 
 
 nil a 
 
 ne nail ni 
 
 no 
 
 nn 
 
 nv 
 
 X 
 
 
 ci) 
 
 TP 
 
 tV 
 
 lS 
 
 8 
 
 qua 
 
 
 que 
 
 qni 
 
 quo 
 
 qau 
 
 quv 
 
 ^ 
 
 B 
 
 4 
 
 L 
 
 * 
 
 r 
 
 R 
 
 s 
 
 Ha 
 
 se 
 
 si 
 
 so 
 
 su 
 
 PV 
 
 L, 
 
 W 
 
 .* T> 
 
 J .T V 
 
 S 
 
 r 
 
 tia 
 
 ta 
 
 do t 
 
 di t 
 
 do 
 
 IIU 
 
 dv 
 
 6% 
 
 £ 
 
 L 
 
 
 
 "H 
 
 ^ 
 
 p 
 
 dia 
 
 I la 
 
 tic 
 
 cle 
 
 tlo 
 
 tin 
 
 tlv 
 
 & 
 
 
 'V 
 
 h. 
 
 K 
 
 J 
 
 O 
 
 tH^ 
 
 
 ise 
 
 isi 
 
 tso 
 
 t()U 
 
 tsv 
 
 G. 
 
 
 iSS 
 
 9 
 
 03 
 
 S 
 
 6 
 
 wa 
 
 
 we 
 
 wi 
 
 wn 
 
 wo 
 
 W V 
 
 oo 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 tl 
 
 rr 
 
 B 
 
 yi; 
 
 
 ye 
 
 yi 
 
 yo 
 
 yu 
 
 yv 
 
 SOUNDS REPRESENTED BY VOWELS 
 
 A as a in father, or short, ae a in rival. 
 
 E as a in hate, or short, as e in met. 
 
 I as i in pique, or short as i in pin. 
 
 O as in note, but aw approaching to aw in law. 
 
 U as 00 in moon, or sliori as u in pull. 
 
 V as u in buf, nasalized. 
 
 CONSONANT SOUNDS. 
 G, IS sounded bard approachioif to k; sometimen he 
 fore e, I, u and v, its gound is k. D has a sound be 
 iween the English a and i; pomeiimcs, before o, n, 
 and V its sound is I; wuen written before I and 8 the 
 same analogy prevails 
 All other letters as iu English. 
 Syllables beginning wiih g, except ga have 
 sometimes the power of k; syllables when 
 written with tl, except tIa sometimes vary to 
 dla. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 Origin, Religion, First Civilizatioyi. Early Wars 
 
 ■^ OR four hundred years the question: "From whence came the In- 
 TT dian?" has been a recurrent problem. Four centuries of quest and 
 ^"^ investigation have not brought the solution nearer and it's sanest an- 
 swer of today is conjecture. 
 
 Every person, who has made an extended study of Indians either as a 
 tribe or as a race, has naturally evolved some idea of their possible origin and 
 this is very often based on tribal migration legends. 
 
 .At some ancient period, so remote that even legend does not note it, the 
 earth most probably came so ear the sphere of influence of some other planet, 
 that it momentarily swung out of its solar trend, causing a cataclysm that in- 
 stantly transforme dthe zones so suddenly that the giant mammoths were 
 frozen as they stood, to be later incased in great masses of ice and preserved 
 so well that as it melted away from their bodies the flesh \vas so fresh that ii 
 was eaten by dogs and other animals. 
 
 The immense glaciers were left in the temperate and possibly the torrid 
 zones. .4s to whether any land was raised at that time there is a question, 
 but there is very little doubt that much of the land connecting northern Eu- 
 rope and America was submerged, leaving only Greenland, Iceland and a few 
 other elevated portions above sea level. The flora and fossil remains indicate 
 a previous continuity and the charts of the ocean bed show a well defined 
 plateau at only a comparatively shallow depth extending from Labrador to 
 Norway. 
 
 These seismic and climatic convulsions most prDbably very nearly de- 
 stroyed the cave dwellers of what had been the united continent of Euro- 
 merica. but on account of their peculiar hardiness a few survived to repopulate 
 the riven continent. 
 
 Aeons later, so late that even the historians of the early civilizations were 
 able to gather bits of legends concerning it, the fabled continent of Atlantis, 
 lying west of Spain and possibly joining southern Europe or Northern Africa 
 with South or Central America, sank with its mythical civilization and possibly 
 leaving parts of a homogenous people in America, North Africa and Eurasia. 
 
 Other people possibly came to western America from Asia and the South 
 Sea Islands. As the people became more numerous they commenced to 
 migrate. The Cherokees, with the soft accents of the underbills, which was 
 obviously the mother dialect, were evidently from a southern country, for the 
 pleasant fluent languages always come from a southern people in contradis- 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 f thP north This tribe moved gradually to 
 tinction from the harsher tones o ^ ^^ ,„i„,i3, ohio, Virginia 
 
 the north and east as .s ^^■f"^^^^^^;^;^,^ showed artifactuary and thhnic 
 and Tennessee that have been e>cpl«red and sho ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 composition almost ■^-/'•- ,^^"f , ;;:S\norcrematory marks of this tribe 
 and handicraft. In each of these toe .^1 k ^^ ^^^.^^ ^^^ ^.^^^^ 
 
 were found; the charred post ^^ ^^e apex or ^^^^ _^^^^^_ ^j^^^. 
 
 had been bound. The h^'-d'^"^^^^"^^^^''',;;'L t e n^ound had been added 
 
 century. , , r-i ov, r^nro-in and on the surface of the 
 
 • ,n the center of a mound ^^^ ^-h, G or^^ ^.d o ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ 
 
 ground were found two copper plates Fh,. ten to > ^.^^.^^^ ^^_ 
 
 Len inhabited ^y^i'-^^^-^tnlTnTericrYucat n and^he Levant. 
 
 signs to these are those of Central f "7''^' , , 3 t as far east as Dela- 
 
 mmmmm 
 
 that when they came to the black grass counu\ 
 
 sippi. This probably has reference to the frost hue. coastland 
 
 The Cherokees came so suddenly and unexpectedly mto the coistlani 
 that the Senecas and many other tribes thought that they came froni the earth 
 and a led te,; -.cave men" or "the people that came from a hole m he 
 e ound ' The ancient Delawares, who called themselves "Lenm Lenape" 
 ■The Peop e' ■ called the Cherokees, ■■Allegans." The Cherokees wer 
 known to the Shawnees, another Algonquin tribe as he Keeoow a . The 
 Shawnees called the Muskogees, "Swamp People" or "Humaskog. and this 
 foreign name was slightly changed and adopted by the Muskogees when they 
 formed their confederacy, but the Muskogees changed the word to Emmussuk, 
 of Medicine, referring to the "black wash" and ogee, meaning confederacy or 
 the confederacy of those who drank the black wash, a stringent emmenagogue 
 and chologague for purification purposes immediately preceding the green 
 corn dance and on other stated occasions. The Muskogees were probably 
 driven out of Mexico by the Aztecs, Toltecs or some other of the northwestern 
 tribal invasions of the ninth or preceding centuries. This is evidenced by the 
 customs and devices that were long retained by the Creeks. 
 
 The Cherokees were forced back from the vicinity of the Great Lakes 
 and Atlantic by assailants, led by the valorous Iroquois, until they reached the 
 southern Appalachian mountains, where they held all enemies at bay and ere- 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 23 
 
 ated a neutral strip extending- north to Ohio river, nn which no tribe or war 
 nor dared settle with impunity. 
 
 _ When the earlv missionaries came amono- the Cherokees. they were as- 
 omshed at the simihiritv of the religious traditions of the Cherokees to the 
 b.bhcal accounts. I„ recountino- the religious views of the Cherokees thev 
 stated that rom tuKe immemorial the tribe had been divided in sentiment 
 That whde the greater part had been idolatrous, worshiping the sun, moon 
 .tars and other gods; a small portion denied that system and taught that there 
 were three benigs above, who created all things and will judge all men. That 
 hey fixed the time and manner of death. Their names were : U-ha-he-ta-qua 
 the great head of all power; A-ta-no-ti and U-squa-hu-la. These three beino-; 
 were said to be always unanimous in thought and action and always will be 
 Ihey s.t on three white seats above and are the only objects to which worship 
 and prayers should be directed. The Angels are their messengers and come 
 down to earth to attend to the affairs of men. 
 
 They claimed that Yehowa was the name of a great king. He was a 
 man and yet a spirit, a great and glorious being. His name was never to be 
 spoken in common talk. This great king commanded them to rest every sev- 
 enth day. They were told not to work on this day and that they should de- 
 vote it to talking about God\ 
 
 Yehowa created the world in seven days at Nu-ta-te-qua or the first new 
 moon of autunm, with the fruits all ripe^^. God made the first man of red 
 clay and he was an Indian, and made woman of one of his ribs.''' All people 
 were Indians or red people before the flood. They had preachers and proph- 
 ets who taught the people to obey God and their parents. They warned the 
 people of the approaching flood, but said that the world would only be de- 
 stroyed by water once, and that later it would be destroyed by fire, when God 
 would send a shower of pitch and then a shower of tire' which would burn up 
 everything. They also taught that after death the good and the bad would 
 he separated, the good would take a path that would lead to happiness, where 
 It would always be light, but the bad would be urged along another path which 
 Hou.d lead to a deep chasm over which lay a pole with a do- at each end 
 liey would be urged on to this pole and the dogs, by movin- it, would throw 
 |hem off into the gulf of fire beneath. But if they' got over they would be 
 transfixed with red hot bars of iron and thus be tormented forever> 
 
 A little before the flood men grew worse and worse. At length God sent 
 a messenger from above to warn the people of the flood unless^hey lurred 
 from their wickedness. God then told a man to make a house that would 
 swim, take his family and some of the dit^'erent kinds of animals into it' Th- 
 rain commenced and continued for forty days and forty nights, while the water 
 at the same time gushed out of the ground, so that as" much came up as came 
 down from the clouds". 
 
 The house was raised upon the waters and borne away. At lenoth the 
 man sent out a raven, and after some time, sent a dove, which came back with 
 a leaf in her mouth. Soon after this the man found the house was resting 
 on 01 y ground on the top of a mountain. This being in the spring of the year 
 
24 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 tlic lamily and all the animals left the house and the family descended to the 
 botton of the mountain and commenced their farming operations'. 
 
 The Cherokees detailed to the missionaries parallels to practically every 
 one of the stories of the Bible. They called Abraham, Aquahami; Moses was 
 called Wasi. These accounts were so circumstantial that many investig-ators 
 were led to believe that the Cherokees were of Semitic origin. But it is 
 palpable that they had been told these stories by Priber during his short stay 
 among them and that they had forgotten their origin within seventy years and 
 attributed it to legends that had descended from the mythical Kutani and their 
 primal religion. On account of the fact that the Cherokees thought that the 
 missionaries were bringing back to them their old religion, it was a compara- 
 tively easy task to convert them from a tribe of savages to a Christian nation 
 within the comparatively short period of thirty years. When they were con- 
 verted, they, at the behest of the missionaries cast aside every vestige of their 
 ancient customs to such an extent that not any of their mythology has ever 
 been preserved, even among those of the tribe that speak the Cherokee lan- 
 guage preferably. 
 
 On May 10, 1540, De Soto, according to the historiographer, "a gentle- 
 man of Elvas, '■ entered the province of Chelaque, which was most pro- 
 bably one of the Underbill settlements, as the use of the sound of the 
 letter 'i" was universal with them in preference to the letter "r" which 
 was occasionally used by the Overhills, notably in the word oochera in con- 
 tradistinction to oochela, as used by the Underbills. After traveling a north- 
 ward course through their country he came to Xualla, probably Qualla, an 1 
 then turning westward the Spaniards traversed the entire Cherokee country, 
 visiting Canasauga on the way. 
 
 In the decade of 1666-1676 an exploring party sent out from Appomailox 
 by Sir William Berkeley, Governor of Virginia, came to some abandoned fields 
 and settlements located on a river flowing to the westward when their Indian 
 guides refused to proceed, allieging that not far away dwelt a powerful tribe 
 that never suffered strangers who discovered their towns to return alive'. 
 This was in the vicinity of the Cherokees, and was thought to allude to them. 
 
 Alexander Dougherty, a Virginia trader, was the first white man to marry 
 a Cherokee, the date was 1690.- The Cherokees in concert with the Mus- 
 kogee towns of Alabama, Abekas and Conchartys were said to have been in 
 league to attack the French in 1708 but probably did not do so. 
 
 Two hundred and eighteen Cherokees accompanied the colonists under 
 Colonel Barnwell in 1712 in the subjugation of the Tuscaroras, an Iroquoian 
 tribe that lived adjacent to and southeast of the Cherokees. Following the 
 success of this expedition, the tribe then moved northward and joined the 
 Iroquoian confederacy on the Great Lakes. Three years later the Cherokees 
 joined the Yamassees, Appalachians and Creeks against the colonists, but they 
 were defeated and the Yamassees and Appalachian tribes were destroyed. 
 
 In January 1716 the Cherokees killed the Frenchmen de Ramsey and de 
 . .ongueie, the latter being a member of the illustrious de Moyne family that 
 founded Biloxi and New Orleans and furnished the first two governors of 
 Louisiana, both of whom were the paternal uncles of young de Lonsjueil. whose 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS l5 
 
 father was Governor of Canada. In reprisal for the death of his son, the Gov- 
 ernor induced the Iroquois to attack and burn two of the Cherolcee towns. 
 
 The estimated popuhition of the Cherokee country in 1715 was eleven 
 thousand, in 1735 fifteen thousand. In 173 8 the ravages of smallpox which 
 was a hitherto unknown disease with them, reduced their number by one half, 
 later reports gave their population for 1875, 10,717; ISSo, 21,920; 1890, 
 28,000; 1900, 32,376 and 1910, 38,300. 
 
 De Iberville established Biloxi as the capital of Louisiana in 1690, it was 
 moved to Mobile in 1702, which was fortified nine years later, and was finally 
 transferred to New Orleans in 17 18. Fort Toulouse, among the Creeks, Fort 
 Rosalie among the Natchez and other fortified stations among the Chickasaws 
 and Choctaws were established' with the consent of those tribes by the French 
 in 1714 or earlier, and four years later the ambitious promotions of Law 
 threatened to found a formidable French colony in the lower Mississippi valley. 
 Of all the tribes east of the great river only the Cherokees remained friendly to 
 the English and in order to counteract the French influence. Governor Nichol- 
 son of South Carolina concluded a treaty of peace and commerce with them 
 in 172 1 by which their boundaries were defined. This was their first treaty 
 with the whites. 
 
 In 1729, Sir Alexander Gumming, of England, was led, by a dream of his 
 wife's, to undertake a voyage to America with the object of visiting the Chero- 
 kees. He sailed on September I3th, arrived at Charlestown on December 
 5th, and on March 1 1, 1730 began his journey to the Cherokee country. At 
 Keowee, three hundred miles from Charlestown and which was the first im- 
 portant location on the road, locally called the trace from Charlestown to the 
 Cherokee nation, he met Ludovic Grant, a Scotch trader from Tellico, who had 
 lived there since 1720, had married a Cherokee woman and spoke their lang- 
 uage. He informed Grant that he wanted to visit the Cherokees and prevail- 
 ed on him to accompany him on the trip. They stopped at the residence of 
 Joseph Baker, a trader at Keowee and that evening attended a meeting of the 
 headmen at the townhouse, where the Indians met every night. Sir Alexander 
 made the first of his stereotyped addresses in which he stated "that he was one 
 of the Great King George's children but was not sent either by the Great King 
 or any of his Governors — that he was no public person and only came for his 
 own private satisfaction to see their country, and that he would drink th.; 
 King's health hoping that all persons would pledge him, which he accordingly 
 did upon his knee desiring those present to follow his example He carried 
 with him into the townhouse, his gun, cutlass and a pair of pistols; upon one of 
 the traders telling him that the Indians never came there armed and that they 
 did not like to see others do so, he answered, with a wild loi)k, that his inten- 
 tion was, "if any of the Indians had refused the King's health I would have 
 taken a brand from out the fire, that burns in the middle of the room and set 
 fire to the house. 1 would have guarded the door and put to death every one 
 that endeavored to make his escape, so that they might have all been con- 
 sumed in the flames."' 
 
 On the next morning he departed from Keowee on a trip of over one 
 hundred and fifty miles into the center of the nation, during- which time hj 
 
26 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 never stopped for more than one night at a place. When any of the Chero- 
 kees met him, they would, as was their custom, sliake nanas with him, upon 
 which he would take down their names in a note book, saying that he had 
 made a "friend of him." 
 
 Sir Alexander was told of the ceremonies that were used in making a "be- 
 loved man," or ouka; of which there were many in the nation, the word was 
 ordinarily translated into English as "king" and the cap of red or yellow dyed 
 opossum skin was generally spoken of as a crown. When Sir Alexander ar- 
 rived at Neguasse he expressed a desire to see one of the crowns and upon 
 being shown one, requested that he be allowed to take it to England and pre- 
 sent it to the King. In an article in the London Daily Journal of October 8, 
 1730. he made claims to have been made a chief of the tribe and that he was 
 further allowed to name Mogtog of Tellico as their emperor. He told the In- 
 dians he would soon return to England and that if any of them would like to 
 accompany him he would take them. Seven Cherokees signified their willing- 
 ne.ss to go, two of whom were Attacullaculla and Oconostota. They arrived 
 at Charlestown on April 13, 1730 and on June 5th they landed at Dover, 
 England, on the English man-of-war Fox. On the 22nd they were presented 
 to the King. Sir Alexander laid the opossum skin "crown" at his feet and the 
 Indians added four scalps and eagle tail feathers to the tribute. This audience 
 developed the real reason of his activities which were to follow in, a degree, the 
 machinations of Crozat and Law in France. Among his schemes, was one 
 for paying off eighty millions of the national debt by settling three million 
 Jewish families in the Cherokee mountains to cultivate the land, and for re- 
 lieving the American colonies from taxation by establishing numerous banks 
 and a local currency, but he could find no one who would take his scheme^ 
 seriously. In a letter from South Carolina bearing date of June 12th and pub- 
 lished in the Edinburgh Weekly Journal of September 16, 1830 Sir Alexander 
 was accused of having defrauded the settlers out of large sums of money and 
 other property by means of fictitious promissory notes. He did not answer 
 these charges and his chimera collapsed. The Indian delegation was loaded 
 with presents by the government and returned to Charlestown. 
 
 The Principal Chiefs of the Cherokees have been: 1736 Moytog; Atta- 
 cullaculla, died 1778; Oconostota, died 1785; Tassel, killed in July 1788 
 Hanging Neaughe, Blackfox; Pathkiller; William Hicks, was chief for only one 
 year, 1827; John Ross 1828 to 1866; William Potter Ross, Reverend Lewis 
 Downing, William Potter Ross, Reverend Ochalata, Dennis Wolf BushyheaJ, 
 Joel Bryan Mayes. Thomas Mitchell Buffington, Colonel Johnson Harris." Sam- 
 uel Hou.ston Mayes, Thomas Mitchell Buffington and William Charles Rogers. 
 The Principal Chiefs of the Westeren Cherokees were, consecutively: John 
 Bowles 1795-18 13; Takatoka 1813-1818; Tahlonteeskee, John Jolly, John 
 Brown and John Rogers. The latter was deposed in 1839 and his valuable 
 property at Grand Saline was confiscated by Chief John Ross. John Roger, 
 was the grandfather of William Charles Rogers, the last Chief of the Cherokees. 
 
 Governor Glenn of South Carolina concluded a treaty with the Chero- 
 kees on November 24, 1855 by which that colony acquired five million five 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 27 
 
 hundred twent}' six thousand four hundred acres and the right to construct and 
 garrison three forts in the Cherokee country, and soon afterwards the Govern- 
 or built Fort Prince George within gunshot of Keowee and Fort Moore, onj 
 hundred and seventy miles further down on Keowee River. A treaty of alliance 
 was made in 1756 between the Cherokees, Catawbas and North Carolina. Dur- 
 ing this year the Earl of London having been appointed commander in chief 
 of the British forces in the American colonies, sent Major Andrew Lewis to 
 build the third fort in the Cherokee nation. He located it on the Tennessee 
 River within five miles of Schauta, the capital of the nation. The English 
 translation of Echauta is "place of rest." The English ordinarily spelled the 
 name Chota. This fort was named London in honor of the Earl. It was 
 garrisoned with two Scotch companies under Captains Paul Demere and John 
 Stuart and was over one hundred and fifty miles from the nearest white settle- 
 nent. 
 
 General Hraddock marching to attack Fort Duquense with a well equip- 
 ped army of more than two thousrnd regulars and the famous Virginia Militi.i 
 was met in ambush on the Monongahela River by seventy-two French regulars, 
 two hundred and fifty Canadian volunteers and six hundred thirty seven In- 
 dians under Captain Marie de Beauyeu and ingloriously defeated. The French 
 had already ingratiated themselves with all of the western Indians except the 
 Cherokees and the effect of Braddock's defeat was to encourage the Indians to 
 scour the frontier in large and small bodies, killing, burning and destroying. 
 The tide of emigration that had for several years steadily flowed westward over 
 the Alleghenies commenced to rapidly recede. During this time Colonel 
 George Washington wrote to his former employer, Lord Fairfax, that three 
 hundred and fifty wagons had crossed one ford of the Monocacy River, east- 
 bound, within three days. Colonels William Byrd and Peter Randolph were 
 deputed by the Colony of Virginia in November 1755 to treat with the Chero- 
 kees for their active cooperation; as Colonel George Washington expressed 
 it "without Indians we will be unable to cope with the cruel foes of our coun- 
 try.'" 
 
 -Vlajor Andrew Lewis had led a company of Cherokees in an attack on the 
 Shawnees, who were allies of the French and while on their return a party of 
 them was entertained by a back settler in Augusta County, Virginia and when 
 they had taken their leave, some of his friends, whom he had placed in ambush 
 for that purpose, fired upon and killed several of them. Those who escaped 
 arrived in their towns just as Byrd and Randolph were on the point of con- 
 cluding their treaty.- Great excitement ensued, and but for the devotion of 
 Silonee and the wisdom and tact of Attacullaculla, the treaty would not only 
 have been defeated, but the commissioners themselves would have been killed. 
 Attacullaculla hastened to apprise the commissioners of their danger, 
 warning them to stay within their tent, and on no account to appear abroad. 
 Silonee saved the lives of the commissioners by standing in their tent door and 
 telling a body of warriors that before they got to the commissioners they would 
 have to kill him, as Colonel Byrd was his friend. In addressing the council 
 Attacullaculla expressed the indignation that they all felt at the treachery of 
 the Virginians and declared he would have full satisfaction for the blood of 
 
28 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 his countrvmen. "Let us not, however" he added, "violate our faith, or the 
 laws of hospitality, by imbruing- our hands in the blood of those who are now 
 in our power; they came to cement a perpetual alliance with us. Let us 
 carry them back to their own settlement; conduct them safely to their con- 
 fines; and then take up the hatchet and endeavor to exterminate the whole 
 race of them.'" A treaty of alliance was finally concluded. 
 
 For three years the Cherokees adhered to their promise made in the treaty 
 and defended the western frontier, rendered every aid possible to the settlers 
 and when General Forbes assembled his levies to attack the French a large 
 number of Cherokees joined him at Winchester. Virginia.- Dr. John Forbes, a 
 Scotch physician, who had been serving in the Canadian service as a lieutenant 
 colonel was promoted to a brigadier generalship by James Abercromby, the 
 new British commander in chief, early in 1758. General Forbes was a strict 
 disciplinarian who profited much by correcting many of the military mistakes 
 of Braddock. He was domineering, petulant and at that time in such bad 
 health that he had to be carried on a litter, and died in March 1759. He did 
 not understand the irregular but effective mode of warfare as practiced by 
 his Cherokee allies and his irritable complaints and continuous insults, even to 
 the magnanimous Attacullaculla, caused the Cherokees to quit his command 
 on November l5, 1758, ten days before his reduction of Fort Duquesne. On 
 the nineteenth the General ordered that they be intercepted, their horses, guns 
 and ammunition be taken from them and if they protested they should be strip- 
 ped of everything except their breech clouts and then escorted back to their 
 nation, to prevent them from reprisals. Thus the only tribe that had been 
 faithful allies of the English for the last thirty seven years, after having been 
 driven from the army by the continuous petty insults of the commander, was 
 offered this last indignity and this, by the orders of the general must be exe- 
 cuted by Colonel Byrd- whose life had been saved in 1755 by Attacullaculla, 
 who was on this latter occasion the commander of the Cherokees. 
 
 In addition to this, the colonial Indian affairs of the army which was 
 under the "control of Edmund Atkin, Indian Agent,"' were so badly managed 
 that, instead of receiving the encouragement their services and bravery merit- 
 ed, they were met by what they considered injustice, neglect and contempt. 
 At one time ten of them were imprisoned on suspicion of being spies in the 
 French interest; another party, after having undergone the perils and priva- 
 tions of their long march, went into action in their destitute condition, behaved 
 nobly and rendered valuable service to the colony; but on returning with their 
 trophies of honor, found neither agent nor interpreter to reward or thank 
 them; nor any one who could tell them why they were thus neglected. But 
 for the intervention and kind treatment of Colonel George Washington, they 
 must have returned to their nation, tired with just resentment, if not open 
 war, against their allies."' 
 
 The Cherokees were attacked as they were returning from Forbes' camp 
 by some of the back settlers, the very same people that they had gratituously 
 protected, but the settlers did not discriminate between friendly Indians and 
 enemy Indians, but set upon and killed twelve or more of the unsuspect- 
 ing Cherokees, alleging that they had stolen some of their horses. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 29 
 
 TIil' younsi' warriors clamored for war but the old chiefs persuaded them 
 to wait until they had asked satisfaction from the colonies, in accordance with 
 treaty stipulations. They sought reparation and satisfaction from Virginia, 
 then North Carolina and afterwards South Carolina, but in vain. War, their 
 only alternative, began. Among others, two soldiers of the garrison at F.ort 
 London, who were out hunting, were killed. Governor Lyttleton, of South 
 Carolina mobilized the colonial militia in the vicinity of the Congarees to 
 march against the Cherokees. Oconostota and thirty one other chiefs visited 
 the Governor at Charlestown in an attempt to settle affairs. He told them 
 that he would make his demands known only when he had reached their 
 country, and if they were not granted he would take satisfaction by force of 
 arms; that they must follow his army back to the nation. Upon Oconostota 
 arising to protest, the Governor forced him to be seated and would not allow 
 him to utter a word. The chiefs were forced to march behind the army to 
 the Congarees where they were made prisoners, taken to Fort Prince George 
 and shut up in a room that was scarcely large enough for the accommodation 
 of six persons. 
 
 The Governor's military ire cooled in proportion to the distance that he 
 got from Charlestown. When he arrived at Fort Prince George, he sent for 
 ^ttacullaculla, the known friend of the English and upon that chief's arrival 
 he insolently demanded the twenty-four Cherokees who had been accused of 
 killing whites. Attacullaculla promised to do whatever he could in their de- 
 fivery and asked that some of the prisoners be freed so that they might assist 
 in the endeavor. Oconostota and seven others were accordingly liberated and 
 the others, although they had gone as peace envoys were detained. 
 
 Two of the Indians that had been demanded were brought in and ex- 
 changed for two of the imprisoned chiefs; and an agreement was entered into 
 on December 26, 1859 that the others would be delivered, but they had fled 
 and could not be apprehended. Despairing of being able to rescue the prison- 
 ers by any other means Oconostota asked the commander of Fort Prince 
 George for a conference and Captain Cotymore, Lieutenant Dogherty, Ensign 
 Bill and their interpreter, Foster, met liim on February 16, 1760, the parties 
 being en opposite banks of the Savannah River. At a signal from Ocono- 
 stota some warriors who had been hidden near him, fired and wounded all 
 four of the party from the fort, the Captain being so severely wounded that 
 he died two or three days later. The Indians stormed the fort but were re- 
 pulsed and the twenty-two hostages were killed. 
 
 War. with all of its dreaded consequences was now on, and the back set- 
 ters appealed in vain to Governor Nicholson. Colonel Montgomery, who 
 ^-as later Earl Eglington v/as dispatched from New York to Charlestown from 
 whence he marched against the Cherokees. raised the seige in May 1 76o that 
 Oconostota was conducting against Fort Prince George, and on June 27, 1760, 
 he destroyed Etchoe, which had been deserted by its inhabitants, but on ac- 
 count of the incessant attacks it became necessary for him to retreat and in 
 doing so he had to destroy and abandon all of his surplus supplies in order to 
 expedite his progress. He reached Charlestown and sailed for New York.' 
 
 At the same time that Oconostota attacked Fort Prince George, Willi- 
 
30 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 naw:i threw a stron? cordon around Fort l.ondon. Mannal by two companies 
 of Scotch highlanders, the Fort mounted twelve cannon and was amply sup- 
 plied with ammunition. Runners were sent to Virginia and South Carohna, 
 but the former was not able to reach their destination on account of the dis- 
 tance, and the defense of the latter was centered in the fleeing, harassed 
 Montiomerv, and when his forces were safely away. Oconostota assumed the 
 command of the investment of Fort London. Courageous, active and vigi- 
 lant, he had the unaccounable reputation of having never lost a man in battle? 
 Rations became shorter and shorter, and despite the fact that the Cherokee 
 wives of many of the soldiers dared death in taking food to their husbands, 
 the garrison was soon reduced to horse flesh. In this extremity Captain 
 Stuart, the junior commander, whose wife was Susannah Emory, the quarter 
 blood 'granddaughter of the Scotch trader Ludovic Grant, and who spoke the 
 Cherokee language fluently, was known to them on account of his great shock 
 of blond hair as Oonotota or Bushyhead asked for and had a conference with 
 the Cherokee Chiefs at the townhouse of Etchauta, and agreed on the follow- 
 ing articles of capitulation: 
 
 "That the garrison of Fort London march out with their arms and drums, 
 each soldier having as much powder and ball as their officers shall think nec- 
 essary for their march, and all the baggage they may choose to carry that the 
 garrison be permitted lo march to Virginia or Fort Prince George, as the com- 
 manding officer may think proper, unmolested; and that a number of Indians 
 be appointed to escort them, and hunt for provisions during their march; that 
 such soldiers that are lame or by sickness disabled from marching, be received 
 into the Indian towns and kindly used until they recover, and then be allowed 
 to return to Fort Prince George; that the Indians do provide for the garrison 
 as many horses as they conveniently can for their march, agreeing with the 
 officers and soldiers for payment; that the fort, great guns, powder, ball and 
 spare arms be delivered to the Indians without fraud or further delay, on the 
 day appointed for the march of the troops." 
 
 This agreement was signed by Captain Paul Demere representing the 
 garrison and by Oconostota and Cunigacatgoae for the Indians.^ 
 
 The Fort was evacuated on August 7, 1760, the garrison under the escort 
 if Oconostota and Outacite started for Fort Prince George and encamped thai 
 evening on Tellico Plains after having travelled some fifteen miles. Noticing 
 that his escort was gradually leaving him, Captain Demere posted sentries, who 
 came in early in the morning and reported that Indians painted for war were 
 quietly approaching in large numbers. Hardly had he formed his men when 
 a volley was fired into their ranks, killing Captain Demere, three of his officers 
 and about twenty-six men. The attack continued with war whoops and an in- 
 cessant rattle of guns from all quarters. The rest of the men were either 
 killed outright or captured and returned to Fort London. After the soldiers 
 left, the Indians found that the British had, contrary to agreement, bur'.ed mucn 
 of their powder and equipment. This breach of faith incensed them and was 
 the primary reason for the Tellico Plains attack. 
 
 As soon as Attacullaculla heard that Captain Stuart had been returned 
 to Fort London with the other prisoners, he hastened there and purchased him, 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 31 
 
 giving in exchange his arms and all of his clothing except his breech clout. 
 He took his prisoner to Captain Demere's house, which he had appropriated 
 and entertained him. Oconostota was anxious to renew the investment of 
 Fort Prince George and proposed that Captain Stuart be compelled to operate 
 the artillery that they had captured, against the fort. Captain Stuart appealed 
 to Attacullaculla to save him from this fratricidal position. The Chief stated 
 that he was going on a hunt and that he intended taking his prisoner with him. 
 As soon as they were safely in the northern hunting grounds and outside the 
 Cherokee settlements they turned eastward to Virginia, where Attaculaculla de- 
 livered Captain Stuart to his friends and retraced his way to Fort London. 
 
 Attacullaculla was a small, slender man, distinguished as an orator and 
 diplomat instead of being a great warrior. The word attacullaculla is trans- 
 lated as a pole or reed slightly stuck in the earth and leaning; or leaning stick 
 
 Captain John Stuart was born in Scotland in the early part of the eigh- 
 teenth century and died at Pensacola, Florida, February 2 1, 177'i. 
 
 The assembly of South Carolina tendered Captain Stuart a vote of thanks, 
 together with a reward of 1500 pounds for his heroic defense of Fort London 
 and he was later appointed British Superintendent of Indian Affairs South ot 
 the Ohio River. 
 
 Fort Prince George was strengthened. In January 176 1 Lieutenant 
 Colonel James Grant, who had succeeded to the command of Colonel Mont- 
 gomery's Highland Scotch regiment arrived at Charlestown and went into 
 winter quarters. By the accession of Provincial Militia, Choctaw and Chicka- 
 saw allies his command was brought up to twenty-six hundred men. They ar- 
 rived at Fort Prince George on May 2 7, 1761, when they were met by Atta- 
 cullaculla who plead the cause of his people and begged Colonel Grant to delay 
 his march until he could return to the nation and attempt to bring about peace. 
 
 Colonel Grant refused to listen to him and started from Fort Prince 
 George on June 7th. After a rapid march he reached a gap in the moun- 
 tains, where he detailed Lieutenant Francis Marion, who later played such an 
 important part in the revolution, with thirty men to reconnoiter. Scarcely 
 had this advance force entered the gap before they were entiladed and twenty- 
 one of the men fell at the first discharge. The battle lasted for about three 
 hours with a loss of about sixty men killed on each side and the Cherokees 
 were defeated. For a month more Colonel Grant devastated the middle 
 Cherokee settlements, burned every habitation and destroyed all rrops. Driv- 
 en to distress the Cherokees made a treaty of peace with the South Carolin- 
 ians in September 1761 and another with the Virginians on November o, 1 761 
 For fifteen years peace reigned in the Cherokee nation, but on May 9, 1776, 
 circular letters were sent out by the British Superintendent, Stuart, to the 
 Cherokees and Tories asking them to fall on and destroy the western American 
 settlers. The Cherokees at first demurred but finally acceded to the wishes 
 of King George, as they understood that he was the head of the English. It 
 was hard for them to understand how one part of any people could fight oth- 
 ers of their own nationality. But at last many of the young warriors listened 
 to the persuasive Stuart, who had been their friend and agent for some ten 
 vears. 
 
32 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 It was agreed to make a simultaneous attack on the western settlers. 
 For this purpose the Cherokees were to furnish seven hundred warriors to 
 be divided into three bodies. One of these under Dragging Canoe was to at- 
 tack the Holston settlements, the second contingent under Abraham of Chil- 
 howee was to destroy the Watuga settlements and Raven (Colonah) was to 
 march against Carters Valley. The attack was to be made on the morning 
 of July 21, 1776. But as soon as she was certain that the preparations were 
 in earnest Mrs. Nancy Ward, the Ghigan or the beloved woman of the Chero- 
 kees, who was living at Chota dispatched William Thomas, a white trader and 
 William Fawling, an eighth blood Cherokee and a son of Rim and Elizabeth 
 'Emory) Fawling to apprise the settlers of their danger. Hastily assembling 
 they were ready to meet the advance of the British allies which included 
 warriors and Tories. The little army from the Holston settlement met Drag- 
 ging Canoe's contingent at Long Island on July 20, 1776 and after a short 
 skirmish in which thirteen Cherokees were left dead on the field, Dragging 
 Canoe withdrew his forces. 
 
 On the next mnriiing at sunrise, Abraham attacked Fort Watauga, which 
 was garrisoned by forty men under Captain James Robertson and Lieutenant 
 John Seiver and this post was invested for twenty days but the Indians were 
 finally compelled to retire. On account of the repulse of Dragging Canoe and 
 Abraham and the further fact that he found the citizens of Carter's Valley fort- 
 ed up. Raven failed to make the concerted attack. 
 
 "Upon the whole, the Indian invasion was a failure, owing to the timely 
 warning of Nancy Ward, and the concentration of the inhabitants in forts built 
 in consequence of the information she conveyed. If the well guarded secret 
 of the Indian campaign had not been disclosed, and they had been permitted 
 to steal upon the defenseless backwoodsmen, who, in fancied security, had re- 
 mained scattered over the extensive frontiers, every soul of them would have 
 been swept from the borders of Tennessee.'" 
 
 Isaac Thomas' services were recognized and rewarded by the Virginia 
 legislature. Mrs. William Bean, the mother of the first white child born in 
 Tennessee, nnd S;'niuel Mcore, a boy, were captured at the attack on Foit 
 Watauga. They were taken back to the Cherokee nation where the boy was 
 burned at the st-'ke and a like punishment was being meted to Mrs. Bean, who 
 was tied to a stake on the top of the mound that stood in the center of Et- 
 sauta, the fagots were piled around her and the frenzied savages were gloating; 
 over their chance to also sacrifice their second. Defeat had whetted their 
 remorseless appetites, but just as the torch was about to be applied, the Ghigan 
 exercising her prerogatives approached the pyre, pronounced the pardon of 
 Mrs. Bean, cut the strands that bound her and took her to her home, kept her 
 until it was safe to send her under the escort of her brother Longfellow and her 
 son Firekiller, to her home and husband. Chief Tassel said afterward that 
 Moore was the only white person that was ever burned by the Cherokees. 
 
 In retaliation for the Cherokee attacks North Carolina sent twenty-four 
 hundred men under Colonel Griffith Rutherford against the Cherokees, two 
 hundred Georgians under Captain Jack, eighteen "hundred and sixty South 
 Carolinians and two thousand Virginians under Colonel William Chri^stian at- 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 33 
 
 cicked and destroyed most of the nation; destroyed their crops, appropriated 
 their property and burned fifty of their towns and reduced the people to dire 
 destitution. Etsauta, the home of Attacullaculla and Ghigau was spared from 
 destruction by Colonel Christian, the commander of the Virg;inia forces. A 
 treaty of peace was concluded with the South Carolinians and Georgians ai 
 De Witt's Corner on May 20, 1777, and exactly two months later another 
 with Virginia and North Carolina at Long Island of the Holston. By these 
 two treaties they ceded five million two hundred sixty four thousand acres. 
 Outacita, Young Tassel and Dragging Canoe did not attend either of these 
 treaties and the latter chief withdrew with many implacable young warriors and 
 established the five Chicamauga towns, east of the present city of Chatta- 
 nooga. Dragging Canoe was at this time a stalwart, subtle and daring warrior 
 of about twenty four years of age. Outacita was at this time seventy-five years 
 old, discontented, he moved to the Chicamauga settlements but on account of 
 his age was not active in their affairs. Young Tassel was a half blood Eng- 
 lish-Cherokee who was later known as John Watts. He settled in the vicinity 
 of the Chicamaugas, but did not join them. Chief Attacullaculla died in 1778 
 and was succeeded by Oconostota. The Chicamauga towns flourished and 
 became the headquarters of the British authority south of the Ohio. The Brit- 
 ish agent Colonel Brown and subagent John McDonald were established there. 
 McDonald's store became the British commissary. Many warriors from thai 
 community prepared to join Governor Henry Hamilton in a general attack on 
 the western frontier, but the Governor was arrested on February 25, 1779 by 
 Colonel George Rogers Clark and the Chicamaugas decided to attack the 
 Holston settlement, but in the meantime James Robertson who was located 
 ac Etsauta as the first American Cherokee agent had ascertained their moves 
 and with a force of five hundred men attacked and destroyed the eleven 
 Chicamauga towns by way of the Tennessee. Among other property destroy- 
 ed was one granary of twenty thousand bushels of corn. Upon hearing of 
 this destruction the Cherokee warriors retraced their way to their devastated 
 homes. 
 
 The lull that followed this destruction enabled the Transylvania troops 
 to furnish many expert riflemen to the American forces at Kings Mountain, 
 where the tide of war was changed in favor of the young republic. It also 
 gave the Chicamaugas time to remobilize their forces for another general 
 attack, but this was thwarted by a counter attack by Colonel John Sevier in 
 the winter of 1780-81 in which he destroyed the Overhill towns and those on 
 the Hiwassee River. In the summer of 1781 a treaty of peace was concluded 
 with the Overhills. For a third time in three years the western settlements ot 
 the Cherokees were over run and ruined, this time by Colonel Sevier, in Sep- 
 tember, 1782. 
 
 Conditions were not any longer tenable for the impoverished Chica- 
 maugas, within the Cherokee settlements, so they moved about forty-five 
 miles westward and established the Five Lower towns of: Running Water, 
 Chicamauga, Nickajack, Crow and Lookout Mountain, forming a strategic 
 point for the assembling of Chicamaugas, Tories, STiawnees and Creeks. 
 Oconostota resigned the Chieftaincy on account of old age in 1782 and was 
 
34 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 succeded by Tassel. Oconostota died in 1785. The English interpretation ot 
 his name was pounded ground hog, or popularly called "ground hog sausage." 
 Fifty-five years before his death he had, as a young chief, visited England, and 
 for that reason was most probably born about the beginning of the eighteenth 
 century. 
 
 THE LAMENT OF THE CHEROKEE 
 Bv John Howard Payne, Author of Home, Sweet Home. 
 
 O, soft falls the dew, on the twilight descending. 
 And night over the distant forest is bending 
 And night over the distant forest is bending 
 
 Like the storm spirit, dark, o'er the tremulous main. 
 But midnight enshrouded my lone heart in its dwelling, 
 
 A tumult of woe in niv bosom is swelling 
 And a tear unbefitting the warrior is telling 
 
 That hope has abandoned the brave Cherokee. 
 Can a tree that is torn from its root by the fountain. 
 
 The pride of the valley; green, spreading and fair. 
 Can it flourish, removed to the rock of the mountain, 
 
 Unwarmed by the sun and unwatered by care? 
 Though vesper be kind, her sweet dews in bestowing. 
 
 No life giving brook in its shadows is flowing. 
 And when the chill winds of the desert are blowing. 
 
 So droops the transplanted and lone Cherokee. 
 Sacred graves of my sires; and 1 left you forever? 
 
 How melted my heart when I bade you adieu; 
 Shall joy light the face of the Indian? Ah, never; 
 
 While memory sad has the power to renew. 
 As flies the fleet deer when the blood hound is started. 
 
 So fled winged hope from the poor broken hearted; 
 Oh, could she have turned ere forever departing. 
 
 And beckoned with smiles to her sad Cherokee. 
 Is it the low w-ind through the wet willows rushing. 
 
 That fills with wild numbers my listening ear? 
 Or is it some hermit rill in the solitude gushing, 
 
 The strange playing minstrel, whose music 1 hear? 
 'Tis the voice of my father, slow, solemnly stealing, 
 
 I see his dim form by yon meteor, kneeling 
 To the God of the White Man. the Christian, appealing. 
 
 He prays for the foe of the dark Cherokee. 
 Great Spirit of Good, whose abode is in Heaven, 
 
 Whose wampum of peace is the bow in the sky, 
 Wilt thou give to the wants of the clamorous ravens, 
 
 Yet turn a deaf ear to my piteous cry? 
 O'er the ruins of home, o'er niv heart's desolation: 
 
 No more shalt thou hear my unblest lamentation; 
 For death's dark encounter, 1 make preparation; 
 
 He hears the last groan of the wild Cherokee. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 35 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 Trouble with th< Chicamaugas, Attack at Knoxville. Mussel Shoals 
 Massacre, Removal to Arkansas, First Printed Laws. 
 
 The lirst treaty between the United States and the Cherokees was made 
 at Hopewell on the Keowee River on November 28, \S7S, between "Benjamin 
 Hawkins, Andrew Pickens, Joseph Martin and Lachlan Mcintosh, Commis- 
 sioners Plenipotentiary of the United States and the Headmen and Warriors 
 of all the Cherokees." The Commissioners were among the most disting- 
 uished men of the southern part of the republic. Pickens and Mcintosh had 
 been brigadier generals of militia in the revolution; Martin and Hawkins had 
 held honorable positions both in military and civil life. Both parties agreed 
 to restore all prisoners. The Cherokees acknowledged the exclusive protec- 
 tion and authority of the United States. Boundary lines were to be definitely 
 marked, peace declared and the Cherokees should have a right to a delegate 
 to Congress. 
 
 The belligerency of the Chicamaugas was practically unimpeded, although 
 Dragging Canoe died at Running Water on about the tirst of March l 792 and 
 was succeeded as town chief by John Bowles, an auburn haired, blue eyed, 
 half blood Scotch Cherokee aged about thirty-two years. Tassel, head chief 
 of the Cherokees and a well known friend of the whites, with his son and two 
 others was invited to the headquarters of Mayor James Hubbert in 1 788. They 
 came unarmed, under a flag of truce and promise of protection although they 
 were not at war. As soon as they were within his lines, Habbert had them 
 conveyed to a vacant house and placing a tomahawk in the hands of a youn^ 
 man whose parents had been killed by a marauding band of Cherokees, told 
 him to kill all of the visiting Cherokees, which he did while the Mayor stood 
 guard at the door. This is the only instance of a head chief of the Cherokees 
 being killed, either while in office or later, excepting the murder of Richard 
 Fields, the Texas Cherokee Chief. Tassel was the uncle of John Watts, Tab- 
 lonteeskee and Unakateehee. Scolacutta or Hanging Maugh succeeded 
 Tassel as head chief of the Cherokees. 
 
 A treaty was made by Governor William Blount and the Cherokees on 
 Holston River on July 2, 1791. It was practically a reiteration of the treaty 
 of 1785, but granted the Cherokees an annuity of one thousand dollars, and 
 on February 1 7, of the next year a supplementary treaty was made at Phila- 
 delphia increasing the annuity to fifteen hundred dollars. This was raised to 
 five thousand per annum on June 26, 1 794. 
 
 While Dragging Canoe was succeeded by John Bowles as town chief 
 of Running Water, his succession to the leadership of the Chicamaugas passed 
 by an election by that band to John Watts in the latter part of March 1 792 and 
 two months later, on Sunday, May 21st, the Chicamaugas met Governor 
 Blount at Coyateehee in the nation, where elaborate plans had been made by 
 them to receive and honor him. A ball play was held the following day and 
 was succeeded by a council in which Watts and the Cherokees again pledged 
 fealty to the United States. Watts promised that he would visit Governor 
 
36 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Blount, ten days later, stay a few days with him and then accompany him on 
 a mission to the Choctaws and Chickasaws. 
 
 On the day after the departure of the Governor, Watts went !o Too,uo, 
 v/here a courier delivered a letter to Watts, from William Panton, :>. wealthy 
 Scotch merchant at Pen5::ccl?, where he had fled from Georgia after Ins prop- 
 erty in that province had iu-en confiscated and destroyed because he w;is a 
 tory. The letter invited Watts and such other friends as he cared to bring, es- 
 pecially Tahlonteeskee, to visit him and the Spanish Governor O'Neal at his 
 establishment at Pensacola, where they would be given many presents. 
 
 Taking letters of introduction from John McDonald of Chicamauga, late- 
 Assistant British Superintendent of Indian Afairs; Watts, Tahlonteeskee and a 
 son of the late Dragging Canoe set out for Pensacola. On arriving there they 
 were flattered and shown every attention, then were reminded of the pertidious 
 death of Tassel. They were assured of the fact that neither English nor Span- 
 iards ever coveted their hunting grounds but that the settlers were continually 
 encroaching upon them. They were given pack loads of arms, ammunition 
 and presents and told they might have as much ammunition and arms as they 
 needed to get satisfaction for the death of their kinsman, Tassel. 
 
 On their return to the nation. Watts issued a call to the Chicamaugas to 
 meet at his residence at Wills Valley on the following green corn dance date, 
 which was in August. On their assembling. Watts laid before them the prop- 
 osition of Panton, and while this was bitterly opposed by Bloody Fellow, it 
 gained almost unanimous approval. The war party started out three days 
 later against the Cumberland settlements, but hearing that Unakateehee had 
 arrived at the mouth of Lookout Creek, with a load of whiskey, they had it 
 brought to Willston where they drank and feasted for several days and were 
 delayed some ten days longer, debating modes and plans of attack. Tahlon- 
 teeskee went forward to reconnoiter the Kentucky and Cumberland roads, but 
 only encountered some travelers, killing one of them. Middlestriker of Wills- 
 town with fifty-five warriors prepared an ambush near Crab Orchard on the 
 Walton road, where on September 23, 1792 he attacked Captain Samue! 
 Handley, who was captured by Arthur Coody and later liberated. 
 
 General James Robertson, commander of the Tennessee troops, dispatch- 
 ed on September 25th, Clayton and Jonathan Gee, two of his most trusted 
 spies to locate the Cherokees, but they were met by George Fields and John 
 Walker on a like errand for Watts, and killed. Fields as a captain and Walker, 
 a major of the Cherokee auxilliaries rendered good account of themselves with 
 the Americans under General Andrew Jackson at the battle of Horseshoe Bend 
 in 18 14. 
 
 Watts command of about one hundred and sixty seven Cherokees, thirty 
 Shawnees from Running Water under Shawnee Warrior and eighty three 
 Creeks under Talotiskee of Broken Arrow got near enough to Buchanan's 
 Station to hear the lowing of the cows on the evening of the thirtieth of Sep- 
 tember, where it became necessary to have another conference, as Talotiskee 
 and Doublehead wished to attack that station, which was small and Watts had 
 planned to attack Nashville, which was only four miles further and was the 
 largest station in this vicinity. The adherents of the former proposition were 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 37 
 
 successful :uid the attack was made near midnight. After a fierce melee of 
 several hours it became apparent that General Robertson was approaching 
 from Nashville and the Indians withdrew. Kiachatalee of Nickajack, Shaw- 
 nee Warrior of Running Water and Talotiskee of Broken Arrow were killed 
 and seven Cherokees were wounded, three of whom later died from the effects 
 of their wounds. John Watts and Unakateehee were among those wounded, 
 hut both survived. No casualties occurred to those in the blockhouse. 
 
 On June 12, 1793, a delegation had gathered at Hanging Maugh's pre- 
 paring to proceed to Philadelphia in compliance with an invitation from the 
 President transmitted to them by Governor Blount, the Governor had already 
 gone ahead, on the seventh of the month to make preparations for their com- 
 ing and had delegated John McKee to accompany them. Watts, Doublehead 
 and several other prominent Cherokees were some who had come to see the 
 delegates off. Without warning, a company of whites under Captain John 
 Beard, who had been hunting the slayers of Thomas Gillum and his son James, 
 appeared at Maugh's residence and began firing promiscuously, killing about 
 twelve and wounding many others, including Hanging Maugh, his wife and 
 daughter and Elizabeth, the daughter of Nancy Ward. Upon the repeated re- 
 quests of the Cherokees, Captain Beard was tried before a court martial but 
 was acquitted. 
 
 Finding that the protection that had been promised them by treaties 
 was of no effect, the Cherokees again commenced to prepare for retaliation 
 and the settlers for defense. Knoxville had a garrison of forty men. Gen- 
 eral Sevier with a force of four hundred mounted was at Ish's Station, across 
 the river from Knoxville, Campbell's Station, fifteen miles west of Knoxville, 
 one of the strongest posts on the border was well guarded and Cavitt's Station, 
 half way between Knoxville and Campbell's Station contained people, three 
 of whom were gun men. John Watts with one thousand warriors crossed 
 Tennessee River below the mouth of Holston on the evening of September 
 24, 1793 and marched all night intending to surprise Knoxville at daylight but 
 on account of the bickering of Doublehead and others who wished to attack 
 instead of avoid the small stations on the way they arrived near Cavitt's Sta- 
 tion at the time that Watts had planned to reach Knoxville. An assault was 
 made on that Station. Alexander Cavitt was killed and five Indians were 
 killed or wounded. A parley was then held in which the people of the Statior 
 surrendered on the promise of protection, but they were brutally murdered by 
 the intractable Doublehead. The Indians, knowing that their plans were 
 known, then recrossed the Tennessee. 
 
 General Sevier with about seven hundred men pursued the hostiles, who 
 were both Creeks and Cherokees and came up with them at the mouth of Eto- 
 wah River on October 17, 1793 where after a spirited engagement of only a 
 few minutes in which less than ten men were killed, the Indians abandoned 
 the field. After this skirmish the middle towns were at peace with the set- 
 tlers although daring leaders of the Chicamaugas, either single or with small 
 bands kept up desultory depredations until Major James Ore destroyed Nicka- 
 jack and Running Water on September 13, 1794 and put an end to the Chero- 
 kee war. 
 
38 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 In June 1794 some emigrants who were on their way down Tennessee 
 River to the western settlements were attacked at Mussel Shoals. John Bowles 
 and all of his men were killed. "After this bloody tragedy, which is known 
 as the Mussel Shoals Massacre, the whole party of Cherokees went aboard 
 the boats, descended the Tennessee, Ohio and Mississippi to the Mouth of the 
 St. Francis River. There they placed all the white women and children in 
 one boat, granted to each of the married ladies a female servant, put on board 
 an ample stock of provisions and four strong and able black men and let them 
 descend the Mississippi to New Orleans, the place of their destination. With 
 one of these ladies 1 afterward became acquainted. At her residence 1 have 
 frequently domiciled when visiting New Orleans, and found her, though a wid- 
 ow, truly a mother in Israel. She was to New Orleans what Mrs. Isabella 
 Graham was to New York. It was from her lips that I received the foregoing 
 particulars. She often spoke of the kindness and courtesy with which she and 
 all the white ladies and children were treated by Bowl and his party. 
 
 But to return to my narrative, after the departure of the boat for New 
 Orleans, the Bowl and his party ran the other boats, with their contents of 
 goods, servants, etc., a few miles up the St. Francis River to await the issue of 
 the affair. They feared that their conduct at the Mussel Shoals would be re- 
 garded by our government as a violation of the treaty of amity, and as a re- 
 newal of hostility. As soon as the massacre of Mussel Shoals was known to 
 the Cherokees in their towns they convened a general council, and in a me- 
 morial to the United States government, declared that they had no part in the 
 tragedy; that they wished to be at peace with the United States and that they 
 would do all in their power to aid the United States in bringing them to justice. 
 They sent for Bowl and his party to return and submit to a trial for taking 
 the lives of white citizens of the United States. When this whole matter was 
 investigated by the government of the United States the Cherokees were fully 
 justified and the property confiscated and declared by treaty to belong justly 
 to the perpetrators of the Mussel Shoals Massacre." 
 
 The Cherokees had been settling in the St. Francis country for at least 
 forty years, as Lieutenant Governor Couzat reported to Governor Amazoga 
 on December 10, 1775 that the Cherokees had driven the miners away from 
 Mine I.a Motte, fifteen leagues from St. Genevieve.' 
 
 "The course pursued by the Cherokee council toward the refugees tended 
 to alienate their minds from their people in the home of their fathers, and 
 made them less reluctant to remain in their new homes west of the Mississippi 
 Added to this, the abundance of game, the fertility of the soil and the bland-- 
 ness of the climate, soon made them prefer their homes here to those where 
 they had resided in the east. Other parties who crossed the Mississippi foi 
 the purpose of hunting and trapping, when thev saw the prosperity of the orit;- 
 nial refugees, joined them. 
 
 Louisiana was delivered to the United States government at St. Louis on 
 March 10, 1804 and all of that portion lying north of the thirtv-fifth parallel 
 was constituted, on March 8, 1805, the Territory of Louisiana " 
 ,u J^'T^ '!"" '"°"^'' ""^ December 18 1 1, the great siesmatic disturbances of 
 the St. Francis River country, in which the Cherokees were located, caused 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHE INDIANS 39 
 
 much of this tL'rritory to be submerged; while subterranean rumblin,;; and 
 roaring continued for many years. Fearing that this country was under the 
 ban of the Great Spirit, the Cherokees moved en masse to a new location be- 
 tween the Arkansas and White Rivers.' 
 
 On June 4, 1812 the Congress of the United States created the Territory 
 of Missouri and on the succeeding thirty first day of December, the County of 
 Arkansas, Territory of Missouri, was created, embracing practically the pres- 
 ent state of Arkansas, and during the following year Lawrence County was 
 constituted from that portion of Arkansas County lying north of the mouth of 
 Little Red River. Thus it will be seen that the Cherokee settlement was suc- 
 cessively within the Spanish province of Louisiana, Territory of Louisiana, Ter- 
 ritory of Missouri and the Counties of Arkansas and Lawrence, Territory of 
 Missouri. During all of which time they had been settlers without warrant 
 of title to their habitations and it was not until the ratiticaion of the United 
 States-Cherokee treaty of of July 8, 1817, that they were confirmed in their 
 rights to their homes. 
 
 In 18 13 a considerable accession was made to their number by voluntary 
 emigration from the old nation and they became so numerous that the United 
 States sent Samuel Treat to be their agent in the St. Francis country and he 
 iccompanied them to their new location between the Arkansas and White 
 Rivers; he was succeeded in 18 13 by William L. Lovely. 9 
 
 The rights of the Western Cherokees to their lands in Arkansas was con- 
 firmed by the treaty of 1817, at Turkeytown in which the government agreed 
 to give the Arkansas Cherokees as much land "acre for acre" between th:: 
 Arkansas and White Rivers as they would cede of their domain in the east, 
 besides paying the emigrants that might thereafter move, for their improve-- 
 ments, transport them to their new homes, subsist them for twelve months 
 after their arrival, besides other perquisites and valuable considerations. The 
 result of this treaty was a considerable emigration from the east to the west 
 in the years 1818 and 1810. From that time until their union by the treaty 
 of 1835, which was not effected, in fact, until 1830, the Arkansas Cherokees 
 were estimated at one-third of the whole tribe. 
 
 In the opening of 18 19 Thomas Nuttall, the naturalist, ascended the 
 Arkansas River, and gave the following of the Western Cherokees, as he 
 found them: "Both banks of the river as we proceeded were lined with the 
 houses and fences of the Cherokee, and although their dress was a mi.xture of 
 indigenous and European taste, yet in their homes, which were decently fur- 
 nished, and in their farms, which were well fenced and stocked, we perceived a 
 happy approach toward civilization. Their numerous families, also, well fei 
 and clothed, argue a propitious progress in their population. Their superior 
 industry, either as hunters or farmers, proves the value of property amon^:; 
 them, and they are no longer strangers to avarice and the distinctions created 
 by wealth. Some of them are possessed of property to the amount of many 
 thousands of dollars, have houses handsomely and conveniently furnished, and 
 their tables are spread with our dainties and luxuries." 
 
 The capital of the Cherokee Nation West from 18 13 to 1824 was at 
 Takatoka's village; from 1824 to 1828 it was at Piney, on Piney Creek; fron-. 
 
40 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 1828 to 1838 at Tahlonteeskee on the south side and near the mouth of the 
 Illinois River and for a short time in 1839 at Takatoka or Double Springs on 
 Fourteen Mile Creek. 
 
 By the provisions of a treaty between the United States and the Osage 
 Indians on June 2nd, 1825, the latter ceded to the United Sates all of their 
 land lying " east of a line to be drawn from the head sources of the Kansas 
 River southwardly through Rock Saline." This was afterwards marked as the 
 hundredth meridian, thus becoming automatically the western boundary line 
 of Arkansas. 
 
 It being the policy of the United States to settle all of the Indians that 
 were located within the organized States and Territories in the extreme western 
 uncharted lands of the government and the Cherokees wishing to escape the 
 oppression and inconvenience of being located in a small narrow reservation 
 where they were continually hampered and disturbed, they exchanged their 
 lands in the Territory of Arkansas for a like amount lying west of the old line 
 of Arkansas. In accordance with this treaty the Western Cherokees moved 
 to their new territory in 1828-29. 
 
 Bowles' village was between Shoal and Petit Jean Creeks, on the south 
 side of the Arkansas River, and consequently not within the territory ceded to 
 the Cherokees by the treaty of 1817. On account of this fact and also to 
 gratify a general wish of his townsmen to locate within Soanish territory, 
 where they thought they would find such pleasant surroundings as they had 
 encountered in the vicinity of New Madrid in southeast Missouri, but they did 
 not stop to remember that while that had been Spanish territory, that their 
 neighbors and officers had been Frenchmen. But nevertheless the sixty fam- 
 ilies of Bowles' town moved to and located in Texas in the winter of 1819-20. 
 They were shortly afterwards joined by Richard Fields (Grant 1' 1? 3^ 2*) 
 a man of striking personality, of considerable intelligence and although he 
 spoke the English language fluently and preferably, he was not able to sign 
 his name. From the time that he joined them until his death, he was untiring 
 in his efforts to obtain a title for the Cherokees, to the land on which they re- 
 sided. A title to these lands were obtained from the Republic of Texas, by 
 treaty on February 23, 1836. They were driven from this land on July 16. 
 1839 by the entire army of the Republic of Texas, commanded by Brigadier 
 General Kelsey H. Douglas, who was accompanied by Vice and Acting Gov- 
 ernor David G. Burnett. Secretary of War Albert Sidney Johnson and Adju- 
 tant General Hugh McLeod, thus making the Republic responsible for their acts. 
 
 Three plats of land, each a mile square were set aside by the provisions ot 
 article two of the treaty of Tellico, of October 25, 1805, ostensibly for gov- 
 ernment purposes, but in reality, as shown by a second article of the treaty for 
 Doublehead and Tahlonteeskee as a bribe for their support in making the 
 treaty. Tahlonteeskee disposed of his two allotments and joined the Chero- 
 kees in Arkansas, where he became principal chief. Doublehead stayed ir 
 the Eastern Cherokee Nation where he dared the scorn of his neighbors, in 
 the summer of 1807, a great ball play was held on Hiwassee River, attended 
 by more than a thousand Cherokees, after the close of the game, a chief named 
 Bonepol.sher upbraided Doublehead for his perfidy and Doublehead drew his 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 41 
 
 revolver and killed him. During' the evening, Doublehead who had been 
 drinking entered a tavern where he encountered John Rogers, (Grant 1' l- 2'--) 
 Ridge (Ridge 1^ It) and Alexander Sanders (Sanders r 2-). Rogers com- 
 menced to berate him for his crime. Doublehead said to him: "You are a 
 white man and live by sufferance among us, hush and let me alone or I will kill 
 you." Doublehead snapped his pistol at him, some one extinguished the 
 light, a shot was tired and when the lamp was relighted Doublehead was lying 
 on the floor with a large wound in his lower jaw. Doublehead was then taken 
 to a neighbor's loft but was found and killed by Sanders, who was accompanied 
 by Ridge.'. 
 
 The progress of a people is best exemplified by their efforts to establish 
 equal rights for all of their people and their printed laws are the best inde-; 
 to their advancement. The tlrst printed law of the Cherokees was: 
 
 LAWS OF THE CHEROKEE NATION 
 
 Resolved by the Chiefs and Warriors in a National Council assembled. 
 That it shall be, and is hereby authorized, for the regulating parties to be organ- 
 ized to consist of six men in each company; one Captain, one Lieutenant and 
 four privates, to continue in service for the term of one year, whose duties 
 it shall be to suppress horse stealing and robbery of other property within their 
 respective bounds, who shall be paid out of the National annuity, at the rates 
 of fifty dollars to each Captain, forty toeach Lieutenant, and thirty dollars to 
 each of the privates; and to give their protection to children as heirs to their 
 father's property, and to the widow's share whom he may have had children 
 by or cohabited with, as his wife, at the time of his decease, and in case a 
 father shall leave or will any property to a child at the time of his decease, 
 which he may have had by another woman, then, his present wife shall be en- 
 titled to receive any such property as may be left by him or them, when sub- 
 stantiated by two or one disinterested witnesses. 
 
 Be it resolved by the Council aforesaid. When any person or persons 
 v\-hich may or shall be charged with stealing a horse, and upon conviction by 
 one or two witnesses, he, she, or they, shall be punished with one hundred 
 stripes on the bare back, and the punishment to be in proportion for stealing 
 property of less value; and should the accused person or persons raise up with 
 arms in his or their hands, as guns, axes, spears and knives, in opposition to the 
 regulating company, or should they kill him or them, the blood of him or them 
 shall not be required of any of the persons belonging- to the regulators from 
 the clan the person so killed belonged to. 
 
 Accepted. — BLACK FOX, Principal Chief, 
 PATHKILLER. Sec'd. 
 TOOCHALAR. 
 CHAS. HICKS, Sec'y to Council. 
 
 Brooms Town, 11th Sept. l8oS. 
 
 Be it known. That this day, the various clans or tribes which compose the 
 Cherokee Nation, have unanimously passed an act of oblivion for all lives for 
 which thev mav have been indebted, one to the other, and have mutually 
 
42 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 agreed that after this evening the aforesaid act shall become binding upon 
 every clan or tribe; and the aforesaid clans or tribes, have also agreed that if, 
 in future, any life should be lost without malice intended, the innocent aggressor 
 shall not be accounted guilty. 
 
 Be it known, also. That should it happen that brother, forgetting his nat- 
 ural affection, should raise his hand in anger and kill his brother, he shall be 
 accounted guilty of murder and suffer accordingly, and if a man has a horse 
 stolen, and overtakes the thief, and should his anger be so great as to cause 
 him to kill him, let his blood remain on his own conscience, but no satisfaction 
 shall be demanded for his life from his relatives or the clan he may belong to. 
 By order of the seven clans. 
 
 TURTLE AT HOME, 
 
 Speaker of the Council. 
 Approved— BLACK FOX, Principal Chief, 
 PATH KILLER, Sec'd. 
 TOOCHALER. 
 
 In the war between the United States and the Creeks in 18 14 a large body 
 of Cherokees volunteered to assist the army led by Generals Andrew Jackson 
 and John Colfie. Among the officers were Colonel John Lowry, Major 
 George Lowry, Major Ridge, Major John Walker, Captain George Fields, 
 Captain Alexander Sanders, Captain John Rogers, Adjutant John Ross and 
 private Charles Reese. In the crucial battle of Horse Shoe Bend in which 
 the Creeks were strongly barricaded behind cypress log ramparts and 
 were holding their own against the frontal attacks, a detachment of 
 Cherokees came up on the opposite side of the river, Charles Reese 
 swam across and towed a canoe to his associates, the canoe load of warriors 
 crossed the stream and each one got a canoe. In this manner the Cherokee?, 
 landed in the hack part of the bend, attacked the Creeks from the rear. In 
 attempting to repel this assault the Creeks so weakened their front that a 
 breach was made nearly annihilating the belligerent Creek forces. From thai 
 day Andrew Jackson became increasingly popular. Historians carefully re- 
 frain from giving the Cherokees mention or credit for a part in this combat 
 and Reese's family received a silver mounted rifle as acknowledgement for 
 his actions, three years after his death. 
 
 An act of the Cherokee Council that served as a substitute for a consti- 
 tution was as follows: 
 
 Whereas, fifty-four towns and villages have convened in order to delib- 
 erate and consider on the situation of our Nation, in the disposition of our com- 
 mon property of lands, without the unanimous consent of the members of 
 Council, and in order to obviate the evil consequences resulting in such course, 
 we have unanimously adopted the following form for the future government 
 of our Nation. 
 
 ART. 1st It is unanimously agreed that there shall be thirteen members 
 elected as a Standing Committee for the term of two years, at the end of which 
 term they shall be either re-elected or others; and in 'consequence of the death 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 4? 
 
 or resignation of any of said Committee, our head Chiefs shall elect another 
 to fill the vacancy. 
 
 ART. 2d. The affairs of the Cherokee Nation shall be committed to the 
 
 care of the Standing Committee; hut the acts of this body shall not be binding 
 
 on the Nation in our common property and without the unanimous consent 
 
 of the members and Chiefs of the Council, which they shall present for their 
 
 acceptance or dissent. 
 
 ART. 3d. The authority and claim of our common property shall cease 
 with the person or persons who shall think proper to remove themselves with- 
 out the Cherokee Nation. 
 
 ART. 4th. The improvements and labors of our people by the mother's 
 side shall be inviolate during the time of their occupancy. 
 
 ART. 5th. This Committee shall settle with the Agency for our annual 
 stipend, and report their proceedings to the members and Chiefs in Council, 
 but the friendly communications between our head Chiefs and the Agency shall 
 remain free and open. 
 
 ART. 6th. The above articles for our government, may be amended at 
 our electoral term, and the Committee is hereby required to be governed by 
 the above articles, and the Chief and Warriors in Council, unanimously pledge 
 themselves to observe strictly the contents of the above articles. — Whereunto 
 we have set our hands and seals at Amoah, this 6th day of May. one thousand 
 eight hundred and seventeen. 
 
 Approved in Council, on the day and date above written. 
 EHNAUTAUNAUEH, 
 
 Speaker of the Council 
 Approved of the within government 1\\- the head Chief, 
 PATHKILLER. 
 A. McCoy, Sec'y to the Council. 
 CHAS' HICKS. 
 
 Unanimously agreed, That schoolmasters, blacksmiths, millers, salt petrc 
 and gun powder manufacturers, ferrymen and turnpike keepers, and mechanics 
 are hereby privileged to reside in the Cherokee Nation under the following 
 conditions, viz: 
 
 Their employers procuring a permit from the National Committee and 
 Council for them and becoming responsible for their good conduct and be- 
 havior, and subject to removal for misdemeanor; and further agree, that 
 blacksmiths, millers, ferrymen and turnpike keepers, are privileged to improve, 
 and cultivate twelve acres of ground for the support of themselves and fam- 
 ilies, should they please to do so. 
 
 JNO. ROSS, Pres't. Nat'l. Com. 
 A. McCOY, Cl'k. Nat'l. Com. 
 
 In Committee, New Town, Oct. 26th, ISIO. 
 
 On July 8, 1817, a treaty was made with the United States, the main 
 feature of which was the exchange of land east of the Mississippi for land in 
 Arkansas, so that the Western Cherokees might have title to their homes. On 
 February 27. 1919 another treaty was made confirming the treaty of 18 17 
 
44 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 and providing- for the basis of the Cherokee National school fund. The East- 
 ern Cherokee Nation was divided into eight districts by: 
 
 New Town, Cherokee Nation, October 20th. 1820. 
 
 Resolved by the National Committee and Council, That the Cherokee 
 Nation shall be laid off into eight districts, and that a council house shall be 
 established in each district for the purpose of holding councils to administer 
 justice in all causes and complaints that may be brought forward for trial, ana 
 one circuit judge, to have jurisdiction over two districts, to associate with the 
 district judges in determining all causes agreeable to the National laws, and 
 the marshals to execute the decisions of the judges in their respective districts, 
 and the District Councils to be held in the spring and fall seasons, and one 
 company of lighthorse to accompany each circuit judge on his official duties, 
 in his respective districts, and to execute such punishment on thieves as th?. 
 Judges and Council shall decide, agreeably to law, and it shall be the duty 
 of the marshals to collect all debts, and shall be entitled to eight per cent for 
 the same; and the Nation to defray the expenses of each District Council, and 
 in case of opposition to the marshals in execution of their duty, they shall be 
 justifiable in protectingtheir persons from injury in the same manner as is pro- 
 vided for the National lighthorse by law. 
 
 By order of the National Committee. 
 
 JNO. ROSS, Pres't. N. Com. 
 Approved— PATH KILLER (X) his mark. 
 CHAS. R. HICKS. 
 A. McCOY, Clerk, 
 and the undated act 
 
 Resolved by the National Committee and Council, That the Cherokee 
 Nation be organized and laid off in Districts, and to be bounded as follows: 
 
 1st. The first District shall be called by the name of Chickamaugee, and 
 be bounded as follows: beginning at the mouth of Aumuchee creek, on 
 Oostennallah river, thence north in a straight course to a spring branch be- 
 tween the Island and Rackoon village, thence a straight course over the Look- 
 out Mountain, where the heads of Will's and Lookout creeks opposes against 
 each other on the Blue Ridge, thence a straight course to the main source of 
 Rackoon creek, and down the same into the Tennessee river, and up said 
 river to the mouth of Ooletiwah creek, and up said creek to take the most 
 southeastern fork, thence a southern course to the mouth of Sugar Creek, into 
 the Cannasawgee river, and down the said river to its confluence with the 
 Oostcnallah river, and down the same to the place of beginning. 
 
 2d. The second District shall be called by the name of Challoogee, and 
 be bounded as follows; beginning on the mouth of Rackoon creek, in the Ten- 
 nessee River, and down the said river to the boundary line, commonly called 
 Cofiee's line, and along said line where it strikes Will's Creek, and down the 
 said creek to its confluence with the Coosa river, and thence embracing the 
 boundary line between the Cherokees and Creeks, run by Wm. Mcintosh and 
 other Cherokee Commissioners by their respective Nations, running south 
 eastwardly to its intersection with Chinubee's trace, and along said trace lead- 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEH INDIANS 45 
 
 ing- castwardly by Avery Vann's place, inLiudiiig his plantation, and thence on 
 said trace to where it crosses the Etowah river to its confluence with Oostan- 
 nallah river, and up said river to the mouth of Aumuchee creek, and to be 
 bounded by the first District. 
 
 3d. The third District shall be called by the name of Coosawatee, and 
 bounded as follows: beginning- at the widow Fool's ferry, on Ooostannallan 
 river, where the Alabama road crosses it, along said wagon road eastwardly 
 leading towards Etowah town to a large creek above Thomas Pettit's planta- 
 tion, near to the Sixes, and said creek, northeastward, to its source; thence a 
 straight course to the head of Talloney creek, up which the Federal road leads, 
 thence a straight course to the Red Bank creek, near Cartikee village; thence 
 a straight course to the head source of Potatoe Mine creek; thence a straight 
 course to the most southern head source of Cannasawagee river; thence a 
 northwestern course to Cannasawgee river, to strike opposite the mouth of 
 Sugar Creek, into the Cannasawgee river, and to be bounded by the first ann 
 second Districts. 
 
 4th. The fourth District shall be called by the name of Amoah. and be 
 the third District strikes the said source; thence eastwardly a straight course 
 bounded as follows: beginning at the head source of Cannasawgee river, where 
 to Spring Town, above Hiwassee Old Town; thence to the boundary line run 
 by Col Houston, where it crosses Sloan creek; — thence westwardly along said 
 line to the Hiwassee river; — thence down said river intn the Tennessee river, 
 and down the same to the mouth of Oolatiwah creek, and to be bounded by 
 the first and third Districts. 
 
 5th. The fifth District shall be called by the name of Hickory Log, and 
 shall be bounded as follows: beginning at the head of Potatoe Mine Creek, on 
 the Blue Ridge to where Cheewostoyeh path crosses said ridge, and along said 
 path to the head branch of Frog Town creek, and down the same to its con- 
 fluence with Tahsantee; thence down Chestotee river; thence down the same 
 into the Chattahoochee river; and down the same to the shallow wagon ford on 
 said river; above the standing Peach Tree; thence westward along said wag"u 
 
 road leading to Town to where it crosses Little river, a fork of the 
 
 Etowah river, and down the same to its confluence with Etowah river, and 
 down the same in a direct course to a large Creek, and up said creek to where 
 the road crosses it to the opposite side, and to be bounded by the third District. 
 
 6th. The sixth District shall be called by the name of Etowah, and be 
 bounded as follows: beginning on the Chattahoochee river, at the shallow 
 wagon ford on said river, and down the same to the Buzzard Roost, where the 
 Creek and Cherokee boundary line intersects the said river; thence along said 
 boundary line westward, to where it intersects Chinubees trace, and to be 
 bounded by the fifth and third districts, leaving Thomas Pettit's family in 
 Etowah District. 
 
 7th. The seventh District shall be called by the name of Tahquohee, 
 and be bounded as follows: beginning where Col. Houston's boundary line 
 crosses Slare's creek, thence along said boundary line south-eastwardly, to 
 the Unicoy turnpike road, and along said road to where it crosses the Hiwaseo 
 river, in the Valley Towns; thence a straight course to head source of Coosa 
 
46 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 creek, on the Blue Ridge above Cheewostoyeh, and along said Ridge east- 
 wardly, where the Unicoy turnpike road crosses it and thence a direct course 
 to the head source of Persimon creek; thence down the same to the confluence 
 of Tahsantee, and with the Frog Town creek; ar.d to be bounded by the third, 
 the fourth and tifth Districts. 
 
 8th. The eighth District shall be called by the name of Aquohee, and 
 be bounded as follows: beginning where the seventh District intersects the 
 Blue Ridge, where the Unicoy turnpike road crosses the same; thence east- 
 wardly along said ridge to the Standing Man, to Col. Houston's boundary line, 
 thence along said line to the confluence of Nauleyalee, and Little Tennessee 
 river; thence down the same to Tallassee village, thence along said boundary 
 line westwardly, to where it intersects the Unicoy turnpike road; and to be 
 bounded by the Seventh District; and that each District shall hold their re- 
 spective Councils or Courts, on the following days: 
 
 The first Mondays in May and September, for Chicamaugee District; and 
 on the 
 
 First Mondays in May and September for Coosewatee District; and the 
 Second Mondays in May and September, for Amoah District; and on the 
 First Mondays in May and September, for Hickory Log District; and the 
 Second Mondays in May and September, for Etowah District, and on the 
 First Mondays in May and September for Aquohee District; and on the 
 Second Mondays in May and September, for Tauquohee District; and 
 each of the Councils or Courts shall sit five days for the transaction of busi- 
 ness at each term. 
 
 By order of the Committee and Council. 
 
 CHAS. R. HICHS, 
 The above act was passed before October 25, 1820, as other acts re- 
 lating to the officers of the several districts were passed on that and subsequent 
 dates. Gambling and drinking were restricted by 
 
 New Town, Cherokee Nation, November 8th, 1822. 
 
 Whereas, the great variety of vices emanating from dissipation, particu- 
 larly from intoxication and gaming at cards, which are so prevalent at all 
 public places, the National Committee and Council, seeking the true interest 
 and happiness of their people, have maturely taken this growing evil into their 
 serious consideration, and being fully convinced that no nation of people can 
 prosper and flourish, or become magnanimous in character, the basis of whose 
 laws are not found upon virtue and justice; therefore, to suppress, as much as 
 possible, those demoralizing habits which were introduced by foreign agency, 
 
 Resolved by the National Committee, That any person or persons, what- 
 soever, who shall bring ardent spirits within three miles of the General Coun- 
 cil House, or to any of the court houses within the several Districts during the 
 general Council, or the sitting of the courts, and dispose of the same so as to 
 hitoxicate any person or persons whatsoever, the person or persons so offend- 
 ing, shall forfeit his or their whiskey, the same to be destroyed; and be it further 
 
 Resolved, That gaming at cards is hereby strictly forbidden, and that an\ 
 person or persons whomsoever, who shall game at cards in the Cherokee 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 47 
 
 Nation, such person or persons, so offending, shall forfeit and pay a fine of 
 twenty-five dollars, and further, any person or persons whatsoever, who mr.v 
 or shall be found playing- cards at any house or camp, or in the woods within 
 three miles of the general Council House, or any of the court houses of the 
 several Districts during the session of the General Council, or setting of the 
 District Courts, such person or persons, so offending, shall forfeit and pay a 
 fine of fifty dollars each for every such offense, and that any person or persons 
 whatsoever, who shall bring into the Cherokee Nation and dispose of playing 
 cards, such person or persons, being convicted before any of the Judges, Mar- 
 shals, or light horse, shall pay a fine of twenty-five dollars for every pack or 
 cards so sold; and it shall be the duty of the several Judges, Marshals and light 
 horse companies, to take cognizance of such offenses and to enforce the above 
 resolution ; and 
 
 And be it further resolved. That all fines collected from persons violating 
 the above resolution, the money so collected shall be paid into the national 
 treasury. To take effect and be in full force from and after the first day oi 
 January next. 
 
 By order of the National Committee. 
 
 JNO. ROSS, Pres't. N. Com. 
 Approved— PATH KILLER (X) his mark. 
 A. McCOV, Clerk of Com. 
 ELIJAH HICKS, clerk of Coun'l. 
 
 Miscegenation was penalized by : 
 
 New Town, Cherokee Nation. November 11th, 1824 
 
 Resolved by the National Committee and Council, That intermarriages 
 between negro slaves and Indians, or white, shall not be lawful, and any person 
 or persons, permitting and approbating his, her or their negro slaves, to inter- 
 marry with Indians or whites, he or she or they, so offending shall pay a tine of 
 tifty dollars, one half for the benefit of the Cherokee Nation; and 
 
 Be if further resolved, That any male Indian or white man marrying a 
 negro woman slave, he or they shall be punished with fifty-nine stripes on the 
 bare back, and any Indian or white woman, marrying a negro man slave, shaii 
 be punished with twenty-five stripes on her or their bare back. 
 
 By order of the National Committee. 
 
 JNO. ROSS, Pres't. N. Com. 
 Approved — PATH KILLER 'X) his mark. 
 A. McCOY, Clerk of Com. 
 ELIJAH HICKS, clerk of Coun'l. 
 
 New Town, Cherokee Nation, November 11th, 1824 
 
 Resolved by the National Committee and Council, That it shall not be 
 lawful for negro slaves to possess property in horses, cattle or hogs, and that 
 those slaves now possessing property of that description, be required to dispose 
 of the same in twelve months from this date, under the penalty of confiscation. 
 
48 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 and any property so confiscated, shall be sold for the benefit of the Cherokee 
 Nation. 
 
 I3y order of the National Committee. 
 
 JNO. ROSS, Pres't. N. Com. 
 Approved— PATH KILLER (X) his mark. 
 A. McCOY, clerk of Com. 
 
 Another step towards a constitution was: 
 
 For the better security of the common property of the Cherokee Nation, 
 and for the protection of the rights and privileges of the Cherokee people, We, 
 the undersigned members of the Committee and Council, in legislative Council 
 convened, have established, and by these presents do hereby declare, the 
 following articles as a fixed and irrevocable principle, by which the Cherokee 
 Nation shall be governed. These articles may be amended or modified, by a 
 concurrence of two-thirds of the members of the Committee and Council in 
 legislative Council convened; viz: 
 
 ART 1st. The lands within the sovereign limits of the Cherokee nation, 
 as defined by treaties, are, and shall be, the common property of the Nation. 
 The improvements made thereon and in the possession of the citizens of the 
 Nation, are the exclusive and indefeasible property of the citizens respectively 
 who made, or may rightfully be in possession of them. 
 
 ART. 2d. The annuities arising from treaties with the U. States, and the 
 revenue arising out of tax laws, shall be funded in the National Treasury, and 
 be the public property of the Nation. 
 
 ART. 3d. The legislative Council of the Nation shall alone possess the 
 legal power to manage and dispose of, in any manner by law, the public prop- 
 erty of the Nation, Provided, nothing shall be construed in this article, so as 
 to extend that right and power to dispossess or divest the citizens of the Na- 
 tion of their just rights to the houses, farms and other improvements in their 
 possession. 
 
 ART. 4th. The Principal Chiefs of the Nation shall in no wise hold any 
 treaties, or dispose of public property in any manner, without the express 
 authority of the legislative Council in Session. 
 
 ART. 5th. The members of Committee and Council, during the recess 
 of the legislative Council, shall possess no authority or power to convene 
 Councils in their respective districts, or to act officially on any matters, ex- 
 cepting expressly authorized or delegated by the legislative Council in session. 
 
 ART. 6th. The citizens of the Nation, possessing exclusive and indefeas- 
 ible rights to their respective improvements, as expressed in the first article, 
 shall possess no right or power to dispose of their improvements to citizens 
 of the United States, under such penalties, as may be prescribed by law in such 
 cases. 
 
 ART 7th. The several courts of justice in the Nation shall have no cog- 
 nizance of any case transpiring previous to the organization of courts by law, 
 and which case may have been acted upon by the chiefs in council, under the 
 then existing custom and usage of the Nation, excepting there mav be an ex- 
 press law embracing the case. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 49 
 
 ART 8th. The two Prhicipal Chiefs of the Nation, shall not, jointly or 
 Separately, have the power of arresting the judgment of either of the courts 
 or of the legal acts of the National Committee and Council, but that the judic- 
 iary of the Nation shall be independent and their decisions final and conclusive, 
 Provided, always, That they act in conformity to the foregoing principles or 
 articles, and the acknowledged laws of the Nation. 
 
 Done in Legislative Council, at New Town, this l5th day of June, 182 5. 
 JNO. ROSS. Pres't. N. Com. 
 MAJOR RIDGE, Speaker of Council, 
 Approved — PATH KILLER (X) his mark. 
 New Echota was established as the capital by the four following acts: 
 
 New Town, Cherokee Nation, November 12th 1825. 
 
 Resolved by the National Committee and Council, That one hundred 
 town lots, of one acre square, be laid off on the Oostenallah river, commencing 
 below the mouth of the creek, nearly opposite the mouth of Caunausauga river. 
 The public square to embrace two acres of ground, which town shall be known 
 and called Echota; there shall be a main street of sixty feet and the other 
 streets shall be fifty feet wide. 
 
 Be it further resolved. That the lots, when laid off, be sold to the highest 
 bidder. The purchasers right shall merely be occupancy, and transferrable 
 only to lawful citizens of the Cherokee Nation, and the proceeds arising from 
 the sales of the lots shall be appropriated for the benefit of the public buildings 
 in said town; and 
 
 Be it further resolved. That three commissioners be appointed to super 
 intend the laying off the aforesaid lots, marking and numbering the same, and 
 to act as chain carrier, and a surveyor to be employed to run off the lots and 
 streets according to the plan prescribed. The lots to be commenced running 
 off on the second Monday in February ne.\t, and all the ground lying within 
 the following bounds, not embraced by the lots, shall remain vacant as com- 
 mons for the convenience of the town; viz: beginning at the mouth of Caun- 
 ausauga, and up said creek to the mouth of the dry branch to the point of 
 the ridges, and thence in a circle round along said ridges, by the place oc- 
 cupied by Crying Wolf, thence to the river. 
 
 JNO. ROSS, Pres't. N. Com. 
 MAJOR RIDGE, Speaker. 
 Approved — PATH KILLER, (.\) his mark. 
 CH. R. HICKS. 
 A. McCOY, clerk of Com. 
 E. BOUDINOTT, Clerk N. Council. 
 
 New Town, Cherokee Nation, November 12th. 1825 
 
 Judge Martin, George Saunders and Waller S. .A.dair, are elected com- 
 missioners to superintend the laying off the lots in the town of Echota. 
 
 By order. JNO. ROSS, Pres't N. Com. 
 
 A. McCOY, clerk of Com. 
 
50 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Echota, Cherokee Nation, November 12th. 1825. 
 
 The subject of improvements made, and now occupied by individuals, on 
 the public ground selected for the jurisdiction of the town of Echota, have been 
 taken up by the National Committee. The question arising- is, whether the 
 Nation is bound to pay for any such improvements made by individuals since 
 the site has been selected by the Nation for the establishment of a town as the 
 seat of government. The decision of the Committee on this question is, that 
 the Nation is not bound to make compensation for any such improvements, 
 but in order to extend indulgence toward Alex. McCoy and E. Hicks, who are 
 now within said bounds, and are in possession of dwelling houses of some 
 value, it is hereby agreed and 
 
 Resolved by the National Committee and Council, That should the dwell- 
 ing houses of the aforesaid McCoy and Hicks fall with lots which are to be laid 
 off, they shall have the preference of occupancy to said lots. Provided they pay 
 for the same at the rate which any other lot of equal value and advantageously 
 situated may sell for; it is further agreed and admitted, that the improvement 
 lately occupied by War Club, and the one now in the possession of Crying 
 Wolf shall be paid for at the public expense; agreeably to the valuation made 
 by W. Hicks, Geo. Saunders and Jos. Crutchfield. 
 
 JNO. ROSS, Pres't. N. Com. 
 MAJOR RIDGE, Speaker. 
 Approved— PATH KILLER (X) his mark. 
 CH. R. HICKS. 
 A. McCOY, clerk Com. 
 E. BOUDINOTT, Clerk N. Council. 
 
 Echota, Cherokee Nation, November 14th, 1825. 
 
 Alexander McCoy is hereby authorized and permitted to cultivate and 
 raise a crop the ensuing year, in the field lying on the river below the ferry, and 
 also the one lately owned by the War Club, on the river below the mouth ot 
 the spring branch, which improvements belong to the public, and lie within the 
 town of Echota; Provided, said McCoy does not suffer the stakes to be re- 
 moved which are to separate the town lots, to be laid off in said fields, and that 
 said McCoy surrender possession of those fields to the public on or before the 
 second Monday in October next. 
 
 JNO. ROSS, Pres't. N. Com. 
 MAJOR RIDGE, Speaker. 
 Approved— PATH KILLER (X) his mark. 
 CH. R. HICKS. 
 A. McCOY, clerk Com. 
 E. BOUDINOTT, clerk Coun'l. 
 
 Provisions were made for the selection of delegates for a constitutional 
 convention by: 
 
 Whereas, the General Council of the Cherokee Nation, now in session. 
 havmg taken into consideration the subject of adopting a constitution for the 
 future Government of said Nation, and after mature deliberation, it is deemed 
 expedient that a Convention be called, and in order that the wishes of the pec- 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 51 
 
 pie of the several Districts may be fairly represented on this all important sub- 
 ject, 
 
 It is hereby resolved by the National Committee and Council, That the 
 persons hereinafter named be, and they are hereby nominated and recom- 
 mended to the people of their respective districts as candidates to run an 
 election for seals in the Convention; and three out of the ten in each District 
 who shall get the highest number of votes shall be elected; and for the con- 
 venience of the people in giving- their votes, three precincts in each District 
 are selected, and superintendents and clerks to the election are chosen; and 
 no person but a free male citizen who is full grown shall be entitled to a vote; 
 and each voter shall be entitled to vote for three of the candidates herein 
 nominated in their respective Districts, and no vote by proxy shall be admitted; 
 and that all the votes shall be given in viva voce; and in case of death, sickness 
 or other incident which may occur to prevent all or any of the superintendents 
 from attending at the several precincts to which they are chosen, the people 
 of the respective precincts shall make a selection to fill such vacancies. And 
 in case of similar incident occurring to any of the members elect, the person 
 receiving the next highest number of votes shall supply the vacancy. 
 
 In Chicamauga District, John Ross, Richard Taylor, John Baldridge, Jas 
 Brown, Sleeping Rabbit, John Benge, Nathaniel Hicks, Sicketowee, Jas. Starr 
 and Daniel McCoy, are nominated and recommended as candidates; and the 
 election in the first precinct shall be held at or near Hick's mill, and Charles 
 R. Hicks, and Archibald Fields, are chosen superintendents, and Leonard Hicks, 
 clerk. The election in the second precinct shall be held at or near Hunter 
 Langley's in Lookout Valley, and James Lowrey and Robert Vann are chosen 
 superintendents, and John Candy, clerk. The election in the third precinct 
 shall be held in the Court House, and Joseph Coodey and William S. Coodey, 
 are chosen superintendents and Robert Fields, Clerk. 
 
 In Chattanooga District, George Lowrey, Samuel Gunter, Andrew Ross, 
 David Vann, David Brown, Spirit, The Bark, Salecooke, Edward Gunter and 
 John Brown, are nominated and recommended as candidates; and the election 
 in the first precinct in this District shall be held at or near Edward Gunter': 
 school house in Creek Path valley, and Alexander Gilhreath and Dempsey 
 Fields are chosen superintendents, and John Gunter, clerk. The election in 
 the second precinct shall be held at or near Laugh at Mush's house, in Wills 
 valley, and William Chamberlin and Martin Mcintosh are chosen superintend- 
 ents and George Lowrey, Jr., clerk. The election in the third precinct shall 
 De held at the court house, and Charles Vann and James M'lntosh are chosen 
 superintendents, and Thomas Wilson, clerk. 
 
 In Coosawaytee District, John Martin, W. S. Adair, Elias Boudinott, Jo- 
 seph Vann, John Ridge, William Hicks, Elijah Hicks, John Saunders, Kele- 
 chulah and Alex McCoy, are nominated and recommended as candidates. The 
 election in the first precinct in this District shall be held at or near William 
 Hick's house on Ooukillokee creek, and Edward Adair and G. W. Adair are 
 chosen superintendents and Stand Watie, clerk. The election in the second 
 
52 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 precinct shall be held at Elechaye, and George Saunders and Robert Saunders, 
 are chosen superintendents, and James Saunders, clerk. The election in the 
 third precinct shall be held at the court house, and George Harlin and William 
 Thompson are chosen superintendents, and Jos. M. Lynch, clerk 
 
 In Amohee District, The Hair, Lewis Ross, Thos. Foreman, John Walker, 
 Jr., Going Snake, George Fields, James Bigbey, Deer-in-water, John M'Intosh, 
 and Thomas Fields are nominated and recommended as candidates. The elec- 
 tion in the first precinct in this District shall be held at or near Kalso wee's 
 house at Long Savannah, and Wm. Blythe and John Fields, are chosen superin 
 tendents and Ezekiel Fields, clerk. The election in the second precinct shall 
 be held at or near Bridge Maker's house, at Ahmohee Town, and Ezekiel Starr 
 and Michael Helterbrand, are chosen superintendents, and James M'Nair, clerk. 
 The election in the third precinct shall be held at the court house, and David 
 M'Nair and James M 'Daniel, are chosen superintendents and T. W. Ross, clerk. 
 
 In Hickory Log District, James Daniel, George Still, Woman Killer, 
 Robert Rogers, Moses Harris, John Duncan, Moses Downing, George Ward, 
 Tahquoh, and Sam Downing, are nominated and recommended as candidates. 
 The election in the first precinct in this District, shall be held at or near George 
 Welch's house, at the Cross Roads, and A. Hutson and E. Duncan, are chosen 
 superintendents, and Joshua Buffington, Clerk. The election in the second 
 precinct shall be held at or near Big Savannah, and John Downing and E. 
 M'Laughlin, are chosen superintendents, and John Daniel, clerk. The elec- 
 tion in the third precinct shall be held at the court house, and John Wright and 
 Ellis Harlin, are chosen superintendents, and Moses Daniel, clerk. 
 
 In Hightower District, George M. Waters, Joseph Vann, Alexander Saun 
 ders, John Beamer, Walking Stick. Richard Rowe, The Feather, Old Field. 
 Te-nah-la-wee-stah, and Thomas Pettit, are nominated and recommended as 
 candidates. The election in the first precinct in this District shall be held at or 
 near the Old Turkey's house, and Tahchi-see and John Harris, are chosen 
 superintendents, and John Sanders, clerk. The election in the third precinct 
 shall be held at th^ court house. ;ind Charles Moore and W. Thompson, are 
 chosen superintendents, and Joseph Phillips, clerk 
 
 In Tahquohee District, Chuwalookee, George Owen, Too-nah-na-lah, 
 Wm. Bowlin, Chips, Ooclen-not-tah. Soo-wa-keee, Sour John, The Tough, and 
 Charles, are nominated and recommended as candidates. The election in the 
 first precinct in this District, shall be held at or near Nahtahyalee, and A. M' 
 Daniel and Metoy, are chosen superintendents, and Thomas, clerk. The elec- 
 tion in the second precinct shall be held at or near The Spirit's house, and 
 Benjamin Timson and Edward Timson, are chosen superintendents, and J. D. 
 Wofford, clerk. 
 
 In Aquohee District, Sitewake, Bald Town George, Richard Walker, John 
 Timson, Allbone, Robin, (Judge Walker's son-in-law) Ahtoheeskee, Kunsenee, 
 Samuel Ward, and KalkaHoskee, are nominated and recommended as candi- 
 dates.^ The election in the first precinct in this District, shall be held at or 
 near Tasquittee, and Thompson and Dick Downin?;, are chosen superintend- 
 ents, and William Reid, clerk. The election in the second precinct shall be 
 held at or near Samuel Ward's house, and Isaac Tucker and John Bighead, 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 53 
 
 are chosen superintendents, and David England, clerk. The election at the 
 third precinct shall be held at the court house, and Whirlwind and Bear Con- 
 jurer, are chosen superintendents, and Rev. E. Jones, clerk. 
 
 Be it further resolved, That the election at the several places herein se- 
 lected for each District, shall be held on the Saturday previous to the com- 
 mencement of the Courts for May Term next, and a return of all the votes 
 o'iven shall be made to the superintendents of the election at the court house 
 on the Monday following, being the first day of court, with a certificate of the 
 polls, signed by the superintendents and clerks, and after all the votes being 
 collected and rendered in, the three candidates having the highest number of 
 votes shall be duly elected, and the superintendents and clerks at the court 
 house, shall give to each of the members elected a certificate. And in case 
 there shall be an equal number of votes between any of the third candidates, 
 the members of the Convention shall give them the casting vote, and that the 
 superintendents shall, before entering upon their duties, take an oath for the 
 faithful performance of their trusts: and that the members so elected shall, on 
 the 4th day of July next, meet at Echota and form a convention, and proceed 
 to adopt a Constitution for the Government of the Cherokee Nation. 
 
 Be it further resolved, That the principles which shall be established in 
 the Constitution, to be adopted by the Convention, shall not in any degree go 
 to destroy the rights and liberties of the free citizens of this Nation, nor to 
 effect or impair the fundamental principles and laws, by which the Nation is 
 now governed, and that the General Council to be convened jn the fall of 
 1827 shall be held under the present existing authorities; Provided neverthe- 
 less, that nothing shall be so construed in this last clause so as to invalidate 
 or prevent the Constitution, adopted by the Convention, from going into effect 
 after the aforesaid next General Council. 
 
 New Echota, l3th October, 1826. 
 
 JNO. ROSS, Pres't. N. Com. 
 MAJOR RIDGE, Speaker. 
 Approved— PATH KILLER (X) his mark. 
 
54 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 From au old painting 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 55 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 Convention of Delegates, Constitution is Adopted 
 
 The elected delegates met and formed the following constitution: 
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE CHEROKEE NATION 
 
 Formed by a Convention of Delegates From the Several Districts, at New 
 
 Echota, July, 1827 
 
 We, the Representatives of the people of the Cherokee Nation, in Con- 
 vention assembled, in order to establish justice, ensure tranquility, promote 
 our common welfare, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of 
 liberty; acknowledging with humility and gratitude the goodness of the sover- 
 eign Ruler of the Universe, in offering us an opportunity so favorable to the 
 design, and imploring His aid and direction in its accomplishment, do ordain 
 and establish this Constitution for the Government of the Cherokee Nation. 
 
 Article 1. — Sec. 1. — The boundaries of this Nation, embracing the lands 
 solemnly guaranteed and reserved forever to the Cherokee Nation by the 
 Treaties concluded with the United States, are as follows, and shall forever 
 hereafter remain unalterably the same, to-wit: 
 
 Beginning on ihe north bank of Tennessee river at the upper part of the 
 Chickasaw old field, thence along the main channel of said river, including all 
 the islands therein, to the mouth of the Hiwassee river, thence up the main 
 channel of said river, including islands, to the first hill which closes in on said 
 river about two miles above Hiwassee Old Town, thence along the ridge which 
 divides the waters of the Hiwassee and Little Tillico, to the Tennesse river 
 at Tallassee, thence along the main channel, including islands, to the junction 
 of the Cowee and Nanteyalee, thence along the ridge in the fork of said river, 
 to the top of the blue ridge, thence along the blue ridge to the Unicoy Turnpike 
 road, thence by a straight line to the main source of the Chestatee, thence 
 along its main channel, including islands, to the Chattahoochy, and thence 
 down the same to the Creek boundary at Buzzard Roost, thence along the 
 boundary line which separates this and the Creek Nation, to a point on the 
 Coosa river opposite the mouth of Wills Creek, thence down along the south 
 bank of the same to a point opposite Fort Strother, thence up the river to the 
 mouth of Wills Creek, thence up along the east bank of said creek to the west 
 branch thereof, and up the same to its source, and thence along the ridge which 
 separates the Tombeccee and Tennessee waters to a point on the top of said 
 ridge, thence due north to Camp Coffee on Tennessee river, which is opposite 
 the Chickasaw Island, thence to the place of beginning. 
 
 Sec. 2 — The sovereignty and Jurisdiction of this Government shall ex- 
 tend over the country within the boundaries above described, and the lands 
 therein are, and shall remain, the common property of the Nation; but the im- 
 provements made thereon, and in the possession of the citizens of the Nation, 
 are the exclusive and indefeasible property of the citizens respectively who 
 made; or may rightfully be in possession of them; Provided ,that the citizens 
 of the Nation, possessing exclusive and indefeasible right to their respective 
 
56 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 improvements, as expressed in this article, shall possess no right nor power to 
 dispose of their improvements in any manner whatever to the United States, 
 rndividual states, nor individual citizens thereof; and that whenever any such 
 citizen or citizens shall remove with their effects out of the limits of this Nation, 
 and become citizens of any other Goverment, all their rights and privileges 
 as citizens of this Nation shall cease; Provided nevertheless. That the Legislat- 
 ure shall have power to re-admit by law to all the rights of citizenship, any 
 such person or persons, who may at any time desire to return to the Nation on 
 their memorializing the General Council for such readmission. Moreover, the 
 Legislature shall have power to adopt such laws and regulations, as its wisdom 
 may deem expedient and proper, to prevent the citizens from monopolizing 
 improvements with the view of speculation. 
 
 Article 11. — Sec. 1. — The power of this government shall be divided into 
 three distinct departments; the Legislative, the Executive, and Judicial. 
 
 Sec. 2 — No person or persons belonging to one of these Departments 
 shall exercise any of the powers properly belonging to either of the others, ex- 
 cept in the cases hereinafter expressly directed or permitted. 
 
 ARTICLE III — Sec. 1. — The Legislative power shall be vested in two 
 distinct branches; a Committee and a Council, each to have a negative on the 
 other, and both to be styled the General Council of the Cherokee Nation; and 
 the style of their acts and laws shall be. 
 
 "Resolved by the Committee and Council, in General Council convened.' 
 
 Sec. 2. The Cherokee Nation, as laid off into eight Districts, shall so 
 remain. 
 
 Sec. 3 — The Committee shall consist of two members from each District, 
 and the Council shall consist of three members from each District, to be chosen 
 by the qualified electors of their respective Districts, for two years; and the 
 elections to be held in every District on the First JMonday in August for the 
 year 1828, and every succeeding two years thereafter; and the General Coun- 
 cil shall be held once a year, to be convened on the second Monday of October 
 in each year, at New Echota. 
 
 Sec. 4 — No perosn shall be eligible to a seat in the General Council, but 
 a free Cherokee male citizen, who shall have attained the age of twenty-five 
 years. The descendants of Cherokee men by all free women, except the 
 African race, whose parents may have been living together as man and wife, 
 according to the customs and laws of this Nation, shall be entitled to all the 
 rights and privileges of this nation, as well as the posterity of Cherokee women 
 by all free men. No person who is of negro or mulatto parentage, either by 
 the father or mother side, shall be eligible to hold any office of profit, honor 
 or trust under this Government. 
 
 Sec. 5— The electors and members of the General Council shall, in ail 
 cases except those of treason, felony, or breach of the peace, be privileged 
 from arrest during their attendance at election, and at the General Council, 
 and m going to, and returning from the same. 
 
 Sec. 6— In all elections by the people, the electors shall vote viva voce. 
 Electors for members to the General Council for 1828, shall be held at the 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 57 
 
 places of holding; the several courts, and at the other two precincts in each 
 District which are designated by the law under which the members of this 
 Convention were elected; and the District Judges shall superintend the elec- 
 tions within the pricincts of their respective Court Houses, and the Marshals 
 and Sheriffs shall superintend within the precincts which may be assigned them 
 by the Circuit Judges of their respective Districts, together with one other per- 
 son who shall be appointed by the Circuit Judges for each precinct within their 
 respective Districts; and the Circuit Judges shall also appoint a clerk to each 
 precinct. — The superintendents and clerks shall, on the Wednesday morning- 
 succeeding the election, assemble at their respective Court Houses and proceed 
 to examine and ascertain the true state of the polls, and shall issue to each 
 member, duly elected, a certificate, and also make an official return of the 
 state of the polls of election to the Principal Chief, and it shall be the duty of 
 the Sheriffs to deliver the same to the Executive; Provided nevertheless, The 
 General Council shall have power after the election of 1828, to regulate by 
 law the precincts and superintendents and clerks of elections in the several Dis- 
 tircts. 
 
 Sec. 7. — All free male citizens, (excepting negroes and descendants of 
 white and Indian men by negro women who may have been set free,) who 
 shall have attained to the age of eighteen years, shall be equally entitled t>» 
 vote at all public elections. 
 
 Sec. 8. — Each house of the General Council shall judge of the qualifica- 
 tions and returns of its own members. 
 
 Sec. 9 — Each house of the General Council may determ'ine the rules of 
 its proceedings, punish a member for disorderly behavior, and with the con- 
 currence of two thirds, expel a member; but not a second time for the same 
 cause. 
 
 Sec. 10 — Each house of the General Council, when assembled shall 
 choose its own officers; a majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to 
 do business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day and compel 
 the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalty as 
 each house may prescribe. 
 
 Sec. 1 1. — The members of the Committee shall each receive from the 
 public Treasury a compensation for their services which shall be two dollars 
 and fifty cents per day during their attendance at the General Council; and 
 the members of the Council shall each receive two dollars per day for their 
 services during their attendance at the General Council: — Provided, that the 
 same may be increased or diminished by law, but no alteration shall make 
 et^ect during the period of service of the members of the General Council, by 
 whom such alteration shall have been made. 
 
 Sec. 12. — The General Council shall regulate by law, by whom and in 
 what manner, writs of elections shall be issued to till the vacancies which may 
 happen in either branch thereof. 
 
 Sec. 13. — Each member of the General Council before he takes his seat 
 shall take the following oath or affirmation, to-wit : 
 
 "1, A. B., do solemnly swear, (or affirm, as the case may be,) that 1 
 
58 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 have not obtained my election by bribery, treats or any undue and unlawful 
 means used by myself, or others by my desire or approbation, for that pur- 
 pose; that I consider myself constitutionally qualified as a member of 
 and that, on all questions and measures which may come before me, I will so 
 give my vote, and so conduct myself, as may in my judgment, appear most 
 conducive to the interest and prosperity of this Nation; and that 1 will bear 
 true faith and allegiance to the same; and to the utmost of my ability and 
 power observe, conform to, support and defend the Constitution thereof." 
 
 Sec. 14. — No person who may be convicted of felony before any court 
 of this Nation, shall be eligible to any office or appointment of honor, protit 
 or trust within this Nation. 
 
 Sec. 15. — The General Council shall have power to make all laws and 
 regulations, which they shall deem necessary and proper for the good of the 
 Nation, which shall not be contrary to this Constitution. 
 
 Sec. 16. — It shall be the duty of the General Council to pass such laws 
 as may be necessary and proper, to decide differences by arbitrators to be ap- 
 pointed by the parties, who may choose that summary mode of adjustment. 
 
 Sec. 17. — No power of suspending the laws of this Nation shall be ex- 
 ercised, unless by the Legislature or its authority. 
 
 Sec. 1 8. — No retrospective law, nor any law, impairing the obligations 
 of contracts shall be passed. 
 
 Sec. 19. — The legislature shall have power to make laws for laying and 
 collecting taxes, for the purpose of raising a revenue. 
 
 Sec. 20. — All bills making appropriations shall originate in the Com- 
 mittee, hut the Council may propose amendments or reject the same. 
 
 Sec. 21. — All other bills may originate in either house, subject to the 
 concurrence of rejection of the other. 
 
 Sec. 22. — All acknowledged Treaties shall be the Supreme law of the 
 land. 
 
 Sec. 2 3. — The Genera! Council shall have the sole power of deciding on 
 the construction of all Treaty stipulations. 
 
 Sec. 24. — The Council shall have the sole power of impeaching. 
 
 Sec. 25. — Any impeachments shall be tried by the Committee; — when 
 sitting for that purpose, the members shall be upon oath or affirmation; and 
 no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the 
 members present. 
 
 Sec. 26. — The Principal Chief, assistant principal Chief, and all civil 
 officers, under this Nation, shall be liable to impeachment for any misdemean- 
 or in office, but Judgment, in such cases, shall not extend further than re- 
 moval from office, and disqualification to hold any office of honor, trust or 
 profit, under this Nation. The party whether convicted or acquitted, shall 
 nevertheless, be liable to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, accord- 
 ing to law. 
 
 ARTICLE IV.— Sec. 1. The Supreme Executive Power of this Nation 
 shall be vested in a Principal Chief, who shall be chosen by the General Coun- 
 cil, and shall hold his office four years; to be elected as follows,— The General 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 59 
 
 Council by a joint vote, shall, at their second annual session, after the rising 
 of this Convention, and at every fourth annual session thereafter, on the 
 second day after the House shall be organized, and competent to proceed to 
 business, elect a Principal Chief. 
 
 Sec. 2. — No person, except a natural born citizen, shall be eligible to 
 the office of Principal Chief; neither shall any person be eligible to that of- 
 fice, who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years. 
 
 Sec. 3. — There shall also be chosen at the same time, by the General 
 Council, in the same manner for four years, an assistant Principal Chief. 
 
 Sec. 4. — In case of the removal of the Principal Chief from office, or his 
 death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said 
 office, the same shall devolve on the assistant principal Chief, until the inabil- 
 ity be removed, or "the vacancy filled by the General Council. 
 
 Sec. 5. — The General Council may, by law, provide for the case of re- 
 moval, death, resignation or inability of both the Principal and assistant Prin- 
 cipal Chiefs, declaring what officer shall then act as Principal Chief, until the 
 disability be removed, or a Principal Chief shall be elected. 
 
 Sec. 6. — The Principal Chief, shall, at stated times, receive for their ser- 
 vices, — a compensation — which shall neither be increased nor diminished dur- 
 ing the period for which they shall have been elected; and they shall not re 
 ceive, within that period, any other emolument from the Cherokee Nation, or 
 any other government. 
 
 Sec. 7. — Before the Principal Chief enters on the execution of his office, 
 he shall take the following oath, or affirmation; "1 do solemnly swear (or af- 
 firm) that 1 will faithfully execute the office of Principal Chief of the Chero- 
 kee Nation, and will; to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend, 
 the Constitution of the Cherokee Nation." 
 
 Sec. 8. — He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the General 
 Council at the Seat of Government. 
 
 Sec. 9. — He shall from time to time give to the General Council infor- 
 mation of the State of the Government, and recommend to their considera- 
 tion such measures as he may think expedient. 
 
 Sec. 10. — He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed. 
 
 Sec. 1 1. — It shall be his duty to visit the different districts, at least once 
 in two years, to inform himself of the general condition of the Country. 
 
 Sec. 12. — The assistant Principal Chief shall, by virtue of his office, aid 
 and advise the Principal Chief in the Administration of the Government, at all 
 times during his continuance in office. 
 
 Sec. 13. — Vacancies that may happen in offices, the appointment of 
 which is vested in the General Council, shall be filled by the Principal Chief, 
 during the recess of the General Council, by granting Commissions which shall 
 expire at the end of the Session. 
 
 Sec. 14. — Every Bill which shall have passed both Houses of the Gen- 
 eral Council, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the Principal 
 Chief of the Cherokee Nation. If he approves, he shall sign it, but if not, he 
 
60 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have origin- 
 ated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journals, and proceed to 
 reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two thirds of that House shall 
 agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the 
 other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by 
 two thirds of that house, it shall become a law. If any bill shall not be re- 
 turned by the Principal Chief within five days (Sundays excepted) after it 
 shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as 
 if he signed it; unless the General Council by their adjournment prevent its 
 return, in which case it shall be a law, unless sent back within three days after 
 their next meeting. 
 
 Sec. 15. — Members of the General Council and all oftlcers. Executive 
 and Judicial, shall be bound by oath to support the Constitution of this Na- 
 tion, and to perform the duties of their respective offices with fidelity. 
 
 Sec. 16. — In case of disagreement between the two houses with respect 
 to the time of adjournment, the Principal Chief shall have the power to ad- 
 journ the General Council to such a time as he thinks proper, provided, it 
 be not to a period beyond the next Constitutional meeting of the same. 
 
 Sec. 1 7. — The Principal Chief shall, during the sitting of the General 
 Council, attend to the Seat of Government. 
 
 Sec. 18. — There shall be a Council to consist of three men to be ap- 
 pointed by the joint vote of both Houses, to advise the Principal Chief in 
 the Executive part of the Government, whom the Principal Chief shall have 
 full power, at his descretion, to assemble; and he, together with the assistant 
 Principal Chief, and the Counsellors, or a majority of them may, from time 
 to time, hold and keep a Council for ordering and directing the atfairs of the 
 Nation according to law. 
 
 Sec. 10. — The members of the Council shall be chosen for the term of 
 one year. 
 
 Sec. 20. — The resolutions and advice of the Council shall be recorded 
 in a register and signed by the members agreeing thereto, which may be call- 
 ed for by either house of the General Council; and any counsellor may enter 
 his dissent to the resolution of the majority. 
 
 Sec. 2 1. — The Treasurer of the Cherokee Nation shall be chosen by 
 the joint vote of both Houses of the General Council for the term of two 
 years. 
 
 Sec. 22. — The Treasurer shall, before entering on the duties of his 
 office, give bond to the Nation with sureties to the satisfaction of the Legis- 
 lature, for the faithful discharge of his trust. 
 
 Sec. 2 3. — No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but by warrant 
 from the Principal Chief, and in consequence of appropriations made by law. 
 
 Sec. 25.— It shall be the duty of the Treasurer to receive all public 
 monies, and to make a regular statement and account of the receipts and ex- 
 penditures of all public monies at the annual Session of the General Council. 
 
 ARTICLE v.— Sec. 1.— The Judicial Powers shall be vested in a Su- 
 preme Court, and such Circuit and Inferior Courts, as the General Council 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 61 
 
 may, from time to time ordain and establish. 
 
 Sec. 2. — The Supreme Court shall consist of three Judges, any two of 
 whom shall be a quorum. 
 
 Sec. 3. — The Judges of each shall hold their Commissions for four years, 
 but any of them may be removed from office on the address of two thirds of 
 each house of the General Council to the Principal Chief, for that purpose. 
 
 Sec. 4. — The Judges of the Supreme and Circuit Courts shall, at stated 
 times, receive a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their con- 
 tinuance in office, but they shall receive no fees or perquisites of oftice, nor 
 hold any other office of profit or any other power. 
 
 Sec. 5. — No person shall be appointed a Judge of any of the Courts be- 
 fore he shall have attained to the age of thirty years, nor shall any person 
 continue to execute the duties of any of the said offices after he shall have 
 attained to the age of seventy years. 
 
 Sec. 6. — The Judges of the Supreme and Circuit Courts shall be appoint- 
 ed by a joint vote of both houses of the General Council. 
 
 Sc. 7. — There shall be appointed in each District, under the Legislative 
 authority, as many Justices of the Peace as it may be deemed the public good 
 requires, whose powers, duties and duration in office, shall be clearly desig- 
 nated. 
 
 Sec. 8. — The Judges of the Supreme Court and Circuit Courts shall 
 have complete criminal Jurisdiction in such cases and in such manner as may 
 be pointed out by law. 
 
 Sec. 9. — Each Court shall choose its own Clerks for the term of four 
 years; but such Clerks shall not continue in oftice unless their qualifications 
 shall be adjudged and approved of by the Judges of the Supreme Court, and 
 they shall be removable for breach of good behaviour at any time, by the 
 Judges of their respective courts. 
 
 Sec. 10. — No Judge shall sit on trial of any cause, where the parties 
 shall be connected with him by atfinity or consanguinity, except by consent 
 of the parties. In case all the Judges of the Supreme Court shall be inter- 
 ested in the event of any cause, or related to all, or either of the parties, the 
 Legislature may provide by law for the selection of three men of good char- 
 acter and knowledge, for the determination thereof, who shall be especially 
 commissioned by the Principal Chief for the case. 
 
 Sec. 1 1. — .All writs and other process shall run in the name of the Chero- 
 kee Nation, and bear test, and be signed by the respective clerks. 
 
 Sec. 12. — Indictments shall Cduclude, ''against the peace imd dignity of 
 the Cherokee Nation." 
 
 Sec. 1 1. — The Supreme Court shall hold its session annually at the 
 seat of Government to be convened on the second MoTiday of October in 
 each year. 
 
 Sec. 14. — In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have the right 
 of being heard, of demanding the nature and cause of the accusation against 
 him, of meeting the witnesses face to face, of having compulsory process for 
 obtaining witnesses in his favor; and in prosecutions by indictment or infor- 
 
62 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 mation, a speedy public trial by an impartial jury of the vicinage; nor shall 
 he be compelled to give evidence against himself. 
 
 Sec. 15.— The people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers 
 and possessions, from unreasonable seizures and searches, and no warrants to 
 search any place or to seize any person or things, shall be issued without des- 
 cribing them as nearly as may be, nor without good cause, supported by oath, 
 or afi'irmation. All prisoners shall be bailable by sufficient security unless for 
 capital offenses, where the proof is evident, or presumption great. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. — Sec. 1. — Whereas, the ministers of the Gospel are, by 
 their profession, dedicated to the service of God and the care of souls, and 
 ought not to be diverted from the great duty of their function, therefore, no 
 minister of the Gospel, or public preacher of any religious persuasion, whilst 
 he continues in the exercise of his pastoral functions, shall be eligible to the 
 office of Principal Chief, or a seat in either house of the General Council. 
 
 Sec. 2. — No person who denies the being of a God, or a future state of 
 rewards and punishment, shall hold any office in the civil department of this 
 Nation. 
 
 Sec. 3. — The free exercise of religious worship, and serving God without 
 distinction shall forever be allowed within this Nation; Provided, That this lib- 
 erty of conscience shall not be so constructed as to excuse acts of licentiousness, 
 or justify practices inconsistent with the peace or safety of this Nation. 
 
 Sec. 4. — Whenever the General Council shall determine the expediency 
 of appointing delegates or other Agents for the purpose of transacting business 
 with the Government of the United States; the power to recommend, and by 
 the advice and consent of the Committee, shall appoint and commission such 
 delegates or public agents accordingly, and all matters of interest touching the 
 rights of the citizens of this Nation, which may require the attention of the 
 government of the United States, the Principal Chief shall keep up a friendly 
 correspondence with that Government, through the medium of its proper of- 
 ficers. 
 
 Sec. 5. — All commissions shall be in the name and by the authority of 
 the Cherokee Nation, and be sealed with the seal of the Nation, and signed 
 by the Principal Chief. 
 
 The Principal Chief shall make use of his private seal until a National 
 seal shall be provided. 
 
 Sec. 6. — A Sheritl" shall be elected in each District by the qualified elec- 
 tors thereof, who shall hold his office for the term of two years, unless sooner 
 removed. Should a vacancy occur subsequent to an election, it shall be fill- 
 ed by the Principal Chief as in other cases, and the person so appointed shall 
 continue in office until the next general election, when such vacancy shall he 
 filled by the qualified electors, and the Sheriff then elected shall continue in 
 office for two years. 
 
 Sec. 7. — There shall be a Marshal appointed by a joint vote of both 
 houses of the General Council, for the term of four years, whose compensation 
 and duties shall be regulated by law, and whose jurisdiction shall extend over 
 the Cherokee Nation. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 63 
 
 Sec. 8. — No person shall for the same offense be twice put in jeopardy 
 of life or limb, nor shall any person's property be taken or applied to public 
 use without his consent; Provided, That nothing in this clause shall be so con- 
 strued as to impair the right and power of the General Council to lay and col- 
 lect taxes. All courts shall be open, and every person for an injury done him 
 in his property, person or reputation, shall have remedy by due course of law. 
 
 Sec. 9 — The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate. 
 
 Sec. 10 — Religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good gov- 
 ernment, the preservation of Liberty, and the happiness of mankind, schools 
 and the means of education shall forever be encouraged in this Nation. 
 
 Sec. 1 ! — The appointment of all officers, not otherwise directed by 
 this Constitution shall be vested in the Legislature. 
 
 Sec. 1 2 — All laws in force in this nation at the passing of this Con- 
 stitution, shall so continue until altered or repealed by the Legislature, ex- 
 cept where they are temporary, in which case they shall expire at the times 
 respectively limited for their duration; if not continued by an act of the 
 Legislature. 
 
 Sec. 13 — The General Council may at any time propose such amend- 
 ments to this Constitution as two-thirds of each house shall deem exped- 
 ient; and the Principal Chief shall issue a proclamation, directing all the 
 civil officers of the several Districts to promulgate the same as extensively 
 as possible within their respective Districts, at least nine months previous 
 to the next general election, and if at the first session of the General Council 
 after such general election, two thirds of each house shall, by yeas and nays, 
 ratify such proposed amendments they shall be valid to all intents and pur- 
 poses, as part of the Constitution; Provided, That such proposed amend- 
 ments shall be read on three several days, in each house as well when the 
 same are proposed as when they are ratified. 
 
 Done in Convention at New Echota, this twenty-sixth day of July, in 
 the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-seven; In tes- 
 timony whereof, we hae each of us, hereunto subscribed our names. 
 
 JNO. ROSS, Pres't Con. 
 
 Jno. Baldrige, Geo. Lowrey, Jno. Brown, Edward Gunter, John Martin, 
 Joseph Vann, Kelechulee, Lewis Ross, Thomas Foreman, Hair Conrad, James 
 Daniel, John Duncan, Joseph Vann, Thomas Petitt John Beamer, Ooclenota, 
 Wm. Boling, John Timson, Situwaukee, Richard Walker, 
 
 A. McCOY, Sec'y to Con. 
 
 The emigration of Cherokees to Arkansas met with strenuous objections 
 as may be evidenced by the following acts of council: 
 
 "Resolved by the National Committee and Council, That any person or 
 persons, whatsoever, who shall choose to emigrate to the Arkansas country, 
 and shall sell the possessions he or they may be in possession of, to any 
 person or persons whatsoever, he or they, so disposing of their improve- 
 ments shall forfeit and pay unto the Cherokee Nation the sum of one hundred 
 and fifty dollars; and be it further 
 
 "Resolved, That any person or persons whatsoever, who shall purchase 
 
64 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 any improvements from any person or persons so emigrating, lie or they, so 
 offending shall also forfeit and pay a fine of one hundred and fifty dollars 
 to the Nation, to he collected by the marshal of the district. By order or 
 the National Committee. 
 
 JONH ROSS, Pres. National Committee. 
 ALEXANDER McCOY, Clerk National Committee. 
 Approved: October 2 7th, 1821. 
 His 
 
 PATH X KILLER. 
 Mark 
 Chas. R. Hicks, t 
 
 Resolved by the National Committee and Council, in General Council 
 Convened, That from and after the passage of this act, if any citizen of 
 the Nation shall bind themselves by enrollment or otherwise as emigrants to 
 Arkansas, or for the purpose of removing out of the jurisdictional limits of 
 the Nation, he, she or they so enrolling or binding themselves, shall forfeit 
 thereby all the rights and privileges he, she or they may have previously 
 thereto claimed or enjoyed as citizens of this Nation and shall be viewed 
 in the same light as others not entitled to citizenship, and treated accord- 
 ingly. 
 
 Be it further resolved, That if any person or persons, citizens of this 
 Nation, shall sell or dispose of his, her or their improvements to any person 
 or persons so enrolled or otherwise bound as above mentioned, he, she or 
 they, shall he viewed as having disposed of his, her or their improvements 
 to a citizen of the United Slates, and shall be ineligible to hold any office 
 of honor, profit or trust in this Nation, and upon conviction thereof, before 
 any of the circuit courts of the several districts, be fined in a sum not less 
 than one thousand dollars, nor exceeding two thousand dollars, and be pun- 
 ished with one hundred lashes. 
 
 Be it further resolved. In order to prevent any person from screening 
 him, her or them from the penalties above prescribed by pretending to have 
 sold or disposed of his, her or their improvements to a lawful citizen ana 
 not an emigrant, all citizens of this Nation who may hereafter buy, sell or 
 dispose of in any manner their improvements to each other, be, and they 
 are hereby required, the disposer as well as the purchaser of such improve- 
 ments, to make affidavit, to be filed in the clerk's office of the district, before 
 any of the District Judges of Clerks of the several courts, that he, she or 
 they did not dispose of or transfer, purchase or obtain any improvement 
 for the purpose ot having it valued by the United States commissioners or 
 agents, or were not acting as agents or emigrants in making such purchase 
 or transfer, and in case any such person or persons shall fail to comply with 
 this requirement, such person or persons shall, upon conviction before any 
 of the Circuit Courts of the Nation, pay a tine of not less than one dollar, 
 nor exceeding two hundred dollars, for every offense so committed. 
 
 Be it further resolved, That if any citizen or citizens of this Nation 
 shall dispose of or transfer his, her or their improvements without complying 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 65 
 
 with the requirements of the third section nf tliis act, and the person or per- 
 sons to wiioni tlie sale or transfer of sucii improvements may he made, should 
 thereafter hy enrollment or otherwise iiecome an emigrant or emij^rants, 
 and shall j^et said improvement or improvements valued by the agents of the 
 General Government, within thirty days after such purchase or transfer shall 
 have been made, or at any time whilst the disposer continues to remain in 
 possession of the same, then, in that case, the person or persons who may 
 have so disposed i)f or transferred the improvements as aforesaid shall be 
 subject to the same penalty prescribed in the second section of this act, for 
 disposing of improvements to emigrants. 
 
 Be it further resolved, That any person or persons, whosoever, who 
 have bound themselves together by enrollment or otherwise as emigrants un- 
 der the treaty of 1828, with the Arkansas Cherokees, or who have had, or 
 inten.d to have their improvements valued by the agents of the General 
 Government, and do not remove out of the jurisdictional limits of this Nation 
 withi 1 fifteen days after the passage of this act, they shall be viewed and 
 treat 'd as intruders in the same manner as those who may become emigrants 
 heri ifter. 
 
 Be it further Resolved, That the Principal Chief of the Nation be, and 
 he is hereby authorized, by and with the advice of the executive councillor'^, 
 to order the aprehension of any intruders within the limits of the Nation, 
 to be delivered over to the agents of the United States for the Cherokees, 
 tj be prosecuted under the intercourse laws of the United Stales, or to 
 expel or punish them as they please. 
 
 Approved: JOHN ROSS, 
 Principal Chief, Cherokee Nation. 
 
 New Echota, Octoger 3 1, 1820. 
 
 Encroachments on the Cherokee Nation in Arkansas were increasingly 
 troublesome and on May 28, 1828 the following treaty was made by the 
 delegation at Washington: 
 
66 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 WILLIAM P. ROSS 
 
 Chief, August, 18<)6, to Novombi 
 Xoveinlier 11, 1> 
 
 to Xoveiiibei-, ISTo 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 67 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 Proclamation Man 28, 1828 
 
 TREATY WITH THE WESTERN CHEROKEE, 1828. 
 
 May 6, 1828. 7 Stat. 311. Proclamation, May 28, 1828. Articles 
 uf a Convention, concluded at the City of Washington this sixth day of May, 
 in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty-eight, between 
 James Barbour, Secretary of War, being especially authorized therefor bv the 
 President of the United States, and the undersigned, Chiefs and Head Men of 
 the Cherokee Nation of Indians, West of the Mississippi, they being dulv 
 authorized and empowered by their Nation. 
 
 Object of the Treaty. Whereas, it being the anxious desire of the Gov- 
 ernment of the United States to secure to the Cherokee nation of Indians, as 
 well as those now living within the limits of the Territory of Arkansas, as those 
 of their friends and brothers who reside in Stales East of the Mississippi, and 
 who may wish to join their brothers of the West, a permanent home, and 
 which shall, under the most solemn guarantee of the United States, be, and 
 remain, theirs forever — a home that shall never, in all future time, be embar- 
 rassed by having extended around it lines, or placed over it the jurisdiction of 
 a Territory or State, nor be pressed upon by the extension, in any way, of an.y 
 of the limits of any existing Territory or State; and. Whereas, the present 
 locatinn of the Cherokees in Arkansas being unfavorable to their present re- 
 pose, and tending, as the past demonstrates, to their future degradation ana 
 misery; and the Cherokees being anxious to avoid such consequences, and yet 
 not questioning their light to their lands in Arkansas, as secured to them by 
 Treaty, and resting also upon the pledges given them by the President of the 
 United States, and the Secretary of War, of March 1818, and 8th October, 
 iBll, in ret;ard to the outlet to the West, and as may be seen on referring to 
 the records of the War Department, still being anxious to secure a permanent 
 home, and to free themselves, and their posterity, from an embarrassing. con- 
 nection with the Territory of Arkansas, and guard themselves from such con- 
 nections in future; and. Whereas, it being important, not to the Cherokees 
 only, but also to the Choctaws, and in regard also to the question which may 
 be agitated in the future respecting the location of the latter, as well as the for- 
 mer, within the limits of the Territory or State of Arkansas, as the case may be, 
 and their removal therefrom; and to avoid the cost which may attend negoti- 
 ations to rid the Territory or State of Arkansas whenever it may become a 
 State, of either, or both of those Tribes, the parties hereto do hereby conclude 
 the following Articles, viz: 
 
 Western Boundary of Arkansas Defined. Art. 1. The Western boun- 
 ary i>f Arkansas shall be, and the same is, hereby defined, viz: A line shall 
 be run, commencing on Red River, at the point where the Eastern Choctaw 
 line strikes said River, and run due North with said line to the River Arkansas, 
 
 Territory Guaranteed to Cherokees by United States. Art. 2. The 
 United States agree to possess the Cherokees, and to guarantee it to them for- 
 thence in a direct line to the South West corner of Missouri. 
 
68 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 ever -md that guarantee is hc?rebv solemnly pledg-ed, of seven million acres of 
 land' to be bounded as follows, viz: Commencing at that point on Arkansas 
 River where the Eastern Choctaw boundary line strikes said River, and run- 
 ning thence with the Western boundary line of Missouri till it crosses the wat- 
 ers ""of Neasho, generally called Grand River, thence due west to a point from 
 which a due South course will strike the present North West corner of Arkansas 
 Territory, thence continuing due South, on and with the present Western 
 boundary line of the Territory to the main branch of Arkansas River, thence 
 down said River to its junction with the Canadian River, and thence up and 
 between the said Rivers Arkansas and Canadian, to a point at which a line run-- 
 ning North and South from River to River, will give the aforesaid seven mil- 
 lions of acres. In addition to the seven millions of acres thus provided for. 
 and bounded, the United States further guarantee to the Cherokee Nation 
 a perpetual outlet. West, and a free and unmolested use of all the Country 1\- 
 ing West of the Western boundary of the above described limits, and as far 
 West as the sovereignty of the United States, ana their right of soil extend. 
 
 United States to Run the Lines. Art. 3. The United States agree to 
 have the lines of the above cession run without delay, say not later than the 
 lirst of October next, and to remove, immediately after the running of the 
 Eastern line from the Arkansas River to the South West corner of Missouri, all 
 white persons from the West to the East of said line, and also all others, should 
 there be any there, who may be unacceptable to the Cherokees, so that no 
 obstacles arising out of the presence of a white population, or a population 
 of any other sort, shall exist to annoy the Cherokees — and also to keep all 
 such from the West of said line in future. 
 
 Persons to Be Appointed to Value Cherokee Improvements. Art. 4. 
 The United States moreover agree to appoint suitable persons whose duty it 
 shall be, in conjunction with the Agent, to value all such improvements as the 
 Cherokees may abandon in their removal from their present homes to the 
 District of Country as ceded in the second Article of this agreement, and to 
 pay for the same immediately after the assessment is made, and the amount 
 ascertained. It is further agreed, that the property and improvements con- 
 nected with the agency, shall be sold under the direction of the Agent, and 
 the proceeds of the same applied to aid in the erection, in the country to which 
 the Cherokees are going, of a Grist, and Saw Mill, for their use. The afore- 
 said property and improvements are thus defined : Commence at the Arkansas 
 River opposite William Stinnetts, and run due North one mile, thence due East 
 to a point from which a due South line to the Arkansas River would include 
 the Chalybeate, or Mineral Spring, attached to or near the present residence 
 of the Agent, and thence up said River (.Arkansas) to the place of beginning 
 
 Further Agreement. Art. 5. It is further agreed, that the United States, 
 in consideration of the inconvenience and trouble attending the removal, and 
 on account of the reduced value of a great portion of the lands herein ceded 
 to the Cherokees, as compared with that of those in Arkansas which were 
 made theirs by the Treaty of 18 17, and the Convention of 1819, will pay 
 to the Cherokees, immediately after their removal which shall be within four- 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 69 
 
 teen nmnths of the date of this ai^reement, the sum df tiftv thousand dnllars; 
 also an annuity for three years, of two thousand dollars, toward defravinjj' the 
 cost and trouble which may attend upon going- after and recovering their stock, 
 which may stray into the Territory in quest of the pastures from which thev 
 may be driven — also, eight thousand seven hundred and sixty dollars, for spoli- 
 ations committed on them, (the Cherokees, ) which sum will be in full of all 
 demands of the kind up to this date, as well as those against the Osages, as 
 those against citizens of the United States — this being the amount of the claims 
 for said spoliations, as rendered by the Cherokees, and which are believed tr' 
 be correctly and fairly stated. — Also, one thousand two hundred dollars for 
 the use of Thomas Graves, a Cherokee Chief, for losses sustained in his prop 
 erty, and for personal suffering endured by him when confined as a prisoner 
 on a criminal, but false accusation; also, five hundred dollars for the use o! 
 George Guess, another CheroKee, for the great benefits he has conferred upon 
 the Cherokee people, in the beneficial results they are now experiencing from 
 the use of the Alphabet discovered by him, to whom also, in consideration of 
 his relinquishing a valuable saline, the privilege is hereby given to locate and 
 occupy another saline on Lee's Creek. It is further agreed by the United 
 States, to pay two thousand dollars, annually, to the Cherokees, for ten years, 
 to be expended under the direction of the President of the United States in the 
 education of their children, in their own country, in letters and the mechanic 
 arts; also, one thousand dollars towards the purchase of a Printing Press and 
 Types to aid the Cherokees in the progress of education, and to benefit and 
 enlighten them as a people, in their own, and our language. It is agreed fur- 
 ther that the expense incurred other than that paid by the United States in the 
 erection of the buildings and improvements, so far as that may have been 
 paid by the benevolent society who has been, and yet is, engaged in instruct- 
 ing the Cherokee children, shall be paid to the society, it being the undersand- 
 ing that the amount shall be expended in the erection of other buildings and 
 improvements, for like purposes, in the country herein ceded to the Cherokees. 
 The United States relinquish their claim due by the Cherokees to the late 
 United States Factory, provided the same does not exceed three thousand five 
 hundred dollars. 
 
 Further Agreement. Art. 6. It is moreover agreed by the United States, 
 whenever the Cherokees may desire it, to give them a set of plain laws, suit- 
 ed to their condition — also, when they may wish to lay off their lands, and 
 own them individually, a surveyor shall be sent to make the surveys at the 
 cost of the United States. 
 
 Cherokees to Surrender Lands in Arkansas Within Fourteen Months. 
 Art. 7. The Chiefs and He;id Men of the Cherokee Nation, aforesaid, for 
 and in consideration of the foregoing stipulations and provisions, do hereby 
 agree, in the name and behalf of their Nation, to give up, and they do hereb_\ 
 surrender to the United States, and agree to leave the same within fourteen 
 months, as herein before stipulated, all the lands to which they are entitled in 
 Arkansas, and which were secured to them by the Treaty of 8th January. 18 17. 
 and the Convention of the 2 7th February, 181^). 
 
70 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Cost of Emigration, etc., to be Borne By the United States. Art. 8. I lie 
 
 Cherokee Nation, West of the Mississippi having, by this agreement, freed 
 themselves from the harassing and ruinous effects consequent upon a location 
 amidst a white population, and secured to their posterity, under the solemn 
 sanction of the guarantee of the United States, as continued in this ag•reemen^ 
 a large extent of unembarrassed country; and that their Brothers yet remaining 
 in the States may be induced to join them and enjoy the repose and blessings 
 of such a State in the future, it is further agreed, on the part of the United 
 States, that to each Head of a Cherokee family now residing within the 
 chartered limits of Georgia, or of either of the States, East of the Mississippi, 
 who may desire to remove West, shall be given, on enrolling himself for emi- 
 gration, a good Rifle, a Blanket, and Kettle, and five pounds of Tobacco: (and 
 to each member of his family one Blanket,) also, a just compensation for the 
 property he may abandon, to be assessed by persons to be appointed by the 
 President of the United States. The cost of the emigration of all such shall 
 also be borne by the United States, and good and suitable ways opened, and 
 provisions procured for their comfort, accommodation, and support, by the 
 way, and provisions for twelve months after their arrival at the Agency; and 
 to each person, or head of a family, if he take along with him four persons, 
 shall be paid immediately on his arriving at the Agency and reporting himself 
 and his family or followers, as emigrants and permanent settlers, in addition 
 to the above, provided he and they shall have emigrated from within the 
 Chartered limits of the State of Georgia, the sum of fifty dollars, and this sum 
 in proportion to any greater or less number that may accompany him from 
 within the aforesaid Chartered limits of the State of Georgia. 
 
 A Certain Tract of Land To Be Reserved for the Benefit of the United 
 States. Art. 9. It is understood and agreed by the parties to this Conven- 
 tion, that a Tract of Land, two miles wide and six miles lond, shall be, and 
 the same is hereby, reserved for the use and benefit of the United States, for 
 the accommodation of the military force which is now, or which may hereafter 
 be, stationed at Fort Gibson, on the Neasho, or Grand River, to commence on 
 said River half a mile below the aforesaid Fort, and to urn thence due East 
 two miles, thence Northwardly six miles, to a point which shall be two mile;, 
 distant from the River aforesaid, thence due West to the said River, and down 
 it to the place of beginning. And the Cherokees agree that the United States 
 shall have and possess the right of establishing a road through their country for 
 the purpose of having a free and unmolested way to and from said Fort. 
 
 Capt. J. Rogers to be Paid in Full for Property Lost in the Service ot 
 United States. Art. 10. It is agreed that Captain James Rogers, in consid- 
 eration of his having lost a horse in the service of the United States, and for 
 services rendered by him to the United States, shall be paid, in full for the 
 above, and all other claims for losses and services, the sum of Five Hundred 
 Dollars. 
 
 ^ Art. 11. -I his Treaty to be binding on the contractins;- parties so soon as 
 It is ratified by the President of the United States, by and with the advice and 
 consent of the Senate. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 71 
 
 Done at tlu' place, and on the day and year above written. 
 
 James Barbour. [L. S.l 
 
 Black Fox, his x mark, [L. S.l 
 
 Thomas Graves, his x mark, [L. S.l 
 George Guess,* [L. S.] 
 
 Thomas Maw,* [L. S.] 
 
 George Marvis,* [L. S.] 
 
 John Looney, * [L. S.l 
 
 John Rogers, [L. S.] 
 
 J. W. Flawey, counsellor of Del. [L .S.] 
 Witnesses: Chiefs of the delegation. 
 
 Thos. L. McKenney, 
 
 James Rogers, interpreter, 
 
 D. Kurtz, 
 
 H. Miller, 
 
 Thomas Murray, 
 
 D. Brown, secretary Cheroki'e delegation, 
 Pierye Pierya, 
 
 E. W. Duval, United States agent, etc. 
 Ratified with the following proviso: 
 
 "Provided, nevertheless, that the said convention shall not be so con- 
 strued as to extend the northern boundary of he 'perpetual outlet west' pro- 
 vided for and guaranteed in the second article of said convention, north of the 
 thirty-sixth degree of north latitude, or so as to interfere with the lands as- 
 signed, or to be assigned west of the Mississippi river, to the Creek Indians 
 who have emigrated, or may emigrate, from the States of Georgia and Ala- 
 bama, under the provisions of any treaty or treaties heretofore concluded be- 
 tween the United Sates and the Creek tribe of Indians; and provided furthei. 
 That nothing in the said convention shall be construed to cede or assign to 
 the Cherokees any lands heretofore ceded or assigned to any tribe or tribes 
 of Indians, by any treaty now existing and in force, with any such tribe or 
 tribes." 
 
 Department of War, 
 
 3 1st May, 1 828. 
 To the Hon. Henry Clay, 
 
 Secretary of State: 
 Sir: 1 have the honor to transmit, herewith, the acceptance of the terms, 
 by the Cherokees, upon which the recent convention with them was ratified. 
 You will have the goodness to cause the same to be attached to the treaty, and 
 published with it. 
 
 1 have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 Sam'l. L. Southard. 
 To the Secretary of War, Council Room, Williamson's Hotel, 
 
 Washington City: Washington, May 3 1st, 1828 
 
72 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Sir: The undersigned, chiefs of the Cherokee Nation, west of the Mis- 
 sissippi for and in behaU' of said nation, hereby agree to, and accept of, the 
 terms upon which the Senate of the United States ratified the convention, con- 
 cluded at Washington on the sixth day of May, 1828, between the United 
 States and said nation. 
 
 In testimony whereof, they hereunto subscribe their names and affix their 
 
 seals. 
 
 Thomas Graves, his x mark, [L. S.] 
 
 George Maw, his x mark, [L. S.] 
 
 George Guess, his x mark, [L. S.] 
 
 Thomas Marvis, his x mark, [L. S.] 
 
 John Rogers. 
 
 Signed and sealed in the presence of — 
 
 E. W. Duval, United States agent, etc. 
 
 Thomas Murray, 
 
 James Rogers, interpreter. 
 
 The inaccuracies of this treaty were corrected by: 
 
 TREATY WITH THE WESTERN CHEROKEE, 1833. 
 
 Articles of agreement and convention made and concluded at Fort Gib- 
 son, on the Arkansas river on the fourteenth day of February one thousand 
 eight hundred and thirty-three, by and between Montfort Stokes, Henry L. 
 Ellsworth and John F. Schermerhorn duly appointed Commissioners on the 
 part of the United States and the undersigned Chiefs and Head-men of the 
 Cherokee nation of Indians west of the Mississippi, they being duly authorized 
 and empowered by their nation. 
 
 Preamble. Whereas articles of convention were concluded at the city of 
 Washington, on the sixth day of May, one thousand eight hundred and twenty- 
 eight, between James Barbour, Secretary of War, being specially authorized 
 therefor by the President of the United States, and the chiefs and head men 
 of the Cherokee nation of Indians west of the Mississippi, which articles of 
 convention were duly ratified. And whereas it was agreed by the second article 
 of said convention as follows "That the United States agree to possess the 
 Cherokees, and to guarantee it to them forever, and that guarantee is solemnly 
 pledged, of seven millions of acres of land, said land to be bound as follows, 
 viz, commencing at a point on Arkansas river, where the eastern Choctaw 
 boundary line strikes said river, and running thence with the western line of 
 Arkansas Territory to the southwest corner of Missouri, and thence with the 
 western boundary line of Missouri till it crosses the waters of Neosho, generally 
 called Grand river, thence due west, to a point from which a due south course 
 will strike the present northwest corner of Arkansas Territory, thence contin- 
 uing due south on and with the present boundary line on the west of said 
 Territory, to the main branch of Arkansas river, thence down said river to its 
 junction with the Canadian, and thence up, and between said rivers Arkansas 
 and Canadian to a point at which a line, running north and south, from river 
 to river, will give the aforesaid seven millions of acres, thus provided for and 
 bounded. The United States further guarantees to the Cherokee nation a 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 73 
 
 perpetual outlet west, and a free and unmolested use of all the country lying 
 west of the western boundary of the above-described limits; and as far west, 
 as the sovereignty of the United States and their right of soil extL-nd. And 
 whereas there was to said articles of convention and agreement, the following- 
 proviso viz. "Provided nevertheless, that said convention, shall not be con- 
 strued, as to extend the northern boundary of said perpetual outlet west, pro- 
 vided for and guaranteed in the second article of said convention, north of the 
 thirty-sixth degree of north latitude, or so as to interfere with the lands as- 
 signed or to be assigned, west of the Mississippi river, to the Creek Indians 
 who have emigrated, or may emigrate, from the States of Georgia and Ala- 
 bama, under the provision of any treaty, or treaties, heretofore concluded, be- 
 tween the United States, and the Creek tribe of Indians — and provided further, 
 that nothing in said convention, shall be construed, to cede, or assign, to the 
 Cherokees any lands heretofore ceded, or assigned, to any tribe, or tribes of 
 Indians, by any treaty now existing and in force, with any such tribe or tribes. 
 And whereas,it appears from the Creek treaty, made with the United States, 
 by the Creek nation, dated twenty-fourth day of January eighteen hundred and 
 twenty-six, at the city of Washington; that they had the right to select, a part 
 of the country described within the boundaries mentioned above in said Cher- 
 okee articles of agreement — and whereas, both the Cherokee and Creek na- 
 tions of Indians west of the Mississippi, anxious to have their boundaries settled 
 in an amicable manner, have met each other in council, and, after full deliber- 
 ation mutually agreed upon the boundary lines between them — Now there- 
 fore, the United States on one part, and the chief and head-men of the Chero- 
 kee nation of Indians west of the Mississippi on the other part, agree as 
 follows: 
 
 Land granted to the Cherokees; Further guaranty. Art. 1. The United 
 States agree to possess the Cherokees, and to guarantee it to them forever, 
 and that guarantee is hereby pledged, of seven millions of acres of land, to be 
 bounded as follows viz: Beginning at a point on the old western territorial line 
 of Arkansas Territory, being twenty-five miles north from the point, where the 
 Territorial line crosses Arkansas river — thence running from said 
 north point, south, on the said Territorial line, to the place where said 
 Territorial line crosses the Verdi.i;ris river — thence down said Verdigris 
 river to the Arkans;is river — thence down said Arkansas to a point, 
 where a stone is placed opposite to the east or lower bank of Grand 
 river at its junction with the Arkansas — thence running south, forty-four de- 
 grees west, one mile — thence in a straignh line to a point four miles northerly 
 from the mouth of the north fork of the Canadian — thence along the said 
 four miles line to the Canadian — thence down the Canadian to the Arkansas 
 — thence, down the Arkansas, to that point on the Arkansas, where the east- 
 ern Choctaw boundary strikes, said river; and running thence with the western 
 line of Arkansas Territory as now defined, to the southern corner of Missouri 
 — thence along the western Missouri line, to the land assigned the Senecas 
 to Grand river; thence up said Grand river, as far as the south line of the 
 Osage reservation, extended if necessary — thence up and between said south 
 
74 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Osage line, extended west if necessary and a line drawn due west, from the 
 point of beginning, to a certain distance west, at wfiicli, a line running north 
 and south, from said Osage line, to said due west line, will make seven millions 
 of acres within the whole described boundaries. In addition to the seven mil- 
 lions of acres of land, thus provided for, and bounded, the United States, 
 further guarantee to the Cherokee nation, a perpetual outlet to the west and 
 a free and unmolested use of all the country lying west, of the western bound- 
 ary of said seven millions of acres, as far west as the sovereignty of the 
 United States and their right of soil extend — Provided however, that if the 
 saline, or salt plain, on the great western prairie, shall fall within said limits 
 prescribed for said outlet, the right is reserved to the United States to permit 
 other tribes of red men. to get salt on said plain in common with the Chero- 
 kees — and letters patent shall be issued by the United States as soon as prac- 
 ticable for the land hereby guaranteed. 
 
 Quit claim to the United States of former grant. Art. 2. The Cher^ikee 
 nation hereby relinquish and quit claim to the United States all the right, in- 
 terest and title which the Cheerokees have, or claim to have in and to all the 
 land ceded, or claimed to have been ceded to said Cheerokee nation by said 
 treaty of sixth of May one thousand eight hundred and twenty-eight, and not 
 embraced within the limits or boundaries tixed in this present supplementary 
 treaty or articles of convention and agreement. 
 
 Sixth article of treaty of May 6, 1828, annulled. Art. 3. The Cherokee 
 nation, having particularly requested the United States to annul and cancel the 
 sixth article of said treaty of sixth May, one thousand eight hundred and 
 twenty-eight, the United States, agree to cancel the same, and the same is 
 hereby annulled — Said sixth article referred to, is in the following words — 
 "It is moreover agreed by the United States, when the Cherokees may de- 
 sire it, to give them a plain set of laws, suited to their condition — also when 
 they may wish to lay off their lands and own them individually, a surveyor 
 shall be sent to survey them at the expense of the United States. 
 
 Blacksmith and other workmen, materials and shops. Art. 4. In con- 
 sideration of the establishment of new boundaries in part, for the 
 lands ceded to said Cherokee nation, and in view of the improvement of 
 said nation, the United States will cause to be erected, on land now 
 guaranteed to the said nation, four blacksmith shops, one wagon maker 
 shop, one wheelwright shop, and the necessary tools and implements furnished 
 for the same; together with one ton of iron, and two hundred and fifty pounds 
 of steel, for each of said blacksmith shops.to be worked up, for the benefit 
 of the poorer class of red men, belonging to the Cherokee nation — And the 
 United States, will employ four blacksmiths, one wagon-maker, and one wheel- 
 wright, to work in said shops respectively, for the benefit of said Cherokee na- 
 tion; and said materials shall be furnished annually and said services continued, 
 so long as the president may deem proper — And said United States, will cause 
 to^ be erected on said lands, for the benefit of said Cherokees, eight patent 
 railway corn mills, in lieu of the mills to be erected according to the stipula- 
 tion of the fourth article of said treaty, of sixth May, one thousand eight hun- 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 73 
 
 dred twenty-eight, from the avails of the sale of the old a,£;ency. 
 
 This supplementary to a former treaty. Art. 5. I'hese articles of agree- 
 ment and convention are to be considered supplementary, to the treaty before 
 mentioned between the United States and the Cherokee nation west of the 
 Mississippi dated sixth of May one thousand eight hundred and twentv-eight, 
 and not to vary the rights of the parties to said treaty, any further, than said 
 treaty is inconsistent with the provisions of this treaty, now concluded, or 
 these articles of convention or agreement. 
 
 One mile square for the agency. Art. 6. It is further agreed by the 
 Cheerokee nation, that one mile square shall be reserved and set apart from 
 the lands hereby guaranteed, for the accommodation of the Cherokee agency: 
 and the location of the same shall be designated by the Cherokee nation, in 
 conjunction with the agent of the Government of the United States. 
 
 Treaty binding when ratified. Art. 7. This treaty, or articles of con- 
 vention, after the same have been ratified, liy the President and Senate shall 
 be obligatory on the United States and said Cherokee nation. 
 
 In testimony whereof, the said Montfort Stokes, Henry L. Ellsworth, and 
 John F. Schermerhorn, commissioners as aforesaid, and the chiefs and head 
 men of the Cherokee nation aforesaid, have hereunto set our hands, at For; 
 Gibson on tlie Arkansas river, on the Nth day of February, one thousand 
 eight hundred and thirty-three. 
 
 Montfort Stokes, Henry I.. Ellsworth, 
 
 J. F. Schermerhorn, John Jolly, his x mark. 
 
 Black Coat, his x mark, Walter Weller, 
 
 Principal chiefs: 
 John Rogers, President Commissioners. 
 Glass, president CDuncil. 
 
 Signed, sealed, :ind delivered in our presence: 
 S. C. Stambaugh, secretary commis- Geo. Vashon, agent Cherokees west, 
 sioners, Jno. Campbell, agent Creeks, 
 
 V\. Arbuckle, colonel Seventh Infan- Alexander Brown, his x mark, 
 try, Jno Hambly, 
 
 Interpreters, 
 Wilson Nesbitt, N. Young, major U. S. Army, 
 
 Peter A. Cams, W. Seawell, lieutenant Seventh In- 
 
 Wm. Thornton, clerk committee. f;intry, 
 
 Charles Webber, clerk council. 
 
 The Cherokees had always been an agricultural people and for thai 
 reason were more attached to their homes than :ire town dwellers. They 
 had passed an act in May, 1825, imposing a death penalty on anyone who 
 should propose the sale or exchange of their lands, and although the bound- 
 aries and acreage of their reservation was not satisfactory to anyone thev 
 were much displeased with the action of the delegation and many threats wer,. 
 made against them. The entire Arkansas Cherokee nation moved in the win 
 ter of 1828-9 to their new western home. Tohlonteeskee, or Deep Creek, 
 a southern branch of Illinois river, section sixteen, township twelve north. 
 
76 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 ranse twenty-one east, was created the capitol and the nation was divided 
 into four districts. 
 
 THE CIRCUIT COURTS. 
 
 Sec. 1. Be it further enacted, That there shall be established two judicial 
 circuits, and one Judge elected to each circuit. 
 
 The following division of the Nation into four Districts shall continue 
 until otherwise altered by law, to wit: 
 
 1. Neosho District. — Commencing at the line of Washington county 
 where the Saline road crosses the same, and following said road to the head 
 of Spring creek; thence down the same to Grand river; thence down Grand 
 river to the Arkansas, and thence along the western boundary of the Nation, 
 including all the country north and west of the above line. 
 
 2. Salisaw District. — Beginning at the line of Washington county near 
 Wilson's store, where the wagon road crosses the same by Jack Bean's; thence 
 along said road by Chas. Vann's down the Salisaw to the crossing of the creek 
 by Dr. Palmer's; thence, south, to the top of the mountain, and along the top 
 of the same to a point opposite John L. McCoy's; thence to the crossing 
 of the Salisaw by the military road, and along said road to Grand river. 
 
 3. Illinois District. — Commencing at the mouth of Salisaw creek, and 
 running up the same to the military road; thence along said road to Grand 
 river, and down the same to the Arkansas, including all the country west of 
 this line and the Arkansas. 
 
 4. Lees Creek District. — Including all the country lying south and east 
 of the above described lines. 
 
 The Northern circuit shall be composed of Neosho and Salisaw Districts; 
 and the Southern of Illinois and Lee's Creek District. And the following 
 places are designated in each District for holding courts, viz: 
 
 In Neosho District, at Sitewake's Village on Spavinaw. 
 
 In Salisaw District, at Tahlequah. 
 
 In Illinois District, at Tah-lon-tuskee. 
 
 In Lees Creek District, at George Guess'. 
 
 The Judges shall hold their respective courts in Neosho and Illinois 
 Districts, on the first Monday in May and September, and for Salisaw and 
 Lee's Creek Districts, on the second Monday in May and September. 
 
 Sec. 4. The Circuit Court shall have complete jurisdiction, in all crimin- 
 al matters, and also in civil cases where the amount at issue is not less than 
 one hundred dollars; hut may also try and decide suits, when the amount is 
 less than one hundred and over twenty-tive dollars, provided such suit ha.s 
 been brought by appeal from the District Court; and all decisions where the 
 sum does not exceed one hundred dollars, shall be final; but if above that 
 amount, an appeal may be granted to the Supreme Court, if moved for before 
 the adjournment of such court; and in the trial of all cases, the Clerk shall 
 write out in full the testimony which may be given by witnesses of both par- 
 ties. And in the event of an appeal to the Supreme Court, such written tes- 
 timony, with the proceedings and decisions of the court, being certified to by 
 the Clerk, sealed and marked on the outside, with the nature of the case 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 77 
 
 and the names of the parties, they shall be transmitted by the Sheriff of the 
 District, directed to the Chief Justice. And the party, so appealing to the 
 Supreme Court, shall be required to enter into bond with security, to the 
 satisfaction of the Court, for the maintenance of said suit and payment of 
 all costs. 
 
 This jurisdictional division was in V(),t;ue and it was succeeded by: 
 An Act to OrgAiiize the Nation into Eight Districts and for Holding Elections. 
 He it enacted by the National Council, That the following divisions of 
 the Nation into eight Districts, shall continue until altered by law — to wit: 
 
 I. 
 Skin Bayou District. 
 Conuiiencing at the mouth of Salisaw Creek, thence up the same to a 
 point where the Rogue's Path crosses; thence along said path to Bear Meat's 
 old place; thence on a direct line to the two Knobs or Peaks, running be- 
 tween the same, to the nearest point of the State line; thence south along 
 said line to the Arkansas river, and up the same to the place of beginning. 
 
 II. 
 Illinois District. 
 Commencing at the point where the Rogue's Path crosses Salisaw Creek; 
 thence on a direct line to Big Bear's (Allen Gafford's) on Elk Creek, and 
 down said creek to its junction with Illinois river; thence crossing Short Moun- 
 tain to Eli Harlin's, (including said Harlin in the District;) thence along the 
 road by Joseph Coodey's and Dennis Biggs' to Grand River, at Fort Gibson; 
 thence on the main road to the ferry on the Verdigris river, down the same 
 to the Arkansas river; thence down said river to the mouth of Salisaw Creek, 
 and up the same to the place of beginning, 
 
 III. 
 Canadian District. 
 Commencing at the junction of the Arkansas and Canadian rivers; thence 
 up the Canadian to the Creek boundary; thence along the said boundary to the 
 Arkansas river, and down the same to the place of beginning. 
 
 IV. 
 Flint District. 
 Commencing at the point where the Rogue's Path crosses the Salisaw 
 creek; thence along the line of Illinois District to the Illinois river; thence 
 up said river to the mouth of Caney creek, and up said creek to Buffington's, 
 thence along the main old road to the crossing of the south branch of the 
 Barren Fork of Illinois; thence up said creek to the State line, and along said 
 line to the line of Skin Bayou District; thence west along said District line 
 to the place of beginning. 
 
 V. 
 Going Snake District. 
 Commencing on Caney creek at F:iwn's Camp on the right, and fol- 
 lowing the path leading to Thos. F. Taylor's until the same forks on the 
 
78 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 mountain; thence along tlie right hand old path (leaving said Taylor's to the 
 left,) to Dick Sanders' on the Barren Fork; thence along the road to James 
 McDaniel's on Big Illinois; thence along the road or path leading to the 
 Grand Saline, to Spring creek, thence up said creek to the crossing of the 
 vVashington county wagon road, at Gore's old cabin, following said road 
 to Flint creek, then up said creek to the State line; then south along said line 
 to Flint District, and along the same to the place of beginning. 
 
 VI. 
 Tahlequah District. 
 
 Commencing at Fawn's Camp on Caney Creek, and following the line 
 of Going Snake District to Spring creek; thence down said creek to Grand 
 river, and down the same to Fort Gibson; thence along the line of Illinois 
 District to the Illinois river; thence up said river to Caney creek, and up the 
 Siime to the place of beginning. 
 
 VII. 
 Delaware District. 
 
 Commencing at the point on Spring Creek where Going Snake and 
 Tahlequah Districts corner; thence to the nearest source of Little Saline Creek, 
 and down the same to its junction with Big Saline Creek; thence on a direct 
 line to Grand river at the mouth of Spavinaw creek; thence up said river to 
 the termination of the Cherokee territory, and including all of the country 
 east of the above described line to the State line and north of Going Snake 
 District 
 
 VIII. 
 Saline District. 
 
 Commencing at the north-west corner of Delaware District; thence south 
 along the western line of the said District to Tahlequah District on Spring 
 creek; thence down said creek to Grand river, and along the same to Fori 
 Gibson, including all the country west not embraced in any of the before 
 described Districts. 
 
 Be it further enacted. That the election of two members of the National 
 Committee, and three members of the Council, and one Sheriff for each 
 District, shall be held on the first Monday in August, 1841: — and all free 
 male citizens, who shall have attained to the age of eighteen years, shall be 
 equally entitled tb vote in the District of which they may he residents; and 
 every voter shall name the person for whom he votes. 
 
 Be it further enacted. That there shall be two superintendents at each 
 precinct, to preside over the elections, who shall appoint a clerk, whose duty 
 it shall be to make a list of all candidates, and register the name of each 
 voter, stating the candidate for whom each vote is given. 
 
 In the event that any persons hereinafter named as superintendents, are 
 unable or refuse to serve as such, then the people assembled to vote may 
 choose others to fill such vacancies as may occur. The register or list of votes 
 polled at each precinct shall be certified by the superintendents and clerk, and 
 on the following day after the election, the superintendents shall assemble at 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 79 
 
 the first named precincts in this act, in each District, and count all votes 
 legally given, and issue a written certificate of election to each candidate, who 
 shall have received the highest number of votes. The certified register of 
 votes shall then be sealed up, and transmitted to the Principal Chief, marked, 
 
 "Election returns for District." 
 
 The following places are designated as precincts in the several District.* 
 
 1. For Skin Bayou District. — First precinct at the present place o' 
 holding Courts: — George I.owrey, jr., and Michael Waters, superintendents. 
 Second precinct at Little Jnn. Rogers': — G. W. Gunter and John Rogers, sup- 
 erintendents. 
 
 2. Flint District. — First precinct at George Chambers' Camp Ground: — 
 George Chambers and Andrew Ross, superintendents. Second precinct at 
 Broken Canoe's: — Ezekial Starr and George StHl, superintendents. 
 
 3. Illinois District. — First precinct at Moses Smith's: — John Brewer and 
 Richard Ratcliff, superintendents. Second precinct at Cat Fields: — Archibald 
 Fields and Alexander Foreman, superintendents. 
 
 4. Canadian District. — First precinct at James Thorn's: — Joseph Vann 
 and John Thorn, superintendents. Second precinct at George Chisholm's: — 
 Dutch and David Foreman, superintendents. 
 
 5. Going Snake District. — First precinct at Hair Conrad's: — Hair Con- 
 rad and Samuel Foreman, superintendents. Second precinct at Rising Fawn's 
 in Piney Woods) — Geo. Starr, John Harnage, superintendents. 
 
 6. Tahlequah District. — First precinct at Tahlequah : — Stephen Fore ■ 
 man and David Carter, superintendents. Second precinct at William Camp- 
 bell's: — Thomas Wilson and Thigh Walker, superintendents. 
 
 7. Delaware District. — First precinct at J. Buffington's: — Richard Tay- 
 lor and William Wilson, superintendents. Second precinct at Johnson Fields': 
 — James D. Wofford and Hiram Landrum, superintendents. 
 
 8. Saline District. — First precinct at the Grand Saline: — Nicholas 
 M'Nair and Brice Martin, superintendents. Second precinct at West's Saline: 
 — David "Vann and Bluford West, superintendents. 
 
 The superintendents and clerks shall be required to take the following 
 oath: — "You do solemnly swear that you will conduct the election according 
 to the provisions of the act passed Nov. 4th, 1S40." 
 
 Approved— J NO. ROSS. 
 
 Tahlequah, Nov. 4th, 1840. 
 
 The jurisdiction of Delaware District was extended over the "Neutr;[l 
 band'' by: 
 
 An Act Annexing a Tract Called 800,000 Acres of Land, to Delaware District. 
 
 Be it enacted by the National Council. That this section of country ceded 
 to the Cherokees by the Treaty of 1835, and known as the "eight hundred 
 thousand acre tract,'' be, and the same is hereby attached to Delaware Dis- 
 trict, and shall henceforth form a part of said District. 
 
 Tahlequah, Dec. 1st, 1846. 
 
 Approved— JNO. ROSS. 
 
 The name of Skin Bavou District was derived from the local stream. 
 
80 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 which had been named b\' the early courier de hois. It was chansjed by: 
 An Act Changing the Name of Skin Bayou District. 
 
 Be it enacted by the National Council, That the name of Skin Bayou 
 District be. and the same is hereby changed, and that the said District shall 
 be called from and after the passage of this act, Se-quo-yah; and so much 
 of the act passed November 4th, l84o, as militates against this act be and the 
 same is hereby repealed. 
 
 Tahlequah, November 4th, l(S5l. 
 
 Approved — JNO. ROSS. 
 Cooweescoowee District was constituted in 1856 b\-: 
 
 An Act Organizing Cooweescoowee District 
 
 Be it enacted by the National Council, That all that portion of the terri- 
 tory belonging to the Cherokee people, within the following boundary, be and 
 is hereby organized into a District, to be known as Cooweescoowee District, 
 with all the immunities and corporate capacities of other districts of this 
 Nation, towit: Commencing at the cornerstone of the Creek Nation, a few 
 miles north nr northwest of old Union Mission; running thence a due east 
 course until it strikes the Missouri road, running west of Neosho or Grand 
 River; then along said road to about one mile northward of the crossing of 
 Rock Creek; then along a certain trail known as Mathis' tract, until said 
 trace strikes the northern boundary line of the Cherokee country; then west- 
 ward along said line, and following the boundary line of the Cherokee outlet 
 west to the point of beginning. 
 
 Be it further enacted. That the precincts for holding elections shall be 
 and are placed at the following localities: 
 
 1. At the Sulphur spring on Dog Creek, near Jim McNair's cow-pen. 
 
 2. At the White Spring. 
 
 3. At the Yellow Spring. 
 
 4. At or near Dick Duck's. 
 
 The court house of Cooweescoowee District from 1856 to December 7, 
 1867, was on Bird Creek in the eastern part of Osage county and was located 
 by : 
 
 An Act to Amend an Act entitled "An Act Relative to the Court House 
 in Cooweescoowee District." 
 Be it enacted by the National Council, That the act in relation to building 
 a court house in Cooweescoowee District, passed December 7, 1867, be so 
 amended as to require the District Judge to have said court house built at 
 the Sulphur Springs, on the waters of Dog Creek, near Jesse Henry's, in said 
 District, instead of the place designated in said act, "Clermont's Mounds." 
 
 JOHN YOUNG, Speaker of Council. 
 Concurred in — PIG SMITH, President of the Senate. 
 Presented and approved, 24th November, 1868. 
 
 LEWIS DOWNING, Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation. 
 
 Tahlequah, C. N., Nov. 13, 1868. 
 The Eastern Cherokees enacted earlier election laws but the following 
 was in a fuller and more perfect form: 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 81 
 
 Resolved by the Committee and Council, in General Council Convened, 
 That the elections to be holden hereafter in the several Districts for mem- 
 bers of the General Council, Sherifl's and Constables, shall be held at the fol- 
 lowing precincts until otherwise altered by the General Council, viz: Chicka- 
 mauga District: The first precinct to be at the Court House, the second 
 at Hunter Langly's in Lookout Valley; third at Hick's Mill and the fourth 
 at Kah-noh-cloo's. Chattooga District. First precinct at the Court House, 
 second at Ah-ne-lah-ka-yah's in Turkey Town, third at James Fields', Turnip 
 Mountain, fourth at Laugh-at-mush's, Will's Valley, fifth at Edward Gunter's 
 in Creek Path, and sixth at Raccoon Town, at Little Turtle's house. Coosa- 
 watee District: First at the Court House, and the third at Ellijay. Ah- 
 mohee District: First at the Court House, second at Squires in Long Sa- 
 vannah, third at Chee-squah-ne-ta's, fourth at Swimmers, Highwassee Old 
 Town. Hickory Log District: First at the Court House, second at the old 
 Court House, third at or near Big Savannah. Hightower District: First at 
 the Court House, second at Pipes Spring, third at Yon-nah-oo-woh-yee's. 
 Tahquohee District: First at the Court House, second at Choowalookee's. 
 third at Oowatee's, fourth at Skenah Town, hfth at Beach Town. Aquohee 
 iJistrict: First at the Court House, second at Lame Dick's, third at High- 
 wassee Town, fourth at widow Nettle Carriers', fifth at Chee-yoh-ee. 
 
 Be it further Resolved, That two superintendents and one clerk shall 
 be appointed to take the votes at each precinct, and it shall be the duty of 
 the Circuit Judges respectively to make such appointments while on their 
 Judicial Circuit last preceding the general elections for members of the 
 General Council, and shall notify the managers and clerks of their appoint- 
 ment, by the Sheriff of the District, and in case either of the Circuit Judges 
 shall fail to hold his courts agreeably to law, or any of the managers or 
 clerks shall refuse to act, the District Judge shall be authorized to fill sucii 
 vacancies; and in case any shall fail to attend on the day of the election, the 
 voters shall be allowed to choosc some suitable person or persons to act in 
 his or their stead. 
 
 Be it further Resolved, That the clerks shall particularly take down the 
 names of all persons voting and for whom they may vote; and the managers 
 and clerks shall meet at the court house in their respective Districts on the 
 Wednesday succeeding the election, then and there to count the votes and 
 issue a certificate to each member elect, of his constitutional election. 
 
 Be it further Resolved, That the managers and clerks while acting 
 shall be upon oath, and shall not be entitled to receive any compensation 
 from the National Treasury for their services. 
 
 New Echota, 2d Nov., 182O. 
 
 Approved— JNO. ROSS. 
 
 The first comprehensive election law of the "Old Settler" Cherokees 
 was: 
 
 An Act Respecting Elections. 
 
 Resolved by the Committee and Council, in General Council Convened, 
 That from and after this date, the members of the National Committee and 
 
82 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Council, ;ind Ihe officers (Judges and Light-horse) of the Cherokee Nation, 
 shall he elected hy a vote of the people, given in a't their respective pre- 
 cincts in each District, and for which purpose it is hereby 
 
 Further Resolved, That the people of the Cherokee Nation shall meet 
 at their respective precincts in each District once in two years, on the second 
 Monday in July, and proceed to elect by vote, two memebrs of the National 
 Committee and two members of the National Council, which members shall 
 be elected to serve two years from the date of their election; and there shall 
 be also elected at the same time and place two District Judges and two Na- 
 tional Light-horse to serve two years from the date of their election, whose 
 duties it shall be to serve in their respective Districts as set forth by law. 
 
 Resolved Further, That all elections under the law as herein above speci- 
 specific purposes, shall be superintended by the Judges of the same District, 
 and each candidate for the above named offices shall make known to the 
 Judges superintending the elections, which office they design to run for; and 
 it shall be the duty of the Judges to have this distinctly understood by the 
 people before voting, after which they can proceed to vote, one at a time 
 by calling the names of such candidates which they judge are the best qualified 
 to fill the office running for, and after all the people present have voted, the 
 Judges shall count out publicly the number of votes given to each one of the 
 candidates took up for the same office, and such candidates as have thereby 
 gained the highest number of votes for the different offices shall thereby be 
 considered duly and lawfully elected to the respective offices for which they 
 were candidates and run for. And it shall be the duty of the Judges as before 
 required under section third to give each member thus elected to the National 
 Committee and Council, Judges and Light-horse, a certificate of their election, 
 which shall be their voucher to the National Council of such members, Judges 
 and Light-horse having been duly elected according to law. 
 
 Resolved Further, That all elections under the law as herein above speci- 
 fied for the purpose of electing members to the National Committee and 
 Council, Judges and Light-horse shall be and are hereby required to be held 
 at the following named places in each District: That is the precinct or 
 place for holding elections under the law; that in Lees Creek District, shall 
 be at the present residence of Little Charles, of Skin Bayou; that in Salhsaw 
 District at Fox's residence on Sallisaw Creek; that in Illinois District at the 
 National Council House (Tah-lon-tee-skee) and that in Neosho District at 
 John Drew's residence on Bayou Menard. 
 Tah-lon-tee-skee, May 10, tS?4. 
 
 Approved— JOHN JOLLY, Prin'l. Chief. 
 
 At various subsequent dates the election laws were changed to conform 
 with the progress of the Cherokee Nation, but they always adhered to the viva 
 voci method of voting, recorded by a clerk from each party, judges of election 
 supervising the work of the opposing party clerk, all parties except the voter 
 being kept at a distance of fifty feet from the polls by regularly appointed sup- 
 ervisors or guards. Council met before 1867 on the first Monday of October 
 and after 1867 on the first Monday of November of each year, the regular ses- 
 
 I 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 8^ 
 
 sion lasting four weeks. Elections \\-ere held on the first Monday of Au.^ust 
 of odd numbered years. 
 
 It had become apparent to many Cherokees that their retention of their 
 homes and institutions east of the Mississippi river was of but short duration 
 John Ross was in favor of selling their lands for twent_\' million dollars but 
 the government steadfastly refused to pay more than five million for it. Con- 
 ditions were becoming more untenable each year and as a consequence the 
 great mass of the people were becoming more and more impoverished. Many 
 of the wealthier Cherokees had and were moving west at their own expense. 
 The minority seeing the hopeless condition of their people, within the limits 
 of Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama and North Carolina, concluded the folUow- 
 ing treaty: 
 
 "^m^'^^ 
 
 m^ 
 
84 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 LEWIS DOWNING 
 Chief — November, 1S()7, to November, 1875. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 85 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 
 Treaty With The Cherokee, 1835 
 
 Dec. 29, 1835. 7 Stat., 478. Proclamation. May 23, 1836. Article of a 
 trc'iitv, concluded at New Echota in the State o\ Georgia on the 29th day of 
 Dec. 1835 by General William Carroll and John F. Schermerhorn commis- 
 sioners on the part of the United States and the Chiefs, Head Men and People 
 of the Cherokee tribe of Indians. 
 
 Preamble . Whereas the Cherokees are anxious to make arrangements 
 with the Government of the United States whereby the difficulties they have 
 experienced by a residence within the settled parts of the United States under 
 the jurisdiction and laws of the State Governments may be terminated' and ad- 
 justed; and with a view to reuniting their people in one body and securing 
 a permanent home for themselves and their posterity in the country selected 
 by their forefathers without the territorial limits of the State sovereignties, and 
 where they can establish and enjoy a government of their choice and per- 
 petuate such a state of society as may be most consonant with the views, 
 habits and conditions; and as may tend to their individual comfort and their 
 'advancement in civilization. 
 
 And whereas a delegation of the Cherokee nation composed of Messrs. 
 John Ross, Richard Taylor, Danl. McCoy, Samuel Gunter and William Rogers 
 with full power and authority to conclude a treaty with the United States did 
 on the 28th day of February 1835 stipulate and agree with the Government of 
 the United States to submit to the Senate to fix the amount which should be 
 allowed the Cherokees for their claims and for a cession of their lands east 
 ot the Mississippi river, and did agree to abide by the award of the Senate of 
 the United States themselves to recommend the same to their people for their 
 final determination. 
 
 And whereas on such submission the Senate advised ■'that a sum not ex- 
 ceeding five millions of dollars be paid to the Cherokee Indians for all their 
 possessions east of the Mississippi river." 
 
 And whereas this delegation after said award of the Senate had been 
 made, were called upon to submit propositions as to its disposition to be 
 arranged in a treaty which they refused to do, but insisted that the same 
 "should be referred to their nation and there in general council to deliberate 
 and determine on the subject to ensure harmon_\' and good feeling among 
 themselves." 
 
 And whereas a certain other delegation composed of John Ridge, Elias 
 Boudinot, Archilla Smith, S. W. Bell, John West, Wm. A. Davis and Ezekiel 
 West, who represented the portion of the nation in favor of emigration to 
 the Cherokee country west of the Mississippi entered into propositions for a 
 treaty with John F. Schermerhorn commissioner on the part of the United 
 States which were to be submitted to their nation for their final action and 
 determination: 
 And whereas the Cherokee people, at their last October council at Red 
 
86 HISTORY OF THK CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Clav, fullv authorized and empowered a delegation or committee of twenty 
 'persons of their nation to enter into and conclude a treaty with the United 
 States commissioner then present, at that place or elsewhere and as the people 
 ,had good reason to believe that a treaty would then and there be made or 
 lat a subsejuent council at New Echota which the commissioners it was well 
 known and understood, were authorized and instructed to convene for said 
 purpose; and since the said delegation have gone on to Washington city, with 
 A view to close negotiations there, as stated by them notwithstanding they 
 were officially informed by the United States commissioner that they would not 
 be received by the President of the United States; and that the Government 
 would transact no business of this nature with them, and that if a treaty was 
 made it must be done here in the nation, where the delegation at Washington 
 'last winter urged that it should be done for the purpose of promoting peace 
 and harmony among the people; and since these facts have also been corrobo- 
 rated to us by a communication recently received by the commissioner fron] 
 the Government of the United States and read and explained to the people 
 in open council and therefore believing said delegation can effect nothing and 
 ..since our difficulties are daily increasing and our situation is rendered more 
 and more precarious, uncertain and insecure in consequence of the legislation 
 of the States; and seeing no effectual way of relief, but in accepting the lib- 
 eral overtures of the United States. 
 
 And whereas Gen. William Carroll and John F. Schemerhorn were ap- 
 pointed commissioners on the part of the United States, with full power and 
 authority to conclude a treaty with the Cherokees east and were directed by 
 the President to convene the people of the nation in general council at New 
 Echota and to submit said propositions to them with power and authority to 
 'vary the same so as to meet the views of the Cherokees in reference to its 
 details. 
 
 .4nd whereas the said commissioners did appoint and notify a general 
 (council of the nation to convene at New Echota on the 2 1st day of Decem- 
 ber 1835; and informed them that the commissioners would be prepared to 
 make a treaty with the Cherokee people who should assemble there and those 
 who did not come they should conclude gave their assent and sanction to 
 whatever should be transacted at this council and the people having met in 
 council according to said notice. 
 
 Therefore the following articles of a treaty are agreed upon and con- 
 ■ciuded between William Carroll and John F. Schermediorn commissioners 
 on the part of the United States and the chiefs and head men and people of 
 the Cherokee nation in general council assembled this 29th day of Dec. 18^5. 
 
 Cherokees Relinquish to United States all Their Lands East of The Mississippi. 
 
 Article 1. The Cherokee nation hereby cede, relinquish and convey to 
 the United States all the lands owned, claimed or possessed by them east of 
 the Mississippi river, and hereby release all their claims upon the United 
 States for spoliations of every kind for and in consideration of the sum of 
 five millions of dollars to be expended, paid and invested in the manner stipu- 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 87 
 
 lated and agreed upon in the following articles. But as a question has arisen 
 between the commissioners and the Cherokees whether the Senate in their 
 Resolution by which they advised "that a sum not exceeding five millions of 
 dollars be paid to the Cherokee Indians for all their lands and possessions east 
 of the Mississippi river" have included and made any allowance or considera- 
 tion for claims for spoliations it is therefore agreed on the part of the United 
 States that this question shall be again submitfed to the Senate for their con- 
 sideration and decision and if no allowance was made for spoliations thai 
 then an additional sum of three hundred thousand dollars be allowed for the 
 ■same. 
 
 Treaty of May, 1828, and Feb., 1833, Referred to. Art .2. Whereas by the 
 treaty of May 6th 1828 and the supplementary treaty thereto of Feb. 14tli 
 183 3 with the Cherokees west of the Mississippi the United States granted and 
 secured to be conveyed by patent, to the Cherokee nation of Indians the fol- 
 lowing tract of country "Beginning at a point on the old western territorial 
 line of Arkansas Territory beginning twenty-tive miles north from the point 
 where the territorial line crosses Arkansas river, thence running from said 
 north point south on the said territorial line where the said territorial line 
 crosses Verdigris river; thence down said Verdigris river to the Arkansas River, 
 thence down said Arkansas to a point where a stone is placed oppposite the 
 east or lower bank of Grand river at its junction with the Arkansas; thence 
 running south forty-five degrees and west one mile; thence in a straight line 
 to a point four miles northerly, from the mouth of the north fork of the Cana- 
 dian; thence along the said four mile line to the Canadian; thence down the 
 Canadian to the Arkansas; thence down the Arkansas where the eastern 
 Choctaw boundary strikes said river and running thence with the western line 
 of Arkansas Territory as now delined, ti:i the southwest corner of Missouri; 
 thence along the western Missouri line to the land assigned the Senecas, 
 thence on the south line of the Senecas to Grand river as far as the south line 
 of the Osage reservation, extended if necessary; thence up and between said 
 south Osage line extended west if necessary, and a line drawn due west from 
 the point of beginning to a certain distance west, at which a line running north 
 and south from said Osage line to said due west line will make seven millions 
 of acres within the whole described boundaries. In addition to the seven mil- 
 lions of acres of land thus provided for and bounded, the United States further 
 guaranty to the Cherokee nation a perpetual outlet west, and a free and un- 
 molested use of all the country west of the western boundary of seven millions 
 of acres, as far west as the sovereignty of the United States and their right of 
 soil extend : 
 
 Proviso. Provided however: That if the saline or salt plain on the western 
 prairie shall fall within said limits prescribed for the said outlet, the right is re- 
 served to the United States to permit other tribes of red men to get salt on said 
 plain in common with the Cherokees; And letters patent shall be issued by the 
 United States as soon as practicable for the land hereby guaranteed." 
 
 Additional Land Conveyed to The Nation, Etc. And whereas it is 
 apprehended by the Cherokees that in the above cession there 
 is not contained sufficient quantity of land for the accommodation o" 
 
88 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 the whole nation on their removal west of the Mississippi the United States 
 in consideration of the sum of five hundred thousand dollars therefore hereby 
 covenant and agree to convey to the said Indians, and their descendants by 
 patent, in fee simple the following additional tract of land situated between 
 the west line of the State of Missouri and the Osage reservation beginning at 
 ■the Southeast corner of the same and running north along the east line of the 
 Osage lands fifty miles to the northeast corner thereof; and thence east to 
 the west line of the State of Missouri; thence with said line south fifty miles; 
 thence west to the place of beginning; estimated to contain eight hundred 
 thousand acres of land; but it is expressly understood that if any of the lands 
 assigned the Quapaws shall fall within the aforesaid bounds the same shall be 
 reserved and excepted out of the lands above granted and a pro rata reduc- 
 tion shall he made in the price to be allowed to the United States for the same 
 by the Chernkees. 
 
 Further Agreement. 1830, ch. 148. Right to Establish Forts, Etc. 
 Article 3. The United States also agrees that the lands above ceded by 
 the treaty of Feb. 14, 183 3, including the outlet, and those ceded by this 
 treaty shall all be included in one patent executed to the Cherokee nation 
 of Indians by the President of the United States according to the provisions 
 of the act of May 28, 1830. It is, however, agreed that the military reser- 
 vation at Fort Gibson shall be held by the United States. But should the 
 United States abandon said post and have no further use for the same it shall 
 revert to the Cherokee nation. The United States shall always have the 
 right to make and establish such post and military roads and forts in any 
 part of the Cherokee country, as they may deem proper for the interest and 
 protection of the same and the free use of as much land, timber, fuel and 
 materials of all kinds for the construction and support of the same as may 
 be necessary; provided that if the private rights of individuals are interfered 
 with, a just compensation therefore shall be made. 
 
 Osage Titles to Reservations to be Extinguished. Article 4. Ihe 
 United States also stipulate and agree to extinguish for the ben- 
 efit of the Cherokees the title to the reservations within their country 
 made in the Osage treaty of 1825 to certain half-breeds and for this purpose 
 •they hereby agree to pay the persons to whom the same belongs or have 
 been assigned or to their agents or guardians whenever thev shall execute 
 after the ratification of this treaty a satisfactory conveyance for the same, 
 to the United States, the sum of fifteen thousand dollars according to a sched- 
 ule accompanying this treaty of the relative value of the severarreservations. 
 
 Missionary Reservations to be Paid For. And whereas these several 
 treaties between the United States and the Osage Indians, the Union 
 and Harmony Missionary reservations which were established for their 
 benefit ^ are now situated within the country ceded by them to 
 the United States; the former being situated in the Cherokee "country and 
 tne latter in the State of Missouri. It is therefore agreed that the United 
 States shall pay the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions 
 tor the improvements on the same what they shall be appraised by Capt. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 89 
 
 Geo. Vashon Cherokee, sub-agent Abraham Redfield and A. P. Chouteau or 
 such persons as the President of the United States shall appoint and the money 
 allowed for the same shall be expended in schools among the Osages and 
 improving their condition. It is understood that the United States are to 
 pay the amount allowed for the reservations in this article and not the Chero- 
 kees. 
 
 Land Perinamently Ceded to the Nation. Article 5. The United 
 States hereby covenant and agree that the lands ceded to the 
 Cherokee nation in the foregoing article shall, in no future time 
 without their consent, be included within the terriorial limits or jurisdiction of 
 any State or Territory. But they shall secure to the Cherokee nation the right 
 by their national councils to make and carry into effect all such laws as they 
 may deem necessary for the government and protection of fhe persons and 
 property within their own country belonging to their people or such persons 
 as have connected themselves with them: provided always that they shall 
 not be inconsistent with the constitution of the United States and such acts 
 of Congress as have been or may be passed regulating trade and intercourse 
 with the Indians; and also, that they shall not be considered as extending to 
 such citizenship and army of the United States as may travel or reside in the 
 Indian country by permission according to the laws and regulations establish- 
 ed by the Government of the same. 
 
 Peace to be Preserved. Art. 6. Perpetual peace and friendship shall ex- 
 ist between the citizens of the United States and the Cherokee Indians. The 
 United States agree to protect the Cherokee nation from domestic strife and 
 foreign enemies and against internecine wars between the several tribes. Th.; 
 Cherokees shall endeavor to preserve and maintain the peace of the country 
 and not make war upon their neighbors they shall also be protected against in- 
 terruption and intrusion from citizens of the United States, who may attempt 
 'to settle in the country without their consent; and all such persons shall be 
 removed from the same by order of the President of the United States. But 
 this is not intended to prevent the residence among them of useful farmers 
 mechanics and teachers for the instruction of Indians according to treaty 
 'Stipulations. 
 
 Congress May Allow a Delegate From the Cherokee Nation. Article 7. 
 great progress in civilization and deeming it important that every proper and 
 laudable inducement be offered to their people to improve their condition as 
 well as guard and secure in the most eftectual manner the rights guaranteed 
 to them in this treaty, and with a view to illustrate the liberal and enlarged 
 policy of the Government of the United States towards the Indians in their 
 removal beyond the territorial limits of the States, it is stipulated that they 
 .shall be entitled to a delegate in the House of Representatives of the United 
 States \\-henever Congress shall make provisions for the same. 
 
 Expenses of Removal to be Paid by United States. Article 8. The 
 United States also agree and stipulate to remove the Cherokees 
 to their new homes and to subsist them one year after their arriv- 
 al there and that a sufficient number of steamboats and barge-wagons shall 
 
90 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 be furnished to remove them comfortably, and so as not to endanger their 
 health, and that a physician well supplied with medicines shall accompany 
 each detachment of emigrants removed by the Government. Such persons 
 and families as in the opinion of the emigrating agent are capable of subsist- 
 ing and removing themselves shall be permitted to do so; and they shall be 
 allowed in full for all claims for the same twenty dollars for each member 
 of their family; and in lieu of their one year's rations they shall be paid the 
 sum of thirty-three dollars and thirty-three cents if they prefer it. 
 
 Such Cherokees also as reside at present out of the nation and shall 
 ■remove with them in two years west of the Mississippi shall be entitled to 
 allowance for removal and subsistence as above provided. 
 
 Agents to Value Improvements Made by Cherokees. Article 9. 
 The United States agree to appoint suitable agents who shall 
 make a just and fair valuation of all such improvements now in the possession 
 of the Cherokees as add any value to the lands; and also of the ferries own- 
 ed bv them, according to their net income; and such improvements and ferries 
 from which they have been dispossessed in a lawful manner or under any exist- 
 ing law of the State where the same may be situated. 
 
 The just debts of the Indians shall be paid out of any monies due them 
 for their improvements and claims; and they shall also be furnished at the 
 discretion of the President of the United States with a sufficient sum to enable 
 them to obtain the necessary means to remove themselves to their new homes, 
 and the balance of their dues shall be paid them at the Cherokee agency west 
 of the Mississippi. The Missionary establishments shall also be valued and 
 appraised in a like manner and the amount of them paid over by the United 
 States to the treasurers of the respective missionary societies by whom they 
 have been established and improved in order to enable them to erect such 
 buildings and make such improvements among the Cherokees west of the 
 Mississippi as they may deem necessary for their benefit. Such teacherrs at 
 present among the Cherokees as this council may select and designate shall 
 be removed west of the Mississippi with the Cherokee nation and on the same 
 .terms allowed to them. 
 
 The President to make investments in productive stock. Article 10 
 The President of the United States shall invest in some safe and most pro- 
 ductive public stocks of the country for the benefit of the whole Cherokee 
 nation who have removed or shall remove to the lands assigned by this 
 treaty to the Cherokee nation west of the Mississippi the following sums 
 as a permanent fund for the purposes hereinafter specified and pay over 
 the net income of the same annually to such persons as shall be authorized 
 or appointed by the Cherokee nation to receive the same and their 
 receipt shall be full discharge for the amount paid to them viz: the sum of 
 two hundred thousand dollars in addition to the present annuity of the nation 
 to constitute a general fund the interest of which shall be applied annually by 
 ithe council of the nation to such purposes as they may deem best for the 
 general good of their people. The sum of fifty thousand dollars to consti- 
 .tute an orphans' fund the annual income of which shall be expended towards 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 91 
 
 the support and education of such orphan children as are destitute of the 
 means of subsistence. The sum of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars in 
 addition to the present school fund of the nation shall constitute a perm- 
 anent school fund, the interest of which shall be applied annually by the 
 council of the nation for the support of common schools and such a literary 
 institution of a higher order as may be established in the Indian country. And 
 in order to secure as far as possible the true and beneficial application of the 
 orphans' and school fund the council of the Cherokee nation when required 
 .by the President of the United States shall make a report of the applicatio!i 
 of those funds and he shall at all times have the ris^ht if the funds have been 
 misapplied to correct any abuse of them and direct the manner of their ap- 
 plication for the purposes for which they were intended. The council of the 
 nation may by giving two years' notice of their intention withdraw their funds 
 by and with the consent of the President and Senate of the United States, and 
 invest them in such manner as they may deem most proper for their interest. 
 The United States also agree and stipulate to pay the just debts and claims 
 against the Cherokee nation held by the citizens of the same and also the 
 just claims of citizens of the United States for services rendered to the nation 
 and the sum of sixty thousand dollars is appropriated for this purpose but n? 
 claims against individual persons of the nation shall be allowed and paid b\- 
 the nation. The sum of three hundred thousand dollars is hereby set apart 
 .to pay and liquidate the just claims of the Cherokees upon the United States 
 for spoliations of every kind, that have not been already satisfied under form- 
 er treaties. 
 
 Commutation cf school fund. Article 11. Ihe Cherokee nation or 
 Indians believing it will be for the interest of their people to have all their 
 funds and annuities under their cwn direction and future disposition herehv 
 agree to commute their permanent annuity of ten thousand dollars for the 
 sum of two hundred and fourteen thousand dolllars, the same to be invested 
 by tl:e President of the United States as a part of the general fund of the 
 nation; and their present school fund amounting to about fifty thousand 
 dollars shall constitute a part of permanent school fund of the nation. 
 
 Provision respecting CheTokees averse to removal. Article 12. Those 
 Individ. lals and families of the Cherokee nation that are averse to a removal 
 to the Cherokee country west of the Mississippi and are desirous to become 
 citizens of the States where they reside and such as are qualitied to take 
 care of themselves and their property shall be entitled to receive their due 
 portion of all the personal benefits accruing under this treaty for their claims, 
 improvements and per capita; as soon as an appropriation is made for this 
 treaty. 
 
 Such heads of Cherokee families as are desirous to reside within the 
 States of North Carolina, Tennessee and Alabama subject to the laws of the 
 same; and who are qualified or calculated to become useful citizens shall be 
 entitled, on the certificate of the commissioners to a preemption right to one 
 hundred and sixty acres of land or one quarter section at the minimum Con- 
 gress price; so as to include the present buildings or improvements of those 
 
92 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 who now reside there and such as do not live there at present shall be per- 
 mitted to locate within two years any lands not already occupied by persons 
 entitled to pre-emption privileges under this treaty and if two or more fam- 
 ilies live on the same quarter section and they desire to continue their resi- 
 dence in these States and are qualified as above they shall, on receiving- their 
 pre-emption certitlcate be entitled to the right of pre-emption to such lands as 
 :they may select not already taken by any person entitled to them under this 
 
 treaty. 
 
 It is stipulated and agreed between the United States and the Cherokee 
 people that John Ross, James Starr, George Hicks, John Gunter, George 
 Chambers, John Ridge, Elias Boudinot, George Sanders, John Martin, William 
 Rogers, Roman Nose Situwake and John Timpson shall be a committee on the 
 part of the Cherokees to recommend such persons for the privilege of preemp- 
 tion rights as may be deemed entitled to the same under the above articles and 
 ,to select the missionaries who shall be removed with the nation; and that 
 they be hereby fully empowered and authorized to transact all business on 
 the part of the Indians which may arise in carrying into effect the provisions 
 of this treatv and settling the same with the United States. If any of the 
 persons above mentioned should decline acting or be removed by death; the 
 vacancies shall be filled by the committee themselves. 
 
 It is also understood and agreed that the sum of one hundred thousand 
 dollars shall be expended by the commissioners in such manner as the com- 
 mittee may deem best for the benefit of the poorer class of Cherokees as 
 shall remove west or have removed west and are entitled to the benefits of 
 this treaty. The same to be delivered at the Cherokee agency west as soon 
 after the removal of the nation as possible. 
 
 Settlement of claims for former reservations. Article 13. In order to 
 make a final settlement of all the claims of the Cherokees for reservations 
 granted under former treaties to any individuals belonging to the nation 
 by the United States it is therefore hereby stipulated and agreed and ex- 
 pressly understood by the parties of this treaty — that all the Cherokees 
 and their heirs and descendants to whom any reservations have been 
 made under any former treaties with the United States, and who have 
 not sold or conveyed the same by deed or otherwise and who in the 
 opinion of the commissioners have complied with the terms on which 
 the reservations were granted as far as practicable in the several cases; and 
 which reservations have since been sold by the United States shall constitute 
 a just claim against the United States and the original reservee or their heirs 
 or descendants shall be entitled to receive the present value thereof from 
 the United States as unimproved lands. And all such reservations as have 
 not been sold by the United States and where the terms on which the reser- 
 vations were made in the opinion of the commissioners have been complied 
 with as far as practicable, they or their heirs or descendants shall be entitled 
 to the same. They are hereby granted and confirmed to them — and also 
 
HISTORY' OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 9_5 
 
 rail persons who were entitled to reservations under the treaty of 18 17 an^.l 
 who as tar as practicable in the opinion of the commissioners, have com- 
 plied with the stipulations of said treaty, althou,i;h by the treaty of 1819 such 
 ^reservations were included in the unceded lands belonging- to the Cherokee 
 nation are hereby confirmed to them and they shall be entitled to receive a 
 grant for the same. And all such reservees as were obliged by the laws of 
 the States in which their reservations were situated, to abandon the same or 
 purchase them from the States shall be deemed to have a just claim against 
 (the United States for the amount by them paid to the States with inerest 
 thereon for such reservations and if obliged to abandon the same, to the 
 present value of such reservations as unimproved lands but in all cases where 
 .the reservees have sold their reservations or any part thereof and conveyed 
 tne same by deed or otherwise and have been paid for the same, they their 
 heirs or descendants or their assigns shall not be considered as having any 
 claims upon the United States under the article of the treaty nor be entitled 
 to receive any compensation for the lands thus disposed of. It is e.xpressh' 
 understood bv the parties of this treaty that the amount to be allowed for 
 .reservations under this article shall not be deducted out of the consideration 
 money allowed to the Cherokees for their claims for spoliations and the 
 cession of th.eir lands; but the same is to lie paid for independently by the 
 United States as it is only a just fulfillment of former treaty stipulations. 
 
 Pensions to certain warriors. Article 14. It is also agreed on the part 
 of the United States that such warriors of the Cherokee nation as were en- 
 gaged on the side of the United Sta*:es in the late war with Great Britain 
 and the southern tribes of Indians, and who were wounded in such service 
 shall be entitled to such pensions as shall be allowed them by the Congres•^ 
 of the United States to commence from the period of disabilit\. 
 
 Funds to be divided among the Indians. Article 15. It is expressly 
 understood and ai^reed between the parties to this treaty that after deducting; 
 the amount which shall be actually expended for the payment for improve- 
 ments, ferries, claims, for spoliations, removal subsistence and debts and 
 claims upon the Cherokee nation and for the additional quantity of land.-, 
 and t^oods for the poorer class of Cherokees and the several sums to be 
 inveskd for the general national funds; provided for in several articles of 
 this treaty the balance whatever the same may be shall be equally divided 
 between all the people belonging to the Cherokee nation east according to 
 the census just completed; and such Cherokees as have removed west since 
 June 183 3 who are entitled by the terms of their enrollment and removal 
 to all the benefits resulting from the tinal treaty between the United States 
 and the Cherokees east they shall also be paid for their improvements ac- 
 cording to their approved value before their removal where fraud has not 
 already been shown in their valuation. 
 
 Indians to remove in two years. Article 16. It is hereby stiplated and 
 agreed by the Cherokees that they shall remove to their new homes within 
 two years from the ratification of this treaty and that durmg such time the 
 United States shall protect and defend them in their possessions and property 
 
94 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 and frt'e use and occupation of the same and such persons as have been dis- 
 possessed of their improvements and houses; and for which no grant haj 
 actuallv ii'sued previously to the enactment of the law of the State of Georgia, 
 of December 1835 to regulate Indian occupancy shall be again put in posses- 
 sion and placed in the same situation and condition, in reference to the laws 
 of the State of Georgia, as the Indians that have not been dispossessed; and 
 if this is not done, and the people left unprotected, then the United States 
 shall pay the several Cherokees for their losses and damages sustained by 
 them in consequence thereof. And it is also stipulated and agreed that the 
 public buildings and improvements on which they are situated at New Echota 
 for which no grant has been actually made previously to the passage of the 
 above recited act if not occupied by the Cherokee people shall be reserved 
 for the public and free use of the United States and the Cherokee Indians for 
 the purpose of settling and closing all the Indian business arising under this 
 treaty between the commissioners of claims and the Indians. 
 
 The United States, and the several States interested in the Cherokee 
 ■lands shall immediately proceed to survey the lands ceded by this treaty; but 
 'it is expressly agreed and understood between the parties that the agency 
 buildings and that tract of land surveyed and laid off for the use of Colonel 
 R. J. Meigs Indian agent or heretofore enjoyed and occupied by his successors 
 'in office shall continue subject to the use and occupancy of the United States, 
 or such agents as may be engaged especially superintending the removal of 
 'the tribe. 
 
 Commissioners to settle claims. Article 17. All the claims arising 
 under or provided for in the several articles of this treaty, shall be examined 
 and adjudicated by such commissioners as shall be appointed by the United 
 States by and with the advice and consent of the Senate of the United States 
 for that purpose and their decision shall be final and on their certificate of the 
 amount due the several claimants they shall be paid by the United States. 
 All stipulations in former treaties which have not been superseded or annulled 
 by this shall continue in full force and virtue. 
 
 United Spates to make advances for provisions, clothing, etc. Article 
 
 18. Whereas in consequence of the unsettled alfairs of the Cherokee 
 people and the early frosts, their crops are insutficient to support their 
 families and great distress is likely to ensue and whereas the nation will not, 
 until after their removal be able advantageously to expend the income of the 
 permanent funds of the nation it is therefore agreed that the annuities of the 
 nation whkh may accrue under this treaty for two years, the time fixed for 
 then- removal shall be expended in provisions and clothing for the benefit 
 ot the poorer class of the nation; and the United States hereby agree to ad- 
 vance the sum for that purpose as soon after the ratification of 'this treaty 
 as ;ui appropriation for the same shall be made. It is however not intended 
 ,.n this article to interfere with that part of the annuities due the Cherokees 
 west by the treaty of 1 8 19. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 95 
 
 Treaty Binding When Ratified. Article 19. This treaty aftji the same 
 ishall be ratified l\v the President and Senate of the United States shall be ob- 
 ligatory on the contracing paries. 
 
 Article 20. [Supplemental article. Stricken out by Senate.] 
 
 In testimony whereof, the commissioners and the chiefs, head men, and 
 people whose names are hereunto annexed, being duly authorized by the 
 people in general council assembled, have aflixed their hands and seals for 
 .themselves ,and in behalf of the Cherokee nation. 
 
 I have examined the foregoing treaty, and although not present when it 
 was made, I approve its provisions generally, and therefore sign it. 
 
 Wm. Carroll, 
 J. P. Schermerhorn. 
 
 Major Ridge, his x mark; James Foster, his x mark; Test-ta-esky, his x 
 mark; Charles Moore, his x mark; George Chambers, his x mark; Tah-yeske, 
 his X mark; ArchiUa Smith, his x mark; Andrew Ross; William Lassley; Cae- 
 te-hee, his x mark; Te-gah-e-ske, his x mark; Robert Rogers; John Gunter; 
 John A. Bell; Charles F. Foreman; William Rogers; George W. Adair; Ellas 
 Boudinot; James Starr, his x mark; Jesse Half-breed, his x mark [L. S.] 
 
 Signed and sealed in presence of — 
 
 Western B. Thomas, secretary; Ben F. Currey, special agent; M. Wolfe 
 Batman, first lieutenant, sixth U. S. Infantry, disbursing agent; John L. Hoop- 
 er, lieutenant, fourth Infantry; C. M. Hitchcock, M. D., assistant surgeon, U. 
 S. A.; G. W. Currey; Wm. H. Underwood; Cornelius D. Terhune; John W. 
 Underwood. 
 
 In compliance with instructions of the council at New Echota, we sign 
 this treaty. 
 
 Stand Watie, 
 John Ridge. 
 
 March 1, 1836. 
 
 Witnesses: 
 
 Elbert Herring, Alexander H. Everett, John Robb, L). Kurtz, Wm. Y. 
 Hansel], Samuel J. Potts, John l.itle, S. Rockwell. 
 
 Dec. 31, 1835. 7 Stat., 487. Whereas the western Cherokees have 
 appointed a delegation to visit the eastern Cherokees to assure them of the 
 ifriendly disposition of their people and their desire that the nation should 
 again be united as one people and to urge upon them the expediency of ac- 
 cepting the overtures of the Government; and that, on their removal they 
 may be assured of a hearty welcome and an equal participation with them in 
 all the benefits and privileges of the Cherokee country west and the undersign- 
 ed two of said delegation being the only delegates in the nation from the west 
 at the signing and sealing of the treaty lately concluded at New Echota be- 
 tween their eastern brethren and the United States; and having fully under- 
 stood the provisions of the same they agree to it in behalf of the western 
 Cherokees. But it is expressly understood that nothing in this treaty shall 
 
96 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 affect any claim of the western Cherokees on the United States. 
 
 In testimony wehereof, we have, this 3 1st day of December. 1835, here- 
 unto set our hands and seals. 
 
 James Rogers, 
 John Smith. 
 Delegates from the western Cherokees. 
 Test: 
 
 Ben. F. Curry, special agent. 
 M. VV. Batman, first lieutenant. Sixth Infantry. 
 Jno. L. Hooper, lieutenant, Fourth Infantry. 
 Elias Boudinot. 
 
 Schedule and estimated value of the Osage half-breed reservations within 
 the territory ceded to the Cherokees west of the Mississippi, (referred to in 
 article 5 on the foregoing treaty,) viz: 
 
 Augustus Clamont one section $6,000 
 
 James " " " 1,000 
 
 Paul " " " 1,300 
 
 Henry " " " 800 
 
 Anthony " " " 1,800 
 
 Rosalie " " " 1,800 
 
 Emilia D., of Mihanga 1,000 
 
 Emilia D, of Shemianga 1.300 
 
 SI 3,000 
 
 I hereby certify that the above schedule is the estimated value of the 
 Osage reservations; as made out and agreed upon with Col. A. P. Choteau 
 who represented himself as the agent or guardian of the above reservees. 
 
 J. F. Schermerhorn. 
 
 March 14, 1835. 
 
 March 1, 1836. 7 Stat., 488. Proclamation, May 23, 1836. Supple- 
 mentary article to a treaty concluded at New Echota, Georgia, December 29, 
 1835, between the United States and Cherokee people. 
 
 Whereas the undersigned were authorized at the general meeting of the 
 Cherokee people held at New Echota as above stated, to make and assent to 
 such alterations in the preceding treaty as might be thought necessary, and 
 whereas the President of the United States has expressed his determination 
 not to allow any pre-emptions or reservations his desire being that the whole 
 Cherokee people should remove together and establish themselves in the 
 country provided for them west of the Mississippi river. 
 
 Preemption rights declared void. Article 1. It is therefore agreed that 
 all the pre-emption rights and reservations provided for in article 1 2 and 1 3 
 'shall be and are hereby relinquished and declared void. 
 
 Article 2. Whereas the Cherokee people have supposed that the sum of 
 live millions of dollars fixed by the Senate in their resolution of day of 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 97 
 
 March, 1835, as the value of the Cherokee lands and possessions east of the 
 Mississippi river was not intended to include the amount which may be requir- 
 ed to remove them, nor the value of certain claims which many of their 
 people had against citizens of the United States, which suggestion has been 
 .confirmed by the opinion expressed to the War Department by some of the 
 Senators who voted upon the question and whereas the President is willing 
 that this subject should be referred to the Senate for their consideration and 
 if it was not intended by the Senate that the above-mentioned sum of live 
 millions of dollars should include the objects herein specified that in that case 
 such further provision should be made therefor as might appear to the Senate 
 to be just. 
 
 Allowance in lieu of preemptions, etc. Article 3. It is therefore agreed 
 that the sum of six hundred thnusand dnllars shall be and the same is herebv 
 allowed to the Cherokee people to include the expense of their removal, and 
 ■all claims of every nature and description against the Government of the 
 United States not herein otherwise expressly provided for, and to be in lieu 
 of the said reservations and pre-emptions and of the sum of three hundred 
 thousand dollars for spoliations described in the 1st article of the above-men- 
 tioned treaty. This sum if six hundred thousand dollars shall be applied and 
 distributed agreeably to the provisions of the said treaty, and any surplus which 
 may remain after removal and payment of the claims so ascertained shall be 
 turned over and belong to the education fund. 
 
 But it is expressly understood that the subject of this arcicle is merely 
 referred hereby to the consideration of the Senate and if they shall approve 
 the same then this supplement shall remain part of the treatv. 
 
 Provisions for agency reservations not to interfere, etc. Article 4. It is 
 
 also understood that the provisions in article 16, for the agency reservation 
 is not intended to interfere with the occupant right of anv Cherokees should 
 'their improvement fall within the same. 
 
 It is also understood and agreed, that the one hundred thousand dollars 
 appropriated in article 12 for the poorer class of Cherokees and intended as 
 a set-oft' to the pre-emption rights shall now be transferred from the funds 
 of the nation and added to the general national fund of four hundred thousand 
 dollars. 
 
 Expense of negotiations to be defrayed by the United States. Article 5. 
 
 The necessary expenses attaching the negotiations of the aforesaid treaty and 
 supplement and also of such persons of the delegation as may sign the same 
 .shall be defrayed by the United States. 
 
 in testimony whereof, John F. Schermerhorn, commissioner on the part 
 of the United States, and the undersigned delegation have hereunto set their 
 hands and seals, this first day of March, in the year one thousand eight hun- 
 dred and thirty-six. 
 
 J. F. Schermerhorn. 
 
98 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Major Ridge, his x mark; James Foster, his x mark; Tah-ye-ske, his x 
 mark; Long- Shell Turtle, his x mark; ohn Fields, his x mark; George Welch, 
 his X mark; Andrew Ross; William Rogers; John Gunter; John A. Bell; Jos. 
 A. Foreman; Robert Sanders; Ellas Boudinot; Johnson Rogers; James Starr, 
 his X mark; Stand Watie; John Ridge; James Rogers; John Smith, his x 
 mark, [L. S.] 
 
 Witnesses: Elbert Herring, Thos. Glascock, Alexander H. Everett, Jno. 
 Garland, Major, U. S. Army, C. A. Harris, John Robb, Wm. Y. Hansell. 
 Saml. J. Potts, S. Rockwell. 
 
 Chief Ross strenuously objected to it. Slowly and tediously the United 
 .States labored to its fulfillment. Emigration officers backed by an army whicli 
 ■was at first under General John E. Wool and later under General Winfield, 
 two of the most humane officers of the army were dispatched to the Chero- 
 kee nation to superintend the imigration. 
 
 Chief Ross was informed of the unalterable intention of the government, 
 by the following communication : 
 
 "War Department, March 24, 183 7. 
 
 Gentlemen: Your memorial of the l6th instant, addressed to the Pres- 
 ident of the United States, has been laid before him; and I now proceed to 
 communicate to you his decision upon the proposition you have submitted. 
 
 The treaty concluded at New Echota, on the 29th of December, 183 5, 
 has been ratified, according to the forms prescribed by the constitution and 
 it is the duty of the Executive to carry into effect all its stipulations, in a 
 spirit of liberal justice. The considerations to which you have invited the at- 
 tention of the President were brought to the notice of the Senate, before they 
 advised its confirmation, and of the House of Representatives, before they 
 made appropriations therein provided for. Their final action must be regard- 
 ed as the judgment of these branches of the Government, upon the degree of 
 weight to which they were entitled. It remains for the Executive to fultill the 
 treaty, as the supreme law of the land. 
 
 Your second and third propositions, therefore, it is considered, cannot 
 be acceded to, as they involve an admission that the treaty of 1835 is an in- 
 complete instrument. To your first proposition I can only answer as the De- 
 partment has already assured you, that any measure suggested by you will re- 
 jceive a candid examination, if it be not inconsistent with, or in contraven- 
 ition of. the provisions of the existing treaty. 
 Very respectfully. 
 
 Your most obedient servant, 
 
 J. R. Poinsett. 
 Messrs. John Ross, R. Taylor, James Brown, Samuel Hunter, John Benger. 
 George Sanders, John Looney, Aaron Price, William Dutch and Wm. S. 
 Goody, Eastern and Western Cherokees. 
 
 Washington." 
 
 Chief Ross exerted his influence among his people against the idea of 
 emigration until July 1838. If a member' o'f the council died, resigned, wai 
 
HISTORY OF TH ECHEROKEE INDIANS 99 
 
 expelled or removed west, his place in the body was tilled bv appointment by 
 Chief Ross. 
 
 "Proposition of Cherokee dele.i;ation to General Scott. 
 
 Amohe District, Aquohee Camp, 
 
 July 23, 1838. 
 
 Sir: In respectfully presenting- for your consideration the following 
 suggestions in relation to the removal of the Cherokee people to the West, 
 it may be proper very briefly to advert to certain facts which have an im- 
 portant bearing on the subject. 
 
 It is known to you. sir, that the undersigned, delegates of the Cherokee 
 nation, submitted to the honorable Secretary of War the project of a 
 treaty, on the basis of a removal of the Cherokee nation from all "the lands 
 now occupied by them eastward of the Mississippi" and on terms the most 
 of which the honorable Secretary expresses himself as "not unwilling to grant." 
 The present condition of the Cherokee people is such, that all disputes as to 
 the time of emigration are set at rest. Being already severed from their homes 
 and their property — their persons being under the absolute control of the 
 commanding general and being altogether dependent on the benevolence and 
 humanity of that high officer for the suspension of their transportation to the 
 West at a season and under circumstances in which sickenss and death were 
 to be apprehended to an alarming extent, all inducements to prolong their stay 
 in this country are taken away; and, however strong their attachment to the 
 homes of their fathers may be, their interest and their wishes now are only 
 ■to depart as early as may be consistent with their safety, which will appear 
 :from the following extract from their proceedings on the subject: 
 
 Resolved by the national committee and council and people of the Chero- 
 kee Nation, in general council assembled. That it is the decided sense and 
 desire of this general council that the whole business of the emigration of 
 our people shall be undertaken by the nation; and the delegation are hereby 
 advised to negotiate the necessary arrangements with the commanding gen- 
 eral for that purpose. 
 
 In conformity, therefore, with the wishes of our people, and with the 
 fact that the delegation has been referred by the honorable Secretary o!" 
 War to conclude the negotiation, in relation to emigration, with the com- 
 manding general in the Cherokee country, we beg leave, therefore, very re- 
 .spectfullly to propose; 
 
 That the Cherokee nation will undertake the whole business of removins( 
 their people to the West of the Mississippi; 
 
 That the emigration shall commence at the time stipulated in a pledge 
 •given to you by our people, as a condition of the suspension of their trans- 
 portation until the sickly season should pass away, unless prevented by some 
 cause which shall appear reasonable to yourself; 
 
 That the per capita expense of removal be based on the calculation of 
 one wagon and team, and six riding, being required for fifteen persons; 
 
 That the Cherokees shall have- the selection of physicians and other per- 
 sons as may be required for the safe and comfortable conducting of the sev- 
 
100 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 eral detachments to the place of destination, their compensation to l^e paid 
 hv the United States. 
 
 We have the honor to be your obedient servants, 
 
 John Ross, 
 Elijah Hicks, 
 Edward Gunter, 
 Samuel Gunter, 
 Situwak.ee, 
 White Path, 
 Richard Taylor. 
 Major General Winlield Scott, 
 
 U. S. Army, Commanding, etc." 
 
 General Scott acceded to the proposition of the Cherokee delegation on 
 Julv 23, 1838 with the understanding that the Cherokees take every pre- 
 caution to get all of the Cherokees except certain ones that had been allowed 
 ':to stay and become citizens of the States and such of the treaty party as might 
 object to removal under the superintendence of Ross and his associates'. The 
 arrangement was linally concurred in on the 2 7th of July, " and General Scott 
 fixed the date for the departure of the lirst contingent on the lirst day of Sep- 
 tember 3. On July 3 1st the committee submitted an estimate of transporta- 
 tion for each thousand emigrants, distance eight hundred miles at eighty days 
 .travel, with twenty persons to the wagon: 
 Fifty wagons and teams at a daily expense of S35o. including forage S28,000. 
 
 Returning, seven dollars for each twenty miles 14,000 
 
 250 extra horses, at 40 cents each per day 8,000. 
 
 Ferriages, etc. 1,000. 
 
 80,000 rations at 16 cents each 12,800. 
 
 Conductor, at five dollars per day 400 
 
 Assistant conductor at three dollars per day 240. 
 
 Physician at five dollars per day 40o 
 
 Returning SI 5. for every hundred miles 120. 
 
 Commissary at S2.50 per day 2()o. 
 
 Assistant commissary at S2.00 per day 100. 
 
 Wagon master, at $2.50 per day 200. 
 
 Assistant wagon master, at S2.00 per day l6o. 
 
 Interpreter, at S2.5o per dav 200. 
 
 Total S65.880. 
 
 "Cherokee Agency, August 1, 1838. 
 Gentlemen: in your note of yesterday, y'ou estimate that $65,880. will 
 be the necessary cost of every thousand Cherokees emigrated by land from 
 this to their new country. 
 
 As I have already stated to some of you in conversation, I think the esti- 
 mate an extravagant one. 
 
 Take the principal item, or basis of your calculation; one wagon and five 
 ^saddle horses for every twenty souls. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 101 
 
 I lia\e already consented, with a view to Ii,t;hten the moveniL'nt by land, 
 that all the sick, the crippled and superannuated of the nation should be left 
 at the depots until the rivers be a.i^ain navigable for steamboats. All heavy 
 articles of property, not wanted on the road may wait for the same mode of 
 conveyance. 
 
 deducting the persons just mentioned, I am confident that it will be 
 found that among- every thousand individuals, taken in families, without selec- 
 tion, there are at least 5 00 strong men, women, boys and girls not only cap- 
 able of marching twelve or fifteen miles a day, but to whom the exercise 
 would be beneficial, and another hundred able to go on foot half that distance 
 daily. There would then be left according to your basis, onl\ four hundred 
 and fifty individuals, most of them children, to ride, and children are light. 
 The 250 saddle horses or ponies would accommodate as many riders; leav- 
 ,ing but 200 souls to be steadily transporied in fifty wagons, or only four to 
 a wagon. 
 
 Now, the wagons are large, and each drawn by five or six horses, (as 
 must be presumed from your high estimate of seven dollars for each wagon 
 going and returning) it strikes me that one such team and five horses ought 
 •to accommodate, on the route, thirty or thirty-five emigrants including sub- 
 sistence for a day or two, from depot to depot. 
 
 I repeat, that I do not absolutely reject or cut down your estimate (which 
 I think also too high) in putting down the rations at sixteen cents each. The 
 whole expense of the emigration is to be paid out of appropriations already 
 made by Congress, the general surplus of which is to go to the Cherokee na- 
 tion in various forms; therefore, they have a direct interest in conducting the 
 movement as economically as comfort will permit. Nevertheless, for the 
 reasons stated, I wish the several items of the estimate submitted be reconsid- 
 ered. 
 
 I remain, gentlemen, yours respectfully. 
 
 'Winfield Scott. 
 Messrs. J. Ross, E. Hicks, J. Brown and others, agents, etc."' 
 
102 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 CHARLES THOMl'SOX 
 Chief, November, 1875, to November, 1879. 
 
HISTRY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 103 
 
 CHAPTER VI 
 
 The Emmigro.tion From Georgia. Cost Detachment. Resolutions 
 of Protest. Political Differences. Civil War Averted. 
 
 Under the provisions of tlie treaty of 183 5 and the congressional acts 
 to carry it into effect the Cherokee Nation was entitled to $6,537,634. By 
 the treaty $600,000 were set aside from this amount to defray the expenses 
 of removal-. The detachments were placed under the following conductors: 
 
 Co 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 6. 
 
 7 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 
 10. 
 
 11. 
 
 12. 
 
 13. 
 
 The number of emigrants turned over to each conductor was kept by 
 Captain Page of the United States army and Captain Stephenson of the 
 United States army made the official report of those that were mustered out 
 in the west. 
 
 Conductor 
 
 Started 
 
 Arrived west Days on 
 
 road 
 
 Hair Conrad 
 
 August 28, 18 38 
 
 January 17, 1838 
 
 143 
 
 Elijah Hicks 
 
 Sept. 
 
 1, 1838 
 
 January 4, 1839 
 
 126 
 
 Rev. Jesse Bushyhead 
 
 Sept. 
 
 3, 1838 
 
 February 2 7, 1839 
 
 178 
 
 John Bengi 
 
 Sept. 
 
 28, 1838 
 
 January 11, 18 39 
 
 106 
 
 Situwakee 
 
 Sept. 
 
 7, 1838 
 
 February 2, 1839 
 
 140 
 
 Captain Old Field 
 
 Sept. 
 
 24, 18 38 
 
 February 2 3, 1839 
 
 153 
 
 Moses Daniel 
 
 Sept. 
 
 20, 1838 
 
 March 2, 1839 
 
 164 
 
 Choowalooka 
 
 Sept. 
 
 14, 1838 
 
 March 1, 1839 
 
 162 
 
 James Brown 
 
 Sept. 
 
 10, 1838 
 
 March 5, 1839 
 
 177 
 
 George Hicks 
 
 Sept. 
 
 7, 1838 
 
 March 14, 1839 
 
 189 
 
 Richard Taylor 
 
 Sept. 
 
 20, 1838 
 
 March 24, 1839 
 
 186 
 
 Peter Hildebrand 
 
 Oct. 
 
 23, 1838 
 
 March 25, 1839 
 
 154^ 
 
 John Drew 
 
 Dec. 
 
 5, 1838 
 
 March 18, 1839 
 
 104- 
 
 No. 
 
 Page's 
 
 Stephenson's 
 
 Ross- 
 
 Births 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Desertions 
 
 Acces- 
 sions 
 
 1 
 
 710 
 
 654 
 
 729 
 
 9 
 
 54 
 
 24 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 859 
 
 744 
 
 858 
 
 5 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 846 
 
 898 
 
 950 
 
 6 
 
 38 
 
 148 
 
 171 
 
 4 
 
 1079 
 
 1132 
 
 1200 
 
 3 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 1205 
 
 1033 
 
 1250 
 
 5 
 
 71 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 841 
 
 92 1 
 
 983 
 
 19 
 
 57 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 103 1 
 
 924 
 
 1035 
 
 6 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 1 120 
 
 970 
 
 1 150 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 745 
 
 717 
 
 850 
 
 3 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 1031 
 
 1039 
 
 1 1 1 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 897 
 
 942 
 
 1029 
 
 15 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 1440 
 
 1311 
 
 1766 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 219 
 
 231 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 10813 
 
 1 1494 
 
 13149 
 
 71 
 
 424 
 
 182 
 
 191 
 
 The original contract for removal was at the rate of $65.88 per capita, 
 to which was added by agreement, Jt proportion of three pounds of soap to 
 every hundred rations, at fifteen cents per pound? making the cost of the 
 
104 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 removal of each individual §66.24"'. On this basis, Captain Page, as dis- 
 as "Superintending- Agent of the Cherokee Nation for Cherokee Removal"^ 
 bursing agent of the government paid on November 13. 183 8 to John Ross 
 $776,393.98'l 
 
 General Scott agreed to the proposal of Chief Ross that if the estimated 
 eighty days were found in any instance a longer period than was necessary 
 for emigration of any detachment that the ditTerence should be refunded by 
 Chief Ross to General Scott and if a longer time should be required by any 
 of the detachments that Chief Ross should be paid proportionately for the 
 contract of August I, 183 8 was merely an estimate subject to the later 
 agreement and accordingly tiled a claim for an additional $486, 939. So'^. 
 This claim was refused by Secretary of War, Poinsett and President Van 
 Bu^en, but was allowed and paid by John Bell, Secretary of War under John 
 Tyler on September 6, 1841'', just one week before he relinquished the ofi'ice. 
 This second award brought the amount that Chief Ross received for the re- 
 moval to $1,263,338.38 or at the rate of $103.25 per head'. This amount 
 was deducted from the sum that the Cherokees received for their land east 
 of the Mississippi River under the provisions of the treaty of 183 5-. 
 The number of wagons and teams with each of the detachments, were: 
 
 No. 
 
 
 Wagons and 
 
 Riding 
 
 Collec 
 
 ed for return of 
 
 
 teams 
 
 horses 
 
 wagons and teams 
 
 1 
 
 U) 
 
 288 
 
 
 SI 0080. 
 
 2 
 
 43 
 
 344 
 
 
 12040. 
 
 3 
 
 48 
 
 3 34 
 
 
 13440. 
 
 5 
 
 62 
 
 436 
 
 
 17360. 
 
 4 
 
 60 
 
 480 
 
 
 16800. 
 
 6 
 
 49 
 
 392 
 
 
 13720. 
 
 7 
 
 52 
 
 4 15 
 
 
 14560. 
 
 8 
 
 58. 
 
 462 
 
 
 16240. 
 
 9 
 
 42 
 
 338 
 
 
 1 1 760. 
 
 10 
 
 56 
 
 448 
 
 
 15680. 
 
 1 1 
 
 51 
 
 358 
 
 
 14280. 
 
 12 
 
 88 
 
 705 
 
 
 24640."' 
 
 Before leaving the Eastern Cherokee Nation, the following resolution 
 was passed by their council. In the light of later happenings, this act is of 
 prime importance, as it shows the spirit of the emigrants. 
 
 "Whereas, the title of the Cherokee people to their lands is the most 
 ancient, pure, and absolute, known to man; its date is beyond the reach of 
 human record; its validity confirmed and illustrated by possession and en- 
 joyment, antecedent to all pretense of claim by any other portion of the 
 iumian race: 
 
 And whereas, the free consent of the Cherokee people is indispensable 
 to a valid transfer of the Cherokee title; and whereas, the said Cherokee 
 people have, neither by themselves nor their representatives, given such con- 
 sent; It follows, that the original title and ownership of said lands still rest 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 105 
 
 in the Cherokee Nation, unimpaired and absolute: 
 
 Resolved, therefore, by the Committee and Council and People of the 
 Cherokee Nation in General Council assembled, that the whole Cherokee 
 territory, as described in the first article of the treaty of 1819 between the 
 United States and the Cherokee Nation, and, also, in the constitution of the 
 Cherokee Nation, still remains the rit;htful and undoubted property of the 
 said Cherokee Nation; and that all damages and losses, direct or indirect, 
 resnltino from the enforcement of the alk\5ed stipulations of the pretended 
 treaty of New Echota, are in justice and equity, char,t;eable to the account 
 of the United States. 
 
 And whereas, the Cherokee people have existed as a distinct national 
 community, in the possession and exercise of the appropriate and essential 
 attributes of sovereignty, for a period extending into antiquity beyond the 
 dates and records and memory of man: 
 
 And whereas, these attributes, with the rights and franchises which they 
 involve, have never been relinquished by the Cherokee people; but are now 
 in full force and virtue: 
 
 And whereas, the natural, political, and moral relations subsisting among 
 the citizens of the Cherokee Nation, toward each other and towards the 
 body politic, cannot, in reason and justice, be dissolved by the expulsion of 
 the nation from its own territory by the power of the United States Govern- 
 ment: 
 
 Resolved, therefore, by the National Committee and Council and People 
 of the Cherokee Nation in General Council assembled, that the inherent 
 sovereignty of the Cherokee Nation, together with the constitution, laws, and 
 usages, of the same, are, and, by the authority aforesaid, are hereby declared 
 to be, in full force and virtue, and shall continue so to be in perpetuity, 
 subject to such modifications as the general welfare may render expedient. 
 
 Resolved, further. That the Cherokee people, in consenting to an in- 
 vestigation of their individual claims, and receiving payment upon them, and 
 for their improvements, do not intend that it shall be so construed as yielding 
 or giving their sanction or approval to the pretended treaty of 1835; nor as 
 compromising, in any manner, their just claim against the United States here- 
 after, for a full and satisfactory indemnification for their country and for 
 all individual losses and injuries. 
 
 Be it further resolved, That the principal chief be, and he is hereby, 
 authorized to select and appoint such persons as he may deem necessary and 
 suitable, for the purpose of collecting and registering all individual claims 
 against the United States, with the proofs, and report to him their proceedings 
 as they progress. 
 
 RICHARD TAYLOR, 
 President of the National Committee. 
 GOING SNAKE, 
 Speaker of the Council. 
 Captain Broom. " Katetah, 
 
 Toonowee, Richard Foreman 
 
106 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Samuel Foreman, William, 
 
 Howester, Beaver Carrier, 
 
 Samuel Christy, Kotaquasker. 
 
 Si^ened by a committee in behalf of the whole people. 
 
 Aquohee Camp. August 1, 1838^. 
 
 Upon arriving- in the western Cherokee Nation Chief John Ross settled 
 at Park Hill. Many of the emigrants camped in the vicinity of his residence, 
 the earliest written communication from this camp which was known as 
 "Camp Illinois," was dated April 23, 1839\ The emigrants camped at this 
 place in large numbers through the spring and summer of that year. 
 
 The following letter was written by Chief Ross to the western Cherokees. 
 "Friends: Through the mysterious dispensations of Providence, we have been 
 permitted to meet in general council on the border of the great plains of 
 the West. Although many of us have, for a series of years past, been 
 separated, yet we have not and cannot lose sight of the fact, that we are all 
 of the household of the Cherokee family, and of one blood. We have already 
 met, shook hands, and conversed together. In recognizing and embracing 
 each other as countrymen, friends and relations, let us kindle our social fire, 
 and take measures for cementing our reunion as a nation, by establishing the 
 basis for a government suited to the condition and wants of the whole people, 
 whereby wholesome laws may be enacted and administered for the security 
 and protection of property, life, and other sacred rights, of the community. 
 Our meeting, on this occasion, is full of interest, and is of peculiar importance 
 to the welfare of our people. I trust, therefore, that harmony and good 
 understanding will continue to prevail, and that the questions which may 
 come up for consideration will be maturely weighed previous to a Ihial 
 decision. 
 
 The following letter was sent to the Chiefs of the Western Cherokees. 
 
 Friends: On the 8th of December, 18^6, I had the satisfaction, with 
 other delegates who were associated with me, of meeting our Western 
 brethren in council, held at Tolunteesky, and submitting before them the 
 proceedings of the Cherokee Nation, east, in general council held at Red 
 Clay on the 28th September, 1836, and of receiving the unanimous ap- 
 proval of the council of the western Cherokee to the same; and also being 
 associated with a delegation appointed by them for the purpose of co-oper- 
 ating and uniting with us in a joint ef!"ort to negotiate a treaty with the 
 United States, for the best interests of the whole Cherokee people. Th; 
 joint proceedings of these delegations, and the result of the mission, have 
 been fully made known to you. Since that period, the eastern Cherokees 
 have done no act to compromise or detract from any of the sentiments ex- 
 pressed in relation to those matters. But after the seizure and captivity of 
 the whole Cherokee people east, by the military power of the United States 
 Government, a set of resolutions was adopted in general council expressive 
 of their sentiments, and reaffirming all their previous acts in relation to the 
 rights and interests of the nation. From these facts, it will be clearly seen 
 that the great body of the people who have recently been removed into this 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 107 
 
 country, cniiorated in their nr.tional character, with all the attributes, from 
 time immemorial, which belonged to them as a distinct community, and 
 which they have never surrendered; and, although being compelled by the 
 strong arm of po\\'er to come here, yet, in doing so, they have not trespassed 
 or infringed upon any of the rights and privileges of the people are equal. 
 Notwithstanding the late emigrants received in their national capacity, and 
 constitute a large majority, yet there is no intention nor desire on the part 
 of their representatives to propose or require any thing but what may be 
 strictlv equitable and just, and satisfactory to the people. Being persuaded 
 that these feelings will be fully reciprocated, 1 trust the subject matter of 
 this council will be referred to the respective representatives of the eastern 
 and western people; and that, in their joint deliberations, we may speedily 
 come to some satisfactory conclusion for the permanent reunion and welfare 
 of our nation. Without referring in detail to our acknowledged treaties, and 
 other documentary facts to show, I will conclude by remarking that there are 
 great interests of a public and private character yet to be adjusted with the 
 Government of the United States, and which can only be secured by a jusi 
 and amicable course on the part of our nation. The injuries and losses sus- 
 tained by the nation from the whites, in violation of treaty stipulations, 
 holds a strong claim on the justice of the people and Government of tl;e 
 United States, which it is to be hoped will, in the end, be remunerated. The 
 tenure of the soil on \\hich we now stand, and the relations u'hich shall 
 hereafter exist between our nation and the United States, are questions of 
 the tirst magnitude, and necessary to be understood and clearly defined by 
 a general compact, for the security and protection of the permanent welfare 
 and happiness of our nation. Let us never forget this self-evident truth; 
 that a house divided against itself, cannot stand; or, united we stand, divided 
 we fall. 
 
 JOHN ROSS. 
 
 June 10, 183Q.'"- 
 
 It will be noticed that Chief Ross did not address this letter to any one, 
 and in that maimer evaded a written recognition of the western Cherokee 
 otlicers and that he did not append to his signature the customary -'Principal 
 Chief" and thereby palliated differences. 
 
 By stating "a set of resolutions was adopted in general council expressive 
 of their sentiments, and reaffirming all their previous acts in relation to the 
 rights and interests of the nation. From these facts, it will be clearly seen 
 that the great body of the people who have recently been removed into this 
 country, emigrated in their national character, with all the attributes, from 
 time immemorial, which belonged to them as a distinct community, and 
 which thev have never surrendered." Reference was made to the act in the 
 old nation, at Aquohee on August 1, 1838. This act was unknown to the 
 western Cherokees, but was published at Washington in H. R. Doc. No. 12') 
 subsequent to March 12, 1840 after which time it became, for the lirst time, 
 accessible to the western Cherokees". The purport of the preceding article 
 obscured by "they have not trespassed or infringed upon any of the rights 
 
108 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 and privileges of tliose who were here previous to themselves," caused the 
 following correspondence to he issued by President Vann of the National Coun- 
 cil (Western). 
 
 "Takattokah, June 1 1, 1<S.^Q. 
 The national council is unable to act understandingly upon the pro- 
 positions of our brother emigrants from the eastern Cherokee Nation. The 
 subject seems to have been too ambiguously presented by them to be under- 
 stood what their views and real wishes are. The national council respect- 
 fullv request that the chiefs would ask Messrs Ross and Lowry to state, in 
 writing, what they really wish and desire, and to give them in as plain and 
 simple manner as possible, in order that no misconstruction can be had upon 
 the subject. After which, the council will act upon it according to your re- 
 quest, and, if possible, to the satisfaction of our brothers. 
 
 A. M. VANN, President National Council. 
 WM. THORNTON, Clerk. 
 Messrs. John Brown, Jolm Looney and John Rogers, 
 Chiefs Cherokee Nation. 
 
 We hand this to Messrs. Ross and Lowry. and hope the request of the 
 council will be complied with as soon as convenient. 
 John Brown, 
 
 John Looney, 
 John Rogers. 
 
 "Council Ground, June 13, 1839. 
 Gentlemen: From the note which you sent us, it appears that you have 
 been requested to ask us, to state in writing what we really wish and desire. 
 We take pleasure to state distinctly, that we desire to see the eastern and 
 western Cherokees become united, and again live as one people, and our sin- 
 cere wish is, that this desirable and important object may be harmoniously ac- 
 complished, to the satisfaction and permanent welfare of the whole Cherokee 
 people. 
 
 The representatives of the eastern Cherokees have this day had this im- 
 portant subject under consideration, and have adopted a set of resolutions in 
 reference to it, based upon the strict rules of equity and justice, which we 
 take pleasure in laying before you, with the hope that it may also be adopted 
 by the representatives of the western Cherokees. 
 We are, gentlemen, your obedient servants, 
 George Lowry, John Ross, 
 
 Chiefs of the Eastern Cherokees. 
 Messrs, John Brown, John Looney and John Rogers, 
 
 Chiefs of the Western Cherokees.'" 
 
 "Takattokah, June 13, 183". 
 
 Whereas, the people of the Cherokee Nation east, having been captured 
 
 and ejected from the land of their fathers by the strong arm of the military 
 
 power of the United States Government, and forced to remove west of the 
 
 river Mississippi: 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS \o<) 
 
 And, whereas, previous to the commencement of the emigration, meas- 
 ures were adopted in general council of the whole nation on the 31st of Julv 
 and August 1st, iSiS, wherein the sentiments, rights, and interests of the 
 Cherokee people were fully expressed and asserted; and, whereas, under these 
 proceedings the removal took place, and the late emigrants arrived in this 
 country and settled among those of their brethren (who had previously emi- 
 grated) on lands which had been exchanged for, with the United States, by the 
 Cherokee Nation, for lands east of the river Mississippi; and, whereas, the re- 
 union of the people, and the adoption of a code of laws for their future gov- 
 ernment are essential to the peace and welfare of the whole Nation; and, it be- 
 ing agreed upon, that the eastern and western Cherokees henceforward be 
 united as a body politic, and shall establish a government west of the river 
 Mississippi, to be designated the Cherokee Nation; therefore. 
 
 Be it resolved, by the Committee and Council of the eastern and west- 
 ern Cherokees, in General Council assembled, that the three chiefs of the 
 eastern and western Cherokees each, to-wit: John Ross, George Lowrv and 
 Edward Gunter. on the part of the Eastern Cherokees and John Brown, John 
 Looney and John Rogers, on the part of the Western Cherokees, are hereby 
 authorized and required to associate with themselves three other persons, to 
 be selected by them from their respective council or committee, and who shall 
 form a select joint committee, for the purpose of revising and drafting a code 
 of laws for the government of the Cherokee Nation, and they be and are here- 
 by required to lay the same before the general council of the nation to be held 
 
 at Takattokah on the day of , 183^); and which, when apprnved, 
 
 shall be immediately submitted to the people for their acceptance. 
 
 Be it further resolved, that the respective laws and authorities of the 
 Eastern and Western Cherokees shall continue to be exercised and enforced 
 among themselves until repealed, and the new government which may be 
 adopted, shall be organized and take etTect, and that in all matters touching 
 the public interest of the nation with the Government of the United States 
 and the Indian nations, the chiefs and representatives of the nation shall act 
 understandingly and jointly in reference to the same, as well also, in the pas- 
 sage of any new laws which may be adopted in council after this date affect- 
 ing the rights, interests, and welfare of the people. 
 
 Members of the Committee: 
 Richard Taylor, President Nat. Com.; Daniel McCoy; Hair Conrad; 
 Thomas Foreman; George Still; Richard Fields; G. W. Gunter; James 
 Hawkins; Old Field; Chu-noo-las-kee; William Proctor; George Hicks; Nah- 
 hno-lah; J. D. Woflord. 
 
 Members of Council: 
 Going Snake, Speaker; Situwakee; Soft Shell Turtle; Bean Stick; Tah- 
 quoh; John Watts; James Spears; Money Crier; Charles; John Keyes; John 
 Otterlifter; Small Back; Bark; Young Squirrel; Hunter Langley; Walter 
 Downing; Walking Stick; Te-nah-lay-we-stah ; Peter. 
 
 Takattokah. June 14, 1830. 
 
 Gentlemen: The .National Council has taken up your proposition of 
 
 June 13, 1839, and given them due consideration. You state that vour wish- 
 
1 10 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 es are to unite the people. As to that matter, it is believed by the National 
 Council that the two people have already been united. Our chiefs have met 
 their brother emigrants, and made them welcome in the country; they are, 
 thereby, made partakers of all the existing laws in the country, enjoy all its 
 benefits; and are, in every respect, the same as ourselves. Since our chiefs 
 have made them welcome, they have come to the chiefs and taken them by the 
 hand, and expressed great satisfaction with the manner in which they have 
 been received. This is sufficient to justify the belief that the people are, in 
 general, very well satisfied; consequently, the National Council cannot justify 
 the course of keeping up the uniting question, merely to protract a debate, 
 when the uniting of the people has already been fully and satisfactorily ac- 
 complished. 
 
 As it respects your wishes for your original laws, created beyond the 
 Mississippi, to be brought here, brought to life, and to have full force in this 
 Nation, it is believed by the National Council that such an admission is, and 
 would be, entirely repugnant to the government and laws of the Cherokee, 
 Nation which would thereby create great dissatisfaction among the people. 
 To admit two distinct laws or governments in the same country, and for the 
 government of the same people, is something never known to to be admitted 
 in any country, or even asked for by any people. 
 
 A. M. Vann, 
 
 President National Committee. 
 Wm. Thornton, Clerk. 
 
 Messrs. Ross and Lowry will please receive this as an answer to their 
 propositions. 
 
 Respectfully yours, 
 John Brown, 
 John Looney, 
 John Rogers, 
 
 Chiefs of the Cherokee Nation. 
 Messrs. John Ross and George Lowry." ' 
 
 "To the Committee and Council of the Eastern Cherokees 
 
 Council Grounds, June 15, 1839. 
 
 Gentlemen: Your proceedings of the I3th instant have been submitted 
 before our Western brethren, as will be seen from the accompanying copy of 
 a letter which we addressed to them; and the result of their deliberation on 
 the subject will be found in the copy of a letter receivd from them, bearinv;' 
 date of the 14th instant,, herewith annexed. 
 
 You will no doubt feel the regret and surprise that we do, in relation to 
 the singular views entertained and expressed by the signers of this letter. 
 
 We deem it our duty to lay before you, at this time, the joint resolutions 
 which were adopted by you, and approved by the people east of the Mississippi 
 on the 2 1st of July and 1st of August 1838; and you, who are the immediate 
 representative of the people, and as guardians of their rights, understandino- 
 their interests, and knowing their sentiments, it is your bounden duty to obey 
 their will when clearly and publicly expressed by themselves; therefore, should 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 111 
 
 we fail in our representative capacity to come to any satisfactory or definite 
 understanding with those who represent our brethren, in the adoption of meas- 
 ures for reuniting- the people under some provisional arrangements for the 
 establishing a new government, it will become your duty to consult the feel- 
 ings and sentiments of the people, and to take steps for ascertaining their will 
 in reference to this important subject. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 John Ross, 
 George Lowry. 
 Messrs. Rd. Taylor, President Committee and 
 Going Snake, Speaker of Council."' 
 The two councils still met at Takatoka, although the meeting places 
 were quite a distance apart and the deliberations of each were absolutely dis- 
 tinct from the other. Upon receiving the above given communication from 
 the Western Cherokee council through Chiefs Ross and Lowry the Eastern 
 Cherokee council answered with : 
 
 "Council Grounds, July 19, 1839. 
 The National Committee and Council of the Eastern Cherokees hav- 
 ing had under consideration the communication from those of the Western 
 Cherokees, cannot but express their regret at the course pursued by their west- 
 ern brethren, as well as the views entertained by them on a question so im- 
 portant and so indispensable to the welfare of the great Cherokee family as 
 the reunion of the two Nations. 
 
 To the assertions made in that communication, that, "It is believed by 
 the National Committee that the two people have already been united," we 
 are compelled to refuse our assent. 
 
 That the ancient integrity of the Eastern Nation should be dissolved, and 
 her existence annihilated without discussion, without conditions, and without 
 action of any kind, is utterly inconceivable; and the rejection by the represent- 
 tatives of our western brethren, of the reasonable proposition to unite the 
 two nations on the basis of the strictest rules of justice and equality, is an 
 act equally unlooked for and surprising. Therefore, 
 
 Resolved, that the declarations of the general council of the nation, at 
 Aquohee Camp, on the lirst day of August, 1(S_5S, in reference to attributes 
 of sovereignty, derived from our fathers, be, and they are hereby, reasserted 
 and confirmed. 
 
 Resolved, That the proceedings of the committee and council be forth- 
 with laid before the people, that their sen^e may be had upon the subject. 
 
 Richard Taylor, 
 
 President National Committee. 
 Going Snake, 
 
 Speaker National Council. 
 Joim Ross, 
 
 George Lowry.'' 
 A call was issued on June 20th for a "general council" of the people 
 of the eastern and western Cherokees to met at the national council at 111- 
 
112 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 inois Camp Grounds on Monday the 3 1st day of July, 1839." It was signed 
 by George Guess and Captain Bushyhead. On the twenty-first the following- 
 notice was sent to Agent Stokes. 
 
 "Takattokah Council Ground. 
 June 2 1. 1830. 
 
 Sir: We deem it our duty to address you on this occasion, for the pur- 
 pose of conmiunicating the result of this general council. You are aware that 
 the olijects for which it was convened were to effect a union of the eastern 
 and western Cherokees and to take measures for remodeling their government 
 and laws so as to meet the exigencies of both branches of the Cherokee family, 
 and to provide equally for the tranquility and permanent welfare of the whole 
 people. But we regret to say that the reasonable propositions submitted to 
 the consideration of the representatives of our western brethren have not been 
 received by them in a manner compatible with the wishes of the whole people. 
 They require the unconditional submission of the whole body of the people, 
 who have lately arrived, to laws and regulations, in the making of which thev 
 have liad no voice. The attempt of a small minority to enforce thier will 
 over a great majority contrary to their wishes appears to us to. be a course 
 so repugnant to reason and propriety, that it cannot fail to disturb the peace 
 of the community, and to operate injuriously to the best interests of the nation. 
 We are not without hopes, however, that everything will yet be amicablv 
 settled. The sense of the people who form a branch of this general council, 
 has been expressed on the subject. They deem it essential to the welfare of 
 the nation that the desired union should be formed, and equal and wholesouT^ 
 laws established, by which the general prosperity and happiness of the countrv 
 may be proomted; and to carry their wishes into eftect, they have called a 
 national convention of the eastern and western Cherokees, to meet at Ill- 
 inois Camp Ground, on Monday, July 1, 18 30. 
 
 Under these circumstances, we feel it due to the interests of the late emi- 
 grants, as well as to all concerned, to request, through your official authority, 
 that no disbursements of moneys due to those whom we represent, nor any 
 other business of a public character affecting their rights be made or transact- 
 ed by the agent of the Government with any other Cherokee authority than 
 the undersigned, until a reunion of the people shall be eifected. 
 
 We have the honor to be, sir, very rsepectfully your friends and brothers, 
 John Ross, Principal Chief, 
 Richard Taylor, President National Com. 
 
 George W. Gunter, George Hicks, Thomas Foreman, Hair Conrad, 
 George Hicks, William Proctor, James Hawkins, James D. Woflord, George 
 Still, Old Field, Nah-hoolah, Chu-noo-lu-hus-kee, Culsaltehee. 
 Governor M. Stokes, 
 
 United States Agent.'" 
 
 Three men had been mainly instrumental in making the treaty of 183,5. 
 They were Major Ridge, a full blood Cherokee of the Deer clan, born at 
 Hiwassee in 1771. When still a young man he adopted the manner of living 
 of the white man, mastered their language and became a well educated man. 
 This course was at that time very unpopular, as the great mass of the Chero- 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 1 1 ;, 
 
 kees were stil full Moods and very jealous of their old customs and anv full 
 blood that would attempt in any way to take up the ways of the backwoods 
 provincials was certain to incur the scorn of his tribesmen. But bv sheer force 
 of character, integrity and worth he gradualy forced himself to a high place 
 in the nation. He had been president of the committee and was a major ot 
 the Cherokee allies of the Americans in the Creek war of l 8 14. His son, John 
 Ridge, aged about forty years, had been educated in Cornwall. Connecticut, 
 and had returned to the Cherokee nation in 1.S22. He was a close observer, 
 a brilliant and convincing orator. The third of this trio was Elias Boudinot, 
 born in 1804. He was the son of Oowatie, the interpretation of whose name 
 was the ancient or revered. Oowatie was a full brother of Major Ridge. 
 Killakeena or Buck (male deer) Oowatie or as they were later known as 
 Watie, while on his way to school at Cornwall, where he attended with his 
 cousin John Ridge, met in Philadelphia, Elias Boudinot of New Jersey, a 
 signer of the national constitution and one of the most prominent men of his 
 day. On account of some favor that he conferred, the boy Buck Watie 
 adopted the name of his benefactor. Boudinot like his uncle and cousin had 
 early ascended to high places in the councils of the nation and the three men 
 seeing the hopeless condition of their exploited people in the east had made 
 the treaty of 1<S35 that secured to the Cherokee Nation a splendid home in 
 the west. Men of keen discernment, eloquent and fearless they were public- 
 ists to be dreaded. 
 
 Before daylight on the morning of Satiu'day, June 22, IS^O the home 
 of John Ridge, near the northwest corner of Arkansas, was surrounded, en- 
 tered and he was dragged into the _\ard where two men held his arms while 
 others of their party stabbed him repeatedly and then severed his jugular vein. 
 A few hours later during the same morning while his father, Major Ridge, 
 was traveling southward along the Cherokee Nation — Arkansas line road, he 
 was fired on by an ambushed party and killed. This was some twenty-five 
 or thirty miles from the scene of the meurder of the son. At about the same 
 time as the killing of Major Ridge, Elias Boudinot was shingling a new house 
 near his residence and withing two miles of the residence of Chief John Ross. 
 Three Cherokees appeared and requested medicine of a sick child of one of the 
 party. Mr. Boudinot had studied medicine so that he could give gratuitous 
 services and medicines to the needy. He started with them to get the re- 
 quired treatment when one of the three stepping behind struck him in the spine 
 with a bowie knife and his groan was the signal for the others to dispatch 
 him with tomahawks. The place of his death was about thirty miles from 
 the murder of Major Ridge and tifty miles from the assassination of John 
 Ridge. Immediately after his death, Mrs. Boudinot sent word by Rufus Mc- 
 Williams to Stand Watie and Watie sent his slave, Mike, to inform Johi> 
 Adair Bell, and in this manner those two escaped mobs that hunted them. 
 Three da_vs later a party that was hunting Stan Watie, searched the house of 
 Rev. Samuel A. Worcester in their quest 
 
 Chief Ross notified General Arbuckle on the twenty-second of the kill- 
 ing of Elias Boudinot and that Mrs. Boudinot had informed him that Stan 
 
1 14 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Watie had determined on raising a company of men for the purpose of tak- 
 ing Ross' life. He further wrote "I trust that you will deem it expedient forth- 
 with to interpose and prevent the effusion of innocent blood, by executing- 
 your authority, in order that an unbiased investigation might be had in the 
 matter."' General Arbuckle invited Chief Ross to the post at Fort Gibson if 
 he still thought that there was any danger, he also invited Chiefs Brown. 
 Looney and Rogers to come to the post by the twenty-fifth so that they might 
 concert action to avoid civil strife." Chief Ross on the twenty-third asked that 
 a detachment of troops be sent to protect him."' 
 
 "Headquarters, Ind. Dept W. Division. 
 
 Fort Gibson, June 24, 183^^. 
 
 Dear Sir: A number of friends of Messrs Ridge and Boudinot are here. 
 I have advised t-hem of your desire to have a full investigation of the late 
 murders committed in your nation. This, they declare, is all they desire; and 
 they have requested me to say to you that they expect that you will take im- 
 mediate measures to have the murderers apprehended and brought to trial, 
 agreeably to the laws of the Cherokee Nation. Justice to you requires that I 
 should state to you that they have informed me that they have heard that some 
 of the murderers are now at your house. If this is the case, I must believe 
 that you are not apprized of the fact; and if, on inquiry, the report made to 
 me on this subject is correct, the troops sent out will take charge of them if 
 turned over, and convey them in safety to this post. I hope you will avail 
 yourself of the opportunity of the command to visit this post, as I expect the 
 chiefs named to you in my letter of the 23rd ultimo will be here this evening 
 or early tomorrow morning. 
 
 I am, sir, with much respect, your obedient servant. 
 
 M. Arbuckle, 
 
 Brevet Brig. General, U. S. A. 
 John Ross, Esq. 
 Principal Chief of the Emigrant Cherokees, Illinois." 
 
 Chief Ross on account of the disturbed condition of artairs which caused 
 '.bodies of men to congregate for protection or reprisal, both among the east- 
 ern and western Cherokees, refused to attend the proposed meeting at Fort 
 Gibson except that he be allowed to bring a large body guard of emigrant 
 Cherokees with him. 
 
 Fort Gibson, June 28, 1839. 
 
 Friends and Brothers: We the undersigned, principal chiefs of the Chero- 
 kee Nation, having been invited to this post by General Arbuckle, the com- 
 mandant of the United States troops in this quarter, to take into consideration 
 matters of the greatest importance to the peace and prosperity of our nation. 
 We have met here in accordance with that invitation. 
 
 We have received information that three of our people, or three Chero- 
 kees who had been received as citizens of our nation, have been killed, and, it 
 is believed, by some of the late emigrants. This has caused us much sorrow 
 .ind distress. And we learn, further, that other Cherokees are threatened with 
 death wholly or principally for their political acts. This is not all we have 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 115 
 
 'O complain of, as it would appear from a communication made by John Ross 
 and other principal men of the late emigrants to General Stokes, Cherokee 
 Agent, under date of the 21st June, that the late emigrants have called what 
 ■'hey denominate a convention of the Cherokee Nation, on Monday, the 1st 
 day of July next, to establish a government for the Cherokee Nation, with- 
 out the least notice having" been given to the undersigned. It must he appar- 
 ent to Mr. John Ross, and to those who have called this meeting, that these 
 proceedings are altogether irregular; and we feel ourselves bound to protest 
 against all acts that may be passed by the said', nominal convention of th^ 
 Cherokee Nation, that may have the eflect to impair the free and undisturb- 
 ed authority of said Nation as it existed and was in force before the arrival of 
 • he late emigrants, all of whom have been received as friends and as citizens 
 of the present Cherokee Nation, and allowed fully to participate and enjoy all 
 the privileges and benefits thereby secured to the Cherokee people. It is be- 
 lieved that this kind and just treatment on our part would have been received 
 in the spirit in which it was offered; and that, if our present form of govern- 
 ment was not altogether satisfactory to our brethren late in the east, they 
 would, at an early period, have an opportunity of having a share in that gov- 
 ernment, when the desired changes might be made. 
 
 The undersigned wish nothing but peace and friendship from their broth- 
 ers late from the east; but, as it appears they are not satisfied, and that mis- 
 chief has already taken place, the undersigned, in the hope and wish to spare 
 the futher shedding of Cherokee blood, will agree to meet their eastern 
 brethren upon the following terms: 
 
 That no individual of the Cherokee Nation shall be killed hereafter for 
 
 their former political acts or opinions; that a convention of the Cherokee 
 
 Nation shall be held at Fort Gibson, in which both parties shall be equally 
 
 represented; and that the said convention shall have power to remodel the 
 
 overnment of the Cherokee Nation. 
 
 The undersigned do not wish to dictate, or arbitrarily to determine, the 
 number of which this proposed convention shall consist; but they believe that 
 sixteen men from each party, of good understanding and approved character, 
 would be a sufficient number to form a convention calculated to harmonize 
 and reunite the whole Cherokee people; and that they have power to elect a 
 president. 
 
 If these propositions are acceeded to, it is the sincere belief of the under- 
 signed that it will tend to the reestablishment of peace and confidence in the 
 Cherokee Nation, and greatly promote the happiness and prosperity of the 
 people. If these just and reasonable propositions shall be accepted by our 
 eastern brethren, we shall be much gratified; but if they are disregarded, and 
 an appeal to arms be determined on, however much we may deplore the shed- 
 ding of more Cherokee blood, and the disasters of such a conflict, we and our 
 friends must meet it, as men unwilling to surrender our own rights, or to in- 
 vade the rights of others. 
 
 If we shall have the good fortune to hear that these propositions, how- 
 ever uncalled for, are accepted by our eastern friends, we further propose, that 
 
,, ,5 HISTORY OF TH ECHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 he convention meet ;U Fort Gibson, on the twenty-tlfth day of July next, and 
 proceed to consider and decide upon the important matters confided to them. 
 
 The undersigned regard it as a respect due to themselves, and to the 
 Cherokee people, distinctly to state to the principal men of the late emigrants, 
 ihat they are not insensible of the indignity otfered to the Cherokee govern- 
 ■ment and themselves by the late outrages and acts which have been com- 
 mitted in the Cherokee Nation by the late emigrants, and could not, for any 
 other motive than that given, as the thought of making a further concession 
 +o them, which they do not conceive they are in justice entitled to. 
 John Smith, his x mark, John Rogers, 
 
 John Looney, his x mark. John Brown, 
 
 Executive Council. 
 Witnesses: 
 
 M. S'tokes, Agent for Cherokees, 
 
 S. G. Simmons, 1st Lieut. 7th Infantry. 
 John Ross, Esq.. 
 
 And other chiefs and principal men of the emigrant Cherokees.'" 
 
 Fort Gibson, June 20, 18^0. 
 Gentlemen: We have the pleasure of enclosing, herewith, a com- 
 munication to you from the chiefs of the Cherokee Nation, which we hope 
 will be acceptable to you and your people who have arrived here of late from 
 the east; as a compliance with the propositions now made to the late emigrants 
 will, at an early period, enable them to enjoy a full participation in the gov- 
 ernment of the Cherokee Nation, when such alterations in the government can 
 be made as will secure justice to the whole nation. 
 
 If the proposition now made to you by the old settlers be rejected, we 
 can scarcely doubt that serious difficulties and misfortunes will happen to the 
 Cherokee people at an early period, which we hope you will cordially assist 
 us to prevent. We have done all we could with the chiefs' and others here 
 to induce them to make the accompanying proposition to you, which we hope 
 and believe you ought to accept, and that you should, without delay, take 
 measures to prevent the further eftusion of Cherokee blood. A report was 
 received here yesterday that a party of Cherokees are now ranging through 
 the country about Honey creek, with the object of killing three Cherokees; 
 two of them for former political oft'enses, and the other, as it is supposed, for 
 an ortense of a personal nature. 
 
 We believe that two governments cannot exist in the Cherokee Nation 
 without producing a civil war, and are of the opinion that the government that \ 
 existed before the arrival of the late emigrants should continue until it is 
 Changed in a regular and peaceable manner. We hope that you will take the 
 proposition of the chiefs into consideration, and make an early decision, as 
 some of the chiefs and others will remain here until they know the result. 
 
 We are, gentlemen, \\ith nuich respect, your obedient servants, 
 M. Arbuckles, Brevet. Brig. General, U. S. A. 
 
 ^- '"^t^ikes, Agent for Cherokees. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 117 
 
 John Ross Esq. and other Chiefs, 
 
 or Principal Men of the late emigrant Cherokees."' 
 
 "Park Hill, June 30, ISV). 
 
 Gentlemen: "^'ours, wiih the accompan_\ing communication, by Captain 
 McCall, has been duly received, and is under serious consideration. 
 
 We perfectly concide with your judg'ment that two governments cannot 
 and ought not, fo exist in the Cherokee Nation any longer than arrange- 
 ments can be made for uniting the two communities; and, in conformity witli 
 these views, we have used our best endeavors to bring about this desirable 
 ^vent, in a manner which might be satisfactory to all parties and by which all 
 -ights might be provided for, and the peace and well being of the Cherokees 
 permanently secured. 
 
 We claimed no jurisdiction over our western brethren, nor can we, con- 
 sistent with the responsibilities with which our constitutents have invested us, 
 recognize their jurisdiction over us. We claim to stand on equal ground; we 
 ask for no concessions, nor for any admissions which would be humiliating in 
 the slightest degree. We have no wish to trample on their laws, nor disre- 
 gard their rights. And, as proof that we entertained no such disposition, we 
 have not availed ourselves of the advantage of superior numbers in our in- 
 tercourses with them. 
 
 When they refused to mingle councils with us, for free conversation on 
 our affairs, and requested that our wishes might be reduced to writing, we 
 ottered to meet them on equal ground. But our just and reasonable over- 
 tures were unconditionally rejected by them, and our communication treated 
 with contempt. We have no disposition, however, to stand upon punctilios, 
 but what are we to understand by the proposition now made (and even these, 
 rigorous as they are, it appears, are yielded with reluctance, through your in- 
 fluence and at your instance.) Is it required that the late emigrants relinquish 
 all their rights, and appear before the western chiefs in the attitude of sup- 
 pliants? if such be their wish, and we are compelled to say that we do nor 
 believe our brethren, the western people, have the least desire to reduce us 
 to so abject a condition. Indeed, they have expressed their sentiments; and, 
 in the exercise of their inalienable and indefeasible rights, have appointed a 
 .national convention for Monda_\', July 1, 18 3'^; and. for ourselves, \\-e are un- 
 able to perceive any irregularity in their proceedings; they formed an integral 
 branch of the late general council. Their acts were perfectly legitimate, and 
 we cannot assume the responsibility of protesting against them, or of declar- 
 ing them invalid. 
 
 it appears to us that the western chiefs, in their communication, blend 
 questions which, in their nature, are altogether separate and distinct, and, in 
 so doing, have fallen into glaring inconsistencies. While the eastern Chero- 
 kees are denied recognition in the character of a political community, and 
 their representatives are by the western chiefs stripped of their oflicial re- 
 lations to the people, it would seem somewhat out of character to lay on the 
 shoulders of these private individuals the burden of controlling the ebulition 
 of the public feeling, and stopping the effusion of Cherokee blood. Regard- 
 
118 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 less, however, of this inconsistency, we feel forward to use our influence and 
 exert our utmost efforts to stay the hand of violence, and restore tranquility 
 with the, least possible delay. 
 
 We have thought it proper to say this much in advance, by Captain Mc- 
 Call, the subject being still under serious consideration. Entertaining the hope 
 that all excitement may be allayed, and a satisfactory accommodation speedily 
 effected. 
 
 We have the honor to be, gentlemen, your obedient servants, 
 iohn Ross, George Lowry, Edward Gunter, Lewis Ross. 
 
 In behalf of the eastern Cherokees. 
 Brig. Gen. M. Arbuckle, 
 
 United States Army and 
 His Excellency, Governor M. Stokes, 
 
 United States Agent." 
 
 P. S. Of the report of a party of Cherokees, "ranging through the 
 country at Honey creek with the object of killing three Cherokees," we have 
 heard nothing, except what is contained in your letter. But we beg you to be 
 assured that no pains, on our part, shall be spared to put a stop to all such 
 proceedings." 
 
 In answer to the letter of the western Cherokees inviting them to a con- 
 ference to be held at Fort Gibson on the twenty-fifth day of July the eastern 
 Cherokees reiterated their invitation to the western Cherokees to attend the 
 convention to be held at Camp Illinois on July 1, 1839.- Chief Ross inform- 
 ed William Armstrong, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, on June 3 0th that 
 armed men were congregated in his vicinity "for the sole purpose of acting 
 on the defensive."'" The convention was convened at the Illinois Camp 
 ground on August 1, 1839. Two thousand Cherokees were in attendance In- 
 cluding five old settlers: George Guess, Tobacco Will, David Melton, Looney 
 Price and William Shory Coody.* Invitations were sent to the Old Settler 
 chiefs on the second and fifth day of the month to attend and participate. But 
 the fate of the Ridges and Boudinot and the large body of armed emigrants 
 at the convention was not reassuring to free speech and action. 
 
 "In National Convention, 
 Illinois Camp ground, July 12, 1839. 
 
 Sir: We deem it proper to report further to you, for your information, 
 the proceedings of the national convention in reference to the late excite- 
 ment. 
 
 In order effectually to stop the further effusion of blood, the convention 
 has, by decree, buried all past grievances in oblivion, on the sole condition of 
 the parties giving assurance to maintain the peace in future. 
 
 Measures have been taken to inform those persons who claimed pro- 
 tection at the fort of these proceedings so that the collecting their friends to 
 "secure themselves from violence is rendered altogether needless. 
 
 These provisions, which are in exact conformity with your wishes as well 
 as with our own, will prove to you our determination to prevent mischief and 
 to promote peace. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 119 
 
 We have the honor to be, sir, your friends and obedient, humble servants, 
 George Lowry, President, i^eorge Guess, Vice President, 
 
 Elijah Hicks, Secretary, John Ross. 
 
 By order of the National Convention. 
 Brevet Brig. Gen. M. Arbuckle, 
 
 United States Army, Commanding.'" 
 
 It was required by this act that the prominent treaty men to which it 
 related should appear at the Illinois Council ground, confess their sorrow for 
 having signed the treaty of 1835 and pledge themselves to live peaceably, 
 upon which event they would be permitted to live, but would be inelegible to 
 hold office in the nation of five years.^ This act was abrogated on January 
 16. 1840.- 
 
 Amnesty to the murderers of Boudinot and the Ridges was granted by: 
 
 ■'Know all men by these presents, that, in order to stop the further ef- 
 fusion of blood, to calm the present unhappy excitement, and to restore peace 
 and harmony and confidence in the community, we, the people of the eastern 
 and western Cherokees in national convention assembled, in our name, and by 
 the authority and the exercise of cur plenary powers, do ordain and decree, 
 and by these presents it is ordained and decreed accordingly, that a full, free 
 pardon and amnesty be, and is hereby granted to all persons, citizens of the 
 eastern and western Cherokee nation, who may be chargeable with the act of 
 murder or homicide, committed on the person of any Cherokee previously to 
 the passage of this decree, whether the same may have been committed with- 
 in the limits of the eastern or western Cherokee country or elsewhere. And 
 by the authority aforesaid, we do further ordain and decree, that all persons so 
 chargeable are, and by these presents are declared to be, fully exempted, re- 
 leased, and discharged from all liability to prosecution, punishment, or dis- 
 abilities of any kind whatever, on the aforesaid account; and that they be re- 
 stored to the confidence and favor of the community, and to the enjoyment 
 and protection, and benefits of the laws, to all intents and purposes, as if the 
 act or acts for which they stand chargeable had not been committed. 
 
 Given under our hands, at Illinois camp ground, this lOth day of July 
 1839. By order of the national convention.' 
 
 The following act of union between the eastern and western Cherokees 
 was signed on August 12, 1839. 
 
120 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 DENNIS B. BITSHYHEAD 
 November, 1879, to Jauuary, 1888 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 121 
 
 CHAPTER VII 
 Ad of Union Between The Eadern And Western Cherokees 
 
 Where;is our Fathers have existed, as a separate and distinct Nation, in 
 the possession and exercise of the essential and appropriate attributes of sover- 
 eignty from a period extending into antiquity, beyond the records and mem- 
 ory of man: And Whereas these attributes, with the rights and franchises 
 which they involve, remain still in full force and virtue, as do also the national 
 and social relations of the Cherokee people to each other and to the body 
 politic, excepting in those particulars which have grown out of the provisions 
 of the treaties of 1817 and 1819 between the United States and the Cherokee 
 Nation, under which a portion of our people removed to this country and be- 
 came a separate community: But the force of the circumstances having re- 
 cently compelled the body of the Eastern Cherokees to remove to this country, 
 thus bringing together again the two branches of the ancient Cherokee family, 
 it has become essential to the general welfare that a union should be formed, 
 and a system of government matured, adapted to their present condtion, and 
 providing equally for the protection of each individual in the enjoyment of 
 all his rights: 
 
 Therefore we, the people composing the Eastern and Western Cherokee 
 Nation, in National Convention assembled, by virtue of our original and un- 
 alienable rights, do hereby solemnly and mutually agree to form ourselves 
 into one body politic, under the style and title of the Cherokee Nation. 
 
 In view of the union now formed, and for the purpose of making satis- 
 factory adjustments of all unsettled business which may have arisen before 
 the consummation of this union, we agree that such business shall be settled 
 according to the provisions of the respective laws under which it originated, 
 and the Courts of the Cherokee Nation shall be governed in their decisions 
 accordingly. Also, that the delegation authorized by the Eastern Cherokees 
 to make arrangements with Major General Scott for their removal to this 
 country shall continue in charge of the business, with their present powers, un- 
 til it shall be finally closed. And also that all rights and title to public Chero- 
 kee lands on the east or west of the river Mississippi, with all their public in- 
 terests which may have vested in either branch of the Cherokee family, wheth- 
 er inherited from our Fathers or derived from any other source, shall hence- 
 forward vest entire and unimpaired in the Cherokee Nation, as constituted 
 by this union. 
 
 Given under our hands, at Illinois Camp-ground, this 12th day of Jul;. 
 1830. 
 
 By order of the National Convention: 
 
 GEORGE LOVVRY, 
 President of the Eastern Cherokees, 
 GEORGE GUESS, his x mark. 
 
 Eastern Cherokees: R. Taylor, V. P.; James Brown, V. P.; Te-ke-chu- 
 las-kee, V P.; George Hicks; John Benge; Thomas Foreman; Archibald 
 Campbell; Jesse Bushyhead; Lewis Ross; Edward Gunter; Te-nah-la-we-stah; 
 
122 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Stephen Foreman; Daniel McCoy. By order of the National Convention. 
 JOHN ROSS, Principal Chief Eastern Cherokees. 
 GOING SNAKE, Speaker of Council. 
 
 Western Cherokees: Tobacco Will, V. P.; David Melton, V. P.; John 
 Drew, V. P.; George Brewer; Thomas Candy; Moses Parris; James Camp- 
 bell; Loony Riley; Charles Gourd; Lewis Melton; Young Wolf; Charles 
 Coodey; Ah-sto-la-ta; Jack Spears; Looney Price. By order of the National 
 Convention. 
 August 23, 1830. JOHN LOONEY, His x mark. 
 
 Acting- Principal Chief Western Cherokees 
 
 The foregoing instrument was read, considered, and approved by us this 
 2 3d day of August, 1839. 
 
 Aaron Price, Major PuUum, Young Elders, Deer Track, Young Puppy, 
 Turtle Fields, July, The Eagle, The Crying Buffalo and a great number ot 
 respectable Old Settlers and late Emigrants, too numerous to be copied. 
 
 It being determined that a constitution should be made for the inchoate 
 government, men were selected by its sponsors, from those at the IlIinoi> 
 Camp ground, including as many western Cherokees as could be induced to 
 sign it; their number being less than two dozen out of a total of eight thous- 
 and.-' The constitution as drafted by William Shory Coody, was accepted by 
 the Convention: 
 
 Constitution of The Cherokee Nation. 
 
 The Eastern and Western Clierokees having again re-united, and become 
 one body politic, under the style and title of the Cherokee Nation: Therefore, 
 
 We, the people of the Cherokee Nation, in National Convntion assembl- 
 ed, in order to establish justice, insure tranquility, promote the common wel- 
 fare, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of freedom — 
 acknowledging, with humility and gratitude, the goodness of the Sovereign 
 Ruler of the Universe in permitting us so to do, and imploring His aid and 
 guidance in its accomplishment — do ordain and establish this Constitution for 
 the government of the Cherokee Nation. 
 
 Article I. 
 
 Sec. 1. The boundary of the Cherokee Nation shall be that described 
 in the treaty of 1833 between the United States and Western Cherokees, 
 subject to such extension as may be made in the adjustment of the unfinished 
 business with the United States. 
 
 Sec. 2. The lands of the Cherokee Nation shall remain common prop- 
 erty; but the improvements made thereon, and in the possession of the citizens 
 of the Nation, are the exclusive and indefeasible property of the citizens re- 
 spectively who made, or may rightfully be in possession of them: Provided, 
 I hat the citizens of the Nation possessing exclusive and indefeasible right to 
 their miprovements, as expressed in this article, shall possess no right or power 
 to dispose of their improvements, in any manner whatever, to the United 
 Mates individual States, or to individual citizens thereof; and that, whenever 
 any citizen shall remove with his effects out of the limits of this Nation, and 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 12 1 
 
 become a citizen of any other Governnunt, all liis rights and privileges as a 
 citizen of this Nation shall cease: Provided, nevertheless, That the National 
 Council shall have power to re-admit, by law. to all the rights of citizenship, 
 any such person or persons who may, at any time, desire to return to the 
 Nation, on memorializing the National Council for such readmission. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 Sec. 1. The power of the Government shall be divided into three dis- 
 tinct departments — the Legislative, the Executive, and the Judicial. 
 
 Sec. 2. No person or persons belonging to one of these departments 
 shall exercise any of the powers properly belonging to either of the others, 
 except in the cases liereinafter expressly directed or permitted. 
 
 Article III. 
 
 Sec. 1. The Legislative power shall be vested in two distinct branches 
 — a National Committee, and Council; and the style of their acts shall be — 
 Be it enacted by the National Council. 
 
 Sec. 2. The National Council shall make provision, by law, for laying 
 ofi the Cherokee Nation into eight Districts; and if subsequently it should be 
 deemed expedient, one or two may be added thereto. 
 
 Sec. 3. The National Committee shall consist of two members from 
 each District, and the Council shall consist of three members from each Dis- 
 trict, to be chosen by the qualified electors in their respective Districts for 
 two years; the elections to be held in the respective Districts every two years, 
 at such times and place as may be directed by law. 
 
 The National Council shall, after the present year, be held annually, to 
 be convened on the first Monday in October, at such place as may be designat- 
 ed by the National Council, or, in case of emergency, by the Principal Chief. 
 
 Sec. 4. Before the Districts shall be laid off, any election which may 
 take place shall be by general vote of the electors throughout the Nation for 
 all offices to be elected. 
 
 The first election for all the ofticers of the Government — Chiefs, Ex- 
 ecutive Council, members of the National Council, Judges and Sheriffs — 
 shall be held at Tah-le-quah before the rising of this Convention; and the 
 term of service of all ofticers elected previous to the first Monday in October 
 1839, shall be extended to embrace, in addition to the regular constitutional 
 term, the time intervening from their election to the first Monday in October, 
 1830. 
 
 Sec. 5. No person shall be eligible to a seat in the National Council but 
 a free Cherokee male citizen who shall have attained to the age of twenty- 
 five years. 
 
 The descendants of Cherokee men by free women except the African 
 race, whose parents may have been living together as man and wife, accord- 
 ing to the customs and laws of this nation, shall be entitled to all the rights 
 and privileges of this Nation, as well as the posterity of Cherokee women by 
 all free men. No person who Is of negro or mulatto parentage, either by 
 
124 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 the father or mother's side, shall he eligible to hold any otl'ice of prolit, honor, 
 or trust under this Government. 
 
 Sec. 6. The electors and members of the National Council shall in al! 
 cases, except those of treason, felony, or breach of the peace, be privileged 
 from arrest during their attendance at elections, and at the National Council, 
 in going to and returning. 
 
 Sec. 7. In all elections by the people, the electors shall vote viva voce. 
 
 All free male citizens, who shall have attained to the age of eighteen 
 years shall be equally entitled to vote at all public elections. 
 
 Sec. 8. Each branch of the National Council shall judge of the quali- 
 fications and returns of its own members; and determine the rules of its pro- 
 ceedings; punish a member for disorderly behaviour, and, with the concur- 
 rence of two thirds, expel a member; but not a second time for the same of- 
 fence. 
 
 Sec. 9. Each branch of the National Council, when assembled, shall 
 choose its own officers; a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do 
 business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day and compel the 
 attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalty as 
 each branch may prescribe. 
 
 Sec. 10. The memliers of the National Council, shall each receive from 
 the public Treasury a compensation for their services which shall be three 
 dollars per day during their attendance at the National Council; and the mem- 
 bers of the Council shall each receive three dollars per day for their services 
 during their attendance at the National Council, provided that the same may 
 be increased or diminished by law, but no alteration shall take efTect during 
 the period of service of the members of the National Council by whom such 
 alteration may have been made. 
 
 Sec. 11. The National Council shall regulate by law by whom and in 
 what manner, writs of elections shall he issued to fill the vacancies which may 
 happen in either branch thereof. 
 
 Sec. 12. Each member of the National Council, before he takes his 
 seat, shall take the following oath, or aflirmation: 1, A. B. do solemnly swear 
 (or affirm, as the case may be,) that 1 have not obtained my election by brib- 
 ery, treats, or any undue and unlawful means used bv myself or others by niv 
 desire or approbation for that purpose; that I consider mvself constitutionaH'v 
 
 qualilied as a member of , and that on all questions "and measures which 
 
 may come before me I will so give my vote and so conduct myself as in my 
 judgment shall appear most conducive to the interest and prosperity of this 
 Nation, and 1 will bear true faith and allegiance to the same, and to the ut- 
 most ot my abihly and power observe, conform to, supp.ul and defend the 
 Constitution thereof. 
 
 ^''^'C 13. No person who may be convicted of felony shall be eligible 
 to any otfce or appointment of honor, profit, or trust within this Natiom 
 TH r.^, ,' !'''"""'" ^°""'" ''^''" '^''1^'^ "le Vower to make all laws 
 
 1 Nuio 'T- T ^^ il''- '"'• '"'" "'^"^^■^^>' =^"'^ P'-^P^'- f^-- the good 01 
 tlK Nation, which shall not be contrary to this Constitution 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 125 
 
 Sec. 15. It shall be the duty of the National Council to pass such laws 
 as may be necessary and proper to decide differences by arbitration, to be 
 appointed by the parties, who may choose that summary mode of adjustment. 
 
 Sec. 16. No power of suspending- the laws of this Nation shall be ex- 
 ercised, unless by the National Council or its authority. 
 
 Sec. 1 7. No retrospective law, nor any law impairing- the obliuation of 
 contracts, shall be passed. 
 
 Sec. 18. The National Council shall have power to make laws for lay- 
 ing and collecting taxes, for the purpose of raising a revenue. 
 
 Sec. 19. All bills making appropriations shall originate in the National 
 Committee, but the Council may propose amendments or reject the same; 
 all other bills may originate in either branch, subject to the concurrence or re- 
 jection of the other. 
 
 Sec. 20. All acknowledged treaties shall be the supreme laws of the 
 land, and the National Council shall have the sole power of deciding on the 
 construction of all treaty stipulations. 
 
 Sec. 2 1. The Council shall have ihe sole power of impeaching. All 
 impeachments shall be tried by the National Committee. When setting for 
 that purpose the member shall be upon oath or affirmation; and no person 
 shall be convicted u-ithout the concurrence of two-thirds of the members pres- 
 ent. 
 
 Sec. 2 2. The Principal Chief, assistant Principal Chief, and all civil 
 officers shall be liable to impeachment for misdemeanor in office; but judg- 
 ment in such cases shall not be extended further than removal from office 
 and disqualification to hold an office of honor, trust, or profit under the Gov- 
 ernment of this Nation. 
 
 The party, whether convicted or acquitted, shall, nevertheless, be liable 
 to indictment, trial, judgn-ient and punishment according to law. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 Sec. 1. The Supreme Executive Power of this Nation shall be vested in 
 a Principal Chief, who shall be styled the Principal Chief of the Cherokee 
 Nation. 
 
 The Principal Chief shall hold his office for the term of four years; and 
 shall be elected by the qualified electors on the same day and at the places 
 where they shall respectively vote for members of the National Council. 
 
 The returns of the election for Principal Chief shall be sealed up and 
 directed to the President of the National Committee, who shall open and pub- 
 lish them in the presence of the National Council assembled. The person hav- 
 ing the highest number of votes shall be Principal Chief; but if two or more 
 shall be equal and highest in votes, one of them shall be chosen by joint vote 
 of both branches of the Council. The manner of determining contested elec- 
 tions shall be directed by law. 
 
 Sec. 2. No person except a natural born citizen shall be eligible to the 
 office of Principal Chief; neither shall any person be eligible to that office 
 who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years. 
 
126 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Sec. 5. There shall also be chosen at the same time by the qualified 
 electors in the same manner for four years, an assistant Principal Chief, who 
 shall have attained to the age of thirty-five years. 
 
 Sec. 4. In case of the removal of the Principal Chief from office, or of 
 his death or resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the 
 said office, the same shall devolve on the assistant Principal Chief until the 
 disability be removed or the vacancy filled by the National Council. 
 
 Sec. 5. The National Council may by law provide for the case of re- 
 moval, death, resignation, or disability of both the Principal and assistant 
 Principal Chief, declaring what officer shall then act as Principal Chief until 
 the disability be removed or a Principal Chief shall be elected. 
 
 Sec. 6. The Principal Chief and assistant Principal Chief shall, at stated 
 times, receive for their services a compensation which shall neither be in- 
 creased nor diminished during the period for which they shall have been 
 elected; and they shall not receive within that period any other emolument 
 from the Cherokee Nation or any other Government. 
 
 Sec. 7. Before the Principal Chief enters on the execution of his of- 
 fice, he shall take the following oath or affirmation: 
 
 "1 do solemnly swear, or affirm, that I will faithfully execute the duties 
 of Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation, and will, to the best of my ability, 
 preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the Cherokee Nation." 
 
 Sec. 8. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the National Coun 
 cil at the seat of Government. 
 
 Sec. 9. He shall from time to time, give to the National Council in- 
 formation of the state of the Government, and recommend to their consider- 
 ation such measures as he may deem expedient. 
 
 Sec. to. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed. 
 
 Sec. 11. It shall be his duty to visit the dilTerent districts at least once 
 in two years, to inform himself of the general condition of the country. 
 
 Sec. 12. The Assistant Principal Chief shall, by virtue of his office, 
 aid and advise the Principal Chief in the administration' of the government at 
 all times during his continuance in office. 
 
 Sec. 1 i. Vacancies that may occur in offices, the appointment of which 
 IS vested in the National Council, shall be filled by the Principal Chief during 
 the recess of the National Council by granting commissions which shall expire 
 at the end of the next session thereof. 
 
 Sec. 14. Every bill which shall pass both branches of the National 
 Council shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the Principal Chief; if 
 he approves, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections 
 hat branch m which it may have originated, who shall enter the objections 
 Ih !f °"/he.r journals and proceed to reconsider it; if, after such recon- 
 
 tt tZhr -h' .r'.'^'* ''''''''' ^'^^" ^S--" *° P^^^ the bill, it shall be 
 en t toge her with he objections, to the other branch, by which it shall like- 
 
 bo,: h w ,r "'.■:; ''"'''"' ^^ ^^^-^^'^^^^ °^ ^^^^ branch, it shall 
 w Z liv. d"; K "7 '" ''"' '''' ""' '■^^"^"^'^ by the Principal Chief 
 ^^"'"" "V. da^s (Sundays excepted), after the same has been presented to 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 127 
 
 him, it shall become a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the 
 National Council, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it 
 shall be a law, unless sent back within three days after their next meeting. 
 
 Sec. 15. Members of the National Council, and all officers, executive 
 and judicial, shall be bound by oath to support the Constitution of this Nation, 
 and to perform the duties of their respective offices with fidelity. 
 
 Sec. 16. In case of disagreement between the two branches of the 
 National Council with respect to the time of adjournment, the Principal 
 Chief shall have power to adjourn the same to such time as he may deem 
 proper; provided, it be not a period beyond the next constitutional meeting 
 thereof. 
 
 Sec. 17. The Principal Chief shall, during the session of the National 
 Council, attend at the seat of government. 
 
 Sec. 18. There shall be a council composed of five persons, to be ap- 
 pointed by the National Council, whom the Principal Chief shall have full 
 power at his discretion to assemble; he, together with the Assistant Principal 
 Chief and the counselors, or a majority of them, may, from time to time, hold 
 and keep a council for ordering and directing the affairs of the Nation ac- 
 cording to law; provided, the National Council shall have power to reduce 
 the number, if deemed expedient, after the first term of service, to a number 
 not less than three. 
 
 Sec. fO. The members or the executive council shall be chosen fur 
 the term of two years. 
 
 Sec. 20. The resolutions and advice of the council shall be recorded in 
 a register, and signed by the members agreeing thereto, which may be called 
 for by either branch of the National Council; and any counselor may enler 
 his dissent to the majority. 
 
 Sec. 2 1. The Treasurer of the Cherokee Nation shall be chosen by 
 a joint vote of both branches of the National Council for the term of four 
 years. 
 
 Sec. 2 2. The Treasurer shall, before entering un the duties of his office, 
 give bond to the Nation, with sureties, to the satisfaction of the National 
 Council, for the faithful discharge of his trust. 
 
 Sec. 23. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury but by warrant 
 from the Principal Chief, and in consequence of appropriations made by law. 
 
 Sec. 24. It shall be the duty of the Treasurer to receive all public 
 moneys, and to make a regular statement and account of the receipts and 
 expenditures of all public moneys at the annual session of the National 
 Council. 
 
 Article V. 
 
 Section 1. The judicial powers shall be vested in a Supreme Court, 
 and such circuit and inferior courts as the National Council may, from time 
 to time, ordain and establish. 
 
 Sec. 2. The Judges of the Supreme and Circuit courts shall hold their 
 commissions for the term of four years, but any of them may be removed 
 
^28 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 from olTice on the address of two-thirds of each branch of the National 
 Council to the Principal Chief for that purpose. 
 
 Sec. 3. The Judges of the Supreme and Circuit courts shall, at stated 
 times" receive a compensation which shall not be diminished during their 
 continuance in oflice, but they shall receive no fees or perquisites of office, 
 nor hold any other oflice of profit or trust under the government of this 
 Nation, or any other power. 
 
 Sec. 4. No person shall be appointed a judge of any of the courts until 
 he shall have attained the age of thirty years. 
 
 elected by the National Council, and there shall be appointed in each district 
 Sec. 5. The Judges of the Supreme and Circuit courts shall be 
 as many Justices of the Peace as it may be deemed expedient for the public 
 good, whose powers, duties, and duration in otllce shall be clearly designated 
 by law. 
 
 Sec. 6. The Judges of the Supreme Court and of the Circuit Courts 
 shall have complete criminal juridiction in such cases, and in such manner as 
 may be pointed out by law. 
 
 Sec. 7. No Judge shall sit on trial of any cause when the parties are 
 connected [with him] by aliinity or consanguinity, except by consent of the 
 parties. In case all the Judges of the Supreme Court shall be interested m 
 the issue of any case, or related to all or either of the parties, the National 
 Council may provide by law for the selection of a suitable number of persons 
 of good character and knowledge, for the determination thereof, and who 
 shall be specially commissioned for the adjudication of such cases by the 
 Principal Chief. 
 
 Sec. 8. .All writs and other process shall run "In the Name of the 
 Cherokee Nation," and bear test and be signed by the respective clerks. 
 
 Sec. 9. Indictments shall conclude — "Against the Peace and Dignity 
 of the Cherokee Nation." 
 
 Sec. 10. The Supreme Court shall, after the present year, hold its 
 session annually at the seat of government, to be convened on the first Mon- 
 day of October in each year. 
 
 Sec. 11. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall have the right 
 of being heard; of demanding the nature and cause of the accusation; of 
 meeting the witnesses face to face; of having compulsory process for ob- 
 taining witnesses in his or their favor; and in prosecutions by indictment or 
 information, a speedy public trial, by an impartial jury of the vicinage; nor 
 shall the accused be compelled to give evidence against himself. 
 
 Sec. 12. The people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers, ami 
 possessions from unreasonable seizures and searches, and no warrant to 
 search any place, or to seize any person or thing, shall issue, without de- 
 scribing them as nearly as may be, nor without good cause, supported by 
 oath or atlirmation. 
 
 Sec. 13. All persons shall be bailable by sutficient securities, unless 
 for capital otlenses, where the proof is evident or presumption great. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 129 
 
 Article VI. 
 
 Section 1. No person who denies the lieinsj- of a God or future statJ 
 of reward and punishment, shall hold any office in the civil department in 
 this Nation. 
 
 Sec. 2. The free exercise of relisj'ious worship, and servins;- God with- 
 out distinction, shall forever be enjoyed within the limits of this Nation; 
 provided, that this liberty of consicence shall not be so construed as to 
 excuse acts of licentiousness, or justify practices inconsistent with the peace 
 or safety of this Nation. 
 
 Sec. 3. When the National Council shall determine the expediency of 
 appointing delegates, or other public agents, for the purpose of transacting 
 business with the government of the United States, the Principal Chief shall 
 recommend, and by the advice and consent of the National Committee, ap- 
 point and commission such delegates or public agents accordingly. On all 
 matters of interest, touching the rights of the citizens of this Nation, which 
 may require the attention of the United States government, the Principal 
 Chief shall keep up a friendly correspondence with that government through 
 the medium of its proper officers. 
 
 Sec. 4. All commissions shall be "In the Name and by the Authority 
 of the Cherokee Nation," and be sealed with the seal of the Nation, and 
 signed by the Principal Chief. The Principal Chief shall make use of his 
 private seal until a National seal shall be provided. 
 
 Sec. 5. A sheriff shall be elected in each district by the qualified electors 
 thereof, who shall hold his office two years, unless sooner removed. Sliould 
 a vacancy occur subsequent to an election, it shall be filled by the Principal 
 Chief, as in other cases, and the person so appointed shall continue in office 
 until the next regular election. 
 
 Sec. 6. No person shall, for the same offense, be twice put in jeopardy 
 of life or limb; nor shall the property of any person be taken and applied to 
 public use without a just and fair compensation; provided, that nothing in 
 this clause shall be so construed as to impair the right and power of the 
 National Council to lay and collect taxes. 
 
 Sec. 7. The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate, and every 
 person, for injury sustained in person, property, or reputation, shall have 
 remedy by due course of law. 
 
 Sec. 8. The appointment of all officers, not otherwise directed by this 
 Constitution, shall be vested in the National Council. 
 
 Sec. 0. Religion, mortality and knowledge being necessary to good 
 government, the preservation of liberty, and the happiness of mankind, 
 schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged in this Na- 
 tion. 
 
 Sec. 10. The National Council may propose such amendments to th=s 
 Constitution as two-thirds of each branch may deem expedient, and the 
 Principal Chief shall issue a proclamation, directing all civil officers of the 
 several districts to promulgate the' same as extensively as possible within 
 their respective districts at least six months previous to the next general 
 
no HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 election. And if, at tlie first session of tlie National Council, after such 
 /■•eneral election, two-thirds of each branch shall, by ayes and noes, ratify 
 such proposed amendments, they shall be valid to all intent and purposes, 
 as parts of this Constitution; provided, that such proposed amendments shall 
 be read on three several days in each branch, as well when the same ari 
 proposed, as when they are ratified. 
 
 Done in convention at Tahlequah, Cherokee Nation, this sixth day of 
 September, 18^0. 
 
 GEORGE LOWRY, President of the National Convention. 
 
 Hair Conrad, his x mark; John Benge, his x mark; Archibald Campbell, 
 his X mark; Thomas Candy; John Drew; George Guess, his x mark; Walter 
 Scott Adair; Young Elders, his x mark; Will Shorey Coodey; Thomas Fore- 
 man; Richard Taylor; Thomas Fox Taylor; O-kan-sto-tah Logan, his x 
 mark; James Spears, his x mark; John Spears; Stephen Foreman; Young 
 Glars, his x mark; Looney Price; Tobacco Will, his x mark; JV\ajor Pullum, 
 his X mark; JV\oses Parris; George Washington Gunter; Kench Logan, his 
 X mark; Young Wolf; Joseph Martin Lynch; Sal-la-tee-skee Watts, his x 
 mark; George Brewer, his x mark; Joshua Buffington; Jesse Bushyhead; 
 Jesse Russell; John Fletcher Boot, his x mark; Crying Buffalo, his x mark; 
 Bark Flute, his x mark; Oo-la-yo-a, his x mark; Soft Shell Turtle, his x 
 mark; Edward Gunter; Daniel Colston, his x mark; Lewis Ross; George 
 Hicks; Tah-lah-see-nee, his x mark; James Brown; Charles Coodey; Riley 
 Keys; Daniel McCoy; Lewis Melton. 
 
 PROCLAMATION AND AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION 
 Adopted November 26, 1886. Proclamation by the Principal Chief. 
 
 Whereas, The National Council adopted certain amendments to the Con- 
 stitution of the Cherokee Nation and submitted the same to a general conven- 
 tion of the people of the Cherokee Nation, called at Tahlequah, on the 26tb 
 day of November, A. D. 1866, and which said amendments, with the preamble 
 thereto attached, were in the following words, to-wit: 
 
 Whereas, By the treaty executed at Washinglon, on the lOfh day of Julv, 
 A. D. 1866, between the United Slates and the'cherokee Nation, throus^h its 
 delegation, ratified by the Senate and officially promulgated by the PresidentN 
 of the United States, August 1 1, 1866, certain things were agreed to between 
 the parties to said treaty, involving changes in the Constitution of the Chero- 
 kee Nation, which changes cannot be accomplished by the usual mode; and 
 
 _ Whereas, It is the desire of the people and government of the Cherokee 
 Nation to carry out in good faith all of its obligations, to the end that law and 
 ■ order be preserved and the institutions of their government maintained; there- 
 to JV^ 'ff'.''^ ''■■ ^''' ^'''""'''' '^"""'^"' ''^hat the following; amendmenis 
 the Constitution of the Cherokee Nation be submitted to a convention or 
 
 dav of^N " r^'f l^ ''''"^^^'' ""^ T'^hl^quah, on the twenty-sixth (26th) 
 at lie bvs H .""■ ?• "'"' ""'" '''' proclamation hereunto annexed, be 
 rat.I.ed by said convention, then they shall be officially published, and declare i 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS I5l 
 
 by tlK- Principal Chief to be, and siiall constitute a part, or parts, of the Con- 
 stitution of the Cherolcee Nation. 
 
 AMENDMENTS 
 
 AMENDMENTS TO ARTICLE I. 
 
 Section 1. The boundary of the Cherokee Nation shall be that described 
 in the treaty of 183 3, between the United States and the Western Cherokees, 
 subject to such modifications as may be made necessary by the 1 7th article of 
 the treaty concluded at Washington City on the I9th day of Julv, 1866, be- 
 tween the United States and the Cherokee Nation. 
 
 Sec. 2. The lands of the Cherokee Nation shall remain common pro- 
 perty until the National Council shall request the survey and allotment of the 
 same, in accordance with the provisions of Article 20 of the treaty of l9th of 
 July, 1866, be\\-een the United States and the Cherokee Nation. 
 AMENDMENTS TO ARTICLE III. 
 
 Section 1. The Upper House of the National Council, known as the 
 National Committee, shall be hereafter known and styled the Senate of the 
 Cherokee Nation, and shall consist of two Senators for every district in the 
 Cherokee Nation. 
 
 Sec. 2. The Council shall consist of two members from each district, 
 and when a district shall have to exceed two hundred voters, it shall have an 
 additional member, and for every additional two hundred voters in said district, 
 upwards of four hundred, it shall have an additional member; provided, that 
 when any district shall have less than one hundred voters according to the 
 census, it shall still be entitled to one representative. 
 
 Sec. 3. in order to ascertain and fix the representation to the Council, 
 provided for above, shall be made before the tirst day of June, and shall gov- 
 taken, as soon as practicable, a census of the population of the Cherokee Na- 
 tion, according to districts. A second census shall be taken in like manner in 
 the year 1870, and each ten years thereafter, and the National Council shall 
 regularly apportion representation among the several districts, as provided in 
 the preceding section, agreeably to such census. The first apportionment, 
 provided for above, shall be made before the first day of June, and shall gov- 
 ern the election to be held on the first Monday in .August, 1867. 
 
 Sec. 4. The National Council shall, after the present year, be held 
 annually, to be convened on the tirst Monday in November, at such place as 
 may be designated by the National Council, or in case of emergency, by the 
 Principal Chief. 
 
 Sec. 5. No person shall be eligible to a seat in the National Council but 
 a male citizen of the Cherokee Nation who shall have attained to the age of 
 twenty-five years, and who shall have been a bona fide resident of the district 
 in which he may be elected, at least six months immediately preceding sucii 
 election. All native born Cherokees. all Indians, and whites legally members 
 of the Nation by adoption, and all freedmen who have been liberated by volun- 
 tary act of their former owners or by law, as well as free colored persons who 
 were in the country at the commencement of the rebellion, and are now resi- 
 
132 HISTOBY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 dents therein, or who may return within six months from the I9th day of 
 July, 1866, and their descendants, who reside within the limits of the Cherokee 
 Nation, shall be taken, and deemed to be, citizens of the Cherokee Nation. 
 
 Sec. 6. The members of the National Council shall each receive from 
 the public treasury a compensation for their services, which shall be three dol- 
 lars per day, during their attendance at the National Council upon any regular 
 session, not exceeding thirty days; provided, that the per diem allowance may 
 be increased or diminished by law; but no alteration shall take effect during 
 the period of service of the members of the National Council, by whom such 
 alteration may have been made. 
 
 Sec. 7. All male citizens, who have attained the age of eighteen years, 
 shall be deemed qualified electors of the Cherokee Nation, and there shall be 
 no restrictions by law, save such as are required for persons convicted of 
 crime, or for such limit as to residence, not exceeding six months in the district 
 where the vote is offered, as may be required by census or registration. 
 
 AMENDMENTS TO ARTICLE V. 
 
 Section 1. The Supreme Court shall consist of three judges, who shall 
 be elected by the National Council, and whose duties, jurisdiction, and com- 
 pensation, shall be defined by law, in the manner prescribed by the Consti- 
 tution. The National Council, at its annual session in 1867, shall elect one 
 of the Supreme Judges for three years, one for two years, and one for one 
 year, and at each annual session of the National Council thereafter, shall 
 elect one Supreme Judge, whose official term shall be three years. 
 
 vSec. 2. The judges of the Circuit Court shall hereafter be elected 
 by the people, for the term of four years, and shall have the same juris- 
 diction, discharge the same duties, and be compensated in the same manner 
 as is now provided for by the Constitution. There shall be elected in like 
 manner in and for each district as many judges as it may be deemed ex- 
 pedient for the public good, whose powers, duties and duration in office 
 shall be clearly designated by law. 
 
 AMENDMENTS TO ARTICLE VII. 
 Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, shall ever here- 
 after exist in the Cherokee Nation, otherwise than in the punishment of 
 crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted; and anv provision 
 of the Constitution of the Cherokee Nation conflicting with the foregoing 
 section, is hereby annulled. 
 
 ^■^'=- -• Jh^ persons now holding olfice shall continue therein, ex- 
 cept as may be otherwise expressly provided by law for Canadian district. 
 until their successors be commissioned in November, 1867 
 
 lahlequah, Cherokee Nation, November 26, 1866. 
 
 SMITH CHRISTIE, 
 
 Concurred: WRITER. '''■"''''"* °^ '''''*'°"" Committee. 
 
 Speaker of Council 
 Approved: \\ll,[, p. rqsS. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 15? 
 
 At a sjeneral convention of the people of the Cherokee Nation, held at 
 Tahlequah, Cherokee Nation, on the 2Sth day of November, A. D. 1866. 
 for the purpose of taking- Into consideration the foregoing amendments to 
 the Constitution of the Cherokee Nation; and, whereof, Riley Keys, Chief 
 Justice of the Supreme Court, was chosen President, and Budd Gritts, Secre- 
 tary; the said amendments to the Constitution of the Cherokee Nation were 
 read, considered and severally approved and adopted by the Cherokee people. 
 In testimony whereof, the President and Secretary of said convention 
 have subscribed the same at Tahlequah, Cherokee Nation, on this the 28tli 
 day of November. A. D. 1866. 
 
 RILEY KEYS, 
 President of the Convention. 
 BUDD GRITTS, 
 
 Secretary. 
 And, Whereas, The foregoing amendments to the Constitution were 
 duly submitted to the said general convention of the Cherokee people, and 
 were severally read, considered, and adopted on the 28th day of Novem- 
 ber, A. D. 1866; now, 
 
 Therefore, Be it known that I, William P. Ross, Principal Chief of the 
 Cherokee Nation, do issue this, my proclamation, declaring said amendments 
 to be a part of the Constitution of the Cherokee Nation. 
 
 In testimony whereof, I have hereunto subscribed my name, this the 
 7th day of December, A. D. 1866. 
 
 WILL P. ROSS, 
 
 Principal Chief. 
 The constitution was generally accepted by the nation on January 10, 
 1839-^ and October 26, 1840. 
 
 Fort Gibson, September 28, 1839. 
 
 Sir: We have been required by instructions from the War Department 
 to arrest and bring to trial the murderers of the Ridges and Boudinot. Al- 
 though we have the names of several of the individuals charged, yet, as you 
 are the chief of the emigrant Cherokees, by some of whom we have no doubt 
 these murders were perpertrated, we therefor deem it proper to apprize you of 
 this order. We believe that ^'ou can have the prsons charged delivered at this 
 oost, without resorting to other means, which it is our wish to avoid. Should 
 we be disappointed in our expectations in this particular, the military force of 
 .'he United States will be employed in carrying out the instructions of the War 
 Department. In the meantime, we expect and require of you that no violence 
 or disability whatever be imposed on the treaty party in consequence of the 
 treaty of 1835, which has received the sanction of the Government of the 
 United States. 
 
 We extremely regret the unfortunate events to which we have referred; 
 .and also that no union has taken place beetween the eastern Cherokees, of 
 whom you are the acknowledged -head, and John Brown, principal chief of 
 fhe western Cherokees. An early reply to this communication is requested. 
 
^34 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Respectfully, your very obedient servants, 
 M. Arbuckle, 
 
 Brevet Brig. General, U. S. A. 
 Wm. Armstrong, 
 
 Acting Superintendent, W. T. 
 
 ihn Ross, 
 Princioal Chief nf the emigrant Cherokees. 
 principal i.n "Tahlequah, Cherokee Nation 
 
 September, 3(), 1830. 
 
 Gentlemen: Your communication of the 28th instant, came duly to 
 
 hand bv express. 
 
 You appraise me of having received "instructions from the War De- 
 partment to arrest and bring to trial the murderers of Ridges and Boudinot," 
 •nd express expectations "that I will arrest the persons charged, and deliver 
 them over to the military post at Fort Gibson without resorting to other 
 .means." 1 hold myself at all times in readiness, so far as 1 may be concern- 
 ed, to comply with the established regulations between the United States and 
 'h.e Cherokee Nation, and for all otTenses which may be committed by indi- 
 •'idual Cherokees, and over which the United States may have proper juris- 
 diction, and their courts cognizance assuredly, I could not in duty to the 
 
 iation and to myself, but exercise all necessary and proper ertorts to sus- 
 tain and preserve unimpaired the confidence and friendship of both parties, 
 '^ou cannot be otherwise than fully impressed with the fact that there exists 
 in this country a feeling decidedly friendly to the Government and people 
 
 -f the United States, and no wish or attempt to cause innovation in the plain 
 and well understood method of communication and intercourse. In relation 
 to the particular subject of " arrest and trial" of which you speak, I am wholly 
 at a loss to conjecture by what right or sound policy the Cherokee people are 
 '.'0 be deprived of the exercise of their own legislate authority over acts of 
 :^ne Indian against another. An authority founded upon natural as well as 
 :onvenlional rights. 1 cannot conceive how, if the persons charged be Chero- 
 kees, they have violated either treaty stipulation or act of Congress, that they 
 should be held answerable to the courts of 'the United States, and the miltary 
 
 -irce employed for their arrest. Any effort directed to that purpose is de- 
 nreciated as calculated to disquiet the country, to weaken the confidence of 
 
 '^c people in their exertions to allay excitement and the enjoyment of some 
 
 ^spite from the difficulties and embarrassments which have so long distress- 
 
 d them. 
 
 None of the persons charged with the act you instructed upon are known 
 me; some of them may be of the late emigrants, or all for ought I know; 
 ■lor do I feel that it is again necessary for me to review the subject among 
 •he people, when you are doubtless appraised that they themselves, in con- 
 •ention, considered and disposed of the matter in a manner satisfactory to 
 the whole people. You express regret "that no union has taken place" be- 
 tween th eeastern Cherokees and John Brown, principal chief of the western 
 - herokees." This may be true to some extent, yet it is equally true that a 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHH INDIANS 13.S 
 
 •lion has been tVirnied between the eastern and western Cherokee people. 
 "o that union, if it has pleased some to withhold their approbation, and among 
 em John Brown, still the people acted for themselves. They are the ack- 
 wleds^ed source of power in this country, and their original acts require not 
 ? sanction of any chief to accredit it \\-ith authority. Many of the old set- 
 tlers, who could not attend in person, forwarded their names to be enrollea 
 upi.in that act. 
 
 .-although the fact may not have been formally announced to you, yet 
 it was believed that you were informed of the adoption of a constitution for 
 the government of the Cherokee Nation, in accordance with the act of union. 
 Elections have also taken place under its provisions for officers, etc., and the 
 national council, composed both of old settlers and emigrants, without, how- 
 ever, any distinction, are now about to terminate its session, having been en- 
 gaged in passing such laws as were required for the security and protection 
 of the persons and property of the people. 
 
 Fro mthese facts, I trust that you will be fully convinced of the earnest 
 desire of the Cherokees to preserve and maintain the peace and friendship 
 which have so long subsisted between them and the citizens of the United 
 States. 
 
 I have the honor to be, gentlemen, ver}- respectfully, }our obedient ser- 
 vant, 
 
 John Ross, Principal Chief. 
 Brevet Brigadier General M. Arbuekle, U. S. A. 
 Captain William Armstrong, 
 
 Acting Superintendent, W. T. Fort Gibson."' 
 
 After a little more desultory correspondence, the matter of prosecution 
 for the murderers, was dropped. 
 
 The public school system of the Cherokee Nation was inaugurated in 
 1(S42. In the spring of that year Sequoyah started to the southwest in search 
 of a Cherokee settlement in the neighborhood of the Rio Grande. He died 
 at San Fernando in August 1843. The Cherokee Advocate, a weekly news- 
 paper, owned and operated by the Nation and ils oficial organ, publish- 
 ed volume one, number one at Tahlequah on September 25, 1844.- 
 
 Chief Ross married on September 2, 1S44, Mary Brown Stapler a native 
 of Delaware. On account of the widespread dissatisfaction among the treaty 
 party and old settlers, a delegation of tifty-four of their leaders left the Chero- 
 kee Nation for southwest Texas on September 1, 1845. They found a 
 settlement of sixty-three Cherokees on the bank of Brazos river, at the mouth 
 of Basky Creek. These Cherokees were from Monclovis, Mexico. While 
 on this trip Charles Reese died. The delegation returned to Ft. Gibson on 
 January lo, iS46, not being able to tind a home in the west. 
 
 The residence of Return Jonathan Meigs, son-in-law of Chief John R<iss 
 was burned by Thomas Starr and his band on the night of November 2, 1845 
 Mr. Meigs, who lived within three miles of his father-in-law, was an estimable 
 citizen and this act was a part of the feud that had been raged uninterruptedly 
 since 1839. On the ninth of the month, thirty-two men rode up to the home 
 
136 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 of Janu'S Starr, father of Thomas, and shot him to death. He was one of 
 the signers of the treaty of 1835 and a member of the first elected Cherokee 
 committee (senate) from 184 1 to 1843. No prosecution followed this mur- 
 der. 
 
 Delegations from the emigrant, treat}' party and old settlers divisions 
 of the Cherokee Nation visited Washington in the summer of 1846 where 
 they in conjunction with representatives of the United States, concluded a 
 treaty for the purpose of establishing national tranquility and arriving at a 
 more equitable adjustment of their vested rights: 
 
 •li'l.L l;. .\1AVES 
 Cluei— January USSN, to Oefember 1891 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 137 
 
 CHAPTER Vill 
 
 Treaty With The Cherokees 18Jf6. Schools Established. Old Settler Pay- 
 ments. Keetoowah Society Organized. Organization of Military 
 Companies. Cherokees Enter The Civil War. 
 General Waitc Surrenders. 
 
 Aug. 6, 1846. 9 Stat., 871. Ratified Aug. 8, 1846. Proclaimed Aug. 
 
 17, 1846. Articles of a treaty iikilIl and concluded at Washington, in the 
 District of Columbia, between the United States of America, by three com- 
 missioners, Edmund Burke. William Armstrong', and Albion K. Parris; and 
 John Ross, principal chief of the Cherokee Nation; David Vann, William S. 
 Coody, Richard Taylor, T. H. Walker, Clement V. McNair, Stephen Foreman. 
 John Drew, and Richard Fields, delegates duly appointed by the regiilarly con- 
 stituted authorities of the Cherokee Nation; George W. Adair, John A. Bell, 
 Stand Watie, Joseph M. Lynch, John Huss, and Brice Martin, a delegation 
 appointed by, and representing that portion of the Cherokee tribe of Indians 
 known and recognized as the "Treaty Party;" John Brown, Captain Dutch, 
 John L. McCoy, Richard Drew, anad Ellis Phillips, delegates appointed by 
 and representing, that portion of the Cherokee Tribe of Indians known and 
 recognized as "Western Cherokees," or "Old Settlers." 
 
 Preamble. Whereas serious difliculties have, for a considerable time 
 past, existed between the different portions of the people constituting and 
 recognized as the Cherokee Nation of Indians, which it is desirable should be 
 speedily settled, so that peace and harmony may be restored among them, 
 and whereas certain claims exist on the part of the Cherokee Nation, and 
 portions of the Cherokee people, against the United States; Therefore, with a 
 view to the linal and amicable settlement of the difficulties and claims before 
 mentioned, it is mutually agreed by the several parties to this convention as 
 follows, viz: 
 
 Lands Occupied by Cherokee Nation to be Secured to Whole People and 
 a Patent to be Issued. 1830, Ch. 148. Article 1. That the land now oc 
 cupied by the Cherokee Nation shall be secured to the whole Cherokee peo- 
 ple for their common use and benefit; and a patent shall be issued for the 
 same, including the eight hundred thousand acres purchased, together with 
 the outlet west"^ promised by the United States, in conformity with the provis- 
 ions relating thereto, contained in the third article of the treaty of 1835, and 
 in the third section of the act of Congress, approved May twenty-eighth, 1830. 
 which authorizes the President of the United States, in making exchanges of 
 lands with the Indian tribes, "to assure the tribe or nation with which the ex- 
 change is made, that the United States will forever secure and guarantee to 
 them, and their heirs or successors, the country so exchanged with them; and 
 if they prefer it, that the United States will cause a patent or grant to be made 
 and executed to them for the same: Provided, always. That such lands shall 
 revert to the United States if the -Indians become extinct or abandon the 
 same. 
 
,38 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Reversion to be in United States. All Difficulties and Disputes Adjusted, 
 and a General Amnesty Declared. Laws to be Passed for Equal Protection, 
 rnd for the Security of Life, Liberty, and Property. No One to be Punished 
 for any Crime, Except en Ccnvicttcn by a Jury. Article 2. All dirtcrenc ■ > 
 heretofore existing between the several parties of the Cherokee Nation are 
 hererby settled and adjusted, and shall, as far as possible, be forgotten and for- 
 ever buried in oblivion. All party distinctions shall cease, except so far as 
 they may be necessary to carry out this convention or treaty. A general am- 
 nesty is hereby declared. All olfences and crimes committed by a citizen or 
 citizens of the Cherokee Nation against the nation, or against an individuai or 
 individuals, are hereby pardoned. All Cherokees who are now out of the 
 nation are invited and earnestly requested to return to their homes, where they 
 may live in peace, assured that they shall net be prosecuted for any ortence 
 heretofore committed against the Cherokee Nation, or any individual there- 
 of. And this pardon and amnesty shall eextend to all who may now be out 
 of the nation, and who shall return thereto on or before 1st day of December 
 next. The several parties agree to unite in enforcing the laws against all 
 future offenders. Laws shall be passed for equal protection, and for the su- 
 curity of life, liberty, and property; and full authority shall be given by law 
 to all or any portion of the Cherokee people, peaceably to assemble and peti- 
 tion their own government, or the Government of the United States, for the 
 redress of grievances, and to discuss their rights. All armed police, lighi 
 horse, and other military organizations, shall be abolished, and the laws en- 
 forced by the civil authority alone. 
 
 No one shall be punished for any crime or misdemeanor except on con- 
 viction by a jury of his country, and the sentence of a court duly authorized 
 by law to take cognizance of the otfence. And it is further agreed, all fugitives 
 from justice, except those included in the general amnesty herein stipulated, 
 seeking refuge in the territory of the United States, shall be delivered up by 
 the authorities of the United States to the Cherokee Nation for trial and pun- 
 ishmeni. 
 
 Certain Claims Paid out of the $5,000,000 Fund to be Reimbursed by 
 the United States. Article 3. Whereas certain claims have been allowed by 
 the several boards of commissioners heretofore appointed under the treaty 
 of 1835, for rents, under the name of improvements and spoliations, and for 
 property of which the Indians were dispossessed, provided for under the I6th 
 article of the treaty of 1835; and whereas the said claims have been paid out 
 of the 55,000,000 fund; and whereas said claims were not justly chargeable to 
 that fund, but were to be paid by the United States, the said United States 
 agree to re-miburse the said fund the amount thus charged to said fund, and 
 ihc same shall form a part of the aggregate amount to be distributed to the 
 Cherokee people, as provided in the 9th article of this treaty; and whereas a 
 urther amount has been allowed for reservations under the provisions of the 
 U h article ot the treaty of 1835, by said commissioners, and has been paid 
 out he said fund, and which said sums were properly chargeable to, and 
 should have been paid by. the United States, the said United ^States further 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS I39 
 
 agree to re-imburse the amounts thus paid for reservations to said fund; and 
 whereas the expense of making- the treaty of New Echota were also paid ou: 
 of said fund, when they should have been borne by the United States, the 
 United States agree to re-imburse the same, and also to re-imburse all other 
 sums paid to any agent of the government, and improperly charged to said 
 fund; and the same also shall form a part of the aggregate amount to be dis- 
 tributed to the Cherokee people, as provided in the ^'th article of this treaty. 
 
 Provision for the Equitable Interest of the Western Cherokees in Lands 
 Ceded by Treaty of 1828. How the Value of Said Interest Shall be Ascer- 
 tained. Release by Western Cherokees to United States. Article 4. And 
 
 whereas it has been decided by the board of conunissioners recently appoint- 
 ed by the President of the United States to examine and adjust the claims and 
 difficulties existing against and between the Cherokees themselves, that under 
 the provisions of the treaty of 1S2S, as well as in conformity with the general 
 policy of the United States in relation to the Indian tribes, and the Cherokee 
 Nation in particular, that that portion of the Cherokee people known as the 
 ■'Old Settlers," or "Western Cherokees," had no exclusive title to the ter- 
 ritory ceded in that treaty, but that the same was intended for the use of, and 
 to be the home for, the whole nation, including as well that portion then east 
 as that portion then west of the Mississippi; and whereas the said board of 
 commissioners further decided that, inasmuch as the territory before men- 
 tioned became the common property of the Whole Cherokee Nation by the 
 operation of the treaty of 1828, the Cherokees then west of the Mississippi, 
 by the equitable operation of the same treaty, acquired a common interest in 
 the lands occupied by the Cherokees east of the Mississippi river, as well as 
 in those occupied by themselves west of that river, which interest should 
 have been provided for in the treaty of 1835, but which was not, except in 
 so far as they, as a constituent portion of the nation, retained, in proportion 
 to their number, a common interest in the country west of the Mississippi, 
 and in the general funds of the nation; and therefore they have an equal claim 
 upon the United States for the value of th it interest, whatever it may be. Now, 
 in order to ascertain the value of that interest, it is agreed that the following 
 principle shall be adopted, viz: All the investments and expenditures which 
 are properly chargeable upon the sums granted in the treaty of 1835, amount- 
 ing in the whole to five millions six hundred thousand dollars, (which invest- 
 ments and expenditures are particularly enumerated in the l5th article of the 
 treaty of 1835,) to be lirst deducted from said aggregate sum, thus ascertain- 
 ing the residuum or amount which would, under such marshalling of accounts, 
 be left for per capita distribution among the Cherokees emigrating under the 
 treaty of 1835, excluding all extravagant and improper expenditures, and then 
 allow to the Old Settler's (or Western Cherokees) a sum equal to one third 
 part of said residuum, to be distributed per capita to each individual of said 
 party of "Old Settlers." or "Western Cherokees." It is further agreed that, 
 so far as the Western Cherokees are concerned, in estimating the expense of 
 removal and subsistence of an Eastern Cherokee, to be charged to the ag- 
 gregate fund of five million six hundred thousand dollars above mentioned, 
 
140 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 the sum of removal and subsistence stipulated in the 8th article of the treaty 
 of 1835 as commutation money in those cases in which the parties entitled 
 to it removed themselves, shall be adopted. And as it affects the settlement 
 with the Western Cherokees, there shall he no deduction from the fund before 
 mentioned in consideration of any payments which may hereafter be made 
 out of said fund; and it is hereby further understood and agreed, that the prin- 
 ciple above defined shall embrace all those Cherokees west of the Mississippi, 
 who emigrated prior to the treaty of 1835. 
 
 In consideraion of the foregoing stipulation on the part of the United 
 States, the "Western Cherokees," or "Old Settlers," hereby release and quit- 
 claim 'to the United States all right, title, interest, or claim they may have to 
 a common property in the Cherokee lands east of the Mississippi River, and 
 to exclusive ownership of the lands ceded to them by the treaty of 1833 west 
 of the Mississippi, including the outlet west, consenting and agreeing that the 
 said land, together with the eight hundred thousand acres ceded to the Chero- 
 kees by the treatv of 1835, shall be and remain the common property of the 
 whole Cherokee people, themselves included. 
 
 Per Capita Allowance for Western Cherokees to be Held in Trust by 
 United States, etc. Not Assignable. Committee of Five From "Old Set- 
 tlers." Article 5. It is mutually agieed that the per capita allowance to be 
 given to the "Western Cherokees,' or "Old Settlers, upon the principle above 
 stated, shall he held in trust by the Government of the United States, and 
 paid out to each individual belonging to that party or head of family, or his 
 legal representatives. And it is further agreed that the per capita allowance 
 to be paid as aforesaid shall not be assignable, but shall be paid directly to 
 the persons entitled to it, or to his heirs or legal representatives, by the agent 
 of the United States, authorized to make such payments. 
 
 And it is further agreed that a committee of five persons shall be ap- 
 pointed by the President of the United States, from the party of "Old Set- 
 tlers,' whose duty it shall be, in conjunction with an agent of the United States, 
 to ascertain what persons are entitled to the per capita allowance provided 
 for in this and the preceding article. 
 
 Indemnity for "Treaty Party." Provisions for Heirs of Major Ridge, 
 John Ridge, and Elias Boudinot. Proviso. Article 6. And whereas many 
 of that portion of the Cherokee people known and designated as the "Treaty 
 Party" have suffered losses and incurred expenses in consequence of the treaty 
 of 1835, therefore, to indemnify the treaty party, the United States agree to 
 pay to the said treaty party the sum of one hundred and fifteen thousand dol- 
 lars, of which the sum of five thousand shall be paid by the United States to 
 the heirs or legal representatives of Major Ridge, the sum of five thousand 
 dollars to the heirs or legal representatives of John Ridge, and the sum of 
 live thousand dollars to the heirs or legal representatives of Elias Boudinot, 
 and the balance, being the sum of one hundred thousand dollars, which shall 
 be paid by the United States, in such amounts and to such persons as may be 
 certified by a committee to be appointed by the treaty party, and which com- 
 mittee shall consist of not exceeding live persons, and approved by an ageni: 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHERKEE INDIANS 14! 
 
 of the United States, to be entitled to receive the same for losses and damages 
 sustained by them, or by those of whom they are the heirs or legal represent- 
 atives: Provided, That out of said balance of one hundred thousand dollars, 
 the present delegation of the treaty party may receive the sum of twenty-five 
 thousand dollars, to be by them applied to the payment of claims and other 
 expenses. And it is further provided that, if the said sum of one hundred 
 thousand dollars should not be sufficient to pay all the claims allowed for 
 losses and damages, that then the same shall be paid to said claimants pro 
 rata, and which payments shall be in full of all claims and losses of the said 
 treaty party. 
 
 Values of Salines to be Ascertained and Paid to Individuals Dispossessed 
 of Them. Article 7. The value of all salines which were the private prop- 
 erty of individuals of the Western Cherokees, and of which they were dispo- 
 ssessed, provided there be any such, shall be ascertained by the United States 
 agent, and a commissioner to be appointed by the Cherokee authorities; and 
 should they be unable to agree, they shall select an umpire, whose decision 
 shall be final; and the several amounts found due shall be paid by the Chero- 
 kee Nation, or the salines returned to their respective owners. 
 
 Payment for a Printing Press, Arms, etc. Article 8. The United States 
 agree to pay to the Cherokee Nation the sum of two thousand dollars for a 
 printing-press, materials, and other property destroyed at that time; the sum 
 of live thousand dollars to be equally divided among all those whose arms 
 were taken from them previous to their removal West by order of an officer 
 of the United States; and the further sum of twenty thousand dollars, in lieu 
 of all claims of the Cherokee Nation, as a nation, prior to the treaty of 1.S3 5, 
 except all lands reserved, by treaties heretofore made, for school funds. 
 
 A Fair and Just Settlement of all Moneys Due the Cherokees Under the 
 Treaty of 1835 to be Made. Article 9. The United States agree to make a 
 fair settlement of all moneys due to the Cherokees, and subject to the per 
 capita division under the treaty of 29th December, 1835, which said settle- 
 ment shall exhibit all money properly expended under said treaty, and shall 
 embrace all sums paid for improvements, ferries, spoliations, removal, and 
 subsistence, and commutation therefor, debts and claims upon the Cherokee 
 Nation of Indians, for the additional quantity of land ceded to said nation; and 
 the several sums provided in the several articles of the treaty, to be invested 
 as the general funds of the nation; and also all sums which may be hereaftei 
 properly allowed and paid under the provisions of the treaty of 1835. The 
 aggregate of which said several sums shall be deducted from the sum of six- 
 millions six hundred and forty-seven thousand and sixty-seven dollars, and 
 the balance thus found to be due shall be paid over, per capita, in equal 
 amounts, to all those individuals, heads of families, or their legal represent- 
 atives, entitled to receive the same under the treaty of 183 5, and the supple- 
 ment of 1836, being all those Cherokees residing east at the date of said treaty 
 and the supplement thereto. 
 
 Rights Under Treaty of Aug. 1. 1835, Not Affected. Article 10. It is ex- 
 pressly agreed that nothing in the foregoing treaty contained shall be con- 
 
IP HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDNIAS 
 
 stnrd as in anv manner to take away or abridge any rights or claims wliici: 
 the Cherokees now residing in States east of the Mississippi R.ver had, or may 
 have, under the treaty of 1S35 and the supplement thereto. 
 
 Certain Questions to be Submitted to Senate of United States. Article 11. 
 
 Whereas the Cherokee delegates contend that the amount expended for the 
 one year's subsistence, after their arrival in the west, of the Eastern Chero- 
 kees is not properly chargeable to the treaty fund: it is hereby agreed that 
 that 'question shall be submitted to the Senate of the United States for its de- 
 cision which shall decide whether the subsistence shall be borne by the United 
 States or the Cherokee funds, and if by the Cherokees, then to say, whether 
 the subsistence shall be charged at a greater rate than thirty-three, 3 3-lO(, 
 dollars per head; and also the question, whether the Cherokee Nation be al- 
 lowed interest on whatever sum may be found to be due the nation, and tron. 
 what date and at what rate per ;innum. 
 Article 13. [Stricken out.] 
 
 Article 13. This treaty, after the same shall be ratified by the President 
 and Senate of the Linited States, shall be obligatory on the contracting parties 
 in testimony whereof, the said Edmund Burke. William Armstrong, and 
 Albion K. Parris, Commissioners as aforesaid, and the several delegations 
 aforesaid, and the Cherokee nation and people, have hereunto set their hands 
 and seals, at Washington aforesaid,this sixth day of August, in the year of our 
 Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-six. 
 
 Edmound Burke. Wm. Armstrong. Albion K. Parris. 
 
 Delegation of the Government Party: 
 
 Jno. Ross, Wm. S. Coody, R. Taylor, C. V. McNair, Stephen Foreman, 
 .John Drew, Richard Fields. 
 
 Delegation of the Treaty Party: Geo. W. Adair, J. A. Bell, S. Watie, 
 Joseph M. Lynch, John Huss, Brice Martin (by J. M. Lynch, his attorney). 
 
 Delegation of the Old Settlers: Jno. Brown, Wm. Dutch, John L. Mc- 
 Coy, Richard Drew, Ellis F. Phillips. 
 
 (To each of the names of the Indians a seal is aftixed.) 
 In presence ol — 
 
 Joseph Bryan, of Ahibama. 
 Geo. W. Paschal. 
 
 John P. Wolf, (Secretary of Board.) 
 W. S. Adair. 
 Jno. F. Wheeler. 
 On November 12, 1847 an act was passed by the national council for 
 the establishment of the two national high schools, the Male and Female Sem- 
 inaries, the two di-stinctive tribal schools that were thenceforth to be the 
 pride of the nation and its most inportant factors in producing solidarity and 
 patriotic instinct. Large sums were diverted and well spent for their main- 
 tainance, instead of being used for inervating payments. The only payments 
 made to the Cherokees thereafter, were old settlers and emigrant payments of 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 143 
 
 185 1 and 1852, 
 
 18 75, ,0.60 
 I880, "Bread money" 16.55 
 188?. "Grass monev," rent from Cherokee outlet 15.5() 
 1886, ,5.05 
 1800, 13.70 
 1894, From sale of the outlet 565.70 
 1896, Old Settlers 159.10 
 1902, Destitute. S5.00 to single persons and S4.oo each to members of 
 
 families 
 
 19 10, Emigrants 133.10 
 1^1^, SI 5.00 
 l^M4, SI 2.00 
 19 16, Final disbursement 3.?(> 
 
 The Cherokees that tied to the mountains in 1838 congregated in 
 western North Carolina where according to a roll made in 184'' bv J. C. 
 Mulla.v, federal census taker they numbered two thousand one hundred thirty 
 three. They were placed on a reservation, called Q)ualla, where they still 
 reside. 
 
 Fort Gibson was abandoned by the LInited States on June 2?, 1857, and 
 its buildings were formally transferred to the Cherokee Nation on the nintli 
 day of September. 
 
 The Keetoowha society was originated among the Cherokees by 
 Reverends Evan and John B. Jones in 1859. it is a secret society for the 
 purpose of protecting national and community interests and for the fuller de- 
 velopment of the nobler qualities of individualism. It has always been es- 
 pecially active in upbuilding the religious and patriotic instincts of its members, 
 and is the only lodge in the United States whose principal emblem is the 
 United States flag. During the civil war its insigna was a couple of pins 
 crossed on the left coat lapel, and for that reason its members were known 
 as "Pin Indians." 
 
 Early in 1861, Stand VVatie organized a company to cooperate with the 
 confederacy. Watie became the Captain; Buzzard. First Lieutenant; Wilson 
 S'uagee, Second Lieutenant; Charles Edwin Watie, Third Lieutenant and 
 Henry Forrester, Orderly Sergeant. Their service was in Delaware District 
 and Neutral Land which was a legal part of that district. Other companys 
 having been formed they met near Fort Wayne on July 12, I861 and formed 
 the Cherokee Mounted Rifle regiment and elected the following ofl'icers: 
 Colonel Stand Watie; Lieutenant Colonel, Thomas Fox Taylor'; Major, Elias 
 Cornelius Boudinot; Adjutant, Charles E. Watie; Quarter Master. George 
 Washington Adair?; Commissary, Joseph McMinn Starr, Sr. ; Surgeons, Drs. 
 Walter Thompson Adair and William Davis Poison; Chaplain, C. M. Slover; 
 Sergeant Major, George West" and Joseph Franklin Thompson. 
 
 It has been impossible to obtain a roster of the several companies, but a 
 fragmentary list of them, is: 
 
 Company A. Captain Buzzard; First Lt. W^ilson Suagee, Second Lt. 
 
144 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Charles E. Watie, Third Lt. Dumplin O'Fields, Orderly Sergeant Henry For- 
 rester. Privates: Lucien Burr Bell, Vann Ward, John Ketcher, Alfred Pigeon, 
 Logan Pigeon, Jack Pigeon, Stand Suagee, Archibald Ballard, Edmond Dun- 
 can Carey, Olcut Moore, David Moore, John Moore, Jesse Pigeon, Daniel 
 Squirrel, David Suagee, Charles Huss, Joseph Summerfield, Saladin Waite, 
 Charles Lowrey, Thomas Jef!'erson Woodall, Ned Moore and Jack Squirrel. 
 
 Company B. Captain Robert Calvin Parks, First Lt. Ephriam Vann, 
 Second Lt. Martin Buzzardflopper and Walker A. Daniel, Third Lt. Reese 
 Candy. Privates: David Burkett, James Burkett, James Leon Butler, Red 
 Bird Harris, William Harris, George Harlan, Fishtail, Mitchell Harlan, Cabbage 
 Vann, Coon Vann, Yartunnah Vann, Joseph Vann, Alexander McCoy Rider 
 and Thomas Jetlerson Parks. 
 
 Company C. Captains Daniel Ross Coody, O. H. P. Brewer and 
 Thomas Fox Brewer, First Lt. O. H. P. Brewer and Thomas Fox Brewer, 
 Second Lts. Richard Crossland and William Snow Brewer, Third Lt. Reliford 
 Beck, Orderly Sergeant Joseph Absalom Scales. Privates: James McDaniel 
 Keyes, William Keys, Charles H. Campbell, Robert Taylor Hanks, James 
 Ore, John Joshua Patrick, Wiliam V. Shepherd, Jesse Bean Burgess, John 
 Walker Starr, John W. Jordan, Moses Nivens, John Nivens, Johnson Vann, 
 Perry Andre Riley, George Lowrey, John A. Sevier, John Linder, Emory 
 Ogden Linder McCoy Smith, Julius Caesar Linder, Russell Bean, Frank 
 Smith, Samuel ("Buster") Smith, John Gunter Lipe', Thomas Stoneroa4 
 Lorenzo D. Chambus, 
 
 "Written in the autograph album of Miss Victoria Hicks, who later mar- 
 ried DeWitt Clinton Lipe, are these verses: 
 "To Miss Vic. 
 I stand at the portal and knock. 
 And tearfully, prayerfully wait. 
 O! who will unfasten the lock. 
 And open the beautiful gate' 
 
 Forever and ever and ever, 
 
 Must I linger and suffer alone' 
 
 Are there none that are able to sever, 
 
 The fetters that keep me from home? 
 
 My spirit is lonely and weary, 
 
 I long for the beautiful streets. 
 
 The world is so chilly and dreary. 
 
 And bleeding and torn are my feet. 
 Tahlequah, Cherokee Nation. 
 
 February 2 7th, 1861. j. Q Lipe " 
 
 John Gunter Lipe, Samuel ("Buster'') Smith, John Nivens and 
 
 rams were killed at the same time as was their commander Lt. Col. Thomas 
 ^ox Taylor, on Greenleaf Bayon, July 2 1 186^ 
 
 Charles Drew John Calhoun Sturdivant, ' Martin Butler Sturdivant, Archi- 
 bald Lovett, John Lovett, Bruce Brown, Richard Neal, Frank Pettit, Qinton 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 145 
 
 Osmund, Richard Boggs, Gideon Reynolds, George Reynolds, Michael Hilde- 
 brand, Reese Hildebrand, Richard Brewer, Alnion Martin, John Ferguson, 
 William Patrick, Wilborn Vickery, Ellis Starr, James Hood, Benjamin Lafew. 
 Pleasant Bean, Simpson G. Bennett, John Calhoun West, William M. West, 
 James Polk West, Samuel Benge, George Yates, William Vann, William Har- 
 ris, Michael Spaniard, John Q. Hayes, Surry Eaton Beck, William Beavert, 
 George Kirk, William Beatty, Ellis Beck, Weatherford Beck, JetiVey Beck, 
 John Porter, Allen Latta, Diver Latta, Rider Whitekiller, Jolly Thornton, 
 William Edwin Brown, Hugh Montgomery McPherson, George Elders, John 
 Rogers, David Hicks, Wilson Boggs, Charles Kirk, Andrew Spaniard, John- 
 son Sosa, John Tinker, Henry Clay Starr, Johnson Riley, David R. Vann, 
 Stephen Hildebrand, Joseph Martin Hildebrand, Charles Webber, Solomon 
 Hosmer, John Coody, Henry Vann, Daniel Webster Vann, Marcellus Nivens, 
 Joseph Riley, John McLain, James Starr, Lafayette Catron, William Lucas, 
 Noah Scott and Sterling Scott. 
 
 Company D. Captain James Madison Bell, First Lt. Joseph Martin 
 Lynch, Second Lt. John A. Raper, Third Lt. Pinson England, Orderly Ser- 
 geant Hugh .Montgomery Adair. Privates: Lewis Ross Kell, Watie Lafabre, 
 Proctor Landrum, Robert McDaniel, David Moore, Dumplin O'Fields, John- 
 son O'Flelds, Kiowa Ratliti', Joseph Rogers, Napoleon Rogers, John Tinney, 
 Thomas Tinney, Reuben R. Tyner, Hill Wilkinson, Moses Williams, Franklin 
 Wright, John Talala Kell, Bear Timpson, John Adam.s, Walter Adair West, 
 David McLaughlin, Saladin Watie, Charles Webber, Daniel Webster Vann, 
 Benjamin Franklin Adair, William Penn Adair, David Jarrette Bell, George 
 Bell, John Bell, James Brower, Arseenee, Gesseau Chouteau, Charles Coats, 
 John Coats, Thomas Cox, Chuwalooka, Virgil Crawford, David Davis, 
 Archibald Elliott, George W. Elliott, Walter Elliott, Martin England, Mitchell 
 England, Henry Freshower, Joseph Freshower, Wallace Freshower, Daniel 
 O'Conner Kell and Joseph Kell. 
 
 Company E. Captain Joseph Franklin Thompson, First Lt. Thomas 
 Jerterson McGee, Second Lt. Stand Wawaseet, Third Lt. William Y. H. Fore- 
 man, Orderly Sergeant William Adolphus Daniel. Privates: Thompson 
 Fields, Morrison Shoeboots, Stephen Walker, Joshua Daniel, Thomas Daniel, 
 Ansel Green, Runabout Shoemaker, Chuwanosky, Alexander Beamer, Charles 
 Hillian, E. G. Holcomb, Oliver Morris, Vann Ward, George M. Ward, Joseph 
 Bledsoe, Lorenzo Bledsoe, Thomas Bledsoe, Isaac Dick, David McGee, John 
 Shields, William Shields, Lewis Glenn, David Denton, Jack Caldwell, Boot, 
 Moses Buck, Ross Thomas Carey, Caleb Conner, Colston, Corntassel, Broom 
 Cramp, Harry Cramp, Ned Cramp, Riddle Cramp, John Martin Daniel, 
 Marmaduke Daniel, John Davis, Nicholas Deerhead, John Doghead, John 
 Duck, William Eckridge, L. L. Farley, John Pawling, Grasshopper, Stephen 
 Gray Garbarina Hawk, John Hensley, Elam, Richard Fields, Dr. Charles H. 
 Preston, George Fields, George Washington Fields, Ezekiah ("Bud") Fields, 
 Ezekiah Fields, Albert Morris,"john R. McGee, Albert McGee, Albert McGee, 
 Tee-ge-ski, Daniel Miller, George Washington Trout, Oo-ni-quan-na, Jack- 
 son Jones, Stand Smith, Richard Pheasant, W. A. Kincade, James Burkett, 
 Bee Marshall, John Marshall, James Horsefly. Ned Jailer, Drewry Jones. 
 
146 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 James Jones, John Jones, Wilborn Jones, Charles Lisenbe, Washinglon 
 Lisenbe, EH Lisenbe, Andrew Miller, John Martin Miller, Joseph Gambold 
 Miller, Thomas Miller, Mouse, Henry Nightkiller, Rock Shirt, James Rogers, 
 Saltface, Lewis Rogers, William Rogers, Rottenman, Flea Smith, Joseph 
 Smith, Stand Smith, Thomas Smith, Shell, Looney Tiger, Bear Timson, 
 Wawaseet, William Webster Weir, Waseeter, James Waseeter, Womankiller, 
 Charles Lowry, Ellis Dick, Luke Blevins, Samuel Palmer, Samuel Bright, 
 Michael Condon, Dusky Rattlinggourd, William Conner Sr., William Conner, 
 Jr., James Humphrey, George Frayser, Leander McGee, Samuel Steele, Elias 
 Reader, Joseph Henry, Thomas Hadley, John Matthis, Joseph Rogers, Hill 
 Wilkerson and David Pogue. 
 
 Company F. Not known. 
 
 Company G. Captains George Harlan Starr', Alexander Wot^ord and 
 Ephriam Martin Adair, First Lts. Jonh Gott, John R. Wright, Ephriam Martin 
 Adair and Joseph McMinn Starr Jr., Second Lts. Alexander Wofford, Ezekial 
 Starr and Joseph Martin Lynch, Third Lts. Thomas Wilkerson, Andrew Cum- 
 mings Johnson and Mark Bean, Orderly Sergeant — — Root, John Henry 
 Danenburg and John R. Vann. Privates: Andrew Alberty, Jesse Clinton 
 -Alherty, Cornelius Bean, Mark Bean, William Bean, Releford Beck, Joseph 
 Beck, Samuel E. Beck, James Blake, Jesse Adair, John Alexander, Jonathan 
 Bullington, Jcihn \V. Bumgarner, James Carselowry, (Cornelius Clyne, Joel 
 M. B. Clyne, William Collins, Virgil Crawford, Charles Crittenden, Welling- 
 ton Oittenden, John Henry Danenburg, William Danenburg, John Denton, 
 William Henry fJrew, George Washington Crittenden, James Crittenden, 
 ignpcious Few, Elias Gourd Foreman, George Gott, William Gott, John 
 Gritiin, John Brown ("Oce") Harlan, Erastus J. Howland, John Bean 
 Johnson, Andrew Cummings Johnson, Kelt, James Morgan, Calvin Sanders, 
 David Sanders, Wats?n Sanders, William Sanders, .lohn Sexton, John Scott, 
 Samuel Sixkiller, Joseph Smallwood, John Smith, Lewis Stansel, Martin 
 Butler Sturdivant, Ezekiah Taylor, John Thornton, William H. Thornton, 
 Timothy Trott, Walter Duncan West, Stephen Whitmire, Benjamin C. Wil- 
 born, Harrison Williams, Robert Wottord, John Martin, Charles W. Starr, 
 James Starr, Joseph McMinn Starr, Jr., Walter Adair Starr, Benjamin Fisher 
 William Eubanks, Jeremiah Horn, George Noisywater, Johnson Watts, Wil- 
 liam Lafayette Trott, Andrew Reese, George Reese, Murray Reese, Caleb 
 Wright. Hugh Montgomery Adair, Benjamin Franklin Adair, James Adair, 
 Jes.-^e M. Adair, .lohn Bell Adair, George Washington Adair, Oscar Fitzaland 
 Adair, Rufus Bell Adair, George Alberty, Joshua Alberty, John Alberty, 
 Bailev Bacon, John Ellis Bean, Joseph McMinn Bean, James Lafayette Bigby, 
 Thomas W. Bigby, David McLaughlin Beck, John Beck, James Bell, John 
 Bell. Benjamin Jackson Bigby, William Edwin Brown, George Overs, Nicholas 
 Byers, James Chandler, George George, James Choate, James" Collins, Wil- 
 liam Collins, Harry Crittenden, William Daniel, Georoe Davis, John Davis, 
 William Henry Davis, James Devine, Harlin Eaton, Richard Eaton, Samuel 
 Foreman, Thomas Gallagher, Benjamin Franklin Goss, Dennis Gonzales, 
 John Grirtin, Oliver Hogg, Philip Inlow, Sylvester Inlow, James Johnson, 
 .hade Kagle, Jesse Killian, James R. Lamar, Gatz Lewis, Joseph Martin 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 147 
 
 L_\nch, Richard Mayes, John Walker Maytield, Alfred Miller, Joshua Morji-ar., 
 Lone Morgan, Mark Morgan, George Reese, Charles Sanders, George Sea- 
 bolt, Jeremiah Seabolt, Charles Washington Starr, Ellis Starr, James Starr, 
 Allison Woodville Timberlake and John Vickery. 
 
 Company H. Captain John Thompson Mayes, First l.t. Daniel Mc- 
 Kizzick, Secord Lt. William Catterson, Third Lt. William H. Hendron, 
 Orderly Sergeant John Stewart. Privates: William Ballard, George ButTing- 
 ton, Frank Conseen, Michael Davis, Maxwell Dixon, Green Graham, J. B. 
 Grah:'m, John Graham, John Golston, Matthew Golston, Benjamin Harmon, 
 James Harm-n, Murphy Harmon, W. A. Y. Hastings, Joseph Hazlett, Wil- 
 liam Hazlett, Joel Bryan Mayes, William Henry Mayes, John Phillips, Sooter 
 Phillips, William Phillips, John Rogers Stover, James Tucker, John West, 
 James Wilson, George W. Snardy, Charles Webber, John Hogan and John 
 L. Davis, 
 
 Company 1. Captains George W. Johnson and Blutord West Alberty, 
 First Lts. James Benge and David McNair Faulkner, Second Lts. David Mc- 
 Nair Faulkner and John Martin Bell, Third Lts. David McNair Faulkner, 
 Orderly Sergeants William Myers and William Eubanks. Privates: Isaac 
 Sanders, Thomas Pettit, John Faulkner, Wilson Sanders, John Stansil, Lewis 
 Stansil, Buck Few, L. D. Chambers, Lewis Robards, Watt Downing, Shorey 
 Pack, John Seminole, Robert Sanders, James Colby, Andrew Waters, John 
 VValker Mayfield, Alexander McCoy Rider, William R. Foreman, William 
 Eubanks, Charles Foreman, Joshua Sanders, Cornelius Sanders, Berry Price, 
 John Price, John Hinman, Seven Fields, John Vanita, Josephus Simco, Bose 
 Simco, George W. Alberty, William Butler, Cicero M. Cunningham, Charles 
 A. Fargo, John Bell Adair, John Brown Harlan, Jesse Clinton Alberty, 
 William McCracken, Lock Langley, Walter Scott Agnew, Joel McDaniel, 
 Robert McDaniel, Samuel Foreman, Richard Pate, Cornelius Clyne, James 
 Trott or Badger, Creek Pigeon, Creek Liver, Robert Waters, Amos Price, 
 John Gafford, Jesse Gafford, George Smoker, John H. Baugh and Joseph 
 Wyatt. 
 
 Company K. Captain John Spears, First Lt. Foster, Second Lt. 
 
 Lewis Weaver, Third Lt. Thomas Wilkerson. Privates: John W. Bum- 
 garner, Samuel Hair, John Hair and Joseph Vann. 
 
 Company L. Captain James Thompson. 
 
 Shortly after the formation of the First Cherokee Mounted Rifles: Joel 
 Mayes Byran organized and became Major of Bryan's Battalion. The 
 letters of the companies are not known, but the companies were probably: 
 
 Captain C. C. Waters, First Lt. Jasper Wilkerson, Second Lt. James 
 Chambers Yeargain, Third Lt. Daniel Herron, Orderly Sergeant Mai Banks. 
 Privates: David Copeland, George Sullivan, Henrv Ward, William Ward. 
 Lewis Baker, Wallace Brown, John Banks, George Banks, George Buchanan, 
 Jefferson Cordell. Charles Baker, John Bak-^r. Frank Davis, John Edwards, 
 Samuel Gamble, Augustus Gailey, Joseph Galley, l.ucien Gailey, Warren 
 Gailev, Randolph Gallion, William Clark, William Grinder, Caleb Gillett, 
 David Holt, George Holt, Henry Holt, William Latta, Matthew Latta, Henrv 
 Lukens Alexander McCall, James Pat'on, Henderson Rotrammel, Henry 
 
,48 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Rotrammel, James Rotranimel, John Rotraniniel, Wilson Rotrammel, George 
 Russell, Joseph Shelton, P. N. Thomas, Samuel Shelton, Monroe Smith, 
 Robert 'vinyard, George De Shields Ward and William Wilkerson. 
 
 Captahi John R. Harden and First Lt. William Hendron. Private: 
 Jacob M. Hiser. 
 
 Captain William Shannon. 
 
 On August 31, 1862 the First Cherokee Mounted Volunteers was or- 
 ganized with Stand Watie as Colonel, Lieutenant Colonel Robert Calvin 
 Parks, Major Joseph Franklin Thompson, Quartermaster John Lynch Adair, 
 Surgeon Dr. William J. Dupree, Chaplain John Harrell. 
 
 The Second Cherokee Mounted Volunteers was organized several months 
 later under Colonel William Penn Adair, Lieutenant Colonel James Madison 
 Bell and later O. H. P. Brewer, Major Porter Hammock succeeded by John 
 R. Harden, Quartermaster Joel Bryan Mayes, Commissary C. S. Lynch, Sur- 
 geon Dr. Waldemar Lindsley and Chaplain John Harrell. Shortly after the 
 organization of the Second Cherokee Mounted Volunteers Moses Frye or- 
 ganized a battalion and became its Major, he was succeeded by Joseph Ab- 
 salom Scales. 
 
 It has been impossible to identify the companies with the above given 
 regiments and batalions, but fragmentary rosters are as follows: 
 
 Captain John W. ("Scoy") Brown, became demented and succeeded 
 by E. G. Smith and later by John Gunter Scrimsher. First Lts. E. G. Smith. 
 John Gunter Scrimsher and Dempsey Handle. Second Lt. Dempsey Handle, 
 and Dumplin O'Fields, Third Lt. William Parrott, Orderly Sergeants John 
 Anthony Foreman and Clark Charlesworth Lipe. Privates: John Chambers 
 Jr., Joseph Chambers, George Davis, Deerham, Richard Fool, William Fool, 
 Looney Hicks, Hogshooter, Jack Justice, Watie Lafabre, Talet Morgan, 
 Johnson O'Fields, Tetenahi, Henry Covel, John Kickup, Joseph Turnover 
 and George Runabout. In calling the roll orderly sergeant Lipe always fin- 
 ished with "Kickup, Turnover and Runabout.'' 
 
 Captain James Leon Butler, First Lt. Clement Vann Rogers, Second Lt. 
 John Talala Kell, Third Lt. \\'illiam Henry Mayes. Privates: Lucien 
 Burr Bell, Daniel O'Conner Kell, Joseph Kell, Lewis Ross Kell, Robert Due 
 Knight, Thomas Rogers Knight, James L. McLaughlin, Thomas McLaughlin, 
 Thomas Lewis Rogers, Rogers Stover, Saladin Watie, Robert Fite, Henry 
 Sliaw, Joseph Landrum, Calvin Miller, Bevelly Bean Hickey, Bailey Bacon 
 Thomas Bacon, John Calhoun West, William 'm. West, George We'st, John 
 Gunter Scrimsher, Robert Mann, Rufus Montezuma Morgan,^ Calvin' Jones 
 Hanks, Talet Morgan, Benjamin Franklin Adair, Green Parris, Charles H. 
 Campbell, Robert Taylor Hanks, John Chambers Jr. and Maxwell Chambers. 
 Butler's company was probably in the organization at Ft. Wayne in July, 
 I86L " " 
 
 Captain Benjamin Wisner Carter, First Lt. Richard Carter, Second L^ 
 Johnson Fields, Third Lt. Catcher Teehee. Privates: Seaborn F. Tyner, 
 Reuben Bartley Tyner, Abraham Woodall, Ezekial Bolin, Walter Bolin, 
 S.mon Boynton, John Ross Carter, Charles Coody, Millard Filmore, Josepn 
 Freshower Joseph Hedricks, William Hedricks, Isaac Keys, Loonev Keys. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 149 
 
 Monroe Keys, Sanuiel H. Keys. Samuel Houston Mayes, Worcester McCoy, 
 Lewis Clark Ramsey, Randolph Riley, Samuel A. Riley, Antoine Rosters, An- 
 drew Tyner, Daniel Teehee, Georg-e Teehee, John Teehee and Thomas 
 Teehee. Possibly a company of the First Cherokee Mounted Volunteers. 
 
 Captain John Childers', First Lt. Samuel Lee and Second Lt. Ellis 
 Sanders"'. This was prohahly a company of Frye's Battallion. 
 
 Captain John Porum Davis, First Lt. Charles Drew, Second Lt. James 
 Christopher McCoy, Third Lt. John Q. Hayes, Orderly Sergeant Richard Neal, 
 Second Sergeant John Evans, Third Sgt. Teesee Guess, Fourth Sgt. Samuel 
 Campbell, Fifth Sergeant Heavy Butler, First Corporal George Downing, 
 Second Corp. John Poorbear, Third Corp. Albert P. Shepherd, Fourth Corp. 
 Thomas O. Bowles. Privates: George Arnold, Joe Ashes, James Apple- 
 gate, George Bowles, James Bowles, Johnson Bowles, Samuel Bowles, Badger, 
 Johnson Baldridge, David Barberry, Isaac W. Bertholf, Robin Bob, John 
 Butterfield, Cahlahhoola, Chunarchur, Crane, David Davis, Small Dirt, David 
 Downing, Edward Downing, Joseph Downing, Benjamin Ellis, Lafayette 
 ElHs, Stand Foreman, Flyingaway, Buck Girty, Simon Girty, Buflalo Garves, 
 James Griftin, William Grift'in, David Harris, Nathan Hicks, Walter Jack- 
 son, John Kettle, Allen Latta, Hercules T. Martin, John Miller, George 
 Morris, Daniel McCoy, W. S. McCoy, David McLaughlin, Oolskunee, Oowa- 
 looka, Joseph Ore, Satanka, Joseph Shepherd, William STiepherd, George 
 Smoker, Splitnose, Ellis Starr, Ezekial Starr, George Starr, Tobacco John, 
 James Starr, James Starr, George Sunshine, Allison Woodville Timberlake, 
 David Vann, Jesse \'ann, Monkey \'ann, Yartunnah \'ann, Thomas Watts 
 and Reuben Williams. 
 
 Captain William Eckridge First Lt. Thomas Jefferson McGee, Second 
 Lt. Lewis Rogers, Third Lt. Albert McGee, Orderly Sergeant Dr. Charles H. 
 Preston. Privates: David Bashears, Elap, George Broughill, David Burkett, 
 John Beamer, Joseph Bledsoe, Lorenzo Bledsoe, John Caldwell, Ellis Dick, 
 Isaac Dick, Dick Duck, John Duck, Ezekial ("Bud") Fields, Ezekial Fields, 
 George Washinglon Fields, George Fields, Henry Fields, Matthew Fields, 
 Thompson Fields, George Frazier, John Brown Harlan, Samuel G. Hefiing- 
 ton, Scott Hunt, Calvin Jackson, Harvey Jackson, Benjamin King, Samuel 
 Kinkade, Charles Lisenbe, Washington Lisenbe, Bee Marshall, John Mathis, 
 David A. McGee, John McMurtrey, Solomon Moore, Oliver Morris, Wilson 
 Muskrat, David Pogue, George Raper, John L. Rogers, Joseph Rogers. Shot- 
 pouch- Frank Simms. William Stover- Ticanooly, George Washington Trout, 
 George Washington Walker, Vann Ward, Hill Wilkerson and Albert Morris. 
 This company was probably first- a part of Bryan's Battallion and later 
 (Co. D?) of the Second Cherokee Mounted Volunteers. 
 
 Captain John W. Fagan. 
 
 Captain Richard Fields, First Lt. Moses Edwards, Second Lt. Bevelly 
 Bean Hickey, Orderly Sergeant Coon Vann. Privates: George ("Buck- 
 skin") Waters, Sunday Hogtoter, Benjamin Fisher, Hogstoter- George 
 Waters- Yartunna Proctor, Tetenahi, B-enjamin King, Dreadfulwater- Lorenzo 
 D. Chambers, John Quincy A. Smith, William Henry Mayes, Robert Mc- 
 
150 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 l.emcire and Thomas Henry Still. 
 
 Captain Alexander Foreman. 
 
 Captain Roswell W. Lee. First Lts. Henry Forrester and J. W. Gregg, 
 Second Lts. William Taylor and Riley Wise Lindsey, Orderly Sergeants John 
 Reese, Taylor Clark and John R. Vann. Privates: Lee Silk, Thomas Peter, 
 Ikush, Charles Hicks, Rider Cloud- William Crane, William Womack, John 
 Polk, Robert Barnard, James Brower, McCoy Smith, George W. Alberiy, 
 Arseena, Samuel Benge, Alonzo Bledsoe, Thomas Bigby, James Crittenden. 
 John Doghead, J. Hilary Clark, John Campeau, Richard Hurd, John Marshall 
 Isaac Proctor, Ootlenowi, Ice Nitts, William Phillips, James Seymour, Ketcher 
 Solomon, Bailey Bacon, John Bacon. William Taylor, J. Riley Baker, Cap 
 Edwards, William Walker and William Deadrick. This was an artillery com- 
 pany. They got their battery; three twelve pound howitzers and a 2.2 5 
 pound brass rifle, early in 1863. One twelve pounder lost in Elk Creek after 
 the battle of Honey Springs and found by the federals while searching for 
 dead. Three other guns were added but their sources not known. On.; 
 gun bursted by over charging at the capture of the Steamer J. R. Williams 
 on June 15, 1864 and the others were surrendered to the United States at 
 the close of the war. 
 
 Captain Moses C. Frye. First Lt. John Childers, Second Lt. William 
 Alexander and John Edward Gunter, Third Lt. William Barnes. Privates: 
 Charles A. Fargo- Isaac Sanders, John Price, Thomas Jefferson Carter. 
 Samuel Candy and. Ellis Sanders. This is probably the same company that 
 was commanded by John Childers after Captain Frye organized and became 
 Major of the battalion. 
 
 Captain Sajnuel Gunter, First Lt. William Alexander, Second Lt. Calvin 
 Jones Hanks, Third Lt. Rufus Bell Adair. Orderly Sergeant Robert Taylor 
 Hanks. Privates: Felix N. Witt, John Bell Adair, Samuel Candy. John 
 Edward Cjunter, Stephen N. Carlile- George Washington Fields, Charles 
 Jones, Matthew Jones. James Ussrey, Philip Ussrey , Tobe Ussrey. Lock 
 Langiev, John Price. Allen Matthis, William McCracken, Robert Alexander, 
 John Poorhear, John Candy, Henderson Holt, John Gaf^'ord, George Smoker, 
 John Lafayette Brown, David Ussrey, William Ussrey, John H. Shanks, 
 Charles Harmon, Buck Elmo. Jeflerson Eldridge, George Yates, Moses Ed- 
 wards, Seven Fields, Bertie Simmons, Keekee Gunter. Jesse Galiord, Jollv 
 Colwell, Samuel Wheeler, Moses Holt. Joseph Perdue, John Perdue, John 
 Frazell. John Gonzales, Snake Puppy, William Johnson and Benjamin John- 
 son. 
 
 Captain Charles Holt, First Lts. Montgomery Morgan and Squire Bald- 
 ridge. Second Lts. John D. Alberty and Jack Miller, Orderly Sergeants James 
 Reed and Coon Vann. Privates: Stephen N. Carlile, Charles Jones, James 
 Ussrey George Reese, Stephen Whitmire, George' ("Buckskin") Waters, 
 Samuel Payne, John Marshall, Little Leach, Charles Hicks. Arseena Vann, 
 Abraham Lmcoln, J. L. McCorkle and William Lowrev 
 Captain Richard O'Fields, First Lt. Johnson O'Fields 
 Gaptams Thomas Jefferson Parks and John W. Fagan, First Lt. John 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 15; 
 
 VV. Fa,5an. Privates: John Pinkncv Chandler, Aanm Head Beck and 
 Releford Beck. 
 
 Captain Clement \ann Rogers, First Lt. Joseph Martin Lvnch. Second 
 Lt. Thomas Lewis Rogers, Third Lt. Henry Chambers. Orderly Sergeant 
 Robert McDaniel. Privates: Richard Grirtin- Daniel Webster Vann. Na- 
 poleon Bonapart Rogers, Isaac Howell, John Hair, John W. Bumgarner, 
 Caleb Wright, Virgil Crawford, Joseph Rogers, Antoine Rogers, Maxwell 
 Chambers. Joseph Martin Hildebrand, Hilary Clark. Thomas Hubbard. Wilker- 
 son Hubbard, Reuben Finley, Moses McDaniel, James Beavert, Lemuel 
 Smith, John O'Reiley and Joseph H. Bennett. 
 
 Captain Joseph Sniallwood. 
 
 Captain John M. Smith. First Lt. Edward Foreman, Second Lt. Heman 
 Lincoln Foreman, Third Lt. Martin Buzzardflopper. Orderly Sergeant Loonev 
 Tiger. Privates: Richard L. Martin. John Palmer, Moses Williams and 
 Nelson McDaniel 
 
 Captain John W. T. Spencer. First Lt. Robert McDaniel, Second Lt. 
 James Beavert, Third Lt. Randolph Coker, Orderly Sergeant Daniel Webster 
 Vann. Privates: Houston Allen, John Bell, John Boot, James Cannon. 
 Virgil Crawford- David Cogswell, Archibald Elliott, George W. Elliott. James 
 Elliott, Walter Elliott. Jefl'erson Gage, John Gritfin, .Alexander Gordon. Wilev 
 McNair Guilliams, William Hicks, Daniel O'Conner Kelt, Joseph KelL Richard 
 L. Martin, Nelson McDaniel, David McLaughlin. Ezekial McLaughlin. John 
 McNulty, John McPherson, John Palmer. John Poorbear, James Benjamin 
 Franklin Rogers, James Spencer, Napoleon Bonapart Rogers, Claybourne Tay- 
 lor, Andrew Townsend. Reuben R. Tyner. Bryan Ward, James Ward, John 
 Ward, James Williams. John Williams, Moses Williams, John Witt and 
 William McCracken. 
 
 Captain James Stewart, First Lt. Catterson, Second Lt. George 
 
 U'. Snardy. Third Lt. Newton Swinney, Orderly Sergeant John Anderson. 
 Privates: James Brower, Frank Bryan. Jack Bryan. Samuel Bryan, John 
 Burns, John Campeau, John Campbell- Thomas Cotfelt, John Crabtree, 
 Thomas Ebv, Charles Edmondson, N. B. Edmondson. George Washington 
 Elliott, J. William Gregg. Daniel O'Conner Kell. Joseph Kell, Alexander L. 
 Martin, Napoleon B. McCreary, John Nance- M. P. Snider, John Stotts, 
 Joseph Lvnch Thompson. George Wagoner, Walter Adair West and James 
 Yost. 
 
 Captains William Taylor and William Eubanks, First Lt. William Eu- 
 banks. Second Lt. George Reese. Third Lt. John Alexander. 
 
 Captain Hugh Tinnon, First Lt. Jeter Thompson Cunningham, Second 
 Lt. William Evans, Third Lt. Joseph Ingle, Orderly Sergeant Patrick Patton. 
 Privates: Hugh Abercrombie, Charles Barney, Henry Baumister, John Brad- 
 shaw, John Bdckey, William Brickey, Mitchell Blevins, Ransom Blevins 
 Thompson Blevins, John Abercrombie, Lafa3'ette Abercrombie, Freeman 
 Authur, John Chastain, Chuwanosky, Henry Coats, John Coats, James Cole- 
 man, William Compton, Alexander Copeland, Austin Copeland. Andrew 
 Countryman, George Countryman. John Countryman. Samuel Countryman, 
 David Denton, Jack Dickey, Edward Evans, Lewis Fair, James Sanford 
 
152 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Fields. Moses Fields, Robert Francis. Henry Gates, William Green, Richard 
 Holland. William Howell. John Ingle, Thomas Ingle, John Ishell, Columbus 
 Isbell Chapman Johnson, Thomas Johnson, Elijah Keith, John Keith. 
 Thomas Keywood, William Keywood. Thomas King, Samuel Kirkpatrick, 
 Henrry l.ouks, P. G. Lynch. Charles McFadden. Telia McFadden. Thomas 
 McFadden, Samuel McPhail, Marshall McSpadden, John O'Bryan, Shipman 
 Reed, John Rhea, John Rogers. Samuel C. Sager, John Smith. Elisha Stover. 
 Rogers Stover, John Calhoun Sturdivant, Zimerhew Thomas, James Tinnon, 
 William Tinnon, Stephen Walker, David White, James White and Marion 
 White. 
 
 Captain John Shepherd Vann. First Lt. Walker Carey. Private Calvm 
 
 Jones Hanks. 
 
 Captain Charles E. Watie, First Lt. Wilson Suagee. Second Lt. Samuel 
 Mush, Third Lt. John Maw. Privates: John Ketcher, Alfred Pigeon, Logan 
 Pigeon, Jack Pigeon, Stand Suagee and Ezekial Beck. 
 
 Captain Erastus Howland. First Lt. Knight. Second Lt. 
 
 Boone, Third Lt. Antoine LaHay. Privates: Heman Lincoln Foreman, 
 Alexander McCoy Rider and Riley J. Keys. 
 
 Captain William H. Turner, First Lt. Antoine LaHay. Second Lt. Re- 
 turn Jonathan Foreman, William W. Bark, Orderly Sergeant Jacob Markham. 
 Privates: Amos Foreman, Squataleechee, William Cochran, Carter Daniel 
 Markham, George Foreman. Lewis Cochran, John Cochran, Henry Blalock, 
 George Arseena, J. P. Blackstone, Joseph Bledsoe, Littlebird, Samuel Coch- 
 ran, Charles Cochran Sr., Charles Cochran Jr., John S. Coats, Wilson Cor- 
 dery, Thomas Cordery, James Davis Sr., James Davis Jr., W. A. Dennison, 
 Jackson Foreman, Looney Downing. Thomas Harvingston. George W. Kirk, 
 John Inlow, Charles Jumper, Robert Kanard, John LaHay. John Mosley. 
 John Martin Miller, Andrew Miller, Washington Miller. Robert J. Mann. Wil- 
 son Muskrat, James Proctor, Nelson Proctor, Johnson Thomas, Thomas C. 
 Thomas, James Winifield, Ulrich Waldron, Samuel Wisner, James Wortham, 
 John O'Reilly, Charles Hillen and William C. Daniel. 
 
 Governor Rector of Arkansas wrote Chief Ross on January 2'), 1861 
 requestng- the cooperation of the Cherokees with the Confederacy to which 
 Chief answered avowing neutrality?. The Chief by letters of May I7th'', 
 June 12th*' and 17= and in a proclamation of May 17th reiterated his stand 
 for this principle". On July 12th Stand Watie the political opponent of 
 Chief Ross organized his regiment and shortly afterwards the chief called 
 a general convention of the Cherokees to meet at Tahlequah on August 2 1st. 
 The Chief again urged neutrality" and the convention passed resolutions in 
 keeping with that sentiments The Chief wrote General McCullough that 
 "we are authorized to form an alliance with the Confederate States, which 
 we are determined to do as early as practicable. This determination may 
 give rise to movements against the Cherokee people upon their northern 
 border. To be prepared for any such emergency, we have deemed it pru- 
 dent^ to proceed to organize a regiment of mounted men and tender them for 
 service. They will be raised forthwith, by Colonel John Drew, and if re- 
 ceived by you will require to he armed"? 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEH INDIANS l53 
 
 Chief Ross appointed the following otlicers for Drew's regiment: Colonel 
 John Drew, Lieutenant Colonel William Potter Ross, Major Thomas Pegg, 
 Adjutant James S. Vann, Surgeon Dr. Robert D. Ross. Chaplain Lewis Down- 
 ing. Captains: Co. A, Pickens M. Benge; Co. B, Richard Fields; Co. C 
 John Poruni Davis; Co. D. James McDaniel; Co. E, Lewis Ross, succeeded 
 by Newton Hildebrand; Co. F, William W'. Alberty; Co. G, Anderson Spring- 
 ston; Co. H, Nicholas Byers Sanders; Co. \> George M. Murrell. succeeded by 
 Jefferson Hicks; Co. K, George Washington Scraper and Co. L, James Vann 
 A treaty was concluded at Hunters Home, the residence of George M. 
 Murrell on October 7. 1 861 between the Confederate States and the 
 Cherokee Nation and two days later Chief Ross delivered his message to the 
 national council: 
 
 MESSAGE OF THE PRINCIPAL CHIEF TO THE CHEROKEE NATION. 
 To the National Committee and Council in National Council convened: 
 
 Friends and Fellow-Citizens: Since the last meeting of the National 
 Council events have occurred that will occupy a prominent place in the his- 
 torv of the world. The United States have been dissolved and two govern- 
 ments now exist. Twelve of the states composing the' late Union have erect- 
 ed themselves into a government under the style of the Confederate States of 
 America, and, as you know, are now engaged in a war for their independence. 
 The contest thus far has been attended with success almost uninterrupted on 
 their side and marked by brilliant victories. Of its final result there seems 
 to b no grounds for a reasonable doubt. The unanimity and devotion of the 
 people of the Confederate States must sooner or Liter secure their success over 
 all opposition and result in the establishment of their independence and a rec- 
 ognition of it by the other nations of the earth. 
 
 At the beginning of the conflict I felt that the interest of the Cherokee 
 people would be best maintained by remaining quiet and not involving them- 
 selves in it prematurely. Our relations had long existed with the United 
 States Government and bound us to amity and peace alike with all the States. 
 Neutrality was proper and wise so long as there remained a reasonable prob- 
 ability that the difficulty between the two sections of the Union would be 
 settled, as a different course would have placed all our rights in jeopardy and 
 might have lead to the sacrifice of the people. But when there was no longer 
 any reason to believe that the Union of the States would be continued there 
 was no cause to hesitate as to the course the Cherokee Nation should pursue. 
 Our geographical position and domestic institutions allied us to the south, 
 while the developments daily made in our vicinity and as to the purposes of 
 the war waged against the Confederate States clearly pointed out the path of 
 our interest. 
 
 These conisderations produced a unainmity of sentiment among the 
 people as to the policy adopted by the Cherokee Nation, which was clearly 
 expressed in their general meeting held at Tahlequah on the 2 1st of August 
 last. A copy of tlie proceedings of that meeting is submitted for your infor- 
 mation. 
 
 In accordance with the declarations embodied in the resolutions then 
 adopted the Executive Council deemed it proper to exercise the authority con- 
 
^54 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 ferred upon them by the people there assembled. Messengers dispatched to 
 General Albert Pike, the distinguished Indian Commissioner of the Confeder- 
 ate States, who having negotiated treaties with the neighboring Indian nations, 
 was then' establishing relations between his government and the Comanches 
 and other Indians in'^ the Southwest, who bore a copy of the proceedings of 
 the meeting referred to, and a letter from the executive authorities, proposing 
 on behalf of the nation to enter into a treaty of alliance, defensive and of- 
 fensive, with the Confederate States. 
 
 In the exercise of the same general authority, and to be ready as far as 
 practicable to meet any emergency that might spring up on our northern bord- 
 der, it was thought proper to raise a regiment of mounted men and tender its 
 services to General McCullough. The people responded with alacrity to the 
 call, and it is believed the regiment will be found as efficient as any other like 
 number of men. it is now in the service of the Confederate States for the 
 purpose of aiding in defending their homes and the common rights of the In- 
 dian nations about us. This regiment is composed of ten full companies, with 
 two reserve companies, and, in addition to the force previously authorized to 
 be raised to operate outside of the Nation by General McCullough, will show 
 that the Cherokee people are ready to do all in their power in defense of the 
 Confederate cause, which has now become our own. And it is to be hoped 
 that our people will spare no means to sustain them, but contribute liberally 
 to supply any want of comfortable clothing for the approaching season. 
 
 In years long since past our ancestors undaunted those who would in- 
 vade their mountain homes beyond the Mississippi. Let not their descendants 
 of the present day be found unworthy of them, or unable to stand by the 
 chivalrous men of the South by whose side they may be called to fight in 
 self-defense. The Cherokee people do not desire to be involved in war, but 
 self-preservation fully justifies them in the course they have adopted, and they 
 will be recreant to themselves if they should not sustain it to the utmost of 
 their humble abilities. 
 
 A treaty with the Confederate States has been entered into and is now 
 submitted for your ratification. In view of the circumstances by which we are 
 surrounded and the provisions of the treaty it will be found to be the most 
 important ever negotiated on behalf of the Cherokee Nation, and will mark 
 a new era in its history. Without attempting a recapitulation of all its pro- 
 visions, some of its distinguishing features may be briefly enumerated. 
 
 The relations of the Cherokee Nation are changed from the United 
 to the Confederate States, with guarantees of protection and a recognition 
 in future negotiations only of its constitutional authorities. The metes and 
 boundaries, as defined by patent from the United States, are continued, and a 
 guarantee given for the Neutral Land or a fair consideration in case it should 
 be lost by war or negotiation and an advance thereon to pay the national debt 
 and to meet other contingencies. The payment of all our annuities and secur- 
 ity of all our investments are provided for. The jurisdiction of the Cherokee 
 courts over all members of the Nation, whether bv birth, marriage, or ad- 
 option, is recognized. 
 
 Our title to our lands is placed beyond dispute. Our relations with the 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 155 
 
 Cnnfederate States is that of a ward; tlu'lrs to us that of a protectorate, with 
 powers restricted. The district court, with a limited civil and criminal jurisdic- 
 tion, is admitted into the country instead of beinj;- located at Van Buren, as was 
 the United States court. This is perhaps one of the most important provis- 
 ions of the treaty, and secures to our citizens the ,i;reat constitutional right 
 of trial by a jury of their own vicinage, and releases them from the pettv 
 abuses and vexations of the old system, before a foreign jury and in a foreign 
 country. It gives us a delegate in congress on the same footing with del- 
 egates from the Territories, by which our interests can be represented; a right 
 which has long been withheld from the Nation and which has imposed upon 
 it a large expense and a great injustice. !t also contains reasonable stipula- 
 tion in regard to the appointing powers of the Agent and in regard to licensed 
 traders. The Cherokee Nation may be called upon to furnish troops for the 
 defense of the Indian country, but is never to be taxed for the support of any 
 w;ir in which the States may be engaged. 
 
 The Cherokee people stand upon new ground. Let us hope that the 
 clouds which overspread the land will be dispersed and that we shall prosper as 
 we have never before done. New avenues of usefulness and distinction will be 
 oplmi to the ingenious youth of the country. Our rights of self-government 
 will be more fully recognized, and our citizens will be no longer dragged off 
 upnn flimsy pretexts, to be imprisoned and tried before distant tribunals. No 
 just cause exists for domestic difticulties. Let them be buried with the past 
 and only mutual friendship and liarmony be cherished. 
 
 Our relati^ins with the neighburing tribes are of the most friendly char- 
 acter. Let us see that the white path which leads from our country to their^ 
 be obstructed by no act of ours, and that it be npen to all those with whom 
 we ma\' be brnught into intercourse. 
 
 Amid the excitement of the times it is tn be hoped that the interests of 
 education will not be allowed to sutler and that no interruption be brought in- 
 to the usual operations of the government. Let its olficers continue to dis- 
 charge their appropriate duties. 
 
 As the services of some of your members may be required elsewhere 
 and all unnecessary expense should be avoided, I respectfully recommend 
 that the business of the session be promptly discharged. 
 
 John Ross. 
 
 Executive Department, 
 
 Tahlequah, C. N., October Q, 1861. 
 
 On October 28th the council issued the following declaration: 
 Declaration by the People of the Cherokee Nation of the Causes Which Have 
 
 Impelled them to Unite Their Fortunes With Those of the Confederate 
 
 States cf America. 
 
 When circumstances beyond their cnntrol compel one people to sever 
 the ties which have long existed between them and another state or confed- 
 eracy, and to contract new alliances and establish new relations for the secur- 
 ity of their rights and liberties, it is fit that they should publicly declare the 
 reasons by which their action is justified. 
 
 The "Cherokee people had its origin in the South; its institutions are sim- 
 
156 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 ilar to those of the Southern States, and their interests identical with theirs. 
 Long since it accepted the protection of the United States of America, con- 
 tracted with them treaties of alliance and friendship, and allowed themselves 
 to be to a great extent governed by their laws. 
 
 In peace and war they have been faithful to their engagements with 
 the United States. With much hardship and injustice to complain of, they, 
 resorted to no other means than solicitation and argument to obtain redress. 
 Loval and obedient to the laws and the stipulations of the treaties, they serv- 
 ed under the flag of the United States, shared the common dangers, and were 
 entitled to a share in the common glory, to gain which their blood was freely 
 shed on the battlefield. 
 
 When the dissentions between the Southern and Northern States cul- 
 minated in a separation of State after State from the Union they watched the 
 progress of events with anxiety and consternation. While their institutions 
 and the contiguity of their territory to the states of Arkansas, Texas and Mis- 
 souri made the cause of the seceding States necessarily their own cause, their 
 treaties had been made with the United States, and they felt the utmost reluct- 
 ance even in appearance to violate their engagements or set at naught the 
 obligations of good faith. 
 
 Conscious that they were a people few in numbers compared with either 
 of the contending parties, and that their country might with no considerable 
 force be easily overrun and devasted and desolation and ruin be the result if 
 they took up arms for either side, their authorities determined that no other 
 course was consistent with the dictates of prudence or could secure the safety 
 of heir people and immunity from the horrors of a war waged by an invad- 
 ing enemy than a strict neutrality, and in this decision they were sustained by 
 a majority of the Nation. 
 
 That policy was accordingly adopted and faithfully adhered to. Early 
 in the month of June of the present year the authorities of the Nation declin- 
 ed to enter into negotiations for an alliance with the Confederate States, and 
 protested against the occupation of the Cherokee country by their troops, or 
 any other violation of their neutrality. No act was allowed that could be con- 
 strued by the United States to be a violation of the faith of treaties. 
 
 But Providence rules the destinies of nations, and events, by inexorable 
 necessity, overrule human resolutions. The number of the Confederate States 
 increased to eleven, and their government is firmly established and consoli- 
 dated. Maintaining in the field an army of two hundred thousand men, the 
 war became for them but a succession of victories. Disclaiming any intention 
 to invade the Northern States, they sought only to repel invaders from their 
 own soil and to secure the right of governing themselves. They claimed 
 only he privilege asserted by the Declaration of American Independence, and 
 torn! d Ifu"^ .f "'' ^°'*^'™ 5*'*" themselves to self-government is 
 enb^ ;ni. 'n- K '■ '°''"' °^ government when it became no longer tol- 
 erable and establishing new forms for the security of their liberties. 
 footed J^^-T "' Confederate States we saw this great revolution ef- 
 
 Th n i r r " "' '"'•:'"'''" '^ '''' '^^^ °^ ^"^^ '^'^^•"S- of the courts, 
 nnhtarv poue, was nowhere placed above the civil authorities. None 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 157 
 
 were seized and imprisoned at the mandate nf arbitrary power. All division 
 among the people disappeared, and tiie determination became unanimous that 
 there should never again be any union with the Northern States. Almost as 
 one man all who were able to bear arms rushed to the defense of an invad- 
 ed country, and nowhere has it been found necessary to compel men to serve 
 or to enlist mercenaries by the oiler of extraordinary bounties. 
 
 But in the Northern States the Cherokee people saw with alarm a violat- 
 ed constitution, all civil liberty put in peril, and all rules of civilized warfare 
 and the dictates of common humanity and decency unhesitatingly disregard- 
 ed. In states which still adhered to the Union a military despotism had dis- 
 placed the civil power and the laws became silent amid arms. Free speech and 
 almost free thought became a crime. The right of the writ of habeas corpus, 
 guaranteed by the constitution, disappeared at the nod of a Secretary of State 
 or a general of the lowest grade. The mandate of the Chief Justice of the 
 Supreme Court was at naught by the military power and this outrage on com- 
 mon right approved by a President sworn to support the constitution. War 
 on the largest scale was waged, and the immense bodies of troops called into 
 the field in the absence of any law warranting it under the pretense of sup- 
 pressing unlawful combination of men. 
 
 The humanities of war. which even barbarians respect, were no longer 
 thought worthy to he observed. Foreign mercenaries and the scum of the 
 cities and the inmates of prisons were enlisted and organized into brigades 
 and sent into Southern States to aid in subjugating a people struggling foi 
 freedom, to burn, to plunder, and to commit the basest of outrages on the 
 women; while the heels of armed tyranny trod upon the necks of Maryland 
 and Missouri, and men of the highest character and position were incarcera- 
 ated upon suspicion and without process of law, in jails, in forts, and prison 
 ships, and even women were imprisoned by the arbitrary order of a President 
 and Cabinet Ministers; while the press ceased to be free, and the publication 
 of newspapers was suspended and their issues seized and destroyed; the of- 
 ficers and men taken prosiners in the battles were allowed to remain in cap- 
 itvity by the refusal of the Government to consent to an exchange of prison- 
 ers; as they had left their dead on more than one tield of battle that had 
 witnessed their defeat, to be buried and their wounded to be cared for by 
 southern hands. 
 
 Whatever causes the Cherokee people may have had in the past to com- 
 plain of some of the southern states, they cannot but feel that their interests 
 and destiny are inseparably connected with those of the south. The war now 
 waging is a war of Northern cupidity and fanaticism against the institution of 
 African servitude; against the commercial freedom of the south, and againsc 
 the political freedom of the states, and its objects are to annihilate the sover- 
 eignty of those states and utterly change the nature of the general govern- 
 ment. 
 
 The Cherokee people and their neighbors were warned before the war 
 commenced that the first object of the party which now holds the powers of 
 government of the United States would be to annul the institution of slavery 
 in the whole Indian country and make it what they term free territory and after 
 
158 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 a tinio a free state; :ind they have been also warned by the fate which has 
 befallen those of their race in Kansas, Nebraska and Oregon that at no distant 
 day they too would be compelled to surrender their country at the demand 
 of Northern rapacity, and be content with an extinct nationality, and with 
 reserves of limited extent for individuals, of which their people would soon 
 be disponed by speculators, if not plundered unscrupulously by the state. 
 
 Urged by these considerations, the Cherokees, long divided in opinion, 
 became unanimous, and like their brethren, the Creeks, Seminoles, Choctaws, 
 and Chickasaws, determined, by the undivided voice of a General Convention 
 of all the people, held at Tahlequah on the twenty-tirst day of August, in 
 the present year, to make connnon cause with the South and share its 
 fortunes. 
 
 In now carrying this resolution into etiect and consummating a treaty of 
 alliance and friendship with the Confederate States of America the Cherokee 
 people declare that they have been faithful and loyal to their engagements 
 with the United States until, by placing their safety and even their national ex- 
 istence in eminent peril, those States have released them from those engage- 
 ments. 
 
 Menaced by a great danger, they exercise the inalienable right of self 
 defense, and declare themselves a free people, independent of the Northern 
 States of America, and at war with them by their own act. Obeying the 
 dictates of prudence and providing for the general safety and welfare, con- 
 fident of the rectitude of their intentions and true to the obligations of duty 
 and honor, they accept the issue thus forced upon them, unite their fortunes 
 now and forever with those of the Confederate States, and take up arms for 
 the common cause, and with entire confkience in the justice of that cause and 
 with a lirm reliance upon Divine Providence, will resolutely abide the con- 
 sequences. 
 
 THOMAS PEGG, 
 President of National Committee. 
 
 JOSHUA ROSS, 
 Clerk National Committee. 
 
 LACEY MOUSE, 
 
 Speaker of Council 
 
 THOMAS B. WOLF, 
 
 Clerk of Council. 
 
 Approved. JOHN ROSS. 
 
 Brigadier General Albert Pike \\-ai assigned to the command of the 
 Indian Territory on November 22, 1861. The battle of Bird Creek between 
 Opothleyohola's federal Creek refugees and the confederate forces, includ- 
 ing Drew's regiment was fought on December ^ifh. After the battle of Pea 
 Ridge, in Arkansas on March 6, 1862, the confederate authorities diverted 
 all possible forces and equipment to the east side of the Mississippi. Thus 
 the Cherokee Nation was left with scarcely any protection from their con- 
 federate allies. The Cherokees received no pay as soldiers. Funds, ammuni- 
 tions, artillery, arms, commissary supplies and clothing that had been meant 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 159 
 
 for them \v;is stepped at Fort Smith ;uid Little Rocki. Duriiiii the month of 
 March, Brigadier General Albert Pike paid to Cherokee national treasurer, 
 Lewis Ross, at his brother John Ross' residence at Park Hill, as per the re- 
 quirements of the late treaty, one hundred and lifty thousand dollars in con- 
 federate bills and seventy thousand dollars in gold. 
 
 A federal expedition was outlitted at Fort Scott and started to the 
 Cherokee Nation on March 6, 1862. It was designated the "Indian expe- 
 diti n" and was under the command of Colonel William Weer, who wrote 
 from Le Roy. Kansas on the thirteenth of June that "John Ross is un- 
 doubtedly with us. and will come out openly when we reach there."- The 
 Indian expedition rapidly approached from the north by way of Humboldt, 
 Kansas- and Cowskin Prairie\ Cherokee Nation. Brigadier General Pike 
 had made his headquarters at Camp McCullough near Red River since the 
 battle of Pea Ridge and a Colonel J. J. Clarkson had been appointed as 
 confederate commander in the Cherokee Nation on June 26th. ranking; 
 Colonels Watie and Drew, and independent of Brigadier General Pike. His 
 unpicketed camp at Locust Grove was surprised a little before daybreak on 
 July 3 by Colonel Weer. Col. Clarkson and several of his men were cap- 
 tured. Nearly all of Drew's regiment which had been camped on Flat Rock 
 Creek on the west side of Grand River, S')me twenty miles southwest of 
 Locust Grove, joined the federal forces on Cabin Creek on the third, fourth, 
 fifth and sixth of July. Colonel Drew remained loyal to the confederacy. 
 The Second Indian Home Guards federal service was organized at Cabin 
 Creek on the fifth under Colonel John Ritchey. William A. Phillips became 
 colonel of the Third Indian Home Guards- U. S. A. The Home Guards re- 
 turned to Flat Rock on the eleventh. 
 
 Captain Harris S. Green, of the Sixth Kansas Cavalry, which was 
 a part of the Indian expedition arrived at Chief Ross' on July l5th and Col^ 
 Weer occupied Fort Gibson on the same date. Captain Greeno reported 
 that "Chief Ross feels very badly on acount of our not having any forces 
 on this side of the river (Grand) for protection.''' Over two hundred mem- 
 bers of Home Guards regiments were at Chief Ross' at the time and Captain 
 Greeno went through the formality of arresting Chief Ross, Lieutenant 
 Colonel William P. Ross. Major Thomas Pegg, First Lieutenants Anderson 
 Benge and Joseph Chooie, Second Lieutenants Lacey Hawkins, Archibald 
 Scraper, George W. Ross, Third Lieutenants Allen Ross. Joseph Cornsilk 
 and John Shell. 
 
 Colonel Weer was arrested at the camp on Cabin Creek by Colonel 
 Frederick Solomon of the Ninth Wisconsin Volunteers on the charge of 
 having conducted the command to a distant station where they were not 
 in communication with the commissary department and practically out of 
 provisions, but the whole affair had the appearance of jealous insubordina- 
 
160 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 tion, as CoIoiil-I Weer was shortly afterwards advanced in rank. The 
 prairies were covered with the cattle of the Cherokees? but other food was 
 not to be had locally. But from this date cattle stealing' became so popular 
 with the Kansans that before the end of the war cattle became a rare sight 
 in the Nation. Colonel Solomon withdrew his northern forces to Hudson 
 ferry of Grand River, on the Kansas line and the Cherokees were left on Flat 
 Rock Creek, ten miles north of the present city of Wagoner. 
 
 Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Fo.x Taylor and several of his command 
 were killed on Bayou Menard on the morning of July 2 7th, Chief Ross, with 
 his friends and relatives together with the national records and the two 
 hundred tiftv thousand dollars that had been received from the confederate 
 government started north under a federal escort in the afternoon of the same 
 day. They arrived at Fort Scott on August 7, 1.S62'. Notwithstanding the 
 dire distress of most of the Cherokee refugees in southeastern Kansas, Chief 
 Ross, his family and a few relatives, left one week later- for Pennsylvania, 
 where they staid during the remainder of the war. 
 
 The battle of Fort Wayne was fought on October 22, 1862, the con- 
 federates were defeated, their artillery captured and they retired to Canadian 
 River. Fort Davis, opposite Ft. Gibson, was burned by the federals on 
 December 2 7th. 
 
 The First Indian Home Guard regiment was principally Creeks. The 
 Second and Third regiments of this brigade were predominantly Cherokee. 
 The Second had sixty six officers and one thousand eight hundred privates. 
 The Third had fifty two officers and one thousand four hundred thirty seven 
 privates, totaling three thousand three hundred eighty eight men. A frag- 
 mentary list of these organizations are: Second Regiment, Colonel John 
 Ritchey. I.t. Colonels David B. Corwin and Frederick W. Schuarte, Surgeon 
 Dr. A. J. Ritchie. 
 
 Captain Co. A James McDaniel. First Lt. McLain, Second Lt. 
 
 Walter Long. Privates: Jug Whitepath, West Beamer, Cat, Dick Duck, 
 John Mcintosh, John Glass, Hungry, Levi O' Fields, Rocky Mountain, Thomas 
 Potato, Shade, Walter Stop, Swimmer, Joseph Swimmer, Tun-ne-no-lee, 
 Backwater, Wahsosee, Oganiah Weliny. 
 
 Captain Co. B Moses Price, First Lt. Juhn M. Hunter. Second Lt. Alex- 
 ander Hawk. Orderly Sergeant Charles Teehee. Privates: Chu-hi-tla, 
 Walter Downing, Isho-wah-no-ski, Daniel Tucker, William Tucker. Henry 
 WJute, Tee-cnn-(i-gi-ski. Henry Blackfox, Daniel Chopper, Daylight Chopper, 
 Wilson Drum, Lewis Forkedtail, Joseph Fox, Gu-no-hi-du- Oochalata, Oola- 
 wate, Archibald Spears, Sweetwater. Redbird Jiger and Wheeler Tiger. 
 
 Captain Co. C James H. Bruce. Privates: Samuel Crittenden, Little- 
 bear Bigmush, Thomas McCoy, Mankiller Catcher, Ned Wickett, Chu-hi-sa-ta, 
 Elowe, George Wilson Girty, Jimmy, Dick Gagawi, Bark Prince, Jackson 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEH INDIANS I6l 
 
 PriiK-e, 'l';iylor Prince, Squirrel Starr. Eli Tadpole, Tousih and James Taylor. 
 
 Captain Co. D Archibald Scraper. First l.t. .lohn C. Palmer, Second 
 Lt. Joseph Chooie, Orderly Sergeant Henry Scraper. Privates: Delaware 
 Sixkiller, Canaheela, Crawler, Creek George, Dick Crittenden, John Foster. 
 Goingsnake. Hider, Going to mill, Isaac Hawk. Wilson Lacey, Stephen 
 Oolstoo, George Washington Scraper, Sicooie, Pelican, Sand, Too-cu-ta, 
 Edward Walker, Walter, Whaler Watt and Jack Watt. 
 
 Captain Co. E Daniel McCoy Gunter, First l.t. William H. Kendall. 
 Second Lt. Rufus O. Ross. Orderly Sergeant Daniel Ross Hicks. Privates: 
 David Hendricks, James Hair, Charles Harjo, John Riley, Samuel Sanders, 
 Lester Schneider. George Tiesky, Wareagle, Jack Woodard, Loony R. Gourd. 
 John R. Hicks. Charles R. Hicks, Lewis Ross Thornton, William H. Thorn- 
 ton, Robert B. Ross. Lewis Dunbach, Armistead Maxlield, Tarsutta McCoy. 
 Samuel Crossland, George Love, Lewis Hicks, William McCoy, James West, 
 Thornton. Creek Jim Fox, Benjamin Foster, James Foster, Richard Dick- 
 Nicholas Sanders, Jesse Sanders, Eli Sanders, Andrew Cordrey, Jefferson 
 Robertson, Richard Robertson, Wade H. Robertson, John Walker, George W. 
 Gage, Ross .Adair and Benjamin .Adair. 
 
 First Lt. Co. F Arleecher. Privates: Tu-ya-stee-ka, Henry \'ann. 
 Walter Hunter, Aaron, Archey, Arneechee, Tom Big, James Bolin. John 
 Baldridge. Archibald Canoe. Thomas Cornsilk, Creek Tulsa, Adam Dirtseller, 
 David Holmes, Johnson, Eli Lowrey, Lovett, Scott Mankiller, Edward Ma_\- 
 field. Nelson, Plow, Spirit, Su-yo-du, Ta-ka-li-gi-ski, Houston Mayfield and 
 Key Dougherty. 
 
 Captain Co. G Bud Gritts. Privates: John Bean. James Beaver, 
 Jumper Blackburn, Bullfrog, George Drum- Askwater, James Vann and Reed 
 Vann. 
 
 Captain Co. H Andrew J. Waterhouse. Privates John Wright ai'd 
 Scraper Nicholson. 
 
 Captain Co. 1 Dirtthrower. First Lt. Jesse Henry. 
 
 Captain Co. K Springfrog. 
 
 Colonel Third Indian Home Guards William A. Phillips, Lieutenant 
 Colonel Lewis Downing, Major John A. Foreman. 
 
 Captain Co. A Smith Christy. First Lt. Samuel Houston Benge. 
 
 Captains Co. B Isaac Tyner and Alexander C. Spillman, First Lt. Alex- 
 ander C. Spillman, Second Lt. William Sunday. Privates: John Thomp- 
 son, Lacey Beartoter, Richard Bearpaw, Harry Cutter, Johnson Dick, Peter 
 Dry, Adam Feeling George- Hungry Dick, Johnson Jug, Jack Rabbit. John- 
 son Ridge, George Ridge, John Sharp, Sharp- Tom Sunday, George Seven. 
 Smoker, John Starr. Jesse Witch, John Bear, Otterlifter, Waterhunter, Tom 
 Spikebuck. David Consene, Red Ellis. Eli Goodmoney, Joe F. Reese, Lewis 
 Wolf, Soup, Sulteeska. Wolf Smoke, Hogshooter, Grass and Runabout Puff. 
 
 Captain Co. C Nathaniel Fish. Privates: Thompson Bean. George 
 Cooweescoowee, Goback, Wilson Hair, Thomas Suake, Tadpole Crossing, 
 George Weaver, Joseph Butler, Ellis Johnson, William Catcher, Looney Mc- 
 Lain,'' Andrew Nowife, John Riley, Shoe Boots, Tallow Mayes, Lewis Scon- 
 
162 HISTROY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 tihee, George Adams, William Cade, Thomas Hammer. James Hite, Jaybird 
 Raft- Mick Leach> Young Puppy and Jackson Rail. 
 
 Captain Co. D Talala. Privates: Dragging Downing, David Horn, 
 Samuel Knight, Charles Pumpkin, Hunter, Runabout Fodder, Samuel Spirit, 
 George Soap, Wiley, Jesse Smoke, Sanders, Blackhaw, Dull Downing, Samuel 
 Henry, John Pickup, Bigtalker, Jack Double, Alexander Downing, Thomas 
 Hammond, George Hog, Situake- William Sourjohn. Tony and Arch Keener. 
 
 Captain Co. E William Webber and Thomas Pegg, First Lt. John S. 
 Hanway, Second Lt. Bear Brown, Orderly Sergeant Robin Crawford. Pri- 
 vates: Jesse Davis, Josiah Stealer, Jim Yohola, George Washington Clark, 
 Crapo, Creek Sam, Sidney Justice, Frank Kerr, John Meigs, Murdoch Mc- 
 Leod, James McTier, Henry Nave, Nicholas B. Woods, DeKinney Waters 
 Salt, John Young, Joseph Young, Roach Young, Thomas Young, Josiah 
 Ridge, Peter Emory, Jumper, James, Misaeala, John Sekeekee, Sunday and 
 James Oowano. 
 
 Captain Co. F Huckleberry Downing, First Lt. Andrew W. Robb. Pri- 
 vates: George Brush, Nightkiller, George Rooster, Avery Vann, Drinker 
 Walkingstick, Washington Clay, Aaron, James Beanstick, John Coleman, 
 Jesse Grass, Lacey Hawkins, Jumper, Johnson Jack, Joseph T. Glass, Twist, 
 Waleeska Batt- Dave, John Duck, Nathaniel Ellis, Daniel Foster, James Har- 
 ris, Squirrel Lowrey, Charles Timherlake, Oochalata, Charles Olter, Dirt 
 Seller, Johnson Situwake, Wahachi and Thicket Baldridge. 
 
 Captain Co. G Maxwell Phillips, Second Lt. Carselowry Proctor, Orderly 
 Sergeant Spencer S. Stephens. Privates: Henry Christy, Charles Walking- 
 stick, Little Grimmett, Sold, Tieska Pritchett, Josiah Pigeon, John Walking- 
 stick, Stand, Horace Broom, Runner Catcher, Richard Christy, Doctor, Alex 
 Puppy, Benjamin Sanders, Johnson Shade, Turningabout, Bottom Water and 
 Hawk Fourkiller. 
 
 Captain Co. H. Simon Snell, First Lt. Harmon Scott- Second Lt. Basil 
 G. McCrea. Privates: Jackson Bird, Rider Foreman, Moses Sixkiller, Long 
 Charley, Leaf, Youngwolf Sixkiller, Thomas Starr, Pheasant Tanner, Elijah- 
 Crying Wolf, Johnson Geeskv- George Hildebrand, Wasody Stop and Joseph 
 Butler. 
 
 Captain Co. I Whitecatcher, First Lt. Charles Brown, Second Lt. William 
 Sunday. Privates: Stephen Spears, Silas Ross, George W. Ross, Allen Ross, 
 Michael Hildebrand, John Smith, James Burns, James Shelton and John L. 
 Springston. 
 
 Captain Co. K James Vann. 
 
 Captain Co. L Solomon Kaufman, First Lt. Redbird Sixkiller, Second 
 Lt. Jules C. Cayot, Orderly Sergeant William H. Hendricks. Privates: 
 Ezekial Proctor, James Chambers, Aaron Goingwolf, John Hendricks, Isaac 
 Glass, William Hendricks Jr., Benjamin Haney, Jesse Bushyhead and Samuel 
 Sixkiller. This was an artillery company. 
 
 Captain Co. M Henry S. Anderson. " 
 
 Ft^Gibson was occupied on April 8, 1 863 by the First, Second and Third 
 Indian Home Guards, four companies of Kansas cavalry and Hopkins battery, 
 aggregating three thousand one hundred fifty men. They threw up some 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 165 
 
 earthworks above the site of the old post and called it Fort Blount in honor 
 of Major General James G. Blunt U. S. V., then in command of Kansas 
 and Indian Territory. On May twentieth a sortie was made on the fort hy 
 a small detachment of Watie's command which captured all of the mules and 
 most of the horses belonging to the garrison. 
 
 The battle of Honey Springs was fought on July seventeenth. The 
 powder used by the confederates had been bought in Mexico and would 
 hardly eject the bullet from the rifle and consequently they were defeated. 
 Colonel Watie led an expedition to Tahlequah. where he burned the capitol 
 buildings on October 2 8th and on the following day he burned Chief Ross' 
 house at Park Hill. 
 
 It was the policy of both armies to place the supreme command with 
 White men, on the theory that the Indian would not make a good general 
 commander. During the earlier years of the war when conditions were 
 more favorable. Generals Pike, Steele, Maxey and Cooper commanded the 
 Indian Territory. After the tide of war had turned decidedly in favor of the 
 I'nion, when Forts Smith and Gibson were in the hands of the federals Stand 
 Watie was made a brigadier general of the confederate army and in com- 
 mand of the Cherokee brigade and practically independent of Brigadier 
 General Cooper. On the fifteenth of June 1864 General Watie captured ai 
 Pheasants Bluff on Arkansas River the steamboat J. R. Williams, laden with 
 supplies for Ft. Gibson. On September nineteenth he in conjunction with 
 Brigadier General Richard M. Ganoe captured at Cabin Creek a military train 
 of three hundred wagons, loaded with commissary supplies valued at over 
 one million dollars, enroute from Ft. Scott, Kansas to Fort Gibson. 
 
 General Watie surrendered, by tlie following articles: 
 
 THE TREATY. 
 
 "Treaty stipulations made and entered into this 2 kd day of June 1865 
 near Doaksville Choctaw Nation between Sent. Colonel A. C. Mathews and 
 W. H. Vance U. S. Vol. commissioners appointed by Major General Herron 
 U. S. A. on part of the military authorities of the United States and Brig. 
 General Stand Watie Governor and Principal Chief of that part of the 
 Cherokee Nation lately allied with Confederate States in acts of hostilities 
 against the Government of the United States as follows towit: 
 
 "ARTICLE 1. All acts of hostilities on the part of both armies having 
 ceased by virtue of a convention entered into on the 26th day of May 1865 
 between Major General E. R. S. Cantry U. S. A. comdg. Mil. Division West 
 Miss, and General E. Kirby Smith C. S. A. Comdg. Trans. Miss Department 
 The Indians of the Cherokee Nation here represented lately allied with the 
 Confederate States in acts of hostilities against the Government of the United 
 States. 
 
 "Do agree at once to return to their respective homes and there remam 
 at peace wUh United States, and offer no indignities whatever against the 
 whites or Indians of the various tribes who have been friendly to or engaged 
 in the service of the United States during the war. 
 
 "ARTICLE II. It is stipulated by the undersigned commissioners on 
 
164 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 tv,rt of the United States, that so long as the Indians aforesaid observe the 
 provisions of article first of this agreement, they shall be protected by the 
 United States authorities in their person and property, not only from en- 
 croachment on the part of the whites, but also from the Indians who have 
 been engaged in the service of the United States. 
 
 "ARTICLE III. The above articles of agreement to remain and be in 
 force and etTect until the meeting of the Grand Council to meet at Armstrong 
 Academy, Choctaw Nation on the 1st day of September A. D. 1865 and 
 until such time as the preceedings of said Grand Council shall be ratified by 
 the proper authorities both of the Cherokee Nation and the United States. 
 
 "In testimony whereof the said Lieut. Col. A. C. Mathews and adjutant 
 W. H. Vance commissioners on part of the United States and Brig. General 
 Stand Watie Governor and Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation have 
 hereunto set their hands and seals. 
 
 Sioncd. A. C. Mathews, Sent. Col. 
 
 W. H. Vance. Adjr. 
 
 Commissioners. 
 Stand Watie Brig. Genl. Governor and Principal Chief Cherokee Nation. 
 
 The old agency site of the Arkansas Cherokees was sold by the federal 
 Cherokee delegates: 
 
 Transfer of 3400 acres of land, more or less. Situated in Township 7 
 Range 21, State of Arkansas. Said land being the former agency and resi- 
 due of the tract disposed of by Cherokees by treaty of 1828. 
 
 Know all men by these presents, that- whereas the Cherokee Nation 
 owns a tract of land in the state of Arkansas, known as the Cherokee reser- 
 vation lying in township No. 7, range 2 1, west of the fifth principal meridian, 
 and containing three thousand four hundred (3400) acres more or less- and 
 all which is occupied or claimed by squatters and others claiming title adverse 
 to the said Nation, under color of various titles. And whereas it is pro- 
 vided by the 4th article of the treaty between the United States and the 
 Cherokee Nation, of May 6th 183 8. said tract shall be sold under the direc- 
 tion of the agent of the Cherokee Nation. And whereas the Cherokee Nation 
 by its delegation hereto duly authorized have sold said lands to John Brown 
 Wright, of the city of Washington, and have received in payment therefor 
 the sum of five thousand dollars which they agree shall be applied by the 
 Nation to the use named in said treaty and amendments thereto. Said sale 
 having been made by direction and with the approval of Justin Harlin the 
 agent appointed by the United States for the Cherokee Nation. Now there- 
 fore the said Cherokee Nation by its delegation hereto fully authorized to do 
 hereby request the Secretary of the Interior to cause a patent to be issued 
 for the said John Brown Wright for the said land and do release the United 
 States from all liability for said land or its proceed. 
 
 Witness our hands this- loth day of May A. D. 1866. 
 
 Daniel H. Ross, White Catcher, I. H. Benge, James McDaniel, Smith 
 Christie, J. B. Jones. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 165 
 
 City of Washington, District of Columbia. 1, Justin Harlin agent of 
 the United States for the Cherokee Nation do hereby approve of and consent 
 to the above sale, which was made by my direction this tenth day of May, 
 1866. 
 
 J. H.\RLIN, U. S. Indian Agent. 
 
 C. .1. HARRIS 
 Chief— December 23, 1S<)], to Xovcmber, 189.5 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 S. H. MAYES 
 Cluef— Noveinbor, 1S95, to Novemlier, 18f>9 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS Kv 
 
 CHAPTER IX 
 
 Treaty With The Cherokee 1866. Delawares Acijuire Full Rights. Shaivnees 
 
 Adopted b'l Cherokees. Land Sold to Osages. Ojficers Salaries 
 
 Fixed. Land Donation to Masons. Lodges. 
 
 The United States and Cherokees Cdncluded the followinsi- treaty: 
 TREATY WITH THE CHEROKEE, 1866. 
 
 July 19, 1866. 14 Stats., 799. Ratified July 27, 1866. Pfoclaimed 
 Aug 11, 1866. Articles of agreement and convention at the city of Washing- 
 ton on tlie nineteenth day of July, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight 
 hundred and sixty-six, between the United States, represented by Dennis N. 
 Cooley, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, [and] Elijah Sells, superintendent of 
 Indian affairs for the southern superintendency, and the Cherokee Nation of 
 Indians, represented by its delegates, James McDaniel, Smith Christie, White 
 Catcher, S. H. Benge, J. B. Jones, and Daniel H. Ross — John Ross, principal 
 chief of the Cherokees, being too unwell to join these negotiations. 
 
 Preamble. [Whereas existing treaties between the United States and the 
 Cherokee Nation are deemed to be insuft'icient, the said contracting parties 
 agree as follows, viz: 
 
 Pretended Treaty Declared Void. Article 1. The pretended treaty made 
 with the so-called Confederate States by the Cherokee Nation on the seventh 
 day of October, eighteen hundred and sixty-one, and repudiated by the nation- 
 al council of the Cherokee Nation on the eighteenth day of February, eighteen 
 hundred and sixty-three declared to be void.] 
 
 Amnesty. Article 2. Amnesty is hereby declared by the United States 
 and the Cherokee Nation for all crimes and misdemeanors committed by one 
 Cherokee on the person or property of another Cherokee, or of a citizen of 
 the United States, prior to the fourth day of July, eighteen hundred and sixty- 
 six; and no right of action arising out of wrongs committed in aid or in sup- 
 pression of the rebellion shall be prosecuted or maintained in the courts of 
 the United States or in the courts of the Cherokee Nation. 
 
 But the Cherokee Nation stipulate and agree to deliver up to the United 
 States, or their duly authorized agent, any or all public property, particularly 
 ordnance, ordnance stores, arms of all kinds, and quartermaster's stores, in 
 their possession or control, which belonged to the United States or the so- 
 called Confederate States, without any reservation. 
 
 Confiscation Laws Repealed and Former Owners Restored to Their 
 Rights. Article 3. [The confiscation laws of the Cherokee Nation shall be 
 repealed, and the same, and all sales of farms, and improvements on real es- 
 tate, made or pretended to be made in pursuance thereof, are hereby agreed 
 and declared to be null and void, and the former owners of such property so 
 sold, their heirs or assigns, shall have the right peaceably to re-occupy their 
 homes, and the purchaser under the confiscation laws, or his heirs or assigns, 
 shall be repaid by the treasurer of ' the Cherokee Nation from the national 
 funds, the money paid for said property and the cost of permanent improve- 
 
168 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 ments on such real estate, made thereon since the contlscation sale;]*** 
 the cost of such improvements to be fixed by a commission, to be composed 
 of one person designated by the Secretary of the Interior and one by the prin- 
 cipal chief of the nation, which two may appoint a third in cases of disagree- 
 ment, which cost so fixed shall be refunded to the national treasurer by the 
 returning Cherokees within three years from the ratification hereof. 
 
 Cherokees, Freed Persons, and Free Negroes May Elect to Reside Where. 
 Article 4. All the Cherokees and freed persons who were formerly slaves to 
 any Cherokee, and all free negroes not having been slaves, who resided 
 in the Cherokee Nation prior to June first, eighteen hundred and sixty-one. 
 who may within two years elect not to reside northeast of the Arkansas River 
 and southeast of Grand River, shall have the right to settle in and occupy the 
 Canadian district southwest of the Arkansas River, and also all that tract of 
 country lying northwest of Grand River, and bounded on the southeast by 
 Grand River and west by the Creek reservation to the northeast corner there- 
 of; from thence west on the north line of the Creek reservation to the ninety- 
 sixth degree of west longitude; and thence north on said line of longitude so 
 far that a line due east to Grand River will include a quantity of land equal 
 to one hundred and sixty acres for each person who may so elect to reside 
 in the territory above-described in this article: Provided That that part of said 
 district north of the Arkansas River shall not be set apart until it shall be 
 found that the Canadian district is not sufl'iciently large to allow one hundred 
 and sixty acres to each person desiring to obtain settlement under the pro- 
 visions of this article. 
 
 Those so Electing to Reside There May Elect Local Officers, Judges etc. 
 Proviso. Article 5. The inhabitants electing to reside in the district describ- 
 ed in the preceding article shall have the right to elect all their local officers 
 and judges, and the number of delegates to which by their numbers they may 
 be entitled in any general council to be established in the Indian Territory 
 under the provisions of this treaty, as stated in Article XII, and to control all 
 their local afl'airs, and to establish all necessary police regulations and rules 
 for the administration of justice in said district, not inconsistent with the con- 
 stiution of the Cherokee Nation or the laws of the United States; Provided, 
 The Cherokees residing in said district shall enjoy all the rights and privileges 
 of other Cherokees who may elect to settle in said district as hereinbefore pro- 
 vided, and shall hold the same rights and privileges and be subject to the same 
 liabilities as those who elect to settle in said district under the provisions of 
 this treaty; Provided also, That if any such police regulations or rules be adopt- 
 ed which, in the opinion of the President, bear oppressively on any citizen of 
 the nation, he may suspend the same. And all rules or regulations in said 
 district, or in any other district of the nation, discriminating against the citi- 
 zens of other districts, are prohibited, and shall be void. 
 
 Representation in National Council. Unequal Laws. Article 6. The 
 inhabitants ot the said district hereinbefore described shall be entitled to rep- 
 resentation according to number in the national council, and all laws of the 
 Cherokee Natmn shall be uniform throughout said nation. And should any 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 169 
 
 such law, either in its provisions or the manner of its enforcement, in the opin- 
 ion of the President of the United States, operate unjustly or injuriously in 
 said district, he is hereby authorized and empowered to correct such evil, and 
 to adopt the means necessary to secure the impartial administration of jus- 
 tice, as well as a fair and equitable application and expenditure of the national 
 funds as between the people of this and of every other district in said nation. 
 
 Courts. Process. Proviso. Article 7. The United States court to he 
 created in the Indian Territory; and until such court is created therein, the 
 United States district court, the nearest to the Cherokee Nation, shall have 
 exclusive original jurisdiction of all causes, civil and criminal, wherein an in- 
 habitant of the district hereinbefore described shall be a party, and where an 
 inhabitant outside of said district, in the Cherokee Nation, shall be the other 
 party, as plaintiti' or defendant in a civil cause, or shall be defendant or pro*--- 
 ecutor in a criminal case, and all process isued in said district by any officer 
 of the Cherokee Nation, to be executed on an inhabitant residing outside of 
 said district, to be executed on any inhabitant residing in said district, shall be 
 to all intents and purposes null and void, unless indorsed by the districr 
 judge for the district where such process is to be served, and said person, so 
 arrested, shall he held in custody by the officer so arresting him, until he shall 
 be delivered over to the United Stales marshal, or consent to be tried by the 
 Cherokee court: Provided, That any or all the provisions of this treaty, which 
 make any distinction in rights and remedies between the citizens of any district 
 and the citizens of the rest of the nation, shall be abrogated whenever the 
 President shall have ascertained, by an eleetinn duly ordered by him, that a 
 majority of the voters of such district desire them to be abrogated, and he 
 shall have declared such abrogation: And provided further, That no law or 
 regulation, to be hereafter enacted within said Cherokee Nation or any district 
 thereof, prescribing a penalty for its violation, shall take eti'ect or be enforced 
 until after ninety days from the date of its promulgation, either by publication 
 in one or more newspapers of general circulation in said Cherokee Nation, or 
 by posting up copies thereof in the Cherokee and English languages in each 
 district where the same is to take effect, at the usual place of holding district 
 courts. 
 
 Licenses to trade not to be granted unless, etc. Article 8. No license lo 
 trade in goods, wares, or merchandise shall be granted by the United States 
 to trade in the Cherokee Nation, unless approved by the Cherokee national 
 council, except in the Canadian district, and such other district north of Ar- 
 kansas River occupied by the so-called southern Cherokees, as provided in 
 Article 4 of this treaty. 
 
 Slavery, etc., not to exist. Freedmen. No pay for emancipated slaves. 
 Article 9. The Cherokee Nation having, voluntarily, in February, eighteen 
 hundred and sixty-three, by an act of the national council, forever abolished 
 slavery, hereby covenant and agree that never hereafter shall either slavery 
 or involuntary servitude exist in their- nation otherwise than in the punishment 
 of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, in accordance with 
 
170 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 laws applicable to all the members of said tribe alike. They further agree 
 that all freedmen who have been liberated by voluntary act of their former 
 owners or by law, as well as all free colored persons who were in the country 
 at the commencement of the rebellion, and are now residents therein, or 
 who may return within six months, and their descendants, shall have all the 
 rights of native Cherokees: Provided, That owners of slaves so emancipated 
 in the Cherokee Nation shall never receive any compensation or pay for the 
 slaves so emancipated. 
 
 Farm products may be sold, etc. Article 10. Every Cherokee and 
 freed person resident in the Cherokee Nation shall have the right to sell any 
 products of his farm, including his or her live stock, or any merchandise or 
 manufactured products, and to ship and drive the same to market without 
 restraint, paying any tax thereon which is now or may be levied by the 
 United States on the quantity sold outside of the Indian Territory. 
 
 Right of way of railroads. Article 11. The Cherokee Nation hereby 
 grant a right of way not exceeding two hundred feet wide, except at stations, 
 switches, waterstations, or crossing of rivers, where more may be indispensable 
 to the full enjoyment of the franchise herein granted, and then only two 
 hundred additional feet shall be taken, and only for such length as may be 
 absolutely necessary, through all their lands, to any company or corporatio;; 
 which shall he duly authorized by Congress to construct a railroad from any 
 point north to any point south, and from any point east to any point west of. 
 and which may pa.ss through, the Cherokee Nation. Said company or co^■ 
 poration, and their employes and laborers, while constructing and repairing 
 the same, and in operating said road or roads, including all necessary agents 
 on the line, at stations, switches, water tanks, and all others necessary to the 
 successful operation of a railroad, shall be protected in the discharge of thei- 
 duties, and at all times subject to the Indian intercourse laws, now or which 
 may hereafter be enacted and be in force in the Cherokee Nation. 
 
 General Council. Article 12. The Cherokees agree that a general 
 council, consisting of delegates elected by each nation or tribe lawfully re- 
 siding within the Indian Territory, may be annually convened in said Terri- 
 tory, which council shall be organized in such manner and possess such powers 
 as hereinafter prescribed. 
 
 Census. First. After the ratilication of this treaty, and as soon as 
 may be deemed practicable by the Secretary of the Interior, and prior to the 
 first session of said council, a census or enumeration of each tribe lawfully 
 resident in said Territory shall be taken under the direction of the Commis- 
 sioner of Indian Affairs, who for that purpose is hereby authorized to designate 
 and appoint competent persons, whose compensation shall be fixed by the 
 Secretary of the Interior, and paid by the United States. 
 
 First general council; how composed. Time and place of first meeting. 
 Session not to exceed thirty days. Special sessions. Second. The lirst 
 general council shall consist of one member from each tribe and an addi- 
 tional member for each one thousand Indians, or each fraction of a thousand 
 g.caie, Luan nve nunared, Demg members of any tribe lawfully resident in said 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 171 
 
 Territory, ;ind shall be selected by said tribes respectively, who may assent 
 to the establishment of said general council; and if none should be thus 
 formally selected by any nation or tribe so assenting-, the said nation or tribe 
 shall be represented in said general council by the chief or chiefs and headmen 
 of said tribes, to be taken in the order of their rank as recognized in tribal 
 usage, in the same number and proportion as above indicated. After the 
 said census shall have been taken and completed, the superintendent of Indian 
 affairs shall publish and declare to each tribe assenting to the establishment of 
 such council the number of members of such coucnil to which they shall be 
 entitled to represent said tribes shall meet at such times and place as he shall 
 approve; but thereafter the time and place of the sessions of said council shall 
 be determined by its action: Provided, That no session in any one year shall 
 exceed the term of thirty days: And provided, That special sessions of said 
 council may be called by the Secretary of the Interior whenever in his judji- 
 ment the interest of said tribes shall require such special session. 
 
 Powers of general council. Laws, when to take effect. Third. Said 
 general council shall have power to legislate upon matters pertaining to 
 the, intercourse and relations of the Indian tribes and nations and colonies 
 of freedmen resident in said Territory; the arrest and extradition of criminals 
 and offenders escaping from one tribe to another, or into any community 
 of freedmen; the administration of justice between members of ditferent 
 tribes of said Territory and persons other than Indians and members of said 
 tribes or nations; and the common defence and safety of the nations of said 
 Territory. 
 
 Laws, when to take effect. Legislative power may be enlarged. All 
 laws enacted by such council shall take effect at such time as may therein 
 be provided, unless suspended by direction of the President of the United 
 States. No law shall be enacted inconsistent witfi the Constitution of the 
 United States, or laws of Congress, or existing treaty stipulations with the 
 those above indicated: Provided, however. That the legislative power of 
 such general council may be enlarged by the consent of the national council 
 of each nation or tribe assenting to its establishment, with the approval of 
 the President of the United States. 
 
 President of council. Fourth. Said council shall be presided over 
 by such person as may be designated by the Secretary of the Interior. 
 
 Secretary of council. Pay. Fifth. The council shall elect a secretary, 
 whose duty it shall be to keep an accurate record of all the proceedings of 
 said council, and who shall transmit a true copy of all such proceeding.s, 
 duly certified by the presiding officer of such council, to the Secretary of 
 the Interior, and to each tribe or nation represented in said council, im- 
 mediately after the sessions of said council shall terminate. He shall be 
 paid out of the Treasury of the United States an annual salary of five 
 hundred dollars. 
 
 Pay of members of council. Sixth. The members of said council 
 shall be paid by the United States the sum of four dollars per diem during 
 the term actually in attendance on the sessions of said council, and at thi 
 
172 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 rate of four dollars for every twenty miles necessarily traveled by them in 
 going- from and returning to their homes, respectively, from said council, 
 to be certified by the secretary and president of the said council. 
 
 Courts. Article 13. The Cherokees also agree that a court or 
 courts may be established by the United States in said Territory, with such 
 jurisdiction and organized in such manner as may be prescribed by law: 
 Provided, That the judicial tribunals of the nation shall be allowed to retain 
 exclusive jurisdiction in all civil and criminal cases arising within their country 
 in which members of the nation, by nativity or adopton, shall be the only 
 parties, or where the cause of action shall arise in the Cherokee Nation, 
 except as otherwise provided in this treaty. 
 
 Lands for missionary or educational purposes. Not to be sold except 
 for. Proceeds of sale. Article 14. The right to the use and occupancy of a 
 quantity of land not exceeding one hundred and sixty acres, to be selected 
 according to legal subdivisions in one body, and to include their improve- 
 ments, and not including the improvements of any member of the Cherokee 
 'Nation, is herel\v granted to every society or denomination which has erected, 
 or which w'lih the consent of the national council may hereafter erect, 
 buildings within the Cherokee country for missionary or educational pur- 
 poses. But no land thus granted, nor buildings which have been or may 
 be erected with the consent and approval of the Cherokee national council 
 and the Secretary of the Interior. And whenever any such lands or buildings 
 shall be sold or disposed of, the proceeds thereof shall be applied by said 
 society or societies for like purposes within said nation, subject to the ap- 
 proval of the Secretary of the Interior. 
 
 The United States may settle civilized Indians in the Cherokee country. 
 How may be made part of Cherokee Nation. Those wishing to preserve 
 tribal organization to have land set off to them. Article 15. The United 
 States may settle any civilized Indians, friendly with the Cherokees and ad- 
 jacent tribes, within the Cherokee country, on unoccupied lands east of 96". 
 on such terms as may be agreed upon by any such tribe and the Cherokees, 
 subject to the approval of the President of the United States, which shall be 
 consistent with the following provisions, viz: Should any such tribe or band 
 of_ Indians settling in said country abandon their tribal organization, there 
 being first paid into the Cherokee national fund a sum of money which 
 shall sustain the same proposition to the then existing- national fund "that the 
 number of Indians sustain to the whole number of Cherokees then residin- 
 m the Cherokee country, they shall be incorporated into and ever after remain 
 apart of the Cherokee Nation, on equal terms in every respect with native 
 citizens. And should any such tribe, thus settling in 'said country, decide 
 customs, and usages, not inconsistent with the constitution and laws of the 
 Cherokee Nation, they shall have a district of country set off for their use 
 by metes and bounds equal to one hundred and sixty acres, if they should so 
 1 ' •' ;°' ''"^ '"'"' ^"^"i''^"' ^"d child of said tribe, and shall pay for the 
 rt nl! *':V"'*'""^' f^'"d such price as may be agreed on by them and the 
 Che.okee Nation, subject to the approval of the President of the United 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 173 
 
 Stntjs, and in cases of disag'reement \hc price to be fixed by the President. 
 To pay sum into national fund. Limits of places of settlement. And 
 
 tlie said tribe thus settled shall also pay into the national fund a sum of 
 money, to be agreed on by the respective parties, not greater in proportion 
 to the whole existing national fund and the probable proceeds of the lands 
 herein ceded or authorized to be ceded or sold than their numbers bear to 
 the whole number of Cherokees then residing in said country, and thence 
 afterwards they shall enjoy all the rights of native Cherokees. Rut no 
 Indians who have no tribal organizations, or who shall determine to abandon 
 their tribal organizations, shall be permitted to settle east of the 96" of 
 longitude without the consent of the Cherokee national council, or of a 
 delegation duly appointed by it, being first obtained. And no Indians who 
 have and determine to preserve the tribal organizations shall be permitted to 
 settle, as herein provided, east of the 96" of longitude without such consent 
 being first obtained, unless the President of the United States, after a full 
 hearing of the objections offered by said council or delegation to such settle- 
 ment, shall determine that the objections are insutficient, in which case he 
 mav authorize the settlement of such tribe east of the "^16" of longitude. 
 
 Where the United States may settle friendly Indians. Lands. Article 
 16. The United States may settle friendly Indinans in any part of the 
 Cherokee country west of 96", to be taken in a compact form in quantity 
 not exceeding one hundred and sixty acres for each member of each of said 
 tribes thus to be settled ; the boundaries of each of said districts to be distinctly 
 marked, and the land conveyed in fee-simple to each of said tribes to be 
 held in common or by their members in severalty as the United States may 
 decide. 
 
 Said lands thus disposed of to be paid for to the Cherokee Nation at 
 such price as may be agreed on between the said parties in interest, subject 
 to the approval of the President; and if they should not agree, then the 
 price to be fixed by the President. 
 
 Possession and jurisdiction over such lands. Ihe Cherokee Nation to 
 retain the right of possession of and jurisdiction over all of said country west 
 of 96" of longitude until thus sold and occupied, after which their jurisdiction 
 and right of possession to terminate forever as to each of said districts thus 
 sold and occupied. 
 
 Cession of lards to the United States in trust. Article 17. The Chero- 
 kee Nation hereby cedes, in trust to the United States, the tract of land in 
 the State of Kansas which was sold to the Cherokees by the United States. 
 under the provisions of the second article of the treaty of 18.55; and also 
 that strip of the land ceded to the nation by the fourth article of said treaty 
 which is included in the State of Kansas, and the Cherokees consent that said 
 lands may be included in the limits and jurisdiction of the said State. 
 
 Lands to be surveyed and appraised. The lands herein ceded shall be 
 surveyed as the public lands of the United States are surveyed, under the 
 direction of the Commissioner of the General Land-Office, and shall be ap- 
 praised by two disinterested persons, one to be designated by the Cherokee 
 
174 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 national council and one by the Secretary of the Interior, and, in case or" 
 disagreement, by a third person.to be mutually selected by the aforesaid ap- 
 praisers. The appraisement to be not less than an average of one dollar and 
 a quarter per acre, exclusive of improvements. 
 
 May be sold to highest bidder. Improvements. Proviso. And the 
 Secretary of the Interior shall, from time to time, as such surveys and ap- 
 praisements are approved by him, after due advertisements for sealed bids, 
 sell such lands to the highest bidders for cash, in parcels not exceeding one 
 hundred and sixty acres, and at not less than the appraised value: Provided, 
 Tnat whenever there are improvements of the value of fifty dollars made on 
 the lands not being mineral, and owned and personally occupied by any per- 
 son for agricultural purposes at the date of the signing hereof, such person so 
 owning, and in person residing on such improvements, shall, after due proof, 
 made under such regulations as the Secretary of the Interior may prescribe, 
 be entitled to buy, at the appraised value, the smallest quantity of land in 
 legal subdivisions which will include his improvements, not exceeding in the 
 aggregate one hundred and sixty acres; the expenses of survey and appraise- 
 ment to be paid by the Secretary out of the proceeds of sale of said land : 
 Provided, That nothing in this article shall prevent the Secretary of the 
 Interior from selling the whole of said lands not occupied by actual settlers 
 at the date of the ratification of this treaty, not exceeding one hundred and 
 sixty acres to each person entitled to pre-emption under the pre-emption 
 laws of the United States, in a body, to any responsible party, for cash, for 
 a sum not less than one dollar per acre. 
 
 Sales by Cherokee of lands in Arkansas. Article 18. That any lands 
 owned by the Cherokees in the State of Arkansas and in States east of the 
 Mississippi may be sold by the Cherokee Nation in such manner as their 
 national council may prescribe, all such sales being first approved by the 
 Secretary of the Interior. 
 
 Heads of families. Article 19. All Cherokees being heads of families 
 residing at the date of the ratification of this treaty on any of the lands 
 herein ceded, or authorized to he sold, and desiring to remove to the reserved 
 country, shall be paid by the purchasers of said lands the value of such im- 
 provements, to be ascertained and appraised by the commissioners who ap- 
 praise the lands, subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Interior; and 
 if he shall elect to remain on the land now occupied by him, shall be entitled 
 to receive a patent from the United States in fee-simple for three hundred 
 and twenty acres of land to include his improvements, and thereupon he and 
 his family shall cease to be members of the nation. 
 
 And the Secretary of the Interior shall also be authorized to pay the 
 reasonable costs and expenses of the delegates of the southern Cherokees. 
 
 The moneys to be paid under this article shall be paid out of the proceeds 
 of the sales of the national lands in Kansas. 
 
 Unds reserved to be surveyed and allotted. Article 20. Whenever 
 the Cherokee national council shall request it, the Secretary of the Interior 
 shall cause the country reserved for the Cherokees to be surveyed and allotted 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 17.S 
 
 aninni; them, at the expense of the United States. 
 
 Boundary line to be run and marked. Article 21. It being ditlicult to 
 learn the precise boundary line between the Cherokee countr}' and the States 
 of Arkansas, Missouri, and Kansas, it is agreed that the United States shall, at 
 its own expense, cause the same to be run as far west as the Arkansas, and 
 marked by permanent and conspicuous monuments, by two commissioners, one 
 of whom shall be designated by the Cherokee national council. 
 
 Agent of Cherokees to examine accounts, books, etc. Article 22. The 
 Cherokee national council, or any duly appointed delegation thereof, shall 
 have the privilege to appoint an agent to examine the accounts of the nation 
 with the Government of the United States at such time as they may see 
 proper, and to continue or discharge such agent, and to appoint another, 
 as may be thought best by such council or delegation; and such agent shall 
 have free access to all accounts and books in the executive departments re- 
 lating to the business of said Cherokee Nation, and an opportunity to examine 
 the same in the presence of the ofiicer haying such books in charge. 
 
 Funds, how to be invested. Interest, how to be paid. Article 23. All 
 funds now due the nation, or that may hereafter accrue from the sale ot 
 their lands by the United States, as hereinbefore provided for, shall be in- 
 vested in the United States registered stocks at their current value, and the 
 interest on all said funds shall be paid semi-annually on the order of the 
 Cherokee Nation, and shall be applied to the following purposes, to wit: 
 Thirty-five per cent, shall be applied for the support of the common-schools 
 of the nation and educational purposes; fifteen per cent, for the orphan fund, 
 and fifty per cent, for general purposes, including reasonable salaries of dis- 
 trict otiicers; and the Secretary of the Interior, with the approval of the 
 President of the United States, may pay out of the funds due the nation, on 
 the order of the national council or a delegation duly authorized by it, such 
 amount as he may deem necessary to meet outstanding obligations of the 
 Cherokee Nation, caused by the suspension of the payment of their annuities, 
 not to exceed the sum of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. 
 
 Payment to Rev. Evan Jones. Article 24. As a slight testimony for 
 the useful and arduous services of the Rev. Evan Jones, for forty years a 
 missionary in the Cherokee Nation, now a cripple, old and poor, It is agreed 
 that the sum of three thousand dollars be paid to him, under the direction of 
 the Secretary of the Interior, out of any Cherokee fund in or to come into 
 his hands not otherwise appropriated. 
 
 Bounties and Arrears for Services as Indian Volunteers; How to be Paid. 
 Artice 25. A large number of the Cherokees who served in the Army of the 
 United States having died, leaving no heirs entitled to receive bounties and 
 arrears of pay on account of such service, it is agreed that all bounties and 
 arrears for service in the regiments of Indian United States volunteers which 
 shall remain unclaimed by any person legally entitled to receive the same for 
 two years from the ratification of this treaty, shall be paid as the national 
 council may direct, to be applied to the foundation and support of an asylum 
 for the education of orphan children, which asylum shall be under the con- 
 
176 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 trol of the national council, or of such lienevolent society as said council may 
 desi.^nate, subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Interior. 
 
 Possession and Protection Guaranteed. Article 26. The United States 
 guarantee to the people of the Cherokee Nation the quiet and peaceable pos- 
 session of their country and protection against domestic feuds and insurrec- 
 tions, and against hostile tribes. They shall also be protected against inter- 
 ruptions or intrusion from all unauthorized citizens of the United States 
 of hostilities among the Indian tribes, the United States agree that the party 
 or parties commencing the same shall, so far as practicable, make reparation 
 for the damages done. 
 
 Military Posts in Cherokee Nation. Spirituous, etc., Liquors Forbidden 
 Elxcept, etc. Certain Persons Prohibited from Coming into the Nation. Ar- 
 ticle 27. The United States shall have the right to establish one or more mil- 
 itary posts or stations in the Cherokee Nation, as may be deemed necessary 
 for the proper protection of the citizens of the United States lawfully residing 
 therein and the Cherokee and other citizens of the Indian country. But no 
 sutler or other person connected therewith, either in or out of the militar}- 
 organization, shall be permitted to introduce any spirit|'u]ous, vinous, or 
 malt liquors into the Cherokee Nation, except the medical department proper, 
 and by them only for strictly medical purposes. And all persons not in the 
 military service of the United States, not citizens of the Cherokee Nation, are 
 to be prohibited from coming into the Cherokee Nation, or remaining in the 
 same, except as herein otherwise provided; and it is the duty of the United 
 States Indian agent for the Cherokees to have such persons, not lawfully re- 
 siding or sojourning therein, removed from the nation, as they now are, or 
 hereafter may be, required by the Indian intercourse laws of the United States. 
 
 Payment for Certain Provisions and Clothing. Article 28. The United 
 States hereby agree to pay for provisions and clothing furnished the armv un- 
 der Appotholehala in the \\-inter of 1861, and 1862, not to exceed the sum 
 of ten thousand dollars, the accounts to be ascertained and settled by the 
 Secretary of the Interior. 
 
 Expenses of Cherokee Delegation. Article 29. The sum of ten thous 
 and dollars or so much thereof as may be necessary to pay the expenses of the 
 delegates and representatives of the Cherokees invited by the Government to 
 visit Washinglon for the purpose of making this treaty, shall be paid by the 
 United States on the ratification of this treaty. 
 
 Payment for Certain Losses by Missionaries, etc. Article 30. The Unit- 
 ed States agree to pay to the proper claimants all losses of property bv mis- 
 sionaries or missionary societies, resulting from their being ordered or driven 
 from the country by United States agents, and from their property bein?' tak- 
 en and occupied or destroyed by United States troops, not exceeding in 
 the aggregate twenty thousand dollars, to be ascertained bv the Secretary of 
 the Interior. 
 
 Inconsistent Treaty Provisions Annulled. Article 31. All provisions of 
 treaties heretofore ratified and in force, and not inconsistent with the pro- 
 visions of this treaty, are hereby re-affirmed and declared to be in full force- 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 177 
 
 and nothing herein shall Iv construed as an acknowledgment by the United 
 States, or as a relinquishment by the CheroI;ee Nation of any claims or de- 
 mands under the guarantees of former treaties, except as herein expressly pro- 
 vided. 
 
 Execution. In testimony whereof, the said commissioners on the part 
 of the United States, and the said delegation on the part of the Cherokee 
 Nation, this ninth [nineteenth] day of July. A. D. one thousand eight hun- 
 dred and sixty-six. 
 
 D. N. Cooley, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. 
 Elijah Sells, Superintendent of Indian .^Ifairs. 
 Smith Christie, 
 
 \Miite Catcher, James McDaniel, S. H. Benge, Danl. H. Ross, J. B. Jones, 
 Delegates of the Cherokee Nation, appointed by Resolution of the 
 National Council. 
 
 In presence of — W. H. Watson, J. \V. Wright. 
 
 Signatures witnessed by the following-named persons, the following in- 
 terlineations being made before signing: On page 1st the word "the" interlin- 
 ed, on page 1 1 the word "the" struck out, and to said page 1 1 sheet attached 
 requiring publication of laws; and on page 34th the word "ceded" struck out 
 and the words "neutral lands" inserted. Page 47'-' added relating to ex- 
 penses of treaty. 
 
 Thomas Ewing, jr. 
 W m. A. Phillips, 
 J. W. Weight. 
 
 "No one can fully appreciate the wealth, content and comparative hap- 
 piness the Cherokees enjoyed before the late rebellion, or very shortly after 
 it was begun, unless he had been here and seen it (which was my case) and 
 no man can believe more than half of the want, misery and destitution of 
 the Cherokee people now. Blackened chimneys of fine houses are now all 
 that is left, fences burned, and farms laid waste. The air of ruin and deso- 
 lation envelops the whole country. None have wholly escaped. No man 
 can pass through the country without seeing all that I have attempted to 
 describe, r.nd no man can fully appreciate it unless he has seen it."' 
 
 The policy of the Cherokee Nation from its inception until June 3(1. 
 1898 was that of strict nonalienation of any land to whites because they 
 realized that if any of their land was so disposed of that it would be an en- 
 tering wedge to the dissolution of their government. After the practical 
 demolition of their jurisdictional rights by act of congress- they voted to 
 allot their land and discontinue tribal functions. 
 
 The Cherokees that had espoused the fortunes of the federal govern- 
 ment in 1862, had full control of the government until November 1867 when 
 the southern Cherokees reassumed their place in the body politic as a result 
 ot the Downing coalition success at the polls at the August election. 
 
 The Delaware Indians who had been living m Kansas, acquired full 
 rights in the Cherokee Nation, by: 
 
178 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT WITH THE DELAWARES. 
 
 Made this 8th day of April, A. D. 1867, between the Cherokee Nation, 
 represented hv William P. Ross, Principal Chief, Riley Keys and Jesse Bushy- 
 head delegates, duly authorized parties of the hrst part, and the Delaware 
 tribe' of Indians, represented by John Connor. Principal Chief, Charles 
 Journeycake, Assistant Chief, Isaac Journeycake and John Sarcoxie, delegates, 
 for and on behalf of said Delaware tribe, duly authorized, witnesseth: - 
 
 Whereas by the l5th article of a certain treaty between the United 
 States pnd the Cherokee Nation, ratified August 1 1, 1866, certain terms were 
 provided, under which friendly Indians might be settled upon unoccupied 
 lands in the Cherokee country, east of the line of 96" of west longitude, the 
 price to be paid for such lands to be agreed on by the Indians to be thus 
 located and the Cherokee Nation, subject to the approval of the President 
 of the United States; and whereas, by a treaty between the United States and 
 the Delaware tribe of Indians, ratified August 10th, 1866, the removal of the 
 said Delawares to the Indian country, south of Kansas, was provided for, and 
 in the 4th article whereof an agreement was made by the United States t(.» 
 sell to the Delawares a tract of land, being part of a tract the cession nf 
 which by the Cherokees to the United Staes was then contemplated; and 
 whereas," no such cession of land was made by the Cherokees to the United 
 States, but, in lieu therof, terms were provided as hereinbefore mentioned, 
 under which friendly Indians might be settled upon their lands; and whereas, 
 a full and free conference has been held between the representatives of the 
 Cherokees and the Delawares, in view of the treaties herein referred to, 
 looking to a location of the Delawares upon the Cherokee lands, and their 
 consolidation with said Cherokee Nation: Now, therefore, it is agreed be- 
 tween the parties hereto, subject to the approval of the President of the 
 United States, as follows: 
 
 The Cherokees, parties of the first part, for and in consideration of cer- 
 tain payments, and the fulfillment of certain conditions hereinafter men- 
 tioned, agree to sell to the Delawares, for their occupancy, a quantity of 
 land east of the line of the 96" west longitude, in the aggregate equal to 
 160 acres of land for each individual of the Delaware tribe who has been 
 enrolled upon a certain register made February 18. 1867, by the Delaware 
 agent, and on tile in the office of Indian affairs, being the list of the Dela- 
 wares who elect to remove to the "Indian country," to which list may be 
 added, only with the consent of the Delaware Council, the names of such 
 other Delawares as may, within one month after the signing of this agree- 
 ment, desire to be added thereto; and the selections of the lands to be pur- 
 chased by the Delawares may be made by said Delaawres in any part of 
 the Cherokee reservation east of said line of 96°, not already selected and 
 in possession of other parties; and in case the Cherokee lands shall hereafter 
 be allotted among the members of said Nation, it is agreed that the aggregate 
 amount of land herein provided for the Delawares, to include their improve- 
 ments according to the legal subdivisions, when surveys are made (that is to 
 say, 160 acres for each individual,) shall be guaranteed to each Delaware 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 1 7<) 
 
 incorponited by these articles into the Chenikee Nation; nor shall the con- 
 tinued ownership and occupancy of said land by any Delaware so registered 
 be interfered with in any manner whatever without his consent, but shall 
 be subject to the same conditions and restrictions as are liy the laws of the 
 Cherokee Nation imposed upon the native citizens thereof; provided, that 
 nothing- herein shall confer the right to alienate, convey, or dispose of any 
 such lands, except in accordance with the constitution and laws of said Chero- 
 kee Nation. 
 
 And the said Delawares, parties of the second part, agree that there 
 shall be paid to the said Cherokees. from the Delaware funds, now held or 
 hereafter received by the United States, a sum of money, equal to one dollar 
 per acre, for the whole amount of 160 acres of land, for every individual 
 Delaware who has already been registered upon the aforesaid list, made 
 February 18. 1867, with the additions thereto, heretofore provided for. And 
 the Secretary of the Interior is authorized and requested to sell any United 
 States stocks belonging to the Delawares to procure funds necessary to pay 
 for said lands; but, in case he shall not feel authorized, under existing treaties, 
 to sell such bonds belonging to the Delawares, it is agreed that he may 
 transfer such United States bonds to the Cherokee Nation, at their market 
 value at the date of such transfer. And the said Delawares further agree, 
 that there shall be paid, from their funds, now and hereafter to come into 
 possession of the United States, a sum of money, which shall sustain the 
 same proportion to the existing Cherokee National fund, that the number of 
 Delawares registered as above mentioned, and removing to the Indian country, 
 sustains to the whole number of Cherokees residing in the Cherokee Nation. 
 And, for the purpose of ascertaining such relative numbers, the registers of the 
 Delawares herein referred to, with such additions as may be made within one 
 month from the signing of this agreement, shall be the basis of calculation 
 as to the Delawares; and an accurate census of the Cherokees, residing in 
 the Cherokee Nation, shall be taken, under the laws of that Nation, within 
 four months, and properly certified copies thereof tiled in the ot!'ice of Indian 
 Affairs, which shall be the basis of calculation as to the Cherokees. And. 
 that there may be no doubt hereafter, as to the amount to be contributed to 
 the Cherokee National fund by the Delawares, it is hereby agreed, by the 
 parties hereto, that the whole of the invested funds of the Cherokees, after 
 deducting all just claims thereon, is S678,ooo. And the Delawares further 
 agree, that in calculating the total amount of said National fund, there shall 
 be added to the said sum of $678,000, the sum of 51,000,000, being the 
 estimated value of the Clierokee neutral lands in Kansas, thus making the 
 whole Cherokee National fund $1,678,000, and this last mentioned sum shall 
 be taken as the basis for calculating the amount which the Delawares are to 
 pay into the common fund; provided, that, as the $678,000 of funds now on 
 hand, belonging to the Cherokees, is chiefly composed of stocks of dirierent 
 values, the Secretary of the Interior may transfer, from the Delawares to the 
 Cherokees, a proper proportion of the stocks now owned by the Delawares, 
 of like grade and value, which transfer shall be in part of the pro rata con- 
 
180 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 tribution herein provided for by the Delawares to the funds of the Cherokee 
 Nation; but the balance of the pro rata contribution by the Delawares to 
 said fund, shall be in cash or United States bonds, at their market value. All 
 cash, and all proceeds of stocks, whenever the same may fall due or be sold, 
 received by the Cherokees from the Delawares under this agreement, shall be 
 invested and applied in accordance with the 2 3d article of the treaty with thj 
 Cherokees. of August 11th 1866. 
 
 On the fulfillment by the Delawares of the foregoing stipulations, all 
 the members of the tribe, registered as above provided, shall become mem- 
 bers of the Cherokee Nation, with the same rights and immunities, and the 
 same participation (and no other) in the national funds, as Native Cherokees, 
 save as hereinbefore provided. And the children hereafter born of such 
 Delawares so incorporated into the Cherokee Nation, shall in all respects be 
 regarded as native Cherokees. 
 
 Wm. P. Ross, Principal Chief; Riley Keys; Cherokee Delegation. 
 
 John Connor, his x mark. Principal Chief; Charles Journeycake; Isaac 
 Journeycake; John Saxcoxie, his x mark; Delaware Delegation. 
 
 Executed and delivered in our presence by the above named delegates 
 of the Cherokee and Delaware Nations, at the city of Washington, in the 
 District of Columbia, the day and year first above written. 
 
 Ratified by the National Committee, June 15, 1867. 
 
 John G. Pratt, Wm. A. Phillips, Edward S. Menagus, Smitli Christie, 
 President National Committee. John Young, Speaker of Council. 
 
 Two years later the Shawnees were adopted into the Cherokee Nation, 
 by : 
 
 AGREEMENT BETWEEN SHAWNEES AND CHEROKEES, CONCLUDED 
 JUNE 7TH, 1869 APPROVED BY THE PRESIDENT JUNE 9TH, 1869. 
 
 Articles of Agreement, made and entered into at Washington, D. C, 
 this seventh day of June, A. D. 1869, by and between H. D. Reese and 
 William P. Adair, duly authorized delegates representing the Cherokee Na- 
 tion of Indians, having been duly appointed by the National Council of said 
 Cherokees, parties of the first part, and Graham Rogers and Charles Tucker, 
 duly authorized delegates representing the Shawnee tribe of Indians, parties 
 of the second part, witnesseth : 
 
 Whereas, It is provided by the fifteenth article of the treaty between the 
 United States and the Cherokee Indians, concluded July I9th, 1866, that the 
 United States may settle any civilized Indians, friendly with the Cherokees 
 and adjacent tribes, within the Cherokee country, . on unoccupied lands east 
 of 96", on such terms as may be agreed upon by any such tribe and the 
 Cherokees, subject to the approval of the President "of the United States, 
 which shall be consistent with certain provisions specified in said article; and 
 
 Whereas, The Shawnee tribe of Indians are civilized and friendly with 
 the Cherokees and adjacent tribes, and desire to settle within the Cherokee 
 country on unoccupied lands east of 9&\ 
 
 It is therefore agreed, by the parties hereto, that such settlement may 
 be made upon the following terms and conditions, viz: 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKRE INDIANS ISl 
 
 That the sum of live thousand dolhirs belonging to the Shawnee tribe of 
 Indians, and arising under the provisions of treaties between the United States 
 and said Shawnee Indians, as follows, viz: 
 
 For permanent annuity for educational purposes- per fourth article treaty, 
 3d August. 1795, and third article- loth of May, 1854, one thousand dollars; 
 
 For interest, at five per centum, on forty thousand dollars for educa- 
 tional purposes, per third article treaty, loth May, 1854, one thousand dol- 
 lars; 
 
 For permanent annuit}. in specie, for educational purposes, per fourth 
 article treaty. 29th September, 1817. and third article, loth May. 1854, two 
 thousand dollars; shall be paid annually to the Cherokee Nation of said In- 
 dians, and that the annuities and interest, as recited, and the investments 
 upon which the same are based, shall hereafter become and remain the an- 
 nuities and interest and investment or investments of the Cherokee Nation of 
 Indians, the same as they have been the annuities and interest and invest- 
 ments of the Shawnee tribe of Indians. And that the sum of fifty thousand 
 dollars shall be paid to the said Cherokees. as soon as the same shall be re- 
 ceived by the United States, for the said Sliawnees, from the sale of the land 
 in the State of Kansas, known as the Absentee Shawnee Lands, in accordance 
 with the resolution of Congress, approved April 7th. 1869, entitled: "A 
 resolution for the relief of settlers upon the Absentee Shawnee Lands in Kan- 
 sas," and the provisions of the treaty between the United States and the 
 Shawnee Indians, concluded May loth, 1854, and also that the said Shaw- 
 nees shall abandon their tribal organization. 
 
 And it is further agreed by the parties hereto that in consideration of 
 the said payments and acts agreed upon, as hereinbefore stated, that the said 
 Cherokees will receive the said Shawnees — referring to those now in Kansa.s 
 and also to such as properly belong to said tribe who may be at present 
 elsewhere, and including those known as the Absentee Shawnees, now residing 
 in Indian Territory — into the country of the said Cherokees, upon unoccupied 
 lands east of 96". and that the said Shawnees shall be incorporated into and 
 ever after remain a part of the Cherokee Nation, on equal terms in every 
 respect, and with all the privileges and immunities of native citizens of the 
 said Cherokee Nation; provided, that all of said Shawnees who shall elect to 
 avail themselves of the provisions of this agreement, shall register their names, 
 and permanently locate in the Cherokee country, as herein provided, within 
 two years from the date thereof, otherwise they shall forfeit all rights under 
 this agreement. 
 
 In testimony wehereof, the parties hereto have hereunto subscribed their 
 names -and affixed their seals, on the day and year first above written. 
 
 [SEAL] ' H. D.REESE. 
 
 [SEAL.] VVM. ['. ADAIR, 
 
 Delegates representing the Cherokee Nation of Indians. 
 
 [SEAL.] GRAHAM ROGERS, 
 
 [SEAL] CHARLES TUCKER 
 
182 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Delegates representing the Shawnee Tribe of Indians. 
 
 \V. R. IRWIN, H. E. McKEE, 
 
 A. N. BLACKLEDGE, JAS. B. ABBOTT, 
 
 On June 5- 1872 the Cherokees sold one million five hundred sixty six 
 thousand three hundred eight acres of land lying west of the ninety sixth 
 meridian to the Osages. This automatically formed the western boundary 
 line of the Nation. 
 
 The several cessions of land hy the Cherokees and amounts received for 
 same, in whole numbers have been: 
 
 172 1 
 
 
 
 1755. 
 
 Nov 
 
 24, 
 
 1708. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 14, 
 
 1770. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 18, 
 
 1772. 
 
 
 
 1773. 
 
 June 
 
 1, 
 
 1775. 
 
 Mar. 
 
 17- 
 
 1777. 
 
 May 
 
 20, 
 
 1777. 
 
 July 
 
 20, 
 
 1783. 
 
 May 
 
 31, 
 
 1785. 
 
 Nov 
 
 28, 
 
 1701. 
 
 July 
 
 2, 
 
 1798. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 2, 
 
 1804. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 28, 
 
 1805. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 25, 
 
 1805. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 -7, 
 
 1806. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 7, 
 
 1 8 1 6. 
 
 Mar. 
 
 22, 
 
 1 8 1 6. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 14- 
 
 1817. 
 
 July 
 
 8, 
 
 18 19. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 ^7, 
 
 1828. 
 
 May 
 
 28, 
 
 18,3 5. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 29, 
 
 1866. 
 
 May 
 
 10, 
 
 1866. 
 
 July 
 
 19, 
 
 1872. 
 
 June 
 
 5, 
 
 1872. 
 
 June 
 
 5, 
 
 1876. 
 
 Apr. 
 
 10, 
 
 18 78. 
 
 Mav 
 
 27, 
 
 1881. 
 
 Mar. 
 
 3, 
 
 1881. 
 
 Mar. 
 
 3, 
 
 1893. 
 
 Mar. 
 
 4, 
 
 1900. 
 
 Apr. 
 
 9, 
 
 
 
 1900. Apr. 9, 
 
 
 Acres 
 
 Consic 
 
 eration. 
 
 
 1678720 
 
 
 
 
 5526400 
 
 
 
 
 544000 
 
 
 
 
 5888000 
 
 
 
 
 500480 
 
 S5000. 
 
 
 
 672000 
 
 
 
 
 17312000 
 
 5000. 
 
 
 
 13 12640 
 
 
 
 
 3951360 
 
 
 
 
 1056000 
 
 
 
 
 4 083 840 
 
 
 
 
 2660480 
 
 1 000. 
 
 annuity. 
 
 
 984960 
 
 1000. 
 
 annuity and 5000. 
 
 
 86400 
 
 1000. 
 
 annuity and 5000. 
 
 
 5105520 
 
 3000. 
 
 annuity and 14000. 
 
 
 800 
 
 1600. 
 
 
 
 4397440 
 
 10000. 
 
 
 
 94720 
 
 
 
 
 2 197120 
 
 65000. 
 
 
 
 05 1520 
 
 
 
 
 3802240 
 
 
 
 
 3020800 
 
 
 
 
 7882240 
 
 
 
 
 3400 
 
 In Pop 
 
 e Co. Arkansas. 
 
 
 12 34204 
 
 Cheroke 
 
 - and Crawford Cos. 
 
 Kansas. 
 
 1400107 
 
 To the Osages. 
 
 
 1 00 1 4 I 
 
 ,, ,, 
 
 Kaws. 
 
 
 2 300 14 
 
 " " 
 
 Pawnees. 
 
 
 90710 
 
 " " 
 
 Nez Perces. 
 
 
 101894 
 
 ,, >, 
 
 Poncas. 
 
 
 129113 
 
 „ „Q 
 
 o-Missouris. 
 
 
 8144682 
 
 Cherokee Outlet. 
 
 
 4420067 
 
 Allotment. 
 
 
 By the proclamation of King George III on October 7, 1763 a prohibi 
 
 .^u r^hT'^f .;" ^f?"'' "^ ''"^ ^"'"^^ promulgated and the realm became the 
 ,suard,an of the Indians and by subsequent rulings the courts of the United 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 183 
 
 States have emphasized the relationship of guardian and ward. From 1785 
 to 1900 over ten million acres have been purchased by treaty from the 
 Cherokees at a proportional rate of about sixty cents an acre and then dis- 
 posed of it to the settler, for one dollar and twenty five cents per acre. 
 
 Steady progress in civil, industrial and educational lines was a marked 
 feature of the Cherokees and they came into the State of Oklahoma with a 
 patriotic impulse and pride of state that is equal to that of any citizen. The 
 following; citizens of the Cherokee Nation were elected members of the 
 constitutional convention: James W. Swarts. James Riley Copeland. Clement 
 \'ann Rogers, James Turner Edmondson, Albert Sidney Wyly, O. H. P. Brew- 
 er, William N. Littlejohn, Charles O. Frye and Rev. Henry Cloud, the latter 
 was a full blood Cherokee who defeated James Brooks Ayers Robertson by 
 a vote of nine hundred fifty eight to eight hundred ninety three. Rev. Cloud 
 was the only Cherokee in his constitutional district. The wife of Thomas J. 
 Leahy of the t]fty sixth district was Osage-Cherokee origin. The following 
 Cherokees and Cherokee citizens have represented Oklahoma in the halls 
 of Congress: Senator Robert Latham Owen; Congressmen William Wirt 
 Hastings, James Sanford Davenport, Thomas Albert Chandler and Charles 
 D. Carter, of Chickasaw-Cherokee descent. Hundreds of other Cherokees 
 have held other offices in the state and thereby evinced their fealty to the 
 State. 
 
 The salaries of the ofticers of the Cherokee Nation as fixed by acts of 
 the council on: October 4. 18 30, November 2}, 1859, November 29, 1866. 
 November 5. 1875 and in 1892 were, with slisiht variations, as follows: 
 
 day 
 
 
 18 30. 
 
 Principal Chief 
 
 S500. 
 
 Assistant Chief 
 
 3 00. 
 
 Executive Councilers 
 
 3 
 
 Supreme Judges 
 
 200. 
 
 Clerk Sprm. Court 
 
 3. 
 
 Circuit Judges 
 
 2 00. 
 
 District Judges 
 
 1 10. 
 
 SherilTs 
 
 200. 
 
 Clerk Dt. Court 
 
 -) 
 
 Juror 
 
 1. 
 
 Treasurer 
 
 500. 
 
 Clerks of legislature 
 
 3. 
 
 Editor Advocate 
 
 500. 
 
 Solicitor 
 
 too. 
 
 Spt. Education 
 
 300. 
 
 Legislators 
 
 
 Solicitor General 
 
 
 High Slieriff 
 
 
 .'\uditor 
 
 
 2. d 
 
 1859. 
 
 1866. 
 
 1875. 
 
 1892. 
 
 S4 00. 
 
 S900. 
 
 S2000. 
 
 S1500. 
 
 200. 
 2, 
 
 600. 
 4. 
 
 1 000. 
 5. 
 
 600. 
 3.50 
 
 3. d 
 
 5. 
 
 800. 
 
 500. 
 
 2. 
 
 60. 
 
 300. 
 
 150. 
 
 200. 
 
 300. 
 
 600. 
 
 500.* 
 
 12 5. 
 
 200. 
 
 400. 
 
 400. 
 
 150. 
 2. 
 
 250. 
 60. 
 
 400. 
 500. 
 
 500. 
 400. 
 
 .50 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 2, 
 
 400. 
 
 500. 
 4. 
 
 1000. 
 4. 
 
 1000. 
 
 3.50 
 
 400. 
 
 150. 
 
 1000. 
 400. 
 
 400. 
 400. 
 
 2, 
 
 500. 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 500. 
 3.50 
 
 
 
 1000. 
 
 800. 
 
 
 
 800. 
 
 500. 
 
 
 
 500. 
 
 300. 
 
 .he Circuit judges for the northern and central districts received S500. 
 per year and the judge for the southern district, which embraced only Cana- 
 dian District received S200. 
 
184 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 MASONS AMONG THE CHEROKEES. 
 
 Be it enacted by the National Council, That lots Nos. tive and six of 
 square No. nineteen, in the town of Tahlequah, be and they are hereby do- 
 nated to the Cherokee Lodge of Masons and the division of the Sons of Tem- 
 perance, now in existence at this place, for the purpose of erecting- thereon a 
 lodge building-, to be held and owned by them and their successors, through 
 such a board of trustees as they may from time to time appoint: Provided, 
 that the said building shall be erected within two years of the date of this 
 act; otherwise the grant hereby made shall be null and void. 
 
 Tahlequah, October 30, 1852. JOHN ROSS'. 
 
 The above enactment referred to Cherokee Lodge No. 2 1 of Tahlequah 
 of the Arkansas jurisdiction, the oldest Masonic lodge in the state of Okla- 
 homa. The date of the charter is not known but the officers for the year 
 of 1848 were Walter Scott Adair, W M; Nathan Baron Danenburg, S VV, 
 Joseph Coody, J W.7 
 
 The membership of Cherokee Lodge No. 2 1 in lS5o was: Nathan 
 Danenburg, W M; Joseph Coody, S W; Walter Scott Adair, J W; Henry 
 Dobson Reese, Secretary; members: David Carter, Charles R. Gourd, Levi 
 Keys, William Potter Ross, John Griffith Harnage, John Walker Candy, 
 Joseph Martin Lynch, Edwin Archer, Thomas Jefferson Parks, John Shepherd 
 Vann, George M. Lavender. Johnson Foreman, James Daniel Rev. Thomas 
 Bertholf, Rev. J. W. Williams and H. Tament The lodge was discontinued 
 by the Grand Lodge of Arkansas on November 17, 1868, but they continued 
 until September 5. 18 77 when they were chartered under the Grand Lodge of 
 Indian Territory as Cherokee Lodge No. 10, with Henry Dobson Reese, W M; 
 John Ross Vann, S W; John Lynch Adair J W and the following members: 
 William Frederick Rasmus, John Wardell Stapler, William Eubanks, William 
 'I". McCoy. Thomas F. Trainor, Johnson Thompson, Joseph Franklin Thomp- 
 son, Dr. Walter Thompson Adair, Joel Bryan Mayes, Leonidas Dobson, 
 James Latta, Jackson R. Gourd, T. K. B. McSpadden, Philip T. Johnson, Levi 
 Keys, Dr. I. D. Leoser, E. Poe Harris, James Shelton, John Anthony Foreman, 
 George Keys, David Wheeler and John Hildebrand Cookson. 
 
 In 1882 John Wardell Stapler was W M; Robert Latham Owen SW; Evans 
 Price Robertson, JW; John Lynch Adair S D; J. B. Gladney, J D; Roben 
 Bruce Ross, Secretary and William Johnston, Treasurer. Members not given 
 above: Bluford West Alberty, John Martin Riley, Richard Martin Benge and 
 Walter N. Evans. 
 
 Fort Gibson Lodge No. 35 was chartered by Arkansas on November 5, 
 1850 with the following officers: W. M. Chapman, W M; M. Rudder, S W; 
 C. DeLano, J. W. and P. Lukenbill, Secretary. The charter of this lodge was 
 discontinued by the Arkansas Grand Lodge on November 6. 1867. H was 
 chartered under the Indian Territory Grand Lodge on November 5, 1878 as 
 Alpha Lodge No. 12. The officers in 1879 were: P. J. Byrne, W M; Henrv 
 Clay Meigs, S W; William Thomas, J W; Florian Haradan Wash, S D; Dr. 
 R. B. Howard, Treasurer and William S. Nash, Secretary. 
 
 In 1882 Florian H. Nash was W M; Henrv C. Meips S W; Dr. R. B. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 185 
 
 Howard J W; Thomas French S D; George O. Sanders S S; William Jack- 
 son J S; Connell Rogers. Secretary: William Potter Ross and O. H. P. Brewer 
 were members. 
 
 Flint Lodge No. 74 was chartered by the Grand Lodge of Arkansas on 
 November 9, 1853. The officers for 1854 were: John Griffith Harnage 
 W M; R. M. Johnson S W; John Thompson Adair. J W and William Penn 
 Adair. Secretary. The lodge was discontinued by the Arkansas Grand Lodge 
 on August 27, 1867, but this lodge as well as those at Tahlequah and Fort 
 Gibson continued their organizations until they became a part of the Indian 
 Territory Grand Lodge under which this lodge was chartered on March 28, 
 18 76 as Flint Lodge No. II. 
 
 The Grand Lodge of Indian Territory was organized at Caddo on Oc- 
 toner tifth. t874 by Muscogee Lodge No. (-lo of Eufaula, which became No. 
 1 of the new jurisdiction; Doaksville Lodge No. 2 70 of Doaksville, becomin^;;; 
 No. 2 and Caddo Lodge No. 3 1 1 became No. 3. The old numbers were those 
 of the Arkansas Grand Lodge. After the organization of the (}rand Lodge, 
 and following the tirst convocation, Oklahoma Lodge No. 2 1 7 of Boggy 
 Depot applied for membership and was accepted as Oklahoma Lodge No. 4, 
 v'inita Lodge No. 5 of Vinita was chartered on September 8, 1875 with 
 George W. Franklin as WM; John Swain J W; James Blythe, Treasurer; 
 James A. Thompson Secretary and the following were members: William 
 Penn Adair, William W. Butfington, George W. Clark, Joseph Vann Cratch- 
 tield, James O. Hall. Benjamin F. Landrum, August S'ager. W. F. Tucker and 
 D. H. Tucker. Henry Armstrong, Charles Bluejacket, David Taylor. Robert 
 Taylor and Samuel M. Couch were members in 1876. George W. Franklin 
 was W M; J. T. Cunningham, S W and Henry Eifiort, S D in 18 79. Among 
 the members in 1880 were: George W. Franklin, W M: Thomas F. Couch. 
 S W; A. W. Timberlake, J W; J. T. Cunningham. S D; Joseph Lynch Thomp- 
 son, J D; J. J. Caldwell. Tyler and Ross Carey a member. In 1882 the 
 following names are registered: James M. Tittle, William J. Strange, John 
 C. Hogan, Samuel H. Mayes, Archibald McCoy. Robert Lunday, Surry Eaton 
 Beck and John Henry Covel. 
 
 The following citizens of the Cherokee Nation have been Most Wor- 
 shipped Grand Masters of the Grand Lodge of Indian Territory: Harvey Lind- 
 sey. 1882, Florian H. Nash, 1885, 1886 and 1887; Leo. E. Bennett, 
 1889, 1890, 1891 and 1892 and Wilson O. Bruton in 1904. O'Lonzo 
 Conner was M W G M of the Oklahoma Grand Lodge in 191'-). Leo E. 
 Bennett was Grand Treasurer from 1899 to 1917. 
 
186 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 T. M. BUFFINGTON 
 Cliief— ipofeiiilier ."i, 1S91, to December 23, ISiH 
 November, 1899, to November, 1903 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 187 
 
 CHAPTER X 
 
 The Texas Cherokee 1820-30. Ch^ant From. Mexico. Grant From Te.xas. 
 Treaties. Expvl.'^iov. 
 
 By thi? year of 1812, about one-fourth of the Cherokee Nation east had 
 emigrated to the Arkansas territory between the Arkansas and White Rivers. 
 John Bowles, a chief, and a large number from Running Water Town, on 
 the Mussel Shoals of the Tennessee, had left in the year 1874 and emi- 
 grated to the St. Francis River country in southeast Missouri. During the 
 winter of 1811-12 this branch moved to the Arkansas Territory, where' they 
 were domiciled until a survey of the Cherokee Nation, Arkansas was made 
 hy the United States Government in 181Q in accordance with the provisions 
 of the Treaty of 1817. 
 
 Bowles' village was located between Shoal aand Petit Jean Creeks, 
 on the south side of Arkansas River, outside of the stipulated Cherokee Ter- 
 ritory, on account of this fact and in compliance with the wishes of his fol- 
 lowers to locate in Spanish territory, he, with si.xty families, migrated in the 
 winter of 1819-20 to territory that was claimed to have been promised them 
 by the representatives of the Dominion of Spain, on Sabine River and ex- 
 tending from the Angelina to the Trinity Rivers in the Province of Te.xas. 
 
 Settlement was made north of Nacogdoches, then an expanse of waste and 
 ruin, the result of warfare waged between the American and Spanish forces 
 of Long and Perez. The climatic conditions auguring favorable to the pur- 
 suits of agriculture, stock-raising and hunting, their numbers were augmented 
 occasionally by recruits from their brethren in Arkansas and other tribes of 
 Indians in the United States. 
 
 For one whole year the Cherokees lived in peace and happiness under 
 the roof of the hospitable Spaniard. Whether title to the lands accorded to 
 and occupied by them was by prescription rights, the Indian mode of occu- 
 pancy or in fee from the Monarch of Spain, is immaterial — they were there: 
 their rights undisputed, under the impression they had a perfected right. 
 
 The Mexicans, their authority emanating from the imperial government 
 at Mexico City, becoming dissatislled with Spanish suzerainty over this por- 
 tion of Latin America, adopted drastic measures toward throwing oft the 
 Spanish yoke. 
 
 By the Plan of Iguala, adopted by the revolutionary government of 
 Mexico, 24th February, 182 1, the Mexicans published to the world that "all 
 inhabitants of New Spain, without distinction, whether Europeans, Africans 
 or Indians, are citizens of the monarchy, with a right to be employed in any 
 post, according to their merit and virtues", and that "The person and pro- 
 perty of every citizen will be respected and protected by the government" 
 The" Treaty of Cordova, of the 24th August, 1821, and the Declaration of 
 Independence of the 28th September, 1821, reaffirmed the principles of the 
 Plan of Iguala. Also the decree of the 9th April, 182 3, which reaffirmed 
 the three guaranties of the Plan of- Iguala, viz: — 1. Independence; 2. 
 The Catholic religion; 3. Union of all Mexicans of whatever race. The 
 
,88 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 decree of the 17th September lcS22, with a view to give effect to the 12th 
 Article of the Plan of Iguala, declared that classification of the inhahitanl.s 
 with regard to their origin, shall be omitted. The foregoing solemn decla- 
 rations 'of the political power of the government, had the affect, necessarily, 
 of investing- the Indians with the full privileges of citizenship- as effectually as 
 had the Dedaration of Independence of the United States of 17/6 of investing 
 all those persons with these privileges, residing in the country .at the time. 
 
 Under the constitution and laws of Mexico, as a race, no distinction was 
 made between the Indians, as to rights of citizenship and the privileges be- 
 longing to it and those of European or Spanish blood. The Mexican Re- 
 public from the time of its emancipation from Spain, always dealt most 
 liberally with foreigners, in its anxiety to colonize its vacant lands. Where 
 the grant declared ^hat a citizen of the United States had been naturalized, 
 it was taken for true. Thus, it will be seen during this transitory period in 
 the political affairs of the countrv, the Cherokees bore the status of ful!- 
 fledged citizens of the Republic of Mexico, with all the privileges and im- 
 munities attached to the other inhabitants thereof. The first evidence of any 
 attempt at acquiring legal title to the lands so occupied since their advent, is 
 adduced by a letter from Richard Fields to James Dill- Alcalde of Nacog- 
 doches, as follows: 
 
 "February 1st. 182 2. 
 
 Dear Sir: I wish to fall at your feet and humbly ask you what must be 
 done with us poor Indians;" We have some grants that were given us when 
 we lived under" Spanish Government, and we wish you to send us news by 
 the next mail whether they will be reversed or not. And if we were per- 
 mitted, we will come as soon as possible to present ourselves before you in 
 a manner agreeable to our talents. If we present ourselves in a rough man- 
 ner, we pray you to right us. Our intentions are good toward the govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Yours as a Chief of the Cherokee Nation. 
 
 Richard Fields.'" 
 
 It appears that this communication went unanswered but was forwarded 
 to the Governor of the Province of Texas at Bexar or San Antonio. 
 
 An indisputable title or unquestioned right of occupancy was desired on 
 their part. With this object in view, a delegation repaired to Bexar and on 
 the 8th November, 1822, an agreement was entered into between the Chero- 
 kees and Jose Felix Trespalacios, Governor of the Province and acting for 
 the Republic of Mexico. 
 
 "Articles of Agreement, made and entered into between Captain Richard 
 (Fields) of the Cherokee Nation, and the Governor of the Province of 
 Texas. 
 
 "ARTICLE 1. That the said Captain Richard (Fields) wi+h five others 
 of his tribe, acompanied by Mr. Antonio Mexia and Antonio Wolfe, who act 
 as interpreters, may proceed to Mexico, to treat with his Imperial Majesty, 
 relative to the settlement which said Chief wishes to make for those of his 
 tribe who are already in the territory of Texas, and also for those who are 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 180 
 
 in the United States. 
 
 "ART. 2nd. That the other Indians in the city, and who do not ac- 
 company the before mentioned, will return to their village in the vicinity of 
 Nacogdoches, and communicate to those who are at said village, the terms 
 of this agreement. 
 
 "ART. 3rd. That a party of warriors of said village must be constantly 
 kept on the road leading from the province to the United States, to prevent 
 stolen animals from being carried thithen and to apprehend and punish those 
 evil disposed foreigners, who form assemblages, and abound on the banks of 
 the River Sabine within the territory of Texas. 
 
 "ART. 4th. That the Indians who return to their town, will appoint 
 as their chief, the Indian Captain called Kunetand, alias Tong Turqui. to 
 whom a copy of this agreement will be given, for the satisfaction of those of 
 his tribe, and in order that they may fulfill its stipulations. 
 
 ''ART. 5th. That meanwhile, and until the approval of the Supreme 
 Government is obtained, they may cultivate their lands and sow their crops 
 in free and peaceful possession. 
 
 "ART. 6th. That the said Cherokee Indians \v\\] become immediatelv 
 subject to the laws of the Empire, as well as others who tread her soil- and 
 they will also take up arms in defense of the nation, if called upon to do so. 
 
 "ART. 7th. That they shall be considered Hispano-AmericanS' and en- 
 titled to all the rights and privileges granted to such, and to the same protec- 
 tion, should it become necessary. 
 
 "ART. Sth. That thev can immediately commence trade with the other 
 inhabitants of the province, and with the exception of arms and ammuni- 
 tions of war, with the tribes of savages who may be friendly with us. 
 
 "Which agreement, comprising the eight preceeding articles, has been 
 executed in the presence of twenty-two Cherokee Indians of the Baron de 
 Bastrop, who has been pleased to act as interpreter, of two of the Ayunta- 
 miento. and two officers of this Garrison. 
 
 Bexar, Sth November, 1822. 
 
 Jose Felix Trespalacios, Jose Flores, Nabor Villarreal, Richard Fields, x 
 his mark, El Baron de Bastrop, Manuel Iturri Castillo, Franco de Castanedo.'" 
 In pursuance of this agreement Governor Trespalacios addressed the fol- 
 lowing communication to Don Caspar Lopez Commandant of the Eastern 
 Internal Provinces, sending it by Lieutenant Don Ignacio Ronquillo: 
 
 "Captain Richard (Fields) of the Cherokee Nation, with twenty-two 
 more Indians that accompanied him, visited me to ask permission for all be- 
 longing to his tribe, to settle upon the lands of this province. After I had 
 been informed myself through foreigners, who are acquainted with this Nation, 
 that it is the most industrious and useful of the tribes in the United States, I 
 entered with said Captain, into an agreement, the original of which I send 
 you. This arrangement provided that Vaptain Richard and six others of his 
 nation, with two interpreters, escorted by Lieutenant Don Ignacio Ronquillo 
 and fifteen men of the Visscayan, shall proceed to your headquarters and, 
 'f it meet your approval, thence to the court of the Empire. 
 
 "The Cherokee Nation, according to their statement, numbers fifteen 
 
^90 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 thousand souls; but there are within the borders of Texas only one hundred 
 warriors and two hundred women and children. They work tor their hvmg, 
 and dress in cotton-cloth, which they themselves manufacture. They raise 
 cattle and horses and use firearms. Many of them understand the English 
 language. In my opinion, they ought to be useful to the Province, for they 
 immediately became subject to its laws, and I believe will succeed in putting 
 a stop to carrying stolen animals to the United States, and in arresting those 
 evil-doers that infest the roads.'" 
 
 From the foregoing agreement and communication, it will be seen that 
 the matter of procuring title was only partially and temporarily realized. 
 While occupation or prescription rights were accorded by the authorities, they 
 were also recognized as Hispano-Americans and were clothed with judicial as 
 well as police powers, pledging their unqualified support in time of war. 
 They were reorganized as agriculturists, manufacturers and stock-raisers and 
 w^'.re to apprehend and try offenders against the laws of the Empire. 
 
 Not being satisfied with conditions as to land titles, it was their determi- 
 nation to push their claims for a more satisfactory arrangement. Repairing to 
 Saltillo. headquarters of the Commandant General, they were sent, early in 
 December on their way to Mexico City, where they arrived in the Spring of 
 1823. The conditions of the country were chaotic. The throne of Em- 
 peror Iturbide toppled and he was succeeded by Victoria, Bravo and Negrete 
 on March 30th. 1823, who held the reigns of government, exercising a joiiu 
 regency. 
 
 During the progress of aflairs. Fields and his fellow-companions were 
 detained, awaiting the decision of the government. The Minister of Rela- 
 tions gave notice that the agreement entered into between Fields and Tres- 
 palacios would be recognized, pending the passage of a general colonization 
 law. The Minister of Relations. Lucas Alaman, in the new provisional gov- 
 ernment, wrote to Don Felipe de la Garza, the successor of Lopez, as Com- 
 mandant General of the Eastern Internal Provinces, as follows: 
 
 "The Supreme Executive Power has been pleased to resolve that Richard 
 Fields, Chief of the Cherokee Tribe of Indians, and his companions, now in 
 this Capitol, may return to their country, and that they be supplied with what- 
 ever may be necessary for that purpose. Therefore, Their Supreme High- 
 nesses have directed me to inform you that, although the agreement made 
 on the 8th — November. 1822, between Richard Fields and Colonel Felix 
 Trespalacious. Governor of Texas, remains provisionally in force, you are 
 nevertheless required to he very careful and vigilant in regard to their settle- 
 ments- endeavoring to bring them towards the interior, and at places least 
 dangerous, not permitting for the present, the entrance of any new families 
 of the Cherokee tribe, until the publication of the General Colonization Law, 
 which will establish the rules and regulations to be observed, although the 
 benefits to arise from it, cannot be extended to them, in relation to all of 
 which. Their Highnesses intent to consult the Sovereign Congress. That 
 while this is effecting, the families already settled, should be well treated, and 
 the other chiefs also, treated with suitable consideration, provided that those 
 already within our territory respect our laws, and are submissive to our 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHHKOKHE INDIANS lOi 
 
 authorities; and, finally, Their Hij;hnesses order, that in future neither these 
 Indians, nor any others, he permitted to come to the City of Mexico, but 
 only send their petitions in ample form, for journeys similar to the present are 
 of no henelit and only create unnecessary expense to the state. All of which 
 I communicate to you for your information and fulfillment." 
 
 That the delegation regarded their land titles secure, is apparent. They 
 returned home seemingly satisfied with their accomplishments. Victoria, 
 Bravo and Negrete, through their Minister of Relations- had confirmed the 
 then existing contract until such time that a general colonization law was 
 enacted, implying that titles would be more securely vested under such a law. 
 
 About a year later, Fields proposed a union of all the Indian tribes in 
 Eastern Texas, proposing to exact a pledge from them, of fidelity to the gov- 
 ernment. In promulgating this, he gave a summary of his accomplish- 
 ments in Mexico City and of his plans for the future. On March 6th, 1824, 
 he wrote to the Governor at San Antonio, as follows: 
 
 "It was my intention, on my return from Mexico, to present myself at 
 San Antonio- in order that the authorities there might examine the papers 
 which I received from the Superior Government of the Nation : but it was 
 impossible to do so. because a party of Comanches had prepared an ambush 
 on the road. However, 1 had the good fortune to escape them. 
 
 "The Superior Government has granted me in this province, a territory 
 sufiicient for me and that part of the tribe of Indians dependent on me to 
 settle on, and also a commission to command all the Indian tribes and nations 
 that are in the four eastern provinces. 
 
 "I pray your honor to notify all the Indians within your terirtory, and 
 particularly the Lipans, that on the 4th "f July next, I shall, in compliance 
 with the order of the Supreme Government, hold a general council of all the 
 Indian tribes, at my house in the rancheria of the Cherokees- twelve miles 
 west of the Sabine River. At this Council- I shall propose a treaty of peace 
 to all Indians who are willing to submit themselves to the orders of the Gov- 
 ernment. In case there should be any who may not wish to ratify what I 
 propose- I shall use force of arms to subdue them. 
 
 "I beg you to notify the commandant at San .Antonio that he shall, 
 for the satisfaction of his people, send some trusted person to aid in the treaty 
 of peace and see how the afi'air is managed. 
 
 "Should it be convenient, have this letter translated and have the 
 authorities send it to Rio Grande and Monclova, in which two places I left 
 copies of the documents from the Superior Government." 
 
 The Grand Council took place in pursuance of call, with exception of 
 the date which was changed to August 20th. 1824. All the tribes convened 
 in council at Fields' residence, with the exception of the Comanches and 
 Tonkawas, on whom he proposed to make war. 
 
 Closely following these events the 24th January- 182 3, the Central 
 Government under Augustine- the first constituted Emperor of Mexico- en- 
 acted the Imperial Colonization Law of 182 3, which decreed, among other 
 things — "that the Mexican Government will protect the liberty, property and 
 
1Q2 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 civil rights of all foreigners, etc." This was followed by the National Colo- 
 nization Law of August 18, 1824. in which it was decreed — "To all who 
 shall see and understand these presents — That the Mexican Nation offers to 
 foreigners, who came to establish themselves within its territory, security for 
 their persons and property, provided, they subject themselves to the laws of 
 the country, etc. "and for this purpose, the legislatures of all the states will, 
 as soon as possible, form colonization laws, or regulations for their respective 
 states, conforming themselves in all things to the constitutional act- general 
 constitution, and the regulations established in this law, etc." 
 
 In pursuance of the foregoing, the State of Coahuila and Texas passed 
 a colonization law March 25th. 1825, the first article of which reads: 
 
 "All foreigners who, in virtue of the general law of the l8th of August. 
 1824. which guarantees the security of their persons and property in this re- 
 public, shall wish to emigrate to any of the settlements of the State of Coa- 
 huila and Texas, are permitted to do so; and the said state invites and calls 
 them." Second. "Those who shall thus emigrate, far from being molested, 
 shall be admitted by the local authorities of said settlements, and permitted 
 by the same to freely engage in any honest pursuit, provided they respect 
 the general laws of the republic, and the laws of the state." 
 
 It is noticeable that the provisions of the three consecutive colonization 
 laws, the word "foreigners" and the phrase "those who shall thus emigrate" 
 would apply to those who arrived after their passage, the lirst. the Imperial; 
 decreed the 4th of January, 182 3. For the sake of clearness, it is deemed 
 advisable to reiterate that the Cherokees were Mexican citizens and had been 
 prior to the passage of these laws, as much so as any others who emigrated 
 to Texas and were so made by statute or constitutional enactment. 
 
 Possibly, owing to the absence of the locomotive, telegraph and other 
 modes of travel and conveniences of communication, many of the early set- 
 tlers of Texas did not know of the passage of these laws, or whether the 
 vested rights of the Cherokees were purposely ignored on the part of the 
 authorities of Coahuila and Texas, sitting at Saltilla, made divers and sundries 
 grants of lands. These embraced portions of Cherokee territory, and among 
 the donors were David G. Burnet, Vincente Filisola, Robert Leftwich, Frost 
 Thorn and the Edwards Brothers. This act so incensed the Cherokees, that 
 a council was soon after convened. Peter Ellis Bean reported to Stephen 
 F. Austin that Fields addressed the council substantially as follows: 
 
 ■•In my old days, I traveled two thousand miles to the City of Mexico 
 to beg some lands to settle a poor orphan tribe of Red People, who looked 
 to me for protection. I was promised lands for them after staying one vear 
 in Mexico and spending all I had. I then came to my people and waited 
 two years, and then sent Mr. Hunter, after selling my stock to provide him 
 money for his expenses. When he got there, he stated his mission to the 
 Sovernment. 'I hey said they knew nothing of this Richard Fields and 
 treated hmi with contempt. 
 
 w.,v "'w"' ',,'r'? ^''" ^"'' ^ "''^" °f '^^"O'' ^"d can't be imposed on this 
 \va\. We will lift up our tomahawks and fight for land with all those friendly 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 10.^ 
 
 tribes that wish land also. If 1 am Ivatcn, I will resign to fate, and if not, 
 I will hold lands by the force of m_\- red warriors." 
 
 John Dunn Hunter, a White man. had CdUie among the Cherokees 
 sometime during the year 1825. Through his intervention, hope was held 
 out that the agitated question of land title wtuild be amicably settled. With 
 this end in view, he was dispatched to Mexico City to plead their cause. He 
 arrived at the seat of government March 19th, 1826 and returned in Sep- 
 tember, after fruitless attempts at a settlement of title. 
 
 Seeing their lands taken possession of by newcomers, their homes and 
 fire-sides so long established, what they considered wrongfully wrested from 
 them, they began to prepare to maintain their holdings peacefully if possible, 
 but by force, if they must. Touching these events, Stephen F. Austin wrote 
 the Commander of Texas September 11. I826 in part, as follows: 
 
 "There is reason to fear that the delay of the measures concerning the 
 peaceable tribes, has disgusted them; and should this be the case, it would be 
 a misfortune, for 100 of the Cherokees are worth more as warriors than 500 
 Comanches. " 
 
 Hunter, "pictured in story and glowing language the gloomy alternative, 
 now plainly presented to the Indians, of abandoning their present abodes and 
 returning within the limits of the United States — or preparing to defend them- 
 selves against the whole power of the Mexican Government by force of 
 arms. - " 
 
 John G. Purnell wrote to Fields from SaltiUo on October 4th, 1825, 
 as follows: 
 
 "When I last saw you in my house at Monterey, I little thought in so 
 short a time you would have commenced a war against your American brothers 
 and the Mexican Nation; more particularly a man like yourself who is ac- 
 quainted with the advantages of civilization. If your claims for lands 
 
 were not granted at a time when the government was not firmly established, 
 that should not be a cause of war. Ask and it will be given to you; this 
 nation has always felt friendly inclined toward yours, and I am sure if you 
 cease hostilities they will enter into a treaty with you by which you will obtain 
 more permanent advantages than you can by being at war ". 
 
 On November 10th. 1825, F. Durcy. also of SaltiUo, wrote to Francis 
 Grapp. a well-known Indian trader at Natchitoches: 
 
 "Knowing the weight of your influence with all the savage nations and 
 also the ascendancy that you have over the character of Mr. Fields, your 
 son-in-law, I think that no one could stop, better than yourself, the great dis- 
 turbance which is about to be raised by the Indians, whom you understand 
 better than I. I say that you can distinguish yourself for the welfare of 
 humanity in general, in making the savages understand the evils which await 
 them in "following the plans of Mr. Fields, and likewise causing Mr. Fields to 
 be spoken to by his brother, who can prevail upon him (le determiner) to 
 abandon a plan which will have no -other end than that of destroying him- 
 self and all who shall have the misfortune to follow him." 
 
194 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Hunter's mission to Mexico City failed of its purpose. Tlie Edwards 
 brothers, wlio had i^een granted territory on which to settle eight hundred 
 families, discovered that their claims of title conflicted with others originat- 
 ing under the Spanish regime. These lands also over-lapped the Cherokee 
 session. They had consumed large sums of money, time- and enormous 
 amount of work in the United States arranging for the introduction of the 
 eight hundred families called for by the terms of the empresario contract with 
 the Mexican government. Finding themselves in dispute over their lands, 
 almost the same as their neighbors, the Cherokees' affairs were rapidly reach- 
 ing a critical stage in that portion of Texas. 
 
 The Edwardses, highly incensed at the prospects of losing their all at 
 one fell swoop, determined to throw off Mexican sovereignty and thus de- 
 clare Texas a free and independent nation, under the name of the Republic 
 of Fredonia. 
 
 Fields and Hunter concluded to confer with this embryo government 
 on future plans. On their arrival at Nacogdoches, they found all excite- 
 ment and chaos. A compact was entered into by Fields and Hunter, on the 
 part of the Red people, Harmon B. Mayo and Benjamin W. Edwards, as 
 agents of the Committee of Independence, culminating into a Solemn Union- 
 League and Confederation in peace and war to establish and defend their 
 independence against Mexico. 
 
 The compact entered into, follows: 
 
 "Whereas, The Government of the Mexican United States, have, by 
 repeated insults, treachery and oppression, reduced the White and Red emi- 
 grants from the United States of North America, now living in the Province 
 of Texas, within the territory of said government, which they have been de- 
 luded by promises solemnly made, and most basely broken, to the dreadful 
 alternative of either submitting their free-born necks to the yoke of the im- 
 becile, unfaithful, and despotic government, miscalled a Republic, or of taking 
 up arms in defense of their inalienable rights and asserting their independence; 
 they— viz: The White emigrants now assembled in the town of Nacogdoches, 
 around the independent standard, on the one part, and the Red emigrants who 
 have espoused the same Holy Cause, on the other, in order to prosecute more 
 speedily and effectually the war of Independence, they have mutually under- 
 taken, to a successful issue, and to bind themselves bv the ligaments of re- 
 ciprocal interests and obligations, have resolved to form a treaty of Union, 
 League and Confederation. 
 
 "For this illustrious object, Benjamin W. Edwards and Harmon B. 
 Mayo. Agents of the Committee of Independence, and Richard Fields and 
 John D. Hunter, the agents of the Red people, being respectfully furnished 
 with due powers, have agreed to the following articles: 
 
 "1 The above named contracting parties, bind themselves to a solemn 
 union, League, and Confederation, in peace and war, to establish and defend 
 tlieir mutual mdependence of the Mexican United States. 
 nn, ""'.I '^^^. contracting parties guarantee mutually to the extent of their 
 pouLi, the mtegnty of their respective territories as now agreed upon and 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHHROKhE INDIANS 195 
 
 describc^d- viz: The territory apportioned to tlie Red people, shall besin at 
 the Sandy Spring, where Bradley's road takes otY from the road leading- from 
 Nacogdoches to the Plantation of Joseph Dust; from thence west by the 
 compass, without regard to variation, to the Rio Grande; thence to the head 
 of the Rio Grande; thence with the mountains to the head of the Big Red 
 River; thence north to the boundary of the United States of America; thence 
 with the same line to the mouth of Sulphur Fork; thence in a right line to 
 the beginning. 
 
 "The territory apportioned to the White people, shall comprehend all 
 the residue of the Province of Texas, and of such other portions of the 
 Mexican United States, as the contracting parties, by their mutual efforts and 
 resources, may render independent, provided the same shall not extend further 
 west than the Rio Grande. 
 
 "3. The contracting parties mutually guarantee the rights of Empre- 
 sarios to their premium lands only, and the rights of all other individuals, 
 acquired under the Mexican Government and relating or appertaining to 
 the above described territory, provided the said Empresarios and individuals 
 do not forfeit the same by an opposition to the independence of the said 
 territories, or by withdrawing their aid and support to its acomplishment. 
 
 It is distinctly understood by the contracting parties, that the terri- 
 tory apportioned to the Red people, is intended as well for the benefit of 
 those tribes now settled in the territory apportioned to the White people, 
 as for those living in the former territory, and that it is incumbent upon the 
 contracting parties for the Red people to ofler the said tribes a participation 
 in the same. 
 
 "5. It is also mutually agreed by the contracting parties, that every 
 individual. Red or White, who has made improvements within either of the 
 Respective Allied Territories and lives upon the same, shall have a fee 
 simple of a section of land, including his improvement, as well as the pro- 
 tection of the government in which he may reside. 
 
 "6. The" contracting parties mutually agree, that all roads, navigable 
 streams, and all other channels of conveyance within each Territory, shall be 
 open and free to the use of the inhabitants of the other. 
 
 "7. The contracting parties mutualy stipulate that they will direct 
 all their resources to the prosecution of the Heaven-inspired cause which has 
 given birth to this solemn Union, League and Confederation, firmly relying 
 upon their united efforts, and the strong arm of Heaven for success. 
 
 "In faith whereof, the Agents of the respective contracting parties 
 hereunto affix their names. 
 
 "Done in the town of Nacogdoches, this the twenty-first of Decem- 
 ber, in the vear of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-six." 
 
 Richard Fields, John D. Hunter, B. W. Edwards, H. B. Mayor. 
 
 "We, the Committee of Independence, and the Committee of the Red 
 people, do ratify the above Treaty, and do pledge ourselves to maintain it in 
 good faith. 
 
 "Done on the day and date above mentioned. 
 
 Richard Fields, John D. Hunter, Ne-Ko-Lake, John Bags, Cuk-To-Keh, 
 
196 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Martin Parmer, President, Hayden Edwards, W. B. Legon, John Sprowl, B. 
 J. Thompson, Jos. A. Huher, B. W. Edwards, H. B. Mayo. 
 
 While these things were transpiring in and around Nacogdoches, the 
 Mexicans, with their chief allies Stephen F. Austin and Peter Ellis Bean, were 
 stirring up dissatisfaction among the Fredonians, both Red and White people. 
 To forestall any further preparations on the part of the infant revolutionary 
 government, Bent on 16th — December, arrived with thirty-five Mexican sol- 
 diers from San Antonio. On learning of the feelings that pervaded the Fre- 
 donians, he retired to a point west of Nacogdoches to await reinforcements, 
 realizing his forces were inadequate to successfully cope with the revolutionary 
 forces. About the 20th of the same month, two hundred strong under 
 Colonel Mateo Ahumada, with banners flying, the glittering of steel and the 
 clanking of arms, marched out of San Antonio, bent on the conquest of 
 Nacogdoches. This contingent was accompanied by Jose Antonio Saucedo, 
 the Political Chief, in full charge of operations. 
 
 On January 2 2nd — 1826, Austin addressed the Mexican people in terms, 
 as follows: 
 
 "To the Inhabitants of the Colony: 
 
 "The persons who were sent on from this colony by the Political Chief 
 and Military Commandant (Austin) to ofier peace to the madmen of Nacog- 
 doches, have returned — returned without having affected anything. The 
 olive branch of peace which was held out to them has been insultingly re- 
 turned, and that party have denounced massacre and desolation to this colony. 
 They are trying to excite all the Northern Indians to murder and plunder, and 
 it appears as though they have no other object than to ruin and plunder this 
 country. They openly threaten us with massacre and the plunder of our 
 property. 
 
 "To arms then, my friends and fellow-citizens, and hasten to the standard 
 of our country. 
 
 "The first hundred men will march on the 26th. Necessary orders for 
 mustering and other purposes will be issued to commanding officers. 
 
 Union and Mexico. 
 
 S. F. Austin. 
 San Felipe de Austin, 
 January 27th — 1827." 
 
 The authorities and leading citizens of Austin's Colony lost no time in 
 fomenting dissension in the ranks of the Fredonians. From the capitol of 
 his colony, Austin hurled all the epithets at his command against his liberty- 
 loving American brothers. Writers of Texas history condemn him for the 
 course taken in this instance. A careful perusal of the compact entered into 
 by the Fredonians will not disclose an iota justifying his denunciations in 
 such terms, in his proclamation to the colonists. The compact was to them, 
 what the mimortal document of 1776 was to the Americans during the 
 gloomy days of the American Revolution. It was their divorcement from 
 a weak, unstable and vacillating rule. It was the forerunner of the glorv 
 of San Jacnito, the climax that thrills the heart of every loyal Texan and 
 freeman throughout Christendom. Doomed to failure it was, and the perpe- 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHE INDIANS 197 
 
 trators suffered the consequences. 
 
 Their propaganda was successful. Promises of land and other pre- 
 ferments by Bean and Austin detached large numbers of the Fredonians. 
 leaving- the loyal, in a hopeless state. Bowles and Mush, of the Cherokees, 
 were among the detached. Due to their machinations. Fields and Hunter 
 were foully murdered by men of their own people. The Edwards contingent 
 was dispersed and fled to Louisiana, and other portions of the United States. 
 For his services in having Fields and Hunter put out of the way. Bowles was 
 invested with a commission as nominal Colonel in the Mexican army, as was 
 also Peter Ellis Bean. The Fredonia at!air was terminated. 
 
 Affairs in this portion of Texas were restored to normalcy, with the ex- 
 ception of the mooted question of land titles. To further complicate mat- 
 ters, the legislature made a division of the territory in question between David 
 G. Burnet and Joseph Vehlein. 
 
 The Act of April 6th, 1830, prohibiting the further emigration of 
 Americans into Texas, was passed. General Teran. Conunandant General 
 of the Eastern Interior States, determined to perfect title in the Cherokees, 
 to lands so long- occupied by them, and on August I5th, 183 1. wrote to 
 Lelona, Governor of Coahuila and Texas: 
 
 "In compliance with the promises made by the Supreme Government, 
 to the Cherokee Indians, and with a view to the preservation of peace, with 
 the rude tribes, I caused them to determine upon some fixed spot for their 
 settlement, and having selected it on the head waters of the Trinity, and the 
 banks of the Sabine, I pray your Excellency may be pleased to order that 
 possession be given to them, with the corresponding titles, with the under- 
 standing that it will be expedient, that the commissioners be appointed for 
 this purpose, should act in conjunction with Colonel Jose de las Piedras, 
 commanding the military forces on the frontier of Nacogdoches." 
 
 Teran 's suggestions that title be consummated was universally concurred 
 in by the authorities. March 22, 1832, Governor Letona ordered the political 
 chief to furnish Commissioner Piedras with the necessary documents in due 
 form for that purpose. On the eve of preparations to carry out such orders, 
 he was expelled from Nacogdoches by an uprising of Americans. Soon 
 afterwards, Teran committed suicide and was succeeded in office by Vincente 
 Filisola who held an empresario contract in his own name. This appoint- 
 ment was detrimental to the interests of the Cherokees in the extreme, be- 
 cause his contract embraced a portion of their lands. Governor Letona died 
 of yellow fever and was succeeded by Beramendi. 
 
 The attempts on the part of Mexico to grant title, ended with these 
 transactions. 
 
 On July 20th, 1833, a delegation headed by Colonel Bowles, repaired 
 to San Antonio and petitioned the Political Chief for title to their lands. 
 They were directed to Monclova, the Capitol of the Province of Coahuih 
 and Texas, where they were given assurance that their claims would receive 
 due consideration. But, inasmuch as David G. Burnet and Vincente Filisola 
 had immatured colonization contracts which were to expire Deceml-ier 2 1st — 
 18 35, all land title, he maintained, must, of necessity, be held in abeyance 
 
198 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 for the time being. However, on March 10th — 1835, the Political Chief 
 wrote the Supreme Government, admonishing the authorities that the Chero- 
 kees be not disturbed in their possessions until the central government at 
 Mexico City could finally pass on the question. 
 
 On May 12. 1835, the legislature of the state of Coahuila and Texas 
 passed the following resolution : 
 
 "Art. 1. In order to secure the peace and tranquility of the state, the 
 government is authorized to select, out of the vacant lands of Texas, that 
 land which may appear most appropriate for the location of the peaceable 
 and civilized Indians which may have been introduced into Texas. 
 
 "Art. 2. It shall establish with them a line of defense along the fron- 
 tier to secure the state against the incursions of barbarous tribes." 
 
 This was the last utterance of the Mexican government in reference to 
 the Cherokee claims. 
 
 At the beginning of the disaffection of the Americans, the Committee 
 of Public Safety, the Permanent Council and Consultation, successively, had 
 deemed it just and prudent to arrive at some understanding with the Chero- 
 kees and other Indians concerning their land claims. 
 
 The state of aft'airs at this period existing between the Central Govern- 
 ment at Mexico City and the State of Coahuila and Texas was exceedinglyl 
 critical. On the I9th of September, 1835, on behalf of the Committee of 
 Safety, Stephen F. Austin addressed the people of Texas in part: "That 
 every district should send members to the General Consultation, with full 
 powers to do whatever may be necessary for the good of the country." 
 
 The General Consultation convened on the l6th — October, 1835, but 
 adjourned for want of a quorum. It reassembled at San Felipe de Austin 
 on November 1st, but was unable to dispatch business until the 3rd, when 
 a quorum appeared. Dr. Branch T. Archer of Brazoria, formerly Speaker 
 of the House of Delegates in the Virginia Legislature, was unanimously 
 elected President. This was the third deliberative body authorized on the 
 American plan, superseding the conventions of October 1. 1832, and April 
 1, 1833. In an elaborate speech to the convention, President Archer re- 
 viewed the condition of aifairs of the country and recommended plans upon 
 which Texas was to erect autonomy and at the same time contest upon the 
 field of battle for a long-cherished independence. Among other things im- 
 pressed upon the members of the Consultation, were the need of establishing 
 a provisional Government, with a Governor, Lieutenant Governor and Council 
 to be clothed with Legislative and executive powers; and that "there are sev- 
 eral warlike and peaceful tribes of Indians that claim certain portions of our 
 land. Locations have been made within the limits they claim, which has 
 created great dissatisfaction amongst them. Some of the chiefs of those 
 tribes are expected here in a few days, and I deem it expedient to make some 
 equitable arrangement of the matter that will prove satisfactory to them." 
 
 On the 7th of November 1835, the Unanimous Declaration of the 
 Consul at.on was adopted. It declared that "General Lopez de Santa Anna 
 
 h In '"'J' ^ '"^*''"' '''^'' ^^ ^'"'^ °f ^""S' overthrown the federal 
 .nstitutions of Mexico and dissolved the social compact which existed be- 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 199 
 
 tween Texas and other members of the Mexican Confederacy; Now. the 
 good people of Texas, availing- themselves of their natural rights, Solemnly 
 Declare — 1st. That they have taken up arms in defense of their Rights and 
 Liberties, ". 
 
 In pursuance of this Declaration of Independence, a Plan or Constitu- 
 tion for a Provisional Government was drawn by a committee headed by 
 Henry Smith, reported to that body on November 9th, but was not adopted 
 as the organic act until the 11th, at which time it was enrolled and signed. A. 
 provisional Government was thus created, among the prerogatives or duties 
 imposed upon the Governor and Council were to hypothecate the public 
 lands and pledge the public faith for a loan not to exceed one million dol- 
 lars; to impose and regulate imports and tonnage duties and provide for the 
 collection of the same; treat with the several tribes of Indians in reference to 
 their land titles, and, if possible, to secure their friendship; establish post- 
 otfices and post-roads; regulate postal rates and appoint a post-master gen- 
 eral; grant pardons and hear admiralty cases. 
 
 Adoption of this plan and the election of ofi'icers toook place on No- 
 vember 12th, and signed by the fifty-four delegates present on the following 
 day. Henry Smith, opposed by S. F. Austin, was duly elected Provisional 
 Governor, while James W. Robinson of Nacogdoches- was elected Lieutenant 
 Governor. 
 
 From the time of the conception of a separation of Texas from 
 Mexico, it was deemed advisable to conciliate the Indian tribes within her 
 borders, and this could best be brought about by entering into a treaty of 
 friendship and neutrality and at the same time guarantee to them title to the 
 lands occupied. The Cherokees were peacefully domiciled in east central 
 Texas and were regarded, and justly so, as agriculturists, manufacturers, stock- 
 raisers and the following of other pursuits that well plaeed them out of the 
 savage or hunter class and compelled the fitting appellation of Civilized In- 
 dians. They possessed, as a nation, several hundred soldiers or warriors who 
 were expert riflemen. 
 
 On November 13th, 1835, the day of the adoption of the Plans and 
 Powers of the Constitution of the Provisional Government, the following 
 Solemn Declaration was unanimously adopted and signed by the entire body 
 of fifty-four members: 
 
 •'Be It Solemnly Decreed. That we. the chosen delegates of the Consul- 
 tation of the people of all Texas, in general convention assembled, solemnly 
 declare that the Cherokee Indians, and their associate bands, twelve tribes in 
 number, agreeable to their last general council in Texas, have derived their 
 just claims to lands included within the bounds hereinafter mentioned from 
 the government of Mexico, from whom we have also derived our rights to the 
 soil bv grant and occupancy. 
 
 "We solemnly declare that the boundaries of the claims of the said 
 Indians to the land' is as follows, to-wit: Lying north of the San Antonio 
 road and the Neches, and west of the Angelina and Sabine Rivers. We sol- 
 emnly declare that the Governor and General Council, immediately on its 
 organization, shall appoint Commissioners to treat with the said Indians, to 
 
200 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 establish the definite boundaries of their territory- and secure their confidence 
 and friendship. 
 
 "We solemnly declare that we will guarantee to them the peaceful en- 
 joyment of their rights to the lands, as we do our own; we solemnly declare, 
 that all grants, surveys and locations of lands, hereinbefore mentioned, made 
 after the settlements of said Indians, are, and of right ought to be, utterly 
 null and void, and that the Commissioners issuing the same, be and are here- 
 by ordered, immediately to recall and cancel the same, as having been made 
 upon lands already appropriated by the Mexican Government. 
 
 "We solemnly declare that it is our sincere desire that the Cherokee In- 
 dians, and their associate bands, should remain our friends in peace and war, 
 and if they do so, we pledge the public faith for the support of the forego- 
 ing declarations. 
 
 "We solemnly declare that they are entitled to our commisseration 
 and protection, as the just owners of the soil, as an unfortunate race of peo- 
 ple, that we wish to hold as friends, and treat with justice. Deeply and sol- 
 emnity impressed with these sentiments as a mark of sincerity, your commit- 
 tee would respectfully recommend the adoption of the following resolution: 
 "Resolved, That the members of this convention, now present, sign this 
 Declaration, and pledge the public faith, on the part of the people of Texas. 
 "Done in Convention at San Felipe de Austin, this 13th day of Novem- 
 ber, A. D., 18 35. 
 
 (Signed) B. T. Archer, President, 
 John A. Wharton, Meriwether W. Smith, Sam Houston, William Menifee, 
 Chas. Wilson, Wm. N. Sigler, James Hodges, Wm. W. Arrington, John Bevil, 
 Wm. S. Fisher, Alex. Thompson, J. G. V. Pierson, D. C. Barrett. R. Jones 
 Jesse Burnam, Lorenzo de Zavala, A. Horton, Edwin Waller, Daniel Parker, 
 Wm. P. Harris. John S. D. Byrom. Wm. Whitaker. A. G. Perry. Albert G. 
 Kellogg, C. C. Dyer, Geo. M. Patrick, J. D. Clements, Claiborne West, Jas. 
 W. Parker, J. S. Lester. Geo. W. Davis. Joseph L. Hood, A. E. C. Johnson. 
 Asa Hoxey, Martin Parm.er, Asa Mitchell, L. H. Everett, R. M. Williamson, 
 Phillip Coe. R. R. Royal. John W. Moore. Benj. Fuga. S'am T. Allen, Wyatt 
 Hanks, James W. Robinson, Henry Millard, Jesse Grimes, A. B. Hardin, Wyly 
 Martin, Henry Smith. David A. Macomb. A. Houston. E. Collard. 
 
 P. B. Dexter. 
 
 Secretary." 
 Pledging the public faith on the part of the people of Texas, among 
 other things the "Solemn Declaration," after defining the boundaries of the 
 churns of the Cherokees enunciated "that we will guarantee to them the peace- 
 ful enjoyment of their rights to their lands, as we do our own, we solemnly 
 declare that all grants, surveys and locations of lands, within the bounds here- 
 inbefore mentioned, made after the settlement of said Indians, are, and of right 
 ought to be. utterly null and void, and the commissioners issuing the same, 
 be and are hereby ordered, immediately to recall and cancel the same, as 
 having been made upon lands already appropriated bv the Mexican Govern- 
 ment. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHHROKEE INDIANS 201 
 
 After the passage of the Colonization Laws. s;'vinj;- io the respeetive 
 states the right to make disposition of the vacant lands within their bound- 
 aries, it will be remembered that David G. Burnet and others were awarded 
 contracts affecting lands within the boundaries described and partially in the 
 Cherokee Nation. 
 
 When the consultation was published to the world, it was the just a 
 little over a month until the date of the expiration of the contracts of Bur- 
 net and Fileasola, which fell on December 2 1, I8^r "And all grants, sur- 
 vey's and locations of lands within the bounds hereinbefore mentioned, made 
 after the settlement of said Indians, are, and of right ought to be, null and 
 void." 
 
 As has been said, the Cherokees settled on these lands in the winter of 
 18 19-20, while the contracts of Burnet bear date of December 22, 1826. 
 All the acts of the Consultation were the basic or organic laws of the land 
 and if any act is to be accepted as such, these contracts must ceratinly have 
 been annulled, since their provisions bore directly upon lands already ap- 
 propriated by the Mexican Government and so recognized by the Consulta- 
 tion and the Provisional Government of Texas. "Language could not be 
 made more plainer or obligatory than was this guarantee to these tribes." 
 
 Among the several acts of this body, a Major General who was to be 
 Commander-in-chief of all the Military forces, was elected by that body. Sam 
 Houston was the unanimous choice. His commission follows: 
 
 "In the name of the people of Texas- free and sovereign. 
 
 "We, reposing special trust and conhdence in your patriotism, valor, con- 
 duct and tidelity, do by these presents constitute and appoint you to be Major 
 General and Commander-in-chief of the armies of Texas and of all the forces 
 now raised or to be raised by it> and of all others who shall voluntarily of- 
 fer their services and join the army, for the defense of the constitution and 
 liberty, and for repelling every hostile invasion thereof; and you are hereby 
 vested with full power and authority to act as you shall think best for the 
 good and welfare of the service. 
 
 "And we do hereby strictly charge and require all officers and soldiers 
 under your command to be obedient to your orders, and diligent in the ex- 
 ercise of their several duties. 
 
 "And we do also enjoin you to be careful in executing the great trust 
 reposed in you, by causing strict discipline and order to be observed in the 
 army and that the soldiers be duly exercised- and provided with all convenient 
 necessaries. 
 
 "And you are to regulate your conduct in every respect by the rules and 
 discipline of war adopted by the United States of North America- or such as 
 may be hereafter adopted by this government; and particularly to observe 
 such orders and directions, from time to time, as you shall receive from this 
 or a future government of Texas. 
 
 "This commission to continue in force until revoked by this or a future 
 government. 
 
202 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Done at San Felipe de Austin, on the fourteenth day of November, 
 eighteen hundred and thirty-live . 
 
 Henry Smith. 
 
 Governor. 
 P. B. Dexter, Secretary of 
 Provisional Government." 
 
 On November 14th, the Consultation ceased its labors. Governor Smith 
 
 immediately convened the Council for the government of the country. Upon 
 the organization of the Council, Governor Smith addressed that body the fol- 
 lowing letter relative to carrying into effect that portion of the Declaration 
 touching the Cherokee claims: 
 
 "San Felipe, December, 18. 1835. 
 Gentlemen of the Council: 
 
 " -- __I further have to suggest to you the propriety 
 
 of appointing the Commissioners on the part of this government to carry into 
 effect the Indian treaty as contemplated by the Convention. I can see no 
 difficulty which can reasonably occur in the appointment of the proper agents 
 on our part, having so many examples and precedents before us. The United 
 States have universally sent their most distinguished military officers to per- 
 form such duties, because the Indians generally look up to and respect their 
 authority as coercive and paramount. 1 would therefore suggest the proprie- 
 ty of appointing General Houston, of the army, and Col. John Forbes of 
 Nocogdoches, who has been already commissioned as one of my aides. The 
 Commissioners would go specially instructed, so that no wrong could be com- 
 mitted either to the government, the Indians, or our individual citizens. All 
 legitimate rights would be respected, and no others. I am aware that we 
 have no right to transcend the superior order, and Declaration made by the 
 convention, and, if I recollect that article right, the outline of external boun- 
 daries was demarked within which the Indian tribes alluded to, should ba 
 located; but at the same time paying due regard to the legitimate rights ot 
 the citizens within the same limits. 
 
 "If these Indians have introduced themselves in good faith under the 
 Colonization Laws of the Government, they would be entitled to the benefit 
 of these laws and comply with their conditions. I deem it a duty which we 
 owe them to pay all due respects to their rights and claim their co-operation 
 in the support of them and at the same time not to infringe upon the rights 
 of our countrymen, so far as they have been justly founded. 
 
 "These agents going under proper instructions, would be enabled to do 
 right, but not permitted to do wrong, as their negotiations would be subject 
 to investigation and ratification by the government before they became a law. 
 
 1 am, gentlemen. 
 
 Your Obedient Servant. 
 
 Henry Smith. 
 
 Governor." 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 203 
 
 Resolution Appointing Commissioners to Treat With the Cherokee Indians 
 Etc. 
 
 "Be It Resolved by the General Council of the Provisional Governmenl 
 of Texas, That Sam Houston, John Forbes and John Cameron, be and they 
 are hereby appointed Commissioners to treat with the Cherokee Indians, and 
 their twelve Associated Bands, under such instructions as may be given them 
 by the Governor and Council ,and should it so happen that all the Commis- 
 sioners cannot attend, and two of them shall have power to conclude a treatv 
 and report the same to the General Council of the Provisional (iovernment, 
 for its approval and ratification. 
 
 "Be It Further Resolved, etc. That said Commissioners be required to 
 hold said treaty so soon as practicable. 
 
 "Passed- Dec. 22d. 18 35. 
 
 James W. Robinson, 
 
 Lieut.-Gov. and ex-offlco 
 
 Pres't. of G. C. 
 E. M. Pease, Secy, to General Council, 
 Approved, December 2 8, 1835. 
 
 Henrv Smith, Governor. 
 C. B. Stewart, 
 
 Sec'y. to Executive." 
 
 Resolution for Instructing Commissioners Appointed to Treat with the 
 Cherokee Indians and Their Associate Bands: 
 
 "Be it resolved by the General Council of the Provisional Government 
 of Texas- That Sam Houston, John Forbes and John Cameron, appointed 
 Commissioners to treat with the aforesaid Indians, be and they are hereby in- 
 structed, to proceed as soon as practicable, to Nacogdoches, and hold a treaty 
 with the Indians aforesaid, and that they shall in no wise transcend the Dec- 
 larations made by the Consultation of November last, in any of their articles 
 of treaty. 
 
 "Sec. 2. Be it Further Resolved, etc. That they are required In all 
 things to pursue a course of justice and equity toward the Indians, and to pro- 
 tect all honest claims of the whites, agreeably to such laws, compacts or treat- 
 ies, as the said Indians may have hereto made with the Republic of Mex- 
 ico, and that the (said) Commissioners be instructed to provide in said treaty 
 with the Indians, that they shall never alienate their lands, either separately 
 or collectively, except to the Government of Texas, and to agree that the 
 said Government will at any time hereafter, purchase all their claims at a 
 fair price and reasonable valuation. 
 
 "Sec. 3. Be It Further Resolved, etc.. That tiie Governor be required 
 to give to the Commissioners, such definite and particular instructions, as he 
 may think necessary to carry into effect the object of the foregoing resolu- 
 tions, together with such additional instructions as will secure the etTective 
 co-operation of the Indians at a time when it may be necessary to call all 
 the effective forces of Texas, into tiie ileld, and agreeing for their services in 
 a body for a specified time. 
 
204 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 "Sec. 4. Be It Further Resolved, etc., That the Commissioners be 
 authorized and empowered to exchange other lands within the limits of Texas, 
 not otherwise appropriated in place of the lands claimed by said Cherokee 
 Indians and their Associated Bands. 
 
 "Passed at San Felipe de Austin, Dec. 26, 1835. 
 James W. Robinson, 
 
 Lieut. -Gov. and ex-ofticio Prest. of G. C. 
 Henry Smith, 
 
 Governor. 
 E. M. Pease, 
 
 Sec'y. of General Council 
 C. B. Stewart, Sec'y. of Executive. 
 
 Treaty Between the Commissioners on Behalf of the Provisional Gov- 
 ernment of Texas and the Cherokee Indians and Twelve Associated Tribes: 
 
 "This treaty this day made and established between Sam Houston and 
 John Forbes, Commissioners on the part of the Provisional Government of 
 Texas, on the one part, and the Cherokees and their associate bands now 
 residing- in Texas, of the other part, to-wit: Shawness, Delawares, Kickapoos, 
 Quopaws, Choctaws, Bolupies, Jawanies, Alabomas, Cochaties, Caddoes nf 
 the Noches, Tahovcattokes, and Unatuquouous, by the head chiefs and head 
 men and warriors of the Cherokees, as elder brothers and representatives of 
 all other bands, agreeable to their last council. This treaty is made in con- 
 formity to the declaration made by the last general consultation at San Felipe 
 and dated the I3th, of November, 1835. 
 
 "Article 1. The parties declare that there shall be a firm and lastins^- 
 peace forever, and that friendly intercourse shall be preserved by the people 
 belonging to both parties. 
 
 "Article 2. It is agreed and declared that the before-mentioned tribes 
 or bands shall form one community and that they shall have and possess the 
 lands within the following bounds, to-wit: Lying west of fhe San Antonio roau 
 and beginning on the west at the point where the road crosses the river Angel- 
 ina and running up said river until it reaches the first large creek below the 
 great Shawnee Village emptying into said river from the northwest; thence 
 running with said creek to its main source, and from thence a due northwest 
 course to the Sabine river, and with said river west, then starting where the 
 San Antonio road crosses the Angelina river, and with the said road to n 
 point where it crosses the Neches River, and thence running up to the east 
 side of said river in a northwest direction. 
 
 "Article 4. It is agreed by all parties that the several bands or their 
 tribes named in this treaty shall all remove within the limits or bounds as 
 above described. 
 
 "Article 5. It is agreed and declared by the parties aforesaid that the 
 land lying and being within the aforesaid limits, shall never be sold or alienat 
 ed to any person or persons, power or government whatsoever other than 
 the government of Texas, and the Commissioners on behalf of the Govern- 
 ment of Texas, bind themselves to prevent in the future all persons from in- 
 truding on said bounds. And it is agreed on the part of the Cherokees, for 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 205 
 
 themselves and their younger brothers, that no other tribes or bands of In- 
 dians whatsoever shall settle within the limits aforesaid, but those already 
 named in this treaty and now residing- in Texas. 
 
 "Article 6. It is declared that no individual person, member of the tribes 
 before named, shall have power to sell or lease land to any person or per- 
 sons not a member or members of this community of Indians, nor shall anv 
 citizen of Texas be allowed to lease or buy land from any Indian or Indians. 
 
 "Article 7. That the Indians shall be governed by their own regula- 
 tions and laws, within their own territory, not contrary to the laws of the 
 Government of Texas. All property stolen from the citizens of Texas, or from 
 the Indians shall be restored to the party from whom it was taken and the 
 otl'ender or offenders shall be punished by the party to whom he or thev mav 
 belong. 
 
 "Article 8. The Government of Texas shall have power to regulate 
 trade and intercourse, but no tax shall be laid oon the trade of the Indians. 
 
 "Article 10. The parties to this treaty agree, that as soon as Jack 
 Steel and Samuel Benge shall abandon their improvements without the 
 limits of the before recited tract of country and remove within the same — 
 that they shall be valued and paid for by the Government of Texas — the said 
 Jack Steele and Samuel Benge. having until the month of November, next 
 succeeding from the date of this treaty, allowed them to remove within the 
 limits before described. And all the lands and improvements now occupied 
 by any of the before named bands or tribes not lying within the limits before 
 described, shall belong to the Government of Texas and subject to its disposal. 
 
 "Article 1 1. The parties to this treaty agree, and stipulate that all the 
 bands or tribes, as before recited (except Steele and Benge) shall remove 
 within the before described limits within eight months from the date of this 
 treaty. 
 
 "Article 12. The parties to this treaty agree that nothing herein con- 
 tained shall effect the relations of the neighborhood thereof, until a General 
 Council of the several bands shall take place and the pleasure of the conven- 
 tion of Texas be known. 
 
 "Article 13. It is also declared, That all the titles issued to lands not 
 agreeable to the Declaration, of the General Consultation of the people of 
 all Texas, dated the thirteenth day of November, eighteen hundred and thirty- 
 five, within the before recited limits — are declared void — as well as all orders 
 and surveys made in relation to the same. 
 
 "Done at Colonel Bowl's Village on the twenty-third day of February 
 eighteen hundred and thirty-six, and the first year of the Provisional Govern- 
 ment of Texas. 
 
 Signed : 
 
 Witness: — Fox (his x mark) Fields, Henry Millard, Joseph Durst, A. 
 Horton, George W. Case, Mathias A. Bingham, George V. Hockley, Sec'y. of 
 Commisssion, Sam Houston, John Forbes, Colonel (his x mark) Bowl. Big 
 (his x mark) Mush, Samuel (his x mark) Benge, Oozovta (his x mark). 
 Corn (his x mark) Tassell. 
 
206 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 The (his x mark Egg, John Bowl, Tunnetee (his x mark). 
 
 Commissioners Sam Houston and John Forbes, on the part of the Pro- 
 visional Government of Texas, reported as follows to the Governor: 
 
 Washington, February 29. 1836. 
 To His Excellency, 
 Henry Smith. Governor of Texas. 
 Sir:— 
 
 In accordance with a commission issued by your Excellency dated the 
 26th day of December, 1835. the authorized commissioners, in the absence of 
 John Cameron. Esquire, one of the commissioners named in the above men- 
 tioned instrument, most respectfully report: That after sufficient notice be- 
 ing given to the different tribes named in the commission, a treaty was held 
 
 at the house of John , one of the tribe of Cherokee Indians 
 
 -- The Commissioners would also suggest to 
 
 your Excellency that titles should be granted to such actual settlers as are now 
 within the designated boundaries, and that they should receive a fair remuner- 
 ation for their improvements and the expenses attendant upon the exchange 
 in lands or other equivalent. 
 
 It will also be remembered by your Excellency that the surrender by the 
 Government of the lands to which the Indians may have had any claims is 
 nearly equivalent to that portion now allotted to them and we must respect- 
 fully suggest that they should be especially appropriated for the use of the 
 government. They also call your attention to the following remarks, viz: 
 "The state of excitement in which the Indians were first found by your com- 
 missioners, rendered it impossible to commence negotiations with them on 
 the day set apart for it. On the day succeeding, the treaty was opened. Some 
 difficulty then ocurred relative to the exchange of lands, which the Commis- 
 sioners proposed making for those now occupied by them, which was prompt- 
 ly rejected. The boundaries were those established as designated in the treaty 
 alone and that such measures should be adopted by your excellency for their 
 security as may be deemed necessary The Com- 
 missioners used every exertion to retain that portion of territory for the use 
 of the government, but an adherence to this would have but one effect, viz; 
 that of defeating the treaty altogether." 
 
 "Under these circumstances the arrangement was made as now report- 
 ed in the accompanying treaty. They would also suggest the importance of 
 the salt works to the government and the necessity that they should be kept 
 for the use of the government. 
 
 'The Commissioners also endeavored to enlist the chiefs of the differ- 
 ent tribes in the cause of the people of Texas and suggested an enrollment 
 of a force from them to act against our common enemy, in reply to which 
 they informed us that the subject had not before been suggested to them, but 
 a general council should be held in the course of the present month, when 
 their determination will he made known. 
 
 "The expenses attendant upon the treatv are comparatively lisht, a state- 
 ment of which will be furnished to your Excellency. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHE INDIANS 207 
 
 "All of which is most respeclfulh submitted. 
 
 John Forbes." Sam Houston, 
 
 After about sixteen years the ambition of the Cherokees to acquire un- 
 disputed title to their lands were at last realized. Their boundaries were def- 
 initely established; they were in a national existence, holding their lands in 
 community or in common, living under laws of their own making- executed 
 by their own officers without outside interference, living under the protection 
 of the Government of Texas with one or more agents among them. 
 
 Without doubt, the main issue between them and the Spanish and Mex- 
 ican authorities was that the Cherokees desired their lands in common, which 
 was their method in the United States, while this policy was unknown to the 
 two regimes mentioned and contrary to the Caucasian method of conveying 
 title. However, their settled claims were held in abeyance until finally settl- 
 ed under the terms of the "Solemn Declaration" of November I 3, 1835 and 
 the foregoing treaty. 
 
 Immediately following the submission of the treaty and report, General 
 Sam Houston repaired to and took command of the army on March 1 1, 1836. 
 
 On March 1, the convention assembled and adopted the Declaration of 
 Independence of Texas. On the following day, same was signed by the fifty- 
 two members present; later six others appeared and signed, making the total 
 fifty-eight. The arrival of Provisional Governor Smith, the Lieutenant Gov- 
 ernor and the remnant of the Council and the submission of the following re- 
 port by the Provisional Governor, marked the closing of the Provisional Gov- 
 ernment and the institution of a new order: 
 
 "To the President and Members of the Convention of the People of 
 Texas 
 
 "Gentlemen: Called to the gubernational chair by your suffrages at the 
 last Convention, I deem it a duty to lay before your honorable body a view, 
 or outline of what has transpired since your last meeting, respecting the pro- 
 gress and administration of the government placed under my charge, as creat- 
 ed and contemplated by the organic law. 
 
 "The Council, which was created to co-operate with me as the devisors 
 of ways and means, having complied with all the duties assigned to them, 
 by the third article of the Organic Law, was adjourned on the 9th of Jan- 
 uary last, until the 1st of the present month. 
 
 "The agents appointed by your body, to the United States, to contract 
 a loan and perform the duties of agents generally, have been dispatched and 
 are now actively employed in the discharge of their functions, in conformity 
 with their instructions: and, while at the City of New Orleans, contracted a 
 loan under certain stipulations, which together with their correspondence on 
 that subject, are herewith submitted for your information 
 
 " _- Gen. Houston, Col. John Forbes and Dr. Cam- 
 eron were commissioned on the part of this government to treat with the 
 Cherokee Indians and their associate bands, in conformity with the Declara- 
 tion of the Convention in November last, who have performed their labors as 
 far as circumstances would permit, which is also submitted to the considera- 
 
208 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 tion of your bodv. Our naval preparations are in a state of forwardness. The 
 schooners of war, Liberty and Invincible, have been placed under the com- 
 mand of efficient officers and are now on duty, and the schooners of war, In- 
 dependence and Brutus, are daily expected on our coast from New Orleans, 
 which will fill out our navy as contemplated by law. Our agents have also 
 made arrangements for a steamboat, which may soon be expected, calculated 
 to run between New Orleans and our seaports, and operate as circumstance-, 
 shall direct. Arrangements have been made by law for the organization of 
 the militia; but, with very few exceptions, returns have not been made as was 
 contemplated, so that the plan resorted to seems to have proved ineffectual. 
 
 "The military department has been but partially organized- and for want 
 of means, in a pecuniary point of view, the recruiting service has not pro- 
 gressed to any great extent, nor can it he expected ,until that embarassment 
 can be removed. 
 
 "Our volunteer army uf the frontier has been kept under continual ex- 
 citement and thrown into confusion owing to the improvident acts of the 
 General Council by the infringements upon the prerogatives of the Command- 
 er-in-chief, by passing resolutions, ordinances, and making appointments, etc., 
 which in their practical effect, were calculated in an eminent degree, to thwart 
 everything like systematic organization in that department. 
 
 "The offices of auditor and controller of public accounts have some 
 time since been created and filled, but what amount of claims have been pass- 
 ed against the government, 1 am not advised, as no report has yet been made 
 to my office ;but of one thing 1 am certain, that many claims have been pass- 
 ed for which the government, in justice, should not be bound or chargeable. 
 The General Council has tenaciously held on to a controlling power over the 
 offices, and forced accounts through them contrary to justice and good faith, 
 and for which evil I have never yet been able to find a remedy; and if such 
 a state of things shall be continued long, the public debt will soon be in- 
 creased to an amount beyond all reasonable conception. 
 
 "With a fervent and anxious desire that your deliberations may be fraught 
 with that unity of feeling and harmony of action so desirable and necessary 
 to quiet and settle the disturbed and distracted interests of the country, and 
 that your final conclusions may answer the full expectations of the people at 
 home and abroad, 
 
 "I subscribe myself with sentiments of the highest regard and considera- 
 tion, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 Henry Smith, 
 
 Governor." 
 Marcii 1, 1SS6. 
 
 "Executive Department- Washington, 
 March 2nd, 1836. 
 Fellow-Citizens of Texas: 
 
 "The enemy are upon us. A strong force surrounds the walls of the 
 Alamo, and threatens the garrison with the sword. Our country imperious- 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 209 
 
 ly demands the service of every patriotic arm, and longer to continue in a state 
 of apathy will be criminal. Citizens nf Texas, descendants of Washin^^on, 
 awake! Arouse yourselves! 
 
 "The question is now to he decided, are we now to continue free men. 
 or bow beneath the rod of military despotism? Shall we, without a struggle, 
 sacrifice our fortunes- our liberties and our lives, or shall we imitate the ex- 
 ample of our forefathers and hurl destruction on the heads of our oppressors? 
 The eyes of the world are upon us. All friends of liberty and the rights of 
 men are anxious spectators of our conflict, or are enlisted in our cause. Shall 
 we disappoint their hopes and expectations? No! Let us at once fly to arms- 
 march to the battle-field, meet the foe, and give renewed evidence to the 
 world that the arms of freemen, uplifted in defense of liberty are right, are 
 irresistible. Now is the day and now is the hour, when Texas expects every 
 man to do his duty. Let us show ourselves worthy to be free, and we shall be 
 free. 
 
 "Henry Smith, 
 
 Governor." 
 
 Lacking a quorum, the Council met frum day to day only to adjourn, 
 on the 11th, General Thos. J. Rusk of Nacogdoches introduced resolutions in 
 the plenary convention, relieving the Governor and Council of the duties con- 
 ferred upon them by the Consultation of November 3-14. 1835. It now 
 became the duty of the convention to institute a new government. 
 
 The convention proceeded with utmost decorum until I6th when by 
 special enactment a government ad interim was created for the republic until 
 a regular government could be provided for. The ad interim government 
 consisted of a President, Vice President and Cabinet. The President was 
 clothed with all but dictatorial powers. On the I7th, a constitution for the 
 republic was adopted and later submitted to the people for ratification or re- 
 jection. The convention elected the first President and Vice President. 
 
 The last day of the session fell upon March 18, 1836. The government 
 ad interim elected as officers David G. Burnet, President, and for Vice Pres- 
 ident, Lorenzo de Zavala, the Mexican who espoused the cause of Texas. A 
 full complement of officers was elected , including the re-election of Sam Hous- 
 ton, as Commander-in-chief. The labors of the convention ended on the iSth- 
 and on the 2 1st. moved to Harrisburg. Its members thereupon dispersed. 
 Some joined the army while others made haste to reunite with their families 
 to remove them to places of safety. 
 
 At the head of the Texas armv stationed at Gonzales, General Houston 
 wrote the following letter to Colonel Bowl, Chief of the Cherokee Nation. 
 under date April 13. 1836: 
 "My Friend Col. Bowl: 
 
 I am busy and will onlv say, how da do, to you! You will get your land 
 as it was promised in our treatv, and you, and all my Red brothers, may rest 
 satisfied that 1 will always hold you by the hand, and look to you as Brothers 
 and treat you as such! 
 
 "You must give mv best compliments to my sister, and tell her that I 
 
210 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 have not worn out the moccasins which she made me; and 1 hope to see her 
 and you and all my relatives, before they are worn out. 
 
 "Our army are all well, and in good spirits. In a little fight the other 
 day several of the Mexicans were killed and none of our men hurt. Then- 
 are not many of the enemy in the country, and one of our ships took one 
 of the enemy's and took 300 barrels of flour, 250 kegs of powder and much 
 property — and sunk a big warship of the enemy, which had many guns." 
 
 The struggle for Texas Independence culminated in the Battle of San 
 Jacinto on April 21st, 1836. With 783 Texans against the army of Mexico, 
 commanded by the President and Dictator, Santa Anna with upwards of 1500 
 men. General Houston gained a decisive victory, capturing the President and 
 dispersing his army. 
 
 While these things were transpiring, the Cherokees were living in quiet 
 and peace on their land in East Texas where they had been domiciled for 
 upwards of seventeen years. True to form, they had been reported to the Pro- 
 the Treaty of February 23, 1836. This treaty had been reported to the Pro- 
 visional Government ,as per instructions, on February 29th, 1836 by Gen- 
 eral Houston and John Forbes the commissioners. On March the 11th. the 
 Governor Council surrendered all the official documents to the Convention. 
 This treaty and report without doubt were among them. If the government 
 did not avail itself of this opportunity to ratify the treaty as was doubtless 
 the purpose of the Consultation, there appears to be no record of it. How- 
 ever, the Texas Government and army were in a precarious state. The for- 
 mer was moved from place to place for convenience as well as safety, while 
 the army was continually on the march eluding the strong Mexican arm}', 
 headed by its President, was in pursuit. 
 
 The Neutrality, on the part of the Cherokees was sought and obtained 
 at the outset. This was very essential at this stage of ail'airs. and if it was 
 ever the intention of the government to fail or refuse to ratify the treaty this 
 could not be hazarded at this time. 
 
 Under the provisions of the constitution, the government ad interim pass- 
 ed out of existence. An election was held the first Monday in September, 
 1836 for the purpose of electing a full set of officers. Sam Houston was 
 chosen the first President of the New Republic, while Mirabeau B. Lamar was 
 elected as Vice President. On October 2nd, they were inducted into office 
 at Columbus, the seat of government. 
 
 In December, 1836, the Cherokee Treaty was forwarded to the Senate 
 for consideration. President Houston commenting in part, as follows: 
 
 In considering this treaty you will doubtless bear in 
 
 mind the very great necessity in conciliating the different tribes of Indians 
 who inhabit portions of our country almost in the center of our settlements 
 as well as those who extend along our border." 
 
 No action was taken at this session. At the next session a committee 
 was appointed to investigate the report. A report was made October 12, 
 1837, about ten months after its first submission to the senate, as follows: 
 
 "Resolved by the Senate of the Republic of Texas that they disapprove 
 and utterly refuse to ratify the Treaty or any article thereof, concluded by 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 211 
 
 Sam Houston and John Forbes on the 23rd day of February, 1836, be- 
 tween the Provisional Gov (ernment) of Texas of the one part and the 
 "Head Chiefs," Head Men and warriors of the Cherokees on the other part 
 Inasmuch as that said treaty was based on false promises that did not exist 
 and that the operation of it would not only be detrimental to the interests of 
 the Republic but would also be a violation of the vested rights of many citi- 
 zens " 
 
 During his tenure of office as first President- General Houston made no 
 further attempt to secure its ratification by the Senate. That the failure of 
 the Texas Government to ratify rendered it invalid cannot be accepted as jus!. 
 In summarizing, it will be seen that the provisions for its making were in- 
 stituted and carried into effect by the Provisional Government. The same 
 was reported to the Governor and Council and lay dormant during the ex- 
 istence of the government ad interim, but was finally resurrected and placed 
 before the Senate in December, 1836. No action was taken until October 
 12th. 1837, only to be rejected primarily on the grounds that the treaty 
 "was based on promises that did not exist." This took place during the fourth 
 government of the country- while during the first it was necessary, under the 
 then existing conditions, that the Cherokees be treated with and in the language 
 of Provisional Governor Smith, "the commissioners would go specially in- 
 structed, so that no wrong could be committed, etc. " If the 
 
 "premises did not exist" it certainly must have been presumptuous for the 
 government, at its very incipiency, to so assume an act. The "Solemn Dec- 
 laration" was published to the world by the Consultation unsolicited by the 
 Cherokees. The treaty commissioners appeared unheralded at the village 
 of Bowles. Houston remarked in his report, "The state of excitement in 
 which the Indians were first found by your Commissioners rendered it im- 
 possible to commence negotiations with them, etc. " 
 
 The "Solemn Declaration had been passed, adopted and signed by all 
 of its fifty-four members unsolicited and unbeknown to them. The treaty 
 negotiations were held and concluded on Cherokee soil. That the treaty 
 should have received ratification seems to be the chief argument, especially 
 for the present-d-iy writers to expostulate in endeavoring to justifiy Texps 
 for the expulsion of 1839. 
 
 In urging the Council to appoint Commissioners to treat with the Chero- 
 kees in conformity to the acts of the Consultation, Provisional Governor, 
 Henry Smith said: "I can see no difficulty which can reasonably occur in 
 the appointment of the proper agents on our part, having so many examples 
 and precedents before us. The United States have universally sent their 
 most distinguished military officers, etc. " 
 
 Very little had transpired in the eastern portion of Texas to disturb the 
 tranquility of the Cherokees with the possible exception of Cordova, a Mex- 
 ican military officer, who attempted to stir up a rebellion against Texas aii- 
 thoritv. Emissaries Miracle and Flores had been apprehended, and on their 
 person were found dispatches for Mexico City, to the Cherokee authorities, 
 soliciting their aid in a war to recover Texas. If these dispatches ever reach- 
 ed their^ destination, there is no record of it. Suffice to say- if they did, they 
 
212 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 fell upon deaf ears, because the Cherokees did not attempt to espouse their 
 cause. After a battle with the Kickapoos, General Rusk discovered the dead 
 body of a Cherokee upon the battle-tield and complained to Chief Bowles. 
 The Chief answered his attempt to place any blame on his people by pointing 
 out that the individual was a renegade member of his tribe and that whatever 
 his acts, did not render them a national aftair. 
 
 Notwithstanding, that, under Article Five of the treaty, the Texas Gov- 
 ernment bound itself "to prevent in future all persons from intruding within 
 the said bounds." and that such treaty was made in conformity to the "Sol- 
 emn Declaration," members of the Killough and Wilhouse families were al- 
 leged to have met death at the hands of unknown persons within the bounds 
 of the Cherokee Nation. Col. Bowles immediately ordered the bodies deliv- 
 ered to the settlements without Cherokee territory, explaining that roving 
 bands of prairie Indians were responsible for the deeds. The efforts of the 
 Mexican representatives to procure the aid of the Cherokees and the murder 
 of members of the Killough and Wilhouse families seem to constitute the en- 
 tire grounds on the part of the Texas Government to remove them from 
 their homes so long occupied but no legal cognizance was taken of them — 
 long before any Americans touched Texas soil in quest of a home where peace 
 and happiness might be their lot. 
 
 She had obligated herself to perfect a survey of Cherokee territory. To 
 carry this into effect. President Houston, in the latter part of 1838, ordered 
 Alexander Horton to make such survey. The south side, which is marked 
 by the San Aantonio road, was run, but it does not appear any further effort 
 was made on the part of the government to complete the survey. However, 
 suffice it to say the three remaining sides are natural demarcation, namely — 
 The Angelina, Neches and Trinity rivers. 
 
 On October 27th, 1838, Col. Bowles wrote Horton, which is indicative 
 of his attitude towards Texas, as follows: 
 "JVlr. Horton: 
 
 Dear Sir: I have accomplished my desire in raising my men for to 
 guard and aid you while you are running the line. Insomuch I understand 
 that some of the white people are against it, 1 am sorry to hear that for we 
 wish to do right ourselves and we hoped that white people wanted to do the 
 same. As for your disputes among yourselves, I have ordered my men to 
 have nothing to do with it. My express orders to my men are to guard you 
 and your property from the enemy. 
 
 "1 hope that you will be particular with us in consequence of us not 
 understanding your tongue and also we will pay that respect to vou. I hope 
 you will let us know when you need us and where and I will be' at vour ser- 
 vice. 
 
 "I will detain Gayen till I get a line from you as he may read our writ- 
 ing. 
 
 I have twenty-five volunteers to send you. 
 So nothing more. 
 
 Only your friend. 
 
 Bowl. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 213 
 
 Under the wise and able guidance of President Houston, tlie govern- 
 ment under the new republic was a complete success. Order had been re- 
 stored within her boundaries- the national debt reduced and. in the main, had 
 well taken her place among the sovereign nations of the earth. 
 
 Immediately upon the induction of the second administration under 
 President Mirabeau B. Lamar into power, the policy of exterminating all the 
 Indians in Texas was adopted and closely adhered to as will be seen. Lamar 
 had been private secretary to Governor Troupe of Georgia, during whose 
 administration the Cherokees were forced to abandon the homes occupied 
 by them from time immemorial and seek a place of abode in the wilderness 
 west of the Father of Waters. 
 
 Pretext after pretext was sought in order to lind some excuse for 
 the sin the government was about to commit upon an innocent people. 
 The act of Cordova appears to have been distorted into the long wished for 
 pretext. This incident was the chance for the Secretary of War to give vent 
 to his feelings against the Cherokees and to further put into elTect the policy 
 of extermination. His letter of April 10. 183 8, to Col. Bowl, follows: 
 
 "The President grants peace to them but is not deceived. They will be 
 permitted to cultivate undisturbed as long as they manifest by their forbear- 
 ance from all aggressive acts and their friendly conduct the sincerity of their 
 professions or until Congress shall adopt such measures in reference to them as 
 in their wisdom they may deem proper. With a clear view of all matters con- 
 nected with their feeling and interests it should not surprise the Cherokees to 
 learn that such measures are in progress under the orders of the President 
 as will render abortive any attempt to again disturb the quiet of the frontier 
 nor need it be any cause of alarm to those who intend to act in good faith. 
 All intercourse between the friendly Indians and those at war with Texas must 
 cease. The President directs that you will cause the contents of this com- 
 munication to be made known to all" the chiefs who were present at the coun- 
 cil." 
 
 A dark and threateninng cloud began to gather and envelop the skies. 
 This portended the great destructive conflagration that was to sweep over 
 the band of the unoffending Cherokees. Major B. C. Waters, early in April 
 1839. was ordered to construct a military post on the Great Saline within the 
 limits of the Cherokee Nation. Col. Bowles mobilized his forces and ordered 
 Major Waters to retire from Cherokee soil, which he did, considering his 
 forces inadequate to cope with his adversaries. This act of Chief Bowles in 
 protecting his domains from intrusion, aroused the ire of President Lemar. 
 He wrote Col. Bowles as follows: 
 
 "You assume to be acting under a treaty negotiated at your village on 
 the twenty-third day of February. 1836. with Commissioners appointed by the 
 Provisional Government of Texas" 
 
 He concluded: "I, therefore, teel it my duty as the Chief Magistrate of 
 this Republic, to tell you in plain language of sincerity that the Cherokees 
 will never be permitted to establish a permanent and independent jurisdic- 
 tion in the limits of this government— that the political and fee srniple clamis 
 
214 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 which they set up to our territory now occupied by them will never be al- 
 lowed — and they are permitted to remain where they are only because this 
 government is looking- forward to the time when some peaceable arrange- 
 ment can be made for the removal without the necessity of shedding blood; 
 but that their final removal is contemplated is certain and that it will be 
 friendly negotiating, or by violence of war. must depend on the Cherokees 
 themselves." 
 
 If the Mexican government desired to place on foot plans for the re- 
 covery of Texas is not a matter of speculation or discussion here. Whether 
 or not they desired the assistance of the Cherokees and other tribes of In- 
 dians is not a matter material. There is no evidence that these Indians es- 
 poused the Mexican cause or made the slightest elfort in that direction while 
 on the other hand, indications are that they were heartily in accord with the 
 Texan authorities. If the Texans. Mexicans or other tribes of Indians de- 
 sired to trade or carry on intercourse, there was nothing in the treaty with 
 Texas, the "Solemn Declaration," or in their own laws or regulations to pre- 
 vent it. The main point is. did the Cherokee government actually commit 
 any overt acts of war?' Then did the attempts of the Mexican emissaries to 
 gain their support in a war against Texas, constitute cause sufficient for the 
 Texan Government to conclude that a state of war existed between the 
 Cherokee Nation and the Republic of Texas? 
 
 Let us pause for a minute and indulge in a retroactive glance into the 
 past. On the first Monday in September, 1838, Mirabeau B. Lamar was 
 elected the second President of the Republic. During the years 1831-32 
 when the celebrated cases of the Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia and Worcester 
 vs. Georgia were tried in the Supreme Court of the United States, this same 
 Lamar was private secretary to Governor Troupe of that state. To say that 
 the acts referred to were oppressive and unconscionable is not exaggeration 
 to say the least. Why Lamar left Georgia is not known but on his entrance 
 into Texas, he found a well organized state there, governed by a portion ot 
 the same people he knew years before in Georgia, enjoying the confidence 
 of the constituted authorities and wielding a large influence over surrounding 
 tribes. His antipathy toward them must have been well matured and reached 
 the point of overflow. That his policy of the complete extermination of the 
 Indians within Texan borders was well known and "that the boundaries of 
 this Republic shall be marked by the sword" was carried out according to 
 schedule as we shall see. 
 
 To further the well established policy of his chief, on May 3oth, 1839. 
 the acting Secretary of State addressed the following letters to the Texan 
 Mnnster at Washington: 
 
 "Department of State. 
 
 Houston. Mav 30. 1839. 
 Hon. Richard G. Dunlap. 
 
 _ Sir: I am requested by the President to transmit you the accompany- 
 mg documents, marked as in the subjoined schedule, which were recently 
 captured from a party of Mexicans as you will find detailed in the copy of 
 report of Col. Burleson, Secretary of War. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHHROKEE INDIANS 2 15 
 
 "This government has long been hi possession of testimony sullicient 
 to justify them in adopting the most summary and imperative measures to- 
 wards the Cherokees and other bands of northern Indians, resident in Texas. 
 Their unauthorized emigration and protracted stay in our country has al- 
 ways been a source of disquietude and anxiety to the civilized population and 
 their removal has long been desired. But the President, actuated by feel- 
 mgs of humanity towards a people who have been too much accustomed to 
 profit by and abuse similar indulgence, has been unwilling to resort to force 
 to procure their expulsion, while a hope could be entertained that their with- 
 drawal might be effected by peaceable means. That hope has been founded 
 on the application heretofore made to the Government of the United States 
 relative to this interesting subject. Those applications appear to have been 
 ineflectual thus far. while the humane forbearance on the part of this govern- 
 ment toward these intruding Indians, has been productive of many disasters 
 to our frontier settlements, and if longer continued might result in irreparable 
 injury to Texas. The most enduring patience may be exhausted and must 
 yield to the duty of self-preservation, when its exercise evidently gives en- 
 couragement and aggravation to the hostile spirit of the offenders. Such is 
 our present condition relative to these immigrant savages; and the President 
 has resolved to put an end to the repeated aggressions of the Cherokees by 
 compelling their departure from our territory. You are at liberty to make 
 known this fact to the government at Washington, and to request that such 
 measures may be seasonably adopted by the government, as will fulfill the 
 provisions of the 33rd article of the treaty entered into between the United 
 States and Mexico on the 5th of April, 1831, and will effectually prevent the 
 return of these savages to our territory. 
 
 "Our rights to eject these Indians can scarcely enter into your corres- 
 pondence with the government of the United States; but should it be incidently 
 alluded to, you will find it clearly suggested in the letter of Mr. Forsythe to 
 Mr. Castilloj Charge de Affairs from Mexico which is transcribed in dispatch 
 No. 42 from your predecessor to this department. 
 
 "You will not however solicit an elaborate discussion on this sultject or 
 any other connected with the obligations of the United States and Mexico; 
 for a protracted discussion is seldom desirable and may be productive of in- 
 conveniences, if not of ill-feeling between parties, which we would very sed- 
 ulously avoid. 
 
 "The President conceives that the government of the United States has 
 frankly and justly acknowledged the rights of Texas to the benefits of that 
 treaty, especially' in reference to the 33d— article which has a direct terri- 
 torial relation to this Republic as now organized; and he cannot imagine that 
 any objection will be raised or difficulty occur on that ground. You will 
 therefore confine vour communications, unless constrained to take a wider 
 range, to the fact of the intended expulsion of the Cherokees and such other 
 of the immigrant bands as may prove to have been or may hereafter be 
 implicated in^ the late atrocious attempt on the part of the Mexican authori- 
 ties to employ the Indians of the United States in desolating our frontiers. 
 
216 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 These machinations have been known to us for some time, but are now so 
 rully developed in relation to the Cherokees that longer forbearance towards 
 them is utterly inconsistent with the first duties of this government. If, 
 in the progress of your correspondence it shall be assumed as has been sug- 
 gested by the Charge de Affaires here, that the government of the United 
 States is not bound to receive or to restrain those Indians and the ill-advised 
 treaty partially made with them on the 23d day of February, 1836, by Com- 
 missioners appointed by the late Provisional Government of Texas, be al- 
 leged in support of this position, you can present conclusive refutation of 
 that assumption in the fact that pretended treaty has never been ratified by 
 any competent authority on the part of Texas. On the contrary, when it was 
 first submitted to the Senate of the Republic, which was the only power to 
 confirm it, it was rejected by a decisive vote of that body; and no subse- 
 quent action of the government has been had upon it. Indeed should this 
 matter be pressed upon in such terms as to indicate a_ determination on the 
 part of the government at Washington to avail itself of that treaty, as ab- 
 solving it from all obligations touching these Indians (which can hardly be 
 possible) you can further disclaim the validity of the treaty on the ground 
 that the Provisional Government itself under whose authority the treaty pur- 
 ports to have been made, was acting without the sphere of any legitimate 
 power and could not in any matter so extraneous to the avowed purpose of 
 its creation as the alienation of a large and valuable portion of territory 
 impose any moral or political obligations upon the independence and separate 
 government of Texas. You will recollect that the Provisional Government 
 passed its brief existence anterior to the Declaration of Independence and 
 was organized under the Mexican Federal Constitution of 1824 — that although 
 its organization was in direct violation of that Constitution, and may be con- 
 sidered as partially revolutionary, its assumptions of power were no more ob- 
 ligatory upon the independent government of Texas than they would have 
 been on the Federal Government of Mexico had that government been re- 
 stored and Texas returned to her previous attitude. By the very constitution 
 of that government, Texas, as such, was incompetent to make treaties. Slie 
 was but a department of the confederate state of Coahuila and Texas, and 
 in her conjunction state capacity was also precluded from entering into 
 treaties with foreign powers. I suggest this as an ultimate plan of argument 
 to be pursued but not to be restored to except in case of strict necessity. 
 You are aware that the lines designated in the treaty were run by Col. 
 Alex Morton some time in the fall of last year at the instance of General 
 Houston, who was then exercising the functions of this government. This 
 fact, too, may be adduced against you; but you will find no great difficulty 
 of diverting it of any serious consideration by suggesting that the act of Col. 
 Horton was without authority, the President having no right to carry a treaty 
 into effect anterior to or independent of the action of the Senate on such 
 treaty. In this instance the assumed right was exercised in direct contra- 
 diction to the adivce of the senate and every act so done was an absolute 
 nullity, and could impose no legal or moral obligation on this government. 
 Should the government of the United States decline to render you any satis- 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 217 
 
 factory assurance concerning the future return to our territor)- of the Chero- 
 kees now about to be ejected from it> this government will be compelled to 
 resort to its own energies; and a protracted war may ensue between Texas and 
 the northern Indians within her borders. We should greatly deprecate such 
 an event- for it cannot escape an ordinary discernment that it would be more 
 than likely to enlist a portion of the original tribes from whom these intrud- 
 ing bands have been recently removed to the west of the Mississippi by the 
 Government of the United States. It is also more than probable that such 
 a contest would involve the Government of the United States in an Indian 
 war of greater magnitude than any they have heretofore sustained. 
 
 "It is not intended to impute error to that government in the congre- 
 gating of so many (sic) tribes of savages on their remote western frontier, 
 for they did so in the exercise of indisputable right. But while we fully ac- 
 knowledge the abstract right, we cannot but perceive and deeply regret that 
 its practical operation has been already eminently injurious to Texas and 
 may possibly inflict still more serious evils upon her. The migration of 
 several bands of these very tribes, to our territory was a direct and natural 
 consequence of their removal from their ancient habitations and their loca- 
 tion in our vicinity by that government. We entertain too profound a con- 
 fidence in the magnanimity of the government of our fatherland to believe 
 for a moment that they still omit to give to this fact all the consideration 
 that an enlightened sense of propriety could suggest; or that they fail to find 
 in it, additional reasons for observance of the treaty of 5th of April. 1831, 
 heretofore referred to. No government to act on the beneficient principles 
 of Christianity will permit itself to prosecute a course of domestic policy, 
 the evident tendency of which is destructive of the peace and happiness of 
 a neighboring nation. It will either abandon the policy or should its con- 
 tinuance be of paramount importance to its own well-being, it will so modify 
 and restrain its pernicious results that the neighboring people may suffer no 
 serious detriment from it. In previous instructions from this government 
 you will find the Coshatties and the Biloxies mentioned in connection with the 
 bherokees and other northern tribes. These bands have been too long resi- 
 dents in Texas ( I believe they emigrated from the Creeks during the Ameri- 
 can Revolution) to be included in the list of intruders from the United States. 
 You will not, therefore, press them upon the attention of that government in 
 your future correspondence. The Cherokees, Kickapoos, Delawares, Potta- 
 wotomies, Shawnees and Caddoes are the bands that have recently entered 
 our territory, and of whom we complain. The Cherokees. Kickapoos and 
 Caddoes are the most numerous and most obnoxious of these, and it is their 
 recall by the United States which we most ardently desire, and to which we 
 
 are clearly entitled. The President is quite indisposed, but I trust will 
 
 be about again in a few days. 
 
 Very Respectfully. 
 
 1 have the honor to be, 
 You Obedient Servant, 
 David G. Burnet. 
 
 Actinjr Secretary of State." 
 
218 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 In order to clarify statements indulged in by the high state otiicials 
 of the Republic in the foregoing, it is but proper to re-iterate that the first 
 authentic record of Cherokee emigration to Texas was during the winter of 
 1819-20. The first American, Moses Austin, first saw that country fully ten 
 months afterwards, appearing at San Antonio de Bexar, December 23rd, 
 1820. Before succeeding in perfecting plans to procure empresario con- 
 tracts for lands on which to make settlements, death over-took him on June 
 10th. 182 1, while enroute home. His dying injunction was that his son. 
 Stephen F. Austin, proceed with the carrying out of his colonization schemes. 
 Under him, the first white or American settlement was made on New Years 
 Creek, in what is now Washington County, January 1, 1822. The Chero- 
 kees permanently settled near Nacogdoches about two years before this first 
 American settlement was started. 
 
 These "intruding Indians" were hospitably received by the Spanish au- 
 thorities and were later happily domiciled under the newly instituted Mexican 
 government, which made them full-fledged citizens. 
 
 The statements so oft repeated that the Cherokees were "intruders", 
 and their unwarranted long-stay cannot be founded upon facts, if the legal 
 and historical documents of the country can be taken for true. These, found- 
 ed upon anything other than truth and justice, cannot be successful in hood- 
 winking public opinion in the face of indisputable facts. And the term 
 "savages" may best be disposed of by drawing the mantle of charity over 
 the unsettled conditions of the country; that the Republic was no longer in 
 danger of being molested by her civilized Indians within her borders and the 
 Republic of Mexico. The time was ripe, judging from the trend of events, to 
 disposess them of the lands to which they had vested rights and repudiate 
 their own "Solemn Declaration" and Treaty. 
 
 Much stress has been placed on the 33rd Article of the Treaty of April 
 5, 1831, between the United States of America and the United Mexican 
 States. / 
 
 At the time of the formation of this treaty, the Cherokees were peace- 
 ably located on their domains. They were full-fledged Mexican citizens and 
 enjoying all the privileges thereto attached. 
 
 The following is an account of the Expulsion by Henderson Yoakum. 
 Judge Yoakum was a citizen of Texas, an able lawyer, and in every way a 
 competent judge of all the circumstances surrounding the transaction. His 
 "History of Texas" quotes verbatim the account, which is found on pages 
 263-271 Vol 11-1856. 
 
 "The treachery of Cordova and the warlike demonstrations of the 
 Indians in Eastern Texas in 1838, are already before the reader, and their 
 causes known. The president in his message of the 21st of December, 1838, 
 assumed the position that the immigrant Indian tribes had no legal or 
 equitable claim to any portion of the territory included within the limits of 
 Texas; that the federal government of Mexico neither conceded nor promised 
 them lands or civil rights; that it was not necessary to inquire into the nature 
 and extent of the pledge given to the Cherokees by the Consultation of 1835 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 219 
 
 and the Treaty of February. 1830, consequent upon it. for the Treaty was 
 never ratitied by any competent authority. 
 
 In 1822, long before any colonist had settled in Eastern Texas, or any 
 colony contract had been made for that section, the Cherokees immigrated to 
 Texas. They established a village North of Nacogdoches — the town at that 
 time being a waste, lately swept by the forces of Long and Perez. 
 
 For fourteen years the Cheroicees had occupied this hind, holding it in 
 quiet and undisputed possession. They were not intruders on the whites, for 
 they were there first. The Mexican authorities recognized them as an agri- 
 cultural tribe, with Mexican privileges and Colonel Bean was official agent 
 for them, in common with other tribes. No voice had been raised against 
 their title. It was deemed by all both legal and equitable. To give weight 
 and dignity to this title, the Consultation of November, 1835, at a time 
 when Texas was weak; when a heavy cloud hung over her hopes and her 
 liberties were suspended upon a most unequal and most unjust war, made a 
 very solemn pledge to these Indians, acknowledging their just claim to the 
 lands, setting forth the boundaries thereof, and saying further: 
 
 "We solemnly declare that we will guarantee to them the peaceable en- 
 joyment of their rights to their lands, as we do our own. We solemnly de- 
 clare that all grants, surveys, or locations of lands, within the bounds here- 
 inbefore mentioned, made after the settlement of the said Indians, are, and 
 of right ought to be, utterly null and void." 
 
 On the other hand, it was impossible that the Indians should have an 
 independent government within that of Texas. They must necessarily come 
 under the Texan laws as citizens. The great object of many was to gee 
 their lands, for they were located in a fine and desirable country. The Texas 
 were the first violators of the pledge of 1835. The ink was scarcely dry on 
 the paper when locators and surveyors were seen in their forests; and this, 
 too, notwithstanding the Consultation, by the decree of November 13, 1835- 
 had ordered such locations and surveys to cease all over Texas. 
 
 "But it is useless to dwell further upon the subject. The Cherokecr, 
 were charged with the plunder and murder of many of the inhabitants re- 
 siding among them and in their vicinity. The Killough family were cruelly 
 massacred; only three or four escaped, and they were brought into the settle- 
 ments by the Cherokees, who by their "cunning representations", says the 
 secretary of war, charged these acts upon the prairie Indians, and the treacher- 
 ous Mexicans. To prevent such occurrences. Major Waters had been ordered 
 with two companies to occupy the Neches Saline, not only to watch the 
 Cherokees, but to cut off their intercourse with the Indians of the prairies. 
 Fowles, the Cherokee Chief, notified Major Waters that he would repel by 
 force such occupation of the Saline. As the Major's force was too small to 
 carry out his orders, he established his post on the west bank of the Neches, 
 out of the Cherokee Territory. 
 
 Colonel Burleson, who was then collecting a force on the Colorado to 
 operate against other Indians, was directed to march his troops lower down, 
 so as to be ready on the shortest notice to enter the Cherokee territory. In 
 the meantime government came into possession of the papers of Manuel 
 
220 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Flores, including those to the Chiefs of the Cherokees. On their reception, 
 Burleson was ordered to increase his force to 400 men and march into the 
 Cherokee Nation. He reached the east bank of the Neches on the 14th day 
 of July and about the same time Colonel Landrum's regiment from Eastern 
 Texas arrived there. The Nacogdoches regiment under General Rusk had 
 arrived some days before and taken position near the Cherokee village. The 
 entire force was placed under the command of Brigadier General Douglas. 
 Commissioners had, for some days, been in conference with the Cherokees 
 to effect, if possible, their peaceful removal. The Commissioners otf'ered to 
 pay them for their Improvements, but we have no information that any otfer 
 was made for the lands. The Indians were required to surrender their gun- 
 locks and remove to their brethren in Arkansas. At noon, on the l5th of 
 July, all further attempts to make a treaty were abandoned and General 
 Douglas was directed to put his troops in motion. The council ground was 
 about five miles below the Indian camp. When the Texans arrived there, 
 the Cherokees had retreated about seven miles farther up the river. They 
 pursued and a company of spies, which first came into sight of them, was fired 
 on. The Indians deployed their forces on the point of a hill, having a ravine 
 and thicket on the left. General Rusk motioned to them to come on; they 
 advanced and fired four or live times, and immediately occupied the ravine 
 and thicket on the left. The main body of Texans coming up in the open 
 prairie now formed, and the action became general. The Texans charged 
 the ravine and advanced up from the left. A portion of the Indians, who 
 were attempting to approach the troops on the left flank, were repulsed. The 
 Cherokees fled when the charge was made, leaving eighteen dead on the 
 ground. The Texans had three killed and five wounded. The engagement 
 commenced a little before sunset and the pursuit ended at night. 
 
 On the morning of the l6th, the troops proceeded on the trail made by 
 the Indians the night previous. In the forenoon, they were found strongly 
 posted in a ravine half a mile from the Neches. and seemed eager for a fight. 
 While the Texan advance was dismounting, the Indians commenced the action, 
 killing several horses and one man before their opponents could form, but 
 they were soon driven by the advance into the ravine. The Indians were pro- 
 tected by a ravine and a thicket in the rear, while the Texans had to advance 
 upon them through an open wood and down a hill. The main body coming 
 up was formed, and firing commenced at a distance of a hundred and fifty 
 yards. The Texans kept advancing and firing until within fifty yards of the 
 ravine, when upon a signal, they charged. When they reached the ravine, 
 th Indians fled and retreated into the dense thicket and swamp of the Neches 
 bottom. The charge was gallantly continued into the swamp, but the enemy 
 made no stand. Thus ended the conflict of the l6th. It lasted an hour and 
 a half and was well contested by the Indians. The Texans lost five killed 
 and twenty-seven wounded. The loss of the Cherokees was probably a 
 hundred killed and wounded, and among the former was their distinguished 
 Chief Bowles. In the official report of the action he was styled "the long- 
 dreaded Mexican ally, Colonel Bowles". 
 
 The trail of the retreating Cherokees was followed for some days. S'ev- 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 22 i 
 
 eral Indian villages were passed, their extensive corn fields cut down and 
 houses burned. On the evening of the 25th, further pursuit being useless, 
 the secretary of war, who accompanied the expedition, directed the \roops to 
 be marched to their homes and mustered out of service. "For eighteen 
 months afterward", says an ollicer in the engagements, "the Indians came 
 back in small parties, and conmiitted fearful depredations upon the lives and 
 property of the people on the frontiers". 
 
 In the march of General Douglas, he passed the villages of nearly all 
 the civilized Indians. He says_, "the Cherokees, Delawares, Shawnees, Cad- 
 oes, Kickapoos, Biloxies, and Cuchies had established during the past spring 
 and summer many villages and cleared and planted extensive fields of corn, 
 beans, peas, etc., preparing evidently for an efficient co-operation with the 
 Mexicans in a war with this country". It was very natural to infer from 
 these agricultural labors, that the Indians were preparing for a war against 
 Texas; but neither their plans nor their crops were permitled to mature. He 
 speaks also of the Indian territory through which he marched and says that 
 in point of richness of soil and the beauty of situation, water and produc- 
 tions, it would vie with the best portions of Texas". 
 
 Thus the vexed question with regard to the civilized Indians was settled, 
 and there could be no hindrance to surveyors or settlements on their fine 
 lands. The previous administration had endeavored by treaties and presents 
 to conciliate the frontier Indians; this had pursued a sterner policy. It had, 
 in all conflicts, killed about three hundred warriors, leaving five thousand 
 more all exasperated against Texas and ready to unite with her great enemy 
 against her. 
 
 Following the expulsion, the Cherokee National Council assembled at 
 Fort Gibson, Indian Territory, and took action in reference to the Texas 
 Cherokees as evidenced by the following letter written by M. Arbuckle, Com.- 
 manding 2nd \V. Division of the United States Army: 
 
 "Headquarters, 2nd W. Division 
 
 Fort Gibson, April 28th, 1840. 
 To His Excellency, 
 Mirabeau B. Lamar, 
 
 President of Texas, 
 City of Austin. 
 Sir: I was requested by a Cherokee Council assembled at this Post that the 
 \\hole of their people now in Texas should immediately return to their nation 
 and thereafter remain in their own Country. I have no doubt the Cherokee 
 people are sincere in the wish they have expressed on the subject; and as 
 many of their people that formerly lived in Texas have returned of late. 
 they hope that the time is not distant when their wishes will be fully accom- 
 plished. Under such circumstances they hope your government will not de- 
 sire to detain any of their people in Texas. 
 
 "With respect to the wishes of the Cherokee Nation in relation to some 
 of their people now in Texas, I regard it proper to assure you, that if such cf 
 them as mav be prisoners, are conveyed out of Texas in the direction of Fort 
 Towson, that the commanding officers of that post will be instructed to issue 
 
,22 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 such quantity of provisions to them as may be necessary to enable them to 
 return to their nation. 
 
 •i have the honor to be, sir, with great respect, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 JV\. Arbuckle, 
 Brevet. Brigr. Gen. U. S. A." 
 
 The Texan Secretary of War replied as follows: 
 
 "War Department, 
 City of Austin, 1 1th June, 1840. 
 Brevt. Brigadier General, 
 
 M. Arbuckle, U. S. A. 
 Sir: You will please accept the thanks of His Excellency, the President, and 
 of this Department for your communication of date Fort Gibson, April 2 8th, 
 ■iS40. 
 
 •'We have suffered and are still sutlering most serious injury from the 
 intrusive advances of the Cherokee people, within the limits of our jurisdic- 
 tion and territory. 
 
 "The position in which we stand to the Cherokee people, within our 
 limits is hostile; we should therefore be greatly pleased to see them returned 
 to their legitirnate home, and again united with their own people in the United 
 States. 
 
 "The Cherokee prisoners have been dispatched to the post most con- 
 venient to our command. An attempt to send them to Fort Towson would 
 have been no less hazardous to them than their escort; our prisoners being 
 exclusively women and children. 
 
 "We trust that within thirty days from this date, they will be at Fori 
 Jessup (La.). 
 
 "I have the honor to be, with great respect. 
 
 Your obt. sub. 
 B. T. Archer, Secretary of War. 
 By order of His Excellancy, 
 
 The President." 
 
 When the expulsion took place, General Houston was in the United 
 States on business. On his return to Nacogdoches, he addressed the citizens 
 in reference to same. On his first attempt to do so, he was met with hisses, 
 catcalls and threats of violence. He at last succeeded in gaining an audience 
 then he proceeded to charge Texas with bad faith on her part and that the 
 expulsion and the killing of the Cherokees on the field of battle was unbe- 
 coming a civilized and Christian nation. His commanding figure and elo- 
 quence triumphed on this as well as on occasions formerly and afterwards. 
 (Extract from a speech made by Senator Sam Houston, in the United States 
 Senate, January 29-31, 1855). 
 
 "1 can exemplify to some extent, an impression that 1 have when I con- 
 trast war measures with peace measures. I well remember in 183 5, 1836. 
 1837 and 1838, in Texas, we had peace. The Comanches would come dowii 
 to the very seaboard in amity and friendship, would repose confidently in 
 our dwellings, would receive some trifling presents and would return homo 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 223 
 
 exulting, unless they were maltreated, or their chiefs received indignities. If 
 they did receive such, they were sure to revisit that section of the country 
 as soon as they went home and fall upon the innocent. For the years I 
 have mentionedi in Texas, we had perfect peace, and, mark you, it did not 
 cost the government over $10,000.00 a year. We had no standing army. 
 A new administration came in and the Congress immediately appropriated 
 51,500,000.00 for the creation of two regular regiments. Those regiments 
 were raised. What was the consequence.' The policy had changed in the 
 inauguration of the president. He announced the extermination of the In- 
 dians. He marshalled his forces. He made incursions on a friendly tribe who 
 lived in sight of our settlements where the arts of peace were cultivated and 
 pursued by them — by agriculture and other arts, and by exchange and traffic 
 of such productions of the soil as were convenient. They lived by traffic 
 with Nacogdoches. The declaration was made, and it was announced by 
 the cabinet that they would kill otf 'Houston's pet Indians'. Well, sir, they 
 killed a very few of them, and my honorable colleague (Senator T. J. Rusk) 
 knows very well, if it had not been for the volunteers they would have licked 
 the regular army — and the Indians said: 'I was not there'. The Cherokees 
 had been very friendly and when Texas was in consternation, and the men 
 and women were fugitives from the myrmidons of Santa Anna, who were 
 sweeping over Texas like a simoon, they had aided our people, and given 
 them succor — and this was the recompense. They were driven from their 
 homes and left desolate. They were driven up among the Comanches. 
 What was the consequence? Every Indian on our borders from the Red 
 River to the Rio Grande took the alarm. They learned that extermination 
 was the cry, and hence it was that the flood of invasion came upon our fron- 
 tiers and drenched them with blood. 
 
 "The policy of extermination was pursued and a massacre of sixteen 
 chiefs at San Antonio, who came in amity for a treaty, took place. This was 
 in 1840. Before this army was raised they had been in the habit of coming 
 down for purposes of peace and commerce. But an army of Indians 
 marched through the settlements to the seaboard, one hundred or one hun- 
 dred and fifty miles, undetected. I grant you, avoiding the dense settlements, 
 went to Linville upon the tidewater, rifled the stores and slaughtered the 
 men. If there were any. the women were treated with cruelty and their 
 children's brains dashed out against the walls of the peaceful habitations. 
 The exterminating policy brought it on. The country became involved in 
 millions of debt, and the Indians were kept in constant irritation. That was 
 in 1840 and it was not until the year 1843 that intercourse could be had 
 with them through the pipe of peace, the wampum and the evidence ot 
 friendship". 
 
 On page 57, Volume 1 of his History of Van Zandt County, Texas. 
 Wentworth Manning says: '^After the Cherokees had been driven out of 
 East Texas, the fight opened up for the valuable lands formerly occupied by 
 them. The reason for their expulsion became apparent among the pale 
 faced contestants in a mad scramble of po.ssessing the territory from which 
 they were dispossessed was fierce to the Echo." 
 
224 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 On page 549, Volume 1, John Henry Brown's History of TexaS; says: 
 "The noble Travis, in command at San Antonio, increased his force to one 
 hundred and fifty men and prepared by every means in his power to defend 
 the place to the last. Governor Smith kept couriers in the saddlle dis- 
 patching them to the coast. Nacogdoches. San Augustine and elsewhere, with 
 messages urging the people to action. Houston (and Forbes under his in- 
 structions) proceeded to treat with the powerful Cherokees and their allies 
 and secure their neutrality — a matter of life and death importance at that 
 hour." 
 
 No better evidence can be adduced as to the circumstances surrounding 
 the Expulsion of 1839, than the testimony of Texan statesmen and writers 
 quoted in the foregoing passages. No shadow of doubt can be cast upon the 
 statements of the immortal Houston, Terrell, Yoakum, Brown and others of 
 that day or of Wentworth Manning of Wills Point, Texas, of today. The 
 government, with its regular and volunteer armies, was present on the battle 
 field. The highest state official to the lowest military officer of the armies 
 were present, directing the operations. No other than the renowned Albert 
 Johnston of later Confederate fame, then the Texan Secretary of War was on 
 the field, as well as the Vice President, David G. Burnet, of the Republic, 
 acting president, instead of Lamar, who was absent in the United States. 
 
 The Cherokee Nation was, up to the time of the conclusion of the Treaty 
 of February 23, 1836 an integral part of the Republic of Mexico. When 
 Texas threw oft'- the Mexican yoke and inaugurated an independent govern- 
 ment under the Convention, termed the Consultation, the Cherokees remained 
 a separate and independent government from Texas and by this "Solemn 
 Declaration" they were so treated. 
 
 As has been noted, this body provided for the appointment of Commis- 
 sioners to negotiate a Treaty with them which was done on February 23, 
 1836. By its tenjisT their allegiance v/as transferred to Texas whereby they 
 became a quasi-independent nation, subject to and existing under the suzer- 
 ainty of that government. 
 
 The unwarranted expulsion of the Texas-Cherokees is one of the world 
 tragedies. "The EPIC is yet to be written." 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 22S 
 
 CHAPTER XI 
 
 Public School System Established. National Officials. Male and Female. 
 Seminary Graduates. Eleemosynary Institutions. 
 
 Prior to 1842 the educatioiuil interL'sts of the Cherokees was in the 
 hands of the missionaries of the Moravian, Presbyterian, Methodist, Con- 
 greg-ational and Baptist churches. The United Brethren or Moravians com- 
 menced their missionarj' work among the Cherokees at Spring Place in 
 Georgia in l8or. The American Board of Foreign Mission, maintained by 
 the Presbyterian and Congregational churches entered the field at Brainard 
 in I8I7-. The Baptists commenced their labors in the western part of North 
 Carolina, during the same year' but soon allowed their work to lapse until 
 1820 in which year Valley Town Mission was founded.' In 1824 the 
 Methodists established their first mission in the Cherokee country. Some of 
 the Cherokees most probably attended schools in neighboring provinces and 
 states prior to 1800. Notably, Charles Hicks, a half breed, who as early as 
 1808 was known to have had a splendid education.'' 
 
 The idea of public and higher schools for the Cherokees was advocated 
 and provided for by the treaty of 1835". The Cherokee negotiators in this 
 treaty were: John Ridge, Ellas Boudinot, John West, Archilla Smith, Samuel 
 W. Bell, William A. Davis and Ezekial West. 
 
 Section six, article nine of the Cherokee constitution of 18 59 is as 
 follows: "Religion, morality and knowledge, being necessary to good govern- 
 ment, the preservation of liberty and the happiness of mankind, schools and 
 the means of education, shall forever be encouraged in this Nation." Pur- 
 suant to that idea the council enunciated, "Be it enacted by the National 
 Council, That all facilities and means for the promotion of education, by 
 the establishment of schools, and the diffusion of general intelligence among 
 the people shall be afforded by legislation, commensurate with the importance 
 of such objects, and the extent and condition of the public finances; and all 
 schools which may be, and are now in operation in this Nation, shall be sub- 
 ject to such supervision and control of the National Cuncil as may be pro- 
 vided. 
 
 Section 2. Be it further enacted. Thai in future no missionary school 
 or establishment shall be located or erected without permission first being ob- 
 tained from the National Council for such purpose, and the place designated 
 by law for the same, with such other general regulations as may be deemed 
 necessary and proper, either as conducive to its particular usefulnes or con- 
 formity to national rights and interest. 
 
 Section 3. Be it further enacted, That in furtherance of the design of 
 this act, a committee of three persons shall be appointed by nomination of 
 the Principal Chief to the National Committee, whose duty it shall be to mature 
 and prepare a system of general education by schools, with such laws for its 
 establishment and promotion as may be necessary; and to report the same to 
 the Principal Chief before the next annual meeting of the National Council. 
 who shall submit such report with his views in relation thereto; said commit- 
 
226 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 tee shall also visit all the schools in the Nation, examine the plan upon which 
 they are taught, the improvement of pupils, and utility of each, and report 
 such information to the Principal Chief, to be submitted before the National 
 Council. 
 
 Tahlequah, 26th, Sept., 1839. 
 
 Approved — John Ross. 
 The time was later extended for another year.^ On October 2, 1839, 
 the establishment of several' missionary schools was authorized. - 
 
 The interest on the invested school funds of the Cherokees as shown by 
 various Annual Reports of the Commissioners of Indian Affairs, were: 1839, 
 $2,606.90; 1860, $11,848.00; 1870, $29,460.04. 
 
 A Superintendent of Education and eleven public schools were provided 
 for by an act of council on November 16, 1841. Two thousand two hun- 
 dred fifty seven dllars and thirty cents was appropriated to meet the past 
 expenditures for the year of 1842.* At the same time five thousand eight 
 hundred dollars was appropriated to support the schools for the year of 1843 
 and twenty two hundred dollars was set aside to defray the expenses of the 
 orphans attending the public schools.^ The salary of public school teachers 
 in 1843 was thirty dollars per month. = 
 
 On December 23, 1843, council authorized the establishment of seven 
 additional public schools, which brought the number up to: Delaware Dis- 
 trict, three; Saline, two; Going Snake, three; Tahlequah, two; Illinois, two, 
 Canadian, one; Skin Bayou, two and Flint, three. The two school sessions 
 were fixed at five months each, with a winter and summer vacation of one 
 month each. The maximum teachers wage was forty dollars per month.^ 
 
 In the year 1845 there were eighteen public schools in the Cherokee 
 Nation: 
 
 Delaware District Pupils 
 
 Tahquoee, 42. 
 
 Honey Creek, 47. 
 
 Lebanon, 34. 
 
 Saline District 
 
 Spring Creek, 35. 
 
 Saline, 32. 
 
 Going Snake District 
 
 Locust Grove, 27. 
 
 Oak Grove, 61. 
 
 Evan Jones,' 31. 
 
 Tahlequah District 
 
 Caney, 43. 
 
 Fourteen Mile Creek 21. 
 Illinois District 
 
 Greenleaf, 23. 
 
 Vian, 23. 
 
 Canadian District 
 
 Webbers Falls, 36. 
 
 Skin Bayou District 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHHROKEE INDIANS 227 
 
 Sweetwater, 22. 
 
 John Beng'e's, 29. 
 
 Flint District 
 
 Honey Hill, 57. 
 
 James Bigby's 3 7. 
 
 Clear Springs, 55. Orphans 
 
 655 121 
 
 Male 402 71 
 
 Female 253 So' 
 
 An additional public school was located at Muddy Springs in Flint Dis- 
 trict, one at Peavine on Barren Fork in Going Snake District and one in the 
 Daniel neighborhod in Delaware District by act of council on November 18, 
 1845.' By an act of November 26, 1845 the school on Fourteen'Mile Creek 
 was moved to Tahlequah,- where this first public school of Tahlequah was 
 opened on March 2, 1846 with Mr. Caleb Covel as teacher.-"' A subscription 
 school had been opened in the town in June 1845 with Miss Nancy Hoyt, as 
 teacher."* The Superintendent of Education was given authority in November 
 1846 to move schools that were insufficiently attended."' 
 
 Seven thousand five hundred dollars were appropriated to defray the ex- 
 penses of the public schools for the years 1848 and six hundred dollars were 
 appropriated to pay the expenses of orphans attending the public schools.^ 
 Thirty dollars each was allowed for the board and clothing of orphans dur- 
 ing the schol term. The public school appropriation for 1849 was seven 
 thousand and three hundred six hundred for the orphan fund.' An examin- 
 ing board of three members to pass on the qualifications of teachers was 
 created on November 2, 1849.* 
 
 The public school appropriations for 1850, 1851 and 1852 were seven 
 thousand dollars for each year, the orphan appropriation for 1850 was thirty 
 six hundred dolars and thirty-five hundred for each of the two succeeding 
 years. 
 
 The teachers of the several public schools of the Cherokee Nation on 
 September 11, 1858 and August 30, 1859, were: 
 
 School Enrollment 1858 1859 
 
 Caney Creek, 70 Mary Buffington Adair, Sarah E. Walker 
 
 Boots Chapel, 67 Sarah Hicks, Minnie E. Boynton 
 
 Pleasant Valley, 50 S. S. Stephens. S. J. Wolf. 
 
 Post Oak Grove, 60 Eliza M. Bushyhead, James D. Alberty 
 
 Requa, 47 Ben W. Trott, Ben Wisner Carter. 
 
 Delaware Town, 4 1 Thomas W. McGhee, Heman L. Foreman. 
 
 Spavinaw Vale, 46 Joseph Vann, 
 
 Beatties Prairie, 4o William H. Davis, Moses C. Frye. 
 
 Honey Creek, ' So James I.. Thompson, Sarah Ruth Mosley. 
 
 Mount Claremore 30 Nannie Jane Rider, Nannie Jane Rider. 
 
 Baptist Mission, 76 W. P. Upham. W.P. Upham. 
 
 Peavine 66 Esther Smith, Esther Smith. 
 
 Oak Grove 57 Lucinda M. Ross. I.ucinda M. Ross. 
 
 Muddv Springs, 5o Caroline E. Bushyhead. Caroline E. Bushyhead 
 
228 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Enrollment 1858 
 
 52 Martha J. Uameron, 
 E. Jane Ross, 
 Victoria Susan Hicks, 
 Sarah E. Walker, 
 Moses C. Frye, 
 Emma Lowrey Williams, 
 Eliza Holt' 
 
 40 
 45 
 41 
 48 
 40 
 45 
 
 School 
 Sugar Valley, 
 Forest Hill, 
 Gunter's Prairie, 
 Sweet Springs, 
 Sallisaw, 
 Green Leaf, 
 Canadian River, 
 Briartown, 
 Clear Creek, 
 Vann's Valley, 
 Falls Creek, 
 Long Prairie, 
 Echo Bend, 
 Locust Vale, 
 Lee's Creek, 
 Arkansas Bottom, 
 Wild Horse, 
 Webbers, Falls, 
 
 Upon the reorganization of the Cherokee 
 
 1859 
 
 Martha J. Dameron. 
 
 E. Jane Ross. 
 
 Jane Bertholf. 
 
 Cynthia T. Frye. 
 
 Corinne E. Barnes. 
 
 John G. Scrimsher. 
 
 Victoria Susan Hicks. 
 
 Elizabeth Letitia Bertholf. 
 
 Eliza M. Bushyhead. 
 
 Martha J. Keyes. 
 
 Susan Ross. 
 
 Nancy Thompson. 
 
 George Harlan Starr. 
 
 Nannie Holmes. 
 
 Hugh Montgomery Adair. 
 
 Eliza Holt. 
 
 Delia Mosley.- 
 
 Nation after the civil war, 
 
 thirty-two public schools were provided for. They were to commence on 
 March 1, 1867. The locations were to be: 
 
 Delaware District: Delaware Town, Sequoyah's New Place and Snell's. 
 
 Saline District: Requa, Cul-car-law-skees and Little Spring Creek. 
 
 Going Snake District: Tyners, Rabbit Trap, Barren Fork and Baptist 
 Mission. 
 
 Tahlequah District: Tahlequah, Caney and Killermore's. 
 
 Illinois District: Fort Gibson, Seabolt's and White Oak Spring. 
 
 Canadian District: Webber's Falls, Brier Town and Jimmy Vann's. 
 
 -Sequoyah District: .loseph Goody's, Lee's Creek and the Court House. 
 
 Flint District: Clear Spring, John Glass' and Alexander Scott's. 
 
 Cooweescoowee District: Lacey Hawkens on Grand River, John Hatch- 
 ett's and on Dog Creek. 
 
 Two Negro schools to be located by the Superintendent of Education. 
 
 Five orphans may be maintained and educated at each of these thirty- 
 two schools at a cost of thirty dollars each per term for board and clothing. 
 The terms shall be from the first Monday in March to until July l5th and from 
 the tirst Monday in September until the last Friday in January.'' The Chero- 
 kee Nation always maintained free text books and accessories. The school 
 houses were built at the expense of the community and each school had a 
 local board of three directors. 
 
 The school previously located at White Springs near Lacey Hawkins' was 
 removed by council in the spring of 1869 to West Point "near the mouth of 
 Dog Creek."' By act of November 29, 1869 fourteen thousand eight hundred 
 dollars were appropriated to pay the public school teachers and four thousand 
 twenty dollars as the orphan allowance. The school was removed from the 
 Moravian Mission to Oak Grove in Going Snake District. A school was es- 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 229 
 
 tablished at Vian Camp Ground near Joseph Duval's in Illinois District, at 
 Captain Nathaniel Fish's in Tahlequah District, at Contention Spring in Del- 
 aware, near Ellis Sanders' in Sequoyah, near Delaware Miller's in Coowees- 
 coowee and a Nesro school in Fort Gibson.'- Ten more schools were pro- 
 vided for on December 10, 1869: Muddy Springs in Flint, Richard Benge's in 
 Illinois on lllinois-Sequoyah line. Falling Pot's in Saline, Black Jack Grove in 
 Canadian, John Rattlinggourd's in Illinois, Peggy Woodall's in Tahlequah, 
 Dick Old Field's in Delaware, Wilson Sittingdown's in Sequoyah and near 
 George Whitmire's in Going Snake. The two Negro schools located by the 
 Superintendent of Education in March 1869 were at Tahlequah and on Four- 
 teen Mile Creek in Tahlequah District.^ 
 
 There were fifty-nine schools in 1871, sixty in 1873 and seventy-five 
 in 1877^. The number and efficiency of the public schools gradually grew 
 until there were over one hundred and twenty at the dissolution of the Chero- 
 kee Nation. The progress of the Cherokees was due to their excessive pride 
 in their schools, which were never allo\\ed to be under the supervision in any 
 way of the educational authorities of the United States and none of their 
 schools were ever visited by ofticers or agents of the departnint of educa- 
 tion at Washington, until after June 30, 1898. 
 
 Superintendents of Education of the Cherokee Nation. 
 
 1841. Rev. Stephen Foreman. - 
 
 1843. David Carter. 
 
 1845. James Madison Payne. ^ 
 
 1847. Walter Scott Adair.^ 
 
 1849. Walter Scott Adair.-' 
 
 1851. Rev. Walter Adair Duncan. 
 
 1853. Henry Dobson Reese. 
 
 1855. Henry Dobson Reese. 
 
 1857. Henry Dobson Reese. 
 
 1859. Charies Holt Campbell. 
 
 1 867. Spencer S. Stephens. 
 
 1869. Spencer S. Stephens. 
 
 1871. Oliver Hazard Perry Brewer. 
 
 Boards of Education of the Cherokee Nation. 
 
 18 73. Spencer S. Stephens. 
 
 Rev. Leonidas Dobson. 
 George S. Mason. 
 
 1875. John Ross Vann.^ 
 
 Allison Woodville Timberlake. 
 \^'illiam Henry Davis. 
 
 Superintendents of Education. 
 
 1876. December 9, Oliver Hazard Perry Brewer. 
 
 Boards of Education. 
 
 1877. November 26, William Poller Ross. 
 
 John Lynch Adair, suspended September lo, 1879. 
 William Henry Davis. 
 
230 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 1878. November 25, Lucien Burr Bell. 
 
 1879. September l5, Henry Dobson Reese, appointed, vice John L. 
 Adair. 
 
 1879. November 3, John Albion Spears, elected, vice John L. Adair. 
 1879. November 14, John Lynch Adair, reinstated by Council. 
 
 1879. November 2 1, George Wesley Choate, vice William Hen- 
 ry Davis. 
 
 1880. November 2 3, John Lynch Adair, resigned. 
 
 1880. November 23, John Albion Spears, elected vice John L. Adair. 
 
 1880. November 23, Allison Woodville Timberlake, vice L. B. Bell. 
 Robert Latham Owen, appointed vice G. W. Choate. 
 
 Willia mHenry Davis, appointed vice J. A. Spears. 
 
 1881. November. Oliver Hazard Perry Brewer, President, elected. 
 Robert Latham Owen, Secretary. 
 
 Lorenzo Delano Spears. 
 
 1882. December 5, Rev. Walter Adair Duncan, President. 
 
 1883. Thomas James Adair, Secretary. 
 
 1884. William Potter Ross. 
 
 1885. November 30, Martin Ross Brown. 
 William Henry Davis. 
 
 Lorenzo Delano Spears. 
 
 1886. Robert Taylor Hanks. 
 
 188. November, Timothy Brown Hitchcock. 
 
 1889. Eli H. Whitmire. 
 
 Superintendents of Education. 
 
 1890. November 3, Office created. 
 
 1890. November 8, William Wirt Hastings. 
 
 1891. November, Walter Hampton Jackson. 
 
 Boards of Education. 
 
 William Vann Carey, President. 
 
 Augustus Edward Ivey, Secretary. 
 
 Charles Oliver Fry. 
 
 William J. McKee. 
 
 John Elijah Butler, vice Carey. 
 
 November 13, George Washington Mitchell. 
 1898. November 2, Mark Lee Paden. 
 1898. Rev. Walter Adair Duncan, President. 
 
 Connell Rogers, Secretary. 
 
 Rev. Joseph Franklin Thompson. 
 1808. November 18, Harvey Wirt Courtland Shelton. 
 
 Jefferson Thompson Parks. 
 
 James Franklin McCullough. 
 
 Thomas Carlile. 
 
 Theodore Perrv. 
 
 Stand Watie Woodall, vice McCullough. 
 
 Darius Edwin Ward, vice Perry. 
 
 180 7. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKElf INDIANS 231 
 
 Oliver Hazard Ferry Brewer, Fresident. Albert Sidney Wyly, Secretary. 
 Samuel Frazier Farks, vice Carlile Miss Carlotta Archer, "vice S. F. Farks. 
 
 The proposition for high schools for the Cherokees was proposed by 
 the Cherokee negotiators of the treaty of December 25, 1835' but it was not 
 until eleven years later that the tribe felt that they were in financial con- 
 dition to commence the construction of the necessary buildings.^ 
 
 A year later full regulations were embraced in an act of Council for the 
 establishment and conduct of the two schools.' The Female Seminary was 
 located three miles southeast and the Male Seminary one and one half miles 
 southwest of Tahlequah. They were built of brick that was made near the 
 site of each school. Built in a land of fine springs, neither building was lo- 
 cated contiguous to a spring. The erection of the replicated buildings began 
 in 1847, the cornerstone of the Female Seminary was laid by Chief Ross on 
 June 2 1, 1847 and they were finished in l850. The Male Seminary was 
 opened on May 6, I85l and the Female Seminary on the following day. 
 
 "The seminaries, and in fact, all the schools of the Cherokee Nation, 
 are supported by money, invested in United States registered stocks, from the 
 sale of lands to the United States government. The interest alone of this 
 investment is drawn and used for educational purposes. 'i"he boarders are 
 charged a mere nominal sum as an addition to the school fund. The United 
 States government renders no assistance to the Seminaries, Asylum or common 
 schools of the Cherokee Nation, outside of paying interest on money bor- 
 rowed from the Nation."" 
 
 The buildings were one hundred eighty-five feet long, one hundred nine 
 feet wide, part two stories and part three stories in height. 
 
 Boarders paid at the rate of five dollars per month in advance, or forty- 
 five dollars per school year. That sum paid for board, laundry, lodging, lights, 
 fuel, text books and all necessary supplies, and the pupils had to furnish only 
 their comforts, blankets, linen and toilet articles. Provision was made by 
 the National Council for the acceptance, without any expense to them, of fifty 
 pupils whose parents were not able to pay their tuition and board.' 
 
 "The Steward purchases all supplies, has the direction and management 
 of the appropriations, collects all board bills and employs all assistance in 
 the domestic department. The Domestic Superintendent has charge of the 
 domestic affairs, secures clothing and supplies for the primaries and other 
 duties. The Medical Superintendent is appointed by the National Council, 
 gives medical and sanitary attention. The Matrons attend the sick, receive 
 the clothing from the laundry, attend its meiuliiig and distribution. 
 Preparatory Department. 
 
 First year: Penmanship, Phonetics, Reading, Object Lessons, Grammar, 
 Penmanship, Geography, Geography, Arithmetic. 
 
 Second Year: Penmanship, Reading, Object Lessons, Composition. 
 (^honetics, Reading, Arithmetic, Geography. 
 
 Third Year: Reading, Object l.e.ssons, Composition Phonetics, Read- 
 ing, Arithmetic, Geography. 
 
 Academic Department. 
 
 Freshmen— Ancient languages': Latin, Greek; English: Grammar. Geog- 
 
In Study Hall 6:00- 7 
 
 Breakfast and detail 7:00- 8 
 
 Chapel 8:30- 9 
 
 Recitations 9:00-12 
 
 Noon 12:00- 2 
 
 232 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 raphy; History: U. S. History; Mathematics: Arithmetic, Algebra; Physical 
 Geography, Physiology. 
 
 Sophomore — Ancient languages: Caesar, Anabasis; English: Rhetoric; 
 History: English History; Mathematics: Algebra, Geometry; Chemistry, Nat- 
 ural Philosophy. 
 
 Junior — Ancient languages: Cicero, Ovid, Trucydides Modern lan- 
 guages: French, German; English: English literature, American literature; 
 Mental Science: Political Economy, .Woral Philosophy; Mathematics: Trigi- 
 nometry, Analytical Geometry; Botany, Geology. 
 
 Senior — Ancient languages: Virgil, Livy, Homer; Modern languages: 
 .Moliere, Goethe; English: Criticism; Mental Science: Mental Philosophy, 
 Logic; Mathematics: Surveying and Calculus; Astronomy, Zoology. 
 
 Daily Programme. 
 
 A. M. P. M. 
 
 Students rise, 5:30 Recitations 2:00-4:00 
 
 00 Military drill 4:15-4:45 
 
 30 Supper 5:00 
 
 :00 Study hall 6:45-8:45 
 
 00 First retiring bell 9:00 
 
 00 Second retiring bell __9:l5 
 
 Preparatory Department. 
 
 The course of study in this department embraces three years, and pre- 
 pares students for the Seminary proper. The school is thoroughly graded. 
 Object lessons, compositions, oral, written and other exercises calculated to 
 develop the power of written and oral expresion are given. Ideas of num- 
 ber, form, size and actual measurement precede the more complex arithmetical 
 operations. Map drawing, the use of the excellent maps in the Seminaries 
 and topical exercises render geography practical. The Principal of this de- 
 partment spends an hour each Saturday with the students, assisting them in 
 selecting books from the library. 
 
 Seminary Proper. 
 
 The course of study embraces four years. The work in this institution 
 is equal to that of the best institutions of the country. This school possesses 
 many advantages over similar institutions, from the fact that teacher and 
 students are together. Teachers instruct and direct, not only in the text book 
 studies but in general reading, in the use of reference books and library work 
 --a thing impossible when students have not libraries and books of reference 
 in their homes or boarding houses. The usual degrees are conferred, upon 
 the completion of courses of study. 
 
 Graduates of the Cherokee National Seminary. 
 February 1855.^ 
 
 Mary Buffington Adair, Dr. Walter Thompson Adair. 
 
 Caroline Elizabeth Bushyhead, William Robert Quarks. 
 
 Charlotte Candy, William Fields. 
 
 Martha Candy, joel Brvan Mayes. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHE INDIANS 
 
 233 
 
 Eliza Forester, Benjamin W. Trott. 
 
 Catherine Hastings, Jenkins Whitesides Maxfield. 
 
 Lucy Lowrey Hoyt, Monroe Calvin Keys. 
 
 Amanda McCoy, Daniel Bushyhead. 
 
 Nannie Patrick, James R. Gourd. 
 
 Nannie Rider, Daniel Ross Hicks. 
 
 Sallie Rider, Samuel King Riley. 
 
 Martha Wilson, Reverend Walter Adair Duncan. 
 
 February 1856. 
 
 Rev. Joseph Franklin Thompson. 
 
 David R. Vann and Bluford West 
 Alberty. 
 
 Isaac Brown Hitchcock. 
 
 DeWitt Clinton Lipe. 
 
 George Washington Benge. 
 
 Joel Bryan Mayes. 
 
 Allison Woodville Timberlake. 
 
 Charles Renatus Hicks. 
 
 John Lafayette Adair and Dennis 
 Wolf Bushyhead. 
 
 John Ticanooly Adair and Augus- 
 tus Van Edmondson. 
 
 George Drew and Joel Bryan 
 Mayes. 
 
 George Washington Nave. 
 
 Fox. 
 
 George Washington Gunter. 
 
 "Cousin Vic." 
 The time is approaching near 
 When we shall bid adieu; 
 To teacher and companions dear, 
 And breathe the lonely word, adieu. 
 
 Many friends we've here found. 
 Within these favored walls 
 And sad will be the sound. 
 When we say farewell, to all. 
 
 But may we in friendship, dwell united. 
 And our lives be love 
 And meet when hopes are not blighted, 
 In that happy land above. 
 
 Your alTectionate cousin. 
 
 Mary Ellen Adair, 
 
 Eliza Missouri Bushyhead, 
 
 Elizabeth Annie Duncan, 
 
 Victoria Susan Hicks, 
 
 Nannie Holmes, 
 
 Martha McNair, 
 
 Margaret Lavinia Rogers, 
 
 Lucinda M. Ross, 
 
 Alabama Elizabeth Scrimsher, 
 
 Martha Nannie Thompson, 
 
 Mary Delilah Vann, 
 
 Sallie Josephine Vaught, 
 
 Martha Whiting, 
 
 Emma Lowrey Williams, 
 
 Female Seminary 
 January 17, 1856." 
 "For Victoria Hicks. 
 
 L(ucinda) M. R(oss.) 
 
 The Future. 
 
234 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 The past with all its joys and sorrows is gone, with it alone fond mem- 
 ory can converse. The present is busy working its many changes. Yet 'tis 
 to the future that these thoughts will most naturally fly, we involuntarily look, 
 there for our greatest pleasure, profit and happiness. Hope comes with her 
 train of fair images and leads us through rich scenes of rapture and delight. 
 And indeed life would be dull, void and bereft of every pleasure, unless there 
 was a plan marked out in the future to fill our bosoms with zeal, and stimu- 
 late us to action. But since our human life hangs over accident and mis- 
 fortune, and since the future must know us ever, the great question is, how 
 shall we meet it, all doubtfully mixed with its pleasures, its delights, its cares 
 and its dangers. 
 
 Then, I would say to meet it calmly, and boldly and with a pleasure. 
 Venture not upon it with your own understanding as a guide; peril not such 
 great interests to the dictation of your own reason, but take as a buckler and 
 shield, the wise counsel of Him who marks all changes. In order that the 
 future shall ever find you glorifying in triumph. 
 
 Your friend, 
 
 J(oel) B. Mayes. 
 Male Seminary, C. N. 
 January 29, 1856." 
 
 "Life 
 
 We can not tell what happiness 
 
 What might on earth possess 
 
 If in singleness of heart 
 
 We would strive to act a proper part. 
 
 'Tis true we see the effects of sin 
 
 All without and all within. 
 
 We long may live a life in vain, 
 
 Much good possess, but still complain. 
 
 We may appear to other eyes. 
 
 To be extremely rich and wise; 
 
 But if our hearts are not right. 
 
 Life will not be beautiful and bright. 
 
 Oh! may our life, day by day, 
 
 In love and duty pass away; 
 
 And at last when our bodies die, 
 
 We may live in that world above the sky; 
 
 Where free from sin, death and pain, 
 
 The good will meet and love again. 
 
 „, Emma (Lowrey Williams.) 
 
 Cherokee Seminarv 
 November 4th, 1855." 
 
 January 27, 1879. 
 
 Isabel Cobb\ 
 
 Tennessee Vann Steele, Robert Colburn Fuller. 
 
 June 27, 1879. 
 
 Anna Cora Archer, WiiH,„, r^ss Shackelford. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKtiE INDIANS 2 35 
 
 Fannie Blythe, Lemuel Walker Marks. 
 
 Elizabeth Dougherty, Ellis Buffington Wright. 
 
 July 2, 1880. 
 
 Caroline V. Armstrong, Frank M. Overlees. 
 
 Nannie Catherine Daniel, Richard Lafayette Fite, 
 
 Lillie Maxfield, Claude Hanks McDaniel. 
 
 Sallie Clementine Rogers, John. Thomas McSpadden. 
 
 Sarah Stapler Ross, Samuel Houston Adair. 
 
 Margaret Hicks Stapler, 
 Jeanette Starr, Frances Alexander Billingslea. 
 
 June 30, 1881. 
 Ella Adair, DeWitt Clinton Wilson. 
 
 Eleanor Margaret Boudinot, John Henry Nave. 
 
 Martha Cobb, Clement George Clarke. 
 
 Joanna Coody Rogers, John Calhoun Duncan. 
 
 June 28, 1883. 
 Carlotta Archer' and Emma Breedlnve. 
 Mae Washburn,- John Carlton Anderson". 
 
 June 28, 1884. 
 Mary Ann Elizabeth, Duncan, Harvey Wirt Courtland Shelton."* 
 
 June 25, 1885. 
 Oregonia Bell," Spratt Scott, 
 
 Florence Anna Caleb,'' Henry Benton Smith. 
 
 Martha Fields, Dr. Philip Donahoo. 
 
 May 13, 1886. 
 
 Mary Jett Norman, L)r. George Albert McBride. 
 
 The Female Seminary was totally destroyed by fire on Sunday, April 
 10, 1887. The erection of the new seminary building in the north part of 
 Tahlequah began on November 3, 1887. It was finished on April 18, 1889 
 and dedicated on Tuesday, .May 5, I8S0. 
 
 June 28, 1888.' 
 Rachel Caroline Eaton,- James Alexander Burns. 
 
 Elizabeth Bushyhead McNair, 
 Addie Roche Ross. William Henry Norrid. 
 
 June 28, 1890. 
 Charlotte Delilah Hastings Samuel Grant Victor. 
 
 Elizabeth Clyde Morris, ^ William Presley Thompson. 
 
 Gulielma Ross, JanT-'s Sanford Davenport. 
 
 June 23, 1892. 
 Saiah Jane Adair, James Augustus Lawrence, 
 
 Martha Anna Maves, Edwin Mooring Pointer,^ 
 
 Florence Wilson McSpadden, Philip Wharton Samuel. 
 
 June 29, 1893. 
 Martha Eulalia Miller, Jackson H. Merchant. 
 
236 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Lulu Mayfield Starr, 
 Janana Thompson, 
 
 Lulu Dale Duckworth, 
 Mary Llewellyn Morgan, 
 Julia Anna Phillips, 
 Georgia Ella Prather, 
 
 Caroline Blair, 
 Josephine Crittenden, 
 Sarah Lulu Foreman, 
 Flora Sabrina Lindsey, 
 Cora Archer McNair, 
 Susie Phillips, 
 
 Janana Ballard. 
 
 Anna Ballard, 
 
 Martha Pauline Eaton, 
 
 Cherokee Vashti Edmondson, 
 
 Beuna Vista Harris, 
 
 Cora Archer Musgrove, 
 
 Gertrude Whitman Rogers, 
 
 Dora Olive Ward, 
 
 Lena Carlile, 
 
 Jennie McClellan Foreman. 
 Pixie Alberty Mayes, 
 Juliette Melvina Scrimsher, 
 Lura Ward, 
 
 Cherokee Cornelia Adair, 
 
 Lucinda Ballard, 
 
 Ella Mae Covel and Alice Pre 
 
 Nellie May Duncan, 
 
 Lulu Belle James, 
 
 Grace Phillips, 
 
 Fannie Vann Ross, 
 
 Eldee Starr and Mamie Star 
 
 Mineola Ward, 
 
 Josephine Barker, 
 Mollie Lipe Blackstone, 
 Belle Cunningham, 
 Eugenia Catherine Eubanks 
 
 William Wirt Hastings . 
 
 William Penn Phillips. 
 June 28, 1894. 
 
 Walter I. Jones. 
 
 William Lucullus Mayes, 
 
 James Turner Edmondson,'* 
 
 Lee S. Robinson. 
 June 27, 1895. 
 
 Richard Henry Smith. 
 
 William Robert Sartain. 
 
 John Gunter Lipe. 
 
 Charles Colston Watts, ^ 
 
 William Buft'ington Wyly. 
 
 Ernest Vivian Scrimsher. 
 June 26, 1896. 
 
 June 25, 1897. 
 
 Crawford Conner. 
 James Mooring York,- 
 Robert Bruce Garrett. 
 Bascom Porum Rasmus. 
 James Herbert Moore. 
 Dr. George Shimoon. 
 William Pugh Cunningham.^ 
 
 June 1, 1898. 
 
 Dr. C. W. Vowell. 
 David Jesse Faulkner. 
 
 Abraham Vandyke Robinson,^ 
 Gilbert Thompson Loux. 
 June 29, 1899. 
 
 Junius Brutus Moore. 
 William Lee Harlan. 
 
 nch. 
 
 Eugene Nixon Williamson. 
 Robert Lee Huggins. 
 Preston Majors. 
 Walter Ellis Duncan. 
 
 Everett Virgil Allen. 
 May 25, 1900. 
 
 Dr. Robert Lee Mitchell. 
 Edward Knippenberger. 
 Thomas Oscar Graham. 
 Walter Maecenas Charlesworth. 
 
HISTORY OF THlf CHEROKEli INDIANS 
 
 237 
 
 Mary Elizabeth Gulagcr, 
 Bettina Lucile Mcintosh, 
 Jennie Fields Ross, 
 Aneliza Eulalia Sevier.' 
 
 Minnie Benge,- 
 
 Mary Garrett, 
 
 Rosanna Harnage, 
 
 Josephine Landrum Howard, 
 
 Mary Jane McS'padden, 
 
 Juliette Taylor Snitih. 
 
 Lelia Alice Maitland Thornton, 
 
 Sarah Eleanor Ballard, 
 Golda Barker. 
 Beulah Benton Edniondson, 
 Bertha Lillian Faulkner, 
 Mary Angeline Rider, 
 Elizabeth Vann Ross, 
 Susie Ray Sevier, 
 Dora Anna Starr, 
 Clara Estella Tyler, 
 Genobia Anna Ward, 
 Lola Llewellyn Ward, 
 
 Laura Effie Duckworth, 
 Victoria Lipe Foreman, 
 Caroline Bertha Freeman, 
 Allie Rhea Garrett, 
 Janie Stapler Hicks, 
 Rosa Gazelle Lane. 
 Virginia Lee Lindsey. 
 Caroline Quarles McNair, 
 Elizabeth Peach McSpadden, 
 Maude Hoyt McSpadden, 
 Elizabeth Adair Morgan, 
 Llewellyn Hopewell Morgan, 
 Sallie Pauline Parris,^ 
 Susie Vivian Scott, 
 Grace Raper Wallace, 
 Leola Fay Ward, 
 
 Lulu Elizabeth Alberty, 
 Frances Bushyhead. 
 Eunice Marie Chamberlin, 
 Clara M. Couch, 
 
 George Houston. 
 Jesse Clifton Cobb. 
 Edward l-orenian Blackstone. 
 May 30, 1901. 
 
 Sid Campbell. 
 Frederick McDaniel. 
 Andrew Jackson Rogers. 
 Thomas R. Crookshank. 
 
 G. S. Mac Key. 
 May 29, 1902. 
 
 Roy Woods. 
 Charles V. Knight. 
 Richard Croker. 
 Charles Clarence Starr. 
 Alfred A. Campbell. 
 Carl Mills. 
 
 Lawrence McAllister. 
 Ewing Markham. 
 Frank Selman. 
 Allen Douthitf, 
 John Black Tiniiin. 
 June 9, 1903. 
 
 Guy Boatright. 
 
 James Stephenson Kennedy. 
 
 Garland Baird. 
 
 Dr. John Chisholm Breedlove. 
 
 John Griffith Harnagc. 
 
 James Walker McSpadden. 
 Jesse Bartley Milam. 
 Woodley Gail Phillips. 
 
 Samuel P. Mathews. 
 William Everett Foreman. 
 
 Rhoderick Dhu Richards. 
 William Newton. 
 
 June 3, 1904. 
 
 John Woodson Conner. 
 James Knox Gibson. 
 Frank Edward Nix. 
 
238 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Joseph Alice CrutchfielJ, 
 Roxie Cunningham, 
 Stella Marie Ghormley, 
 Mary Hampton, 
 Elizabeth Covel Keys, 
 Nellie Blackwell Meek, 
 Amanda Payne Morgan, 
 Phoeba Montana Rider, 
 
 Lola Garrett, 
 
 Caroline Elizabeth Ghormley, 
 
 Mary Hoi and, 
 
 Sallie Jennings, 
 
 Mamie Butler Johnson, 
 
 Mary Anna Martin, 
 
 Ethel Martin, 
 
 Maude Rosamond Meigs, 
 
 Sallie Mayo Morgan, 
 
 Anna Belle Price, 
 
 Janie Stapler Ross. 
 
 Ethel Corinne Scales, 
 
 Anna Elizabeth Skidmore, 
 
 Martha Wallace, 
 
 Annie May Balentine, 
 
 Ruth Ballard, 
 
 Ella Jay Chandler, 
 
 Mary Ada Condray 
 
 Mary Louise Crafton, 
 
 Bird Adair Dameron. 
 
 Fannie Adair Danenburg, 
 
 Dora Early, 
 
 Penelope Adair Faulkner, 
 
 Bertha Elizabeth Frellick, 
 
 Fannie Etta Holland, 
 
 Clyde Horn, 
 
 Josephine Meigs, 
 
 Ara Ellen Ross, 
 
 Charlotte Elizabeth Spears, 
 
 Caroline Lucinda Starr, 
 
 Edith Lyle Stover, 
 
 Joy Lorraine Washburn, 
 
 Lelia Eaton. 
 
 Olive Estelle Edmondson, 
 Allie Johnson and Vera Jones. 
 May McSpadden, 
 
 Joseph Oscar Dale. 
 Dr. Edward B. Reed. 
 Charles Kay. 
 Eugene Willard Tiger. 
 
 Emerson Elliott. 
 
 Frank Rolla Bell. 
 
 Jesse Albert Barbre. 
 June 1, 1905. 
 
 Ephriam Monroe Bowers. 
 
 Johnson Harris. 
 
 Ernest Trenary. 
 
 Marion Gibson. 
 
 Dr. Francis M. Adams. 
 
 Timothy Meigs Walker. 
 
 Henry Pierson. 
 
 Eustace Adolphus Hill. 
 
 Vail Kimsey. 
 
 John Casper Lipe. 
 
 William Penn Adair. 
 
 Charles Inglish. 
 
 Andrew Johnson McDaniel. 
 
 Miles C. Chastain. 
 May 31, 1906. 
 
 William Potter Ross. 
 
 Hardy Frank Fleming. 
 
 William Edmonds. 
 
 Emmett Barker. 
 
 Daniel Baker. 
 
 George Pierce Cantrell. 
 
 Bancroft C. Kress. 
 
 Newell Tucker. 
 
 Eugene Gilbert. 
 
 Colonel E. Mayes. 
 
 Dr. Ulyssus Grant Hall. 
 
 Edmond Brigham Arnold. 
 
 James K. Blake. 
 
 Franklin Gritts Milligan. 
 
 George Guinn. 
 
 James Robert Wyly. 
 
 Edwin Bentley Hunt. 
 
 E. P. McCartney. 
 May 29, 1907. 
 
 Cicero Johnson Howard. 
 
 Charles Walton Poole. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 239 
 
 Zoe McSpadden, 
 Nola Alice Monroe. 
 
 Catherine Crafton, 
 
 Lucile Freeman, 
 
 Addie Gravitt and Alice Lynd Gravitt. 
 
 Frances Jane Lindsey, 
 
 Ida Lois Lindsey, 
 
 Ada Painter, 
 
 Bertha Reed, 
 
 Ida Whetzell, 
 
 Earl Preston Whitehill. 
 Ward C. Crawford and Frederick Oyler 
 May 27, 1908. 
 
 Kline Jordan. 
 
 Roy Bearman. 
 
 Gladys Mildred Anderson 
 Sallie Martha Bledsoe, 
 Narcissa Brown, 
 Electa Crittenden. 
 Minnie Berkely Feland, 
 Anna Victoria Hanes, 
 Clara Elizabeth Melton, 
 Ella Quatie Richards, 
 Anna Laura Turner, 
 Lena Norene Ward, 
 
 Joseph Daniel Hicks. 
 Jarrette Bell Harlan. 
 E. B. Bell-'. 
 
 Perkins. 
 Grover Tinnin. 
 May 27, 1909. 
 
 L. C. Freeman. 
 James Edward Wells. 
 
 Frederick McKinney. 
 E. Dickerson. 
 Marcus Grover Cox. 
 Frederick Albert Dedman. 
 Homer F. Gilliland. 
 Joseph Tryon Attenberry. 
 The Female Seminary building, which is two hundred and ninety two feet 
 in length and three stories high, was sold to the state of Oklahoma. 
 Graduates from the Cherokee National Male Seminary. 
 February 1855'. 
 Charles Holt Campbell, Lifty Lowrey. 
 
 Jonathan Riley, Mary Jack nee Gunter. 
 
 Joshua Ross, Muskogee Yargee. 
 
 Ready Taylor and David Lucullus Vann 
 
 February 1856. 
 
 Pauline Holt, Nannie 
 Emetine Stegall ne 
 Eliza Lowrey. 
 Celeste Slidham. 
 
 William W. Campbell, 
 
 Holt and 
 McKnight. 
 
 William Henry Davis, 
 Jeremiah Everett Foreman. 
 Moses C. Frye. 
 Joel Bryan Mayes, 
 
 Martha McNair, Martha Candy and 
 Marv Delilah Drew nee Vann. 
 
 October 1856. 
 
 Benjamin Wisner Carter, Nannie Elliott and Serena Guy. 
 
 Spencer Seago Stephens, Sarah Hicks. 
 
 Allison Woodville Timberlake, Margaret Lavinia Rogers. 
 
 The Male Seminary was closed on October 20, 1856 on account of lack 
 of funds. The Female Seminary was also closed at the end of the regular fall 
 term. Neither of these schools were opened again until after the civil war. 
 
240 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Harvey Wirt Courtland Shelton, 
 George Andrew Williams, 
 
 June 
 William Wirt Hastings, 
 Jefferson Thompson Parks, 
 William Presley Thompson, 
 
 June 
 William Henry Clark, 
 James William Duncan, 
 William Elliott, 
 Walter Adair Frye, 
 Jesse Stephen Lamar, 
 Samuel W. Mills, 
 
 May 
 Thomas Brewer French, 
 Walter Hampton Jackson, 
 Samuel Houston Mayes, 
 Paul Rogers, 
 Lewis Wolf Ross, 
 Henry Benton Smith, 
 Archibald Spears, 
 John Shepherd Thornton, 
 Thomas William Triplett, 
 Charles Edward Vann, 
 John Rogers Hastings, 
 
 June 
 Jesse Crary Bushyhead, 
 Stand Watie Mayfield, 
 Mark Lee Paden, 
 Robert Parris, 
 Lewis Right^, 
 John Otto Rogers, 
 Charles McClellan Ross, 
 Elizur Butler Sanders, 
 Simon Ross Walkingstick, 
 John R. Welch, 
 Walter Duncan West, 
 
 June 
 James Austin Clark. 
 Walter Tolbert Duncan, 
 John Thomas Johnson. 
 Andrew Jackson Martin, 
 James Lee Mills and James Carroll 
 James Tandy Musgrove 
 Phillips Ross and Emmet Starr. 
 Charles Lawrence Saunders. 
 
 1882. 
 
 Mary Anna Elizabeth Duncan. 
 
 Cora Gregg nee Hogg. 
 26, 1884. 
 
 Lulu Mayfield Starr, 
 
 Ruth Etta Duncan, 
 
 Elizabeth Clyde Morris. 
 25, 1885. 
 
 Lilla Flournoy, 
 
 Lucinda Buffington. 
 
 Eliza Jane Blair. 
 Emma Dale Simms. 
 
 14, 1886. 
 
 Delilah Nave. 
 Cherokee Brewer. 
 Florence Nicodemus. 
 
 Mary French. 
 Florence Anna Caleb. 
 Caroline Mary Boudinot. 
 Cynthia Pettit. 
 Elizabeth Bushyhead. 
 Ada Raymond. 
 Elizabeth Victoria Shelton. 
 30, 1887. 
 
 Fay lone Reynolds. 
 Amanda Caroline Thompson. 
 Mary Louvinia Starr and Sarah Nix 
 Edith LaRue. 
 
 Cora Archer Hicks. 
 
 Tommie Scruggs and Susie Morris 
 
 Elizabeth Downing. 
 
 Rebecca Osborn and 
 
 Leona Scraper. 
 28, 1888. 
 
 Anna Stein. 
 
 Anna Belle Morrow. 
 Ward. 
 
 Zena Pace. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHE INDIANS 
 
 •H 
 
 William Arnold, David 
 Snake Lewis Miller, 
 
 W'illiani Wallace Ross, 
 John Caleb Starr, 
 Albert Sidney Wyley', 
 
 George McLaughlin Hughes 
 Richard Napoleon Wallace, 
 Charles Worcester Willey, 
 
 Daniel Edmond Danenburg, 
 James Turner Edmondson,- 
 Samuel Frazier Parks", 
 Rufus Daniel Ross, 
 
 James Frank McCuIlougli, 
 Robert Lee Mitchell, 
 
 George Alexander Cox, 
 Joseph Rasmus Danenburg. 
 George Tolliver Hampton, 
 Landrum Crittenden Jennings, 
 Joseph Johnson Lynch, 
 Edward Butler Smith, 
 Stand Watie Woodall, 
 
 Royal Roger Eubanks, 
 
 William Charles Ghormley, 
 Clifford Rogers, 
 
 John Edgar Butl'ington, 
 James Price Evans, 
 Robert Wyly Fields. 
 Joseph Foreman Gladney, 
 Albert Blunt James, 
 Richard Vance McSpadden, 
 Thomas Asbury Scott, 
 Homer Lafayette Smith, 
 Nathaniel DeWitt Smith, 
 
 Edward Foreman Blackstone, 
 Henry Adair Dameron, 
 
 June 27, 1889. 
 
 ngram and John Melvin Lisenbe. 
 
 Minnie I.. Ballard. 
 December 21, 1890. 
 
 Mary Henrietta Moore. 
 
 Libbie Belle Zimmerman. 
 
 Lillian Alexander. 
 June 23, 1892. 
 
 .A.ddie Boudiuot nee Foreman. 
 
 Mary Forbes. 
 
 Janana Sanders. 
 June 26, 1894. 
 
 Ruth Meacham. 
 
 Julia Phillips. 
 
 Alberta Cora Markham, 
 Tooka Sixkiller and Samantha Parris. 
 June 23, 1895. 
 
 Martha HamptDU. 
 
 Josephine Barker. 
 June 24, 1896. 
 
 Pearl Hampton. 
 
 Fannie Josephine Carr. 
 Janana Benge. 
 Georgia Vann. 
 Ella Pratt. 
 Madge Pad en and 
 June 25, 1897. 
 
 Martha Lelia Morgan and Bessie 
 
 Mc Curry 
 Elizabeth Foreman. 
 
 June 29, 1898. 
 
 Pearl Gillispie. 
 
 Mary Jane Dodson. 
 Lucinda Miller. 
 Frmina Essie Foreman. 
 Daisy Belle Miller. 
 Alice Velinda Flournoy. 
 Lucy Martin. 
 
 June 30, 1899. 
 
 Aneliza Eulalia Sevier. 
 Zona Lanyon. 
 
24; 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKE EINDIANS 
 
 John Meirit Eaton, 
 
 John Casper Lipe, 
 
 Gilbert Stephen Thompson. 
 
 James Milner Crutchfield, 
 WiUiam Richard Harris. 
 DeVVitt Clinton Lipe. 
 John J. Lovett', 
 
 John Walter Adair. 
 William Henry Balentine'-', 
 Walter Maecenas Charlesworth, 
 Robert Bruce Garrett, 
 W^alter Duncan Smith, 
 
 Francis William Caywood. 
 George Washington FieldsS 
 William Clyde Freeman, 
 George Owen Grant-, 
 Dennis Bushyhead McNair. 
 Charles Scott Monroe 
 William Taylor Scott. 
 
 Mary Bond. 
 Anna Belle Price. 
 
 May 24, 1900. 
 
 Ida Lowrey Bell. 
 
 Margaret Loretta Cookson. 
 May 31, 1901. 
 
 Olive Antoine. 
 
 Eugenia Catherine Eubanks. 
 
 Cherokee Vashti Edmondson. 
 
 May 28, 1902. 
 
 Jennie Lula Glass. 
 
 Clara Lowrey. 
 
 Lilian May Cunningham. 
 
 Elizabeth Terrell. 
 
 Claude Eugene Duncan, 
 James Bascom Johnson'', 
 Claude Stephen Mitchell, 
 Rhoderick Dhu Richards, 
 James S. Sanders^, 
 Eugene Willard Tiger. 
 
 William Houston Ballard, ^ 
 
 Andreas Newton Leerskov, 
 
 Houston Bartow Fite 
 
 William Daniel Freeman. 
 
 William Richard Holland, 
 
 William Adair McClellan, 
 
 Clarence Bluford Markham, 
 
 Felix Hurd Mayes and Charles P. Pettit 
 
 Wilson Nivens Smith". 
 
 Samuel Jesse Starr^ 
 
 James Oliver Ward. 
 
 June 10, 1903. 
 
 Allie Marian Shelton. 
 
 Fern Hogue. 
 Grace Raper Wallace. 
 Minnie Holland. 
 Mary Hampton. 
 June 2, 1904. 
 
 Anna Buchanan and Saphronia 
 
 Carr nee Butler. 
 Eril Webb. 
 
 Minnie Buckner. 
 Catherine Oldham. 
 
 Nellie Whitmire. 
 
 Jarrette Bell Har!an\ 
 John Delancy Gulager, 
 Joseph Alexander Patterson, 
 
 June 2. 1905. 
 
 Ida Lois Lindsey. 
 lone Cranston. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEli INDIANS 2M 
 
 May 31, 1906. 
 
 Elmer E. Fields. 
 
 Allen Boudinot Foster, Aurolhi Upcluirch. 
 
 James B. Markham, Blanche Bruce. 
 
 Henry H. Wood-, Winifred Scott. 
 
 May 29, 1907. 
 Andrew Jackson Brown, Nola LeFlore. 
 
 Gunter Duckworth, Pauline Kaho. 
 
 Austin Grant Reagan, Grace Wade. 
 
 Martin Benge Teehee, 
 George Marion Tyner, Ethel Marshall. 
 
 May 27, 1908. 
 John Alvis Alberty, Bessie M. Atkins. 
 
 Perry Ashbrook Foreman. 
 Joseph William Garrett. 
 
 Andrew Denney Lane, Odeyne Henry. 
 
 George Clyde Whitmire. Fannie Dudley. 
 
 May 28, 1909. 
 Leroy A. Byrd and Andrew G. Tiffany 
 Francis Edmond Chouteau. 
 John Grover Scales, Ctaherine Whitley. 
 
 The Cherokee National Male and Female Seminaries were combined in 
 September 1909 and on March 20, 1910 the Male Seminary building was 
 burned and the senior class for that year had their graduation exercises at 
 the Northeastern State Normal on May 3 1, 1910. They were: 
 Elizabeth Dee Bailey, Augustus Chouteau, 
 
 Lorena Allen Bean, William Francis Graham. 
 
 Oliver Maurice Haynes, Rachel Crouch. 
 
 Thomas Herbert McSpadden, 
 
 Susie Lowrey Martin, Robert Walker. 
 
 Lee Roy Mitchell^ Ruth Foreman. 
 
 Grace Reid, Troy Arrington. 
 
 The sum of twenty two hundred dollars was appropriated by the council 
 on December 23, 1842 for the board and clothing of orphan children attend- 
 ing the several public schools of the Cherokee Nation^. Most of these chil- 
 dren were cared for by relatives or adopted into families where they were 
 generally treated as the children of the household. Th maximum amount 
 fixed for board was one dollar per week- and on December 4, 1845 the 
 amount of thirty dollars per annum was fixed as a just compensation for 
 the board and clothing of an orphan, during which time they must attend 
 the regular sessions of the public schools. 
 
 This approximation was accepted as equitable and fair until January 2ri, 
 18723. Soon after this date the orphan asylum was opened in the Male 
 Seminary building^ The establishment of an orphan home school was first 
 considered by an act of Council on December 19, 1842« but on account of 
 lack of necessarv funds the subject w« dismised until Novemhpr ^ isas" 
 
244 HISTORY OF THE CHHROKEH INDIANS 
 
 when a committee consisting of tlie Superintendent of Scliools, Ricliard Tay- 
 lor and Rev. Steplien Foreman were empowered to negotiate witii the au- 
 thorities of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South for the establishment of 
 an orphanage for the education of the orphans exclusively, Therefore, 
 
 Be it enacted hy the National Council, That in order to provide for the 
 education and instruction for the destitute orphans of the Nation, upon the 
 manual labor plan, the Superintendent of Public Schools, Messrs. Richard 
 Taylor and Stephen Foreman, Executive Councilors, be and they are hereby 
 appointed as a committee on the part of the Nation to meet a committee 
 on the part of the Methodist Church South, for the purpose of determining 
 upon the most practicable plan of establishing and conducting schools for 
 the benefit of the destitute orphans of both sexes to be located and established 
 separately and apart at two springs on the mountain between Fourteen Mile 
 Creek and Samuel Downing' s, at a place where William Sourjohn now lives, 
 and the terms on which said Church will take charge of said schools and 
 conduct the same. 
 
 Be it further enacted, That the said Committee, consisting of the Super- 
 intendent of Public Schools, Stephen Foreman and Richard Taylor, Executive 
 Councilors, shall report the result of their conference with the Committee on 
 the part of the Methodist Church to the National Council, for their approval 
 or rejection and should the parties enter into an agreement and the same be 
 approved by the National Council, the said committee shall proceed to assess 
 the value of the improvements of the said William Sourjohn with his consent 
 and the value of the same shall be paid out of the Orphan funds. 
 
 Be it further enacted, That such substantial buildings of logs as may be 
 necessary for the accommodation of about two hundred pupils of both sex, 
 together with the teachers and mechanics, who may be employed to conduct 
 the said schools, shall be built. 
 
 Be it further enacted. That the said Committee be and they are hereby 
 authorized to mature and determine upon the most convenient plan for the 
 building of the aforesaid houses, and to receive proposals and make the 
 necessary contracts for the erection of the same. 
 
 Be it further enacted. That the said Committee be and they are hereby 
 authorized to mature and determine upon the most convenient plan for the 
 building of the aforesaid houses, and to receive proposals and make the 
 necessary contracts for the erection of the same. 
 
 Be it further enacted. That the aforesaid Committee be and they are 
 herel-iy further instructed to agree with the Church that should there be any 
 net profit arising from any of the departments of said schools that the same 
 shall be applied to the support of additional scholars. 
 
 Be it further enacted. That the Principal Chief be and he is hereby 
 authorized, upon the certilicate of said Committee, to issue warrants on the 
 National Treasurer for such sums as may be required to meet anv of the 
 contracts to be paid out of the Orphan fund, and not otherwise appropriated. 
 
 Tahlequah, November 3, 1848. 
 
 Approved — George Lowrey, Acting Principal Chief." 
 Laws of the Cherokee Nation, 1852, page 182. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKtE INDIANS 245 
 
 "1 he Committees appointed on tlie part ot llie Cherokee Nation and of 
 ti:e Missionary Society of the Methodist ifpiscopal Church, South to take into 
 consideration the practicability of establishing a Manual Labor School for Ih.- 
 benefit of the Orphan Children of the Nation, under the care of the Indian 
 Mission conference of said Church, report the foUowinj; as the result of Uuir 
 deliberations and agreement. 
 
 Article 1. There shall be an Orphan Manual Labor School in the 
 Cherokee Nation, under the patronage of the Missionaiy Society of the 
 Methodist l^piscopal Church, South. 
 
 Article 2. The School shall be limited in its ciunniencement from iifiy 
 to one hundred children consisting of equal number of children of both sexes, 
 as nearly as possible. 
 
 Article 3. The site of said school io be selected by the joint Commit- 
 tee acting on the part of the Nation and the Church. 
 
 Article 4. There shall be a board of six Trustees for the Management 
 of the School; three to be appointed by the Nation and three by the Missionary 
 Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. 
 
 Article 5. The buildings for the schools with the necessary fixtures and 
 apparatus, the farm, tools, stock animals with all and every expense, including 
 boarding, clothing, medical attendance, etc. to be paid out of the Orphan 
 School Fund of the Nation. 
 
 Article 6. The children to be well taken care of boarded, clothed, in- 
 structed in all the branches, so far as practicable, of a good English educa- 
 tion. The boys shall be instructed in the use of tools and to work on the 
 farm. The girls; spinning, weaving, knitting, sewing, dairying, with all that 
 pertains to household and domestic economy. 
 
 Article 7. The children admitted into the school not under six nor over 
 fourteen years of age, and to continue in the same so long as the Board of 
 Trustees may think necessary and profitable. 
 
 Article 8. It shall be the duty of the Board of Trustees to examine the 
 accounts of the Institution quarterly, apportion the time for labor and teach- 
 ing and fix he salaries of the teachers. 
 
 Article 9. The number of scholars and the extent of improvements may 
 be enlarged or diminished when the Board of Trustees shall find the same 
 necessary. 
 
 Article 1 0. The Superintendent of said school shall have power to call 
 together the Board of Trustees whenever he shall find the same necessary. 
 
 Article I 1. The Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church. 
 South shall furnish the Superintendent and teachers and pay annually to 
 their support the sum of one thousand dollars. 
 
 Article 12. This agreement shall go into effect so soon as concurred 
 by the authorities of the Cherokee Nation and the Missionary Society of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, South and the proper officers shall have been 
 appointed to superintend and regulate the same. 
 
 Article 13. This agreement may be altered or annulled at any time 
 upon the recommendation of the Board of Trustees; due notice being given 
 of the same to the Cherokee National Council and to the Missionary Roard 
 
246 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. 
 
 Article 14. Should there be any net profits arising from the farm, shops 
 Ac, the same shall he applied to the benefit of the school. 
 
 Article 15. Al speculation, in any way, upon the funds, the property 
 of the Institution, to be carefully guarded against. 
 
 The foregoing articles agreed to and concurred in this 10th day of 
 November 1848; by Walter Scott Adair and Richard Taylor. 
 
 Committee on the part of the Cherokee Nation. 
 Thomas Ruble, Thomas Hurlburt and Thomas Bertholf. 
 Committee on the part of the Missionary Society of the M. E. Church, South. 
 
 Be it enacted by the National Council, That the foregoing agreement be, 
 and the same is hereby confirmed and approved and so much of the act passed 
 3rd day of November 1848, as militates aaginst any of the provisions of said 
 foregoing agreement be and the same is hereby repealed. 
 
 .^nd be it further enacted, That should the said Committees select the 
 improvement of any citizen, for the locations of said school, be and they are 
 hereby authorized to purchase the same, and so much of the act passed as 
 above, as authorizes the said Committee to value any such improvement is 
 hereby repealed. 
 
 But for some reason it failed of fruition.' Another committee was ap- 
 pointed by the council- but no report of their deliberations is available. 
 
 On November 25, 1871 an act was passed by council providing for the 
 establishment of the "Cherokee Orphan Asylum," which was to be located 
 on an estate of not more than two miles square^. The Asylum was opened 
 in the Male Seminary building in 1872. Twenty thousand dollars or so much 
 as may be necessary was appropriated to purchase the location which had 
 already been decided to be the Lewis Ross property at Grand Saline or Grand 
 River, and after further negotiations twenty eight thousand dollars was paid 
 to his heirs.* Necessary improvements were made so that the building on 
 completion would accommodate one hundred twenty five pupils, besides the 
 teachers, Superintendent and his family. > 
 
 Tahlequah, November 10, 1848. 
 
 Approved: George Lowrey, Acting Princijal Chief." 
 Laws of the Cherokee Nation, 1852, page 182. 
 
 The Superintendents were, consecutively: Rev. Walter Adair Duncan 
 1872 to 1882; Rev. Joseph Franklin Thompson 1882 to 1894; William 
 Wallace Ross 1894 to 1897; Rev. Joseph Franklin Thompson 1897 to 
 1901 ; John Henry Danenburg iQoi to 1902. Danenburg was the last Super- 
 intendent under the authority of the Cherokee Nation and he was succeeded 
 under the government supervision by Elias Cornelius Alberty, who was Super- 
 intendent at the time, when on Tuesdav November 17, 1903 it was acci- 
 dentally and entirely destroyed by fire. " The building and equipment was 
 valued at one hundred thousand dollars, exclusive of land. The faculty at 
 the tmie of its destruction was: Principal, Robert Bruce Garrett; First" As- 
 sistant, James Bascom Johnson; Second Asistant, Rhoderick Dhu Richards; 
 hird Asistant, Miss Flora Sabrina Lindsey and Music Teacher, Mrs. Robert 
 l^ruce Garrett.^ 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHHROKIiH INIDIANS 247 
 
 CHAPTER XII 
 Missionary Activities. First Printing. 
 
 When the missionaries commenced work among the Cherokees at the 
 beginning- of the nineteenth century they found a condition awaiting them 
 that was never presented to the christian workers by a heatiien people. 
 Within less than three quarters of a century before, Christian Priber, ex-jesuii 
 had identified himself with this tribe, became one of them, learned their lan- 
 guage, related to them the biblical stories, which the tribesmen had retained 
 and remembered in infinite detail, although they had entirely forgotten Priber 
 and the source of the stories. The sturdy Scotch and English countryman 
 had also insidiously imbued the people with many of their ideas and notions. 
 
 Then the missionary came telling the self same Bible stories that the 
 Cherokees had but recently derived from Priber, but in forgetting him thev 
 attributed them to an origin from their old religion that had legendarily been 
 destroyed by the Ku-ta-ni. Upon an attempt to tell the story of Abraham, 
 the missionary was almost invariably stopped by Cherokee auditors, who 
 then told the story in, to the missionary, astonishing precision, even giving 
 the personal names with remarkable correctness. 
 
 The recently revived New England idea of the evangelization .of the 
 non christians furnished a fresh impetus and many zealous workers to many 
 fields that had been dormant, and the missionaries were entirely oblivious of 
 the principal impelling causes of their advantage among this tribe but on 
 account of the success that attended their efforts, they put forth extra exer- 
 tions to win those who were so appreciative. 
 
 The Cherokees were naturally very amenable to a doctrine and l^elief 
 that was identical with the legends that they thought had come from their 
 primeval ancestry and within three decades became a christian people. 
 
 In ISOI James Vann, a wealthy halfbreed Scotch-Cherokee had a com- 
 modious two story brick dwelling on Chicamauga Creek in North • Georgia 
 and in April of that year Reverends Abraham Steiner and Gottleib Byhan, 
 Moravian missionaries, became his invited guests until they could erect the 
 initial mission buildings at Spring Place, so named on account of the num- 
 ber of springs in the vicinity. During the civil war, long after the mission- 
 aries and Indians had moved away, the bloody battle of Missionary Ridge 
 was fought on its site. In 1821, the Moravians established a mission at 
 Ootcalogy, about thirty miles south of Spring Place. Its creator and di- 
 rector was Reverend John Gambold, who had been at Spring Place since 
 1805. He died on November 6, 1827. 
 
 A mission was established in the western Cherokee nation, on Barren 
 Fork, below the mouth of Tyner's Creek, in Adair County. It was moved to 
 Harmony, near Beatty's Prairie, in the early fifties and after the civil war it 
 was moved to SpringPlace, on the west side of Illinois River, in the northern 
 part of what is now Cherokee County, Oklahoma. 
 
 In 1803, Reverend Gideon Blackburn, a Presbyterian, opened two 
 schools among the Cherokees in the vicinity of the present North Carolma 
 Tennessee line. 
 
248 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 He made two trips through the Cherokee country. One of six weeks 
 in 1808 and one of twelve weeks during the succeeding year. Besides ac- 
 quainting himself with the conditions of the country; he encouraged various 
 industries; especially that of preparing and spinning cotton and wool. This 
 bore rich fruits, in a few years, in the abundance of cloth that was woven 
 and worn by the Cherokees. This cloth became so popular among them 
 that the buckskin garment was a rare sight in the Cherokee country by 1830 
 and the striped home made hunting shirt, which was really a loose frock coat, 
 trimmed with red yarn fringe, of the Cherokees became as distinctive a mark 
 as was the Scotch tartan. 
 
 After the Cherokees came west and became the peacemakers of the 
 plains, this Cherokee hunting shirt became the safest guarantee of life of any 
 emblem that might be exhibited to the hostile Indians between the Mississippi 
 River and Rocky Mountains. 
 
 On account of ill-health. Reverend Blackburn gave up his missionary 
 work among the Cherokees in 1810. 
 
 In 1816, Reverend Cyrus Kingsbury, a native of Alstead, New Hamp- 
 shire, visited the Cherokee country, with a view of locating a mission among 
 the tribe. He reported favorably on the proposition and was delegated by 
 the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, a non denomi- 
 national organization, composed of Presbyterians and Congregationalists, to 
 erect the necessary buildings. 
 
 He arrived at the proposed site, on Chicamauga Creek, on January 13, 
 18 17 and immediately commenced the establishment of Brainard Mission, 
 which was destined to be the precurser of much missionary work among the 
 Cherokees. 
 
 On March 7, IS 17, Moody Hall, a native of Cornish, New Hampshire 
 and Loring S. Williams of Pownal, Vermont arrived at Brainard. Other 
 missionary accessions to Brainard were Reverend Ard Hoyt of Danbury, Con- 
 necticut and Reverend Daniel Sabin Buttrick, on January 3, 18 18. The 
 latter was born at Windsor, Massachusetts on August 25, 1879 and died at 
 Dwight Mission on June 8, I85l. On March 10, iSi8, Reverend William 
 Chamberlin a native of Newbury, Vermont, arrived at Brainard. He was 
 the affianced husband of Miss Flora, the daughter of Reverend and Mrs. Ard 
 Hoyt and they were married at the mission on March 22, 1818. Their son, 
 Amory Nelson Chamberlin was born at Brainard on November 29, 1821. 
 He had an equally fluent command of both the English and Cherokee lan- 
 guages and on account of his unassuming erudition and purity of character 
 he was loved and respected by all that came in contact with him. He married 
 on December 3, 1846 Dolly Eunice, the eldest daughter of his uncle, Milo 
 Hoyt. Mrs. Chamberlin was the granddaughter of George Lowry, Assistant 
 Chief of the Cherokee Nation. Reverend and Mrs. A. N. Chamberlin, died 
 at their home near Vinita during the month of July 1849. His death pre- 
 ceding hers by about three weeks. 
 
 In January 1S18, Catherine Brown, aged seventeen, a three quarters 
 blood Cherokee girl, joined the Presbyterian church at Brainard. Two vears 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHHROKEH INDIANS 240 
 
 later she established Creek Path Mission, near her home in Alabama, a hun- 
 dred miles southwest of Brainard. She died on July 1 l, 1823. 
 
 The mission among the Cherolcees being in successful operation, Rev- 
 erend Kingsbur\- and Wiliams left the Cherokee mission work for a new tielii 
 among the Choctaws, about the first of June 1818. 
 
 In 1819 Reverend Ard Hoyt was Superintendent of Brainard with Rev- 
 erend Daniel S. Buttrick, as assistant. The school had sixty pupils that year. 
 One of them, Lydia Lowrey, aged sixteen, daughter of George Lowrey, later 
 Assistant Chief of the Cherokee Nation, joined the Presbyterian Church and 
 was baptised on January 3 1, I9l9. Shortly afterwards she had a dream in 
 which the words came to her so impressively that on arising in the morning she 
 wrote them out as the first hymn written by a Cherokee. She married Milo 
 Hoyt, a son of Reverend Ard Hoyt and they were the ancestors of the Chero- 
 kee Hoyts. Mrs. Hoyt died on July 10, 1862. John .Arch, "an unpromis- 
 ing looking young man'' entered the school this year. He was a full blood 
 Cherokee from western North Carlina. He soon became a good English 
 scholar and interpreter and was noted for his sincere Christianity and splendid 
 character. He died at Brainard on June 18, 1825. President James Mon- 
 roe, accompanied by Major General Edmund P. and Mrs. Gaines, visited 
 Brainard on May 27 and 28, 1819, stopping over night there. 
 
 Reverend William Potter and Dr. Elizur Butler, with their families ar- 
 rived at Brainard on January 10, 1821. In the autumn of 1844, Reverend 
 Henry C. Benson on his way from the Choctaw school at Fort Cobb to 
 Tahlequah to attend the tirst annual conference of the Methodist church in 
 Indian Territory, which was held at Riley's Chapel, two miles south of 
 Tahlequah from October 23 to 28, 1844, Bishop Thomas A. Morris, pre- 
 siding, described his visit to Fairtield Mission as follows: "We found Dr. 
 (Elizur) Butler sitting in an arm chair, in a dark room, prepared to spend 
 the night in that position. He was suflering from asthma to such an extent 
 as to render it impossible for him to lie upon a bed and sleep in a recumbent 
 position. For many successive nights he had been compelled to sit alone in 
 his dark chamber while the hours were slowly passing. At the ring of the 
 bell we were admitted, with a brotherly and Christian cordiality that was 
 truly grateful to our hearts at the end of our day's journey. Mrs. B., being 
 indisposed, did not rise; but Miss Esther Smith, the teacher of the Mission 
 school, and twn tine Cherokee misses, who were about fourteen years of age, 
 came and, in a few minutes, prepared us a substantial tea. 
 
 We were impressed with the good sense and economy which character- 
 ized, as far as we could discover, the entire establishment. There were no 
 servants; Mrs. B., Miss Smith and six Cherokee girls who had been received 
 into the famib', did the kitchen and chamber work. These girls were nnt 
 treated as servants, but daughters; they were neat, intelligent and sulTi- 
 cientlv cornel V to pass reputably in any society. The furniture of the mis- 
 sion was plain, vet comfortable; while the table was destitute of every article 
 that might be considered a luxury, the food was good, substantial and of 
 sufficient varietv." 
 
250 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 John C. Ellsworth arrived at Brainard on November 24, 182 1 and on 
 the succeeding nineteenth of December John Vail and Henry Parker arrived. 
 
 A grist mill, a saw mill and a blacksmith shop were installed at Brainard 
 during this year. These were for the use of the mission and to accommodate 
 the public. At the end of the year there were eighty seven Cherokee pupils 
 in attendance at Brainard, thirty girls and fifty seven boys. 
 
 Mr. Dean, a blacksmith from Vermont, with his wife, arrived in Janu- 
 ary 1822 and two months later, Ainsworth E. Blunt, a cooper and Sylvester 
 Ellis, a farmer were added to the mission establishment. Blunt was a native 
 of New Hampshire and Ellis of Vermont. 
 
 In May 1822, the property of the Mission was valued at $17,390.00. 
 There were eighty Cherokee and two Osage pupils. These Osages, named 
 by missionaries: John Osage Ross and Lydia Carter, had been adopted by 
 the Cherokee after they had killed their parents in the battle of Pasuga or 
 Claremore's Mound, in the present county of Rogers, State of Oklahoma, in 
 Anoya or Strawberry moon of 1818. Lydia died at Mrs. William L. Lovely's 
 in the Western Cherokee nation in the winter of 1823. The boy was taken 
 to New England by General James Miller, the hero of Lundy's Lane, who 
 was the first governor of Arkansas Territory and ex officio Superintendent 
 of Indian Affairs. He was educated and learned the trade of a saddle, harness 
 and trunk maker, he was living in 183 5 and possibly has descendants in 
 Massachusetts or New Hampshire that are not aware that they belong to the 
 richest nation in the world, as the Osages enjoy enormous quarterly pay- 
 ments. The battle of Claremore mound was won by the Cherokees but 
 they were not always so fortunate in their fights with the Osages, for in 
 October or November 1816 an entire war party of one hundred Cherokees 
 under their favorite war chief Walk in the Water was killed in a battle with 
 the Osages and their allies on White River, excepting the White men : Wil- 
 liam Noland, Col. Lynn and L. D. Lafferty, who were captured and later es- 
 caped. 
 
 On October 12, 1822 Mr. and Mrs. Isaac Proctor of New Hampshire 
 arrived at Brainard and on the thirteenth of the same month Mr. Frederick 
 Ellsworth of Vermont, arrived. 
 
 Reverend Samuel Austin Worcester arrived at Brainard on October 21, 
 1825. He was born at Worcester, Worcester County, Massachusetts on 
 January 19, 1798. Graduated from University of Vermont in 1819 and 
 Andover Seminary in 1.823; ordained in Park Street Church, Boston on 
 August 25, 1825 and departed for Brainard six days later. He remained at 
 Brainard as it supervising missionary through 1826. He left the Cherokee 
 Nation some time during the summer of 182 7 for Boston to supervise the 
 making of the matrices for the Sequoian syllabary, have the type cast and pur- 
 chase a printing press for the Nation. 
 
 The first printing done from this type was in the December number 
 of 1827 of the Missionary Herald, it being the first to the fifth verses of the 
 first chapter of Genesis. He arrived at New Echota, capital of the Cherokee 
 Nation, on Conasanga River, in Georgia, on November 2 7, 182 7 and im- 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHhROKEH INDIANS 
 
 251 
 
 mediately commenced the work of translating the Scriptures from Greek to 
 Cherokee. He also systematized the phonetic arrangement of the Cherokee 
 syllabary to the form that it subsequently bore. The printers: Isaac N. Harris 
 and John Foster Wheeler arrived at New Echota on December 2 3, 182 7 and 
 the press arrived about a month later and volume 1, number 1 of the Phoenix 
 appeared on February 2 1, 1828. Shortly after the issuance of the first copy, 
 John Walker Candy, became an apprentice on the paper. Rev. Worcester 
 was a continuous contributor to the paper and had a great deal of religious 
 literature published from this press. He was arrested by the Georgia 
 militia on July 7, 1831, on the charge of being in the Cherokee Nation, 
 without a permit from Georgia and in violation of an act of the Georgia 
 legislature, bearing date of December 22, 1830.' He was sentenced to the 
 penitentiary on September 16, 1831 and was released by the Governor of 
 Georgia on January 14, 183 3. He returned to Brainard on March 15, 
 
 Chief- 
 
 W. C. ROGERS 
 ^Xovcmber 1903, to November I'Ji: 
 
252 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 1834. Reverend Worcester's lirst wife was Miss Anne Orr, a native of 
 Bedford, New Hampshire. 
 
 Reverend Worcester procured another press and full complement of 
 Cherokee type and emigrated with them to the Western Cherokee Nation 
 where he first stopped at Dwight and then proceeded to Union Mission, on 
 Grand River, arriving there in the fall of 1835 and set up his press from which 
 he published several religious works both in the Choctaw and Cherokee lan- 
 guages, notably the Cherokee Almanac for the year of 1836. These publi- 
 cations were the pioneers of Oklahoma printing. As he moved to Park Hill 
 on December 2, 1836, it is possible that no Almanac was published for the 
 year 183 7, but it was published at the latter place for each consecutive year 
 thereafter, until 1861. Ellas Boudinot soon joined him in the work of trans- 
 laiing and the mechanical press work was done by his son, John Walker 
 Candy and Edwin Archer. Reverend Worcester's second wife, whom he 
 married at Dwight Mission on April 3, 1841, was Miss Ermina Nash, a native 
 of Cummington, who had begun her missionary work at Creek Path Mission, 
 on Nuven-i^er 5, 1825. He died at Park Hill, on April 20, 185''. He and 
 his first wife, nee A. n Orr, a native of Bedford, New Hampshire was buried" 
 in the Park Hill cemetery. 
 
 Miss Lucy Ames, a native of Groton, Massachusetts arrived at Brainard 
 on November 7, 1827. She married at Hawais Mission on August 14, IH^u 
 Dr. Elizur Butler. 
 
 The station at Brainard sustained a great loss by the burning of the 
 principal portion of the Mission buildings on the twelfth of March 183(), in- 
 cluding the kitchen, dining hall, school rooms for both departments, lodging 
 rooms for both scholars and family, together with supplies and furniture. 
 The fire was so rapid that not more than fifteen minutes were allowed for 
 awakening and saving the occupants. There were more than fifty children, 
 besides the missionary family. 
 
 The missionaries, almost frantic with the responsibility, rushed into and 
 through the burning buildings, almost into the very jaws of death, to see if 
 any of the beloved charge remained unsaved. Then, when the roof had 
 fallen in, a rush was made down to the bank of the beautiful Chickamauga, 
 where the saved ones had been ordered to go. There, in the gray morning 
 twilight the lines were formed, the count was made, and all dropped on theii 
 knees and thanked God for deliverance. All were saved.'" 
 
 A mission was established by Reverend Moody Hall on the federal road 
 in Georgia, sixty miles southeast of Brainard, on November 2, 18 19-. It was 
 at first called Taloney but they later changed to Carmel. The school was 
 opened in May, 1820. There were thirty pupils attending in September, 
 1821. Reverend and Mrs. John Thompson and Miss Catherine Fuller were 
 attached to the school on Januarv 23, 1822. Reverend Daniel S. Buttrick 
 had charge of the school in 1823. The school was maintained until 1836. 
 
 Creek Path Mission was established in April 1920 by Miss Catherine 
 Brown, a three quarters blood Cherokee girl. It was in Alabama, one hun- 
 dred miles southwest of Brainard. Reverend William Potter was assigned 
 to Creek Path January l9, 1822 and stayed there until July 1837. "" Dr. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKliH INDIANS 25j 
 
 Hlizur Hutler was attuLhed to Cre.'k Path May 7, 18: t and remained until 
 l.S2(.. Miss Erniina Nash arrived at Creek Path on November 5, 1825 and 
 staid until 1837. Thc're were thirty one pupils at Creek Path in 1828. 
 
 Willstown Mission, located in Will's Valley, Alabama was founded 
 March 28, 182.5 by Reverend William Chamberlin, who had charge of the 
 missi( n until 18 3''. He moved to Illinois and died at Alton on March N, I84<). 
 
 Willstown was so named because it was the home of Will, an auburn 
 haired, halfbreed Cherokee sub-chief. 
 
 Reverend and Mrs. Ard Hoyt, the parents of Mrs. Chamberlin, settled 
 at Willstwn on May 22, 1824 and remained there until his death, which oc- 
 curred on February 18, 1828. Mrs. Hoyt returned north in 1834. 
 
 Hawais Mission, originally called Turnip Mountain, in Georgia, was es- 
 tablished in 1823 by Mr. John C. Ellsworth. Dr. Elizur Butler was attached 
 to Hawais on May 1, 1826. Mrs. Butler nee Esther Post of South Concord, 
 Connecticut died there on November 2 1, 1829. Dr. Butler was arrested by 
 Georgia militia on July 7, 183 1 for residing in the Cherokee Nation without 
 a permit from Georgia; sentenced to the penitentiary on September 16 of that 
 year and released by the Governor of Georgia on January 14, 183 3. 
 
 Etowa Mission, improperly pronounced "Hightower" was founded in 
 1823 by Mr. and Mrs. Isaac Proctor. It was located on Etowa River in 
 Georgia, eighty miles southeast of Brainard and thirty five miles west of 
 Carmel. 
 
 Candy's Creek Mission was founded in 1824 by John Vail and William 
 Holland. In 1828 there were thirty Cherokee pupils in this school. 
 
 New Echota,' the capital of the Cherokee Nation was established by an 
 act of council in 1818. An act providing for the erection of an oft'ice for the 
 "Cherokee Phoenix" was enacted on November l5, I826. New Echota was 
 never used as a mission location, but a church was maintained by the A. B. 
 C. F. M., and a great deal of religious literature was printed on the Phoenix 
 press. 
 
 In July 182(1, Reverends Cephus Washburn and Alfred Finney accom- 
 panied by James Orr and Jacob Hitchcock arrived in the Western Cherokee 
 Nation, Arkansas Territory. Shortly afterward they established Dwight Mis- 
 sion, on the west bank of Illinois Creek, four miles from Arkansas River. It 
 was named in honor of Reverend Timothy Dwight, President of Yale College 
 and the first signatory member of the A. B. C. F. M. 
 
 By the first of October I820 they had erected two "comfortable cabins" 
 and soon afterwards Washburn and Finney returned to Elliott Million, in 
 Mississippi, for their families. They returned to Dwight on May 10, 1821. 
 Miss Ellen Stetson, born March 30, 1873 at Kingston, Massachusetts arrived 
 at Dwight on December 22, 182 1 where she died on December 2P, 1848. 
 
 The missionaries commenced the erection of the school building upon 
 their return to the mission, but before they finished it they ran out of nails 
 and had to go to Union Mission, over two hundred miles distant, to borrow 
 enough to complete the building, which they did and commenced school on 
 January 1, 1822. 
 
254 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 In January 1<'^26, the following missionaries were at D wight: Reverends 
 Washburn and Finney, missionaries; Dr. George L. Weed who afterwards 
 moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, physician and teacher; Jacob Hitchcock, steward; 
 Miss Cynthia Thrall, charge of school; Miss Ellen Stetson, teacher; James Orr, 
 farmer; Samuel Wisner and Asa Hitchcock, mechanics. Reverend and Mrs. 
 Worcester Willey arrived at Dwight on January 31, 1826. 
 
 The Western Cherokees exchanged their land in Arkansas for land west 
 of that Territory on May 6, 1828, and by the succeeding spring practically 
 the entire Western nation had moved to their new possession. For that rea- 
 son it became incumbent on the missionaries to also remove to the Indian 
 Territory. The entire missionaiy establishment of Dwight Mission was mov- 
 ed to and located on the site of Nicksville, the late county seat of Lovely 
 County, Arkansas, in 1828. The location is in the northern half of section 
 two, township twelve north, range twenty-three east and in the south half 
 of section thirty-four, township thirteen north, range twenty-three east in 
 Sequoyah County, Oklahoma. 
 
 Miss Esther Smith, born July 25, 1806, at Harrisburg, N. Y., arrived at 
 Dwight on December 22, 1832. She was transferred to the Mission at the 
 Forks of the Illinois in 1835; to Park Hill Mission in 1836, and back to 
 Dwight in 1838. In 1841 she was transferred to Fairfield, where she con- 
 tinued until her release from the service of the American Board on September 
 6, 1853. She remained in the Cherokee Nation and taught in the national 
 schools. Just before the Civil war she was teaching at Peavine school, which 
 was about one mile south of the present town of Baron. She remained with 
 the Cherokees during the Civil war and died at Fort Gibson in January, 1865. 
 Her remains being interred in the post burial ground, from whence they were 
 later removed and rehuried, by the government contractors, among the un- 
 known dead in the National Cemetery, several years later.^ 
 
 Reverend and Mrs. Jesse Lockwood arrived in Dwight in January, 18 34. 
 He died of fever at that Mission on the succeeding eleventh of July. Mrs. 
 Lockwood returned to New England in April, 1835.' 
 
 On account of the emigration Reverends D. S. Buttrick, William Potter 
 and Elizur Butler came to Dwight from the Old Cherokee nation in 1839. 
 
 Mulberry Mission had been established as a branch station to Dwight, on 
 Mulberry Creek in Pope County, Arkansas, and was moved in 1828 to a lo- 
 cation some fifteen miles north of Dwight and its name was changed to Fair- 
 field. It was placed under the direction of Dr. Marcus Palmer. 
 
 Union Mission, section sixteen, township nineteen north, range nineteen 
 east, in Mayes County, Oklahoma, was established in 1820 by Reverend Will- 
 iam F. Vaill of the United Foreign Missionary Society for work among the 
 Osage Indians. A large farm was established in 1822. It was under the di- 
 rection of" Reverend Wiliam B. Montgomery as missionary and George Requa 
 a "supermtendent of secular concerns." The location was about four miles 
 from the mam mission establishment and run in connection with°the school. 
 
 The tirst Protestant conference, in what is now the state of Oklahoma, 
 washeld at Union Mission, from November second to the seventh 1822; the 
 sessions being from 5:15 a. m. to 9 p. m. of each dav, except the last, which 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 255 
 
 was ended shortly before noon. There were representatives from Union, 
 Dwight and Harmony, which was located on the Maries des Cygnes River in 
 Missouri. Reverend Burton Pixley of Harmony was chosen moderator and 
 Epaphrus Chapman, scribe. 
 
 As early as 182 3 there were fourteen missions at this place and the prop- 
 erty was valued at twenty-four thousand dollars.' 
 
 Ur. Marcus Palmer was granted a restricted license to preach on Novem- 
 ber 7, 1825, by a conference that was held at Union. 
 
 In January, 1826, the missionaries attached to Union were: Reverend 
 William F. Vaill, missionary; Dr. Marcus Palmer, Physician; Stephen Fuller, 
 Abraham Redfield, John M. Spaulding, Alexander Woodruff and George 
 Requa, assistant missionaries, farmers and mechanics, . nd seven females. At 
 this time they had twenty-six pupils. 
 
 On May 10, 1826, the United Foreign Missionary society and the Ameri- 
 can Board of Commissioners for Foreign Affairs were united and continued 
 under the name of the latter organization. 
 
 In the fall of 1835 Reverend Samuel A. Worcester located at Union 
 and set up his mission press. 
 
 Park Hill Mission was founded in about 1829 by Samuel Newton, late 
 of Osage Mission, in Kansas. He named the Mission "Park Hill" on account 
 of the natural beauty of its surroundings. His residence and mission was at 
 Campbell's Spring,^ between the later residence of Chief John Ross and Rev- 
 erend Samuel A. Worcester. The Mission was later moved to a location 
 about a quarter of a mile east of the residence of Reverend Worcester and 
 at the latter place the Mission press was established. Mr. Newton afterwards 
 moved to Washington County, .Arkansas, and was postmaster of Boonesbor- 
 ough in I 847. 
 
 The "Mission at the Forks of the Illinois" was in operation in 1830 and 
 was perpetuated in the Elm Springs Mission. 
 
 Reverend Humphrey Posey, a native of North Carolina, was appointed by 
 the Baptist Board as a missionary to the Cherokees on October 13, 1817.' 
 He immediately repaired to the Western part of his own state, where there 
 were living at that time several thousand of this tribe. Having established a few 
 schools, he felt called to do some exploring in the regions West of the Miss- 
 issippi, doubtless with a view of locating there. His protracted absence caus- 
 ed a loss of interest in the schools and their necessary suspension. On his 
 return earlv in 1820, he established a mission station at Valley Town, on 
 Hiwassee River, in the southwest corner of the State and Thomas Dawson 
 was appointed assistant. A farm of eighty acres was cleared, put m culti- 
 vation and three houses were built. Shortly after the school started, it had 
 forty pupils. _ . 
 
 ' Evan Jones was born in Brecknockshire, Wales on Mav 14, 1/Kh. At 
 the a?-e of fifteen he was apprenticed to a linen draper and spent a number 
 of years with him. While there he met Miss Elizabeth Lanigan. who was also 
 working in this store and in course of time she became his wife The Jones 
 emigrated to America, reaching Philadelphia early in 182 1 Mr Jones had 
 previously left the formal church of England and joined the Methodists, but 
 
256 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 during the summer of 182 1 he and his wife became members of the "Great 
 Valley Baptist Church,,' near their home. It was under the pastorage of 
 Reverend Thomas Roberts, who, with others, was at that time preparing to 
 enter into a mission to the Cherokees. 
 
 A month after the reception of Mr. and Mrs. Jones into the Baptist 
 church, found them members of the missionary band to the Cherokees. Trav- 
 eling in farm wagons these missionaries arrived at Valley Town in Septem- 
 ber, 1821. Reverend Roberts took the directing office of Missionary Superin- 
 tendent and among the other assignments were Isaac Clever, blacksmith; 
 John Farrier, farmer and weaver; Evan Jones, teacher, and it is not known 
 what the other score of people did. The date of the ordination of Evan 
 Jones to the ministry is not known, but we do know that by 1825 he and 
 his family were the only ones of the Great Valley missionary band that still 
 remained with the Cherokee mission work. 
 
 A mission was established at Notley, sixteen miles southwest of Valley 
 Town in the summer of 1822. Shortly afterwards another mission was estab- 
 lished at Tinsawatee.- sixty miles southwest from Valley Town, in Georgia.' 
 In 182 3 the Baptist missions received their convert in the person of John 
 Timson.- In this year they were joined by Reverend and Mr. Duncan O'Bry- 
 ant, who were assigned to the station of Tinsawatee and shortly afterwards 
 he moved themission from Tinsawatee to Hickory Log, a distance of some 
 ten miles.^ 
 
 Kaneeda, a full-blood Cherokee, was converted at Hiwassee in 1829, and 
 became the first native Baptist minister among the Cherokees. On account 
 of his character, Reverend Jones gave him the English name of John Wick- 
 liffe. He began preaching in 1831 and was ordained in 1833. He died in 
 Saline District on November 22, 1857.-' 
 
 During the time that these Baptist missionaries were prosecuting their 
 work among the full bloods in the eastern part of the Cherokee Nation, Jesse 
 Bushyhead, the son of a prominent family, after having attended school in 
 Tennessee, joined the Baptist church and was baptised in 1830. He return- 
 ed to the Cherokee Nation and gathered a congregation at Ahmohee, which 
 was in the neighborhood in which his parents resided. It was not until quite 
 a while after he had built up a good church here that he met any of the Bap- 
 tist missionaries.' He was ordained to the ministry on the same day as was 
 John Wickliffe. Reverend Bushyhead had a circuit of two hundred and forty 
 miles in which he was assisted from 1834 to 1838 by Reverend Beaver Car- 
 rier, a young Cherokee minister who was later a senator from Saline District. 
 
 Reverend Bushyhead was one of the leaders of the Ross party, being at 
 the time of his death on July 17, 1844, Chief Justice of the Cherokee Nation. 
 His disinterestedness in the feudal and political troubles among his people 
 gained for him the pecular distinction of being the only man of any conse- 
 quence among the Cherokees who habitually traveled among his people in the 
 trouWuos period of 1830-46, unarmed, except, as he said, with his Bible. 
 
 Aganoyah, a full blood Cherokee, was a contemporary Baptist minister 
 with Bushyhead and Wickliffe. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 257 
 
 The Baptist church membership in 18 55 in the Cherokee Nation "East" 
 was two hundred and twenty-seven. 
 
 Mrs. Elizabeth Lanigan Jones died at Vailev 'i'own on Februar^v 5, 1S5 1.-' 
 Reverend Jones' second wife was Miss PauUne Cunningham. 
 
 About thirty families from the vicinity of Hickory Log Mission, under 
 the leadership of Reverend O 'Bryant, migrated to the Cherokee Nation 
 "West" in 1831, stablishing New Hope Mission o uBarren Fork Creek and 
 about two miles from the Arkansas line. They shortly afterwards added a 
 grist and saw mill. Reverend O'Bryant died in 1854 and was succeeded by 
 Reverend Samuel Aldrich of Cincinnati, Ohio, who died after one year's serv- 
 ice and then the mission lapsed.^ 
 
 Other accessions to the missionary working force among the Eastern 
 Cherokees were Leonard and Mrs. Butterfield and Miss Sarah Rayner in 1832 
 and Chandler Curtis in 183 5. 
 
 Reverend Bushyhead established a camp near the .Arkansas line upon his 
 arrival in 1839, at which rations were issued to needy emigrants and for this 
 ration the camp was locally known as "Bread Town,"- but he immediately 
 commenced his religious work here and the location soon became known as 
 Baptist Mission, the name that it justly bears to this day, although the mis- 
 sion was removed to Tahlequah by John B. Jones, in 1867. The Jonse> 
 settled at and became a part of Baptist Mission shortly after their arrival \u 
 the Western Cherokee Nation. 
 
 John Buttrick Jones, son of Reverend Evan and Mrs. Elizabeth Lani- 
 gan Jones, was born at Valley Town, North Carolina on December 24, 182 J. 
 He was Cherokee interpreter for his father at the age of thirteen. Was bap- 
 tised by Reverend John Wicklifte in 1844. The Jonses, assisted by Harvey 
 Uphani and Mark Tiger- published at Union Mission the Cherokee Message, 
 a monthly missionary publication a part of which was printed in the Chero- 
 kee language. Its first issue was in August 1844. Only about fourteen is- 
 sues were printed. 
 
 John B. Jones graduated from the University of Rochester, New York 
 in 1855. He :\'as ordained to the ministry in that city on July 14, 1855 and 
 was married there in October of the same year to Miss Jennie M. Smith. They 
 repaired immediately to the Baptist Mission and entered the missionary work.' 
 
 Both Evan and his son John B. Jones were men of magnetic and sympa- 
 thetic presences, splendid acquisitive minds an drare executive abilities. While 
 the father was perfectlv conversant with the Cherokee language, he always 
 used an interpreter when preaching to the Chrokees. The son, having been 
 born in the Cherokee country, rapidly gained a facile and perfect knowledge 
 of the Cherokee language and customs and no man or men were ever able to 
 sway the minds and policies of the full blood Cherokees as did this father and 
 son. 
 
 Thev were the real directors of the Cherokee Nation from 1830 to 1867, 
 through the numericallv dominant full bloods, who as a body were always 
 swayed bv impulse rather than reason. As ministers of the gospel they were 
 apparently meek and humble. In.t the sentiments that they powerfully an.i 
 
258 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 insiduously engendered anion- the full bloods were perforce the governmental 
 policies of Chief Ross. 
 
 At the same time they almost always courted the good will of the astute 
 and suave Ross, hut upon the accession of his nephew, William P. Ross, to 
 the Chieftancy they broke with him and hy promoting an aliance, in 1867, 
 between the friends of Lieutenant Colonel, the Reverend Lewis Downing and 
 the ex-Confederate Cherokees, they formed the Downing party, which after 
 this time elected all the Chiefs, except one Dennis W. Bushyhead and he was 
 opposed to his first election by many of the prominent Ross leaders. 
 
 The Jones' were the moving and dominant spirits in the inception of 
 the Keetoowha Society in 1859. Its membership was at first practically all 
 full bloods and one of its prime principles was abolitionism which severely 
 affected the Ross family, as many of them were large slave owners. On ac- 
 count of this agitation the Jones were proscribed by the federal and national 
 authorities in l86l and then became the active negotiators with their full 
 blood friends in persuading them to give up their affiliation with the con- 
 federacy in 1862, deserting their Colonel, John Drew and the Ross family 
 Drew joined the confederates but almost all the Rosses went over to the fed- 
 eral cause. 
 
 With hardly an intermission the Baptist educational success has been: 
 Valley Town Mission 1820-39; Baptist Mission 1839-67; Baptist Mission ai 
 Tahlequah 1876-85 and because the Cherokee Nation would not make them 
 satisfactory land grants the mission was moved to the Muskogee Nation where 
 its name was changed to Bacom University and has maintained a laudable 
 existence since f885. 
 
 Reverend Evan Jones died in August 1873 and Reverend John Buttrick 
 Jones died on June 13, 1876. 
 
 A unique religious observance among the full blood Cherokees is the 
 annual "Baptist Association' which meets at some selected place on the east 
 side of the Grand River in the late summer or early autumn. They come 
 with their entire families and camp for a week, attending church and fraterniz- 
 ing. Their provisions are assembled in a general tent, cooks are allotted for 
 each meal. These cooks are almost universally clean and mistresses of their 
 art. The meals are served to all and without price. The fervor of their 
 worship is a moral stimulus to all who come in contact with them. As bene- 
 ficient hallowedness seems to permeate the very atmosphere as these people 
 who live close to nature met render their obeisance and thanks to their crea- 
 tor. 
 
 The largest of these Baptist Association establishments was described 
 in the Annual Report of the Commissioners of Indian Affairs for 1859 on page 
 176, as follows: Delawaretown church on September 5, 1859 was a main 
 room eighty by twenty feet, with two side rooms equipped with two stoves and 
 a bell, together with the thirty other buildings which were occupied by the 
 people who came to attend the Association, these were hewn log houses rang- 
 ing from twelve feet square to fifty hy twenty feet and also a comfortable 
 log school house thirty hy twenty beet with a good floor, stove and four glaz- 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 259 
 
 ed windows. This w;is tlie establilsliment of ;i people iiearl}- all full Mo'>d 
 Cherokees, practically all of whom were in moderate circumstances. 
 
 The policy of the Methodists was not to build mission establishments 
 Their work was more along the evangelical lines, primary instruction being 
 subsidiary. 
 
 In 1822, at the solicitation of Richard Riley, Reverand Richard Neeley 
 of the Tennessee Methodist Conference, commenced to preacli in the Chero- 
 kee country. Riley and several others joined the church during this year.- 
 Reverends 1. W. Sullivan and Ambrose F. Driskill succeeded Neeley. 
 
 The first Methodist Mission school was established in the Cherokee 
 country in 1824^ and during that year John Fletcher Boot was licensed to 
 preach. "He was an orator and simple. He was unaffected- unstudied, grace- 
 ful and powerful."'* He died while filling the Canadian District circuit m 
 1852 or 3. 
 
 There were three missions in 1825, four in 1826 and seven in 1827. 
 Truth Fields, a veteran of the Creek war of 1841 was converted in 1826 and 
 licensed to preach during the next year. In 1827 he filled the Coosawalee'" 
 circuit. He was a signer of the constitution of 1839. 
 
 Greenwood LeFlore, Chief of the Choctaws, whose wife was Elizabeth 
 Coody, niece of Chief Ross, was converted and joined the Methodist church 
 in 1827. 
 
 In the fall of 1828 the Tennessee conference made the following ap- 
 pointments for the Cherokee Nation : 
 
 Superintendent of Missions, Reverend William McMahon. 
 
 Wills Valley and Oostanalhi, Reverend 15. M. Ferran with Joseph Black- 
 bird as interpreter. 
 
 Coosawater, Reverend Truth Fields. 
 
 Mount Wesley and Ashbury, Reverend Dixon C. McLeod. A mission 
 school attached. 
 
 Chatooga, Reverend Greenbury Garrett. A school attached. 
 
 Sullacooie, Reverend Nicholas Dutton Scalis.^ A school attached. 
 
 Neeley's Grove, Reverend Allen F. Scraggs. A school attached. 
 
 Conasauga, Reverend Thomas J. Elliott. A school attached. 
 
 General Missionary to travel through the Nation, Reverend James Jen- 
 kins Trott. 
 
 Chief John Ross joined the Methodist church and Reverend Richard Neel- 
 ey died during this year.- 
 
260 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 COMMISSION APPOINTED BY PERSIDENT CLEVELAND, 1893 
 
 Thos. R. Knig-ht Coffee Woodall Darius E. Ward, Sec. 
 
 Jas. M. Keys Wm. H. Hendricks, Prcs. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE IMJlANS 261 
 
 CHAPTER XIII 
 Officers oj Tke Cherokee Nation, September. 9, 18o9toJune30, luOS. 
 
 The anomaly of a fully constitutional government with all of the con- 
 comitant expenses of executive, legislative, judicial and educational depart- 
 ments; being in existence for tifty-nine years, selfsustaining, without direct 
 personal taxes, would seem at first thought, Utopian and impossible. But 
 this was the condition presented by the Cherokee Nation from September 6. 
 1839' to July 1, 1898.- A contented and satisfied communal government in 
 which personal land titles were nonexistant; livestock, had free range, uni- 
 versally attended free schools with free text books, were the center of each 
 annuities of the tribe was to be paid; two-thirds to the Cherokees living east 
 Education was a shibbolath, extreme poverty unknown and individual efforts 
 were often crowned with affluence. 
 
 The permanent funds for the maintenance of the Cherokee Nation was 
 derived from the sale of portions of their tribal lands and had its inception 
 in a provision of an indemnatory article in the United States-Cherokee treaty 
 of October 24, 1804, which provided an annuity to the Cherokee Nation ,of 
 three thousand dollars. 
 
 According to the sixth article of the treaty of February 27, 1819 the 
 annuities oft he tribe was to be paid; two-thirds to the Cherokees living east 
 of the Mississippi River and one third to those that had emigrated to Arkansas 
 and were known as Western Cherokees, in accordance with their estimated 
 proportional population. 
 
 Article ten of the treaty of December 29, 1835, set aside the following 
 amounts from the five million dollars sale price of the Cherokee lands east 
 of the Mississippi River: two hundred thousand as a general fund, fifty thous- 
 and as an orphan fund and one hundred and fifty thousand as a school fund 
 for the Cherokee Nation. 
 
 The permanent annuities that had accrued under the provisions of for- 
 mer treaties were commuted for an additional general fund of two hundred 
 and fourteen thousand dollars. Under the provisions of article twelve it was 
 primarily agreed that one hundred thousand dollars should be used to aid 
 indigent' parties who had previously emigrated west. This award was re^- 
 cinded by a supplementary article that added this sum to the general fund. 
 
 The apportionment of the disbursement of interest on the national fund 
 was divided under the treaty of July 19, 1866, as follows: General fund. 
 fifty per cent; school fund thirty-five per cent and orphan fund, titteen per 
 cent. 
 
 The general fund was used to meet the expenses of the national govern- 
 ment, excepting those of education. 
 
 The onlv official census enumerations available are: 
 1838 - - 22,500. 
 1880 - - 21,920. 
 1890 - - 28,000. 
 
262 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 1900 - - 32,5 76. 
 1910 - - 38,300. 
 
 State bonds purchased and held in trust by the United States for the 
 Cherokees, under authority of the treaty of 1835, as shown by the Report 
 of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for the year 1839: 
 General Fund. 
 5% $ 94,000.00. 
 
 5'/,' 250.000.00. 
 
 57; 300,000.00. 
 
 6% 761.39. 
 
 6% 64,000.00. 
 
 School Fund. 
 5% $ 41,138.00 
 
 53470 10,000.00. 
 
 The interest on their invested funds that were paid to the general fund 
 only as reported by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs in his reports for the 
 following years were given as 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Maryland 
 Missouri 
 
 1839 
 1850 
 1860 
 1870 
 1880 
 1890 
 1898 
 
 $36,085.65. 
 
 28,914.93. 
 53.445.01. 
 43,430.93. 
 30,958.31. 
 71,427.16. 
 
 The exact dates of the regular elections of the Cherokee Nation were 
 on the first Monday of August of the odd numbered years, and were as fol- 
 
 lows: 
 
 September 
 
 Q 
 
 18 39 Chief's 
 
 election 
 
 August 
 
 2 
 
 1841 
 
 
 " 
 
 7, 
 
 1843 " 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 4, 
 
 1845 " 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 2 
 
 1847 " 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 fi! 
 
 1849 " 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 4, 
 1, 
 
 1851 " 
 185 3 " 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 6, 
 
 1855 " 
 
 " 
 
 .. 
 
 3. 
 1, 
 
 1857 
 1859 " 
 
 ,, 
 
 " 
 
 5, 
 
 1861 
 
 
 " 
 
 5, 
 
 1867 " 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 2 
 
 1869 
 
 
 " 
 
 7, 
 
 1871 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 4, 
 
 187 3 " 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 2 
 
 1875 " 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 5, 
 
 1877 
 
 
 » 
 
 4, 
 1, 
 
 1879 " 
 1881 " 
 
 ,, 
 
 John Ross, elected 
 
 Died August 
 1, 1866 
 
 Rev. Lewis Downing, elected. 
 Rev. Lewis Downing 
 Rev. Charles Thompson. 
 Dennis Wolf Bushyhead 
 
 Died Nov. 
 1872. 
 
6, 
 
 1883 
 
 3, 
 
 1885 
 
 1, 
 
 1887 
 
 5, 
 
 1889 
 
 3, 
 
 1891 
 
 1, 
 
 1893 
 
 5, 
 
 1895 
 
 -) 
 
 1897 
 
 7, 
 
 1899 
 
 5, 
 
 1001 
 
 3, 
 
 1903 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHH INDIANS 263 
 
 " Ucnnis Wolf Bushyhead. 
 
 '' Joel Br^an Mayes. 
 
 " Joel Bryan Mayes. Died Dec. 14, 1891. 
 
 " Samuel Houston Mayes. 
 
 " and council only. Thomas Mitchell 
 Buffington. 
 council only. 
 " council only. William Charles Rogers. 
 
 The courib of the Cheiokt'e Nation .vere aoolished by the act of con- 
 gress of June 28, 1898, entitled ''An Act for the Protection of the People 
 of the Indian Territory and for other purposes," effective July 1, 1898. 
 
 Rev. Lewis Downing was Principal Chief from August 1, 1866 to Octob- 
 er 18, 1866. William Potter Ross was elected Principal Chief by council in 
 October 19, 1866, vice John Ross^ deceased and was elected November 11, 
 1872 vice Reverend Lewis Downing, deceased. Assistant Chief Henry Cham- 
 bers having predeceased Chief Joel B. Mayes by four days the succession de- 
 scnded to Thomas Mitchell Buft'ington, President of the Senate, who held 
 the office until Colonel Johnson Harris was elected and qualified on Decem- 
 ber 2 3, 1893 and Bufi'ington was elected as Delegate to Washington. 
 
 William Charles Rogers, the last Chief of the Cherokees was elected in 
 1903 and under the provisions of the United States-Cherokee agreement made 
 at Muskogee on July 1, 1902 this was the last election in the Cherokee Nation- 
 but he was retained as Principal Chief of the Cherokees until his death on 
 November 8, 1917, in order that he, as the properly authotized represenl:;- 
 tive of the Nation, might sign the deeds transferring the title of the commun- 
 ity lands of the Cherokee Nation to the individual allottees of the same. 
 
 Oochalata, who spoke very little Eii,s;lish, was the son of a full blond 
 Cherokee father and his mother was a white woman who spoke the Chero- 
 kee language only. Oochalata owned and operated a good sized mercantile 
 establishment at his home on Spavinaw Creek. On being elected senator 
 from Delaware District in 1867 he thought that he should have an English 
 name and said that as Dr. Jeter Lynch Thompson had been senator for a long 
 time and because he was taking his place he would adopt the name Thompsoi 
 and taking the sound of Chala out of his Cherokee name, Oo-cha-Ia-ta, he 
 called himself Chala or Charles Thompson. For some time before Charles 
 Thompson had been elected Chief, he had been a deacon of the Baptist church 
 and had been acting as the local preacher in the commodious frame church 
 house that he had and maintained. The Baptist church had refused to or- 
 dain him, giving as their reason, the fact that he was a lawyer. Shortly after 
 he was elected Chief he was ordained as a Baptist minister. 
 
 Chiefs John Ross and his nephesv William Potter Ross belonged to the 
 Ross party. Chief Dennis Wolf B-ushyhead belonged to the National party 
 which was formed in 1879 and became the successor to the Ross party and 
 
264 HISTOR YOF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 all of the other chiefs belonged to the Downing party. 
 
 Joseph Vann, who afterwards became a resident of Saline District was 
 elected Assistant Chief on September 9, 1839. On June 26, 1840, Ander- 
 son Vann, an "Old Settler" was chosen to succeed his brother Joseph, who 
 resigned as a result of the political compromise of that date. George Lowery 
 who had been sponsor for Sequoyah was elected Assistant Chief in 1843 and 
 1847. Richard Taylor was elected in 1851. John or "Jack" Spears was 
 elected in 1855. He was a full blood Cherokee; he had been left an orphan 
 at an early age and took his name from a family that adopted him. A splen- 
 did intrepreter, he was a popular and able man. Joseph Vann of Saline Dis- 
 trict was again elected in 1859. Being a confederate sympathizer he was 
 succeeded in the federal Cherokee government by Thomas Pegg in 1862. Pegg 
 was a captain in Drew's confederate regiment, but on joining the federals in 
 1862 he was elected Major of the Second Indian Home Guards U. S. A. 
 Captain James Vann, a cripple, magnanimous, brave and humane was elected 
 in 1867. Robert Buftington Daniel was elected in 1871 and died on Jan- 
 uary 16, 1872. Captain James Vann was again elected, by the council on 
 November 23, 1872 vice Daniels. David Rowe was elected in 1875. Colot;- 
 el William Penn Adair, six foot and two inches in height, magnetic, logical 
 and frankly agreeable, the ablest and most brilliant of all Cherokees, was 
 elected in 1879 and did in Washington, D. C, on October 2 1, 1880. Rab- 
 bit Bunch was elected by council on November 5, 1880 and reelected in 
 1883. Samuel Smith was elected in 1887. Bunch and Smith were pros- 
 perous full bloods, spoke the Cherokee language only and were distinguished 
 orators. Henry Chambers ,a quarter blood or less, noted for his integrity and 
 genial philosophic nature was elected in 1891 and died during an epidemic n( 
 influenza on December 10, 1891. Stephen Teehee, a splendid type of the 
 full blood Cherokee was elected by council on December 23, 1891. Rev- 
 erand George Washington Swimmer, a full blood Cherokee and well to do 
 merchant and farmer was elected in 1895 and 1899. David McNair Faulk- 
 ner, a half blood Cherokee known best by his seasoned wisdom and earnesi 
 integrity. A master Mason in every sense of the term, was elected August 3, 
 1<;)()3. He was retained in the office until June 30, 1914. He died Angus', 
 2, 1914. 
 
 Joseph Vann. George Lowery, Richard Taylor, John Spears were elect- 
 ed by the Ross party. Rabbit Bunch and Henry Chambers belonged to the 
 National party. All of the other Assistant Chiefs were elected by the Down- 
 ing party. 
 
 The constitution of the Cherokee Nation was formed and promulgated 
 near the mouth of the Tahlequah Creek, under a brush harbor but within a 
 few days thereafter the council moved to the present site of Tahliquah and 
 thence forward until the civil war the capitol was at that town, but the lo- 
 cation was not fixed specifically by act of council until October 19, 184 1 
 which was as follows: "An Act Establishing the Seat of Government. 
 
 Be it enacted by the National Council, That the seat of the Cherokee 
 Government is hereby established at Tahlequah. 
 
 Tahlequah, October I9th, 1841. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHHROKEH INDIANS 265 
 
 Approved A. M. V;inn, Acting Chief.'" 
 
 The site was at that time a wooded valley with numerous sprinj;s, we.-i 
 of and adjacent of Rev. Youngwolf's farm which had up to the spring of 183-1 
 been the home of Blackcoat. Third Chief of the Old Settler Cherokees. it 
 was settled by a band of Natchez before Blackcoat's tenure. 
 
 The council passed an act prohibiting the destruction of timber within 
 a quarter of a mile from Tahlequah, on October 4, 1839.- 
 
 One hundred and sixty acres was platted into town lots and sold in 
 1844.' Taleq, Tillico or Tahlequah had for years been a favorite town name 
 with the Cherokees, although the origin of the name is unknown. 
 
 On November 10, 184 7, council authorized the National Treasurer to 
 contract for the erection of two hewed log buildings, each to be twenty feet 
 square, a brick chimney, floored and ceiled overhead with plank, each crack 
 to be stopped inside and out with mortar; shingle roof, one door and four 
 windows, one story high and underpinned with stone. One for the use ol 
 the committee and the other for the council, to he completed by the tirst day 
 of October 1848, at a cost not to exceed two hundred and fifty dollars each. 
 Said buildings to be erected on the public square at or near the sites occupied 
 by the cabins that had been used by the committee and council.- These build- 
 ings were constructed by James Kell who was paid for them by act of council 
 on October 5, 1848.-" On October 14, 1848 an appropriation of four hundred 
 dollars was made by council to have two buildings similar to the committee 
 and council houses built for offices of the Chief and Treasurer.-* They were 
 built in a row on the east side of the square and were used as capitol buildings 
 until the civil war when they were burned on Otcober 28, 1863 by Colonel 
 Stand Watie.' 
 
 Under authority of an act of council of December 9, 1867, the present 
 county court house of Cherokee County, Oklahoma, which was the capitol 
 building of the Cherokee Nation until its dissolution, was built. 
 
 According to the provisions of the constitution of 1839 a full comple- 
 ment of otlicers were elected by that body on or about September 1839.- 
 
 On account of the vigorous protests of the "Old Settlers" and "Treaty 
 Party," on the unequal representation a new alignment of officers was agreed 
 upon by a joint committee of the factions at Fort Gibson on October 26, 
 1840. 
 
 The only members of this council whose names are available are: 
 Committeemen; Thomas Fox, William Rogers, James Carey, Thomas Lewis 
 Rogers. Captain William Dutch, John Duncan, Bluford West, George Wash- 
 ington Adair, Joseph Lynch Martin, John Drew, Thomas Pegg, Reverend 
 Truth Fields, John Spears, George Washington Gunter, James Spears, Hair 
 Conrad, William Shorey Coody, President of the Senate and Reverend Steph- 
 en Foreman, Clerk of the Senate. 
 
 Councilors; Ezekeal Starr, William Holt, Lame Glass, Charles Thornton 
 vice William Thornton,'^ Wind, Samuel W. Bell, James Rogers, Lovely Rogers, 
 Rev. Youngwolf, Speaker of Council and David Carter, Clerk of Council. 
 
 The committee was provided. for bv the twenty-two sections of the third 
 article of the constitution of 18 39. The first eight districts: Delaware Saline. 
 
266 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Going Snake. Tahlequah, Illinois, Canadian, Skin Bayou and Flint were creat- 
 ed by act of council of November 4, 1840. The name of the Committee was 
 changed to the Senate in 1867 but the latter will be used here as a matter 
 of convenience. The Salaries were at first fixed by article three, section ten 
 of the constitution at three dollars per day, subject to change by council. 
 Senators from Delaware District. 
 
 1841. Joseph Martin Lynch and the other one unknown. 
 
 1843. Old Fields and Moses Daniel. The latter elected President of the 
 Senate, vice Charles Coody, deceased. 
 
 1845. James Kell and Anderson Springston. 
 
 1847 . James Kell and Robert ButTington Daniel. 
 
 1849. James Kell and Lewis W. Hildebrand. The former was elected 
 President of the Senate. 
 
 1851. James Kell and Charles Landrum. 
 
 1853. James Kell and Charles Landrum. The former was elected 
 President of the Senate. 
 
 1855. Dr. Jeter Lynch Thompson and Charles Landrum. 
 
 1857. Dr. Jeter Lynch Thompson and Jeffrey Beck. 
 
 1895. Dr. Jeter Lynch Thompson and John Daniel. 
 
 1861. Unknown. 
 
 1867. Charles Thompson and Alexander Hawk. 
 
 1869. Charles Thompson and Alexander Hawk. 
 
 1871. Charles Thompson and John Landrum. 
 
 18 73. Charles Thompson and Benjamin Franklin Landrum. 
 
 1875. Lewis Ross Kell and Benjamin Franklin Landrum. 
 
 1876. February 4th, Moses Ridge, vice Lewis Ross Kell, deceased. 
 
 1877. Moses Ridge and Benjamin Franklin Landrum. The latter was 
 elected President of the Senate and died February 18, 1879. 
 
 1879. Joseph Dirteater and Walker A. Daniel. Daniel died Januarv 
 9, 1880. 
 
 1880. Noember 6, Aaron Tanner, vice Walker A. Daniel, deceased. 
 
 1881. David Dixon Landrum and William Wirt Buffington. 
 1883. Hiram Terrell Landrum and William Coffee Woodall. 
 
 1885. Lucien Burr Bell and William Penn Henderson. The former was 
 elected President of the Senate. 
 
 1887. Lucien Burr Bell and Charles Thompson. 
 
 1889. Lucien Burr Bell and William Penn Henderson. The former was 
 elected President of the Senate. 
 
 1891. Claude Lorraine Washburn and Thomas Mitchell Buffington. 
 The latter was elected President of the Senate. 
 
 1893. Claude Lorraine Washburn and Thomas Jefferson Monroe. 
 
 1895. William T. Davis and Elias McLeod Landrum'. The latter re- 
 signed on account of having accepted a position in Tahlequah. 
 
 1897. Thomas Jefferson Muskrat and John Rogers Hastings. 
 
 1899. Thomas Jefferson Muskrat and John Rogers Hasting^s. 
 
 190L Thomas Jefferson Muskrat and John Rogers Hastings. 
 
 1903. Thomas Jefferson Muskrat and William V. Davis. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 267 
 
 Senators from Saline District. 
 
 1841. James Vann McNair and Joseph Vann. The latter was elected 
 President of the Senate. 
 
 1843. Reverand Beavercarrier and Charles Coody. The latter was 
 elected President of the Senate and died in May 1844. 
 
 Ti-se-ski elected, vice Charles Coody, deceased. 
 
 1845. Clement Vann McNair and John Chambers. 
 
 1847. Clement Vann McNair and Elijah Hicks. The latter was elected 
 President of the Senate. 
 
 1849. John Lucien Brown and Joseph Vann. 
 
 185 1. Robert Daniel Ross and Reverand Lewis Downing. 
 
 1853. Dr. Robert Daniel Ross and Thomas Pegg. 
 
 1855. Dr. Robert Daniel Ross and Clement Neeley Vann. 
 
 185 7. Dr. Robert Daniel Ross and Charles Landrum. 
 
 1859. Dr. Robert Daniel Ross and Reverend Lewis Downing. 
 
 1861. Not known. 
 
 1867. Reverend Ooo-you-su-ta and Tog. 
 
 1869. Reverend Oo-you-su-ta and William Penn Adair. 
 
 1871. Reverend Rope Campbell and William Penn Adair. 
 
 1873. Coti'ee Blackbird and William Penn Adair. 
 
 1875. Reverend Rope Campbell and George Washington Clark. 
 
 1877. Johnson Downing and Reverend Samuel Smith. 
 
 18 7':\ Reverend Ooo-you-su-ta and George Sanders. 
 
 188 1. Frog Sixkiller and Reverend Samuel Smith. 
 
 1883. Frog Si.xkiller and Reverend Samuel Smith. 
 
 1885. George Sanders and Clark Goingwolf. Tiie latter died Decem- 
 ber 23, 1886. 
 
 1887. March 15, Bird Jones elected, vice Clark Goingwolf, deceased. 
 
 1887. Henry Clay Ross and George Sanders. 
 
 1889. Henry Clay Ross and Reverend George Washington Swimmer. 
 
 1891. Daniel Redbird and George Sanders. 
 
 1893. Reverend Samuel Smith and George Sanders. 
 
 1895. Reverend Samuel Smith and Drift Hummingbird. The former 
 was elected President of the Senate. 
 
 1897. George Sanders and John Reuben Leach. 
 
 1899. George Sanders and John Reuben Leach. 
 
 1901. Charles Teehee and Henry Clay Ross. 
 
 1903. Thomas Smith and Daid Welch Ragsdale. 
 Senators form Going Snake District. 
 
 1841. James Starr and Charles Reese. 
 
 1843. Thomas Foreman and Young Glass. 
 
 1845. Thomas Foreman and Reverend Lewis Downing. 
 
 184 7. Jefferson Hair and Dr. John Thornton. 
 
 1840. Jefferson Hair and George Washington Scraper. 
 
 1851. John Murphy and Thomas Fox Taylor. The latter was electee 
 President of the Senate. 
 
 1853. Aaron Wilkerson and James Foster. 
 
268 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDANS 
 
 1855. Aaron Wilkerson and Thomas Fox Taylor. 
 
 1857. George Hicks and Thomas Fox Tayhir. 'l"he latter was elected 
 
 President of the Senate. 
 
 1859. Aaron Wilkerson and John T. Fosted. The latter was elected 
 President of the Senate. Wilkerson died during this term and Henry Crit- 
 tenden was elected as his successor. 
 
 1861. Not known. 
 
 1867. Frog Sixkiller and Bud Gritts. The latter was elected President 
 of the Senate and died on December 1, 1867. 
 
 1869. Frog Sixkiller and Archibald Scraper. The latter was elected 
 
 President of the Senate. 
 
 1871. Tail Sixkiller and John Sliell. 
 
 1873. Tail Sixkiller and Jesse Redbird. 
 
 1875. Johnson Robbins and Jesse Redbird. 
 
 1877. Johnson Robbins and Ezekial Proctor. 
 
 1879. Richard Murrell Wolfe and Adam Feeling. 
 
 1881. Johnson Robbins and Adam Feeling. 
 
 1883. Johnson Robbins and Joseph McMinn Starr. 
 
 1885. John Daniel Buffington and John Gritts. 
 
 1887. Eli H. Whitmirei and Richard Murrell Wolfe. 
 
 1889. Johnson Whitmire and Richard Murrell Wolfe. 
 
 1891. Ellis Ruftington Alberty and Richard Murrell Wolfe. 
 
 -893. Johnson Spade and Richard Murrell Wolfe. The latter was elect- 
 ed President of the Senate. 
 
 1895. Simon Ross Walkingstick and Parker Morris. 
 
 1897. Simon Ross Walkingstick and Wolf Coon. The latter was elect- 
 ed President of the Senate. 
 
 1899. David Hitcher and Ned Bullfrog. 
 
 1901. Lincoln England and Wolf Coon. 
 
 1903. Ezekial Proctor and Ellis Buffington Alberty. 
 Senators from Tahlequah District. 
 
 1841. Daniel McCoy. Resigned. Other Senator not known. 
 
 1842. David Carter, vice Daniel McCoy, resigned. 
 
 1843. John Spears and James Sanders. 
 1845. John Spears and James Sanders. 
 1847. John Spears and Thomas Fox Taylor. 
 1849. John Spears and William Potter Ross. 
 1851. Thomas Pegg and William Potter Ross. 
 
 1853. Nicholas Byers Sanders and William Potter Ross. 
 
 1855. David Carter and WilHam Potter Ross. 
 
 1857. John Thorne and William Potter Ross. 
 
 1859. Thomas Pegg and Johnson Foreman. 
 
 1861. Thomas Pegg. Elected President of the Senate. Other senator 
 not known. 
 
 1867. Allen Ross and Lewis Anderson Ross. 
 
 1869. Allen Ross and Lewis Anderson Ross. 
 
 1871. Allen Ross and Choo-hoo-sta. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEn INDIANS 269 
 
 1873. Lewis Anderson Ross and Choo-hoo-sta. 
 
 1875. Eli Spears and William H. Hendricks. 
 
 1877. Ell Spears and Robert Bruce Ross. 
 
 18/0. Eli Spears and William H. Hendricks. 
 
 1881. Eli Spears and Robert Bruce Ross. 
 
 1883. Jesse Sanders and Lacey Hawkins. 
 
 1885. Ned Grease and John Albion Spears. The latter died. 
 
 1887. May 5, Reverend Evans Price Robinson, vice J. A. Spears, de- 
 ceased. 
 
 188 7. William H. Hendricks and Lacey Hawkins. The latter was elect- 
 ed President of the Senate. 
 
 1889. William Triplett and John Ross Mei^s. 
 
 1891. Ned Grease and Caleb Wilson Starr. 
 
 1893. George Washinglon Benge and Robert Bruce Ross. 
 
 1895 . William H. Hendricks and Daniel (iritis. 
 
 1897 . Skake Manus and Michael Pritchett. 
 
 1899. William Thomas Harnage and Colonel Johnson Harris. 
 
 1901. Gideon Morgan- and George Washington Benge. 
 
 1903. William Thomas Harnage and Charles Lawrence Saunders. 
 Senators from lillinois District. 
 
 1841. Moses Parris and Aaron Price. 
 
 1843. John Drew and William Drew. The latter resigned in Decem- 
 ber 1844. 
 
 John Brewer elected, vice William Drew, resigned. 
 
 1845. Alexander Foreman and Pheasant. 
 
 1847. Alexander Foreman and William Llrew. 
 
 1840. Alexander Foreman and John Drew. 
 
 1851. Alexander Foreman and James W. Daniel. 
 
 1853. Alexander Foreman and Richard Fields. 
 
 1855. Alexander Foreman and James Mackey. The former was elect- 
 ed President of the Senate. 
 
 1857. Alexander Foreman and Richard Fields. 
 
 1859. John W. Brown and John Brewer. 
 
 1861. Not known. 
 
 1867. Roach Young and Pig Smith, JJie latter was elected President 
 the Senate. 
 
 1869. Samuel Houston Benge and William Potter Ross. 
 
 1871. Samuel Houston Benge and Pig Smith. The latter died Octob- 
 er 1, 1871. 
 
 William Potter Ross elected, vice Pig Smith, deceased. 
 
 1873. Samuel Houston Benge and Daniel Hicks Ross. 
 
 1875. Samuel Houston Benge and Roach Young. 
 
 1877. Joseph Young and Roach Young. 
 
 1879. Samuel Houston Benge and Timothy Meigs Walker. The for- 
 mer was elected President of the Senate, vice John Porum Davis, deceased. 
 
 1881. George Oceola Sanders. and Roach Young. The latter was elect- 
 of the Senate. 
 
270 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 1883. Samuel Houston Benge and Roach Young. 
 
 1885. John Hildehrand Cookson and Connell Rogers.^ 
 
 1887. Samuel Houston Benge and Mortor Vann. 
 
 1889. William Potter Ross and Roach Young. 
 
 1891. Edley Levi Cookson and Martin Van Benge. 
 
 1893. Roach Young and Martin Van Benge. 
 
 1895. Roach Young and Edley Levi Cookson. 
 
 1897. Redbird Smith and Connell Rogers. 
 
 1899. Edley Levi Cookson and Connell Rogers. 
 
 1901. Edley Levi Cookson and John Lafayette Brown. 
 
 1903. Martin BtMige and John Lafayette Brown. 
 Senators from Canadian District. 
 
 1841. Captain William Dutch- and the other one unknown. 
 
 1843. Captain William Dutch and Joseph Tally. Both resigned. 
 
 1844. John Shepherd and Nelson Riley, vice Dutch and Talley, resign- 
 ed. 
 
 1845. James Mackey and William Shorey Coody. The latter was 
 elected President of the Senate. 
 
 1847. Captain William Dutch and William Shorey Coody. The latter 
 died April 16, 1849. 
 
 1849. Josiah Reese and Lightninghug Bowles. 
 
 1851. Daid Boggs and Nelson Riley. 
 
 1853. David Boggs and Teesee Guess. 
 
 1855. John Drew and Lightninghug Bowles. 
 
 1857. John Drew and William Douhlehead. 
 
 1859. Joseph Ahalom Scales and Daniel Coody. The latter died. 
 Oliver H. P. Brewer, vice Daniel Coody, deceased. 
 
 1861. Not known. 
 
 1867. John Brewer and John Porum Davis.' 
 
 1869. James Madison Bell and Johnson Foreman. 
 
 1871. Richard Fields and Johnson Foreman. The latter died June 28, 
 1872. 
 
 1872. August 22, Levi Toney elected, vice Johnson Foreman, deceased. 
 
 1873. Richard Fields and John Porum Davis. 
 
 1875. Stephen Hildebrand and John Porum Davis. The latter wa.s 
 elected President of the Senate. 
 
 1877. Joseph Martin Lynch and Calvin Jones Hanks. The latter was 
 killed May 15, 1879. 
 
 1879. Pleasant Napoleon Blackstone and John Porum Davis. The lat- 
 ter was elected President of the Senate and died during this term of office. 
 
 1881. Pleasant Napoleon Blackstone and Colonel Harris. 
 
 1883. Abraham Woodall and Colonel Johnson Harris. The latter was 
 elected President of the Senate. 
 
 1885. Stand Watie Gray and Colonel Johnson Harris. 
 
 1887. Stand Watie Gray and Joseph Martin Lynch. 
 
 1889. Stand Watie Gray and Walter Scott Agnew. 
 
 1891. James Harris and William McLain. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 271 
 
 1893. Stand Watie Gray and Charles Edward \'ann.- 
 
 1895. Henry Clay Lowrey and William Vaiin. 
 
 1897. Henry Clay Lowrey and William \'ann. 
 
 1899. Henry Clay Lowrey and Wilson Girtv. 
 
 lOoi. Henry Clay Lowrey and O. 11. I'. I?rewer. The former died 
 March 20, 1 002. 
 
 1002. August 7, Robert Emmetl West elected vice Henry Clay Lowrey. 
 deceased. 
 
 1903. Robert Enimett West and John Jay Sevier. 
 
 Senators from Skin Bayou District. 
 
 1841. Andrew Sanders and the other one not known. 
 1843. John Benge and James Brown. 
 
 184 7. George Washington Gunter and George C. Lowrey. The latter 
 died on October 2 2- 1848. 
 
 1840. George Washington Gunter and Sanders Choate. 
 
 1851. November 4. The name of the District was changed by act of 
 council fronr Skin Bayou to Sequoyah. 
 
 1853. Joseph Proctor and Nicholas B. Byers. 
 
 1855. Archibald Lowrey and Alexander Alexander. 
 
 1857. James Brown anad Daniel Ross Nave. 
 
 1850. Picken M. Benge and Daniel Ross Nave. 
 
 1861. Not known. 
 
 1867. Joseph Coody and Mink Downing. 
 
 1869. Joseph Coody and Mink Downing. 
 
 1871. William Wilson and Thomas Ross. 
 
 1873. George Washington Wilson. The latter was elected President 
 of the Senate. 
 
 1875. William Chambers and Bluford Baldridge. The latter died De- 
 cember 18, 1875. Rufus Bell Adair elected, vice Bluford Baldridge, deceased. 
 
 1877. Joseph Seabolt and John Childers. 
 
 18 79. David McNaiir Faulkner and John Childers. 
 
 1881. David McNair Faulkner and Chee-chee. 
 
 1883. Charles Oliver Frye^/ and Adam Lacey. 
 
 1885. Stephen Teehee and John Edward Gunter. The latter resigned 
 and was elected a member of the Citizenship Court. 
 
 1887. May 5, Chee-chee elected, vice John E. Gunter, resigned. 
 
 1889. David McNair Falkner and Stephen Teehee. 
 
 1891. Charles Washington Starr and Charles Augustus Fargo. 
 
 1893. John Edward Gunter and Isaac Abraham Jacobs'. 
 
 1895. David McNair Faulkner and Charles Foreman. 
 
 1897. John Edward Gunter and James Coleman. 
 
 1899. John Edward Gunter and James Coleman. 
 
 1901. David McNair Faulkner and Charles Oliver Frye. 
 
 1003. George Washington Baldridge and George Bradley. 
 
 Senators from Flint District. 
 
 1841. Ezekial Starr and the other one not known. 
 
27; 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 1843. Samuel Downing and Jesse Russell. 
 
 1845. James Pritchett and Jesse Russell. 
 
 1847. James Pritchett and Jesse Russell. 
 
 1849. James Pritchett and Glory. 
 
 1851. Jay Hicks and David Sanders. 
 
 1853. Reverend Walter Adair Duncan and Samuel Chambers. 
 
 1855. William Penn Adair and Richard Fields. 
 
 1857. William Penn Adair and William Penn Boudinot. 
 
 1859. William Penn Adair and J. A. Johnson. 
 
 1861. Not known. 
 
 1867. Eli Smith and Walter Christy. 
 
 1869. Eli Smith and Keith Wahlaneeta. 
 
 1871. Rabbit Bunch and George Keith. 
 
 1873. John R. Ross and Johnson Keith. 
 
 1875. John R. Ross and Jackson Christy. 
 
 1877. John R. Ross and Robert McLemore. 
 
 1879. Jackson Christy and John B. Teehee. The latter died and Ned 
 Acorn was elected. 
 
 1881. Samuel E. Sanders and Cicero Leonidas Lynch. 
 
 1883. Ezekial Eugene Starr and Ned Acorn. 
 
 1885. John B. Tulsa and William Young. 
 
 1887. David Muskrat and Jackson Christy. 
 
 1889. James Christy and Rabbit Bunch. 
 
 1891. Ellis West Buft'ington and Adam Sevenstar. 
 
 1893. Ellis Starr and Jackson Christy. 
 
 1895. Andrew Taylor Paden and Charles Poorbear. 
 
 1897. Jackson Christy and David Muskrat. 
 
 1899. Benjamin Gilbreath Fletcher and Charles Scott. 
 
 1901. Benjamin Gilbreath Fletcher and Charles Smith. 
 
 1903. George Ferguson and Richard Lee Taylor'. 
 
 Senators from Cooweescoowee District. 
 
 1857. James McDaniel and Eli Murphy. 
 
 1859. John Chambers and Jackson Tyner. 
 
 1861. Not known. 
 
 1867. James McDaniel and Robin Smith. 
 
 1869. James Conner and Robin Smith. 
 
 1871. John Chambers and Jesse Thompson. 
 
 1873. John Chambers and Jesse Thompson. 
 
 1875. Henry Chambers and James Horsefly. 
 
 1877. Henry Chambers and DeWitt Clinton Lipel 
 
 1879. Clement Vann Rogers^ and John Gunter Schrimsher. 
 
 1881. Clement Vann Rogers and John Mcintosh. 
 
 1883. Clement Vann Rogers and John Gunter Schrimsher. 
 
 1885. Samuel Houston Mayes and DeWitt Clinton Lipe. The latter 
 resigned and was elected a member of the Citizenship Court. 
 
 1887. May 5, Francis Marion Musgrove elected, vice DeWitt Clinton 
 Lipe. resigned. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 27^ 
 
 1887. John Gunter Scrimsher and Riley Wise Liiidsey^ 
 1889. William Charles Rogers and Samuel Houston Mayes. 
 1891. James McDaniel Keys' and Joel Lindsey Baugh. 
 1893. William Edward Sanders' and George Washington Mayes''. 
 1895. William Charles Rogers and John Thomas Gunter. 
 1897. John Gunter Scrimsher and Joseph Martin LaHay. 
 1899. Ellis Bufiington Wright and Clement Vann Rogers. 
 1901. George Washington Mayes and John Franklin'. 
 1903. Joseph Martin LaHay and Clement Vann Rogers. 
 Article three, section nine of the constitution vests the following right: 
 "Each branch of the National Council shall choose its own officers.'' In 
 accordance with an act of council of October 4, 1839 it was stipulated thai 
 "The Clerks of the National Committee and Council shall each receive three 
 dollars per day while in service." The Clerks of the Senate were: 
 
 1S41. Thomas Fox Taylor. 
 
 1843. William Potter Ross. 
 
 1845. Elijah Hicks. 
 
 1847. Dennis Wolf Bushyhead. 
 
 1849. Robert Buffington Daniel. 
 
 1851. William Penn Boudinot. 
 
 1853. William Penn Boudinot. 
 
 1855. William Penn Boudinot. 
 
 1857. Daniel McCoy Gunter. 
 
 1859. Hercules T. Martin. 
 
 1861. Joshua Ross. 
 
 1867. Rev. Stephen Foreman. 
 
 1869. George Washington Johnson. 
 
 1871. George Washington Johnson. 
 
 1873. Lucien Burr Bell. 
 
 1875. Lucien Burr Bell. 
 
 1877. Lucien Burr Bell. 
 
 1879. John Leaf Springston. 
 
 1881. Daniel Ross Hicks. 
 
 1883. John Taylor Drew. 
 
 1885. Robert Taylor Hanks. 
 
 1887. Marmaduke Daniel. 
 
 1889. Andrew Henderson Norwood. 
 
 1891. William Presley Thompson, resigned. 
 
 1893. Charles Worcester Willey. 
 
 1895. Richard Murrell Wolfe. 
 
 1897. Richard Murrell Wolfe. 
 
 1899. Lucien Burr Bell. 
 
 1901. Samuel Frazier Parks, resigned. 
 Edward Northup \\'ashburn'. 
 
 1903. Joel Lindsey Baugh. 
 The Council or lower house- of the Cherokee legislature ^vas Provided 
 for by the third section of article three of the constitution of 18 30 and the 
 
.74 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 salaries were at lirst lixed by article three, section ten at three dollars per 
 day, subject to change by act of council. 
 
 Councilors from Delaware District. 
 
 1841. Rev. j'uhn Huss and the other two unknown. 
 
 184.^. Goo-la-chi, Chu-wa-chu-kah and Hanging Charles. The latter 
 died and was succeeded by Little Pot. 
 
 1845. James D. Wottord, William Tucker and Moses Pott. 
 
 1847. Moses Pott, William Tucker and Peter'. 
 
 1849. Moses Pott, Laugh at Mush and James V. Hildebrand. 
 
 1851. Moses Pott, Laugh at Mush and James V. Hildebrand. 
 
 1853. Laugh at Mush, James V. Hildebrand and Stand Watie. 
 
 1855. Laugh at Mush, Pelican Tiger and Stand Watie. The latter was 
 elected Speaker of the Council. 
 
 1857. Laugh at Mush, Henry Davis and Stand Watie. The latter was 
 elected Speaker of the Council. 
 
 1859. Stand Watie, Pelican Tiger and James V. Hildebrand. 
 1861. Not known. 
 
 1867. Daniel Muskrat, Sequoyah Tanner and Aaron Tanner. 
 
 1860. Aaron Tanner. Daniel Hilder, William Adolphus Daniel and 
 Jeter Thompson Cunningham. 
 
 187 1. Daniel Hider, Moses Ridge, William Adolphus Daniel and Josiah 
 Sutteeyah. 
 
 1875. Josiah Sutteeyah, Walker A. Daniel, William Coffee Woodall 
 and Aaron Tanner. 
 
 1877. Walker A. Daniel, William Coffee Woodall, Jelfrey Beck and 
 Alexander Hawk. 
 
 1879. John M. Miller, Thomas Fox Thompson, Rev. Charles Blue- 
 jacket' and James Tuck Woodall. 
 
 188 1. William Ballard. Aaron Tanner, Oo-so-wie, John Snell, George 
 \\'ashington Fields and Arleecher Ridge. The latter died. 
 
 1882-8-21. Daniel Chopper, vice Arleecher Ridge, deceased. 
 
 1883. Daniel Chopper, Benjamin Seth Landrum, John Martin Daniel. 
 Alexander Hawk, Qualatah and George Washington Ward. 
 
 1885. Benjamin C. Chouteau, William Howell, John M. Miller, Joseph 
 Lynch Thompson, Benjamin Franklin Lamar and Alexander Hawk. The 
 latter was elected Speaker of Council. 
 
 1887. Francis Marion Conner, Joseph Lynch Thompson, John M. 
 Miller, Thomas Bluejacket", Samuel Russell and James Sanford Fields. 
 
 1889. James Sanford Fields, Benjamin Franklin Lamar, John Hawkins, 
 Simpson Foster Melton, Weatherford Beck and James Madison Monroe. The 
 latter died November 10, 1890 and Beck died earlier in the same year. 
 
 1800-10-30. hamuel Nidiffer elected, vice Weatherford Beck', deceased. 
 James Proctor Butler' elected, vice James M. Monroe, deceased. 
 
 1891. William T. Davis, James Riley Copeland," Rev. Jesse Starr, 
 Ezekial Fields, William Ballard and Samuel Niditfer. 
 
 1893. William T. Davis, James Bonaparte Woodall, Percy L. Walker, 
 Thomas Ballard, Daylight Chopper and James Sanford Fields. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHE INDIANS 275 
 
 1895. Benjamin Franklin Lamar, William Henry Doherty- John li. 
 Martin, T. Wyman Thompson^ John M. Miller and William Stover. 
 
 1897. James H. Hildebrand, Jellerson Dick, John Hamilton Gilison"'. 
 Samuel Beck, Andrew Hyder and James Landrum McLaughlin. The latter 
 died November lo, 1897. 
 Benjamin Seth Landrum, vice James L. McLaughlin, deceased. 
 
 1899. Edward Northrup Washburn, Lee Bell Smith", Johnson Fawling. 
 James Franklin McCullough, Benjamin Cornelius England and James Bona- 
 parte Woodall, John Pawling, Daniel Tananeesie and Andrew Hider. The 
 
 1901. George Alexander Cox', Joseph Lynch Thompson, James Bona- 
 parte Woodall, John Fawling, Daniel Tananeesie an dAndrew Hider. The 
 latter died. 
 James Henry Daniel, vice Daniel Hider, deceased. 
 
 l'^io>. William Wiley Ward, Johnson Fawling, John Hamilton Gibson. 
 Walter Winchester Breedlove, James H. Hildebrand and Thomas Thomas. 
 Councilors from Saline District. 
 
 1841. Chu-wa-loo-ky, John W. West anad Brice Martin. 
 
 1843. Oo-soo-ya-duh, Chu-wa-loo-ky and Fishtail. 
 
 1845. Oo-soo-ya-duh, Ka-nee-ta and Standingdeer. 
 
 1847. Chu-wa-loo-ky. Willy Too-wa-ly and Standingdeer. 
 
 1849. Standingdeer, Springfrog and Whale. 
 
 1851. Chu-wa-loo-ky, Jesse Cochran and Sunday. 
 
 1853. Rev. Lewis Downing, Springfrog and Standingdeer. 
 
 1855. Rev. Lewis Downing, Standingdeer and John Chambers. 
 
 1857. Standingdeer, Archibald Vann and Walker. 
 
 1859. Charles Wicklirte, Springfrog and Adam Laeey. 
 
 1861. Not known. 
 
 1867. Stand Whirlwind, Necooie Thompson and Daniel Redbird. 
 
 1869. Moses Sixkiller and the other two not known. 
 
 1871. Chun-he-ne-tah. Lacey Hawkins and CoHee Blackbird. 
 
 1873. Daniel Redbird, Oo-you-su-ta and George Washington Clark. 
 
 1875. Oo-you-su-ta, Cofi'ee Blackbird and Lacey Hawkins. The latter 
 was elected Speaker of Council. 
 
 1877. Daniel Redbird, Youngwolf and Youngbird. 
 
 1881. Johnson Bigacorn, Bird Jones and Benjamin Franklin Adair. 
 
 1883. Goingsnake and Oo-you-su-ta. 
 
 1883-9-10. Bird Jones. Probably on a tie. He was elected speaker 
 at Council. Oo-you-su-ta died July 6, 1884. 
 
 1885. Johnson Bigacorn, George Washington Swniimer and Frank 
 
 Consene. 
 
 1887 Osceola Powell Benge, William Batt and Frank Consene. 
 
 1889. James Wicklirte- Frank Consene and Frog Sixkiller. The latter 
 died in April 1891. 
 
 1891 Frank Consene, Wilson Cummings and Eli Batt. 
 
 1893. William Batt, Jackson Ross and Bird Jones. The latter was 
 elected Speaker of Council. 
 
 1895. Frank Consene, William Batt and Stephen Boney. 
 
276 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 1897. Johnson Bigacorn, Jackson Ross and Eli Batt. 
 
 1899. Lucullus Rowe, Jesse Drywater and Daniel Squirrel. 
 
 1901. William Standingwater, David Hair and Daniel Squirrel. 
 
 1903. James Lovely Bumgarner, George Bluford Downing and Cicero 
 Johnson Howard'. 
 
 Councilors from Going Snake District. 
 
 1841. Robert Parris and the other two unknown. 
 
 1843. De-nah-lah-whi-stah. Sixkiller and William Proctor. 
 
 1845. De-nah-lah-whi-stah, Sixkiller and William Proctor. 
 
 1847. George Hicks, Sixkiller and Archibald Vann. 
 
 1849. John Young, George Hicks and Sixkiller. The latter elected 
 Speaker of Coinicil. 
 
 I85i. Richard Wilkerson, Sixkiller and William Proctor. 
 
 1853. Joseph McMinn Starr, Sixkiller and James Hair. 
 
 1855. John T. Foster, John Young and George Washington Scraper. 
 
 1857. Too-nah-na-la Foster, George Washington Scraper and John 
 Young. 
 
 1859. George Washington Scraper. Cricket Sixkiller and Bird Gritts. 
 
 1861. Not known. 
 
 1867. Archibald Scraper, Tail Sixkiller and John Shell. 
 
 1869. Tail Sixkiller, Corn Silk and John Shell. 
 
 1871. Nee-tah-kee-kah, Soldier Sixkiller and Walter Feeling. 
 
 1873. Archibald Scraper, Eli Wright, John Wright Alberty and Soldier 
 Sixkiller. 
 
 1875. Walter Christy, John Shell, Ellis Hogner and John Williams. 
 
 1877. Tail Sixkiller. Charles Augustus Rider, Walter Christy and Corn- 
 silk. 
 
 1879. Peacheater Sixkiller, John Sanders, George Washington Critten- 
 den and James Crittenden. 
 
 1881. George Washington Crittenden, John Sanders, Tail Sixkiller and 
 John Walking-stick. 
 
 1883. George Washington Crittenden, Wolf Coon, John.son Spade and 
 Joseph Chooie. 
 
 1889. Johnson Spade, William Mitchell Ned Bullfrog and Nelson Ter- 
 rapin. 
 
 1891. John Daniel Buffington, Wolf Coon, Coming Snell and Jeflerson 
 Tickaneesky. 
 
 1893. Lincoln England, Ned Bullfrog, Thomas Still and Carselowy Ter- 
 rapin. 
 
 1895. Aaron Goingwolf, David Blackfox. William Wolf and Edward 
 D. Foreman. 
 
 1897. Lincoln England, Abraham Sixkiller, James Russell and William 
 Wolf. 
 
 1899. Lincoln England, John Sanders, Jack Soap and Walter Scott 
 Whitmire. 
 
 190 1. Francis Clark Adair\ Benjamin Mocker. John Sanders and 
 Thomas Still. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 277 
 
 1903. Thomas Welch, Francis Clark Adair, Edward Adair Clyne' and 
 Alexander Corntassel. 
 
 Councilors from Tahlequah District. 
 
 1841. John Riley and the other two not known. 
 
 1843. John Riley, Archibald Campbell and Hair Conrad. The laitei 
 died November 2, 1844. John Riley died February 14, 1845. 
 
 1845. Joseph Spears, John Young and Archibald Campbell. The lat- 
 ter was elected Speaker of Council. 
 
 1847. Rev. John Fletcher Boot, John Young and Archibald Campbell. 
 The latter was elected Speaker of Council. 
 
 1849. Samuel Downing, James Sanders and Joseph Spears. 
 
 1851. Daniel Colston, Johnson Keith and I.ooney Riley. The latter 
 was elected Speaker of Council. 
 
 1853. Jesse Sanders, Johnson Keith and John Thorne. The latter was 
 elected Speaker of Council. 
 
 1861. Not known. 
 
 1867. Peach Watts, Choo-hoo-stah and Osceola Hair. 
 
 1869. Nathaniel Fish, Osceola Hair and the other one unknown. 
 
 1871. William H. Hendricks, Osceola Hair, Nathaniel Fish, French and 
 Rufus O. Ross. 
 
 1873. William H. Hendricks, John Hendricks, Samuel Osage, Rabbit 
 Downing and Columbus Baldridge. 
 
 1875. James Shelton, Robert Bruce Ross, Ned Grease, Rabbit Down- 
 ing and Joseph Brown. The latter a Negro. Rabbit Downing died October 
 31, 1876. 
 
 1876-11-20. Osceola Hair, vice Rabbit Downing, deceased. 
 
 1877. William Triplett, Ned Grease, Yartunnah -Vann, Osceola Hair 
 and John Hendricks. 
 
 1879. Ellis Johnson, Columbus Baldridge, Ned Grease, John Hendricks 
 and Osceola Hair. The latter was elected Speaker of Council. 
 
 1881. Osceola Powell Daniel, Osceola Hair, Yartunnah Vann, Bug 
 Tucker and John Parris. The latter died July 26, 1882. 
 
 1882-8-21. Samuel Houston Downing, vice John Parris, deceased. 
 
 1883. John Proctor, George Swimmer, Bug Tucker, John Hendricks 
 and Ned Grease. 
 
 1885. George Downing, Calib Starr Thompson, Thomas HendnckJ. 
 Benjamin Kitcher^and Hunter Brown. The latter died April 25, 1886. 
 
 1886-6-11. Phillip Osage, vice Hunter Brown, deceased. 
 
 1887. Mankiller Kitcher, Return Robert Meigs, Johnson Fields, Michae! 
 Pritchett and Benjamin Kitcher. The latter died December 8. 1887. 
 
 1889. Charles Tehee, Wilkerson Hubbard Parris, Philip Bennett. Daniel 
 Gritts and Osceola Dew. 
 
 1891. Daniel Gritts, Thomas Shade. John R. Gourd, Skake Manus and 
 John Hendricks. 
 
 1893. Michael Pritchett, Thomas Horn, Rev. Leonidas Dobaon- Joseph 
 Downing and Stick Ross. The latter a negro. 
 
278 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 1895. Michael Pritchett, Key Ketcher, Return Robert Meigs, David 
 Tipton and Ned Irons. The latter a Negro. 
 
 1897. David Downing, Wilkerson Hubbard Parris, Key Ketcher, Boot 
 Pigeon Jack Roberson. 
 
 1899. Wilkerson Hubbard Parris. John Franklin Wilson, Joseph Down- 
 ing, Ross Taylor Daniel and Jesse Pigeon. 
 
 1901. Wilkerson Hubbard Parris, Benjamin F. Johnson, Robert Col- 
 burn Fuller, Philip Osage and Charles Lawrence Saunders. 
 
 1903. Willes Tayi^or Richards, William Wallace Ross, Noah Parris and 
 Wilkerson Hubbard. 
 
 1903-9-21. Ross Taylor Daniel. Elected on this date on account of a 
 tie in the regular election. 
 
 Councilors from Illinois District. 
 
 1841. Richard Drew, William Drew and Archibald Fields. The latte- 
 was elected Speaker of Council. 
 
 1843. Richard Drew, Archibald Fields and William Drew. The latter 
 resigned in December 1844 and Archibald Fields died in September 1844. 
 
 1844. John Brewer, vice Archibald Fields, deceased. 
 
 1845. Robert Lovett, John Brewer and Allen Ratley. 
 1847. Da-gah-sta-sca, John Brewer and James Mackay. 
 1849. Pheasant, Allen Ratley and Richard Benge. 
 I85l. Allen Ratley, James Souiekiller and Joseph Duval. 
 1853. Allen Ratley, John W. Brown and Moses Parris. 
 1855. John Brewer, George Chambers and Joseph Duval. 
 1853. Allen Ratley, John W. Brown and Moses Parris. 
 1855. John Brewer, George Chambers and Joseph Duval. 
 1857. Ellis Fox Phillips, Edward Smith and Singer Justice. 
 
 1859. Allen Ratley, John Boston and George Chambers. The latter 
 died and was succeeded by Diver Glass. 
 
 1861. Not known. 
 
 1867. John Rogers Duval, Daniel Backbone and John Young. The 
 latter elected Speaker of Council. Daniel Backbone died October 25, 1867. 
 
 1867. Joseph Cornsilk vice Daniel Backbone, deceased. 
 
 1869. Thomas Fox Brewer and the other two unknown. 
 
 1871. Lewis Hicks, Wallace Vann, Robin Crawford and John Rogers 
 Duval. The latter was elected Speaker of Council. 
 
 1873. Robin Crawford, John Mussel, Daniel Kedbird and John Rogers 
 Duval. The latter was elected Speaker of Council. 
 
 1875. William Young. John Mussel, Richard Boggs and John Rogers 
 Duval. The latter two died. Wallace Vann, vice John R. Duval, deceased. 
 
 1876-4-3. Daniel Hicks Ross, vice Richard Boggs, deceased. 
 
 1877. James RaincTow, William Snow Brewer, Bushyhead Sevier and 
 Wallace Vann. 
 
 1879. Simon Girty, Dekinney Waters, George Drum and Henry Clay 
 Starr. The latter died November 16. 1879. 
 
 1879-12-4. Joseph Young, vice Henry C. Starr, deceased. 
 
HISTORY OF Tin; CHEROKEE INDIANS 27<) 
 
 188 1. John Hildebraiui Cookson, Lawson Ruiiyan, Ciiarlcs \\:i>liiii;; 
 ton Starr and John Young. The hUler died. 
 
 1882-8-2 1. John Bean Johnson, vice John ^'oiing, deceased. 
 
 1883. John Benge', Joseph Topp, Dekinney Waters and Colunilius 
 Baldridge. 
 1883-9-10. John Raincrow. 
 
 1885. George Bulleth Foreman, John Walker, Dekinney Waters and 
 Jack Brown. 
 
 1887. Lawson Runyan, Redbird Smith, Joseph I'opp, John Raincrow 
 and Frank Vann. The latter was a Negro. John Raincrow died and was 
 succeeded by George Mc Daniel. 
 
 1889. Redbird Smith, Morgan West, Joseph Tapp, John Glass and 
 George McDaniel. The latter died and was succeeded by Stephen Hildebrand. 
 
 1891. Wallace Thornton, Lorenzo Dow Chambers, Wallace \'ann. 
 Cabin Miller and Fox Glass. 
 
 1893. John Wesley Sharp, Jesse Hair, John Walk'er, Charles Fodder 
 and George Benge. 
 
 18^5. John Wesley Sharp, John Stearns, Creek Sam, Charles Bark 
 and Samuel Stidham. The latter was a a Negro. 
 
 1807. John Terrell. George Waters, .Ale.xander McCoy, John Thomp- 
 son and Charles Percival Pierce. 
 
 1899. Moses Frye Sanders, Dekinney Waters, George Bulleth Fore- 
 man, Richard Martin Walker and Samuel Stephen Sanders. 
 
 1901. Richard Martin Walker, .Alexander Ballard, Alexander McCoy, 
 Moses Frye Sanders and Martin \'an Benge. I he latter was elected Speaker 
 of Council. 
 
 10(1^. Samuel Stephen Sanders, Charles Harris Sisson, Walter Scott. 
 William Frank Sanders and Frank Gonzales. 
 
 Councilors from Canadian District. 
 
 1841. Joseph Talley, Wind and Wrinklesides. 
 
 1843. Lightningbug Bowles, Dahlahseenee and Oosoody. Bowles 
 would not qualify and Lewis Riley was elected. Dahlahsunee died October 
 26, 1844 and Oosoody died November 29, 1844. 
 
 1845. Lewis Riley, John Shepherd and Jetferson Nivens. 
 
 1847. Lightningbug Bowles, Jacob Tho;ne and Wiliam Doublehead. 
 
 1840. Leggings\ David Boggs and William Arnold. 
 
 1851. Charles Chambers, John Porum Davis and third party unknown. 
 
 1853. Leggings, Lightningbug Bowles and Duqulilu Wagon Bowles. 
 
 1855. Dempsey Fields, Lightningbug Bowles and DuquliUi Wagon 
 Bowles. 
 
 1857. Lightningbug Bowles, William Recs and William Arnold. 
 
 1859. Lightningbug Bowles, Cabin Smith and John Porum Davis. 
 
 1861. Not known. 
 
 1867. James Christopher McCoy. Calvin Jones Hanks and Sandci> 
 
 Choate. 
 
 I 860. 
 
 Rev. John Sevier- Charles Drew and other parly unknown. 
 
 !71. Franklin Gritts, James Christopher McCoy and other party un- 
 
280 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 known. 
 
 18 73. Stephen Hildebrand, .John Q. Hayes and Franklin Gritts. 
 
 1875. Rev. John Sevier, Snake Grity and Thomas Watts. 
 
 1877. Rev. John Sevier, Thomas Watts and George Teehee. 
 
 1879. Robert Tavlor Hanks, Henry Clay Lowrey and James Muskrat. 
 
 1881. Robert Taylor Hanks, Thomas Watts, Wilson Girty and Rev. 
 John Sevier. The latter was elected Speaker of Council. 
 
 1883. Wilson Girty. Thomas Watts, George Downing and Ri charJ 
 Crossland. 
 
 1885. Franklin Gritts, George Downing, Richard Crossland and Henry 
 Clay Eowrey. 
 
 1887. Richard Neal, Walter Scott Agnew, Charles Jones and Richara 
 Crossland. 
 
 1889. Isaac Groves, Richard Crossland, William Shepherd and Wil- 
 liam Henry Barker. The latter was elected Speaker of Council. 
 
 William Shepherd died January 23, 1890. 
 
 1801. Thomas Fox Woodall. Isaac Groves, Thomas Fields and John 
 Dimar Jordan'. 
 
 1893. William Vann, Isaac Groves, John Dimar Jordan and Thomas 
 Watts. 
 
 1805. Jesse Bushyhead Raymond, Thomas Jefferson Whisenhunt", Dun- 
 can Leader and William Billingslea Beck^. 
 
 1897. Jesse Bushyhead Raymond, Thomas Jeft'erson Whisenhunt, Wil- 
 liam Billingslea Beck and John Alexander Sevier. The latter died June 5, 
 1898. 
 
 1898-8-8. McCoy Smith, vice John A. Sevier, deceased. 
 
 1899. Robert Emmett West'/, McCoy Smith, David Downing and Jesse 
 Bushyhead Raymond. The latter died October 28, 1900. 
 
 1900-12-3. James Jay Sevier, vice Jesse B. Raymond, deceased. 
 
 1901. James C. Grooves, Walter Scott Agnew, McCoy Smith and John 
 Ross Fields. 
 
 1903. John Ross FieldS' James C. Groves, Thomas Fox Woodall and 
 Anderson Pierce Lowrey. 
 
 Councilors from Skin Bayou District. 
 
 1841. John Lowrey McCoy, Sawnee Vann and the other one not 
 known. 
 
 1843. Tobacco Will, Hunter Langley and James Madison Payne. The 
 latter was elected Speaker of Council. Hunter Langley died in September, 
 1844. 
 
 1845. James Brown Jr., Oganstota Logan and Young Elders. The lat- 
 ter died October 2, 1845. 
 
 1847. Wrinklesides, Nicholas B. Byars and Andrew Sanders. 
 
 1849. Young-puppy, Andrew Sanders and Nicholas Porter. 
 
 1851. Andrew Sanders. Thomas Sanders and Nicholas Porter. 
 
 The name was changed from Skin Bayou District to Sequoyah District 
 by an act of National Council on November 4, 1851. See page 227, Chero- 
 kee Laws of 1852. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 281 
 
 Councilors from Sequoyah District. 
 
 185 3. Black Eo.\, Uutsasa and Walter Lee. 
 
 1855. Dutsasa, Bat Puppy and Step. 
 
 1857. Black Fox, William Benge and Samuel Houston Benge. 
 
 1859. Crapgrass, Walter Lee and William Benge. 
 
 1861. Not known. 
 
 1867. Joseph Seabolt, Stephen Teehee and Cheechee. 
 
 1869. Richard Benge. John Crossland and David McNair Faulkner. 
 
 1871. Richard Benge, Thomas Pettit and Cheechee. 
 
 1873. John Blalock, John Childers and John Choate. 
 
 1875. Joseph Seabolt, John Walkingstiek and Jesse Baldridge. The 
 latter died December 13, 1876. 
 
 1877. David McNair Faulkner, Lorenzo Dow Chambers and Columbus 
 Baldridge. 
 
 1879. Joseph Starr, Cheechee and Frank Mayo Morgan. 
 
 1881. Charles Augustus Fargo, Columbus Benge and Adam Lacey. 
 
 1883. Josiah Seabolt> Joseph Starr and William Holt. 
 
 1885. William Holt, Josiah Seabolt and Thomas Blair. 
 
 1887. Edward Everett Adair, George Washington Gunter and Davia 
 M. Lee. 
 
 1889. Joseph Starr, William Holt and Calvin Fargo. 
 
 1891. William Chuculate, Thomas Blair and John Roastingear. 
 
 1893. George Washington Swimmer, William Bethel and James Cole- 
 man. 
 
 1895. Obediah Martin Benge, Isaac Abraham Jacobs\ and Edward 
 Everett Adair. 
 
 1807. James Madison Seabolt. George Chuculate and William Charles 
 Dumont Patton". 
 
 1809. David Jesse Faulkner"', James Wllloughby Breedlove^ and John 
 Roastingear. 
 
 100 1 .William NuchoUs Littlejohn"', Andrew Jackson Rogers and Ellis 
 
 Starr. 
 
 1903. Tandv Walker Adair, Daniel Holt and Gideon Jay Patton. 
 Councilors from Flint District. 
 
 1841. Samuel Chambers, Oganstota Logan and one other. 
 
 1843. Chu-noo-luh-hus-ky, Bark Flute and David Downing. 
 
 1845. Chu-noo-luh-hus-ky, John Key and Bark Flute. 
 
 1847. Bark Flute, William Grimmett and George Chambers. 
 
 1840. Charles Downing. John Keith and George Chambers. 
 
 1851. George Chambers, Charles Downing and Eli Smith. 
 
 1853. George Chambers, John Keith and George Blair. 
 
 1855. Charles Downing, Ellis Sanders Harlan and John Glass. 
 
 1857. Charles Downing, William Gritlin and John Glass. 
 
 1859. William Grit^in, James Vann and Tsa-la-tee-hee. 
 
 1861. Not known. 
 
 1867. Wah-lah-nee-tah, Alexander Scott and Chicken Christy. 
 
 1869. Not known. 
 
282 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 1871. Oo-squa-Iuke, Chicken Christy and Poorbear. 
 
 1873. Oo-squa-luke. Chicken Christy and John B. Tulsa. 
 
 1875. Charles Poorbear, James Christy and Richard Glory. 
 
 1877. Nicholas B. Byers, John Shell and John Batt. 
 
 1879. David Muskrat, Charles Sanders and Samuel E. Sanders. 
 
 1881. French Rowe, Robert McLemore and James Teehee. 
 
 1883. John Justice, Dirtthrower Vann and Sundaychair. 
 
 1885. French Rowe, Lewis Cochran and Sundaychair. The latter died. 
 
 1885-10-1'5. Rev. Isaac Sanders, vice Sundaychair, deceased. 
 
 1887. Charles Siiiith, Johnson Simmons and Robert McLemore. The 
 latter died and Taylor Duncan was elected in his stead. 
 
 1889. James Christy, Charles Poorbear and James Starr. 
 
 1891. Lewis Cochran, John Justice and Candy Adair. 
 
 1893. Chulio Liver, George Scott and Rufus Cochran. 
 
 1895. Hoolie Sanders, Dirtthrower Vann and Johnson Simmons. Tlie 
 latter was elected Speaker of Council. 
 
 1897. Oo-squa-luke, Wiley Bolin and Peter Bird. 
 
 1899. Dirtthrower Vann, Andrew Otterlifter and Geor.i^e Deer-in-the- 
 water. 
 
 lOoi. James Starr, Geors^e VVashin^^ton Fernuson and William Taylor. 
 
 l9o3. Thomas Colbert Butlinijton, Martin Hopper and Thomas Sanders. 
 
 Counciiors from Cooweescoowee District. 
 
 185 7. John Chambers, Robin Smith and John Lucien Brown. 
 
 1859. Lewis Melton, James Hair and Oo-soo-ya-ta. 
 
 1861. Not known. 
 
 1867. Jesse Thompson, Writer and John Glass. 
 
 1869. Jesse Thompson, John Chambers and Juniper Mills. The latter 
 was elected Speaker of Council. 
 
 1871. John Lucien Brown, John Pawling, Hiram Terrell Landrum and 
 Writer. 
 
 1873. Hiram Terrell Landrum, Samuel Houston Downing, Joseph 
 Thompson and Thomas Hatchett. 
 
 1875. Thomas Hatchett, Looney Riley, Jesse Thompson and Joseph 
 Thompson. 
 
 1876-2-28. John Bullette, vice Joseph Thompson, deceased. 
 
 1877. William Henry Mayes, William McCracken, Bear Timpson ana 
 Jesse Thompson. The latter was elected Speaker or Council. 
 
 1879. Rev. Dempsey Fields Coker, George Swannock, William Sunday 
 and John H. Secondyne. 
 
 1881. Francis Marion Musgrove, James Horsefly, Joe Parker, William 
 Charles Rogers, Josiah Henry, Johnson Fisher and John R. McNair. 
 
 1883. William Charles Rogers, John Young, Washington White, Albert 
 Morris, John Glass, John Martin Thompson and John Lucien Brown. The 
 latler died April l 2, 1884. 
 
 1884-7-14. Nelson Foreman, vice John L. Brown, deceased. 
 
 1885. James Walker, Nelson Foreman, Albert Morris, Austin Lowrev, 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHliROKHi; INDIANS 2.S3 
 
 Marmaduke Daniel, George VVashinotoii Bible and George Wa^hiir^tnr, 
 Mayesl. 
 
 1887. Edward Sunday, William Winter Chambers, James Chambers. 
 George Washington Walker, Arthur Armstrong, Daniel Webster Vann and 
 Henry Rogers. The latter died. 
 
 1888-1-24. Francis Marion Musgrove, vice Henry Rogers, deceased. 
 
 1889. George Washington Walker, Ezekial Taylor, William Winter 
 Jerry Alberty. The latter a Negro. 
 
 1891. John M. Tucker, William Richard Mills, John Ross Carter, Jo- 
 seph Benson Coblr, George W^ashington Mayes, Ale.xander Lewis McDaniel 
 and George Washington Clark. The latter was elected Speaker of Council. 
 
 1893. Joseph Benson Cobb, Coocoodigesky, Valentine Gray, Samuel 
 Tiblow, Kollin Kirk Adair, John Sarcoxie and James Monroe Crutchtield. 
 The latter died. 
 
 1894-9-25. Caldean Ward, vice James M. Crutchtield, deceased. 
 
 1895. Jesse Bean Burgess, Daniel Webster Vann, Bluford West Rider. 
 Cyrus Cicero Cornatzer, Job Parker, William Johnstone and John R. Gourd. 
 
 1897. John Sanders, Benjamin Hildebrand, George Washington Walk- 
 er, Josiah Henry, Ellis Buftington Wright and John Ross Mslntosh'. The 
 latter was elected Speaker of Council. 
 
 1899. Benjamin Hildebrand, Bluford West Starr, Cyrus Cornatzer. 
 Ellis Manchell Eaton, Frederick McDaniel, Edward Alexander Adair and 
 James Sanford Davenporf. The latter was elected Speaker of Council. He 
 was the only White man that was in the constitutional succession to the office 
 of Principal Chief of an Indian tribe. 
 
 1901. Samuel Houston Mayes, Henry Cirkham Walkey'', George Pump- 
 kin, William Lafayette Trott\ Teesee Chambers, Ellis Manchell Eaton and 
 Emmett Starr. 
 
 1903. John Zollicotfer Hogan, Virgi IHarvey .-Xdair, John Henry Shu- 
 feldt', John Young, John Lewis Denho, Francis .-Mexander Billingslea and 
 William Joel Walker. 
 
 Delaware District was named from a town or settlement of Delaware 
 Indians on the south side of Spavinaw Creek, near Eucha from about 1820 to 
 18 39. 
 
 Saline District was named for the salt spring at Grand Saline, one mile 
 east of Salina. 
 
 Going Snake District was named for Goingsnake, a noted Cherokee ora- 
 tor and Speaker of Council in 1828. 
 
 Tahlequah District was named for the town of Tahleijuah, capita! of 
 the Cherokee Nation from 183<) to 1898. 
 
 Illinois District was named from Illinois River, which was named by the 
 early French "courier du bois." 
 
 Canadian District was named from Canadian River. This district al- 
 ways nominated only one ticket for election. 
 
 Skin Bayou District was named from the stream of that name. Th- 
 name was changed to Sequoyah in honor of the inventor of the Cherokee syl- 
 labary. 
 
284 HISTORY OF THE CHHROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Flint District was named tor its predominent geological formation. 
 Cooweescoowee was Chief John Ross' Cherokee name. 
 
 Clerks of the Council. 
 See Article three, section nine of the constitution for authorization of 
 ollice and act of Council of October 4, 1839 for salary. 
 
 1841. Rev. Jesse Bushyhead. 
 
 1843. Jonathan Mulkey. 
 
 1845. Rev. David McNair Foreman. 
 
 1847. Hercules T. Martin. 
 
 184';). Hercules T. Martin. 
 
 1851. Thomas B. Wolf. 
 
 1853. Thomas B. Wolf. 
 
 1855. Hercules T. Martin. 
 
 185 7. Hercules T. Martin. 
 
 1859. Thomas B. Wolf. 
 
 1861. Thomas B. Wolf. 
 
 1867. Thomas B. Wolf. 
 
 1869. Clement Neeley Vann. 
 
 1871. Ellis Sanders. 
 
 1873. George Osceola Sanders. 
 
 1875. Allen Ross. 
 
 18 77. John Francis Lyon. Resigned. 
 
 Daniel Ross Hicks, vice John F. Lyon, resigned. 
 
 1879. Daniel Ross Hicks. 
 
 1881. Joel Bryan Mayes. Resigned. 
 
 Joel B. Mayes, resigned. 
 
 1883. Seaborn Cordery. 
 
 1885. Clark Charlesworth Lipe. 
 
 1887. Richard Baxter Choate^-. 
 
 1889. William Presley Thompson. 
 
 1891. Walter Goss Fields. 
 
 1893. John Henry Dick. 
 
 1895. John Reuben Leach. 
 
 1897. William Wallace Ross. 
 
 1899. Claude Stull Shelton. 
 
 1901. Claude Stull Shelton. 
 
 l':)0 3. Martin Rowe. 
 Judges of Delaware District. 
 Office authorized by the Constitution of 1839. 
 
 Salary one hundred dollars per annum. Act of Council October 4, 1839. 
 Benjamin B. Wisner 1841; James Kill 1843; James V. Hildebrand 1845; 
 David Kell 1847; Peter 1849 and I85l; George Owen 1853 and 1855; 
 Luther Rice 1857 and 1859; Elowie Butler 1867 and 1869; William Coffee 
 Woodall 1871; Unknown 1873; Isaac Turner 1875; Robert Fletcher Wylev 
 1877, 1879, 1881 and 1883; Joseph Lynch Ward 1885 and 1887; Thomas 
 Mitchell Buffington 1889, having been elected senator he resigned in Novem- 
 ber 1891 and Dudley H. Tucker was appointed; Joseph Lynch Ward 1891; 
 
HISTORY OF THE CllHROKHE INDIANS 285 
 
 Elias McLeod Lundium' 180.3; Joseph L.ynch Ward 1895 aiui James Bima- 
 parte W'oodall in 1 S')7. 
 
 Judges of Saline District. 
 
 Bluford West 1841; Bird Doulileliead 184i and 1845; John Mclnlosh 
 1847; Benjamin B. Wisner 1849; Joseph V. Chugan' I85l; Archibald Vann 
 1853; Daid Rowe 1855 and 1857; Andrew Ross 1859; Not known 18()l; 
 Charles Wicklitie 1867 and 1869; Saturday Vann 1871, suspended; Redbird 
 Sixkiller, June 6, 1872, vice Saturday Vann; Saturday Vann 1873; Elowie 
 1875; Not known 1877; Coffee Blackbird 1879; George Washington Scraper 
 1881; Carter Daniel Markham 1883; Henry Clary Ross 1885; ColTee Black- 
 bird 1887, he died January 26, 1888, Charles Wickliffe, appointed vice Cotlee 
 Blackbird, deceased, Charles WicklilVe died August lo, 1888, George Feeliii.< 
 appointed August 14, 1888 ice Charles Wicklille, deceased; David Welch 
 Ragsdale 1889; Henry Clay Ross 18<)i, is')^ and 1895 and Edward Svlvesler 
 Adair 1897. 
 
 Judges of Going Snake District. 
 
 Joseph McMinn Starr 1S4 1 ; Moses Downing 1843, he died September <>, 
 1845; John T. Foster 1845; Benjamin Vann 1847; Eli Murphy 1849; E. G. 
 Smith 1851; Eli Murphy 1853; John D. Paxton 1855; Johnson Reese 1857; 
 Johnson Robbins 1859 and 1867, Wiley Glover Thornton 1869; Henry 
 Crittenden 1871; Johnson Whitmire 1873; Nelson 'i'errapin 1875; Joseph 
 McMinn Starr 1877; James Lafayette Bigby 1879, 1881 and 1883; Jesse 
 Redbird 1885; John Virgil McPherson 1887; Edward D. Foreman 1889: 
 Adam Lacey I89i; Joseph McMinn Starr 189^, he died and Pleasant H. Hol- 
 land \\'as appointed; John R. Crittenden 1895, he died in July 1896 and 
 John W. Holland was appointed; Joseph Smallwood 1897. 
 Judges of Tahlequah District. 
 
 David Carter 1841; Riley Keys 1843; Thomas B. Wolf 1845; .Mose 
 Hildebrand 1847; David Hildebrand 1849; Thomas Davis 1851 and 1851; 
 Jay Hicks 1855; David Hildebrand 1857; Thomas Davis 1859; Jackson R. 
 Gourd 1867; Unknown 1869; Jackson R. Gourd 1871; James R. Hendricks 
 1873 and 1875, he was suspended and Henry Dobson Reese, appointed; Wil- 
 liam H. Turner 1877; Mankiller Ketcher 1879; Lord Wellington Shirley 
 1881; Osceola Hair^ 1883; John Wesley Wolf 1885 and 1887; Benjamin 
 King 1889; Lord Wellington Shirley 1891; John Wesley Wolf 1893; Jef- 
 ferson Robertson 1895 and William Triplett 1897. 
 Judges of Illinois District. 
 
 James Mackav 1841; James SouiekiUer 1843 and 1845; John Thomp- 
 son 1847; Smith Thornton 1849; Unknown 1851; George Washingto:i 
 Gunter 1853; Rev. Walker Carey 1855; James Mackey 1857; James Souie- 
 kiUer 1859; Unknown 1861; Amos Thornton 1867; Jacob Bushyhead l80O; 
 Amos Thornton 1871 and 1873; George Osceola Sanders 1875 and 1877; 
 Amos Thornton 1879; Timothy Meigs Walker 1881; George Osceola San- 
 ders 1883; John Silversmith 1885, he died and Thomas Ballard was ap- 
 pointed on December 29, 1886. Ballard died March 12, 1887 and George 
 Osceola Sanders was appointed March 23, 188 7. Wallace Ratley 1887. 
 
286 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 GeorgL- BuUette Foreman 1.S89 and 1891, he died July 4, 1892 and Richard 
 Martin Walker was appointed; Edley Levi Cookson 1893; Henry Clay Mdgs 
 1895 and William Thompson 189 7. 
 
 Judges cf Canadian District. 
 
 John Brewer 1841; Robert G. Anderson 1843; Nelson Riley; George 
 Washington Campbell 1847; William Reese. 1849; Lewis Riley I85l; Wil- 
 liam Reese 1853; Star Deer in the water 1855; Dempsey Fields 1857; Wil- 
 liam Doublehead 1859; James Ore 1861; Joseph Martin Hiidebrand 1867 
 and 1869; Abraham Woodall 1871, 1873, 1875, 1877, 1879 and 1881; 
 Stephen Hiidebrand 1883 and 1885; Henry Clay Lowrey 1887 and 1889. 
 Herman Johnson Vann 1891 and l8')3; Walter Scott Agnew 18')5 and 
 Herman Johnson Vann 1897. 
 
 Judges of Skin Bayou District. 
 
 William Wilson 184!; Michael Waters 1843, he died April 6, 1845, 
 George Washington Gunter 1845; Felix Riley 1847 and 1849; Unknown 
 185L 
 
 Judges of Sequoyah District. 
 
 George Washington Gmiter 1853 and 1855; William Wilson 1857; 
 Dah-lah-see-nee Foster 1859; Unknown l86l; Samuel Adair 1867; Ezekial 
 Starr 1869; Franklin Faulkner 1871; Ezekial Starr 1873 and 1875, he died 
 and Franklin Faulkner was appointed; Franklin Faulkner 1877, 1879, 1881 
 and 1883, he died and John Childers was appointed April 4, 1885; Oscar 
 Fitzaland Adairl 1885 and 1887; Isaac Abraham Jacobs 1889 and 1891, he 
 was elected Senator and resigned in November 1893, George Vann was ap- 
 pointed; Lacey Lasley 1893; Andrew Jackson Russell 1895 and 1897. 
 Judges of Flint District. 
 
 Eli Sanders Harlan 1841; Eli Smith 1843; George Washington Candy 
 1845; Jay Hicks 1847; Thomas Jefierson Pack 1849; Unknown l85l; Eli 
 Sanders Harlan 1853; Samuel Adair 1855 and 1857; Eli Smith 1859; Samuel 
 Adair 1867; Jackson Christy 1869 and 1871; Samuel Adair 1873, 1875 and 
 1877, he died February 18, 1879 and Jackson Christy was appointed March 
 24, 1879; Robert Wesley Walker 1879; Benjamin Franklin Paden 1881, 
 John B. Tulsa 1883; Benjamin Franklin Paden 1885, suspended May 7, 
 1886 and George Cochran, appointed, Benjamin Franklin Paden, reinstated 
 November 11, 1886; John B. Tulsa 1887; Johnson Swimmer 1889; Benja- 
 min Franklin Paden 1891; Charles D. Patterson 1893; R. W. Johnson 1895 
 and Richard Baxter Choate 1897. 
 
 Judges of Cooweescoowee District. 
 
 Not known 1855; John Lucien Brown 1857; Charles Coody Rogers 
 1857; Jackson Tyner 1861; Daniel Ross Hicks 1867 and 1869; Charles 
 Coody Rogers 1871, 1873 and 1875; Clement Vann Rogers 1877; Alexander 
 McCoy Rider 1879; James Cristopher McCoy 1881; John Anthony Foreman 
 1883; Walter Adair Starr 1885, 1887, 1889 and 1891; Jolin Gunter 
 Scrimsher 1893; Walter Adair Starr l«os and 1897. 
 Sheriffs of Delaware District. 
 
 Jesse Cochran 1841 and 1843; Choo-wa-chu-kuh 1845; Charles Land- 
 rum 1847 and 1849; Jesse Buffington 1851; Choo-wa-chu-kuh 1853; Archi- 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHH INDlAiNS 2S7 
 
 bald Ballard 1855 and 1857; suspended and Choo-wa-chu-kuh app.pinled- 
 Archibald Ballard 1859; Thomas Jefferson McGhee 1867; William Siieli 
 1869; Stand Suagee 1871; John Martin Daniel 187.5; James Tincup 1S7S 
 and 1877; Andrew Cummings Johnson 1879; David Suagee 1881; Joseph D 
 Muskrat 1883; Benjamin Seth Landrum 1885; William Penn ' Henderso.i 
 1887; Percy Wyley 1889; Thomas Jefferson Monroe 1891; Thomas Jeffer- 
 son Muskrat 1893; John Lafayette Dameron 1895 and Benjamin Cornelius 
 England 1897. 
 
 Sheriffs cf Saline District. 
 
 John Lucien Brown 1841, 1843 and 1845; George Cochran 1847, 
 Hiram Terrell Landrum 1849; George Cochran 1851; Jefferson 'Hicks 1853 
 and 1855; Joseph V. Clingan 1857 and 1859; George Downing 1867; Back- 
 water 1869; John Leaf Springston 1871, suspended' and Frank Consene, ap- 
 pointed; Jackson Rope 1873 and 1875, he died and John Wickliffe, ap- 
 pointed; Henry Clay Ross 1877, 1879 and 1881; Osceola Powell Benge 
 1883 and 1885; Edward S.vlvester Adair 1887; Jesse Sunday 1889, he died 
 and William Smith was appointed February 1 1, 1890; John North West 1891 ; 
 Napoleon Bonaparte Rowe 1893; John Henry Ross 1895, he died and George 
 Downing was appointed September 23, 1897; David Ridge 1897, he died 
 and James Lovely Bumgarner was appointed. 
 
 Sheriffs of Going Snake District. 
 
 George Washington Scraper 18^.1 and 1843; Benjamin \'ann 1845, 
 Aaron Wilkerson 1847 and 1849; Eli Sanders 1851; Cornelius Wright 1853, 
 Eli Sanders 1855; Cornelius Wright 1857; Eli Sanders 1859; Ezekial Proctor 
 1867; Daniel Webster 1869; John R. Wright 1871, 1873 and 1875; John 
 Walking-stock 1877; Nelson Foreman 1879; George Washington Lee 1881; 
 Andrew Taylor Akin 1883; John Walkingstick 1885; Lincoln England 1887- 
 Benjamin Knight 1880; Thomas Welch 1891; Isaac Walkingstick 1893, killed 
 May 4, 1 804 and Ezekial Proctor appointed; John Sanders 1895 and 1897. 
 Sheriffs of Tahlequah District. 
 
 Benjamin Downing 184 1 and 1843; Daniel (irasshopper 1845; Nicholas 
 Byars Sanders 1847, 1849 and 1851; Benjamin Downing 1853; Wah-la-nee- 
 ta 1855; Nicholas Byars Sanders 1857; Brushwood 1859; Eli Spears 1867. 
 1869 and 1871; Robert Bruce Ross 1873: Henry Clay Barnes 1875. sus- 
 pended and John Ross Meigs appointed March 18, 1876, Henry Clary Barnes 
 was reinstated by council and again suspended March 17, 1877 and Harris->n 
 Williams, appointed; Henry Clay Barnes 1877; Madison Sanders 1879 and 
 1881; Aaron Turrell 1883 and 1885, he was suspended August 13. I8S7 and 
 John Ross Meigs appointed on same day; George Roach 1887; Jay T. 
 Clark 1889; Ezekial Proctor Parris in I89i; Charles Proctor 1893; Leonard 
 Williams 1895, he was suspended and Philip Osage was appointed on March 
 20, 1897; Andrew Bell Cunningliam 1897. 
 
 Sheriffs of Illinois District. 
 
 Alexander Foreman 1841 and 1843; George Fields 1845; Samuel Mc- 
 Daniel Tavlor 1847; Robert Brown 1849; Tatnall Holt Post 1851; Corn- 
 silk 1853; John W. Brown^ 1855; George Washington Brewer 1857; Martin 
 McCoy 1859; Bear Brown 1867; William Young 1869; Lovely Rogers 1871. 
 
288 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 187 3 and 1875, he died and Emory Linder was appointed January 5, 1877 
 Dekinney Waters :877, he was elected to council and resigned and Edward 
 Adair Walker was appointed on November 3, 1879; Redbird Smith 187Q, 
 Samuel McCoy 1881; Thomas R. Gourd 1883; John Lafayette Brown 1885; 
 John Benge= 1887; John Lafayette Brown 1889, 1891 and 1893; Henry 
 Ganoe Adair 1895 and Joseph J. Cookson 1897. 
 
 Sheriffs of Canadian District. 
 James Mackey 1841 and 1843; James Ore 1845; Josiah Reese 1847; 
 John Shepherd Vann 184^'; James Starr 1851; Nelson Riley 1853; Joseph 
 M. Reese 1855; John Porum Davis 1857; Charles Drew 1859; Unknown 
 1861; Charles Drew 1867; John Q. Hayes 1869 and 1871; Stand Watie 
 Gray' 1873; Thomas Jefferson Bean 1875 and 1877, he was suspended and 
 Henry Clay Lowrey was appointed April 16, 18 79; McCoy Smith, 1879, 
 William Mosley West 1881; Stand Watie Gray 1883, he was suspended and 
 William Vann, appointed June 20, 1884; William Vann 1885, 1887, 188'"' 
 and 1891; John Calhoun West 1803; Robert Emmett West 1895 and 
 Thomas Graves 1807. 
 
 Sheriffs of Skin Bayou District. 
 George C. Lowrey 1841, 1843 and 1845; Daniel Ross Nave 1847 and 
 1849; William Benge 1851. 
 
 Sheriffs of Sequoyah District. 
 Carter Daniel 1853; Bluford Baldridge 1855 and 1857; Bat Puppy. 
 Jesse Baldridge 1867; Rufus Bell Adair 1869; Samuel Gunter 1871, he died 
 and Bluford Baldridge was appointed; Richard Benge 1873; John Edward 
 Gunter 1875 and 1877; Albert M. Johnson 1879 and 188 1, he was killed 
 May 5, I882 and Robert Faulkner was appointed; Thomas Blair 1883, 
 George Washington Baldridge 1885; Thomas Blair 1887; Josiah Seaboll 
 1889; Robert Czarnikow 1891; John Faulkner 1895; MitchellEllis 18^5 and 
 George Washington Baldridge 18Q7. 
 
 Sheriffs of Flint District. 
 William Griffin 1841, 1843 and 1845, he was suspended December 4, 
 1845; Wihiam Foreman 1847; Isaac Proctor 1849; William Chambers 1851; 
 Runabout Scraper 1853, 1855 and 1857; Samuel Adair 1859; Unknown 
 1861; Jackson Christy 1867; Unknown i860; John B. Tulsa 1871; Lewis 
 Quinton 1873; Cicero Leonidas Lynch 1875 and 1877; John Bell Adair 1870; 
 Ellis Starr 1881; Thomas Tail 1883 and 1885, he died September 18, 1886 
 and Charles Smith was appointed; Richard Lee Taylor 1887 and 1889; John 
 Bell Adair 1891; Richard Lee Taylor 1893; Charles Smith 1895 and John 
 Bell Adair 1897. 
 
 Sheriffs of Cooweesccowee District. 
 
 John W. T. Spencer 1855; John Lucien Brown 1857; Daniel Ross 
 Hicks 1859; Unknown IS6I; John Gunter Schrimsher 1867; John W. T. 
 Spencer 1869 and 1871, he was suspended for attempting to destroy election 
 returns and John M. Smith was appointed December 2, 1872; William Mc- 
 Cracken lS7i and 1875; John Gunter Scrimsher 1877; Jesse Cochran 1879; 
 Samuel Houslnr. Mayes IfiSi; Jesse Cochran 1883; William Edward Sanders 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 28^ 
 
 1885 and 1887; Edward Alexander Adair 1889; William Edward Sanders 
 1891; James Tandy Musgrove 1893, he was killed June 3, 1895 and Joel 
 Bryan Cornelius Ward was appointed; Joel l^ryan Cornelius Ward 1895 and 
 1897. 
 
 Solicitors of Delaweire District. 
 
 "Be it enacted by the National Council, Tluit a Solicitor or Attorney be 
 chosen by a joint vote of both houses of the National Council for each Uistrict. 
 whose term of service shall be one year; and such Solicitor or Attorney, be- 
 fore he enters on the duties of his oflice, shall be commissioned by the Princi- 
 pal Chief. 
 
 Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of such Solicitor or At- 
 torney, to prosecute, in behalf of the Nation, all persons charged with crimin- 
 al offenses. * * * See Laws of the Cherokee Nation, 1852. Pages 52, 84, 
 107, 132, 170 and 219. Anderson Springston 1841, 1842, 1843 and 1844. 
 William Wilson 1845 and 1846; Chuwachukah 184 7 and 1848; Isaac New- 
 ton Hildebrand 1849, 1851 and 1853; Horsefly 1855; Joel Tucker 1857, 
 Isaac Newton Hildebrand 1859; Moses Sixkiller 1867; Unknown 1869; Run- 
 about Six 1871; Lome Seven 1873'; Joseph Dirteater 1875; Dumplin O'- 
 Fields 1877, he died on December 7, 1878 and Samuel Melton was appointed 
 December 25, 1878; Cyrus Cornatzer 1879; Surry Eaton Beck 1881; Joseph 
 Lynch Thompson 1883; Surry Eaton Beck 1885; Charles Ewing Snell 1887 
 and 1889; James Bonaparte Woodall 1891; Joseph D. Muskrat 1893; James 
 Franklin Crittenden IS05 and Simpson Monroe Melton 1897. 
 Solicitors of Saline District. 
 
 Clement Vann McNair 1841 and 1842; James Shepherd Vann 1843 and 
 1844; Isaac Springton 1845 and 1846; Black Haw 1847 and 1848; George 
 Cochran 1849; Isaac Dick 1851; Rope Campbell 1853; DeWitt Clinton Dun- 
 can 1855; Levi Toney 1857; Rope Campbell 1859; James Smith 1867; Un- 
 known 1869, 1871 and 1873; Fallingpot 1875; George Washington Clark 
 1877; Tan-yu-nee-sie 1879; James Chuleowa 1881; John Wickliflfe 1883 and 
 1885; Walter Adair West 1887; MiU-ird Filmore Hicks 1889; Jesse Dry- 
 water 1891; Rider Fawling 18O?; Ju;»es Keener l8g5 and Daniel Squirrel 
 1897. 
 
 Solicitors of Goinflt Snake District. 
 
 Unknown 184 1, 1842, 1843 and 1844; Joseph A. Foreman 1845 and 
 1846; James Madison Payne 184 7 and 1848; Thomas Johnson 184"; 
 Thomas Wilkerson I85l and 1853; Gu-le-stu-ee-ski 1855; John Alexander 
 1857; John Dougherty 1859; Aaron Goingwolf 1867; Unknown I860. 
 187 1 and 1873; John Gritts 1875, he was suspended and George Washington 
 was appointed August 16, 1876; Unknown 1877; Joseph Smallwood 1879, 
 Ellis Hogner I881'; Joseph Smallwood 1883; David Hitcher 1885; Nick- Snip 
 1887; Samuel England 1889; Mark Bean I8OI; David Hitcher 1893; Mark 
 Bean 1895 and Newton Morton 1897. 
 
 Solicitors of Tahlequah District. 
 
 Leroy Kevs 184 1 and 1842; Thomas B. Wolfe 1843 and 1844; Heniy 
 Dobson Reese "l845 and 1846; Huckleberry 1855; Brushwood 1857; Huckle- 
 berry 1859; Nelson Terrapin 1867; Unknown 1869, 1871 and IH73; Wil- 
 
290 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 liam Triplett 1875, he was suspended and Henry Dobson Reese was appointed: 
 Lewis Hawkins 1877, he was suspended and Bark. Nugen was appointed 
 April 17, 1879; Ezekial Tucker 1879; William Triplett 1881; Daniel Gritts 
 1883; George Washington Benge 1885; Daniel Gritts 1887; Wilson Sanders 
 1889; John Henry Dick 1891; Daniel Gritts 1893; Charles Deer in the 
 Water 1895 and 1897. 
 
 Solicitors of Illinois District. 
 
 Alexander Foreman 1841 and 1842; Daniel Spencer 1843 and 1844; 
 George Washington Parris 1845 and 1846; Robert Brown 1847 and 1848; 
 Tatnall Holt Post 1849; Unknown 1851; James Souiekiller 1853; David 
 Rat 1855; aJmes Souiekiler 1857; John Kickup 1859 and 1867; Unknown 
 1869; Charles R. Gourd 1871, he resigned and Lewis Ross Thornton was 
 appointed November 13, 1872; Unknown 1873; Joseph Young 1875; Sol- 
 die-r Tolen 1877; Lewis Ross Thornton 18 79; Soldier Tolen 1881; Martin 
 Van Benge 1883, 1885, 1887 and 1889; George McDaniel 1891, he was 
 killed and Charles Percival Pierce was appointed July 15, 1893; Edward 
 Adair Walker 1893, 1805 and 1807. 
 
 Solicitors of Canadian District. 
 
 Lewis Riley 1841 and 1842; David Boggs 1843 and 1844; Robert G. 
 Anderson 1845 and 1846; David Boggs 1847 and 1848; George Washing- 
 ton Campbell 1849; Unknown 1851; Star Deerinthewater 1853; John 
 Porum Davis 1855; Charles R. Gourd 1857; Gah-luh-do-la-duh 1859; Levi 
 Toney 1867; Charles Edwin Watie 1869; Snake Girty 1871 ; Unknown 1873, 
 William Penn Payne 1875, suspended for incest, John Taylor Drew ap- 
 pointed; Johnson Blythe 1877; he died July 3, 1878 and James Halfbreed 
 appointed, he died January 13, 1879 and Snake Girty was elected February 
 3, 1879; Robert IVlcDaniel 1879; Isaac C. Groves 1881; Snake Girty 1883: 
 David Downing 1885; James Jay Sevier 1887; Claude Hanks McDaniel 1889 
 he resigned and William Wilson Harnage was appointed; James Jay Sevier 
 1891, 1893, 1895 and 1897. 
 
 Solicitors of Skin Bayou District. 
 
 James Madison Payne 184 1 and 1842; Joseph Blackbird 1843 and 
 1844; Daniel Ross Nave 1845 and 1846; Robert Brown Jr. 1847, 1848 and 
 1849; Unknown 185 1. 
 
 Solicitors of Sequoyah District. 
 
 Sut-tee-yah 1853 and 1855; Ellis Sanders 1857; Samuel Houston 
 Benge 1859; John Lee 1867; Unknown 1869 and 1871; Rider Swimmer 
 1873, he died and Lacey Lasley was elected November 12, 1874; Chee-chee 
 1875, he was suspended and Arthur Austin was appointed in March 1876; 
 Rluford Baldridge 1877, Lacey Lasley, appointed vice Bluford Baldridge and 
 Chee -chee was elected; Lacey Lasley 1879; Robert B. Patton 1881; Bluford 
 Sittingdown 1883; Eli Carselowry 1885; Lacey Lasley 1887; Andrew Jack- 
 son Jeremiad' 1889; James T. Stewart 1891; Eli Sanders 1893, Jeremiah 
 M. Seabolt appointed Au,s:ust 8, 1895 vice Eli Sanders; Smith Baldridge 189? 
 and Clement C. Morton 1897. 
 
 Solicitors of Flint District. 
 
 Ellis Sanders Harlan 1841 and 1842; Brushheap 1843 and 1844; Wil- 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 291 
 
 liam H. Foreman 1845. 1846, 1847 and 1848; David Sanders 1S49; Un- 
 known 1851; Jesse Owen 1853; John Cochran 1855; Jumper Duck 1857, 
 Alexander Dollar 1859; Jesse Redbird 1867; Unknown 1869, 187 1 and 
 1873; Robert McLemore 1875; Yellowbird Adair 1877, he resigned and 
 John Batt was appointed September 15, 1879; John E. Welch 1879 and 
 1881; David Muskrat 1883; Ellis Starr 1885, 1887 and 1889; Charles 
 Lawrence Saunders 1891; Taylor Duncan 1893; Charles Gettingdown 1895 
 and James Lee Walker 18')7. 
 
 Solicitors of Cooweescoowee District. 
 
 Unknown 1857 and 1858; Charles Busliviiead 1859; John Mcintosh 
 1867; Unknown 1869, 1871 and 1873; John Mcintosh 1875, he was sus- 
 pended and Josiah Henry was appointed; Rev. Dempsey Fields Coker 1877; 
 James McDaniel Keys 1879; Bryan Ward 1881; James McDaniet Keys 
 1883; Jese Cochran 1885 and 1887; James Eliott 1889; Elias Cornelius 
 Alberty 1891 and 1893; John Bullette 1S"5 and James Lincoln Taylor 1897. 
 District Clerk of Delaware District. 
 
 Article V. Section 68 Cherokee Code ot 1875, page 55. "There shall 
 be one clerk for each of the several districts of this Nation, who shall be a 
 resident of the district for which he may be elected, and who shall be elected 
 by the qualified ellectors thereof, and commissioned as provided by law." 
 The first election occurred in each District on Janury 2 1, 1874. 
 
 Joseph Miller Ross 18 74, 18 75, 18 77 and 18 79; John Henry Covel 
 1881; Joseph Miller Ross 1883, 1885 and 1887; Robert Emmett Adair 1889, 
 July 29, 1890; aJmes Robert Garrett I80i; William Walter Wright 18^13, 
 1895 and 1897 = 
 
 Clerks of Going Snake District. 
 
 Benjamin Franklin Goss 1874 and 1875; Unknown 1877; William 
 Covington Ghormley 1879, 1881 and 1S83; John R. Wright 1885, 1887 
 and 1889, he died April 2 7, 1800 and James Robert Garrett was appointed 
 July 29 1890; James Robert 1 80 l ; William Walter Wri^it 1893, 1895 and 
 1897^. 
 
 Clerks of Tahlequah District. 
 
 Osceola Powell Daniel 1874; Daniel Ross Hicks 1875; Allen Ross 1877. 
 1879, 1881, 1883, 1885, 1887 and 1889, he died April 21, 1891 and Eli?5 
 Cornelius Boudinot Jr. was appointed on April 22, 1891; Thomas William 
 Triplett 1891, 1893 and 1895; Benjamin F. .lohnson 1897. 
 Clerks of Illinois District. 
 
 George Osceola Sanders 1874; George Washington Benge 1875; Rich- 
 ard Martin Walker 1877 and 1879; Martin Ross Brown 1881; Thomas Jef- 
 ferson Thornton 1883; Richard Martin Walket 1885; Thomas JetTerson 
 Thornton 1887; Nicholas McNair Thornton 1889 and 1891, he died Julv 
 21, 1892 and Bluford Wilson was appointed on July 30. 1892; Henry Clay 
 Meigs 1893; William Thompson 1895 and Andrew Griffin Cookson 1897. 
 Clerks of Canadian County. 
 
 Robert E. Blackstone 1874; Herman Johnson Vann 1875, 1877, 1870 
 and 1881; John Smith 1883 and.l885; Herman Johnson Vann 1887; 
 Charles Edward Vann 1889 and 1891; George Jennings 1893; 1895 and 
 
292 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 1897. 
 
 Clerks of Sequoyah District. 
 
 Ready Taylor 1874; Joseph Hall Alexander 1875; Charles Oliver Frye 
 1877, 1879 and 1881; John Edward Gunter 1883; Edward Everett Adair 
 1885; Walter Adair Frye 1887; John Harrell Adair 1889; Wilson Otho Bru- 
 ton 1891; William E. Whitsett 1893; Robert Fargo 1895 and Henry Benge 
 1897. 
 
 Clerks at Flint District. 
 
 Unknown 1874; Sanders Choate 1875, he died March 23, 1877 and 
 Samuel Adair Bigby was appointed: Samuel Adair Bigby 1877 and 1879, 
 William Nucholls Littlejohn 1881; George Washington Choate 1883; Wil- 
 liam J. McKee 1885 and 1887; William Nucholls Littlejohn 1889; Benjamin 
 Gilreath Fletcher 1891; Richard Baxter Choate 1893; John Bell Lynch 1895 
 and 1897. 
 
 Clerks at Cooweescoowee District. 
 
 DeWitt Clinton Lipe 1874 and 1875, Clark Charlesworth Lipe 1877 ana 
 1879; John Bullette 1881 ; Archibald McCoy 1883; William Vann Carey 1885 
 and 1887; Henry Hardin Trott 1889 and l89l; Joseph Martin LaHay 1893 
 and 1895; William H. Fry 1897. 
 
 Treeisurers of the Cherokee Nation. 
 
 The office of treasurer was provided for by article four, section twenty 
 one of the constitution, as follows: "The treasurer of the Cherokee Nation 
 shall be chosen by a joint vote of both branches of the National Council for 
 the term of four years." The annual salary was fixed on October 4, 1839 
 at five hundred dollars^ 
 
 David Vann 1839, 1843, 1847 and I85l; Lewis Ross 1855 and 1859: 
 Springfrog 1867, he died and Clement Neeley Vann was elected in November 
 1870; Dennis Wolf Bushyhead 1871 and 1875; De Witt Clinton Lipe Novem 
 ber 11, 1879; Henry Chambers 1883; Robert Bruce Ross January 19, 1888; 
 Colonel Johnson Harris, November 6, 1891, he was elected Principal Chief 
 on December 23, 1891 and Ezekial Eugene Starr was elected as his successor 
 on the same day; DeWitt Clinton Lipe November 14, 1895; Joseph Martin 
 LaHay, November 17, 1800 and Dr. Jesse Crary Bushyhead 1903. 
 Supreme Court of the Cherokee Nation. 
 
 The powers and prerogatives of the judiciary of the Cherokee Nation i; 
 given in the thirteen sections of article five of the constitution and "The Judges 
 of the supreme court shall each be allowed three dollars per day, while in ser- 
 ice in holding court." 
 
 1839. John Martin, Chief Justice, Reverend Jesse Bushyhead and four 
 other unknown associates. Elected by Constitutional convention. 
 
 1844. Rev. Jesse Bushyhead, Chief Justice, vice John Martin, died Oc- 
 tober 17, 1840, and Judge Bushyhead died July 17, 1844. George Hicks 
 elected Chief Justice October 11, 1844 vice Bushyhead. Associated Justices. 
 Thomas Pegg, Moses Parris and David Carter, the latter resigned and John 
 Thompson Adair was elected. Rev. Stephen Foreman, elected October 11, 
 1844. 
 
 1847. David McNair Foreman, elected Chief Justice October 3. 1847. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHtROKElf INDIANS 2^)i 
 
 Associate Justices: Joseph Vann, James Sanders, Jolin Tliunie, Nichols Hyars 
 McNair and John Thompson Adair. 
 
 1851. David Carter, Chief Justice. Associate ustices: Lewis W. Hiil- 
 debrand, Riley Keys, Rev. Isaac Sanders, Clement Vann McNtir and John 
 Thompson Adair. 
 
 1855. Richard Fields, Chief Justice. Associates: Riley Keys, Jesse 
 Russell and Nicholas Byars McNair. 
 
 185 7. Riley Keys, Chief Justice. Associate Justices: David Carter, 
 John Thompson Adair, Jesse Russell, Thomas Pegg and Louis W. Hildebrand. 
 
 1876. John Thompson Adair, Chief Justice. Associate Justices: J. A. 
 Johnson and George Washington Scraper. 
 
 1869. John Porum Davis, Chief Justice. Associate Justices: Thoma> 
 Teehee and Thomas B. Wolf. 
 
 1872. Riley Keys, Chief Justice. Associate Justices: John Shepherd 
 Vann and Redbird Sixkiller. 
 
 1875. John Thompson Adair, suspended April 10, 1876, Charles Wick- 
 lifle, appointed Chief Justice, then George Washington Scraper appointed 
 Chief Justice, John Landrum, appointed Chief Justice November 10, 1876 
 and John Thompson Adair was reinstated as Chief Justice by Council on No- 
 vember 18, 1876 and he was again suspenden on October 11, 1877. This 
 was part of the wholesale suspendings at the instance of W. L. G. Miller. 
 
 1877. Ephriam Martin Adair, Chief Justice. Associate Justices: Sam- 
 uel McDaniel Taylor and John Landrum. The latter died November 7, iSSo 
 and George Washington Parks was elected in his place. Rufus Bell Adair 
 was elected Associate Justice in 1880. 
 
 188 1. Richard Murrell Wolfe was elected in November 1881 vice Rufus 
 Bell Adair, deceased. David Dixon Landrum and O. H. P. Brown were 
 Associate Justices in 1881. Samuel Adair succeeded O. H. P. Brewer. 
 
 1882. May 17, Samuel Adair Bigby, elected Chief Justice vice Ephriam 
 Martin Adair, deceased. Joseph Abalom Scales was elected Chief Justice, 
 November 15, 1882. Associate Justices: Joel Bryan Mayes and Samuel Adair 
 Bigby. 
 
 John Wright Alherty was elected Chief Jusitce in 1883. John Taylor 
 Drew was one of his Associate Justices. Jackson Christy was elected Chief 
 Justice, March 2, 1885. James McDaniel Keys was elected Chief Justice in 
 November 1885 and Roach Young was one of his Associate Justices. Joseph 
 Absalom Scales succeeded Keys as Chief Justice. John Edward Gunter suc- 
 ceeded Scales as Chief Justice. John Young, Eli H. Whitmire and Bluford 
 West Albertyi were Aassociate Justices. John Wickliffe succeeded Gunter 
 as Chief Justice. Associate Justice Samuel Adair Bigby died July 29, 1892 
 and Jeter Thompson Cunningham was appointed on August 4, 1892. Blu- 
 ford West Alberty succeeded John WicklifTe as Chief Justice on November IS, 
 1892. Robert Wesley Walker was elected Justice in November 189.3 and 
 the last supreme court elected November 13, 1897 was John Mcintosh, Chief 
 Justice, Jesse Redbird and Cicero Leonidas Lynch, Associated Justices. 
 Circuit Judges, Northwestern Circuit 
 
 Article five, section five of the constitution, specifics 'The Judges of the 
 
294 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Supreme and Circuit Courts shall be elected by the National Council." By 
 act of October 4, 1839 "The Circuit Judges shall be allowed each a salary of 
 two hundred dollars per annum." By act of November 28, 1850 stipulated 
 the same salary. 
 
 Unknown 1831; Thomas Jefierson Pack 1843, he resigned and Riley 
 Keys elected, vice Pack; Unknown 1845; Thomas B. Wolf 1847; Riley Keys 
 1849; Thomas Jefierson Pack 1851; Unknown 1853; Samuel McDaniel Tay- 
 lor 1855 and 1857; Leroy Keys 1859; David Rowe 1867 and 1871; Joei 
 Bryan Mayrs 1875; George Washington Clark 1879 and 1883; George 
 Washington Benge 1887; Hiram Terrell I.andrum 1891 and Thomas Mitchell 
 Buffington 1895. 
 
 Circuit Judges, Southern Circuit. 
 
 John Thorne 1841 and 1843; Unknown 1845; Aaron Hicks 1847; 
 Moses Parris 1849; John Thorne 185 1; Unknown 1853; Moses Alberty 1855 
 and 1857; James Mackey 1859; David Duval 1867; Samuel McDaniel Tay- 
 lor 1871; John Shepherd Vann 1875, he died May 22, 1876 and Levi Toney 
 was appointed, he died and Robert Taylor Hanks was appointed on May 3, 
 1876 and was elected August 5, 1878; John Brewer 1879; Joseph Martin 
 Lynch 1883; W. H. Shomake 1887; William Henry Barker 1 89 1 and 
 William McLain in 1895. 
 
 Circuit Judges, Middle Circuit. 
 
 Timothy Meigs Walker 1867; Jacob Bushyhead 1871, Kinick Sixkiller 
 appointed in 1872 to try Ezekial Proctor; Timothy Meigs Walker 1875; 
 Stephen Teehee 1879; Cicero Leonidas Lynch 1883 and 1887; William 
 Nicholls Littlejohn l89i, he resigned August 26, 1895 and Benjamin Goss 
 was appointed August 2 7, 1895; Martin Van Benge 1895, he resigned and 
 Charles Harris Sisson was appointed May 1, 1897. 
 National Medical Board. 
 Appointed December 11, 1890. 
 
 Northern District: Drs. Bartow Francis Fite, Benjamin Franklin Faulk- 
 ner and Austin Worcester Foreman. 
 
 Southern District: Drs. Charles Harris, George Albert M. Bride and' 
 William W. Campbell. 
 
 Middle District: Drs. Richard Lafayette Fife; George Washington Wat- 
 ers and Walter Thompson Adair. 
 
 Executive Councilors. 
 The office of Executive Councilor was provided for by article four, sec- 
 tions eighteen and nineteen of the Constitution . Number reduced to three on 
 October 9 ,1845. Per diem pay fixed on October 4, 1839 at three dollars 
 and reduced to two dollars on November 28, l85o. 
 
 Five unknown 1839; Five unknown 1841; Five unknown 1843; Three 
 unknown 1845; Richard Taylor, Rev. Stephen Foreman and Thomas Fore- 
 man 1847; Richard Taylor, Rev. John Fletcher Boot and Archibald Camp- 
 bell 1849; Unknown lS5l; James Brown, Joseph Vann and Archibald Camp- 
 bell 1853; Joseph Vann, Rev. Stephen Foreman and Archibald Campbell 
 1855; Joseph Vann, Rev. Walter Adair Duncan and Archibald Campbell 
 1857; James Brown, John Drew and Daniel Colston 1859; Moses Alberty^ 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHERUKl-H INDIANS 295 
 
 Samuel Smith and Smith Christy 1867, the latter died on Novemlvr 27, 186/ 
 and Huckleberry Downing- was elected in his place; Jesse Henry and two 
 unknown 1869; Jesse Henry died November 25, 1870; Daniel Redbird, James 
 Vann and James Baldridge 1871, the latter died and John Lynch Adair was 
 appointed and Daniel Ross Hicks was elected on November 13, 1872 vicj 
 James Baldridge; John T. Beamen and two unknown 1873. 
 
 Johnson Spader, John Hildebrand Cookson and James Vann 1875, the 
 latter died and Rabbit Bunch was elected on November lo, 1876. He re- 
 signed and Arleicher Ridge was appointed. 
 
 Huckleberry Downing, George Downing and John Chambers 1877, the 
 latter two resigned, Stephen Teehee was appointed, vice John Chambers and 
 James Tuck Woodall was appointed, vice George Downing, Jesse Redbird 
 was elected November 29, 1878 vice George Downing and Lewis Rogers 
 of Cabin Creek was elected on the same date vice John Chambers. 
 
 Charles Henry Armstrong, Johnson Spade and Daniel Redbird 1879; 
 Coocoodigesky, Johnson Downing and Nelson Terrapin I88i; Johnson 
 Downing, Walter Adair Starr and Adam Feeling 188^; David Muskrat, Daniel 
 Redbird and Ned Christy 1885; William Eubanks, Daniel Redbird and Stout 
 Locust 1887; John Batt, Johnson Downing and George Teehee 1889; the 
 latter died November 24. 1889 and Moses O'Fields was elected November 30. 
 1889; Aaron Corntassel, George Waters and John Batt 1891; Oosqualuke, 
 David Blackfox and David Tadpole 1893; William Young, Hunter Poor- 
 bear and George Sanders 1895; Daniel Watt, John Batt and Jesse Pigeon 
 1897; Thomas Smith, Walter Goss Fields and George Washington Bald- 
 ridge 1899; Walter Goss Fields, Samuel Campbell Foster and George Wash- 
 ington Baldridge 190 1; George Waters, Samuel Houston Adair and Charles 
 Smith 1903. 
 
 Delegates to Washington. 
 
 Authorized by article six, section three of the Constitution. 
 
 1839. John Ross, William Shorey Coody, Archibald Campbell, George 
 Hicks, Edward Gunter, Richard Taylor, Joseph Martin Lynch, John Looney, 
 Elijah Hicks, Looney Price and Rev Jesse Bushyhead. 
 
 1843. John Ross, John Benge, David Vann, Elijah Hicks and William 
 Potter Ross, Secretary. 
 
 1845. John Ross, Richard Taylor, John Looney, Carter Walker, Mosos 
 Daniel, William Shorey Coody, Joseph Vann, Aaron Price and John Spe.irs. 
 
 1846. John Ross, William Potter Ross, Clement Vann .McNair and 
 David Vann. 
 
 1847. John Ross, Robert Bulfington Daniel and Richard Taylor. 
 1849. John Ross, William Potter Ross, David Vann and John Drew. 
 1851. John Ross, Joseph Vann, James Kell, Thomas Pegg and Rev. 
 
 Lewis Downing. 
 
 1853. John Ross and John Thompson Adair. 
 
 1859. John Ross, John Drew, Pickens M. Benge and Thomas Peg.g. 
 
 1863. John Ross, Lewis Downing, James M. Daniel and Rev. Evan 
 Jones. ^ 
 
296 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 1864. John Ross, Thomas Ptgg, George Washington Scraper and Smith 
 Christy. 
 
 1866. (Federal Delegates). John Ross, Whitecatcher, Smith Christy, 
 Daniel Hicks Ross, Samuel Houston Benge and John Buttrick Jones. John 
 Ross died August 1, 1866. Whitecatcher died at Pleasant Hill, Missouri, Aug- 
 ust 17, 1866. 
 
 1866. (Southern Cherokee Delegates). John Rollin Ridge, Richard 
 Fields, William Penn Adair, Saladin Watie and Elias Cornelius Boudinot. 
 
 1867. Samuel Smith, James McDaniel, Archibald Scraper, Joseph 
 Absalom Scales, Henry Dobson Reese, ohn Porum Davis, William Penn 
 Adair and John Brewer. 
 
 1868. John Porum Dais, Henry Dobson Reese, Archibald Scraper, Will- 
 iam Penn Adair, Samuel Smith and Lewis Downing. 
 
 1869. John Porum Davis, Samuel Smith, Archibald Scraper, Lewis 
 Downing, Clement Neely Vann and Samuel Houston Benge. 
 
 1870. Samuel Smith, George Washington Scraper, Lewis Downing, 
 Clement Neely Vann and William Penn Adair. 
 
 1871. William Potter Ross, William Penn Adair, Samuel Houston 
 Benge and Clement Neely Vann. 
 
 1872. Joseph Vann, William Penn Adair and William Potter Ross. 
 
 1873. Rufus O. Ross, William Penn Adair, John Buttrick Jones and 
 William Potter Ross. 
 
 1874. Dennis Wolf Bushyhead, Rufus O. Ross, William Penn Adair 
 and John Buttrick Jones. 
 
 1875. Rufus O. Ross, Daniel Hicks Ross, John Lynch Adair and Will- 
 iam Penn Adair. 
 
 18 76. William Potter Ross and Hiram Terrell Landrum. 
 
 1877. William Penn Adair and Daniel Hicks Ross. 
 
 1878. William Penn Adair, William Potter Ross, Samuel Smith and 
 Daniel Hicks Ross. 
 
 1879. William Penn Adair, Richard Murrell Wolfe, John Lynch Adair 
 and Rabbit Bunch. 
 
 1880. George Sanders and Pleasant Napoleon Blackstone. 
 
 1881. Daniel Hicks Ross and Richard Murrell Wolfe. 
 
 1882. Robert Bruce Ross and Richard Murrell Wolfe. 
 
 1883. Lucien Burr Bell and John Gunter Schrimsher. 
 
 1884. Richard Murrell Wolfe and Hiram Terrell Landrum. 
 
 1885. William Penn Boudinot, John Chambers and John Schrimsher. 
 
 1886. Colonel Johnson Harris and Hiram Terrell Landrum. 
 1889. Dennis Wolf Bushyhead and John Lynch Adair. 
 
 1891. Elias Cornelius Boudinot and Thomas Mitchell Buffington. 
 
 1892. William Wirt Hastings and Martin Van Benge. 
 
 1895. Colonel Johnson Harris, Roach Young, George Washington 
 Benge and Rev. Joseph Smallwood. 
 
 1900. Lucien Burr Bell, Percy Wyly, Benjamin Hildebrand and Jesse 
 Cochran. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHHROKEE INDIANS 2')7 
 
 The Cherokee Phoenix. 
 
 Owned and published by the Cherokee Nation at New Echola, Georgia. 
 
 VoUime 1, Number 1 was issued on February 2 1, 1882. The last issuj 
 Volume 5, Number 52 was issued on May U, 1S.54.' 
 
 Editors of the Cherokee Phoenix. 
 
 February 2 1. 1828, Elias Buudinot resis;ned Aut;ust 1, 1832 and Elijah 
 Hicks was immediately appointed by Chief Ross. 
 Cherokee Advocate 
 
 Owned and published by the Cherokee Nation at Tahlequah. 
 
 First series; September 26, 1844 to September 28, 1853. Stopped for 
 lack of funds. Second series; April 26, 18 70 to December 26, 1874. Entire 
 of lice destroped by fire. Third series; March 4, 1876 to March 3, 1906. 
 Discontinued by the United States government. A new office was built and 
 entire new press, type and accessories were purchased at the beginning of each 
 series. The full equipment for the third series was purchased for the Natioi; 
 in St. Louis, Missouri by Assistant Chief David Rowe. 
 
 Editors of the Cherokee Advocate. 
 
 Elected every two years by National Council. 
 
 William Potter Ross 1844; James Shepherd Vann; [Javid Carter; Will- 
 iam Penn Boudinot 1870; John Lynch Adair 1873; William Penn Houdinot 
 1876; George Washington Johnson 1877; Elias Cornelius Boudinot 1879; 
 Daniel Hicks Ross l88l and 1883; Elias Cornelius Boudinot 1885; William 
 Penn Boudinot 1888; Robert Fleetcher Wyly 1889; Hugh Montgomery Adair 
 1891; George Oliver Butler 1893; Waddie Hudson 1895; Joseph R. Sequit- 
 chie 18 79; William Leoser 1899; George Oliver Butler 1901 and Wiley 
 James Melton l9o3. 
 
 National Auditors. 
 
 Authorized by act of Council of November 19, 185 1. 
 
 William P. Mackey 1851; Unknown 1853, 1855, 1857 and 1859; 
 Charles R. Gourd 1867; Lewis Anderson Ross 1869; Richard Halfbreed' 1871 
 and 1875; Stand Watie Gray 1875; Heman Lincoln Foreman 1877; Con- 
 nell Rogers 1879; George Washington Benge 1881 and 1883; Lewis Ander- 
 son Ross 1884; Samuel D. Love 1888; Isaac Bertholf 1889; Stand Watie 
 Mayfield 1891; Simon Ross Walkingstick 1893; John Calhoun Danenburc 
 ■1895; Albert Andrew Taylor 1897 and Thomas Martin Knight 1899. 
 Townsite Commissioners. 
 1871. William L. Gordon Miler, Rev. Joseph F. Thompson and J. 
 Woodard Washburn. The latter resigned and John Ross Vann was appoint- 
 ed. 
 
 1881. Lucien Burr Bell, James McDaniel Keys and Elizer Butler San- 
 ders. 
 
 1884. William Potter Ross, William McCracken and Henry Hardm 
 
 Trott. 
 
 1885. William McCracken and William Henry Drew. 
 
 1886. William Henry Drew, Lucien Webster Beflington and Henry 
 
 Hardin Trott. .-■ , 4j • 
 
 1888. Lucien Webster Buttington, Marion Muls and Rollm Kirk Adair. 
 
298 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 1890. Lewis Ross Thornton, Nathan Baron Danenburg and Francis 
 Marion Conner. 
 
 1892. Ellis Buffington Wright, William Goodlet Nelms and Francis 
 Marion Conner. 
 
 1893. Mannie Garrett Butler. 
 1895. Thomas Albert Chandler.^ 
 
 Committee to Dispose of the Cherokee Outlet. 
 
 1891. Joseph Absalom Scales, Elias Cornelius Boudinot, Rev. Joseph 
 Snialhvood, Roach Young, George Downing, Thomas Smith and William 
 Triplett. 
 
 Committee to negotiate With the Commissioners to the Five Civilized Tribes. 
 
 Clement Vann Rogers, Percy Wyly, George Sanders, Wolf Coon, John 
 Edward Gunter and Robert Bruce Ross. 
 
 Committee to Build the National Jail. 
 
 Riley Keys, John Lynch Adair and John Francis Lyon. The appropria- 
 tion of six thousand dollars was authorized in November 1873 and the build- 
 ing was to be completed by November 1, 1874. 
 
 High Sheriffs of the Cherokee Nation. 
 
 This was the title of the jail wardens. 
 
 Samuel Sixkiller 1875 and 1877; Robert Mosby French 1879; Charles 
 Washington Starr 1883; John Hawkins 1886, William McCracken 1888, he 
 died and was succeeded by Jesse Bushyhead Mayes; Caleb Wilson Starr 
 George Washington Mayes and John Ellis Duncan. 
 
 Attorneys for the Cherokee Naltion Before the Commission to the Five 
 Civilized Tribes, which was acting as a Citizenship Court. 
 
 William Wirt Hastings and Charles Percival Pierce. 
 
 Solicitor Generals for the Cherokee Nation. 
 
 1S75. Joseph Absalom Scales. 
 
 1877. John Taylor Drew. 
 
 Attorney Generals for the Cherokee Nation. 
 
 William Wirt Hastings, elected November 25, l89i, Robert Wesley 
 Walker temporarily appointed December 20, 1892. Hastings resumed of- 
 fice; Robert Fletcher Wyly 1897. 
 
 Revenue Collector on Alien Property. 
 
 Leroy Ladd Crutchfield 1889. He was reappointed as Collector in 1890 
 but his territory was only Cooweescoowee District to which the Cherokee 
 Outlet was added in 1891. The other collectors appointed in 1890 were: 
 James Jay Sevier for Canadian, Benjamin Franklin Adair for Saline, Blue 
 Housebug for Flint, John W. Holland for Going Snake, Robert J. Thompson 
 for Tahlequah and Robert W. Tittle for Delaware District. Tittle was suc- 
 ceeded in 18')l by Thomas Albert Chandler. 
 
 Citizen Courts. 
 
 1870. Roach Young, Chairman, William Harnage and George Wash- 
 ington Mayes. Joel Bryan Mayes, clerk and John Francis Lvon,'~Attornev 
 for the Cherokee Nation. 
 
 1881. Alexander Wolf, Thomas Fox Thompson and Thomas Teehee, 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEKOKHH IMJIANS 299 
 
 Chairman. DeWitt Clinton Duncan, Clerk and Wilson Sanders attorney for 
 the Cherokee Nation. 
 
 1886. DeWitt Clinton Lipe, John Edward Gunter and John Thump- 
 son Adair, Chairman. Robert Fletcher \\'\\y, attorne.v for the Cherokee- 
 Nation. 
 
 In the period of the war, from July 1862 to November 1867, both the 
 federal and confederate Cherokees maintained a government. The federa- 
 government, as well as can be traced is as follows: 
 
 Principal Chief: John Ross, he died August 1, 1866 and was succeeded 
 by Lewis Downing. 
 
 Assistant Chief: Thomas Pegg and Smith Christy. 
 
 Executive Council: Nathaniel Fish, Wareagle and Anderson Springston. 
 elected October 18, 1863. Daniel Hicks Ross, Moses Catcher and Redbird 
 Sixkiller, elected October 5, 1865. 
 
 Treasurer: Lewis Ross. 
 
 Auditor: Allen Ross and Spencer S. Stephens. 
 
 Superintendent of Education: Albert Barnes and Henry Dobson Reese. 
 
 Chief Justice: Wiley Glover Thornton; Associate Justices, Riley Keys, 
 Thomas Pegg, James Shelton and Nicholas Byers Sanders. Riley Keys elect- 
 Cihef Justice October 5, 1865. 
 
 Judge, Northern Circuit: David Rowe. 
 
 Judge, Southern Circuit: Joseph Duval. 
 
 Delegates to Washington, elected on Cowskin Prairie, February 2i>, 
 1863: Rev. Lewis Downing, James McDaniel and Rev. Evan Jones. 
 
 Delegates elected October 18, 1864: John Ross, Thomas Pegg, Smith 
 Christy and George Washington Scraper. 
 
 Delegates elected November 3, 1865: Smith Christy, Whitecatcher. 
 Daniel Hicks Ross, Samuel Houston Benge, J;imes McDaniel, John Buttrick 
 Jones and Thomas Pegg. 
 
 Committee. 
 
 Delaware District: 
 
 Saline District: Lewis Downing, Charles Wicklilfe and Toostoo. 
 
 Going Snake District: Archibald Scraper, Bud Gritts and Redbird Six- 
 killer. 
 
 Tahlequah District: Whitecatcher. 
 
 Illinois District: Charles R. Gourd, William Potter Ross and Joshua 
 Ross. 
 
 Canadian District: Flute Foxskin. 
 
 Sequoyah Districa: Cmith Christy, Cheechee and aJmes Vann, President 
 of Committee. 
 
 Flint District: Eli Smith. 
 
 Cooweescoowee District: James McDaniel and Robin Smith. 
 
 Clerk of Committee: John Buttrick Jones and Robert Bruce Ross. 
 
 Council. 
 
 Delaware District: Luther Rice", James D. WotTord, Big Robin, Robert 
 Guess, Ezekiel Blackfox and Ben Snail, Speaker of Council. 
 
300 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Saline District: Lacey Mouse, Cliuwacliukah and Springfrog, Speaker 
 of Council. 
 
 Going Snake District: George Washington Scraper, Alexander Love, 
 Eli Sanders, Redbird Sixkiller, Johnson Robbins, and Joe Chooie. 
 
 Tahlequah District: Tarcheche and Jack Downing. 
 
 Illinois District: Bark Scruggs, Moses Price and John Young, Speaker of 
 Council. 
 
 Canadian District: James Hammer and Whitewater. 
 
 Sequoyah District: 
 
 Flint District: Chalateehee, Walter Christy and Talala. 
 
 Cooweescoowee District: Jumper Mills, John Glass, Josiah Stealer and 
 Writer, Speaker of Council. 
 
 Clerk of Council: William Scraper and Henry Dohson Reese. 
 
 District Judges. 
 
 Delaware District: Luther Rice, Oochalata and Johnson Long Charles. 
 
 Saline District: George Beamer and Charles Wickliffe. 
 
 Going Snake District: Frog Sixkiller and Johnson Robbins. 
 
 Tahlequah District: Jackson R. Gourd. 
 
 Illinois District: Robin Crawford. 
 
 Canadian District: Franklin Gritts and William Doublehead. 
 
 Sequoyah District: Mink Downing and George Blair. 
 
 Flint District: Johnson Bolin, Chalateehee and Wesley Gritts. 
 
 Cooweescoowee District: Stop Sconatee and Daniel Ross Hicks. 
 
 Sheriffs. 
 
 Delaware District. 
 
 Saline District: Samuel Smith. 
 
 Going Snake District: Ezekial Proctor. 
 
 Tahlequah District: Eli Spears. 
 Illinois District: 
 
 Canadian District: Coming. 
 
 Sequoyah District: Jesse Baldridge. 
 
 Flint District: 
 
 Cooweescoowee District: William Sunday and Dick Duck. 
 
 Solicitors. 
 
 Delaware District: Allen Tanner and Robert Guess. 
 
 Saline District: Alexander Hawk and Isaac Dick. 
 
 Going Snake District: John T. Beamer and Aaron Killanigger. 
 
 Tahlequah District: Nelson Terrapin and George Pumpkin. 
 
 Illinois District: Daniel Backbone and Mussel. 
 
 Canadian District: Youngpuppy and Ned Baldridge. 
 
 Sequoyah District: Jackenny. 
 
 Flint Distirct: Jesse Redbird and Wesley Gritts. 
 
 Cooweescoowee District: Jack Gobbler. 
 
 The first Confederate Cherokee "convention" was in session for eleven 
 days during August I862 at Tahlequah; the second and final session was 
 from May 22nd to June 1, 1863 near the mouth of Coody Creek in Canadian 
 District. The officers were: 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEH INDIANS 3ui 
 
 Principal Chief: Stand Watie. 
 
 Assistant Cheif: Samuel McDaniel Taylor. 
 
 Members of Convention. 
 
 Delaware District: Charles Edwin Watie, !.. E. Mush, E. G. Smith dica 
 and was succeeded by Luclen Burr Bell. 
 
 Saline District: James M. Bell, Joseph Lynch Martin and Dr. Walter 
 Thompson Adair. 
 
 Going Snake District: Joseph McMinn Bean, I.. Foster, George Harlan 
 Starr, died and was succeeded by George Washington Mayes. 
 
 Tahlequah District: Smallwood, W. Benge and Johnson Foreman. 
 
 Illinois District: Richard Fields, John Brewer, John W. Brown and 
 Alexander Foreman, President of Convention. 
 
 Canadian District: J. A. Scales, Walker Carey and O. H. P. Brewer. 
 
 Sequoyah District: Daniel Ross Nave, Moses C. Frye, John Walker 
 Starr, died and was succeeded by Samuel Gunter. 
 
 Flint District: Walkingwolf and William Griftin. 
 
 Cooweescoowee District: Leroy Keys, Clement V. Rogers and John 
 G. Scrimsher. 
 
 William Penn Boudinot, Secretary of Convention; Joel Bryan Mayes As- 
 sistant Secretary. 
 
 Jack Spears, Executive Councilor. 
 
 Elias Cornelius Boudinot, Delegate to the Confederate Congress. 
 
 Richard Carter, Judge of Cooweescoowee District. 
 
 Lucien Burr Bell, Sheriff' of Deleware District. 
 
 C^ 
 
3o: 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 EUINS OF OLD FEMALE SEMINARY, BUENED IN 1887 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 303 
 
 CHAPTER XIV 
 Old Families and Their Genealogy 
 
 In order to have a correct understanding of the succeeding genealogical 
 tables, it will be necessary to keep in mind, that; 
 
 1. 
 
 The numbers to the left of the names denote the place in the family, of 
 the person, following. 
 
 a — All numbers under a heading denote brothers or sisters. 
 
 b— When the dates of the birt'^hs of the brothers and sisters are posi- 
 tively known to be consecutive, they are preceded by an OK. 
 
 c — The small number to the right, in front of the names, denotes the 
 generation in the family, to which the person following, belongs. 
 
 d — A horizontal line between two numbers, show that those above that 
 line are only half brothers and sisters to those below it. 
 
 e — A perpendicular line before two or three numbers denote that they 
 are twins or triplets. 
 
 f — A transverse line ( ) before a name denotes that the person follow- 
 ing, is of illegitemate birth. 
 
 g — In reading the numbers; read each one separately, giving the last 
 small number at the right, thus; r47lo-'2-', should be read, as: one, four, ten 
 two, fourth generation. 
 
 2. 
 
 The name or names to the right of the first name after the numbers, is 
 that of the husband or wife, or husbands or wives of that person. 
 
 3. 
 
 All persons dying without issue have an * after their names. 
 
 4. 
 
 To find the parents of any person; drop the last large number to the right 
 in front of the name, turn back to the preceding generation and find the identi- 
 cal number. To find the grandparents, drop two of the large numbers to the 
 right and turn back two generations and tind the identical numbers. Follow 
 the same retrogression to find the other ancestors. 
 
 5. 
 
 To find the names of the children of any person, add a large numbei 
 one, to the number in front of the name of the parent, turn to the succeeding 
 generation and find the identical number, thus giving the eldest child, followed 
 by the names of the other brothers and sisters, according to their relative ages. 
 
 6. 
 
 The serial numbers, to the right of the names, refer to the numbers, in- 
 dexing the biographical notes on the preceding names. 
 
 Explanatory. 
 
 Take the following individual family on page as an example. 
 
 1M'-3''1^ Bushvhead. Nannie Foreman. 
 
304 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 2 Richard Fields. Jennie Buft'ington, Elizabeth Hicks, Nancy 
 
 Timherlake nee Brown and Grapp. Ai' 
 
 OK 3 George Fields. Nannie Brown and Sarah Cody. A') 
 
 4 Lucy Fields. Daniel McCoy and James Harris. 
 
 5 John Fields. Elizabeth Wickett. 
 
 6 Turtle Fields. Ollie, and Sarah Timberlake. Alo 
 I 7 Thomas Fields. Nannie Rogers nee Downing. 
 
 I 8 Susannah Fields. George Brewer and Thomas Foreman. 
 9 John Martin. Nellie McDaniel and Lucy McDaniel. Al I 
 
 10 Nannie Martin. Jeter Lynch. A 1 -"^ 
 
 11 Rachel Martin. Daniel Davis. A I .! 
 The 1M-3"1- is the heading (a) of this family of brothers and sisters. 
 That the relative ages of the brothers and sisters is correct is indicated '\v 
 
 the OK, (b) preceding their names. 
 
 That these brothers and sisters are in the fourth generation in this, the 
 Grant family, is shown by the last small number * to the right of the numbers 
 of the heading (c) and preceding the name of the Bushyhead, the oldest 
 brother. 
 
 The horizontal lines (d) between the first and second numbers and be 
 tween the eighth and ninth numbers show that Field's are younger half broth- 
 ers and sisters of Bushyhead and that they are older half brothers and sisters 
 oi the Martins. 
 
 The perpendicular line (e) before Thomas and Susannah Fields show 
 that they are twins. 
 
 Be careful in reading the numbers as indicated by (f), as; one, one, three, 
 one, fourth generation. Richard Fields' number is 1M^3^2-', George Fields' 
 number is iM-B^S"* and so on down to the youngest sister, Rachel Martin's 
 number which is one, one, three, eleven, fourth generation. 
 
 2 
 
 Nancy Foreman was the wife of Bushyhead. 
 
 Richard Fields married Jennie Buffington, Elizabeth Hicks, Nancy Tim- 
 berlake nee Brown and Grapp and the other brothers and sisters married 
 
 as indicated. 
 
 3. 
 
 Richard Fields had children by his first three wives, but not by the last, 
 as is indicated by the '^' after her name. 
 
 4. 
 
 To find the parents of this individual family, drop the last large and 
 small number (H) and turn back to the third generation find the number 
 l'l-3" and you will have the names of the parents (Bushyhead's father Cap- 
 tain John Stuart, a British officer). The grandparents "of the Bushyhead- 
 Fields-Martin brothers and sisters will be found by dropping the {3^\*) from 
 the I'l-VM', turning back to the second generation and finding the numbers 
 I'r- are before the names of William Emory and his wife who was the daugh- 
 ter of l.udovic Grant. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 3i)5 
 
 5. 
 To find the names of the children t)f Susannah Fields who married 
 George Brewer and Thomas Foreman, take her number; ri=3''8', add one 
 large number one and a small number five to indicate the fifth generation, 
 
 turn forward until you find her children. 
 
 rr-3"8M'' Akv Brewer. .Archibald Foreman. 
 
 2 Samuel Foreman. Sallie R. (}ourd. 
 OK 3 Nellie Foreman. Adam Bilile. 
 
 4 Charles Foreman. Annie Seabolt and Thirsey Colvin. 
 
 5 William Hicks Foreman. * Mary Sweetwater. 
 
 6 Joseph .Anthony Foreman. Narcissa Reeves Carey and 
 
 Lethe Parris. 
 
 7 Sallie Foreman. * 
 
 8 David McNair Foreman. Sarah Sweetwater, Agnes Fore- 
 
 man Sweetwater and Mary Foreman nee Sweetwater. 
 
 9 George Foreman. Elizabeth Fields and Elizabeth Fields. 
 
 10 Thomas Foreman. Elizabeth Chicken. 
 
 1 1 Susan Foreman. Samuel Jones and Walter Stopp. 
 
 12 James Foreman. * 
 
 13 Edward Foreman. Mary Proctor, Sarah Proctor and Jennie 
 
 Sosa nee Conrad. 
 
 14 Elizabeth Foreman. Johnson Proctor and Redbird Sixkiller. 
 
 Grant. 
 
 1^ Ludovic Grant. Al 
 
 IM- Grant. William Emory. 
 
 IM-'l-^ Mary Emory. Rim Fawling and Ezekial Bulfington. A2 
 
 2 Elizabeth " Robert Due and John Rogers. 
 
 OK 3 Susannah " John Stuart, Richard Fields and Joseph 
 Martin. 
 
 lM-r"l-' John Fawling. Nannie Vann. A4 
 
 2 William 
 
 OK 3 Samuel Martin. Catherine Hildebrand, Charlotte Wickett. 
 
 4 Elizabeth Buttington. David McLaughlin and Jeremiah C. 
 
 Towers. 
 
 5 Susannah Butfington. Jetfrey Beck and Surry Eaton. 
 
 6 Annie But^'ington. * James Daniel. 
 
 7 Ellis Bufflngton Catherine Daniel and Lydia Snow nee 
 
 Wright. 
 
 8 Mary Buttington. James Daniel. 
 
 9 Thomas Bufflngton Mary Daniel. ^^ 
 ri=2M-' Jennie Due. John Rogers. , 
 
 2 Mary Bufflngton. David Gentry. ^ 
 
306 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 OK 3 Charles Rogers. Nannie Downing and Rachel Hughes. 
 
 4 Aky Rogers. George Hicks and Daniel Vickery. 
 
 5 John Rogers. Elizabeth Coody. k'l 
 
 6 James Rogers. Nannie Coody. 
 
 7 Nannie Rogeri. Looney Price and Nelson B. Grubbs. 
 1'1-3-M^ Bushvhead. Nannie Foreman. 
 
 2 Richard Fields Jennie Buffington, Elizabeth Hicks, Nancy 
 
 Timberlake nee Brown and Grapp. A 8 
 
 OK 3 George Fields. Nannie Brown and Sarah Coody. AO 
 
 4 Lucy Fields. Daniel McCoy and James Harris. 
 
 5 John Fields. Ellizabeth Wickett. 
 
 6 Turtle Fields. Ollie and Sarah Timberlake. AlO 
 I 7 Thomas Fields. Nannie Rogers nee Downing. 
 
 8 Susannah Fields. George Brewer and Thomas Foreman 
 
 9 John Martin. Nellie McDaniel and Lucy McDaniel. All 
 
 10 Nannie Martin. Jeter Lynch. A 12 
 
 11 Rachel Martin. Daniel Davis. Ali 
 ]i 12,3 1 4,.-; Ru^h Pawling. John Shepherd. 
 
 V\-\^2*\^' Edmond Pawling. Nellie Lowrey. 
 
 l'ri-"3"'l"' Brice Martin. Naomi Roach. 
 
 2 Joseph Martin. Judith Roach. 
 
 OK ^ Lucinda Martin. Joseph Spears and William Dennis. 
 
 4 Martha Martin. John Ross Daniel. 
 
 5 William A. Martin. Nannie Lucas nee Guinn, Necie Wade. 
 
 6 John Martin. * 
 
 7 Elizabeth Martin. McKenzie Coats. 
 
 8 James Martin. Mary Duncan. 
 
 q Ellen Martin. Nathaniel Green Duncan, Joseph Riley and 
 
 Aaron Merrill. 
 
 10 Susie Martin. Noah Lilliard. 
 
 1 1 Mary Martin. '■'' Levi Jones. 
 
 12 George Martin. '■■ 
 
 13 Nellie Martin. John Agnew. 
 
 1>l = l.-!44,.-; Ezekial Buftington McLaughlin. McDaniel* and 
 
 Hannah Duncan. 
 2 Andrew McLaughlin. Maria McDaniel and Elizabeth Lan- 
 druni. 
 
 OK 3 James McLaughlin. * 
 
 4 Ellis Buffington Towers. Charlotte Eaton. 
 1M^"L'5-'1-' Elllis Beck. Charlotte Downing. 
 
 2 Joseph Beck. Cynthia Downing. 
 
HISTORY OF TIIK CHHI«-)KliE INDIANS 307 
 
 OK 3 Ezekial Beck. Ruth Hicks. 
 
 4 John Beck. Emily IJuncan. 
 
 5 JelTrey Beck. Sallie Downing. 
 Pauline Beck. Aaron Downing, James Crittenden, Stephen 
 
 Hildelnand and James Kesterson. 
 Arie Beck. Joseph A. Sturdivant and Brice Hildebrand. 
 
 6 
 
 8 Charlotte Eaton. Ellis BulTington Towers. 
 
 9 Sinia Eaton. Solomon Denton and Younj;- Charles Gordon 
 
 Duncan. 
 10 Richard Eaton. Elizabeth Alberty. 
 1 1 Harlin Eaton. * Rebecca Crittenden. 
 IM^lvM"' James Buflington. Matilda Benge. 
 
 2 Ezekiel Buft'ington. Louisa Newman. 
 OK 3 Mary Burt'ington. " Jnhnson McBreer and Hiram Mc- 
 
 Creary. 
 4 Ruth Burtington. * Robert Agnew and William Langtorj. 
 
 5 Susie Butlington. Martin Root. 
 
 6 Jennie Buft'ington. Charles Dougherty and John D. .Al- 
 
 berty. 
 
 7 Clara Buftington. Elllis West and John Wright Alberty. 
 
 8 Ellis Buftington. Elizabeth Starr. 
 
 9 Elizabeth Buftington. Moses Alberty. 
 I'Pl^SM"' Robert Buft'ington Daniel. Ann Daniel. 
 
 2 Ezekial Daniel. Niesa Muskrat. 
 OK 3 James Daniel. '■■ 
 
 4 John M. Daniel. 
 
 5 Susan Daniel. Samuel Knight Weir. 
 
 6 Mary Daniel. George Carselowry, Isaac Woodall and \"\c- 
 
 tor Benton. 
 
 7 Annie Daniel. Thomas Woodall and Jacob Houston Wood- 
 
 all. 
 [1 1 = 13941.-. Susannah Buftington. Alfred Hudson. 
 
 2 Joshua Buftington. Sabra Lynch. 
 OK 3 Nannie Buftington. '■' Thomas Fox Taylor. 
 
 l'l-2-'lM-' Annie Rogers. John W. Flawey and Thomas Irfins. 
 2 Joseph Rogers. '' 
 
 William Rogers. Nellie May. 
 
 Tiana Rogers. David Gentry and Samuel Houslnn. 
 Susannah Rogers. Nicholas Miller. 
 Elizabeth Gentry. Ezekial Williams. 
 Isabel Gentry. * 
 Patience Gentry. * 
 Pleasant Rogers. . 
 Eliza Rogers. John Seabolt. 
 
 OK 
 
 1M = 
 
 tSt 
 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 
 !■ 
 
 
 
 OK 
 
 
 3 
 
 IM- 
 
 2"'3 
 
 M- 
 
308 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 OK 3 Levi Rogers. Margaret Fields. 
 
 4 Richard Rogers. * Eliza Lacey. 
 
 5 Joseph Rogers. * 
 
 6 Charles Rogers. Maria Reynolds. 
 
 7 John Rogers. * 
 
 8 Elizabeth Rogers. George Whitney Brand. 
 
 9 Alzira Rogers. Lewis Fields. 
 
 10 Catherine Rogers. * William Elders. 
 
 \H'2^4*\^ Aaron Hicks. * Nannie Riley. 
 
 2 Nannie Hicks. * John Bickle. 
 
 OK 3 Naomi Vickery. Felix Riley. 
 
 4 Moses Vickery. Diana Pheasant. 
 1M-2"'5^P Cynthia Rogers. Joseph Coker and John Crump. 
 
 2 Thomas Lewis Rogers. Ruth Maugh, Ellen Lombard and 
 Lucy Brown. 
 OK 3 George Washington Rogers. Malinda Scrimsher and Mar- 
 
 tha England. 
 
 4 Charles Coody Rogers. Elizabeth McCorkle, Nannie Coker 
 
 nee Patton and Jennie Harlan. 
 
 5 Nelson Rogers. Rose West and Margaret Scrimsher. 
 
 6 Granville Rogers. * 
 7 Randolph Rogers. * 
 
 8 Isaac Rogers. Takey Cooley. 
 
 V\'2-'6U'' Delilah Rogers. William D. Shaw. 
 
 2 Ruth Rogers. Lewis Mcintosh. 
 
 OK 3 Martha Rogers. Peter Harper and William Armstead. 
 
 4 Jett'erson Rogers. * 
 
 5 William Rogers. * 
 
 6 Julia Rogers. James Kell. 
 
 7 Elizabeth Rogers. Lewis Riley. 
 1' 1=2=7^5 Moses Price. 
 
 2 Alzira Price. Peter May. 
 
 OK 3 Looney Price. Coleesta Jolly, Lucinda Phillips and Letitia 
 Coody. 
 
 4 Nelson Grubb. * Sarah Williams. 
 
 iH'P\*\'' Jesse Bushyhead. Eliza Wilkerson. 
 
 2 Isaac Bushyhead. Catherine Ratlit!" and Ghigau Snaker. 
 
 OK 3 George Bushyhead. Guwohida Stofel. 
 
 4 Nannie Bushyhead. John Walker and Lewis Hildebrand. 
 
 5 Susan C. Bushyhead. Ezekial Lyons and L. P. Harris. 
 
 6 Jacob Bushyhead. Nannie McDaniel and Elizabeth Romine. 
 
 7 Charles Bushyhead. Pauline Starr and Sallie Miller nee 
 
 McCoy. 
 
 V\-P2U'' George Fields. Sallie Daniel. 
 
 2 Nannie Fields. William Blythe 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHHKOKEH INDIANS 3u9 
 
 OK 3 Elizabeth Fields. William Thompson and John Blag^ 
 
 4 John Fields. Elizabeth Wells. 
 
 5 Ezekial Fields. Marv Ann Sexton. 
 
 Moses Fields. Elizabeth Higby and Mahala Cadle. 
 
 7 Dempsey Fields. Julia Harris. 
 
 8 Henry Fields. Hester Ross. 
 
 Lucy Fields. George Hicks. 
 
 10 James Fields. Elizabeth Miller. 
 
 1 1 Delilah Fields. James Foreman. 
 
 1 2 Isabel Fields. Dennis Wolf. 
 
 1M-5"3M' Annie Fields. Biofeather. 
 
 2 Johnson Fields. Rebecca Fawn and Elsie Lee. 
 4 Archibald Fields. Quatie Brown nee Conrad and Elizahef 
 Hicks. 
 
 6 Robert Fields. Sallie Murphy. 
 
 7 Susie Fields. Richard Taylor. 
 
 10 Rachiel Fields. Crawford. 
 
 3 Richard Fields. Lydia Shorey and Henrietta Ridgeway. 
 5 Rider Fields. Margaret Bruner, Jennie Huss and Sallie Mc- 
 Daniel. 
 
 8 Ruth Fields. John West. 
 
 9 Nannie Fields. Richard Ratlift. 
 
 1 1 Dempsey Fields. Annie (^launch. 
 
 12 Martha Fields. William Mosley, John Thompson, John 
 
 O'Bannon and Joseph Riley. 
 
 13 John Fields. * 
 
 lM-'3-'4M' Nellie McCoy. Charles Reese. 
 OK 2 Susie McCoy. John McPherson. 
 
 3 Sallie McCoy. * 
 
 4 Alexander McCoy. Aky Gunter and Sarah Elizabeth Hicks. 
 
 5 Daniel McCoy. Margaret Wolf and Littie Boyd Starr nee 
 
 Chambers. 
 
 6 Rorv McCoy. * 
 
 7 Rachel Harris. Archibald Lowrey and Harrison Daley. 
 
 8 Nannie McCoy. Walter Scott Adair. 
 lil-3"5^1' John Wickett Fields. Susannah Halfbreed. 
 
 2 Agnes Fields. Archilla Smtih. 
 
 OK 3 Charles Fields. Ollie Rowe and Elizabeth. 
 
 4 Richard Fields. * Ghiyoku. 
 
 5 James Fields. Lydia Wrinklelside. 
 
 6 Tiana Fields. Joseph Swimmer. 
 
 7 Tieska Fields. I vdia Vann and Charlotte Rowe. 
 
310 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 8 Sarah Fields. Thomas Smith. 
 
 9 Elizabeth Fields. Thomas Spencer. 
 10 George Fields. Rachel Grimmett. 
 
 iM'i-'bM"' Sherain Fields. Ghi-_vu-nu-nu Looney. 
 
 2 Cat Fields. Liti. 
 
 OK 3 James Fields. Ga-yo-ka Eagle. 
 
 4 Nannie Fields. * 
 
 5 Daniel Fields. Jennie Drum and Susannah Eagle. 
 
 6 Thomas Fields. Lydia Drum. 
 
 |il =3:174 [.-, Sarah Elizabeth Fields. James V. Hildebrand. 
 
 2 Rachel Jane Fields. William Stiff and Henry H. Hickey. 
 
 OK 3 Ruth Fields. Jeremiah Bigelow. 
 
 4 Richard F. Fields. Rachel Elizabeth Goss and Minerva Kerr. 
 
 5 Margaret Wilson Fields. Robert Mosby French and Daniel 
 
 Fields. 
 
 6 Josiah Foreman Fields. '■■ 
 
 7 Caroline Matilda Rogers Fields. William Penn Boudinot. 
 lM-3-'8M"' Aky Brewer. .Archibald Foreman. 
 
 2 Samuel Foreman. Sallie R. Gourd. 
 
 OK 3 Nellie Foreman. Adam Bible. 
 
 4 Charles Foreman. Annie Seabolt and Thirsey Colvin. 
 
 5 William Hicks Foreman. ■■'■ Mary Sweetwater, 
 
 6 Joseph Anthony Foreman. Narcissa Reeves Carey and 
 
 Lethe Parris. 
 
 7 Sally Foreman. * 
 
 8 David McNair Foreman. Sarah Sweetwater, Agnes Fore- 
 
 man Sweetwater and Mary Foreman nee Sweetwater. 
 
 George Foreman. Elizabeth Fields and Ellizabeth Fields. 
 10 Thomas Foreman. Elizabeth Chicken. 
 1 1 Susan Foreman. Samuel Jones and Walter Stopp. 
 
 12 James Foreman. * 
 
 13 Edward Foreman. Mary Proctor, Sarah Proctor and Jen- 
 
 nie Sosa nee Conrad. 
 
 14 Elizabeth Foreman. Johnson Proctor and Redbird Six- 
 
 killer. 
 1'1-3'''')M""' .Martha Martin. George Washington Adair. 
 
 2 Annie Martin. Benjamin Franklin Thompson, 
 
 3 Joseph Lynch Martin. Julia Lombard, Sallie Childers, Lucy 
 
 Rogers, Caroline Garrett and Jennie Harlin. 
 
 4 Brice Martin. Sarah Jones. 
 
 5 Gabriel Martin. Eliza Webber. 
 
 6 Susannah Martin. Clement Vann McNair. 
 
 7 Richard Fields Martin. * 
 
 8 Ellen Martin. * James Jeremiah Vann. 
 
 Charlotte Martin. Joseph Martin Lynch. 
 10 Jennie Martin. John Adair Bell. 
 
HISTORY OF THli CHEKOKKli INDIANS HI 
 
 1 1 Eliza Martin. Franklin Adair, Devution O. \\rij;iit and 
 
 John A. i^ichards. 
 
 12 John Martin. Hli/.a Vann and Martha Chamhcrs. 
 
 13 Nannie Martin. David Bell, William Cunningham and Ulu- 
 
 ford West Alberty. 
 
 14 Cicero Martin. •■' 
 
 15 Rachel Martin. Samuel W. Bell. 
 
 to Pauline Martin. Braxton Nicholson, Levi Sidney, TJKimab 
 Landrum and Robert Rogers. 
 
 17 .Amelia Martin. ■■'■ John B. Duncan. 
 1' l-i^lO-" 1'' Martin L}nch. James Allen 'Jhompson. 
 2 Sallie Lynch. Jonathan Hnji'land. 
 OK 3 Mary Lynch. John Williams. 
 
 4 Berilla Lynch. Marshall and Lowrey Williams. 
 
 5 Sabra Lynch. Joshua Butiinjiton and John Adair Bell. 
 
 6 Joseph Martin Lynch. Ciiarlotle Martin. 
 
 7 Maria Lynch. Johnson Thompson and .Andrew Brown Cun- 
 
 ningham. 
 
 8 Rachel Lynch. Thomas Benjanrin Adair. 
 Martin Davis. Julia Anna Tate. 
 William Davis. " 
 
 John Davis. Jennie Saphronia Tate. 
 Lorenzo Dow Davis. Susie Miller. 
 Coleman J. Davis. Eliza HulL 
 Jeter Davis. '■' 
 
 Elias Earl Davis. Amanda Brown. 
 Joseph C. Davis. " Malissa Stallings. 
 Delilah Davis. * 
 •Amanda Jane Davis. " 
 Edward Fawling. .Wargaret Smith. 
 Joseph Fawling. l.ydia Brown. 
 Rim Pawling. ■■■ 
 Ellis Fawling. Elizabeth Grirt'in. 
 Elizabeth Fawling. Hiram Moody and Samuel Scharhle. 
 
 7 James Fawling. * 
 
 8 Susie Fawling. Thomas Smith and Isaac Tinmions. 
 Ii,2,.-i34i.-,j., Samuel Martin. Mary McLaughlin. 
 
 lM = l-"3-*2''r' Mary Martin. 
 
 lM = l"3-'3-'l'' Mary Spears. Lewis Duncan. 
 
 2 Annie Spears. Wahuska and McKenzie Coats. 
 
 '1=3'- 
 
 1 I 
 
 4 1 .-, 
 
 OK 
 
 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 
 l-'L" 
 
 2M 
 
 -, ( r, 
 
 OK 
 
 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 
 OK 3 Elizabeth Dennis. " 
 
 4 Martha Dennis. '■■ Isaac Mouse. 
 
 5 Margant Dennis.' Meredith and Thomas Tinney. 
 
 6 Benjamin Dennis. 
 
312 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 7 Missouri Dennis. 
 
 8 Marion Dennis. 
 
 9 Caroline Dennis. Fredrick Sykes. 
 
 I'lM-'iM-M" Eliza Annie Daniel. John S. Freeman and Henry Lee Hill 
 Hill. 
 2 William Adolphus Daniel. Lucy Ann McGhee. 
 OK 3 Thomas Webster Daniel. * Amanda J. McCreary. 
 
 4 Joshua Buflington Daniel. Sallie Clark. 
 
 5 John Martin Daniel. Nannie Josephine Watie * and Alice 
 
 Rebecca Smith. 
 
 6 Marmaduke Daniel. A. E. Dumas. 
 
 7 Emma Jennie Daniel. Henry Donnelly. 
 
 8 Susie Ellen Daniel. Surry Eaton Beck, 
 jip 1:1345:,,. ; jqI^j^ g^i^j. Martin. Lucinda Still. 
 
 2 Sarah Jane Martin. Samuel Bryant. 
 OK 3 Almon Martin. Charlotte Jane Cordery and Sarah Cath- 
 erine Moore. 
 4 Mary E. Martin. John McLain and George Still. 
 
 Samuel Martin. * 
 
 Susie Martin. Peter Tovey. 
 
 William A. Martin. Mary Still. 
 
 Rose Martin. * 
 
 George Coats. * 
 
 Charles Coats. Jennie Cope. 
 
 Mary Coats. * 
 
 William Penn Martin. * 
 2 Charlotte Martin. * 
 1M-1-'3^Q"'1" Bluford West Duncan. Samantha Carter nee Lane. 
 2 Rebecca Jane Duncan. Francis Marion Conner. 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 8 
 
 l^'l'3^7" 
 
 I'' 
 
 
 2 ( 
 
 OK 
 
 3 
 
 Pl-'3^8- 
 
 1" 
 
 OK 3 James Thomas Riley. Martha Jane Hillen. 
 
 4 Oscar Merrell. Mary J. Conner nee Crockett. 
 
 I'l-1-''3'I0'1'' Mariammne Catherine Lillard. Thomas Ballard. 
 
 2 Minerva Elizabeth Lillard. John Joshua Patrick. 
 
 OK 3 Boliver Decatur Lillard. * 
 
 4 Andrew Jackson Lillard. Vada Stiles * and Mary White. 
 
 5 Zachariah Taylor Lillard. Ella Patrick. 
 
 6 William Lillard. * Elizabeth Raft. 
 
 7 Cynthia Lillard. Benjamin Talley. 
 
 I'I = 1"3-M3'1" Walter Scott Agnew. Sarah Seabolt nee Rilev and Mar\ 
 E. Cobb. 
 
 2 Charlotte Agnew. Allen Roberts. 
 
 OK 3 Margaret Agnew. John S. Spradling and William Cot^'ei 
 
 Woodall. 
 
 4 Cynthia Agnew. Josiah Fields Seabolt. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEKOKBE INDIANS 313 
 
 5 Caroline Agnew. Anderson l.andruiu Crittenden Jennini^s 
 and John George Butler. 
 iM^I'M^l'l'^ Mary McLaughlin. Samuel Martin and George W. Hughes. 
 2 John McLaughlin. - 
 OK 3 Ezekial Collins McLaughlin. Susan Harkins and Ellen J. 
 
 Harkins. 
 
 4 Jennie McLaughlin. Ellis McDaniel. 
 
 5 David McLaughlin. Frances Reynolds. 
 
 iM = l-''4^2M'' George McLaughlin. Sinia Beck and Sarah Langley. 
 2 WilUiam McLaughlin. Ahoka. 
 OK 3 Elizabeth .McLaughlin. John Calhoun Sturdivant. 
 
 4 Rebecca Ann McLaughlin. Andrew .Jackson Chick. 
 
 5 James Landrum McLaughlin. Sarah .Ann Smith. 
 
 6 Andrew Leonidas McLaughlin. '•'■ 
 
 7 Joshua Ezekial McLaughlin. Celia Davis, Etta Renfro and 
 
 Margaret Caroline Inlow. 
 
 8 Mary Jane McLaughlin. * Lewis Glenn and William Hen- 
 
 dricks. 
 
 9 Joseph Frank McLaughlin. Minnie M. Price. 
 
 10 Maria Caroline McLaughlin. Jack Jones. 
 
 1 1 Rachiel Susan McLauglin. William Henry Donaldson. 
 
 1 2 Charles Gordon McLaughlin. * 
 
 13 Benjamin Peters McLaughlin. 
 iM-rMM'T' Mary Elizabeth Towers. * 
 
 2 Jeremiah Clinton Towers. * 
 OK 3 William J. Towers. Theodosia Nicodemus. 
 
 4 Charlotte Towers. Jacob U. Alberty. 
 
 5 Athena Josephine Towers. Henry Clay Mayes. 
 
 6 Susie Towers. Sanders Crittenden. 
 
 1' l-'l-'SMM" Orange Beck. Louisa Tiger and Lethe Parris. 
 2 Jeffrey Beck. Rachel Muskrat. 
 OK 3 Susannah Beck. Albert McGhee and Alfred Pigeon. 
 
 4 Samuel Beck. Susie Sixkiller, Salina Foreman and Eliza- 
 
 beth Dry. 
 
 5 Cynthia Beck. Releford Beck, Henry Mitchell and William 
 
 Taylor Barton. 
 1M-r'5^2'l« Aaron Headin Beck. Catherine McCreary nee Foreman 
 and Josephine Downing nee Welch. 
 2 Arie Beck. Andrew Pettit, Archibald Love and Jonathan 
 Riley. 
 OK 3 Mary Beck. Frank Pettit. 
 
 4 Releford Beck. * Cynthia Beck. 
 
 5 Wetherford Beck. Sabra Sturdivant. 
 
 6 Joseph Beck. '•' 
 
 7 Jeffrey Beck. Mary Ann McLain. 
 
 8 Surry Eaton Beck. Julia Hildebrand. 
 
3 14 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 9 Susie Beck. John Pinkney Chandler. 
 
 10 Ellis Beck. =' 
 
 1 1 Elizabeth Beck. John Riley and John Wilson Howerton. 
 
 12 Lethe Beck. John Butler, Wellington Crittenden, L. Har- 
 rison and Ur. Peter Tabler. 
 
 liri'5-'3-'l" Caroline Beck. Matthew Young. 
 
 I'Pl^SM-M" William Wilhorn Beck. * 
 
 2 David McLaughlin Beck. Mary Vickory, Julia and 
 
 Amanda Hillen. 
 
 OK 3 Louisa Beck. John Pinkney Chandler. 
 
 4 Martha Beck. =■= 
 
 5 Tabitha Beck. Andrew Freeny. 
 
 6 Mary Beck. John Talbert and Henry Clay Freeny. 
 
 7 Aaron Headin Beck. " 
 
 8 Elizabeth Beck. Daniel Foreman and Rider Cloud. 
 
 9 Joseph Beck. '■■' 
 
 10 Sinia Beck. Jerimiah Horn and James Murphy. 
 
 1 1 Susie W. Beck. ^■■ 
 
 12 Sallie Jane Beck. Seaborn G. Mabry. 
 
 13 Emily Beck. John Alexander Sevier and Thomas Dyer. 
 
 14 John Walter Beck. Cynthia Ragsdale. 
 \H-\^5'S''V Mary Beck. Stephen Hildebrand. 
 
 2 Ezekial Beck. Martha Sturdivant and Mary Ellen Woodall. 
 
 OK 3 ,Iohn Beck. - 
 
 4 Surry Eaton. Margaret McCoy and Sussie Ellen Daniel. 
 
 5 Sinia Beck. George McLaughlin. 
 
 6 Sabra Ann Beck. George Selvidge and John Parker Collins. 
 1M-I''5''7''l'' John Calhoun Sturdivant. Elizabeth McLaughlin. 
 
 2 Martha Sturdivant. Ezekial Beck. 
 
 OK 3 Martin Butler Sturdivant. Matilda Barnett. 
 
 4 Sabra Sturdivant. Weatherford Beck. 
 
 5 Robert Sturdivant. * 
 
 6 William Ballard. Fannie Ann Myers. 
 
 l'Pl-'5^S'l" Mary Elizabeth Towers. - 
 
 2 Jeremiah Clinton Towers. * 
 
 OK 3 William F. Towers. Theodosia Nicodemus. 
 
 4 Annie Charlotte Towers. Jacob U. Alberty. 
 
 5 Athena Josephine Towers. Henry Clay Mayes. 
 
 6 Susie Towers. Sanders Crittenden. 
 
 ri = l''5'9'i'' Eliza Denton. James Abercrombie Duncan. 
 
 2 John T. Denton. Margaret Downing, Sallie Shirlev 
 Elizabeth Holt. 
 
 OK 3 Amanda Cherokee Duncan. John Talbert Scott. 
 
 4 Temperance Duncan. " 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEt INDIANS 
 
 J15 
 
 OK 
 
 HP 107 
 
 OK 
 
 5 
 
 1 O"' ! " 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 1 ■"■ 1 '■• 
 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 
 Millard A. Duncan. * 
 
 Ellis Manchell Eaton. Mary Frances Alherty. 
 
 Susie Mary Eaton. Ellas Cornelius Alberty. 
 
 William Henry Eaton. * 
 
 Walter Richard Eaton. Mar.iiaret Marv Musgrove. 
 
 Ellis Burtington. Martha Copeland. 
 
 Jennie Bull'ington. Joseph Ganibold Miller. 
 
 Elizabeth Butt'ington. Cornelius VVrignt. 
 
 Ezekial Burtlngton. - Martha Thomas nee Copeland. 
 
 Ruth Ann Buffington. Hindman Booth Hovt. " 
 
 John Buftington. * Marv Buri^ess. 
 
 MALE SEMINARY 
 
 lM7l-''7-*2-^l'' Catherine Buffington. Leonidas Holt. 
 
 2 Mary Jane Buflington. Jerome Lorenzo Greer. 
 
 OK 3 Jonathan L. Buflington. * 
 
 4 John Daniel Buflinglon. Fannie Morris. 
 
 5 Ezekial Lafayette BulTington. * 
 
 6 Senia Elizabeth Bul]ington. Samuel Benjamin Ward. 
 
 7 Thomas Mitchell Buflington. Susie H. Woodall * and Em- 
 
 ma L. Gray. 
 
 lM-rv^5"T' \Mlliam Root. * 
 
 OK 2 Martin T. Root. Lucy Crittenden. 
 
 lM-l'V^6'r' Ellis Dougherty. '■' 
 
 2 Eli West Dougherty. Jennie Chinosa Vann. 
 
 OK 3 Lydia A. Alberty. 
 
 4 Jacob U. Alberty. 
 
 5 Flora Alberty. * 
 
 6 John A. Alberty. 
 
 Annie Charlotte Towers. 
 
316 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 lir-'l"7^7°l" Charlotte Belle West. Jacob West Markhani and William 
 Lavesque Wilder. 
 
 2 Bluford West Alberty. Louvina Jane Adair nee Lewis. 
 OK 3 Ellis Buffington Alberty. * Eugenia Vann. 
 
 4 Moses Alberty. Nancy Jane Holland. 
 
 5 Joseph Vann Alberty. Nannie Louvenia Akins nee Danen- 
 
 burg. 
 ,il2|374g3i6 Ezekial Starr Butiington. Annie Scasewater. 
 
 2 Jennie Burtington. Samuel Adair and John Bean Johnson. 
 OK 3 Joshua Burtington. =•' 
 
 4 Ellis West Burtington. Malcena Clementine Fisher and Alice 
 Hanks. 
 5 Sabina E. Burtington. Rufus Bell Adair. 
 
 6 Almenta Burtington. James Scasewater and James Robert 
 
 Sanders. 
 lM-1^7^9'r' Clara Eva Alberty. Francis Marion Musgrave. 
 2 William Henry. * 
 OK 3 Thomas Burtington Alberty. Julianna Danenburg. 
 
 4 George Washington Alberty. Cynthia Musgrove nee 
 
 Rogers. 
 
 5 Ellis Burtington Alberty. Martha Murrell. 
 
 6 John Alberty. Norma Adair. 
 
 7 Lydia Ann Alberty. * 
 
 8 Jacob Alberty. Nevada Jones. 
 
 9 Mary Francis Alberty. Ellis Manchell Eaton. 
 Iipi384|.=i)6 £|J2a Daniel. John Thomas McSpadden and Frederick W. 
 
 Strout. 
 2 Fannie Daniel. Samuel Gunter, Henderson Holt and Jame.s 
 Monroe Crutchfleld. 
 OK 3 Susie Daniel. Daniel O'Conner Kell and Dr. Morris Frazee. 
 
 4 Osceola Powell Daniel. Susie Ross, Emma Ross, Flora 
 
 Riley and Nannie Thompson nee Taylor. 
 
 5 Richard T. Daniel. * 
 
 6 Walker A. Daniel. * Hester Ketchum. 
 
 7 Thomas Fox Daniel. * 
 
 8 Robert J. Daniel. * 
 l'l^'l-'8^2-'l« Robert Daniel. 
 
 lil^l-'S^S-"^!" Annie Eliza Weir. " Bird Woodard. 
 
 2 Webster Wayne Weir. Sabra England. 
 OK 3 Eudocia Weir. Jordan Clark. 
 
 4 Theodore Weir. * 
 
 5 Mary Weir. George Washington Fields. 
 
 6 Martha Weir. * 
 
 1M-1^S■'6•■!''• James Madison Carselowry. Catherine Emory. 
 

 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 i-i-g-"! 
 
 1" 
 
 
 -> 
 
 OK 
 
 3 
 
 l=l-'0^2" 
 
 1" 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHE INDIANS 317 
 
 2 Annie Woodall. =* Robert Wingtield. 
 
 OK 3 Susie H. Woodall. * Ihonias Mitchell Ikillinjjton. 
 
 4 Jennie Woodall. James Frederick Charlesworth. 
 
 1 1 187 1 Louisa Woodall. Jesse Roberts and William Coble. 
 
 2 Mary Ellen Woodall. Ezekial Beck. 
 
 OK ^ Charles Woodall. Roxie Ann Morris. 
 
 Emma Woodall. William I'enn Thorne. 
 Elizabeth Ethel Woodall. Howe Leonidas Rogers. 
 Louisa C. Hudson. * Jacob Albertv. 
 Joshua Thomas Bullington Hudson. Sarah Berry. 
 Mary Elizabeth Hudson. Caleb Duncan. 
 Nannie Butlington. William West Alberty, James Blake 
 and William Lavesque Wilder. 
 
 2 William Wirt Bulfington. Josephine Bell and Caroline 
 
 Thompson nee McCord. 
 OK 3 John Ross Buffington. Naimie Bryan. 
 
 Webster But^'ington. * 
 
 Eliza But^ington. Joseph George Washington Vann. 
 Mary Jane Buft'ington. Robert Fletcher Wyly. 
 
 Elmira Flawey. =■■ Farrington. 
 
 Elsie Flawey. * 
 
 Robert Due Rogers. 
 
 Jennie Rogers. John D. Alberty. 
 
 Mary Ann Rogers. Josiah Knight and Valentine Gray. 
 
 Minerva Rogers. James Augustus Choutau. 
 
 Musidora Rogers. William West Alberty. 
 
 Caroline Rogers. John Rufus Wyatt. 
 
 Gabriel Gentry. * 
 
 Joanna Gentry. * 
 
 Melzie Miller. '■''' 
 
 Mary Williams. 
 
 Jennie Rogers. John Willingham. 
 
 Joseph Rogers Seabolt. * 
 
 William Holly Seabolt. Sallie Campbell. 
 
 John Looney Seabolt. * Jennie Riley. 
 
 Francis Marion Seabolt. * Eliza Cozens nee Smith. 
 
 Sallie Seabolt. * Josiah Pigeon. 
 
 Emetine Seabolt. * 
 
 David Riley Seabolt. * Sallie Riley. 
 
 Nannie Catherine Seabolt. George W. Harkins and Ezekial 
 
 Starr. 
 Martha Seabolt. Joseph Lawrence and George Bark. 
 James Rogers. Mary Sanders. 
 Charles Rogers. * Susie Foreman. 
 Elmira Rogers. Timothy Fields. 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 6 
 
 1M=2-'IM- 
 
 1" 
 
 OK 
 
 2 
 
 1M-2''1^3' 
 
 1" 
 
 
 2 
 
 OK 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 6 
 
 1M-2-1M- 
 
 l'' 
 
 
 2 
 
 1M-2'"1^5' 
 
 1" 
 
 1M?232M5 
 
 1« 
 
 1'l=2=*3Mf 
 
 1" 
 
 Vry2''5'2' 
 
 I" 
 
 
 -> 
 
 OK 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 9 
 
 Pl. 2.^3435 
 
 1<= 
 
 Oi=2-'3-'6- 
 
 l" 
 
 OK 
 
 2 
 
318 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 lM-2-'3^8-''l" Elizabeth Brand. Theodore Cummuigs and Solomon Brags; 
 2 Frances Brand. William Elders. 
 
 OK 3 John Rogers. Missouri Emma Quinton. 
 
 4 Cynthia Ann Rogers. * 
 
 5 Margaret Brown. * 
 lM-2"4-*3-'l'' Nancy Jane Riley. William Rider, Frederick Hill and 
 Charles Wallace. 
 OK 2 Samuel Riley. " 
 
 ^H-2H^4''V' Nelson C. Vickery. Mary L. James. 
 
 1' l-2''5^I-'r' Minerva Coker. Yocum and John Daniel. 
 
 ■■ Dempsey Fields Coker. Eliza Jane Marlow and Elizabeth 
 Sigmon. 
 
 OK 3 John Rogers Coker. Annie Hogan. 
 
 4 George Coker. Nancy Patton. 
 
 5 Randolph Coker. Minerva Foster. 
 l't-2'5-'2"'r' Lucy Brown Rogers. Joseph L}nch Martin. 
 
 2 Elizabeth Rogers. John W. T. Spencer. 
 
 OK 3 Thomas Lewis Rogers. Ellen Coody and Nannie Martin. 
 
 4 Rose Ella Rogers. * 
 
 5 John Rogers. * 
 
 6 Napoleon Bonaparte Rogers. Annie Charlotte Martin and 
 
 Jennie Martin nee Harlin. 
 8 Granville Rogers. •■' 
 10 Elmira Rogers. Thomas Rodman. 
 
 13 Julia Rogers. Martin Payne. 
 
 14 Nancy Ellen Rogers. Richard Lewis Martin. 
 
 15 Cynthia Rogers. William Due Musgrove and George 
 
 Washington Alberty. 
 
 Victoria Rogers. Joel McDaniel and Amos Flint. 
 Eliza Rogers. William North West. 
 
 I 1 1 Joseph Rogers. Elizabeth Carpenter. 
 
 I 1 2 Antoine Rogers. Elizabeth Rogers nee Carpenter, 
 
 r I- V'5^3'''l" John Lewis Rogers and Harriettee Meeks, 
 
 Margaret Cummings and Sabra Berilla England. 
 
 2 William Wilson Rogers. Martha Frazier. 
 
 OK 3 Georgia Ann Rogers. Richard Prather. 
 
 4 Ella Ann Rogers. * 
 
 1' r-2--3'4' !'■■ Cynthia Rogers. * 
 
 2 Sarah Rogers. * 
 
 OK 3 John Benjamin Franklin Rogers. * Annie F. McCoy. 
 
 4 William Charles Rogers. Nannie Havnie. 
 
HISTORY OF THH CHHROKHE INDIANS 
 5 Mary Ann Rogers. Reuben Bartlev Tyner. 
 
 M'l 
 
 6 Joanna Goody Rogers. John Calhoun Duncan. 
 
 7 Charles Patton Rogers. * 
 
 8 Augustine Rogers. Archibald McCov. 
 
 IM ^2-5^5' 
 
 OK 
 
 l-2''5^8 
 OK 
 
 :-2"6M 
 
 OK 
 
 l-2-'6^2 
 
 M^2-6^3' 
 OK 
 
 M^2^'6-'6- 
 
 OK 
 
 OK 
 
 'F2V^2- 
 
 OK 
 
 M-2^7^3' 
 
 9 Delilah Beatrice Rogers. William Henry Mcl.ain. 
 10 Charles Henry Rogers. Mary V. Brady. 
 !'■ Lewis Rogers. Josephine Landrum, Helen Ross and 
 Sarah Rogers. David Vaught, William Wilkerson, Alfred 
 Campbell and J. J. Griggs. 
 
 3 Eliza Rogers. Virgil Rogers and Alexander Mc Daniel. 
 
 4 WelUington Rogers. Mary Scrinisher, Susie Reed and Dor-i 
 
 E. Hicks nee Scovel. 
 
 5 Charlotte Rogers. Rogers and Patrick Shanahan. 
 
 1'' George Rogers. * Sallie Colston. 
 
 2 Nannie Rogers. '- William Reese. 
 
 1" Houston Shaw. ■■'■ 
 
 2 Henry Shaw. ^'^ Nannie Rhoda Ross nee Stitf. 
 
 1" William R. Mcintosh. 
 
 2 Alexander Mcintosh. •■■ 
 
 3 "Fiskv" Mcintosh. 
 
 OK 
 
 1M=3-'1-'1" 
 
 OK 
 
 Margaret Harper. * Alfred Finney Chisholm. 
 
 Nannie Harper. Edward Cobb and John M. Burns. 
 
 Helen Alice Kell. Thomas Fo.x French. 
 
 Catherine Delilah Kell. Robert Mosby French. 
 
 James Kell. * 
 
 James Riley. "' Ida Gustavia Dance. 
 
 Flora Riley. Osceola Powell Daniel. 
 
 Elizabeth May. '■' 
 
 Rachel May. William Henry Mayes. 
 
 Laura Ma}-. 
 
 Joseph Price. Sallie Rogers nee Colston. 
 
 William Shorey Price. '■' 
 
 Daniel Goody Price. Mary Ann Jones. 
 
 Montezuma Price. 
 
 Millard Filmore Price. * 
 
 George Murrell Price. Eliza Jane Vinyard nee Roach. 
 
 Annie F. Price. Otis Saladin Skidmore. 
 
 Caroline Walker. James Lee Floyd. 
 
 Jennie Bushyhead. Richard Drew. 
 
 Dennis Wolf Bushyhead. Elizabeth Alabama Adair nee 
 
 Scrinisher and Eloise Perry Butler. 
 Daniel Colston Bushyhead. * Amanda McCoy. 
 Charlotte Bushvhead. George Washington Mayes. 
 Edward Wilkerson Bushyhead. * Helen Nicholls nee Corey. 
 Caroline Elizabeth Bushevhead. - William Robert Quarles. 
 
320 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 7 Eliza Missouri Bushyhead. * David Rowe Vann and Bluford 
 
 West Alberty. 
 
 8 Jesse Bushyhead. * 
 
 9 Nannie Sarah Bushyhead. Dr. Felix Hurd McNair. 
 ^1123.-1,42516 y^nn Olivia Bushyhead. John Brown Choate. 
 
 2 Nancy Abigal Bushyhead. William Watson Walker and 
 Thomas Nathaniel Cropper. 
 Iip3-M^3-M6 Tip Bushyhead. * 
 
 2 Smith Miles Bushyhead. Elizabeth Sixkiller and Nellie 
 Summers. 
 OK 3 George Wilson Bushyhead. Martha Sixkiller. 
 Iij233|445i6 Sarah Walker. Georg:e Washington Lasley. 
 
 OK 2 Eben Walker. Sarah Lasley nee Harlan. 
 111233145.-. !>; Sarah Lyons. John Dance and Saturday Vann. 
 
 2 Vivian Harris. 
 
 OK 3 Josephine Lyons. * 
 
 4 Emma Lyons. John Bradshaw. 
 
 5 Flora Harris. 
 
 11123.-? 1455 [f? Henry Bushyhead. Sarah Langley and Emma Crittenden. 
 
 2 Joseph Bushyhead. Delilah Sixkiller. 
 
 OK 3 Lovely Ann Bushyhead. John Beard. 
 
 1M-3^1-'7''I« Runabout Bushyhead. 
 
 2 Jesse Bushyhead. Sallie Walker and Jennie Snail. 
 
 1M=3='2-»1'M« Richard Fields. Mary Wilds. 
 
 2 James Fields. Jennie Berry. 
 
 OK 3 Nannie Fields. John Crutchfield. 
 
 4 Elizabeth Fields. Charles Mograin. 
 
 5 Louisa Fields. William Kendall. 
 
 6 Mary Ann Fields. George Grimmett. 
 
 7 Thomas Monroe Fields. Martha Jane Clin^an. 
 1M=3^2^2M'' John BIythe. .Justine Cadle, Jane Lane nee Harlan and 
 
 Polina James nee Tucker. 
 
 2 Martha Jennie BIythe. Alexander Adam Clingan. 
 OK 3 William BIythe. Fannie Hammondtree. 
 
 4 Elizabeth BIythe. Ira Goddard. 
 
 5 Mary BIythe. Andrew Jackson Tucker. 
 
 6 Elijah BIythe. Martha Clingan. 
 
 7 James Chastine BIythe. Sarah Jemima Rogers and Sarah 
 
 Matila Kell nee Harlan. 
 
 8 Absalom Ellis BIythe. Mary J. Millsap. 
 
 9 Nancy Ann Rogers. Archibald Henry and William E. Bean. 
 10 Joseph Riley BIythe. * 
 
 1M^3*2-'3''1" John Thompson. Margaret Fields, Minerva Biggs and 
 Elizabeth Griffin. 
 2 Charles Thompson. Susie Taylor. 
 OK 3 .Alexander Thompson. Ruth Phillips and Elmira McLain. 
 
HISTORY OF THL- CHEROKEE INDIANS ^:i 
 
 1M-332M=1« Martha Fields. Hilliard Rogers. 
 
 2 Richard M. Fields. Margaret Ann Wolf. 
 
 OK 3 Nannie A. Fields. 
 
 4 Mary A. Fields. Louis Mograin. 
 
 5 James W. Fields. 
 
 6 John R. Fields. 
 
 7 Sabra Jane Fields. Robert Donald Foster and John Secrest. 
 
 8 Sarah E. Fields. * 
 
 H 1233245., iG Delilah Fields. John Scroggins. 
 
 2 Jennie Fields. Frank Padgett. 
 
 OK 3 Ruth Fields. Isaac Scrimsher. 
 
 4 Richard Fields. Elizabeth Blagg. 
 
 5 Martha Fields. Jacob Muskrat. 
 
 6 George Washington Fields. Mary Melvina Weir, Sarah Mc- 
 
 Ghee and Elizabeth Silversmith. 
 
 7 Ezekial Fields. Margaret Weir. 
 
 8 Mary Fields. Ellis Dick. 
 \i\-y'2^6''V' Catherine Fields. James Rawles. 
 
 2 Mary Jane Fields. James Rawles and William Phillips. 
 
 OK 3 James Sanford Fields. Charlotte Stover. 
 
 4 Margaret Fields. James Smith. 
 
 5 Samuel Igo Fields. Caroline Belvidere Phillips. 
 
 6 Martha Emeline Fields. John Ross Simons and Louis 
 
 Langley Horsley. 
 
 7 Sarah Penelope Fields. John Jackson Smith. 
 
 8 Laura Victoria Fields. Jacob Yeager. 
 
 9 Moses Albert Fields. * 
 
 10 Saphronia Fields. Franklin Pierce Milligan. 
 
 1 1 Susie Fields. * William Tweedle. 
 lM-3^2-'7''r' Charles Fields. Nannie Hornet. 
 
 2 Daniel Fields. * 
 
 3 Elizabeth Fields. Taylor Girty. 
 
 4 Sarah Fields. * Charles Thompson. 
 lM-332-'8M" Richard Fields. * 
 ,11233249^10 Delilah Hicks. * Bryan Ward. 
 
 2 Jefferson Hicks. Nannie Lowrey and Margaret Lowrey. 
 
 OK 3 Eleanor Ophelia Hicks. Gilbert Wilson. 
 
 4 Henry Hicks. * 
 
 5 David Hicks. * Elzina Wilson. 
 
 6 Frank Hicks. * Celia Baldridge. 
 
 I 7 William Hicks. Priscilla Thompson. 
 
 j 8 Mary Hicks. W. A. Coleman. 
 
 111=3324 10=1'; Martha Fields. - Richard Wofford and Joseph Martin Hilde- 
 
 brand. 
 
 2 Andrew Fields. Virginia Doherty. 
 
322 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 OK 3 Elmira Fields. James Starr, John Walker Starr and John 
 Joshua Patrick. 
 
 lM-'3^2Ml = l<' Susan Henrietta Foreman. Anderson Benge and Henry 
 Harrison. 
 2 Elizabeth Foreman. Samuel Worcester McCoy. 
 OK 3 John Foreman. * 
 
 4 Margaret Foreman. James Christopher McCoy. 
 
 5 Spencer Foreman. ''■' 
 
 iH-3"^2U2n''' Thomas Wolf. Sarah Nix. 
 
 2 Nancy E. Wolf. * Thomas Jefferson Monroe. 
 
 OK 3 Margaret Ann Wolf. Richard M. Fields and George Ewers. 
 
 4 James Wolf. * 
 
 5 Martha Wolf. * 
 
 1M=3^3'*P1'^ Washinglon Lowrey. Jennie. 
 
 2 Archibald Sixkiller. Charlotte Pettit nee Adair. 
 
 3 Thomas Sixkiller. 
 
 4 Tire. 
 
 5 George Bigfeather. Jennie Sanders. 
 
 6 Annie Bigfeather. * 
 
 7 Hawk Bigfeather. * 
 
 8 Oolagala. Charlotte Rowe. 
 1M=3''3^2516 David Fields. * 
 OK 2 Elizabeth Fields. * 
 
 lM-3-'3^3"l'' Elizabeth Pack Fields. William Shorey Coody and John 
 Shepherd Vann. 
 
 2 Amanda Fields. Major General Delos Bennett Sackett 
 
 U. S. A. 
 
 3 William Fields. Charlotte Candy. 
 
 4 Wirt Fields. Sarah Woodard. 
 
 5 Lucy Fields. Redbird Smith. 
 
 6 Richard Fields. Lydia Backbone. 
 
 7 Letitia M. Fields. James Daniel Wilson. 
 
 1'P3-'3MM« Jennie Fields. Allen Ross. 
 
 2 Louisa Fields. James Mackey. 
 
 OK 3 George Washington Fields. Elvina McCoy. 
 
HISTORY OF 1HI£ CHEROKEE INDIANS 323 
 
 4 John Fields. * 
 
 5 Sarah Fields. Alexander Foreman. 
 
 6 Martha Fields. * Sanuicl McDanlel Tavlor. 
 lM-333-'5'l« Sarah Fields. Jacob Miller. 
 
 2 Ellen Fields. * 
 
 3 Rachel Fields. '■• Benjamin Fife. 
 
 5 Susan Fields. Charles Coodv and David Steele. 
 
 4 Catherine Fields. * 
 
 6 Nannie Fields. Lewis Bruner. 
 
 7 Annie Fields. Archibald Ballard. 
 
 ^1 1:333455 jG Johnson Fields. *Ghigau Teehee and Mary Lowrey. 
 
 2 Susie Fields. Catcher Teehee. 
 
 OK 3 Cherokee Fields. * 
 
 lM-3^3^7''l'^Annie Taylor. Robert Bufl'ington Daniel. 
 
 2 Mary Jane Taylor. Dr. Jeter Lynch Thompson. 
 
 OK 3 Eliza Christine Taylor. Johnson Thompson. 
 
 4 Frances Taylor. James Leon Butler. 
 
 5 Louisa Taylor. John Osborn Walker. 
 
 lil-3-'=3^85l'"' William Mosley West. Elizabeth J. Clyne. 
 
 2 George Rider West. * 
 
 OK 3 Martha West. Jackson Cozens. 
 
 4 John Calhoun West. Margaret Elizabeth Hickey. 
 
 5 Kiamitia West. Allen Gilbert. 
 
 6 James Polk West. Missouri Barnett. 
 
 7 Ruth Elizabeth West. Richard Brewer and William Walter 
 
 Finley. 
 
 8 Franklin' Pierce West. Mary Ellen Allen nee Brewer. 
 
 111233349.^10 William Ratliff. Eliza Scales and Martha Crossiand. 
 
 2 Cherokee Ratliff. George Washington Brewer. 
 
 OK 3 Kiowa Ratliff. * 
 
 |i 1=33341 Q-.10 Lacey Wilson. Margaret Johnson. 
 
 2 Robin Crawford. Annie Boston. 
 
 OK 3 Jennie Crawford. * Wildcat. 
 
 5 Marv Crawford. William Griffin and Waspeaker. 
 
 IM-333M 1-1" Mary C. Fields. J. C. Cromwell and James L. Smith. 
 
 1M=3^3M2M" Sarah Elizabeth Mosley. John Leak Springston. 
 
 2 Ruth Drew. Joseph .Miller Ross. 
 
324 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 OK 3 George Fields Drew. * 
 
 4 Nancy Jane Riley. * Daniel Webster Vann. 
 
 6 John Martin Riley. Nannie Ethel Brewer. 
 
 5 Richard Fields Riley. * Eliza Webber. 
 
 7 Martha C. Riley. John West Markham. 
 \H-i-'4*V'V'' Sallie Reese. James Taylor and Redmond. 
 
 2 Henry Dobson Reese. * Rachael Wolf and Ellen Keys. 
 
 OK 3 Catherine Reese. Thomas Starr. 
 
 4 Mary Reese. Frederick Cable and Tatnall Holt Post. 
 
 5 Polly Reese. Fields Starr, Matthew Guerin, Oliver Miller. 
 
 6 Charles Reese. * 
 
 7 John C. Reese. * 
 
 8 Eleanor Reese. Charles Lowrey. 
 
 9 George Reese. * 
 
 10 Margaret Ann Reese. William Cofiin Woodall. 
 
 1 1 Rory McCoy Reese. Martha Josephine Griffin. 
 
 12 Charlotte Reese. Henry Nave and McDuft' Ross. 
 
 1 1 1=33442.-. I c. George Washington McPherson. Elmira Gardenhier. 
 
 2 Lucy McPherson. Charles Griffin, John Gordon and Coo- 
 weescoowee. 
 
 OK 3 Christine McPherson. Nathan Baron Danenburg. 
 
 4 Hugh Montgomery McPherson. Harriette Candy. 
 
 5 Alexander McPherson. Charlotte Towers. 
 
 6 Elizabeth McPherson. Engevine Coodv. 
 
 7 Nannie McPherson. William Starr. 
 
 8 John Virgil McPherson. Lucinda Painter, Elizabeth Morris 
 
 and Mary Dawson nee Ragsdale. 
 
 9 Silas McPherson. * Minerva Eldridge. 
 
 1M-3MM"'1« Jorn Lowrey McCoy. Charlotte RatlitT, Emma Bennett and 
 Lucy Jane Adair. 
 
 Lucy McCoy. James Gatlin. 
 
 OK 3 Elvina McCoy. George Washington Fields. 
 
 4 Mary Ann McCoy. Washington Starr and George Gann. 
 
 5 Richard Martin McCoy. Ellen Adair. 
 
 6 Araminta McCoy. Bluford West Rider, James Starr, An- 
 drew Sanders and Joseph Tapp. 
 
 7 Edward Hicks McCoy. Sallie Swimmer nee Haley. 
 
 8 Charles R. McCoy. * Nannie Watts and Arie Ann Massey. 
 
 9 Elizabeth McCoy. * Ellis Sanders. 
 
 10 Nancy Caroline McCoy. James Lafayette Bigby. 
 
 11123.344551 fi Joseph Rogers McCoy. Mary Hicks. 
 
 2 Sallie McCoy. Andrew Miller and Charles Bushyhead. 
 
 OK 3 James Christopher McCoy. Jennie Adair, Margaret Fore- 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHl:ROKEE INDIANS 325 
 
 man and Malinda Carey nee Downing. 
 
 4 Rory McCoy. 
 
 5 Ruth Emeline McCoy. George Washington Hause and 
 
 Jerome Newton Kepheart. 
 
 6 Samuel Worcester McCoy. Elizabeth Foreman. 
 
 7 Mary McCoy. Wiley Vann. 
 
 8 Amanda McCoy. * Daniel Bushyhead. 
 
 9 Margaret McCoy. * Surry Eaton Beck. 
 
 10 Daniel Hicks McCoy. Nannie Davis and Rebecca Fowler. 
 
 1 1 Sabra Buftington McCoy. * John Ross Hicks. 
 
 12 John Alexander McCoy. Elizabeth Keys, Jennie Dennis. 
 
 Annie Coker, Annie Chooie and Margaret Hogan. 
 
 13 Annie F. McCoy. '■' John Benjamin Franklin Rogers. 
 
 lM-3"'4^7"' !'■ James Lowrev. Ellen Piiieon. 
 
 Joseph Perdue. Nannie Keener and Martha Matlock. 
 
 OK 3 Rut'us Daley. Mary Holman and Missouri VVeathersby. 
 
 4 Nannie Adair Daley. John Washington Hughes. 
 lM''3-''4^8''l" Elizabeth Neeley Adair. Timothy Meigs Walker. 
 2 James Warren Adair. Susannah Deborah Bean. 
 OK 3 Susan Caroline Adair. Robert S. C. Noel and Edwin Dow 
 
 Allen. 
 
 4 Sarah Ann Adair. William Penn Adair. 
 
 5 Edward Underwood Adair. 
 
 6 Mary Buffington Adair. Dr. Walter Thompson Adair. 
 
 7 Hugh Montgomery Adair. Eliza Jane Hearst, Martha I.. 
 
 Johnson and Phoeba Acena Morris nee Pace. 
 
 8 Lucy Fields Adair. Waldemar S. Lindsley. 
 
 9 Minerva Cornelia Adair. * 
 1iF3-'5^1M'' Elizabeth Fields. * Stand Watie. 
 
 2 Mary Fields. * Rufus McWilliams, John Adair Duncan, 
 Thomas Fleming and Daniel Pinson. 
 OK 3 John McFerran Fields. Elizabeth Smith. 
 
 4 Eliza Fields. John Alexander Watie and Samuel Smith. 
 
 5 Timothy Fields. Eliza Mcintosh, Polly Fields and Elmira 
 
 Rogers. 
 
 6 Rachel Fields. 
 
 7 James Fields. ''■' DoUie Eunice Lowrev. 
 1il=3"5^2""'l« John Smith. '■' Margaret Hendricks. 
 
 2 Rachel Smith. John Rider. 
 OK 3 Charles Smith. * 
 
 4 Elizabeth Smith. John McFerran Fields, Thomas Adkins 
 
 and George Drum. 
 
 5 Samuel Houston Smith. * 
 
 6 Eliza Smith. Davfd Grayson, Jackson Cozens and Francis 
 
 Marion Seabolt. 
 
326 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 ^1^233543016 Catherine Fields. Joseph V. Clingan and Edward Pumpkin- 
 pile. 
 
 2 Jennie Fields. * John Downing. 
 OK 3 Susannah Fields. Lacey Hawkins. 
 
 4 Lucy Fields. Levi Toney. 
 
 5 Elizabeth Fields. * Joseph Raper. 
 1M=3-''5'^5"1" Seven Fields. * Sallie Guess. 
 
 OK 2 Tiana Fields. * 
 111=335^6^1" Johnson Vann. Margaret Winters. 
 
 OK 2 Joseph Swimmer. Sallie Sixkiller. 
 lM-3-'5^7M« Jennie Fields. Rufus Bell Adair. 
 
 OK 2 Thomas Fields. * 
 
 1M23='5-*8^1'' Eli Smith. * Elizabeth Ashhopper. 
 
 OK 2 Nannie Smith. * 
 
 ^11233549516 America Spencer. * 
 
 iM^^^SMO^l" Walter Fields. * 
 
 OK 2 George Fields. * 
 
 lM=336-*l''l* Daniel Fields. Margaret Wilson French nee Fields. 
 
 2 Akv Fields. * 
 
 3 Margaret Fields. ''■' Bearpaw Prince. 
 
 \H-3^6-^2''V' Martha Fields. Samuel Smoker. 
 
 1112336435^6 oilie Fields. * 
 
 1M=3"6^5''I'' Squirrel Fields. Susie Gritts, * and Nannie Bolin. 
 
 OK 2 Nannie Fields. * 
 
 lM^3*6^6^1'' Sarah Fields. Finney Hicks and Johnson Waters. 
 
 H123374J516 James V. Hildebrand. Adelaide Taylor. 
 
 2 Elizabeth Hildebrand. "■' Johnson O'Fields. 
 
 OK 3 Jemima Hildebrand. * Matthew Thompson. 
 
 4 Martha Hildebrand. James Smart. 
 
 5 Ann Eliza Hildebrand. Hugh Miller Howdershell. 
 111233743516 Nannie Rhoda Stif^'. * Silas Ross, Henry Shaw and Thomas 
 
 McDaniel. 
 
 2 Bevelly Bean Hickey. Louise Rolston Kelt. 
 
 OK 3 Henry French Hickey. * 
 
 4 Margaret Elizabeth Hickey. John Calhoun West. 
 
 . 5 Mary Ann Hickey. George Washington Pettit. 
 
 6 Thomas Preston Hickey. Lucinda Gott. 
 
 7 George Hickey. 
 
 II1233743516 Josephine Bigelow. Henry Clay Meigs. 
 
 111233744516 Walter Goss Fields. Ella E. Norris. 
 
 2 Nannie E. Fields. Colonel Johnson Harris. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 327 
 
 4 Thomas Fields. Sarah Sniinions. 
 
 5 Joseph Allen Fields. Valera Marsh Little. 
 
 6 Margaret Penelope Fields. Thomas Fox Woodall. 
 
 William H. Fields. Fannie C. Doctor. 
 
 7 Chauncey Fields. 
 111=33745510 Henry French. =■= 
 
 2 Robert Mosby French. Catherine Kell and Janana Thomp- 
 son. 
 OK 3 Thomas Fox French. Helen Alice Kell and Nannie Ratlitl. 
 
 4 Richard Fields French. * 
 
 5 Cabel Vaughn French. ■•' 
 
 6 Joseph Mason French. Sallie Riley and E. May Elliott. 
 
 7 Laura Augusta French. * Lewis Ross. 
 
 8 Jefferson Thompson French. Margaret Elizabeth Pennel. 
 lM-3^7^7'1'' Elias Cornelius Boudinot. * Susan Adelaide Foreman. 
 
 2 Richard Fields Boudinot. Mary Catherine Treppard. 
 OK 3 Eleanor Margaret Boudinot. John Henry Meigs. 
 
 4 Henry French Boudinot. * Elizabeth Starr. 
 
 5 Francis Josiah Boudinot. Annie Stapler Meigs. 
 
 6 Caroline Mary Boudinot. Archibald Spears. 
 lM=3^8^2'*l'^ Nannie Foreman. John T. Foster and Redbird Sixkiller. 
 
 2 Sarah Foreman. Benjamin Foster and Elijah Maylield. 
 OK 3 Elias Gourd Foreman. Jennie Alberty and Mary Sanders 
 
 nee Smith. 
 
 4 Catherine Foreman. Aaron Crittenden, George Tiesky, 
 
 Scudders Downing and Nelson Terrapin. 
 
 5 Ellis Foreman. Elizabeth Crittenden and Sarah Kelly nee 
 
 Phillips. 
 1 1| 233343511; Elizabeth Bible. John Anderson. 
 2 John Bible. Mary Jane Brown. 
 OK 3 Philip Bible. * 
 
 4 Christopher Bible. * Rebecca Jane Sweeten. 
 ri=3=8M'r' Minerva Jane Foreman. William Thornton, Alexander 
 Ross and John Childers. 
 2 Thomas Leroy Foreman. Sue M. Wolfe. 
 OK 3 William Riley Foreman. Susan Caroline Lattamore. 
 
 4 Charles Lafayette Foreman. Susie Sanders and Sarah Ross. 
 
 5 Samuel Adair Foreman. Caroline Rebecca Guilliams, Jen- 
 
 nie Riley, Ellen Martin and Elizabeth Fowler. 
 
 6 Ellis Foreman. Margaret Richardson. 
 
 7 Edward D. Foreman. Salina Brown. 
 
 8 Mary Foreman. William Crowder. 
 
 9 Nelson Foreman. Annie Alberty. 
 
328 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Scraper, Annie Scraper and Malinda Centers. 
 
 2 Robert Foreman. Amanda Teusdale. 
 
 OK 3 Salina Foreman. Jesse Barnett. 
 
 lM-3-'8^8'^l" Heman Lincoln Foreman. Mary Boots. 
 
 2 Hannah Jane Foreman. Archibald Coody. 
 
 OK 3 Margaret Foreman. * 
 
 4 Susan Foreman. Simeon Turnbull. 
 
 5 Pauline Foreman. '■' 
 
 6 Caroline Foreman. Calvin Beams. 
 
 7 Ruth Foreman. * Samuel Beams. 
 
 8 John Wickliffe Foreman. * 
 lM-3^8-'9M« William Shorey Foreman. 
 
 lil=3-^8-'I0M'' Frances Flora Foreman. Samuel Sixkiller. 
 
 2 Bluford West Foreman. Emetine McCoy Robinson. 
 
 OK 3 Eliza Elizabeth Foreman. William Johnston. 
 
 1 M -3-'8M i-'l'' Elizabeth Jones. Alexander Wolf. 
 
 2 Sarah Emetine Stopp. Lemon and Sardine. 
 OK 3 Ophelia Catherine Stopp. John Walkingstick. 
 lM-3-^8M3''r'' Stephen Foreman. Maude Elizabeth Hunter. 
 
 2 Elizabeth Foreman. Yellowhammer Suake. 
 OK 3 Fannie Foreman. Archibald Turtle. 
 
 4 Joseph Anthony Foreman. Rachel Hampton. 
 
 5 Susie F. Foreman. * George Washington Smith. 
 
 6 Thomas Fox Foreman. Ada Vann nee Chandler. 
 l'l-3-"'8-*14'''l'' Margaret Proctor. Spencer Shelton. 
 
 2 Charles Proctor. Louisa Townsend and Eliza Pritchett. 
 OK 3 Eliza Jane Proctor. William H. Horn. 
 
 4 Susan Proctor. James Taylor. 
 
 5 Nannie Proctor. Jeremiah Springstead, Benjamin Critten- 
 
 den, Jeremiah Horn and Alburton Brown. 
 
 6 Spencer Proctor. * 
 
 7 Mary Proctor. * 
 
 lM-3'9-'Pl" William Penn Adair. Sarah Ann McNair and Sue Mc- 
 intosh Drew. 
 2 Brice Martin Adair. Sarah McNair. 
 
 OK 3 Walter Thompson Adair. Mary Buffington Adair, Ruth 
 
 Markham and Fannie Gray. 
 
 4 John Ticanooly Adair. Martha Nannie Thompson. 
 
 5 Mary Ellen Adair. Joseph Franklin Thompson. 
 
 6 Benjamin Franklin Adair. Mary Delilah McNair. 
 
 7 Rachel Jane Adair. Milton Howard McCullough. 
 
 8 Cherokee Cornelia Adair. Jesse Bushyhead Mayes. 
 11 1=33942.-.,, 1 j^j^^^y ^^j^j^, Thompson. Caleb Starr Bean. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 329 
 
 2 Wirt Thompson. Marjory Hicks. 
 
 OK 3 John Martin Thompson. Louisa McCord. 
 
 4 Susan Thompson. - John Tipton Laclcens. 
 
 5 Martha Thompson. * BL'njamin Wilson. 
 
 6 Ellen Thompson. John W. Wilson. 
 
 7 Isabelle Thompson. Benjamin Wilson and Henry Tucker. 
 
 8 Benjamin Franklin Thompson. Annie Harden and Gippie 
 
 Randall. 
 
 9 Cherokee Thompson. Joseph Hall Alexander. 
 |i|233943.v,o poiisha Martin. William Bryant and James Thompson. 
 
 2 Alexander Lombard Martin. Emily McAllister, Rachel Hunt 
 Sanders, Caroline Shoop nee Pettit, Margaret Green and 
 Saphronia .Ann Quinton. 
 
 OK 3 Richard Lewis Martin. Nannie Ellen Rogers and Flora 
 
 Burnett Cummings nee Rogers. 
 4 Annie Charlotte Martin. Napoleon Bonaparte Rogers. 
 
 6 Cicero Holt Martin. =■= 
 
 7 Susie Emory Martin. George Washington Mayes. 
 
 8 Martha Washington Martin. * 
 
 5 Joanna Martin. Frank Consene. 
 
 9 Ruth Ellen Martin. James Franklin Benge. 
 10 John Rogers Martin. Tahitha Louisa West. 
 1 1 Hernando DeSoto Martin. Jeanette Birdine Lamb. 
 
 12 \'ictoria Rogers Martin. Joseph Robert Rogers. 
 
 13 Jessie Beatrice Martin. John Lee Lamb and George Crit- 
 
 tenden. 
 
 14 Granville Augustus Martin. Lola Mayes. 
 
 15 Willie Penn Adair Martin. Edward Cochran. 
 lM-3-'9-»4''l'' Helen Marr Martin. John LaHay, Samuel Sanders, Frederick 
 
 Morley and James S. Phelps. 
 lM-3-'9^5"'l'' William M. Martin. Mary Still, Margaret Bolin and Agnes 
 Bolin. 
 OK 2 John Walter Martin. Laura Reasoner and Nannie Brackley 
 
 lM-3"9^6"'r' Martha McNair, Henry Rogers and John Martin Thomps >n. 
 
 OK 2 John Martin McNair. Mary Jane Hale. 
 
 lM-3-''9-'9-'r^ John Lynch. * 
 
 2 Caroline Lynch. James Madison Bell. 
 OK 3 Jeter Lynch. * 
 
 4 Joseph Martin Lynch. Susan Frances Raymond nee Fore- 
 
 man. 
 
 5 Cicero Leonidas Lynch. Nannie Bell. 
 
 6 William Lynch. * 
 
 7 Braxton Bragg Lynch. * Sarah . 
 
 1M^3'''9^10M'' Andromache Bell. • Harvey Shelton. 
 
 2 Josephine Bell. William Wirt Buffington. 
 
330 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 OK 3 Charlotte Bell. James Washington Ivey. 
 
 4 l.Licien Burr Bell. Sabra Ann Cunningham and Mary Frances 
 Starr. 
 ji|2j.-!g4| .i5|6 Lucy Jane Adair. John Lowrey McCoy. 
 
 2 Nancy Ellen Adair. Samuel Mitchell Couch. 
 
 OK 3 Franklin Wright. * 
 
 4 Mary Ellen Wiight. Marion Walker Couch. 
 
 5 Joseph A. Richards. Caroline Catherine Kelleams. 
 lM-3-'y^l2"'r' Arkansas Cherokee Martin. Hiram Terrell Landrum. 
 
 2 Nannie Martin. Thomas Lewis Rogers and David A. Ware. 
 
 OK 3 Luther Martin. * 
 
 ] 1123:194 130 [6 John Martin Bell. Sarah Catherine Harnage. 
 
 2 Foster Bell. * 
 
 OK 3 Cicero Martin Cunningham. Nannie Bell nee Martin and 
 
 Sarah A. McCoy. 
 
 4 Beatrice Alberty. James B. Markham. 
 
 lM-'3-'9-'l5M'' George Bell. * 
 
 2 John Bell. * 
 
 OK 3 Eliza Jane Bell. William Henry Mayes. 
 
 11123.19415516 ;^„,, ^Yiza. Nicholson. * Edward W." Byrd. 
 
 2 Joseph Nicholson. * 
 
 OK 3 Richard Nicholson. * 
 
 Mary Sidney. 
 
 Ill 2 
 
 5 Benjamin Landrum. Martha Madalene Hyde. 
 
 6 Thomas Livingston Landrum. Nannie Rider. 
 1-3^10^1 = 1" Jeter Lynch Thompson. Mary Jane Taylor. 
 
 2 William Thompson. * 
 OK 3 Johnson Thompson. Eliza Christine Taylor. 
 
 4 John Martin Thompson. Corinne E. Washburn, Martha 
 
 Rogers nee McNair and Mary Jane McNair Hale. 
 
 5 Matthew Thompson. Sallie Turner Denman, Lucy Ann 
 
 Clark and Jemima Hildebrand. 
 
 6 Rachel Caroline Thompson. Thomas Gillispie Allison. 
 
 7 Maria Ann Thompson. Thomas Jefferson Parks. 
 
 8 Mary Eliza Thompson. Thomas Gillispie Allison. 
 
 9 Sabra Elizabeth Thompson. William Vann and Joseph Bal- 
 
 lard. 
 10 Martha Nannie Thompson. John Ticanooly Adair and 
 Augustus Van Edmondson. 
 1 1 Joseph Franklin Thompson. Marv Ellen Adair, Fannie 
 Adair nee Gray and 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 33i 
 
 lir3MO-»2f'r Nannie England. 
 
 2 Annie England. Livingston Garrett and Thomas Clark. 
 
 Joseph England. '■' 
 
 Mary England. 
 
 Martha England. George Washington Rogers. 
 
 William Lowry England. Rebecca Trott nee Moore. 
 
 Sabra Berilla England. John Lewis Rogers. 
 
 Almira Williams. Samuel McDaniel Taylor. 
 
 Louisa M. Williams. James Ward. 
 
 Rachel Caroline Williams. George DeShields Kinney. 
 
 Joseph Lynch Williams. Louisa J. Stover. 
 Cherokee A. Williams. Robert Fletcher Wyly. 
 
 William Wirt Burtington. Josephine Bell and Caroline 
 Elizabeth Thompson nee McCord. 
 
 John Ross Burtington. Nannie Bryan. 
 
 Daniel Webster Burtington. * 
 
 Eliza Burtington. Joseph George Washington Vann. 
 
 Mary Jane Burtington. Robert Fletcher Wyly. 
 
 John Lynch. * 
 
 Caroline Lynch. James MadisdU Bell. 
 
 Jeter Lynch. * 
 
 Joseph Martin Lynch. Susan Frances Raymond nee Fore- 
 man . 
 
 Cicero Leonidas Lynch. Nannie Bell. 
 
 William Lynch. * 
 
 7 Braxton Bragg Lynch. * Sarah . 
 
 ji 1233 J 0475 J I) James Franklin Thompson. Caroline Elizabeth McCord. 
 2 Joseph Lynch Thompson. Frances Kell, Alice Tucker and 
 Miranda King nee Young. 
 
 OK 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 111=381 0^3" 
 
 l" 
 
 
 
 
 OK 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 1M=3»10M^ 
 
 |6 
 
 lil=3M0-*5- 
 
 1" 
 
 
 2 
 
 OK 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 lM=33lo^6^ 
 
 1« 
 
 
 2 
 
 OK 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 6 
 
 OK 3 Sabra Ann Cunningham. Lucien Burr Bell. 
 
 4 Jeter Thompson Cunningham. Keziah Camille Moore. 
 
 1M=3^10-*8M'' John Lynch Adair. Mary Jane Jeffries. 
 
 lM^3^11'*l5r Jennie Davis. William Columbus Patton. 
 
 2 Rachel Davis. George Washington Hill. 
 
 OK 3 Mary Davis. James Orval Hall. 
 
 4 John Davis. Ruth Hall. 
 
 5 Theresa Lane Davis. William Little. 
 
 6 Martin Davis. * 
 
 11 12331 ,43o|G Georgia Ann Davis. Ezekial Jackson Dunagan. 
 
 2 Samuel Tate Davis. Lucinda Pitchlynn nee Starr and Belle 
 Woftord. 
 
 OK 3 Susannah Davis. * Taylor Connelly. 
 
 4 Daniel Davis. Berilla Davis. 
 
 5 Cicero Davis. Sidney Whisenhunt. 
 
 6 John Davis. Bessie Satterwhite. 
 
332 
 
 l'F3'M I 
 OK 
 
 44.-,,. 
 
 OK 
 OK 
 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 7M" 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Jennie Saphronia Davis. Clark Barker Garmany. 
 Robert Lee Davis. Ruth Pliillips and Hester May Curry. 
 Daniel Davis. Mary E. Davis. 
 
 Benjamin Davis. 
 
 Martha A. Perry. 
 
 William Corn. 
 
 Delilah Davis. 
 
 Joseph Davis. 
 
 Hannah Davis. 
 
 Susan Davis. 
 
 Berilla Davis. Daniel Davis and Newton Satterfield. 
 
 Lorenzo Davis. Theodosia Whitmire. 
 
 Miller Davis. Elizabeth Simmons. 
 
 Elias Earl Davis. 
 
 William Davis. Malissa Davis. 
 
 Jennie Davis. Oscar Sites. 
 
 Lorenzo Dow Davis. Malinda Mabry. 
 
 Elizabeth Davis. Herman Johnson Vann. 
 
 John Brown Davis. Lucy Kettle and Jennie Barnhill. 
 
 Jetterson Davis. * Annie Chastain. 
 
 CHEROKI!!: OKFHAN ASYI,UM 
 
TAHLEQUAH. 
 
 written By MRS. LENA HARXAGE ADA.U. of TahU.„..„,. 
 Here's to Tah,e„uah with ^.lirVo'ota UmT''''' 
 Her sparkling: springs and tinkling rils 
 Her rocky cliffs by fern o'ergro« n 
 And her shady nooks by lovers known- 
 ?S^ maidens fair and cultured dames," 
 And gifted sons of illustrious name>; 
 
 Jl^of „^'' .^"^ "''^' ^'""der. fond memory brings 
 bweet thoughts of the village that nestles serenl 
 So tranqu.l and lovely-an enchanted scene 
 \isions of beauty he will long retain ■ 
 
 iu i", '^''«5™^ I'e will visit Tahlequah again 
 About her foothills of the Ozarks arise 
 Like a gem surrounded by her setting she lies 
 Near by flows the Illinois— a crystaT stream 
 Brightly the waters o'er its pebbly 'bed' gfea'Si. 
 He who loves beauty, along its banks may find 
 Picturesque spots to delight the mind 
 You should see Tahlequah in tlie month of May 
 When nature has donned her brightest array 
 When incense, borne by the perfumed breeze 
 Blows through the snow-white locust trees 
 Around the quaint old capital square 
 Floats out upon the warm sweet air- 
 When the emerald sward is decked 'with flowers 
 And the birds sing in their leafy bowers 
 And the voice of the school children on the street 
 l-alls upon the air like music sweet 
 Here many a family its lineage traces 
 Back to old England's proudest races 
 For many a noble, to hide his head, 
 In Cromwell's time, to America fled 
 They sought the Cherokee, wliose open hand 
 Welcomed them to this wonderland. 
 And in the days when Freedom's strife 
 Often endangered the royalist's life. 
 Over the mountains of Tennesse, 
 The Tory came to the Cherokee; 
 For during that period the Indians were loyal 
 To the British crown and the family roval 
 The names that Cherokee history adorn". 
 Were not assumed, but were proudly borne 
 By dscendents of these old English sire.s. 
 Who safety sought at the Cherokee camp fires 
 The name Talequah to this town was given 
 By the old Cherokees, w-hen tliey were driven 
 From their eastern homes, afar to the west. 
 Till they reached this spot, "A haven of rest,'' 
 Poor, sorrowing exiles, of their homes bereft. 
 Grieving for firesides which they had left. 
 God who takes care of those w-liom the strong oppress. 
 And pities them in their sore distress. 
 Brought it to pass, that the land of the given. 
 By treaty as sacred and solemn as Heaven, 
 Was better than that of which they had been despoiled, 
 Wliere long years they had lived, and loved and toiled 
 Little the white brothers knew of this land 
 Which they gave to the remnant of this proud band. 
 Knew naught of the mineral wealth which hides 
 Its bounteous stores in the mountain sides; 
 Naught of the verdant fruitful plains. 
 Nor the varied resources this country contains. 
 Here the Cherokees rested, their long journe^v o'er. 
 And this wildwood was given to he theirs evermore. 
 Here they made the council-ground. 
 And here their Kihegas oft were found 
 In solemn assembly and council grave. 
 When the laws to govern the nation they gave. 
 Here Sequoyah, the Cadmus, his alphabet brought. 
 Which with infinite patience and skill he wrought: 
 Schools w-ere established to teach the youth. 
 And churches, to spread Christianity's truth. 
 Soon the wilderness was made to bloom 
 As homes w-ere built and dispelled its gloom. 
 And the town by the little woodland stream 
 Threw its light afar like a diamond's gleam. 
 Such was the birth of this historic town. 
 Which for her beauty is of wide renown. 
 For her fountains that gush from the rough hillside. 
 And her halls of learning, the -Vation's i)rldc. 
 Like .\thens of old. she is of learning the seat. 
 So peaceful and quiet, a sylvan retreat: 
 May contentment and happiness fall to th*» lot 
 Of all who dwell here in this romantic spot. 
 
334 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 3,5 
 
 CHAPTER XV 
 
 Continuation of Old Families 
 Downing. 
 
 1^ Major Downing-. 
 ri= George Downing. '^''* 
 
 2 John Downing. Jennie and .\annie. 
 
 3 William Downing. 
 
 4 Nannie Downing, 
 ri-r^ James Downing. 
 
 2 Alexander Downing. Oo-go-yo-sti. 
 
 3 John Downing. Leah Lovelady. 
 
 4 Elizabeth Downing. Stephen \\hitmire 
 1^2= 13 Ollie Downing. * 
 
 2 Samuel Downing. Susie Dougherty and Elsie Dougherty 
 
 3 David Downmg. Peggy Dougherty. 
 
 4 Isaac Downing. '■' 
 
 5 Peggy Downing. Archibald Tuckwa. 
 
 6 Nellie Downing. * 
 
 7 Moses Downing. Oo-yo-sti or Polly and Lydia. 
 
 8 Elizabeth Downing. Galcatcher. 
 
 9 Celia Downing. * Ezekial McLaughlin. 
 
 10 Jesse Downing. * Chicken. 
 
 1 1 Charlotte Downing. Ellis Beck. 
 
 12 William Downing. Elizabeth Dougherty and Elsie Down- 
 
 ing. 
 13 Cynthia Downing. Joseph Beck. 
 
 14 James Downing. Parris. 
 
 15" Catherine Downing. * Still. 
 
 16 John Downing. Ollie. 
 
 17 Sallie Downing. Tadpole. 
 1M=1-" Thomas Pettit. Catherine. 
 
 2 James Crittenden. Nancy Hughes and Ko-ta-Ka-ya. 
 
 3 Jennie Crittenden. Jack Wright. " Al.S 
 
 1M = 1 = 
 
 4 Margaret McSwain. Avery Vann. 
 
 5 Elizabeth McSwain. David Welch. 
 1^ George Downing. 
 
 2 Peacheater Downing. 
 
 1M-2"H Lethe Downing. Hiram Bright. 
 
 2 Annie Downing. Pumpkin or Murphy. 
 
 3 Charles Downing. * 
 
 4 Scudders Downing. Polly Bean and Catherine Tiesky neo 
 
 Foreman. 
 
 5 John Downing. * 
 
 ]i 1=3314 Martha Jane Downing. Jackson Smith and Joshua Morgan. 
 
336 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 lM-4'M-' George Washington Whitmire. Catherine Wottord and 
 Elizabeth Faught. 
 OK 2 Jonathan Whitmire. Charlotte Downing and Temperance 
 
 Holt. 
 r2-2-M* Lewis Downing. Lydia Price, Lucinda Griffin and Mary Eyre. 
 2 John Downing. Jennie Fields. 
 
 OK 3 Margaret Downing. 
 
 4 Thompson Downing. 
 
 5 Aaron Downint 
 
 6 Samuel Downing. 
 
 7 Mary Downing. Charles Dougherty and Charles Crittenden. 
 
 8 Henry Downing". Jennie Fodder. 
 
 r2-3'M-* John Downing. Jennie Clingan. 
 
 2 Elizabeth Downing. Richard Turner. 
 
 3 George Downing. Elizabeth Consene, Mary Smith and 
 
 Rosella Downing nee Adair. 
 
 4 Rachel Downing. John Smith. 
 
 5 Sarah Downing. 
 
 6 John Downing. 
 
 7 Lydia Downing. John Canoe. 
 
 8 Judith Downing. George Still. 
 
 9 Thompson Downing. Sallie. 
 
 10 Lucinda Downing. Archibald Canoe. 
 
 1 1 Archibald Downing. Josie Craft and Sallie Butler. 
 1^2-'5'M'* Benjamin Tuckwa. * 
 
 2 Catherine Tuckwa. * 
 
 r2=7-'l-' Aaron Downing. Susie Beck and Elizabeth Vann. 
 
 4 Celia Downing. Walkingwolf. 
 
 5 William Downing. * Aelia Vann. 
 
 6 James Downing. Lucinda Woodall and Eliza Parris. 
 
 7 Elizabeth Downing. David Tadpole. 
 
 8 Judith Downing. eGorge Still. 
 
 10 Ambrose Downing. Gatsie Parris and Josephine Welch. 
 
 1 1 John Downing. Rachel Dennis. 
 
 12 Catherine Downing. * George Still. 
 
 2 Cash Downing. * Elizabeth Goodin. 
 
 3 Dicey Downing. William Proctor. 
 
 9 Celia Downing. * 
 112=831^ Rebecca Galcatcher. James Muskrat. 
 2 James Galcatcher. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKElf INDIANS 337 
 
 3 Thomas Galcatclur. Peggy and Minnie Vann. 
 l'2-irM-» Oran Beck. Louisa Tiger and l.etlia Harris. 
 
 2 Jeffrey Beck. Racliel Muskrat. 
 OK 3 Susie Beck. Albert McCjco and Alfred Pigeon. 
 
 4 Samuel Beck. - Susie Sixkiller, Salina Foreman and Fliza- 
 
 beth Dry. 
 
 5 Cynthia Beck. Releford Beck, Henry Mitchell and William 
 
 Taylor Barton. 
 112M2-M-* Sallie Downing. Jeffrey Beck. 
 2 John Downing. Dennis. 
 
 3 Susie Downing. John Still. 
 
 4 David Downing. Catherine Faught. 
 
 r2-l3"l^ Aaron Headin Beck. Catherine McCreary nee Foreman 
 
 and Josephine Downing, nee Welch. 
 
 2 Arie Beck. Andrew Pettit, Archibald Love and Jonathan 
 
 Riley. 
 
 OK 3 Mary Beck. Frank Pettit. 
 
 4 Releford Beck. * Cynthia Beck. 
 
 5 Weatherford Beck. Sabra Sturdevant. 
 
 6 Joseph Beck. * 
 
 7 Jeft'rey Beck. Mary Ann Harris. 
 
 8 Surry Eaton Beck. Julia Ann Hildebrand. 
 
 9 Susie Beck. John Pinkney Chandler. 
 10 Ellis Beck. * 
 
 1 1 Elizabeth Beck. John Riley and John Wilson Howerton. 
 
 1^2-14-M^ Edward Downing. 
 
 2 James Downing. 
 
 3 Locust Downing. 
 
 4 Thomas Downing. 
 
 5 Mink Downing. Nellie Vann. 
 
 6 Dragging Downing. 
 
 7 Dooley. 
 
 8 Sallie Downing. Thomas Hammer. 
 r2=l5-M-' Tickaneesky Still. Sallie. 
 
 2 Dorcas Still. Ned Still. 
 
 3 Aelia Still. Jack Still. 
 
 4 George Still. Judith Downing and Catherine Downing. 
 
 5 Jack Still. 
 
 1'2=I6'1-' Nannie Downing. Charles Rogers and Thomas Fields. 
 
 2 Tarcheche Downing. 
 
 3 Caleb Downing. 
 
 1'2-'17''M Nannie Tadpole. Thomas Woodall. 
 
 2 David Tadpole. Elizabeth Downing. 
 
338 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 3 Lucy Still. '" 
 
 IH-IM^ Benjamin Pcttit. Peggy Cunnigan. 
 
 2 Thomas Pettit. Elsie Hughes. 
 
 OK 3 William Pettit. and Maria James. 
 
 4 Washington Pettit. * Mary Blackbird. 
 
 5 Agnes Pettit. Charles Wofford. 
 
 6 Elizabeth Pettit. Robbins and William Post. 
 
 7 Nannie Pettit. James Humphreys. 
 
 r4=2^1^ Wiliam Crittenden. Malinda House and Louisa Cross. 
 
 2 Edward Crittenden. Ghi-goo-ie. 
 
 3 Joseph Crittenden. 
 
 4 Lydia Crittenden. Samuel Quinton. 
 
 5 Lewis Crittenden. Rebecca Shirley and Martha Richardson. 
 
 6 Charles Crittenden. Nannie Downing nee . 
 
 7 Jack Crittenden. Nannie Nugen and Sarah Bolin nee Mc- 
 
 Cabe. 
 
 8 Elizabeth Crittenden. Lord Wellington Shirley. 
 
 9 Delilah Crittenden. James McDaniel, Richard Glory, Run- 
 
 about Scraper and William George. 
 
 10 Peggy Crittenden. 
 
 1 1 Polly Crittenden. Archibald Vann. 
 
 12 Aelie Crittenden. Thomas Butler. 
 
 r4=3-'l^ Sallie Wright Moses Alberty. Al6 
 
 2 Lydia Wright. Benjamin Snow and Ellis Buft'ington. 
 OK 3 Mary Wright. John Alberty. 
 
 4 Clarissa Wright. Elijah Phillips. A17 
 
 5 William Wright. * 
 
 6 Melvina Wright. Thomas Clyne. 
 
 7 Rebecca Wright. Joel Mayes Bryan. AlS 
 
 8 Eli Wright. Nannie Vann. 
 
 9 Delilah Wright. Reuben Daniel. 
 
 10 Cornelius Wright. Harriette O'Bryan and Elizabeth Buf- 
 tlngton. 
 114=43 1 4 Joseph Vann. Catherine Rowe and Elizabeth Rowe. A 19 
 2 David Vann. Jennie Chambers and Martha McNair. A20 
 OK 3 Margaret Vann. David Webber. 
 
 4 Andrew M. Vann. Margaret Lasley and Susie Alexander. 
 
 A21 
 
 5 Nannie Vann. John Chambers. 
 
 6 Catherine Vann. * John Rogers and William Williams. 
 7 Mary Vann. William Lasley. 
 
 8 Keziah Vann. Robert Webber. 
 
 9 Charles Vann. * Eliza West. 
 10 Clement Vann. * 
 
 1 1 Sallie Vann. Robert Rogers and William Alexander Mus- 
 grove. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 339 
 
 Elizabeth Vann. George West and David Rowe. 
 
 Eliza Vann. John Martin. 
 
 Clara Vann. ■•■ 
 
 Jennie Vann. * 
 
 Elizabeth Welch. Isaac Ragsdale, Ni.x and Moses Ai- 
 
 berty. 
 George Washington Welch. Margaret Jones. 
 Sidney Welch. * 
 
 Charlotte Bright. Joshua Humphrey. 
 Delilah Bright. John W. Bannon. 
 William Bright. Sallie Morton. 
 Samuel Bright. Barsheba Morton. 
 Elizabeth Murphy. * 
 Charles Murphy. * 
 
 Dennis Murphy. Elizabeth SuUicooie. 
 Andrew Murphy. 
 
 Thomas Murphy. Nannie and Nellie Gritts nee Manus. 
 James Murphy. Sinia Beck and Martha White. 
 Annie Murphy. ■' 
 
 Sallie Murphy. Anderson Gritts and Suiecooya. 
 Edward Downing. Jennie and Elizabeth Murphy nee 
 
 Sullecooie. 
 
 2 Celia Downing. Lewis Cording and Edward Still 
 OK 3 Rufus Downing. 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 15 
 
 lM-5 
 
 M^ I 
 
 
 2 
 
 OK 
 
 3 
 
 1'1=2-M 
 
 H-' ( 
 
 
 2 
 
 OK 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 lM^2-2 
 
 4 1.-, 
 
 
 T 
 
 OK 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 8 . 
 
 1M=2'H 
 
 H-. ] 
 
 4 William Penn Downing. Nannie J. Walkingstick. 
 
 5 Henry Downing. Lydia Ann Walkingstick. 
 
 6 David Downing. Martha Wolf. 
 1M=3"1-'I' Amanda Smith. Alexander Woti'ord. 
 
 2 Mary Smith. Thomas Sanders and Ellas Gourd Foreman. 
 OK 3 Jackson Smith. * Isabel Love nee Eldridge. 
 
 4 James Morgan. Josephine Clyne. 
 
 5 Mark Morgan. Cynthia Smith and Saphronia Taylor nee 
 
 Grit^'in. 
 
 6 Leean Morgan. * Jeremiah Horn. 
 
 7 George Morgan. * Eliza Muskrat. 
 
 |il243i4i.-i Stephen Whitmire. Elizabeth Horn and Quatie Cornlassel. 
 
 2 Nathaniel Whitmire. * 
 
 3 Charlotte Cornelia Whitmire. John R. Wright. 
 
 4 Charles Faught Whitmire. Palmyra Phillips. 
 
 5 Delilah Whitmire. David Sanders. 
 
 6 John Downing Whitmire. Malderine Still and El.zabeth 
 
 Sanders. , . „ •• 
 
 7 Walter Scott Whitmire. Elizabeth Reese and Ethie Russell. 
 
 8 Eli H. Whitmire. Mary Wright and Moltcke Boquel. 
 
340 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 9 White McClellan Whitmire. Annie Corntassel. 
 
 10 Nannie J. Whitmire. Edward Adair Clyne. 
 
 1 1 Margaret C. Whitmire. Joseph M. Easky, Thomas Grider. 
 
 12 George Getty Whitmire. Lydia Walkingstick. 
 ri'4='2-'I"' William Whitmire. * 
 
 2 Walter Samuel Whitmire. Nannie Bushyhead Wilkerson 
 and Ella Still. 
 
 OK 3 Charlotte Whitmire. * 
 
 4 George Washington Whitmire. Ida Bailey. 
 
 5 Alexander Whitmire. 
 
 6 Sarah Jane Whitmire. David Lee Bird. 
 
 7 Charles Whitmire. 
 
 8 Jonathan Whitmire. Minnie McTier. 
 
 9 Henry Whitmire. 
 
 l'2-2"l''l^ Samuel Houston Downing. Penelope Wolf. 
 
 3 Jennie Downing. Charles Kiper. 
 
 OK 3 Catherine Downing. Samuel Whirlwind. 
 
 4 Lewis James Downing. * 
 
 5 William Downing. * 
 1'2=2-»7M' Agnes Dougherty. Black Haw. 
 
 2 Sukie Dougherty. William Tutt. 
 
 1^2=238M= Nellie Downing. Thomas Lacey. 
 
 ^2=331^15 James Downing. Emma Sixkilier nee England. 
 
 2 Margaret Downing. John J. Hicks. 
 
 3 Jinnie Downing. Charles Kiper. 
 
 4 Joseph Downing. Nannie Ridge. 
 
 5 John Downing. 
 
 6 Charlotte Downing. Charles Riper. 
 
 7 Walter Downing. Ada Hicks. 
 
 8 Agnes Downing. * 
 
 9 William Downing. 
 ri=332M' Richard Turner. * 
 
 2 Jesse Turner. Susie Smith. 
 
 I 3 Nellie Turner. * 
 
 I 4 Ollie Turner. * 
 
 5 Rachel Turner. Skilly Vann. 
 
 6 Nannie Turner. 
 
 7 Jack Turner. Walleuke Houston. 
 l'2=3"3-'l-^ Susie Downing. Jesse McKnight. 
 
 William Downinj 
 
 3 Mary Downing. 
 
 4 Edward Adair Downing. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 34, 
 
 5 Elizabeth Downing: 
 
 6 Joel Mayes Downing. 
 
 7 Lafayette Downing. 
 
 1 1323^,44,1 •■; Elizabeth Smith. George Vann. 
 
 l'2-3v'l"' Catherine Canoe. 
 
 2 John Canoe. Lydia Fields nee Backbone. 
 
 3 Archibald Canoe. Elsie Murphy. 
 1^2=3«8M-' Edward Downing. 
 
 2 Samuel Downins;'. 
 
 ^ Samuel Downing. 
 
 4 Sissie Downing. 
 
 1 '2=3-^9^ I"' Martha Downing. * 
 
 2 Polly Downing. Stephen Osage. 
 
 3 Lucy Downing. 
 
 4 Nannie Downing. 
 
 r2=3-''llM= Polly Downing. Leander Dugger. 
 
 2 Scott Downing. 
 
 3 Brice Downing. 
 r2-7'''ni'' Moses Downing. * 
 
 2 Malinda Downing. Richard Wotlord, Walker Carey and 
 James Christopher McCoy. 
 
 l'2-7'^3''l'' Sarah Proctor. Edward Foreman. 
 
 2 Elizabeth Proctor. James Kesterson. 
 
 3 Ezekial Proctor. Rebecca Mitchell, Margaret Downing and 
 
 Eliza Chaney nee Welch. 
 
 4 Adam Proctor. * 
 
 5 Archibald Proctor. * 
 
 6 Rachel Proctor. •■■ 
 
 7 Nannie Proctor. ''■' .Abraham Sixkiller. 
 1'2=7-M-*1'^ Margaret Walkingwolf. Rider Cloud. 
 
 2 Charlotte Walkingwolf. Tassel. 
 
 3 Elizabeth Walkingwolf. - Tassel. 
 
 4 Eliza Walkingwolf. * John Lowrey. 
 3 Elizabeth Wa'lkingwolf. * Tassel. 
 
 6 Nannie Walkingwolf. Earbob and Johnson Riley. 
 
 l'2-7"6-'l"' Lucy Downing. 
 
 2 Joseph Downing. Agnes Hothouse, Nannie Butler and 
 
 Aelie Still. 
 
 3 George Downing. * Eliza Downing. 
 
 4 Mary" Downing. John Still and Frank Charles Corban. 
 
 5 Cynthia Downing. Joseph Vann. 
 
 6 Edwin Downing. Elizabeth Still. 
 
 7 James Downing. * Aelia Vann. 
 
342 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 8 Martha Downing. Bluford Whitmire and George W. 
 
 Taylor. 
 
 9 Malachi Downing. Eliza Vann and Sallie Still. 
 
 10 Margaret Downing. George W. Taylor, Richard Critten- 
 den and Benjamin Strickland. 
 
 112=737413 Joshua Tadpole. " 
 
 2 Eli Tadpole. * 
 
 3 David Tadpole. Utiyu Vann. 
 
 4 Susie Tadpole. * Oceola Woodall. 
 
 5 John Tadpole. * 
 l,2-v3g4|3 ^\ary Still. William Martin. 
 
 2 George Still. Agnes Bolin. 
 
 3 Aaron Still. * 
 
 4 Jesse Still. * 
 
 5 Ezekial Still. Mary E. Langley. 
 
 1 12273 loM'' Margaret Downing. Ezekial Proctor. 
 
 2 Catherine Downing. William Kelt. 
 
 OK 3 Elizabeth Downing. George Welch. 
 
 1^2'7'Ml-'r' Dennis Downing. 
 
 2 Peter Downing. Elsie Hawk. 
 
 OK 3 Timothy Downing. * Mary Henson. 
 
 4 Elizabeth Downing. Henry Canada Williams and Wade 
 Hampton Williams. 
 
 1'2-8"1^1-''' Annie Muskrat. Henry Schoonover. 
 
 2 Jennie Muskrat. Alexander Earbob. 
 
 OK 3 Eliza Muskrat. Stephen Morris McDaniel. 
 
 4 Calhoun Muskrat. Mollie Toney, Sallie Girty and Susie 
 
 Davis. 
 
 5 Joseph Muskrat. Agnes Standingman. 
 
 6 Saphronia Muskrat. Thomas Parker. 
 
 7 Noah Muskrat. * 
 
 l'2=8''3-'l^' Charles Galcatcher. Margaret Budder. 
 
 Lee Galcatcher. Susie Henry nee Foreman. 
 
 3 Lucy Galcatcher. Roy Gordon and John McFarland. 
 
 4 Thomas William Galchatcher. Mary Nicodemus. 
 1-'2M 1-'1-»1-' Charlotte Beck. Rowe Smith and Riley Scott. 
 
 2 Susie Beck. 
 1^2=1 l-'2-'L' Caroline Beck. William Hughes and Isaac Dougherty. 
 2 Ani Beck. Joseph Landrum and James Horsefly. 
 OK 3 Thomas Beck. Sarah Lacey and Eliza DeShane. 
 
 l'2-l l'"3"'l"' Joanna McGhee. Jeremiah Hanna and John Jones. 
 
 2 Lucy Ann McGhee. William Adolphus Daniel, Jason Stil- 
 ley, James Hudson. 
 OK 3 Cynthia Ann McGhee. Bluford Sixkiller, George William 
 Talbert and James Welch. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHHROKlfH INDIANS 343 
 
 4 Emma Jane McGhee. James Ikichanan Smith. 
 
 5 Webster Halfbreed. 
 1122,23,4,5 M-jry Beck. Stephen Hildebrand. 
 
 2 Ezekial Beck. Martha Sturdivant and Marv Ellen Woodall 
 
 OK 3 John Beck. - 
 
 4 Surry Eaton Beck. Mars^aret McCoy-% Susie Ellen Daniel 
 
 5. Sinia Beck. George McLaughlin. 
 
 6 Sabra Ann Beck. George Selvidge and John Collins. 
 r2-I2-''3-*r' Lucinda Still. Archilla Sanders and John Martin. 
 
 2 John Still. Elizabeth Walls. 
 
 3 George Still. Mary E. Martin. 
 
 4 Elizabeth Still. Edmond Duwiiing and Green Catcher. 
 
 5 William Still. 
 
 6 Eliza Still. James Barnett. 
 
 7 Sallie Still. William Silco.x, John Andrew Jackson Lucas. 
 
 8 Margaret Still Epp G. Thompson. 
 
 9 Catherine Still. James Kizer. 
 10 James Still. Mary Jones. 
 
 H2=12MM-^ Caroline Downing. 
 
 2 William Alexander Downing. Eliza Bright. 
 
 OK 3 George Brewer Downing. Arabella Wagoner. 
 
 1'2-13-MM"' Richard Beck. Ida A. Martin. 
 
 2 John Anthony Beck. Sarah Azilu Carnis. 
 
 OK 3 Susie Beck. John W. Carnis. 
 
 1'2-13"2M"'' Josephine Pettit. Henry Clay Ross. 
 
 Archibald Love. 
 
 OK 3 Joseph Riley. * 
 
 1'2-13"3M'^ Joanna Pettit. Thomas Dedymus Sanders and William 
 Cooper. 
 
 2 Joseph Beck Pettit. Fannie Marsh. 
 
 OK 3 Robert Armstrong Pettit. Tennesee Hensley. 
 
 4 Amelia Pettit. Lorenzo Spears Lee. 
 
 5 Cynthia Pettit. John Shepherd Thornton * and John Lewis 
 
 " Miller. 
 
 6 Andrew Jackson Pettit. Ophelia Wickett. 
 1'2-13''''5M' Joseph Beck. 
 
 2 Jeffrey. 
 
 OK 3 Harlin Bede Beck. 
 
 4 Samuel Beck. 
 
 5 Releford D. Beck. Ida Wilson. 
 
 6 John Butler Beck. 
 
 7 Wetherford Beck. 
 
 8 Eula Beck. Jay Hendron. 
 
 9 Guy Beck. 
 
344 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 l^2-\3^S*\^ John Beck. 
 
 lij^nsgijr, A(ja Chandler. William Heath, William Moore, Luculus 
 Vann, Thomas Fox Foreman and Stephen Sears. 
 2 John Carson Chandler. Emma Malloy Paden nee Fore- 
 man. 
 OK 3 Samuel Wesley Chandler. 
 
 4 Eliza Chandler. 
 
 5 David Lorain Chandler. 
 8 Ella Gray Chandler. 
 
 7 Thomas Henry Chandler. 
 1'2=13-M IM' Ida Rilev. John Beck. 
 
 2 Sarah Josephine Howerton. 
 OK 3 Weatherford Howton. 
 
 4 Olivia Howerton. 
 
 5 Sabra A. Howerton. 
 
 r2-14-''5|-'l-'^ Rachel Downing. Thomas Potts and Henry Nugen. 
 
 I 2 Caroline Downing. Josiah Vann and Andrew Jackson Rog- 
 ers. 
 
 3 Lucinda Downing. Sarah Neeley. 
 
 4 Elizabeth Downing. Harlan Nakedhead. 
 1'2=15-M-'1-' Charles Tickaneesky. Ruth Lee and Susie Easky. 
 
 2 Richard Tickeneesky. Susie Easky. 
 
 OK 3 Elizabeth Tickaneesky. Benjamin Vann. 
 
 4 Moses Tickaneesky. Catawnee and Still nee Walls. 
 
 5 Ellis Tickaneesky. Catherine Bolin. 
 
 6 Benjamin Tickaneesky. Nancy Hogshooter. 
 
 7 Linnie Tickaneesky. Johnson Reed, Aaron CrittendLMi and 
 
 Woodruff. 
 
 8 RebeccaTickaneesky.John Smith and Bark Nugen. 
 
 9 John Tickaneesky. Margaret Chambers. 
 10 Ollie Tickaneesky. * Beanstick. 
 
 1'2-16-'1*1-' Pleasant Rogers. 
 
 2 Eliza Rogers. John Seaholt. 
 
 OK 3 Sarah Elizabeth Fields. James V. Hildebrand. 
 
 4 Rachel Jane Fields. William Stiff and Henry H. Hickey. 
 
 5 Ruth Fields. Jeremiah Bigelow. 
 
 6 Richard F. Fields. Rachel Elizabeth Goss and Minerva Kerr. 
 
 7 Margaret Wilson Fields. Robert Mosby French and Dan- 
 
 iel Fields. 
 
 8 Josiah Foreman Fields. * 
 
 9 Caroline Matilda Rogers Field?. William Penn Boudinot. 
 1^2=1 7-'lM= Robert Woodall. Quatie Landrum. 
 
 2 Elizabeth Woodall. '■= 
 
 3 Margaret Woodall. Alexander Sanders, John Scott, Hamp- 
 
 ton Wiliams, Marshal Wagnon and William Brown. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 345 
 
 4 Isaac Woodall. Mary Carselowry nee Daniel. 
 
 5 aJcob Houston Woodall. Annie Woodall nee Daniel. 
 
 6 Lucinda Woodall. James Downing and Thompson Uuzzard. 
 
 7 Abraham Woodall. Susannah Hendricks. 
 
 8 Celia Woodall. Andrew Emory and Joseph Cephas. 
 
 9 Thomas Woodall. Annie Daniel. 
 1'2-'17''2M"' Joshua Tadpole. 
 
 2 Eli Tadpole. 
 
 3 David Tadpole. Utiya Vann. 
 
 4 Susie Tadpole. * Osceola Woodall. 
 
 5 John Tadpole. Lucinda 
 
 m-l"lM'' Nannie Pettit. Franklin Faulkner. 
 
 2 Charles Pettit. Charlotte Si.xkiller nee Adair, Sarah Lovett. 
 
 OK 3 Agnes Pettit. Patrick Lyman. 
 
 4 Delilah Pettit. William Lovett and John Griffin. 
 
 5 Thomas Pettit. Nannie E. Sanders, Sarah Swimmer nee 
 
 Lee, Mary F. Walker, Caroline Timson and Nannie 
 Sanders. 
 
 6 Benjamin Pettit. Mary Ann I'hillips. 
 1 142 1314 15 Moses Pettit. ••= 
 
 2 Delilah Pettit. =■= 
 
 OK 3 Sidney Pettit. Blackhaw Pettit 
 
 4 Levi Pettit. * 
 
 5 Nannie Pettit. 
 
 1'4-1-'3M"' William Zion Pettit. Emily Cookson. 
 
 2 Mary Pettit. James C. Fooy, Perry and Frank Bethel. 
 
 3 Catherine Pettit. 
 
 4 Marcus Pettit. * 
 
 5 Pleasant Pettit. * 
 
 6 Charles Pettit. * Elizabeth Krebs. 
 
 7 Samuel Worcester Pettit. Maria Choate. 
 
 8 Andrew Pettit. * 
 
 9 Ellen Pettit. John Hildebrand. 
 10 Julia Pettit. John Bean Johnson. 
 
 ■1'4M-'5M"' Charlotte Wofford. James McCracken. 
 
 2 Catherine Wofiord. James Daniel. 
 
 OK 3 John Wotlord. Eugenia Carpenter. 
 
 4 Robert Wortord. Jennie Bolen nee Wright. 
 
 r4-l"6^1-^ Joshua Robbins. Nannie Parris and Alzerine Post. 
 
 2 Tatnall Holt Post. Mary Reese and Elizabeth Bell nee Phil- 
 lips. 
 
 OK 3 Mary Arminda Post. Jackson Gladney. 
 
 4 John Marion Post. * 
 
 I'l-IvM"' Sallie Humphrey. Robert Mitchell. 
 
 ■y Catherine Humphrey. Bigwood and Charles Pettit. 
 
 OK 3 Joshua Humphrey. Catherine Bright and Rachel Thompson. 
 
346 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 4 Marv Humphrt;}'. Samuel Quinton and James Collins. 
 
 5 Eliza Humphrey. Edward Crittenden. 
 m^a^lM^ Sidney Crittenden. Elijah Phillips. 
 
 2 Jennie Crittenden. Amos Richardson. 
 
 OK 3 James Crittenden. Margaret Parris. 
 
 4 Thomas Crittenden. Nannie Woods. 
 
 5 Moses Crittenden. Edith Woods nee Quinton and Margaret 
 
 Howell. 
 
 6 Sarah Crittenden. John Phillips and John Pierce. 
 
 7 George Washington. * 
 
 8 Lydia Crittenden. Joseph Quinton. 
 
 9 William Crittenden. Catherine Boydston. 
 
 10 Edward Crittenden. * 
 
 lM-232-'r^ Andrew Crittenden. 
 
 2 Berry Crittenden. 
 
 1H=233M-^ Richard Crittenden. 
 
 1M-2M-'1' Nellie Quinton. John Johnson and Joel Kelly. 
 
 2 Elizabeth Quinton. Thomas Woods and Moses Crittenden. 
 
 OK 3 Jennie Quinton. Levi Robbins. 
 
 lM-2='5-'I^ Wellington Crittenden. 
 
 2 Israel Crittenden. Sallie Shirley, Clara Crittenden and Pa- 
 melia Capps. 
 
 m-2"'7M"' Malinda Crittenden. Brannon. 
 
 2 James Crittenden. Jennie Hanson. 
 
 3 Mary Crittenden. - William J. Sanders, Book Sunday and 
 
 Silas Harlin. 
 
 4 Nannie Crittenden. John Tobacco. 
 
 5 Hettie Crittenden. Lewis Weaver. 
 
 6 Clement Crittenden. Maria Eve. 
 
 7 Delilah Crittenden. Charles Nohlett and Henry N. Cook. 
 
 8 Hugh Crittenden. Amelia Wederbrock. 
 
 9 Thomas Crittenden. * 
 
 Lydia Crittenden. Ellis Harlin. 
 Charles Crittenden. 
 Jack Crittenden. 
 
 Martha Shirley. John Ryan and Nicholas Byers. 
 Catherine McDaniel. John Price. 
 
 2 Adeline Glory. John Brock. 
 
 1 '4=231 0^15 Sarah Glory. Bark Nugen. 
 
 r-'4'2-M IM^ Ephriam Vann. Rebecca Wilson. 
 
 2 Sallie Vann. John Towie and William Pigeon. 
 
 3 William Vann. * 
 
 4 Nellie Vann. William Pumpkin. 
 
 5 Elizabeth Vann. * 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHHROKEH INDIANS .547 
 
 1M-2"12M"' Ezckiiil Hair. Catherine Frenciiliawk and Amanda Kan(.>.ka. 
 
 2 Margaret Butler. Alexander Vann and Charles Tcehee. 
 l'4-3-'lM'' Nannie Albcrlw Bluford West and James Markham. 
 
 2 John D. Alberty. Jennie Rogers and Jennie Doroughty n.'e 
 Butl'ington. 
 OK 3 Levi Alberty. Susie l.ove. 
 
 4 Delilah Alberty. Eli Harlan. 
 
 5 Amelia Alberty. Thomas Lewis Rider. 
 
 6 David Alberty. 
 
 7 William West Alberty. Musidora Rogers and Nannie Bm- 
 
 fington. 
 
 8 Jacob Alberty. Louisa C. Hudson and Elvira Rachford nee 
 
 Brown. 
 
 9 Bluford West Alberty. Nannie Cunningham nee Martin and 
 
 Eliza Missouri Vann nee Bushyhead. * 
 1 1423:12^ 1-5 Martha Snow. William Harnage. 
 
 2 Susan Butlington. Martin Root. 
 OK 3 Jennie Buttington. Charles Dougherty, John D. Alberty. 
 
 4 Ellis Buttington. Elizabeth Starr. 
 
 5 Clara Buttington. Ellis West and John Wright Alberty. 
 
 6 Elizabeth Butiington. Moses Alberty. 
 l'4-3-'3M'' Moses Alberty. Elizabeth Butiington. 
 
 2 Frances Alberty. Dr. John Thornton and Joshua W. Ellis. 
 OK 3 John Wright. Clara West nee Bulling^on and Maria Hilde- 
 
 brand. 
 
 4 Cornelius Alberty. Elizabeth Tyner and Ruth Ann Thornton. 
 
 5 Elizabeth Alberty. Richard Eaton. 
 
 6 Jesse Clinton Alberty. Catherine Collins and Elmira \'ann 
 
 nee Ward. 
 [T4-y'4^[-' John Phillips. Sarah Crittenden. 
 
 2 Jetlerson Phillips. '■- 
 lM-3''6-'l'' Catherine Clyne. - Archibald Dellingham, Eli Sanders and 
 John Morgan. 
 2 John Peter Oliver Clyne. Jennie Adair. 
 OK 3 Ezekial Clyne. * 
 
 4 Wiliam R. P. Clyne. * Catherine Daniel nee Wotlord. 
 
 5 Eli Clyne. Hannah Few. 
 
 6 Joel M. Bryan Clyne. * 
 
 7 Thomas Clyne. * 
 
 8 Elizabeth J. Clyne. William Mosley West. 
 
 9 Cornelius Clyne. 
 
 10 Eliza Clyne. George W. Alberty. 
 m=3-vM' John Copeland Bryan. * 
 
 2 Charlotte Elmira Bryan. John Harvey Baugh. 
 OK 3 Nancy Jane Bryan. John Ross ButTington. 
 
 4 Maria Louisa Bryan. Riley Wise Lindsey. 
 
348 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 5 Flora Elvina Bryan. Joseph H. Bennett. 
 
 6 Rebecca Caroline Bryan. Clement Hayden. 
 
 7 Joelia Bryan. Columbus Fair Walker. 
 
 8 Joel Mayes Bryan. Lydia Ida Dougherty and Margaret 
 
 Jane Ross. 
 
 1M-3"8M''^ John R. Wright. Charlotte Whitmire. 
 
 2 Jennie Wright. Lewis Bolin and Robert Wofford. 
 
 OK 3 Sallie Eliza'beth Wright. Walter Adair West. 
 
 4 Cornelius Wright. * 
 
 5 Jesse Wright. Frances Wright and Sarah Finia Choate. 
 
 6 Anna Eliza Wright. John Gunter Harlin. 
 
 7 Alexander Wright. * Mary Lunnie Duncan. 
 
 8 Mary Wright. Eli H. Whitmire. 
 m-3-'9^1-' Sallie Daniel. * John Shepherd. 
 
 2 James W. Daniel. Catherine Wol^ord. 
 
 OK 3 Caroline Daniel. Smith Thornton. 
 
 4 Carter Daniel. Catherine Benge. 
 
 5 Elizabeth Jane Daniel. Charles Sanders. 
 
 6 William Daniel. Catherine Brown. 
 
 7 Nannie Catherine Daniel. Anderson Springston Wilson and 
 
 Henry Clay Barnes. 
 
 8 Eliza Daniel. * 
 
 m-3-M0^l5 Martha J. Wright. James W. Alberty. 
 
 2 Nannie Wright. * 
 
 OK 3 Caleb Powell Wright. Ruth Ann Collins. 
 
 4 Thomas Bolin Wright. 
 
 5 . Frances Wright. Jesse Wright. 
 
 6 Oscar Wright. Nancv Ellen Bovdston. 
 
 7 Ellis Buffington Wright. Elizabeth Dougherty. 
 
 8 William Walter Wright. 
 IMM^IM" Mary Frances Vann. Edwin Archer. 
 
 2 Clarinda Rebecca Vann. John Summers. 
 
 OK 3 David Rowe Vann. =•■ Eliza Missouri Bushyhead. 
 
 4 Louisa Jane Vann. Dr. Felix Hurd McNair. 
 
 5 Jennie Chinosa Vann. Eli West Dougherty. 
 
 6 Kiamitia Elizabeth Vann. * Jackson Walker Drake. 
 li4-4-'2M^ Susan Vann. Oliver Perry Ross. 
 
 2 Juliette Lewis Vann. * Devereux Jarrette Bell and Samuel 
 McDaniel Taylor. 
 
 OK 3 Clement Neeley Vann. Isadora V. Mackey. 
 
 4 Nicholas Byers Vann. * 
 
 5 David LucuUus Vann. * 
 
 6 Mary Delilah Vann. George Washington Drew and Joel 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 349 
 
 Bryan Mayes. * 
 
 7 Charles Avoy Vann. * 
 
 8 Joseph Lewis Vann. Caroline Elizabeth Sixkiller. 
 
 9 Martha Elizabeth Vann. Samuel Houston Mayes. 
 \'^4-4"'3*l'' Jonathan Webber. Nannie Wotl'ord. 
 1142404-!^= Cynthia Vann. Leroy Starr. 
 
 2 William \ann. Louvenia Coster. 
 1'4-4"5M-' Martha Chambers. John Martin. 
 
 2 Calvin Chambers. Margaret Bryan. 
 OK 3 Catherine Chambers. John I.owrey McCoy and Henry 
 
 Clay Barnes. 
 4 Sarah Chambers. Paul Chouteau and Lewis Ross Kell. 
 lH-4"'7-'l "'George Washington Lashey. Sarah Walker and Sarah Harlan. 
 2 Joseph Vann Lasley. Elizabeth Davis and Nannie Perlonv 
 Keys nee Harlan. 
 OK 3 Samuel Lasley. '■= 
 
 tHM^S-*!-' Elsie Webber. Andrew Jackson GrilTin. 
 
 2 Aky Webber. "'Thomas Foreman, Robin Ratliff and James 
 Roach. 
 OK 3 Margaret Webber. Scott Tyler Cavillier and Edward 
 
 Crutchfield. 
 
 4 Clement Vann Webber. * 
 
 5 Eliza Webber. Richard Fields Riley and William M. Hughes. 
 lH-4^11^1'' Margaret Lavinia Rogers. Allison Woodville Timberlake. 
 
 2 Clement Vann Rogers. Mary A. Scrimsher and Mary Bible. 
 
 OK 3 Francis Marion Musgrove. Clara Elizabeth Alberty. 
 
 4 William Due Musgrove. Cynthia Rogers. 
 
 l'4-'4-'12M"' Napoleon Bonaparte Rowe. Lethe Campbell. 
 
 2 Clarinda Vann Rowe. Daniel Webster \'ann. 
 
 OK 3 David LucuUus Rowe. Eliza Scraper. 
 
 4 Margaret L. Rowe. * 
 
 5 Joseph Vann Rowe. 
 
 1142431 341.-; Arkansas Cherokee Martin. Hiram Terrell Landrum. 
 
 114253,4,.-. Nannie Bufiington. William West Alberty, James Blake and 
 William Lavesgue Wilder. 
 
 2 David Welch Ragsdale. Mary Jane Alberty and Ruth 
 Raper nee Palone. 
 OK ^ Winnie Jane Ragsdale. Daniel P. Boone. 
 
 4 Eli Snow Alberty. 
 
 5 George Washington Alberty. Eliza Clyne and —Harmon nee 
 1 1425324,.-, David Welch. Harriette Elizabeth Smithwick. 
 
 2 Lemuel Bruenton Welch. Mary Ann Harris. 
 
 OK 3 Sidney Welch. Prince Albert Games* and John Wilkey. 
 
 4 Diana Welch. Joseph Henry Carnes. 
 
350 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 5 Margaret Ann Welch. William Green Ward. 
 George Welch. Nannie Jones. 
 7 Rosanna Welch. William McCoy. 
 Ghigau 
 Descendants of the Ghi-ga-u, commonly called Nancy Ward. 
 
 1^ Ghi-ga-u. Kingfisher and Bryan Ward. A2 2 
 
 i^2- Catherine. Samuel Candy, John Walker, Ellis Harlan. Al'i 
 2 Fivekiller. * Catherine. 
 
 OK 3 Elizabeth Ward. Joseph Martin and Hughes. 
 
 I'ri-- Samuel Candy. Elizabeth West. 
 
 2 John Walker. Elizabeth Sevier nee Lowrey. 
 OK 3 Jennie Walker. Charles Fo.x, Taylor and John Mc- 
 
 intosh. A53 
 
 4 Nannie Harlan. Caleb Starr. 
 
 5 SaUie Harlan. Jacob West. 
 
 6 Ruth Harlan. Joseph Phillips. 
 
 7 Elizabeth Harlan. Peter Hildebrand. A25 
 
 8 George Harlan. Nannie Sanders, Annie May,* Eliza Riley. =" 
 
 9 Ezekial Harlan. Hannah Lewis. 
 10 Susannah Harlan. Otterlifter. 
 
 1^-1'' James Martin. '■'' 
 
 2 Nannie Martin. Michael Hildebrand. 
 
 OK 3 Rachel Hughes. Charles Rogers. 
 
 iM-T'l^ Ollie Candy. Hair Conrad. 
 
 2 Thomas Candy. Susan Graves, Catherine Gentry nee Drew. 
 
 OK 3 George Washington Candy. Elizabeth Hughes Bell and 
 
 Elizabeth Webber nee Watie. 
 
 4 Samuel Candy. "' 
 
 5 Nannie Candy. John Harlin and Henry Cobb. 
 
 6 John Walker Candy. Mary Watie and Electa W. Adams. 
 l'l-2-'l-' John Walker. Emily Meigs and Nannie Bushyhead. 
 
 OK 2 Carter Walker. Sallie Brewer. 
 
 1M=3'*1-* Richard Taylor. Ellen McDaniel and Susie Fields. 
 
 2 Fox Taylor. Mary Vann and Lucy Otterlifter. 
 
 OK 3 Susan Taylor. Samuel Parks. 
 
 4 Nellie Mcintosh. James McDaniel. 
 
 lM-4-M^ Mary Pauline Starr. Austin Rider and James Woods.* 
 
 2 James Starr. Nelie Maugh and Susie Maugh. 
 
 OK 3 Thomas Starr. Nannie Wolf. 
 
 4 Ruth Starr. John Bean. 
 
 5 Ezekial Starr. Mary Upshaw. 
 
 6 Sallie Starr. Jesse Mayfield. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS .15, 
 
 7 George Harlan Starr. Nellie Carr, Nannie Hell and M-.rv 
 
 Taylor nee Blackburn.* 
 
 8 Joseph McMinn Starr. Delilah Adair. 
 
 9 Rachel Starr. - Samuel Lattaniore. 
 
 10 Nannie Starr. - Samuel Lattaniore. 
 
 11 Deborah Starr. Richard Newland, William Harvev Sloan 
 
 12 Elhs Starr. - Delilah Johnson. 
 1M^'5"1^ John West. Ruth Fields. 
 
 2 Bluford West. * Nannie Alberty. 
 
 3 Eliza West. Leroy Markham. ' 
 
 4 Rosa West. Nelson Rogers. 
 
 5 Ellis West. Clara Bulliiigton. 
 
 6 George West. '■■' Elizabeth \'ann. 
 
 7 Ezekial West. * 
 
 iM-esi-" Sallie Phillips. Robert Beatty. 
 
 2 Lucinda Phillips. Looney Price. 
 
 OK 3 Ruth Phillips. * Ale.\ander Foreman. 
 
 4 John Philips. * 
 
 5 Joseph Phillips. 
 
 6 Ellis Fox Phillips. •■= Mary Foreman. 
 
 7 Elizabeth Phillips. Edmond Bean,- William Thornton, 
 
 David Bell-' and Tatnall Holt Post.* 
 
 8 Martha Phillips. * 
 
 iMv-'l-* Barbara Hildebrand. Hiram Linder. 
 
 2 James V. Hildebrand. Sarah Elizabeth Fields. 
 
 OK 3 Jennie Hildebrand. John Williams. 
 
 4 Catherine Hildebrand. Levi Bailey. 
 
 5 John Walker Hildebrand. Eliza Jane White. 
 
 6 Ellis Harlan Hildebrand. Sallie Stover and Josephine . 
 
 7 Lewis W. Hildebrand. Lucy RatlitT. 
 
 8 Isaac Newton Hildebrand. Jennie Ratlill. 
 
 9 Mary Elizabeth Hildebrand. Daniel Jones Frazier. 
 
 10 Minerva Hildebrand. Charles Ratliff, Anderson Reynolds. 
 
 iM-S-M-i Eli Harlan. Delilah Alberty. 
 
 2 Ellis Sanders Harlan. Nannie Barnett. 
 
 OK 3 Sallie Harlan. Jacob Harnage. 
 
 4 Elmira Harlan. Joshua Roach. 
 
 11 12931-1 David M. Harlan. Lucinda Tucker, Rebecca Welch nee 
 Vannoy and Julia Ann Lane nee Tucker. 
 
 2 Eliza Harlan. Samuel Craig. 
 
 OK 3 Susan Jane Harlan. James Perry. 
 
 I'l-io^l^ Nannie Otterlifter. Haynes and David Miller. 
 
 2 Alexander Otterlifter. Elsie Sleepingrabbit. 
 
 OK 3 Jew Otterlifter. 
 
 4 Lucy Otterlifter. Fox Taylor. 
 
 5 Diana Otterlifter. Samuel Ballard. 
 
352 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 6 Nellie Otterliftei. - Samuel Ballard. 
 
 7 Rachel Otterlifter. * Anderson Springston. 
 
 8 Elsie Otterlifter. Charles Hoskins, and Daniel Newton Mc- 
 
 intosh. 
 
 'l'3-2-'l-' Elizabeth Hildebrand. James Pettit and Robert Armstrong. 
 
 2 John Hildebrand. Nicey Russell and Annie Wasp. 
 
 OK 3 Jennie Hildebrand. Joseph Cookson. 
 
 4 Margaret Hildebrand. John Catron. 
 
 5 Delilah Hildebrand. Jesse McLain. 
 
 6 Eliza Hildebrand. Joshua Kirkpatrick. 
 
 7 Stehen Hildebrand. Mary Potts and Mary Beck. 
 
 8 Rachel Hildebrand. Reese T. Mitchell. 
 
 9 Nannie Hildebrand. Thomas Horn, George Lovett, Freder- 
 
 ick Lovett, Charles Poe and Hoskins. 
 
 10 Joseph Martin Hildebrand. Lucy Starr, Louvenia Patter- 
 son, Elizabeth Gentry, Mary King, Martha Wofl'ord and 
 Mary E. Coyne. 
 1 1 Brice Hildebrand. Mary Sturdivant nee Beck and Mary 
 
 Swimmer. 
 12 Mary Hildebrand. Isaac Maytield. 
 1^3-3^1^ Levi Rogers. Margaret Fields. 
 2 Richard Rogers. * Eliza Lacey. 
 OK 3 Joseph Rogers. '■■ 
 
 4 Charles Rogers. Maria Colston. 
 
 5 John Rogers. * 
 
 6 Elizabeth Rogers. George Whitney Brand. 
 
 7 Alzira Rogers. Lewis Fields. 
 
 8 Catherine Rogers. '■■' William Elders. 
 IM-I^IM' Elizabeth Hair. Daniel Hopkins. 
 
 2 Susie Hair. Charles Gourd. 
 OK 3 Jefferson Hair. Chicooie O'Fields, Eliza Ramsey nee 
 
 Tyner and Mary Tyner nee Sanders. 
 
 4 Diana Hair. Wade Hampton Robinson. 
 
 5 John Hair. Lucy Robinson, Annie Sanders, Mary Butler 
 
 and Lucy Justice. 
 
 6 Nannie Hair. * 
 
 7 Mary Hair. John Ramsey. 
 1MMS2^1"^ Jackson Candy. 
 
 2 Henry Candy. * Nellie Goings. 
 
 OK 3 Reese Candy. Ruth Riley, Jennie Downing* and 
 
 4 Thomas Candy. * 
 
 5 Elizabeth Candy. David Ballew and Ned Grease. 
 
 6 Samuel Candy. Mary Hayden. 
 
 7 John Candy. Mary Starr and Eliza Fields 
 1MM«3^13 John Candy. * 
 2 Maria Candy. * 
 
HISTORY OF THH CIIEKUKlfH INDIANS 35} 
 
 Worcester Candy. '■■' 
 
 Charlotte Candy. William Fields. 
 
 Martha Candy. * Joel Bryan Mayes. 
 
 Juliette Melvina Candy. John Gunter Scrimsher. 
 
 Ruth Harlin. Robert Turnbull. 
 
 James Harlin. 
 
 Candy Harlin. * 
 
 John T. Harlin. 
 
 Aenaes Harlin. * 
 
 Robert Harlin. * 
 
 Elizabeth Harlin. Joseph T. Medley and William En,i,'lnnd. 
 
 Salina Harlin. * Beckham. 
 
 Mary Harlin. '^ James Giddin,s;s. 
 
 Samuel Harlin. * 
 
 Harriette Candy. Hugh Montgomery McPherson. 
 
 Susan Candy. * Henry Lee Hill. 
 
 Elizabeth Candy. * Hindman Booth Hoyt. 
 
 Timothy Meigs Walker. Elizabeth Adair. 
 2 Elizabeth Grace Walker. James Coleman and Pryor Smith. 
 OK 3 Minerva Jane Walker. James Armstrong Lee and Lorenzo 
 
 Delano. 
 4 John Osborn Walker. Lucrelia Taylor and Georgianna 
 Wilkins. * 
 
 OK 
 
 iin 
 
 ■•^5^ 
 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 ]■■ 
 
 OK 
 
 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 
 1M = 1 
 
 ^6 
 
 I-' 
 
 OK 
 
 
 3 
 
 M^'2 
 
 M^ 
 
 I"' 
 
 6 Ebenezer Walker. Sarah Lasley nee Harlan. 
 
 5 Sarah E. Walker. George Washington Lashey. 
 l'l-2'2-'l"' Eliza Walker. * John Adair and James Rogers. 
 
 2 John Walker. * 
 OK 3 Jennie Walker. William Boot. 
 
 4 George Washington. Elsie 13owning, Rachel Rogers and 
 
 Mary Jane Davis nee Harlow. 
 
 5 Joseph Walker. * 
 
 6 Elizabeth Walker. * Joseph Smith. 
 
 7 Susie Walker. * John P. Stidham and Henry Sanders. 
 
 8 Amanda Walker. James Martin. 
 
 9 William Walker. * 
 
 1^1=33 IM'' Thomas Fox Taylor. Nannie Buttington and Mary Black- 
 burn. * 
 2 Elizabeth Taylor. John Brewer. 
 
 OK 3 Samuel McDaniel Taylor. Almira Williams, Martha Fields 
 
 and Juliette Lewis Bell nee Vann. 
 
 4 Annie Taylor. Robert Burtington Daniel. 
 
 5 Mary Jane Taylor. Dr. Jeter Lynch Thompson. 
 
 6 Eliza Christine Taylor. Johnson Thompson. 
 
 7 Frances Harvey Taylor. James Leonidas Butler. 
 
 8 Lucinda Taylor. John Osborn Walker. 
 
354 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 iH-S'lH'- James Taylor. Sallie Reese. 
 
 2 Richard Taylor. * 
 
 OK 3 Jennie Taylor. Thomas Jefferson Pack. 
 
 4 Nannie Taylor. Levi Timberlake. 
 
 5 Susie Taylor. * Charles Thompson. 
 
 6 William Taylor. Elizabeth Grimmett and Margaret Halfbreed. 
 
 7 Margaret Taylor. * 
 
 8 Nellie Taylor. * 
 
 9 Charles Taylor. * 
 
 10 Nannie Taylor. John Martin and John White. 
 
 |ij23334|.-, j^yii-, Parks. Dickson Price. 
 
 2 Almira Parks. * James Price. 
 
 OK 3 Jennie Parks. *John Langley and Joseph Collier. 
 
 4 George Washington Parks. Louisa Spriggs. 
 
 5 Thomas Jefferson Parks. Mary Ann Thompson. 
 
 6 Richard Taylor Parks. Sarah Elizabeth Day and Sarah 
 
 Elizabeth Grigsby. 
 
 7 Calvin Parks. Almira Wilson and Arie Hildebrand. 
 
 8 William Parks. * 
 
 9 Mary Ann Parks. William Conway Day. 
 
 10 Robert Calhoun Parks. Clara Rider. 
 
 1 1 John Ross Parks. * 
 
 12 Samuel Parks. * Sarah G. Taylor. 
 V\-3H*V' John McDaniel. =•■ 
 
 2 Catherine McDaniel. Lewis Keys. 
 
 OK 3 Margaret Ann McDaniel. Bluford West Starr and William 
 
 Pettit. 
 
 4 Samuel McDaniel. * 
 
 IM-MM-'P Thomas Lewis Rider. Amelia Alberty. 
 
 2 Nannie Rider. David Thompson. 
 
 OK 3 Elizabeth Rider. John M. Smith. 
 
 4 Caleb Starr Rider. Elsie Price. 
 
 5 John Rider. Rachel Smith. 
 
 6 Ezekial Rider. * 
 
 7 Bluford West Rider. * 
 
 8 William Rider. * 
 
 9 Ellis Rider. * 
 
 10 Charles Austin Augustus Rider. Mary Ann Bigby and Sarah 
 
 Jane Forrest nee Nix. 
 
 1 1 Laura Narcissa Rider. King Fulsom, Byron Boynton and 
 
 Charles Pritchard. 
 
 I^r'4-'2^15 Joseph Starr. Nannie Reese and Rachel Guess. 
 
 OK 3 Fields Starr. Mary Reese. 
 
 4 Washington Starr. Mary Ann McCoy. 
 
 8 Samuel Starr. * Laura Davis. ' 
 
 10 Mary Starr. Andrew Digiesky. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 35i 
 
 1 1 Leroy Starr. '■■' 
 
 12 Rachel Starr. John Walker Starr. 
 
 14 Jennie Starr. John Francis Marlon Christie. 
 
 16 Caleb Starr. * 
 
 1 8 Lucy Starr. George Washington Adair and William Russell. 
 
 19 Sallie Starr. Ephriam Martin Adair. 
 
 2 Thomas Starr. Catherine Reese. 
 
 5 Bean Starr. * 
 
 6 James Starr. Araminta Rider nee McCoy, Akie Nelowie 
 
 and Elmira Starr nee Fields. 
 
 7 William Starr. Nannie McPherson. 
 9 Ellis Starr. * Catherine Justice. 
 
 13 John Starr. * 
 
 15 Ezekial Starr. * Amanda Terrell, Caroline Smith and Eliza- 
 beth Lee nee Smith. 
 
 17 Pauline Starr. Charles Bushyhead,* Richard Drew and 
 Samuel Campbell. 
 
 20 Nannie Starr. Buck Girty and Jug Davis. 
 
 m 24334 J.-, James Starr. Lettie Boyd Chambers. 
 
 2 Ellis Harlan. 
 
 OK 3 Richard Taylor Starr. * 
 
 4 Nancy Jane Starr. Joseph Chambers. 
 
 5 Bluford West Starr. Margaret Ann McDaniel. 
 ^11243441.-, Margaret Bean. John Gott. 
 
 2 Elizabeth Bean. Risden Johnson. 
 
 OK 3 Caleb Starr Bean. Mary Ann Thompson. 
 
 4 Nannie Bean. 
 
 5 Mary Bean. Edward Johnson. 
 
 6 Rachel Alzira Bean. Josiah Matthis*. 
 
 7 Joseph McMinn Bean. Sarah Finley. 
 
 8 Susie Deborah Bean. James Warren Adair. 
 
 9 Sarah Emily Bean. Benjamin Franklin Goss. 
 
 10 Lucinda Bean. John Harrison Paden. 
 
 1 1 John Ellis Bean. Henrietta Danenburg. 
 
 12 Mark Bean. Victoria Texas Wright. 
 lilH^SM'^ Ruth Starr. John Griffith Harnage. 
 
 2 Caleb Starr. Lucinda GritTin. 
 
 OK 3 Elizabeth Starr. Ellis Burtington. 
 
 4 Leroy Starr. Cynthia Vann. 
 
 5 Sarah Starr. John Wilson Maylield. 
 
 6 Nannie Starr. * John Ragsdale. 
 
 7 Ellis Starr. Susie Dougherty. 
 
 8 John Walker Starr. Rachel Starr and Elmira Fields. 
 
 9 James Starr. Sarah Byers, Emma Jane Evans nee Rider. 
 
356 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 10 Ezekial Starr. Nannie Catherine Harkins nee Seabolt. 
 
 1 1 Mary Jane Starr. * James Johnson. 
 
 ]i 1243541.-, i\iannie Mayfield. George Harnage. 
 
 2 Penelope Maytield. John Thompson Adair. 
 
 OK 3 John Wilson Maytield. Sarah Starr and Mary Ann Stovall.* 
 
 4 Emily Walker Mayfield. John Grifl'ith Harnage. 
 
 5 Carter Walker Mayfield. Jennie Blackburn. 
 
 6 Elvira Mayfield. Newton Howell and William Henry Barker. 
 
 7 S'abina Mayfield. Dr. George Wyche. 
 
 8 Victoria Hulda Mayfield. Thomas Henry Still and Robert 
 
 Gilmore. 
 
 IMM-'Z^I"' Jennie Starr. George Howard. 
 
 2 John Walker Starr. * 
 OK 3 Mary Frances Starr. Lucien Burr Bell. 
 
 4 George Colbert Starr. * 
 
 5 Ezekial Eugene Starr. Margaret Starr. 
 
 6 Joseph Jarrette Starr. * 
 
 7 Caleb Ellis Starr. Malderine Elizabeth Adair and Jennie 
 
 Butler nee. 
 
 8 Samuel Jesse Starr. Sarah Ruth McClure. 
 
 1MM''8M-' Nancy Ann Starr. William Wirt Duncan and Young Charles 
 Gordon Duncan. 
 2 George Harlan Starr. * 
 OK 3 Martha Jane Starr. George Washington Crittenden. 
 
 4 Joseph McMinn Starr. Sarah Crittenden and Susie Shell. 
 
 5 Walter Adair Starr. Ruth Ann Alberty nee Thornton, Ella 
 
 Elizabeth Christie and Saphronia F. Barrett nee Crutch- 
 field.* 
 
 6 Sallie Elizabeth Starr. Frank Howard. 
 
 7 Edward Bruce Starr. Rachel Pauline Henry. 
 
 9 Caleb Wilson Starr, 
 p 1243 11 4,5 James Newland. 
 
 2 Nannie Newland. Nathan Merrell. 
 
 OK 3 William Henry Sloan. Nannie Lane and Martha Jones. 
 
 4 Samuel Harker Sloan. 
 
 5 Edward Estel Sloan. Naomi Ann Cole. 
 
 6 John Willis Sloan. 
 
 iM^S^i-T"^ William Mosley West. Elizabeth J. Clyne. 
 
 2 George R. West. * 
 
 OK 3 Martha S. West. * Jackson Cozens. 
 
 4 John Calhoun West. .Margaret Elizabeth Hickev. 
 
 5 Kiamitia West. Allen Gilbert. 
 
 6 James Polk West. Missouri Barnett. 
 
 7 Ruth E. West. Richard Brewer and William Walter Finlev. 
 
 8 Franklin Pierce West. Nannie Ellis Allen nee Brewer. 
 
HISTORY OF THH CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 ^s: 
 
 1M-5'3M'' Jacob West Markham. Charlotte Belle West. 
 
 2 Carter Daniel Markham. Mary F. Hufakcr and Eli.'ia 
 Matthews nee Adair. 
 
 OK 3 James B. Markham. Beatrice Alberty. 
 
 4 John West Markham. Martha C. Riley, Sallie Jane Danii-j. 
 
 5 Ruth A. Markham. Dr. Walter Thompson Adair. 
 IM-5'M^F' Lewis Rogers. Josephine Landrum, Helen Ross and. 
 
 I 2 Sarah Rogers. David Vaught, William Wilkerson, Alherl 
 
 I Campbell and J. J. Griggs. 
 
 I 3 Louisa Rogers. Virgil Rogers and .Alexander McDaniel. 
 
 lM-5-'5M"' Charlotte Belle West. Jacob West Markham and William 
 
 Lavesque Wilder. 
 
 lil-6->lM'' William Crawford Beatty. Emeline Harris. 
 
 lM-'6-'2M"' Joseph Price. 
 
 1M-6'7M 
 I'l-Z-'l^ 
 
 OK 
 
 lM-7-' 
 OK 
 
 CHEROKEi; INSANE ASYLUM 
 
 Ruth Ann Alberty. Cornelius Alberty and Waller Ad.nr -larr. 
 Nancy Eveline binder. George Elders, William (ireen and 
 
 Daniel Ross Hicks. 
 Malderine Elizabeth binder. George Washingt<in Adair. 
 Emory Ogden binder. Martha Ann Vann. 
 John Ross binder. Eliza Keziah Fennel. 
 Ann Eliza binder *Pickens M. Benge. William H. Hendricks 
 Cinderella binder. * Robert McDanieb 
 Julius Caesar binder. " Emma Hildebrand. 
 James V. Hildebrand. Adelaide Taylor. 
 Elizabeth Hildebrand. * Johnson O'Fields. 
 Jamima Hildebrand. * Matthew Thompson. 
 Martha Hildebrand. James Smart. 
 Ann Eliza Hildebrand. Hugh Miller Howdershelb 
 
358 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 m-7^3H° James Franklin Williams. Mary Jane England. 
 
 2 Paralee Williams. John F. Thomas. 
 
 OK 3 Johnanna Williams. Jesse Adam Thomas. 
 
 111=7344,5 Jennie Bailey. Jackson. 
 
 2 Savilla Bailey. Yellowhird. 
 
 OK 3 Elan Bailey. Johnson O'Fields. 
 
 4 Mary Bailey. * 
 
 5 Louisa Cunnigan. John Charley and George Frederick 
 Private. 
 1M'7"5M-^ Mary White Hildebrand. Joshua Columbus Hannah. 
 2 Amelia Eglantine Hildebrand. 
 
 Eliza Jane Hildebrand. * 
 
 Emily Cherokee Hildebrand. James Layton Webb. 
 
 Lawrence William Hildebrand. Eglentine Orr. 
 
 John Walker Hildebrand. * 
 
 Ellis Hildebrand. ' 
 
 Annie Hildebrand. William Sweetwater. 
 
 Ermina Hildebrand. Talbert. 
 
 OK 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 6 
 
 ,11=7.364 
 
 ,-, 
 
 11^7374 
 
 1"' 
 
 OK 3 James H. Hildebrand. Ida Youngbird nee Tunooie. 
 
 4 
 
 Albert Hildebrand. * 
 
 5 
 
 Charles Hildebrand. * 
 
 ]i, =7334,0 
 
 John F. Hildebrand. * 
 
 
 
 Sarah Jane Hildebrand. * 
 
 OK 3 
 
 Emma Hildebrand. * Julius Caesar Linder 
 
 4 
 
 Newton Hildebrand. * 
 
 5 
 
 Lewis W. Hildebrand. * 
 
 6 
 
 Ida Jane Hildebrand. * 
 
 7 
 
 Peter Hildebrand. * 
 
 ,11=7394,5 
 
 Serena Frazier. * Alfred Pigeon. 
 
 2 
 
 Rebecca Frazier. * 
 
 OK 3 
 
 Frances E. Frazier. =•' 
 
 4 
 
 Ebenezer Frazier. * 
 
 5 Daniel Jones Frazier. Elizabeth Hood. 
 
 6 John Frazier. Elizabeth Crapoe nee Boggs. 
 ,11=7:1,04,5 Lucy Ratliff. John Nixon Davis. 
 
 John Reynolds. Sallie Pennel. 
 
 OK 3 Henry Bowers. * 
 
 l'P8"fl-' George Harlan. Mary McCoy. 
 
 2 Sarah Harlan. George Washington Lasley, Ebenezer Walk- 
 er and Joseph Tackett. 
 OK 3 Mitchell Harlan. Letitia Victoria Keys. 
 
HISTORY OF THF. CHEROKEE INDIANS 35'; 
 
 4 Ezekial Harlan. Rachel Sands. 
 
 5 Nancy Perlony Harlan. Riley J. Keys, Jos.'pji \ann l.asley 
 
 and Joseph Robins. 
 
 6 Jennie Harlan. Charles Coody Rogers and Granville 'lorbet!. 
 rr8-'2M"^ James Ellis Harlan. Margaret Reed and Nancy Ann Gibson 
 
 nee. 
 
 2 Sallie Matilla Harlan. John Poole, George Lane, Lewis 
 Ross Kell, James Chastine Blythe and Charles Chandler. 
 
 OK 3 Mary Josephine Harlan. Mitchell Sanders. 
 
 4 John Brown Harlan. Mary Ann McGhee. 
 
 5 Ruth Jane Harlan. William Writtenberry and Joseph Henry 
 
 Hunt. 
 
 6 Timothy Dwight Harlan. * 
 
 7 Emily D. Harlan. George Finley. 
 iM^S^i^l' George Harlan Harnage. * 
 
 1M=8"4-'15 Emily Roach. Edward Walls and Aaron Crittenden. 
 
 2 William Roach. Nannie Lowrey and Eliza Lowrev. 
 
 OK 3 Nannie Roach. Lafayette Catron and John Horn. 
 
 4 James Roach. * 
 
 5 Mary Roach. * 
 
 6 George Roach. Nannie Prilchett and Sarah Triplelt. 
 
 7 John Roach. Nellie Grant. 
 
 8 Sarah Roach. Looney Townsend and William Sullivan. 
 
 9 Joshua Roach. * 
 
 l'l-9-M-'l' Jennie Harlan. Garrett Lane and John Blythe. 
 
 2 John Harlan. * 
 
 OK 3 Napoleon Harlan. Sarah Evaline Blythe. 
 
 4 Lucinda Harlan. Thomas Archer and Albert Willard. 
 
 5 David Lewis Harlan. Harriette Shoe and Nessie Ann Hardin. 
 
 6 Albert Weir Harlan. Sarah Ballard and Matilda Kirby. 
 
 7 Lafayette Harlan. Margaret Davis. 
 
 8 Murion Harlan. Belle Cue. 
 
 9 George Washington Harlan. Sarah Jane Cecil. 
 
 10 Eliza Harlan. Thomas Cannon and Henry H.ir.iin li. m 
 
 I 1 Andrew Oliver Harlan. Cora Pearl Richards. 
 
 1il-9"2M= John Craig. Mary Underwood. 
 
 2 Adeline Craig. Henry Clay McDonald and James Bivin> 
 
 OK 3 Penelope Craig. Logan Henderson Duncan. 
 
 4 William Craig. * 
 
 5 Granville Craig. Jennie Means. 
 
 6 Louisa Jane Craig. Huff D. Coats. 
 
 7 Frank Wallace Craig. Catherine Tetrick. 
 11 129334,. ■; Rodolph Leslie Perry. * 
 
 2 Hannah Almeda Perry. William B. James. 
 
 OK 3 Oliver Valdi Perrv. Stacy Eliza Burson. 
 
360 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 4 Silas Aepccides Perry. Jennie Albright and Fannie D. Fox 
 
 nee Cole. 
 
 5 Florence Caroline Perry. Leander Bell Smith. 
 
 6 Texanna Cherokee Perry. * Samuel M. Ramsey. 
 
 7 Ezekial Harlan Perry. Susan Melvina Harvey nee Morrow. 
 
 8 Nathan Murion Perry. Fannie Sellers. 
 
 9 Sion Marcellus Perry. Lydia Augusta Lumpkin, 
 l^rio-'l-'l' Ezekial Miller. Minerva Cherokee Ward. 
 
 OK 2 Andrew Miller. * 
 
 lirio-^2^1» Nannie Otterlifter. George Washington Ross. 
 
 2 Elizabeth Otterlifter. 
 
 OK 3 Washburn Otterlifter. 
 
 1 M -' 1 0'M^ r' Margaret Taylor. * 
 
 2 Nellie Taylor. * 
 
 OK 3 Charles Taylor. * 
 
 4 Nannie Taylor. John Martin and John White. 
 
 1'1-'10"5^1'^ Mary McDaniel. * George Drumgoole. 
 
 2 Archibald Ballard. Annie Fields. 
 
 OK 3 John Ballard. Susie Arthur. 
 
 4 Jennie Ballard. Charles Lowrey. 
 
 5 Susie Ballard. William Penn Henderson and Hiram Storm. 
 'iM-lo-S-'r' Annie Hoskins. Daniel Landrum. 
 
 2 Julia Hoskins. James McGhee. 
 
 3 Orsinoe Mcintosh. * Jackson Smith. 
 i^y-2'-^\H^ Andrew Pettit. Arie Beck. 
 
 2 Minerva Pettit. John Anderson, Lewis Hicks, John Jour- 
 ney, Israel J. Ward, Jesse Russell and Alfred Clark Ray- 
 mond. 
 OK 3 William Pettit. Margaret Anne Starr nee McDanieV" Nannie 
 
 Tyner and Emma Johnson. 
 
 4 Frank Pettit. Nellie Smith and Mary Beck. 
 
 5 Amelia Ward. William Percival and William Livingston 
 Harris. 
 l'3=2-"2-'l" Stephen Hildebrand. Mary Beck, Amanda Hildebrand nee 
 Hair and Jennie Mesenheimer. 
 
 Margaret Hildebrand. 
 
 OK 3 Michael Hildebrand. Sarah Hooks. 
 
 4 Chiouke Hildebrand. * 
 1'3-2-'3-'L' John Hildebrand Cookson. Elizabeth Adair, Nellie Lyman 
 and Matilda Lawly. 
 
 2 Emily Cookson. William Zion Pettit. 
 OK 3 Elizabeth Cookson. * George Wiggins. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS u.i 
 
 113-2MM'' Caroline Catron. Jesse Sanders. 
 
 2 Lafayette Catron. Nannie Roach. 
 OK 3 Levannali Elizabetli Catron. Tiionias Holmes Cariiie and 
 
 Levi Rosters Keys. 
 1\^'2-'5M" Elvira Jane McLain. ^Alexander Thompson and William 
 Hayes. 
 2 Calvin McLain. Charlotte Martin. 
 OK 3 Austin McLain. ''■' Melissa Arminda Cordery. 
 
 4 Mary Ann McLain. Jetterson RatlilT. 
 
 5 Nancy Elmira McLain. Joseph Watkins and James Thomas 
 
 Morrow. 
 
 6 John McLain. Mary Martin and Susannah Moore. 
 
 7 ■ Joseph McLain. Martha Scott, Elizabeth Kerr nee Clyne 
 
 and Lonnie Nelson. 
 
 8 Lewis McLain. * Susie Woods. 
 
 9 William McLain. Elizabeth Chambers and Elizabeth Horn. 
 10. Mary Enieline McLain. Francis Marion Scott. 
 
 Ii3-2''6M"' William Patrick. Elizabeth Fields and Hnnna A. Beck nee 
 Hayes. 
 2 Rachel Patrick. Alexander Ballard and Houston De .'Krmond. 
 OK 3 Nancy Jane Patrick. Noah LiUard and James R. Gourd. 
 
 4 Margaret Patrick. Henry Fry, Louis Diena and Henry Mor- 
 
 ris. 
 
 5 John Joshua Patick. Minerva Elizabeth LiUard and E!mir;i 
 
 Starr nee Fields. 
 
 6 Elias Patrick. - 
 
 7 Mary Patrick. John P. Lyman and Calloway Burke. 
 
 8 George Washington Patrick. Polina Jane Keys, Nannie C. 
 
 Langley and Nannie Jenkins. 
 
 9 Lucy Patrick. Joseph Heinrichs. 
 
 10 Michael K. Patrick. Delilah Cookson and Josephine- H,i«- 
 kins. 
 1^-2-7' 1"' Jennie Hildebrand. William Lucas. 
 
 2 Julia Ann Hildebrand. Surry Eaton Beck, Nathaniel Wet- 
 ford, James Barnett and Jasper Bee. 
 OK 3 Susan Hildebrand. George Washington Mitchell. 
 
 ^1322384,5 Nannie Mtichell. Charles H. Allen. 
 
 2 Jennie Mitchell. " 
 OK 3 Rebecca Mitchell. Ezekial Proctor. 
 
 4 Henry Mitchell. '•^ Cynthia Beck. 
 
 5 Louvisa Mitchell. Daniel Anderson, John Lane and Samuel 
 
 Rounds. 
 
 6 Mitchell Hildebrand Mitchell. Margaret Underwood. 
 
 7 John Mitchell. Jennie Norris nee Rennecker. 
 
 8 William Mitchell. Elizabeth Newton. 
 
362 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 9 Franklin Pierce Mitchell. Elizabetli Thompson and Georgia 
 Ann Newton. 
 
 10 Eliza Mitchell. George Washington Talbert. 
 
 1 1 Reese T. Mitchell. Nannie Acorn. 
 
 113=2^9^1'' James Lovett. Annie Quinton and Annie Griftin. 
 
 2 Annie Lovett. * Houston De Armond. 
 OK 3 David Lovett. Belle McCutchan. 
 
 4 John Lovett. Elizabeth Young nee Tetrincha. 
 
 5 Louisa Amanda Lovett. * Houston DeArmond. 
 
 6 William Irving. Henrietta Oakley nee Fry. 
 
 7 Joseph Irving. Minnie Louisa See and Henriette Ann Mar- 
 
 lowe. 
 
 8 Brice Poe. * 
 1'3-2-Mo^l'"' Michael Hildebrand. Amanda Hair. 
 OK 2 Elizabeth Hildebrand. Hurd. 
 
 OK 3 Reese Hildebrand. '"" 
 
 4 Josephine Hildebrand. John Meeker. 
 
 5 Alice Hildebrand. Charles Antoine Schmidtman and An- 
 
 drew Cornelius Cordery. 
 
 6 Ertie Hildebrand. William W. Nelson. 
 l'3-'2-'l l^l-' Reese Hildebrand. Lydia Latta. 
 
 2 Elizabeth Hildebrand. Thomas Beaver, William Cramp, 
 Andrew Crane and Samuel Campbell. 
 I'3-2"12M'' Nannie Elizabeth Maytleld. Thomas L. Gaston. 
 
 2 Michael Mayfield. Elizabeth Sanders and Ellen Hammonds. 
 OK 3 Susan Jane Mayfield. Isaac Allison Milligan and Samuel 
 Lee Milligan. 
 
 4 John Ross Mayfield. Annie McDaniel and Nellie Phillips. 
 
 5 Lillar Mayfield. William Rufus James, John Smith and 
 
 Robert B. Williams. 
 
 6 Joseph Mayfield. Helen Dobson and 
 
 7 Isaac H. Mayfield. Sarah McNabney. 
 
 8 Rogina Mayfield. Cornelius Willis. 
 1^3-3"l-'l"' James Rogers. Mary Sanders. 
 1^3-'3-M^l-'^ Charles Rogers. - Susie Foreman. 
 OK 2 Elmira Rogers. Timothy Fields. 
 
 11323364,1-, Elizabeth Brand. Theodore Cummings and Solomon Bragg. 
 2 Francis Rogers. William Elders. 
 
 OK 3 John Rogers. Missouri Emma Quinton. 
 
 4 Cynthia Ann Rogers. * 
 
 5 Margaret Brown. * 
 
 1 13=337-' 1 5 Elizabeth Fields. William Patrick. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS v, , 
 
 CHAPTER XVI 
 Continuation of Old Families. 
 Foreman. 
 
 The descendants of Anthony Foreman, a Seotcinii.oi u no married two 
 full blood Cherokee wives. 
 
 1^ AnthonyForeman. Susie and Elizabeth. \2(> 
 
 IM- John Foreman. Nannie l)rums;ooIe nee Doubiehead and 
 Ruth Springston. 
 2 Catherine Foreman. James Bigby. 
 OK 3 Thomas Foreman. Susannah Brewer nee Fields. 
 
 4 Nannie Foreman. Bushyhead. 
 
 5 Sallie Foreman. William Hicks. 
 
 6 Richard Bark Foreman. and Rachel Seabolt. 
 
 7 Archibald Foreman. Aky Brewer and Theresa Kerr. A2 7 
 
 8 Elsie Foreman. James Spears. 
 
 9 Stephen Foreman. Sallie W. Riley and Ruth Candy nee 
 
 Riley. 
 
 10 Edward Foreman. Minerva Kerr. 
 
 1 1 Mary Foreman. Thomas Barnes. 
 
 12 Alexander Foreman. Ruth Phillips * and Sarah Fields. 
 lM-1-^ Richard Foreman. Sallie and Dorcas Rattlinggourd. 
 
 2 John Foreman. Lucretia and Va-ki-nv. 
 
 OK 3 James Foreman. Delialh Fields. 
 
 4 Elizabeth Foreman. Edley Springton. 
 
 5 Elizabeth Foreman. John Elliott. 
 
 6 Johnson Foreman. Elizabeth B. Mann. 
 
 1^2-P Mary Ann Bigby. David Taylor. A2S 
 
 2 Jennie Bigby. Andrew Taylor. 
 
 OK 3 Thomas Wilson Bigby. Margaret Catherine Adair. 
 
 4 James Bigby. * Louisa Levi. 
 
 5 Elizabeth Bigby. Moses Fields. 
 
 6 Wiley Bibgy. Mary McLaughlin and Elnora Nich' ^' - 
 
 7 Sallie Bigby. Leonard Bonaparte Williams. 
 
 8 Jackson Bigby. * 
 
 9 Susie Bigby. Felix Riley. 
 
 10 Malinda Bigby. William Guilliams and Jesse Redman. 
 
 l'3'l" Nannie Foreman. Allen GafTord and Martin North. 
 
 2 Samuel Foreman. Sallie Rattlinggourd. 
 
364 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 OK 3 Nellie Foreman. Adam Bibles. 
 
 4 Charles Foreman. Annie Seabolt and Thirsey Colvin. 
 
 5 William Hicks Foreman. * Mary Sweetwater. 
 
 6 Joseph Anthony Foreman. Narcissa Reaves Carey and Lethe 
 
 Parris. 
 
 7 Sallie Foreman. * 
 
 8 David McNair Foreman. Sarah Sweetwater, Agnes Fore- 
 
 man Sweetwater and Mary Foreman nee Sweetwater. 
 
 9 George Foreman. Elizabeth Fields and Elizabeth Fields. 
 
 10 Thomas Foreman. Elizabeth Chicken. 
 
 1 1 Susan Foreman. Samuel Jones and Walter Stopp. 
 
 12 James Foreman. '■= 
 
 13 Edward Foreman. Mary Proctor, Sarah Proctor and Jen- 
 
 nie Spaniard nee Terrapin. 
 
 14 Elizabeth Foreman. Johnson Proctor and Redbird Sixkiller. 
 lH-1^ Jesse Bushyhead. Eliza Wilkerson. 
 
 2 Isaac Bushyhead. Catherine Ratlift" and Ghi-ga-u Snake. 
 
 OK 3 George Bushyhead. Go-wo-hi-du. 
 
 4 Nannie Bushyhead. John Walker and Lewis Hildebrand. 
 
 5 Susan C. Bushyhead. Ezekial Lyons and L. P. Harris. 
 
 6 Jacob Bushyhead. Nannie McDaniel and Elizabeth Romine 
 
 nee Riley. 
 
 7 Charles Bushyhead. Polly Starr and Sallie Miller nee Mc- 
 
 Coy. 
 
 l'5-l-^ Eli Hicks. Isabel Miller. 
 
 2 Jay Hicks. Catherine Levi. 
 
 3 Ruth Hicks. Ezekial Beck and William Rogers. 
 
 4 William Hicks. * 
 
 5 Carrington Hicks. * 
 
 6 Margaret Hicks. Jacob Nicholson. 
 
 7 Ella Hicks. Joseph Spears. 
 
 8 Abijah Hicks. Hannah Worcester. 
 
 9 Anna Hicks. Charles French. 
 
 10 Charles Hicks. * 
 
 1 1 John Hicks. '■■ 
 
 12 Sarah Hicks. Spencer Seago Stephens. 
 
 13 Nannie Hicks. Sebastian Boynton and William A. Reese. 
 r6-l3 Jennie Foreman. Celle Robbards and Henry Glenn. 
 
 2 Annie Laura Foreman. Lord Wellington Shirley. 
 OK 3 Archibald Foreman. Sarah Walkingwolf. 
 
 4 Anthony Foreman. * 
 
 5 Susan Louella Foreman. David Sanders, John Horn and 
 
 John Clark Cleveland. 
 
 6 Daniel C. Foreman. Elizabeth Beck. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHHROKEh: INDIANS 365 
 
 7 Stephen Foreman. Christine Hooeland nL^e Sands 
 
 8 Catherine Foreman. William McCrearv and Aaron Headin 
 
 Beck. 
 
 9 Robert Foreman. * 
 
 10 Martha Foreman. * James Allison. 
 
 1^7^'l" Mary Foreman. Ellis Fox Phillips and William C. Dickson. 
 
 2 Minerva Foreman. Amos Thornton and Wallace Vann. 
 
 OK 3 Archibald Foreman. * 
 
 l'8-l'^ Nannie Spears. * 
 
 2 Eli Spears. Elizabeth Hall. 
 
 OK 3 John Spears. Annie Welch. 
 
 4 Elizal)eth Spears. Charles Dobbins. 
 
 5 Mary Ann Spears. William Coody Ross. 
 
 6 Elmira Spears. Stephen David. 
 
 7 Stephen Spears. Maria Louisa Roberson. 
 
 8 Archibald Spears. 
 
 9 Charles Spears. Mary J. Crockett. 
 r9-l-' Austin Worcester Foreman. * 
 2 Ermina Nash Foreman. * 
 OK 3 Jeremiah Everett Foreman. Celeste Stidham. 
 
 4 Susie Elizabeth Foreman. * 
 
 5 John Anthony Foreman. Eliza Mary BIythe and Nannie 
 
 Amanda Smith. 
 
 6 Stephen Taylor Foreman. Ada Carter McClellan. 
 
 7 Jennie Lind Foreman. Charles McClure McClellan. 
 
 8 Archibald Alexander Foreman. * Annie Rucks. 
 
 9 Austin Worcester Foreman. Emily Josephine Ridenhour 
 
 and Margaret Edith George. 
 
 1(1 Charles Hodge Foreman. * 
 
 1 1 Flora Elizabeth Foreman. Austin J. Rider. 
 
 1 2 Araminta Ross Foreman. 
 
 iMl-l" John Albert Barnes. * 
 
 2 Rachel Barnes. Jenkins Whiteside Maxtield. 
 
 3 Alexander Foreman Barnes. * 
 
 4 Corinne Abigal Barnes. John Nathaniel Taylor. 
 
 5 Theresa Elizabeth Barnes. Thomas Ivey. 
 
 6 Henry Clay Barnes. Catherine Chambers, Nannie Cather- 
 
 ine Wilson nee Daniel and Mary Cornelia Nowiin. 
 
 7 Sarah Barnes. * Stephen Hart. 
 
 8 Minnie Barnes. Charles Edward Willey. 
 
 9 Fannie Barnes. George Washington Benge. 
 l'12-l'' Pierce Butler Foreman. * 
 
 2 Edward Foreman. Cherokee Brown and Emma Barnes. 
 
 OK 3 George Bullette Foreman. Nannie Elizabeth Garrison. 
 
 4 Josephus W. Foreman. * 
 
366 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 5 Thomsia Elizabeth Foreman. * Thomas W. Collins. 
 
 6 Ermina Cooie Foreman. Robert Preston Vann. 
 
 Sequoyah. 
 
 I^ Sequoyah. Sallie and U-ti-_vu. 
 
 1M= Teesey Guess. U-ti-yu and Rebecca Bowles. A29 
 
 2 George Guess. * 
 
 OK 3 Polly Guess. Flying and Thomas Brewer. 
 
 4 Richard Guess. * 
 
 5 
 
 E-ya-gu Guess. George Starr 
 
 6 
 
 Ooo-loo-tsa Guess. * 
 
 7 
 
 Gu-u-ne-ki Guess. Sixkiller. 
 
 1MM3 
 
 George Guess. Girty. 
 
 2 
 
 Richard Guess. * 
 
 K 3 
 
 Joseph Guess. * 
 
 4 Sallie Guess. William Foster or Tu-noo-ie. 
 
 5 Joseph Guess. '■' 
 
 6 Catherine Guess. Joseph Downing. 
 1^3-1^ Annie Flying. Joseph Griffin. 
 I^S-l" Joseph Starr. * 
 
 1^7-F' Araminta Sixkiller. 
 
 lM-1^1^ Mary Guess. George Mitchell and Andrew Russell. 
 
 2 Guess. 
 
 ] 1,1243] 4 Susie Foster. Levi Toney. 
 
 lM-6-M^ Nannie Downing. Richard H. Bowles. 
 
 2 Lucile Downing. Goggle. 
 
 OK 3 Edward Downing. 
 
 4 Sequoyah Downing. 
 
 5 Maud Downing. 
 Vypl^ Ti-du-gi-yo-sti. 
 
 I'r-'l3l-'i5 George W. Russell. Minnie Holston. 
 
 IMM^IM-'^ Calvin Hanks Toney. 
 
 2 Cicero Davis Toney. 
 
 OK 3 Margaret Toney. 
 
 I 4 Catherine Toney. 
 
 I 5 Sallie Toney. 
 
 lil=6-''l*l=^ Leo Bennett Bowles. 
 
 OK 2 Richard Bowles. 
 
 111=6324]-, Qe(,ii \Y_ Coggle. 
 
 2 Houston Coggle. 
 
 Oolootas. 
 
 P Oo-loo-tsa, of the Holly clan. 
 
 IM^ Ghi-go-ne-li. 
 
 IM-!-' Nannie. George Lowrey. 
 
 2 Ghi-go-ne-li. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 367 
 
 IM-IM^ John Lowrey. Elizabeth Shorey and Ga-ne-lu-i;i Mc- 
 Lemore. 
 
 2 George Lowrey. Lucy Benge. A31 
 
 OK 3 Jennie Lowrey. Tah-lon-tee-skee. ?2 
 
 4 Elizabeth Lowrey. Joseph Sevier anJ John Walker. 
 
 5 Sallie Lowrey. 
 
 6 Nellie Lowrey. Edmond Pawling. 
 
 7 Aky Lowrey. Arthur Burns. 
 
 \'l-2-'\* Catherine. John (iunter. A30 
 
 2 Polly. Smith. 
 
 ri^l-M^l"' Elizabeth Lowrey. William Shorey Pack. 
 
 2 Jennie Lowrey. Robert Benge. 
 
 OK 3 Eliza Lowrey. Martin Benge. 
 
 \H'-\^2*i'' James Lowrey. Elizabeth McLemore. 
 
 2 Susan Lowrey. Andrew Ross. 
 
 2 George Lowrey. Elizabeth Baldridge. 
 
 4 Lydia Lowrey Milo Hoyt. 
 
 5 Rachel Lowrey. David Brown and Nelson Orr. 
 
 6 John Lowrey. * 
 
 7 Anderson Pierce Lowrev. Marv Nave. 
 
 8 Archibal Lowrev. Rachel Harris and Delilah Baldrid,i;e. 
 
 9 Washington Lowrev. Jennie 
 
 10 Charles Lowrey. Jennie Ballard and Ellen Reese. 
 1M-M''3^1'' George Lovett. Nannie Horn nee Hildebrand and Eliza- 
 beth Swimmer. 
 1M-1^4M'' Margaret Sevier. Gideon Morgan. 
 2 Eliza Sevier. W. Templin Ross. 
 
 OK 3 John Walker. Emily Meigs and Nannie Bushyhead. 
 
 1 1 J 2 1 354 1 .-, Tsa-gi-na. Pigeon. 
 
 No-na. 
 
 OK 3 Elizabeth. 
 
 4 Baldridse. 
 
 5 Switzler Lowrev. Rachel Brownlow. 
 
 6 Rope Campbell. 
 
 i^iH^6H'^ Edward Fowling. * Margaret Smith. 
 
 2 Edmond Fawling. Jennie Stanridge. 
 
 OK 3 Joseph Fawling. Lydia Brown. 
 
368 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 4 Rim Pawling. * 
 
 5 Ellis Pawling. Elizabeth Griffin. 
 
 6 Elizabeth Pawling. Hiram Moody and Samuel Scharble. 
 
 7 James Pawling. * 
 
 8 Susie Pawling-. Thomas Smith and Isaac Timmons. 
 iM^l^ZM' Mary Burns. William Alexander Davis. 
 
 OK 2 Elizabeth Burns. Michael Huraker. 
 
 r 1=2-" 1^1 5 Samuel Gunter. A-yo-ku. 
 
 2 Aky Gunter. Alexander McCoy. 
 
 OK 3 Martha J. Gunter. Richard Blackurs. 
 
 4 Edward Gunter. Elsie McCoy and Letitia Keys. 
 
 5 Elizabeth Hunt Gunter. Martin Matthew Scrimsher. 
 
 6 John Gunters. 
 
 7 Catherine Gunter. James B. Vaught and Oliver Wack Lipe.- 
 lil=232M5 Walter Smith. '•= 
 
 ^i|2j3i4i5|6 Thomas Jefferson Pack. Jennie Taylor. 
 
 OK 2 Cynthia Pack. John Cowart. 
 
 \'\-i-\*2^l'^ Mary Benge. * John Lee. 
 
 2 Eliza Benge. Henry Seabolt. 
 
 OK 3 John Benge. Caroline Gordon. 
 
 4 Robin Benge. * 
 
 5 McLemon Benge. Margaret Seabolt. 
 
 6 Young Benge, * 
 
 7 Pickens Benge. Angeline Franklin. 
 
 8 Sarah Benge * 
 
 lM-1^1^3'1" Samuel Houston Benge, Lucy Blair and Nannie Brewster 
 
 2 George Washington Benge. * Nannie Holmes. 
 
 OK 3 Obediah Martin Benge. Margaret Blair and Etta . 
 
 4 Richard Benge. Charlotte Frye. 
 
 5 Rhoda Benge. Stephen Teehee. 
 
 6 William Benge. Elizabeth Ross. 
 
 7 Catherine Benge. George Washington Gunteu 
 lMM^2M'l" Lucy Lowrey. John W. Brown. 
 
 2 William Lowrey. Anohi Bigbullet and Lucy Fourkiller. 
 
 OK 3 Charles Lowrey. 
 
 4 John Lowrey. Elizabeth Blair. 
 
 !• r'l-''2'*l°l'' Oliver Perry Ross. Susie Vann and Elzina Hair nee Goo- 
 nan. 
 
 2 Daniel Ross. Naomi Chisholm and Sarah Half breed. 
 
 OK 3 Andrew J. Ross. Nannie Otterlefter and Nannie Halfbreed. 
 
 4 Samuel Houston Ross. Sarah Grimmett. 
 
 5 William Coody Ross. Mary Ann Spears. 
 
 6 Joseph Miller Ross. Rachel Drew. 
 
 7 Joshua Ross. Muskogee Yargee. 
 
 8 Richard Johnson Ross. Elizabeth Stidham. 
 
 9 Jennie Pocahontas Ross. John D. Murrell. 
 ri=l32-'35l"* Jennie Lowrey. James Brown Choate. 
 
HISTORY OF THh CllbKOKHlf INDIANS 3,,.. 
 
 1M-1"2M^'I« Dollie Eunice Hoyt. Amory Nelson Chamberlain. 
 2 Nancy Ann Hoyt. Hamilton Balentine. 
 Esther Susan Hoyt. James Ward. 
 Hindman Hoyt Hoyt. Ruth Ann BulTington and Elizabeth 
 
 Candy. * 
 Sarah Hoyt. Richard Hunter. 
 Lucy Lowrcy Hoyt. Monroe Calvin Keys. 
 Mile Ard Hoyt. Harriette Washburn nee Folsom. 
 John L. Brown. Ann Schrimsher. 
 Catherine Brown. William Daniel. 
 Daniel Webster Lowrey. 
 
 Henry Lowrey. Mary Parris and Evaline Evans nee Russell. 
 Lucy Ann Lowrey. Charles Hicks Campbell. 
 Dollie Eunice Lowrey. James Fields, * Thomas Starr and 
 
 Charles Galloway. * 
 George Lowrey. * 
 
 Susan Lowrey. Richard Robertson and Jefferson Carter. 
 Eliza Lowrey. William Henry Davis. 
 James Monroe Lowrey. Susie Vickery. 
 Andrew Lowrey. Dora Pinckney nee Bruton. 
 
 8 Austin Lowrey. Sallie Coker. 
 
 11 1213248.-. 10 James Lowrey. Ellen Pij;eoii. 
 
 lM = l-'*2-'9'l'^ George Lowrey. Elizabeth Proctor. 
 
 lM-l-'2-'10"l" Orsinoe Lowrey. Charles Reese Starr. 
 
 2 Lucy Lowrev. * 
 
 OK 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 ■111- 1"2 
 
 53,0 
 
 OK 
 
 2 
 
 liFl-'2 
 
 7.-1. 
 
 
 2 
 
 OK 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 10 
 
 OK 3 Alice B. Lowrey. 
 
 4 Return Johnson Lowrey. Drucilyla Medley. 
 
 5 Charles Pickens Lowrey. Laura Rider. 
 lM-l-''3^1''l'^ James Lovett. Annie Quinton and Annie GrilTin. 
 
 2 Annie Lovett. * Houston DeArmond. 
 
 3 David Lovett. Belle McCutchan. 
 
 4 John Lovett. * Elizabeth Young nee Tetincha. 
 
 5 Louisa Amanda Lovett. * Houston DeArmond. 
 
 6 Louisa Lovett. 
 
 7 Eliza Lovett. 
 
 8 William Lovett. Susie Crossland and Nannie Pettit. 
 
 9 Sarah Lovett. Deertrack Candy. 
 10 Lucy Lovett * John Proctor. 
 
 1 1 Susie Lovett. * Joseph Goings. 
 
 ri-m^M" Margaret Ann Ward Morgan. Robert Taylor Hanks and 
 J. Henry Effort. 
 
 2 George Washington Morgan. Martha Keziah Mayo. 
 
370 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 OK 3 Elizabeth Lowry Morgan. Hugh McDowell McElreath and 
 
 William C. Eblin. 
 
 4 Cherokee America Morgan. Andrew Lewis Rogers. 
 
 5 Rufus Montezuma Morgan. * Mary Holt. 
 
 6 Amanda Patience Morgan. Frank Fowler and Joseph Ab- 
 
 salom Scales. 
 
 7 Robert Hanks Morgan. * 
 1'1-1"4-'2^I" Andrew Ross. Lucinda Gentry. 
 
 2 Samuel Potts Ross. 
 
 OK 3 Benjamin Franklin Ross. 
 
 4 Joseph Ross. Priscilla Gentry. 
 
 5 Margaret Melvina Ross. 
 
 6 Hannah Ross. Fin B. Tompkins. 
 
 7 Robert Ross. 
 
 8 Mary Ann Ross. 
 
 |ijL'j34435i6 Timothy Meigs Walker. Elizabeth Neely Adair. 
 
 2 Elizabeth Grace Walker. James Coleman and Pryor Smith. 
 OK 3 Minerva Jane Walker. Armstrong Lea and Lorenzo De- 
 
 lano. 
 4 John Osborn Walker. Lucinda Taylor and Georgianna 
 Wilkins. 
 
 5 Sarah E. Walker. George Washington Lasley. 
 
 6 Ebenezer Walker. Sarah Lasley nee Harlan. 
 I'l-l-S'lH" Ellen Pigeon. 
 
 2 Lucy Pigeon. 
 
 3 Josiah Pigeon. 
 
 4 Lucinda Pigeon. 
 
 Iil2^35425i6 jQh„ Lowrey McCoy. Charlotte Ratliff, Emma Bennett 
 and Lucy Jane Adair. 
 
 2 Gu-wo-du-gi-sdi. 
 
 3 Gu-yo-ti-hi. 
 lM-l-'5-»3M'* Aky. 
 
 2 Nellie. 
 
 3 Elizabeth. 
 
 4 Uwo-no-sdi. 
 
 lil = l-5M=l« Mary Baldridge. Walker Hogner. 
 
 2 George Baldridge. * , 
 
 3 Ewi Baldridge. 
 
 4 Ets-wo-ti-sgi Baldridge. 
 
 I'l-l^S-'S-M" Margaret Lowrey. Jefferson Hicks and Wilson Hornet. 
 
 2 Edward Lowrey. Rose Welch and Sarah Welch. 
 
 OK 3 Samuel Lowrey. * 
 
 4 Mary Lowrey. George Foreman and Philip Webster. 
 
 5 Nannie Lowrey. * William Roach. 
 
 6 Eliza Lowrey. William Roach and William Batt. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 1MM-"5^6M" Sophia Campbell. Jack Fox, Rat and John M. Smith. 
 
 2 John Campbell. Lydia Dry. 
 
 OK 3 Susie Campbell. * John Brown Wright. 
 
 4 Elizabeth Campbell. Henry Clay Ross. 
 
 5 Lethe Campbell. Charles Hermann and Napoleon Bona- 
 
 parte Rowe. 
 
 6 Jennie Campbell. John Brown Wright and Levi O'Ficlds. 
 
 7 Hook Campbell. 
 
 8 Mary Campbell. Charles Hendricks and .Alexander Hen- 
 dricks. 
 
 lMM-''6-'2'''r' Edmond Fawlin^s;-. Mary and Cass Pippins. 
 
 2 Henry Pawling-. Adeline CoUuni and Marj:aret Wilson. 
 
 OK 3 Susan Pawling. John Williams and Hugh Snider. 
 
 4 Mary Pawling. Jacob Williams and John Stafford. 
 
 lM = l-'6^5''l" Alexander Pawling. Susan Dolusky Hensley. 
 
 2 Nannie Pawling. Armstead B. Maxwell. 
 
 OK 3 Sarah Pawling. Kelly and HoUis Lorenzo Chubbuck. 
 
 4 George W. Pawling. Sarah Jane Langley, Lena , 
 
 Malinda Isreal and Warren. 
 
 5 Mary Pawling. James Horton. 
 
 6 Lydia Pawling. '■' Lafayette Guinn. 
 lM-l"6^8''r'' Mary Smith. George Downing. 
 
 2 Jennie Smith. Plying. 
 
 OK 3 James Smith. Nannie Voungblood. 
 
 4 Hiram Smith. 
 
 5 Lucy Smith. Isaac Shade. 
 
 6 George Smith. Elizabeth Keener. 
 
 7 John Smith. Sarah Whitwater. 
 
 8 Elizabeth Smith. 
 William Smith. 
 
 iM-M-vM-'l" Cynthia Pack Davis. John Thompson Mayes. 
 
 2 Laura Cornelia Davis. * 
 
 OK 3 Sarah Ophelia Davis. James Allen Mayes. 
 
 4 John Lowrey Davis. Harriette Folsom. 
 
 5 William Henry Davis. Eliza Lowrey. 
 
 6 George Washington Davis. * 
 
 7 Mary Elizabeth Davis. Robert Harrison Akin and Theodora 
 
 Freeland Polsom. 
 
 lM-lv^2'r' Mary Hufaker. Carter Daniel Markham. 
 
 OK 2 Cynthia Hufaker. * John R. McNair. 
 
 111=23 l^lM'' George Washington Gunter. Eliza Nave. 
 
 111=231^2=1" Lucy McCoy. James Gatlin. 
 
 |ij223|435iG Samuel R. Blackburn. Nannie P. Lattamore. 
 
 OK 2 Jennie Blackburn. Carter Walker Maylield. 
 
372 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 lil-2^lM^l''' Nannie Gunter. * Wiliam Shipley. 
 2 Nellie Gunter. Lachlan Beavert. 
 
 3 Sarah Gunter. John R. Nicholson. 
 
 4 James Gunter. * 
 
 5 Margaret Gunter. Rufus Goody and Madison Goody. 
 
 6 Eliza Gunter. Riley Keys, John Alexander Adair and 
 
 Mowry. 
 
 8 Daniel McCoy Gunter. * 
 
 9 John Gunter. * 
 
 10 Catherine Gunter. Daniel Hicks Ross. 
 
 1 1 Martha Gunter. * 
 
 7 Jennie Gunter. Leroy Keys. 
 
 12 Elizabeth Gunter. Alexander McCoy Rider. 
 ri-2'M-*5''r' John Gunter Scrimsher. Juliette Melvina Candy. 
 
 2 Elizabeth Alabama Scrimsher. John Lafayette Adair and 
 
 Dennis Wolf Bushyhead. 
 
 3 Mary America Scrimsher. Clement Vann Rogers. 
 
 4 Sarah Catherine Scrimsher. * 
 
 5 Martha Lucretia Scrimsher. Fredrick William Gulager. 
 1M=2-M-'6"1" Nellie Gunter. John We-tu-su-te. 
 
 1M-2^1'*7'M" Sarah Josephine Vaught. * George Washington Nave and 
 Olney Sevier Morgan. 
 
 2 Dewitt Clinton Lipe. Victoria Susan Hicks and Mary Eliza- 
 beth Archer. 
 OK 3 Nannie E. Lipe. * 
 
 4 John Gunter Lipe. * 
 
 5 Jennie Catherine Lipe. Pleasant Napoleon Blackstone. 
 
 6 Clark Charlesworth Lipe. Libbie Farmer and Margaret 
 
 Emma Thompson. 
 
 Bowles. 
 1^ John Bowles. Jennie, Oo-loo-tsa and Oo-ti-yu. A3 3 
 
 I'r John Bowles. Jennie. 
 2 French Bowles. * 
 OK 3 Nellie Bowles. * 
 
 4 Lightningbug Bowles. A-yu-su. 
 
 5 Tu-noo-ne-ski Bowles. * 
 
 6 Du-qu-Ii-lu- Wagon Bowles. Fannie Davis. 
 
 7 Qua-ti-ni Bowles. * 
 
 8 Tsa-gi-na Bowles. Bird Tail. 
 
 9 Rebecca Bowles. Tee-see Guess. A29 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 10 Samuel Bowles. I-doo-si. 
 
 1 1 Eliza Bowles. John Porum Uavis. 
 
 12 Nannie Bowles. ''■' George Chisholm. 
 
 lM-1^ James Bowles. Eliza Halfbreed. 
 
 lH-1" Joseph Bowles. * 
 
 2 Caroline Bowles. * 
 
 OK 3 John Bowles. * 
 
 4 Jefferson Bowles. * 
 
 l'6-l-' Johnson Bowles. * 
 
 2 Etta Bowles. * 
 
 OK 3 Elizabeth Bowles. * 
 
 4 Thomas Bowles. * 
 
 1^8=1^ Gu-de-iri. * 
 
 2 Ghi-go-ne-li. 
 
 3 Go-yi-ne. * 
 
 l'9-l-' Sallie Guess. Wiliam Foster. 
 
 2 Joseph Guess. * 
 
 OK 3 Catherine Guess. Joseph Downing. 
 
 IMOM^ George Bowles. * 
 
 IM r'l-' John Davis. - 
 
 lM-r"l^ Minnie Bowles. Elijah Hermogene l.erWance and Orlando 
 Shay. 
 
 OK 2 Richard H. Bowles. Bettie Blythe and Nannie Downing. 
 
 1'9-1-M-* Susie Foster. Levi Toney. 
 
 1^9-3^1^ Nannie Downing. Richard H. Bowles. 
 
 2 Lucile Downing. Goggle. 
 
 3 Edward Downing. 
 
 4 Sequoyah Downing. 
 
 5 Maud Downing, 
 l^l-l-'m-' Lillian LeMance. 
 
 OK 2 Jessie Lamar Shay. 
 
 1M-1"2-'1-"' Thomas Bowles. 
 
 Leo Bennett Bowles. 
 Richard Bowles. 
 Calvin Hanks Toney. 
 Cicero Davis Toney. 
 Margaret Toney. 
 Catherine Toney. 
 Sallie Toney. 
 Leo Bennett Bowles. 
 Richard Bowles. 
 Cicero W. Goggle. 
 Houston Goggle. 
 
 
 2 
 
 OK 
 
 3 
 
 l'9-'l" 
 
 I^l-' ( 
 
 
 2 
 
 OK 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 l'9-3-' 
 
 IM'' I 
 
 OK 
 
 2 
 
 .1^9=3- 
 
 2*\'' 
 
374 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 CHAPTER XVII 
 Continuation of Old Families 
 
 Sanders. 
 
 2 Eli Sanders. Elmira Eldridge, Catherine Dilingliam nee 
 
 Clyne and Lucy Tiiornton nee Crittenden. 
 ]! Susannali. Mitchell Sanders A34 
 
 IM- George Sanders. Jennie Pritchett. 
 
 2 Alexander Sanders. Peggy Sonicooie. A35 
 
 OK 3 John Sanders. Dorcas Smith. 
 
 4 Andrew Sanders. Mary Brewster. 
 
 5 David Sanders. Susie Peacock. 
 
 6 Nannie Sanders. George Harlan and Ambrose Harnage.A36 
 
 7 Agnes Sanders. Jacob Alberty. 
 
 8 Jennie Sanders. William Crittenden. 
 lM-1" Elsie Sanders. Maxwell Chambers. 
 
 2 Walter Chambers. Sallie and Elizabeth. 
 OK 3 Samuel Sanders. * Ghi-ga-u Meanman. 
 
 4 James Sanders. Dorcas Fields. 
 
 5 Nannie Sanders. Joseph Spears. 
 
 6 Elizabeth Sanders. * 
 
 7 Nicholas Byers Sanders. Sallie Eagle. 
 
 8 Jesse Sanders. Caroline Catron. 
 r2-l^ George Sanders. Elsie . 
 
 2 Mitchell Sanders. and Polly Overtaker. 
 
 3 John Sanders. * 
 
 4 Thomas Sanders. Nannie Sonicooie. 
 
 5 Jennie Sanders. John Winters. 
 
 6 Richard Sanders. 
 
 7 Andrew Sanders. Elizabeth Butler nee Puppy and Araminta 
 
 Starr nee McCoy. 
 
 8 Mary Sanders. Isaac Ragsdale. 
 
 9 Ellis Sanders. * Elizabeth McCoy. 
 iM-l'^ Agnes Sanders. Isaac Childers. 
 
 2 Robert Sanders. Mary McCreary. 
 OK 3 Alexander Sanders. 
 
 14 Isaac Sanders. Jennie Campbell. 
 
 j 5 Benjamin Sanders. Nana and Rachel. 
 
 6 David Sanders. Tiana Overtaker. 
 
 7 Edward Sanders. Agnes Rattlinggoourd. 
 
 8 Elizabeth Sanders. Nathan Childers. 
 
 9 Margaret Sanders. John Colwell. 
 I 10 Moses Sanders. * 
 
 I 1 1 Charles Sanders. Elizabeth Jane Daniel. 
 1M=1" Thompson Sanders. Nakie Lee. 
 
 2 .Annie Sanders. William Richardson, Charles Fargo and Eli 
 Sutton. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEli INDIANS 375 
 
 OK 3 Archibald Sanders. Margaret Taylor and Isabel Eldridjic. 
 
 4 Betsy Sanders. Hampton Williams. 
 
 5 Polly Sanders. Archibald Henrv. 
 1^6M3 Eli Harlan. Delilah Alberty. 
 
 2 Ellis Sanders Harlan. Nannie Barnett. 
 
 OK 3 Sallie Harlan. Jacob Harnage. 
 
 4 Elmira Harlan. Joshua Roach. 
 
 5 William Harnage. Martha Snow. 
 
 6 John Griffith Harnage. Ruth Starr and Emilv Walker Mav- 
 
 field . 
 
 7 George Harnage. Nannie Maylield. 
 
 8 Andrew Jackson Harnage. * 
 
 9 Elizabeth Harnage. John Adair Bell. 
 1^7-1^ Johnson Alberty. Catherine Hood. 
 
 2 Lydia Alberty. William Crittenden. 
 
 OK 3 Sallie Alberty. John Shell. 
 
 4 Moses Alberty. Mary Love and Ruth Dougherty. 
 
 l^S^s Henry Clay Crittenden. Susie Wolf. 
 
 IM-l'M^ John Chambers. Catherine Seabolt, Amelia Bean and 
 Almira Bean. 
 
 2 Robert Chambers. * 
 
 3 Lettie Boyd Chambers. James Starr and Daniel McCoy. 
 
 4 Henry Chambers. Nannie Hendricks. 
 
 5 Joseph Chambers. Nancy Jane Starr. 
 
 6 David Chambers. * 
 
 7 James Chambers. Catherine Hendricks. 
 
 8 William Williams Chambers. Pauline Parris. 
 1M-2''1^ Mary Sanders. Leroy Tyner and Jefferson Hair. 
 
 2 Thomas Chambers. Mary Smith. 
 
 3 John Sanders. Jennie Sanders * and Agnes Crittenden. 
 
 4 David Sanders. Delilah Whitmire. 
 
 5 Annie Sanders. John Hair. 
 
 6 Catherine Sanders. William Brymer. 
 
 7 Takie Sanders. * 
 
 8 Jennie Sanders. * Silas Ross. 
 
 Q Susie Sanders. Jesse Wolf and Jack Bean. 
 
 lM-4-'l^ Lucinda Jane Sanders. * Levi Keys. 
 
 2 George Osceola Sanders. Elizabeth Brewer nee Allen V 
 
 OK 3 William J. Sanders. Elizabeth Hildebrand and Mary Crit- 
 
 tenden. 
 
 4 Samuel Sanders. 
 
 5 James M. Sanders. Catherine Baptiste and Keziah James. 
 
 6 Elizabeth Sanders. 
 
 7 John M. Sanders. Emma Polk. 
 
 lil^S^^l^ George Spears. * 
 
376 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 lil273|4 Elizabeth Sanders. William Holt and Fredrick W. Ruther- 
 ford. 
 
 2 Sallie Sanders. * 
 
 3 Jennie Sanders. William James Largen. 
 
 4 James Sanders. Rachel Christy. 
 lil-8'l^ Madison Sanders. Louisa Holland. 
 
 2 Margaret Sanders. Thomas Blair. 
 OK 3 Cynthia Ann Sanders. George Bradley. 
 
 4 Elizabeth Sanders. Michael Mayfield. 
 
 5 Nicholas Sanders. Mary Tanksley. 
 
 6 John Catron Sanders. Sallie Jane Clay. 
 
 7 Florence Sanders. James Miller. 
 1^2=1-M* Johnson Sanders. Polly Bean. 
 
 1 '2-2^1* Jennie Sanders. George Bigfeather. 
 
 2 Mary Sanders. James Rogers. 
 
 3 David Sanders. Caroline Elk. 
 
 r2-4-M-' Wilson Sanders. Laura Wells Wilkerson. 
 
 2 Susie Sanders. * Charles Lafayette Foreman. 
 
 OK 3 Jerusha Sanders. * 
 
 4 Annie Sanders. * 
 
 5 Sallie Sanders. * 
 
 I 6 Thomas Jeflerson Sanders. Elizabeth Bearpaw. 
 
 I 7 Rachel Sanders. Nicholas Benjamin McNair. 
 
 8 William Sanders. * 
 
 9 Lewis Sanders. * 
 
 1 '2=5-1^ Clara Winters. James Ellis. 
 
 2 Elizabeth Winters. 
 
 OK 3 Peggy Winters. Johnson Vann and Nathaniel Stewart. 
 
 4 Mary Winters. Aaron Burr. 
 
 1^2=6»l-» John Sanders. * 
 
 2 David Sanders. * 
 
 1'2-7"1^ John Sanders. Eliza Seabolt nee Starr, Jennie Vann and 
 Adeline Mitchell. 
 
 2 Thomas Didymus Sanders. Maria Gaford and Joanna 
 Pettit. 
 
 OK 3 Jackson Sanders. * 
 
 4 Samuel D. Sanders. Nancy Jane Gafford and Martha Ann 
 Harris. 
 
 5 Henry Harrison Sanders. Charlotte Stocker nee Starr. 
 
 l'2-8--l^ Margaret Ragsdale. * 
 
 2 John Ragsdale. Araminta Gunter. 
 
 OK 3 Polly Ragsdale. Joseph Dawson and John Virgil McPher- 
 
 son. 
 
 4 Ellen Ragsdale. Jasper Chaney. 
 
 5 Lucy Ragsdale. Charles D. England. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 6 Isaac Harnage Ragsdale. Johanna Johnson. 
 
 7 Cynthia Ragsdale. Joseph Hines. 
 
 1^3-1^1^ John Childers. Minerva Ross nee Foreman and Nannie 
 
 Swimmer. 
 
 OK 2 Eliza Childers. Sanders Choate. 
 
 113-231* Ellis Sanders. Martha Jane Brown and Cvntl,,,, ,. i . ... 
 
 2 Elizabeth Ann Sanders. John Tomniason Duncan. 
 
 OK 3 George D. Sanders. * 
 
 4 Mitchell Sanders. Mary Josephine Harlan and M:k' K' 
 
 5 Marion W. Sanders. * 
 
 6 Elizur Butler Sanders. Catherine Moore. 
 
 7 Samuel E. Sanders. Mary Frye. 
 
 8 Esther Sanders. Gaines Clinton Smith. 
 P3-3-M* Archilla Sanders. Lucinda Still. 
 
 2 John S anders. Sallie Sequichie, Catherine Henry nee Coo- 
 coodfgisky and Annie Goss. 
 113-4^1* Diana Melvina Sanders. John White. 
 
 2 Margaret Elizabeth Sanders. Peter Parson and Geori;e 
 Washington Boyles. 
 OK 3 Rachel Hunt Sanders. Ale.xander Lombard Martin. 
 
 4 Mary Ellen Sanders. Joseph Raincrow. 
 
 5 Lucy Travennes Sanders. Andrew Nowife and Georire 
 
 Waseet. 
 
 6 David Edward Sanders. Elsie Ballard and Caroline Ball.irJ 
 
 nee Romine. 
 P3-5''l* Aaron Sanders. Tiana Chuculate. 
 
 2 Oeeola Sanders. Nannie Eagle. 
 
 3 Nannie Sanders. Youngwolf \'ann. 
 
378 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Elizabeth Sanders. * 
 
 Nannie Sanders John Thompson and Thomas Pettit. 
 
 David Sanders. 
 
 Neki Sanders. 
 
 Jolly ("Hoolie'') Sanders. Mary Rogers. 
 
 Burns Sanders. * Lucy Pritchett. 
 
 Elizabeth Sanders. 
 
 Agnes Sanders. Alexander Heaven. 
 
 Jennie Sanders. 
 
 Thomas Sanders. * 
 
 Isaac Sanders. Isabel Hampton. 
 
 Sallie Sanders. * Cornelius Sanders. 
 
 Charles Sanders. '■' 
 
 Elsie Sanders. * Alexander B. Clapp. 
 
 Samuel Childers. Sarah Bean. 
 
 John Jolly Colwell. '' Cynthia Chaney. 
 
 Cynthia Colwell. John P. Hall. 
 
 Nannie Colwell. George Washington Starr. 
 
 Mary Colwell. Matthew Terrell. 
 l'3-'ll'''l"' Caroline Elizabeth Sanders. George Washington Choate. 
 2 Martha Jane Sanders. Cornelius Sanders and George 
 Washington Fields. 
 OK 3 Elizabeth Catherine Sanders. George Washington Choate. 
 
 4 William Frank Sanders. Ellen Minerva Flournoy. 
 1'4-1"H Mary Sanders. William Thornton and William Wilson. 
 
 2 Lucinda Sanders. John Thornton and Lock Langley. 
 
 3 Joshua Sanders. Charlotte Ann Adair, Nannie Ragsdale 
 and Mary Quinton. 
 
 4 Cornelius Sanders. Sallie Sanders, Sallie Smith and Martha 
 Jane Sanders. 
 
 5 William Sanders. * 
 
 6 John Sanders. Elizabeth Tiesky* and Nancy Jane Sweat. 
 114=23 1-1 Elizabeth Richardson. George Washington Doherty, Will- 
 iam Patton and Thomas Pettit. 
 
 1 
 
 15=1 = 
 
 OK 
 
 3 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 1^3 
 
 .53 1 4 
 
 
 2 
 
 OK 
 
 3 
 
 1^3 
 
 273,4 
 
 r3 = 
 
 SSf 
 
 11329:;,-! 
 
 
 2 
 
 OK 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 Charles Augustus Fargo. Narcissa Jacobs and Effie Wilson 
 nee Davis. 
 OK 3 Calvin Fargo. Susan Margaret McKinney, Delilah Johnson, 
 
 nee Baldridge. 
 1431 Ruth Thompson. Robert Patton. 
 
 2 Oscar Dunre Fettit. Emily Faulkner. 
 
 OK 3 Amanda Pettit. * Isaac Abraham Jacobs. 
 
 115=281^ Thomas Sandeis. * 
 
 2 John Murphy Sanders. Anna L. Bell. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 OK 3 George Sanders. Elizabeth Thornton and Margaret Gar- 
 
 ner. 
 
 4 Frank Sanders. * 
 
 5 Alexander Sanders. 
 
 6 
 
 William Ed\\ard Sanders. Sarah Catherine Scrimsher and 
 Etta Jane Scraper. 
 
 OK 
 
 2 
 
 1'5 
 
 5^1^ 
 
 OK 
 
 2 
 
 1^6^ 
 
 ,3i4 
 
 
 2 J 
 
 
 3 / 
 
 
 4 1 
 
 
 5 r 
 
 7 Sallie Sanders. * 
 
 1'5-'3^1^ Jennie Sanders. * John Sanders. 
 
 2 Polly Sanders. Robert Klaus. 
 
 OK 3 Susie Sanders. Henry Cook. 
 
 4 Boone Sanders. * 
 r5=4-M-' Mitchell Williams. 
 
 Richard Murrell Wolfe. Susan Elizabeth Shirley. 
 
 Rachel Pauline Henry, Edward Bruce Starr, Joseph Vann 
 
 and Walter Starr Crittenden. 
 Levi James Henry. * 
 George Harlan. Mary McCoy. 
 Sarah Harlan George Washington l.asley, Ebenezer 
 
 Walker and William Tackett. 
 Mitchell Harlan. Letitia Victoria Keys. 
 Ezekial Harlan. Rachel Sands. 
 
 Nancy Perlony Harlan. Riley J. Keys, Joseph \'ann l.as- 
 ley and Joseph Robbins. 
 6 Jennie Harlan. Charles Coodv Rogers and Granville Tor- 
 bett. 
 |ig223j4 James Ellis Harlan. Margaret Reed and Nancy Ann Gib- 
 son nee Bell. 
 2 Sallie Matilla Harlan. John Poole, George Lane, Lewis 
 Ross Kell, James Chastine BIythe and Charles Chandler. 
 OK 3 Mary Josephine Harlan. Mitchell Sanders. 
 
 4 John Brown Harlan. Mary Ann McGhee. 
 
 5 Ruth Jane Harlan. William Writtenberry and Joseph Henry 
 
 Hunt. 
 
 6 Timothy Dwight Harlan. * 
 
 7 Emily D. Harlan. George Finley. 
 115233^4 George Harlan Harnage. 
 
 1 15243 1 4 Eniily Roach. Edward Walls and Aaron Crittenden. 
 
 2 William Roach. Nannie Lowrey and Eliza Lowrey. 
 
 3 Nannie Roach. Lafayette Catron and John Horn. 
 
 4 James Roach. * 
 
 5 Mary Roach. * 
 
 6 George Roach. Nannie Pritchett and Sarah Triplett. 
 
 7 John Roach. Nellie Grant. 
 
380 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 8 Sarah Roach. Looney Townsend and WilUam Sullivan. 
 
 9 Joshua Roach. * 
 
 ] 15:^53 14 Elizabeth Harnage. Lemuel Murrell and John Lewis Ward- 
 low Williams. 
 OK 2 Nannie Harnage. Gilbert Wesley Wilson, 
 l^e^'e^l-* Sarah Caroline Harnage. John Martin Bell and Samuel G. 
 Heffington. 
 2 Ezekial Sanders Starr Harnage. 
 
 OK 3 William Thomas Harnage. Mary Rebecca Wyche. 
 
 4 Mary Victoria Harnage. William Lucullus Carr. 
 
 5 Ida Eugenia Harnage. Jonathan Taylor Ewers and John 
 
 M. Morse. 
 
 6 Loretta Beldora Harnage. John Stringer Scott. 
 
 7 Nannie Elvira Harnage. William Boone. 
 
 8 John Custis Lee Harnage. Frances Catherine Hunt. 
 
 9 Lena Harnage. Thomas James Adair. 
 re-Z-M"* John Sanders Harnage. '•' 
 
 2 Sarah Harnage. Charles Henry Bacon. 
 
 OK 3 William Wilson Harnage. Jennie Vann. 
 
 4 Nannie Sabina Harnage. John Dana Bacon. 
 
 1^6-9-M^ Nancy Ann Bell. Quinton Kosciusko Gebson and James 
 
 Ellis Harlan. 
 
 11 7-' JO, 4 Delilah Alberty. 
 
 2 Martha Elizabeth Alberty. Columbus Marion Reeves. 
 
 3 Joshua Alberty. * 
 
 4 George Alberty. * Elizabeth Faught. 
 
 5 Andrew Jackson Alberty. Amanda Folsom nee Dibble. 
 
 6 Mary Alberty. * 
 
 7 John Alberty. Emily Clay McDonald. 
 
 8 Archibald Alberty. Julia A. Peake. 
 
 9 Patsy Alberty. Stephen Palone. 
 1'7-2-M-' James Crittenden. Isabel Doherty. 
 
 2 Lucy Crittenden. Smith Thornton and Eli Sanders. 
 
 3 Nannie Crittenden. Judge Pathkiller and Stephen Smith. 
 
 4 Jacob Crittenden. ■■' 
 
 5 Elizabeth Crittenden. Ellis Foreman. 
 
 6 Agnes Crittenden. John Sanders. 
 
 7 Emily Crittenden. Henry Bushyhead. 
 
 8 Benjamin Crittenden. Nannie Proctor and Mary Weaver. 
 117-3M* Toas Shell. Jennie Walkingstick. 
 
 117243^4 Annie Alberty. Nelson Foreman. 
 
 2 Jennie Alberty. Elias Gourd Foreman. 
 
 3 Margaret Alberty. '■' 
 
 4 Catherine Alberty. * Frank Harris. 
 
 5 Nannie Alberty. James McA. Messer. 
 
HISTORY OF TUB CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 1^8=1^1^ Rebecca Crittenden. - Harlin Eaton. 
 
 2 Charles Nelson Crittenden. * 
 
 OK 3 John Ross Crittenden. Alice Harlin. 
 
 4 Mary Crittenden. * 
 
 5 Sarah Crittenden. Joseph McMinp Starr. 
 
 6 George Washington Crhtenden. Martha Jane Starr and 
 
 Nancy Jane Wilkey. 
 
 7 Lucy Crittenden. Martha T. Root. 
 
 8 Charlotte Crittenden. * John Gunter Harlin. 
 
 9 Henry Clay Crittenden. Mary Susan Morris. 
 
 Ridge-Watie 
 1 ' Oganstota. 
 11^ Major Ridge. Susie Wickett. A37 
 
 2 Oowatee. Susannah Reese. A3 7 
 
 IMM-^ John Ridge. Sarah Bird Northrup. 
 
 2 Sarah Ridge. George Washington Paschal. 
 Walter Ridge. * Elizabeth. 
 Nannie Watie. John Foster Wheeler. 
 Stand Watie. Elizabeth Fields, Isabel Hicks nee Miller. 
 Eleanor Looney and Sallie Caroline Bell. A38 
 
 Killekeena Watie. Harriette Gold and Delight Sergeant. A37 
 Thomas Black Watie. * 
 Mary Ann Watie. John Walker Candy. 
 John Alexander Watie. Eliza Fields. 
 Elizabeth Watie. Lewis Webber. 
 8 Charles Edwin Watie. * 
 ri-lM-' John Rollin Ridge. Elizabeth Wilson. 
 2 Clarinda Ridge. * 
 OK 3 Herman Ridge. * 
 
 4 Susan C. Ridge. J. Woodward Washburn. 
 
 5 Aenaes Ridge. Mavia Saunders. 
 
 6 Andrew Jackson Ridge. Helen C. Doom. 
 
 7 Flora Chamberlin Ridge. William Davis Poison. 
 1'1-2-M^ George Washington Paschal. Frances Tilley. 
 
 2 Ridge Paschal. Virginia Gasman nee Winston. 
 Emily Agnes Paschal. William McNair. 
 Theodore Frelinghyson Wheeler. * 
 Susan Wheeler. William Wallace Perry. 
 Mary Anna Wheeler. Ethelbert Britton Bright. 
 Harriette Boudinot Wheeler. Argyle Qu^'s^nbury. 
 Sarah Paschal Wheeler. Clarence P. Ashbrook and William 
 
 Goodlet Nelms. 
 John Caldwell Wheeler. Lucilla Greenlield Sandels. 
 William Watie Wheeler. Emma Carnall. 
 
 8 Nannie Wheeler. * " 
 
 l>2=23l-' Susannah Watie. * Charles Wondall. 
 
 OK 
 
 3 
 
 1' 
 
 2-1-' 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 
 OK 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 OK 
 
 3 
 
 1'2- 
 
 l.-!,4 
 
 
 -> 
 
 OK 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
382 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 2 Coniisky VVatie. * 
 
 OK 3 Saladin Ridge Watie. * 
 
 4 Solon Watie. * (Clierokee name Wa-ti-ke) 
 
 5 Nannie Josepliine Watie. * John Martin Daniel. 
 
 6 Cliarlotte Jackoline Watie. ''' 
 
 r2=3^1^ Eleanor Susan Boudinot. Henry J. Church. 
 
 2 Mary Harriette Boudinot. * Lyman Case. 
 
 OK 3 William Penn Boudinot. Caroline Matilda Rogers Fields. 
 
 4 Sarah Parkhill Boudinot. * 
 
 5 Elias Cornelius Boudinot. * Clara Corinth Minear. 
 
 6 Frank Brinsmade Boudinot. Annie. 
 
 112-5^1* Harriette Candy. Hugh Montgomery McPherson. 
 
 2 Susan Candy. * Henry Lee Hill. 
 
 OK 3 Elizabeth Candy. " Hindman Booth Hoyt. 
 
 r2=6"l^ Susannah Inez Watie. Thomas Jeti'erson Bean. 
 
 OK 2 Nannie Wheeler Watie. * Lewis Keys. 
 
 r2-7M^ Walter Webber. * 
 
 OK 2 Charles Theodore Webber. * 
 
 Ward 
 
 1' Catherine McDaniel. John Ward. A22 
 
 ri- James Ward. Sidney Redding* and Lucy Haynie. 
 
 2 George Ward. Lucy Mayes. A39 
 
 OK 3 Samuel Ward. Easter Davis and Sallie Earwood. 
 
 4 Elizabeth Ward. Elijah Sutton and John Cox. 
 
 5 Susie Ward. William England. 
 
 6 Nannie Ward. Thomas Monroe and Stephen Carroll. 
 
 7 Bryan Ward. Temperance Stansel. 
 
 8 Charles Ward. Nannie Cross, Ruth Hollingsworth and 
 
 Mary Elvira Hensley. 
 
 1M = 13 Catherine Ward. Joseph Keaton. 
 
 2 John Ward. * 
 
 3 Thomas Carroll Ward. Mary Annie Hicks. 
 
 4 Moses Haynie Ward. Elizabeth Lear. 
 
 5 Bryan Ward. Martha Kinchlow and Delilah Hicks. * 
 
 6 George Ward. Mary Kinchlow and Mary Townsend. 
 
 7 Lucy Ward. James Williams. 
 
 8 Rosanna Ward. Daniel Tittle. 
 
 9 James Ward. Esther Susan Hoyt. 
 10 Nannie Ward. Caldean Gunter. 
 
 1'2=I- Sabrina Ward. Felix Arthur. 
 
 2 Charlotte Ward. John Henry Stover. 
 
 OK 3 John M. Ward. Narcissa Monroe. 
 
 4 James Ward. Louisa M. Williams. 
 
 5 Nannie Ward. William Dameron. 
 
 6 Martha Ward. John Countryman. 
 
 7 Mary Ward. Joseph Henry Clark. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 3S5 
 
 8 Samuel Ward. Louisa England, Laura Spears. Tennessee 
 
 Howell and Louisa J. Vann. 
 
 9 Susie Ward. Joshua Lindsey. 
 
 10 Lucy Ann Ward. George Colcher, Matthew Thompson. 
 
 Robert Howell and Napoleon Bonaparte Luckey. 
 
 11 Malinda Josephine Ward. Samuel Elihugh Thornton. 
 I'S'l^* Samuel Ward. Cynthia Annij Wagnon. " 
 
 2 George Howard Ward. Mary Carroll. 
 
 OK 3 Martin Ward. Sallie Cooper. 
 
 IH=P John W. Sutton. Mary Copeland. 
 
 2 Harriette Sutton. 
 
 OK 3 Henrietta Sutton. EUedge. 
 
 4 Loretta Sutton. Younghird. 
 
 5 Catherine Sutton. * 
 
 6 George Morris. '■■' 
 l'5-l^ Sabra England. William Henderson, Joseph Kirhy and 
 John Stover. 
 2 Matilda England. William Q)ueen. 
 OK 3 Hepsie Tngland. Jeremiah Roberson. 
 
 4 Joseph England. Sabra Cooper, Martha Adams and Mary 
 
 Brown. 
 
 5 Tillman England. * 
 
 6 William England. Arminda England and Eliiiaheth .\\edley 
 
 nee Harlin. 
 
 7 Chapman England. * 
 
 1'6-P Narcissa Monroe. John M. Ward and Samuel Melmn. 
 2 Simpson Foster Monroe. Rebecca Hopkins. 
 OK 3 Fincher Monroe. Mary Shields. 
 
 4 Lucretia Monroe. James Humphrey, McUuil, 
 
 Mulford, James JoletT and William Colwell. 
 
 5 Thomas R. Monroe. Saphronia England and Susie Conner. 
 
 6 Susie Carroll. John Carroll. 
 
 7 Annie Carroll. * Hareford. 
 
 8 Lucy Jane Carroll. * William Hathaway. 
 
 9 Lettie CarrolL * 
 
 10 Caroline Carroll. Thompson Fields. 
 
 \^7-\^ John S. Ward. Jennie Loveless. 
 
 2 Mildred Ward. John Woods and Lewis Wilkerson. 
 
 3 Martha Ann Ward. Lewis Scrimsher. 
 
 4 George Hilmon Ward. Margaret Mcintosh. 
 
 5 Frances Catherine Ward. James Duncan. Marcum 
 
 and Charles Barney. 
 
 1^8=13 Elizabeth Jane Ward. Daniel Newnon Mcintosh. 
 
 2 Mary Adeline Ward Wiley Ingram. Martin Vann. Joseph 
 Brown and John A. Richard^. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 OK 3 William Ward. * Susannah Vann. 
 
 4 Minerva Ward. Lewis Clark, John Creason, Eli Stucker 
 and James A. Jackson. 
 
 5 Matilda Ward. 
 
 6 Mary Elvira Ward. John Wesley Holland. 
 
 7 Martha Catherine Ward. James Cloud. 
 
 8 John Tisdale Ward. Elizabeth Killian. 
 
 9 George Washington Ward. Margaret Pinion and 
 
 10 Charles Rufus Ward. Catherine Ray and 
 
 1 1 Benjamin Ward. Jennie Ray. 
 1'1-1-"1^ Lucy Keaton. Abel Fike Dial. 
 
 2 Nannie Keaton. Martin Dial. 
 
 OK 3 Martha Keaton. Pinkney Martin. 
 
 \i\2p\-i Rose Ann Ward. Bayless Langiey, Buck Gear and Newton 
 Martin. 
 
 2 John Franklin Ward. Sallie Quixanna Summerhill. 
 
 OK 3 Julia Ann Ward. Joseph Newton Thompson. 
 
 4 Barbara Alice Ward. Rufus Sidney Steward. 
 
 5 James Carroll Ward. 
 
 6 George Oscar Ward. Minnie Bullock and Alma Bullock. 
 
 7 Thomas Charles Ward. 
 
 8 Sarah Catherine Ward. Hutchinson Murphy Roberson. 
 
 9 Lucy Ann Ward. Alfred Washington Shelley. 
 10 Mary Ellen Ward. John William Bradshaw. 
 
 1 1 Daniel Moses Ward. Lydia M. Burke. 
 
 ^i]243i4 Thomas Franklin Ward. Elizabeth Ward. 
 
 2 James McDaniel Ward. Susie Stepp. 
 
 OK 3 Caldean Ward. Nannie E. Griffin. 
 
 4 Josephine Ward. Charles Henson Franks. 
 
 5 Helen Naomi Ward. Rhoderick Dhu Perry. 
 
 6 Joel Bryan Ward. Florence A. Newton. 
 1M=5=1^ John Ward. * 
 
 2 James Ward. * 
 
 OK 3 William Jasper Ward. Dora Florence Francis. 
 
 4 Mary Elizabeth Ward. Robert William Swim. 
 
 5 Nannie Ward. William Jackson. 
 
 6 Evaline Ward. Joseph Cephus Bean and Grover. 
 
 7 Esther Ward. Jack Roberson. 
 
 8 Joel Bryan Cornelius Ward. Catherine Mills and Minnie 
 
 Lowrey. 
 
 1M-6M^ Elizabeth Ward. William Kelly and Tillman Queen. 
 
 2 Lucy Ann Ward. Albert Gass. 
 
 OK 3 Alexander the Great Ward. Sarah Elizabeth Thomas. 
 
 4 Yell Clement Ward. Julia Cynthia Thomas. 
 
 5 James Ward. 
 
 6 Fannie M. Ward. Robert Andrew Hosey. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 7 Martha Jane Ward. Ira W ashinj;lun Tlumias. 
 
 8 John Ward. Sallie Blackwood. 
 
 9 Caroline Ward. Forest Guilliams. 
 
 l^\-7'-^\* Nannie Elizabeth Williams. George Washinjiton Eaton. 
 
 OK 2 Martha Pauline Williams. Epp G. Thompson. 
 
 IM-S'l^ James Marion Tittle. Annie Henrietta Prather and 
 
 2 Amelia Arline Tittle. August Sager. 
 
 OK 3 Robert Wooden Tittle. Mary Susie Murry nee Ulackhurn. 
 
 4 Mary Madora Tittle. John Robert Dobkins. 
 
 5 Martha Ellen Tittle. Jacob M. Hiser. 
 
 6 Susan Jane Tittle. Thomas Tipton VVimer. 
 
 lM-9-'l^ Darius Edwin Ward. Sallie Caroline Ritter and Mary 
 Murphy nee Hester. 
 
 2 Lydia Ann Ward. William Clitlord Chamberlin. 
 
 OK 3 Clara Alice Ward. 
 
 I 4 William Wirt Ward. Ro.xana Stannard. 
 
 I 5 Henry Julian Ward. Emma l.uckenback. 
 
 l^riO-'l-' Ann Eliza Gunter. John Powell and Burgis Gaithor Chand- 
 ler. 
 
 2 Lavinia .Arline Gunter. Lewis Lafayette Duckworth. 
 
 OK 3 Lucy Jane Gunter. Dr. Benjamin Franklin Former. 
 
 4 John Thomas Gunter. Alice Lee Heath. 
 
 5 Amanda Olivia Gunter. David Matthew Marrs. 
 
 6 Lulu Hazeltine Gunter. William Curtis. 
 
 7 Sarah Amnia Gunter. Samuel Frazier. 
 
 8 Nannie Augusta Gunter. James Alfrey. 
 
 9 Caldean Gunter. 
 
 r2-rM^ Charlotte Arthur. '^ Milton Tarrents. 
 
 2 Lucy Arthur. Isaac Nidifter. 
 
 OK 3 Sallie Arthur. John Ballard. 
 
 4 Nannie Arthur. Jacob Niditfer. 
 
 5 Freeman Arthur. * 
 
 6 George Arthur. * 
 
 7 Martha Arthur. George Washington Luckey. 
 li2-2-M^ Sabrina Stover. Benjamin Large. 
 
 2 Nannie Stover. Yancey Dameron. 
 
 OK 3 Sallie Stover. * Ellis Hildebrand. 
 
 4 George Stover. * 
 
 5 Elisha Stover. 
 b James Stover. 
 
 7 Louisa J. Stover. Joseph Lynch Williams and W.Il..in. 
 
 Archibald Yell Hastings. 
 
 8 Charlotte Stover. James Stanford Fields. 
 
 9 Martha Francis Stover. Thomas Stewart Bacon an.1 
 
 George Thomas Black. 
 
 10 John Rogers Stov-er. 
 
 1 1 Malinda Rogers Stover. - William Lafayette Trott. 
 
386 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 12 Madora Stover. James Campbell Trott. 
 
 13 William Riley Stover. Minerva E. Garrison. 
 
 112-3^1-' George Monroe Ward. Emily Jane -Roberts, Amanda 
 
 Skaggs nee , Charlotte Mayes, Mary Ezell and 
 
 Martha Jane Nidifter. 
 2 Nannie Ward. William Hamilton and John Henry Clark 
 DK 3 Lucy Ward. " Stephen Brown. 
 
 l'2-4''l-* Samuel Taylor Ward. Catherine Jane Lear. 
 2 Joseph Lynch Ward. Alice N. Scott. 
 OK 3 George De Shields Ward. Eliza Frances Phillips. 
 
 4 John Lowrey Ward. Laura Ann Edmondson. 
 
 5 William Wyly Ward. Addie Belle Handlin. 
 
 6 James Oliver Ward. * 
 
 1^2-5^1"' Lucv Jane Dameron. John Anderson Johnson, John Hunt. 
 2 Martha J. Dameron. * George W. Johnson. 
 OK 3 Mary Ann Dameron. Lemuel Cowart, R. H. F. Thompson 
 
 4 Susan Frances Caroline Dameron. Charles Patterson. 
 1^2=6^1"* John Marcus Countryman. Belle Hopkins, Esther Blevins 
 nee Ward, Dove Piercefield and Vinita Belle Mayes. 
 2 George Washington Countryman. Minerva Ballard. 
 OK 3 Mary Countryman. Ransom Blevins, William Taylor and 
 
 James Ward. 
 
 4 Andrew Jackson Countryman. Clementine Hastings, Re- 
 
 becca Morris, Rebecca Duncan and Zimerhew Black nee 
 Ward. 
 
 5 Lucy Ann Countryman. Samuel McDowell and Caleb Con- 
 
 ner. 
 
 6 Samuel Countryman. 
 
 7 Malinda Nancy Countryman. Thomas Ballard and George 
 
 W. Williams. 
 l'2-7-'l^ George Washington Clark. Lydia A. Scraper. 
 2 James Clark. * 
 OK 3 Lucy Ann Clark. William Abbott Thompson, Joshua Bert- 
 
 holf Duncan and James Abercrombie Duncan. 
 
 4 Louisa Maria Clark. Daniel Young. 
 
 5 Ellen Clark. Joseph M. Scraper and Washington Taylor. 
 
 6 William Andrew Clark. Lillian Belle Berry. 
 1'2-'8'M-' Valzie Lucy Ward. John Emniett Vann. 
 
 Jeanette Ward. Berry H. Ladd. 
 
 Minnie Viola Ward. Robert Edward Lee Rogers. 
 
 Nina Ward. William Thomas Byrd. 
 
 Joseph McCann Ward. 
 
 Zona Ward. Justis Jones. 
 
 Hugh Tinnon Ward. Lulu Barlow. 
 
 Rose Alvin Ward. * 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 587 
 
 9 Lillie Deloris Ward. 
 10 Beulah Belle Ward. 
 
 1 I Delena Ward. 
 
 1'2^'9'-1^ Margaret E. l.indsey. Henry H. Curry. 
 OK 2 Sabrina Lindsey. Hartley Elam Scott. 
 
 1'2M1"1^ George Washington Thornton. Emilv Jane Austin and 
 
 Elizabeth Rebecca McKenzie. 
 OK 2 Lucy Gertrude Thornton. Samuel Early Aultman. 
 
 IM-I-M^ Mary Ward. Issac no_vce Cornwell, — ~ Harris and Will- 
 iam Lyman. 
 2 Esther Ward. William Blevins and John Marcus Countr\- 
 man. 
 OK 3 Martin Ward. 
 
 4 Burrell Ward. * Jennie Sherrell. 
 
 5 James Ward. Margeret Robertson and Mary Ann Taylor 
 nee Countryman. 
 
 6 Martha W'ard. Frederick Risenion. 
 
 7 Cynthia Ward. Henry Benton. 
 
 8 Zimerhew Elizabeth Ward. Randolph Black and Andrew 
 
 Jackson Countryman. 
 
 9 Josephine \N'ard. James Mitchell. 
 l^3-2H* Sallie Ann Ward. James Mitchell. 
 
 2 Louisa Jane Ward. Samuel Trout Jackson and Samuel 
 Smith. 
 OK 3 Van Velt Ward. Elmira Long, Kalena Bradlev and Marv 
 
 Isreal. 
 
 4 Amanda Melvina Ward. Jesse Champion Wood. 
 
 5 Minerva Cherokee Ward. Ezekial Miller. 
 
 6 Martin Cicero Ward. * Sarah Blevins. 
 
 7 Samuel Foster Ward. * Malissa Blevins. 
 S Mary Ann Ward. William Blevins. 
 
 9 Sabra Elizabeth Ward. Ezekial Fields. 
 1'3-3"1-' Sallie Ann Ward. George Washinglon McClure. 
 OK 2 Samuel Benjamin Ward. Sinia Elizabeth BulTlngton and 
 
 Amanda Read. 
 iM'l'M^ George Sutton. '■■ Mary Malinda Cushman nee Melton and 
 Jennie Reno. 
 
 2 William Henry Sutton. Harriette Rozila Raymond. 
 OK 3 Nancy Ann Sutton. Samuel Cass Glenn. 
 
 4 Elizabeth Jane Sutton. John Henry Clark. 
 
 5 Alexander Sutton. vSarah Price. 
 
 6 John Seaborn Sutton. Minnie F. Walker. 
 
 115=1 = 1^ Wiliam Penn Henderson. Susie Ballard and Eliza Marshall 
 nee Condon. 
 
 James McGhee. Julia Hoskins. 
 
388 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 OK 3 Matilda Kirby. Albert Weir Harlan. 
 
 l'5-'2-M-' Martha Cherokee Queen. '■= 
 
 2 Tillman Queen. A. Phillips and Elizabeth Kelly nee Ward. 
 
 3 John Queen. * 
 ^1523:; j-i jyj j_ Roberson. 
 
 2 J. C. Roberson. 
 
 3 Samuel H. Roberson. 
 
 1'5-'4'M-' Susan Ann England. Elias Reeder, John B. Harris and 
 Henry Edmonds. 
 
 2. William England. Sarah Mayes. 
 
 OK 3 Benjamin Cornelius England. Jincy Jane Ezell. 
 
 4 Sabra England. William Webster Weir. 
 
 5 Louisa Ensjland. David Sua^ee. 
 
 6 Martha Adeline England. James Cobb Cowles. 
 
 7 Mary Josephine England. Joseph Quinton Buchanan. 
 
 8 Viola Jane England. William B. Rains. 
 
 1^5-6-''l"' Mary Jane England. James Franklin Williams, William 
 Havish and Daniel Bachtel. 
 
 2 Catherine Indiana EngUand. Larkin Goddard and Fleming 
 H. Wasson. 
 OK 3 Chapman England. 
 
 l'6-r"l^ George Monroe Ward. Emily Jane Roberts, Amanda 
 
 Skaggs nee , Charlotte Mayes, Mary Ezell and 
 
 Martha Jane Niditfer. 
 2 Nannie Ward. William Hamilton and John Henry Clark. 
 OK 3 Lucy Ward. '■■ Stephen Brown. 
 
 4 Mary Malissa Melton. Harris Alexander, John Cushman, 
 
 George Sutton and William Dawes. 
 
 5 Simpson Foster Melton. Isabelle Murphy nee Graham. 
 
 6 Charles Franklin Melton. Elizabeth Robb nee Lindsey. 
 
 7 Elizabeth Melton. William M. TotTelmire. 
 
 8 Wiley James Milton. Ella Wilkerson. 
 
 9 William Thomas Melton. Louisa Beavert and nee 
 
 Tunnell. 
 
 116-231* Louisa Monroe. "^ William Hereford. 
 
 2 Ryland Myers Monroe. * 
 
 OK 3 Julia Esther Monroe. Treadwell Scott Remson. 
 
 4 Narcissus Monroe. Logan Henderson Duncan. 
 
 1'6=3"H James Madison Monroe. Mary Frances Kelly. 
 
 2 Thomas Jefferson Monroe. Florence Vinita Lauderdale. 
 
 OK 3 Miriam Monroe. Randolph Ballard. 
 
 4 Martha Monroe. Addison Allen Roach. 
 
 li6-4-'l-' William Humphrey. * 
 
 2 John Humphrey. Dora Jackson and Mary Louisa Hoffman. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEKOKEt INDIANS 3.S') 
 
 3 F;innic Humphrey. * William Roi;ers and Thomas Hooper. 
 
 4 Nannie Humphrey. Jackson Blevins. 
 
 5 Ellen Humphrey. •■'■ 
 
 6 David Humphrey. Narcissa Blevins and 
 Malinda Humphrey. Joseph Whipple and John Cjallijjher. 
 
 / 
 
 P6-5-M^ Saphronia Monroe. James H. Hereford. 
 
 2 Clarinda Susan Monroe. John Calvin Mnrets and Janies 
 Ray. 
 
 OK 3 William .411en Monroe. " 
 
 4 Minerva Sijourney Monroe. William A. Eisk. 
 
 5 Ellen Rebecca Monroe. Thomas Clark. 
 
 6 Nannie Drucilla Monroe. Luke Harrison. 
 
 7 Dora Nettie Monroe. 
 
 8 Myrtle Pauline Monroe. Robert 1.. Sanders. 
 ji(32^:;[4 Hui;h Carroll. Lucy Putnam. 
 
 OK 2 Fineher Carroll. - 
 
 l'6-10-''l-' Johnson Thompson Fields. Delilah Cox and Norma Re- 
 becca Hepler nee Robison. 
 
 2 Matthew Fields. Mar^s;aret V. Trotter. 
 
 OK 3 \ictoria Fields. John E. Barks. 
 
 P7-'l-'l^ Eliza Jane Ward. James H. Deems and James Stout. Aio 
 
 2 Charlotte E. Ward. James Lovely Bum!;arner. 
 
 OK 3 Susie Ward. Edward (}wartney. 
 
 4 Margaret M. Ward. Joseph Frank Baker. 
 
 5 Delora B. Ward. Henry F. Carter. 
 
 6 Joel Ward. Myrtle L. Crance. 
 
 7 Queen Victoria Ward. William T. Holt. 
 
 8 Elizabeth Ward. R. L. Holt. 
 1'7-2"1^ Hillman Walkerson. .Wary Brown. 
 
 2 Mildred Jane Wilkerson. John Patton. 
 
 OK 3 Catherine Wilker.son. * William Woodard. 
 
 l'7"3''n John Scrimsher. 
 
 2 Temperance Scrimsher. James Duncan and George 
 Southerland. 
 
 OK 3 Ann Eliza Scrimsiier. John Lairy and Elisha Gray. 
 
 P7-4--l^ Sallie Ann Ward. James H. Bendure and Edward Living- 
 ston. 
 
 2 Marv Jane Ward. James Duncan. 
 
 3 Bryan Ward. " 
 
 r7=5-M^ Ruth Rogers. Daniel Webster Rogers. 
 
 OK 2 Felix Barnev. Mary Joe Arwood. 
 
 1\S^1^1^ Albert Gallatin Mcintosh. Elizabeth Fisher and Mary Fran- 
 ces Boulton. 
 2 Lucy Mcintosh. Charles Bard. 
 
390 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 OK 3 Freeland Buckner Mcintosh. Catherine Louisa Archer, 
 
 Georgia Ann Vann and Catherine Welch. 
 
 4 Susie Mcintosh. Thomas Harvison. 
 
 5 Rowley C. Mcintosh. Fannie Adkins. \ 
 
 6 Daniel Newnon Mcintosh. Alice Bailey. 
 l'8-2'"l^ Louisa Ingram. * 
 
 2 Charles Brown. Mary Coker. 
 
 |ig243|4 Myrtle Clark. William Stucker and Frank Thompson. 
 
 l^S-S^l^ Annie Beaver. Benjamin Price and James Walker Gott. 
 
 1^8-6"1^ Manuel Jefferson Holland. Martha Matilda Penncll and 
 Mary Crittenden Gore. 
 
 2 Alfred Benjamin Holland. America Johnson. 
 
 OK 3 Sarah Loretta Holland. Isaac Payne. ' 
 
 4 Martha Alice Holland. Robert Wesley Early and John H. 
 
 Abbott. 
 
 5 John Alvin Holland. Rebecca Welch and Margaret J. Brown. 
 
 6 Noah Seaborn Holland. Julia Ann Johnson and Mary Hol- 
 
 land. 
 
 7 Mary Elizabeth Holland. George Gasaway and Thomas J. 
 
 Jones. 
 
 8 Melvina Holland. Richard Willey King. 
 
 9 James Adolphus Holland. Laura C. Johnson. 
 10 Lillie Belle Holland. John H. Gibson. 
 
 1 I Ida Josephine Holland. James Wesley Halford. 
 
 12 William Richard Holland. Minnie Buckner. 
 
 l'8-7-'l-' Charles Cairo Cloud. Mary Jane Townsend nee Horn. 
 
 2 Laura Vianna Cloud. William Lemuel Cowart. 
 
 OK 3 Robert Littleton Cloud. Lucy Adair. 
 
 4 James Loamner Cloud. Sarah J. Townsend. 
 
 5 Hallie Etta Cloud. Benjamin Felix McPherson. 
 
 6 John Edward Coud. 
 
 7 Joseph Henry Cloud. Catherine Christy. 
 
 8 George Starr Cloud. Lura . 
 
 9 William Monroe Cloud. Lena Bates. 
 1 '8=8-' I -I Charles Ward. 
 
 l'8=9''l^ Mary Keziah Ward. 
 
 2 Martha Ward. 
 
 3 Annie Ward. 
 
 4 John Ward. 
 
 5 Charles Ward. 
 
 6 Samuel Ward. 
 
 7 Martin Ward. 
 
 8 Harry Ward. 
 P8-10-M' Annie Ward. 
 I'S-ir-l' Martha Ward. 
 
 2 Annie Ward. 
 
 X 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEI-: INDIANS }g| 
 
 3 Charles. Ward. 
 
 Cofdery. 
 
 1' Tluunas Cordery. Susannah nee Sonicooie. 
 IM- Sarah Cordery. John Rogers. 
 2 Lucy Cordery. Robert Rogers. 
 OK 3 Nannie Cordery. Parker Collins. 
 
 4 ChaHotte Cordery. Henry Vickery. 
 
 5 David Cordery. Charlotte Goss. 
 
 6 Hettie Cordery. Henry Vickery and John \ance. 
 
 7 Early Cordery. Charlotte Berryhill. 
 
 8 Susan Cordery. John lV\osley. 
 
 lM-1-' Robert Rogers. Mary Ann Haptiste and Mary Scott Jones. 
 2 William Rogers. Mary Vann Neely nee McNair and l.nuisa 
 Reedy. 
 OK 3 Johnson K. Rogers. " Octavia Ann Mount. 
 
 4 Joseph Rogers. Hannah Foster. 
 
 5 Lovely Rogers. 
 
 6 Mary Rogers. Nicholas Byers McNair. 
 
 7 Jackson Rogers. Sarah G. Blackburn. A42 
 
 8 Cynthia Rogers. John Lowe. 
 
 9 Annie Chapel Rogers. John Wilson Lenoir. 
 
 10 Henry Curtis Rogers. Louisa Jane Thompson nee iilack- 
 
 burn. 
 1 1 George Rogers. Polina Phillips. 
 
 12 John Pendergrass Rogers. Martha Crawford and Marv 
 Eugenia Eliza Spencer nee Gariand. 
 
 l'2-'l"' Catherine Rogers. Alexander McDaniel. 
 
 2 Nannie Rogers. Alexander Jordan and John Anderson. 
 OK 3 Robert Rogers. Sallie Vann. 
 
 4 John Rogers. Hettie Mosely and Catherine \'ann. 
 
 5 James Rogers. '' 
 
 113- r' Ira Rogers. Charlotte Wickett. 
 
 2 Sallie Collins. Charles Harris. 
 
 3 Jennie Collins. Charles Harris. 
 
 4 Eliza Collins. Bird Harris. 
 
 5 Susan Collins. William Harris. 
 
 6 Catherine Collins. William Harrismi Auiiy. 
 
 7 Mary Collins. * 
 
 8 Martha Collins. * 
 
 9 Lucinda Collins. Henry Sutton. 
 
 10 Nannie Collins. John Mimms. 
 
 11 Joseph Collins. Mary Miller. -^ 
 13 Parker Dickson Collins. Mary Treble. 
 
 IM'L' Annie Vickery. John Finder, KatlitT. John Forbison 
 
 and Archibald \^'i!son. 
 
 2 Jennie Vickery. George Freeman. 
 
392 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 OK 3 Charles Vickery. Malinda Black. 
 
 4 Mary Vickery. Samuel Bennett. 
 
 5 Sallie Vickery. Thomas Cordery. 
 
 6 John Vickery. Eliza McNulty. 
 
 7 Lucy Vickery. Andrew Jackson Cobb. 
 
 8 Susie Vickery. Andrev/ Jackson Cobb. 
 P5-l'^ Thomas Cordery. Sallie Vickery. 
 
 2 Wilson Cordery. Nannie Miller and Nannie Hall. 
 
 OK 3 Andrew Cordery. Mary Adair nee Miller. 
 
 4 Seaborn Cordery. Margaret Pawling, Catherine McUaniel, 
 
 Amanda Jane Fulton and Nannie J. Smith. 
 
 5 Charlotte Cordery. Unakateehee Rider: 
 
 6 Nannie Cordery. Washington Miller, Hampton and 
 
 Lemuel Sanders. 
 
 1^6=1-' Wilborn Vickery. * 
 
 2 Margaret Vickery. Samuel Bumgarner. 
 OK 3 Henry Vickerv. 
 
 4 Richard Early Vance. .Mary Sunday nee Burgess. 
 
 5 Susannah Vance. William Burgess. 
 1'7"!"' Nannie Angeline Cordery. Joseph Collins. 
 
 2 Sarah Ann Cordery. James Fox. 
 
 OK 3 David Cordery. '■■ 
 
 l'8-l-' Mary Mosley. 
 
 2 Hettie Mosley. John Rogers. 
 
 OK 3 Annie Mosley. John P. Stidham. 
 
 4 Alfred Mosley. 
 
 5 Delilah Mosley. Charles Fox Taylor. 
 
 6 Sarah Ruth Mosley. Lewis Clark Ramsey and Ezekial 
 
 Taylor. 
 
 7 John Mosley. Martha Ramsey. 
 1'1-'1"H Charles Rogers. Louisa Nailor. 
 
 2 Gilbert Rogers. .Mary Ann Shira. 
 
 OK 3 William Rogers. * 
 
 4 John Howard Rogers. Catherine Marcum nee Ward and 
 
 Mary Ann Caulk. 
 
 5 Sarah Ellen Rogers. Redbird Harris. 
 
 6 Robert Emmett Rogers. * 
 
 7 Thomas Tipton Rogers. Nannie Elizabeth Brink. 
 
 8 Jackson Thaddeus Rogers. Mary Jane Owen. 
 
 
 
 Robie Rogers. Sterling Austin. 
 
 lo George Mitchell Rogers. Elizabeth Rebecca Foster. 
 l'r'2"l^ Alhina McNair Rogers. Anderson Smith Bell. 
 2 Henry Rogers. Martha McNair. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS ?.,< 
 
 OK 3 David M. Rogers. Mary Strickland. 
 
 4 Robert Nicliolas Rollers. Sarah Joiu's. 
 
 5 Mary Rogers. James Douglas. 
 
 6 Sarah Rogers. Joseph L. Moore. 
 
 7 William Rogers. " 
 
 8 Augustus Lovely Rogers. Margaret Hallman and Julia -V 
 
 Fetree. 
 
 l'l-4-'l^ Eliza Mary Rogers. William Harris. 
 
 2 Oscar Rogers. Elmira Josephine Bolin and Queen . 
 
 OK 3 Sarah Jemima Rogers. James Chastain Blythe and Frank 
 
 Skinner. 
 
 4 Margaret Caroline Rogers. * 
 
 5 John Rogers. 
 
 6 Catherine Rogers. Manstield Seymore 
 
 7 Joseph Ann Rogers. Willis Claybourne Hail 
 1 ' r'5''I ' Lovely Rosters. 
 
 2 Joseph Lovely Rogers. Margaret McCarty. 
 
 3 John Cooley Rogers. "■ 
 iM-e-'f Sarah McNair. Brice Martin Adair. 
 
 2 Martha McNair. - Joel Bryan Mayes. 
 
 OK 3 Lucullus McNair. Rachel Mayes. 
 
 4 John R. McNair. Cynthia Hufaker and Elizabeth F'arrott 
 
 5 Clement McNair. '■■ 
 
 6 Mary Delilah McNair. Benjamin Franklin Adair. 
 
 7 Talbert McNair. Nellie Carter. 
 
 8 Oscar McNair. 
 
 9 Nicholas Benjamin McNair. Rachel Sanders and Martha 
 
 E. Jones. 
 
 iMv-'l' Laura Rogers. Thomas Dunn Beard. 
 
 2 Emily Lovely Cherokee Rogers. Nathan W<ilTord. 
 
 OK 1 Sarah Rogers. William Cavender. 
 
 4 William Ridge Rogers. Lucy F. Rogers. 
 
 l'l-8-'lt Julia P. Lowe. '■' 
 
 2 Sarah Alice Lowe, George Moor. 
 
 OK 3 John J. Lowe. Annie Knox. 
 
 4 Octavia Lowe. * Jackson Nichols. 
 
 lM-Q-1^ Henry Lenoir. '■■■ 
 
 2 Mary Octavia Lenoir. 
 
 OK 3 Thomas Rogers Lenoir. Mary J. Franklin. 
 
 4 John Albert Lenoir. Mary Jackson. 
 
 5 Sarah Frances Lenoir. Zachariah Taylor Roberts. 
 
 6 Cynthia Ann Lenoir. Marion Roberts. 
 
 7 Emma Elizabeth Lenoir. Alexander Pearson Roberts. 
 
 1'1-I0"I^ Marv Kenney Rogers. 
 
 2 Catherine Rogers. Isaac Newton Strickland. 
 
394 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 OK 3 Lucy P. Rogers. * William Ridge Rogers. 
 
 4 Eugenia Overby Rogers. Wiliam Rufus Greer. 
 
 5 WiUiam Henry Rogers. Margaret Elizabeth McGhee nee 
 
 Pemberton. 
 
 6 Stonewall Jackson Rogers. Fannie Kelly. 
 iM-ll'M-' Augusta Rogers. Charles Stinson. 
 
 2 Levaga Rogers. Isabelle Pulcher. 
 
 OK 3 Labrunta Rogers. * 
 
 1M-12-'H Walter Scott Rogers. Sarah Louisiana Hogue. 
 
 2 Georgia Cordelia Rogers. Walter Price Bryce, John War- 
 ren Pogue and Albert Livingston McAtiree. 
 OK 3 Minnie Isadore Rogers. Albert Wales Thomas and Will- 
 
 iam Philips McBride. 
 
 4 Laura Garland Rogers. Presley Bartow Cole. 
 
 5 Leona Rogers. Charles Lloyd Stealey. 
 
 6 John Mann Rogers. 
 1^2-1"1-' Lucy McDaniel. * 
 
 2 David McDaniel. Emma McCall. 
 OK 3 Ellis McDaniel. Rachel Bell and Emma McLaughlin. 
 
 4 Robert McDaniel. * Cinderella Linder. 
 
 5 Catherine McDaniel. Seaborn Cordery, Edward Marsh and 
 
 Stephen Duncan. 
 
 6 Sarah McDaniel. '■' Robert Klaus. 
 
 7 Lewis McDaniel. * 
 
 l'2-'2-M^ Elizabeth Jordan. Dimar W. Reeves, Benjamin Pope and 
 Hiram Barnes. 
 2 Andrew Vann Jordan. Sallie Ann Williams. 
 OK 3 Eliza Jane Jordan. Samuel Houston Hensley. 
 
 4 Catherine Jordan. John Ivey. 
 
 5 Alexander Jordan. Catherine E. Matthies and Cecilia Re- 
 
 becca Nichols. 
 
 / 
 
 Robert Anderson. * 
 
 Richard Anderson. Louisa Dunbar and Julia F. Stanley nee 
 Dunbar. 
 8 Sarah Anderson. John Wilson. 
 l'2-3"l-' Margaret Lavinia Rogers. Allison Woodville Timberlake. 
 OK 2 Clement Vann Rogers. Mary America Scrimsher and Mary 
 
 Bible. 
 P2-4-'l^ Nannie Rogers. * 
 1M"1''M Elizabeth Ann Rogers. George Sullivan. 
 
 OK 2 John Rogers. * Catherine Wickett. 
 
 3 Nannie Rogers. John McDaniel. 
 
 4 Joseph Rogers. Nannie Smith. 
 

 5 
 
 
 6 
 
 113--2'- 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 O 
 
 OK 
 
 3 
 
 li2-^2- 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 2 
 
 OK 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 I'.rS-' 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 T 
 
 OK 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS y)s 
 
 Emily Rogers. Ediey Adair and Louis Uuiibach. 
 
 Ira Rogers. ■'■ 
 
 Nannie Harris. Willis Cunipton. 
 
 Parker Collins Harris. Elizabeth Little and Narcissa Little. 
 
 Thomas Jackson Harris. Martha Bailey. 
 
 Mary Narcissa Harris. George Sisson and Jesse Wolf. 
 
 Martha Elizabeth Harris. William Jackson. 
 
 Sue Harris. Alfred Mason Gott. 
 
 Joseph Charles Harris. Enmia Jane Walker. 
 
 Trusle Bird Harris. '■'■' Mary Elizabeth Alberly. 
 
 Emily Harris. 
 
 James S. Harris. Jennie Hunter and Pyrene Strickland. 
 
 Joseph 13. Harris. Heuna Vista Deaver and Rosa LL Chew. 
 
 Redbird Harris. Sarah Ellen Rogers. 
 
 5 William G. Harris. - 
 
 6 Charles Harris. Apsilla liailey. 
 
 7 Parker Collins Harris. Mary Angeline Davis. 
 
 8 Eliza Jane Savannah Harris. William D. McMakin. 
 ^^ Philo Harris. Margaret Hannner nee Smith. 
 
 11) John Harris. 
 
 I 1 Colonel Johnson Harris. Nannie E. Fields, Mary Elizal-etli 
 Adair and Camline Alice Collins nee Hall. 
 
 1^3-6''!^ Mary Ann Autry. * John H. Shinn. 
 
 2 Martha Autry. 
 
 3 Elizabeth Jane Autry. John H. Shinn. 
 
 4 Edward Parker Autry. '■■ 
 
 5 Christopher Columbus Autry. Mary Jane Jones nee Bridges. 
 
 6 Catherine Autry. Robert Jackson King and George 
 
 Wallace. 
 
 7 William Harrison .Autry. * 
 1'3-10-'L' Sarah Ann Minims. 
 
 2 Eliza Mimms. J;:mes Hughes. 
 
 3 Cenia Mimms. James Hughes. 
 
 4 Rennie Mimms. '■'■ 
 
 5 Laura Mimms. 
 
 6 John Mimms. 
 
 7 Columbus Mimms. 
 Parker Collins. Mildred Matthews. 
 Joseph Boudinot Collins. '■' 
 
 Martha Ann Hall Collins. George Grisom McDaiiiel. 
 Mary Malissa Collins. Robert W. Foster. 
 Thomas Parker Collins. Caroline Alice Hall. 
 Eli Pindar. ■'■' 
 Susie Pindar. William Wharton Chi'^holni ' .mkI William 
 
 Archibald Foreman. 
 Charles Pindar. * 
 
 P3-'l 
 
 11321 
 
 ;;,4 
 
 )■" 1 4 
 
 1 .1 i 
 
 - 1 
 
 OK 
 
 ;i 
 
 P 4 ■■ 
 
 4 
 ••1' 
 
396 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 4 jL^flerson Ratlirt. Mary Ann McLain. 
 
 5 John Forbison. * 
 
 o Mary Ann Wilson. William V. Shepherd. 
 
 7 Samantha Wilson. * Samuel Crossland. 
 
 lM-2^1-' Sarah Charlotte Freeman. * 
 
 2 Mary Elizabeth Freeman. John Ross Meigs. 
 
 ^ Cynthia Louisa Freeman. 
 
 OK 4 Salina Keziah Freeman. William Noel Stewart. 
 
 5 Henry Benajah Freeman. Elizabeth Goss. 
 
 6 Georgianna Freeman. Nathaniel Woti'ord. 
 1M-3-M-' Mary Elizabeth Vickery. David McLaughlin Beck. 
 
 2 John Henry Vickery. Mary Doss. 
 
 3 Malinda Jane Bennett. Sidney L. Erwin and William James 
 
 4 James Newton Vickery. Martha Emma Padgett. 
 
 5 Frances Isabelle Vickery. 
 
 6 Frank Scott Vickery. Lydia Padgett nee Bettis. 
 \'4-4"l-^ Simpson Clark Bennett. '■= Emily Kell. 
 
 2 Eliza Levisa Bennett. Daniel Ross Coody. 
 
 3 Malinda aJne Bennett. Sidney L. Erwin and Wiilliam James 
 
 Kuhn. 
 
 l'4-5-'n Malissa Arminda Cordery. Austin McLain and William 
 Sanders. 
 
 2 David Jackson Cordery. * 
 
 OK 3 Andrew Cornelius Cordery. Alice Schmidtman nee Hilde- 
 
 brand and Mary Belle McGeehon. 
 
 4 Charlotte Jane Cordery. Almon Martin. 
 
 5 Lucy Ann Cordery. * 
 
 6 Mary Susan Cordery. * Lewis R. Coody. 
 1H-6''1^ Wilhorn Vickery. 
 
 2 Samuel Vickery. 
 
 3 Elsie Jane Vickery. * Henry Clay Lowrey. 
 
 4 Henry Vickery. 
 
 5 Mary Vickery. Henry R. Collins. 
 
 6 John Vickery. Elizabeth J. Quinton. 
 
 7 Susan Vickery. James Monroe Lowrey. 
 1'4-7^H Josephine Cobb. Josiah M. Pugh. 
 
 2 Josephine Cobb. * 
 
 OK 3 Mary Elizabeth Cobb. Walter Scott Agnew. 
 
 4 Margaret Charlotte Cobb. George Zufall. 
 
 r4^8-M' Rufus Benton Cobb. Mary Kell 
 
 2 James Henry Cobb. Alice Chisholm and Ida Still nee 
 
 Hollingsworth. 
 
 3 Edward Cobb. ^■- Nannie Harper. 
 
 4 Charles Nathaniel Cobb. * 
 
 5 Howell Cobb. 
 
HISTOin' OF THE CHI:ROKEH IXhlANS »')7 
 
 115'rM^ Malissa Arminda Cordcry. Austin Md.aiii and William 
 Sanders. 
 2 David Jackson Cordery. * 
 OK 3 Andrew Cornelius Cordery. Alice Schniidlman nee Hild..- 
 
 brand and Mary Belle McGeelion. 
 
 4 Charlotte Jane Cordery. Almon Martin. 
 
 5 Lucy Ann Cordery. '■' 
 
 6 Mary Susan Cordery. '■'■' Lewis R. Goody. 
 1^5-2-'l"' Lewis C. Cordery. Eliza Hicks nee Gourd. 
 
 2 Thomas Clark Cordery. Amanda Pack and Annie Nunnally. 
 
 3 Malderine Cordery. Henry Collins and Samuel Horn. 
 
 4 Cornelius Cordery. Sarah Eastman nee Tucker. 
 
 5 William Lafayette Cordery. Elizabeth K. (jourd and 
 
 Jeanette R. Gourd. 
 
 6 Anderson Corderv. Laura Isaacs and Susie Hendricks. 
 
 7 Louisa Cordery. Albert Anderson. 
 
 8 Joseph Cordery. Elizabeth Brown. 
 
 9 Rosa Cordery. Henry Graham and William Marsh. 
 P5-3-'5^ Lovely Rogers Cordery. * 
 
 2 Frances Jane Cordery. Hugh McAfTrey. 
 1'5-4-M' Seaborn Cordery. * 
 
 2 Mary Ellen Cordery. Jehn Eve Kelly. 
 
 OK 3 Florence Jane Cordery. 
 
 4 Maud Corderv. 
 
 5 Thomas Jefferson Cordery. Mary E. Fagan nee McCuUy. 
 
 6 James Benjamin Cordery. 
 
 7 John Wilson Cordery. 
 
 8 May Cordery. 
 
 9 Sallie Cordery. 
 
 10 Charlotte Cordery. 
 
 1\S = 5'M-' Johnson Rider. * 
 
 2 William Rider. Nancv Jane Riley and Louisa Sykes. 
 OK 3 David Rider. Elizabeth Baldridge and Cynthia lUillock. 
 
 4 Nannie Rider. Cyrus Augustus Watkins. 
 
 5 Stand Watie Rider. Alice Rush. 
 
 6 Charles Rider. Delilah Nivens. 
 
 7 Susan Rider. 
 
 115^6^^ Warren Andrew Miller. Mary Elizabeth Crittenden. 
 
 2 Mary Miller. Robin Bean. 
 
 3 Elizabeth Miller. * 
 
 4 Noah Miller. Hester C. Yarborough. 
 
 5 Sallie Miller. Henry Hines and M. D. L. Dowell. 
 
398 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 6 Martin Miller. Nannie Foreman and Alice Reynolds 
 
 7 John William Hampton. Vicey Peirce and Louisa Roberts. 
 
 116-2=^1-* John Wise Bumgarner. Susan Priscilla Johnson nee Walker 
 
 2 Mary Jane Bumgarner. William Davidson Clingan. 
 
 OK 3 James Lovely Bumgarner. Charlotte E. Ward. 
 
 4 Margaret Blanche Bumgarner. Dr. Rollin Aaron Burr. 
 
 l'6-4-'l^ Sue Vance. Alexander Lewis McDaniel. 
 
 l^e^S''!-' Elizabeth Burgess. John Wilkerson. 
 
 2 Sarah Ann Burgess. John McPherson and William Will- 
 iams. 
 OK 3 Hettie Burgess. Rufus Denton. . 
 
 4 John Bean Burgess. Emma McDaniel nee McCall and Mal- 
 
 issa Hogan nee Martin. 
 
 5 Jennie Burgess. David Weaver. 
 
 6 Cooweescoowee Burgess. Dona Whitman. 
 P7-l'''l^ Marthena Collins. =■= 
 
 2 Luvenia Collins. Andrew George. 
 OK 3 Ruth Ann Collins. Caleb Powell Wright. 
 
 4 James Bradley Collins. * 
 
 5 Joseph Flournoy Collins. * 
 
 6 Catherine Collins. Jesse Clinton Alberty. 
 
 7 John Parker Collins. Sabra Ann Selvidge nee Beck and 
 
 Elizabeth Beck nee Davis. 
 
 8 Theodosia Collins. * 
 
 9 Martha Collins. Henry Beck. 
 
 1'7-2"1-' Frank Bowden Cordery. Laura Daylight. 
 
 2 Jennie Fox. Robert Miller and Amos Anderson. 
 
 OK 3 Eliza Fox. 
 
 4 Moses Fox. 
 
 5 Passie Fox. 
 
 6 David Fox. 
 
 7 Susie Fox. 
 
 8 Lucinda Fox. 
 \'^?,-2^\* Nannie Rogers. * 
 
 1^8=3^1^ George Sanford Mosely. Neosho Russell nee Davis. 
 
 l^S-SM-* William Brewer Taylor. * 
 
 1^8=631* Susan Elizabeth Ramsey. Joseph Morgan Allton. 
 
 I'Sv-'l-' Marv Delilah Moslev. * 
 
HISTORY OP THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 3'»» 
 
 CHAPTER Will 
 Continuation of Old Families 
 
 Daniel. 
 
 1^ Nannie Still Marniaduke Daniel. 
 
 [-\' James Daniel. Mary Buflington. See Grant iM-l'S' 
 
 2 Moses Daniel. Martha Tarrant. 
 
 3 Catherine Daniel. Ellis ButVington. See Grant lM-l''7' 
 
 4 Mary Daniel. Thomas BuHington and Lewis liluckburnA4 3. 
 
 5 Walker Daniel. * 
 
 6 John Ross Daniel. Martha Martin. See Grant l'ri-''5M'' 
 
 7 Nannie Daniel. 
 
 8 Jennie Daniel. '' Hiram McCreary. 
 
 9 Thomas Daniel. * 
 
 lM-1'^ Susannah But^iniiton. .Alfred Hudson. 
 
 2 Joshua Buttington. Elizabeth Welch and Sabra Lynch. 
 
 OK 3 Nannie Buftingtcn. '■■■ Thomas Fo,x Tavlor. 
 
 4 Elizabeth Blackburn. Alfred Scudder. 
 
 5 Frances H. Blackburn. Madison Hudson and Samuel Weil. 
 
 6 Mary Blackburn. Thomas Fox Taylor and George Harlan 
 
 Starr. * 
 
 7 Sarah G. Blackburn. Jackson Rogers. A42 
 
 8 Louisa Blackburn. .Alfred Thompson and Henry Curtis 
 
 Rogers. 
 
 9 Cynthia Emily Blackburn. John S. Oliver. 
 
 10 Martha Catherine Blackburn. William Pierce Nichols. 
 '4-l"l^ Louisa C. Hudson. - Jacob Alberty. 
 
 '' Joshua Thomas BuHington Hudson. Sarah Berry. 
 
 Nannie Butfinglon. William West Alberty, James Blake and 
 William Levesque Wilder. 
 
 M-2-M^ 
 
 2 WilLu'm Wirt Butfington. Josephine Bell and Caroline 
 Thompson nee McCord. 
 
 OK 3 John Ross Buffington. Nancy Jane Bryan . 
 
 4 Webster Buffington. - 
 
 5 Eliza Buffington. Joseph George Washington Vann. 
 
 6 Mary Jane Butfington. Robert Fletcher Wyly. 
 iMMSl-" Josephine Helen Scudder. Matthew Bell. 
 
 2 Frances Henrietta Scudder. Thomas Allen Warwick. 
 
 OK 3 Jacob McCarty Scudder. * 
 
 4 Lewis Blackburn Scudder. Malinda Elmira Kelly. 
 
 5 William Henry Harrison Scudder. Margaret J. Garmany. 
 1'4-5M^ Lewis Blackburn Hudson. Nannie Malinda Williams. 
 114253 ] 4 John Martin Taylor.. * 
 
 12417314 Laura Rogers. Thomas Dunn I^ard. 
 
400 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 2 Emily Lovely Cherokee Rogers. Nathan Wofiord. 
 
 OK 3 Sarah Rogers. William Cavender. 
 
 4 William Ridge Rogers. Lucy P. Rogers. 
 
 114=83 1 J Mary Kinney Rogers. 
 
 2 Catherine Rogers. Isaac Newton Strickland. 
 
 OK 3 Lucy P. Rogers. * William Ridge Rogers. 
 
 4 Eugene Overby Rogers. William Rufus Greer. 
 
 5 William Henry Rogers. Margaret Elizabeth McGee nee 
 
 Pemberton. 
 
 6 Stonewall Jackson Rogers. Fannie Kelly. 
 IM^OM-* Georgia Ann Oliver. William Hamilton. 
 
 2 Joshua Oliver. " 
 
 OK 3 Albert Gallatin Oliver. Stella Roberson. 
 
 4 Homer Oliver. * 
 
 \H-\0"\^ Mary Jane Nichols. Nicholas Bittings. 
 
 2 Henry Nichols. " 
 
 3 Jackson Nichols. Octavia Lowe. 
 
 4 Augustus Beauregard Nichols. Alice S. McGhee. 
 
 5 Sarah Catherine Nichols. Micajah Pope Haynes. 
 
 6 Emma Nichols. •■■ 
 
 7 Elizabeth Nichols. * 
 
 8 Taylor Osceola Nichols. Laura Stafford. 
 
 Chisholm-Wilson 
 I'Malinda Wharton. Thomas (.;hisholm and William Wilson. A44 
 
 ri= Jennie Elizabeth Chisholm. Joseph Blagne Lynde and Cas- 
 well Wright Bruton. 
 
 2 Alfred Finney Chisholm. Margaret Harper. 
 
 OK 3 William Wharton Chisholm. Susie Pindar. 
 
 4 Narcissa Clark Chisholm. Robert Latham Owen. 
 
 5 Emily Walker Wilson. Napoleon Bonaparte Breedlove. 
 
 6 William Wilson. * Alice Coody. 
 lM-1'' Alice Lynde. William Otway Owen. 
 
 2 Caroline Walton Bruton. John Washington Breedlove. 
 
 OK 3 Robert Owen Bruton. * 
 
 4 Wilson Otho Bruton. Mary L. Goodman. 
 
 1-3-13 Alice Chisholm. James Henry Cobb. 
 
 2 Narcissa Chisholm. * Matthew Archer and Frank Taylor. 
 
 r4-'r"l^ William Otway Chalmers Owen. 
 
 OK 2 Robert Latham Owen. Daisy Hester. 
 
 1'5-r'' Leiia Wilson Breedlove. James Senora Stapler. 
 
 2 Waller Winchester Breedlove. Priscilla Williams. 
 
 OK 3 Emma Maria Breedlove. * 
 
 4 Florence Breedlove. Othie Andrew Smith. 
 
 5 Jennie Breedlove. " 
 
 1i.,L'|3|4 Robert Otway Owen. Rowena Booth. 
 
 2 Jennie Owen. Charles Heald. 
 OK 3 William Otway Owen. Mary H. Severs. 
 

 
 4 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 I'l^ 
 
 2" 
 
 1 1 
 2 
 
 OK 
 
 4" 
 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 1^ 
 
 OK 
 
 
 2 
 
 \'^ 
 
 !•■• 
 
 1' 
 2 
 
 OK 
 
 I" 
 2 • 
 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 
 1^ 
 
 r3 
 
 1" 
 
 2 
 
 OK 
 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 1'5 
 
 4-' 
 
 1' 
 2 
 
 OK 
 
 t 1 1 ;: 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 III 
 
 OK 
 
 I 
 
 1 ■■ 
 
 i'r-'2 
 
 M' 
 
 I'' 
 2 
 
 OK 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 " 1 -^ 
 
 2' 
 
 2 
 
 1' 1-2- 
 
 y 
 
 1"' 
 
 i'r-'2 
 
 •s-' 
 
 I'' 
 
 \U'2 
 
 ^6 
 
 1' 
 
 rr-2 
 
 ■7^ 
 
 l'" 
 
 lM-4 
 
 •1 
 
 1 
 
 OK 
 
 
 3 
 
 i'r-'2 
 
 M^ 
 
 1'' 
 
 !'5^1 
 
 J, 4 
 
 I' 
 2 
 3 
 
 I'S^M 
 
 '2^ 
 
 r' 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 401 
 
 Charles Owen. Pauline Webb. 
 Owen Owen. Cassie Breedlove. 
 Alice Owen. 
 
 James Willloughby Breedlove. Mary Beatty Eiiiort. 
 William Otway Breedlove. Cecil Watts. 
 John Chisholni Breedlove. Allie Rhea Garrett. 
 Cassie Breedlove. Owen Owen. 
 Wnarton Hicks Breedlove. Ordie Boozman. 
 Walton David Breedlove. Ora Walton. 
 Charles Winchester Breedlove. Esther Snyder. 
 Caswell Bates Bruton. Nina Smith. 
 Robert Otho Bruton. Edith Browntield. 
 James Edward Cobb. Sarah C. Morris. 
 Charles Henry Cobb. Addie Watson. 
 .Andrew Jackson Cobb. Lucy Watson. 
 William Wharton Cobb. 
 Susannah May Cobb. Roy Zufall. 
 William Otway Chalmers Owen. Una. 
 Dorothea Owen. John Hawkins. 
 I.orena Oklahoma Stapler. Earl Hampton Fleming. 
 Anna Phillips Stapler. Williams Jerrems. 
 Otway Hicks Stapler. * Evelyn Gidney. 
 John Wharton Stapler. 
 Lee Breedlove Smith. 
 Lelia Lucile Smith. 
 Ruby Emily Smith. 
 Owen Philip Smith. 
 Otway Owen. 
 Owen Owen. 
 
 Willoughby Walton Breedlove. 
 Jack Thompson Breedlove. 
 William Curtis Breedlove. 
 Bessie Breedlove. 
 William Otway Breedlove. 
 John Chisholni Breedlove. 
 Jane Gail Breedlove. 
 Walton David Breedlove. 
 Signa Gloria Breedlove. 
 Dale Bruton. 
 Joseph Bruton. 
 Wilson Otho Bruton. 
 Owen Hutchins Hawkins. 
 James Stapler Fleming. 
 John Barton Fleming. 
 Anna Eugenia Fleming. 
 Alexander Stapler Jerrems. 
 
402 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Carter 
 
 1' Nathaniel Carter. 
 I'l- Alexander Carter. Nannie. 
 2 Jennie Carter. Reuben Tyner. 
 OK 3 David Carter. Jennie Riley. A45 
 
 l'2-'l^ Nathan Tyner. Elizabeth Childers. 
 
 2 Mary Tvner. Irving, William Riley Butler and John 
 
 Ramsey. 
 OK 3 Jackson Tyner. Delilah Seabolt and Letitia Gunter nee 
 
 Keys. 
 
 4 Eliza Tyner. John Ramsey, Jefferson Hair and Samuel Ward. 
 
 5 Leroy Tyner. Mary Sanders. 
 1^3- 1-> Richard Carter. Nannie Coody. 
 
 2 Alexander Carter. '■'' 
 OK 3 John Ross Carter. * Sarah Rogers. 
 
 4 Benjamin Wisner Carter. Nannie Elliott and Serena Jose- 
 
 phine Guy. 
 
 5 Diana Carter. William Parrott. 
 
 6 Sallie F. Carter. Looney Rattlinggourd. 
 
 7 Jefferson Carter. Susie Robertson nee Lowrey and Mary 
 
 Webb. 
 
 8 Nannie Carter. James Brown. 
 
 9 David Tecumseh Carter. Emma Williams Chambers. 
 10 Osceola Carter. * 
 
 l'2=l'''-l-' Lewis Tyner. Sallie Parris and Ellen White. 
 
 2 Alexander Tyner. Catherine Smith and Jennie Cain. 
 OK 3 Medley Tyner. Nannie Childers. 
 
 4 Seaborn Thorn Tyner. Elizabeth Bender and Catherine 
 
 Sampson nee McLish. 
 
 5 Reuben Bartley Tyner. Mary Ann Rogers and Roxie Am 
 
 Pierson. 
 
 6 Doctor Jayne Tyner. 
 
 7 Sarah Jane Tyner. John W. Baker and John Thomas. 
 1'2-'2^H Eliza Irving. Neeley Denton. 
 
 2 Cynthia Irving. Isaac William Keys. 
 
 3 Ruth Ann Butler. Hugh Russell. 
 
 4 William Butler. - 
 
 5 Mary Ramsey. Schooler Cobb and Calvin L. Kinyon. 
 l'2-33l-' Reuben R. Tyner. Almira Irons. 
 2 Elizabeth Tvner. '■' Edward Melton. 
 
 3 Nannie Tyner.. William Pettit. 
 
 4 Lydia Tyner. Bluford West Rider. 
 
 5 George W. Tyner. Mary Shaw and Mary Ann Elder. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 4o3 
 
 6 Fannie 'lyner. 
 
 l'2-4-'l^ Jennie Ramsey. Isaac William Keys. 
 
 2 Lewis Clark Ramsey. Sarah Ruth' Mosely. 
 
 3 Catherine Ramsey. Cyrus Lawrence, Holt, Samuel 
 
 Keys and Moses Harris. 
 
 4 Frances Marion Hair. Sarah Watkins. 
 
 5 Joseph Ward. Malissa York. 
 
 6 John Ward. Annie York. 
 
 7 Sarah Ward. William Clemens York. 
 1'2-'5'M' Martha Tyner. Frank Boyd Swift. 
 l'3-'l''l' James Madison Carter. * 
 
 2 Jennie Carter. 
 
 3 Nellie Carter. ■' Talbert McNair. 
 
 4 Richard R. Carter. 
 
 l'3-4-'l' John Elliott Carter. Mary Eliza Heald. 
 
 OK 2 Charles David Carter. Ada Gertrude Wilson and Cecile 
 
 Jones nee Whittington. 
 
 l'3-5-'l' Elizabeth Parrott. * John R. McNair. 
 
 2 Cynthia Parrott. Dr. Thomas Benton Dickson. 
 
 OK 3 Serena Carter ParrotL William Fair McSpadden. 
 
 1'3-CM' James Gourd. 
 
 OK 2 Henry Gourd. Tottie M. Trotter and Sarah Hair. 
 
 l'3=9''r' Minnie Carter. * Stephen Riley Lewis. 
 Adair 
 
 1' Adair. 
 
 I'l- John Adair. Ga-ho-ga and Jennie Kilgore. A47 
 
 2 Edward Adair. Elizabeth. 
 
 I'l-F' Samuel Adair. Margaret Deeson and Edith Pounds. 
 
 2 Walter Adair. Rachel Thompson. A48 
 
 OK 3 Charlotte Adair. Stephen Ray. 
 
 4 Edward Adair. Martha Ritchie. 
 
 5 John ;\dair. * 
 
 6 James Adair. 
 
 7 Thomas Benjamin Adair. Rachel Lynch. 
 
 8 Margaret Jane Adair. William Richardson Nicholson. 
 
 9 William Henry Adair. 
 10 Charles Duncan Adair. 
 
 1 1 George Washington Adair. 
 
 12 Elbert Earl Adair. 
 
 13 Mary Adair. 
 
 14 Benjamin Franklin Adair. 
 
 15 John Alexander Adair. Eliza Keys nee Gunter. 
 2-1'' Edward Adair. 'Nannie Shields and Mary Harnage. 
 
404 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 OK 2 Walter Scott Adair. Nannie Harris. A49 
 
 IM-I'M-* Samuel Adair. Mary Hughes. 
 
 2 Andrew Adair. Sallie Copeland, Mary Miller, Elsie and 
 Annie Vann. 
 OK 3 Charlotte Adair. Stephen Ray. 
 
 4 Margaret Catherine Adair. Thomas Wilson Bigby. 
 
 5 Mary Adair. Benjamin Franklin Adair and George W. Gage. 
 
 6 Rachel Pounds Adair. James Jenkins Trott. 
 
 7 Anna Adair. * 
 
 8 John Lafayette Adair. Elizabeth Alabama Scrimsher. 
 
 9 Elizabeth Adair. Sterling Scott. 
 lM=2''l^ Mary Adair. Thomas Goss. 
 
 2 George Washington Adair. Martha Martin. 
 
 OK 3 Nannie Adair. Samuel Mayes. 
 
 4 Sallie Adair. James Jenkins Trott. 
 
 5 John Thompson Adair. Frances E. Thompson and Pene- 
 
 lope Maylield. 
 
 lM-3^1'' John Adair Bell. Jennie Martin, Elizabeth Harnage and 
 Sabra Buffington nee Lynch. 
 
 2 Elizabeth Hughes Bell. George Washington Candy. 
 
 OK 3 David Bell. Nannie Martin and Elizabeth Thornton nee 
 
 Phillips. * 
 
 4 Samuel W. Bell. Rachel Martin. 
 
 5 Nannie Bell. George Harlan Starr. 
 
 6 Devereaux Jarrette Bell. * Juliette Lewis Vann. 
 
 7 Sallie Caroline Bell. Stand Watie. 
 
 8 Charlotte Bell. William J. Dupree. 
 
 9 James Madison BelL Caroline Lvnch. 
 10 Martha J. Bell. Walter Adair Duncan. 
 
 I^IM^I-* Benjamin Franklin Adair. Mary Adair. 
 
 2 John Adair. Annie Berry Graham. 
 
 OK 3 Narcena Adair. Collins McDonald. 
 
 4 Sarah Ann Adair. Calvin Price Guthrie. 
 
 5 Calvin Adair. Lucinda Miller. 
 
 \H-7'H* John Lynch Adair. Mary Jane Jet^ries. 
 
 l'I-15-M-* Benjamin Franklin Adair. Lola Spurlock. 
 
 OK 2 Eliza Adair. George Matthews and Carter Daniel Markham. 
 
 I'3=l-M^ Dehlah Adair. Joseph McMinn Starr. 
 
 2 Susie Adair. * 
 
 OK 3 Jennie Adair. John Perry Oliver Clyne. 
 
 4 Edley Adair. Emily Rogers. 
 
 5 Elizabeth Adair. John Hildebrand Cookson. 
 1'2=2"1-' Elizabeth Neeley Adair. Timothy Meigs Walker. 
 
 OK 3 Susan Caroline Adair. Robert S. C. Noel and Edward Dow 
 
 Allen. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 4o5 
 
 4 Sarah Ann Adair. Wiiiiam Penn Adair. 
 
 5 Edward Underwood Adair. * 
 
 6 Mary ButTington Adair. Walter Thompson Adair. 
 
 7 Hugh Montgomery Adair. Elizabeth Jane Hearst, Martha 
 
 L. Johnson and Phoeba Acena Morris nee Pace. 
 
 8 Lucy Fields Adair. Waldemar S. Lindsley. 
 
 9 Minerva Cornelia Adair. * 
 
 I'l-l 'I'l-' George M. Adair. Catherine Fields. 
 
 2 Charlotte Adair. Charles Pettit and Archibald Si.xkiller. 
 OK 3 Audelia Adair. Dennis Gonzales. 
 
 4 .John Ik'U Adair. Elizabeth Clingan. 
 1'r-l-'2^I' George Washington Adair. Malzenie Elizabeth Linder * 
 and Mary . 
 
 2 Margaret Adair. Jesse Mayfield and Samuel Adair Bigby. 
 OK 3 Jennie Adair. * James Christopher McCoy and John Hunt. 
 
 4 Samuel Adair. =■■ Jennie Buflington. 
 
 .5 Collins Adair. -^ 
 
 6 Emily Adair. William Nucholls Littlejohn. 
 
 7 Charlotte Ann Adair. Joshua Sanders. 
 
 8 Ellen Adair. Richard Martin McCoy. 
 
 9 Rufus Bell Adair. Jennie Fields and Elizabeth Sabina Buf- 
 
 lington. 
 
 1(1 Susan Adair. * John Hunt. 
 
 1 I Catherine Adair. 
 
 14 Malzerine Elizabeth Adair. Caleb Ellis Starr. 
 
 15 Rosella Adair. John Downing, George Downing and 
 Mitchell Squirrel. 
 16 Edward Sylvester Adair. Rebecca Baugh and Caroline 
 Boudinot Brewer. 
 rr-l-'3'l"' Margaret Ray. Robert Garvin. 
 
 2 Sarah Catherine Ray. James Devine and William Coving- 
 ton Ghormley. 
 OK } Elizabeth Ray. Joshua Bertholf Duncan. 
 
 4 Ruth Ray. * 
 
 5 Wesley Ray. * 
 
 6 Walter Adair Ray. 
 
 7 Andrew Ray. 
 
 I'l^lMM-' Samuel Adair Bigby. Margaret Mayfield nee Adair. 
 
 2 Mary Ann Bigby. Charles Austin Augustus Rider. 
 OK 3 James l.afavette Bigby. Nannie Caroline McCoy. 
 
 4 Charlotte Ehzabeth Bigby. Robert Harrison Fletcher. 
 
 5 Benjamin Jackson Bigby. 
 
 6 Stephen Forenvan Bigby. * 
 
 7 Esther Smith Bigby. Harrison Roberts. 
 
406 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 8 Thomas Whitfield Bigby. Rebecca Thompson. 
 
 9 David Taylor Bigby. Nancy Jane Guilliams. 
 10 Malinda Jane Bigby. 
 
 |i|2j354io Martha Jane Adair. Silas Aiken. 
 
 2 Ross Adair. •■' 
 
 OK 3 Mary Elizabeth Adair. * 
 
 4 Benjamin Adair. Sarah Guerin. 
 
 5 Rachel Ann Adair. James Roe Trippard and Charles L. 
 
 Bowden. 
 
 lipl"6-*l'' Nannie A. Trott. Joseph George Vann. 
 
 2 John Ross Trott. Emma A. Clayton. 
 
 OK 3 James Campbell Trott. Madora Stover. 
 
 4 Timothy Trott. * 
 
 5 Elizabeth Trott. * 
 
 6 William Lafayette Trott. Malinda Stover ='•= and Louisa 
 
 Moore. 
 
 7 Charlotte Trott. Benjamin Johnson. 
 
 8 Henry Harden Trott. Eliza Cannon nee Harlan. 
 lM-l"8M'' Levi Adair. Eliza Consene nee Vann. 
 
 OK 2 John Martin Adair. Triphena Terrell. 
 
 1' l^l-'Q-*!'' Stella Ann Adair. George Washington Scott. 
 OK 2 Maybelle Adair. Martin Van Benge. 
 
 1M-2''1M'' Walter Adair Goss. * 
 
 2 Benjamin Franklin Goss. Sarah Emily Bean and Deniaris 
 Pace. 
 OK 3 Rachel Elizabeth Goss. Richard F. Fields. 
 
 |i|22.i2-iis William Penn Adair. Sarah Ann Adair and Sue Mcintosh 
 Drew. 
 2 Brice Martin Adair. Sarah McNair. 
 OK 3 Walter Thompson Adair. Mary Buil'ington Adair, Ruth A. 
 
 Markham and Fannie Gray. 
 
 4 John Ticanooly Adair. Martha Nannie Thompson. 
 
 5 Mary Ellen Adair. Joseph Franklin Thompson. 
 
 6 Benjamin Franklin Adair. Mary Delilah McNair. 
 
 7 Rachel Jane Adair. Milton Howard McCullough. 
 
 8 Cherokee Cornelia Adair. Jesse Bushyhead Mayes. 
 |i|22334i.-, George Washington Mayes. Charlotte Bushyhead and 
 
 Sarah Alice Nicodemus nee Taylor. 
 2 John Thompson Mayes. Cynthia Pack Davis. 
 OK 3 Frank A. O. Mayes. 
 
 4 James Allen Mayes. Ophelia Davis, Ruth Springston and 
 
 Annie Foster. 
 
 5 Joel Bryan Mayes. *Martha McNair, Martha J. Candy and 
 
 Mary Drew nee Vann. 
 
 6 Walter Adair Mayes. '■' 
 
 7 Rachel Mayes. Lucullus McNair and John W. Petty. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS' 407 
 
 8 William HtMiry Mayes. Rachel May, Eliza Jane Bell, 
 
 Martha McNair and Susan Virginia Weir. 
 
 9 Richard Taylor Mayes. * 
 
 10 Samuel Houston Mayes. Martha Elizabeth Vann and 
 
 Minnie Harrison nee 
 1 1 Wiley 13. Mayes. Emma Bonebrake, Margaret Gillis nee 
 
 McLaughin and Ermina Cherokee Vann. 
 1 2 Noel French Mayes. * 
 1' r2"4'l'' Benjamin Walter Trott. Eliza Forester, Sarah Seabolt nee 
 
 Campbell and Rebecca Statlord nee Moore. 
 OK 2 Mary Thompson Trott. John P. Stidham, Mark Tiger and 
 
 Thomas Howie. 
 l'r-2"5'l'' Jesse Maylield Adair. * 
 
 2 Rachel Louvenia Adair. David McNair Faulkner. 
 Ok 3 Sarah Ruth Adair. Charles Washington Starr. 
 
 4 Oscar Fitzaland Adair. Mary Catherine Rider and 
 
 5 Edward Everett Adair. Rachel Louvenia Twist. 
 
 6 John Harrell Adair. Emma Choate. 
 
 7 Samuel Houston Adair. Sarah Stapler Ross. 
 IT-?''!'!'- Andromache Bell. Harvey Shelton. 
 
 2 Maria Josephine Bell. William Wirt Buliington. 
 OK ^ Charlotte Bell. James W. Ivey. 
 
 4 l.ucien Burr Bell. Sabra Ann Cunningham and Mary 
 Frances Starr. 
 
 S Nannie Bell. Cicero Leonidas Lynch. 
 
 (i Nancy Ann Bell. Quinton Kosciusko Gibson and James 
 Ellis Harlan. 
 1'1 = 3-'2'1' John Candy. * 
 2 Maria Candy. * 
 OK 3 Worcester Candy. * 
 
 4 Charlotte Candy. William Fields. 
 
 5 Martha J. Candy. * Joel Bryan Mayes. 
 6 Juliette Melvina Candy. John Gunter Scrimsher. 
 I'PV'Vl-' John Francis Bell. * 
 
 2 John Martin Bell. Sarah Catherine Harnage. 
 
 ( )K ^ Foster Bell. 
 
 1'1--V'4'I' George Bell. * 
 
 2 John Bell. * 
 
 OK 3 Eliza Jane Bell. William Henry Mayes. 
 
 l'l-V'5'l'' John Walker Starr. 
 
 2 Mary Frances Starr. l.ucien Burr Bell. 
 
 OK 3 George Colbert Starr. * 
 
 4 Ezekial Eugene Starr. Margaret Starr. 
 
 5 Joseph Jarrette Starr. " 
 
408 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 6 Caleb Ellis Starr. Malzerine Ellzalx'th Adair and Jennie 
 
 Butler nee. 
 
 7 Samuel Jesse Starr. Sarah Ruth McClure. 
 |i 123374 15 Saladin Ridge VVatie. * 
 
 2 Solon Watie. '■■' 
 
 OK 3 Nannie Josephine Watie. '■'■' John Martin Daniel. 
 
 4 Charlotte Jackoline Watie. * 
 
 1M-3"8M» Emma Dupree. * John C. Gray. 
 
 2 William E. Dupree. Fannie Wright. 
 
 OK 3 Annie Eugenia Dupree. Dr. Alfred Marshall Clinkscales. 
 
 4 Maude Ethel Dupree. 
 
 |i 1=33941. n Caroline Bell. Frank Skinner. 
 
 2 Charlotte Bell. '■■ Elijah J. Warren. 
 
 OK 3 Delia Palmer Bell. Jefierson Jordan. 
 
 4 William Watie Bell. 
 
 lir-3"10M'^ Mariamme Celeste Duncan. '■' Thomas Everidge Oaks. 
 
 2 Anacreon Bell Duncan. •■= 
 
 OK 3 Jarrette Mirini Duncan. Nannie Buftington. 
 
 lM-4-'l^l-^ Martha Jane Adair. Silas Aiken. 
 
 2 Ross Adair. '•' 
 
 OK 3 Mary Elizabeth Adair. ■' 
 
 4 Benjamin Adair. Sarah Guerin. 
 
 5 Rachel Ann Adair. James Roe Trippard and Charles L. 
 
 Bowden. 
 
 1' 1-4^2^1'' Mildred Thomas Adair. John Rufus Allison. 
 
 2 Virgil Balentine Adair. Talitha Jane Bates. 
 
 OK 3 Edward Alexander Adair. Narcissa Malissa Harrison. 
 
 4 Margaret Martha Adair. John Christopher Hogan. 
 
 5 Narcena Ann Berry Adair. Napoleon Bonaparte Littlejohn. 
 
 6 William Pendleton Adair. Julia Frances Allison. 
 1'1-4"3"'I-^ John Ross McDonald. Sarah Malinda Adair. 
 
 2 Mary Ann McDonald. David Wilson Harrison. 
 
 OK 3 George Washington McDonald. Sarah Elizabeth Boles nee 
 
 Jernigan. 
 
 4 Martha Caroline McLDonald. Levi Anderson Daniel King- 
 
 Wetzel. 
 
 5 Andrew Adair McDonald. * 
 
 6 Sarah Jane McDonald. John A. Moreland. 
 
 7 Emily Clay McDonald. John Alberty. 
 
 8 Nannie Missouri McDonald. Joseph Kincaid and Addison 
 
 D. Reeves. 
 
 1MM-MM= Mary Harriette Guthrie. Benjamin Gilreath Fletcher. 
 
 2 Loren Philemon Guthrie. Sarah Emma Kelly and Mary 
 
 Simms. 
 
 OK 3 Calvin Price Guthrie. Ruth Collins. 
 
 4 Sarah Ann Guthrie. William Kelly. 
 
 5 Walter Duncan Guthrie. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 409 
 
 6 Florence Azilee Guthrie. Joseph P. Willis. 
 
 7 Oscar Guthrie. 
 
 I ' IM-'5' I' Ephriam Martin Adair. Sallie Starr and Louvenia Jane Lewis. 
 
 OK 2 George Washington Adair. Lucy Starr. 
 
 l'|-7-'l'l' Thomas James Adair. Lena Harnage. 
 
 2 Rachel Louisa Adair. Willliam Peters McCIellan. 
 
 OK 3 Arthur Franklin Adair. Mary Elizabeth Miller. 
 
 4 John Lynch Adair. Abhie G. Boardman. 
 
 5 Mary Zoe Adair. Claude StuU Shelton. 
 I'l-lS-'l'l'- Alice Adair. 
 
 2 Etta Adair. 
 
 OK i Olney Morgan Adair. 
 
 4 William Penn Adair. 
 
 I'|-l5"'2'l'' George Matthews. * 
 
 2 Fortner Covel Markham. 
 
 ( )K 3 LJeatrice Markham. 
 
 4 DeWitt Markham. 
 
 I 5 David Hogan Markham. Joy Pratt. 
 
 I 6 Earl Byrne Markham. Camille Lannom. 
 
 7 Luciie Markham. 
 
 1 '2-l''l '1'' Nancy Ann Starr. William Wirt Duncan and Young Charles 
 Gordon Duncan. 
 
 2 George Harlan Starr. 
 
 ()K 3 Martha Jane Starr. George Washington Crittenden. 
 
 4 Joseph McMinn Starr. Sarah Crittenden and Susie Shell. 
 
 5 Walter Adair Starr. Ruth Ann Alberty nee Thornton, Ella 
 
 Elizabeth Christie and Saphronia Barrett nee Crutchtield* 
 
 6 Sallie Elizabeth Starr. Frank Howard. 
 
 7 Edward Bruce Starr. Rachel Pauline Henry. 
 
 8 Clement Vann Starr, ^i- 
 o Caleb Wilson Starr. 
 
 I'2-1-'3'I'' Emily Clyne. Frank Howard. 
 
 2 Edward Adair Clyne. Nannie J. Whitniire. 
 
 ( )K 3 Elizabeth Clyne. Martin Jackson Bradford. 
 
 4 Sallie Clyne. 
 
 5 Timothy "walker Clyne. Nora Alice Smith. 
 
 6 Ella Clyne. Frank Stapler Howard. 
 I'2-'I-'4'I'' Ruth Adair. * 
 
 2 James Adair. 
 
 i'2-l\S'r"' Andrew Grill'in Cookson. Mary Jane Carlile. 
 
 2 Edley Levi Cookson. Agnes Pettit. 
 
 3 Joseph J. Cookson. Eliza Pettit. 
 
 4 Delilah Cookson. Michael K. Patrick. 
 1'2-2-M'l'' Emilv Walker. John Polk Drake. 
 
 2 Nannie Adair Walker. James Albert Coleman. 
 
 OK 3 John Walker. Susie Daneiilnirg. 
 
410 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 4 Suake Walker. * Mary Delilah Johnson. 
 
 5 Richard Martin Walker. Elizabeth Pettit and Edith Smith 
 
 nee Hicks. 
 
 6 Edward Adair Walker. Catherine Deerinthewater. 
 
 7 Lowrey Pack Walker. Sarah Brown. 
 
 8 Timotiiy Meigs Walker. * 
 
 9 Thomas Hindman Walker. 
 \'^2-2^2^\''' Penelope Adair. Philip T. Johnson. 
 
 2 Nannie Ruth Adair. John Pinckney Painter. 
 
 OK 3 Mary Lucinda Adair. William Gott. 
 
 4 John Walker Adair. Sarah Tula Smith. 
 
 5 Margaret Elizabeth Adair. Alfred Estis Holland. 
 
 6 Minerva Cornelia Adair. Thomas H. Horn. 
 
 7 George Starr Adair. Stella Rhodes. 
 
 1 ^2=2^3"' P Walter Alanson Allen. Frances E. Leatherwood. 
 1^2-2M*P Martha Caroline Adair. * George Humiston Lewis. 
 OK 2 Mary Elizabeth Adair. Colonel Johnson Harris. 
 1^2-2^6^1" William Penn Adair. Margaret Rogers. 
 
 2 Ella Adair. DeWitt Clinton Wilson. 
 1^2-2-'7M-'^ Edward Henry Adair. Martha M. Leatherwood. 
 
 2 James Warren Adair. 
 OK 3 Mary Louella Adair. * 
 
 4 Timothy Meigs Adair. Martha Sanders and 
 
 1 ' 2-2^8-* 1' Sarah Elizabeth Lindsley. Nathan Baron Danenburg. 
 
 Ross 
 P Ghi-goo-ie. William Shorey. A50 
 
 IM- Annie Shorey. John McDonald. 
 2 Elizabeth Shorey. John Lowrey. 
 IMM^ Mary McDonald. Daniel Ross. A5 1 
 
 1^2- 1'' Elizabeth Lowrey. William Shorey Pack. 
 iM-l'M^ Jennie Ross. Joseph Coody. 
 
 2 Elizabeth Ross. John Golden Ross. 
 
 John Ross. Quatie and Mary Bryan Stapler. 
 Lewis Ross. Fannie Holt. 
 Susannah Ross. Henry Nave. 
 Andrew Ross. Susan Lowrey. 
 Annie Ross. William Nave. 
 Margaret Ross. Elijah Hicks. 
 Maria Ross. Jonathan Mulkey. 
 Thomas Jefi'erson Pack. Jennie Taylor. 
 Cynthia Pack. John Cowart. 
 
 William Shorey Coody. Susan Henley and Elizabeth Pack 
 Fields. 
 2 Mary Coody. Nicholas Dalton Scales. 
 OK 3 Daniel Ross Coody. Amanda Drew, Sarah Ross and Eliza 
 
 Levisa Bennett. 
 4 Elizabeth Coody. * Greenwood LeFlore. 
 
 OK 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 9 
 
 \'2' 
 
 1-1-* 
 
 OK 
 
 2 
 
 lM-13 
 
 1^5 
 
RISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 411 
 
 5 Lctitia Coody. Looiiey Price. 
 
 6 Maria Ross Coody. John Gabriel Madison Hawkins. 
 
 7 Louisa Jane Coody. Frederick Augustus Kerr. 
 
 8 Flora Coody. General Daniel Henry Rucker. 
 
 9 Joseph McDonald Coody. Mary Rebecca Harris nee Thorn- 
 
 berry and Mary Muskogee Hardage. 
 
 I'|-r''2'l"' William Potter Ross. Mary Jane Ross. 
 
 2 Daniel Hicks Ross. Catherine Gunter. 
 
 OK 3 Eliza Jane Ross. * 
 
 4 John Andrew Ross. EFua Wilkerson. 
 
 5 Einora Ross. * 
 
 6 Lewis Anderson Ross. Nellie Potts. 
 I' r-l''3M'' James Ross. Sallie Mannion. 
 
 2 Allen Ross. Jennie Fields. 
 OK ^ Jennie Ross. Return Johnatiian Meigs and Andrew Ross 
 
 Nave. 
 
 4 Silas Dean Ross. * Nannie Rhoda Stirt, Jennie Sanders and 
 
 Elizabeth Raper. 
 
 5 Geor.ije Washington Ross. Nannie Otterlifter. 
 
 6 John Riiss. Elizabeth Chouteau and Louisa Catherine Means. 
 
 7 Annie Bryan Ross. * Leonidas Dobson. 
 
 8 John Ross. Caroline Cornelison Lazalear and Christine 
 
 Foreman nee Haglund. 
 
 l'r-'l-''4'l' Minerva A. Ross. * George MicJiael Murrell. 
 
 2 John McDonald Ross. 
 
 3 Araminta Ross. James Springston \ann. 
 
 4 Robert Daniel Ross. Caroline Todd. 
 
 5 Mary Jane Ross. William Potter Ross. 
 
 6 Amanda Melvina Ross. George Michael Murrell. 
 
 ienrv Clav Ross. Elizabeth Campbell and Josephine Pettit. 
 
 S Sarah Ross. Daniel Ross Coody. 
 
 Helen Ross. Lewis Rogers. 
 
 It) Jack Spears Ross. Elizabeth Feelin. 
 
 1M-|-'5M' Eliza Nave. George Washington Gunter. 
 
 2 Mary Nave. Anderson Pierce Lowrey. 
 
 3 John Nave. Rachel Looney. 
 
 4 Daniel R. Nave. Jennie Carey. 
 
 5 Andrew Ross Nave. Jennie Meigs nee Ross. 
 
 6 Elvira Nave. Charles Clayhorn Price, Joseph M. Gilbert 
 
 and Samuel McDaniel. 
 
 7 George Washington Nave. * Sarah Josephine Vaught. 
 
412 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 8 Minerva Nave. Riley Keys. 
 
 9 Frances M. Nave. John Carroll CunninglTam. 
 10 Susie Nave. Watie Robertson. 
 
 1 1 Henry Nave. Charlotte Reese. 
 
 lM-r'6^1'' Oliver Perry Ross. Susan Vann, Elzina Hair nee Goonan. 
 
 2 Daniel H. Ross. Naomi Chisholm and Sarah Halfbreed. 
 
 OK 3 Andrew J. Ross. Nannie Otterlifter and Nannie Halfbreed. 
 
 4 Samuel Houston Ross. Sarah Grimmett. 
 
 5 William Coody Ross. Mary Ann Spears. 
 
 6 Joseph Miller Ross. Ruth Drew. 
 
 7 Joshua Ross. Muskogee Yargee. 
 
 8 Richard Johnson Ross. Elizabeth Stidham. 
 
 9 Jennie Pocahontas Ross. John D. Murrell. 
 l'ri-'|7-'l° Mary Ann Nave. John Clark and Flea Smith. 
 
 2 Nannie Nave. Samuel Riley. 
 
 lil-jMgjjs Senora Hicks. Susan. 
 
 2 Jennie Hicks. John Wardell Stapller. 
 
 OK 3 Daniel Ross Hicks. Nancy Jane Rider, Esther Pritchett and 
 
 Nancy Evaline Green nee Linder. 
 
 4 Mary Hicks. Joseph Rogers McCoy. 
 
 5 Charles Renatus Hicks. * Lucinda Ross. 
 
 6 John Ross Hicks. Catherine Beavert,* Sabra Bullington 
 
 McCoy,'''' Mary A. Chambers and Mary Elizabeth Rock- 
 well. 
 
 7 Victoria Susan Hicks. DeWitt Clinton Lipe. 
 |i|2isg4j.j James Daniel Mulkey. Elizabeth Cleveland Joy. 
 
 2 Lewis Andrew Mulkey. Adeline Coins. 
 
 OK 3 William Ross Mulkey. Margaret Rebecca Hudson. 
 
 1^2-1^1^1-'' Lowrey Vann Pack. '■' 
 
 2 William Shorey Pack. Jennie Starr and Araminta Rags- 
 dale nee Gunter. 
 
 OK 3 Cynthia Pack. Daniel Harmon. 
 
 4 Amanda Pack, 'iliomas Cordery. 
 
 \^2'-\''2*\^' Lemuel Cowart. Mary Ann Dameron. 
 
 2 Jennie Cowart. Matthew Williams. 
 
 OK 3 Thomas Cowart. Jennie Day. 
 
 4 John Cowart. Fannie Huey. 
 
 5 Slater Cowart. Nannie King. 
 iM-'l'M^lf'l" Henrietta Jane Coody. * 
 
 2 William Shorey Coody * 
 
 3 Ella Flora Coody. Joseph Madison Robinson. 
 l'l-l^l-'2''l'' Nancy Jane Scales. Abner Sayers. 
 
 2 Charlotte Gordon Scales. John Thompson Drew. 
 
 OK 3 Eliza Scales. * William RatlitT. 
 
 4 Joseph Absalom Scales. Rose Tally and Amanda Patience 
 
 Fowler nee Morgan. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 413 
 
 l'l-'l''r'3'r Alice Coody. William Wilson. 
 
 2 Lewis R. Coody. Mary Susan Cordery, Elizabeth Collier, 
 Nannie Hanks and Martha Lavina Hill. 
 
 OK 3 Mary Coody. * 
 
 4 Sarah Coody. * 
 
 5 Martha Coody. * 
 
 6 Joseph Coody. 
 
 7 Margaret Coody. John Stringer Scott. 
 « Daniel Ross Coody. Julia Grit] in. 
 
 9 Letitia Coody. Edward Smith. 
 
 I'l-l'M^S'l" William Shorey Price. 
 
 2 Daniel Coody Price. Mary Ann Jones. 
 
 OK 3 Montezuma Price. Alice Johnson. 
 
 4 Millard Filmore Price. * 
 
 5 George Murrell Price. Eliza Jane Vinyard nee Roach. 
 
 6 Annie F. Price. Otis Saladin Skidniore. 
 
 7 Caroline Walker Price. James Lee Floyd. 
 
 1 1 1 .■ 1 .1 1 If,.-. 1 .1 Martha Jane Hawkins. Hamilton Alexander Starkweather. 
 
 ^ 2 Henry Clay Hawkins. 
 
 OK I 3 Samuel Frelinghyson Hawkins. 
 
 4 Maria Louisa Hawkins. Henry Graham Wood. 
 
 5 John Gabriel Hawkins. Flora Madeline Thorne. 
 
 6 Nannie Ross Hawkins. * 
 
 7 Sarah Stapler Hawkins. Dennis Wesley Smith. 
 
 1 ' 1- l''l '7''1" Frank Kerr. Margaret Taylor, Jennie Mclva Ross, Eliza- 
 beth Clyne and Fannie Lowrey nee Hendricks. 
 
 2 Flora Mclva Kerr. Henry Lisenbe. 
 
 OK 3 Minerva Murrell Kerr. George Washington Hendricks. 
 
 4 William Wirt Kerr. 
 
 5 Neville Craig Kerr. Lucinda Lowrey. 
 
 6 Annie Eliza Kerr. George Washington Elliott. 
 
 7 John Ross Kerr. * 
 
 S Frederick Augustus Kerr. Eva Scott. 
 
 9 Mary Elizabeth Kerr. Conrad Koehler and Moses Anspach. 
 
 10 Charles Ross Coody Kerr. * 
 
 l'|-l''l'8''l" Ross Rucker. * 
 
 2 Louisa Rucker. 
 
 I ' I- 1 •' 1 '9' I " Sa ra h Jane Coody. 
 
 2 Flora Rucker Coody. Richard Young Audd. 
 
 OK 1 William Shorey Coody. Louvenia Gaylor. 
 
 < Eula Muskogee Coody. Edward Hendricks Walker. 
 
 5 Minnie Vann Coody. David Washington. 
 
 6 Amanda Ella Coody. Laurel Pittman. 
 I ' 1 = 1 -'2^ ■■■ 1" William Dayton Ross. 
 
 2 Emma Lincoln Ross. 
 
 OK 3 Cora Ross. Dr. Robert B. Howard. 
 
 4 Marv Ross. William R. Badgett. 
 
414 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 5 Hubbard Ross. Harriette Babb. 
 
 6 Phillips Ross. " 
 lM-P2-*25l'' Edward Gunter Ross. 
 
 2 William Potter Ross. Maude Walker. 
 
 OK 3 Catherine E. Ross. George Oliver Butler, 
 
 m 2133445 10 John Houston Ross. Lillian M. Glasglow. 
 
 2 Flora Lee Ross. Charles Walter Phillips. 
 
 OK 3 Dannie Hughes Ross. Bates B. Burnett. 
 
 4 Eliza Jane Ross. William Finley Blakemore. 
 
 lM-l='2^6f'l" McDonald Ross. '^ 
 
 2 Shorey W. Ross. 
 
 OK 3 Eliza Ross. 
 
 4 William Potter Ross. Annie May Balentine. 
 
 5 Lewis Anderson Ross. 
 
 6 Wirt Ross. 
 
 7 Daniel Hughes Ross. 
 
 Iil2,;i34j.-,i.3 Susannah Coody Ross. Isaac Alexander Wilson. 
 
 OK 2 Gilbert Russell Ross. Emetine Parris and Mary J. Christian. 
 
 \^\-\"'3'^2''l'' Lucinda Ross. * Charles Renatus Hicks. 
 
 2 Victoria Ross. * 
 
 OK 3 Susan H. Ross. Osceola Powell Daniel. 
 
 4 Rufus O. Ross. Elizabeth Grace Meigs. 
 
 5 Robert Bruce Ross. Fannie Thornton. 
 
 6 Emma Ross. Osceola Powell Daniel. 
 
 7 William Wallace Ross. Delilah Jane Daniel. 
 
 8 Elizabeth Ross. * John Ross Vann. 
 1M-1''3^3"M'' John Ross Meigs. Mary Elizabeth Freeman. 
 
 2 Henry Clay Meigs. Josephine L. Bigelow. 
 
 OK 3 Elizabeth Grace Meigs. Rufus O. Ross. 
 
 4 Return Robert Meigs. Jennie Ross, Helen Chrissie Blevins. 
 
 5 Submit Mei^s. John Francis Lyons. 
 
 6 Andrew Ross Nave. Julia Eagle. 
 
 7 Henrietta Jane Nave. William Henry Hinton. 
 1MM^3''5'M" Jennie Mclvie Ross. * Frank Kerr. 
 
 2 Silas Dinsmore Ross. Susie Backbone and Sarah Osborn. 
 
 OK 3 Sarah Stapler Ross. Samuel Houston Adair. 
 
 4 Mary Jones Ross. James Franklin Petty. 
 
 '3^6'!'' Emily Jane Ross. Clement Denoya. 
 
 2 Mary Ellen Ross. Thomas Joseph Rogers and Oscar C. 
 Hadden. 
 
 3 Ida Ross. 
 
 4 Floyd Freeman Ross. 
 
 lilM-^3^8-M'^ Addie Roche Ross. William Henry Norrid. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 415 
 
 2 Leonidas Cookman Ross. Grace Keam 
 
 OK 3 Mary Ross. * 
 
 l'l-rM'3''r' Fannie Vann. Florian Haradin Nash. 
 
 I'rTMM-'l" Lewis Ross. Laura Augusta French. 
 
 2 Edward Pope Ross. 
 
 OK 3 Belle Ross. 
 
 1 Alice Ross. Dr. Robert B. Howard. 
 5 Fannie M. Ross. Herbert Kneeland. 
 
 ri 1 r5 T' William Dayton Ross. * 
 
 2 Emma Lincoln Ross. 
 
 OK ^ Cora Ross. Dr. Robert B. Howard. 
 
 I Mary Ross. William R. Badgett. 
 
 5 Hubbard Ross. Harriette Bahb. 
 
 6 Phillips Ross. * 
 
 1' r-'l-'4'6'M" George Ross Murrell. Margaret Gavin. 
 
 2 Fannie Elizabeth Murrell. Frank Alexander and J. Emory 
 Hughes. 
 
 OK '> Rosanna E. Murrell. William Archer Chambers. 
 
 4 Louis Edward Murrell. 
 
 l'l-|-M'7r" Frank Ross. Ella Fisher. 
 
 2 Margaret Jane Ross. Joel Mayes Bryan. 
 
 OK 3 Joseph Miller Ross. 
 
 4 Felix Henry Ross. 
 
 5 Mary J. Ross. 
 1'1-1'4'S'r' Alice Coody. William Wilson. 
 
 2 Lewis Ross Coody. Mary Susan Cordery, Elizabeth Collier, 
 Nannie Hanks and Martha Lavenia Hill. 
 
 OK 5 Mary Coody. * 
 
 4 Sarah Coody. * 
 
 5 Martha Coody. * 
 
 6 Joseph Coody. Eliza Swett and Margaret A. King nee Lind- 
 
 sey. 
 
 7 Margaret Coody. John Stringer Scott. 
 S Daniel Ross Coody. Julia Griffin. 
 
 1 1 1.|.; |i().-, ,.. Rosalie Rogers. Benjamin Franklin Avant. 
 
 < 'K 2 Lewis Rogers. 
 
 '1-1--4'1(»- T' Jackson Ross. Jessie E. Vann. 
 
 2 Lewis Ross. Sarah Hosey. 
 
 3 John Ross. Anna Hosey. 
 
 4 Nannie Ross. Lewis Mouse. 
 
 I'l-l-'S'l'l" Marv Gunter. Ezekial Jack and Jonathan Riley. 
 
 2 Susie Gunter. George R. Johnson and James Choate. 
 
 OK 3 Samuel Gunter. Fannie Daniel. 
 
 4 Araminta Gunter. John Ragsdale, William Shorey Pack. 
 
 5 John Edward Gunter. Mary Lee. 
 
416 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 6 George Washington Gunter. Catherine Benge, Mary Davis 
 
 and Ella Spradling. 
 
 7 Elizabeth Gunter. * 
 
 8 Jeanette Gunter. Jacob Edward Barrow. 
 \^\-["5*2''l'' Daniel Webster Lowrey. * 
 
 2 Henry Lowrey. Mary Parris and Emeiine Evans nee Russell. 
 
 3 Lucy Ann Lowrey. Charles Hicks Campbell. 
 
 4 Dollie Eunice Lowrey. James Fields,* Thomas Starr and 
 
 Charles Galloway. 
 
 5 George Lowrey. ''■' 
 
 6 Susie Lowrey. Richard Robertson and Thomas Jeflerson 
 
 Carter. 
 
 7 Eliza Lowrey. William Henry Davis. 
 
 8 James Monroe Lowrey. Susie Vickery. 
 Andrew Lowrey. Dora Pinckney nee Bruton. 
 Silas Nave. 
 
 Mary Alice Nave. William Penn Payne. 
 Joseph Goody Nave. Sarah Downing, Rachel Pauline 
 
 Starr nee Henry and 
 Walter Duncan Nave. Sarah Josephine Fane. 
 Samuel Nave. * Annie Cochran nee Coats. 
 Jennie Nave. Walker Russell. 
 Andrew Ross Nave. Julia Eagle. 
 Henrietta Jane Nave. William Henry Hinton. 
 John H. Price. Ruth Ann Starr. 
 Mary Jane Price. Henry James, Wintield Gray and Rev. 
 
 David Nathaniel Allen. 
 Susie Ann Price. Alexander Gibson Murray. 
 Charles Cintoola Price. * 
 
 
 9 
 
 IT' 1-5^3' 
 
 1" 
 
 OK 
 
 O 
 
 i'r'i"5M' 
 
 J,; 
 
 
 2 
 
 OK 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 i'r-M-5^5- 
 
 1'' 
 
 OK 
 
 T 
 
 lMM-^5^65 
 
 1" 
 
 
 O 
 
 OK 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 Joanna Gillis. Frank Alexander Billingslea. 
 
 6 Martin McDaniel. Delia Moore. 
 
 l'l-l-'5-'8"'l'^ Fannie N. Keys. William Henry Balentine. 
 
 OK 2 Riley Keys. Julia Turner. 
 
 ]! J- J. ■5549.-, JO Alfred Carroll Cunningham. Laura Lombard. 
 
 2 William Ross Cunningham. 
 
 OK 3 Minnie Ross Cunningham. Richard Fields Vann and Sidney 
 
 Elllsworth Bell. 
 
 lir-'l-'SMlM" John McDonald Nave. * 
 
 2 Susie Ellen Nave. Wilson Walkingstick. 
 
 3 Henry Dobson Nave. 
 1M-136-'1M« Elizabeth Ross. * Frank Nash. 
 
 2 George Lowrey Ross. Ruth B. Springston. 
 
 OK 3 Juliette Ross. William Roberson. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 417 
 
 4 Mary Ann Bishop Ross. Andrew Hair and William Thoma' 
 
 Jones. 
 
 5 Minnie Ross. George A. Walden. 
 
 6 Andrew Enoii Ross. Catherine Cooper. 
 
 7 Susie Ross. Charles Nicholas Mitchell. 
 
 8 Jennie Ross. Joseph Sixkiller. 
 l'l = l''6'2'r' James L. Ross. 
 
 2 Jennie Ross. Return Robert Meigs. 
 
 OK 3 McDurt' Ross. Catherine Nave nee Reese and 
 
 4 Alexander Ross. Mary Armstrong. 
 
 5 Christopher Ross. 
 
 I'l-|-'6'3''l" Daniel L. Ross. Ruth Caroline Holland. 
 
 2 Houston Ross. 
 
 OK 3 Lydia Ross. Rufus William Twitty. 
 
 ri-l-'CM-'l" Susan Ross. Jesse Cochran. 
 
 2 John Henry Ross. Fannie Downing. 
 
 OK 3 Catherine Ross. Silas Grayson Wills. 
 
 I'l-l-'6'5''r' Rosa Lee Ross. William Samuel Miles. 
 
 2 Susie Lowrey Ross. 
 
 OK 3 Joshua Ewing Ross. Nellie Banks. 
 
 4 John Yargee Ross. 
 
 5 Jennie Pocahontas Ross. 
 l'Pl-''6-'8''l'' Catherine Ross. Samuel Grayson. 
 
 OK 2 Jennie Ross. 
 
 ri-l-'7'l'l" Emily Jane Clark. Thomas Ross, John Blackwell and Wil- 
 lis Battles. 
 
 2 Sarah Cvnthia Clark. Allen l.vnch. 
 
 OK ^ Ruth Elizabeth Downing. Alexander Burtington and An- 
 
 derson Lvnch. 
 
 4 W illiani A. Smith. Sarah HulT. 
 
 1'1-1'7'2'r' William Riley. 
 
 2 Sarah Riley. 
 
 l'l-r'.SM''l" Jennie Hicks. * William Penn Crowder. 
 
 2 Hannah Hicks. 
 
 OK 3 Mary Hicks. 
 
 4 Charles Hicks. 
 
 5 Edward Hicks. 
 
 6 Jesse Hicks. 
 
 7 John Hicks. 
 
 8 Susannah Hicks. 
 
 l'l-l-\S'2'r' James Senora Stapler. Lelia Wilson Breedlove 
 
 2 Mary Louise Stapler. * 
 
 OK 3 John Brian Stapler. Ella Zaphora Morgan. 
 
 4 Margaret Hicks. * 
 
418 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 |i|2]3g435|6 Edward Daniel Hicks. Elizabeth Henrietta Musgrove. 
 
 liri^SM^'P Margaret McCoy. * John B. Brown. 
 
 2 Jennie Diana McCoy. Vann Chambers. 
 
 OK 3 Charles Renatus McCoy. 
 
 4 Daniel Homer. * 
 
 5 Nannie Rider McCoy. Walter Adair Mayes. 
 |i| = l384g3js Henry Chambers Hicks. * 
 
 2 Nancy Jane Hicks. Alexander Frederick Parsley. 
 
 3 Cora Archer Hicks. Dr. John Otto Rogers. 
 
 4 Eugene Ross Hicks. 
 
 |ij2|33475|6 John Gunter Lipe. Sarah Lulu Foreman. 
 
 Iil2|394i5i6 \Yjigy Yi. Mulkey. Martha Mahala Paul 
 
 2 Annie C. Mulkey. Thomas J. Cowan. 
 
 3 Alonzo S. Mulkey. 
 
 4 Charles Alva Mulkey. Mabel Dell Bomberger. 
 
 5 Lewis W. Mulkey. 
 
 6 Jonathan Daniel Mulkey. Sallie Vann. 
 
 7 Jennie Mulkey. 
 
 8 Rose E. C. Mulkey. 
 |i-12|39425ic Lucinda Mulkey. William Askins. 
 
 2 Louisa A. Mulkey. Alfred Cox and James B. Kay. 
 
 OK 3 Jonathan Mulkey. 
 
 4 Isabella Mulkey. Ferdinand Farmer. 
 
 5 Julia Mulkey. 
 
 6 James Mulkey. 
 
 7 Vida Mulkey. William M. Carr. 
 
 8 John Ross Mulkey. 
 
 l'l-l39-'3-M'' James Daniel Mulkey. Mary Priscilla Wilson. 
 
 2 Mary Brooks Mulkey. Waiter Willis. 
 
 OK 3 Amanda Avis Mulkey. John Rankin Amos. 
 
 4 Eliza Maria Mulkey. John Thomas Miller. 
 
 6 John Ross Mulkey. 
 
OK 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 419 
 
 CHAPTER XIX 
 Continuation oJOld Families 
 Gosaduisga 
 
 1' Go-sa-du-i-sg;i. 
 \^\^ Nannie. John Thornton. 
 
 2 Elizabeth. James Vann, William Springston, John Shep- 
 herd and Edward Adair. 
 l'l = r' William Thornton. Nannie McPherson, Ge-yo-hi Porter 
 and Elizabeth Bean nee Phillips. 
 
 2 James Thornton. * 
 
 3 Charles Thornton. Maria Mcintosh and Mary Crossland. 
 
 4 Amos Thornton. Elizabeth Holt, Elizabeth McAdams, 
 Minerva Foreman and Mary Souiekiller. 
 
 5 John Thornton. Pinkie Blagg and Frances Alberty. 
 
 6 Riley Thornton. Rebecca Mitchell and Eliza Maw. 
 
 I 7 Wiley Glover Thornton.. Nannie Brimmer and Avery 
 I Meanman. 
 
 8 Delilah Thornton. William Harlin, Alexander Shook, James 
 Taylor and Joseph Dawson. 
 
 I y Smith Thornton. Caroline Daniel and Lucy Crittenden. 
 
 i 10 Elizabeth Thornton. * 
 
 I'a^l-'' Delilah Amelia Vann. David McNair. 
 
 2 Jennie Sprini^'ston. Joseph Vann and Thomas Mitchell. A52 
 
 3 Edley Sprinjjston. Elizabeth Foreman. 
 
 4 John Shepherd. Sallie Daniel, Ruth Pawling and Josephine 
 Killian. 
 
 5 Edward Adair. Nannie Shields and Mary Harnage. 
 I'i-l-'l' Elizabeth Thornton. Samuel Walkingstick. 
 
 Walter Thornton. Elizabeth Jones. 
 
 3 Jdllv 'Hn)rnton. Marv Riley. 
 
 4 Ruth Ann Thornton. Cornelius Alberty and Walter Adair 
 Starr. 
 l'l-3-M' Shepherd Thornton. 
 
 2 John Thornton. 
 
 l'l=4-''l' Elizabeth Thornton. Richard Thompson. 
 
 2 Thomas Jetlerson Thornton. 
 
 OK 3 Lewis Ross Thornton. Ellen Stetson Cooley. 
 
 4 John Thornton. ^' 
 
420 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 5 William Harrison Thornton. * 
 
 6 Thomas Jetl'erson Thornton. Mary L. Rogers. 
 
 7 Mary Ellen Thornton. Charles Cochran. 
 
 8 Nicholas McNair Thornton. Clara Hicks and Flora Ingram. 
 
 9 John Shepherd Thornton. * Cynthia Pettit. 
 10 William Glover Thornton. * 
 
 1=531-! wiliam Thornton. Minerva Jane Foreman. 
 
 2 Calvin Thornton. * Malinda Sutton. 
 
 OK 3 Martha Thornton. Robert Williams. 
 
 4 John T. Thornton.* 
 
 5 Walter King Thornton. * 
 IM^S^I'* Mary Ann Thornton. * Benjamin E. Gump and George W. 
 Boles. 
 
 2 Thomas Thornton. Hettie Dennis. 
 
 3 Osceola Thornton. " 
 
 |ij273]4 Amos Thornton. Clara Phillips and Rachel Boards. 
 
 2 William Thornton. Mary Sanders. 
 
 OK 3 John Thornton. Lucinda Sanders. 
 
 4 Elizabeth Thornton. '■' Clausine. 
 
 5 Mary Thornton. John Goodwin and Austin B. Hosier. 
 
 6 Nancy Jane Thornton. Johnson Robbins. 
 
 7 Sallie Thornton. Abraham Sixkiller and Dick Duck. 
 
 8 Joseph Thornton. Margaret Wilson. 
 
 9 Ruth Thornton. Taylor Sixkiller and Archilla Scraper. 
 10 James Thornton. Nancy Jane Sanders and Margaret Clyff- 
 ton Starr. 
 Vr-8-'\* William Harlin. * 
 
 2 James Shook. Eliza Justice nee Vann and Sarah Elizabeth 
 Sears. 
 
 OK 3 Martha Taylor. Ensley Lacey. 
 
 4 Creed Taylor. 
 
 5 Lewis Taylor. * 
 
 6 Mary Dawson. Robert Barnes Mitchell and John H. Welty. 
 
 7 Joseph Dawson. * Mary Ragsdale. 
 
 8 Elizabeth Dawson. * 
 
 9 Thomas Dawson. * 
 
 111 2931 4 Nannie Thornton. Moses Parris and John Parris. 
 
 2 William Thornton. * 
 
 OK 3 Fannie Thornton. Robert Bruce Ross. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 421 
 
 4 Elizabeth 'I'hornton. George Sanders. 
 
 5 Jacob Thornton. * 
 
 6 Marion Thornton. Lucy Goodwin. 
 '1=2-' 11* James Vann McNair. Eliza Childers. 
 
 2 Nicholas Bvers McNair. Mary Rogers. 
 
 OK 5 Mary Vann McNair. Clement Neely and William Rogers. 
 
 4 Elizabeth McNair. Jesse Bean and John Weir. 
 
 5 Martha McNair. David Vann. 
 
 6 Clement Vann McNair. Susannah Martin and Martha Ann 
 
 Smith nee Childers. 
 
 1' 2-2^1' James Springton Vann. Araminta Ross. 
 
 2 Mary Vann. * 
 
 OK 3 John Shepherd Vann. Elizabeth Pack Coody nee Fields. 
 
 4 Delilah Amelia Vann. Oliver Hazard Perry Brewer. 
 
 5 Henry Clay Vann. * 
 
 l'2=V'l' Delilah Springston. John Ferguson, Henry Hill and Frank 
 Marrs. 
 
 2 John Springston. 
 
 3 Mary Springston. John Henry and George Beamer. 
 
 4 Miles Springston. "■■ 
 
 5 Edward Springston. * 
 
 6 Nannie Springston. * 
 
 7 George Springston. * 
 
 l'2-"4''l' Elizabeth Shepherd. John Brown. 
 
 2 Clement Shepherd. * 
 
 3 Joseph Shepherd. Nannie Thompson. 
 
 4 Fane Shepherd. * 
 
 5 David Shepherd. * 
 
 William Shepherd. Mary Ann Wilson and Mary F. James. 
 
 7 Albert Shepherd. Lucy Jones. 
 
 8 Augustus Shepherd. * 
 
 9 Ruth Shepherd. John Martin, Thomas Franks and Lemuel 
 
 Wickett. 
 10 Clementine Shepherd. William McConkle and Sterling 
 
 Colston. 
 1 I George W. Shepherd. Stella Stegall. 
 1 2 John Shepherd. * 
 1>2=5-'1* Delilah Adair. Joseph McMimm Starr. 
 2 Susie Adair. * 
 
 OK 3 Jennie Adair. John Peter Oliver Clyne. 
 
 4 Edley Adair. Emily Rogers. 
 
 5 Elizabeth Adair. John Hildebrand Cookson. 
 Wilson Walkingstick. Susie Ellen Nave. 
 Wallace Thornton.. Mary Louvenia Garrison. 
 Smith Thornton. Ella Cox. 
 
 ,1,.,.1,4,.'. 
 
 ri-l-''2'l'' 
 
422 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 OK 3 William Thornton. Sallie Yahola nee 
 
 ^ij2i334jr. William Thonton. Nancy Anna Lee Barnes. 
 
 Emmet Starr. 
 
 George Colbert Starr. * 
 
 Mary Bell Starr. Dr. Wade Hampton Vann. 
 
 Lettie Boyd Starr. 
 
 Joseph McCracken Starr. 
 
 Margaret Emma Thompson. Clark Charlesworth Lipe. 
 
 Sue Elizabeth Thompson. Henry Eiftort. 
 
 Tookah Thompson. William Smelser Nash. 
 
 Caroline Harriette Thompson. David Albert Mounts. 
 
 John Lanigan Thompson. * 
 
 Mary Louisa Thornton. John B. Edwards and H. P. Davis. 
 
 Charles Amos Thornton. Sadie E. Earned. 
 
 Guy Earl Thornton. Nannie Proctor. 
 
 Clement Vann Thornton. 
 
 Murrell Thornton. 
 
 Mary Gladys Thornton. 
 
 Sarah Cochran. 
 
 Maude Beulah Cochran. Thomas A. Hathcock. 
 
 Hoolie Bell Cochran. 
 
 Ada Cochran. 
 
 IM-IM^ 
 
 I^ 
 
 
 2 
 
 OK 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 ^1 ,243 14 
 
 15 
 
 
 2 
 
 OK 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 41^24334 
 
 jr. 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 11124354 
 
 1-5 
 
 OK 
 
 2 
 
 ^11243 74 
 
 1'' 
 
 OK 
 
 O 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 Jesse Edward Cochran. 
 IMM^S^I'' Percy M. Thornton. Agnes Holden. 
 
 2 Owen Thornton. 
 
 1 14 253 141.'; £iJ2-^ Jang Thornton. Charles Oliver Frye. 
 
 1112533410 Mary Frances Williams. * 
 
 2 John Henry Wiliams. * 
 
 3 Charles McClellan Williams. 
 
 4 William Walter Williams. Elizabeth Leona Alberty. 
 
 5 Robert Benjamin Williams. 
 
 6 Ada Elizabeth Williams. George William Christie. 
 
 7 Lee Williams. Maude Leslie Adair. 
 
 8 Ellis Bluford Williams. 
 
 9 Ellen Williams. 
 
 10 Frederick Williams. 
 
 m^^lH'- Delilah Thornton. Charles Hanes. 
 
 111=7^^1" Elizabeth Thornton. James N. Palone. 
 
 2 Susie Thornton. Goback Christy. 
 
 3 William Henry Thornton. 
 
 4 Richard Foreman Thornton. 
 
 5 Nannie J. Thornton. Leo M. White. 
 11^27324 15 Nannie J. Thornton. Simeon Eldridge. 
 1112733415 Yiecse Thornton. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 423 
 
 l'r-7-'5M'' Lucy Goodwin. Marion Thiornton. 
 
 2 John Goodwin. Marg-ie Elnora Pyeatt 
 
 1'1=7-'6M^ Levi Robbins. * 
 
 2 Timothy Robbins. 
 
 3 Alexander Robbins. * 
 
 4 John Robbins. * 
 
 5 Glover Robbins. 
 
 6 Josephine Robbins. 
 l'Iv-7'1' Henrv Sixkili.-r. 
 
 OK 
 
 -> 
 
 Charles Watts. 
 
 l'P7''S' 
 
 I'' 
 
 Uelilah Mary Thornton. 
 
 
 2 
 
 Jesse Thornton. 
 
 OK 
 
 3 
 
 Wiley Thornton. 
 
 
 4 
 
 William Thornton. 
 
 1'1=7'9' 
 
 !•• 
 
 Mary Etta Scraper. 
 
 OK 
 
 2 
 
 John Scraper. 
 
 l'l-7-'l()' 
 
 !■'• 
 
 Susan Elizabeth Thornton. 
 
 2 Jesse Jackson Thornton. 
 
 3 Rogers Thornton. 
 
 4 Nicholas Thornton. 
 l'|-8-2'l' Nellie Shook. James Walker. 
 
 2 Elizabeth Shook. Andrew Jackson Harris. 
 
 OK 3 William Tucker Shook. Evretta Summerhill. 
 
 4 John 13. Sliook. 
 
 5 Amos Shook. 
 
 6 Lillie May Shook. 
 I'l=8-'3'l^ Miles Lacey. * Alice Barnes. 
 
 2 John Drew Lacey. Mary Doherty nee Pettit and Lucy 
 Frances Prunty. 
 
 OK 3 Delilah Lacey. * 
 
 l'I-8-M'l' James Taylor. 
 
 I'rsV)'!'- Mary Mitchell. James Shell. 
 
 2 Frank Reed Mitchell. 
 
 OK 3 Margaret Mitchell. Wiliam Penn Crowder. 
 
 4 Joseph Mitchell. Mary Hayes. 
 
 5 I.ydia F. Welty. John Hayes. 
 
 6 Roscoe H. Welty. 
 
 I'1=0-M'|'' Emetine Rarris. Gilbert Russell Ross and Thomas Johnson 
 Parris. 
 
 2 Caroline Parris. David Ridge. 
 
 OK 3 Samantha Parris. Rufus Daniel Ross. 
 
 4 Edward Parris. Esther Elva Ingram. 
 
 5 Triphena Parris. Roller! Bruce Bean. 
 
424 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 1M-9^3^P Charles McClellan Ross. Sarah Thomas Scruggs and Susie 
 
 Ellen Morris. 
 
 2 William Wallace Ross. Mary Henrietta Moore. 
 
 OK 3 Rufus Daniel Ross. Emma Tooka Sixkiller and Samantha 
 
 Parris. 
 
 4 Lulu Victoria Ross. James Henderson. 
 
 5 Fannie Vann Ross. Walter Ellis Duncan. 
 
 6 Jennie Fields Ross. Jesse Clifton Cobb. 
 
 7 Sue Mary Ross. Samuel Victor Eubanks. 
 
 8 Robert Bruce Ross. 
 
 9 Anna Phillips Ross. Lieutenant Edwin William Piburn. 
 ^\y2g^^iir, Charles Sanders. Mary Ann Talbert. 
 
 \U-9''6-'\^ Elizabeth Thornton. 
 
 2 Mary Thornton. * 
 
 3 Henry Joseph Thornton. 
 
 l'2-l"l"'l-' Felix Hurd McNair. Louisa Jane Vann and Nannie Sarah 
 Bushyhead. 
 
 2 Delilah McNair. '^ Frank Shafer. 
 
 OK 3 Martha McNair. William Henry Mayes. 
 
 l'2-l-''2-'l''' Sarah McNair. Brice Martin Adair. 
 
 2 Martha McNair. '■' Joel Bryan Mayes. 
 
 OK 3 William Lucullus McNair. Rachel Mayes. 
 
 4 John R. McNair. Cynthia Huffaker and Elizabeth Parrott. 
 
 5 Clement McNair. * 
 
 6 Mary Delilah McNair. Benjamin Franklin Adair. 
 
 7 Talbert McNair. '■' Nellie Carter. 
 
 8 Oscar McNair. * 
 
 9 Nicholas Benjamin McNair. Rachel Sanders and Martha E. 
 
 Jones. 
 
 1^2-1"3-*1' Albina McNair Rogers. Anderson Smith Bell. 
 
 2 Henry Rogers. Martha McNair. 
 
 3 David M. Rogers. Mary Strickland. 
 
 4 Robert Nicholas Rogers. Sarah Jones. 
 \^2"\-H*\'' Amelia Bean. John Chambers. 
 
 2 David Bean. '■'■ 
 
 3 Talbert Bean. 
 
 4 Augustus Bean. * 
 
 5 William E. Bean. Nancy Ann nee Blythe. 
 
 6 Almira Neely Bean. * John Chambers. 
 
 7 Susan Virginia Weir. * William Henry Mayes. 
 
 8 Clementine Weir. Augustus A. Shutt. 
 l'2=r'5-'l"' Clement Neely Vann. Isadora V. Mackey. 
 
 2 Nicholas Byers Vann. * 
 
 3 David Lucullus Vann. * 
 
 4 Mary Delilah Vann. George Washington Drew and Joel 
 
 Bryan Mayes. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 425 
 
 5 Charles Avoy Vann. * 
 
 6 Joseph Lewis Vann. Caroline Elizabeth Sixkiller. 
 
 7 Martha Elizabeth Vann. Samuel Houston Mayes. 
 1'2-'1''6'1'' Martha McNair. Henry Rogers and John Martin Thompson. 
 
 2 John Martin McNair. Mary Jane Hale. 
 
 OK 3 Clement Alexander McNair. 
 
 4 .Nicholas George McNair. 
 
 5 Amelia Delilah McNair. William Archibald Henry. 
 
 6 Ezra Almon McNair. 
 
 7 Leoda Tennessee McNair. John Fischer. 
 
 8 Mary Elizabeth McNair. John Carley. 
 l'2-2''l'l'' Fannie Vann. Florian Haraden Nash. 
 l'2-2-'3'l' Jennie Vann. William Wilson Harnage. 
 
 2 John Vann. 
 
 3 Richard Fields Vann. Minnie Ross Cunningham. 
 
 4 Charles Edward Vann. Ada Raymond. 
 r2-2'4'l' Mary Vann Brewer. * 
 
 2 John Duncan Brewer. * 
 
 OK 3 Thomas Henry Brewer. * 
 
 4 Cherokee Juliette Brewer. Walter Hampton Jackson. 
 
 5 Oliver Hazard Perry Brewer. 
 
 r2-V'l 'I'' Martha Jane Ferguson. William Henry Land. 
 
 2 Elizabeth Ferguson. Houston Smith. 
 
 3 Napoleon Marrs. 
 I'2-3''3'I' John Henry. 
 
 2 Margaret Henry. 
 
 3 Lewis Beamer. Alice Towie. 
 
 4 John Beamer. Alice Bigdollar. 
 
 1'2-4-M'l'' William Brown. Frances Silverheels and Amanda Black. 
 
 l'2-4-'3'l"' John Shepherd. Roxie Evans. 
 
 2 Mary Shepherd. 
 
 3 Emma Shepherd. Jesse Thompson. 
 
 4 James Shepherd. 
 
 r2-4-'(>'l'' Annie Shepherd. William Smith and U. K. Vasbinda. 
 
 2 Charles H. Sliepherd. 
 
 3 William Ernest Shepherd. 
 
 4 Elizabeth Shepherd. 
 ['2-4'7W' Fane Shepherd. 
 
 2 Eliza Shepherd. Henry Brazeel. 
 
 3 Malinda L. Shepherd. John W. Thompson. 
 
 4 Richard Shepherd. 
 l'2-4''0'i-- Alpha O. Wickett. 
 
426 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 r2M"ll-*l-'^ Augustus Shepherd. 
 
 2 Charles Shepherd. 
 
 OK 3 Edward Shepherd. 
 
 4 Pearl Shepherd. 
 
 5 Jackson Shepherd. 
 
 1'2-'5"1^P Nancy Ann Starr. William Duncan and Young Charles 
 Gordon Duncan. 
 
 2 George Harlan Starr. * 
 OK 3 Martha Jane Starr. George Washington Crittenden. 
 
 4 Joseph McMinn Starr. Sarah Crittenden and Susie Shell. 
 
 5 Walter Adair Starr. Ruth Ann Alberty nee Thornton, Ella 
 
 Elizabeth Christie and Saphronia Barnett nee Crutchfield. 
 
 6 Sallie Elizabeth Starr. Frank Howard. 
 
 7 Edward Bruce Starr. Rachel Pauline Henry. 
 
 8 Clement Vann Starr. * 
 
 9 Caleb Wilson Starr. 
 r2-5"'2-*l^ Emily Clyne. Frank Howard. 
 
 2 Edward Adair Clyne. Nannie J. Whitmire. 
 
 OK 3 Elizabeth Clyne. Martin Jackson Bradford. 
 
 4 Sallie Clyne. 
 
 5 Timothy Walker Clyne. Nora Alice Smith. 
 
 6 Ella Clyne. Frank Stapler Howard. 
 1'2-5"4^I'^ Ruth Adair. * 
 
 2 James Adair. * 
 
 l'2-5''5"'l^ Andrew Griffin Cookson. Mary Jane Carlile. 
 
 2 Edley Levi Cookson. Agnes Pettit. 
 
 OK 3 Joseph J. Cookson. Eliza Pettit. 
 
 4 Delilah Cookson. Michael K. Patrick. 
 
 Conrad. 
 
 1^ Onai. Hamilton Conrad. 
 
 1M= Rattling-gourd Conrad. Mary Toney. 
 
 2 Hair Conrad. Ollie Candy and Melvina McGee. 
 
 OK 3 Youngwolf Conrad. Jennie Taylor. 
 
 4 Quatie Conrad. Alexander Brown, Archibald Fields and 
 John Benge. 
 
 1M = 1S Dorcas Rattlinggourd. Richard Foreman. 
 
 2 Tony Rattlinggourd. Lucretia Tiger. 
 
 OK 3 Jackson Rattlinggourd. Elsie Wilson. A54 
 
 4 Sallie Rattlinggourd. Samuel Foreman and Peacheater 
 
 Sixkiller. 
 
 5 Catherine Rattlinggourd. George Washington Campbell. 
 
 6 Daniel Rattlinggourd. Eliza Abigal Looney. 
 
 7 John Rattlinggourd. Nannie Mannion. 
 
 8 Margaret aRttlinggourd. Benjamin Downing. 
 
 9 David Rattlinggourd. * Nannie Jennings nee. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 437 
 
 10 Charles Rattling^ourd. Lucy Mcintosh *, Levisa Mcintosh 
 
 r.o P,- '. ,"'u CampbeIl^ Benge and Susie Hair. 
 
 l'2-l' Elizabeth Hair. Daniel Hopkins. 
 
 2 Susie Hair. Charles Rattlinggourd. 
 
 3 Jeflerson Hair. Chinosa O'Fields, Mary Tvner nee Sanders 
 
 and Eliza Ramsey nee Tyner. 
 
 4 Diana Hair. Wade Hampton Robertson. 
 
 5 John Hair. Lucy Robertson, Annie Sanders, Mary Butler 
 
 and Lucy Justice. 
 
 6 Nannie Hair. * 
 
 7 Mary Hair. John Ramsey. 
 
 8 James Hair. Sarah Davis, Susie Reese and Nellie Robertson. 
 ') Elizabeth Hair. Ashhopper. 
 I" OJlie Hair. Wallace Vann. 
 
 11 Eliza Hair. Starr Deerinthewater, Johnson Blythe and 
 George Roberts. 
 r^-'I- Susie Wolf. Samuel Ballard and Michael Bridgemaker. 
 
 2 Nannie Wolf. Thomas Starr. 
 
 OK ? Margaret Wolf. Daniel McCoy. 
 
 ■4 Annie Wolf. William Williams and James Sterling Price. 
 
 5 Dennis Wolf. Isabel Fields and Peggy McDaniel. 
 
 \'A-\'-^ John Lucien Brown. Elizabeth Coody nee Meade, Minerva 
 Coker nee Foster and Mary Lowrey nee Simpson. 
 
 2 Jennie Fields. Allen Ross. 
 
 OK 3 Anderson Benge. Elizabeth Busky and Susan Henrietta 
 
 Foreman. 
 
 l'5-'l-' John Terrapin. Ga-ho-ka Ratlifl and Nannie Blalock nee 
 Bark. 
 
 2 Jennie Terrapin. So-sa and Edward Foreman. A53 
 
 OK 3 James Terrapin. 
 
 4 Thomas Fox Conrad. Caroline Wheeler. 
 
 rri-T' Anthony Foreman. Nellie Buftington and Eliza Toney. 
 
 2 Lucinda Foreman. John Foster. 
 
 3 John Foreman. Susie Leach. 
 
 4 Lewis Foreman. 
 
 5 Amos Foreman. " Eliza Gunter. 
 
 6 William H. Foreman. Letitia Woodward. 
 
 7 Thomas Foreman. 
 
 8 Ruth Foreman. Patrick Lyman. 
 
 9 Edward Foreman. 
 
 1(1 Emily Foreman. Wallace Ratliff. 
 
 1 I George Foreman. Mary Lowrey. 
 
428 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 11^22^-' Polly Gourd. Wickliffe. 
 
 2 Rider Gourd. Catherine Wolf. 
 
 ri-3-'l^ Joseph Gourd. '■' 
 
 2 Nannie Gourd. Joshua Roach. 
 
 OK 3 Charlotte Gourd. Llachlan Btavert and William Pinckney 
 
 McCay. 
 
 4 Susie Gourd. Wiliam H. Turner. 
 
 5 Looney Gourd. Julia Clit^'ner and Lydia Humphreys. 
 
 6 Archibald Gourd. * 
 
 7 Richard Gourd. * Nannie R. Gourd nee 
 
 8 Ellis Gourd. Susie Hendricks. 
 
 9 James Gourd. Elizabeth Hendricks, Nancy Jane Lillard nee 
 
 Patrick and Adeline Johnson nee Payne. 
 
 10 Thomas Gourd. * 
 
 1 1 Jennie Gourd. Wilkerson Hubbard Parris. 
 
 12 Elizabeth Gourd. James G. Mehlin. 
 
 1 3 Mary Gourd. Asa Guinn. 
 
 1 1 Alice Gourd. * Andrew Henderson Norwood. 
 
 riM^f Nannie Foreman. John T. Foster and Redbird Sixkiller. 
 
 2 Sarah Foreman. Benjamin Foster and Elijah Maylield *. 
 OK 3 Elias Gourd Foreman. Jennie Alberty and Mary Sanders 
 nee Smith. 
 
 4 Catherine Foreman. Aaron Crittenden, George Tiesky, 
 
 Scudders Downing and Nelson Terrapin. 
 
 5 Ellis Foreman. Elizabeth Crittenden and Sarah Kelly nee 
 
 Phillips. 
 
 l'r-5'M-' Samuel Campbell. Polly Starr and Elizabeth Cramp nee 
 
 Hildebrand. 
 
 1M=6-M-* Looney Gourd. Sallie F. Carter and Dorothy Theresa 
 Meeker. 
 
 2 Charles Gourd. * Samantha Miller. 
 
 OK 3 Sarah Gourd. * 
 
 4 John Gourd. Artemissa Beavert. 
 
 5 Timothy Gourd. Julia Roberson. 
 
 6 Thomas Gourd. Paralee McPherson. 
 
 7 Alexander Gourd. Elizabeth Daugherty. 
 rr-7''l^ Jesse Gourd. Susie Benge. 
 
 2 Sarah Gourd. Stephen Vann. 
 
 OK 3 Thomas Gourd. Maria Smith. 
 
 4 Caroline Gourd. 
 
 5 Nannie Gourd. 
 
 6 Charles Gourd. Nannie Christy. 
 
 7 Maude Gourd. John Downing and Wesley Lester Carroll. 
 IM^S'^l-* William Downing. Susan J. Reese. 
 
 2 Charles Downing. Susan Downing nee Reese. 
 
 3 Cynthia Downing. Henry Lowrey. 
 
 4 Catherine Downing. * William Steele. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 429 
 
 5 Sarah Downing. Glass, Raven, David A. Mar- 
 
 tin, Perry Hysel and Johnson Riley. 
 
 6 Elizabeth Downing. Ellis Lowrey. 
 
 7 Clarinda Downing. James Lowrey and David A. Martin. 
 I'l-'lo-M' Thomas Gourd. Rebecca Smith and Nannie Beaver. 
 
 2 Mary Gourd. Joseph Herberger. 
 
 OK 3 Martin Gourd. * 
 
 l'2=r'r' Rebecca Hopkins. Simpson Foster Monroe and Dr Peter 
 Tabler. 
 
 2 Electa Hopkins. Henry Crittenden. 
 
 OK 3 Martha Hopkins. George Smith. 
 
 4 Belle Hopkins. John Marcus Countryman. 
 
 5 Sarah Abigal Hapkins. Stephen Gray Garharini. 
 r2-2-'l' Nellie Gourd. * Cherokee Manning. 
 
 r2-3'''r' Nancy Ann Hair. William Campbell and Joseph Seabolt. 
 
 2 Elizabeth Hair. * Samuel Cloud. 
 
 OK 3 Diana Hair. * Ahleecher. 
 
 4 Charlotte Hair. * 
 
 5 Clay Hair. Martha Fox. 
 
 6 John Hair. 
 
 Abigal Hair. James McDaniel and Ahleecher. 
 
 .s David Hair. Sallie Wicklille. 
 
 9 Joseph Hair. 
 
 Ill George Hair. * 
 
 I 1 Francis Marion Hair. Sarah VVatkins. 
 
 1'2-4'r' Richard Robertson. Susan Lowrey and Susan Wilkerson. 
 
 2 Maria Louisa Robertson. Stephen Spears. 
 
 OK 3 Jerterson Allen Robertson. Lou Rountree and Annie 
 
 O'Riley. 
 
 4 Emiline McCoy Robertson. Bluford West Foreman. 
 
 5 Evans Price Robertson. Sarah Ellen Spears. 
 
 r2-5''l' Ezekial Hair. Catherine Fishhawk, Amanda Kanoska and 
 
 2 Amanda Hair. Mitchell Hiidebrand and Stephen Hildehrand. 
 
 3 Elizabeth Hair. George Benge. 
 
 4 John Hair. Mary Elizabeth Davis. 
 
 5 Thomas Candy Hair. * 
 
 6 Medley Tyner Hair. * 
 
 7 George Candy Hair. Mary Levi and Jennie Lind Starr nee 
 
 Starr. 
 
430 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 r2=7^1-* Martha Ramsey. John Mosley. 
 
 2 Susie Ramsey. Maxwell Chambers. 
 
 P2-8-'l-' Catherine Hair. Soldier Sixkiller. 
 
 2 Nicholas Hair. Lucinda Robinson. 
 
 3 Samuel Hair. Jennie Still. 
 
 4 John Hair. Mary McPherson. 
 
 5 Elizabeth Hair. Hulburt Bean. 
 
 6 Margaret Hair. Deerinthewater. 
 7 Araminta Hair. George Ross. 
 
 8 James Hair. Elizabeth Gibbs nee Holt and Sarah Cox. 
 
 9 Jesse Hair. Fannie Tyner. 
 
 10 Solomon Hair. Beatrice Brown. 
 
 [12-9-M-' Annie Hopper. 
 
 2 Joseph Hopper. * 
 
 OK 3 George Hopper. * 
 
 4 Sallie Hopper. John French. 
 
 5 Susie Hopper. David Sanders. 
 
 6 Martin Hopper. Mary Frisley, Annie Bolin and Nellie 
 
 Christy. 
 
 7 Jennie Hopper. Charles Pritchett. 
 1'2=1 l-'l^ Jackson Blythe. 
 
 2 Elizabeth I31ythe. Richard H. Bowles. 
 
 3 Joseph Roberts. 
 r3-l-''l"' Ruth May. James Grigsby. 
 
 Alexander Ballard. Catherine Whitecatcher, Lucy Swim- 
 mer and Rachel Patrick. 
 
 OK 3 Annie Ballard. '■'' Levi Rogers and Daniel Ballou. 
 
 4 Downy Ballard. * 
 
 5 Thomas Ballard. Mariamnme Catherine Lillard. 
 
 6 Susie Ballard. * 
 
 1'3=2''^1-' James Starr. Lettie Boyd Chambers. 
 
 2 Ellis Harlan Starr. 
 
 OK 3 Richard Taylor Starr. =:^ 
 
 4 Nancy Jane Starr. Joseph Chambers. 
 
 5 Bluford West Starr. Margaret Ann McDaniel. 
 r3=3^1-* Joseph Rogers McCoy. Mary Hicks. 
 
 2 Sallie McCoy. Andrew Miller and Charles Bushyhead. 
 
 3 James Christopher McCoy. Jennie Adair, Margaret Fore- 
 man and Malinda Carey nee Downing. 
 
 4 Rory McCoy. * 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 431 
 
 5 Ruth Eineline McCoy. George Washington Hause and Je- 
 
 rome Newton Kepheart. 
 
 6 Samuel Worcester McCoy. EHzabeth Foreman. 
 
 7 Mary McCoy. Wiley Vann. 
 
 8 Amanda McCoy. - Daniel Uushyhead. 
 
 9 Margaret McCoy. - Surry Eaton Beck. 
 
 10 Daniel Hicks McCoy. * Nannie Davis and Rebecca Fowler 
 
 1 1 Sahra Buffington McCoy. *John Ross Hicks. 
 
 12 John Alexander McCoy. Elizabeth Keys, Jennie Dennis, 
 
 Annie Coker, Annie Chooie and Margaret Hogan. 
 
 r?-4-'r' Maria Jane Williams. 
 
 2 Emma Lowrey Williams. * Daniel McCoy Gunter. 
 
 OK 5 John Price. Catherine McDaniel. 
 
 4 Sarah Robidet Price. * 
 
 l'3-5''r' Thomas Wolf. Sarah Nix. 
 
 2 Nancy E. Wolf. * Thomas Jefferson Monroe. 
 
 3 .Margaret Ann Wolf. Richard M. Fields and George Ewers. 
 
 4 James Wolf. * 
 
 5 Martha Wolf. * 
 
 Hawk Wolf. Catherine Alexander. 
 
 Louisa Jane Wolf. Samuel Chambers and John Horn. 
 
 X Araminta Wolf. Wilson Girty. 
 1'4-'I''I' John B. Brown. Margaret McCoy * and Susan Frances 
 Colbert. 
 OK 3 Joseph C. Brown. Elizabeth Cox. 
 
 4 Susan Elizabeth Brown. David Martin. 
 
 5 Ebenezer Brown. Elsie Wilson nee Colbert. 
 
 Julia Brown. James McGilton Chaney. 
 
 l.ouis l.aforce Brown. Matilda Goodtraveler. 
 
 r4-'2"'I' l.ucinda Ross. * Charles Renatus Hicks. 
 
 2 Victoria Ross. * 
 
 OK ? Susan Ross. Osceola Powell Daniel. 
 
 4 Rufus O. Ross. Elizabeth Grace Meigs. 
 
 5 Robert Bruce Ross. Fannie Thornton. 
 
 6 Emma Ross. Osceola Powell Daniel. 
 
 7 William Wallace Ross. Delilah Jane Daniel. 
 
 8 Elizabeth Ross. * John Ross Vann. 
 114:3.111 Susie Benge. Jesse (}ourd. 
 
 George Benge. Elizabeth Hair. 
 
 3 James Franklin Benge. Ruth Ellen Martin. 
 
432 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 4 Richard Fields Benge. Martlia Adair Brewer. 
 l^SMl'l"* Charles Terrapin. Catherine E. Bark. 
 
 2 Lydia Terrapin. 
 
 r5=2-M-' John Wade Johnson. Sallie Mayes and 
 
 2 Mary Johnson. Stephen Foreman. 
 
 3 Eliza Johnson. * 
 
 4 Joseph Anthony Foreman. Rachel Hampton. 
 
 5 Susan Frances Foreman. * George Washington Smith. 
 
 6 Thomas Fox Foreman. Ada Vann nee Chandler. 
 115-4-1^ Alice V. Conrad. 
 
 2 Myrtle Conrad. 
 
 Riley. 
 
 r Samuel Riley. Gu-lu-sti-yu and Ni-go-di-ge-yu. A55 
 
 l^r' Nannie Riley. John McNary. 
 
 2 Richard Riley. Diana Campbell. 
 
 3 Mary Riley. Samuel Keys. 
 
 4 Elizabeth Riley. Isaac Keys. 
 
 5 John Riley. Susan Walker. 
 
 6 Nellie Riley. Charles Coody. 
 
 7 Sallie Riley. William Keys. 
 
 8 Lucy Riley. Owen Brady. 
 
 9 Louisa Riley. Dennis Biggs. 
 10 Loony Riley. Rachel Stuart. 
 
 1 I Rachel Riley. Daniel Milton and James McDaniel. 
 
 12 James Riley. Jennie Shields and 
 
 1 3 Catherine Riley. Andrew Lacey. 
 
 14 Martha Riley. John Hall. 
 
 15 Madison Riley. * 
 
 16 Nelson Riley. Elizabeth Thompson and Mary Cordell nee 
 1'1-1' Margaret McNary. James Thompson. 
 
 1'2=1-'' Jennie Riley. David Carter. A45 
 
 OK 2 Elizabeth Riley. Wright Romine and Jacob Bushyhead. 
 
 l'3-l^ Anariah Keys. Benjamin Price. 
 
 2 Richard Keys. Mary A. Hayes. 
 
 OK 5 Evaline Keys. Theodore McCoy. 
 
 4 Samuel Riley Keys. Mary Easter Hanna. 
 
 5 James Madison Keys. Mary Etta Smith. 
 
 6 Mary Keys. Stephen Bruner. 
 lH-13 Nannie Keys. Thomas Bertholf. 
 
 2 Riley Keys. Eliza Gunter, Esther Lee and Minerva Nave. 
 
 OK 3 Leroy Keys. Jennie Gunter and Nannie Melton. 
 
 4 Letitia Keys. Edward Gunter and Jackson Tyner. 
 
 5 Lydia Keys. * John King. 
 
 I 6 George Washington Keys. * 
 
 I 7 Thomas Jefferson Keys. * 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 43} 
 
 8 Sallie Keys. John Spears. 
 
 9 Richard R. Keys. Amanda Walker. 
 
 10 Electa Bosworth Keys. Marcus O. Bertholf. 
 
 1 1 Rachel Keys. Pinckney McCay. 
 
 12 Samuel Houston Keys. Cherokee Melton and Sarah Mcln 
 
 tosh. 
 
 13 Martha J. Keys. Edward Wright, Andrew Tyner and Jame.s 
 
 Atkins. 
 
 14 Isaac William Keys. Jennie Ramsey, Cynthia Irving and 
 
 Martha E. Holland nee Miller. 
 
 15 Susan Keys. Edward Melton. 
 
 16 Elizabeth Keys. George Harlan. 
 
 1'5=1-' Felix Riley. Mary Stewart, Susie Bigby, Annie Peacheater 
 nee Hendricks and Naomi Vickery. 
 
 2 Nannie Riley. * 
 
 3 Sallie W. Riley. Rev. Stephen Foreman. 
 
 4 Jennie C. Riley. William R. Bean and Nicholas Woods. 
 
 5 Perloney Riley. 
 
 6 Susan Riley.Sanders Choate. 
 
 7 Samuel Riley. Nannie Nave. 
 
 8 Malinda Riley. Levi Jordan. 
 
 y Rebecca McNair Riley. Alexander Drumgool Wilson and 
 
 Archibald M. Wilson. 
 
 10 Laura Riley. * John Lowrey McCoy. 
 
 1 I John McNary Riley. Nannie Ivey. 
 
 l'6-l-' Archibald Coody. Elizabeth Meade. 
 
 2 En,s;evine Coody. Elizabeth McPherson. 
 
 OK 3 Richard Coody. Belinda George Riley. 
 
 4 Rufus Coody. * Margaret Gunter. 
 
 5 Madison Coody. Margaret Coody nee Gunter. 
 
 6 Charles Coody. * Susie Fields. 
 
 7 Sallie Coody. * Hugh Montgomery McPherson. 
 
 8 Elizabeth Coody. Wiley Forrester. 
 
 9 Nannie Coody. Richard Carter. 
 10 Samuel Coody. * Sallie Riley. 
 
 l'7-l-'' Lewis Keys. Catherine McDaniel. 
 
 2 Diana Keys. * Joseph Spears. 
 
 OK 3 Levi Keys. * Lucinda Jane Sanders. 
 
 4 Mary Keys. * 
 
 5 Monroe Calvin Keys. Lucy Lowrey Hoyt. 
 
 6 Elizabeth A. Keys. Johnson Riley. 
 
 7 Looney Keys. * 
 
 r8=l'' Samuel Riley Brady. Sallie Prince and Mary Wilkerson. 
 
 2 Eliza Bradv. David Webber and Daniel Perdue. 
 
 OK 3 Malinda Brady. William Freshower. and McKenzie Coats 
 
 4 Charles Brady. * 
 
 5 Earl Bradv. 
 
434 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 6 James Monroe Brady. Elizabeth Gore, Nellie Mcintosh and 
 
 Elizabeth Whitman. 
 
 7 Isaac Lewis Brady. * Sarah Hale. 
 
 8 Lucinda Brady. 
 
 9 Rachel Brady. '^ Pinson Enj;land. 
 
 10 Sallie Brady. Wiley McNair Guilliams. 
 
 1^9-1" Napoleon Bonaparte Biggs. * 
 
 2 Sallie Biggs. * 
 
 OK 3 Minerva Biggs. '= John Thompson. 
 
 4 Eliza Biggs. * 
 
 5 John Biggs. * 
 
 lMO-1-^ Eliza Riley. George Harlan. 
 
 2 Belinda George Riley. Richard Goody. 
 
 OK 3 Samuel King Riley. Sallie A. Rider. 
 
 4 John Riley. Minerva Porter. 
 
 5 Mary Jane Riley. Watson Walker. 
 
 6 Rufus Riley. Elizabeth Risner. 
 
 7 Lucy Riley. Andrew Jackson Greenway. 
 
 8 Sallie Riley. * Samuel Goody. 
 
 9 Ellen Riley. William Roach. 
 
 10 Randolph Riley. Eliza Goody and Missouri Ellen Harlow. 
 
 P ll-L'' John Melton. * 
 
 2 Elias McDaniel. * 
 
 OK 3 Charles McDaniel. * 
 
 4 Joseph McDaniel. * 
 
 1M2-18 Lewis Riley. Nicey Maxfield, Nancy Tassell, Elizabeth 
 Rogers, Sarah Ghilders and Mary Martin nee McLaughlin. 
 
 2 Susan Riley. James Madison Payne. 
 
 OK 3 Malinda Riley. — Applegate, John Hall and — Crockett. 
 
 4 Nannie Riley. 
 
 5 Jonathan Riley. Mary Jack nee Gunter. 
 
 ri3-l^ Ensley Lacey. Martha Taylor and Mary Bolin. 
 
 2 Amanda Lacey. Robert Wilkins. 
 
 3 Eliza Lacey. Richard Rogers. 
 
 4 Mary Lacey. * Hill, Haynes and Jesse Lee. 
 
 5 Alexander Lacey. * Elizabeth Thornton. 
 
 6 Catherine Lacey. * 
 1M4M3 Elizabeth Hall. Eli Spears. 
 
 2 Ellen Hall. - 
 OK 3 Martha Hall. * 
 
 1M6M'' Ellen Riley. * 
 
 2 Margaret Riley. * 
 
 OK 3 Julius Riley. Amanda Cordell. 
 
 4 Joseph Riley. Matilda Maxtleld and Lucy Ore nee Lusk. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 435 
 
 5 Mary Ann Riley. Thomas Maxlield and William M Trin- 
 
 lett. ' ' 
 
 6 Perry Andre Riley. Eliza Colston. 
 
 7 Charles Riley. * 
 
 8 Martha Jane Riley. * William Freeman. 
 
 9 Louisa Riley. * 
 
 I'l-l'l' Mary Ann Thompson. William Smith Terrell. 
 
 2 Angerona Thompson. * William Choate. 
 
 5 William U. Thompson. Sallie B. Johnson. 
 
 4 Lurena Thompson. James Frazier. 
 
 r2--|-'l' Richard Carter. Nannie Coody. 
 
 2 Alexander Carter. * 
 
 OK ^ John Ross Carter. * Sarah Rogers. 
 
 4 Benjamin Wisner Carter. Nannie Elliott and Serena Jose- 
 
 phine Guy. 
 
 5 Uiana Carter. William Parrott. 
 
 6 Sallie F. Carter. Looney Gourd. 
 
 7 Thomas Jefferson Carter. Susie Robertson nee Lowrey. 
 
 8 Nannie Carter. *James Brower. 
 
 9 David Tecumseh Carter. Emma Williams Chambers. 
 10 Osceola Carter. * 
 
 l'2-2''l' Sarah Jane Romine. * 
 
 2 Caroline Eliza Romine. Thomas Ballard and David Edward 
 Sanders. 
 
 OK ^ Joseph Bushyhead. Delilah Si.xkiller. 
 
 4 Lovely Ann Bushyhead. John Beard. 
 
 I '5- 1 ''I' Samuel Joseph Price. Sarah Williams. 
 
 2 Catherine Price. 
 
 l'V-2-'I' Willamson Roland Winston Cobb Keys. Mary t. Booth. 
 
 2 Mary Ann Keys. Julian F. Hickle. 
 
 3 Charles Lewis Keys. Martha Jane Mclntyre. 
 
 4 Sarah Keys. Fawnberg. 
 
 5 Eliza Keys. Hugh O'Neill. 
 
 6 Theodore S. Keys. Margaret J. Kesterson. 
 
 7 Linnie Jane Keys. George William Batson and Daniel Crail. 
 
 8 Rebecca Alice Keys. Frances Marion Booth. 
 I'V-VM' James Christopher McCoy. 
 
 2 Leander McCoy. * 
 
 .5 Eliza McCoy. Richard Chastain. 
 
 4 Musidora McCoy. 
 
 5 James McCoy. Lonie Martin. 
 
 I'3=4-M' Marv Elizabeth Keys. * Lemuel Saunders. 
 
 2 Polina Jane Keys. George Washington Patrick. 
 
 OK 3 William Campbell Mason Keys. Fannie Mullins. 
 
 4 Levi Rogers Keys.- Levannah Elizabeth Carlile nee Catron. 
 
436 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 5 Samuel Joseph Keys. Mary Theresa Thomas. 
 
 P3-5-M-' William Samuel Keys. Texas Cox. 
 
 2 Hulda Keys. Joseph Lusk and Matthew James Whitfield. 
 
 OK 3 James Theodore Keys. Margaret Elizabeth Spears nee 
 
 Carlile. 
 
 4 Lorenzo Dow Keys. 
 
 5 Virginia Caperton Keys. Benjamin Duff. 
 
 6 Dudley Columbus Keys. Amanda Catherine Langley. 
 
 7 Mitchell Graham Keys. Sarah Jane Leadford. 
 
 8 Mary Olivia Keys. 
 
 9 Martha Keys. John S. Hyatt. 
 
 10 Ophelia Warren Keys. William Franklin Langley. 
 
 \'i-6'''l^ Letitia Ann Williams. 
 
 2 John R. Bruner. Letha Harrison. 
 
 3 Isaac Norris Bruner. Martha Margaret Harrison. 
 
 4 George Samuel Bruner. Maude Amanda America Holloway. 
 
 5 Theodore Syphian Bruner. Martha Caroline Gamblin. 
 1M=1-M^ Elizabeth Letitia Bertholf. William F. Mcintosh. 
 
 2 Jennie Bertholf. Charles Bray. 
 
 OK 3 Isaac Wesley Bertholf. * 
 
 4 Thomas Bertholf. * 
 
 5 Cornelia L. Bertholf. * Daniel Fields Smith. 
 
 6 William Henry Bertholf. Amanda Jane McLemore. 
 
 7 Electa Victoria Bertholf. Stand Watie Gray. 
 
 8 Richard Riley Bertholf. Octavia Maxfield. 
 1M=2M'' Elsie Keys. * 
 
 2 George Keys. * 
 
 3 Alice Keys. * John Gonzales. 
 
 4 Lewis Keys. * Nancy Wheeler Watie. 
 
 5 Elizabeth Keys. •■= John Alexander McCoy. 
 
 6 Nancy Jane Keys. James Monroe Wilkerson and John 
 
 Lyman. 
 
 7 Louisa Keys. * 
 
 8 Mary Ellen Keys. William Bentz and Pleasant Porter. 
 
 9 Fannie Keys. William Henry Balentine. 
 10 Riley Keys. Julia Turner. 
 ^1423314 Riley J. Keys. * Nancy Perloney Harlan. 
 
 2 Letitia Keys. Mitchell Harlan, Johnson Riley and Joseph 
 Asbury Denho. 
 
 3 Oceola Keys. Nannie Ashcraft. 
 
 2 Nannie Tvner. William Pettit. 
 
HISTOF^Y OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 437 
 
 OK 3 Lydia Tyner. Bluford West Rider. 
 
 4 George Washington 'I'yner. Mary Shaw and Mary Ann 
 
 Elder. 
 
 5 Fannie 1 yner. * 
 r4-8-'l^ Minerva Spears. 
 
 I 2 Araminta Spears. * 
 
 OK i 3 Mary Spears. Edward Campbell. 
 
 r4-9-'H Samuel H. Keys. Mary E. Tarrents. 
 
 2 Elizabeth Keys. * 
 
 OK 3 Nellie Walker Keys. Albert P. Litto. 
 
 4 George Edward Keys. 
 
 r4-lu-M' John Riley Bertholf. 
 
 2 Nancy Jane Bertholf. Otto Zufall. 
 
 OK 3 Martha Leonora Bertholf. I'ljasant Porter. 
 
 4 Letitia Ann Bertholf. William Arthur Madden. 
 
 5 Thomas Edward Bertholf. Ada Bird Barton. 
 l'4-l2-'r' Victoria Keys. Lewis Keys. 
 
 2 Samuel Keys. 
 
 OK 3 Edward Keys. 
 
 4 Eliza Keys. Frederick Dyer. 
 
 5 Richard Keys. 
 
 6 James H. Keys. 
 
 7 Leroy Keys. 
 
 8 Ella Keys. 
 
 9 Ada Keys. 
 
 ri-M-M' Lerov Hammond Keys. IsaJiclle Thomas. 
 
 2 Jessie Lena Keys. Samuel Jordan. 
 
 OK 3 Nellie Grace Keys. 
 
 4 Ida Myrtle Keys. 
 
 l'5M-'l' Richard Riley. Mary A. Simpkins. 
 
 2 Jennie Riley. Looney Seabolt, James Roberts, Eugene 
 
 Triplet! and Jasper Newton Scrimsher. 
 
 3 Sarah Riley. David Seabolt and Walter Scott Agnew. 
 
 4 Harrison Riley. * 
 
 5 Susan Riley. Ellis Gourd. 
 
 f. John Riley. Mary Harden. 
 7 Sarah Riley. * 
 
 !s~Nancy Jane Riley. William Rider, Fredrick Mayes and 
 
 Charles Wallace. 
 9 Samuel Riley. * 
 1'5-3-''l' Austin Worcester Foreman. * 
 
438 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 2 Ermina Nash Foreman. '■■ 
 
 3 Jeremiah Everett Foreman. Celeste Stidham. 
 
 4 Susie Elizabeth Foreman. * 
 
 5 John Anthony Foreman. Eliza Mary Blythe and Nancy 
 
 Amanda Smith. 
 
 6 Stephen Taylor Foreman. Ada Carter McCIellan. 
 
 7 Jennie Lind Foreman. Charles McCIure McCIellan. 
 
 8 Archibald Alexander Foreman. * Annie Rucks. 
 
 9 Austin Worcester Foreman. Emma Josephine Ridenhour 
 
 and Margaret Edith George. 
 
 1^5=4^1^ Sarah Bean. Samuel Childers and Lucas. 
 
 2 Robert Bruce Bean. Emily Ophelia Wall^er. 
 OK 3 Albert Bean. "■■ 
 
 4 DeWitt Anderson Bean. Lucy and Emily Ophelia 
 
 Bean nee Walker. 
 
 5 Josephus Bean. Martha McDonald, Eveline Ward and 
 
 Sarah Evans. 
 
 6 Mary Pauline Bean. William Blythe, John Friend and 
 
 Samuel G. Hetiington. 
 
 7 Edward Russell Bean. Ruby Romain McGath. 
 
 1^5-6^1"' George Washington Choate. Caroline Elizabeth Sanders 
 
 and Elizabeth Sanders. 
 1 1527:;, 4 William Riley. 
 
 2 Sarah Riley. 
 115-8'^H John W. Jordan. Sallie B. Thompson nee Bean, Martha 
 
 Rowland and Tennessee Jane Riley. 
 l^S'-'Q^-* Susan Rebecca Wilson. Joseph Polston, Thomas Wash- 
 ington Lindsey and William Thomas Huitt 
 2 Isabel Brandon Wilson. Henry Parish and Benjamin A. Rush. 
 OK 3 Laura Alice Wilson. John Raymond and Thomas Henry. 
 
 4 James Madison Wilson. Araminta Pharris. 
 
 5 Anise Femister Wilson. James Alexander Rice. 
 
 1^5-1 l''!-" Sallie Riley. Joseph Mason French. 
 
 2 Susan Elizabeth Riley. John Bean Gott. 
 
 OK 3 Alice Riley. James Sneed Vann. 
 
 4 Laura Bertha Riley. William Henry Marker. 
 
 1^6- 1^^ Delilah Coody. * 
 
 2 Ellen Coody. Thomas Lewis Rogers. 
 
 3 Archibald Coody. Hannah Jane Foreman. 
 
 4 Charles Edward" Coody. Laura Wilson nee HafT. 
 1^6-^2=1^ Elizabeth Coody. Rufus Coody. 
 
 2 Engevine Coody. Nannie . 
 
 i^6~3-H' Charles Coody. 
 
 2 John Henry Coody. Mary Ellen Rogers and Mary Ann Wil- 
 kerson. 
 
 l'6=53l^ Jennie Coody. * 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 439 
 
 ll'6-"9-'l^ Alice Forrester. N. A. Mallery and John Hohenstein. 
 
 2 Annie Elizabeth Forrester. Levi Parish. 
 
 l'6-9''l' James Madison Carter. * 
 
 2 Jennie Carter. * 
 
 3 Nellie Carter. * Talbert McNair. 
 
 4 Richard R. Carter. * 
 
 1'7-r'l' William Keys. Martha Brewster. 
 
 2 James McDaniel Keys. Nancy Jane Mayes. 
 
 3 John Keys. * 
 
 4 Ellen Keys. * 
 
 5 Lewis Shell Keys. Elizabeth Haseltine Taylor. 
 
 6 Joanna Keys. Moses Benona Hunley and William Patrick 
 
 Heffernan. 
 
 r7-5-'l' Mary Eunice Keys. Hamilton Balentine. 
 
 2 Lydia Emma Keys. Charles Johnson Kavanaugh Taylor. 
 
 OK 3 Fannie Myrtle Keys. James Andrew Leforce. 
 
 4 Sarah Ann Keys. Samuel Leforce. 
 
 5 Elizabeth Riley Keys. Orin Giteau Althy and John M. 
 
 Chumley. 
 
 6 Monroe Amory Keys. Martha nonnelly. 
 
 7 Lucy Keys. John B. Miles. 
 
 l'7=6-'l' Martha Belle Riley. John Porter Tiuunian. 
 l'8-'l-'l' Charles Bradv. * Nannie Roberson. 
 
 2 Adelaide Brady. William Wallace Freshower, Thomas 
 Fox Brewer, Wiley McNair Guilliams and Richard La- 
 fayette Sutherlin. 
 
 OK 3 William Brady. Caroline Smith* and Martha Hensley. 
 r.S-2-'I^ Owen Webber. * 
 
 2 Elizabeth Perdue. Jack Risner. 
 
 ( )K 3 Nannie Perdue. John Robison. 
 
 4 Caroline Perdue. * Jack Risner. 
 
 .S Eliza Perdue. * John Allen. 
 
 rSvVM' Joseph Freshow^er. Mary Clark. 
 
 2 William Wallace Freshower. Adelaide Brady. 
 
 OK 3 Henry Clay Freshower. * 
 
 4 Lucv Jane Freshower. * 
 
 5 Maiinda Coats. * James Case. 
 
 6 Samuel Coats. Cora Wattenberger and Alice Craig. 
 r8-6''r' Margaret Brady. William Henry Allison. 
 
 William Wallace Brady. 
 
440 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 3 Rosella Brady. 
 I'S-IO"-!^ Lucy Malinda Guilliams. * 
 riO-2"l^ Charles Coody. * 
 
 OK 2 John Henry Coody. Mary Ellen Rogers and Mary Ann 
 
 Wllkerson.* 
 
 1'10^3-M-' Victoria Ellen Riley. Marion Walker Couch. 
 
 2 Laura Sigison Riley. A. Frank Johnson. 
 
 OK 3 Clara C. Riley. Samuel Parks. 
 
 4 Mary Jane Riley. William Emory Roberts. 
 
 5 John Randolph Riley. Irene Kating. 
 
 6 George Washington Riley. Mary Ellen Smith. 
 riO-4'M"' Lewis Porter Riley. Elizabeth Compston. 
 
 2 Eliza Ellen Riley. '■' James Milton Holley. 
 
 OK 3 James Riley. Jennie May Paxton. 
 
 4 Sallie Lucinda Riley. Albert Melvin McMain. 
 
 riO-5'M^ Wiliam J. Walker. Georgia A. Harlow. 
 
 riO-6"M^ Samuel R. Riley. Nannie B. Seabolt. 
 
 2 Rufus Randolph Riley. 
 
 3 Atwood Riley. Eltie Mattox. 
 1'10-7"1-' Alonzo Greenway. Rose Anna Glenn. 
 
 2 Minnie Greenway. * 
 
 IMO-IO-M^ Ida May Riley. Martin Clarkson Woody. 
 
 1M2-1-M-' Eliza Riley. John Lovett. 
 
 2 Ruth Riley. Reese Candy and Rev. Stephen Foreman. 
 
 OK 3 Jennie Rilev. * 
 
 4 Johnson Riley. Letltia Harlan nee Riley, Elizabeth A. Key 
 and Sarah Glass nee Downing. 
 
 5 James Riley. =' Ida Gustavia Dance. 
 
 6 Flora Riley. Osceola Powell Daniel. 
 
 lM2-2-''l^ William Penn Payne. Amanda Scott and Alice Nave. 
 
 2 Cicero Payne. Caroline Foster. 
 
 3 James Madison Payne. * 
 
 4 John Jolly Payne. Mary Elizabeth Israel. 
 
 5 Lewis Albert Payne. Ella Bullfrog. 
 1'12=3-M^ James Applegate. 
 
 2 Jennie Thornton. 
 
 3 Arthur Crockett. * 
 
 4 Ann Crockett. Andrew Jackson Jeremiah. 
 
 5 Abigal Crockett. 
 -4'H^ Jennie Pavne. * 
 
 2 Flora Malinda Thome. John Gabriel Hawkins. 
 1'13-r'!^ Larry Miles Lacev. - Alice Barnes. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 441 
 
 2 John Drew Lacey. Mary Doherty nee Pettit and Lucy 
 Frances Prunty. 
 OK 3 Uelilah l.acev. * 
 
 4 Sarah Belle Lacey. Robert T. Thornton, George J. Salley. 
 
 rn-2'1' Georgia Ann Wilkins. John Osborn Walker and William 
 Scott. 
 
 Z Josephine Wilkins. Alfred Forsette and Joseph Marchand. 
 
 l'l3-3-'l' James Rogers. Mary Sanders. 
 
 ri4-l-''l' John Albion Spears. Josephine Turner and Belle Langley. 
 
 2 Sarah Ellen Spears. Evans Price Robertson. 
 
 3 Lorenzo Delano Spears. Jennie Columbia Beavert. 
 riGvVM' Elizabeth Riley. * McCoy Smith. 
 
 I'I6-4'I' Addie Riley. James Kyle. 
 
 2 Nelson Kilev. * 
 
 3 Charles Riley. * 
 l'ir)-S''i' Octavia Maxlleld. Richard Riley Bertholf. 
 
 2 Ida X'erona Maxlield. James Harvey Lindsey. 
 OK 3 Lillie Riley. Claude Hanks McDaniel. 
 I't6-'6'''l^ Nancy Amanda Riley. John Lee Lamb. 
 Duncan 
 I' Dorcas. Benge and Young Charles Gordon Dun- 
 can. A47 
 I'l- Edmond Benge. Mary Rains. 
 
 2 John Duncan. Elizabeth Abercrombie. 
 
 3 Rebecca Duncan. James Landrum. 
 
 4 Emily Duncan. Alexander Kell. 
 
 5 Elizabeth Duncan. * 
 
 6 Lewis Duncan. * 
 
 7 Charles Duncan. Mahala Abercrombie. 
 I'l-I-' Charles R. Duncan. Judith Roach. 
 
 2 Martha Duncan. David Jones. 
 
 OK 3 John R. Duncan. 
 
 4 Jennie Duncan. Thomas Carey. 
 
 5 Edmond Duncan. Maria Richey and Barbara Ashley. 
 
 6 William B. Duncan. Narcissa Reeves Foreman nee Carey. 
 
 7 Lewis Duncan. Marv Spears. 
 
 8 George Washington Duncan. * Martha Carey and Margaret 
 
 Scrimsher. 
 
 9 Nathaniel Green Duncan. Ellen Martin. 
 
 10 James R Duncan. Elizabeth Dennis and Susan Bryant. 
 
 11 Mary Duncan. James Martin, Samuel K. Weir, Thomas 
 
 Hickox and George W. Moore. 
 
 1 2 Ross Cherokee Duncan. Mary Goddard and Susie McLain. 
 
 I '2^ I-' Hannah Duncan. Ezekial Buffington McLaughlin. 
 
442 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 2 Emily Duncan. John Beck, and Thomas Winchester Measles. 
 OK 3 Mahala Duncan. James Smith West. 
 
 4 Walter Adair Duncan. Martha Bell, Martha Wilson and 
 
 Catherine Ann Caleb nee Larzalere. 
 
 5 James Abercrombie Duncan. Eliza Denton and Lucy Ann 
 Duncan nee Clark. 
 
 6 Young Charles Gordon Duncan. Sinia Eaton and Nancy 
 Ann Duncan nee Starr. 
 
 7 John Tommason Duncan. Elizabeth Sanders. 
 
 8 DeWitt Clinton Duncan. * Helen Rosencrantz. 
 
 9 William Wirt Duncan. Nancy Ann Starr. 
 
 10 Elizabeth Ann Duncan. Isaac Brown Hitchcock. 
 
 1 1 Joshua Bertholf Duncan. Elizabeth Ray and Lucy Ann 
 
 Thompson nee Clark. 
 
 l'3-l-' Nannie Landrum. Samuel Thomas. 
 
 2 Elizabeth Landrum. Andrew McLaughlin. 
 
 OK 3 Hiram Terrell Landrum. Mary Muskrat. 
 
 4 Charles Landrum. Ruth Proctor. 
 
 5 James Landrum Susan Muskrat. 
 
 6 Rebecca Landrum. =■' Thomas Davis. 
 
 7 Benjamin Franklin Landrum. Mary Berry 
 
 Woodall. 
 
 8 David Dixon Landrum. Susie Crutchtield. 
 
 9 Jemima Landrum. Elijah Moore and Wiley 
 10 John Landrum. Nellie Otterlifter. 
 
 1 1 Aaron Landrum. Easter Muskrat. 
 
 12 Dorcas Landrum. Elowie Butler. A61 
 1 3 Rachel Landrum. George Butf ington. 
 
 iM-'l'^ James Kell. Elizabeth Edgington, Julia Rogers and Nancy 
 Edgington. 
 2 Andrew Kell. 
 OK 3 David Kell. 
 
 John Kell. * 
 
 Elizabeth Kell. Lewis Rolston. 
 Rebecca Kell. Samuel Simons. 
 Nannie Kell. George Murray and William Lilly. 
 1^7-13 John Adair Duncan. * Mary Mc Williams nee Fields. 
 2 Young Charles Duncan. * 
 OK 3 Dorcas Duncan. John Manuel Corban, David Kell and 
 
 John McMurtry. 
 Caleb Duncan. Mary Elizabeth Hudson. 
 James Burr Duncan. Annie Jane Woodall. 
 Jonathan Gordon Duncan. * 
 Elizabeth Harriette Duncan. Henry Lewis Smith. 
 Thomas Washington Duncan. Edith Chapman Wright. 
 Robert Lewis Duncan. Sophia Neeley. 
 
 and Elizabeth 
 
 Earbob. 
 
 Annie Hawkins and Mary Huss. 
 Dorcas Corban nee Duncan. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 445 
 
 10 Rebecca Jane Duncan. John W. Carter. 
 
 1 1 Leonidas Philip Duncan. Marv Fleming. 
 
 I'Pl-'n Andrew Jackson Duncan. 
 
 2 Martha Duncan. Douglas Bryson. 
 
 3 William Duncan. 
 
 4 Francis Duncan. 
 
 5 Marion Duncan. 
 
 l'|-^2"l' Elizabeth Jones. John Rattlinggourd, Risingfawn and 
 Henry Blalock. 
 
 2 Frank Jones. * 
 
 3 George Jones. * 
 
 I'r-4"l' Edmond Duncan Carey. Lucy Pigeon and Lydia Ann 
 Pigeon. 
 2 Mary Ann Carey. Caleb Willis Conner. 
 OK 3 Ross Thomas Carey. Rebecca Conner, Josephine Blevins 
 
 and Nannie Henrietta Nidiller. 
 I'r-'5'1' Jennie Duncan. * 
 
 2 Sarah Elizabeth Duncan. * 
 
 3 Margaret Duncan. Otis J. Wing and Henry Odell. 
 
 4 Barbara Catherine Duncan. William Ferdinand Goodman. 
 iM-frl' Narcissa Jane Duncan. Henry Harrison Scraper. 
 
 OK 2 John Hamilton Duncan. 
 
 l'I-7-'l* Alice Duncan. 
 
 I'l'<i''l' Bluford Alberty Duncan. Samantha Carter nee Lane. 
 
 : Rebecca Jane Duncan. Francis Marion Conner. 
 
 1'1-|()-|' Daniel Duncan. '■■ Angeline Daniel. 
 
 2 Dorcas Duncan. Theodore Thomas Kelly. 
 
 3 Rebecca Duncan. Zeno Cox and John B. Lawrence. 
 I'l-l l-'l' William Martin. * 
 
 2 Charlotte Martin. * 
 
 ( )k 3 Nathaniel Breckenridi;e Weir. Mary Elvina Pitcher. 
 
 1 Henry Hickox. Mariammne Connelly. 
 
 5 Annie Hickox. Dr. Albert Harvey Collins. 
 
 1' l-12'l ' William Duncan. 
 
 2 Laura Duncan. Job Beaver Parker. 
 
 l'2-l'M' Marv McLaughlin. Samuel Martin and George W. Hughes. 
 
 2 John McLaughlin. 
 
 OK 3 Ezekial Collin McLaughlin. Susie Harkins and Ellen J. 
 
 Harkins. 
 
 4 Jennie McLaughlin. . Ellis McDaniel. 
 
 5 David McLaughlin. Frances Reynolds. 
 
444 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 i'2'2^\^ William Wilburn Beck - 
 
 2 David McLauglilin Beck. Mary Elizabelii Vickery, Julia — 
 and Amanda New nee Hillen. 
 
 OK 3 Louisa Beck. John Pinkney Chandler. 
 
 4 Martha Beck. * 
 
 5 Tabitha Beck. Andrew Freeny. 
 
 6 Mary Beck. John Talbert and Henry Clay Freeny. 
 
 7 Aaron Beck. ■■'■ 
 
 8 Elizabeth Beck. Daniel Foreman and Rider Cloud. 
 
 9 Joseph Beck. * 
 
 10 Sinia Beck. Jeremiah Horn and James Murphy. 
 
 1 1 Susie W. Beck. - 
 
 12 Sallie B. Beck. Seabron G. Mabry. 
 
 13 Emily Beck. John Alexander Sevier and Thomas Dyer. 
 14 John Walter Beck. Cynthia Ragsdale. 
 
 1'2=3-M^ Walter Adair West. Sallie Elizabeth Wright. 
 
 2 William North West. Eliza Rogers and Clementine Shadles. 
 
 OK 3 Laura Ann West William Pinkston Gray, Amos D. Hay- 
 
 maker and Frank Rogers. 
 
 4 DeWitt Clinton West. * 
 
 5 Marcellus Lilburn West. Delilah Scraper. 
 
 6 John Duncan West. Nannie Brown. 
 
 7 Sarah Jane West. * 
 
 8 James Bell West. Josephine Smith 
 
 9 Tabitha Louisa West. John Rogers Martin and Vet Thomp- 
 
 son. 
 
 1^2=4''l-' Marianmme Celeste Duncan. ='■ Thomas Everidge Oaks. 
 
 2 Anacrion Bell Duncan. =■' 
 
 OK 3 Jarrette Merini Duncan. Nannie Buffington. 
 
 4. John Ellis Duncan. Susie Elizabeth Carselowry. 
 
 5 Mary Ann Elizabeth Duncan. Harvey Wirt Courtland Shel- 
 
 ton. 
 
 6 Emma Duncan. Frank McFerran Berry. 
 
 7 Jennie Duncan. 
 
 l'2=5-''l-' Jimmie Abercrombie Duncan. Frederick Lafayette Langley 
 and Dr. Alonzo Clarence Render. 
 
 2 Lucy Elizabeth Duncan. George Fergerson. 
 OK 3 Charles DeWitt Duncan. Rosa Lunday. 
 
 I'2-'6''l-' Amanda Cherokee Duncan. John Tolbert Scott. 
 
 2 Temperance Duncan. =•■ 
 OK 3 Millard A. Duncan. * 
 
 l'2=7-'l-' Abigal Sarah Duncan. Gabriel L. Payne. 
 
 2 Mary Elizabeth Duncan. Francis Marion Crowell. 
 OK 3 John Calhoun Duncan. Joanna Coody Rogers. 
 
 4 Susan Saphronia Duncan. Joseph Hall Alexander. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 445 
 
 5 Josephine Brown Duncan. Walter Box, William Penu 
 
 Chandler and 
 
 6 Ruth Etta Duncan. Defferson Thompson Parks. 
 I'2=9-M' Taylor Duncan. Lydia Hummingbird. 
 
 2 Feli.x (irundy Duncan. Elizabeth Shell. 
 OK 5 Mary Lunnie Duncan. * Alexander Wright. 
 
 4 William Wirt Duncan. Sallie Gullage. 
 I'2=l()-M' Timothy Brown Hitchcock. Annie Laura Shirley and Lucy 
 Jane Manus. 
 
 2 Etta Smith Hitchcock. Samuel James Burns. 
 OK 3 Irenaes I3uncan Hitchcock. Lulu Osborn. 
 
 1'2-11--1' Charlotte Catherine Duncan. Rudolph Haegert and John 
 Sheridan Martin. 
 
 2 Joshua Lafayette Duncan. Zipporah E. Truitt. 
 
 3 Uelen Rosencrantz Duncan. Philip Donahoo and Arthur 
 
 Archibald. 
 
 4 Annie Ellen Duncan. Thomas Humphries Prim. 
 l'3-l-'l' Jellerson Thomas. 
 
 l'3-2-'l' Rebecca Ann McLaughlin. Andrew Jackson Click. 
 
 2 James L. McLaughlin. Sarah Ann Smith. 
 
 OK 3 Andrew L. McLaughlin. * 
 
 4 Joshua Ezekial McLaughlin. Celia Davis, Etta Renfro and 
 
 Margaret Caroline Inlow. 
 
 5 Mary Jane McLaughlin. Lewis Glenn and John Hendricks. 
 
 6 Joseph Frank McLaughlin. Minnie M. Price. 
 
 7 Maria C. McLaughlin. Jack Jones. 
 
 8 Rachel S. McLaughin. William H. Donelson. 
 
 9 Charles McLaughin. ''' 
 
 10 Benjamin Reuben McLaughin. 
 
 l'3-'3''l' Joseph Landrum. Arie Beck. 
 
 2 John B. Landrum. Elizabeth Duncan" and Charlotte Jane 
 Crickett. 
 
 OK 3 Lydia Landrum. 
 
 lM-4-'l' Thomas Landrum. Pauline Sidney nee Martin. 
 
 2 Rebecca Landrum. 
 
 OK 3 Hiram Terrell Landrum. Arkansas Cherokee Martin. 
 
 4 Samuel Landrum. * 
 
 5 James Proctor Landrum. * 
 
 6 Rachel Landrum. Samuel Walls. 
 l'3-5-'l' Joseph Landrum. 
 
 2 Cvnthia Landrum. * 
 
 3 Daniel Landrum. Mary Hinton * and Annie Hoskins. 
 
 4 Nannie Landrum. Alexander Cochran. 
 115273 1 J Dixon Landrum. 
 
446 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 2 Emma Landrum. John Robert Dobkins. 
 
 OK. 3 Benjamin Seth Landrum. Sallie Cavallier. 
 
 4 Cicero Martin Landrum. 
 
 5 Louisa Landrum. * 
 
 6 Charles F. Landrum. 
 
 7 William A. Landrum. * 
 
 8 Ada Landrum. 
 
 I'B-S-'l"' Josephine Landrum. Lewis Rogers and Frank Howard. 
 
 2 Jennie Landrum. " Anderson Landrum Crittenden Jen- 
 nings. 
 
 OK . 3 Mary Landrum. Joseph Vann Crutchlield. 
 
 4 Nannie Landrum. John Washington Adair. 
 
 5 Rachel Landrum. Rollin Kirk Adair. 
 
 6 Charles Dixon Landrum. * 
 
 7 Elias McLeod Landrum. Nana Woodall. 
 l'3-9"'l-' Catherine Moore. Elizur Butler Sanders. 
 
 2 James Moore. Rachel Boling and Celia Usrey. 
 
 OK 3 Keziah Camilla Moore. Jeter Thompson Cunningham. 
 
 4 Cowheesit Moore. * 
 
 5 Worcester Wiley. Caroline Rogers and Elizabeth McKinney. 
 
 6 Lewis Wiley. '■' 
 1^3-'10'M-' Frances Delilah Landrum.'" 
 
 2 Johnson Thompson Landrum. Caroline Isabelle Garbarini. 
 
 OK 3 Samuel Landrum. 
 
 4 Edward Landrum. 
 
 \iy\\-'\i Derrell Landrum. * 
 
 2 Jeter Landrum. * 
 
 OK 3 Annie Landrum. * 
 
 4 Jesse Landrum. 
 
 5 David Landrum. * 
 l'3-12-'l^ Annie Butler. Joseph Box. 
 
 2 William Joel Butler. 
 
 3 Elsie Butler. John Cobb Welch. 
 
 4 Aaron Butler. Elnora Beavert and Laura Hildebrand nee 
 
 5 James Perry Butler. Nannie Muskrat. 
 
 6 John Elijah Butler. Sallie Johnson nee Cephas. 
 
 7 Elizabeth Butler. James Franklin Crittenden. 
 I^ri3-H-' Charles Landrum Butl^'ington. 
 
 2 John Walter Buft'ington. * 
 
 3 James Bufington. Ma Belle Coffelt. 
 
 r4-l-'l^ Lewis Ross Kell. Sarah Chouteau nee Chambers and Sallie 
 Matilla Poole nee Harlan. 
 
 2 John Ross Kell. * Rachel Smith. 
 
 OK 3 Nannie Kell * Josiah Knight. 
 
 4 Frances Kell. Joseph Lynch Thompson. 
 
 5 Louisa Rolston Kell. Bevilly Bean Hickey. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 7 Joseph Kell. Margaret Scott. 
 
 8 Daniel OConnell Kell. * Susie Daniel. 
 
 447 
 
 '- William Kell. Ellen Oxier. 
 
 y Mary Frances Kell. William F. Burchfield and John Oli 
 Truman. 
 
 Ill Alice Kell. Thomas Fox French. 
 
 1 1 Helen Delilah Kell. Robert Mosby French. 
 12 James Kell. 
 
 l'4-:'l' John Kell. Margaret Vickers. 
 
 2 Emily Kell. * Simpson Clark Bennett. 
 OK 3 Hannah Kell. * Archibald Cochran. 
 
 I'4M'M' Charles Marcellus Kell. 
 
 2 Mahala Abercrombie Kell. Hebard James Tarpley. 
 
 1'4-5'1' Rebecca Rolston. Peter McAllister. 
 
 2 John Tate Rolston. Lena Nohle nee Schmidt. 
 
 OK ? Frances Tate Rolston. 
 
 4 Emily Rolston. * 
 
 5 Nannie Caroline Rolston. Samuel C. Sager. 
 
 6 Lewis Rolston. Eliza Hostell. 
 
 7 Eliza Rolston. * 
 
 8 Zachariah Taylor Rolston. 
 
 9 Agnes Paschal Rolston. Adam Pfunkuche. 
 Id Henry Rolston. 
 
 I 1 Amanda Rolston. V\illiam Jones. 
 
 I 2 James Uavid Rolston. 
 
 I ^ Martha Josephine Rolston. Jacob Hulsey. 
 
 1 4 Robert D. Rolston. Lulu Cunington, \'ashti Eckles and Ada 
 .Alice Greer nee Atkinson. 
 
 l'4'-0''l' William Simons. * 
 
 2 Elizabeth Adeline Simons. William Martin. 
 
 OK 3 John Ross Simons. '■'■' Martha Emeline Fields. 
 
 4 Samuel Newell Simons. '^ 
 
 5 Nancy Ann Simons. Jesse McCreary and Jesse Jones. 
 
 6 Martha Cherokee Simons. * 
 l'4=7'M' Cvnthia Murrv. * 
 
 2 Letitia Lilly. James Simmons. 
 1'7-V'l' John Emanuel Corban. 
 
 2 Charles Marcellue Kell. * 
 
 OK 3 Mahala Abercrombie Kell. Heberd James Tarpley. 
 
 I'/M''!' Alfred BuMington Duncan. Lucy Ann Murphy. 
 
 2 Charles Selden Duncan. 
 
 OK 3 Catherine Elizabeth Duncan. 
 
 4 Julia Ann Duncan. ' James Alonzo Matthews. 
 
448 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 6 John Adair Duncan. 
 
 7 Robert Lee Duncan. 
 
 8 Louisa Rebecca Duncan. George Henry Shock. 
 
 9 Emily Jane Duncan. Edwin Hartley Bragdon. 
 1 17:5s ]4 Charles Burr Duncan. 
 
 2 Elizabeth Duncan. * John B. Landrum. 
 
 1 17273 [4 ^ijj;g Rebecca Smith. John Martin Daniel. 
 
 1^7'8-^1^ Joel Marion Duncan. 
 
 2 Martha Jane Duncan. Theodore Garvin. 
 
 OK 3 Annie Alice Duncan. 
 
 1^7=10-'l^ Millard Filmore Carted. 
 
 2 George Walter Carter. Effie C. Roberson. 
 
 OK 3 Robert Lee Carter. Cassie Delilah Marshall. 
 
 4 Florence Eveline Carter. 
 
 5 Mary Elizabeth Carter. Thomas Jetlerson Montgomery. 
 
 6 Clement Adair Carter. Edith Dora Drinkwater. 
 1^7-11^1^ Louisa Duncan. 
 
 2 Leonidas Philip Duncan. 
 
 OK 3 Mary Rebecca Duncan. 
 
 4 Jennie Duncan. 
 
 5 Maude Adair Duncan. 
 
 6 Robert Fleming Duncan. 
 
 7 Thomas Washington Duncan. 
 
 8 Stephen Duncan. 
 
 Halfbreed. 
 
 1' Gu-u-li-si. 
 
 ri- Lydia Halfbreed. Charles Kenatus Hicks. 
 
 2 Pigeon Halfbreed. Neki Fields. 
 
 3 Chinosa Halfbreed. Joseph Crutchfield. A59 
 
 4 Susannah Halfbreed. John Wickett Fields. 
 
 5 Jennie Halfbreed. '■' A46 
 
 6 Elizabeth Halfbreed. Squirrel. 
 
 7 Jesse Halfbreed. Jennie Fields. 
 
 iM-l-' Catherine Hicks. Andrew Miller and Thomas Gann. 
 
 2 George Hicks. Aky Rogers and Lucy Fields. 
 
 Ii2=l^ Catherine Pigeon. 
 
 2 Sulteesga Pigeon. Oo-ye-ki. 
 
 OK 3 Jack Pigeon. Elsie Buzzard. 
 
 4 Lydia Pigeon. Lewis Cunnigan. 
 
 5 Alfred Pigeon. Rachel Ketcher, Serena Frazier and Susie 
 
 McGhee nee Beck. 
 
 1'3 = 1^ George Hunter. 
 
 2 John Crutchfield. Mary Etta Ladd and Emma Gibbs. A58 
 
 3 Susie Crutchfield. David Dixon Landurum. 
 
 4. Richard McLeod Crutchfield. Susan Ware and Susan Moore. 
 
 IMM^ Elizabeth Fields. '■' .Stand Watie. 
 
HISTORY OF THh: CHEROKEE INDIANS 449 
 
 2 M:ir_v Fields. '^ Rufus McGuilliams, John Adair Duncan, 
 Thomas Fleming- and Daniel Pinson. 
 (JK 5 John McFerran Fields. Elizabeth Smith. 
 
 4 Eliza Fields. John Alexander Watie and Samuel Smith. 
 
 5 Timothy Fields. Eliza Mcintosh, Polly Fields and Elmira 
 
 Rojjers. 
 
 6 Rachel Fields. 
 
 7 James Fields. * Dollie Eunice Lowrev. 
 l'6-'l" Joseph Squirrel. * 
 
 2 Nannie Squirrel. George Fields. 
 
 ? Walker Squirrel. 
 
 1 William Squirrel. Walker. 
 
 S Tiana Fields. 
 
 l'7-l-' Margaret Halfhreed. Ezekial Daniel and William Taylor. 
 
 2 Sarah Halfhreed. Daniel H. Ross. 
 
 OK ^ .Stand Halfhreed. Sarah Carey. 
 
 4 Tiana Halfhreed. George Downing. 
 
 5 Melvina Halfhreed. Blackhaw. 
 
 6 Mary Halfhreed. Edward Downing. 
 
 7 Eliza Halfhreed. James Bowles. 
 « Richard Halfhreed. 
 
 ') Elizabeth Halfhreed. John Higby. 
 
 10 James Halfhreed. Martha Duck. 
 
 I'l-'|-'l' Avery Vann Miller. Nannie Ward and Susie Spaniard. 
 
 2 Elizabeth Miller. James Fields and Philip Inlow. 
 
 OK ? Alfred Miller. Elizabeth Seabolt nee Levi. 
 
 4 Isabelle Miller. Stand Watie, Hicks and Kinch Har- 
 
 groves. 
 
 5 Elmira Miller. Benjamin Paden. 
 
 6 Lucinda Miller. Calvin Adair. 
 
 7 Andrew Miller. Sallie McCoy. 
 
 8 George Gann. Mary Ann Starr nee McCoy. 
 
 9 Elias Gann. 
 10 Isaac Gann." 
 
 1 1 Ruth Gann. \\ illiam Edwin Brown. 
 
 l'l-2-'l' Aaron Hicks. Nannie Riley. 
 
 2 Nannie Hicks. * John Bickles. 
 
 OK 5 Delilah Hicks. * Bryan Ward. 
 
 4 Jefferson Hicks. Nannie Lowrey and Margaret Lowrey. 
 
 5 Eleanor Ophelia Hicks. Gilbert Wilsan. 
 
 6 Henry Hicks. Annie. 
 
 7 David Hicks. '-^ Elzina Wilson. 
 
 8 Frank Hicks. *Celia Baldridge. 
 
450 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 William Hicks. Priscilla Thompson. 
 Mary Hicks. W. A. Coleman. 
 Lucy Pigeon. Edmond Duncan Carey. 
 Mary Pigeon. Peter Dennis. 
 Takie Pigeon. John Choo-hoo-sti. 
 
 Lucy Pigeon. Philip Daniel and William P. Ross Buzzard. 
 George Cunnigan. Sarah Ballard. 
 Johnson Cunnigan. 
 Elizabeth Cunnigan. 
 
 Easter Cunnigan. Richard Hummingbird. 
 Lydia Ann Pigeon. Edmond Duncan Carey. 
 Joseph Vann Crutchfield. Mary Maria Landrum. 
 2 Leroy Ladd Cruachfield. Elizabeth Horton. 
 OK 3 James Madison Crutchfield. Libbie Hunt, Fannie Holt nee 
 
 Daniel and Josephine Amber Newlon. 
 
 4 Saphronia Winn Crutchfield. Flavins Joseuhus Barretr, 
 Walter Adair Starr, L^r. Newlon and Flavins Josephus 
 Barrett. 
 
 5 Mary Alice Crutchfield. William Electra Halsell. 
 
 6 Richard Crutchfield. Fannie Earp. 
 
 7 Laura Emma Crutchfield. Harvey C. Cooper. 
 
 8 William Crutchfield. Caroline Houts. 
 
 9 Dona Belle Crutchfield. John Berry Stevens. 
 10 John King Crutchfield. Maud Flippin. 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 OK 
 
 1^2 
 
 1- 
 
 H 
 
 OK 
 
 1^2 
 
 -•2 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 1^2 
 
 3- 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 OK 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 1'2 
 
 4' 
 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 
 
 1'2 
 
 5- 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 113 
 
 2- 
 
 M 
 
 1 1 Minnie A. Crutchfield. Joseph A. Mobley. 
 
 12 Allie Crutchfield. Walter Watkins. 
 
 13 Orah G. Crutchfield. 
 
 1'3'-3'M^ Josephine Landrum. Lewis Rogers and Frank Howard. 
 
 2 Martha Jane Landrum. * Anderson Crittenden Jennings. 
 
 OK 3 Mary Maria Landrum. Joseph Vann Crutchfield. 
 
 4 Nannie Landrum. John Washington Adair. 
 
 5 Rachel Landrum. Rollin Kirk Adair. 
 
 6 Charles Dixon Landrum. * 
 
 7 Elias McLeod Landrum. Nana Woodall. 
 1'3^4'M-* Ida Crutchfield. John T. Milholand. 
 i'4-iH* Richard Sosa Fields. - 
 
 2 Kiowa Ratlifi Fields. Martha Kellar Mackey. 
 
 OK 3 Elizabeth Fields. Israel Duval and George Starr. 
 
 4 Ellen Fields. Lewis Wolf. 
 
 5 Moses Fields. * 
 
 lM-4''l^ Susannah Watie. Thomas Jefterson Bean. 
 
 2 Nannie Wheeler Watie. *Lewis Keys. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 45 i 
 
 OK 3 Famous Smith. Mary Maude Vann and Maude Brooks. 
 
 4 John Smith. Martha Elizabeth Simmons. 
 
 5 Louisa Smith. John Barnett. 
 
 1'4-5-M' Sirissa Iowa Fields. John Candy and Richard Rogers. 
 
 2 John Johnson Fields. Elizabeth Boudinot nee Starr. 
 
 OK 3 Mary Fields. John Hood. 
 
 4 Eliza Fields. John McCoy. 
 
 l'4-6-'l^ Mary Rogers. John Brimage. 
 
 \U,-2"\* Mary Fields. Oceola Powell Daniel. 
 
 l'7-2''l' Daniel L. Ross. Ruth Caroline Holland. 
 
 1'7^'3'M' Nannie Halfbreed. Gent Gibson. 
 
 OK 2 Lucinda Halfhreed. Thomas Leader. 
 
 1'7'4-M' Elizabeth Downing. William Riddle. 
 
 OK 2 Thomas Downing. Maria Love and Hattie E. Abner. 
 
 1'7-5'M' Mary Blackhaw. Duncan Leader. 
 
 OK 2 Jennie Blackhawk. Eli VVilkerson. 
 
 l'7-6^f Lucy Downing. William Edwin Johnson. 
 
 1'7-7'1'' Minnie Bowles. Elijah Hermogene Lerblance and Orlando 
 Shay. 
 OK 2 Richard H. Bowles. Elizabeth Blythe and Nannie Downing. 
 1'7-I(i''l' l.nuvenia Halfbreed. * 
 Reese. 
 I ' Nancy. Charles Reese and Alexander McPherson. 
 
 I'l- Susannah Reese. Oo-wa-tie. A3 7 
 
 2 Charles Reese. Nellie McCov. 
 
 3 John McPherson. Susie McCoy. 
 
 4 Andrew McPhersan. 
 
 5 Ale.xander McPherson. 
 
 Smith. 
 
 1' Smith. 
 
 r !-■ Cabin Smith. 
 
 2 McCoy Smith. 
 
 I'l-l'' Hominy Simth. Aky Fields and Peggy. 
 
 2 Oo-du-ski Smith. Tiger. 
 
 3 Tiania Smith. Scraper. 
 
 4 Go-li-si Smith. Turtle. 
 
 5 Gu-er-tsa Smith. Sixkiller. 
 
 6 Archilla Smith. Agnes Fields. 
 IM-TM' Ta-cha-gi-si Smith. * 
 
 1' 1-2M' Ta-chi-chi Tiger. 
 
 2 Redbird Tiger. 
 
 ? Messenger Tiger. Celia Love. 
 
 4 Pelican Tiger. 
 
 5 Mark Tiger. Mary Thompson and Stidham nee Trott. 
 
 6 Ti-ca-no-hi-la TLger. 
 
 7 Dirtthower Tiger. 
 
452 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 8 Ka-hi-ta 'I'iger. 
 
 9 Wa-li-a Tiger 
 
 10 Lucretia Tiger. Tony R. Gourd. 
 
 1M=3"1^ George W. Scraper. Louisa Mcintosh. 
 
 2 Archibald Scraper. Malinda Mcintosh. 
 
 3 Charles Scraper. 
 
 4 Otter Scraper. 
 
 5 Sallie Scraper. Watie Cunmiings. 
 
 IM-'S-M"" Cricket Sixkliler. Deborah Whaley and Elizabeth Foreman. 
 
 2 Kedbird Sixkiller. Pamelia Whaley, Nannie Foster nee 
 
 Foreman and Elizabeth Proctor nee Foreman *. 
 
 3 Tail Sixkiller. Alie Keath. 
 
 4 Soldier Sixkiller. Katie. 
 
 5 Frog Sixkiller. 
 
 6 Delaware Sixkiller. Jennie Walker. 
 
 7 Blackhaw Sixkiller. 
 
 8 Susan Sixkiller. * Yellowhammer. 
 
 9 Peacheater Sixkiller. Sallie Foreman nee Rattlinggourd. 
 10 Lucinda Sixkiller. Samuel Cloud. 
 
 IM-'G^'I"* John Smith. * Margaret Hendricks. 
 
 2 Rachel Smith. John Rider. 
 
 OK 3 Charles Smith. * 
 
 4 Elizabeth Smith. John McFerran Fields, Thomas Adkins and 
 
 George Drum. 
 
 5 Samuel Houston Smith. * 
 
 6 Eliza Smith. David Grayson, Jackson Cozens and Francis 
 
 Marion Seabolt. 
 
 Hildebrand. 
 
 1^ John Hildebrand. andSusannah Womancatcher A60 
 
 I'l- Michael Hildebrand. Nannie Martin. 
 
 2 Peter Hildebrand. Elizabeth Harlan. A25 
 
 OK 3 George Hildebrand. Susannah Graves. 
 
 4 John Hildebrand. Micatiah Terrapin. 
 
 5 Sarah Hildebrand. Blackcoat and Youngwolf. A62 
 
 6 Nannie Hildebrand. Hiram McCreary. 
 
 7 David Hildebrand. Elizabeth McCarty. 
 
 8 Mary Hildebrand. Hambright and Daniel Hater. 
 
 ^ Elizabeth Hildebrand. Coody. 
 
 I^l^l-' Elizabeth Hildebrand. James Pettit and Robert Armstrong. 
 
 2 John Hildebrand. Nicey and Annie Wasp. 
 
 OK 3 Jennie Hildebrand. Joseph Cooksan. 
 
 4 Margaret Hildebrand. John Catron. 
 
 5 Delilah Hildebrand. Jesse McLain. 
 
 6 Elizabeth Hildebrand. Joshua Kilpatrick. 
 
 7 Stephen Hildebrand. Mary Potts and Mary Beck. 
 
 8 Rachel Hildebrand. Reese T. Mitchell. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 453 
 
 y Nannie Hildebrand. Thomas Horn, George Lovett, Fred- 
 erick Irving, diaries Foe and Hoskins. 
 
 Id Josepli Martin Hildeiirand. Lucy Starr, Louvinia Patterson, 
 Elizabeth Gentry, Mary King, Martha Wot^ord and Mary 
 E. Coyne. 
 1 1 Brice Hildebrand. Mary Sturdivant nee Beck and Mary 
 
 Swimmer. 
 12 Mary Hildebrand. Isaac Maylield. 
 1-2' !■' Barbara Hildebrand. Hiram Linder. 
 
 2 James V. Hildebrand. Sarah Elizabeth Fields. 
 OK 3 Jennie Hildebrand. John Williams. 
 
 4 Catherine Hildebrand. Levi Bailey. 
 
 5 John Walker Hildebrand. Eliza Jane White. 
 
 6 Ellis Harlan Hildebrand. Sallie Stover * and Josephine — . 
 
 7 Lewis W. Hildebrand. Lucy Ratlit^. 
 
 8 Isaac Newton Hildebrand. Jennie Ratlifl'. 
 
 9 Mary Elizabeth Hildebrand. Daniel Jones Frazier. 
 
 10 Minerva Hildebrand. Charles Ratlift' and Anderson Reyn- 
 olds. 
 
 l'3-l'' Moses Hildebrand. Noo-ca-ti. 
 
 2 Mary Hildebrand. Hoyt. 
 
 3 Catherine Hildebrand. Teeiiee. 
 
 4 John Hildebrand. 
 
 5 Michael Hildebrand. Sarah Hicks. 
 Peter Hildebrand. Annie Fawling. 
 
 7 Samuel Hildebrand. Susannah Rogers. 
 
 S Barbara Hildebrand. William Longknife and 
 
 9 George Hildebrand. 
 
 Id Martha Hildebrand. 
 
 iM-r- Elizabeth Hildebrand. 
 
 l'5-l'' Jesse Culstee. ''■' Eliza Turtle. 
 
 Thomas Blackcoal. Minerva Carr. 
 
 OK 3 John Wolf. 
 
 4 Rachel Wolf. '-^^ Henry Dobson Reese. 
 
 5 Mary Wolf. •- Collins. 
 
 I "6- 1-' Amanda J. McCreary. * Alfred Clark Raymond. 
 
 2 Mary McCreary. James Alcorn. 
 
 OK 3 Napoleon McCreary. Jennie Harper. 
 
 l'7-'r" John Hildebrand. Ellen Pettit. 
 
 2 Maria Hildebrand. John Wright Alberty. 
 
 ( )K 3 Marv Hildebrand. Simon Lewis. 
 
 4 Arie" Hildebrand. Calvin Parks and James Lewis Puskett. 
 
 l'8-i-' Napoleon Bonaparte Hambright. * 
 
 2 Hiram Hambright. 
 
 3 James Monroe Hambright. " 
 
454 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHH INDIANS 
 
 po-T' Felix Grundy Goody. * 
 
 OK 2 Archibald Goody. ='" 
 
 Engleuid. 
 
 1' David En,i;land. Susan A. Gonner. 
 
 r 1- Martin England. 
 
 2 Louisa England. Robert Blackstone. 
 
 3 Irene England. Lee Scrimsher. 
 
 4 Pinson England. ■' 
 
 5 Garlton England. * 
 
 6 Armlnda England. William England, Isaac Scrimsher and 
 
 Elias Jenkins. 
 
 7 Mitchell England. Lucinda Jones. 
 
 8 Saphronia England. Thomas Monroe. 
 
 9 Sabra E. England. * Peter Glark and Andrew Kelly. 
 10 Martha England. * 
 
 1'2-P Josephine Blackstone. Stephen Carlisle. 
 
 2 Pleasant Napoleon Blackstone. Jennie Gatherine Lipe. 
 
 OK 3 Robert E. Blackstone. Sallie Jennings. 
 
 4 Eliza Blackstone. James McMurry. 
 
 5 Thomas Blackstone. Rosa Vaught. 
 
 6 Laura L. Blackstone. 
 
 l'3-l-' Eliza Scrimsher. Lewis Fields and William Williamson. 
 
 2 Laura Scrimsher. James Pryor and Harry Kelly. 
 
 3 Margaret Scrimsher. Joseph Green and Trueman Tanner. 
 l'6-l-' Mary Scrimsher. 
 
 2 Berilla Scrimsher. Abram Meeks. 
 
 3 Arabella Scrimsher. Enoch Sutherland. 
 
 4 Saphronia Scrimsher. Zan Main, Lewis Rogers and Dr. J. 
 
 A. Nolen. 
 
 5 Ruth Scrimsher. Gharles Tyler. 
 
 6 Ida Josephine Jenkins. John Wesley Harris. 
 
 7 Henry Jenkins. Delilah Arms. 
 
 1^8-1'^ Saphronia Monroe. James H. Hereford. 
 Thompson. 
 
 P . Thompson. 
 
 IM- Jack Thompson. Jennie Vann, Nana and Elizabeth Merrell 
 
 2 Laugh at mush. 
 
 3 Ne-coo-ie. 
 
 ri-r' William Thompson. Nannie Merrell and Elizabeth Fields. 
 
 2 Alexander Thompson. Elizabeth Tipton. 
 
 3 Sallie Thompson. Samuel Mackey. 
 
 4 Charles Thompson. •■' 
 
 5 Nannie Thompson. Benjamin Merrell. 
 
 6 Elizabeth Thompson. Nelson Riley. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 455 
 
 7 Margaret Thompson. Elijah Lynch and Barker. 
 
 8 Betsey Thompson. Robert Runyan. 
 
 9 John Thompson. 
 
 10 Richard Thompson. Caroline Simpson and Elizabeth 
 
 Thornton. 
 1 I James Thompson. * 
 12 Jennie Thompson. Samuel Crossland. 
 I'l-l'I' Jennie Thompson. '■'■' Dr. Yarnall. 
 
 2 John Thompson. Margaret Fields, Minerva Biggs '■■ and 
 Elizabeth Grirlin. 
 
 CJk 3 Charles Thompson. Susie Taylor. 
 
 4 Alexander Thompson. Ruth Phillips and Elmira McLain. 
 
 l'l-2'l' Ruth Thompson. * 
 
 2 Jack Thompson. * 
 
 3 Maria Thompson. Archibald Lee. 
 
 4 Calvin Thompson. 
 
 5 "Major Thompson. * 
 
 ri-V'l' Nannie Mackey. Joseph Tally and David \'ann. 
 
 2 Preston Meckey. * Nannie Vann. 
 
 ? William Mackey. Nannie Drew. 
 
 4 George Mackey. 
 
 .S Corinne Mackey. 
 
 6 James Mackey. Polly Tally and Louisa Fields 
 l'l-5'l' Elizabeth Merrell. David Ivey. 
 
 2 Eliza Merrell. William Poison. 
 
 ( )K \ William Merrell. Nannie Walker. 
 
 4 Sallie Merrell. Cornelius Parris. 
 
 5 Nannie Merrell. Rufus West. 
 
 6 Mary Merrell. James Starnes. 
 
 7 Benjamin Merrell. 
 
 H Margaret Merrell. W^illianison and Thomas Bracket*. 
 
 rr-YrI' Ellen Riley. * 
 
 2 Margaret Riley. * 
 
 ( )K ? Julius Riley. Amanda Cordell. 
 
 4 Joseph Riley. Matilda Maxlield and Lucy Ore nee Lusk. 
 
 5 Mary Ann Riley. Thomas Maxtield and Thomas M. Triplett. 
 
 6 Perry Andre Riley. Eliza Colson. 
 
 7 Charles Riley. 
 I' 1-7-' I ' John Lynch. * 
 
 2 Catherine Lynch. 
 
 3 Charles Barker. 
 I'l-S'i' Maria Whitnev. Goree. 
 
 2 Joseph Runyan. 
 
 3 Ruth Runvan. 
 
456 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 4 Sarah Runyan. * Lemuel Harris. 
 
 5 Lawson Runyon. Mary Jane Mcrrell and Elsie Martin. 
 I'l-lO-M"' Margaret Emma Thompson. Clark. Charlesworth Lipe. 
 
 2 Sue Elizabeth Thompson. Washington Henry Eiffort. 
 
 OK 3 Tooka Thompson. William Smelser Nash. 
 
 4 Caroline Harriette Thompson. David Albert Mounts. 
 
 5 John Lanigan Thompson. 
 l'l-12"l^ Samuel Crossland. 
 
 2 Martha Crossland. William Ratlitt and Lafayette Buchanan. 
 
 3 Richard Scott. Susan Foreman Choate. 
 
 l'l-L'2M'' William Thompson. Catherine Lynch. 
 
 2 Mary Thompson. Henry Ross. 
 
 3 Louisa Josephine Thompson. John Henry Crane. 
 1' l-l"'3"'l'' Naomi Victoria Thompson. Michael Fields. 
 
 2 Perry Thompson. Henriette Vann and Diana Pigeon. 
 
 1'1-1^4M"^ Charles Thompson. * 
 
 2 Jennie Thompson. * 
 
 OK 3 Lucinda Thompson. * 
 
 l'l-3-'Hl' Samuel Tally. Nellie Drum. 
 
 2 Rose Tally. Joseph Absalom Scales. 
 
 3 Jennie Tally. Charles Watts and John Q. Hayes. 
 
 4 William Vann, Charlotte McLaughlin. 
 
 5 Joseph Vann. =■• Emma Drew. 
 
 6 George B. Vann. Mary. 
 
 7 Robert P. Vann. Ermina Cooie Foreman. 
 
 8 Maude M. Vann. Famous Smith. 
 
 1' l-3''2-'l"'' MaryMackey. James D. Willison. 
 
 OK 2 Anna Dorothy Mackey. William Harvison. 
 
 Pl-3"6^P John Drew Mackey. '■'■ Margaret Moore. 
 
 2 Sallie Georgianna Mackey. John Lafayette Brown. 
 
 OK 3 Martha Kellar Mackey. Kiowa Ratlitf Fields. 
 
 4 Nannie Laura Mackey. 
 
 5 Lugie Watts Mackey. Charles Washington Starr. 
 IM^S-^IM-' Nancy Ann Ivey. John Riley. 
 
 lM^'S''2Mf> Nannie Polston." 
 
 2 Elizabeth Polston. James Tally. 
 
 3 Sarah Polston. 
 
 4 Margaret Polston. Teacher and Albert Shepherd. 
 
 5 Joseph Polston. Susan Riley. 
 1M=5"3-*1' James Merrell. Rachel Hicks. 
 
 2 Mary Jane Merrell. Lawson Runyon. 
 
 [1 12534415 Henry Harris. Rachel Parker or Wolf. 
 
 1M-5''5M5 James West. * 
 
 2 Sarah S. West. Joseph Antoine. 
 
 3 Mary Ann West. William Perkins. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 457 
 
 4 Morgan West. Finley. 
 
 5 Charles West. * 
 
 ' l-'5-'0'r' JclTjison Starncs. Ruth Gott and Margaret Sevenstar. 
 
 2 John Starnes. Nettie Jeffries, Elizabeth Duffe\' and Almir.i 
 Johnson. 
 
 5 Lillic Starnes. i.indsey Wallace. 
 
 4 Margaret Starnes. Ira Creach. 
 
 ' l-5'''8' I"' Mary Williamson. William E. Greenleaf. 
 
 1'1-6-M'l'' Elizabeth Riley. " McCoy Smith. 
 
 '|-(r4M"' Addie Riley. James Kyle. 
 
 : Nelfon Rilev. * 
 
 1 Charles Riley. * 
 
 S'l'' Octavia Maxtield. Richard Riley Bertholf. 
 
 2 Ida Verona Maxtield. James Harvey Lindsey. 
 ^ Lillie Maxtield. Claude Hanks McDaniel. 
 
 f)'l'' Nannie Amanda Riley. John Lee Lamb. 
 Seabolt. 
 
 1' Henrv Seabolt. Celia Timberlake and 
 
 ri- John Seabolt. Jennie iknge. 
 
 2 Thomas Seabolt. Hicks. 
 
 ^ Catherine Seabolt. John Chambers. 
 
 4 Nannie Seabolt. '- A-li-cha. 
 
 5 Susie Seabolt. Ned Fields. 
 
 (> Joseph Seabolt. Nannie Campbell nee Hair. 
 
 7 King Seabolt. Betsey Downing. 
 
 « Henry Seabolt. Eliza Benge. 
 
 ') Elsie Seabolt. 
 
 10 Margaret Seabolt. Mack Benge. 
 
 I I Annie Seabolt. Charles Foreman. 
 
 12 Richard Seabolt. 
 
 Wilkerson. 
 
 1' Coo-ta-ya. Edward Wilkerson and John Wilkerson. 
 
 IT-' Eliza VVilkerson. Jesse Bushyhead. 
 
 2 Aaron Wilkerson. 
 
 ^ Richard Wilkerson. 
 
 4 James Wilkersan. 
 
 5 George Wilkerson. Susan Poorbear. 
 
 6 John Wilkerson. Annie Woods. 
 151 John Wilkerstm. Rebecca Oglesby. 
 
 2 Rilev Wilkerson. 
 
 3 James Monroe Wilkerson. Nancy Jane key. 
 
 4 George Wilkerson. 
 
 5 Laura Wells Wilkerson. Wilson Sanders. 
 
 6 Eliza Wilkerson. ■ John Ross. 
 
458 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 / 
 
 Leonard Worcester Wiikerson. Ellen Bible. 
 
 8 Mary Wiikerson. John Henry Coody. 
 
 pe-l*' Martha Wiikerson. *John Groom. 
 
 2 Nannie Wiikerson. *Solomon Ray. 
 
 3 Mary Wiikerson. Charles Jones. 
 
 4 Elizabeth Wiikerson. Mack Messer. 
 
 5 John Wiikerson. Jennie Campbell. 
 
 6 Ace Wiikerson. Margaret Jones. 
 
 7 Caroline Wiikerson. '■■ Joseph Wickett. 
 
 8 Whidby Wiikerson. Elnora Winpiegler nee Jones. 
 
 Blair. 
 
 1' Quatie. Jonathan Blythe. 
 
 ri- Sarah George Blair. 
 
 2 Nannie Blythe. George Blair. 
 
 3 James Blythe. * 
 1M = 1" James Blair. * 
 
 2 Elizabeth Blair. John Lowrey. 
 
 3 Lewis Blair. Polly Benge * and 
 
 4 Catherine Blair. McCuen. 
 
 5 Lucy Blair. Samuel Houston Benge. 
 
 6 Amy Blair. * 
 
 7 Margaret Blair. Obediah Benge. 
 
 8 Jonathan Blair. 
 
 9 Charles Blair. * 
 
 10 Thomas Blair. Margaret Sanders. 
 
 1 1 Sallie Blair. * 
 
 12 Susannah Blair. " 
 
 13 Eliza Blair. George Washington Baldridge. 
 
 14 Mary Blair. Albert Johnson. 
 
 15 Bettie Blair. Robert E. Sutton. 
 
 Ratliff. 
 
 r Richard Ratliti. 
 
 1M= Annie Ratliff'. John Coker. 
 
 2 Richard Ratliff'. Chiuke and 
 
 112-13 Alexander Ratliff. 
 
 2 Abraham Ratliff. Lvdia. 
 
 OK 3 William Ratliff. * " 
 
 4 Robin Ratliff. Aky Webber. 
 
 5 Daniel Ratliff'. Eliza Wickett and Annie Ballard. 
 
 6 Lydia Ratliff. Matthew Jones. 
 
 7 Annie Ratliff'. Charles 'Wickett 
 
 8 Charlotte Ratliff. * 
 
 Archibald Ratliff. 
 10 Thompson Ratliff. 
 
HISTORY OF THH CHEROKEE INDIANS 459 
 
 1'2-2'M' Susannah Ratlirt. * 
 
 2 Samuel Ratlill. * 
 
 5 John Ratlirt. 
 
 4 Eliza Ratlirt. 
 
 l'2-v>-'l' Nannie Jones. * Jesse VVickett. 
 
 2 Elizabeth Jones. 
 
 3 l.uc\- Jones. Albert Shepherd. 
 
 4 Charles Jones. Mary Wilkerson. 
 
 5 Andrew Jones. Belle Heaton. 
 
 6 Margaret Jones. Ace Wilkerson. 
 
 7 EInora Jones. George VVinpiegler and Whidby Wilkerson. 
 
 8 Hester Jones Joseph Wicketl and Thomas Heaton. 
 
 Richard Jones. * 
 Id Malinda Jones. 
 
 Timpson. 
 
 I ' Benjamin Timpson. Sarah. 
 
 I' I- Jennie Timpson. Jacob Harnage. 
 
 2 Benjamin Timpson. I.ucy Smith and Harriette Mingus. 
 
 1 Mary Ann Timpson. 
 4 John Timpson. 
 
 I'll' Nellie Harnage. John Ragsdale. 
 
 2 Elizabeth Harnage. Robert Rogers. 
 
 3 Ezekial Harnage. Jennie Skit. 
 
 4 Jacob Harnage. Sallie Harlan and Mary Kowe. * 
 
 5 Mary Harnage. Edward Adair. 
 I'2-'I-' Sarah Timpson. Jonas Phillips. 
 
 2 Mary Ann Timpson. .John Hilary Clark. 
 
 { )K ^ John Calvin Timpson. 
 
 4 Eliza Timpson. Aaron Burr. 
 
 5 Henry Clay Timpson. 
 
 f) Martha Jane Timpson. Jesse Arnold. 
 
 7 l.ydia Timpson. Archibald Cochran. 
 
 S Nannie Timpson. Crane. 
 
 ') Caroline Timpson. Benjamin Pettit. 
 
 1(1 Melvina Timpson. Levi Silk. 
 
 1 1 Susan Timpson. Richard Terrell. 
 
 1 2 Alfred Timpson. 
 
 1 ^ Hannah Timpson. 
 
 14 James Timpson. Etheline Carroll. 
 
 15 Drucilla Timpson. 
 
 16 Posey Humphreys I'impson. 
 ■■1' Elizabeth Ragsdale. 
 
 2 Isaac Ragsdale. Mary Sanders. 
 
 ^ Thomas Ragsdale. Nannie Stop. 
 
 4 Susie Ragsdale. Ignacious Few. 
 
 5 John Ragsdale. Nannie Harnage. 
 
460 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 6 William Ragsdale. '•= 
 
 7 Ezekial Ragsdale. Nannie Edwards. 
 lM-'2-'l^ Jennie Rogers. Benjamin West. 
 l'l-3''l^ Nannie Harnage. John Ragsdale. 
 
 2 Lydia Harnage. William Bean. 
 
 I'l-^-'l-" George Harlan Harnage. '■'■' 
 
 l'|-5''l^ John Stansel. Martha McDaniel. 
 
 2 Jennie Adair. John Perry Oliver Clyne. 
 OK 3 Edley Adair. Emily Rogers. 
 
 4 Elizabeth Adair. John Hildebrand Cookson. 
 
 1'2M"1-' William P. Phillips. Lucinda Quinton. 
 
 2 Mary Ann Phillips. Benjamin Pettit. 
 
 3 Eliza Phillips. John Poorbear. 
 
 4 Nannie Phillips. Wilson Weely. 
 
 5 Margaret Phillips. Archibald Lovett. 
 V2-y-\^ Jay Clark. 
 
 2 Silas Dean Clark. Elizabeth Gritiin. 
 
 3 Taylor Clark. 
 
 4 Margaret Clark. 
 1'2"'6-M-' Thomas Arnold. * 
 
 2 William Arnold. 
 
 l'2-7''l^ Mary Cochran. " 
 
 2 Caroline Cochran. Ras Akin. 
 \^2-9''-\* Nicholas Pettit. Annie Gustin. 
 
 1'2-10'M-' Nannie Silk. 
 
 2 William Silk. 
 
 l'l-r'2-'l-' Margaret Ragsdale. * 
 
 2 John Ragsdale. Araniina Gunter. 
 
 OK 3 Polly Ragsdale. Joseph Dawson and J. V. McPherson. 
 
 4 Ellen Ragsdale. Jasper Chaney. 
 
 5 Lucy Ragsdale. Charles England. 
 
 6 Isaac Harvey Ragsdale. Johnanna Johnson. 
 
 7 Cynthia Ragsdale. Joseph Hines. 
 t ' 1-1''3^ 1'' Jennie Ragsdale. '•' Simco. 
 
 2 Pamelia Ragsdale. 
 
 l'l-i-'4^1"' Amanda Few. John Shell. 
 
 2 Hannah Few. Eli Clyne. 
 
 3 John Few. * 
 
 4 Eliza Few. * 
 I'l^'l-'S-'l' William Riley Ragsdale. 
 I'l-rvM' John Ragsdale. ""* Elizabeth. 
 l'r-2"l-'r' Jonathan West. * 
 
 2 Laura West. Joseph Raper. 
 
 3 Robert West. 
 
 4 Jennie West. 
 
 5 James West. * 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 461 
 
 Vr-PlU^- Ezckial Taylor. * Ruth Ramsey nee Moslev and Ada 
 Foreman. 
 
 OK 2 W illiam Rilev Ragsdale. 
 
 l'l-'3-'2'l' Uelilah Bean. David Tucker. 
 
 2 Nancy Jane Bean. Flint Walkingstick. 
 
 OK 3 Sallie Bean. Edward Walkingstick. 
 
 4 William Tooyah Bean. 
 
 I'l-S-'iM'' Lewis Stansel. Mary Tooy. 
 
 2 Elizabeth Stansel. John Wolf and Walter Sanders. 
 
 3 John Stansel. Sarah Sanders. 
 
 Springston 
 
 1 ' Nancy. William Springston. 
 
 I'l-' Ruth Springston. John Foreman and George Wilson 
 I'l-'l' Johnson Foreman. Elizabeth B. Mann. 
 
 2 William Wilsnn. Malinda Chisholm nee Wharton, Mary 
 Thornton nee Sanders and Eliza Hvles nee 
 OK ^ Mary Wilson. James Audrain. 
 
 4 Elizabeth Wilson. Austin Copeland, Thomas C. Thomas 
 
 and Gilbert Holcomb. 
 
 5 Archibald M. Wilson. Delilah Starr iK-e Johnson and Re- 
 
 becca McNair Wilson nee Rilev. 
 
 () Rebecca Wilson. Wilharm, Samuel McKinnev and 
 
 Andrew McKinney. 
 7 Alexander Drumgool Wilson. Rebecca McNair Riley. 
 
 X George W. Wilson. Carmalita and Elsie Davis. 
 
 '» Ruth'wilson. Walter Copeland, Bennett, Webb 
 
 and George Myers, 
 ic Anderson Springston Wilson. Nannie Catherine Daniel. 
 I 1 John Wilson. 
 
 1 2 Malinda Wilson. Miles Collins, James Young and James 
 Adams. 
 I'l-T' Martha J. Foreman. * Jenkins Maxfield. 
 
 2 William Archibald Foreman. Susie Chisholm nee Pindar. 
 ( »K \ Naomi Ruth Foreman. Joseph T. Garrison. 
 
 1 Mary Louvenia Foreman. * 
 
 5 Return Jonathan Foreman. '■■ Eliza J. Brewer and Harriette 
 
 E. Colbert. 
 
 6 Jesse Bushyhead Foreman. Emma Vore. 
 
 7 Susan Frances Foreman. John Raymond and Joseph Mar- 
 
 tin Lynch. 
 !'l-2''l' Emily Wilson. Napoleon Bonaparte Breedlove. 
 
 2 William Wilson. Alice Coody. 
 
 OK ? Rorv McCov Wilson. Laura Bruce. 
 
462 HISTORY OF IHE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 4 Finney Chisholm Wilson. Am;inda Broyles. 
 
 5 Eliza Wilson. Lorenzo Williams. 
 
 lM-3'M^ Jennie Audrain. John Wills and I. N. Smith. 
 
 2 Mary Mahana Audrain. Percy L. Walker. 
 
 3 Wintield Scott Andrain. Eliza Williams. 
 
 4 Lucy Audrain. James McGannon. 
 
 5 Frank G. Audrain. Malissa Williams. 
 IM-4'M^ Mary Copeland. William Melton. 
 
 2 Martha Copeland. Ellis Bufiington, Toliver Thomas, Ezek- 
 
 ial Butifington* and James Cohee'''. 
 
 3 George Copeland. 
 
 4 Alexander Copeland. Catherine Thomas, Sarah McNair 
 
 nee Miller, Nannie S. Allen nee West and Nannie Cowels 
 nee Conner. 
 
 5 Jerusha Copeland. Robert Audrain. 
 
 6 Austin Copeland. 
 
 7 Pamelia Copeland. Christopher Columbus ishell. 
 
 8 Rebecca Copeland. George Cox and Stephen Cox. 
 
 9 Archibald Wilson Thomas. Jennie Reppeto. 
 
 10 William Wirt Thomas. 
 
 1 1 Charles Delano Thomas. 
 
 l'r-5''l^ Anise Femister Wilson. James Alexander Rice. 
 
 I'l-e-'H Alexander F. McKinney. Nannie Redding, Minnie Wheeler. 
 
 2 Dennie Bushyhead McKinney. Delia Crawford and Belle 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 3 Andrew Jackson McKinney. Mary Wells. 
 
 4 Johnson Perry McKinney. Hortense Baptiste. 
 
 I'lv'M^ Susan Rebecca Wilson. Joseph Poison, Thomas Washing- 
 ton Lindsay and William Thomas Hewitt. 
 2 Isabel Brandon Wilson. Henry Parris, Benjamin A. Rush. 
 OK 3 Laura Adair Wilson. John Raymond and Thomas Henry. 
 
 4 James Madison Wilson. Araminta Pharris. 
 rrS-'H Henry Wilson. Laura 
 
 2 Ora Wilson. Bruton. 
 l'I-9-'l^ William Copeland. 
 
 Julia Ik-nnett. Robert Mann. 
 
 3 John Webb. 
 
 4 George Myers. Talitha Dunaway. 
 
 11 1- 10^14 DeWitt Clinton Wilson. Ella Adair. 
 
 2 James Daniel Wilson. Letitia M. Fields. 
 
 OK 3 Mary Emma Wilson. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 455 
 
 l'l-i:M' Mike- Collins. 
 
 2 John Young. 
 
 3 Robert Young. 
 
 ■4 Nannie Young. Rolljn Hill. 
 
 Woodall. 
 
 1' Ellen Moore. George Caruth Woodall. 
 
 I'l- Charles Woodall. Susannah Watie. 
 
 2 Annie Jane Woodall. James Duncan. 
 
 CJk ^ Elizabeth Woodall. Benjamin Franklin Landrum. 
 
 4 William CotTee Woodall. Margaret A. Reese and 
 
 5 James Tuck Woodall. Elizabeth Perdue. 
 Thomas JeMerson Woodall. 
 
 7 John Peter Woodall. Mary Thorn and Maver M. Cecil 
 
 nee Saunders. 
 
 a Louisa Woodall. Isaac Shouse. 
 
 9 Nannie Woodall. * 
 
 10 George Washington Woodall. Susannah Muskrat. 
 
 I 1 Stan Goney Woodall. 
 
 Butler 
 
 I' Edward Buller. Elizabeth Jane Nivens, Elizabeth Keys nee 
 
 I'l- Jennie Elizabeth Butler. McCoy Smith. 
 
 2 Mannie Garrett Butler. Anna (barter. 
 
 OK 3 Sarah Butler. Benjamin Porter and John W. Sanders. 
 
 4 Tooka Butler. Clarence William Turner. 
 
 5 Robert Lee Butler. Caroline Lindsey. 
 I'l-r' Edward Butler Smith. Etta Word. 
 
 2 Walter Duncan Smith. 
 
 OK ^ Juliette Taylor Smith. 
 
 4 Wilson Nevins Smith. 
 
 5 Mannie Garrett Smith. Jessie Watson. 
 
 6 May Smith. 
 
 7 Junie Smith. 
 
 S Jennie Elizabeth Smith. 
 
 :':-|-' Elizabeth Butler. 
 
 2 Fountain Crabtree liutler. 
 
 OK .3 Sammie Butler. 
 
 IM-I-' Nina Porter. ■■ Eck E. Brook. 
 
 2 Edward Porter. 
 
 OK y Benjamin Porter. 
 
 4 Edna Sanders. Mooney and Chester Klick. 
 
 5 Elizabeth Sanders. 
 
 6 Maude Sanders. Howell Scott. 
 
 7 Mildred Sanders. 
 
 I'4=|-' Tooka K. Turner. Charles Bagg. 
 
464 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 2 Charence William Turner. 
 
 OK 3 Marian Turner. 
 
 P5-l^ Robert Lee Butler. 
 
 iM-l-'l-' Edward Butler Smith. 
 
 2 Jennie May Smith. 
 
 OK 3 Juliette Elizabeth Smith. 
 
 lir-5-M^ Clayton Smith. 
 li3-4-'l-' Mooney. 
 
 113-6'M-' Scott. 
 
 2 Scott. 
 
 Rogers 
 
 1' John Rogers. Tiana Foster. 
 
 IM- Hilliard Rogers. Martha Fields. 
 
 2 James Rogers. ■' 
 
 OK 3 Thomas Rogers. Susan Cochran. 
 
 4 Lewis Rogers. Elizabeth J. Lisenbe, Sarah Fields and Sa- 
 
 phronia Main nee S'crimsher. 
 
 5 Mary Rogers. Thomas Childers. 
 
 6 Sallie Rogers. Larlcin McGhee. 
 
 7 Martha Rogers. Joseph A. Henry. 
 
 8 Susan Rogers. * 
 
 9 Rachel Rogers. George Washington Waltcer. 
 10 Elizabeth Rogers. Jesse Cochran. 
 
 Raper 
 
 P Jesse Raper. Mary McDaniel. 
 
 iM- Martin Raper. 
 
 2 Catherine Raper. Isaac Johnson. 
 
 3 Charles Raper. Sarah Franklin. 
 
 4 Patsy Raper. * Dr. Fane. 
 
 5 Eliza Raper. James Brown. 
 
 6 Lewis Raper. 
 
 7 Gabriel Raper. '■• 
 
 8 Nannie Raper. James Holland. 
 
 9 John A. Raper. Mary Ann Tillotson. 
 
 10 Alonzo Raper. * 
 
 1 1 Rachel A. Raper. 
 
 l'8-'l-' Pleasant Holland. Nannie Horn. 
 
 2 Ruth Caroline Holland. Daniel Ross. 
 
 OK 3 Martha Holland. Samuel Johnson. 
 
 4 John Wesley Holland. Hettie Hern. 
 
 5 Jesse Holland. 
 
 6 Louisa Holland. Matthew Sanders. 
 
 7 Nancy Jane Holland. Moses Alberty. 
 
 8 James Lafayette Holland. Harriette Thompson. 
 
 9 William Grant Holland. Elizabeth Alberty. 
 to Henry Sherman Holland. 
 
 1 I Richard Spencer Holland. Laura Harmon. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHE INDIANS 465 
 
 12 LJor;i lielle Holland. 
 
 Hendricks 
 
 1' Susannah. William Hendricks. 
 
 I'l- James K. Hendricks. Nannie Woodall. 
 
 2 Annie Hendricks. George Peacheater and Felix Riley. 
 
 OK 3 -Jane Hendricks. John Terrell and Green Parris. 
 
 4 Margaret Hendricks. Andrew Woodall. 
 
 5 John Hendricks. Pretia Tiesky and Mary Jane Brugan nee 
 
 McLaughlin. 
 
 6 Nancy Hendricks. Henry Chambers. 
 
 7 Susannah Hendricks. Abraham Woodall. 
 
 8 Catherine Hendricks. James Chambers. 
 
 9 William H. Hendricks. Narcissa Crittenden and Ann Eliza 
 
 Benge nee l.inder.'-' 
 
 1(1 Willis Hendricks. Araminta Fish. 
 
 I I Franklin Hendricks. Annie Terrell nee Woodall. 
 
 12 Elizabeth Hendricks. James R. Gourd. 
 
 13 Thomas Hendricks. Nellie Ragsdale. 
 I'l-'F' Jennie Hendricks. John Ragsdale. 
 
 2 Jonas Hendricks. 
 
 3 Dennis Hendricks. Eliza Jane Fish. 
 
 4 Minerva Hendricks. Joseph Poorboy and George Craft. 
 
 5 Cornelia Hendricks. 
 
 6 Louisa Hendricks. Miles. 
 
 l'2-l-' Susan Rilev. Ellis R. (jourd. 
 
 2 William Heatty. Louisa Parris. 
 ^ Sallie Beatlv. 
 
 4 Looney Price. Sarah Wotlord. 
 
 iM-'l-' Rebecca Terrell. Coleman Roberson. 
 
 2 Nannie Terrell. Green Terrell. 
 
 ? Elizabeth Terrell, (ieorge Bolin. 
 
 4 Sallie Parris. 
 
 5 Henry Parris. Barbara Marshall. 
 
 6 Emma Parris. Stephen Spears. 
 
 7 John Parris. Catherine Terrell. 
 l'4-l'' Daniel Woodall. Emeline Ragsdale. 
 
 2 William Woodall. Potts. 
 
 3 Annie Woodall. Aaron Terrell. 
 
 4 Caroline Woodall. John Beaver Post. 
 1'5-L' Elnora Hendricks. George R. Gourd. 
 I'6-L= Ann Eliza Chambers. 
 
 2 Mary A. Chambers. John Ross Hicks. 
 
 OK 3 Vann Chambers. Jennie Diana McCoy. .. .^. 
 
 4 Elizabeth Chambers. Lippman R:.senthal and Charl.. Lamb. 
 
466 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 5 Jefferson Parks Chambers. Melissa Harris and Emma Wil- 
 
 cox. 
 
 6 Amelia Delilah Chambers. * David Lair Denny. 
 
 7 William Maxwell Chambers. Belle Bray. 
 
 8 Lettie Boyd Chambers. * David Lair Denny. 
 
 9 Nancy Jane Chambers. 
 
 1172-13 Thomas Fox Woodall. Mary Fields and Emma Fields nee 
 
 Howland. 
 l^S-l^ Elsie Jane Chambers. William Walkley, George Nipper and 
 David Lair Denny. 
 2 George Sanders Chambers. Belle Chouteau nee Smith. 
 OK 3 David Chambers. 
 
 4 Robert Emory Chambers. Charlotte Ann Diedrich. 
 
 5 James Chambers. ■■' 
 
 6 William A. Chambers. Minnie Brown and Emma Chamber.^ 
 
 nee Wilcox. 
 
 7 Mary Ella Chambers. * John Phillips. 
 
 8 Maxwell Chambers. Nellie White. 
 l'9-l-^ Fannie Hendricks. Frank Kerr. 
 
 1^10-1^ Fannie E. Hendricks. Montgomery Canada. 
 
 2 Rachel Hendricks. Daniel Turner. 
 
 3 Charles Hendricks. * 
 
 j 4 White Hendricks. Rose Case and Mary Fossett. 
 
 5 Oscar Hendricks. * 
 
 6 Robert M. Hendricks. Gay Howard. 
 
 1M2-1-' Eliza R. Gourd. Robert Watson Hicks and Lewis C. Cordery. 
 
 2 Elizabeth Gourd. William L. Cordrey. 
 
 3 Ellen Gourd. Daniel Webster Lowrey. 
 
 4 Thomas Gourd. Sallie Buse. 
 
 5 Jeanette Gourd. William L. Cordrey and George W. 
 
 Grit^'in. 
 IM3-I-'' Rufus Hendricks. Susie Stanley. 
 
 2 Thomas Hendricks. Stanley and Bessie Bagley. 
 
 3 Susie Hendricks. 
 
 4 Janana Hendricks. 
 
 A 1. Ludovic Grant, who was said to have been a Scotchman, in a 
 statement recorded on page 301 of the Charlestown, South Carolina probate 
 court in the book of "1754-1758' in a sworn statement of January 12, 1756, 
 says "It is about thirty years since I went into the Cherokee Country where 
 I have resided ever since" "I speak their language". He married a full blood 
 Cherokee woman of the Long Hair clan. He was among the Cherokees at 
 the same time that Christian Priber and James Adair was in the nation. 
 Grant's half breed daughter married William Emory, an Englishman. 
 
 A2. Rim Pawling, Ezekial But^ington, Robert Due and John Rogers 
 were Englishmen. 
 
 A3. John Stuart was stationed at Fort Loudon as the Captain of a 
 British company in 17S7. The fort was besieged and captured by the war 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEKOKHE INDIANS 467 
 
 Chief O-RO-no-sto-ta on August 7, 1 760. Nearly all of the oarrisoii was killed 
 hut Captain Stuart was rescued and taken to Virginia hy the civil chief, Ata- 
 culiaculla. Stuart was later appointed Superintendent of Indian Affairs, 
 South of Ohio Hiver and married Susannah Emory and their only child was 
 always known as Oo-no-du-tu or Bushyhead and this name has clung to his 
 descendants. Captain Stuart himself was known to his Cherokee acquaint- 
 ances as Oo-no-du-tu on account of his shock of blond hair. He died at 
 Pensacola, Fla., February 2 1, 1779. Susannah's second husband was Richard 
 Fields, an En.iflishnian and her third husband was Brigadier General Joseph 
 Martin, who had the rare distinction of simultaneously bearing commission^ 
 to this rank in the militia service of Virginia and North Caroliiia. 
 
 Al. John Fawling's wife was a half breed Cherokee. Pawling was 
 killed by James Vann, his wife's brother. 
 
 A.S. Uavid Gentry, a blacksmith was also Ihe lirst husband of Tian;i 
 Rogers. 
 
 A6. John Rogers' lirst wife was Elizabeth Due nee Emory and his 
 second wife was his step-daughter Jennie Due. 
 
 A7. Captain John Rogers settled at Dardanelle, Arkansas in 1821. He 
 was Ihe last chief of the "Old Settler" Cherokees. He died at Washington 
 in 1«46 and is buried in the National Cemetery. The wives of John and 
 James Rogers were sisters. 
 
 AS. Richard Fields emigrated to Texas in 1821 and was killed in 182 7. 
 
 A'). Cjeorge Fields was a captain of Cherokee auxiliaries to Gen. An- 
 drew Jacksons army in the Creek war of 1814. 
 
 A I It. Turtle Fields served with the Cherokee allies of the America.i 
 forces in the Creek war of 18 14 and later became a Methodist minister. 
 
 All. John Martin, born October 20, 1781. He was a member of the 
 Cherokee Constitutional convention of 1827, was the lirst Treasurer and first 
 Chief Justice of the Cherokee Nation. He died on October 17, 1740 and 
 is buried at Fort Gibson. 
 
 A 12. Jeter Lynch was of Irish descent. 
 
 A13. Daniel Davis was born in North Carolina in 1785 and died in 
 Cu-nrgia in June 1866. 
 
 All. Major Downing, said lo have been a Major in the British army 
 married a full blood Cherokee woman of the Wolf clan. 
 
 ACS. Tradition says that after a violent storm on the coast of South 
 Carolina a babv was found on the beach, leashed to a spar. He was well 
 clothed and the only word that he could articulate was "Jack" and upon be- 
 ing adopted by a family known as Wright, he was known as Jack Wright 
 He married Jennie Crittenden. 
 
 A 16. Moses Albertv, born April 18, 1788. Died May 3, 1877. _ 
 
 A 17. Clarissa Wright, born October 2 5, I8n^, married Elijah Philhps. 
 
 A 1 8. Rebecca Wright born January 1 , l S 1 4, married Joel Mayes Bryan 
 born October 22. 1809. ' She died April 5, 1882. He died August 7, 1800. 
 
 A 19 Joseph \-ann, whose aier..kee name was Teaultle, was born on 
 February 11 1708. He was a member of tlie constitutional convention 
 
468 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 1827 from Hightower District and of that of 1839. He was president of the 
 Senate from 1841 to 1843. Elected Assistant Chief in 1839 and 1859. He 
 died May 3, 1877. 
 
 A20. David Vann born January 1, 1800. He was elected Treasurer 
 of the Cherokee Nation in 1839, 1843, 1847 and 185 1. He was Jcilled by 
 the "Pin"' Indians on December 23, 1863. 
 
 A2 1. Andrew M. Vann was a resident of the Texas Cherokee Nation on 
 July 20, 1833. He was elected Assistant Chief of the Cherokee Nation on 
 June 28, 1840 vice (his brother) Joseph Vann, resigned. 
 
 A22. A full blood Cherokee of the Wolf clan, whose name may have 
 been Na-ni. Her first husband. Kingfisher, of the Deer clan, was the father 
 of her first two children; Catherine and Fivekiller. In a battle with the 
 Muskogees, Kingfisher was killed and his wife, who had been laying behind a 
 log, chewing the bullets so that they would lacerate the more; picked up his 
 rifle and fought as a warrior throughout the rest of the skirmish. The Musko- 
 gees were defeated and according to custom the captured spoils were divided 
 among the victors. Kingfisher's widow was given a negro that had been 
 captured from the vanquished and in this manner became the first slave owner 
 among the Cherokees and by common consent she became the Ghi-ga-u, or 
 Beloved Woman of the Cherokees, this life time distinction was only granted 
 as an extreme mark of valorious merit and carried with it the right to speak, 
 vote and act in all of the peace and war councils of the tribe, it also vested 
 her with the supreme pardoning power of the tribe, a prerogative that was 
 not granted to any other, not even the powerful peace or war chiefs. 
 
 She was described even after she was an old woman as a person of re- 
 markable beauty, poise "with a queenly and commanding presence." Her 
 second husband was Bryan Ward, a White man, a widower, who had located 
 in the Cherokee country as a trader. Ward had brought his son John, whose 
 deceased mother was a White woman, and John subsequently married Cather- 
 ine McDaniel, a half breed Cherokee woman and is the ancestor of the 
 numerous Ward family, among the Cherokees. Bryan Ward had one daugh- 
 ter; Elizabeth, by the Ghi-ga-u; whose first husband was Brigadier General 
 
 Joseph Martin and her second husband was Hughes, a trader. Bryan 
 
 Ward lived only a few years after his marriage to The Ghi-ga-u. 
 
 In June 1776, Dragging Canoe, Abraham and Raven; war chiefs of the 
 Cherokees, with about two hundred and fifty warriors each, at the instigation 
 of the British, planned to attack the western settlements. But the effect of 
 these raids were greatly modified by the Ghi-ga-u's timely warning to the 
 settlers. On July 20, 1776, Abraham marching to attack Watauga, in East 
 Tennessee, captured Mrs. Bean, wife of William Bean, the mother of the first 
 V/hite child born in Tennessee. On the return of the war party to the 
 Cherokee country, Mrs. Bean was condemned by her captors to be burned at 
 the stake. She was conducted to the top of the mound that stood in the 
 center of Tuskeegee,' which was located just above the mouth of Tellico or 
 Little Tennessee River, where she was bound to the stake, the fagots were 
 piled around her, but just as the torch was about to be applied, the Ghigaii 
 appeared, cut the thongs that bound her and took .the captive to her home, 
 
HISTORY OF THH CHEROKEE INDIANS 46Q 
 
 where the grateful Mrs. Bean taught her how to keep house and make butter 
 
 As soon as it was safe to do so, the Ghigau sent Mrs. Bean under the 
 .scort of her brother, Tuskeegeeteehee or Longfellow of Chistatoa and her 
 Mn Hiskyteehee, or Fivekiller, sometimes known as Little Fellow, to her hus- 
 band and family. 
 
 Tuskeegee is the town name of one of the original eight subdivisions of 
 the Cusetah, the primal peace town of the Coosas, the primordial mother 
 tribe of the Muskogees, Choctaws, Chickasaws and Seminoles. The surtix 
 tee-hee, means killer and therefore the Ghigau's brother's name was Tuskee- 
 ,;ee killer, although he was known to the English by the descriptive name 
 ■ f Longfellow on account of his stature. Hisky is the Cherokee rendering of 
 the number, live. 
 
 At the beginning of September 1780 Gates had been defeated at Cam- 
 Jen. Savannah and Charlestown were in the hands of the British; Georgia and 
 ^outh Carolina were conquered; the enemy exultantly moved northwest to 
 tlie conquest of North Carolina and Virginia. This was the critical moment 
 of the Revolution. Alexander Cameron of Lochabar, the British agent among 
 the Cherokees and an intermarried citizen of that nation had been able to sus- 
 tain the alliance of the Chickamaugas and many other Cherokees as well as 
 other tribesmen with the British interests. Brave and resourceful pioneer sol- 
 diers, dressed in homespun and buckskin, coon skinned capped with the pe- 
 culiar rifle wilh which they were wont to shoot the head oft' of a squirrel in 
 the tallest tree or cut the neck of the turkey at an incredible distance, held back 
 the equally dangerous Indians and Tories while others of their kind destroyed 
 Ferguson's crack troops at Kings Mountain on October 7, 1780 and turned 
 the tide in favor of the Americans. 
 
 While a portion of the patriots won in the Kings Mountain campaign. 
 that part that were rearguarding the frontier became short of rations. "Nancv 
 Ward agreed to furnish beef and had some cattle driven in."' She and her 
 family had been consistent Americans since she had sent William Fawling- and 
 Isaac Thomas on a hundred and twenty mile trip to warn the settlers of the 
 proposed attack of Dragging Canoe, Abraham and Raven with their pro 
 British Cherokee commands in July 1776.'' 
 
 "When the Revolutionary War came, the British Government determined 
 to employ the Indians against the southern and western frontiers. The or- 
 ganization of the southern tribes was intrusted to Superintendent Stuart. Their 
 ;;eneral plan which was only partially successful, was to land an army in wesi 
 Florida, march them through the country of the Creeks and Chickasaws, who 
 were each to furnish live hundred warriors and thence to Echota, the capital 
 of the Cherokee nation. Being reinforced by the Cherokees, they were to 
 invade the whole of the southern frontier, while the attention of the colonies 
 was diverted by formidable naval and military demonstrations on the sea 
 coast. Circular letters outlining the plan, intended for the information of the 
 Tories who were expected to repair to the royal standards, were issued May 
 '. and reached the Watauga settlement May 18, 1776. 
 
 The Cherokees. when the plan was first submitted to them, were not 
 prepared to take sides in the contest. A civil war was unknown to their na- 
 
470 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 tion, and they could hardly believe that the British government would make 
 war'against a part of its own people. Moreover, they had been at peace with 
 the Americans since their treaty with Governor Bell, had no new complaint 
 against them and were living heedless, happy lives in their own towns. 
 
 The campaign was planned with the utmost secrecy. It was agreed that 
 North Carolina and Virginia, South Carolina and Georgia should be attacked 
 simultaneously; the Overhill towns were to fall upon the back settlements of 
 North Carolina and Virginia; the Middle towns were to invade the outlying 
 districts of South Carolina; and the Lower towns were to strike the frontiers 
 of Georgia. 
 
 The Overhill towns which mustered about seven hundred warriors were 
 to move in three divisions; the first, commanded by Chuconsene or Dragging 
 Canoe, who has been called a savage Napoleon, was to march against the 
 Holston settlements; the second under Ooskiah or Abraham of Chilhowie, a 
 half breed chief who had fought under Washington on the frontiers of Vir- 
 ginia, was to attack Watauga; and the third led by Colonah or the Raven of 
 Echota was to scour Carters Valley. 
 
 At this time there lived in Echota a famous Indian woman named Nancy 
 Ward. She held the oflice of Ghigau or Beloved Woman, which not only 
 gave her the right to speak in council, but conferred such great power that 
 she might, by the wave of a swan's wing, deliver a prisoner condemned by 
 the council, though already tied to the stake. She was of queenly and com- 
 manding presence and manners and her house was furnished in a style suitable 
 to her high dignity. She was a successful cattle raiser and is said to have 
 been the first to introduce that industry among the Cherokees. 
 
 When Nancy Ward found that her people had fallen in with the plans 
 of Stuart and Cameron, she communicated the intelligence to a trader named 
 Isaac Thomas and provided him with the means of setting out as an express 
 to warn the back settlers of their danger. Thomas was a man of character 
 and a true American, who has left distinguished descendants in the State of 
 Louisiana. Accompanied by William Pawling, he lost no time in conveying 
 the alarming intelligence to the people on the Watauga and Holston. His 
 services were afterwards recognized and rewarded by the State of Virginia. 
 
 The information conveyed by Thomas produced great consternation on 
 the border. Couriers were dispatched in every direction. They had not had 
 an Indian war since the settlement was begun, some seven years before. There 
 was not a fort or block house from Wolf Hills westward. But preparations 
 for defense now became nervously active; the people rushed together in everv 
 neighborhood and hurriedly cnstructed forts and stockades. Dragging Canoe 
 was met at Long Island on the Holston on July 20, 1776 and defeated. Fort 
 Watauga was attacked at sunrise next morning by Abraham who was driven 
 away after having captured Mrs. William Bean and Samuel Moore, a bov 
 Raven upon finding the Carter's Valley in forts and prepared and having 
 heard of the repulses of Dragging Canoe and Abraham retired without doing 
 any damage. 
 
 Upon the whole, the Indian invasion was a failure, owing to the timely 
 warning of Nancy Ward, and the concentration of the inhabitants in forts built 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 47. 
 
 in consequence of the information she conveyed. If the well guarded secret 
 ..f the Indian campaign had not been disclosed and they had been permitted 
 to steal upon the defenseles backwoodsmen, who, in fancied security, had re- 
 mained scattered over the extensive frontiers, every soul of them would pro- 
 bably have been swept from the borders of Tennessee. As it was, only slight 
 injury was inflicted on the Whites; a few were killed, some we're wounded 
 and two were taken prisoners. The boy, Samuel Moore, was burned at the 
 stake. The Tassel, afterwards asserted that he was the only White person 
 burned by the Indians in Tennessee." 
 
 Ghijfau for many years conducted an inn at Womankiller ford of the 
 Ocowee River and became quite wealthy, her pioperty consisting of live stock 
 slaves and money. The traveling public called her "Granny Ward" on ac- 
 count of her age and the fact that she was the widow of Bryan Ward. After 
 she got so old that she could not attend the councils, she sent her walking cane 
 and vote on all important questions and in this manner voted at Amoah, on 
 May 6, 1817, the renounciation of her delegated rights and in favor of the 
 lirst constitutional enactment of the Cherokees. 
 
 She died at her home at the Womankiller Ford of Ocowee River in the 
 spring of I S24. 
 
 A23. Ellis Harlans direct line of descent was: 
 
 1'. James Harlan, born about 1625 near Durham, England. 
 
 !'l-'. George Harlan, married in County Armaugh, Ireland on Septem- 
 ber 17, 1678, Elizabeth Duck. Came to America and settled in Chester Co., 
 Pennsylvania in 1687. 
 
 I'l-'T'. Ezekial Harlan, born in County of Down, Ireland on June 16, 
 167'). Married Rachel Butlington. 
 
 I'l-l-'l' Ezekial Harlan, born in Chester Co., Pennsylvania on May 19, 
 17(»7. Married October 23, 1724 Hannah Osborn, born February 21, 1707 
 in Delaware Co.. Pennsylvania. Hoth lived and died in Chester Co., Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 I'1-I-M'l'. Ellis Harlan born about 173 1. Married Mrs. Catherine 
 Walker. 
 
 A24. Caleb Starr's direct line of descent was: 
 
 I'. John Starr of Oldcastle, County of Meath, Ireland, was according 
 to tradition a son of an English captain of infantry in Cromwell's army, who 
 settled in Ireland at the close of the civil war. John and many of his de- 
 scendants were members of the Society of Friends. 
 
 I'l=. John Starr born in Julv 1674 at Oldcastle. He married at Bally- 
 haes Meeting on June 11, 1706 Sarah Martin. They came to Chester County. 
 Pennsylvania, prior to 1717, but returned to Ireland and settled at Coote Hill. 
 County of Cavan. 
 
 ITI-'' John Starr lived in West Nantuel Township, Chester Country, 
 Pennsylvania. He probably died between 1771 and 1774 and his third wife; 
 Annie" probably died some ten years later, as their names were dropped from 
 the tax rolls during these years. 
 
 1'1 = 1-''I^ Alexander Starr, son of John and Annie, married Deborah 
 
472 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEEE INDIANS 
 
 Bryant. They lived and died in Chester County, Pennsylvania. The death 
 of the latter occurring in 1830. 
 
 1M-1"1M''. Caleb Starr born in Chester County, Pennsylvania about 
 1758. He together with Joseph McMinn, emigrated to Tennessee in about 
 1775. He married Nannie Harlan. He owned and lived on section 9 of 
 FTIS, Range 1, East on Conasauga Creek, in McMinn County, Tennessee. 
 Mrs. Starr died in 1841 and he died in 1843. 
 
 A25. Peter Hildebrand, born May Id, 1782 in Germany. Married 
 Elizabeth Harlan, born August 15, 1793. She died September 19, 1826. 
 He was one of the Captains of Emigrant detachments in 1838-39 and lo- 
 cated on Flint Creek where he operated a saw, turning and grist mill. He 
 died on December 11, I85l. 
 
 A26. Anthony Foreman was a Scotchman. His second wife, Elizabeth 
 was a niece of his first wife. 
 
 A2 7. Archibald Foreman was born on January 1, 1801 and died on 
 May 28, 1838. 
 
 A28. Mary Ann Bigby was born on August 9, 1802. She married 
 David Taylor, born December 16, 1791 in Orange County, Virginia. 
 
 A29. Teesee Guess was horn in 1 789. This second wife Rebecca 
 Bowles was born in 1816. She died on October 12, 1866 and he died on 
 September 17, 1867. 
 
 A30. John Gunter was a Welchman and operated a powder mill in the 
 Cherokee country in 1814. 
 
 A3 1. George Lowrey was born about 1770. He and his son in law 
 David Brown had fhiished a Cherokee spelling book in English characters at 
 the time that Sequoyah announced his invention. Lucy Lowrey nee Benge 
 was born about 1786. She died on October lo, 1846 and he died on Oc- 
 tober 20, 1852. 
 
 A32. Tahlonteeskee was a prominent Chicaniauga warrior in 1792. 
 In the United States — Cherokee October 25, l8o5 Doublehead, who had 
 hitherto been an implacable war chief was granted three separate tracts of 
 one square mile each and Tahlonteeskee received a square mile of land on 
 the north bank, of the Tennessee River, for their influence in negotiating the 
 treaty. This action becoming unpopular, Tahlonteeskee emigrated to the 
 Western Cherokee country where he was elected Principal Chief in 1818. 
 
 A33. John Bowles was the son of a Scotch trader and a full blood 
 Cherokee woman. His father was killed and robbed by two North Carolinans 
 while on his way home from Charlestown with goods for his establishment 
 This murder was in 1768 when the son was only twelve years of age, but 
 within the next two years the fair complexioned, auburn haired boy had 
 killed both of his father's slayers. Bowles settled at Runningwater Town, 
 one of the Chicamauga settlements near Lookout Mountain and at this place 
 he became involved in an altercation with some pioneers who were floating 
 down the Tennessee River and killed all the boatmen in June 1 794. Bowles 
 and his followers now manned the boats and navigated them down to the 
 mouth of St. Francis River in the Spanish province of Louisiana. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 473 
 
 On arriving at their dL-stination they placed all of the White women and 
 children in a boat, relinquished to them all of the furniture which thev 
 claimed and allowed them to descend the Mississippi River to New Orleans. 
 
 Howies and his followers joined the Cherokees that had lived in that lo- 
 cality for many years and he became their Chief in 1795 a position he held 
 until 1813. On account of the earthquake that centered in their settlement 
 in the winter of 1811-12, the Cherokees moved enmass to the country be- 
 tween Arkansas and White Rivers and a few of them settled south of the 
 former stream. In accordance with the United States Cherokee treaties the 
 limits of the Cherokee country was marked in the spring of 18 19 by William 
 Rector, Surveyor Oeneral of Arkansas and because it was not extended to in- 
 clude his town on Petit Jean Creek, on the south side of Arkansas River, 
 Howies with some sixty townsmen and their families emigrated in the winter 
 nf t8l9-2() to the Spanish colony of Texas and settled between the Trinity 
 and Angelina Rivers. They staid in Texas until July 16, 1839 when Bowles 
 was killed and his colony evicted. 
 
 A34. Michael Sanders, an Englishman from Virginia married Susie, .1 
 lull blood Cherokee of the Bird clan. 
 
 A 3 5. Alexander Sanders killed Chief boublehead in a drunken braw! 
 at Hiwassee Ferry in the summer of 1807. He was a Captain of the Chero- 
 kee allies of General Andrew Jackson in 181-1. It is said his name is on the 
 military rolls as Jeremiah. 
 
 AU>. Nancy Sanders born in 1782. Married George Harlan and Am- 
 brose Harnage. The latter was a White man, who died October 20, 1S4: 
 She died July II, 18^-1. 
 
 A ^7. Major Ridge and Oo-wa-tie, or The Ancient, were full blood 
 Cherokees of the Deer' clan. Thev were full brothers and born in Hiwassee 
 town. .Susie Wickett was a half blood English Cherokee and Susannah Reese 
 was a half blood Welch-Cherokee. Ridge was a Major of the Cherokee allies 
 of the United States soldiers in the war of 1814. He was killed at about ten 
 o'clock a. m. on June 22, 1839. All of Oo-wa-tie's children were known as 
 Watie's the tirst Oo, being dropped, except in the case of his second son Kill- 
 ikeenah or Buck, who out of gratitude for benefactions, adopted the name of 
 Elias Boudinot and his descent have always been known as Boudinots instead 
 nf Waties. ^, ^ , 
 
 A38. Stand Watie was born December 12, 1806 and died September 
 
 'a39. George Ward, born March 17, 1787. Married December l5, 
 I SOS. I.ucv Maves, a White woman and sister of Samuel Mayes. He uas 
 assa.ssinated during the civil war by Pin Indians and Mrs. Ward died on Novem- 
 ber 1 1, 1867. , , „, , , f th . 
 A40. Thomas Cordery married Susannah, a tull blood Cherokee of th. 
 
 Blind Savannah clan. 
 
 A41. John Rogers, bom in 1779 in Burke County, Georgia of SoMch 
 and English descent, married Sarah Cordery. He was kncnvn as N"lj ""^^^ 
 Jack- Rogers. Mrs. Rogers died on July 14, 1842 and he died on Juh 3f, 
 1851. 
 
474 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 A42. Jackson Rogers born October 12, l8l6. Married February 7, 
 1844 Sarah G. Blackburn, born June 3, 182 1. He enlisted in Company B, 
 First Georgia Infantry under Colonel William Dabney. He was captured in 
 July 1864 and held at Camp Douglas, in Chicago, until he was parolled on 
 June 16, 1865. He was elected a member of the Georgia legislature in 1875. 
 He died May 14, 1899. 
 
 A43. Mary Daniel, born October 15, 178 7. Married Thomas Butfing- 
 ton and on his decease she married Lewis Blackburn, a White man, born July 
 17, 1778 in Stokes County, North Carolina. 
 
 A44. Malinda Wharton was born December 25, 1803 in Virginia. She 
 married Thomas Chisholm, born in 1 790. He was elected Third Chief of the 
 Western Cherokees on July 16, 1834. The Principal Chief at that time was 
 John Jolly and the Second Chief, was Blackcoat. Thomas Chisholm was at- 
 tacked with typhoid fever at the council at Tahlonteeskee and on being taken 
 to his home on Beatty's Prairie, he died on November 12, 1834. Mrs. Chis- 
 holm's second husband was William Wilson, born October 14, 18 11. She 
 died on February 19, 1864 and he died on June 20, 1897. 
 
 A45. David Carter born in 1807. Married Jennie Riley, born in 18 17, 
 He was elected Judge of Tahlequah District in 1841. Elected Senator from 
 the same district in 1842. He was a Justice of the Supreme Court and also 
 Superintendent of Education from 1836 to 1845. Resigned these to become 
 Editor of the Cherokee Advocate, was Chief Justice of the Cherokee Nation 
 from 1851 to 1854 and was later a Justice of the Supreme Court. He died 
 on February 1, 1867 and his wife died on March 1, 1867. 
 
 A46. Jennie Halfbreed, her brothers and sisters belonged to the Blind 
 Savannah clan. 
 
 A47. John Adair, a Scotchman, married Mrs. Ge-ho-ga Foster, a full 
 blood Cherokee of the Deer clan. She was a sister of Mrs. Dorcas Duncan, 
 wife of Young Charles Gordon Duncan who was also a Scotchman. Adair 
 had five children that lived to be grown and after her death he married Jennie 
 Kilgore, a White woman, by whom he had ten children. 
 
 A48. Walter Adair was born on December 11, 1783. He married on 
 May 15, 1804 Rachel Thompson, a White woman, born December 24, 1786. 
 He died on January 12, 1835 and his wife died on April 22, 1876. 
 
 A49. Walter Scott Adair was born on January 28, 1791. He married 
 on November 16, 1824 Nancy Harris, born in 1807. He was the first master 
 of the second masonic lodge in Oklahoma. He died September 26, 1854. She 
 died March 9, 1884. 
 
 A50. William Shorey, a Scotchman married Ghigooie a full blood 
 Cherokee of the Bird clan. 
 
 A5l. Mollie McDonald, born November 1, 1770. She married Daniel 
 Ross, a Scotchman, born in 1760 in Sutherlandshire, Scotland. She died Oc- 
 tober 5, 1808 and he died on May 22, 1830. 
 
 A52. Jennie Springston born December 25, l8o4. Married Joseph 
 Vann born in 1800. He died or October 26, 1844. She died Ausust 4, 
 1863. 
 
 A53. Tradition avers that Jennie Taylor, a Scotch woman married a 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 475 
 
 meniher of the English aristocracy named Fox. That thev had two sons and 
 then separated, the father retaining the elder, on whom "the right of primo- 
 geniture would vest the estates and she kept the \ounger brother, who was 
 thence forward known as Charles Fox-Taylor. The widow later married a Hol- 
 lander named Conrad and emigrated to America, settling in the vicinity of the 
 Cherokees. Charles Fox-Taylor married Jennie Walker, a grand daughter o! 
 the Ghi-ga-u, and his half brother; Hamilton Conrad married Onai, a full blood 
 Cherokee woman of the Bird clan. The descendants Charles Fox-Taylur 
 were known as Taylors. 
 
 Hamilton and Onai Conrad had five children; Rattlinggourd, Hair. 
 Youngwolf, Quatie and Terrapinhead Conrad. Although Hair Conrad was the 
 only one except a grandson of Terrepinhead who retained his full patronymic. 
 i'attlinggourd and his descent were always known as Rattlinggourds. Young- 
 '. ulfs generation were known by the family name of Wolf and Terrapinhead's 
 liildren and descendants were known as Terrapins, with the exception of his 
 nungest son, who althdugh a full brother to the other children was known 
 .i> Thomas Fox Cunrad. 
 
 Terrapinhead's only daughter, Jennie, married a half blood Spanish- 
 I Jierokee whose only name was So-sa or Goose but he became locally known 
 ^ Dick Spaniard, on acount of his extraction. Upon his enlistment in the 
 . "nfederate service he gave the name So-sa and upon the adjutants query for 
 I christian name, he said Johnson or as the Cherokees pronounced it, Jonson 
 ' ould do. He was killed in a skirmish at Tahlequah and Jennie named their 
 posthumous son; John Johnson using the father's assumed christian name for 
 ills surname. 
 
 A54. Jackson Rattlinggourd was born in 1809. Married Elsie Wilson 
 b(irn in ISo.S. She died October 4, 1884. He died on April 10, 1885. 
 
 A55. Samuel Riley, a White man, married Gu-lu-sti-yu and Ni-go-di-ge- 
 yu. 'They were sisters and belonged to the Long Hair clan. 
 
 A56. Loony Riley born November 12, iSoo, married in 18 18 Rachel 
 -tuarl, a White woman, born December 2 1, I800. He died February 28. 
 IHS^. She died April 15, 1883. 
 
 AS 7. Edmond Benge, who was most probably a three quarter blood 
 Cherokee was born in 1784. He married on July 2 5, 1810 Mary Rains, .i 
 White woman born December 8, 1792. She died in Georgia prior to i830 
 and he died on September 12, 1844. 
 
 A58. John Crutchlield, born July 20, i822 and died in September 
 188(). 
 
 A 50. Joseph and Rock Crutchfield were the sons of a full blood Chero- 
 kee mother and a White trader whose trading station was near James Vann's 
 residence at Spring Place. Vann and Crutchfield became mixed up in a broil 
 in which the latteV was killed. Vann at once adopted the orphan boys and 
 raised them as if they were his own and when they were grown equipped them 
 with well improved plantations and gave several slaves to each. 
 
 A6n. John Hildebrand was a native of Germany and his first live chil- 
 dren were full blooded Germans. .His last four children were halt breea 
 Cherokee-Germans. 
 
476 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 A6I. Elowie or Elijah Butler was born in 1817. He was converted 
 and joined the Methodist church when quite young. He was admitted to the 
 ministry on trial in October 1853 and was assigned to the Spring Creek cir- 
 cuit, transferred to the Senica and Delaware circuit in 1854 and to the Big 
 Bend of Arkansas river with Reverend Wiliam Mcintosh in 1855. A large 
 colony of Cherokee had for many years lived in this far western location 
 residing on both sides of the river, where they stayed until this section was sold 
 to the Osages and Pawnees and then most of them returned to the Cherokee 
 Nation east of the ninety sixth meridian. It was several years after Reverend 
 Elowie or Elijah had been in the ministry before he commenced to be known 
 as Butler. He was ordained a deacon in October 1858 by Bishop Early at 
 Skullyville. During i860 and 1861 he was again filling the station at Big 
 Bend. He served in the confederate army under Captain Thompson Mayes. 
 From 1866 to 1871 he worked on the Grand River circuit with Reverend D. 
 B. Cummings. He was elected Judge of Delaware District in 1867 and 1869. 
 His wife, Dorcas Landrum was born in 1829. Reverend "Butler was of that 
 type of the Indian preacher of which we have had many during the years of 
 our missionary work. Solid, full of purpose and fidelity, he was devoted to 
 his work and stuck to it under all possible circumstances."' Reverend Butler 
 died April 27, 1873 and Mrs. Dorcas Butler died on January 13, 1898. 
 
 A62. Sarah Hildebrand was born on November 26, 1788. She mar- 
 ried Blackcoat. By an act of the council at Piney on Piney Creek, Arkansas 
 Cherokee Nation, on September 11, 1824, it was provided that "the Execu- 
 tive Department of the Cherokee Government shall consist of three persons 
 that is, a First Chief, a Second Chief, and a Third or minor Chief, which chiefs 
 shall serve for a term of four years from the date of their appointment, and 
 the First and Second Chiefs shall receive a salary of one hundred dollars an- 
 nually, and the Third or minor Chief, sixty dollars."^ At that time the 
 Cherokees were often at war with neighboring tribes and their country was 
 not healthy and one or two of the chiefs might die or be killed within a few 
 days of each other and for that reason three chiefs were elected. 
 
 <I^ 
 
ixriibirii j>"mitlt 
 
478 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 479 
 
 CHAPTER XX 
 Tlie Full Blood Cherokees' Progress. Political, Business and Social Activities 
 
 Rc'dhird Smith, who was the moving spirit of the Nighthawk branch of 
 the Keetoowah organization of FuU-hlood Cherokees, was horn July i9th, 
 1«5(), somewhere near the city of Ft. Smith, Ark. His father and mother! 
 t.igether with other Cherokees being enroute to Indian Territory from Geori;ia. 
 
 Pig Redbird Smith, (the name Smith being added by the white pec^ple 
 in Georgia because he was a blacksmith by trade), was an old and ardent ad- 
 herent of the ancient rituals, customs and practices of the "Long House" 
 group of eastern Indians of which the Cherokees were the head band or tribe. 
 
 The wife nt Pig Redbird Smith and mother of Redbird Smith was Lizzie 
 Hildebrand Smith, a woman who carried the best blood-lines of the Cherokees. 
 
 At an early date in the boyhood life of Redbird Smith, his father dedi- 
 cated him to the services and cause of the Cherokee people in accordance 
 with ancient customs and usages. At the early age of ten years, Redbird 
 received instruction at the council fires. At this time, the latter part of 1850, 
 Pig Redbird Smith, lUidd C^ritts and Vann, all being impressed with the virtues 
 •t the religious and moral codes of the ancient Keetoowah order, concluded 
 •p reorganize. 
 
 KEDBIKD Sx^ITH'S HOME 
 O.. tl.f porch iiro R.Ml.ir.l S.nitl., his Coiuuilnu.,. -.nul l'i^ ■■^♦l' -;""' "''°'»"'- *^" *''' 
 Urouiirl iiro his wife, 2 daunliters, 8 sons, their wn ,s and granuunmnu. 
 
 Budd Gritts. wh^~;v^^"B^ MinisterT^v^Tpr^ailed upon to draft 
 a Constitution and Laws of government for the use of the people m thei 
 group, which was compatible with the changing conditions religiously and 
 politically. The constitution and Laws of Government was formally adopted 
 and the Keetoowahs prospered and lived in peace under it tor many years. 
 
480 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Duriny- the period from 185'' to 18.S0, the Keetoowahs flourished and 
 were strongly united. Almost without exception the Keetoowahs went with 
 the North in the Civil War. In all this period the Keetoowahs were either 
 Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, a few Quakers, and a part of them wor- 
 shipped according to the rituals of the ancient Keetoowah, hut all got along 
 harmoniously. Dissentions came only after the white Missionaries objected 
 to and condemned what they termed "the Pagan Form of worship'' of the an- 
 cient Keetowahs, and designated as "The work of the Devil." 
 
 Influenced by these white teachers, who were conscientious and sincere 
 in their eltorts of Christian work, the members of the diferent denominations 
 became strictly sectarian in their practice, but there was still no enmity exist- 
 ing. 
 
 The Keetoowah Constitution and Laws of Government was amended in 
 1889, making it rather a political organization in character. From this period 
 the differences between the Christian Keetoowahs and the Ancient Keetoowahs 
 became more marked, and there was lack of harmony even in their policies of 
 political effort. 
 
 In 1895 when the question of the allotment of lands to the members of 
 the Five Civilized Tribes was being agitated, the ancient Keetoowahs became 
 very active in opposing the proposed change. In this, however, all the Kee- 
 toowah element were united in their opposition to any speedy change. From 
 this time to 1900 the following of Redbird Smith were designated universally 
 as the "Nighthawk Keetoowahs" because of their vigilence in their activities. 
 
 On January 3 1st, 1899, a general election was held for the purpose of 
 determining on what is known as the Dawes Commission Treaty. The FuU- 
 blocds lost by two thousand fifteen votes. The Keetoowahs were united in 
 their opposition to the allotment of lands and dissolution of their government, 
 but a part of them saw that the- change was inevitably coming and adjusted 
 themselves accordingly. 
 
 Redbird Smith, however, took the position that it was grossly unjust for 
 the United States Government, their Trustee, to precipitately plunge a large 
 number of his people into so radically changed conditions, he accordingly ad- 
 vised his following (about 5789 according to the roll of their number at that 
 time) that he reposed confidence in the integrity of the intentions of the Gov- 
 ernment of the United States to uphold its Treaty Stipulations; that sooner or 
 later the Government would see the injustice to the Full-bloods and would 
 take active measures to make amends. He therefore counselled his people 
 not to participate further in the deliberations of what he termed the majority 
 of the advocates of the change. He and his group stood steadfast in this re- 
 calcitrant attitude until about KMO when he became convinced that it was 
 usele.ss. 
 
 In 1908 his position as Chairman was officially changed by the Night- 
 hawk Keetoowah Council to that of Chief. An election was held for this 
 purpose and he was unanimously elected in that caapcity for life, which he held 
 and ably filled until his death, November 8th, |9i8, after a short illness of 
 forty-eight hours. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 48! 
 
 Kedbird Smith was a man endowed with a -reat native ability and t;reat 
 enough to admit his own mistakes. In this matter he said: "After my selec- 
 tion as a Chief, I awakened to the grave and great responsiliilities of a leader 
 of men. I looked about and saw that I had led my people down a long and 
 teep mountain side, now it was my duty to turn and lead them back upward 
 and save them. The unfortunate thing in the mistakes and errors of leaders or 
 ■ f governments is the penalty the innocent and loyal followers have to pay. 
 My greatest ambition has always been to think right and do right. It is my 
 belief that this is the fulfilling of the law of the Great Creator. In the up- 
 iniilding of my people it is my purpose that wc shall be spiritually right and 
 industrially strong." 
 
 "I have always believed that the Great Creator had a great design for 
 my people, the Cherokees. 1 have been taught that from my childhood up 
 and now in my mature manhood I recognize it as a great truth. Our forces 
 have been dissipated by the external forces, perhaps it has been just a train- 
 ing, but we must now get together as a race aui-" render our contribution to 
 mankind." 
 
 Ro.lbird Sniitl, (left), ;.»,! Blufor,! Sixkiner. .\sst. fl.i.'f ( li.ijl.t ), instnu-ting 
 ill tlic Kotoowiih Kitiial. 
 
 "We are endowed with intelligence, we are industrious, we are loyal, 
 and we are spiritual but we are overlooking the particular Cherokee mission 
 nn earth, for no man nor race is endowed with these qualifications without a 
 designed purpose. Work and right training is the solution of my fol wmg. 
 We 'as a group are still groping in darkness in many things, but this we know 
 we mustVork. A kindly man cannot help his neighbor m need unless he 
 
482 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 have a surplus and he cannot have a surplus unles he works. It is so simple 
 and yet we have to continually remind our people of this." 
 
 "Our Mixed-hloods should not be overlooked in this program of a racial 
 awakening. Our pride in our ancestral heritage is our great incentive for 
 handing something worth while to our posterity. It is this pride in ancestry 
 that makes men strong and loyal for their principle in life. It is this same 
 pride that makes men give up their all for their Government." 
 
 In the last few years of his life Redhird Smith became obsessed with his 
 ambition for his people. He insisted in securing the services of one who was 
 willing to co-operate with him in working some industrial plan for the Night- 
 hawk Keetoowah Group, and he did not give up his program until he secured 
 an agreement with this party to serve with his people for seven years, be- 
 ginning with January 1st, 1918. 
 
 His program covered not only the Nighthawks, but all people of Chero- 
 kee blood. His great ambition was to accomplish a united spirit of co-opera- 
 tion among all the factors of the Cherokee people. It was distinctly not his 
 idea to reestablish the old and discarded regime of the Cherokee Government, 
 but to awaken a racial pride, so that the more fortunate of the race may be- 
 come great factors in helping their less fortunate brethren. 
 
 It is this spirit and ambition of his that has prevailed even after his death, 
 and that which his survivors in Office are carrying out in the selection of 
 Levi Gritts as Chief of the Cherokees. It should be understood that it is 
 purely a purpose of unifying the Cherokee people to a grand effort of agrand- 
 izing the race that it may acquit itself as a contributor to a grand race of men 
 in America, as Redbird called it "The Mother of the New World." 
 
 To fulfill these purposes the Cherokee Executive Council was organized, 
 with the following members: 
 
 Cherokee Executive Council 
 W. Tate Brady, Chairman of Executive Counsel, Secretary VV. M. Gulager. 
 
 Ketoowahs Incorporated : 
 John B. Smith, Tahlequah, Oklahoma Robert Meigs, Parkhill, Oklahoma. 
 Rider Ratler, Lyons, Oklahoma. Peter Cramp, Porum, Oklahoma. 
 
 Isaac Greece, Tahlequah, Oklahanma. 
 
 For the Eastern and Western: 
 Watt Mayes, Pryor, Oklahoma. E. N. Washbourne, Jay, Oklahoma. 
 
 James Hilderbrand, Bernice, Oklahoma. J. R. Mcintosh, Claremore, Okla. 
 Geo. Mayes, Pryor, Oklahoma. 
 
 Cherokee Personal Committee: 
 
 S. R. Lewis, Tulsa, Oklahoma. W. T. Brady, Tulsa, Oklahoma. 
 
 W. M. Gulager, Muskogee, Oklahoma. J. G. Sanders, Tulsa, Oklahoma. 
 
 S. G. Maxfield, Tulsa, Oklahoma. 
 
 Nighthawk Keetoowahs: 
 
 Sam Smith, Gore, Oklahoma. Sam R. Smith, Gore, Oklahoma. 
 
 John R. Smith, Gore, Oklahoma. Osie Hogshooter, Tahlequah, Oklahoma. 
 Alex Deerinwater Tahlequah, Oklahoma. Lincoln Towie, Tahlequah, Okla. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 483 
 
 Delaware Cherokees: 
 
 Jo. A. Barles Dewey. Oklahoma. Geo. BuUett, Tulsa, Oklahoma. 
 
 n W-, M • "'-■" °^''''ho'^=i- Solomon Ketchum, Vinita, Oklahoma 
 
 L. Wilson, Nowata, Oklahoma. 
 
 Bluford Sixkiller, who was Rcdbird's asistant from lOos until Sept nth 
 1920. which he resigned on account of poor health. William Rogers succeed- 
 ed to h.s place by election on the same date. William Rogers is 51 years of 
 age and a faithful follower of Redhird Smith. He is a man of sterling- qual- 
 ities and has rendered invaluable service to his people. 
 
 Bluford Si.xkiller died November 23rd, 1921, aged 7i years. 
 
 Sam Smith, the son of Redbird Smith succeeded to his father's place as 
 Chief of the Nighthawk Keetoowahs. April 7th, 1919. He is successfully 
 carrying out his father's program. Makes a wise and conservative leader and 
 yet very progressive. 
 
 Gee Hogshooter, the secretary of the organization has served in that ca- 
 pacity since 1908. A man fifty years of age and an active worker and a 
 wise counsellor to his people. 
 
 John Redbird Smith, the official Interpreter of the Organization since 
 1900 and a steadfast assistant of his revered father. A man of strong con- 
 victions, conscientious, fearless and a very strong factor in the work of bring- 
 ing the Nighthawks out of the wilderness. 
 
 All of Redbird's ten living children are ardent followers of their father. 
 Redbird left surviving him, his wife, two daughters, eight sons and thirty-five 
 grandchildren. 
 
 Lucy Fields Smith, the surviving wife of Redbird's, was born near 
 Hraggs, Oklahoma, in 185:. Her father was Richard Fields, who at the 
 time of his death in Washington, D. C, was the attorney general of the Chero- 
 kee Nation. Her mother was Eliza Brewer Fields, who survived until Jan. 
 1890. 
 
 This noble and loyal wife of Redbird Smith was largely responsible for 
 his sucess in life. She is a wonderful mother. When her two youngest boys 
 departed for the Army encampment, Kian and Stokes, she calmly gave her 
 boys up and bade them to be courageous and acquit themselves as men. 
 
 It is a noteworthy fact that Chief Redbird, issued an edict to all the fires 
 of the Nighthawk Keetoowahs, calling upon all members of draft age to offer 
 themselves without reserve and to take no advantage of the exemption pro- 
 \ ided for. This was carried except in two cases. 
 
 The following named were all great factors in the work of the Keetoowah 
 organization: Anderson Gritts, Ned Ten Killer, Nagada Seweegbe, Joe Chewy, 
 I.acy Hawkins. Daniel Redbird. George Benge, Stool Jackson. George Hughes, 
 Ned Bullfrog. Sanee Goo-vah. Sand. Wilson Girty, Tom Horn, Charley Ketch- 
 er, John Wycliff, Jim WyclifT, Charley Scott, Alex McCoy, Paul Glass, 
 Joshua Glass, Jim Alex, Alex f^eerinwater, Jim Hogshooter, Will Sand and 
 George Smith. 
 
 The following notice of election' of Levi Gritts, Chief of the Cherokees, 
 
484 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 is a splendid written document and fully explains the necessity and importance 
 of the election: 
 
 Box, Oklahoma, December 9th, 1920. 
 
 Mr. Levi Gritts, 
 Muskogee, Oklahoma. 
 
 My dear Mr. Gritts: — Pursuant to a well defined plan and program of the 
 Nighthawk Keetoowahs of Full-blood Cherokee Indians, you have seen desig- 
 nated by the Council of said Society to serve our suffering cause in the capa- 
 city of CHIEF OF THE CHEROKEES. 
 
 With the death of the late Chief Rogers, terminated the officially recog- 
 nized position of Cherokee Chief. The elimination of this office seemed at 
 the time to be natural and it was the concensus of opinion on the part of 
 the Cherokees themselves as well as the Departmental administrators of our 
 affairs that there was no further need of the office of a Chief in our changed 
 conditions. 
 
 Your attention is respectfully invited to the following analysis as we have, 
 in our humble way, been able to reach: 
 
 (1) Cliicf Redbird Smith. (2) Lucy Smith, his wife. (3) Mrs Ella Mc-Laiu, daugh- 
 ter. (4) Joliu Redbird Smith. (.5) Sam Smith. (6) Mr.'!. Susie Starr, daughter. (S) 
 Thomas Smith. (9) George Smith. (10) Mose Smith. (11) Kiali Smitli. (12) Stoke 
 Smith. 
 
 Taking the Full-blood, particularly the Nighthawk Keetoowahs, as a 
 basis of this analysis, we find, first; That beginning with the trying times of 
 the year Nineteen Hundred, these people were overwhelmed with what seemed 
 to them an attempt on the part of the United States government to divest 
 them of what they considered their vested rights; they were all too suddenly 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 485 
 
 Jivestcd of the rights and prerogatives of self determination in their National 
 o)vernmental atlairs, with the result that they eventually crystalized into a 
 recalcitrant attitude. They looked askance upon every movement of the gov- 
 ernment, taking the position that every move now, meant exploitation of what 
 little they may have left of a once vast holdings. 
 
 This unfortunate position was largely justified and amplitied by the fact 
 that a large number of their own blood, who had been fortunate enough to 
 have received the advantages of literary training, now became the allies of 
 the unscrupulous and exploiting hordes, who infested the country durinsi the 
 lid "trying times," an element, who seem to destiny itself to have designed to 
 1 1 ways precede the wholesome citizenry, who eventually supercede and pre- 
 .iominate, and held full sway for a number of years. 
 
 A further elaboration of this particular phase of our analysis is unneces- 
 siry with you, who lived and survived through a period of bitter and trying 
 experiences. The incarceration of an educated Full-blood Indian in a Penal 
 Institution of our new state was not beyond the intelligence of our Full-bloods. 
 Ihey recognized the brazen rebuke and the NOTICE TO THEM of their futile 
 ind hopeless position as a group and kind. 
 
 Proceeding now to the SECOND and final analysis, we submit the fol- 
 lowing deductions: The advance and gradual increase numerically of the sub- 
 tantial class of citizens, home builders and hence nation builders, and the two 
 decades of close contact and living in the atmosphere of intensive construc- 
 tive effort, of which our young state stands without a precedent; and last but 
 not least, the loyal and unequivocal response of not only our Full-blood 
 \ighthawks but of all the American Indians, to the Nation's call to Arms and 
 -ervice in our recent World Struggle; all contribute to rehabilitate the Indians' 
 elf respect and confidence in themselves, as well as confidence in the integrity 
 "f purpose in their behalf on the part of the Government of the Unitd States. 
 
 It is gratifying to note, that with all the effusive commendations and ex- 
 travagant expressions of appreciation on the part of the American people, for 
 the creditable manner in which our people acquitted themselves in the War 
 with Germany, the Indians have not become imbued with the idea of self-im- 
 portance. In fact, the Indians of America merely had a chance to show what 
 is inherently in them as a race. In their own estimation they did no more 
 than any loyal citizen should have done. It was a spontaneous reciprocal 
 response to a Great Government, who by virtue of being entangled in a World 
 crisis, called upon its whole people to a united effort. 
 
 There is carried with this, a new psychological angle so far as the Full- 
 blood Indian is concerned. For the first time in history he realizes through 
 the attitude of the United States Government, that his material effects and his 
 manhood are a National asset; that he is a part and parcel of the body politic 
 of a great Commonwealth. He is alert to the responsibilities of his new posi- 
 tion.' He is expecting participation in the administration of his affairs. He 
 is keenly cognizant and sensible of the new responsibilities with which he is 
 about to be endowed. Within a decade the restricted period shall terminate 
 and during that same space of time all our Claims against our Government 
 may be adjudicated and finally settled. 
 
486 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Now, confidently and sincerely these Ful-lblood Cherokees point out that 
 by virtue of their new position and relations they must come into closer touch 
 and cooperation with the supervisory and administrative agencies of the Gov- 
 ernment, and of their number many have no other means of communcation 
 except through the medium of the Cherokee language. These conditions de- 
 mand and require more than a mere Official Interpreter at the Departmental 
 offices. 
 
 From now on for the next few years the Cherokees must have a real 
 REPRESENTATIVE at the headquarters of the Five Civilized Tribes' agency, 
 for the following potent reasons: First, the unrestricted intermarried and 
 mixed-blood Cherokee citizens, while to all intents and purposes are like any 
 white American citizens, they are interested and have equitable rights in all 
 matters pertaining to our unadjusted claims against the United States, it is 
 of imperative importance that their efforts should co-ordinate with our efforts 
 in the accomplishment of said adjustments. This can be achieved by uniting 
 all forces through the one proposed REPRESENTATIVE. Secondly, the re- 
 stricted full-bloods, who are still possessed of restricted landed assets as well 
 as restricted funds, are most vitally ineterested in the administerial agencies 
 of the Government, particularly at this time of anticipated important changes 
 in the personnel as well as policies in the Departments directly affecting them. 
 This group being largely composed of non-English speaking people, and be- 
 ing by custom and practice trained to do their business through a Chief, it is 
 but natural and logical that now, when a united Cherokee effort is so appa- 
 rently necessary to accomplish anything for the good of all, they should de- 
 mand and designate a CHIEF. 
 
 Our determination on you for the place is not because of our desire to 
 confer an HONORARY position upon you, as a recognition of your former 
 positions in our behalf, but because we know your DEPENDABILITY AND 
 EFFICIENT QUALIFICATIONS for such responsibility. You are a Full- 
 blood Cherokee, reared and developed under Full-blood life conditions. You 
 understand and sympathize with the thought and life of the Full-blood. You 
 have had the advantages of an academic training. You are master of both 
 the Cherokee and the English languages. You have survived the crucial test 
 of the transition period of the last decade in our country. You have reached 
 the age of calm and conservative discernment. Those enumerated experi- 
 ences and advantages of your life, together with your native-born ambitions 
 for your people, commend you as a safe and sane leader and counsellor for 
 us all. 
 
 We, of the Nighthawk Keetoowah contingent of the Cherokee Indians 
 repose implicit confidence in the integrity of your thought and regard for the 
 various groups and interests of our people and sincerely feel that you are cap- 
 able and will render us most valuable service. 
 
 In accepting the arduous task we are thrusting upon you, we desire to 
 urge the necessity of immediate action and co-operation of the other factors 
 and groups to the end that we may be properly and effectively org-unized for 
 a united effort in the prosecution of our various interests. We believe that 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 487 
 
 now is the opportune time to make our representations to the dispensers of p.t 
 ronage of the mcom.ng administration. If the Indian manhood and his ma- 
 terial assets were of so vital a part to the United States in time of trouble t 
 .s certamly no more than just and right that we participate in a careful sel'ec- 
 t>on of men of recognized calibre coupled with unimpeachable character for 
 administrators of our material possessions of millions of dollars in value is 
 well as the more m-.mentous question of our moral and intellectual develop- 
 nient. * 
 
 THE KEETOOWAH COUNCIL, 1916. 
 
 The office of COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS is one of para- 
 mount interest to every Indian of the United States. Next in importance, 
 particularly insofar as we are concerned, is the office of Superintendent of 
 The Five Civilized Tribes and it is absolutely necessary that a petition 
 tion in this matter be immediately submitted to the proper sources of author- 
 ity, to the end that the demands of our INTERESTS may receive a satisfac- 
 tory degree of consideration. 
 
 You are therefore, by virtue hereof, and the urgent immediate demands 
 of our interests, and the interests of all the Cherokees, made and constituted 
 the CHEROKEE CHIEF. 
 
 With sincere regard and respect, 
 (Signed) SAM SMITH, 
 
 Chief of the Nighthawk Keetoowahs. 
 (SEAL) 
 
 Attest. 
 
 (Signed) Oce Hogshooter, 
 Secretary Nighthawk Keetoowahs. 
 
488 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 489 
 
 Cobb, Dr. Uabel (See Grant) — Martha 
 Blythe, iMirn Jan. 31, 1812. Married in May 
 1828 Alexander Clingan, born Feb. 20, 180i 
 in Hawkins County, Tennessee. He died Feb- 
 ruary 1, iy61 and she died August 7, 186S. 
 They were the parents of; Evaline Clingan, 
 born in Bradley County, Tennessee, April l3, 
 1835. Married December 15, 1857, Joseph 
 Benson Cobb, born in Blount County, Tenn- 
 essee, July 26, 1828. He died March 22, 
 1896, and she died November 17, ims. 
 They were the parents of Isabel, born Oct- 
 ober 25, 1858; William Cowan, burn April 
 1, 1860 and was murdered July 27, 1880; 
 Martha, born December 28, 1861; Joseph 
 Benson, born February 21, 1863; Ale.xander 
 CiiiiRan, born September 15, 1864; Samuel 
 Sylvester, born December 12. 1865, and 
 Addie Malinda Cobb, born September 9, 
 1870. 
 
 Isabel Cobb, graduated from Female Sem- 
 inary, January 27, 1879, Glendale Female 
 <c, liege, Glendale, Ohio, June 8, 1881 and 
 the Wc.mans Medical- College of Pennsyl 
 vania May 5,1892. Since that date she has 
 been a regular practitioner at Wagoner. 
 .Martha Cobb graduated from Female Sem- 
 inary, June 30, 1888 and Kansas Agriculture 
 College June 6, 1888. Married June u, 
 189 1, Clement George Clarke, born Febru- 
 He graduated from Kansas Agricultural Col- 
 lege, June 6, 1888, Yale Academy in 1895, 
 and the Theological Course in Y;ile in 1900. 
 A Congregationalist minister, he was lecturer 
 on socialhygiene with the American Army 
 in France. They are the parents of Helen 
 Isabel born November 13, 1894, educated at 
 Smith College North Hampton, Massachus- 
 etts and Columbia College, New York City; 
 Dana Cobb, born January 2 7, 1898, gradu- 
 ated from Yale. June 21, 1S21 and Clement 
 Cobb Clarke, born January 29, 1904. 
 
490 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 O. LONZO CONNER 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHE INDIANS 491 
 
 Conner (See Duncan and Grant) O. Lonzo 
 Conner, born Feb. 12, 1877 at Fairland, Okla. 
 son of Francis Marion, (born Mar 29, 1852, 
 in Jasper Co., Missouri, married December 
 24, 1873) and Rebecca Jane (Duncan) Con- 
 ner, born October 29, i858 and died at 
 Fairland March 12, 1911. He was educated 
 in the Cherokee public schools, Male Sem- 
 inary and graduated from Robbin's Business 
 College, Sedalia, Missouri; he married De- 
 cember 30, 1896 at Beattie's Prairie, Kate 
 Eugenia Yeargain, born March 31, 1S7S; 
 she was the daughter of James Chambers, 
 born February 27, 1S42 in Lebanon, Tenji. 
 and married .March 4, 1866, and Mary Jan.' 
 (Kinney) Yeargain, born June 25, 1848 at 
 Ft. Smith, Arkansas, and died December 25. 
 1912 at Southwest City, Missouri. .Mrs. 
 Kate E. Conner was educated in the Chero- 
 kee public schools and the Female Seminary. 
 Mr. and Mrs. O. Lonzo Conner are the par- 
 ents of Nevada Maude, born Oct. 24, lS97, 
 graduated from the University of Okla. in 
 I'M 9, is an Easter Star and Gamma Phi Beta; 
 O. Lonzo J., born July IS, 1900; Clifton 
 Sidney, born July 16, 1902; James .Marion 
 born December 26, 1910 and Ramey Eugene 
 Conner born September 24, 1914. 
 
 The steps in O. Lonzo Conner's Masonic 
 history is as follows: Initiation July 7, 
 1898, passed August 7, and raised Septem- 
 ber 24, 1898 in Frisco Lodge No. 24 at 
 Fairland. Received Royal Arch Degree at 
 Vinila Chapter No. 18 September 24, 18')9; 
 Commandery Degree at Muskogee Com- 
 mandery No. 2 September 20, 1900; Council 
 Degree from Muskogee Council No. 2 May 
 26, 1915; Consistory Degree in India Coj;- 
 sistory McAlester April 1907; Honorary 
 Degree K- C. H. Washington D. C. October 
 1911. Royal Order of Scotland, Washington 
 D. C. October 1911; received the 33rd. De- 
 gree Honorary October 28, 1915 at Wash- 
 ington D. C; elected Knight of the Red 
 Cross Constantine in October 1914, by Si- 
 Louis Conclave No. 19; elected Junior Graiul 
 Warden of the Grand Lodge A. F. and A. M. 
 of the state of Oklahoma in February l9lo. 
 Senior Grand Warden February 1917; Dep- 
 uty Grand Master February 1918 and Grand 
 Master April I9l9. He was also the first 
 Ex.alted Ruler of Vinita Lodge 1162 B. P. 
 O. E. 
 
492 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 CHIEF LEVI GRITTS 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 493 
 
 FLIPPIN 
 
 Flippin, Mr». J. F. (See Grant) — Mary 
 I 111.; Litllo. Ivrii June 24, 1875 in Walker 
 ' ■■■, Gu., educated at Vinita. Married Sep- 
 
 inher 30, IS^-I James Fugett Flippin, 
 i.irn January 8, 1870 in Denton County, 
 Texas. They are the parents of Mary 
 
 Tlieresa, born June 29, 1S96; Ruth Aline, 
 burn January 1, 1902 and Rebecca Lane 
 Flippin, born May 16, l9o5. Mr. Flippin 
 has been prominently identified with the 
 Farmers Bank and Trust Co. from its incep- 
 tion. 
 
 Joseph Martin, born in Charlottsville, 
 Virginia in 1840, as a fur trader and planter 
 he became quite wealthy. He held the fol- 
 lowing military offices in the revolutionary 
 army: Captain of the Transylvania Militia, 
 elected in March 17 76, became Mayor Febru- 
 ary 17, 1779 and Lieutenant Colonel in 
 .March I7S1. His daughter Rachel married 
 Daniel Davis and the oldest son, Martin 
 Davis, born August 27, 1S09, married April 
 29, 19S0 Julia Ann Tate, born January 5, 
 1S22 in Habersham County, Georgia. Mar- 
 tin Davis died November 11, 1859 and his 
 widow died September 28, 1882. 
 
 .Martin and Julia Anna Davis were the par- 
 ents of Jane, who married William C. Pat- 
 ton; Rachel, married George W- Hill; Marti:i 
 and Theresa Lane Davis, born September U, 
 185 3, married February 29, iS72 William 
 Little, born July 8, 1840 in Walker County, 
 Georgia. Theresan Lane Little died March 
 21, 1888, and William Little died April 23, 
 1911. William and Theresa Lane Little were 
 the parents of .Mrs. Mary Lane Flippin. 
 
 Agnew, Walter S. (See Grant, Foreman 
 and Cordery) — Walter Scott Agnew was 
 born .May 16. 1842. Served the Confeder- 
 acy in Company B, First Cherokee Mounted 
 Rifles and Company E, Second Cherokee 
 .Mounted Volunteers. He married in De- 
 cember, 1866, Sarah Seabolt nee Riley, 
 daughter of Felix and Susie (Bigby) Riley. 
 ,Mr. and Mrs. Agnew had one child, Laura 
 Agnew, who married William H. Robinson. 
 .Mrs. Sarah Agnew died and Mr. Agnew mar- 
 ried in July, 1870, Mary Elizabeth, daugh- 
 ter of Andrew Jackson and Lucy (Vickory) 
 Cobb, Iwrn May 19, 1849. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Agnew are residents of Muskogee. They 
 are the parents of: Ellen, John Lowrey, 
 Robert Miller. Walter Lee and Josephus E. 
 Agnew. 
 
 Walter Scott Agnew was elected a mem- 
 ber of Council from Canadian District in 
 187, Senator in 1889 and District Judge of 
 the same District in lS95. 
 
494 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 LULU M. HEFNER 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 495 
 
 Hefner, Mrs. Lulu M. (See Ward) — Liila 
 May, dauKhter of James Marion and Annie 
 Henrietta (Prather) Tittle was born Augun 
 y, 187-t, educated at Vinita and the Female 
 Seminary; married at Lenapah December 29, 
 18')2 John Emory Heffner. They are the 
 parents of: Roy Emory, born March 13, 
 l'J03, and married Fredda Vinyard; Edith 
 Lena, horn December 18, 1905; Helen K., 
 born October 2, 1905 and Ruby L., born 
 January 20, 1907. 
 
 Handsome attractive and resourcesful, she 
 has been more than ordinarily successful in 
 business. At the time Nowata was begin- 
 ning to be one of the busy oil town of Okla- 
 homa, Mrs. Heffner opened and conducted 
 the first millinery store in the city, run on 
 a regular metropolitan basis. She disposed 
 of this business and drilled a producing oil 
 well on her own property. This stimulus 
 to the first lady oil operator in Oklahoma 
 was followed by more oil wells, and so keen 
 was her discernment and judgment that she 
 had ahd the rare honor of never having 
 some of her surplus in Nowata realty, she 
 is the largest lady property owner in the 
 city. Mrs- Heffner finds time to take part 
 in the social affairs of the community, and 
 is a favorite member of different clubs. She 
 is also active in all movements for public 
 welfare. 
 
496 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 MES. DR. LOU G. HOWELL 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 497 
 
 Howell, Mrs. Lou G. (See Curdery. 
 Grant, Ghigau and Oolootsa) — Lou Golt 
 Harris, born at Ft. Gibson .July 31, iSSo, 
 educated at Nowata High school and Os- 
 wego. Kansas, graduated from the former; 
 she was married January 7, 1905 to Dr. 
 Duniont D. Howell, born January 1-t, 1S7 4 
 in Murphy, North Carolina, graduated from 
 the Nashville .Medical College in 1903. Died 
 December 6, 1919; he was a Mason and Elk. 
 They are the parents of: Sue Catherine, born 
 April 25, 1906. Alfred Dumont, born April, 
 30, 1908; Lucile Genevieve, born December 
 2, 1912 and Margaret imogene, born De- 
 cember 2, 1914. 
 
 Charles Joseph Harris, bnrn April >\ 
 1848, married Emma J. Walker. He died 
 January 30, 1892. They were the parents 
 of Mrs. Lou Howell. 
 
498 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 D. W. LIFE 
 
 Lipe, Nannie E. (See Oolootsa and Down- 
 ing) — Major Downing of the British Army 
 married in the early part of the eighteenth 
 century a full blood Cherokee of the Wolf 
 Clan. Their only daughter Nancy was th^ 
 mother of Margaret McSwain who married 
 Avery Vann and their eldest child; Joseph 
 Vann whose Cherokee name was Teaultle, 
 was born on February 11, 1798. He mar- 
 ried Catherine Rowe. Joseph Vann was a 
 signer of the constitution of 1827 from 
 Cooweescoowee Dist,, elected assistant Chief 
 of the Cherokee Nation September 9, 1839 
 and August 1859. Joseph and Catherine 
 Vann were the parents of Mary Francis wht, 
 married Edwin Archer. Mr. and Mrs. Arch- 
 er's daughter, Mary Elizabeth, born October 
 19, 1847 married Mar. l, 1871 DeWitt Clin- 
 ton Lipe, born February 17, 1840 in Tahle- 
 quah District. Mary E. Lipe died March IS, 
 1''14. D. W Lipe died December 6, 1916. 
 They were the parents of; Nannie E. born 
 June 14, 1872; Victoria Susie born February 
 1, 1874 and Lola Vann Lipe born January 
 
 28, 1877. By a previous marriage Mr. Lipe 
 had a son, John Gunter Lipe born December 
 16, 1864 and died May 19, 1913. 
 
 Misses Nannie E. and Lola V. Lipe beloni; 
 to the Wolf Clan the Cherokee name of the 
 former is, Conaluga and that of the latter is, 
 Ahniwake. They are both graduates of the 
 Oswego Female College of Oswego, Kansas. 
 and University Preparatory School, Clare- 
 more. DeWitt Clinton Lipe attended the Male 
 Seminary from 1852 to 1854. Handsome, 
 efficient, gracious with the soul of integ- 
 rity, Mr. Lipe was often called upon to serve 
 his people. Elected clerk of Cooweescoowee 
 District January 21, 1874 and August 2, 
 1875; Senator August 5, 1877, National 
 Treasurer November 11, 1879, Senator Aug- 
 ust 3, 1885 from which he resigned and 
 was elected for another four year term as 
 National Treasurer on November 14, 1895. 
 On the coming of Statehood he was elected 
 County Clerk of Rogers County for the first 
 two terms. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 499 
 
 Walter A. Mayes 
 
 Mayct, Walter A. (See Grant, Foreman, 
 Adair, Koss and Conrad) — Cliarlette, daugh- 
 ter of Reverend Jesse and Eliza (Wilkerson) 
 Bushyhead, was born March 16, 1830. 
 Married May 21, l8-)6, George Washington, 
 son of Samuel and Nannie (Adair) Mayes, 
 born November 5, 1824. He was a member 
 of Captain M. Adair's Company, Second 
 Cherokee ounted Hifles. He was a member 
 of the Committee representing Going 
 Snake District in the Confederate Cherokee 
 Council, from 1862 to 1865. He was elect- 
 ed a member of the Cherokee Citizenship 
 Commission on December 4, 1879; and 
 
 elected High Sheriff of the Cherokee Nation 
 in November 1891. Mrs. Charlette Mayes 
 died January 23, 1878, and he died October 
 28, 1894. They were the parents of Jesse 
 Bushyhead, George Washington, Nancy Jane, 
 Elizabeth, Edward, Walter Adair, Johii 
 Thompson, and Samuel Houston Mayes. 
 
 Walter Adair Mayes was born December 9, 
 i860, and married in December 1S90, Nan- 
 nie Wright, daughter of Joseph Rogers and 
 .Mary (Hicks) McCoy, born March 25, 1866. 
 They are the parents of: Hall, George Wash- 
 ington, Mary Diana, Jesse Lamar, and Joseph 
 .Maves. 
 
 Farrar, Richard L. (See Cordery) — Sallie 
 Martin, daughter of Henry Hawkins and 
 .Mary Savannah (Harris) Oliver, was born 
 June 24, 1876. She married December 21, 
 1890. Richard Lee Farrar, born February 18, 
 1S66, in Gibson County, Tennessee. They 
 are the parents of Jessie May, born February 
 11, 1896; and Bruce Farrar, born Sept. 5, 
 1898. 
 
 .Mary Savannah, daughter of James S. 
 Harris, born January 12, 1858, married De- 
 cember 8, 1874, Henry Hawkins Oliver, who 
 was born November 28, 1856, in Milton 
 Countv, Georgia. They were the parents of 
 Mrs. Richard L. Farrar. 
 
 E. L. FARRAR 
 
500 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 GEORGE W. FIELDS 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Fieldi, George W. — Born in the Same 
 room, on July 10, 1882, in which the sterl- 
 ing old patriot, Stand Watie died on Sep- 
 tember 9, 1871, Senator George W. Fields 
 seems to have in some mystical way been 
 imbued with a similar character of reticent 
 perseverance. Reared in a community of 
 earnest honest integrity, where the mass 
 was willing to receive limited educations and 
 settle to lives of arduous husbandry, thus 
 contributing to the sane thinking and de- 
 liberate backbone of the glorious republic. 
 George Fields, as others of his mould have 
 done since the dawn of civilization, by 
 steady pertinacity, gained by frugal care and 
 close application on a common school edu- 
 cation and while working on the farm and 
 closing his days in the public schools came 
 to him the listless longing for a Male Semi- 
 nary educatifm, the acme of solicitude of 
 the patriotic Cherokee. The quiet, gentle- 
 manly and agreeable country lad, stinting- 
 ly saved small sums that gained the coveted 
 goal of an entrance into the Seminary, where 
 he graduated on May 28, 1902, using as the 
 subject of his oration, Sequoyah. The best 
 indication of the regard that the instructors 
 and fellow pupils had of him could be 
 gained by their soft inflection of speech 
 when they spoke of him. 
 
 Of generous physical proportions, mana- 
 ger of the Seminary baseball and football 
 teams, an athlete of more than ordinary ac- 
 quirements, he listened not to the call of the 
 plaudits of the diamond and roped arena, 
 but sought the quieter vocations, the teach- 
 er and farmer. 
 
 On April 3, 1904, Mr. Fields married at 
 
 Southwest City, Missouri, .Miss Jennie, the 
 accomplished and talented daughter of Mr. 
 and Mrs. John Glass of Chelsea, Oklahoma. 
 
 Mr. Fields like all of the prominent Chero- 
 kees, transferred to the State of Oklahoma 
 an equal mead of patriotic love and fealty 
 that they had evinced for their Nation, as 
 they felt that it was a natural fruition. 
 
 A democrat, he was nominated and elect- 
 ed as the first register of deeds of Delaware, 
 his native county, in the first state election. 
 The approval of his course in this office was 
 bestowed in reelection by his fellow citizens, 
 the people that had known him from boy- 
 hood. Five years were encompassed in 
 these tw'o terms and he was then elected 
 State Senator from the thirtieth district in 
 1912. In the senate he never missed a 
 roll call, was seldom heard on the floor but 
 had the reputation of being one of the most 
 efifeient workers of that body of able men. 
 
 In 1913, he was admitted to the bar and 
 opened an office early in 1920, when he 
 became established in Oklahoma City where 
 his volume of business, within two years 
 would bear favorable comparison with any 
 in the state. His reticence is that of the 
 anglist and omniverous student. As Attor- 
 ney in the Texas-Cherokee suit for repara- 
 tions for one and one-half million acres of 
 land, he has developed and is forwarding 
 the largest civil case of the Cherokees. 
 
 Fraternally Mr. Fields is a Mason of the 
 3 2nd degree, an Elk and Shriner; also a 
 member of the American Legion, Oklahoma 
 State Bar Association and of the Christian 
 church. 
 
502 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 CHAS. W. POOLE 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 503 
 
 Poole, Emma G. (See Ghigau and San- 
 ders). — limma Gazelle, daughter of William 
 W. ajid Julia (Van Olhausen) Musick, born 
 in St. Louis, Missouri, March 20, 1864, ed- 
 ucated in that city and graduated from the 
 KnderRardeii Instruction School, taught in 
 that branch in St. Louis and in Worcester 
 Academy at Vinita, married January li, 
 1S88 in St. Louis Mission Charles Walton 
 Poole, born in the Cherokee Nation, October 
 25, 1859, son of John and Sarah Myra 
 (Harlan) Poole. He was the rii'neer mer- 
 chant of Chelsea, and postmaster of that 
 place for nine years- He was a 3 2nd degriv 
 Mason and Shriner. He died May 14, 1910. 
 Mrs. Poole is an Eeastern Star and White 
 Shriner, a Methodist and belongs to tkc 
 Dephian Club. 
 
 Charles W. and Bmma G- Poole were the 
 parents of Charles Walton, born September 
 25, 1889; Carlisle A., born April 21, IS94; 
 Scolt O-, horn October 2, 1889, enlisted in 
 the Navy in I9l7, was a yoeman on the 
 Minnesota, and honorably discharged in Jan- 
 uary 1920; Gladys C, born August 2'>. l90i 
 member Senior class Chelsea High School 
 1921 . 
 
 The parents of Emma G. Poole were 
 natives of Virginia; her father was born 
 September 2, 1862, and her mother, Octob- 
 er 25. 1829. 
 
504 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 JOHN E. DeLOZIEE, 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 5o5 
 
 DeLozier, Mrs. Georgia (See Adair) 
 
 Georgia Virginia Adair was born in Whit- 
 field County, Georgia, January 29, 1S6'), 
 educated in Flint and and Cooweescoowee 
 District, Indian Territory. Married near 
 Adair January 8, 1888 to Reuben E. DeLoz- 
 ier, born June 20th, 1855 at Osceola, Mo. 
 He died at Adair, Okla., April 2). 1921. 
 They were the parents of Fountain G- born 
 Sept. 19. 1888: Manford E. born Sept. 25, 
 1S91; John Edward, born July l6th. 189?; 
 Ralph Adair, born April 4th, 1896; Hazel M. 
 born August 18, 1898 and Vivian V. De- 
 Lozier born September 3, 1901. 
 
 John Edward DeLozier was a Master .M;i- 
 son. John Edward enlisted in the World 
 War September 23, 1917 at Camp Travis, 
 Texas. Assigned to Company A 344th Ma- 
 chine Gun Batallion, 90th Division. Sailed 
 for France June 21, I9l8 and arrived Juiy 
 7. Corporal DeLozier was carrying ammuri- 
 tion for his platoon in the St. Mihiel drive, 
 when an officer asked for volunteers to go 
 forward and get military information and lie 
 offered his services. In crossing the battle- 
 field he was struck on the helmet by a 
 machine gun bullet which severely wounde.l 
 him in the head, from which he died tho 
 following day. Sept l5, I9i8. Te body of 
 the young hero was returned to Adair and 
 buried with military honors May 29, 1921. 
 
 Edward Ale.\ander. son of John and Ann 
 Berry (Graham) Adair was born at Dalton, 
 Georgia, February 25, 1S47, was a member 
 of Company C, Edmondson's Batallion, Geor- 
 gia Confederate service. .Married in Octo- 
 ber 1867 to Narcissa M. Harrison, born De- 
 cember 25, 1846, in Murray County, Geor- 
 gia. He was elected sheriff of Cooweescoo- 
 wee District August 5, 1889 and was elected 
 Councilor from the same District August 7, 
 1899. He was killed by runaway team De- 
 cember 3, 1901 and Mrs. Adair lives al 
 Adair, Oklahoma. 
 
506 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 DARIUS E. WARD 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS S07 
 
 Wiird, Darius E. (St;e Ward and Oolootsa) 
 — Uarius Edwin, son of Jaines and Estho! 
 Susan (Hoyt) Ward was born on Beatties 
 Prairie, Delaware District, November 2 5, 
 lS5-(. Educated in Nazareth Hall, North- 
 ampton County, Pennsylvania. Married ai 
 Bethlehem, Pennsylvania November 20, lS"i 
 Sarah Caroline, daughter of Mrs- John 
 Rifter, born September 27, 1857 in Bucks 
 County, Penn. She died February 29, 18<)6. 
 They were the parents of Minnie Esther, 
 born September 2, 1876, married Boone 
 Forst Gray; Jay Herbert, born February 10. 
 187'), James Darius, born October 20, 1880, 
 llindman Hoyt, born December 14, 1885 and 
 died June 13, 1906; Sidney Rueds, born 
 January 19, 1888; Gertrude Irene, born July 
 31, 1889; Ruth Edna born June 22, 1893; 
 Sarah Ruby, born February 3, 1896. Mr. 
 Ward married August 9, 1897 Mary Murph, 
 nee Hester, born July 1, 1870 in Davidson 
 County, Tennessee. They were the parents 
 of Martha Ann born Nov. 14, 1898. Mr- 
 Ward is a cabinet maker. He belongs to the 
 Holly clan and his Cherokee name is Kee- 
 too-wha-gi. Is P. S. R- of Knights of Pythias. 
 a member of the Moravian church, was Sec- 
 retary of the "Old Settlers Commissioners, 
 elected a member of the Cherokee Board of 
 Education November l5, 1900 having pre- 
 viously been the Inspector of the building of 
 the Female Seminary on the part of the Na- 
 tion. Was County Commissioner of Chero- 
 kee County 1910-1912. 
 
508 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 S. R. LEWIS 
 
 Lewis, S. R. — One of this nation's oldest 
 families at Jamestown in 1607 together with 
 those other pioneers they began hewing this 
 great nation from a Virginia wilderness. 
 
 This family has direct lines of descend- 
 ency through the Randolphs, Washingtons, 
 Carters and Lees each of which bears many 
 pages of historical importance. Eiach epoch 
 
 a Lewis to fulfill his destiny in lending his 
 effort to the up-building of the country. 
 For the purpose of this family's connection 
 with the Cherokee Nation the line will be- 
 gin of record when Thomas Jefferson sent 
 his young kinsman Merriweather Lewis to 
 join Clark in the eventful exploration of the 
 great Northwest. From the landing of the 
 
 of the nation's history has brought forward cavaliers in Virginia to the present day the 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 5 09 
 
 Lewis family has been conspicuous in tlie af- 
 fairs of this great Republic. 
 
 Alexander S. Lewis was born November 
 28, 1842 at Blountsville, Alabama and is the 
 son of Rev. Stephen M. Lewis born in 181Q 
 also in the state of Alabama an ordained 
 minister in the Presbyterian church, remov- 
 ed to the State of Te.xas in 1850 was a 
 Chaplain in Col. George Baylors regiment of 
 Texas Cavalry Confederate Army and served 
 throughout the Civil War in such capacity. 
 Rev. Stephen M. Lewis was a direct male 
 relative of the family of Merriwether Lewis, 
 the grtat explorer above mentioned. He 
 died in 1907 at the age of 88 years. Alex- 
 ander S- Lewis settled at Dawson, Tulsa 
 County, f)klah"nia, in the early eighties of 
 the nineteenth century, having moved from 
 Texas, where his parents had lived since 
 their removal from Alabama, and in common 
 with the best families of the old South they 
 had been reduced from affluence to poverty 
 by the Civil War. Mr. Lewis married Eliza- 
 beth P. Dawson, related to the well known 
 Dawson famliy of the Cherokee Nation, 
 whose members were admitted to Cherokee 
 citizenship after the Civil War. With their 
 arrival at Dawson the family had again ac- 
 quired a small competence, but through all 
 their vicissitudes they had retained and cher- 
 ished the priceless inheritance of gentility 
 and integrity. The children were given the 
 best educatonal advantages the parents could 
 atfcTd, which was the equipment with which 
 Stephen Riley Lewis entered business life. 
 From his beginning in the small town he 
 has through honest enterprise arrived at the 
 point of success which rehabilitates the old 
 family name in financial prominence, while 
 it always held the social position that the 
 family standard at ail times required. 
 
 Stephen Rilev Lewis was born Decembei 
 27, is;? in Hill County, Texas- He was 
 educated in the Dawson neighborhood and 
 in the Quaker Mission at Skiatook, Okla- 
 homa. He was admitted to the practice o. 
 Jaw by the United States Interior Depart- 
 ment in January 1902, admitted to practice 
 in the Supreme Courtof Oklahoma June 10, 
 1910 and the United States Supreme Court 
 March 20, I9l6. He married on March 23, 
 1898, Minnie Carter born in Cooweescoowee 
 District of the Cherokee Nation Septembei 
 16, 1876. She was the daughter of David 
 
 Tecumseh and Emma Williams (Chambers) 
 Carter, and first cousin to Congressman 
 Charles D. Carter. Mrs. Minnie Lewis died 
 December 20, 1S98. Stephen Riley Lewis 
 married June 12, 1907, Elizabeth Belle 
 Scrimsher, born September 3, 1S73. She 
 is the daughter of John Gunter Scrimsher, 
 born August 17, 1835 who was educated in 
 the schools of Tahlequah and at the Male 
 Seminary, tausht at Green Leaf school in 
 1S59 and married on Septembr l5th of that 
 Juliette Melvin Candy, born August 7, 1841, 
 John Gunter Scrimsher enlisted in 'the Con- 
 federate service at the beginning of the Civil 
 war and was a captain in Colonel Stand 
 Watie's regiment. At the close of the war 
 he settled on Dog Creek in Cooweescoowee 
 District, and was honored by that district in 
 the following elections: Sheriff, 1877; Sena- 
 tor 1883, 1887 and 1897; District Judge 
 1893 and he was elected by ouncil a delegate 
 to Washington in November 1883. Judge 
 Scrimsher was killed on his farm by light- 
 ning July 5, 1905. Judge and Mrs- Scrim- 
 sher were the parents of Sarah Catherine 
 born July 27, 1866 and married William E. 
 Sanders; Elizabeth Bell; Ernest Vivian, born 
 July 24, 1875, and Juliette born January 12, 
 1878, married Abraham Vandyke Robinson. 
 
 Mrs. Lewis' paternal grand-parents were 
 jMartin Matthew Scrimsher, born in 1806 in 
 Blount County, Tennessee; married Septem- 
 ber 22, 1831 at Creek Path, Alabama to 
 Elizabeth Hunt Gunter, born in September 
 1804. 
 
 Martin Scrimsher was one of the argo- 
 nauts of 18 49 that made the trip to Califor- 
 nia- He died in 1865, and Mrs. Elizabeth 
 Hunt Scrimsher died a sudden death at the 
 residence of Judge Scrimsher in Claremore 
 on February 14, 1877- She was the daugh- 
 ter of John Gunter an Englishman, who 
 came to the Cherokee Country East of the 
 Mississippi in 1760. He was a powder mak- 
 er and owned and operated a mill at Nico- 
 jack. His wife was Catherine, a full blood 
 Cherokee of the Paint Clan. She died Au- 
 gust 11, 1S35, and he died the 28th of the 
 same month and year. 
 
 Mrs. Elizabeth Lewis' maternal grand- 
 parents were George Washington, and Eliza- 
 beth Hughes (Bell) Candy. George Wash- 
 ington Candy was District Judge of Flint 
 District in 1S45-7. 
 
510 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 WILLIAM PENN ADAIR 
 
 Adair, William P- (See Grant, Gliigau, aiiJ 
 Adair) — William Penn, son of Dr. Walter 
 Thompson and Mary B. Adair was born 
 January 10, 1861, educated at Male Semi- 
 nary. Married at Salina, April 12, 1891 
 Margaret, daughter of Virgil and Eliza Rog- 
 ers, born May 25, 1875. They are the par- 
 ents of DeWitt Jacob, born January 14, 
 1892, married Josephine Hume; Walter 
 Thompson, born June 2, 1894, married Lina 
 B. Reagan; Mary Ellen, September 18, 1897 
 
 and William Commodore Adair, born Octo- 
 ber 17, 1905. 
 
 Mr. Adair belongs to the Deer Clan and 
 his Cherokee name is Augona. He is the 
 owner of the telephone exchange at Adair. 
 
 John and Edward Adair, Scotchman and 
 brothers, married into the Cherokee Nation 
 in about 17 70. John was the father of Wal- 
 ter Adair, called "Black Watt' and Edwar;! 
 had a son, Walter Scott Adair, called "Red 
 Watt' Adair. Dr. Walter Thompson Adair, 
 son of Geo. Washington and grandson of 
 "Black Watt' married Mary Buffington Adair 
 the daughter of "Red Watt" Adair and they 
 were the parents of William Penn Adair, the 
 Subject of sketch. 
 
 Mary Buffington Adair graduated from the 
 Female Seminary in the first class in Feb- 
 ruary, 1855. While the parents of Mrs. 
 Adair were both Rogers' before their mar- 
 riage, they were not blood relatives. 
 
 Gourd, Ellis R. (See Conrad and Riley) — 
 Ellis R., son of Ellis R. and Susan (Riley) 
 Gourd was born April 22, 1864. Educated 
 in the Cherokee national schools. Married 
 October 10, 1886 Martha Miller, born Sep- 
 tember 15, 1865. They are the parents of 
 John Ellis, William Penn, Bonnielynn and 
 Lucinda R. Gourd. 
 
 Rattlinggourd Conrad married Polly Ton- 
 ey and their son Jackson Rattlinggourd 
 was born in 1809. Married Elsie Wilson, 
 born in 1808. He was judge of Tahlequah 
 District from 1862 until 1873. Mrs. Elsie 
 R. Gourd died October 4, 1884 and he died 
 April 10, 1885. Their son Ellis R. Gourd 
 married Susan, daughter of Felix and Annie 
 (Hendricks) Riley. Ellis R Gourd Sr. died 
 March 22, 1864. 
 
 E. B. GOURD 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 511 
 
 JOHNGUNTERSAl^DERS 
 
 Sanders, John Gunter (See Ghigau, San- 
 ders. Ocilooisa and Adair) — John Gunter, 
 II i.f William Edward and Sarah Catherine 
 -crimsher) Sanders was horn at the San- 
 tli-rs homestead, southwest of Claremore 
 Mound on April 23, 1841. He was educated 
 .11 Claremore Public Schools, A. and .M. Col- 
 i;e, Stillwater, Okia, and Henry Kendall 
 ■lleRe, Tulsa, Okla. Gentlemanly and re- 
 rved Mr. Sanders is one of the foremost 
 'A most progressive members of his tribe. 
 ; distinKuished lineage it is but naturel that 
 'should take a leaders place in the councils 
 ! the Cherokee. 
 His father was born in Going Snake Dis- 
 trict April 2, 1861, just as the calamitous 
 war clouds spread desolation over the happy 
 homes of the Cherokees. Four years later 
 the impoverished tribe returned to their 
 desolate land, when during the ne.xt several 
 vears not only was the educational advan- 
 u:es inadequate but stark poverty was gen- 
 i.il in the entire border lanj. During these 
 years of privations William Edward Sanders 
 passed thrr>uKh the ordinary school years 
 with scant educational advantages. He did 
 not despair hut worked ajid applied himself 
 until it would have been hard to imagine 
 ' ii Halsell's genial and polished young 
 ' ich boss had not had the advantages of a 
 university. His party in seeking a strong 
 man for sheriff of Cooweescoowee District 
 liise him in 1885. He was elected and 
 lie such general satisfaction that he was 
 Mly reelected. He refused to run in 1S89 
 J devoted himself to improving his farm 
 I Verdigris River. This farm site had in 
 the first quarter of the eichteenth century. 
 
 been the location of a peach orchard that 
 was owned and maintained by Clareniore's 
 band of Osages and for that reason it had 
 been known locally as the "Osage Peach 
 Orchard." 
 
 Mr. Sanders was married at the residence 
 of his friend. Judge Walter Adair Starr, on 
 March 2, 1890 to Sarah Catherine, the 
 popular and gracious daughter of Judge and 
 Mrs. John Gunter Scrimsher, born July 2 7, 
 1866. Two happy years sped by for them, 
 John Gunter was born and at the succeed- 
 ing August election the suffrages of a satis- 
 fied constituency recalled the father to the 
 office of sheriff. But on January 28, 1892 
 the dark angel of death called the blessed 
 mother, after a few days of pneumonia. So 
 well had Sheriff Sanders served his people 
 that they elected him to the Senate at the 
 elction of 1893. As sheriff and county 
 commissioner, Mr. Sanders is at present one 
 of the most popular and respected citizens 
 of Rogers County. Adair, Gunter, Sanders 
 and Candy, a noble heritage to represent 
 and defend by life's actions- 
 John G. Sanders, the subject of this 
 sketch, is a member of the Cherokee Execu- 
 tive Council (The business committee desig- 
 nated to attend to Cherokee tribal affairs.) 
 He has devoted a good part of his time dur- 
 ing the past two years to tribal matters and 
 is one of the delegates appointed to repre- 
 sent the Cherokee Executive Council before 
 the Congress at Washington D. C- at the 
 present Session. Mr. Sanders lives in the 
 Citv of Tulsa with his uncle. Mr. S. R. 
 Lewis, and is a very popular and highlv re- 
 spected young man. 
 
512 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 BUENA VISTA WHITE 
 
 Buena Vista White — Daughter of Jackson and Harriett White. Talala. ukla.. born Oc- 
 tober 22, 1891. Graduated from Henry Kendall College June 9, 1909; Hardin College. Me.xico, 
 Mo., degree of L. B, and Voice. May 28, 1912. Did special work in voice with Composer 
 Daniel Prothero, Chicago; special work in Pedagogy at University of Chicago; was special 
 instructor in city schools of Collinsville. Claremore, Tulsa. Bartlesville and Muskogee; at 
 present Musical Supervisor in Central High School. Muskogee. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 513 
 
 White, Mrs. J. C (See Grant and Duncan) 
 — Helen Duncan, daughter of George W. and 
 Mary (McLaughlin) Hughes, born at St. 
 Gibson April 21, 187-1. Educated at Tahle- 
 quah and the Female Seminary. Married at 
 rt. Gibson December 25, 1890, Jackson Cal- 
 houn, son of Joseph and Harriett White 
 born February 17, 1862 in Calhoun county, 
 Mississippi. They are the parents of Buena 
 Vista White, born October 22, 1891. Grad- 
 uated from the Henry Kendall college June 
 'J, 1901; graduated from Hardin College, 
 Mexico, Missouri, May 28, 19 12 with B. L. 
 degree and Voice. Has done much special 
 work in voice with composer Daniel Pro- 
 thero of Chicago; also special work in Peda- 
 gogy at the University of Chicago. Was 
 special instructor in the city schools of Col- 
 linsville 1913-14, Claremore 19i5, Tulsa, 
 Bartlesville and Muskogee; was special in- 
 structor in music at the Northeastern Normal 
 at Tahlequah, summer of 1915. Is at pres- 
 ent musical supervisor at Central High 
 School Muskogee. 
 
 ■Mr. White conducts a grain business at 
 Talala. He is a member of the W. O. W. 
 and Modern Woodmen Fraternities. 
 
 The royal families of Melaghlins of the 
 Hy-Nial race of Meath are so named because 
 they are the descendants of Maelseachlain 11, 
 king of Ireland who died in 1022 A. D. In 
 the mutations of time the name has been 
 changed to .McLaughlin, or the sons of 
 
514 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 MRS. EMMA CAREY 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 515 
 
 Carey, Mrs. Emma- (See Downing and 
 Thompson). — Emma McDonald was born at 
 Fort Gibson, August 13, 1871, educated at 
 Western Female Seminary, Oxford, Oliio, and 
 Presbyterian .Mission, Muskogee, from wliich 
 she graduated. She taught five years in the 
 public schools of the Cherokee Nation, and 
 married at Fort Gibson January 27, 1894, 
 William Vann Carey, educated in the Chero- 
 kee public schools and Male Seminary. He 
 was a handsome man of charming person- 
 ality, had the inherent polish of a scholar 
 and wrote an e.xcellent hand. He was elect- 
 ed Clerk of the Cooweescoowee District Au- 
 gust 3, 1885, and August 1, 1887, and was 
 President of the Cherokee Board of Educa- 
 tion from 1893 to 1897. He died June IV. 
 1900. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Carey were the parents of: 
 Fiona Vann. born October 2S, 1895, grad- 
 uated from Stevens College, Columbia, Mis- 
 souri, and is a commercial artist in Chi- 
 cago. Sansa Vera Pann, born April 5, 1S97, 
 educated at Stevens College Conservatory 
 of Music, and is one the Lyceum and Chau- 
 tauqua circuit; Majora Bartles, born Novem- 
 ber 27, 1898, graduated from Stevens Col- 
 lege and is instructor in Domestic Science 
 in Nowata City Schools; and William Vann 
 Carey is a member of the 1^22 class at 
 Westminster, Fulton, Missouri. 
 
 William Vann Carey was the sun of Kev- 
 Walker and Malinda (Downing) Carey and 
 ;Mrs. Emma Carey is the d.iugter of Jack 
 and Jane (Scott) McDonald. 
 
516 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 GEORGE ADAIR 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 517 
 
 Adair, George (See Adair and Grant) — 
 Ge.irKe Adair, born at Braggs May 24, 1887, 
 educated in the Cherokee Public Schools. 
 Married at Nowata in 1907 Edna F., daugh- 
 ter of Mr. and Mrs. Adolphus McCoy. He 
 enlisted for the World War on September 
 19, 1917 and was assigned to the 3 6th Di- 
 vision, was taken from the firing line in 
 France and placed with other full blood 
 Cherokees in the telephone service, where 
 they foiled the German "listeners in" by re- 
 peating, receiving, and transmitting the mili- 
 tary orders in the Cherokee language 
 Young Adair, who like all full blood Chero- 
 kees, is intensely patriotic and counts this 
 service among the proudest days of his life, 
 for was he not fighting shoulder to shoul- 
 der with his kilted kinsmen of Scotland. 
 
 Henry Ganoe, son of George M. and 
 Catherine (Fields) Adair married Caroline 
 Bunch and they were the parents of George 
 Adair (See sketch of his brother, Levi 
 Adair) 
 
518 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 DAVIS HILL 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 519 
 
 Hill, (Stc; Grant and Ghigau)— Davis Hi'! 
 horn Sept. 21, i863 at Lafayette, Georgia 
 was educated at Ringold and Cedar Grove, 
 Ga. He married at Vinita on November 29,' 
 1888 Fannie Elizabeth Parks, born January 
 9, 1871 at Elk Mills, Missouri. She was 
 educated at the Orphan Asylum and Howard 
 Payne College. Fayette, Missouri. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Davis Hill are the parents of: George 
 Robert born Oct. 26, 1890; James Julian, 
 born Sept. 20, 1892; Wm. Thompson, born 
 February 22, 1895; Rachel born August 
 2 3. 1897; John Ruskin born May IS, 1899; 
 Maria Anna born April 6, i9oi; Francis 
 Elizabeth born July 5, 1903; Mary Davis 
 born January 25, 1906; Orval Hall, born 
 Feb. 12, 1908 and Josephine Almira born 
 Sept. 16, 1911. 
 
 Mrs. Davis Hill is the daughter cpf Thoims 
 Jefferson Parks, born Oct. IS, lS2l and 
 married Anna Thompson born Sept. 11, 
 1830. He died May 6, 18S3. 
 
 Joseph Martin born about l74o in AI- 
 bermarle County Virginia; he was elected 
 Capt. of Transylvania Militia of the Revolu- 
 tionary army in 1776; became Major on 
 Feb. 17, 17 79 and Lieut. Col. in March 
 1781. His daughter Nannie married Jeter 
 Lynch and was the great grand-mother of 
 Mrs. Davis Hill. Sabra the daughter of Jo- 
 seph Martin and the sister of Mrs. Nannie 
 Lynch married Daniel Davis and was the 
 great gand-molher of Davis Hill. 
 
 Davis Hill has an enviable record as an 
 e.K-member of the state School Board which 
 was an unsolicited appointment. Three of 
 the sons of Mr. and Mrs. Hill saw service ir. 
 the World War, James J. Capt. William T. 
 and John R., while their brother George 
 was rejected on account of being under- 
 weight. 
 
520 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 LUCIEN W. BXJTFINGTON 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Buffington, Nancy G. (See Grant, Ghigau, 
 Oolimisa. Adair and Ross) — Nancy G. Gunt- 
 er was born lebruary 19, 1867 in Ft- Smith, 
 irkansas. She was educated in the Public 
 Schools of the Cherokee Nation and at the 
 Female Seminary- She married at Vinita on 
 April •), 1886, Lucien Webster Buffington, 
 born August 15, 185 7 on Beatties Prairie, 
 Deleware District. He was educated in tlii 
 Public Schools of that vicinity- He came as 
 a boy to Vinita, shortly after it was estab- 
 lished and lived there until his death, which 
 occurred on December 3. 1919. Quiet, un- 
 ostentatious and gentlemanly he accumulated 
 an extra competence and for several yea's 
 preceding his death had been president of 
 the Vinita National Bank. He was elected 
 Town Lot Commissioner in 1886 and 1888. 
 He was the son of William Wirt and .los- 
 ephine (Bell) Buffington and his parental 
 
 grand-parents were John Adair and Jennie 
 (-Martin) Bell- 
 Nancy G. Buffington is the daughter of 
 Samuel and Fannie (Daniel) Gunter- San- 
 uel Gunter was born March 16, 1840 in Ski;i 
 Bayou uistricl. He was the most intrepia 
 and daring of Watie's Captains. He mar- 
 ried in 1864 at Spencer Academy, Choctaw 
 Nation, Fannie, the daughter of Robert Buf- 
 fington and Ann (Taylor) Daniel. Robert 
 B- Daniel was elected Senator from Deleware 
 District in 1847, Clerk of the Senate in 184') 
 and Assistant Chief of the Cherokee Nation 
 in 1871. He died January 16, 1873. 
 
 Captain Samuel and Fannie Gunter were 
 the parents of Nannie E, John Edward, born 
 November 12, 1869 and Sarnie, born July 
 31. 1873 and married Andrew Bell Cunning- 
 ham. 
 
 GEORGE McCOY 
 
 McCoy, George (See U(pwning) — .Major 
 Downing, an officer in the British army, mar- 
 ried a full blood Cherokee woman of the 
 Wolf Clan and their daughter, Nannie, mar- 
 ried McSwain. Their daughter, Eliz- 
 abeth McSwain, married David Welch and 
 they were the parents of Elizabeth, George 
 Washington and Sidney Welch. Elizabeth 
 Welch, born November 11, 1811, married 
 
 Joshua Buffington, Isaac Ragsdale, Ni.x 
 
 and iMoses Alberty. George Washington 
 Welch married Margaret Jones. He died 
 March 20. 184o, and she died July 26, 
 1851. 
 
 Elizabeth Welch had no children by her 
 marriage with Nix and her children by her 
 other three marriages were: Nannie Buf- 
 fington, David Welch and Winnie Jane Rags- 
 dale; Eli Snow and George Washington Al- 
 berty. 
 
 George Washington and Margaret (Jones) 
 Welch's children were: David, born Sep- 
 tember 15, 1819: Lemuel Bruenton, born 
 September 15, l824; Sidney, born July 9, 
 
 KS27; Diana, born June 9, 1831; Margaret 
 Ann, born December i7, 1832; George, 
 born July 2 , 1837, and Rosanna Welch, 
 born in May, 1840. David Welch married 
 Harriette Elizabeth Smithwick. Lemuel 
 Bruenton Welch married Mary Ann Harris; 
 Sidney Welch married Prince Albert Carnes, 
 and John Wilkey. Diana Welch married 
 .Joseph Henry Carnes. Margaret Ann Welch 
 married William Green Ward. George Welch 
 married Nannie Jones. Rosanna Welch mar- 
 ried McCoy and their children were: Julia 
 Ann, George, John William, James Willis, 
 Elizabeth, Lucinda, Sallie and Ida McCoy. 
 Julia McCoy married William Oscar Ames. 
 George McCoy married Victoria Fuller. John 
 William McCoy married Isabelle King. James 
 Willis McCoy married Martha Thomason. Lu- 
 cinda McCoy married Irving Ward. Sallie 
 McCoy married James Odle- 
 
 George and Victoria (Fuller) McCoy were 
 the parents of William B., Ida R. V.. and 
 Elsie McCoy. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 HOUSTON B. TEEHEE 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 523 
 
 Tehee, Hou«ton Benge (See Oolootsa) — 
 Houston Benge Tehee, whose activity has 
 spelled success, is well known as the Regis- 
 ter of the Treasury of the United States, 
 whose name appears on all of the Govern- 
 ment bonds issued during the world war per- 
 iod and is now a Vice-President and the 
 Treasurer and General Manager of the Con- 
 tinental Asphalt and Petroleum Company, 
 ' ith headquarters in Oklahoma City- In 
 riiius ways he has been closely identified 
 ilh the development and upbuilding of this 
 section of the country, his efforts being at 
 all times a tangible element in the growth 
 and progress that has wrought a most won- 
 derful transformation in Oklahoma within 
 the past few decades. Mr. Tehee was born 
 in the Cherokee Nation, now Sequoyah 
 I'.ounly, Oklahoma. October 31. 1S74, and 
 .1 representative of two of the old promi- 
 ont Cherokee families ,lhe Teehee and 
 Uenge families. On the rolls of the Chero- 
 kee Nation his father is listed as seven- 
 •rhths Cherokee. Houston B. Teehee as 
 v-eighlhs. His mother was a one-half 
 iierokee. her death occurring prior to the 
 rollment. The father, Stephen Teehee. 
 IS born in the Cherokee Nation of Georgia. 
 member 25, 1837. and died in the Chero- 
 • Nation of the Indian Terrilfiry in 1907. 
 I he mother, who bore the maiden name of 
 Rhoda Benge. was born in the Chert>kee Na- 
 tion of the Indian Territory and passed away 
 in 1886 at the comparatively early age of 
 thirty-nine years. • The father had come to 
 the Indian Territory in young manhood. He 
 had obtained a common school education in 
 the Indian schools and afterward engaged in 
 farming. Throughout his life he remained 
 .1 student of men and events and became one 
 the most prominent citizens of the fu- 
 re Stale of Oklahoma. From 1867 until 
 tS'16 he was closely identified with public 
 affairs of the Cherokee Nation .serving as 
 district clerk, as district solicitor and as cir- 
 cuit iudge and his decisions in the last 
 named office were noted for justice and im- 
 partiality. He served likewise as a member 
 o flhe council and of the senate and was a 
 member of the Executive Council. He like- 
 wise was made a member of the grand 
 council and was assistant chief of the Nation. 
 He also did most effective religious work. 
 being a minister of the Baptist church and 
 preaching extensively to his people. He 
 
 spoke entirely in the Cherokee toni;ue and 
 was universally honored and loved. His life 
 was an example to the younger generation 
 and an inspiration to all with whom he came 
 in contact. He made his home near Salli- 
 saw, Oklahoma. His was a large family, 
 there being two sets of children, but only 
 two of the first set survive; Houston B. and 
 Stephen B.. the latter now connected with 
 the United States Merchant Marine. The 
 name was originally Tehee but on the Indian 
 rolls the spelling was changed to the present 
 form. The name has figured prominently 
 upon the pages of history of the Indian 
 Territory and later in connection with the 
 development of the State of Oklahoma and 
 the work instituted by the father has been 
 carried on by the son, for Houston B. Tee- 
 hee is today one of the prominent and in- 
 fluential residents of Oklahoma City. 
 
 His boyhood days were spent on the home 
 farm, and imbued by the example of his 
 father, his boyhood ambition was to become 
 as good and upright a man as was his sire. 
 He attended the common schools and after- 
 ward the .Male Sejiiinary at Tahlequah. while 
 for one year he was a student in the Fort 
 Worth University. He afterward returned 
 to Tahlequah, where he engaged in merv- 
 chandising as a clerk for a period of ten 
 years. He afterward spent two years as 
 cashier in the Cherokee National Bank of 
 Tahlequah. While thus engaged he studied 
 law under the direction of the Hon. John H. 
 Pitchford, who is now a Justice of the Su- 
 preme Court of Oklahoma, and in March, 
 1907, was admitted to the bar. He resign- 
 ed his position as bank cashier in June. 
 190S. and entered upon the practice of his 
 profession in Tahlequah, devoting his atten- 
 tion to probate oil and gas law. His practice 
 soon became extensive and of a very import- 
 ant character, connecting him with much of 
 the notable litigations heard in the courts of 
 the district. He likewise became very prom- 
 inent in connection with public affairs there, 
 serving as Alderman of Tahlequah from 1902 
 until 1906. In l908 he was elected to the 
 office of Mayor and remained the chief exe- 
 cutive of the city for two years. He also 
 filled out an unexpired term as County At- 
 torney, succeeding his law partner W. L. 
 Johns. In 1911 and 19 13 he was elected to 
 represent his district in the third and fourth 
 general assembly of Oklahoma, where he 
 
524 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 was noted as an authority on constitutional 
 law, and in 1914 he was appointed United 
 States probate attorney. In 1915 he went 
 to Washington, D. C, as Register of the 
 United States Treasury. His entire career 
 has been marked by steady progress. The 
 money which he obtained from the Chero- 
 kee strip was used in paying his tuition in 
 the Fort Worth University. He thus early 
 displayed his ambition and the elementary 
 strength of his character. Step by step he 
 has advanced, each forward step bringing 
 him into a field of wider opportunities and 
 broader usefulness. In 1919 he became 
 Treasurer of the Seamans Oil Company and 
 The R. E. Seamans Company, Inc., of New 
 York City and Oklahoma City, and in 1921 
 he was made Treasurer and General Mana- 
 ger of all of the Seamans Oil Company in- 
 terests under the name of the Continental 
 Asphalt and Petroleum Company and was 
 elected as one of its Vice-Presidents. While 
 in Washington he was very active in promot- 
 ing Indian matters generally, as well as in 
 performing the duties of his position in con- 
 nection with the United States Treasury. 
 He now devotes the major part of his at- 
 tention to his oil business. He makes his 
 legal home in Cherokee County where he 
 has a beautiful residence of the bungalow 
 type, the house being surrounded by spa- 
 cious grounds and being one of the show 
 places of Cherokee County. 
 
 Mr. Teehee was married in Tahlequah. 
 
 December 11, 1898, to Miss Mayme Hage- 
 lund, who was born in Marion, Alabama. 
 Her parents were natives of Sweden and in 
 their youth came to the United States, set- 
 tling in Alabama, the father's death occur- 
 ring in Marion. They were parents of two 
 children. Mrs. Hagelund went to Chatta- 
 nooga, Tennessee, and later became the wife 
 of Dr. Stephen Foreman, one of the fore- 
 most physicians and leading citizens of the 
 Cherokees. In 1893 they removed to Tahle- 
 quah. Mrs. Teehee occupies a very promi- 
 nent social position. While they have no 
 children, they have reared the children of 
 Dr. Stephen and Mrs. Foreman since the lat- 
 ter's death. These are: Sue, now the wife 
 of Roy J. Wiggins, an officer of the First 
 State Bank of Tahlequah; John D. R. Fore- 
 man of Chattanooga, and Frank Foreman 
 living in Sapulpa. 
 
 Mr. Teehee acts as counselor and adviser 
 to many representatives of the Cherokee Na- 
 tion. He greatly enjoys the out-of-doors 
 and is a lover of nature and all that is beau- 
 tiful. He also finds keenest pleasure in lit- 
 erature and his constant reading keeps him 
 in touch with the trend of modern thought 
 and progress. He belongs to Cherokee 
 Lodge A. F. & A. M., the oldest Masonic 
 lodge of Oklahoma, and he likewise has a 
 membership with the Knights of Pythias and 
 the Woodmen of the World, while his re- 
 ligious faith is indicated by his membership 
 in the Presbyterian Church. 
 
HISTORY OH THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 RICHARD FIELD 
 
526 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Schrimther, John Gunter (See Ghigau, Oo- 
 lootsa and Adair)— Katie, a fullblood Chero- 
 kee woman of the "Paint" clan, married 
 .lohn Gunter who in 1S14 was a powder 
 maker. He died August 28, 1835. And 
 Mrs. Katie Gunter died August 11, 1835. 
 Their daughter Elizabeth Hunt Gunter, born 
 in September 1804, married September 22, 
 1831, Martin Matthew Schrimsher, born in 
 1S06, in Blount County, Tennessee. Mr. 
 Schrimsher was one of the emigrants to Cal- 
 ifornia in 184'), but only stayed in that sec- 
 tion for a short time, returning to the Chero- 
 kee Nation. He died in 1856. Mrs. Schrim- 
 sher died at John G. Schrimsher's home near 
 Claremore, February 14, 187 7. Their son, 
 John Gunter Schrimsher was born August 
 17, 183 5. He was educated at the Male Sem- 
 inary, and married on September I5th, 1859, 
 Juliette Melisno, daughter of George Wash- 
 ington and Elizabeth Hughes (Bell) Candy. 
 born August 7, 1S41. 
 
 John G. Schrimsher settled in Coowees- 
 coowee District before the Civil war, and 
 represented that district in the Confederate 
 Council from 1862 to 1866. He was a Cap- 
 tain in the Confederate service and at the 
 close of the Civil war in 1867, was Sheriff 
 of Cooweescoowee District; and was elected 
 to the same office in 1877. He was elected 
 Senator of Cooweescoowee District in 1S70 
 and 1883; and was elected a delegate to 
 Washington in 1883 and 1SS5. Was elect- 
 ed Judge of Cooweescoowee District in 
 1S<)3. and Senator from the same District in 
 18')7. He was killed by lightning on the 
 morning of July 5, 1905. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Scrinisher were the parents 
 of Sarah Catherine, who married William Ed- 
 ward Sanders; Eliz;ibeth Bell who married 
 Stephen Riley Lewis; Ernest Vivian, who 
 married Susan Phillips; Juliette Melvina 
 Schrimsher who married Abraham Vandvke 
 Robinson. 
 
 .Mrs. Schrimsh..'r makes her home with her 
 daughter, Mrs. Stephen Riley Lewis in 
 Tulsa. 
 
 Mr. Schrimsher was a man of rare judg- 
 ment and discernment. He was e.xceeding- 
 ly popular as was evidenced by the number 
 of offices to which he was elected. He was 
 a member of the Masonic fraternity. 
 
 527 
 
528 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 JOHN C. STARR 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 529 
 
 Starr, J. C. (See Ghigau and Grant) — 
 James, son of Ezelcial and Mary (Upshaw) 
 Starr, was born in Tennessee on February 
 n, 1883. He served the Confederacv in 
 Captain George Harlan Starr's company. His 
 first wife was Sarah Byers and they were the 
 parents of: Mary, who married James Man- 
 uel Price; Charlotte Elizabeth, who married 
 Richard Welch, John Stocker and Henry 
 Harrison Sanders. George Washington Starr 
 was the third and youngest child of James 
 and Sarah Starr. After the death of Mrs. 
 Sarah Starr, James Starr married on Decem- 
 ber 28, 1869, Mrs. Emma Jane Evans, 
 daughter of John and Rachel (Smith) Rider, 
 born September 8, 1842. Mrs. Emma Jane 
 Starr had by her first husband, one daugh- 
 ter: Minnie Louisa Evans, who married Tee- 
 see Chambers. 
 
 James and Emma Jane Starr were the 
 parents of: John Caleb, Lulu, Jessie, Emma, 
 Ezekial and Susan Starr. John Caleb Starr 
 was born October 15, 1870. Graduated 
 from the Male Seminary December 12, 1890 
 and received the following diplomas from 
 the Fort Smith Business College: Bookkeep- 
 ing, May 28, 1891; Penmanship, May 26, 
 1892; and Stenography May 29, 1893. He 
 married October 16, 1894, Miss Elizabeth 
 Belle Zimmerman, born March 9, 1870, in 
 Clinton, Missouri. They are the parents of: 
 Jessie Belle, James Clarence, Martha E. and 
 Charles J. Starr. Jessie Belle Starr married 
 John Turner Dameron. 
 
 John Caleb Starr, who was one of the 
 best, if not the best, stenographers and pen- 
 men among the Cherokees, was the secre- 
 tary to the Cherokee Commissioners that 
 made the final roll of the tribe. When this 
 task was finished he was admitted to the bar 
 and became actively interested in oil produc- 
 tion. He is at present one of the largest 
 land owners in Oklahoma and his oil inter- 
 ests are so large that he requires a large of- 
 fice to house his records and employs a sten- 
 ographer and bookkeeper, besides doing an 
 immense amount of the executive and cleri- 
 cal work himself. His hobby is farming. An 
 omniverous worker, a tireless student and 
 an analytical thinker, Mr. Starr is always a 
 man of the people and progressive citizen. 
 His son, James Clarence Starr, has won lau- 
 rels as an orator in the eastern colleges. 
 
530 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Q. P. McGlIEE 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 531 
 
 McGhee. Quilliki P._Qui||iki phUlips, 
 son <if Till, mas Jefferson and Martha (Han- 
 na) jMcGhee, is a native of Delaware District 
 in wliich District he was educated. He mar- 
 ried Miss Letitia Hanna and they were the 
 parents of two children. Airs. Letitia Mc- 
 Ghee died and he married her sister. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson, son of Ambrose and 
 Judith (Cochran) McGhee, married Martha 
 Hanna and they were the parents of: Sam- 
 uel Albert, James M., Thomas Jefferson. 
 Viola, Clero, Saladin C., Joseph Fox and 
 Quilliki P. McGhee. Thomas Jefferson .Mc- 
 Ghee, Sr. was First Lieutenant of Company 
 E of the First Cherokee Mounted Volunteers 
 in the Confederate service. He was elected 
 Shriff of Delaware District in 1867 and was 
 elected Clerk of the same District in iSSo, 
 1881, 1883, 1885 and 1889. A brilliant in- 
 terpreter and orator, he was one of the most 
 popular and progressive citizens of Dela- 
 ware District. Reared by such a father it 
 was but natural that the talented and force- 
 ful son, Ou'll'ki P. should be endowed with 
 a logical and analytical mind that would 
 render him one of the most successful at- 
 torneys and jurists of northeastern Okla- 
 homa. He was admitted to the bar in De- 
 cember l')14 and his large legal practice 
 has rendered him a wealthy one. While ac- 
 tive in the councils of the republican party 
 he never allowed his name to be used in 
 connection with any office until 1920, when 
 he was elected County Judge of Ottawa 
 County by an immense majority. 
 
532 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 OCE HOGSHOOTEE 
 
 Secretary of the Nighthawk Katoowah 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 533 
 
 JANANNA BALLAKD 
 
534 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 W. H. BALLARD 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 535 
 
 Ballard, W. H. (See Grant, Ghigua, and 
 Ward) — William, son of Archibald and Annie 
 (Fields) Ballard, was born jMay 29, 1852. 
 Married December 26, l87l Charlotte Mayes 
 and they were the parents of: Janana, Anna, 
 Ruth May, Ethel Savilla and Zoe Wyly Bal- 
 lard. 
 
 This family furnished the largest number 
 of graduates from the Seminaries, they being 
 as follows: Janana in 1896, Anna in 1897, 
 Lucinda in 1899, Sarah Eleanor in 1902, 
 William Houston in 1904 and Ruth May in 
 1906. Miss Janana is and has been a teach- 
 er in the Northeastern State Normal since 
 its inception. Anna married Crawford Con- 
 ner. Lucinda married William Lee Harlan. 
 Sarah Eleanor married Roy Woods. Ruth 
 May married Frank Fleming. Ethel Savilla 
 married Robert Hall. Zoe Wyly married 
 Harold Bunch. William Houston, born May 
 2<i, 1884, married Anna Buchanan, born De- 
 cember 2 5, 1889. They were the parents 
 of Tesquantnee Swimmer Ballard, born Feb- 
 ruary 14, 1906. Mrs. Anna Ballard is now 
 deceased. William Houston Ballard was 
 elected District Clerk of Delaware County 
 in 1910 and 1912. He is at present Deputy 
 Clerk of Muskogee County. 
 
536 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 MARY EILEY ROBERTS 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 537 
 
 Robert.-., Mrs. W. A. (See Reily and Ghi- 
 Kau) — Mary, daughter of Samuel King and 
 Sallie A. (Rider) Riley was born at DoalvS- 
 ville, Choctaw Nation, February 2, 1S66, 
 educated at the Cherokee Orphan Asylum. 
 Married July 29, 1885 William Emory Ro- 
 berts, horn September 24, lS6l near Parker- 
 burg, Indiana. They are the parents of: 
 James Thomas, born November 20, 1886, 
 married Mabel N. Howard and has one son, 
 James Thomas Roberts, a soldier in the 
 World War. Charles Arthur, burn September 
 10, 1891, served with the 20th Engineers 
 in the Wohdr War, married Ethel Shufeldt; 
 William Edward born November 5, 1S88, was 
 a Second Lieutenant in the World War; 
 Floyd Bryan Roberts, born October 29. 
 1896. 
 
 Of reserved, gracious presence, Mrs. Ro- 
 berts has always been a social favorite. 
 She is a Methodist, Eastern Star, White 
 Shriner and Historian of the United Daugh- 
 ters of the Confederacy. 
 
538 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 DR. JAMES GRADY HARRIS 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 539 
 
 Harris, Dr. James Grady (See Cordery) — 
 I'arker Ci)llins hum November 9, 1S45, mar- 
 ried AiiKeline Davis born July 19, 1859, in 
 OeKalb Co., Ala. They are the parents of 
 Robert Harris, born Dec. 19, 1S82; Col- 
 onel Parker Harris, born July 3, 1885; Emily 
 Harris, born April 29, 1887; Dr. James 
 Grady Harris, born February IS, 1889; Susie 
 Ella Harris, born September 4, 1890; Mary 
 Vann Harris, born October 10, 1893; George 
 Harris, born November 14, 1895; Martha 
 Harris, bori; June 2, 1899; Ida Harris, born 
 Marhc 1, 1901, and Catherine Harris. 
 
 Dr. James Grady Harris was educated in 
 (he Male Seminary, Northeastern State Nor- 
 mal, and the Medical Department of the 
 University of Tennessee, graduating from the 
 latter institution. He is a 32nd degree Ma- 
 son. Shriner and Elk. He is also a member 
 of the Kappa Psi .Medical Fraternity. He 
 served in the U. S. Army during the World 
 War as Captain, and served at the Base Hos- 
 pital at Camp Bowie, Texas, from September 
 1017 to September I9l8; and Assistant to 
 Camp Surgeon, Camp Shelby, Mississippi 
 from September 1918 to April 1919. He is 
 a member of the .Muskogee County and 
 State .Medical Societies, and of the Southern 
 Medical Association. 
 
540 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 MRS. EMILY W. BREEDLOVE 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 541 
 
 WILLIAM T. WILSON 
 
 OF 
 WILSON'S KOCK, AEK. 
 
542 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Breedlove — Maliiida, daughter of Wil- 
 liam and Jamima (Bryant) Wiiarton, 
 was born in Virginia December 25, 1S03. 
 Married in 1819 Thomas, son of John D. 
 and Martha (Holmes) Chisholm, born in 
 1793 and died November 12, 183 4. They 
 were the parents of: Jane Elizabeth, Alfred 
 Finney, William Wharton, and Narcissa Clerk 
 Chisholm. Mrs. Malinda Chisholm married 
 in January 1S36 William, son of George and 
 Ruth (Springston) Wilson, born October 14, 
 1911. She died February 19, 1864 and he 
 died June 30, 1897. They were the parents 
 of Emily Walker and William Wilson. Jane 
 Elizabeth Chisholm married Joseph Blagne 
 Lynde and Caswell Wright Bruton. Alfred 
 Finney Chisholm married Margaret Harper. 
 William Wharton Chisholm married Susie 
 Pindar; they had two children: Alice, who 
 married James Henry Cobb and Narcissa 
 Chisholm, married Matthew Archer and 
 Frank Taylor. 
 
 Narcissa Clark Chisholm married Robert 
 Latham Owen; they were the parents of 
 Major William Otway Owen, M. D. and Uni- 
 ted States Senator Robert Latham Owen. 
 Emily Walker Wilson born October 5, 1836 
 married October 1, 1875 Napoleon Bona- 
 parte, son of James W. and Maria (Win- 
 chester) Breedlove, born August 11, 1825 
 in Sunnier County, Tennessee. He was suc- 
 cessively regimental, brigade, division and 
 departmental quartermaster of the Trans- 
 .Mississippi Confederate Units. He died No- 
 vember V, 1911. They were the parents of: 
 Lelia Wilson, Waller Winchester, Emma 
 Maria, Florence and Jennie Breedlove. Lelia 
 Wilson Breedlove, born April 13, 185 9 in 
 New Orleans. Married September 27, 1881 
 James Senora Stapler, born September 27, 
 1856. She died April 16, 1898, and he died 
 in July 1906. They were the parents of: 
 
 Lorena Oklahoma, born March 26, 1885; 
 Anna Bryan, born November 13, 1887; Ot- 
 way Hicks, born September 13, 1890 and 
 John Wharton Stapler, born July 25, 1897. 
 Waller Winchester Breedlove was born Janu- 
 ary 13, 1861. Married June 1, 1887 Pris- 
 cilla Williams, born July 10, 1866 in Shaw- 
 nee, Kansas. He was elected a member of 
 Council from Delaware District, August 3, 
 1903. Emma Maria Breedlove was born 
 September 16, 1863. Graduated from the 
 Female Seminary June 28, 1883, and was 
 drowned May 24, 1888. Florence Breed- 
 love, born December 28, 1869, married Sep- 
 tember 6, 1893 Othie Andres Smith, born 
 ■April 21, 1868. They are the parents of: 
 Lee Breedlove, born July 28, 1894 and died 
 October 16, 19l8; Lelia Lucile, born Feb- 
 ruary 15, 1896; Ruth Emily, born Decem- 
 ber 4, 1897, and Owen Philip Smith, born 
 February 4, 1906. Jennie Breedlove was 
 born April 1, 1873 and died January 3 0, 
 189 5. William Wilson born January 9, 
 184 3 married Alice Coody and they died 
 without descent. 
 
 Thomas Wharton was created Marquis of 
 Wharton, by King George I, in l7l5 and his 
 son Philip Wharton, born in 1698 was, on 
 account of his brilliant attainments as an ora- 
 tor and leader in parliament, made Duke of 
 Wharton on January 20, 1718. He died at 
 Catalona, Spain May 31, 1731. His son, 
 Sir William Wharton was the father of Sam- 
 uel Wharton. Jesse son of Samuel Whar- 
 ton was the father of Jesse Wharton, Jr. 
 William, the son of Jesse Wharton, Jr. mar- 
 ried Jamima Bryant of Abingdon, Virginia 
 and they were the parents of Malinda, Mar- 
 garet, Mary and Violet Wharton. Malinda, 
 daughter of William and Jamima (Bryant) 
 Wharton married Thomas Chisholm and 
 William Wilson. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 543 
 
 CHAPTER XXI 
 
 S! ,!^ffrT'' "P'''"7'^^ ''' parenthesis at the beghming of each paragraph 
 hllnrmj the name refers to the conmction among the foregoing old families 
 
 Alberty, Judge B. W. ~ 
 
 (See Downing) — 
 Bluford West Alberly, born February' i/, 
 1853. He married September 7, 1884 Lou- 
 vinia Jane Adair nee Lewis, born May 13, 
 1862 in Washington County, Arkansas liav- 
 inK previously been elected as a member of 
 the Supreme Court. He was elected Chief 
 Justice on November 15, 1892. On the 
 coming of statehood he was elected the first 
 Judge of Adair County in 1907. 
 
 Alberly, John Wright — Born July 26, 
 isil. .Married April 15, 1852 Clara We.U 
 nee BufliiiKlon, born 1825. She died July 
 186-1 and he died August 29, l9o5. They 
 were the parents of Bluford West Alberty 
 
 d Ellis B. Alberty, May 185 4, died l>ec. l, 
 ; -SO, Mose Alberty, April 1857, died Nov. 
 II, 1891, Joseph Vann Alberty, July i860. 
 living, Elizabeth Jane, April 1863 — April 
 M67. John Wright Alberty was a member 
 t Captain George 11- Starr's company in tli; 
 '■nfederate Cherokee Mounted Rilfe Regi- 
 ment. He was elected Chief Justice of the 
 I herokee Nation in 1883- 
 
 Adair, John M. — (Oolootsa and Adair) — 
 '■■hii .Martin Adair, born at Fort Gibson, 
 ' Mie 3, 1858. Attended Shurtleff College. 
 rved in Troop L. First United States Vol- 
 unteer ("avalry in the Spanish American War. 
 This regiment was known as the "Rough 
 Riders" and his commander was Colonel 
 : lieodore Roosevelt. Captain Allyn Caproii, 
 .iptain of Troop L was in the battles of 
 ih.it war that was fought in Cuba. .lohn M. 
 Adair married at Tahlequah in l'H>3 Til- 
 phena Terrell, born in IS71. 
 
 Adair, Robert E. (See Grant. Adair, Mc 
 Nair and Koss — Robert Enimett, son of 
 Brice Martin and Sarah (McNair) Adair was 
 born in Salina District, December 16, lS6l, 
 educated at the Cherokee Orphan Asylum 
 and .Male Seminary. Married November S, 
 189 3 Ida Lavinia Elliott, born at Muskogee. 
 March 30, 1871, educated at Harrell Insti- 
 tute, Muskogee. Thev are the parents of 
 Rollin Elliott, born September 4, 189 4- 
 George Washington, born .March 27, 1896, 
 Fredrick Burl, born October 3, 1897, John 
 William, born December 22, 1899, Emmett 
 Rav, born April 4, 1908 and Arthur Allen 
 Adair, born September 7, 191 1. Mr. Adair 
 
 was elected District Clerk of Salina District. 
 August 5, 1889. 
 
 In the first quarter of the eighteenth cen- 
 tury, William Martin, a wealthy merchant of 
 Bristol, bought the ship, "Brice" gave it 
 to his son Joseph and sent him to Virginia 
 to keep him from marrying a girl that the 
 father objected to. Joseph married Susan- 
 nah Childs and settled on a large estaate 
 near Charlottsville in Albemarle County, 
 Virginia. Their son Joseph was elected 
 Captain of Transylvania Militia in the 
 American service in 1776, became Maior 
 February 17, 17 79 and Lieutenant Colonel 
 iii March i7Sl. Elected Brigadier General 
 of North Carolina December 15, 1787 and 
 appointed Brigadier General of Virginia by 
 Governor "Light Horse Harry" Lee on Dec- 
 ember II, 1893. The name Brice has always 
 been used in the Martin descent both in and 
 out of the Cherokee Nation. General Mar- 
 tin's grand-daughter; Martha or "Patsy" 
 married George Washington Adair and they 
 were the grand parents of Robert Emmett 
 Adair. Mrs Ida L. Adair is the daughter of 
 George Washington and Ann Eliza (Ke'-r) 
 Elliott and grand-daugter of Fredrick A- and 
 Louise Jane (Coody) Kerr. Mr. Adair be- 
 longs to the Wolf Clan and Mrs. Adair be- 
 langs to the Bird Clan. 
 
 Arnold, E. B. (See Grant. Ghigau and 
 Adair) — Ernest Brigham Arnold, born May 
 2. ISS4. Educated at Cumberland Uni- 
 versity, Lebanon, Tennessee from which 
 he graduated with the LLB. degree in 1905- 
 He married Clyde Horn, born Aug. 23, 1888. 
 She graduated fro Female Seminary May 31, 
 1906. They are the parents of: Hamilton La- 
 verne born June 28, 1912 and Thomas Brig- 
 ham Arnold, born Jan. 11, 1914. Ernest 
 Brigham Arnold was elected County Attorney 
 of Adair Co. in 1907 and District Judge of 
 the First District in 191S and resigned from 
 that position on August 1st, 1921 in order 
 that he might reassume his law practice. 
 
 Junies Warren Adair married Susanah De- 
 borah Bean and their daughter Minerva Cor- 
 nelia, married Thomas H. Horn and they 
 were the parents of Mrs. E. B. Arnold. 
 
 Armstrong, Mrs. A. W. (See Cordery and 
 McNair)— Marv Elizabeth, daughter of David 
 McNair and ary J. (Strickland) Rogers, 
 
 born 
 
544 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Bristol, England in order to break up a love 
 match, furnished his youngest son, Joseph 
 with a ship named the "Brice" and sent him 
 to Virginia, where Joseph married Susannah 
 Childs, member of a prominent Colonial 
 family, and settled near Charlottesville Ai- 
 bermarle county in that state. Their third 
 son Joseph, was born in 1840- He became 
 a fur trader and amassed a fortune. He held 
 the following military positions: Captain of 
 the Transylvania Militia, elected in 1776 
 became Major February 17, 1779 and Lieut. 
 Col. in 1781. He was elected Brig. Genl. 
 of North Carolina by the Legislature Dec 
 15, 1787 and was commissioned Brig. Gen. 
 of the 20th. Brigade of Virginia Militia by 
 Gov. Henry Lee Dec 11, 1793. He was the 
 father of Martha called "Patsy" Martin, who 
 married George Washington, the son of John 
 and Gahoka Adair. George Washington and 
 Martha Adair were the parents of Brice Mar- 
 tin Adair who married Sarah McNair. They 
 were the parents of Rolllin K. Adair, Town- 
 site Commissioner 1888 and Superintendent 
 of the Male Seminary 1895-99. 
 (See Ross). 
 
 Adair, Mrs. Joseph W. (See Ross) Cora 
 
 AnnSayers, born near Pryor, February 28, 
 1896. Married at Big Cabin, July 2, 1916, 
 Joseph William, son of Allen and Kittie 
 Adair, born September 8th, 1891, in Harri- 
 son County, Kentucky. They are the par- 
 ents of Virginia Elizabeth, born August 22, 
 1918 and Allen Sayers Adair, born March 
 26, 1919, Mr. Adair is a farmer near Pryor. 
 
 Henry Drew, son of Abner and Nancy Jane 
 (Coody) Sayers was born March 9, 1862 
 Married October 5, 1892,, Dora Thompson, 
 born March 11, 1869 in Macom County, 
 Missouri. Henry Drew died March 28, 1899. 
 
 Allton, Mrs- Joseph M. (See Cordery and 
 Carter) — Thomas Cordery, an Irishman mar- 
 ried Susannah, a full blood Cherokee of the 
 Blind Savannah Clan. Their daughter Susie 
 married John Mosley and they were the par- 
 ents of Sarah Ruth Mosley, born in l8-tl 
 married October 16, 1864 Lewis Clark Ram- 
 sey, who served in the civil war in Captain 
 Benjamin Wisner Carter's company. After 
 his death Mrs. Ramsey married January 5, 
 1877 Ezekial Taylor, 
 married Jannuary 5, 1877 Ezekial Taylor. 
 
 Lewis Clark and Sarah Ruth Ramsey were 
 *he parents of Susan Elizabeth Ramsey, borr 
 December 7, 1866, educated in the Chero- 
 kee Orphan Asylum and Female Seminary. 
 
 Married at Oowala July 31, 1888 JosepJ" 
 Morgan, son of David and Eliza (Billingsley) 
 Allton, born July 31, 1856 in Virginia. They 
 are the parents of: David Clark, Percy Sam- 
 uel and Charles Joseph Allton. David Clark 
 Alton born June 30, 1889 married Maude 
 Mamie Vincent, their children are: Frances 
 Russell, born January 4, 1910; Dick Vincent, 
 born January 2, 1911; David C, born July 
 13, 1912; Buford Kedrick, born May 15, 
 1915 and Maurine Allton, born September 
 
 6, .917. Percy Samuel Allton born May 25, 
 1893. Married Cherokee Jones and his one 
 son, Joseph Jones Allton, born September 
 
 7, 1920. Charles Joseph Allton born Decem- 
 ber 29, 1897. Married August 2, 1919 Pearl 
 Jane Hanson, born in August 1898. They 
 are the parents of Martha Sue Alton, born 
 November 20, 1920. 
 
 Alberty, William T. (See Grant and Down- 
 ing) — William Towers Alberty, born No- 
 vember 25, 1888. Enlisted in the world 
 war in September 1917. Assigned to the 
 Nintieth Division, 358th Infantry as team- 
 ster. Sailed for France June 20, 1918, was 
 in the offensive operations at St. Mihiel and 
 Argonne Forest and after the Armistice was 
 with the Army of Occupation, returned to 
 the United Statse in June I9l9 and was 
 discharged at Camp Paike on the twenty- 
 second of that month. Married at Clare- 
 more, June 28, 1920, Elizabeth, daughter of 
 Grant and Nannie Barker, born May 11, 1902 
 in Minifee County, Kentucky. They are the 
 parents of Udolphus Grant Alberty, born 
 June 28, 1921. 
 
 Jacob Udolphus, son of John D. and Jen- 
 nie (Buffington) Alberty married Annie ; 
 Charlotte, daughter of Ellis and Charlotte 
 (Eaton) Towers, were the parents of Will- 
 iam Towers Alberty. 
 
 Adair, E. E. (See Adair and Ghigau) — 
 Edward Everett, son of John Thompson 
 and Penelope (Mayfield) Adair, born 
 They are the parents of: Jessie Alice Adair 
 born May 20, ISSO married Moses Frye 
 Sanders, they had one daughter, Mary Lou- 
 venia Sanders, born November 16, 1904. 
 Mrs. Sanders died and the daughter has bee.i 
 reared by Mr. and Mrs. Adair; Cherokee 
 April 15, 1853, married June 29, 1879 
 Rachel Louvenia Twist, born May 25, 1859. 
 Cornelia Adair, born September 26, 1883, 
 married Hoolie Sanders. She died Septem- 
 ber 11, 1907. The third and fourth daugh- 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 545 
 
 ters of Mr. and Mrs. E. E. Adair were Sarah 
 Kuth, torn August 23, 1886, died .May 21, 
 1894 and Elizabeth M- Adair, horn Septem- 
 ber IS, 1891 ,died August 3, 1S93. 
 
 Edward Everette Adair was elected Clerk 
 of Sequoyah District August 3, 1885. Elect- 
 ed Councilor from the same district August 
 1, 1887 and August 5, 1895. During the 
 former incumbency he was one of the "Im- 
 mortal fourteen" that sustained Chief Joel 
 B. Mayes in his effort to get a better rental 
 price for the Outlet. Mr. Adair is engaged 
 in farming and stockraising, takes an active 
 part in movements of public welfare and 
 ranks among the leaders of his community. 
 
 Bass, Josie Gertrude, (See Foreman, Cord- 
 ery. Grant and Riley) — Josephine Gertrude 
 daughter of John Anthony and Eliza Mary 
 Blythe Foreman was born Tuesday November 
 
 19. 1872. Educated at Oowala and Fema!'^ 
 Seminary. Mairied at Talala, September 3 0, 
 1897 Willim Robert Bass, born September 
 15, 1872 in Wilson county, Tennesee. He 
 died February 3, 19 12. They were the par- 
 ents of: Robert Morris. Educated at Ra- 
 mona and Oklahoma University, born July 
 
 20, 1898 and Harold E. Bass, born May 16. 
 1903. 
 
 John Anthdnv, son of Reverend Stephen 
 and Sallie VV. (Riley) Foreman was born at 
 Park Hill, June 10, 1844. Educated at Park 
 Hill and served the Confederacy in the 
 Cherokee Mounted Volunteers. Married 
 July 8, 1869 Eliza Mary, daughter of James 
 Chastain and Sarah Jamima (Rogers) Bly- 
 the, born February 10, 1850. She died April 
 13, 1879. He was elected Judge of Coowees- 
 coowee District August 6, 1883. Judge 
 Foreman's second wife was Nancy Amanda 
 Smith. She was at that time in "young 
 ladies school" as Matron, Las Vegas. New 
 .Mexico. She died December 12, 1920. 
 
 Blake, Samuel C. (See Downing, Gore) — 
 Samuel Coke Blake, born at Cane Hill, Wash- 
 ington, Washington Co. Ark. April 10, 1862, 
 educated in that county, married at Wagon- 
 er, June 10. 1888, Georgia Anna Pharris, 
 born Oct- 5, 1867 at Petaiuma, Calif. They 
 are the parents of: Jennie Agnes, born Aug- 
 ust 23, 1889, married Charles E. Stamps: 
 Nita Emorv, born February 11. 1892. mar- 
 ried Charles Alonzo Spencer and has two 
 children, Myrtle Caroline, born February 5. 
 
 I'Ml and Alonzo Blake Spencer, born March 
 24. r)l9: John Fenlnn, born September 4, 
 1894; Albert Watts, born .May 17, 1897; 
 Georgia Kezzie, born April 18, 1900, mar- 
 ried October 24, 19 19, Clifford Moore and 
 has one son, Samuel Marion Moore, born 
 December 17, 1920; Mabel Heber, born No- 
 vember 23, 1903; Hester Keep, born January 
 30, 1906 and Ruby Opal Blake, born Novem- 
 ber 2, 1909. 
 
 Samuel Blake, born January 5, 1S18, in 
 Ryde, Isle of Wright, England, and married 
 .Martha Jane Pyratt who was born in 1824. 
 She died in I'M 4 and Samuel Blake died in 
 1S7S. They were the parents of Samuel 
 Ciike Blake. James and Kate (Finley) 
 Pyratt, natives of North Carolina, settled 
 thirteen miles west of Little Rock, Arkan- 
 sas, in 1812. and moved to Cane Hill, Wash- 
 ington County. Arkansas, 1827. Since that 
 time the Pvratt's have been socially prom- 
 inent in Arkansas. 
 
 .Margaret Downing, a Cherdkee, married 
 Bledsoe Gore, a white man, and their daugh- 
 ter. Agnes Gore, born April 10, 1829. mar- 
 ried April 1, 1850, Pleasant Holloman Phar- 
 ris, born July 11, 1826, in Tennessee. He 
 served in the sixth Missouri Cavalry in the 
 Mexican War. He died January 1893 and 
 Mrs. Agnes Pharris died in 1913. They were 
 the parents of Mrs. Samuel Coke Blake. 
 Samuel Coke Blake is the founder and breed- 
 er of the Famous Blake Horse, near Pryor, 
 
 Brown, Mrs. N. R. (See Grant) — Jennie E. 
 Cole btirn in Cooweescoowee District, Jan. 
 16, 1887, married at Pryor Dec. 24, 1902, 
 N. R., son of John W. and Catherine Brown, 
 born Nov. 8, 1881, in Hickman County, 
 Kentucky. 
 
 They are the parents of Herbert Reed, 
 born .March 27, ri04, Virgie D. born June 
 6, 1906; Owen, born August 2. 1911; Elmer 
 Jackson, born March 7, 1917 and John Wes- 
 ley Brown, born June 13, 1919. 
 
 Mary L., daughter of Henry C- and Aman- 
 da Jane (Rogers) Fields was born Sept. 10, 
 1866. Married January 20, 1884, John 
 Ct)le, born June 12. 1858 in Kentucky. 
 They are the parents of Mrs. N. R. Brown. 
 .Mrs. Brown is the great great great grand- 
 daughter of Richard Fields, Chief of the 
 Texas Cherokees. 
 
546 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Blount, Mrs. Oscar (See England) Eulalah 
 Sophronia, daughter of John Wesley and Ida 
 Josephine (Jenkins) Harris was born near 
 Vinita, Sept. 5, 1S90, educated at Female 
 Seminary and Willie Halsell College. Married 
 at Vinita, Nov. 6, 1909 Oscar, son of Web- 
 ster W. and Anise Blount, born April 7, 18S4 
 in Carroll County, Missouri. They are the 
 parents of Beulah Ethel, born November 2, 
 1910; Flora Cornelia, born March 4, 1921 
 and Oscar Harris Blount, born December 15, 
 1913. Mr. Blount is a farmer near Vinita. 
 
 Ida Josephine, daughter of Elias H. and 
 Arminda (England) Jenkins married John 
 Wesley Harris and they are the parents of 
 Mrs. Eulah Sophronia Blount who was nam- 
 ed for her parental aunt Mrs. Eulalah May 
 Lukenbill, who died in 1889. 
 
 The Blounts are of ancient Norman blood, 
 the first Blount in England accompanied 
 William ,the Conquorer, in October 1066. 
 The head of the family was created Lord 
 Blount by the King on December 3, 1326. 
 A branch of the family came to America, 
 settled in Tennessee where members be- 
 came Governors and United States Senators. 
 Blount County in that state is named for 
 them. 
 
 Brown, Mrs. C. W. (See Grant and 
 Sanders) — Delores Cole, born January 24, 
 ISSO, educated at the Presbyterian Col- 
 lege at Tahlequah. Married at Pryor 
 January 23, 1900, Charles Wesley Brown, 
 born M.ay l5th, 1873. in Hickman County, 
 Clinton. Kentucky. They are the parents 
 of Delores Ethylene, born April 10, 1902 
 and Gordon Wesley, born October 23, 
 1919. Mr. Brown is a farmer. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Brown are members of the Methodist 
 church. She is an Eastern Star and a Re- 
 becca. 
 
 Nannie, daughter of Johnson and Margaret 
 (Winters) Vann, married Daniel Boone 
 Cole and thev were the parents of Mrs. 
 Charles Wesley Brown. 
 
 Belcher, Mrs. A. M. (See Cordery and 
 Grant) — Cora Mary, daughter of William 
 Davidson, and Mary Jane (Baumgarner) 
 Clingan was born at Gibson station, Chero- 
 kee Nation May 12, 1878, educated at the 
 Female Seminary, and Cottey College, Ne- 
 vada, Missouri; married at Wagoner Novem- 
 ber 21, 1911, Rev. A. M. Belcher, born 
 February 22, 1867 in BUintsville, Ala. They 
 are the parents of Bruce Clingan Belcher, 
 born ,Iune 14, 1912 at Henryetta. Okla. 
 
 Reverend Belcher is a South Methodist 
 and built the first church to be erected in 
 Wagoner. Mrs- Belcher is a member of the 
 Home Missionary Society and the Eastern 
 Star. 
 
 Bird, William (See Cochran) — Emily, 
 daughter of Price and Lucy (Keener) Coch- 
 ran, born August 17, 1869. Married Dec. 
 27, 1884. Jerry Watts. Married Dec. 25, 
 1891 William, son of James and Elizabeth 
 Bird. She is the mother of Edward Watts, 
 born Jan. 5, 1887. Served in France in Co. 
 "C" 358th Infantry from June 20, 1918 to 
 June 27, 1919. Tessie Bird, born March 4, 
 1898; Lucinda Bird, born June 10, 1901; 
 Mary Bird, born October 23, 1904; William 
 Bird, born November 5, 1908 and Ona Bird 
 born August 27, 1910. Mrs. Bird's Chero- 
 kee name is Ai-tsi. 
 
 Bates, Mrs. Dr. S. R. (See Downing) — 
 Hattie Lindsey, born Jan- 3, 1872, educated 
 at Chouteau and Female Seminary. Married 
 January 20, 1900, Dr. Samuel Ralston Bates, 
 born Jan. 2, 1870 in Winchester, Tenn. He 
 graduated from the Medical Department of 
 Vanderbilt University in May 1897. 
 
 The heads of the Scottish house of Lind- 
 say at different dates were Sir Walter Lind- 
 say in 1116 A. D., David Lindsay who was 
 created first Earl of Crawford in 1398 and 
 Ale.xander Lindsay who became Earl of Bal- 
 carres, January 9, 1651. Mrs. Bates' mother 
 was the daughter of Joel Mayes Bryan. The 
 first Bryan to become a citizen of England 
 was Richard Fitz Gilbert Bryan, who ac- 
 companied his cousin, William the Con- 
 queror to England in October 1066. He was 
 the son of Gilbert, Count of Brione in Nor- 
 mandy, whose father was Richard 111, Duke 
 of Normandy, who was the uncle of William 
 the Conqueror. Richard 111 was the son of 
 Richard the Good, Duke of Normandy by 
 his wife; Judith of Rennes. iJichard the 
 Good, was the son of Richard 1, Duke of Nor- 
 mandy and he was the son of William "Long- 
 sword" Duke of Normandy from 927 to 943. 
 Duke William was the son of Robert, the 
 king who overrun northern France, married 
 in 912 Gisele, daughter of Charles IV, King 
 of France and became the first Duke of Nor- 
 mandy in 911. Duke Robert was the son of 
 Pegvald the Rich, Jarl of Norway. 
 
 Baugh, Mr. J. L. (See Grant. Downing, 
 Ghigau, Foreman, Ross and Conrad) — Joel 
 Lindsey Baugh, born Jan. S, 1858. Educated 
 in Male Seminary. Married Aug. 19. 1888 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 54 7 
 
 Sue Adair, daughter of Jacob West and Char- 
 lotte (West) Markham, born July 25, 1S72. 
 She died March 15, 1899 and he married at 
 Locust Grove, May 30, 1901, Nannie Scales, 
 daughter of John Taylor and Mary Elizabetli 
 
 Bachtel, Mrs. Mary Jane (See England. 
 Ghigau and Hildebrand) — Mary Jane, daugh- 
 ter of William and Arminda (England) Eng- 
 land was born on Honey Creek, Delaware 
 District, Cherokee Nation. December 30, 
 1S48. Her first husband was James Frank- 
 lin Williams, born July 3 0. 1844 and died 
 November S, 18 73- They were the parents 
 of: Joseph Lowrey Williams, b(-)rn November 
 30. 1866; Genevieve Shanahan, born Decem- 
 ber 28. 1868 and Martha Jane Sanders, born 
 April 9, 1871. Mrs. Williams second hus- 
 band was William Habish, who died October 
 3. 1883. Their daughter, Louise, born 
 June 23, 1878, married George T. Harrell. 
 Mrs. Habish's third husband, Daniel Bachtel, 
 was born August 14, 1845 and died March 
 22, 189 7. They were the parents of: Dan- 
 iel Lorenzo, born May 28, 1887; Otis, born 
 September 9, 1889 and Elza Bachtel, born 
 ■March 2, lS9l. Daniel Lorenzo Bachtel 
 was a member of Headquarters Co. 3 3 2, 
 Quarter Masters Corps having entered serv- 
 ice June 27, 1918 was in service overseas 
 from July 26, 19l8 to July 18. I9l9 as 
 sergeant. Discharged at Camp Pike, Julv 
 30, 1919. Elza Bachtel entered service 
 June 27, 1918. Member A. E. F. August 
 22, 1918 to June 22, I9l9. Assigned to 
 Company 165 Depot Brigade July 2, 1918. 
 Appointed Corporal .March 14. I9i9. Dis- 
 charged at Camp Pike. July 5, 1919. 
 
 Baker, Mrs. Margaret. (See Ward) — 
 .Margaret .M. Ward, born January 10, 1886. 
 educated at Female Seminary. Married at 
 Bryan's Chapel. January 17, 1886, Joseph 
 Franklin Baker. He died October 9, 191 5. 
 They were the parents of: Ollie Jane, born 
 December 4, 1886. married Claude Cullison; 
 John Oscar, born April 17. 1888. married 
 Nannie .McNair; Joseph Franklin, born Sep- 
 tember 24. 1890; Odessa Margaret, born 
 July 25. lS9S; Vera, born June 22, 1905; 
 and Frank, born April 15. 190S. Mrs- Baker 
 is engaged in farming, dairying and poultry 
 raising. 
 
 John S., son of Bryan and Temperance 
 (Stansil) Ward, was born October 7. 1920. 
 Married July 27. 185 7. Jane Loveless, born 
 May 1, 1842. She died January 16, l89o. 
 
 and he died June 15, 1806. They were 
 the parents of .Mrs. .Margaret H. Baker. 
 
 Beamer, William. (See Foreman and Gus- 
 oduesga.) — William Beamer, born in 1853, 
 educated in Kansas City- Married in 1872, 
 Alice Towie. They are the parents of: Sam- 
 uel, born August 14. 1873; Nannie, born 
 July 3, 1875; Eliz;ibeth. born March 21, 
 1S7S, married Charles Teehee; Louaniia, 
 born September 1, ISSO; Emeline, born 
 .March 15. 1882; Ida. born .March 1, 1891; 
 and George Beamer. born .May 26, 1894. .Mr. 
 Beamer is an ordained minister of the Bap- 
 tist church and a member of the order of 
 I. O. O. F. 
 
 Elizabeth, a half blood Cherokee, married 
 William Springston, an English trader and 
 their son Ediey Springston. married Eliza- 
 beth Foreman, and their daughter, Mary, 
 married John Henry and George Beamer. 
 George and Marv (Foreman) Beamer were 
 the parents of Fev. William Beamer. the sub- 
 ject of this sketch. 
 
 Billingslea (See Oolootsa. Ross, Sanders 
 and Ghigan.) — Jeannette Starr was born 
 Februarv l6. lSo2. in Tahlequah. She was 
 educated in the Cherokee public schools and 
 graduated from Female Seminary July 2, 
 1880. .Married at Vinita April 1. 1885. 
 Frank Alexander Billingslea. born August 9, 
 1851. in Crawfordville, Taliaferro County, 
 Ga. He died May 9, 19 13. They were the 
 parents of Dollie Willie, born at Vinita, Au- 
 gust 21. 1887, and Joseph Billingslea. born 
 July 17, 1891 in Vinita. 
 
 Thomas, son of James and Lettie Boyd 
 (Chambers) Starr, was born March 12, 
 1840, married August 20, i860, Dollie 
 Eunice, daughter of Anderson and Mary 
 (Nave) Lowrey. born February 10. 1840. 
 Thomas Starr died December 25, 1862. Jean- 
 nette Starr was their only child. 
 
 Frank Ale.xander Billingslea's first wife. 
 Joanna Gillis. a second cousin of Mrs. Jean- 
 nette Billingslea. Frank A. and Joanna (Gil- 
 lis) Billingslea had three children; McLeod 
 Edward, born October 25, 1875; Frank Da- 
 ley, born November 3. 1887; and Helen Es- 
 tella Billingslea, born January, 1880. and 
 married William Frank Pierce. 
 
 Frank Alexander Billingslea was elected a 
 member of the Council on August 3, 1890, 
 without the solicitation of a single vote. 
 
 .Mrs. Billingslea belongs to the Methodist 
 church and was very active as a special 
 
548 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 worker in the Red Cross service during the 
 World war. Her son, Joseph, was in active 
 service. 
 
 (McCoy) Drew, born October 24, 1S77. Mr. 
 Baiigh's children by his first wife are: Char- 
 lotte, born Jnly 2 1, 1889; Joel Lindsey, born 
 April 2", 18'»3; Roscoe Randall, born Jan- 
 uary 14, ISi^iS; on war being declared 
 against Germany he volunteered and was on 
 the offensive line until the armistice was 
 signed; and Edgar Baugh, born May 5, 1897, 
 married August 3rd, I9l7, Mary Si.xkiller, 
 born August 21, 18^9, and they are the par- 
 ents of Dollie Belle and Margie Jane Baugh. 
 Joel Lindsey Baugh is a man of striking per- 
 sonality, his democracy of spirit renders him 
 very popular. He was elected Senator from 
 Cooweescoowee District, August 3, 1891 and 
 Clerk of the Senate in 1903. He was assoc- 
 iated with his grandfather Bryan in winning 
 the "Old Settlers" Cherokee claim and is 
 at present postmaster at Choteau. In 190l 
 he was appointed by the Principal Chief of 
 the Cherokee Nation as an attorney with W. 
 W. Hastings before the Dawes Commission 
 in making the final rolls of citizenship of the 
 Cherokee Nation. 
 
 Joel Mayes Bryan, born October 22, 1809, 
 and died August 7, 1898, was the father of 
 Charlotte Bryan, horn September 21, 1833, 
 married July 19, 1854, John H. Baugh, born 
 March 3, 1S25. in Alabama. They were the 
 parents of Joel Lindsey Baugh. The first 
 known Bryan in English history was Gilbert, 
 Count of Brionne, who accompanied his 
 cousin, William the Conqueror, in October, 
 1066; he was France, the grandson of Rich- 
 ard III, Duke of Normandy, uncle of William 
 the Conqueror, and descendent in the 
 twelfth generation from Charlemagne. 
 
 Benge, Oce (See Grant, Ghigau, Foreman 
 and Conrad) — Richard Fields Benge, com- 
 nionlv called "Oce" Benge, was born in Tah- 
 lequah District, September 9, i85l. Married 
 at Locust Grove, February 18, 1883, Martha 
 Adair, daughter of George Washington and 
 Cherokee (Ratliff) Brewer, born July 7, 
 1861, and educated in Female Seminary. 
 Thev are the parents of Georgia Alma, born 
 April 30, 1885, married William C. Johnston 
 April 4, 1919; Eleanor Osceola, born Jan- 
 uary IS, 188 7, married C. A. Dunham Oct- 
 ober 3, 1913, parents of Roy Mills, born 
 September 1, I9i5, and Beatrice Eleanore 
 Durham, born July 28, 1919; Lelia Leone, 
 
 born December 16, 1892, married Wm. 
 Cecil McLaughlin, March 28, 1919. They 
 are the parents of Cecil Benge McLaughlin, 
 born May 10, 1921; Dora Elizabeth, born 
 September 4, 1896, and Senora Benge, born 
 July 2, 1902. Mr. Benge is a farmer near 
 Adair. He was elected Sheriff of Saline Dis- 
 trict August 6, 1883 and August 3, 1885. 
 Elected a member of Council from the same 
 District August 1, 1887. 
 
 Delilah, daughter of Richard Fields, Chief 
 of the Texas Cherokees, married James Fore- 
 man and they were the parents of Susan 
 Henrietta Foreman, born December 18, 1827, 
 married Anderson Benge. He died January 
 4, 1868, aged about fifty years and Mrs. 
 Benge died September 12, 1883. They were 
 the parents of James Foreman and Richard 
 Fields Benge. 
 
 George Fields, a brother of Chief Rich- 
 ard Fields, was a captain in the United States 
 service in the Creek war of 1814. His 
 daughter Nannie, born June 10, 1810, mar- 
 ried Richard Ratliff, born 1804 and their 
 daughter Cherokee, born July 10, 1839 mar- 
 ried May 13, 185 4, George Washington 
 Brewer, born June 12,, 1831. He died Feb- 
 ruary 14, 1868. Mrs. Brewer died October 
 
 12, 1916. 
 
 Bledsoe, Mrs. I. P. (See Grant, Downing 
 and Daniel) — Belle, daughter of Henry 
 and Nancy (Buffington) Hightman was 
 born December 6, 1869 in Cooweescoo- 
 wee District. Married May 1, 1887, Isaac 
 Pipkins, son of Watt and Martha Ann Bled- 
 soe, born January 28, 1847, in DeSota Coun- 
 ty, Mississippi. They are the parents of 
 Henry Watts, born September 28, 1889; 
 Sallie Martha, born June 28, 1892, gradu- 
 ated from Female Seminary May 2 7 19 19, 
 married L. C, Freeman; Joel Clement, born 
 February 20, 1895, telegraph operator at 
 Choteau; William Alberty, born August 15, 
 1898; Edna, born June 18, 1901, stenog- 
 rapher in M. O. & G. R. office at Mus- 
 kogee; Fannie Gray, born December 18, 
 1903; Ruth, born September 2, 1906, and 
 Pearl Elizabeth Bledsoe, born March 29, 
 1909. Mrs. Bledsoe is a Presbyterian and 
 a member of the Woodmen Circle and De- 
 gree of Honor. 
 
 Captain William W., son of Moses and Sal- 
 lie (Wright) Alberty, was born July 2, 1824, 
 married Musidora, daughter of William and 
 Nellie (May) Rogers his first wife and were 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 549 
 
 the parents of Mrs. Henry Hightman. Moses 
 Albert}' was a native of Surrey County, 
 North Carolina and married about 1810 Sal- 
 lie Wright. William Rogers was the elder 
 brother of Tiana Rogers, who married Gen- 
 eral Samuel Houston. Captain Alberty was 
 an opulent and influential merchant at Flat 
 Rock, near Grand River, in Cooweescoowee 
 District, before the Civil war. 
 
 Brown, Charles G. (See Ward) — Charles 
 G. Brown, born in Texas , March 12, 1854, 
 educated at Tullahassee Mission in the Creek 
 Nation. Married at Salina, Cherokee Nation 
 July 30, 1880, Mary, daughter of William and 
 Lenora Coker, born in Boone County, Ark. 
 January 25, 1865. They are the parents of: 
 Lulu, born December 10, 1881; Quatie, born 
 December 21, 1890; Etta Beatrice, born No- 
 vember 23, 1896; Nannie Lenora, born July 
 21. 1899 and Delora D., born April I'). 
 1905. Mr. Brown is farming near Pryor. 
 
 John Ward, a white man, married Cath- 
 erine McDaniel of Scotch-Cherokee descent 
 and they were the parents of Charles Ward 
 who married Ruth Hollingsworth and they 
 were the parents of Nancy Adeline Ward, 
 who married Joseph Brown and they were 
 the parents of Charles G. Brown, the sub- 
 ject of this sketch. 
 
 Bowers (See Grant and Daniels) — Lola 
 Garrett, born November 29, 1887, educated 
 in the Cherokee public schools and the Fe- 
 male Seminary from which she graduated 
 June 1, 1905. She was an instructor in the 
 Pryor schools in 190 5-6 and in the Female 
 Seminary in 190 7-08; married at .Muldrow 
 Dec. 9, 1909, E. M. Bowers, born April 10, 
 1875. They are the parents of Genevieve 
 Elizabeth, born July 13, 1911; Jane Rhea, 
 horn August 28, 1914 and Mary Ann Bowers, 
 born Oct. 4, l9lS. Mrs. Bowers is a member 
 of the Baptist church. Mr. Bowers is promi- 
 nently connected with the banking interests 
 of the Citizens Bank and Trust Company 
 of Pryor and of the state. 
 
 Ellis Buffington, an eighth blood Chero- 
 kee, married Catherine Daniel, a quarter 
 blook Cherokee. He died in June 1858, and 
 she died November 20, 1867. They were 
 the parents of Ezekial Buffington, born Aug- 
 ust 7. 1811, married September 19, 1868 
 Louisa Newman, born May 14. 1817. in 
 Tennessee. He died January 4. 1864. and 
 she died February l5. 1898. Their daughter 
 Mary, married Jerome Lorenzo Greer, and 
 
 they were the parents of Elizabeth Ann 
 Greer, born August 30, 185 6, married March 
 17, 1875, James Robert Garrett, born June 
 29, 1850, in Carroll County, Tennessee. She 
 died May 15, 1902, and he died January 9, 
 1918. They were the parents of Mrs. Lola 
 Bowers. 
 
 Buffington, Joel W. (See Downing, Grant 
 and Daniel) — Joel Webster Buffington, born 
 near Pryor, October 12, 1898, educated at 
 Pryor and Male Seminary. Married at Pryor 
 November 28, 1918, Eva, daughter of Grant 
 and Josephine Teter, born November 12, 
 1895. They are the parents of: Harry Web- 
 ster, born August 27, 19I'), and Gordon 
 Warren Buffington, born Dec. 11, 1920. .Mr. 
 Buffington is a farmer near Pryor. 
 
 Joel .Mayes Bryan married Rebecca 
 Wright, their daughter Nancy Jane married 
 John Ross Buffington, and they were the 
 parents of John Ross Buffington, who mar- 
 ried Sadie Highland, and they are the parents 
 of Joel Webster Buffington. 
 
 Buffington, John Ross (See Grant, Down- 
 ing and Daniel) — John Ross, son of John 
 Ross and Nancy Jane (Bryan) Buffing- 
 ton. was born at Doaksville, Choctaw Nation 
 ■lune 2, 1864, educated in the Cherokee 
 National Schools, Male Seminary, Tahlequah, 
 Oklahoma. Married at Pryor, July 6, 1891, 
 Sadie, daughter of Robert and Susan High- 
 land, born October 28, 1865, in Denver, Col- 
 orado. They are the parents of Nancy Jane, 
 born -April 15, 1892, educated at Female 
 Seminary: Carrie Rebecca, born May 17, 
 1S93, educated at Female Seminary; Charles 
 Ross, born May 29, 1894; Hallie Hazel, born 
 August 2, 1897; Joel Webster, born October 
 12, 1900, and Cherokee Georgia Buffington, 
 born December 16, 1901. .Mr. Buffington's 
 Cherokee name is Cooweescoowee. 
 
 Buffington, Charles Ross (See Grant, 
 Downing and Daniel) — Charles Ross Buf- 
 fington was born at Bryan's chapel May 29. 
 1894, educated in the Cherokee public 
 schools. .Male Seminary and North Eastern 
 State Normal- Was assigned to Co. C, 3 60th 
 Inf. Reg. 90th Div.. sailed for France June 14 
 l<il8. at Hampton Roads Dec. 30, 1910; dis- 
 charged as Corp. at Ft. Sill Jan. 23, I9i9. 
 He is a member of the Pryor Post American 
 Legion and the A. H- T. A. Returned to 
 his home, took up school teaching and lat- 
 er became connected with the post office. 
 John Ross Buffington, born April 11, 
 
550 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHHROKHE INDIANS 
 
 1S3 3, nuirried Nancy Jane Bryan, born Oct- 
 ober S, 1S35. He died August 22, 1S70 
 and she died December 12, 18S8. They 
 were the parents of John Buffington, born 
 June 2, 1864, married July 6, 1891 Sadie 
 Highland, born October 7, 1865 in Denver, 
 Colorado. They are the parents of the sub- 
 ject of this sketch. 
 
 Burns, Mrs. S- J. (Etu) (See Duncan)- 
 Etta Hitchcock born December 14, i860 at 
 Park Hill, Cherokee Nation. Educated at 
 home. She married December 30, 1S80 
 Samuel James Burns born March 15, 185 1 
 in Lindsey, Canada. Samuel J. and Ettta 
 Burns have one daughter, Lily Dimple Burns, 
 born September 30, 188I. She graduated 
 from Worchester Academy, Vinita on .May 
 20, 1898. Married .Marshall Crutchfield 
 Stevens, born December 1, 18 79. 
 
 Samuel J. and Etta Burns located in Vin- 
 ita in 1SS4 and opened a merchantile estab- 
 lishment which is still in e.xistence. 
 
 Mrs. Burns, whose Cherokee name is Si- 
 hs-s!i, affiliated with the Methodist church, 
 the Delphian and Premier Worth While clubs 
 and is a charter member of the Eastern 
 Star Chapter and Past A\atron of the same, 
 a member of the White Shrine and I'augh- 
 ters of the American Revolution. She was 
 President of the local cemetery association 
 at the time it was named Fairview. 
 
 Etta H. Burns is the daughter of Isaac 
 Brown Hitchcock, born, February 28, 1823 
 at Dwight .Mission, Arkansas Cherokee Na- 
 tion. He married February 8, 185 7 Eliza- 
 beth Ann Duncan, born July 10, 1833. She 
 graduated from Female Seminary in Febr i- 
 ary 1856. She died October 4, 1886 and 
 he died January 16, 1911. They were the 
 parents of Timothy Brown, born May 19, 
 1858, Etta Smith and Irenaeus Duncan 
 Hitchcock, born September 6, 1864 iii 
 Tabor, Iowa. 
 
 Jacob Hitchcock, the grandfather of .Mt-. 
 Burns arrived at Dwight, Site as a missionary 
 in July 1820 and helped to construct the 
 Mission. 
 
 Blake, John F. — John Fenlon Blake, born 
 September 4, 1894, educated at Pryor. En- 
 listed in the World War at Camp Travis, 
 Te.xas, September 22, I9l7. Assigned to 
 the 90th Division, 344th Machine Gun Bat- 
 tery, was in the St. Mihiel and Argonne 
 Forest offensives and after the .Armistice was 
 
 in the Army of Occupation. He was dis- 
 charged at Camp Pike, June 23, 1919. He 
 married at Pryor August 30, 1917, Badgie, 
 daughter of Joseph and Elizabeth Coppinger, 
 born June 27, 1894. They are the parents 
 of: Mozelle Edna, born May 27, 1918 and 
 Coke J. Born June 3, 1920. .Mr- Blake is 
 a farmer near Pryor. 
 
 Brown, Mrs. Jay Faul (See Grant and 
 Foreman) — Alma Ramona Taylor born in 
 Hanford, California, July 16, 1884, educat- 
 ed in Missouri Valley College, Marshall, Mis- 
 souri and Fairmont Seminary, Weatherford, 
 Texas, graduating from the latter in 1905, 
 specialized in instrumental music. She 
 married at Chouteau November 2 7, 1917, 
 Jay Paul, son of Paul Jay and Martha 
 A. Brown, born October 15, 1874 in Wood 
 County, Ohio. They are the parents ot 
 .Martha Sue Brown, born at Muskogee, De- 
 cember 28, 1919. Mr. Brown is a merchant 
 at Chouteau. 
 
 Ann Olivia, daughter of Isaac and Cath- 
 erine (Ratliff) Bushy head was born in 
 Georgia, November 27, 1830, educated at 
 Dwight .Mission. Married October 4, 1846, 
 John Brown Choate, born March 5, 1824. 
 She died April 29, 1877 and he died Febru 
 ary 16, 1893- They were the parents of 
 Susie Jane Choate, born November 29, 
 1853. .Married December 14, 1882 Robert 
 Stewart Taylor, born November 27, 1830 
 in Washington County, Pennsylvania and 
 graduated from Jefferson College, Pennsyl- 
 vania. He died September 1897 and she 
 married January 1, 1902, Valentine Gray. 
 She died February 10, 1919. 
 
 Barton, (See Grant, Downing. Oolootsa, 
 Foreman and Ghigau) — Edwin Harley Bar- 
 ton, born Aug. 8, 1890 at Baptist in Going 
 Snake District, educated at Pryor, Chelsea 
 and Tahlequah; graduated from Sweeney's 
 Automobile School in Kansas City, Mo.; 
 married November 4, 1911 Bonnie E. daugh- 
 ter of John B. and Rachael F. Heflin. Ed- 
 win H. and Bonnie E. Barton are the parents 
 of Frances Mae Barton, born November 12, 
 1912. 
 
 .Mary Van Lasley. born in 1862, married 
 September 6, 1888 Frederick Spencer Bar- 
 ton, born September 8, 1851 in Piqua 
 .Miami county, Ohio. He died April 2, 1921. 
 They were the parents of Edwin Harley Bar 
 ton, whose Cherokee name is Oonodet. He 
 is an e.xpert automobile mechanic and owns 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 551 
 
 a Battery Service Station in Pryor where 
 he is a member of the Coinmercial Club; in 
 religion he is a Baptist, and is a member 
 of the I. O. O. F., Woodmen of the World 
 and a Yeoman. 
 
 Caudill, Mrs. James W. (See Grant. Ghi- 
 gau and Adair) — Lou. daughter of Alfred Es- 
 tis and .Margaret Elizabeth (Adair) Holland 
 was born at Stillwell, May 8, 188 7 and edu- 
 cated at Grove. Married at Bentonvilie, Ar- 
 kansas, May 19, 1905, James Watson, son 
 of James A. and Eliza Caudill, born April t(^ 
 1879 in Rowen County, Kentucky. They 
 are the parents of. J. Holland, born October 
 11, 1906; Alton Estis, born July 7, 190S; 
 Ruby Mozelle, born February 2, 191 1; Ruth 
 Lorene born December 2, 1913 and James 
 Paul, born July 9, i91S. 
 
 .\\r. Caudill is a farmer near Adair. 
 
 James Warren, son of Walter Scott and 
 Nancy (Harris) Adair married Deborah 
 Bean and they were the parents of Mar- 
 garet Elizabeth (Adair) Holland. 
 
 Caywood, Mrs. J. E. (See Grant and Fore- 
 man) — Mary Elizabeth, daughter of William 
 and Eliza Jane (Proctor) Horn, born July 2 1. 
 1SS2, educated in Delaware District and Fe- 
 male Seminary. Married at Vinita July 4, 
 1900, John Edward son of Stephen M. and 
 Nancy Ann Caywood, born Aug. 30, 1872 in 
 Hickory Co., Mo. They are the parents of 
 William Marion, born June 30, 1901; Walter, 
 born Aug. 1, 1903; and Thelma Emma born 
 November 3, 1909. Mr. Caywood is a 
 farmer near Big Cabin. Mrs. Caywood is a 
 member of the United Brethren church. 
 
 Jeremiah Horn, a white man, married El- 
 sie, daughter of Chief Charles R. Hicks and 
 their son, John Horn, born August 3. 1823 
 married Jane July and they were the par- 
 ents of William Horn, born December 24, 
 1855, married March, 1878, Eliza Jane Proc- 
 tor and they were the parents of Mrs. Mary 
 Elizabeth Caywood. 
 
 Campbell, John R. (See Grant and Ghi- 
 gau) — John Randolph Campbell, born Aug. 
 8, 1877, educated in Orphan Asylum. Mar- 
 ried at Oscola, Mo., May 28, 1903, Maude, 
 daughter of Albert and Lucinda Bell, born 
 Nov. 25 1876 in Douglas Co., Kas. They are 
 the parents of Clarence Ray, born January 
 22, 1905; Edna May, born October 18, 1906; 
 Clinton Albert, born October 11, 1912; De- 
 lora, born April 24, 191 5; Glenn ,born Sep- 
 tember 26, 1917. Otis Ralph Campbell, 
 born .March 13, 1921. 
 
 Sarah, daughter of Nelson and Rosa 
 (West) Rogers, married Alfred Eugene 
 Campbell and they were the parents of Johji 
 Randolph Campbell, the subject of this 
 sketch. 
 
 Croker, Bula D. (See Grant and Ghigau) 
 — Bula D. Edmondson, born on Beatties 
 Prairie, Feb. 17, 1884 educated in the Cher- 
 okee National schools and graduated from 
 Female Seminary .May 29, 1902. Being pos- 
 sessed of superior histrionic talents she spe- 
 cialized in music and e.xpression in Boston 
 and in New York City. Having a brilliant 
 personality and much of the impelling mag- 
 netic qualities of her distinguished Uncle, 
 Wm. W. Hastings she soon rose to an emi- 
 nent rank in her chosen profession. She 
 married in New York City. Richard Croker, 
 a native of Black Rock, Ireland and Chief- 
 tain of Tammany Hall. .Mr. and Mrs. Crok- 
 er divide their time between their home in 
 New York City, .Miami, Florida and their 
 castle in Ireland. 
 
 Joseph Martin, born about 1740 on his 
 father's plantation near Charlotteville, Vir- 
 ginia. He became a fur trader and plantei. 
 amassing a great deal of wealth. His place 
 in the revolutionary army was; elected Cap- 
 tain of the Transylvania Militia in 1776, be- 
 came Major February 17, 17 79, Lieutenant 
 Colonel in March 1781. Elected Brigadier 
 General of the North Carolina .Militia by 
 legislature on December 15, 1787, and was 
 commissioned Brigadier General of the 
 Twentieth Brigade of Virginia Militia by 
 Governor Henry Lee on December 11, 1793. 
 Martinsville, county seat of Henry Coun- 
 ty, Virginia and the place of his residence 
 was named for him. He died at his home 
 in Virginia on December IS, 1808, was buri- 
 ed with military and Masonic honors. 
 
 General Joseph Martin married Susannah 
 Fields Nee Emory and their children were; 
 John, born October 20, 1781, was the first 
 Treasurer and first Supreme Judge of the 
 Cherokee Nation- He was a member of the 
 Cherokee Constitutional Convention of 1817 
 from Coosaw^aytee District, he emigrated to 
 the Western Cherokee Nation in the spring 
 of 1828 and located at Grand Salina on 
 Grand River. His death occured on October 
 17, 1840, and he is buried at Fort Gibson. 
 His two vounger sisters were Nancy, married 
 Jeter Lynch and Rachel, who married r)an- 
 iel Davis. .leter and Rachel (.Martin) Lynch 
 were the parents of .Mary Lynch who mar- 
 
552 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 ried John Willimiis and their son Joseph 
 Lynch Williams born August 1, 183 7, mar- 
 ried October 2, 1859, Louisa J. Stooer, born 
 April 8, 1840, in Delaware District. Joseph 
 Lynch Williams died November 5, 1860. 
 Joseph Lynch and Louisa J (Stooer) Will- 
 iams were the parents of Florence Eugenia 
 Williams, born August 3, 1860, she married 
 February 7, 1878, Michael Smith Edmond- 
 son, born September 9, 185 3, in Georgia and 
 they are the parents of Cherokee Dora, who 
 married Robert Bruce Garrett; Gonia L., who 
 married G. B. Finnin and Bula D., the sub- 
 ject of this sketch. 
 
 Crittenden, Richard H. (See Sanders and 
 Downing) — Richard Henry Crittenden of 
 the Deer Clan, whose Cherokee name si 
 Wa-hala or Bold Eagle, was born in Going 
 Snake District April 9, 1877, educated in 
 the .Male Seminary. He married January 
 17, 18^7, Nannie, daughter of Jesse and 
 Frances (Wright) Wright, born 1872. 
 They were the parents of: Fannie Alice, 
 born March 8, 1898; Rogert Lee, born Jan- 
 uary 4, 1900 and Mary Susan Crittenden, 
 born June 8, 1906. Mrs. Nannie Crittenden 
 died September 8, 1''13, and he married on 
 October 20, I9i7, Hettie, daughter of 
 Simon and Emma Rogers, born January 15, 
 1898. They are the parents of Harriett 
 Juanita, born October 6, 1918, and Nellie 
 Catherine Crittenden, born Janury 7, 1921. 
 
 John Ross, son of Harry and Susie (Wolf) 
 Crittenden, was born in Georgia, June 30, 
 1839, educated in Going Snake District. 
 Married January 12, 1862. Alice Harlan, born 
 March 12, 1841. He was elected District 
 Judge of Going Snake District, August 5, 
 1895, and died June 5, 1896. They were 
 the parents of Richard Henry Crittenden. 
 
 Carman, William A. (See Ward) — William 
 Andrew Carman, born July 30, 1896. En- 
 rolled in the World war service at Camp 
 Logan, Tex., Sept. 3, 19 IS. Assigned to the 
 Fifteenth Sanitary Train. Discharged at 
 Camp Logan, February 2, 1919. Married 
 December 1, 1919, Virginia, daughter of 
 John and Bettie Ford, born December 11, 
 1901, in Mayes County, Oklahoma. They 
 are the parents of J. T. Carman, born Jan- 
 uary 3 1. 1021. Mr. Carman is farming near 
 Adair. 
 
 George Ward, born in the old Cherokee 
 Nation, east nf the Mississippi River, March 
 17. 1878, married Lucv Mayes, an aunt of 
 
 Chiefs Joel Bryan and Samuel Houston 
 Mayes. Their daughter, Mary, married 
 Joseph Henry Clark and they were the par- 
 ents of Louisa Maria Clark, who married 
 Daniel Young and was the mother of Cath- 
 erine Jane Young, the wife of Joshua T. 
 Carman and the mother of William Andrew 
 Carman, the subject of this sketch. 
 
 Clark, Wiliiam A. — William Andrew Clark, 
 born near Tahlequah June 2nd, 1861, ed- 
 ucated at the Cherokee Orphan Asylum, 
 married at Pryor, June 17, 1891, Lillie Ber- 
 ry, born October 29, 1872, in Athens, Mc- 
 Minn county, Tennessee. They are the par- 
 ents of: Joseph James, born November 12th 
 1893, graduated from the Naval Academy at 
 Annapolis, Maryland, June 28th, 1917; serv- 
 ed through the World war as Lieutenant on 
 U. S. S. North Carolina and is at present 
 (l')21) on the U. S. S. Brooks in Asiatic 
 waters; Lucy Jane, born February 21, 1895, 
 graduated with A. B. from the University of 
 Oklahoma June 4, 1918; Mary Louise, born 
 September 22, 1897, graduated in a business 
 course and is connected with the First 
 National Bank of Chelsea; Clarinda Stella, 
 born March 31, 1900, married June 17, 
 191S, L. C. dinger; Virginia Mae Olinger, 
 born July 31st, 1921; William Andrew, born 
 July 10, 1903; John D., born November 1, 
 1906; George W., born November 10, 1913, 
 and Virginia Elizabeth, born Feb. l, 1917. 
 
 Mr. Clark is one of the substantial citizens 
 of his community, having amassed more than 
 a competency by close and intelligent appli- 
 cation as a farmer and stock raiser. He is 
 a Master Mason; he has paid especial at- 
 tention to raising his family to a good and 
 useful life, the results being seen in Lieu- 
 tenant Clark and his sisters. 
 
 Countryman, James T._ (See Ward) — 
 James Thomas, son of George Washington 
 and Minerva (Ballard) Countryman was born 
 in Delaware District July 26, 1874, and edu- 
 cated in the Cherokee National Schools. 
 Married at Fairland, September 6, 1894, Eve, 
 daughter of Newton and Mary Lauderback, 
 born June 26 1875, in Lafayette County, Mo. 
 They are the parents of: Eliza, born August 
 3 1, 1895; Lafayette, born September 8, 
 1 89 7; Henry, born February IS, 1899; Sam- 
 uel, born December 28, 1900, married Anna 
 daughter of Hudson and Belle Layton, who 
 have a daughter. Ruby Juanita, born Jan- 
 uary 5, 1921; Oliver, born September 8. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 553 
 
 1903, and Elmer, born January 10, 1909. 
 Martha Ward, born February 22, 1819, 
 married John Countryman, a white man. 
 They were the parents of George Washing- 
 ton Countryman, who married Minerva Bal- 
 lard. 
 
 Chandler, Van S. (See Ward) — Van S., 
 son of Burgess Gaither and Annie Eliza 
 (Gunter) Chandler, born Aug. 20, 1SS2, 
 educated at Willie Halsell College, Vinita. 
 Married at Vinita, June 12, I9l2, Maude A. 
 daughter of L. A. and Sadie A. Williams, 
 born July 2 5, IS'H), in Linn Co., Kas. They 
 are the parents of: Orin Stuart, hum April 
 20, 1913; Wilmer Gawain, b"rn July 25, 
 19 15 and Stacy Burgess Chandler, born 
 February 12, 1920. Mr. Chandler, who is 
 the younger brother of Hon. Thomas A. 
 Chandler, Congressman from the First Dis- 
 trict of Oklahoma, is a dealer in hay, grain 
 and farm machinery. 
 
 Cobb, Gilbert Benson (See Grant) — 
 Alexander Clingan, son of Joseph Benson 
 and Evelyn (Clingan) Cobb, was born Sep- 
 tember, 15, 1864. Married at Carthage, Ill- 
 inois, August 23, 1887, Lucy Van Zile, born 
 January 10, 1863, in Ripley County, Indiana. 
 She died March 31, 1893, and Mr. Cobb 
 married June 29, 1898, Lillie May Pharr, 
 born December 7, 1867, in Lincoln County. 
 Missouri. Mr. Cobb is the father of; Gilbert 
 Benson, born June 11, 1889 at Carthage, Ill- 
 inois, educated at Wagoner. Married at 
 Wagoner, December, 1910, Annette, daugh- 
 ter of Alfred and Adilee Sullivan, born Oct- 
 ober 20, 1874, in Wayne County, Missouri. 
 They are the parents of Marv Evaline. born 
 December 5, 1911; Naomi, born January 5. 
 1913; Alfred Alexander, born February 24, 
 1914; Joseph Benson, born November 14, 
 1015; Sylvester Van Zile, born December 22, 
 I'M 7, and John Sullivan, born October 11. 
 10 19; Isabel J. B., born September 28, 1921; 
 Mary Isabel, born August 12, isoi, at Wag- 
 oner, graduated from Wagoner High School 
 in 10 10, and Oklahoma Agricultural College 
 in 1913. Married at Wagoner June. 1014, 
 Loyal Frederick. They are the parents of 
 Ellen Isabel, born January 3 0, 191 5; Ken- 
 yon Thomas, born January 3, 1917; Loyal 
 Cobb, born April 23, 1919, and Martha Ma- 
 rie Payne, born May 7, 1920; William Ale.v- 
 ander, born July 10, 1899. Married June 28, 
 1919, Marie G. daughter of Albert W. and 
 Mary Brown. They are the parents of 
 
 William Alexander Cobb, born June 14, 
 1920; Irene, born November 21, 1901; 
 Harry Franklin, born October 13, 1902; 
 Kedzie Pharr, born April 22, 1904 and Ma- 
 Zelle Cobb, horn February 21, 1908. 
 
 Crittenden, George W. (See Sanders and 
 Grant) — George W. Crittenden, born in Go- 
 ing Snake District, March 25, 1875, educat- 
 ed at Male Seminary. Married February 2, 
 1896, Jessie Beatrice Lamb nee Martin, born 
 at Greenbrier April 20, 1874, educated at 
 Hogans Institute. They are the parents of 
 Ross Hillis, born Feb. 22, 1909; Jennie Alice 
 born March 10, 1911 and Ruth Marie, born 
 Jan. II, I'Mb. Besides Uieir own chil Iren 
 they have reared Barbara and Christiana Bell, 
 the two orphan daughters of Mr. Crittenden's 
 brother, Jcihn H. George \V. Crittenden be- 
 longs to the Deer ("Ian and his Cherokee 
 name is Sequoyah. He is a farmer and a 
 member of the Odd Fellow lodge. 
 
 Mrs. Crittenden is the daughter of Joseph 
 Lynch Martin who is known throughout the 
 Cherokee Nation as "Greenbrier Joe" and 
 noted for his shrewd philosophical sayings. 
 Mr. Crittenden is the son of Judge John 
 Ross and Alice (Harlin) Crittenden. His Cher- 
 okee name is Tickanooly, meaning bean bread. 
 
 Carselowey, James R. (See Grant, Down- 
 ing and Daniel) — James Robert Carsel- 
 owev, born at Vinita, February 15, 1875, 
 educated in public schools, Willie Halsell Col- 
 lege, Vinita; married at Adair Nov. 28, 1900, 
 Annie B., daughter of Alonzo B. and Lavenia 
 A. Fishback. born February 2 7, 1882, in Tar- 
 rant County, Texas. They ^re the parents of: 
 James Manford, horn November 28, 1901; 
 Lavenia Gertrude, born February 27, 1905; 
 Elsie Roberta, born December 24, 1906; 
 Raymond Russell, born September 2 3, 1908; 
 Lahoma, born April 7, l9ii and Pauline 
 Carselowey, born February 2, 19i3 .Mr. 
 Carselowey is a man of pleasing personality, 
 more than ordinary information and ability, 
 but is modest and honest almost to a fault. 
 He has been a telegraph operator and news- 
 paper correspondent and is at present the 
 owner and editor of the Adair Citizen. 
 
 James Madison, son of George and Mary 
 (Daniel) Carselowey was born November 29, 
 1848. Married November 7, 1870, Cath- 
 erine, daughter of Joseph and Celia (Wood- 
 all) Emory, born August 8, 185 3. He died 
 November 7, l9oo. They were the parents of 
 
554 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Aitluir Andrew Carselowey and Stella Eve- 
 lyn Carselowey. 
 
 Couch, Mrs- Irving (See Grant) — Anna K., 
 daughter of Joseph Lynch- and Miranda 
 (Young) Thompson, was born near Pen- 
 sacola, August 14, 1900, educated in Mayes 
 and Craig County. Married at Vinita, Jan. 
 10, 1920 to Ervin, son of James Monroe and 
 Mollie Couch. Mr. and Mrs. Couch are 
 farming near Pensacola. 
 
 Cole, John M. (See Grant and Sanders) 
 — John M., son of Daniel Boone and Nan- 
 nie (Vann) Cole was born in Coowees- 
 coowee District, February 25, 1SS2. Mar- 
 ried at Pryor, October 19, 1901, Letitia, 
 daughter of John and Catherine Brown, born 
 December 23, 18S5, in Ballard County, Ken- 
 tucky. They were the parents of Henry 
 Mitchell, born November 28, 1905; May- 
 omma born November 23, 1909; Shirley 
 Brooks, born November 26, 1910. Charlie 
 Milburn, born August 22, 1913; Anna Belle, 
 born December IS. 1 '> 1 5 and John Junior 
 Cole, born December 29, i9i8. Mr. Cole is 
 a farmer, a Mason and Odd Fellow. 
 
 Johnson Vann, the grandson of John and 
 Elizabeth (Wickett) Fields, married Mar- 
 garet Winters and they were the parents o( 
 Mrs. Nannie Cole. Margaret or Peggy Win- 
 ters was the daughter of John and Jennie 
 (S.mders) Winters and the grand-daughter 
 of Alexander and Peggy (Sonicooie) San- 
 ders. Alexander Sanders was a captain of 
 the Cherokee allies of the Americans in the 
 Creek War of 1814. Mrs. Peggie (Soni- 
 cooie) Sanders was the daughter of Susan- 
 nah and step-daughter of Thomas Cordery. 
 
 Carlile, Mrs. Stephen (See Ghigau and 
 Hildebrand) — Sadie, daughter of S. P. Luna 
 and Sarah (Butler) Luna, born July 10, 
 1S8S in the Ozark County, Missouri. Mar- 
 ried at Tahlequah, September 29, 1909 
 Stephen Foreman, son of Thomas Holmes 
 and Levannah Elizabeth (Catron) Carlile, 
 born January 5, 1873 in Tahlequah District, 
 educated in Tahlequah District and Male 
 Seminary. They are the parents of: Hazel, 
 born August 1. 1910; Helen, born May 2i. 
 1912; Stephen, born January 12, 19 18; and 
 Leo, born February 22, 1920. Stephen 
 Foreman Carlile died September 5, 19i9, 
 Carlile is farming near Park Hill. 
 
 Carlile, William A. (See Ghigau and 
 Hildebrand) — William Andrew, son ol 
 Stephen Foreman and Emma (Carter) 
 Carlile. born October l, 1S93, educated in 
 
 Tahlequah District and Male Seminary. Mar- 
 ried at Tahlequah, April 2, 19 12, Alma, 
 daughter of S. P. Luna and Sarah (Bullet), 
 Luna, born November 4, 1894 in Ozark 
 County, Missouri. They are the parents of 
 Jewell Carlile, born September 25, 1912. 
 
 Thomas Holmes Carlile married Elizabeth, 
 daughter of John and Margaret (Flildebrand) 
 Catron and they were the parents of Stephen 
 Foreman Carlile. 
 
 Carman, Daniel (See Ward) — Daniel 
 Young (-'arman, born Aug. 11, 1895, educat- 
 ed at Adair. Married at Pryor, Oct. 9, 1914, 
 Grace, daughter of James Madison and Jessie 
 Floyd, born October 12, 1896 in Scotland 
 County, Missouri. They are the parents of 
 Ermel, born September 28, 1915; Revis 
 Goodwin, born March 5, 1917 and Loyce 
 Carmen, born May 24, 1919. Mr. Carmen 
 is a farmer near Adair and is a member of 
 the I. O. O. F. 
 
 Louisa Maria Clark, born March 18, 1848. 
 Married April 8, 1869 Daniel Young, born 
 June 14, 1844 in Waldmore, Bavaria. He 
 served in Company K. 107 Ohio Volunteer 
 Infantry during the Civil War. They were 
 the parents of Catherine Jane Young, born 
 February 15, 1873. Married July 19, 1891, 
 Joshua Thomas Carman, born March 2 5th, 
 185 5 in Dade County, Missouri. He died 
 April 15, I9i8. They were the parents of 
 Daniel Young Carman, the subject of this 
 sketch. 
 
 Coats, Mrs- Susie D. (See Grant and 
 Hildebrand) — Susie Dora, daughter of 
 James and Emily (Harlin) Sunday was 
 born in Cooweescoowee District, Sep- 
 tember 12, 1876, educated in Female Sem- 
 inary Married September 11, 1893 James, 
 son of James McKenzie and Annie C- 
 (Spears) Coats, born April 1, 1866. They 
 are the parents of: Jennie Bessie, born Jan- 
 uary 2 5, 1894; James McKenzie, born Sep- 
 tember 20, 1896; Elmer Earl, born Sep- 
 tember 4, 1901; Capitola Wyly, born Feb- 
 ruary 15, 1903; Lulu May, born January 20, 
 1906; Eugene ,born October 15, 1908; 
 Belva Lockwood, born June 8, 1910 and 
 David Coats, born .March 3, 1912. Mr. Coats, 
 died December l5, I0i5. Mrs. Coats man- 
 ages a farm near Pryor. Miss Jennie Bessie 
 Coats was elected Court Clerk of Mayes 
 County November 5, I9l8 and November 2, 
 1920. James McKenzie was educated in 
 Prvor and Agricultural College at Stillwater 
 and served in the World War over seas IS 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 555 
 
 months. Capitola Wyly is ;i iiieniber of tlic 
 1422 High School class at Pryor. 
 
 Lucinda, daughter of Samuel and Cather- 
 ine (Hildebrand) Martin married Joseph 
 Spears and tliey were the parents of Annie 
 C- Spears wife I'f James iMcKenzie Coats. 
 
 Cochran, Mrs. Ned A. (See Grant) — Wil- 
 liam Penii Adair .Martin, born at Greenbriar, 
 Aug. 1, 1879, educated locally and Female 
 Seminary. Married at Pryor, July 24, 1915, 
 Ned Adair Cochran, son of Richard and Mary 
 Cochran, born August 20, iSSo, educated at 
 Orphan Asylum. They are the parents ol 
 Mary Virginia, born July 26, 19 10; Chero- 
 kee Adair, born January 5, 1912; Joseph 
 Martin, born February 28, 19 1 5 and Fobert 
 Edward, born March 4, ru;. Mis. Cocharn 
 belongs to the Deer Clan- 
 Joseph Lynch Martin, b^rn in Georgia, 
 August 20, 1820. Married July 21, 1870 
 Jennie Harlin, born April 8, 1849 at Tahle- 
 quah. He died November 9, 1891. They 
 were the parents of Mrs. Ned A Cochran 
 
 Corna'tzer — Cyrus Cicero Cornatzer, whose 
 Shawne name is See-tah-way-see-cah, and 
 who belongs to the Rabbit Clan, was born 
 February 11, 1853 on One Hundred and Ten 
 Mile Creek in Kansas Territory. He is the 
 son of Sainuel M. and Caroline Cornatzer. 
 the former was born May 6, 1824 in Cxford, 
 North Carolina, and the latter was born in 
 December 1834. Cyrus C- Cornatzer mar- 
 ried Lydia J. Boggan March 23, lS7l. Sev- 
 eral years after her death he married on 
 October 11, 1911 Miss Kate, daughter of 
 Joseph Tyson and Martha Jane Zimmermar.- 
 Cyrus C. Cornatzer was educated in the 
 Johnson county Kansas schools; is a master 
 Mason, and , elected Solicitor of the Delaware 
 District August 4. IS79, and a member of 
 the Council from Cooweescoowee District 
 August 5, 1895 and August 7, 1899 Four 
 were born to the first marriage: Cornelia B. 
 born February 18, 1872; Ninia Jane, born 
 May 22, 1873; one boy, early deceased, 
 Walter Cyrus, born April 24, 1878. Ninia 
 Jane married R. L Madison, Big Cabin, Ok- 
 lahoma; Caroline B. married Earl Galbreath, 
 Big Cabin. Oklahoma. Mrs. Kate Cornatzei 
 is a sister of Mrs. J. C. Starr, Vinita, Okla- 
 homa. Has two brothers H. Zimmerman, 
 Salt Lake City, Utah, and Joseph Clarence 
 Zimmerman, St. Joseph, Missouri. 
 
 Chamberlain. (See Oo-Ioof-sa) — William 
 Clifford Chamberlain was born April 2 3. 
 in Flint Dist. He was educated at Neosho, 
 
 Mo. He settled in Vinita and married Sept. 
 10, 1875, Lydia Ann Ward, born August 1. 
 1850. Se died June 28, 1SS2, and he mar- 
 ried September 24, 1885 Madge, daughter 
 (jf Hamilton W. and Margaret Goodykoonl.r, 
 born August 7, 1859. Mrs. Madge Cham- 
 berlain taught school for seven years be- 
 fore her marriage, the last two being al 
 Worcester Academy at Vinita. 
 
 William C. Chamberlain's children by l:is 
 first marriage were; Flora Htiyt, born .March 
 6, 1877 and died August 13, 1896; Edith 
 Ursa deceased; Clara Emily Chamberlain, 
 born August 2, 1881. By his second mar- 
 riage his children were: Winfred Clark, bo;'n 
 April 3, 1888, married October 20, 1897 
 Ethel O'Neil; Lois Margaret born February 
 27, 1893; Milo Reu born March 8, 1S"5, 
 married October S, TMc Lulu Scarborough; 
 Cline Lowry born May 30, 1897; Quatie 
 Eulalia born ,Mav 13, 1899. Two soni^ 
 William Clifford and Lucian B. died in in- 
 fancy- 
 William C Chanilierlain's Cherokee name 
 is Su-Sen-Kee and he belongs to the Holly 
 Clan. He is a member of the Congregational 
 cluirch and has been twice elected Mavcr 
 of Vinita. 
 
 Amory Nelson, son of William and Flora 
 (Hoyt) Chamberlain was born November 29, 
 1821 at Brainard .Mission. He married De- 
 cember 2, 1846 Eunice Dolly, daughter of 
 .Milo and Lydia (Lowry) Hoyt, born Decem- 
 ber 14, 1820. Rev. Amory Chamberlain was 
 one of the best Cherokee interpreters for 
 the Council and he was also Superintendent 
 of both the male and female Seminary. Rev. 
 A. N. Chamberlain died July 4. 1894 and 
 his wife died seventeen days later. William 
 C. was his second son. 
 
 Duncan, Mrs. John C. (See Grant, Dun- 
 can and Sanders) — Joanna Coody Rogers 
 daughter of Charles Rogers Coody and 
 Nancy (Patton) Rogers was born in 
 Cooweescoowee District in 1861. Educat- 
 ed in the Cherokee Nation Schools, gradu- 
 ating from the Female Seminary, June 30. 
 18S1. Taught school and in 1885 she mar- 
 ried at Fort Gibson, John Clinton, son of 
 John Thompson and Elizabeth Ann (San 
 ders) Duncan, born in 1859 in Flint District, 
 Cherokee Nation. He was educated in the 
 Cherokee Public Schools and Male Seminary. 
 Fortunate in having splendid educations, 
 .discriminative and appreciative minds. M' 
 and Mrs- Duncan have always been unobtrus- 
 
556 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 ive leaders in their community. Mrs. Dun- 
 can is tlie grand-daughter of Captain John 
 Rogers, last chief of the Western Chero- 
 kees and a sister of William Charles Rogers, 
 the last chief of the Cherokees. While the 
 Duncan family has furnished many of the 
 finest minds and characters, one of their 
 peculiarities is the fact that they generally 
 refused public offices. 
 
 Dannenberg, Robert C. (See Grant and 
 Oolootsa) — Robert Carter, son of John 
 Henry and Annie E. (Ferguson) Dannen- 
 berg, was born in Missouri, April 12, 
 1877, educated in Flint District and Male 
 Seminary. Married at Tahlequah June 16, 
 1902, Mary, daughter of John and Jennie 
 (Lowrey) Hubbard, horn in Tahlequah Dis- 
 trict, November 28, 1878, and educated at 
 Tahlequah and Muskogee. They are the 
 parents of John Henry Dannenburg, born 
 October 16, 1908, and Genie Dannenberg, 
 born Mar. 5, I9l5. Mr. Dannenberg is a 
 farmer and stock raiser near Tahlequah. 
 
 Henry, son of Anderson Pierce and Mary 
 (Nave) Lowrey, married Mary Parris and 
 they were the parents of Jennie Lowrey who 
 married John Hubbard. 
 
 Christine, daughter of John and Susie 
 (McCoy) McPherson, married Nathan Baron 
 Dannenberg, and they were the parents of 
 John Henry Dannenberg. who married Annie 
 E. Ferguson. 
 
 Dykes, Mrs. Julius C. (See Foreman) — 
 Cora Evelyn Mizer, born at Chelsea, Nov. 28, 
 1895, educated at Chelsea and Female Semi- 
 nary. Married at Galena, Kas., April 16, 1918. 
 Julius Otto Dykes, born February 11, 1896. 
 They are the parents of: Julius Otto, born 
 Jan. 14, 1919, and Evelyn Jane Dykes, born 
 March 31, 1921. Mr. Dykes, who is the 
 maternal grandson of Julius and Jennie (Big- 
 by) Henchoz, saw service in the World war 
 in Company C, 49th Infantry, which he 
 joined August 26. 1918, sailed for France, 
 October 31, 191S, returned January 16, 
 1919 and was discharged at Ft. Leavenworth, 
 February 11. 1919. 
 
 DeLozier, Manford E. (See Adair) — Man- 
 ford E. DeLozier, born Sept. 25, 1891. at 
 Adair, educated locally. Married at Mus- 
 kogee, October 4, 1914, Amanda F., daugh- 
 ter of John B. and Bettie J. Gibson, born 
 January 5th, 1895, in Missouri. They 
 are the parents of Vivian Marie, born Feb- 
 ruary 20, 1916, and Reuben Edward De-Lo- 
 
 zier, Jr., born August 18, 1819. After clerk- 
 ing in the Bank of Adair for some time, 
 Mr. DeLozier gave up that place to assume 
 the more congenial occupation of farming 
 and stock raising. 
 
 Edward, the son of John and Gahoga 
 Adair, was born February 7, 1789. Married 
 June 17, 1809, Martha Richie, born Febru- 
 ary 10, 1790. She died July 7, 1857, and 
 he died December 21, 1864. They were the 
 parents of John Adair, born May l, I8l2, 
 Married March 20, 1832, Anna Berry Gra- 
 ham, born October 12, 1816. He died March 
 15, 1877, and she died November 1, 1900. 
 Their son, Edward Alexander Adair, was 
 born February 25, 184 7. Married October 
 1867, Narcissa Malissa Harrison, born De- 
 ecniher 25, 1846, in Murray County, Geor- 
 gia. He died December 3, 1901, and she is 
 still living. They were the parents of: 
 Georgia Virginia Adair, born at Dalton, 
 Georgia, January 29, 1869. Married Jan- 
 uary S, 1888, Reuben Edward DeLozier, born 
 June 20, 1855, at Osceola, Missouri. Elect- 
 ed County Commissioner of Mayes County 
 September 17, 1907. He died April 23, 
 1>)21. They were the parents of Manford 
 E. DeLozier, the subject of this sketch. 
 
 Dobkins (See Duncan) — Benjamin Dustin 
 Dobkins, born Aug. 6, 187^, was educated at 
 Vinita, the Male Seminary, and graduated 
 from the Ontario, Canada, Veterinary Col- 
 lege. He married June 3, 1903, Gertrude, 
 daughter of J. M. and Gertrude Ragland of 
 Lebanon. Mo. Dr. Benjamin D. and Mrs. 
 Dobkins, have one daughter, Miss Jaunita 
 Cherokee, born July 5, 1904. 
 
 Dr. Dobkins has been State Veterinary 
 for ten consecutive years, is the author of 
 the Oklahoma State Veterinary Laws and 
 was President of the State Veterinary Asso- 
 ciation in 1912-13-14 and 15. He is a Mason, 
 Odd Fellow and is President of the State 
 Bank at Welch, Oklahoma. 
 
 Emma, daughter of Benjamin Franklin and 
 Mary (Berry) Landrum. was born June l5, 
 lS5 2, at Beattie's Prairie in Delaware Dis- 
 trict. She married October 6, 1875, John 
 Robert Dobkins, born May 8, 185 7, in 
 Te.xas. Mrs. Emma Dobkins died August 17, 
 1SS6. John Robert Dobkins died August 
 15, 1914. They were the parents of: Dr. 
 Benjamin D. and his twin sister, Ada Bertha, 
 who married B. H. Duvall and lives at Welch. 
 Nora, born October 1, 1881 and married, is 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 557 
 
 now Mrs. Hampton of Welch, and Hugh C. 
 Dobkins, born October 23, 1S.S4, and died 
 August 6, 191 1. 
 
 Benjamin Franklin, son of James and Re- 
 becca (Duncan) Landruni, was born in 1S22. 
 He was elected Senator from Delaware Dis- 
 trict August 4, 1873, August 2, 1875, and 
 August 5, 1877. He died February 19, 
 1879. It was one of his educated slaves 
 that composed and plaved the celebrated 
 violin piece, "I'll Tell Vou, Marsa Ben, Yo 
 N'iggers Gwine to Leave Yo," just previous 
 to the wholesale escape of Landrum's and 
 other slaves in 1842. 
 
 Deitrick, Mrs. J. R. (See Grant and Down- 
 ing) — Lillie Belle Beck, born September 16, 
 1883, educated at Delaware District. Mar- 
 ried Dec. 7, 1902, J. R., son of Jacob and 
 Eliza Deitrick. They are the parents of: Beu- 
 la Elizabeth, born Oct. 6, 1903; Addie 
 Eveline, born August 10, 1905; Annie Lu- 
 cile, born June 23, 1907; Aubrey Haskell, 
 born January 26, I9i0; Loil Wilson, born 
 January 23, I9i3; Robert Willard, born 
 April 5, 1915, and Jaunita May Detrick, born 
 September 1, 1920. Mr. Deitrick is a farm- 
 er near Ketchum. 
 
 Jeffrey Beck, an Englishman, married Sal- 
 lie Downing, a Cherokee. Their son. Ezekial, 
 married Martha Sturdivant, and they were the 
 parents of Geoge W. Beck. who married 
 Sarah Elizabeth Davis. Thev were the par- 
 ents of Mrs. Lillie Belle (Beck) Deitrick. 
 
 Drew, George E. — George E.. son of Charles 
 and Martha (Lee) Drew, was born at Webber 
 Falls, Dec. 12, 1872, educated at the Orphan 
 Asylum. Married near Pryor Nov. S, 1S94, 
 Susie, daughter of Zachariah and Eunice 
 (Bledsoe) Putnam. They are the parents of 
 Eugene H., born April 30, 1896, married 
 Billie Coats; Richard E., born Oct. 18, 1899; 
 Eunice P., born May 23, 1902; Paula E., 
 born Feb. 14, 19 lo, and Howard L. Drew, 
 born Nov. 22, l^il2. 
 
 Elliott, Hiram T. (See Foreman) — Hiram 
 Thomas, son of Hiram Thomas, and Callie 
 (Whatenberger) Elliott, born in Delaware 
 Dist , Nov. 26, 1892, educated locallv and in 
 Male Seminary. Married at Vinita, April 1, 
 1914. Minnie J., daughter of Drewey and 
 Margaret Trickey. They are the parents of: 
 Rella, born May 17, 1915; Engen. born 
 Mar. 20. 1917. and Maxine, born Feb, 10, 
 1918; Leroy Elliott, born Oct. 2. 1920. Mr. 
 Elliott is a farmer near Big Cabin. 
 
 Elliott, James E. (See Foreman) — James 
 H., son of George and Rachel (Henson) El- 
 liott, was born in Vinita, Mar. 16, 1875, edu- 
 cated in Delaware Dist. Married at Adair Apr. 
 4, 1SS9, Eva, daughter of Joseph S. and 
 Nancy Wickham, born Dec. 8. 1S75, Schuy- 
 ler County. Missouri. They are the parents 
 of Sadie .Marie, born April 1, l''o3; .luanita 
 Josephine, born October 2S, I'M 3. James 
 Howard Elliott, born November 2 2. 19 16. 
 Mr. Elliott is a farmer and stock raiser, 
 and is a member of the Independent Order 
 of I. O. O. F His Cherokee name is Oo-ch-la-ta. 
 
 Elliott, Mrs. Callie (See Foreman) — Cal- 
 lie, daughter of Samuel and Annie (Edwards) 
 Whatenberger, born .March 15, 1S68. in 
 Springfield. Mo. Educated in Texas. Married 
 at Vinita Jan. 7, 1892. Hiram Thompson El- 
 liott, son of Archibald and Rachel (Smith) 
 Elliott, born May 22, 1858. They were the 
 parents of Hiram Thompson Elliott, Jr., born 
 November 2 6, 1892; Samuel Talbert, born 
 Julv 5 th. 1894. married Genevieve Black- 
 ford, Vera Mav, born February 26, 1896, 
 married Guy L. Junes, and has one son, Ray- 
 mond Jones, born April 4, 1914; Lucullus, 
 born August 25, 1899, is in the United States 
 .Marine Corps in Haiti; Lucien Bell, born 
 July 27, 1901; Flossie, born Jan. 2, 1904; 
 Ruth, born May 24, 1905; Robert, born 
 August 21, I'Mo, and Glenn, born .March 6, 
 l'il3. .Mr. Ellir.tt died .lulv 1, 1915. 
 
 Edmondson, Mrs. Jefferson D. (See Grant 
 and Ward) — Lulu Eugenia, daughter of Sam- 
 uel Taylor and Catherine Jane (Lear) Ward 
 was born in Ark. Feb 28, lS64, educated in 
 Delaware District. .Married on Beattie's 
 Prairie October 6, 1887, Jefferson Davis, 
 son of .Augusta Van and Laura Edmonson, 
 born April 2 1, 1861, in Washington County, 
 Arkansas. Thev are the parents of: Olive 
 Estella, born April 3, 1889, graduated from 
 Female Seminary, .May 29, 1907, married 
 ("icero J. Howard; Laura Helen, born June 
 8, 1893, and Doda Kate Edmondson, born 
 .lanuarv 16, 1896, married Peter Ware. Mr. 
 Edmondson is fanning near Pryor. 
 
 George Ward, born March 17. 1787. mar- 
 ried December 15, 1805, Lucy Mayes, born 
 ■March 5, 1S79. She was the aunt of Chiefs 
 Joel B. and Samuel H. Maves. George Ward 
 was assassinated, and his widow died 
 November 1, 1867. Thev were the parents 
 of: James Ward, born Jan. 17. 1815, mar- 
 ried Louisa M. Williams, born June 30, 
 
558 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 1825. He died July 2u, 1S68 and she died 
 October 16, 1844. Their son Samuel Taylor 
 Ward, born June 13, 184 7, married in 1862 
 •'atherine Jane Lear, born in 1844 in .Mor- 
 gan County, Mo. He died Tebruary 25, 
 1864 and she is still livins. 
 
 Epperson, Benjamin F. (See Grant and 
 Foreman) — Benjamin F., son of William H. 
 and Margaret Epperson was born Oct- 3, 
 18 78 in Bradley Co., Tenn. Married at Pryor 
 July 12, 1904, Dora May, daughter of Wil- 
 liam and Eliza Jane (Proctor) Horn, born 
 June 1, 1880 and educated in Delaware Dist. 
 They were the parents of: Arthur R. born 
 Feb. 2, 1905; Louisa, born July 8, 1907; 
 Robert L., born Feb. 5, 1910; Nannie Ruth, 
 born Sept. 16, 1912 and Maggie May Ep- 
 person, born November 9, 1917. Mrs. Dora 
 May Epperson died August 18, 1920. Mr. 
 Epperson is a fainier near Big Cabin and is 
 a member of the Independent Order of Odd 
 Fellows. 
 
 Anthony Foreman, a Scotchman, married 
 Susie, a full Cherokee. Their son Thoma^ 
 married Susannah Brown nee Fields and they 
 were the parents of Elizabeth Foreman who 
 married Johnson Proctor. They were the 
 parents of Mrs. Eliza Jane (Proctor) Horn. 
 
 Epper.'.on, Mrs- Joseph (See Grant and 
 Downing) — Bettie, daughter of Columbus 
 and Amanda (Ross) Phipps was born July 
 6, 1882. Married at Wagoner, July 29, 
 1902 Joseph Epperson, born in 18S2 in 
 Cleaburn ''ounty Arkansas. They are the 
 parents of: William C, born December II, 
 1903; Columbus P-, born March S, 1908; 
 Lela Pearl, born April 7, l9ii; Zulma Inez, 
 born March 27, I9i3, and Garrett Epperson, 
 born September 16. 19 1 5. 
 
 Epperson, Mrs. J- O- (See Grant and 
 Downing) — Mary, daughter of John and 
 Susan (Gentry) Wood was born in Tahle- 
 quah District, June 16, 1883, educated in 
 Female Seminary. Married at Tahlequah 
 January 16, 1899, J. O., son of Willian' 
 H- and Margaret Epperson- They are the 
 parents of: Oscar L., born December 3i, 
 1900; Benjamin F-, born August 13, 1902: 
 Lola May, born November 29, 1905; He"- 
 dietta, born April 17, 1907; Eugene, bcrp 
 December 12, 190S; Bessie Marie, born June 
 10, 1911; Susie, born July 30, 1912; Waltei 
 Floyd, born May 21, l9i4 and Mattie M, 
 born December 30, 19i8. Mr. and Mis. 
 Epperson are farming near Big Cabin. 
 
 Eaton, Ellis M. (See Grant and Downing) 
 
 — Ellis Menchcll, son of Richard aiid Eliza- 
 beth (Alberty) Eaton born Jan. 18, 1861. 
 married Jan. 3, IS86, Mary, daughter 01 
 .Moses and Elizabeth (Buffington Alberty) 
 born Dec. 19, 1865. They are the parents of: 
 Lelia, born Apr- 7, 188 7 and graduated from 
 Female Seminary May 29, l9o7; Richard, 
 born Oct. 7, l89o, married Esther Gardner; 
 William M,. born March 25, 1898 married 
 <'orn Thompson and Edgar W. Eaton born 
 Aug. 29, 1899- Mr- and Mrs. Ellis M. Eaton 
 are members of the Methodist church and he 
 belongs to both of the Woodmen Orders. 
 
 Ellis Menchall Eaton was elected to the 
 Council from Cooweescoowee District on 
 August 7, 1899, and August 5, l9oi. Moses 
 Alberty, father of Mrs. Eaton was born April 
 22, 1820. He was Justice ol the Middle 
 Circuit of the Cherokee Nation .'rom 185 3 
 to 1859 and was elected Executive Council- 
 or in 1S67. He was the chief attorney for 
 Ezekial Proctor who was charged with the 
 murder at the time of the Going Siake court 
 house fight in 1872 and during the fight he 
 was shot and killed by what was supposed 
 to have been an accidental stray shot. 
 
 Fields, Henry F. (See Grant) — Henry 
 Franklin, son of Henry Clay and Amanda 
 Jane (Rogers) Fields was born Aug. 31, 
 1876 at Pryor July 15, 1900, Nettie B. 
 daughter of Richard Watson and Mary Stokes 
 born Nov. 4, 1880 in Ky- They are the 
 parents of: Mabel, born L)ecember 4, 1901. 
 Graduated from Pryor High School 1920 and 
 is teaching at Bristow; Owen G., born May 
 6, 1904 and Haward Franklin Fields, born 
 April 6, 1910. Mr- Fields is a farmer near 
 Pryor. He is a member of the Masonic 
 lodge in Pryor, himself, wife and daughter 
 Miss Mabel are Eastern Stars. 
 
 Richard Fields, Chief of the Te.xas Chero- 
 kees was the father of George Fields who 
 married Sallie Daniel- Their son, Henry Clay 
 Fields, born October 21, 1844, married Feb- 
 ruary 1861 Amanda Jane Rogers, born July 
 17, 184 7 in Johnson County, Missouri. They 
 were the parents of Henry Franklin Fields. 
 
 Faulkner, Benjamin F. (See Grant. Down- 
 ing and Halfbreed) — Benjamin Faulkner, born 
 Oct. 14, 1874, educated at the Male Semi- 
 nary; married in Sept. 1893, Susie J. Humph- 
 rey, born in 1877 in Tenn. They are the 
 parents of: Lelia Beatrice, born June 18, 
 1894; John Shatter, born March 1, 1899; 
 Robert, born August 12. 1901. Beulah B., 
 born September 20, 1907; Owen born Aug- 
 
HISTORY OF THE CIIHROKEH INDIANS 
 
 ust 26, 1910 ;iiid Beulah Clarice born Jan- 
 uary 25, 19 1.5. 
 
 Benjamin F. Faulkner was elected Sheriff 
 of Sequoyah county in Nov. 191S. Rob- 
 ert Faulkner was appointed Sheriff of Se- 
 quoyah District in .May 1S82, Franklin Faull;- 
 ner was elected Judge of Sequoyah District 
 in 1S71-77-79-S1 and 1SS3. 
 
 James T. Stewart was elected Solicitor oi 
 Sequoyah District in 1891. Alexander .Mc- 
 Coy was Secretary of the Council ,\lay 6, 
 1S17; clerk of the Senate from 1819 to 
 May 1827. excepting 1822, and he was 
 secretary of the Constitutional Conventi;'n 
 of .May, 1827. 
 
 Faulkner, Mrs. D. J. (See Foreman, Riley, 
 Adair, Grant and Ghigau) — David Jesse, son 
 of assistant Chief David JVlcNair and Rachel 
 Louvenia (Adair) Faulkner was born Jan. 2, 
 1S74, educated in the Cherokee public 
 schouls and Male Seminary, married Octob- 
 er 31, 1900 Jennie McClellan Foreman, born 
 at Oowala November 12, 1878, she was 
 educated at Oowala and graduated from Fe- 
 male Seminary June l, 1898. They are the 
 parents of Tiana, born September ll. i9oi; 
 Oolootsa, bcirn July 12, 1903; Frank Fore- 
 man born December 23, 19o5; Ada .Mc- 
 Clellen, born March 2, 1910; David Famlyn. 
 born January 3 0, 1912; Taylor Adiiir, born 
 February 8. 191 5 and Ahniwake, born De- 
 cember 23, 1920. David L. Faulkner's 
 Cherokee name is Te-quen-yoste, he belongs 
 to the Odd Fellow and Knights of Pythias 
 lodges and is engaged in stock raising north 
 of Claremore. He was elected a meinber of 
 Council from Sequoyah District August 7, 
 iS99 and elected County Commissioner of 
 Rogers county November 5, 1812. 
 
 .Mrs. David J- Faulkner is the daughter or 
 Stephen Tavlor Foreman born at Park Hill, 
 September 2 1, lS4S married at Cane HiU 
 rtrkansas April 28, 1874 Ada Carter McClell- 
 an, born October 23, 185 3. Stephen Tayhir 
 Foreman died January 30, 1891. 
 
 John Thompson Adair, born December 22, 
 1812, married January 30, 1840 Penelope 
 Mavfield, born May 12, 1824. He was del- 
 egate to Washington, Chairman of the Citi- 
 zenship Court and Chief Justice of the 
 Cherokee Nation. Their daughter Rachel 
 Louvinia Adair, born January 6. 1844, mar- 
 ried April 28. 1867. David McNair Faulkner, 
 born May 12, 1841. He was First Lieuten- 
 ant in Captain Bluford West Alberty's com- 
 pany of the Second Cherokee Mounted Vol- 
 
 unteers. Fleeted Councilor (r..ii, 
 District in 1809 and is;;^ „...,j,, 
 same district 1S79, is.si. 
 1901; Delegate I.. Washi. . 
 
 ant Chief of the Chemkce Nai. \. 
 
 ust 3, 1903 retaining his office until lunc 
 30, 1914. He died on Augusi :. i'<h 
 
 Foreman, Mri. Nannie (See Grant. t>i.»ii 
 ing. Foreman, Walie, Conrad and MiUbr.r.li 
 — Return, son of Ellis and Sarah 
 Foreman was educated in the Ch 
 tional Schools. .Married at .Muskos.-,- \, 
 daughter of Thomas Jeffersi.n and Suwnmh 
 (Watie) Bean, born March 25, ism if,, , 
 are the parents of Joseph, burn < '. 
 1917 and Samuel Foreman, burn I. 
 1911. 
 
 John Alexander Walie married tli/a Field* 
 and they were the parents of .Mrs. Sutannid 
 (Watie) Bean. 
 
 Ellis (commonly called "Tyler") jon <.l 
 Samuel and Sallie (Guurd) Foreman mirrlej 
 Sarah, daughter of Elijah and Sidney Chi- 
 tenden) Phillips and they were the pirenl-. 
 of Return Foreman. 
 
 Flournoy, Mrs. Anna (See Grant) — Anna 
 Wilson, born June 3, 1855. married in WimkI 
 Co., Texas Sept. 12, 1871, De Hardimin 
 Flournoy, born .Mar. 1, 1S4S in Nacdochet 
 Co. Tex. He served the confederacy in < om. 
 pany G- Texas Portison RanRcrs. undei 
 Captain John Thompson and Colonel Wjliei 
 P. Lane. He died March 7. t')oS. .Mr. and 
 .Mrs. Flournoy were the r">;"'* "' ^"''' 
 ■Minerva, born August ■>. i.S72; Lillle John. 
 born April 5. 1874; Raleigh t)c. horn Jul> 
 15, 1876; Walter Gray, born February ;. 
 1881 and Clara iMay Llourn"v.bi>rn Septeir 
 ber 2, 1884 
 
 John W. Wilson, bi«rn Seplemher I •. 
 1824, in Jasper, .Marion Countv. Tenneix.* 
 married July 6, 1S?4 in Rusk Cunly. Tei . 
 Ellen E. Thompson born April 12, 18'« »'- 
 died January 28, 1867 and she died lu.-.r 
 2 5, 1867. They were the parenH <«r Anm 
 (Wilson) Flournov. 
 
 Grant, G. O- (See Grant. HaUhrced «n<l 
 Duncan)— George Owen, son o( Edward 
 and Susannah (Paden) Grant b«rn De- 
 cember 25, 18S3, graduated (fom .Male 
 Seminary May 28, 1902. Married Dec »o 
 1906, Lillie May. daughter of leter L>nc«« 
 and Keziah (Moore) Cunningham, horn Mit 
 23, 1879. They are the parents ..I <>«'n 
 C. Grant, born September 25. r" > -•• ' 
 Elizabeth Grant, born September 
 
560 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Victor Monnet Grant, born Feb. 26. 1917. 
 
 George Owen Grant was elected Register 
 of Deeds of Adair County in 1910. Gradu- 
 ated from the Law Department of the Uni- 
 versity of Oklahoma in June, 1914. Elected 
 County Attorney of Adair County 1918 and 
 1920. Delegate to Republican National 
 Convention at Chicago 1916 and 1920. 
 
 Ghormley, William H. (See Foreman and 
 Conrad) — William Charles, son of .Michael 
 Orlando and Nancy (David) Ghormley, 
 born Jan. 22, 1876, educated in the Chero- 
 kee Public Schools and Male Seminary, from 
 which he graduated June 25, 1897. He 
 married at Tahlequah, Sept. 19, 1899, Eliz- 
 abeth Emily, daughter of William H. and Le- 
 titia (Woodward) Foreman, born Dec. 2 7, 
 1897. They are the parents of: Stella, born 
 April 24. 1901; Maurice, born Jan. 13, 
 1903; Connell Rogers, born Sept. 23, 1904; 
 Dwight, born Dec. 21, 1907; Roberta, born 
 April 29, 1909; Una Jane, born January 9, 
 1912, and Pauline Irma Ghormley, born July 
 11, I9i5. .Mr. Ghormley is a member of 
 the Methodist church and belongs to the 
 Masonic, Odd Fellow, Woodmen of the 
 World, Modern Woodmen and Anti-Horse- 
 thief fraternities. 
 
 Gibbs, Mrs. Andrew J. — Caroline, daug- 
 ter of Pleas and Martha (Carnes) Tidwell, 
 was born in Georgia, Dec. 25, 1853, and 
 educated in that state. Married February 
 1884, Andrew J., son of William and Eliza- 
 beth Gibbs. They are the parents of Lillie 
 O., born December 23, 1887, married Er- 
 nest McLaughlin, and died in October 1907; 
 William P., born August 22, 1889; Hattie E., 
 born .March 3, 1892; Allen D., born March 
 30, 189-4; Louanna, born February 3, 1895, 
 married Hosea Chidester, and has one daugh- 
 ter, Nona, born January 21. I9i5; Mary G., 
 born December 9, 1807, married Owen 
 Washam; Leonard Andrew, born October 15, 
 1902; Ezra F., born November 28, 1903 and 
 Samuel B. Gibbs, born October 28, 1908. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Gibbs have reared Everett Mc- 
 Laughlin, their grandson, born May 8, 1907. 
 
 Gwartney, Walter E. (See Ward) — Walter 
 Edward Gwartney, born near Pryor, Aug. 20, 
 18'3 5. educated at Pryor. Married at Pryor, 
 Mav .10, i9i3, Bessie, daughter of Joseph 
 and Sallie McWaters, born April 7, 1896, in 
 Gainsville, Cook County, Texas. They are 
 the parents of: Walter Eugene, born Sep- 
 tember 5. 1914; Muriel Marguerite, born 
 
 June 2, 1916; Edward Russell, born August 
 13, 1917, and Susie Irene Gwartney, born 
 November 21, 1919. 
 
 Bryan Ward married Temerance Stansil. 
 Their son, John S. Ward, married Jennie 
 Loveless, and they were the parents of Susie 
 Ward, wife of Edward Gwartney, and mother 
 of Walter Edward Gwartney. 
 
 Garvin, Ben F. (See Oolootsa and Blair) — 
 Benjamin Franklin Garvin, born May 1, I861. 
 Married August 8, 1882, Sarah Benge, born 
 September 15, 1862. She died. He mar- 
 ried Eliza J. Baldridge, born June 6, 1864. 
 He is the father of Margaret Nannie, married 
 Nov. 8, 1901; Walter Agnew; Ada Cornelia, 
 married James Hail; Benjamin Franklin, mar- 
 ried Goode; Mary Ellen, married Benjamin 
 Franklin Bradley. Elizabeth Caroline, mar- 
 ried James McCullough; Edward Frye, mar- 
 ried Jessie Amos, and Elmer C. Garvin. 
 Benjamin Franklin Garvin, Sr., is a Mason, 
 Odd Fellow and Woodman of the World. 
 
 Gunter (See Grant, Oolootsa, Adair, Ghi- 
 gau and Ross) — Nancy E. Gunter was born 
 Feb. iq, 1S67, in Ft. Smith, Arkansas. She 
 was educated in the public scliools of the 
 Cherokee Nation and at the Female Semi- 
 nary. She married at Vinita on April 4, 
 1886. Lucien Webster Buffington, born 
 April 15, 185 7, on Beattie's Prairie, Delaware 
 District. He was educated in the Public 
 Schools of that vicinity. He came as a boy 
 to Vinita, shortly after it was established 
 and lived there until his death, which oc- 
 curred on December 3, 1919. Quite unos- 
 tentatious and gentlemanly, he accumulated 
 an extra compensation and for several years 
 preceding his death had been president of 
 the Vinita National bank. He was elected 
 Town Lot Commissioner in 1886 and 1888. 
 He was the son of William Wirt and Joseph- 
 ine (Bell) Buffington and his paternal grand- 
 parents were John Adair and Jennie (Mar- 
 tin) Bell. 
 
 Nancy E. Buffington is the daughter of 
 Samuel and Fannie (Daniel) Gunter. Sam- 
 uel Gunter was born March 16, 1840. in 
 Skin Bayou District. He was the most in- 
 trepid and daring of Watie's captains. He 
 married in 1864 at Spencer Academy, Choc- 
 taw Nation, Fannie, the daughter of Robert 
 Buffington and Ann (Taylor) Daniel. Rob- 
 ert B. Daniel was elected Senator from Dele- 
 ware District in 1847, Clerk of the Senate in 
 1S49 and Assistant Chief of the Cherokee 
 
HISTORY OF THE ClIbROKHb INDIANS 
 
 Jt;renii;ili Hi.rn. 
 
 5m 
 
 1872. 
 ere 
 
 >;immie. born Jul> 
 Andrew Bell Cunninj;- 
 
 Kansas. He 
 nuirried Jan- 
 
 Nation in lS7l. He died January l 
 
 Captain Samuel and Fannie Giinte 
 
 tlie parents of Nannie E., Jolin Edward, born 
 
 November 12, 1S69, and S;: 
 
 3 1, 1873, and married 
 
 ham. 
 
 Galbreath, Mrs. Earl. — Carrie Ciloteau 
 Cornatzer was born in Delaware District, 
 February 18, US 72, educated at Vinita and 
 Lawrence, Kansas. Married November 27, 
 1900, Benjamin F. Choteau, born February 
 18, 1861, in Johnson Couiitv 
 died January 20, l9o3, and sh 
 uary 20. V>\A, Earl, son of Edward and 
 Anna Galbreath, born July 23, lS<)a, in 
 Boone County, .Missouri. Her son by her 
 first marriage, Walter Choteau, was born 
 August 4, 1902, Mr. Galbreath is a farmer 
 near Big Cabin. 
 
 Marie Therese Bourgeois, an orphan 
 Creole of New Orleans, married Auguste 
 Rene Choteau, a native of Southeastern 
 France, Her son, Jean Pierre Choteau, 
 founded St. Louis, Missouri, when he was less 
 than fifteen years of age. His second wife 
 was Bridget Sancier and their youngest son, 
 Frederick Bates Choteau, together with his 
 elder brother, founded Kansas City. Mis- 
 souri. Frederick Bates Choteau married 
 Elizabeth Tooley. a Shawnee, and they were 
 the parents of William Myers Choteau who 
 married Mary Silverheel and they were the 
 parents of Benjamin F. Choteau. who mar- 
 ried Caroline Cornatzer and is the father of 
 Walter Choteau. 
 
 Gentry, Mrs- William M. (See Hicks) — 
 Margaret, daughter of Robert Pay and Cyn- 
 thia Jane (Horn) Taylor, was born Nov. 10, 
 187 3, educated at Worcester Academy, and 
 Willie Halsell College, Vinita. Married at 
 Weston, Texas, April 18, 1891. William M. 
 son of W. J. and Nancy A. Gentry, born 
 August 10, 1S7I, in Ray County, Missouri. 
 They are the parents of: Ralph Ray. born 
 July 7. 1893; Blanche Sunbeam, born Oct. 
 15, 1896; Christopher Robert, born March 
 23, 1900; Winnie Gertrude, born April 7, 
 1902; Hearst T.. born May 6, 1904: William 
 Lee, born April 30, 1908; Annie Audrey, 
 born January 28, 1910; Ruth, born Dec. 
 28, 1912, and Juna Gentry, born March 
 2, 19 16. True to the family custom. Wil- 
 liam M. Gentry is a farmer and raiser of 
 thoroughbred saddle stock at his splendidly 
 equipped Rose Valley Farm. 
 
 . - while man, mifirj 
 Elsie, the daughter ot Clud Chirlci K M.a. 
 and their son. 
 
 \\illiain Horn, mirrifd Mi 
 garel Le:idbetter. and ihev were ih« rtt, u 
 of Cynthia J. H.-rn. bom In Trwv N..>rm 
 ber 2'). IS4 7. .Marric-J in ,Mirch. isri. H-* 
 en Pay T:iylor. born in Tennc««. S-setn 
 ber 20, tS4 7. 
 
 Chief Charles R. Hicks, on whom jn n 
 tended sketch is given in ihe hliloncii ir.j 
 was the son of Nathjn ind Hiiibrth 
 (Broom) Hicks, his mother beinrt i aiucbtrr 
 of Chief Broom of Bro..mln»n. where bit 
 first printed Cherokee law was entHcd <.n 
 September 1 !. ISOS. 
 
 Goss, Benjamin F. (See Grant. (>o»nin(. 
 Ghigau, Oolootsa and Adair) — Ben)imin 
 Franklin, son of George Washington a^id 
 .Mary Alice (.Mayes) Goss, horn .Mav l*. 
 1884. married Jan. 10. t<'n6. Flora Etia. 
 daughter of .lacob Udolphus and Annie t'.hir- 
 lotte (Towers) Alberty, born April *. is^v 
 They are the parents of John Thomrf -n. 
 born Jan. 27, 1907; William Clarence. Kirn 
 September 22, 1909; George Washincion. 
 horn January 3. 1912. and .Mary Charl«>lle 
 Goss. born May 4, 19 1 5, 
 
 George Washington Goss Is (he son of 
 Benjamin F. and Sarah Emily (Bean) GoJt 
 
 Jacob Udolphus Albertv is the win <>( 
 John D. and Jennie (Buffington) Albert* 
 
 Gotl, A. M. (See Corderv)— Sue T . 
 daughter of Charles, a native •<( Sparlenberc 
 Dist., S- Car., and Jane (Collins) Harrtv *n 
 born July 6. IS46. and married N"» ». 
 1869. Alfred Mason Gotl. born Sept 2*. 
 18 14, in Logan County. Illinois. He w»« » 
 member of Company A, Terry's Texas Rant- 
 ers before and during the Civil war. Mn 
 Gott died March 'n, i^lft. 
 
 George. Mrs. Etielle (See Grant)— Ada. 
 daughter of Joseph L%nch and Alice (Tuck- 
 er) Thompson, born Jan. 2f>. l.tSI, educii<J 
 at Vinita and Female Seminary VarrirJ il 
 Vinit.a. December S. I'mo. to F^t ' 
 born Nov. 26. l.S.SI. in O^^tr 
 souri. Thev are the rif'"" ' ■ 
 George born November 12. fM. Mr and 
 Mrs George are farming near Bit CaNn 
 
 Graham, Mr.. T. O. (See Granl)-UJ- 
 Vic Grant was a trader among Ihe r^^(t■^.fr^ 
 in 173 5. He married a member «>t Ihr *■ '■' 
 Clan. Their only a child, a dauthier. m.ff 'd 
 William Emorv. an Englishman. From lh-« 
 unir.n there were three dauthlers. Ihe »"««€• 
 
562 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 est of whom was Susannah whose third hus- 
 band was General Joseph Martin of the Revo- 
 lutionary army and later U. S. agent for the 
 Cherokees. General and Susannah Martin's 
 daughter Nannie married Jeter Lynch an 
 Irishman. Maria, daughter of Jeter and Su- 
 sannah Lynch married Johnson Thompson 
 and later Andrew Brown Cunningham. From 
 this union were born the following chil- 
 dren: James Franklin Thompson who mar- 
 ried Caroline Elizabeth McCord; Joseph 
 Lynch Thompson, married Frances Kell; 
 Alice Tucker; and Miranda King, nee Riley: 
 Sabra Anne Cunningham married Lucien 
 Burr Bell and Jeter Thompson Cunningham, 
 born Dec. 1, 1843, was 1st Lieut, of Co. A, 
 First Cherokee Mounted Volunteers in the 
 Confederate service, under Captain Hugh 
 Tinnon and Colonel Stand Watie. He mar- 
 ried on June 13, 1S86 Camille Moore, born 
 Feb. 12, 1S49. He was elected to the 
 Council from Delaware District August 2, 
 1869 and August 4, 1873; Elected Clerk of 
 the same district August 2, 1875. Mrs. 
 Keziah Camille Cunningham was the daugh- 
 ter of Elijah and Jamima (Landrum) Moore, 
 and the grand-daughter of James and Re- 
 becca (Duncan) Landrum. 
 
 Jeter Thompson and Keziah Camille Cun- 
 ningham were parents of Andrew Bell Cun- 
 ningham, Principal Chief of the Cherokee 
 Nation; Catherine Aurora born February 17, 
 1871, married Connell Rogers; Jeter Thomp- 
 son born January 12, 1873, married Mar- 
 garet ElliS; Keziah Elizabeth, born January 
 14, 1875, married Oliver Lynch Wyly, and 
 Hugh Morgan Rogers Lily .May, born May 
 23, 1879, married George Owen Grant; 
 Belle, born April 26, 1881, graduated from 
 the Female Seminary May 25, 1900, married 
 Dec- 21, 1910; Thomas Oscar Graham, born 
 December 4, 1875. Albert Sidney Johnson 
 born February 19, 18S3, married Margaret 
 Daugherty; Roxana born March 8, 1885 mar- 
 ried Dr. E. B. Reed. 
 
 Humphreys, Margaret nee Woodall (See 
 Hendricks)' — Margaret Woodall, born July 
 18, 1866. Married at Tahlequah Nov. 24, 
 1909. James Humphreys, born in Monroe 
 County, Tennessee in 1867. They are the 
 parents of Ro.xis, born August 30, 19i0; 
 Harrison, born March 16, 1912; Eula, born 
 June 10, 1914; and Virgil, born May 3, 
 1916. James Humphreys is a Mason ana 
 an Odd Fellow. 
 
 Hendrickc, Thomas Sr. (See Hendricks) 
 
 Thomas Hendricks was born Aug. 29, 1839. 
 He served during the Civil War in the Indian 
 Home Guards under Captain Blunt. Married 
 at Park Hill in 1869, Nellie Ragsdale, born 
 September 22, 1839. They were the par- 
 ents of Rufus. Thomas, Susie and Janana 
 Hendricks. Thomas Hendricks was elected 
 Councilor from Tahlequah District August 3, 
 188 5. 
 
 Hendricks, Thomas Jr. (See Hendricks) — 
 Thomas Hendricks, Jr. born at Tahlequah 
 Jan. 14, 1S7 7. Educated at Tahlequah. Mar- 
 ried at Tahlequah Jan. 11, 1899, Maud Stan- 
 ley, born April 25, 1888- She died Mar. 6, 
 1910. They were the parents of: Robert E. 
 born Dec. 9, 1899; Clara M. born May 2, 
 1900; Viola, born October 21, 1902; Thelma 
 G. born October 16, 1904; Wirt, born April 
 4, 1906 ;and Maude Hendricks, born Feb- 
 ruary 25, 1908. Mrs Hendricks died March 
 6, 1910 and he married at Muskogee Sept- 
 tember 29, 1910, Bessie Bagley born Feb- 
 ruary 19, 1895 in Missouri. They are the 
 parents of Hazel, born September 16, 1912; 
 Poss, born February 2, 1915; Pauline, born 
 June 9. 1918, and Thomas Franklin Hen- 
 dricks born March 13, 1921. Mr. Hendricks 
 Cherokee name is Teeseeyauke, he is a mem- 
 ber of the A. H. T. A. 
 
 HefHn, D. G. (See Grant and Ghigau) — 
 Elizabeth Christine, daughter of Dr. Jeter 
 Lvnch and Mary Jane (Taylor) Thomp- 
 son, born Jan. 28, 1854, in Delaware Dist. 
 Married Oct. 17, 1871. William, son of Wil- 
 liam and (Timberlake) Eubanks. born in Go- 
 ing Snake District, Dec. 3, 1S41. He enlisted 
 in 1861 in Captain George Harlan Starr's Co. 
 of the First Cherokee Mounted Rifles. Was 
 First Lieutenant of Captain William Taylor's 
 Company and upon the decease of Taylor he 
 became Captain. He was elected Executive 
 Councilor in November 1887. .Mrs. Eubanks 
 died March 29. in 12. Thev were the par- 
 ents of Ada Archer Eubanks, born at Tahle- 
 quah June 25, 1884, educated at Tahlequah 
 and Female Seminary. Married at Table 
 quah July 30, 1905, Dessis Garfield, son of 
 Rachel and J. Barto Heflin, born February 
 10, 1882 in Harrison, Boon County, Arkan- 
 sas. She died February 21, 1913. The> 
 were the parents of Dennis Garfield born at 
 Tahlequah May 24, 1906 and Rachel Eliza- 
 beth Heflin, born at Tahlequah April 18, 
 1^)09. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHHROKb.i INhlANs 
 
 S(,\ 
 
 Harlan, William Lee (See Ghisau a„d 
 Grant)— William Lee. son oi George Wash- 
 ington and Sarah Jane (Cecil)' Harlan 
 was born in Delaware District, Septem- 
 ber 12, iSM. Married March 2y, i9o-t 
 Lucinda, daughter of William and Charlotte 
 (Mayes) Ballard, born near Carey's Terry 
 on Grand River .hine II, 1S79. She gradu- 
 ated from the Female Seminary June 2'), 
 1S99. They are the parents of: Grace Le- 
 Ota, born July 4, 1905; Vanney, born Julv 
 27. 1907; Jewell Bernice. born .March 12, 
 1913 and William Lee Harlan, born July 20, 
 19 2U. 
 
 Mr. and .Mrs. Harlan are members of the 
 Methodist Church. He is a farmer and 
 stockraiser near White Oak. 
 
 William, son of Archibald and Anni-, 
 (Fields) Ballard born in Delaware District 
 May 29, 1S52 and educated in that District. 
 Married December 26, 1S71 Charlotte 
 Mayes, born August 6, 1S5I. They are the 
 parents of .Mrs. Lucinda (Ballard) Harlan 
 
 Hawkins, Roswell Drake (See Ghigau) — 
 Roswell Drake, son of Adison Gregory and 
 Ruth (Parks) Hawkins was born in Vinita 
 March 27, 1891. Educated at Vinita and 
 Kemper Military College. Married at Los An- 
 geles, Calif. Aug. 2 1, 1911 La Donne Helen, 
 daughter of Joseph and Mabel Paulet, born 
 Aug. 15, in Centralis. Cook Co. 111. They 
 are the parents of Rfiswell Drake, Jr., born 
 March 5, I9l8 and Beverly Joyce Hawkins, 
 born March 18, 192 1. Mr. Hawkins is onj 
 of the prosperous young cattlemen of Crai^ 
 County. 
 
 Mrs. Ruth Hawkins is the daughter of 
 Supreme Judge George Washington and 
 Louise (Spriggs) Parks. 
 
 Hajres, Mrs. Eliza (See Griffin) — Eliza, 
 daughter of William and Eliza Griffin was 
 born Sept- 25, 1S61. Educated in the Chero- 
 kee public schools and Female Seminary. 
 Taught school for some time and married at 
 Webbers Falls on Jan. 11, lSS3 Richard, son 
 of John and Rebecca Hayes, born Sept. 
 3, 1859 in Cherokee Nation, Indian Terri- 
 tory. They are the parents nf Emma Hays, 
 born Dec. 13, 1SS4. 
 
 .Mrs. Haves is a member of the .Methodist 
 church. Her Cherokee name is Lesi Sal- 
 nava and she belongs to the Holly clan 
 
 Horrell, Mrs. Louise H. (See England) — 
 
 Louisa n. diuiihUT „r William jnj M«. 
 
 ■lain; (England) llahiNh. |...,„ i., 
 
 Educated In the iJur.iLif , 
 
 and W. . I Chester Acjdenu. \ 
 
 at Oswego, Kansas .March .s. 
 
 T.. son of Benjamin and .Mi'. 
 
 rel. They are the parenn ,.| Mjr. h 
 
 born February ", mo6 and Allen •: II • 
 
 burn Clclober M, \')oS. 
 
 .Mr. Horrell is i stillman *Hh the S: 
 Kefining Cumpanv. 
 
 Hickey, George H. (See (irinl. AJi 
 
 Ghigau)— Gecrue lleiir\. s..n <.) I 
 Preston and Lucinda (Gull) Hickn. 
 November 2 1, l.SSo. educalird In i ,. 
 coowee District. Married at i" 
 5. l')04, Saliie, daughter . f L, 
 Annie (Foster) .Maves, bi.rn '• 
 They are the parents n( Be 
 burn April 0, 1>>0U: Lulu .M\r- 
 tember 2i, l')o4; Susie Alu 
 ary 6. 1907; Georgia .Margmr • 
 
 tember 13. l'»10 and Thomas .,. , ,, . 
 
 ev, horn November 20, 19«I. 
 
 Hickey, John Walter. (See Grant. Oh'ti 
 
 and Adair) — John Walter, son o( Th 
 Preston and Lucinda (Goti) ]Ucke\ '• ■ 
 .May 22. 1892. .Married at IndepenJ.-.u. 
 Kansas. .March 15, t">16. Maude Almi. 
 daughter of William and .Mir\ I uv' J» 
 (Adair) Gott. born .March 4. l.S'i') m M ■ 
 District. They are the parents of V»":in' 
 born August 5. I''17 and William Br>anl 
 Hickey. horn August 2 5. 1 020. 
 
 Ludovic Grant, 1 Scotch trader mi' -if J 1 
 full blood Cherokee woman of the 'A f 
 Clan. Their daughter married W '! j •■ 
 Emory an Englishman and thev «er,- if" 
 parents of Susannah who married P cHi-i 
 Fields, a while man. Their son Th 1 
 Fields, married Nancy Rogers nee fi..' 
 and thev were the parenls o( Pachel '1- • 
 Fields, born in LSI?, married llenr^ Mui- 
 born March 15. I.Sl5 in Tennf^^ee Thr • 
 son. Thomas Preston llicke*. horn Se^^— 
 ber 15. 1S53. Married Mav 26. !.<"• I j 
 cinda Gott. born AujuM 12. 1 "" « Th-' 
 are the parents of John Waller HIcke*. I«i • 
 subject of this sketch. 
 
 Harrir., Mrt. J. W. (See England) — 1 s 
 sephine. daughter of Eiias II and ^ 
 (England) Jenkins was N>rn in ' 
 coowee District, lulv 4. i.im and c! 
 at the Cherokee National schoolt Marnrd 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 at Siloam Spring, Arkansas, July 10, 1886, 
 John Wesley Harris, born June 23. 1867, in 
 Winebago County, Illinois. They are the par- 
 ents of: Flora May, born July 25, 1887; 
 Gertrude N., born January 13, 1889; Ulalah 
 S., born September 5, 1890; Roy C, born 
 April 20, 1892, and John Wesley Harris, born 
 June 3, 1897. Mr. Harris is a farmer and 
 stock raiser near Vinita. He was elected 
 County Commissioner of Craig County, Sep- 
 tember 17, 1907. 
 
 Joseph Roswell Harris was born in Du- 
 rant, Illinois, Nov. 17, 183 7. Served in the 
 Civil war in Company H, 74th Illinois In- 
 fantry; married Aug. 27, 1866, Rachel Put- 
 ney. She died November 23, 191 1, and he 
 died May 23, 1921. They were the parents 
 of: John Wesley and Ulalah Harris. 
 
 Arminda England was born November 25. 
 1831; married William England, Isaac Sch- 
 rimsher and Elias H. Jenkins. She died De- 
 cember 27, 1879. 
 
 Harris, Colonel Johnson (See Grant, Cord- 
 ery and Adair) — Colonel Johnson Harris, 
 named for his father's friend, Colonel John- 
 son, was born April 19, i856, in Georgia; 
 died at Muskogee, Sept. 25. 1921. Educated 
 in Canadian District and Male Seminary. 
 Married August 12, 1877, Nannie E., daugh- 
 ter of Richard F., and Rachel Elizabeth 
 (Goss) Fields, born October 7, 1849. She 
 died November 14, 1887, and he married 
 March 4, 1891, Mary Elizabeth, daughter of 
 William Peiin and Sarah Ann (Adair) Adair, 
 horn June 12, 1864. She died Nov. U, 
 1902, and he married Caroline Alice Collins 
 nee Hall. Colonel Johnson Harris is the 
 father of: Benna Vista, born October 26, 
 1877; William Richard, born January 23, 
 1880. Graduated from Male Seminary, May 
 24, 1900. Died October 24, l9i7; Colonel 
 Johnson, born March 22, 1882, married Feb- 
 ruary 22, 19 10. Caroline Elizabeth Ghormley, 
 born June 3. 1888. Graduated from Female 
 Seminary June 1, 1905. They are the par- 
 ents of Ewing Johnson, born December 14, 
 1910; Russell Fields, born July 27, l9l2; 
 Buena W-, born May 6, I9l4; Jocarey, born 
 October 6, 191 6; Nannie, born September 6, 
 19 IS. and William Richard Harris, born 
 April 12. 1^21. Joel Adair, born June 22, 
 1894 and died June 30, I9i5, Caroline 
 Ellen, born November 8, 1896. Married 
 September 24, 1919, W. A. Robertson; and 
 Charles Hasting Harris, born August 15, 
 
 1899. Colonel Johnson Harris was elected 
 Senator from Canadian District in ISSI, 
 1883 and 1885. He was President of the 
 Senate from 1883 to 1885. Elected dele- 
 gate to Washington in 1886 and 1895. 
 Elected Treasurer November 6, 1891, and 
 on the 23rd of the succeeding month was 
 elected Principal Chief. Elected Senator 
 from Tahlequah District in 1S99. 
 
 Hendricks, Rufus — (See Hendricks) — 
 Rufus, son of Thomas and Nellie Hendricks 
 was born October 25, 1869, educated in the 
 Cherokee National schools. Married at 
 Tahlequah December 22, 1895 to Susie, 
 daughter of Joseph and Almeda Stanley, 
 born March 22, 1876 in Jasper County, 
 Missouri. They are the parents of: Joseph 
 born September 29, i896; Jajiies, born No- 
 vember 12, 1897; Willdie, born January 6, 
 1899; Marcus A. born July 26, 1901; Har- 
 vey, born March 29, 1903; Edna, born Aug- 
 ust 2, 1906; Herchell, born July 13, 1908; 
 Herbert, born April 17, 1910; Ethel, born 
 November 4, l9ii; Iva, born May 16, 1913; 
 Elva born November 3, 1915, and Dolora, 
 born January 4, 417, Mr. Hendricks is 
 one of the representative farmers of his com- 
 munity and has been a member of the dis- 
 trict school board for seven years. 
 
 Henry, Mrs. W. G. — (See Downing, Dan- 
 iel and Foreman) — Nannie Catherine Dan- 
 iel, born January 12, 183 5, married Decem- 
 ber 23. 185 7 Anderson Springton Wilson, 
 born in 1830. They were the parents of 
 DeWitt, born January 7. 1860; James Daniel 
 born February 2, 1S61 and May Wilson, 
 born May 1, 1862. Anderson Springston 
 Wilson died December 26, 1865 and his wid- 
 ow married Henry Clay Barnes in 1872; 
 Henry Clay Barnes was born at Dwight 
 Mission, Cherokee Nation, August 29, i84 5. 
 They were the parents of Myrtle, born July 
 25. 1874, educated at Tahlequah Female 
 Seminary, married May 14, 1891 Wallace 
 Gibbs Henry, born April 6, 1872. 
 
 W. G. and Myrtle Henry are the parents 
 of DeWitt CUnton, born April 11, 1892; 
 Roy Wilson, born July 22, 1897 and Myra 
 May born Dec. 8, 1903. Nancy Catherine 
 Barnes died Dec. 10, 1889. 
 
 Hammett, James W. — (See Mills and 
 Grant) — Mary Mills, Cherokee name Gau- 
 le-tsa, born December 25, 1875 near Sal- 
 iisaw, is the daughter of Charles and Mar- 
 garet (Johnson) Mills. Educated at Chero- 
 
HISTORY OF THH ClIliROKlfE INDIANS 
 
 kee public schools ;iiul Female Semiiuiry. 
 Married James W. Haniniett. They are tlie 
 parents of: Richard L., born January 3, 
 1S9 5, married Ruby Landruiii; Mary Eliza- 
 beth, born AuRiist 3, US6') Hthel Christine, 
 biirn December 2 5, IS'IS and James 1;. 
 Hammett, born September S. I'loi. 
 
 Hallum, Mrs| William O. — Alary Hlla 
 daughter of R. L. and Hliza Jane (Morris) 
 England, born in Delaware District, February 
 11, 1SS2, educated in the Cherokee National 
 Schools. Married February 12, I'Juo Wil- 
 liam O.. son of Wm. B. burn October 17, 
 1821, died October 25, 1S45, and Micca 
 (England) Hallum, born June S, 1S25, died 
 November 14, 1887 in Georgia. They are 
 the parents of Maude Evelyn, born January 
 10, IQOI, married Marion B. Carico and has 
 one son, Jock Caricu, born September 5. 
 1919; Eliza Mav, born April '), i')o3; Susie 
 Leona, born October 3, 1907 and Sadie 
 Floris Hallum. born January 2, 1914. 
 
 Houston, Mrs. Lee — (See Ward)— Stel- 
 la Lenora, daughter of Lovell Peabody and 
 Johnanna (Powell) Ballard. b(irn in Dela- 
 ware District, August 23, 1')00. Educated 
 at Ketchum. Married at Siloam Springs, 
 Arkansas, September 2, 1916, Lee. son of 
 A. P. and Mary Houston, born July 26, 1892 
 in Berry County. Missouri. They are the 
 parents of: Lillie May, born July 15, 19 17 
 and Mary Ann Houston, born .March 31, 
 1920. Mr. Houston is a farmer near Ket- 
 chum. 
 
 Nancy, daughter of James and Sidney 
 (Redding) Ward was born Jan. 29, 1830. 
 Married Sept. 21, 1845, Cal Dean Gun- 
 ter, born March 30, 1818. He died March 
 27, 189S. They were the parents of Anna 
 Eliza Gunter, born May 4, 1848 and married 
 John Powell. Their daughter, Johnanna 
 Powell was born February 15. 1869 and 
 married February 2S, 1S99, Lovell Peabody 
 Ballard, born January 27, 1S79 in Benton 
 County. Arkansas. She died August 20. 
 1920. 
 
 Howell, Mrs. C W.— (See Hildebrand) — 
 Sena B., daughter of John T. and Laura 
 (Hildebrand) Davis was born in Delaware 
 District, September 20, 1SS7, educated m 
 the Cherokee National Schools. Married at 
 Vinita, February 11, i906, C. W., son of 
 Lemuel and Elizabeth Howell. They are the 
 parents of Nora Mav, born May 31, 191-'; 
 Woodrow Wilson, born November 5, 1916; 
 
 and Luuis C. 1I..WCII, born .ScplonKr . 
 1919. Mr. Howell is a farmer ncjf KcUh.r 
 
 Hendricki, Mr». Jamet B ll<-ii„,f | I 
 
 daughter i.f James A. una .Mir- ' 
 Hibbs, was horn in the Oh, 
 Alarch IS, tSSi, educated In ; 
 National Schools. .Married N..,. <. i . ,. 
 James B., son of KIkanah and .Mjrciffi tlf> 
 dricks. They are the p-irenlj «i Zilph, t- i • 
 Nov. 2, 1901; Lonnie, b..rn lune 11,1- 
 is at present in the U. S. Coj\l Ati.lhf. 
 in California; ALimie, burn AucutI 15. I ■ •• 
 married Harry Cook; Ray. born JuU W 
 1906; Jessie, horn February 26. \'>i>S. Ij< 
 born April 25. I909., .Marie, b<>rn .Mi> i. 
 1910; Lawrence, horn .lanuarv 26. fJiJ. 
 Nina, born May 1, 19H; (.ecii h-irn Ser- 
 tember 9, I9i5; Elkana. N.rn Septemh^t 
 11, 1917, and .Margaret Hendrick*. Sfn 
 February 1, 1919. 
 
 Hogue, Mrs. Joseph S. — (See l><i|<»i!i» 
 and Ghigau) — Marv Erskine Clirk. h<.fn 
 December 12, iSSo. educated at Jackton. 
 Tennessee. .Married at Chelsea June ^. 
 IS9S Joseph Sterling Hogue. horn Januart 
 2S. 1867 in Granger County. Tenneitee 
 They are the parents of Joseph Clarke, N>rn 
 January 7, 1900; Condroy Lea. horn June 
 20. 1903 and Sarah Erskine Ho(ue. N>rn 
 April 7, 1906. 
 
 .Mr. Hogue is a live slock dealer al Chel- 
 sea. Mrs. Hogue is the daughter o( Hich- 
 ard and Emma (Lea) Clark and the trand- 
 daughter of Armstrong and .Minerva Jane 
 (Walker) Lea. 
 
 Jones, Mrs. George W.— Annie 0<J«llt. 
 daughter of L. Ba.xter and France* P. (Mc- 
 Gee) Prather was horn in Cowikin I'tjine. 
 Delaware District. November 17, I.S5", »rd 
 educated in Female Seminary Marr cJ »< 
 Vinita September 25, r'05. Georte W « ~- 
 of Winfield Scott and Lillie t' (f.'hf^' 
 Jones, horn December r'. ISSI, in Se-.f.» 
 .Missouri. They arc the patenli ■■( fi- • 
 Lillie, born August 5. I'»06; SW»u • i > • 
 born February 9. 1908; Tracv Fd»f •■ ■'- 
 .Mav 29, 1909; Opal Fthel. b"rn I.j ■ ■ 
 1911: Othoe Harold, born April I "• 
 Bertha Evelyn. b"rn February I. I'' 
 Gejrge Henry .tones, bom Ffbr.n 
 1920. Mr. Jones is a Urwer • . 
 Cabin. 
 
 Journeyculce, Mr.. Eli" * 
 ing)— Eliza Ann. d.'ughter .■< ''"'tfr i-j 
 Catherine (Benge) Daniel «a» N-rn JuN i-. 
 
566 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 1860. educated at the Cherokee Orphan 
 As>luni, married December 23, ISSI Isaac 
 Newton Journeycake, born February, 1859 
 and died in 1916. They were the parents 
 of; Robert Joseph, born October 26, 1882 
 and died April 1-t, 1903; Jesse Daniel, born 
 March 21, 1890 , married Georgia Shamblin; 
 Isaac Newton, born October 23, 1892, mar- 
 ried Tanna Crisp, and Bender Journeycake, 
 born May 23, 1895. 
 
 Mrs. Journeycake's Cherokee name i^ 
 Chiouke. 
 
 Jones, Mrr. Dr. J. S.— (See Foreman).— 
 Mary Elizabeth Dege, born in Atlanta, 
 Georgia, October 30, 18S1, educated at 
 Pryor and Female Seminary. Married Oct- 
 ober 5, 1907, J. S. Jones, D. D. S. They 
 are the parents of James Staunton, born 
 January 5, 1909; Mary Pauline, born Julv 
 7. 19 11 and Helen Mercedes Jones, bo.n 
 September 13. 1913. 
 
 Dr. Jones is a graduate of the Southern 
 Dental College of Atlanta, Georgia. He was 
 a volunteer in the World War and was 
 stationed at Camp Greenleaf, was commis- 
 sioned a First Lieutenant and transferred t(j 
 Camp Mills, N. Y. Received his discharge 
 on January 21, 1919. He is at present the 
 Commander of the American Legion camp 
 at Pryor. Mrs. Dr. Jones belongs to the 
 Baptist church, is an Eastern Star and White 
 Shriner. 
 
 Anthony Foreman, a Scotchman married 
 Susie, a full blood Cherokee of the Savan- 
 nah Clan and their daughter Catherine mar- 
 ried James Bigby. They were the parents 
 of Mary Anna Bigby, born August 9, 1802, 
 she married David Taylor, born in Orange 
 County, Virginia, December 16, 1791. Their 
 son James Taylor was the father of Laura 
 Alice Taylor, born June 10, 1846, in North 
 Carolina, married at Walhalla, South Caro- 
 lina, October 13, 1867, John Henry Dege 
 born February 4, lS4 5 in Bassum, Hanover 
 Germany and they were the parents of Mrs- 
 Mary Elizabeth Jones. 
 
 Johnston, John Edward.— (See Ross, Oo 
 lotsa and Wilson) — John Edward Johnston, 
 born March 21, 1881. Married December 
 25, 1906 at Muldrow, Oklahoma, Ida, daugh- 
 ter of Alexander F. and Nannie (Ridding) 
 McKinney, born June 10, 1SS7. Mrs. John- 
 ston died April 21, -1915. They were the 
 parents of Albert Sidney, born December 
 23. 1907; John Edward, born August 2, 
 1909; William Alexander, born November 
 
 28, 19 10; and Joseph Franklin Johnston, 
 born January 28, I'M 3. Mr. Johnston mar- 
 ried Mrs- Anne Bruton Levy, February 25. 
 1921 . 
 
 John Edward Johnston was elected Sheriff 
 of Sequoyah County, September 17, 1907; 
 November 8, 1910 and Navember 5, 1912 
 
 Catherine, a full blood Cherokee married 
 John Gunter, said to have been a Welshman. 
 Their son, Samuel, married Ayoka and their 
 son, George Washington Gunter, married 
 Eliza Nave. He was elected Senator from 
 Sequoyah District, August 6, 1849. Their 
 daughter Susan Catherine Gunter married 
 Robert Johnston and James Choate and 
 was the mother of Albert Main Johnson who 
 married Uelilah Baldridge and they are the 
 parents of John E. Johnston, the subject of 
 this sketch. Albert M- Johnston was 
 elected Sheriff of Sequoyah District August 
 4, 1879 and August 1, 1881. 
 
 Riggs, William G.— (See Sanders, Grant 
 ^i,jj Ross)— Juliette Scrimsher Chambers, 
 born November 25, 1873 near Claremore, 
 educated in the Cherokee National schools 
 and graduated from the Fort Worth Business 
 College, married at Claremore June 22, 
 1902 William Grant Riggs, born January 
 14, 1869 in Missouri . They are the par- 
 ents of; Lee Grant, born June 21, 1908 
 and Joseph Vann Riggs born November 27, 
 1914- Mr. Riggs is a substantial stockhold- 
 er in the Farmers Bank and Trust Co., ot 
 Claremore. Bv a former marriage Mr- Riggs 
 has three thildren; Martha Mary, born 
 June 14, 1S')6; William Edgar, born No- 
 vember 8, 1898 and Rolla L. Riggs, born 
 August 31, 1900. Mrs. Juliette S. Riggs' 
 Cherokee name is. Wuti and she belongs 
 to the Bird Clan. 
 
 Henry Chambers, son of Maxwell and 
 Elsie (Sanders) Chambers, was born April 
 21 1823, married Nancy Hendricks, born 
 September 4, 1825. He was elected Senator 
 from Cooweescoowee District August 2, 
 1875 and August 5, 1877- Mrs- Nancy 
 Chambers died November 26, 1879. He was 
 elected Treasurer of the Cherokee Nation 
 in 1883 and Assistant Chief on August 3, 
 iS9i. He died of infuenza at Tahlequab 
 on December 10, iS9l. His son Vann 
 Chambers was born on February 15, 1850 
 married Julv 28, lS7l Jennie D. McCoy, 
 born April 25. 1854- Thev are the parents 
 of: Juliette Schrimsher, Elizabeth. Louis R., 
 
HISTORY OF THH ClIEKOKHL' IM 
 
 'lANS 
 
 Vanu Sanders. Claience, Guru u,ul )„•,„„■. 
 Rogers Cliajiibers. 
 
 Keith, James G— James G., son of Joel 
 M. and Susan Ann (McClure) Keith was 
 born in Georgia, March 4, 1874, and edu- 
 cated in that State. He married at Clare- 
 more, .March 4, lyoo, Lottie, dauijhter of A 
 L. and Abigal Knox, born April 2, 1880 in 
 Concordia, Kansas and was educated in that 
 state. They are the parents of; Joel a" 
 born May 2 7, i9ui; Viola R., born Jan- 
 uary 7, 1903; James R., born October 27 
 1905; Mary A., born August 2, 1907; Susaii 
 E., born November 7, 1916; Sarah Charlotte 
 born February 25, 1919; and LaVaughn 
 Keith, born July 26, 192 1, .Mr. Keith is a 
 member of the A. H. T. A. and of the Bap- 
 tist church. 
 
 Kerr, Mrs. Robert— Anna Marie, daughter 
 of John and Jane (Daugherty) Greenfeather 
 was born in Delaware District, February ,>, 
 1S.S5. Educated at Ketchum. .Married at 
 Vinita. in January i<)05. Robert, son of 
 Ale.xander and Tilda Kerr, born August 30, 
 1S90. They are the parents of: Cora, bor:i 
 August 3 0, 1901 married Clyde Bosley: 
 Tilda, born June 30, 1904; Robert, born July 
 23, 1906; Lee Allen, born September 17, 
 1910; Lora May, born October 2S, 1912 
 and Irene Elizabeth Kerr, born January 16, 
 1917. .Mr. Kerr is a farmer near Ketchum. 
 
 Keys, Elizabeth (See Grant, Ghigau. Fore- 
 man, Adair and Riley) — James .Mcintosh 
 Keys, born near the jiiouth of Fourteen Mile 
 Creek in Tahlequah District, March 25, 
 1843. Educated in that District. He en- 
 listed at the beginning of the war under his 
 cousin Captain O. H. P. Brewer and served 
 four years in the Confederacy. Naturally 
 kind, considerate and of much more than 
 ordinary native ability. He married 
 
 in March 16, 1869 Nancy Jane Mayes, 
 born April 29, iS50 near Baptist, Going 
 Snake District. She was educated at Baptisi 
 .Mission. He was elected Solicitor of Coo- 
 weescoowee District August 4. 1S79 and 
 August 6, 18S3. Elected senator from the 
 same District August 3. 1891. Elected a 
 member of the townsite commission in ISSI 
 and Chief Justice of the Cherokee Nation in 
 November 1885. On the inception of state- 
 hood he was elected Senator from the twen- 
 ty-ninth District. 
 
 James .McDaniel and Nancy Jane (.Maves) 
 Keys were the parents of; Dennis Bushyhead. 
 
 t'> 
 
 '-n- .lulv ,5. ,S7.S; „,„,..,j ^,^ 
 February ,2, I S.S2 ,„j Eii^t,,^ ,...,„ ^^^ ^ 
 -rnsep,.„,,,r,2. KS85 a„4 .h. cr.du.., a 
 from lemale Sen>injry .lune 1 ,.,o4 
 
 .Mrs. Nancv J.„e Kevs 1, ,he j,„,hu, . , 
 tie.rse WashinRfn a„j ,:hir|..ii, („,,„ 
 head) Mayes. 
 
 Kelley, Mr,. W. P.-|a„„i, Vi..U d.u,.. 
 ter of George and Lucindj (J.,„c„ w,., 
 ■eld, born December S. iS7i ,\u„i.d „ 
 Viniia, November 25. tSS'i. William !■ , , 
 of John and Elinbelh Kcllcv. born lu„, ■ 
 1S64 in Texas Co. ,M„. Thcv itc lh< fif- 
 ents of Lizzie Lucinda Kellev. N.rn AujuU 
 = . 18S6. Married I'MO Stephen Edward 
 Landrum. born July IS, 189 5. He .erred 
 in the World War from Novemher l')i: |., 
 February 27, ruo. They are the r"'n,x 
 of Willie Steve (girl) Landrum, N.rn Mj. 
 12. 1020. The Kelleys and Landrumt ir.- 
 farmers near Big Cabin in Craij Counl>. 
 
 King, Richard W. (Ward)— Richard Wil- 
 ley, son of Judce Benjamin Cooper and /»!•- 
 bie (Kadle) King was born August t. I.fi. 
 educated at Tahlequah and .Male Semina-*. 
 Married July 20, 1890 .Melvin Holland. N.rn 
 May 26, 1871. They were the parenii r.| 
 Benjamin Cooper born December 23, 1S<>:. 
 married at Tahlequah August 30, till lo 
 Peggy Balleau born in IS94. Has one f». 
 Richard Chester King, born Nov. i5, ni, 
 Clifford Willey, born Dec. 27, t902 anJ 
 John King, born April 1, lOIo. 
 
 Benjamin Cooper King was elected Judc 
 of Tahlequah District. August 5, tsS''. 
 Richard Willey King was elected County 
 Commissioner of the Third District of Cher- 
 okee County on November 5. t9J2. He i» 
 an Odd Fellow and Knight of Pylhlii. Ben 
 jamin fooper King. Jr.. is a Mas^n and • >dd 
 Fellow. 
 
 Letteer, Mrs. Roy (See Grant) — LabomJ 
 Lucile. daughter of Chief William <'hir'.-» 
 and Nannie (Haynie) Rogers, nas N-m ii 
 Skiatook, .May 4. lloo Fducaled al SI i 
 took and married in OkUhnma Cil>. ".ri 
 19, 1920, Roy. Son r.f .Mr. and Mr* W .'i 
 Letteer. They are the parenlj nl Janf '. 
 Letteer, born September II. I"'21 
 
 Mrs. Letteer is the daughter <i| Wlll.jm 
 Charels Rogers the last chief of the Chef' 
 kees and the great grand-daurhler •■( i'.>: 
 tain John Rogers, the lait chief of the Old 
 Settler Cherokees. 
 
 Lightle, J«ine» (See Thompson)— J»me« 
 son of Edward and Sarah Llfhlle »m b"fa 
 
568 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Tuesday, August 22, 1SS9 in Scanimon, 
 Cherokee County, Kansas. Educated at 
 Talala. Married at Talala, November 6th, 
 •1910, Nettie, daughter of Lawson and Mary 
 Jane (Merrill) Runyar, born Nov. 6, 1SS6. 
 They are the parents of Elsie Florence 
 Lightle, born April 23, 1913. 
 
 Mr. Lightle is a pharmacist at Talala. 
 
 Little, Mrs. Joseph (See Grant) — Joseph 
 Carter, son of William and Theresa Lane 
 (Davis) Little was born at Vinita, Monday 
 May 19, 1879. Educated in Worchester 
 Academy, Vinita. Married at Chelsea Oct. 
 23, 1904, Myrtle, daughter of E. M. and Vic- 
 toria (Powell) Arnold, born Oct. 23, 1884, 
 and educated at Chelsea, Cherokee Nation. 
 They are the parents of: Joseph, born April 
 5, 1907; William, born Sept. 30, 1909; Rob- 
 ert, born Aug. 31, 1911; Mary, born Nov. 
 12, 1913; Ruth, born March 9, 1918; James, 
 born March 3, 1920. Mr. Little is one of 
 the largest range and feeding cattle men in 
 Oklahoma owning and leasing an extensive 
 acreage for that purpose west of Ramona. 
 
 Lane, Rosa Gazelle — Rosa Gazelle, daugh- 
 ter of Dr. Andrew Jackson Lane born 
 March 27, 1851 in Giles County, Tennessee 
 graduated from the University of Louisiana 
 in 1874. married December 25, 1877, Lu- 
 cinda E. Journeycake nee Elliott, born April 
 14, 1852 at Leavenworth Kas. He died Oct. 
 31, 1896; Lane born Jan. 31, 1882 near 
 Oowala, Cherokee Nation. She was educated 
 at the Oowala public school, Female Semi- 
 nary, graduating June 9, 1903, Lexington, 
 Mo. and Petersburg, Virginia. Taught school 
 several years and elected City Clerk of 
 Claremore in 1921. She is a member of the 
 Claremore Eastern Star Chapter and P. E. O. 
 Sisterhood, chapter K. at Tulsa. 
 
 Lee, David M. (See Downing) — David 
 Marshall, son of John and Mary (Faulkner) 
 Lee, was born in Sequoyah District July 9, 
 1861, educated in Male Seminary. Married 
 March 12, 1881, Mary Elmira. daughter of 
 James Franklin and Elmire (Simcoe) Bethel, 
 born September 10, 1858 in Sebastian 
 County, Arkansas. They are the parents of 
 Florence Ada, deceased; Lizzie May, born 
 Jan. 16, 1883, married W. F. Wasson; Lou 
 Emma, born December 15, 18S6. married 
 James A. Jackson and died ,Iuly 28, 1920; 
 Flossie Edna, born February 13, 1889, mar- 
 ried James B. Galloway and Frank Enimett 
 Lee, born October 23, 1S9 1 and married 
 
 Mary Daugherty. David Marshall Lee is a 
 Mason, Odd Fellow and Knight of Pythias. 
 He was elected to council from Sequoyah 
 District, August 1, 1887. Mr. and Mrs. Lee 
 have gratuitously adopted and reared the 
 following orphans: James Sanderrs, Florence 
 Emma Lackey, Mary Jane Lee, Wash Lee, 
 Maudie May Lee, Carnell Overtaker, Alfred 
 Andrews. David Bates Jackson, Flossie May 
 Jackson and James P. Jackson, Jr. 
 
 Benjamin, son of Thomas and Catherine 
 Pettit, married Peggy Cunningan and their 
 daughter Nannie married Franklin Faulkner 
 and they were the parents of Mary Faulkner 
 who married John Lee. 
 
 Lipe, John Casper (See Grant, Thornton, 
 Thompson, Oolootsa and Ross) — John Cas- 
 per, son of Clark Charlesworth and Margaret 
 Emma (Thompson) Lipe was born Novem- 
 ber 27, 1878, educated at the Cherokee pub- 
 lic school, graduated from Male Seminary 
 June 30, 1899 and from Spauldings Com- 
 mercial College of Kansas City in July 13, 
 1906 Anna Belle Price, born Jan. 2, 1887 in 
 Gonzales, Texas. She was educated at Oola- 
 gah and graduated from Female Seminary 
 June 1, 1905. They have one daughter; 
 Muriel Joy Lipe born March 2 1, 1908. Mr. 
 Lipe's Cherokee name is Tauaneesie, he is 
 an Elk, Woodman of the World, Knight 
 Templar and Shriner. 
 
 Looney Price was born in February 1799, 
 married December 28, 183 7 Lititia Coady. 
 Tills talented and cultivated family moved 
 to Texas before the Civil War. Their son 
 Daniel Coady Price, born January 31, 1844 
 was a member of Co. A., Terry's Texas Ran- 
 ger regiment during the Civil War, elected 
 sheriff of Gonzales Co., Texas November 4, 
 1882 he married Mary Anna Jones and they 
 were the parents of: Anna Belle (Price) 
 Lipe. 
 
 Oliver Wack Lipe born January 20, 1914 
 at Fort Plains, N. Y.. he was elected Captain 
 in the New York State Guards in 1833. He 
 married in 1839, Catherine Vaught nee 
 Gunter, born at Gunter's Landing in Alabama 
 in May iSll. He was Commissary in Stand 
 Watie's regiment. His son Clark Charles- 
 worth Lipe was Adjutant in Captain John 
 Scrimsher's company in the Confederate 
 Cherokee service. Adjutant Lipe always 
 ended up his roll call wifh the names of 
 three of the full blood Cherokee soldiers: 
 "Runabout, Turnover and Kickup." John 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHE INDIANS 
 
 5f.«) 
 
 Casper Lipe has served one year in the Mis- 
 souri National Guards and was Captain nf 
 the first Home Guard compan\ organized in 
 the state of Oklahoma receiving Iiis commis- 
 sion from Gov. Robert L. Williams. 
 
 Lamon, Mrs. William A. (See Grant and 
 Cordery) — Martha I:valine Clingan, born at 
 Gibson Station Cherokee Nation, Marcli 21, 
 1874, educated at the Female Seminary and 
 Sedalia, Missouri, taught at Harrell Institute 
 at Muskogee, and married at Gibson Station 
 February 1, iS'i'l William .Archibald, S(hi of 
 Robert A. and Melvina Lamon, born March 
 15, 1869 in Granada, Miss. They are the 
 parents of: Mary E., born October 29, 1899; 
 Melvina, born April 17, 1901; Catherine 
 Wise, born October 27, 1902; Helen Martha, 
 April 22, 1904; William Archibald, born 
 February 4, 1910; Robert Edward, born 
 February 4, 1^)12, and John Clingan Lamon, 
 born May 3, 1913. 
 
 William Archibald Lamon is engaged in 
 the realty and cotton business and owns the 
 Farmers and Merchants gin at Wagoner. Mrs. 
 Lamon is a Methodist, Eastern Star and 
 White Shriner, a member of the Twentieth 
 Century Club and the Home Mission Society. 
 William Davidson, son of Ale,xander and 
 Martha (Blythe) Clingan was born Novem- 
 ber 25, 1833 in Bradley county Tennessee; 
 served the Confederate army as First Lieu- 
 tenant Company K, l5th Texas Cavalrv 
 Married at Perryville, Choctaw Nation Feb- 
 ruary 6, 1870 Mary Jane, daughter of Sam- 
 uel and Margaret (Vickerv) Bumgarner. 
 born January 18, 184 5 on the Grand river 
 Going Snake District. William Davidson 
 Clingan died March 3 1, 1912. They were 
 the parents of Mrs. Martha Lamon. The 
 name Baumgarner is derived from the Ger- 
 Lipe, Lulu (See Oolootsa. Ross, Foreman 
 and Riley)— Sarah Lulu Foreman, born 
 March l5, 1875, educated at Oowala pubhc 
 school and the Female Seminary, from which 
 she graduated in 1895. Married January 4. 
 1899 John Gunter Lipe, born December 16, 
 1864 He was educated at the Male Semi- 
 nary and the University of Arkansas; en- 
 gaged in the farming and cattle business; 
 was a Mason, Elk, and Woodman of the 
 World; he died Mav 20, 1')13. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Lipe were the parents of: Flora Fore- 
 man, born November 14, 1899; Ada Cather- 
 ine, horn August 27, f^Ol; Dewitf. born 
 January 26, 1904: Lucv Campbell, born 
 
 March 2S, I'niS and Lulu Viclorii Lip*. l~-''i 
 August 27, t'M2. 
 
 Stephen Taylor F.iremin. »<..rn it f,,^, 
 Hill, Tahleq«.,h liislricl, Scpumhrr jl. 
 ISI". married April ;.s, \su Ada r.tfu, 
 McClellan. born at Cine Hill. Arkintj.. . .. 
 tober 25. 1S54. They were Ihr pjreni. ,( 
 Airs. Sarah Lipe. 
 
 Landrum, Johnron {See OuncJn. Ohmn 
 and Conrad) — Johnson Landrum. br-i 
 1860. Married April 2, 18S0. Cjlhf -• 
 Isabel, daughter of Stephen Gray and Sinh 
 Abigal (Hopkins) Garbarini. horn June Jl. 
 1868. They were the parents c.r: Ndllr Jr- 
 sephine, born .May 6. l,S<JO; Clirmn Law- 
 rence, born .May 12, l.S'it; Stephen Ed»ard. 
 Iwrn July 18, 1 80 5; Marv Isabel. N.rn Janu- 
 ary 21, 1898; Ada ,M., Jaunita T.. and Helena 
 B. Landrum died November t"), 1<»06. 
 
 James Landrum. a white man, married 
 Rebecca Duncan, a half-blond Scotch-Chero- 
 kee. Their son. John, married Nellie Oller- 
 lifter and they were the parents o( l.ihns^n 
 Landrum. 
 
 Lowry, Andrew Nave (Ross and < hitoiltl ) 
 — Andrew Nave Lowry. born March 6. I.s5t. 
 married .March 26, 18S2 Dora Pinkner ntt 
 Bruton, born February 16. 186 J in Barrv 
 County. Missouri. They are the parents of 
 James Bruton, Mary, married Levi Clark. 
 Daniel Valentine; Charles Anderson; Jeanelle 
 Starr; Andrew; George Henry; Lucv and SHu 
 C. Lowry. Andrew N. Lowrv belonts I" 
 the Wolf Clan and his Cherokee name u 
 Wahvaneet. 
 
 Lawrence, (See Grant. Adair and (V>-««- 
 (iii-i-sira) — Sarah Jane Adair, b«'rn March «r>. 
 1875 at Salina; educated in the Cherokee 
 National schools; Female Seminarv. (rom 
 which she graduated June I'. IS'J. »>»<• 
 Howard Payne College. Favelle, Min-.ori 
 June 9. 1896. She married December :' 
 1899. James Aueustus Lawrence. N-m ">' 
 18, 1856 in Te.xas. Thev are the piff^M ■ f 
 two sons: Augustus Adair, born Apf ! :< 
 1001 and Gilbert Shelmn. born N'« ' 
 
 1903. 
 
 Mr. Lawrence is the principal mer.s. 
 
 Tahlequah, and thev have a beaolit:' 
 just east of the citv. 
 
 Mrs. Lawrence is a descendant o« ihr 
 
 Martin family "f Virginia 
 
 William Mifl'" 
 f thi\ tim.U »»' 
 
 the first known member •■! 
 
 a wealthv merchant oi Brisi-I. I "dand "« 
 
570 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 was the father of three children: George, 
 Nannie and Joseph. He furnished Joseph 
 with a ship, the Brice, and sent him to Vir- 
 ginia in the first quarter of the eighteenth 
 century to Iceep him from contracting a 
 marriage in England to which the father ob- 
 jected. Joseph married in Virginia, Susan- 
 nah Childs, a member of a prominent Co- 
 lonial family. They settled near Charlotte- 
 ville, Albermarle county in that state where 
 their third son Joseph Jr., was born in 1740. 
 Joseph Jr. became a fur trader and planter, 
 amassing a great deal of wealth. He was 
 elected Captain of the Transylvania Militia in 
 1776, became Major February 17, 1779, 
 Lieutenant Colonel in March 1781. His ac- 
 tivities were directed against the loyalist 
 (Tory) English, Cherokees and others of 
 the allies in the country west of the Alle- 
 ghany Mountains, they havijig been stirred 
 to violence by a letter of May 9, 17 76, from 
 the British Superintendent of Southern In- 
 dian Affairs, calling on them for concerted 
 action in killing men, women and children 
 of the Revolutionists and their sympathizers. 
 The South had been practically subjugated 
 by the summer of 17 80, and it was only by 
 the efforts of such transmountain patriots as 
 Colonel Joseph Martin that it was possible 
 for a part of the soldiers to strike and de- 
 stroy Ferguson at King's Mountain October 
 7. 1780 and thereby turn the tide in favor 
 of the Americans- Colonel Martin was not 
 at King's Mountain, as he was busy holdint; 
 the British allies of the West at bay. He 
 was elected Brigadier General of the North 
 '■arolina Militia by legislature on December 
 l5, 1787 and was commissioned Brigadier 
 General of the Twentieth Brigade of Virginia 
 Militia by Governor Henry Lee of Virginia 
 on December 11, 1793. 
 
 Martinsville, county seat of Henry county 
 Virginia, and the place of his residence was 
 named for him. He visited the Cherokee 
 Nation in 1808, shortly after his visit and 
 return hojne died on December IS, 1808, 
 and was buried with military and Masonic 
 honors. His biuther Brice, named for his 
 father's ship, was a Major in the Creek 
 War. His nephew Brice Hammack was u 
 resident of Warren county, Missouri. 
 
 General Joseph Martin married Susannah 
 Fields, nee Emory, and their children were: 
 John, bom October 20, 17SI, first Treasur- 
 er of the Cherokee Nation ISI^', and the 
 first Supreme Judge 1821. His wives Nel- 
 
 lie and Lucy McDaniel were sisters. John 
 Martin was elected Town Site Commissioner 
 of New Echota November 12, 1825. He 
 was a member of the Constitutional Conven- 
 tion of 1827 from Coosweescoowee District. 
 He came west in the spring of 183 8 and lo- 
 cated on Grand River, near the Grand Sa- 
 line. He died October 17, 1840 and is 
 buried at Ft- Gibson. Nancy Martin, second 
 child of General Joseph and Susannah Mar- 
 tin, married Jeter Lynch, and Sabra, the 
 third daughter of General and Mrs. Martin 
 married Daniel Davis who was born in 1785 
 in North Carolina, and he died in June 1866. 
 
 Judge John, and Nellie (McDaniel) Mar- 
 tin's oldest child was Martha, called "Patsy" 
 born April 7, l8l5, married June 25, 1829 
 George Washington Adair, born December 
 1 1, 1806. He was one of the leaders of the 
 Treaty party and died April 22, 1862. Mrs. 
 Martha Adair died January 24, 1825. 
 George Washington and Martha Adair weie 
 the parents of: William Penn, born April IS, 
 1830; Brice Martin, named for his maternal 
 uncle, born November 5, 1830; Dr. Walter 
 Thompson, born March 13, 1838, married 
 Rev- Joseph Franklin Thompson; Benjamin 
 Franklin, born September 22, 1842, served 
 four years in the Confederate service, mar- 
 ried April 4, 1869 Mary Delilah McNair, 
 died April 1885; Benjamin Franklin Adair 
 died September 21, 1894; Rachael Jane, 
 born December 20, 184 5 and married Milton 
 Howard McCullough; Cherokee Cornelia 
 Adair, born June 16, 1848, married Jesse 
 Bushyhead Mayes- 
 
 Benjamin Franklin and Mary Delihh 
 (McNair) Adair were the parents of: Brice 
 Martin, born February l7, 1870, and died 
 May 27, 1898; Sarah Jane (Bluie) and 
 Cherokee Cornelia, born January 11, 1881; 
 graduated from the Female Seminary, 1899, 
 graduated from Howard Payne College, Fay- 
 ette, Mo., 1901. Married Junius Brutus 
 Moore, January 10, 1904. 
 
 Lipe, Clarke ChaVlesworth, (See Thorn- 
 ton, Oolootsa and Thompson) — Clarke 
 Charlesworth Lipe was born November 15, 
 1887, married at Tulsa July 19, 1914 Lucy 
 V. daughter of John and Sarah Sellers born 
 Nov. 22, 1888 near Stilwell, Cherokee Na- 
 tion. They are the parents of Clarke 
 Charlesworth Lipe born January 4, 1916. 
 Mr. Lipe's Cherokee name is, Oolasanl. 
 Mrs. Lipe is a member of the Baptist church. 
 
 John Gunter married Catherine a full 
 
HISTORY OF THH ClIEROKlflf IM 
 
 )l.\\,s 
 
 blood Cherokee of the Paint Clan 
 settled on the Tennessee River in n, 
 bama, where he made powder and 
 a ferry. Their daufihter Catherine 
 as her second husband Oliver 
 born January 20, ISH at |-..rt 
 York. He was a merchant at 
 the first mayor of that town. 
 children of whoji 
 
 S7l 
 
 aiut the 
 'rlh Ala 
 oiH-rate, 
 marriec 
 Wack Lip,' 
 I'hiiiis, Nev 
 Tt Gihsnn and 
 He had fiv.^ 
 Clarke Charlesworth was 
 the youngest. ()„e of Clark Charlesworth's 
 older brothers was John Gunter Lipe bo-, 
 Januarv 1, 184 4. Though ordinarilv happv 
 
 and pleasant he wrote the f< win,!; lines ii, 
 
 the autograph album of .Miss Vict(jria Su- 
 san Hicks on February 27, i,S6I: 
 "I stand at the portal and knock, 
 And tearfully, prayerfully wait, 
 O! who will unfasten the lock. 
 And open the beautiful gate? 
 
 Forever and ever and ever. 
 
 Must I linger and suffer alone? 
 
 Are there none that are able to sever. 
 
 The fetters that keep me from home? ' 
 
 My spirit is lonely and weary. 
 
 I long for the beautiful streets. 
 
 The world is so chilly and dreary, 
 
 And bleeding and torn are my feet." 
 John Gunter Lipe. 
 
 He was killed in a skirmish on Bayou .Mon- 
 ard on July 27, 181.2, 
 
 McSpadden, Oscar Lyle, (See Grant and 
 Oolootsa) — Oscar Lyle ,McSpadden. born 
 November 2, 1SO2 educated at Chelsea; 
 married September 1920, Georgia Craig. 
 
 Mr. McSpadden is engaged in stock rais- 
 ing for the firm of Milam & McSpadden near 
 Magdalejia New Me.xico, where he has taken 
 active part in the upbuilding of the com- 
 nuinity: he is a 3 2nd degree Mason and 
 Shriner. Attended Business College in Cof- 
 feyville, Kas. Was in the stock business 
 prior to going to New Me.xico. 
 
 Mcintosh, Mrs. John R. — Maria L. Seg- 
 uichy, born in Salina District of the Chero- 
 kee Nation, educated at the Female Seminary 
 and Bacone University; taught school in 
 Cooweescoowee and Delaware Districts; mar- 
 ried at Chelsea, January 25, 1891 John 
 Ross Mcintosh, born Feb. 26, 1866. They 
 are the parents of. Beatrice N.. born Decem- 
 ber U .1891, married Paul \V. Fry, and 
 Ethel R.. born December 21, 1902. married 
 Roy Johnson. 
 
 ' "KS. B„, as i,s .,f,,„ „., ,,„_ ,,, ^2Z 
 \'' "f"n. was univeruih u«d ,M, 
 i"foshs malernal Rrandljiher 
 I'l'weM, brother 
 
 
 -'f the U„,ted Stales Ar.nv (,,si.., „ 
 brother Joseph K, Se.uichv ,„ ,.„•„„ 
 The Cherokee Advnca.e t,s.)7.,s, „, ., 
 August 4, |<i2(i. Mrs M-l„i .K' 
 Waleeah. 
 
 of the Council frum Co..weesaH.*« |>i„r,cl 
 August 2, ,897 and w« elected bv ,h., 
 body as Speaker. Me was elecled Treasurer 
 of Rogers county in November )'>20 Hh 
 Father, John .Mcintosh, wh.. died Jul> 1' 
 lOlC was the last Chief Justice ,.( ih,' 
 Cherokee Nation. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. .Mclntnsh spejk b.,lh the 
 English and Cherokee Unguage with more 
 than ordinary proficiency. 
 
 McSpadden, J. T. (See Oolootsa. [,.,»r 
 ing and Cordery)— Sallie Clementine V„t 
 ers, born in Bonham. Te,\as. December to. 
 1863. Educated in the 'herokee public 
 schools, and Cherokee Urphin Asvlum; mjr- 
 ried December 16, 18S5 John Thomij Mc- 
 Spadden, born March 15. 1852 in UeKnb 
 county ALnbama. They are the Fitena ..I 
 Clement .Mayes, born December 20, J.ii' 
 graduated from Kemper .Military Sch... 
 Boonville, iMissouri .May 2'>, 1002. died 1 • 
 Califor-iia August 20, i<>t2; .May. horn Juh 
 21, 1891, graduated from the Female Semi 
 inary May 29. 1907. married Charles Wall-m 
 Poole; Herbert Thomas, burn Ocinber 1 
 1893. graduated from the .Male Seminar* 
 May 31, l9io, served durins the W..rld W»i 
 in the Rainbow Division; .Maude Irene, Nth 
 April 5, 1896, graduated fmrn Chelsea lllcb 
 School I9I6, married William Walker Mi 
 lam; Helen, born April II, I S"»'), jradualfJ 
 from the Chelsea hiijh school class of l<)f 
 Pauline Elizabeth, born September 1 1. f'i'i. 
 Graduate Chelsea High School class «l I'':: 
 and .Maurice Rogers .McSpadden. born Ap'' 
 10, 190 5. 
 
 John Thomas McSpadden. a success!, I 
 stockman and farmer is the son ••( KesermJ 
 T. K. B. and Elizabeth (Green) McSpadJr ■ 
 .Mrs. Sallie Clementine McSpadden it ih- 
 daughter of Clement Vann and Vi- 
 ica (Scrimsher) RoRers. Clemc 
 was a Captain in the ConleJcrjti- 
 service, senator and District ludte «•! t>»- 
 
572 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 wescoowee District and a member of the 
 Olclahoma Constitutional convention wliicti 
 najned Rogers county in his honor. 
 
 McLaughlin, Mrs. William C. (See Grant, 
 Ghigau, Foreman, Conrad, Duncan and Half 
 breed) — William Cecil McLaughlin, born 
 September 22, 1893, educated at Grove 
 Stilwell and Muskogee, graduating in a busi- 
 ness course from the latter. Married at 
 Vinita, March 28, 1919, Lelia Leone, daugh- 
 ter of Richard Fields and Martha Adair 
 (Brewer) Benge, born on Lynch's Prairie 
 December 16, 1892. They are the parents 
 of Cecil Benge McLaughlin, born May lo. 
 102 1. Mr. McLaughlin is fanning near 
 Adair. 
 
 Elizabeth, daughter of Andrew and Cath- 
 erine (Hicks) Miller married Philip Inlow a 
 native of South Carolina and their son, Syl- 
 vester Inlow, born June 24, 183 7, married 
 December 28, 1861 Susannah Paden, born 
 November i, 18-44. He died June 13, 1878 
 and she died February 13, 1889. Their 
 daughter Margaret Caroline Inlow. born 
 August 6, 1879 married September 20, 1890 
 Joshua Ezekial McLaughlin, born February 
 \A. 1853. 
 
 Samuel, Mrs. P. W. (See Grant and Ghi- 
 gau) — Florence Wilson McSpadden, born 
 June 26, 1873 at Tahlequah. Educated at the 
 Tahlequah City Schools and graduated from 
 Female Seminary, June 23, 1892. Married 
 at Tahlequah in January 1895 Philip Whar- 
 ton Samuel born September 19, 1867 in 
 Calloway County, Missouri and graduated 
 from Spaulding's Business College May 2, 
 1888. They are the parents of Vance Ray, 
 born November 21, 1897 and Maurine Sam- 
 uel born October 22, 1902. 
 
 Philip Wharton Samuel is very prominent 
 in ihe banking circles of the State, having 
 been Cashier of the First National Bank at 
 Pryor, President of First State Bank of Vin- 
 ita for seven years. Cashier and late Presi- 
 dent of the Oklahoma State of Muskogee, 
 which was changed under his management 
 to the Exchange National Bank. 
 
 Mrs. Samuel is a member of the Metho- 
 dist Church and was a tireless worker in 
 World War Auxiliary activities. 
 
 James Walker, son of Reverend J. K. B. 
 McSpadden, was born October 25, 1848 in 
 Alabama, married April 18, 1872 Annie, 
 daughter of Dr. Jeter Lynch and Mary Jane 
 (Taylor) Thompson born May 4, 1852 in 
 
 Delaware District, Cherokee Nation. They 
 were the parents of Florence Wilson; Rich- 
 ard Vance, Mary Jane, who married Thomas 
 R. Crookshank and James Walker McSpad- 
 den, Jr. 
 
 Mrs. Samuel's grandfather, Rev. Thomas 
 K. B. McSpadden joined the Methodist In- 
 dian Conference October 30, 1879. He was 
 from the Van Buren circuit of north Ala- 
 bama. The rest of life work of this truly 
 consecrated Missionary was among the 
 Cherokees. He died in 1878 while in charge 
 of the Fort Gibson Circuit. 
 
 McKisick, Mrs. J. H. (See Ghigau, Con- 
 rad and Duncan) — Nellie Josephine, daugh- 
 ter of Johnson Thompson and Catherine 
 Isabel (Garbarine) Landrum, was born in 
 Delaware District, May 6, 1890 and educat- 
 ed locally. Married at Vinita, August 8, 
 1910, James Houston, son of Charles D., 
 and Lydia Elizabeth McKisick, born May 30, 
 1SS2 in Benton County, Ark. They are the 
 parents of Stephen Dean, born June 14, 
 1912 and Clark Douglas McKisick, born 
 August 6, 1919. Mr. McKisick is a mill 
 owner and operator at Big Cabin. Mrs. Kis- 
 ick is a member of the United Brethren 
 Church. 
 
 John, son of James and Rebecca (Dun- 
 can) Landrum married Nellie Otterlefter and 
 they were the parents of Johnson Thomp- 
 son Landrum. 
 
 Samuel Candy, a white man, married 
 Catherine, a full blood of the Wolf Clan. 
 Their son, Samuel Candy, married Elizabeth 
 West, a white woman. They were the par- 
 ents of OUie Candy who married Hair Con- 
 rad and their daughter Elizabeth married 
 Daniel Hopkins. Daniel Hopkins and Eliza- 
 beth Hopkins were the parents of Sarah Abi- 
 gal Hopkins, born Jan. 7, 1839 married Sep- 
 tember 9, 1860, Stephen Gray Garbarini, 
 born September 8, 1827 in Tureila, Italy. 
 They were the parents of Catherine Isabel, 
 born June 23, 1868, married April 1889, 
 .Johnson Thompson Landrum. born in 1860. 
 The word Garbarine in Italian, is. one who 
 pleases by graciousness. 
 
 McLain, Mrs. Pleas L. (See Mayes) 
 
 Martha A., daughter of W. R. Wayburn 
 born August 14, 183 5 in North Carolina, 
 married in Rusk Countv, Texas November 
 23, 1854, Mary Ann Gage, born Nov. 7, 
 1835 in Georgia. Mrs. Wayburn died U4- 
 toher 4, 1878 and Mr. Wayburn died July 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKliH INDIANS 
 
 571 
 
 29, 1S79; born in Montague, Texas Janu- 
 ary 27. 1873, married near Pryor, August 
 23, IS^M Pleas L. son of Levi and Reliecca 
 McLain. Mr. and .Mrs. .Mcl.ain are tlie par- 
 ents of: Floy R. born October 5, I8'i2 and 
 died Oct. 2 7, 1891; Lloyd L. born .lanuary 
 11, 1894; Cora N. born December 12, 1846; 
 Nannie R. born September -1. IS')'); Clierry 
 born November S, 1903 and died January 19. 
 1904 and Watt .Mayes .McLain. born April 
 16, 1905. 
 
 Mayturn, Mrs. Walter, (See Gosaduesga) 
 — .Minnie Eveline daughter of Charles A. and 
 Minerva (Nelms) Roberson, was born .Mon- 
 day September 22, 18S4. Educated in the 
 Cherokee Public Schools. Married at Chel- 
 sea Oct. 15, 1901 Walter M., son of John 
 and Esther Mayturn, born Nov, 7, 1874 in 
 Iowa. They are the parents of Amos, born 
 August 28, 1902; Minerva C, born October 
 28, 1904; Zona Belle, born October 1, 1906; 
 Florence, born Sept. l, 1909; Glenn, born 
 Feb. 19 1913 and Alto, born June S, 1915. 
 Mr. Mayturn who is a progressive farmer 
 near Bushyhead, is a member of the Wood- 
 men of the World and has been a member 
 of the District School Board for over seven 
 years- 
 Minerva, daughter of Lewis and .Mary 
 (Denton) Nelms was born in the Cherokee 
 Nation in July 1858. .Married .May 6, 1878 
 Charles A., son of Samuel and Elizabeth Rob- 
 erson, born May 27, 1859 in Muscatine, Iowa. 
 Mayes, Hall, (See Grant, Downing, Fore- 
 man, Oolootsa, Adair. Ross, Conrad and 
 Duncan) — Hall, son of Walter Adair and 
 Nannie Riley (McCoy) .Mayes was born near 
 Pryor September 26, l89l. educated at .Male 
 Seminary, Bacone University and Agricultur- 
 al College at Stillwater. .Married at .Musko- 
 gee, September I, 1915, Sallie Pearl, daugh- 
 ter of Henry Clay and Nannie Vinita (West) 
 Cochran, born October IS, 1893. Educat- 
 ed at Female Seminary and Northeastern 
 State Normal. Tahlequah. They are the par- 
 ents of Virginia Lee, born September 26, 
 19 16; .Mary Hall, born July 22, 1918 and 
 Lucile Cochran Mayes, born July f. 1920. 
 Samuel Mayes, born April il, 1S03, in 
 Tennessee. Married January 27, 1824 Nancy 
 Adair, born October 7, iSoS. He died De- 
 cember 30, 185 8 and she died March IS. 
 1876. They were the parents of George 
 Washington Mayes born November 5. iS24. 
 Married .May 21. 1S46, Charlotte Bushvhead 
 
 bor:. March u,. ,,SU, she died .linu.-> Jl 
 1S,S and he died (id. .her ;,s. is-,, xfc,,' 
 were the parents of Wa|,,, Adi.r Mj.<-» h-.,., 
 December •>. iSoo. Mir,u-d l-cvomlrr : ■ 
 1890 Nannie Rider .McCv b..rn .Mirch : 
 1S6S. Thev were (he r"'nis r.( ll.il 
 .Mayes. 
 
 John Rogers married Tiini t..M,-r Tlir, 
 were the parents of hliziheih K.,Kcr» »li.. 
 married Jesse Cochran jiij iheir «.n U^^t 
 the parents of Henry Clav Cochran »h<i 
 married Nannie Vinita West and thev were 
 the parents of Sallie Pearl (Cochrjn) ,Mi»o. 
 Mounts, Mri, John T. (See Thomrvm ii.J 
 Thornton) — Evaline, daughter ..( |.i»v.n 
 and Elsie Jane .Martin Runvan. b-Tn nei- 
 Fort Gibson in tSS2. Educated In the 
 Cherokee Public Schools and lemile Semi- 
 nary. .Married at Fort Gibson in l')i:. John 
 Thompson, son of David Albert and i^if.- 
 line Harriette (Thompson) .Mounts, born 
 Thursday February 26, iSSo. They ire the 
 parents of Thelnia J. .Mounts. 
 
 Mitchell, William D. (See Hildebrand jnd 
 Ghigau) — William U., son of Reese T and 
 Rachel (Hildebrand) .Mitchell wis born dc- 
 tober 5. 185 4. Educated in the Cherokee 
 Public Schools and is a blacksmith. He mar- 
 ried in Delaware District .March 7. 187 5. 
 Elizabeth, daughter of George jnd Elizabeth 
 Newton, born June 1. IS55 in .Marion Cnun- 
 the masonic fraternity. He was elected a 
 ty, Missouri. jMr. .Mitchell is a member >>l 
 member of council from Goine Snake Dl»- 
 trict, August I. 1SS7 and August 5. I88"> 
 and was one of the "Immortal fourteen" 
 that sustained Chief Joel B Mives in hi* 
 figlit against the cattle men «i the Cherokee 
 outlet for a higher grazing lease rental. 
 
 Merritt, L. L. — Lucas Leslie, son or Tlmo- 
 thv Carpenter and Rosella (llolloway) .Mer- 
 ritt, was born in Indiana .Mav to. IHSS and 
 educated in that State. Married al Tilala 
 Nov. 6, 1910. .Mary lane, daughter ■•» 
 Charles and Cynthia (Bible) Pobinv.n. K.m 
 October 4. 1890. Mr. Merritt i» the ford 
 agent at Talala. 
 
 Mayes, Dr. Joseph F- (See Adair McNilr 
 and Downing)— Dr. .loseph F. Maves. b."n 
 December 21, tS77, educated at Male Sem- 
 inarv. Central College. Favelte. Missouri and 
 the Medical Department of Washlntlon Vnl- 
 versitv. St. Louis. Missouri. He triduiled 
 from the two latter institutions Me located 
 in St. Louis in his profession and rapldlt 
 
574 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 built up a large practice. He married there 
 on June 14, 1909 Miss Esmeralda Berry, 
 born November 4, 18S7. They are the par- 
 ents of Esmeralda Mary, born January 21, 
 1913 and Samuel Houston Mayes, born 
 August 11, 1917. Dr. Mayes is a thirty- 
 second degree Mason and a Shriner. 
 
 .John Adair, a Scotchman married Ga- 
 hoga, a full blood Cherkoee of the Deer 
 Clan. They were the parents of: Walter 
 Adair, called "Black Watt" born December 
 11, 1783, married May 15, 1804 Rachel 
 Thompson born December 24, 1786. He 
 died January 20, 1835 and she died April 
 22, 1876. They were the parents of: Nancv 
 Adair, born October 7, 1808, married Jaiv 
 uary 22, 1S24 Samuel Mayes born April 11, 
 1803, in Tennessee. He died December 30, 
 1858 and she died March IS, 1876. They 
 were the parents of: George Washington, 
 John Thompson, Frank A., James Allen, 
 Joel Bryan, Rachel, William Henry, Samuel 
 Houston, and Wiley B. Mayes. John Thomp- 
 son Mayes was a Captain in the Confederate 
 service. Joel Bryan and Samuel Houston 
 Mayes were Principal Cliiefs of the Cherokee 
 Nation the latter was born May 11, 1845 
 married November 9, 1871 Martha Elizabeth 
 Vann, born October 4, 1852 and she died 
 December 27, 1907. They were the par- 
 ents of the subject of this sketch. 
 
 Mayes, Mrs- Tip C — (See Grant, Foreman, 
 England, and Adair). — Flora May, daughter 
 of John Wesley and Ida Josephine (Jenkinsj 
 Harris, born at Vinita, July 25, 1887, mar- 
 ried at Vinita March 3, 1908, Tip Cicero, 
 son of George Washington and Susie E. 
 (Martin) Mayes, born June 1, 1874. Edu- 
 cated at Male Seminary and Bacone Univer- 
 sity, Muskogee. He is a member of the 
 Masonic lodge at Pryor. 
 
 George Washington, son of Samuel and 
 Nancy (Adair) Mayes, born November 5. 
 1824, married May 21, 1846 Charlotte 
 Bushyhead, born March 16, 1830. She died 
 January 23, 1878 and he died October 28, 
 1894. They were the parents of George 
 Washington Mayes, the father of Tip Cicero. 
 
 Joseph Boswell Harris, born in Durand. 
 Winnebago County, lillinois, November 1", 
 183 7, served during the civil war in Co. H, 
 Seventy-fourth Illinois Infantry. Married 
 August 27, 1866, Rachel Putney. She died 
 November 23, 191 i and he died May 23, 
 1921. Thev were the parents of Jnhn Wes- 
 ley and Ulalah Mav (Harris) Lukenbill, wh^i 
 
 died in 1S8'). John Wesley Harris was 
 elected County Commissioner of Craig 
 County, September 17, 1907. 
 
 Manifee, Mrs. Victoria Belle — Victoria 
 Belle Manifee. born August 14, 1881, edu- 
 cated at Chelsea, married July 29, 1900 
 John L. Manifee. Mr. Manifee died Feb. 13, 
 1905. From this union was born the follow- 
 ing children: Leah, born May 20, 1901 and 
 George, born Septeinber 2, 1904. 
 
 Mrs. Manifee's father John G. Mcintosh, 
 last executive chief of the Cherokee Nation 
 died July 17, 1916. Her brother John R. 
 Mcintosh is the Treasurer of Rogers county. 
 
 Moore, Cora A. — (See Grant and Down- 
 ing — Francis Milton Musgrove borji Decem- 
 ber 6, 1847 at Baptist Mission, Going Snake 
 Disctrict, educated at Baptist Mission. Mar- 
 ried June 2, 1865 Clara Elizabeth Alberty, 
 born June 11, 1845 near Baptist Mission. 
 Frank M. who was always known as Frank 
 was elected a member of Council from Coo- 
 weescoowee District August l. l88l; Sen- 
 ator May 5, 1887 and Councilor January 
 24, 1888. He died January 17. 1895. 
 
 Francis M. and Clara E. Musgrove were 
 the parents of: Elizabeth H., born November 
 21, 1867, and married Edward D. Hicks; 
 James Tandy .born August 5, 1869 gradu- 
 ated from Male Seminary June 28, 188S 
 elected sheriff of Cooweescoowee District 
 August 1, 1803. He was killed June 3, 1895 
 while in performance of the duties of his 
 office. Sallie S., born January 9, i87l, mar- 
 ried Charles M. Cox and .1. A. Martin; Wil- 
 liam Alberty, born September 13, 1873; 
 Margaret May, born January 4, 1876 mar- 
 ried Walter R. Eaton and died October 7, 
 l<^\6; Cora Archer, born February 26, 1879. 
 graduated from Female Seminary June 25, 
 1897, married February 22, 1899 James 
 Herbert Moore, born Jan. 14, 1876. Clem- 
 ent Rogers born February 14, 1882, appoint- 
 ed County Clerk of Rogers County in 1919 
 and elected to the same office in 1920; 
 Frank F.. born January IS, 1885 and An- 
 drew Lane Musgrove, born August 19, 1889. 
 
 James Herbert and Cora Archer Moore 
 are the parents of: William, born January 
 13, 1900; Foreman, born Sept. 1 3, 1902; 
 Veta Clara, born April 20, 1905, Nellie, 
 boiii January 6, 1907; Marjorie born No- 
 vember 25, 1'313, died January 23, 19i4; 
 James Herbert Jr., born February 26 1914; 
 Linn Ross, burii November 21. I'MS; Joseph 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 srs 
 
 and Sanniel, twins, bom JuK 3i, i<i-><i 
 
 Moore, Mrr.. Henry V/. (See Adair, Gl.igau 
 and Sanders) — Ina Lee, daughter of Joli.i 
 Harrell and Emma (Clioate) Adair, was born 
 July 13. 1SS4, educated at Dwiglit Mission 
 and the Teniaie Seminary. Married at Sai- 
 lisaw, July 20, 1902 Henry W. Moore, born 
 in 1S7S. They are the parents of: Horace 
 Adair, horn September S, 1903; Emmet 
 Togo, born June 6, 1905; Alma, born May 
 21, 1907; John Alonzo, born April 21, I9ii; 
 Samuel A. Hartman, born October 25, 191-;; 
 Henry W. Jr., born December 9, I9i6, Ed- 
 ward McDonald, born March 26, 19 19 and 
 Billy Wood Moore, born August 29, 1921. 
 
 Moore, Mrs. J. G. — (See Cordery and 
 Daniel). — Stonewall Jackson Rogers, born 
 March 2 1, 1,S07, married in July 1890 Mary 
 Kelly, born June 30, 1S70 in Tennessee. She 
 died in February 1907, and he died Septem- 
 ber 13. 1907. They were the parents of 
 Frances Leeper. born in Cleveland. Tenn- 
 essee, September l, 1S92, educated at Chel- 
 sea. Northeastern State Normal, and the 
 University of Tennessee; married at Sapulpa, 
 Oklahoma, November 4, 1916 Joseph Gar- 
 land Moore; Robert Kelly, born January 26, 
 1895; Mary Louisa, graduate of Chelsea 
 High School, 1919; Henry Curtis, born Jan- 
 uary 30, 1903, graduate of the Chelsea 
 High School May 192 1, and Rebecca .Mc- 
 Nally Rogers born June 19. lOO-l. 
 
 Joseph Garland and Frances Leeper .\looro 
 are the parents of Eugenia Graeme, born 
 August 4. 19 IS and Joseph Garland Moore, 
 born September 4, 1920. 
 
 Milam, J. B — (See Oolootsa and Grant) 
 — Elizabeth Peach McSpadden, born August 
 2 7. 1883 at Chelsea, Cherokee Nation, edu- 
 cated at Chelsea and the Female Seminary 
 at Tahlequah. from which she graduated 
 June 9, 1903. .Married April 6, 1904 Jesse 
 Hartley .Milam, born March 10, 1S84, grad- 
 uated from the Metropolitan Business Col- 
 lege, Dallas, Te.xas, May 24, 1902; President 
 of the Bank of Chelsea, and was appointed 
 as one of the three members of the Sta'e 
 Banking Board in 1920. 
 
 .Mr. and Mrs. .Milam are the parents ot; 
 Hindman Stuart, born April 16, 1907; .Mil- 
 dred Elizabeth, born .May 10. 1910. and 
 Mary Ellen, born May 16, I9l6. .Mrs. .Milam 
 belongs to the .Methodist church, is :>'i 
 Eastern Star, and a member of the Delphian 
 Club. 
 
 Florence Ellen Hi.yt. bom N..,r,nhrf : 
 IS5S in Penns>lvanij. nurricd April *. M" • 
 Joel Cowan McSpadden bum April «.. I Mo 
 in DeKalb county, Ala. He difd il Albcr 
 ^luerque, N. M.. June 10. 18'<». inlttmc ■ 
 at Chelsea cemetery June 2 4. \S'n. The. 
 are the parents of Elizibelh Hejch (.McSpiJ 
 den) .Milam. 
 
 Joel Cowan .McSpadden »is ili 
 Reverend T. K. B. md Elizibeih 
 McSpadden. 
 
 Jesse Barlley is the s..n i.| \\ill 
 .Milan and Sarah E. (C.uch) .MiIj 
 
 Milam, Mm. G- W.— (See Grant) Sji», 
 
 Ellen Couch, born near llilv. Tcx«. Oi\>\ 
 er 17. 1S63. educated in Texas and at Ih.- 
 Fenuale Seminary of the Chemkee Sail"-, 
 married October 2o. is.si. William Guif 
 .Milam, burn .March 12. l,S60 in Mnull- ■ 
 Lawrence county. Alabama. He i» the v - 
 of .1. B. and Sallie J. Milam. William Ouu n 
 and Sarah E. .Milam are the parents <•( I<«m- 
 Bartley, born .March to. i.ssi; AH" >■ 
 November 26. 1SS5; NiMilie. burn " 
 16. ISSS; Viola, born February i 
 Charles, born July 23. 1S94, enlijtej i;, :h.- 
 90th Division Headquarters Signal Corpyc. 
 3 5Sth. Infantry: was killed in action i; 
 Argonne. France. October 24. 1')|S. pac- 
 ing the supreme sacrifice that the •■•rlJ 
 might live: William Walker, burn July 2' 
 1896; Annie Wheeler, born September I- 
 1S98. and Gladys .May. born October t «. 
 1"01. 
 
 Nancy Ellen Adair, born October tS. IS' 
 married June 15. 1S56 Samuel Mllchrl 
 Couch, born January 5, tS38 in Alahanu 
 She died November I. 1S7 3. and he dif.1 
 September 25. i;i77. Thev were the p''- 
 ents of Sarah E. (Couch) Milam 
 
 William Guinn .Milam was elect : 
 Commissioner of Roqers count) i.-i ; 
 He is an active and broadmlnded ciiu- 
 taking interest in everv movement ("f P'lt- 
 lie welfare, supp'Ttin? the variou> cmc 
 movements, and roundini; out the iile i>l a 
 useful citizen. 
 
 Milam, Walker Mrr. (See I •..l.-tJi. < .,rj 
 ery. Downing and Grant) — Maude Irene M.- 
 Spadden, born April 5. |S'»(.. educated ii 
 Chelsea, and A- & M- C.llece at Slillmatc . 
 gr.iduated from the CheUea lli«h Sch.-.l In 
 1916. married at Chelsea .Ma> I". I'M? 
 William Walker .Milam, born luN 2>: I*''''. 
 educated at Chelsea. Kemper Mihia-'. Sch-J. 
 
576 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Booiiville, Missouri and Oklalioma Univer- 
 sity. He served in tiie army during the 
 Wdrid War; he is president of the Milam 
 Oil ompany, is a 32nd degree Mason and 
 Shriner. Mr. and Mrs. Milam are the pare- 
 ents of: William Thomas, born June 19, 
 Ids, and Walker .Mortlock, born January 
 2-t. 1421. 
 
 Robert Rogers, a quarter-blood Cherokee 
 married Sallie Vann, an eighth-blood Chero- 
 kee, born January 28, I8l8. He died July 
 4, 1842 and she died May 28, 1882. They 
 were the parents of Clement Vann Rogers, 
 born January 11, 1839, married Mary Ameri- 
 ca Schrimsher, born October 9, 1839. She 
 died May 28, 1890 and he died October 28, 
 1911. He was the oldest member of the 
 Oklahoma State Constitutional Convention, 
 and Rogers county was named in his honor. 
 
 Clement Vann, and Mary America Rogers 
 were the parents of: Sally Clementine, 
 married John Thomas McSpadden; Robert 
 Martin, died aged seventeen; Maude Ethel, 
 married Captain Lane Lane; May, married 
 John Matthews Yocan, and Frank Stine; Wil- 
 liam Penn Rogers, the celebrated comedian 
 and movie actor. 
 
 John Thomas and Sallie Clementine Mc- 
 Spadden are the parents of the subject of 
 this sketch. 
 
 Musgrove, Clem R. (See Grant and 
 Downing) — Clement Rogers, son of Francis 
 and Clara Elizabeth (Alberty) Musgrove, 
 born February 14, 1882 near Oowala. Edu- 
 cated at Oowala and Male Seminary, mar- 
 ried at Claremore December 25, 1905 Veta 
 L., daughter of Jonas F. and Rosa L. Harris. 
 They are the parents of: Dorothy L., born 
 July 1, 1909 and Edwin H. Musgrove born 
 September 16, 19 12. Clement R. Musgrove 
 is an Elk. He was appointed County Clerk 
 of Rogers County, May 3, 1920, and elect- 
 ed to the same position in November 1920. 
 
 Matheson, Mrs. A. R. — (See Thompson, 
 Thornton and Oolootsa) — Maudie, daughter 
 of Henry and Susan E. (Thompson) Eiffert 
 was born January 1. 1872 at Ft. Gibson, ed- 
 ucated at Vinita and in the Female Seminary; 
 married at .Muskogee, October 1, 1889 Al- 
 exander Ross Mathewson, born March 28, 
 1867 in St. Louis, Missouri. From this 
 union the following children were born: 
 Floyd, born October 9, 1894, married Lola 
 Beaubean; Richard Thomson, born January 
 13, 1897, married Erin Forsyth; Ross, born 
 
 May 24, 1899, married Grace Parrish and 
 Helen Matheson, born October 24, 1902, 
 married LaFayette Parrish. 
 
 Martin, Mrs. Granville — (See Grant and 
 Adair) — Granville, son of Joseph Lynch 
 and Jennie (Harlin) Martin born at Green- 
 brier, January 14, 1S76. Married November 
 2, 1902, Lala, daughter of Wiley and Mar- 
 garet (McLaughlin) Mayes, born January 
 11, ISSO, educated in Female Seminary. 
 They are the parents of: Clarence Markham, 
 born August 19, 1903; Alice Marie, born 
 December 12, 1904; Joseph, born June 7, 
 1907; Mayes, born September 23, 1909; 
 Marguerite, born November 6, 1912; Cun- 
 nie Jr., born March 16, 191 5 and Jennie 
 Louise Martin, born April 30, 1920. Mr. 
 Martin is a farmer and stockman. Mrs. Mar- 
 tin is a niece of the Chiefs, Joel M. and 
 Samuel H. Mayes. 
 
 Miller, Mrs. Robert — Nellie Anderson, 
 born Feb- 9, 1884, educated locally. Mar- 
 ried at Pryor April 21, 1903 Robert Miller, 
 born January IS, 1879 in Mayes County, 
 Oklahoma. They are the parents of: Tip 
 Bluford, born December 3 1, 1905; Martha 
 LaVaughn, born April 29, i9o8, and Roberta 
 M. Miller, born June 2, 1912. 
 
 Rufus Anderson, born February 27, 1853, 
 in Illinois. Married in 1877, Melvina Way- 
 burn, born January 27, lS59. 
 
 Mayes, George W. — (See Adair, Gant and 
 Foreman) — George Washington Mayes, born 
 in Going Snake District, November 21, 1848 
 educated in the Cherokee National schools, 
 married April 18, 1872 Susie Emory Martin, 
 born July 25, 1854. They were the parents 
 of: Tip Cicero, born June l, 1873; Carrie 
 B., born June 16, 1875; Pixie A., born Jan- 
 uary 31, 1879; Edward T., born July 15, 
 18S4 and Richard C. Mayes, born April 20, 
 1887. Mr. Mayes is a successful farmer 
 and stockman. He lives on the location of 
 tTie Captain Nathaniel Pryor farm which was 
 settled before 1S20 and is the oldest farm 
 in Oklahoma. George W. Mayes is a sturdy 
 representative citizen and an ideal Ameri- 
 can. He was elected Councilor from Coo- 
 weescoowee District August 3, 1893 and 
 5, 1901. He was elected sheriff of Mayes 
 County November 8, 1910 and November 5, 
 1912. Mr. Mayes Cheroke name is, Tou- 
 uneetor Youngbeaver. He is a Baptist and 
 belongs to the Odd Fellows and is a Scottish 
 Rite of the eighteenth degree. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHK INDIANS 
 
 George Washington Mayes, born Novem- 
 ber 5. 1S24. married May 21, iS46 Char- 
 lotte, daughter of Rev. Jesse and Irlizabeth 
 (Wilkerson) Bushyhead, born March 16, 
 1830. She died January 23, 1S7S and he 
 . died October 28, 1S04. Thev were the 
 parents of: Jesse Bushyhead. born Febru- 
 ary 13, 1847; George Washington, subject 
 of this sketch; Nancy Jane, wife of Judge 
 James M. Keys; Elizabeth, wife of John 
 Henry Covel; Edward Bushyhead, born June 
 8, 1853 and died in March 1S74; Walter 
 Adair, born December 10. 1860; Joh;i 
 Thompson, born June 6. 1S63 and Sanuiel 
 Houston, born October 1, 1866. 
 
 Murphy, Looney Looney Murphy, born 
 
 April 16, 1803. Married at Tahlei|uah, 
 March l5, 1018 Stella Stevens, born March 
 22. 180 7. They are the parents of Thomas 
 Murphv, born January 5, lOio. Looney 
 was in service in France fur four months 
 during the World War. 
 
 Murphy, Mrs. Ama'nda. — Amanda Terrell, 
 born June 14, lS7l. Married at Tahlequah. 
 June 23, 1888 Thomas Murphy. b(]rn Sep- 
 tember 13, 1863, died October 17, 1020. 
 They were the parents of Sallie, married 
 Benjamin Riggs and has four children: 
 Theodora, Ruby. Madeline and Jewell Rigg^; 
 Looney; Thomas and Herbert. 
 
 Mayes, S. H. Jr. — (See Grant. Forema:i 
 and Adair). — Samuel Houston, son o! 
 George Washington and Charlotte (Bush-.- 
 head) Mayes was born in the Choctaw Na- 
 tion. October 11, 1866, educated in Saline 
 District and Male Seminary, from which he 
 graduated May 14, 1886. Married on Mark- 
 hams Prairie, August 2, 1802, Florence, 
 daughter of Frank and Sarah Nicodemus. 
 horn at Tahlequah. November 20. 1871. 
 They are the parents of Charlotte E., bom 
 May 6, 1 803, married Robert Sanders; Pearl 
 Christine, born November 10. 1804, mar- 
 ried Robert Langston; Ruth, born July 15, 
 1896, and Sarah, born June 10. lOol. Air. 
 Mayes is a farmer near Pryor. His Cheroke.! 
 name is Sa-moo-sti. He was elected to 
 Council from Coowuscoowee District, Aug- 
 ust 5, 1901. He is the nephew of Principal 
 Chiefs: Dennis W. Bushyhead. Joel B. and 
 Samuel H. Mayes. 
 
 John Stuart was born in Scotland during 
 the first quarter of the eighteenth century 
 and was sent to Fort London on the Tenn- 
 essee River as a Captain of a British Com- 
 pany of highland Scotch in 1754 . He mar- 
 
 ried Susannah tmcrv a quirlcrbl.».a Chu . 
 kee and was knuwn on accounl ..( hit m. r 
 of hair as i),.-n..-dul nr Hu^h>hod Hr i • 
 Susannah had ..ne s.,n, »h.. nf.cc h.J . 
 other name than 0..-n...dul jna (f..m !h,: 
 time forward the Sluirli in Ihr rhrt-i. 
 Nation have in\ariabl\ bc-n t 
 Bushvhead. 
 
 Madison, Mr>. Robrrt L 
 daughter of Cvrus and l.\du 0' ^,. 
 Cornatzer was burn in Iielcwarc |.,it .■ 
 May 22, 1874 and educated In Kin»jt. Mi- 
 ried at Vinita. Nnvember Id. IS'<2, K"h' i 
 L., son of Isaac Gray and Elizabeth Madn.. ■ 
 born October S, ISiM in Hickorv i:<.uni. 
 A\issouri. They are the pirenlt n( l\Jty 
 born April 6, 1804; Oabnv Lee, b..rn Ap' ' 
 28, 1002 and Joseph Farris .Madn"n. b..fn 
 May 22, 1004. Mr. .Madis.m is a tarnif 
 and orchardist near Bis Cabin. 
 
 Cyrus Cornatzer. born in Johntnn i^.-unt. 
 Kansas, February 10. |,S52. married ii 
 March 1870. Lydia Boggan, born in Wadei. 
 borough. North Carolina. Utcember I J. 
 1852. She died September 4. jgoq. 
 
 Cyrus C. Cornatzer lives in VInll*. He 
 was the last Chief the Shawnee Trib« baJ 
 before allotment. 
 
 Merritt, Mrs. Leon C. — (S«< Grant and 
 Halfbreed). — Hope Eva Bowman. N-rn l>t 
 cember 20, ISS", educated at Pryr>f and 
 Female Seminary. .Married July 8. I<>0>. 
 Leon C. .Merritt. They are the parcntt .«( 
 Fern Aileen, born September 20. f'"" 
 Naomi Leon, born June II. I''I0; Tim.'th> 
 Clarence, born October 20. I'>1' and Alic* 
 Inez .Merritt. born December I.?. \'n'K 
 
 Leon C Merritt is an autom-'bile deal.-f 
 at Chelsea. .Mrs. Merriit is a member ..( ihr 
 Christian church and the Wrnidmen's I'i'cl' 
 Eastern Star and Rebecca orders ll<-f r»- 
 ents were James Earl and lane Ida (Wilvn, 
 Bowman, the latter is the dauithier ■■< '■ 
 bert and Eleanur Ophelia (Micks) Wil""> 
 
 Mitchell, Robert Lee (See Ohlc" and 
 Rogers)— Robert Lee .Mitchell, N.'n Ar"i 
 10, 1S76 in Cherokee Nali^m llts < hfr..krf 
 name is Quaqua. Educated in the Ct>cfi.t< 
 Public Schools and Male SemlnaM Ir.-n 
 which he graduated lune 2.^, i»''5 He •« 
 an instructor at the Cherokee "rpban Au 
 lum from IS05 to ISOO and al Ibe Male 
 Seminary fr-m f'oo to I"o: (-.rad«.ie4 
 from the Medical Deparlnient "t the fnUef- 
 Mtv of Ark. in l"04. He Waled .« hi' 
 
578 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 present home in Viiiita in the practice of 
 medicine. He is an Episcopalian and has ad- 
 vanced as far as the shrine in Masonry- He 
 has lieen a member of the city school board. 
 He married at Muskogee, Okla., on June i, 
 1915 Josephine G- Barker, born September 
 19, iSSl in Cooweescoowee District. She is 
 the daughter of Artemus Andrew and Mary 
 A. (Rogers) Barker. Artemus A. Barker 
 was born December 4, lS5l in Morton, 
 Scott County, Mississippi, married Febru- 
 ary 20, 1878 Mary A. Rogers, born Febru- 
 ary 7, 1860 in Chico, Butte County, Cali- 
 fornia- Mary A. Rogers was the daughter 
 of Thomas and Susan (Cochran) Rogers. 
 Josephine G. Barker graduated from the 
 Female Seminary May 25, 1900 and did posi 
 graduate work at Forest Park University, St. 
 Louis, Missouri. She belongs to the 
 Episcopal church and is a member of the 
 Sachem Club. Dr- and Mrs. Robert Lee 
 Mitchell are the parents of one son, Robert 
 Thurston Mitchell, born at Vinita. May 28, 
 1916- They were very active in world war 
 work, Mrs- Mitchell in the Red Cross and 
 allied services and Dr. Mitchell entered th-". 
 service on May 18, 1918 in the Medical 
 Corps, was in France and Germany for 18 
 months, during which time he was advanc- 
 ed to a Captaincy, and is now a member of 
 the medical reserve corps with rank of 
 Major. 
 
 Ma'tney, Mrs. D. B Mamie, daughter of 
 
 Barney and Susie Tucker was born March 
 8, 1S68, in Johnson County, Kansas, edu- 
 cated in that county. Married in Kansas City, 
 Kansas, May l, 188 7, David B-, son of John 
 R- and Missouri Matney, born October 8, 
 1862 in Jackson County, Missouri. They 
 are the parents of Albert J., born March -1, 
 1888, married Jennie Connel, had two 
 children, Albert Eugene, born November 1, 
 1911 and Geneva Matney, born December 
 14, 1913- Albert J. died at Roswell, New 
 Me.xico, January 21, 1915 and Lewis 
 Franklin Matney, born August 2 7, 1SS9 
 Mr. Matney is a farmer near Vinita. 
 
 Lewis Franklin Matney married Bessie 
 Roberts nee Hale at Vinita, Craig County, 
 Oklahoma, August 30, I9l9. Served in 
 World War from July 1918 to Decembc-r 
 21, 1918. 
 
 Moore, Mrs. A. J. — (See Ga-sa-du-e-sge) 
 — Bessie Shutt, born at Springfield, Missouri 
 February 4, 1874, educated at Springfield 
 and the Female Seminary. She married at 
 
 Wagoner, December 12, 1900, A. J., son of 
 J. W. and Elizabeth Moore. A. J. and Bes- 
 sie (Shutt) Moore are the parents of: How- 
 ard W., born October 17, 1901 and Mal- 
 colm, born January 2, 1904. Mr. Moore is 
 a pharmacist and Mrs. Moore is a member of 
 the Christian Scientist cluirch and is a Re- 
 becca- 
 Delilah Amelia, daughter of James and 
 Elizabeth Vann was born in 1795, married 
 David McNair, born 17 74. He died August 
 15, 1836 and she died November 30, 1838. 
 Their daughter Elizabeth married .John Bean 
 and John Weir. Her children were: Amelia, 
 David, Talbert, Augustus, William E. and 
 Almira Neely Bean; Susan Virginia and Clem- 
 entine Weir. The latter was born May 15, 
 1848 and married at Springfield, Missouri, 
 February 9, 1865 Augustus A. Shutt, a 
 native of Virginia. He died April 8, 1875. 
 They were the parents of Ella Virginia, John 
 Weir and Bessie Shutt. The latter the sub- 
 ject of this sketch. 
 
 Benjamin Gold of Litchfield, Connecticut, 
 the father-in-law of Elias Boudinot stopped 
 at the home of David and Delilah Amelia Mc- 
 Nair in October 1829 and in a letter to his 
 brother Hezekiah wrote. "He had a beauti- 
 ful white house, and about six or seven 
 hundred acres of the best land you ever saw 
 and negroes enough to tend it and clear as 
 much more as he pleased. He raised this 
 year about five thousand bushels of corn 
 and it would make you feel small to see his 
 situation." 
 
 Patterson, M. L. — (See Berry and Ghigau) 
 — M. L., son of Thomas and Adeline (Berry) 
 Patterson, was born December 21,1856, in 
 South Carolina. Married July 14, 1890 
 Zona, daughter of Albert and Sarah Dawson, 
 born February 5, 1870 in Tarrant County, 
 Texas. They are the parents of Sarah, born 
 April 21, 1891; Martha, born January 1, 
 1893; Claude A., born .March 6. 1895, serv- 
 ed in the A. E. F. for two years in France 
 as sniper; Edgar Dawson, born July 3, 
 189 7, served for two years and six month.s 
 on the battleship South Carolina in the navy; 
 Thomas, born June 9, 1899; Roscoe, born 
 December 24, 1893; Ola born July 17, 1907 
 Fredrick, born October 12, 1909, and Virgil 
 V. born August 29, 1901. 
 
 Mr. Patterson is a farmer near Talala. 
 Post, Mrs. Caroline — (See Hendricks). — 
 Caroline Woodall born November 29, 185 5. 
 Married .it Tahlequah, July 3 0, 1881, John 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHHKOKHi; INDlANs 
 
 S7'> 
 
 Beaver Post, born Julv I6. is 4'). They are 
 the parents of: Williain, Margaret. Andrew, 
 Addielee, Charles and Daniel Post. Charles 
 Post served through the World War. 
 
 Padgett, Mrs. T. R — Rena Anderson, 
 born near Pryor, November 5, 1SS7. Edn- 
 cated locally. Married August 2<i, t<)06 T. 
 R. Padgett, born November 2. 1SS5 in 
 Morgan County, Missouri. They are the 
 parents of: Jessie Bluford, born June 21 
 1907; Nolan Floyd, born December 29, 191 i; 
 Nellie Edith, born July 5, 1917 and Alma 
 Rena Padgett, born September 7, 1920. 
 
 Mrs. Padgett is the daughter of Rufus 
 Anderson, born February 27, 1S53 in Ill- 
 inois and Melvina (Wayburn) Anderson born 
 January 17, 1S5 9 in Texas. 
 
 Poplin, Mrs. George W.— (See Ward) — 
 Catherine O. Chandler, born at Siloam, Ar- 
 kansas, January 26, 1873 and educated at 
 Vinita- Married at Vinita, January 18, 189l 
 George Washington, son of William H. and 
 Sarah Jane Poplin, born December 10. 1872 
 in Stodard County, Missouri. They are the 
 parents of Anna Jane, born November 2S. 
 1891; Ora Adelia, born March 18, 1893; 
 Gaithor Oliver, born July 23, 1895; Mar- 
 guerite, born October 9, 1897; Rosebud, 
 born September 24, 1899; Nellie, born 
 March 29, 1902; Van and Nan, twins, born 
 April 16, 1^06; Loren Ross, born June 11. 
 1908 and Ray Poplin, born December 20. 
 1910. 
 
 Gaithor Oliver Poplin enlisted in th> 
 World War at Pryor, September 22, 1917. 
 Was made Corporal Company A, 344th ^\■ 
 G. B. N. Promoted to Sergeant October l, 
 1918. Was in the offensive at Villa en Have 
 August 24 to September 11, 1918 and St- 
 Mihiel, Preverenville. Meuse. Argonne and 
 Breussey from Sept 12 to November i;. 
 1918. He was gassed on September i~. 
 1918 at St. Mihiel. Was in the Armv of 
 Occupation at Gillenfeld, Germany from 
 December 19, 191S to May 19, 1919. Sailed 
 for America May 2 8,1918 and was discharg- 
 ed at Camp Pike, Arkansas, June 23, 1919. 
 George W. Poplin is a bridge carpenter 
 for the M. K. & T. K. R. with headquarters 
 at Adair. Mrs. Poplin is a sister of Con- 
 gressman Chandler of the First District ol 
 Oklahoma 
 
 Anna Eliza, daughter of Calde.an and 
 Nancy (Ward) Gunter married Burgess 
 Gaithor Chandler and they are the parents 
 
 of ,MiS. Catherine t> (Chanjltr) l'<.phii 
 
 Parkinion, Mary T«rTy. — (< 
 
 Addie M.iliiula Cbl*. b,,rn v 
 
 lS7u, cduc.ilfd in the rhff.i . 
 
 schools and leinile Scmkiuiv. mtim-J ji 
 
 Wagoner, June 4, i,S'»t Jetr\ \ !•)•» ■ 
 
 born .May 12, iSdO in (:ii||i'< , 
 
 sas. They are the pirriil\ ..| 
 
 born iMay 1, I.S'i; who niifr...! ■. 
 
 Williamson, and ihev hive {hire dlut^^ ■ 
 
 .Mary June, Helen Isabel ind P.-ll ■■ i' 
 
 Rulh, born August 28. 18'i.». 
 
 Roy Cunningham; Joseph T*t: 
 
 ruary '', l8'>;. married Looli 
 
 bel Jane, born Oclnber ;o, i 
 
 lames I'avid Garrison and ha.! 
 
 ter, Lotta Jane, born Sepleir 
 
 .Mrs. Garrison died [)ecembi- 
 
 Addie Florence, born Januir> !■. 
 
 married March 6, loi') Aiexinder (..•»• 
 
 and have one child. K\ex firkmjn. b-r i 
 
 February 6. 1<)20; Bruce Cobb, b<>rn ^^■^ 
 
 30, I'^Ol; Evie, born July l'». I'>"J »'J 
 
 James Parkinson, born July 27, T'm 
 
 Terry A. Parkinson is entued In (irr 
 ing, stock raising and has extensive ml tnd 
 realty holdings. .Mrs. Parkinson Is i h-n <• 
 woman, a Presbyterian, Enlern Slir. n-l 
 President of the Arts and Crilts Club Vr 
 Parkinson is a Democrat and »it t\t<uS 
 County Clerk of WiRoner cnunly In I'M 5- 
 16, from which office he reslrned In Oclo 
 ber 1917 and was elected to the lower fcou»< 
 (.f the Legisualure from Wajoner count* In 
 1'>1S. 
 
 Evaline, daughter of Mextnict jnd S\t> 
 tha (Blythe) Clingin. »is born in HmJ:. 
 county Tennessee April I *<, IS15. 
 December 15, lS57 Joseph Bcnv.n 
 born July 26, lS28 in Blount C"unt^ 
 essee. He died March 22, IS'".. i 
 died November 17. 1918. Thev » 
 parents of Mrs. Addie M. I'arkinv^n 
 Prater, Mr.. Henry L D.— (See I 
 Ghigau and llildebrand)— llenf> ' 
 Dawes, son of Henry Sheridan and 
 Celeste (Thompson) Prater. N-rn t 
 t3 1900. Married December >•• 
 Martha, daughter of John and B<lt.e 
 Ham. born April 27. i""" The^ 
 parents of William Eugene VixU' 
 April 23. l"20. Mr. and Mr^ Pra.c, »■' 
 farming near Adair- 
 Clara, daughter o( Thomaa U.l« iV 
 
580 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Amelia (Alberty) Rider married David 
 George Thompson and they were the par- 
 ents of Mattie Celeste (Thompson) Prater. 
 Jennie, daughter of Stephen and Mary 
 (Pi)tts) Hildebrand married William Lucas 
 and they were the parents of Bettie (Lucas) 
 Ham. 
 
 Prater, David George. — (See Downing and 
 Ghigau) — David George Prater, liorn Aug- 
 ust 10, 1SS9. Married December IS, 1907 
 Clennie B., daughter of Thomas and Susan 
 C. Jackson, born in 1890 in Carroll County. 
 Arkansas. They are the parents of: Lelanrt 
 Stanford, born March 7, 1909; George Sher- 
 idan, born April 18, 1911; Guy Thomas, 
 burn February 1, 191 3; William Granville, 
 born February 4, 191 5; Beatrice, born 
 October 2, I9l7 and Celeste Prater born 
 February 6, 1920. Mr. Prater is a farmer 
 near Adair. He is an Odd Fellow and 
 Ancient Order of United Workman. Mrs. 
 Prater belongs to the Rebeccas. 
 
 Moses Alberty, born April 18, 1788 in 
 Surry County, North Carolina. Married Sal- 
 lie Wright. Their daughter Amelia, born 
 January 2, 1839 married Thomas Lewis 
 Kider and they were the parents of Clarissa 
 ("aniline who married David George Thomp- 
 son and their daughter Martha Celeste mar- 
 ried Henry Sheridan Prater and they were 
 the parents of David George Prater. 
 
 Propp, Mrs. F. W. (See Ghigau) — Mary 
 Eleanor, daughter of David and Lucinda Anji 
 (Harlan) Archer, born in Kansas, May 2, 
 1867, and educated in Cherokee County, 
 Kansas. Married at Baxter Springs in that 
 state, January 2, 1888 Frederick William, 
 son of Carl and Henrietta (Stabnow) Propp, 
 born July 22, 1859 in Germany. They are 
 the parents of: Carl Williard, born August 
 21, 1906 and Elva Carlene Propp, born De- 
 cember 30, 1910. Mr. Propp is a farmer 
 and stock raiser near Adair. Mrs. Propp is 
 a Presbyterian and a member of the Grange 
 and Rebeccas. 
 
 David M., son of Ezekial and Hannah 
 (Lewis) Harlan married Lucinda Tucker and 
 they were the parents of Lucinda Ann (Har- 
 lan) Archer. 
 
 William Harlan of Durham County, Eng- 
 land was the father of James Harlan of Monk, 
 wearmouth, England and he was the father 
 of George Harlan born about 1649, who to- 
 gether with his wife Elizabeth came to 
 American in 1887 and settled in Chester 
 
 County, Pennsylvania. Their son, Ezekial 
 Harlan, married Mary Beyer and they were 
 the parents of Ezekial Harlan who married 
 Hannah Obern. All of the above named 
 were 0"'il^>?rs and from George forward they 
 lived in Chester County, where also was 
 born Ellis, born about 1733, the son of 
 Ezekial and Hannah (Obern) Harlan who 
 married Catherine, a full blood Cherokee and 
 they were the parents of Ezekial Harlan who 
 niariied Hannah Lewis. 
 
 Roberts, Charles D. — (See Grant. 
 Downing, Foreman and Sanders). — Essi:- 
 Elizabeth Foreman, whose Cherokee name is 
 Chiuka, was born at Chelsea, December 1, 
 1886. Graduated from Cottey College, Ne- 
 vada, Missouri in 1908. Was Art teacher in 
 Chelsea, Oklahoma. Married at Tulsa, July 
 29, 1916 Charles D. Robarts. He is a thirty- 
 second degree Mason and entered the marine 
 service in the World War on August 3, l91.'i 
 and was awarded a medal of honor. Mrs. 
 Robarts is an Episcopalian and Eastern Star. 
 
 Nelson B., son of Ellis and Margaret 
 (Richardson) Foreman was born in Going 
 Snake District, November 20, 1860. Mar- 
 ried November 8, 1882 Nannie C Williams, 
 born November 26, 1862 in Te,xas. 
 
 Robertson, Judge A. E. (See Ghigau, 
 Foreman, Riley and Conrad).. — Arthur Evans 
 son of Evans Price and Sarah Ellen (Spears) 
 Robertson was born at Hulbert, Cherokee 
 Nation, Tuesday, September 18, 1888. He 
 was educated in the Cherokee National 
 Schools, Henry Kendall College of Muskogee, 
 graduating from the preparatory depart- 
 ment; St. Charles Military College, St. 
 Charles, Missouri; University of Tulsa, from 
 which he graduated; University of Okla- 
 homa, Norman, Oklahoma and University of 
 Paris, Paris, France. He served in the A. E. 
 F. in France with the 143rd Infantry, 36th 
 Division. His Cherokee name is Wah-la-see 
 and he belongs to the Bird Clan. He is a 
 member of the Presbyterian church and th.; 
 Knights of Pythias fraternity. 
 
 Reverend Evans Price, son of Wade Hamp- 
 ton, and Diana (Hair) Robertson was born 
 at Tahlequah, October 10, 1855. Married 
 at Tahlequah, June 24, 1883 Sarah Ellen, 
 daughter of Eli and Elizabeth (Hall) Spears, 
 born at Catchertown, Tahlequah District, 
 April 3, 1855. Wade Hampton Robertson 
 a native of McMinn County, Tennessee. A 
 member of Company E. Second Indian Home 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHE INDIANS 
 
 SS\ 
 
 Guards. He \v;\s killed in a skirmish at 
 Tahlequali on March 28, 1863. orisiiially 
 buried in the Chemkee Capiti'l Stjiiare but 
 later removed to the city cemetery. 
 
 Arthur Evans Kobertson was elected 
 County Judge of Cherokee County, Ndveni- 
 ber 2, iq20. 
 
 Odle, Mrs- Marvin (See Ward). — Luiu 
 
 Brown, born near Pryor. I'ecenilvr 10, 
 ISSI, educated at Pryor. Married at Adair, 
 January 22, I'lOO George Southerland. 
 They were the parents of Sequoyah Vann, 
 born June 16, 1901; Mary Helen, horn Jan- 
 uary 27, 1904. and Maurine Southerland, 
 born August 3, 1908. Mrs. Lulu Souther- 
 land married July 21. l9o8 Marvin, son ol 
 John and Mary Odle, born April 5, 1SS5 in 
 Henry County, Missouri- They are the 
 parents of: Alma Beatrice, born March 11, 
 1911; Charles Eugene, born June IS, 191' 
 and Virginia Lee Odle, born October 25, 
 1917. Mr. Odle is farming near Pryor. 
 
 Charles Ward married Rutt Hollingsworth 
 Their daughter Mary Adeline Ward married 
 Joseph Brown and they were the parents < I 
 Charles Brown, born in Texas, March i:, 
 185 4. He married at Salina, Cherokee 
 Nation, July 30, ISSO Mary Coker, born ii, 
 Boone County, Arkansas, January 2i, iSh: 
 
 Reagan, Austin.— (See Foreman)— Austin 
 Greely, son of Meriweather G- and Lydia A. 
 (Hicks) Keagan. born September 25, 1SS8, 
 educated in Male Seminary from which he 
 graduated May 29, 1907. He married at 
 Tahlequah, September 17, I9l/, Gra.e, 
 daughter of John Robert and Nancy J. Wade, 
 born May iS, 1896. They are the parents 
 of: Knowlton, born March 3u, 1918; Ru-h- 
 l,en. born December 30. un9. a..d the 
 twins Woodrow and Warren Reagan, boin 
 March 4 1921. Mr. Regan is a farmer and 
 school teacher in Cher.^kee Ccounty, Okla- 
 homa. 
 
 Renfro, Mrs- William D.-(See RUey)^- 
 Betty Sutherlin, born September 19 ISJ/, 
 educated at the Cherokee Orphan Asylum 
 Married December 2S, 1897 Wiinan,Dav,, 
 
 son of Dave K. and Alef (TUlman) R -. 
 born August 29. 1S70 in Brown C^u - 
 Texas. They are the parents of. Will an 
 David, born January 26. '""f ^"'f .'V .'o, 
 entin tthe 1922 class in the UmverOo, 
 
 Oklahoma, where he is a '-if'^^J^^ 
 A,phaKappa^P.;;.ten,ity, H^^«. 
 
 Ser'a:d:m;:^HaTheta;AlefAde- 
 
 laide. born rebruirv 2.1, \'io*, and lm« ittn 
 Renfro, burn October lo, t")o7. 
 
 Adelaide .McOuilliinis nrr llridt mirfl«d 
 in Novenit>er IS7S KichirJ l.iliNrlU South 
 eriin, born May I. IS4I. in llr»jn (".••unH. 
 Kentucky. He served during Ih* i:i»ll * *» 
 in the First Tennessee Civilrv, ('.<>n(fdrr>i.' 
 Army. .Mrs. Southcrlln died Fcbruir* 1 . 
 1SS7. and he died in IS.S'I, They *et( Ih' 
 parents of .Mrs. William !>• H«nCro. Mr. 
 Renfro is a retired rinchnun. 
 
 Reed, Mary Thrroa — (Sec Griiit) — Ml" 
 Theresa Flippin daughter ..(, J F. ind .Mi'> 
 Lane (Little) Fliprin >">! Kf»"'l-<liu«'"*' "' 
 William and Theresa Lane (OivIM LIUU «n 
 born at Verdigris. June 2''. IS'Xi, married Jl 
 Clareniore September ?. t'»l5 A. f ti*ei 
 born April lo, 1S'>3 in Arkaniav Th«v arr 
 the parents of: Klizabelh Ann. h<«rn ncl<>h- 
 er 26. 1916 and lames Franklin K**d. S«rii 
 November 24. l9i<). .Mr. Reed it »»jt»i»tii 
 cashier of the Farmers Bank »nd Truti < ■ 
 of Claremore. 
 
 Ross. Nellie K.— (See Grant. Sandec 
 Ross and Ghigau) — Nellie Kalhenne Mc- 
 Leod, born February S. 1ST 2 at Tahle^ujh 
 Educated in the Cherokee Public Sch.-.'v 
 Female Seminary and Drury O'llefe. Sr""t 
 field. .Missouri. She married April !'>. I' ' 
 George Starr Ross, born June ::. l»o5. >U 
 was educated in the Cherokee Sat)..nii 
 Schools and Male Seminary. He died No*em 
 ber 24, 1894. They were the r»f«"" '' 
 Wayne McLeod born February 27. |S'>1 and 
 Roy Vivian Ross, born January 1 5. I*'»» 
 and died October •). i02o. .Mrs f"" 
 Cherokee name is lyuka. She l» i ?'*♦• 
 bvterian and a member o( the Oueit CluC 
 Wavne McLeod Ross is a b.-.k-keer«r i" 
 the Farmers Bank and Trust .:..mr*n> il 
 Claremore. 
 
 Mrs Ross' parents were Murd-xk Mc 
 Leod, born January 2S. tSM a. .-.ar' '•»«• 
 Picton County, Nova Scotia, he nwrr 
 Februarv 10. 1868 Annie Henr. Uf..^. 
 born August 5. ,8 5. at Tah.equah. he d -J 
 December 31. 1R"' and he d-ed Mav IV 
 
 ' Ro... Shorr, W.-Amon, .He CoUeC.;- 
 „f papers and charters ..( .he rel.n..<Ale.^ 
 
 4.r II Kine of Scolland 1» » "•»'»"" "' 
 Ferquhard Ross, of the larldom o, H.at 1 
 
58; 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 whom the Highland Clan Aindreas took its 
 name. Firquhard, Earl of Ross founded ths 
 abbey of Fearn in Rosshire. His son Wil- 
 liam was one of the Scottish nobles who, un- 
 der Alexander HI, bound themselves to make 
 no peace with England in which the Prince 
 and chiefs of Wales were not included- 
 
 John, Earl of Ross was also Earl of Buchan 
 and later Hugh became Laird of Balnagowan. 
 His grandson Hugh, the third Laird of Balna- 
 gowan married Lady Janet, the daughter of 
 the Earl of Sutherland, suzereign of Suther- 
 landshire. 
 
 The Ross coat of arms, granted in 16S1 
 bears the motto; "Floret Qui Laborat." 
 
 Daniel Ross was born in 1760 in Suth- 
 erlandshire, Scotland. He married at Chick- 
 amauga in 17S6 Mollie McDonald born No- 
 vember 1, 17 70- She died October 5, 1808 
 and Daniel Ross died May 22, 1830. Eliza 
 Ross was born May 25, 1789, married John 
 Golden Ross, born Dec. 22. 1878, died June 
 2, 1858. 
 
 Daniel and Mollie Ross were the parents 
 of: Jennie, born March 25, 1789 and mar- 
 ried Joseph Cordey, born Feb. 19, 17 79. 
 Died Oct. u, 1859. John Ross, Principal 
 chief of the Cherokee Nation from 1828 to 
 1866; Susannah, born December 10. 1793 
 and married Henry Nave; Lewis, born Feb- 
 ruary 20, 1795; Andrew, born December 19 
 1798; Annie, born November 15, 1800 and 
 married William Nave; Margaret, born July 
 5, 1803 and married Elijah Hicks; Marie, 
 born January 13, 1806 and married Jonathan 
 Mulkey. 
 
 John Golden and Elizabeth Ross were the 
 parents of: William Potter, Principal Chief 
 of the Cherokee Nation; Daniel Hughes, Miss 
 E. Jane, John Andrew, Miss EInora. and 
 Lewis Anderson Ross. The latter was born 
 July 2, 183 4. Elected Senator from Table- 
 quah District in 1867, 1869 and 1873. He 
 married on January 29, 1868 Miss Nellie 
 Potts. He was elected auditor of the Chero- 
 kee Nation in 1869 and 1884. He died 
 April 12. 1885. 
 
 Lewis Anderson and Nellie Ross were 
 the parents of: McDonald, born August 19. 
 186'); Shorey W., born March 9, 1871; Eliza, 
 born December 15, 1872; William, born 
 January 5, 1875; Lewis, Wirt, born March 
 7, 1880 and Daniel Ross, February 17, l8S.-i. 
 
 Shorey W. Ross is the ablest literary indi- 
 vidual fif the Cherokee Nation and an un- 
 
 conscious follower of the old Ross motto of 
 "He prospers who labors." He depends for 
 most of his material on the legend and folk- 
 lore indigenous to his locality and the only 
 instances of errors in his articles are attri- 
 butable to some few of the stories that are 
 told to him, but with a true Scotch canniness 
 he is generally able to sift the true from the 
 false. The literature of the Cherokees and 
 the State lose many gems because of the 
 natural reticence of one of Nature's noble- 
 men; Shorey W- Ross. 
 
 Robinson, Juliette M. (See Oolootsa, Ghe 
 gau, Adair and Grant) — John Gunter Scrim- 
 sher, born August 17, 183 5 in Alabama. 
 Educated in the Cherokee public schools and 
 Male Seminary. Taught school one term at 
 Greenleaf and married September 15, 1859 
 Juliette Melvina Scrimsher, born August 7, 
 1841. He was a Captain in the Confederate 
 Service and a Senator in the Southern Cher- 
 okee Council during the Civil war. He was 
 elected sheriff of Cooweescoowee District 
 August 5, 1867 and August 5, 1877; Sena- 
 tor August 4, 1879 and August 6, 1883; De- 
 lagate to Washington 1883 and 1885, Sena- 
 tor August 1, 1877; District Judge August 
 1, 1893 and Senator August 2, 1897. He 
 was killed by a lightning stroke on July 5, 
 i')05. 
 
 John Gunter and Juliette Melvina (Can- 
 dy) Scrimsher were the parents of Sarah 
 Catherine, born July 27, 1866 married 
 March 2, 1890 William Edward Sanders and 
 died January 28, 1892; Elizabeth Bell born 
 September 3, 1873 and married Stephen 
 Riley Lewis; Ernest Vivian born July 24, 
 1875 and married Susie Philips and Juliette 
 Melvina born January 12, 1878. Graduated 
 from Female Seminary June 1, 1898- Mar- 
 ried May 10. 1002 Abraham Vandyke Robin- 
 son born April IS, 18 78- 
 
 A. V. and Juliette Melvina Robinson are 
 the parents of: Hubert Spencer, born April 
 2.1903; Lulu Elizabeth born March 18, 1906 
 Abraham Vandyke born August 9, 1911 and 
 Juliette Melvina Robinson born January 26. 
 1914. Abraham Vandyke Robinson wa^ 
 elected Court Clerk of Rogers County, Okla- 
 homa in 1918 and 1920. Mrs. Robinson's 
 Cherokee name is, Cowana and she belongs 
 to the Deer Clan. 
 
 Smith, George W — George Washington 
 Smith, born in Flint District, July IS, 1878, 
 educated locally and in Male Seminary. Mar- 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKlfH INDIANS 
 
 SH\ 
 
 ried Nov. 24, 19U"1. Jennie May Paden. burn 
 Sept. 24, 1SS5. They are the parents of 
 Grover Paden, born Aug. ooth, \'H\y: and 
 George Washington Smith, Jr, bom April 14. 
 190 7. George Washington is a Royal Arch 
 Mason. He was a member of the legislatu-e 
 from Adair County in l'>10 and 1911. 
 
 Chief Charles R. Hicks married Nanc;. 
 Broom and their daughter Elsie married 
 Jeremiah Horn, they are the parents of John 
 Horn who married Nellie Miller and their 
 daughter, Elizabeth, married Charles Smi'h 
 and they were the parents of George Wash- 
 ington Smith, the subject of the sketch. 
 Mrs. Smith is the daughter of Benjamni 1". 
 and Lucv Paden and the grand-daughter of 
 Benjamin and Elmire (.Miller) Paden. 
 
 Sanders, Mrs. Benjamin F. (See England, 
 Hildebrand and Ghigau) — Martha Jane, 
 daughter of James Franklin and .Mary Jane 
 (England) Williams was born in Cherokee 
 Nation, April 9, 1S70. Educated in the 
 Cherokee Nation. Married at Vinita. AuKu,^t 
 7, 1887, Benjamin Franklin Sanders, born 
 June 30, iSbl in Clay County, Te.xas. They 
 are the parents of Alartha Leoma Sanders, 
 born August 18, 1890. Educated in Female 
 Seminary, Hardin College, Me.xico, Missouri 
 and the Southern Seminary. Beuna Vist.i. 
 Virginia, graduating from the latter institu- 
 tion. She married James H- Thigpin, a 
 graduate of the Alabama State Agricultural 
 College. They are now living at Fort Worth 
 Texas, where he is the Superintendent of 
 the Refrigerating Department of the Swift 
 Packing Plant. He is a thirty second degree 
 Mason and Shriner. 
 
 Mr. Sanders is one of the most successful 
 farmers and stockraisers of Craig County. 
 
 Sanders, Mrs. Bryan E. (See Grant and 
 Ward)— Adda LaDavIe, daughter of John 
 Lowrev and Laura Ann (Edmondson) Ward 
 was born Wednesday August 8, 1895. Bdu- 
 cited in the Cherokee public schools and 
 Female Seminary. Married at Tulsa Nov 
 29, 1917 Bryan Elton son of William^ Henry 
 and Rose Marv Sanders, born .Julv 2 5, 1S9: 
 in Benton County, Ark. They are the par- 
 ents of Mariann Josephine Sanders, born 
 Julv 6 19^1. Mrs. Sanders is a member o. 
 the Christian church. Mr. Sanders served 
 six months in the World's War as secretarv 
 to Captain Martin K. Rohn at Camp Pike. He 
 is a member of the American Legion. _ 
 
 John Lowrey, son of James and Lou. a 
 M. (Williams) Ward was born July 20, i»3 , 
 
 married January .;, i.-irs l.aufj Ann. diuct' 
 ter of Augustus Viii and Ljun Ann (t>*o 
 man) (Edmondson. N.rn brcrmbct l«. I til 
 in G'lrdon ('uunlv. (irorcia. 
 
 Laura Ann (HJnmndson) Wjid »a» h-'- 
 near Atlanta. GeorRia, Dec. ts. i«<(l vs. 
 was the daughter o( Auku>Ius Vj 
 son and Laura Ann rienniaii »hir ! 
 two of the must pruminenl (aniiLc 
 Georgia. Her grandfather I'.ol. Fcllj (i I'r 
 juan was one o( the weallhietl planKrt ir>J 
 slave holders prior to the ("Ivil War. Mr- 
 father Augustus Vann Edmondion cam« !•• 
 this country from Texas in Ihc earlv %t\f 
 ties. Locating in what is now IXljKir.- 
 County and was a power in lh<r C">mmuni'i 
 in which he lived. On account i>l hit p.'* 
 erful and sterling character the Chetnktfi 
 named him Kluntutchy meaning in Enclith i 
 "Lion". She was married to Juhn Li>«rr» 
 Ward at Baties Prairie Jan. 3, is:.s. To 
 this union there were seven children born 
 Mrs. Dora Olive Cunningham. Tahlequah. 
 Okla.. Mrs. Lura Loux, Maysville, Ark . .Mn 
 Leola Faye Newton, Maysville. Ark., Mr^ 
 Cornelia Josephine Taylor. Wichita fall.. 
 Texas, Mrs. Adda LaDayle Sanders, Tulti. 
 Okla., John Dennian Ward. Tulsa. <>kla., anj 
 Winnie Davis who died while itlendlni 
 school at Cherokee National Female Semi- 
 nary .March 21. 1908. 
 
 .Mrs. Ward passed away in the .Morninf 
 Side hospital at Tulsa. Okla.. Dec. S, «<M ' 
 and was laid to rest in Edmondscm cemeter* 
 near her home. The passing awav <>« Mrv 
 Ward has been the removal o( one o{ lb.- 
 landmarks in Delaware Counlv. She hi4 
 lived in this community for nearly hill c-n- 
 tury. She was a member >•! the I'.hr.it.j i 
 church, a good neighbor, wife and m.lh.- 
 A woman who loved her home ind "nr »h - 
 considered no crown higher than l^ •■ ' 
 queen of that home. lookinR up'-n iit r"*'* 
 vation as the greatest ambition of »omir 
 hood. She was Aunt f- Mrs Richard 'tf-i 
 er (Beulah Benton Ldmond»..n) k....»n *• 
 the Indian princess. 
 
 Samuel. Mr. Clarence U (See Adl^r «• 
 Nair and Downing)— Carrie M V,— ►■ ' 
 January 27. ISSO. Graduated ■ 
 Pavne College. ra>ette. Ml^^ 
 Married January 2". «V0" '.1*'^ -^ ■ ^ 
 uel, born arch 2>. .8^6. Thev are .h r- 
 ents of: Clarence L born December 3^. 
 ^90- Martha .•li.abe.h bo,„ March !«. 
 
584 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 1914 and Samuel Charles Samuel, born Feb. 
 22, 1916 and died May 9, 1917. 
 
 David Vann, born January 1, iSoo, 
 married Martha McNair, born September 1. 
 IS 12. He was murdered on December 23, 
 1863 and his widow died in March 1875. 
 They were the parents of: Clement Neeley 
 brilliant attorney. Lieutenant Colonel in the 
 Confederate service and Treasurer of the 
 Cherokee Nation; Nicholas Byers; David Lu- 
 cuUus; Mary Delilah graduated in the second 
 class (1S56) from Female Seminary, married 
 George W- Drew and Joel Bryan Mayes twice 
 elected Principal Chief of the Cherokee Na- 
 tion; Charles Avoy; Joseph Lewis and 
 Martha Elizabeth Vann born at New Hope 
 October 4, 1852, married Nov., 9, 1871 
 Samuel Houston Mayes, born May 11, 1S45. 
 She died Dec. 27, 1907. Samuel Houston 
 the youngest brother of Chief Joel Bryan 
 Mayes was elected Principal Chief of the 
 Cherokee Nation August 5, 1895. 
 
 Chief Samuel Houston and Martha Eliza- 
 beth (Vann) Mayes were the parents of Wil- 
 liam Lucullus, Dr. Joseph F. and Carrie M. 
 Mayes, the subject of this sketch. 
 
 Snodgrass, Mrs. T. L- (See Grant, Down- 
 ing and Ghigau) — Lydia Beatrice Wilder, 
 b(irn Jan, 28, 1883, in Choteau, educated at 
 lluirell Institute, Muskogee. Married at 
 Cluiteau Ncjvember 4, l9oo, Thomas Leon- 
 ard, son of E. C. and Nora Snodgrass, born 
 Nov. 16, 1873 in Washington County, Va 
 Thev are the parents of: Carlotta Marie 
 Snodgrass, born May 17, 1912. 
 
 Charlotte Belle, daughter of Ellis and 
 Clara (Buffington) West, born August in, 
 1847, married March 1870 Jacob West 
 .Markham, born .Inly 2, 1843. He died April 
 27, 1S77 and she married March 1878, Wil- 
 li:un Lavesque Wilder, born .March 24, 1839 
 in Lafayette County, Tennessee, served dur- 
 ing the Civil War in Co. "A" Twelfth Ar- 
 kansas Infantry, Confederate army. H- 
 died Aug. 6, 1916. Mr. and Mrs. Wilder 
 were the parents of Mrs. Tlmmas L. Simd- 
 grass. Mr. Snodgrass is in the hardware 
 business in Choteau. 
 
 Sleeper, Mrs. Minnie, (See Cordery) — • 
 Minnie Lucile Jackson, born at Tanglewood. 
 tlie country home of her parents, August ■?, 
 lS7l, educated in the public schools and 
 Female Sejiiinary, married June 27, 189-1, 
 Gideon Daniels Sleeper, born October 5. 
 185 8 in Liberty, .Miss. He died August 7, 
 
 1916. They are parents of the following 
 children: Julia Virginia, born April 22, 
 1895; Gideon Daniels, born June 10, 1897; 
 Walter Jackson, born March 17, 1899; 
 Martha Elizabeth, born January 19, 1901, 
 married A. J. Rawlins; Minnie Louisa, born 
 August 23, 1906. Gideon Daniels Sleeper 
 Sr. was appointed Commissioner in 1909 
 and elected to the same office in 1910-12. 
 
 Martha Elizabeth Harris an eighth blood 
 Cherokee of the Blind Savannah Clan was 
 born January 3 1, 1844 in Georgia. She 
 married in November 1862 William .lackson, 
 born May 4, 183 5 in Mortonhamstead, Dev- 
 onshire, England. He was Captain of Com- 
 pany B Scantling's Squadron, Te.xas Con- 
 federate Cavalry. He was elected a member 
 of the council from Cooweescowee District 
 on August 5, 1889. 
 
 Mrs. Jackson died March 17, 1902 and 
 O.aptain Jackson died March 2. l9ii. They 
 were the parents of Walter Hampton, An- 
 drew and Minnie Lueile Jackson the subject 
 of this sketch. 
 
 Mrs. Sleeper is in the fifth generation 
 from Thomas Cordery, who married Susan- 
 nah, a full blood Cherokee of the Blind Sa- 
 vannah Clan. The first known Cordery was 
 Souchville-Cordery who came across from 
 Normandy to England with William, The 
 Conqueror in 1066. 
 
 Smith, Mrs- Richard Lafayette, (See Grant 
 and Ward) — Richard Lafayette, son of Fred- 
 erick David and Charlotte Elizabeth (Fields) 
 Smith, born September 7, 1899, educated at 
 Big Cabin- Married at Big Cabin May 3l. 
 1919, Minnie Carrie, daughter of Robert 
 Louis and Caroline Emma (Schmidt) Steig- 
 leder, born March 11, 1900, in Booneville, 
 Missouri. They are the parents of Louis 
 Richard Smith, born March 2, 1920 and Mil- 
 ton Eldo Smith born Nov. 5, 1921. Mr. 
 Smith is a farmer and breeder of Purebreed 
 Hereford cattle and is a member of the 1. 
 (). O. F. Fraternity. Mr. Steigleder was 
 born July 10, 1862. in Iowa. Mrs. Steig- 
 leder was born in Missouri April 2, 1871 
 and they were married in Booneville, .Mis- 
 souri, September 9, 18S8. 
 
 Sunday, Andrew, (See Conrad) — Andrew 
 Sunday, born Aug. 13, 1877, educated in 
 Cherokee Public Schools and Male Semi- 
 nary. Married Sept. 27, 1897, Sallie Davis, 
 born Feb. 23, 1879, in Cumberland County. 
 Kv. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CilEROKlfl-: INDIANS 
 
 They are the parents of: Mary, born April 
 4, 1898; Elva, born May 11; 1900; Lois, 
 born Dec. 29, 1902: Jessie, born April li, 
 1907; Clarence, born April 15, 1911; Rob- 
 ert Owen, born Feb. 6, I'M 4; Alice, born 
 July 31, 1916; and Percy Sunday, born Mav 
 28, 1919. Mr. Sunday is a Baptist and 
 Mason- 
 Hair Conrad was a half breed Cherokee, 
 one quarter Scotch and one quarter Hollan- 
 der. He was Captain of a company of the 
 Cherokee allies to the United States in ISH, 
 was a member of the Constitutional conve"- 
 *ion of 182 7, was captain of the first de- 
 tachment of emigrants to leave the Old Na- 
 tion for the west in 18.^8, was elected a 
 member of council from Tahlequah LMstrict 
 August 7, 1S43. He died November 2. 1S44. 
 He married Melvina McGhee and they were 
 the parents of James, who as well as all ol 
 the descendents of Hair Conrad was called 
 Hair instead of Conrad- This James Hair 
 was the father of Nicholas Hair who marri^-d 
 Lucinda Roberson and they were the pareiils 
 of Andrew Sunday, the subject of this 
 sketch. 
 
 Stiles, Cha.'.. W. (See Adair)— Chariot'.' 
 Elizalvth Vann, born February 7, 1868, mar- 
 ried September 10, 1885 Charles William 
 Stiles, born December 4, 1866 in Iroquois 
 county, Illinois. They are the parents of: 
 William, born June 5, 1894; Emma Jessie, 
 born July 17, 1895, graduated from the Law 
 Department University. Oklahoma, and 
 married Gordon Fryer; Clarinda Ermiiu, 
 born June 25, 1897, and married J. F- Sulli- 
 van; Elsie Josephine Stiles was born Novem- 
 ber 17, 1902. 
 
 Mr. Stiles is K'oadmaster on the M. K. & 
 T. raihoad, is a thirty second degree Mason 
 and Shriner; Mrs. Stiles is an Eastern Star 
 and White Shriner. 
 
 Rev. James Jenkins Trott, a Methodist 
 missionary married Rachel Ponds Adair, a 
 quarter-blood Cherokee and their daughter 
 Nancv A. Trott, born March Id, 1835, mar- 
 ried October 20, lSt.0 Joseph George Wash- 
 ington Vann born February l5, 1832. She 
 died January 29, 1876 and he died February 
 15, ISSS. They were the parents of; .lames, 
 born August l5, 1861; Joseph Webstei. 
 born April 13. 1865; Charlotte Eliz;ibeth, 
 born February 7, 1868; Joseph Harding, 
 born December l5, 1869, and Emma Ann 
 Vann, born October 7. lS73. 
 
 Stewart, James O.— .lames O. Son of Wil- 
 
 liam and Mai ion (bn.KherlN) SU.i,i N.f-, 
 December 3, t,S7,S. Married jl Adi.r Au 
 gust 29, i,s.|.. ,v,„dj dauchic, .., II , 
 and Lean Hieronymus, b..rn Mj» i. ^^•, 
 They are the parents .,( Halph Vi 
 born January 17, iwoi, married S.-,tm- 
 her 4. i'i20, ,Myrtle Martin. I'aulln* 
 born October 4, l'>(,2: Grace iincij*. N^n 
 December 31 !')(,!; Ruth, born (>fv»mb»f 
 31. 1905; and .Limes Carl Ste»ar|. b..rn 
 April IS. |9|.|. Mr. .Stc«arl (» a (armcf 
 and a member of i|ie Mi>derii W.«.dnun ..t 
 America 
 
 Shade, Henry (See Grant and <lii|iN>Ua) — 
 Henry, son nf Isaac and Luc* (Smilh) 
 Shade was born in Tahleiiuah DMricI, Jul< 
 15, 1875, married Feb. t>>. i'>02 .Mact'e Bell 
 born July l>i. lS,So. .Mr- Shade t» ■•:>( .f 
 the progressive farmers ol ClieroVr.- i..un 
 ty and is a firm believer in if">d ciliteiithir. 
 
 Susie, the daughter o( Idniond and Nellie 
 (Lowrey) Fawling married Thnma* Smllk 
 and they were the parents o( Lucy Smttb. 
 wife of Isaac Shade and ninther of llenrt 
 Shade, the subiect of this sketch 
 
 Sloan, James E- (See Ghi^au) — lainet t< 
 lis, son of Edward E. and Naomi (i..!.-) 
 Sloan, born January 7, ISOJ. educated " 
 rJelaware Dislricis and .Male Seminar* Mar 
 ried at Claremore December I. fi:. ('iilli.- 
 May. daughter of John .\L and Mary (. (K"r 
 er) Carroll, born .March 2t. I,S'<.S in liela- 
 ware District, educated al Bic Cabin Thei 
 are the parents of: Percilla Mav. Sirn Au- 
 gust 25. 1918; Naomi Caroline, born March 
 1. 1920; and Dorris Louise, born June \2, 
 1921. iMr. Sloan enlisted in the World War 
 September 3, I'M.S, and »a* muNlered "U^ 
 January 7, 1919. 
 
 Thomas .Martin Paper married Mariella 
 Ferandes Townseiid. their dauchler Maf» 
 Caroline Raper married John M. Carroll and 
 thev were the parents nf \\r\ Oillie Ma» 
 Sloan. 
 
 Sanders, Madison, (Paper. Sander* and 
 Ghigau)— -Madison, s.m of .)e«e arid Caro- 
 line (Catron) Sanders born In I8«.< Mar- 
 ried in IS75. Louisa, dauchler o( Jame* and 
 Nancy (Raper) Ibilland. b-rn February J*. 
 1859. Thev are the p'"^"'* "' Cirollni- 
 married Ellis P. Alberlv; CynlhU. married 
 William Isaac Johnson: Jesw; J»rae» S : 
 Thomas Blair; Eliiabelh; .lohn Menu. O.'- 
 neva, married Thomas l..hnvo.i and l'a.n»ll. 
 Carl and .Maggie I'ee Sander*. 
 Madison Sanders was elected .sheriK •>• 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Tahlequah District in 1879 and 1881. Carl 
 D. Sanders was in the World War 7 months 
 and 17 days, Co- K. 12th Inf. 
 
 Austin, Mrs. Sue (See Cordery) — Sue, 
 daughter of Charles Harris and Pearl Vic- 
 toria (Haas) Sisson, born December l^, 
 1898 at Ft. Gibson; educated at Ft- Gibson, 
 Muskogee and Claremore- Married at Clare- 
 more June 5, 1920 Ervin F- son of Henry 
 and Sallie Austin. Mr. Austin is engaged in 
 the wholesale dry goods business at Clar^^- 
 more. 
 
 Thomas Cordery, an Irishman married 
 Susannah, a full blood Cherokee of the Blind 
 Savannah Clan- Their daughter Nannie mar- 
 ried Parker Collins and they were the par- 
 ents of Jennie Collins who married Charles 
 Harris of Spartanberg district, S. Carolina 
 Charles and Jennie Harris were the parents 
 of Narcissa, born in 1841, married George 
 Sisson and Jesse Wolf- She died October 
 IS, 1898. Maltha Elizabeth married Captain 
 William Jackson; Sue F. married Alfred M. 
 Gott; Charles Joseph and Truste Bird. 
 
 George and Narcissa Sisson were the par- 
 ents of Charles Harris Sisson, born Decem- 
 ber 26, 1859, educated in the Cherokee Na- 
 tional schools and married at Ft. Gibson, De- 
 cember 4, 1H93 Pearl Victoria Haas, born 
 August 29, 1879 in Tupelo, Lee county, 
 Mississippi. They are the parents of Charles 
 Hairis, born Novejnber 5, 1894: Jessie May, 
 born July 31, 1896; Sue, born December 
 14, 1898; Mary, horn January 13, 1900 and 
 Emma Pauline, born May 8, 1902- 
 
 Charles Harris Sisson was appointed Cir- 
 cuit Judge of the Cherokee Nation in May 
 189 7, and was elected a member of the 
 Council from Illinois District in Aug. 1903. 
 
 Starr, Bluford W. (See Ghigau) — Bluford 
 West Starr, born September 1, 1858 near 
 Fort Gibson is the son of Bluford West Starr 
 born March 5, 1826 and died April 7, 185.S 
 and his wife Margaret Ann (McDanie!) 
 Starr who died July 4, 1866. Bluford W 
 having been left an orphan at such an earlv 
 age struggled against adverse conditions and 
 gained a creditable education. His dominant 
 characteristics are honesty and integrity. He 
 is a farmer, stockman and Mason. He mar- 
 ried on November 10, IS87 Jessie Adel th-; 
 daughter of Charles and Marion M- Hutch- 
 ins, born Aug. 29, 1865 in Dane Co., Wis- 
 consin. Thev are the parents of Charles 
 i;!aienc>', born October 1. ISSS; Orange 
 
 Walter b,,rn April 22, 1890; Glenn W. born 
 July 6. 1892 and Jessie Alarion, born De- 
 cember 24, 1894. Bluford W. Starr's Cher- 
 okee name is Yona and he belongs to the 
 Wolf Clan. He was elected a member of 
 Council from Cooweescoowee District on 
 August 7, 1899. 
 
 Sisson, Mrs. Pearl V. (See Cordery) Pearl 
 Victoria, daughter of J. F. and Cecilia (Gib- 
 son) Haas was born at Tupelo, Lee County 
 Mississippi on August 29, 1879. She mar- 
 ried at Fort Gibson, Indian Territory Decem- 
 ber 4, 1893 Charles Harris Sisson, bor;i 
 November 26, 1859. They are the parents 
 (if: Charles Harris born November 5, 1894; 
 .lessie May born July 2, 1896; Sue born De- 
 cember 14, 1898; Mary born January 13, 
 I'lOO and Emma Pauline burn May 8, 1902. 
 Charles Harris Sisson was appointed Circuit 
 Judge of the Cherokee Nation on May 1, 
 IS" 7 and elected to Council from Illinois 
 District on August 3, 1903. 
 
 Sandifer, Bert E., (See Sanders) — Celia 
 Margaret Walkley born March 29, ISS2 mar- 
 ried November 30, 1902 Bert E- Sandifer, 
 born Sept. 1, 1881. They are the parents 
 of: William Franklin, born September 17, 
 1903; Robert Lee, born January 23, 1905; 
 Owen Haskell born August 18, 1907; Alice 
 Catherine born November 11, 1912 and 
 Margaret Elizabeth Sandifer born August 31. 
 1914. 
 
 James Chambers, born June 11, 183 1 
 married April 12, 185 1 Catherine Hendricks 
 bniM May 3, 1829. He was elected to Coun- 
 cil from Cooweescoowee District August 1. 
 1887. He died December 16. 1S97. Mrs. 
 Catherine Chambers died Feb. 8, 1912. 
 Their daughter Alice Jane was born June 5. 
 1852, she mairied August 18, 1872 Willian: 
 Walkley, borji March 14, 183 5 in Gloucester, 
 England. He died October 7, ISSl. Wil- 
 liam and Alice Jane (Chambers) Walkley 
 were the parents of Mrs. Celia Margaret 
 Sandifer. 
 
 Smith, Fred, (See Grant and Ward) — 
 Frederick David, son of Samuel and Louisa 
 .lane (Ward) Smith was born on Spavinaw 
 Creek, .Marcli 2 t, 1S65, educated in Dela 
 ware District. Married on Lynch's Prairie 
 May 26, ISSS, Charlotte Elizabeth, daugh- 
 ter of John Jefferson and Mary Pauline 
 (Adair) Fields, born August 27, 1872, edn- 
 cated in Delaware District. They are the 
 parents of: Frederick Eldo, born June 18, 
 1894, graduated from the Northeastern State 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHlfKOklflf INDIANS 
 
 5X7 
 
 Normal at Tahl.-qii',|, i„ ri,^ .j,,^, i,r.u,j.i„,i„ 
 Business College ami married Miss Hud 
 Hubbard Nov. 27, i')i7; Richard Lafayetle 
 boru September 7, i899; Charles .luliin 
 born September 24, igni, married Opal 
 Pearl Long; Samuel P. Smith, born August 
 4, 1910. Mr. Smith is a farmer near'iMs 
 Cabin and is a juember of the IndependeiU 
 Order of Odd Fellows and Mrs. Smith is a 
 Rebecca. 
 
 Richard, son of Ezekial and ,Marv An.i 
 (Sexton) Fields married Elizabeth Bla.gg ami 
 they were the parents of John .lefferson 
 Fields who married Mary Pauline Adair. 
 
 Smith, Mrs. A. J. (See Grant and Duncan; 
 — Clearcy, daughter of Ezekial and Sabra 
 Elizabeth (Ward) Fields, was borii March 2S, 
 lS7l, educated in Delaware District. Mar- 
 ried in the Seneca Nation, Andrew Jackson, 
 son of James and Margaret E. Smith, born 
 in Indiana in Monroe County. They are tlu' 
 parents of: Cora Pearl, born September .To, 
 1888, married April 20, 1908 Benjamin .Mor- 
 ris, son of John Johnson and Caroline .Mari.i 
 (Thompson) Caldwell born near Big Cabin 
 August ", 1889, two children Bertram Stan- 
 ley, born June 13, l9o9 and Janice Clearcv 
 Caldwell, born April 1, 1917; Ruth Lavonia, 
 born June 18, lS9o, married McLeod LanJ- 
 rum Adair; Bertha Belle, born April 18, 1893 
 married Edward Davis. They have two sons, 
 Preston Edward and Roger Elmo Davis; 
 James Lafavette, born June 27, 1899; Claud- 
 ius Edgar, born October 1. 1906 and Maci: 
 Andrew Smith, born June 28. 1909. .Mr 
 and Mrs. Smith belong to the Christian 
 Church. He is a member of the I. C 0. F. 
 and she is a Rebecca. They own and opei 
 ate a fine farm near Vinita. 
 
 Richard Fields, Chief of the Texas Chero- 
 kees married Jennie Baffin gton and they 
 were the parents of Ezekial who married 
 Mary Ann Sexton. Their son Richard mar- 
 ried Elizabeth Jane Blagg and they were the 
 parents of Ezekial Fields who married Sabra 
 Elizabeth Ward. 
 
 Sevier, William Penn — William Penn. soii 
 of John and Eliza (Potts) Sevier, born Aug. 
 7. 1874, educated at the Orphan Asylum. 
 Married at Tahlequah, Ida E.. daughter of 
 Robin and Darky Emily Penn, born May 1, 
 18 75. They are the parents of Alma E. 
 Sevier, born March 25. 19D3. 
 
 Mr. Sevier, who is at present a salesman, 
 is one of the best interpreters among th-; 
 Cherokees and is one of the few Cherokee 
 
 <>P«etters. 1, is .h.,uKht .ha. ih„c .r, n.., 
 
 more than three in the Irlbe. i( ■ 
 
 His ancestors, his Rrcal urandli 
 
 Scotch descent wh.. ciinc |.. \ 
 
 early days. In his line .,( chr..n.,i.,c, ,^„. 
 
 that of Seviers, .Morsans ind Klnj*. 
 
 Sander., W. E. (See Sandrrv S.rjp,f .. 
 lootsa, Ghigau, Adair and Dutuan)—* ill„- 
 Edward Sanders, horn in G..inr Snakf I'l 
 trict, April 2, t.soi. tducilcd in Ihr ■ h. • 
 okee Public Schools. Marrlfd .March : 
 1S90, Sarah Catherine Scrlmsher. b-.rn l«i. 
 27, 1866. She died January 2S. i.s.; 
 They were the parents o( John Ounlcr Sn 
 ders, born April 23. I89t. Mr. Sand<f. 
 married at Adair in 1894 Etta Jane, diuch 
 ter of Henry Harrison and Narcitta >ir 
 (Duncan) Scraper born in isrt in Salmi 
 District. She was educated at V,-.tie\Ut 
 Academy, Vinita and Female Seminif>. 
 They are the parents of: William Ed»afd. 
 born October 24, 1896; Dewilt Clirk. born 
 June 30, 1898; Henry K- bnrn October I 
 1902; Connelly, born Aui;ust 16, 1906 and 
 Owen Bates Sanders, born Sept. 25, fit* 
 Mr. and Mrs. Sanders are Baptists. He U a 
 .Modern Woodman and a .Masim. Rltwi 
 with a splendid earnest, honest perionalilv 
 he has been chosen by Rood mainritlet by 
 his fellow citizens for the fojlowinc po^lilupt 
 Sheriff of Cooweescoowee District elected 
 August 3, 1885, August 1, IS.S7, and Aututi 
 3, lS9t; Senator from the same district, 
 August 1. 1893; Sheriff of Rojers Cnunlt. 
 November S. 1910; County Commisjioner ol 
 the same county. November 5, lOiS and 
 November 2, 1920. .Mrs. Sanders' (alher »n 
 the son of George W. Scraper and was <i'. 
 derlv Sergeant of Company I). Second Ir. 
 dian Home Guards, U. S. A. 
 
 Strange, Cicero, J. (See Grant, Ohica > 
 Oolootsa and Adair — Cicero .(ames, vn ■■< 
 William and Samanthi (Boss) Siranie mi\ 
 born February S, IS74 in Georgia and cJu 
 cated in that slate. .Married at ("helsea t^t 
 cember 24, 1S94, Mary BriRhl, dautbler "I 
 John Polk and Emilv Jane (Walker) r>rak' 
 born January 2S. 1 878. Thev are Ibe p'' 
 ents of: Mary Emma, born September • 
 1895; John Drake horn February 1 5. I*' 
 Janie Anna, born April '\ l'">f>: fHa. b--' 
 Feb. 11. I<i02; Lulu Fuphemia N-rn !«'■<■ 
 26. 1904; Frank J. born February 2'. I'""', 
 Charles, born Jan. 4. too-i; rio'fnce. b-ifn 
 Sept. 1". 1916 and Mirjaret Si 'ante N>rB 
 Julv 3. 1919. 
 
588 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Emily Jane, daughter of Timothy Meigs 
 Polk Drake and they were the parents of 
 Mary Bright (Drake) Strange- 
 
 Worsham, Mrs. Wm. A. (See Adair) — 
 Mabel Maud Hogan born April 15, iSyo, 
 educated at Pryor and William Woods Col- 
 lege, Fulton, Missouri. She married Octo. 
 ber 9, l9o9 William A. Worsham- They are 
 the parents of Mary Margaret, born April 
 1, 1911 and Gay Nell Worsham born July 
 20, 1913. 
 
 Vann, D. W. (See Downing) — Daniel 
 Webster, son of James and Elizabeth (Heat- 
 on) Vann was born October 12, 1845 in 
 Cherokee Nation. Enlisted in Company M 
 First Cherokee Mounted Volunteers, Con- 
 federate service July 12, 1862 and on re- 
 organization in 1863 he joined company C 
 of the First Cherokee Mounted Rifles in 
 which he served until the end of the war. 
 He married Nancy Jane Riley, born Nov. 27, 
 1847. She died soon after their marriage 
 and he married October 6, 1870 Clarinrla 
 Vann Rowe, born January 16, 185 1. She 
 died July 28, 1903. They were the par- 
 ents of: Joseph Rowe, born June 1, 187 1 
 and died April 13, 1890; Ada Archer born 
 December 7, 1879 married Thomas Jackson 
 McPherson, David Webster born January 24, 
 1883 married Mary Beatrice Alberty; Clar- 
 inda Alice born January 24, 1886 and Wil- 
 liam Claude Vann born August 23, 1888. 
 Daniel Webster Vann was elected Councilor 
 from Cooweescoowee District August 1, 
 1885, August 5, 1887 and August 5, 1895. 
 His life has been characterized by fidelity to 
 his ideals and unswerving earnest honesty. 
 
 Avery Vann a white man married Peggy 
 McSwain a quarter blood Cherokee and their 
 daughter Elizabeth born November 2, 1820 
 married David Rowe, born April 2, 1820. 
 He was elected judge of the Northern Cir~ 
 cult of the Cherokee Nation, August 2, 187 5. 
 He died April 27, 1891 and she died Decem- 
 ber 11, 1896. They were the parents of: 
 Clarinda Vann Rowe who married Daniel 
 Webster Vann. 
 
 Wyly, Percy (See Lynch, Bufifngton, Wy- 
 ly). — While yet the harp twanged in Tara's 
 Hall and the pride and pomp of feudal Ire- 
 land vied in the jousts of their own king- 
 dom; one of their proudest and noblest fam- 
 ilies were the Lynches, and their great Cas- 
 tle was a salon of patriotism and pleasure. 
 Today the castle stands an ivy covered ruin 
 
 about which you will be told long before you 
 reach its home country and the mystic leg- 
 ends recounted about it would fill a goodly 
 set of quarto volumes. 
 
 But where are the Lynches, the proud and 
 self contained race that would never bend 
 a free born neck to prince or tyrant? They 
 are dispersed over the world and if you 
 could segrate them you would find them 
 high and low in the governments of the 
 world, earnestly, honestly doing their duties 
 at it presented to them. 
 
 Jeter Lynch, a scion of this distinguish- 
 ed family married Nancy, the eldest daugh- 
 ter of General Joseph and Mrs. Susannah 
 Martin in 1799. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Lynch's fifth child was 
 John Adair Bell. The family of Joshua and 
 Sabra, who married Joshua Buffington and 
 Sabra Buffington, were: WilUam Wirt, Johtv 
 Ross. Daniel Webster, Eliza and Mary Jane 
 Buffington, the latter was born in l84o. 
 She married February 11, 1858 Robert 
 Fletcher Wyley born September l5, 1827 
 in Habersham County, Georgia. He was 
 elected judge of Delaware District in 1877, 
 1879, 1881 and 1883- Elected Editor ol 
 the Cherokee Advocate in 1889 and At 
 torney General of the Cherokee Nation ir, 
 1897. He died November 5, 1903. Mrs. 
 Wyly died June 4, 1902. Judge Wyly was 
 an extraordinary handsome type of thft 
 gentlemen of the old south, standing over 
 six feet in height with a benignant and in- 
 telligent countenance, well poised, he seem 
 ed to always have the proper courtly ex- 
 pression tempered by a gallant kindness of 
 heart that commanded admiration and re- 
 spect. 
 
 Judge Robert F. and Mrs. Wyly were the 
 parents of Percy, married December 10, 
 1885; Ida Frances Harmon, born March U, 
 1869; Robert Lee; Julia who married James 
 Bluford Johnston; Capitola Virginia who 
 married Mangnus Allen McSpadden; Albert 
 Sidney who married Lillian Alexander; Wil- 
 liam Buffington who married Cora Archer 
 .McNair and Zoe Augustus who married 
 Thomas Jefferson Watts- 
 Percy Wyly was born February 8, 1861. 
 He was elected sheriff of Delaware District 
 in 1889- He was chosen as delegate to 
 Washington in 1890 and when the time 
 came to negotiate for the final dissolution 
 of their tribal rights the Nation felt the 
 necessity of choosing some of their most 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEI: 
 
 INDIANS 
 
 Sh> 
 
 trustworthy men f,,r that diitv and Percv 
 Wyly was one of the six men honored with 
 this trust. 
 
 Percy and Ida Frances Wyly are the par- 
 ents of: James Robert, born July 26, ISSC-, 
 Leah, horn October 13, ISSS and Thurman 
 Wyly born July 19, IS'M. 
 
 Whisenhunt, Andrew Bell. — (See Down- 
 ing— Andrew Bell, son of Noah and Nancy 
 Jane (Phillips) Whisenhunt was born Dec. 
 27, 1S73. Educated in the Cherokee Pub- 
 lic Schools and Male Seminary. Married 
 November 15, 1896, Cora Ann, daughter nf 
 John and Emily H. Cooper, born .March 29, 
 1S7S in Cook County, Te.xas. They are 
 the parents of: Jefferson Bryan, born Oct- 
 ober 5, 1S97. He is also a Mason: Emily 
 Helen, born September 14, 1S99; Winifreil, 
 born June 7, l9oi, married December 23, 
 1919, Vernon Hurd and their son, Verna 
 Lee Hurd, was born July 16, 1921; Cooper 
 born October 26. 1903; Ruth, born March 
 3, 1906; Claude, burn August 3. 190S; Ros-,, 
 born September 24. l9io; j, E.. born No- 
 vember 10, 1914; Robert Bruce Whisenhunt, 
 born June 30, 1917. .Mr. and .Mrs. Wiseii 
 hunt are Methodists and he is a Mason. 
 They are farmers near Oolagah. 
 
 Sidney Crittenden married Elijah Phillip;; 
 and they \yere the parents of Nancy Jan.- 
 Phillips, born February 19, iS39. .Married 
 December 2S, 1S59 Noah Whisenhunt. bcjrn 
 in Carroll County, Georgia, October 27, 
 1832. He served the confederacy in Co. H. 
 24th Arkansas Infantry. Mrs. Nancy Jan; 
 Whisenhunt died November I'Ml. and he 
 died in 19i4. 
 
 Emily Helen jiiarried Benjamin H. Dike- 
 ]iia!i, April 27, l^i21. Their son Darrel 
 Phillips born September 9. 192I. 
 
 Whisenhunt, Mrs. T. J. — See FJowning) — 
 Eliza, daughter of Isaac Peter and Rebecca 
 (Woods) Howell, was born in 1869, educat- 
 ed in the Cherokee Public Schools. Married 
 at Fishertown in 1SS6, Thomas Jefferson, 
 son of Noah and Nancy Jane (Phillips Wisen- 
 hunt. born February 25, 1864. They are 
 the parents of: Lilliam Audie, born in 1889, 
 William Walter, born in 1896; Andrew Jay, 
 born in 1897; Robert Lee, born in 1900 and 
 Clint Whisenhunt. born in 1909. Andrew J. 
 Whisenhunt volunteered for service in the 
 World War. and was fifteen months in train- 
 ing camp but did nut go over seas. Lillian 
 Audie attended the Female Seminary during 
 
 n WhUrnhunI » ii 
 
 l906-'>. Thi.mjs Jeller 
 
 elected to c.iuncil (rum 
 
 August 5. I,S95 ,„d AutuM 2. H'l: ),. 
 
 was elected Counly Commi»»|..tifr ..f »..(,., 
 
 County, November ,S. vno ind No„mhr 
 
 5. 1912. Mr. Whisenhunt is i %U.u.n inj ., 
 
 a farmer near Oi.hgah. 
 
 Sidney Crittenden married l:ll/ibclh fh I 
 lips and they were the pjr<nl» ..) N,^, 
 Jane Phillips Whisenhunt. 
 
 Edith Ouinton married Thom« W.»<1» 
 and they were the parents of fttba.t 
 Woods who married Issac Pelcr H<iw«tl 
 
 Woodward, Mrs. C- E. — (See Km* it 
 Holland) — Florence Ella, dauehtrr ..( |.n 
 iei L. and Ruth Caroline (Ilnllind) !*..«, 
 was born November 30, |87'>. Educaird i- 
 the Cherokee Public School v Female S«m 
 inary and North Eastern Slate Normal. .Mii- 
 ried at Parsons. Kansas. February 6. loio, 
 Charles Earl, son of John W. and Nancv I. 
 Woodward, born July 1 5. I8811 in ttfnt 
 County. Missouri. Educated in Salem HIrN 
 School and Draughon's Busineim Collrc' 
 
 Mr. Woodward taught schcMil four stn\ 
 before their marriage and .Mrs. Wi>>d»jr>l 
 taught ten years. He was poilma*li-r al 
 Vera under President WiUon. 
 
 Ward. — (See Ward and Grant) —Gt»ttt 
 De Shields Ward, born June 4. tS4: <■< 
 Beatties Prairie. Delaware PIslricI He he 
 longed to Captain C. C- Waters' Compan- 
 Second Cherokee .Mounted Volunteers. M- 
 married December 26, 1.S6'). Ellia F Phil- 
 lips, born December 10, lS5o in B<nl"i 
 ounty, Arkansas. Thev are the parenn • ! 
 Leia Aimer, born December 18. is:i. Jim.-i 
 Osman. born .March 3l. 1871; John Flm.-r 
 born December 7. 1 876 and ElheUnn v» 
 W^ard. born Mav 2o. 1SS7. 
 
 Whitmire, William W. (See Ghicau and 
 Downing). — William Walter, son n( Willfr 
 Samuel and Nancy Bushvhead (Wilken"' 
 Whitmire was born in Goinit Snake (•iunci 
 May 2S, 187", educated in .Vale Seminars 
 .Married Sept. 10. I'M 3. Narciiu Ta>l<.f. 
 born April 9, 1S7S. Thev are the parenM "I 
 Walter Samuel Jr., and Stand Walie >* h • 
 mire, twins, born June f. I "J" ^'' 
 Whitmire. whose Cherokee name It Wee ! 
 is a splendid interpreter of the Chefi'kf- 
 English language and is a Mav-n 
 
 WiU, Mr.. Harry J.— (See Daniel)— )ui» 
 Inez Scudder. born January 21. «»'>2. edu. 
 cated at Chelsea. Married October 25. |01«. 
 
590 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Henry J., son of Albert and May Witz. She 
 belongs to the Methodist church and is an 
 Eastern Star- Mr. Witz is connected with 
 the Chelsea Oil Refinery- Mrs- Witz is the 
 daughter of W. H. H. and Margaret Joseph- 
 ine Scudder. 
 
 Wallace, Sue Adair (See Adair, Grant, Mc- 
 Nair. Halfbreed, Cordery and Duncan) — Sue 
 Adair, born January 17, 1S8 7 at Vinita, 
 Cherokee Nation. Educated at Female Sem- 
 inary, married December 7, 1909 Robert 
 Wilson Wallace- They are the parents of-. 
 Helen Adair Wallace born June 7, 1914. 
 Mrs. Wallace's Cherokee name is Susonia. 
 Mr. Wallace is an oil producer in the Wesl 
 Verginia and Texas oil fields. 
 
 Hutchins, Lew Wofford (See Ghigau and 
 Sanders) — Lew Wofford Hutchins born May 
 17, lS'i2 educated at Claremore. Married at 
 Chelsea, June 6, 19i6 Emma Lea Clarke, 
 born July 26, 1892 in Jackson, Tennessee 
 They are the parents of: Lew Wofford, born 
 April 13, l"^'!" and Jetnette Lea Hutchins, 
 born July 14, 1918. 
 
 Lew Wofford Hutchins is the son of Wil- 
 lard Edward and Nettie (Smith) Hutchins. 
 The former born June 12, 1857 in Marion, 
 Nebraska and married May 10, 1891 Nettie 
 Smith, born February l5, 1872. 
 
 Emma Lea Clarke is the daughter of Rich- 
 ard and Emma( Lea) Clarke, the former 
 born April 26, 1848 and married February 
 24, 1879 Emma Lea, born January 19, 
 1846. Richard Clarke is deceased and his 
 wife died in 1920. 
 
 WalWey, William S — (See Sanders, Ghig- 
 au and C'onral) — William Spencer Walkley, 
 born Aug. 3, 1898 married Jan. l5, 1920, 
 Buell Shelton and they have one son, Wil- 
 liam George Walkley born February ?.">, 
 1921. Mr. Walkley's Cherokee name is 
 Atowayne and he belongs to the Wolf Clan. 
 He is a member of the Presbyterian church, 
 is an Elk and .Modern Woodman. He en- 
 listed in the navy April 10, 1917, was a first 
 class seaman on the U- S- S. Antigone and 
 a Cockswain on the Pasadena. Mustered 
 out July 5, I'M'). 
 
 Walkley, George W. — (See Sanders, Con- 
 rad and Ghigau) — George Washington 
 Walkley, born February 21, 1868, married 
 January 8, 1888 Margaret O- Spencer, born 
 October 14, 1896. They were the parents 
 of: Mary Alice, Ruby Lucile and William 
 Spencer Walklfi" 
 
 White, Mrf,. Dr. L. C — (See Ward).— 
 Nancy Louisa, daughter of Burges Gaither 
 and Ann Eliza (Gunter) Chandler was born 
 in Delaware District, July 30, 1884, and was 
 educated in Willie Halsell College, Vinita, 
 graduating in 1900. Married at Vinita, May 
 22, 1907, Dr. Lee Carl, son of Dr. George 
 W. and Georgia A. (Adair) White, born 
 December 25, 1873 in Warren County, 
 Kentucky. He graduated from Kentucky 
 University in 1905 and is an alumni of the 
 Louisville University. He is a Mason and an 
 Odd Fellow. 
 
 They are the parents of Carl Chandler 
 White, born March 9, 19 19. Mrs. White is 
 a member of the Methodist church and is a 
 Rebecca. She is the youngest sister of Hon. 
 T. A. Chandler, Congressman from the First 
 District of Oklahoma. Dr. White enjoys u 
 lucrative practice at Adair. 
 
 Waller, Mrs. George W Susie L. Hayes, 
 
 born in the Salina District, Cherokee Nation, 
 April 17, 1879, educated at Worchester 
 Academy, Vinita. married February 26, 189 5 
 George W. Waller, a successful farmer and 
 stock raiser, who died August 28, 1915. 
 They are the parents of: Goldie Jane, born 
 September 3, 1897, married Frederick V. 
 Taylor; William T. H., born February 5, 
 1899, married Delia Price; Bertha M., born 
 February 13, 1901; Bessie O- W., born Sep- 
 tember 21, 1905; Cricket Ruby, born July 
 4, 1907; BIynn Eldred, born September 20, 
 1909, and George Clifford, born February 
 14, 1912. 
 
 Mrs. Waller's Cherokee name is Su-saun-e. 
 She is a member of the Methodist church. 
 
 Watts, Mrs. Charles G. — (See Downing). 
 — Flora Elvina Lindsay, born at Chouteau, 
 February 9, 1879, educated at Chouteau and 
 Female Seminary from which she graduated 
 in June 1897. She taught in the Female 
 Seminary and the Orphan Asylum; married 
 at Bryan's Chapel, November 4, 1906 
 Charles Colston, son of Jefferson and Cath- 
 erine Watts, born February 8, 187 5. 
 
 They are the parents of: Clyde Jefferson, 
 born December 3 0, 190 7, and Charles Gor- 
 don Watts, born November 10, 1911. 
 Charles Gholson Watts was twice elected 
 District Judge of the Third Judicial District 
 of Oklahoma and was one of the most pop- 
 ular members of the bench. He resigned in 
 the spring of I9i8 to reassume his law 
 practic-' 
 
HISTORY OF THh- ClilfROK!:li IM.IaN.s 
 
 VI I 
 
 Mrs. Charles G. Watts is a ,\U-thodis, an 
 Eastern Star, member uf the .Arts and Craft, 
 Club, and the United Daughters ,,f the Co.;- 
 federacy. 
 
 Rebecca Wright a quarter-hl,„,d Cherokee 
 of the Wolf Clan married Joel Mayes Bryan. 
 Their daughter Marie Louise married Rilev 
 Wise Lindsey, and they were the parents uf 
 Mrs. Charles Colston Watts. 
 
 The complete British peerage, which ;■; 
 the authority on the subject, says in Volume 
 111, page 507 in reference to the Lindseys, 
 as the name is spelled in Scotland, no famil,.- 
 in Scotland "can in genealogical importance 
 equal that of Lindsey, not onlv as tu an- 
 tiquity in the male line, but in all probabil- 
 ity to the number of parliamentary sittings, 
 such sittings beginning at the earliest 
 period of which records e.xist. 
 
 David Lindsey of Glenesk. the Chief of 
 that house was created Earl of Crawford be- 
 tween April 21, and May 2, l3')S. The 
 highlands of Crawfijrd in Clydesdale were 
 the ancient possessions of the Lindseys." 
 
 Weinberger, Henry. — Henry, son of Jacob 
 and Rachel (Foreman) Weinberger, was 
 born in the Cherokee Nation, June 12, ISO 5 
 and his sister, Susan Frances, was born 
 October 10, I'lOO. They live near Big 
 Cabin. Henry enlisted May 25. I'MS. was 
 a first class private in the .\Wdical Depart- 
 ment and is entitled to wear a bronze victorv 
 medal. He was discharged July S, 19!'). 
 Their mother died December 20. ril2 anil 
 their father died November S, 1^)15. 
 
 Catherine Nellie Weinberger, born Sep- 
 teinber 22, I803, is residing near Eldorado, 
 Kansas. 
 
 Rebecca Josephine Weinberger. born 
 March 3 1, 1897, died Julv 18, 1899. 
 
 Warner, Mrs. John L (See Duncan and 
 
 Grant) — Dora Ella, daughter of Basil Las- 
 kin and Joella (Thompson) Nail, was born 
 in Delaware District, December 8, lS93, 
 educated at Pensacola. Married December 
 10, 1911 John Lewis, son of William T. aand 
 Elizabeth Warner, born in Clemmons, Fo:- 
 syth Countv, North Carolina. Educated at 
 Blackburn and Booneville, North Carolina. 
 
 They are the parents of: Raymond, bc-n 
 September 5, 1912, died July 24, 1914 and 
 Basil Bert Warner, born November 28 
 1914. Mr. Warner is agent at Pensacola 
 on the M. O. & G. R. R. 
 
 Nannie, daughter of Brigadier General 
 
 ''>seph .Ma.lin „urried If,,, 1.,,,,.^ , „„., 
 per uf an Irish faniilv ihii im-fj hia ■ 
 royalty and they were the pircnii ..( \\,, , 
 Lynch wife nf J.,hns,.„ Th..mp,..„ ,nj m..; 
 er of Joseph Lynch Thomrvm .h.. mjr- 1 
 Frances B. Kell. Their dauchlor JrlU rw: 
 ried Basil Laskin Nail. 
 
 Walkabout, John.— (See Cnnrid ind • r 
 dery)— John, son o( Menr» and J,n ,• 
 (Hevdricks) Walkiboi.t *l^ !<„,„ <k,., . 
 II, ISS7,. .Married leinettr Cordcrv. b 
 August 6, 18S-). Thev are the i«»t<nl» ■ 1 
 Johnnie, born August 4, 1910; L»»l. b,<i 
 October 29, 1012, i„j Ouinlr.n K. h-.r , 
 July 24, 19 IS. John Wjlklh..ul I* (he i\r . 
 of School District No i; n( i:brri,l^- 
 count\ . 
 
 Woods, Mrs. R. C— Lehi LfVinder Mi». . 
 born at Chelsea, April 14, t.H<)o, rducitcd it 
 Chelsea and Female Seniinits. Married 
 October 19. nno. Ravmond Charlfs W.«^«v 
 born December 15. 1SS5, in Labellc r,.upi, 
 Kansas. They are the parents of: (".harlfj 
 Edwin, born April 26, 1912; Lolj Evtl^n. 
 born August 29. i9i4 and Ravmund W«>Ji. 
 born February 13, 1921. 
 
 Mr. Woods is the son of Oscar E. and 
 Clara Woods, and .Mrs. Leiia L<Vind<r 
 Woods is the daughter of John LeVandiT 
 and Susan Lillie (.Mcintosh) .Mizer; the lat- 
 ter, the daughter of John Ross Mclnimh. 
 the last Chief Justice of the Cherokee Na- 
 tion. 
 
 Walkingstick, Simon Ralph. Jr. — Simon 
 Ralph, son of Simon Ridcc and Viola (<>»• 
 borne) Walkingstick was born at Tahlequah 
 Aug. 17, 1S96. Educated at Bacone and t)arl- 
 .mouth Colleges, Rradualine (fom the lailcr 
 with B. S -degree. .Married at Swacu*e. N 
 Y. December l5. I'M 7, .MarRarel E. daufb- 
 ter of C- H. McKaig. Thev are the parent* 
 of Syvertsen Ralph Walkincsllck. N.rr. Julr 
 3, 1920. 
 
 Simon Ralph Walkinuslick iJ a Pre»»l*»- 
 ian. In Dartmouth, he was one of the eleve- 
 members of the students (overnlnj NJv 
 President of the College Y. M C. A.. Prfi 
 dent of the ColieKJate (:o*mop«lltjn 'luV. 
 originator of one of the t»t> princtpal < ■■. 
 lege yells. Secretary of the New fncUnd 
 College Prohibition Association. Secretifr "< 
 the Army Y. M- C. A- work on the Me«ic«n 
 border in TMo transferred !■• ffpt »■■•• 
 then to India and later became Senior Sr* 
 retarv of the V. M. C. A- activities •Hh ih» 
 
592 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 British Army of Base Area in Mesopotamia 
 with rank of Captain and on returning to 
 the United States he was assigned to the 
 Oklahoma Y. M. C- A. work as Secretary of 
 the State Indian Department. 
 
 Woodall, William C. (See Woodall and 
 Grant) — William Coffee Woodall born in 
 Delaware District, April 20, 1870, educated 
 in the Cherokee National Schools. Married 
 June 10, 1892 Sarah Ellen, daughter of John 
 D. and Mary Jane Marker, born March i. 
 1877, and educated in Delaware District. 
 They are the parents of: Lydia Wilson, born 
 December 14, 1895, married Everett Tip 
 ton; Stand Watie, born March 19, 1898, edu- 
 cated in Craig County and Haskell Institute. 
 Married at Lawrence, Kansas June 19, 1920, 
 Agnes, daughter of Henry Mortimer and 
 Clara Etta Lesuer, born May 5. 1901 in Raiii 
 Bow Camp, Siskiyou County, Calif.; Vera 
 Marguerite, born March 9, i900; Charles 
 Washington, born December 28, 1902; Ha- 
 zel T., born February 21, 1907; and Alm.i 
 Rathie, born October 25, 1909. William C 
 and his son Stand Watie are farmers near 
 Vinita. William C. is a member of tiie 
 Masonic order. 
 
 George Caruth Woodall, a white man, 
 born April 27, iS04, married in December 
 1827 Ellen Moore, a Cherokee. He died 
 June 1, 1880. They were the parents ot 
 William Coffee Woodall, born July 4, 1S3 5. 
 married April 28, 1857, Margaret A. Ruse, 
 born March 24, 1838. She died May 30, 
 1889 and he died November 7, 1915. Thev 
 were the parents of William Coffee Woodall 
 who married Sarah Ellen Marker. William 
 Coffee Woodall, Sr., was elected Councilor 
 from Delaware District, August 2, 1875 and 
 August 5, 1877 and elected Senator from 
 the same district August 6, 1883. He was, 
 a man noted for his sterling integrity and 
 honesty and was a true representative of the 
 Woodall family. 
 
 Whitaker, W. T — Elizabeth Taylor, 
 daughter of David and Mary Ann (Bigby) 
 Taylor was born in Cherokee County, North 
 Carolina Oct. l8th, 1819, Married April 2, 
 183 4 to Stephen Whitaker who was born in 
 the same County and State on February 9, 
 1814. 
 
 They were the parents of William Thomas 
 Whitaker, born February 14, 185 4 in same 
 County and State. William Thomas came to 
 the Indian Territory in 187 1. remaining 4 
 
 years, returned to his native state and on 
 April 25, 1875 married Stacy L. Hood who 
 was born in the same county and State on 
 May 25, i860. They removed to the In- 
 dian Territory under the supervision of the 
 Government over the Cherokee's in 1881, 
 living about 6 months in Muskogee, moved 
 to Chouteau living there for 5 years an.l 
 moved to Pryor, Okla. in 188 7. To this 
 Union was horn James Edward, Dec. 25, 
 1878, William Jerry, Sept. 8, 1881, Emma 
 D, June 11, 1883, Maggie R. June 1, 188;, 
 J. Charles, July 4, 1888, Ella O. August 8, 
 1890, Claude, February 9, 1893, Clarence 
 Mjv 7, 1895, Edna Mae, July 26, 1901. 
 
 James E. and William J. received their 
 education at Male Seminary, Tahlequah, Wil- 
 lie Halsell College, Vinita, and Henry Ken- 
 dall College, Muskogee, Okla. 
 
 William J. is also a graduate of the Univer- 
 sity Medical College of Kansas City, Mo. and 
 was First Lieutenant M. R. C. and present 
 County Physician. 
 
 James E. was a member of Co. D, 1st 
 Territorial Regiment in 1898 during the 
 Spanish American War. 
 
 James E. and Wm. J. are both 3 2nd degree 
 Masons and Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. 
 
 James E. married Myrtle L. Ellis on Oct. 
 7, 1908 and to this union was born James 
 Ellis, Sept 1, 1909, William Thomas, May 8, 
 1911, Lois Mae, April 2, 1913, Fleeta Eloise, 
 Sept. 22, 1915, George Edward and Georgia 
 Elizabeth (twins) April 10, 1917 and 
 Myrtle Lorine. December 12, l')20. 
 
 William J. married L(iis Waldrup August 
 4, 1911. 
 
 Emma D. married December 13, 1904, 
 Geo. W. Collipriest and the following chil- 
 dren were born to this union. Gertrude 
 Ruby, Helen, Fay and Fern (twins) and 
 James. 
 
 Maggie D. married in 190 7 to James R. 
 Lawson and to this union a son was born 
 namely Byron. 
 
 J- Charles married on December 10, 1909 
 to Curtis E. Bush and to this union a son 
 was born, name John C. 
 
 ■Ella O. married June 6, 190S Dr. L. B. 
 Barnes. 
 
 William Thomas Whitaker founded the 
 Whitaker Orphans Home for White Orphan 
 children of the Indian Territory in 1897 and 
 maintained said home and cared for hundreds 
 of Orphan children and at the time of State- 
 
HISTORY OF THH CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 S'M 
 
 hood he gave the Home tu the State of 
 Oklahoma and the Institution is now known 
 as the East Oklahoma State School, a bles- 
 sed Heritage. 
 
 Wright, E. B. (See Grant and Downing) 
 
 Ellis Buffington Wright, born in Going Snake 
 District, October 2'-i, iS5 4. .Married Mav 
 29, 1881, Elizabeth, daughter of Eli We.>i 
 and Jennie Chinosa (Vann) Dougherty, born 
 July 6, 1862 and graduated from Female 
 Seminary June 27, 1S7'). Thev were the 
 parents of: William Ellis, Francis Otto, 
 Mayes, Bryan, Lydia, John Lindsav and Kuth 
 Wright. 
 
 Ellis Buffington Wright is a quiet, reserv- 
 ed man of more than ordinary ability and he 
 has always been noted for his unswerving in- 
 tegrity and reliability. He was elected 
 Townsite Commissioner in 18^2, member of 
 Council from Cooweescoowee District Au- 
 gust 2, 184 7 and Senator from the same Dis- 
 trict on August 7, 1899. Was appointed ".o 
 fill the unexpired term of Sheriff of Coo- 
 weescoowee District at the death of James 
 Musgrove by Chief C- J. Harris. 
 
 Barrett, (See Downing, Oolootsa and Half- 
 breed) — John Crutchfield Barrett, b(irn De- 
 cember 2 2, 18 72 in Corsicana, Te.xas, edu- 
 cated at Willie Halsell College, Vinita; mar- 
 ried at Claremore October 5, 189S Victori.i 
 Lipe, born February 1, 1874 at Oowala. 
 Cherokee Nation; educated at the Female 
 Seminary and the Oswego Female College, 
 Oswego, Kansas. Tht'y are Hie parents of 
 Flavius, born October 7, 1900: Jack, born 
 September 3, 1903; Mary Bessie, born Oc- 
 tober 21, 1906. Mr. and Mrs. Barrett are 
 Presbyterians; he is a Mason and member of 
 the Deer clan; she is a member of the Wolf 
 Clan Cherokees. 
 
 John C Barrett, son of Flavius Josepheus 
 Barrett, born October 22. 183 5 in Giles 
 County Tennessee; captain Co. B. I5th Te.x- 
 as Cavalry in the Confederate service; he 
 married Aug. 18, 1865 Saphronia J. Crutch- 
 field, born November 16, 1851; he was 
 elected to the Texas legislature from Wise 
 county in 1866, He now lives at Vinita- 
 
 DeWitt Clinton Lipe, born February 17, 
 1840, attended the .Male Seminary in 185 4, 
 married March l, lS7l Mary Elizabeth Arch- 
 er, horn October 19, 184 7. She died March 
 18. 1894, and he died December 6, 1916- 
 They were the parents of Nannie E-, Vic- 
 toria and Lola V. Lipe. Bv a previous mar- 
 
 riage Mr. Lipe had a s.,„ |,,hn Ounirr Liff 
 DeWitt Clinton Lire held ihr )(.l|..«|n( ..( 
 lices:; Clerk ..f (:.»)»cc«.H.»cf t)l»lric( 
 Senator August 5, 1877; Nillonil Trrtiurc 
 Nov. 11. 1S7<>; Seiiit-.r from «blch ht ft 
 signed and was elected member Cbrrt.l-/ 
 Citizenship court Nnv. iSSfi. He ■>« jp 
 pointed on Chen.kee Oullel Bond*. t!l''l. 
 National Treas. Nov. |4. |8'i5 tni etrclrti 
 County Clerk Rogers counlv. ilkUh<>m« (■• 
 the first term ..f that ..((ice- 
 Bryan, Dr. W. W. (See Grant anil AJiin 
 —William Wear, sun of Charle* S. and M.i 
 dred (Wear) Bryan born September *. \y< ^ 
 in Cooper County. .Missouri. Qriduii'J 
 from Western Dental College o( Kama* 'm>. 
 .Mo. Married at Vinila August it. l.*'>3, 
 Rachel Bell, daughter .>f William Henr> and 
 Eliza Jane (Bell) Mayes, born September n. 
 1868. They were the parents o(; OhariM S 
 born July 14. IS<)6, and died Nov. <J «( Ike 
 same year; Frances, born .May 17. IS**} and 
 died June 21, iS'ij; William .Mayet born 
 July 14, 1S')6 and died Nov. t. 1S<>6: Jo« 
 Cullus, born February 10, IQOJ. and Mamie 
 Alexander Bryan born October 2!, I'Hii. 
 
 Dr. Bryan's ability in his cho«en rr"(e>- 
 sion was recognized by his beinj app-iinied 
 by Governor Haskell as President •)( ih; 
 State Board of Dental Examiners, a r<>»ill..n 
 in which he was retained (.>r nine >ear» lit 
 is the Vice-President of the Fir»l National 
 Bank of Claremore, the oldest banking e»- 
 tablishment in Rogers f'ounly. chartered m 
 1895. Dr. Bryan is the owner <•( a m<»lel 
 ranch of three hundred and l»enl» ac^ev 
 adjacent to the City "f Claremore. »hf - • 
 he maintains a splendid and commodi^m 
 country seat and specializes in pedlfreeii 
 live* stock. His shorthorn herd U "ne "t 
 the best in northeastern Oklahoma- With 
 his gracious wife and charmint children H* 
 dispenses an open hospitality that render* i 
 visit to his home a memorable occuion *'■> 
 the fortunate guest. 
 
 Mrs. Bryan is the neice o( Chief J'vel B 
 Mayes and Samuel Houston .Mave» 
 
 Brannon. Mr.. O. O. (See foreman) — 
 Lucile Sarah, daughter o( Owen Henf» »n4 
 Ida Lorena (Stephens) Haworlh »a» N>rn at 
 Tulsa, Monday, October «. l!<** tducauJ 
 in the Public Scho<.ls and Scarred C.llece 
 Married at Tulsa in l'>06, Or»al O. Branw.n. 
 born Oct. 28. IS.S? in Marlin 0>unl». Ii»4 
 Thev are the parents of Marv, Njrn S<n '. 
 
594 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 l9o7 and Thomas Brannoii, horn Jan 30, 
 1910. 
 
 Ida Lorena, daughter of Spencer Scago 
 and Sarah (Hicks) Stephens was born March 
 13, 1865- Graduated from Northfield Aca- 
 demy, Northfield, Connecticut in 1884. Was 
 an instructor in the first school opened in 
 Tulsa. She married June 11, 1886 Owen 
 Henry Haworth born April 27, 1858 in 
 Kankakee County, 111. 
 
 Bible, John Adam — John Adam, son of 
 William Henry and Mary E- (Locker) Bible 
 was born October 13, 1872. Married at 
 Claremore July 1, 1895 Ella, daughter of 
 Freedom E, and Louisa (Hill) Brinker, born 
 Nov. 1, 1877 in Shelby County, Illinois. 
 They are the parents of: Katie, born in Ta- 
 lala March 30, 1896 and Maude Bible, born 
 May 8, 1900, married at Nowata, Charles A. 
 Carter and is now living in Kansas City. Mo. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Bible are members of the 
 Church of God and are progressive farmers 
 near Talala, Oklahoma. 
 
 Boling, Mrs. Julia M. (See Grant) — Julia 
 Matilda daughter of John and Ruth (Hall) 
 Davis was born Tuesday June 22, 1869 in 
 Georgia- Married at the Martin Davis home- 
 stead on the Chickamauga battle ground, 
 Georgia, December 3, 1891 James Madison, 
 son of Reuben and Marguerite Boling born 
 Jan. 31, 1856. 
 
 He graduated from University of Georgia, 
 Post Graduate of Missouri Medical Collegr, 
 St. Louis and University of Pennsylvania. 
 Dr. Boling, who was a thirty second degree 
 Mason died June 6, 1916. A pioneer phy- 
 sician and friend to the Cherokee and did 
 much good- Reserved, talented and gra- 
 cious; Mrs .Boling being possessed of ample 
 means maintains a home in Tulsa, but spends 
 much of her time, traveling. 
 
 Joseph, sun of Joseph and Susannali 
 (Childs) Martin was born on his father':, 
 plantation near Charlotteville, Virginia in 
 1740. He was elected Captain of the Tran- 
 sylvania Militia in 17 76 became Major, Feb- 
 ruary 17, 17 79 and Lieutenant Colonel in 
 March 1781. His activities were directed 
 against the Tories and their Indian Allies 
 west of the Allegheny Mountains, they hav- 
 ing been stirred to violence by a letter of 
 .May 9, 1776 from the British Superintend- 
 ent of Southern Indian affairs, calling on 
 them for concerted action in surprising and 
 killing the men, women and children of the 
 
 revolutionists and their sympathizers. The 
 south had been practically subjugated by the 
 summer of 1780 and it was only by the ef- 
 forts of such a patriot as Major Joseph 
 Martin that it was possible for a part of the 
 soldiers of the Western frontier to strike and 
 destroy Ferguson at Kings Mountain on Oc- 
 tober 7, 1780 and turn the tide in favoi 
 of the Americans. Major Martin was not 
 at Kings Mountain, as he was busy hold- 
 ing the Indians of the southwest at hay. In 
 recognition of his patriotic services he was 
 advanced to the lieutenant colonelcy, five 
 months later. He was elected Brigadier Gen- 
 eral of the North Carolina Militia by legisla- 
 ture on December 14, 1787 and was com- 
 missioned Brigadier General of the Twelfth 
 Brigade of Virginia Militia by Governor 
 Henry Lee on December 11, 1793. 
 
 Martinsville, county seat of Henry Coun- 
 ty, Virginia and the place of his residence 
 was named for him. He died there on De- 
 cember 18, 1808 and was buried with Mili- 
 tary and .Masonic honors. 
 
 He married Susannah Fields near Emory 
 and their third and youngest child was Sa- 
 bra Martin who married Daniel Davis, born 
 in 1785 in North Carolina and died in June 
 1S66. Their son Martin Davis was born 
 August 27, 1809. Married April 29, 1840 
 Julia Ann Fate, born January 5, 1823 in 
 Georgia. He died November 11, 1850 and 
 she died September 28, 1882. They were 
 the parents of John Davis born September 
 8, 1846. Married September 5, 1868 Ruth 
 Hall born in Walker County, Georgia. They 
 were the parents of .Mrs. Julia M. Boling. 
 
 .Martine was one of the Norman Knights 
 who accompanied William the Conqueror in 
 the conquest of England in October 1065 
 and the family later changed the name to 
 Martin. 
 
 Garrett, R. B. (See Grant and Ward)^ 
 Robert Bruce Garrett, born December 2. 
 1876 near Baptist Mission, Going Snake Dis- 
 trict educated in the Cherokee Public 
 Schools and graduated from Male Seminary 
 May 31, l9oi. Appointed principal of the 
 Cherokee Orphan Asylum in 1902. Mar- 
 ried October 3, 1903, Cherokee Dora Ed- 
 mondson, born October 23, 1879 in Dela- 
 ware District, educated in the National 
 Schools and graduated from Female Semi- 
 nary June 23, 1897. They are the parents 
 
HISTORY OF THl^: ClIEROKKl-; INDIANS 
 
 of Kathleen Butler Garrett, born .lanuaiv 22 
 
 James Robert Garrett, born June 2<), isSd 
 in Carroll County, Tennessee married March 
 17, IS" 5, Elizabeth Greer, born August 30, 
 185 4. He was appointed Clerk of GoinR 
 Snake District, July 29, iS90 and elected to 
 the same office, August 3, 1891. .Mrs. J. 
 R. Garrett died in 1903 and he died in Janu- 
 ary 1918. They were the parents of Robert 
 Bruce, horn Dec 2, 1876; Simeon, born 
 January 24. 1878 and died Oct. 1902; Mary 
 E. born .Mav 3o, ISSI; Allie R. born March 
 3, 1885; Lola born November 29, 18S9; 
 Captain J. W. born January 20, lS9o and 
 Thomas B. Garrett, born April 16, 1892. 
 
 Robert Bruce Garrett's Cherokee name 's 
 Oochalata and that of his wife is Cherokee. 
 They are members of the Methodist church. 
 He is a Mason and Knight of Pythias and 
 she is an Eastern Star. 
 
 Carroll, Mrs. John M. (See Raper, Town- 
 send) — Mary C. daughter of Thomas Mar- 
 tin and Marcella Fernandas (Townsend) Ra- 
 per, was born in Georgia June 5, 1876, edu- 
 cated in Georgia, Indian Territory and North 
 Carolina. Married January 8, 1893. John 
 M. son of Jesse R. and Mary Jane Carroll, 
 born Nov. 24, 1870 in Cherokee County, N. 
 Carolina. They are the parents of: Myrtle .I- 
 born March 3 1, 1894. Married J. L. Na'l, 
 has one daughter Ella Clementine Nail, born 
 April 20, 1914; Clem, born February 13, 
 1896; Gillie .May, born .March 24, 1S98, 
 married to James Ellis Sloan, Dec. 1. 1917; 
 Jesse L. born July 11, 1900; Juli;i„ bor:i 
 February 2, 1904; Edith, born February II, 
 1907; Olive Marie, born March 7, 1909; 
 Thomas Grant, born August 23, 1911; Clin- 
 ton Hoolie, born March 5, 1914; Leona, born 
 January 22, 1919; and Warren G-, born 
 March 31. 1921- Mr. and Mrs. Carrol are 
 farmers and belong to the Church of God. 
 
 Clem Carrol 1st. Sgt. of 3 58 Inf. 90 Div. 
 was married to Nina Bryant May 7, 1921 at 
 Muskogee, Okla. He was educated in Okla- 
 and Missouri. Graduated from Rude's Busi- 
 ness College in Carthage, .Missouri. 
 
 Thomas M. Raper and family also his 
 grandmother and grandfather. Holly and Je''- 
 sie Raper immigrated from the state of 
 Georgia to this country in iSSl and were 
 admitted to citizenship in the same year. 
 The daughter Mary went back to Georgia 
 and North Carolina for a short time and 
 
 later returned i,, i|,c iorfi|..r-. 
 Bard, Thomat D. Jr., (Sci- i ■ 
 
 man and Blackburn)— Th..nii\ bu.i.,. i.. 
 
 Thomas Uunn and Ljuri (Ki.jcm) Bjfj. .j, 
 
 born Oct. 4. l.S.Su in l)il|..n. C,e 
 
 cated in the Cherokee Nili.>n»; 
 
 Willie Halsell ColleRc. .lolncd ■ 
 
 Riders" but mustered out on jccouni • r d- 
 
 fective vision. .Married it CAtt fn^"f<- U 
 
 ary 2, lOio. lilijibeth llellc. ,i 
 
 Joseph and Elizabeth r.heroli, 
 
 Prather, born July 2'", l.S.H'i. ; 
 
 parents of: Jennie .Mav. born N 
 
 Jackson Rogers, bom June -M 
 
 Thomas Dunn Bard III, bntn ,Mi> ; i. : ; 
 
 Elizabeth Belle was educiled H the femlf 
 Seminary and was a member i>( the c'JJi 
 ating class of the last term of ichi«i| Jt \he 
 old Male Seminary which burni-J A; ; ; ■ 
 1910. 
 
 James Holmes, son of Thor 
 .Maryland, married Elizabeth lb .lulu i . 
 and they were the parents of Thonm I'un ■ 
 Bard who married Lauri Ronerj 
 
 Benjamin B. Wisncr married Ifnu- 
 daughter of John and Elizabeth (Foremjii 
 Elliott and they were the parent? <■( H /i 
 beth Cherokee Wisner, born April 2«. M' ■ 
 .Married Joseph Prather in I.SSl and ihe dirJ 
 September 12, t8')4. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Bard are PresbylerUni He 
 is an Elk and an Eagle 
 
 Cook, Mri. Henry N. (See Grin!)— Al Vf 
 daughter of Joseph Lvnch and Alice (Tuci 
 er) Thompson was b<irn Jan- :'•. I-S.si. fJ 
 cated at Vinita and Female Seminar* Vi- 
 ried at Vinita September t8. I "do Henr. '■ 
 born Dec. 21, lS(i<. son of Henrv and Mi- 
 garet Cook, born Aug- l7. tSH in .Miiv.u- 
 They are the pj""'* °' Eveirn 1.. a < 
 
 and Lucille .Marie, twins, born t '■ - 
 
 1907; Ellen Jaunita. born L 
 190S; Joseph Lewis, born Ap' 
 Henry Ernest, born AukusI ;f>. l'ii:<i' . 
 Robert, born July 2.S. i"t'.; and Aluv '• 
 vian. born Julv 4. I"!''. Mr. r.-^'<s < •'' 
 wife was Lila N. Foreman, a Cherokee ^h 
 he married Nov. 20. ISO.S. died I'f. 
 1905. Mr. C.K.k is a farmer near fv-'i 
 cola. 
 
 Conner, Mr.. Cr.wfonJ l^cc Orant. uh 
 gau and Duncan)— Anna, daujhle' -t '* 
 liam Charlotte (.Mavcs) Ballard «a. »•• ' • 
 July 4. IS""- Educated In the i.her.A.- 
 public schools and Femal* Semlnarv If.- 
 
506 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 which she graduated June 25, 1897. Shj 
 married at Fairland July 10, 1901 Crawford, 
 son of Francis Marion and Rebecca (Dun- 
 can) Conner, born October 31, iSSl. Edu- 
 cated in the Cherolcee public schools and 
 Bacone Indian University. They are the par- 
 ents of: Francis William born June 16, 1902 
 now deceased; Marvin Rogers, born July 24, 
 1903; Millard, born May 9, 1905; Ruth, born 
 Feb- 1", 1907; Lois, born August I3th, 190S 
 and Rebecca Conner, born April 26, 1914. 
 Miss Conner's Cherokee name is Ahniwake. 
 Mr. Conner is a carpenter at Miami. They 
 are mejnbers of the Latter Day Saints 
 church. 
 
 William, son (jf Archibald and Annie 
 (Fields) Ballard married Charlotte Mayes 
 and they are the parents of Mrs. Anna Conner 
 
 Curtsinger, Mrs- Richard N- (See Hicks) 
 — Louise Fannie Horn, born in Texas June 
 8, 1S6S and educated in that State. She 
 married December 15, 1886, Richard N., soo 
 ujoq 'jaSuisjJno uuy KjEW puK pjojung ^o 
 Sept. 22, 1860, in Kentucky. He died Oc- 
 tober 16, 1918, They were the parents of: 
 Frederick, born October 10, 1889, enlisted 
 in the World War September 22, 1917, as- 
 signed to Co. A. nth Battalion, United Sta- 
 tes Guards and was honorably discharged 
 December 12, I9l8; Etta, born June 1, 1892 
 married Gilbert West. They have one child 
 Sylvia Etta, born March 1, 1912; Eva Len;\, 
 born June 1, 1918. Married Ben Head. 
 She died Sept. 1900; they were the parents 
 of twins Etta and Gilbert West; Clifford, 
 born March 16, 1901 and .Millard Curtsing- 
 er was born March 5, 1907. 
 
 Broom of Broomtown, where the first 
 printed law of the Cherokee Nation was en- 
 acted on September 11, 1808, was a sub- 
 chief of the tribe- His daughter Nancy mar- 
 ried Nathan Hicks and they were the par- 
 ents of Charles R. Hicks, second chief of 
 this nation. Charles R. Hicks was one cf 
 the most talented and remarkable characteis 
 of the extreme frontier from 1790 to 1827 
 and during this period conducted practically 
 all of the business of the nation with the 
 United States. His daughter, Elsie married 
 Jeremiah Horn, a white man and they were 
 the parents of William Horn, who married 
 Margaret Ledbetter and they were the par- 
 ents of Mrs. Louise Fannie Curtsinger. 
 
 Copeland, Mrs- Walter (See Ghigau) — 
 Tennessee Almyra, daughter of Garrett and 
 
 Jane (Harlan) Lane was born February 16, 
 1849 in Tennessee. Married October 16, 
 1866 David Solon James, born January 5, 
 184 2 in Stone County, Missouri. He serv- 
 ed the union in Co. E, 14th Kansas Cavalry. 
 They are the parents of Clara Delia James, 
 born in the Cherokee Nation, near Miami 
 June 16 .1875. Educated in the Female 
 Seminary and Worcester Academy, Vinita, 
 graduating from the latter institution in 
 1893. Taught school in the Cherokee Na- 
 tion for twenty years and married at Miami, 
 May 12, 1915 Walter, son of George O-, 
 born in 1841 and Amanda Copeland born in 
 1842 in Indiana. 
 
 Mrs. Copeland is a member of the Metho- 
 dist Church and Eastern Star Chaper. Mr. 
 Copeland is a merchant at Welch. 
 
 Cearley, John G. (See Ghigau and Eng- 
 land) — John Gordon, son of Edmond Jeptha 
 and Sarah Letitia (Thompson) Cearley, born 
 in Georgia May 19, 1880, educated in that 
 State and in the Cherokee Nation. Married 
 at Neosho, Missouri, January 15, 1908, 
 Gertrude N., daughter of John Wesley and 
 Ida Josephine (Jenkins) Harris, born near 
 Vinita, January 13, 1899. They are the 
 parents of Howard Luther, born October 8, 
 190S; Kenneth Raymond, born November 
 16, 1910 and John Gordon Cearley, born 
 June 28. 1914. Mr. Cearley is a farmer 
 near Big Cabin. 
 
 Nannie Rider married David Thompson. 
 Their son, Caleb Starr Thompson, married 
 Matilda Cordill and they were the parents of 
 Sarah Letitia Thompson who married Ed- 
 mond Jeptha Cearley. 
 
 Arminda England married Elias H. Jenkins 
 and they were the parents of Ida Josephine 
 Jenkins who married John Wesley Harris. 
 
 Donnelly, James H. (See Grant and Dan- 
 iel) — James Henry, son of Henry and Emma 
 Jane (Daniel) was born August 29, 187 1. 
 Educated in William Halsell College, Vinita. 
 Married at Vinita January 5, 1896 Bertha 
 Alice, daughter of Jasper and Lucy Claussen, 
 born March 18, 18S0, Christian County, III. 
 
 They are the parents of: Mattie Agnes, 
 born November 2, 1896, married William 
 Beeman and has one son, William Stanton 
 Beeman, born March 20, 1920; James Or- 
 ville, born August 20, 1899; Ray Edgar, 
 born February 20, 1903 and Bernice Mildred 
 Donnelly, born March 6, 1906. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Donnelly are members of the Presby- 
 
HISTORY OF THH CHKROKhK INDIANS 
 
 ^•); 
 
 * a farmer, near Vi- 
 lie Haisell College and 
 
 teriaii Cliurch. He 
 iiita. Educated at Wi 
 Worcester Academy. 
 
 Fields, William Lee (See Grant)_William 
 
 Lee Fields, born in Cooweescoowee District 
 November 29. 1S75, educated at Willie Hal- 
 sell College and Male Seminary. Married 
 in June 1902 Dora E. Johnson. They were 
 the parents of Bertha Helena, born AuRust 
 29, 1903, married Jesse McCreary June .S, 
 1921; Violet Fern, born October 17, 1908^ 
 Apple Dor<]thy Fields, born June 20, l9ioJ 
 William Lee. born March 20, I'lij; Jesse' 
 Thomas, born April l ", \'nS: Franklin 
 Chester born August 15. UM; and Fredonia 
 Ellen Fields, born December 22, 1920. 
 
 Henry Clay, son of Richard and Mary 
 (Wilds) Fields born October 21, 1844 
 Married in February 1S61 Amanda Jane 
 Rogers, born July 17, 1S4 7, in Johnson 
 County, Missouri. They were the parents 
 of William Lee Fields, who is alscj the great 
 great grandson of Richard Fields, Chief of 
 Texas Cherokees. 
 
 Foreman, Thomas Watie (See Grant, Fore- 
 man, Hildebrand, Seabolt anad Duncan) — 
 Thomas Watie, son of Thotnas Leroy and 
 Susan M. (Wolf) Foreman was born ai 
 Tahlequah January 12, i860. Educated at 
 Tahlequah. Married at Tahlequah, March 
 28, 1886. Cherokee Duncan daughter o'' 
 George Washington and .Mary (McLaughlin) 
 Hughes, born February 11, 18 70. They are 
 the parents of: William Evarts. born Dec. 
 IS, 1886, was in officers training camp dur- 
 ing World War and is practicing law at 
 Tulsa; Watie Cornelius, born Feb. 3, l89l 
 was in railroad service during the war and 
 is the auditor of an oil company in Rogers, 
 Arkansas, and Thomas Hughie Foreman, the 
 youngest son was born May 9, i894 was in 
 the aerial service during the war and is a 
 deputy sheriff in Miami, Florida. In Nov. 
 1921 was commissioned U. S. Prohibition 
 agent for Miami Dist. .Mr. Foreman's Cher- 
 okee name is Takatoka. He has been a 
 member of the Masonic fraternity sinci 
 1884. Has been a law enforcement officer 
 since statehood. He entered the Cherokee 
 Advocate office at the age of fifteen and 
 served on its staff until its discontinuance, 
 being for a quarter of a century its busines 
 manager and for a good part of the time 
 
 Annie (Seabolt) For^min 
 
 Susan (Wulfe) Forenur, m.„hc, ..f T * 
 Foreman was a dau,ht„ .., Th..mi. r 
 ^^olfe the (,rst settler ..( T^hlrquih }-..'.< 
 irst house in LSt; bWnr*. „m..„l ..( . -. 
 kees from Genrsii. Waj ,„ ..^ »cf 
 Western Cherokee. Whrn rhc.i 
 Keneral council met and ad..rt,j ,h, 
 tution and Act ..f L„l»n and ^circled ! 
 cation for the Cherokee capilil T (1 a •. 
 don,ated the ground which »a, cill,J i,h.,. 
 quah and ever afterward was kno.n « ihc 
 capital of the Cherokees. 
 
 Graves. Clarence— Clarencf. »■ - ' ■■ 
 and Ahbie (Guthrie) Grase. 
 Wyandotte, Kas., Sept- 20. t.S "■ • 
 
 at Talala. Effie. daughter of Mr. and Mt. * 
 A. Griffith. .\U. Graves has a splendid rduci- 
 tion especially along commercial llnct H< 
 has been prominent in the mercantile u- 
 tivities of Talala since almost the btfinnmc 
 of the town. His father was a native o| H*n- 
 cock. Washington Co., .Mo., he heln( the w.n 
 of a prominent attorney who died while on 
 legal business in Washington. D. C 
 
 Mrs. Abbie (Guthrie) Graves »a» of W%. 
 andotte and Shawnee extraction. 
 
 Harnage, C- L (See Ghigau and Sandrrs) 
 — Custis Lee. .son of John Griffith and Em'l. 
 Walker (.Vlayfield) Harnage was N.rn Junf 
 30, 1867. Educated in Texas. .Married jl 
 Vinita Jan. 29. i.S"'» Frances Cnhtttnr. 
 daughter of Joseph Henry ind Rulh line 
 (Harlan) Hunt, born Aueust J. IS:4 Sh.- 
 was educated in Vinita. Thev were the pr- 
 ents of: Emma Ruth, horn .March 2<, i ' 
 James Hall, born Jan. lo. t'>02: Ni ■ ■ 
 Pauline, born Dec- 4. 1004. died t>ec ;'■. 
 19 1 8; Lucile Dixie, born lulv l.s. foi. and 
 Curtis Le Harnage. horn Jan M. f'M 
 Mr. Harnage is a farmer and M-'Ckrilter at 
 
 Talala. He is a member ■•f the Vj .• ' 
 
 O. O- F. and Knights of Pvlhij 
 Henry, Jetse (See Grant) — 
 ried Love and Muskrat. All » 
 Cherokees. Her children bv :' 
 riage were: Celia. married Me»- 
 Lucy, married Jesse, son o( Williaiit li. ■; 
 Tahnee, married Thomas Henry A\tttnJf 
 Nannie, married Rock rrulchfield Jnd A"- - 
 Love married Whirlwind. Her Ihrcc diuc^ 
 ters. OIkinev. Ailsev and Alee MusJiral. JcJ 
 without descent. 
 
 Jesse and Lucv (L-ive) Henri »efe lh» 
 
 actual but not nominal Editor. j>..---.. -..- >--^. » > ,- 
 
 ;on of Charles andparents of J.isiah Henr>. hirn Jangart I 
 
 Thomas Leroy was the so 
 
598 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 1S50 married December 26, 1871, Laura 
 Alice, daughter of Ellis and Martha (Cope- 
 land) Buffington, born September 22, 1852. 
 They were the parents of Jesse Henry, born 
 July 16, 1875, educated in the Cherokee Na- 
 tional Schools. Married Margaret Jeanette 
 Allen nee Toole and they had two sons: Jo- 
 siah, born Jan. 3, 1898 and William E. Henrv 
 born Feb. 3, 1901. Mr. Henry's second wife 
 Vernie Ream Crittenden is now deceased and 
 they had no children. .Mr. Henry is a farn;- 
 er near Claremore. 
 
 Highland, James (See Ghigau) — James 
 Highland born February 19. 1S77 is the son 
 of Michael and Nellie (Smith) Highland, the 
 former a native of Dublin, Ireland and the 
 latter born at Webber's Falls, Cherokee Na- 
 tion. James Highland was educated in the 
 Cherokee public schools and Willie Halsell 
 College, Vinita, he married at Vinita, Sep- 
 tember 8, 19 10 Belle, daughter of William 
 and Alma Robbins. Mr. Highland was a 
 member of Battery D, Heavy Artillery in thi 
 Spanish-American war. He is a Knight ni 
 Pythias. He has been in the meat business 
 in Vinita as cutter since 1894. 
 
 Henry, Laura Alice (See Grant) — Laura 
 Alice, daughter of Ellis and Martha (Cope- 
 land) Buffington was born September 22, 
 1852. Married December 26, 1871, Josiah. 
 son of Jesse and Lucy (Love) Henry, born 
 January 1, 1850. He was elected in Novem- 
 ber 1869, Solicitor of Cooweescoowee Dis- 
 trict and appointed to the same office in 
 1876 by the Chief. Elected Councilor from 
 Cooweescoowee District August 1, 1881 and 
 August 2, 1897. He died Oct. 4, 1904 and 
 she died Nov. 12, 1906. They were the 
 parents of Rosa Jane Henry, born August 
 10, 1883, educated in the Cherokee Public 
 Schools and Female Seminary and E. E. Rec- 
 tor, born Feb. 27, 1873 Butler County,Kan- 
 sas. They are the parents of Edna May, born 
 Dec. 19, 1899; James Emmett, born Oct. 
 29 1906; Josiah, born June 28, 1908 
 and Frances Rector born July 5. 1910. They 
 are farmers near Claremore. They belong 
 to the Methodist Church and he is a Mason. 
 Mrs. Rector's Cherokee name is Ay-ni. Jo- 
 siah Henry son of Jess Henry was married 
 May 19, 1918 to Marie Potts and there was 
 born to them two children, Frances N. Henry 
 born March 11, 1919 and Beman L. Henr\ 
 born Oct. 22, 1920. 
 
 Haddan, Mrs. Barney D. (See Grant) — 
 
 Elizabeth Jane Fields, born February 13, 
 1880, educated at Hogan Institute. Married 
 August 9, 1894, David Barney Haddan, born 
 Jan. 28, 1866, in Neoshoe County, Mo- They 
 are the parents of Thomas Elmer Franklin, 
 born Jan. 19, 1S9S. Married Sept. 7, 1919, 
 Lena May Williams, born Jan. 7, 1897 in 
 Colon County, Texas and Marie Susan Had- 
 dan, born January 2, 1903, graduated from 
 Pryor High Schol 192 1 and married at Mi- 
 ami, Okla., June 29, 1921 Orum R. Garner 
 born May 1, 1899 in Benton Co. Arkansas. 
 Thos. E. F. Hadden, Jr., son of Thomas E. F 
 and Lena Mae was born Aug. 1, 192 1 at 
 Pryor, Okla. Mrs. Haddan is a member of 
 the Eastern Star Chapter No. 5 of Pryor. 
 Mrs. Garner is a member of this chapter also. 
 
 David Barney Haddan is a successful farm- 
 er and stock raiser, a member of the Ma- 
 sonic lodge and I. O- O. F. of Pryor. He was 
 elected County Commissioner of Mayes 
 County, November 8, 1910. 
 
 Henry Clay, son of Richard and Mary 
 (Wilds) Fields was born October 21, 184^. 
 Married in February 1861, Amanda Jane 
 Rogers, born July 17, 1847 in Johnson 
 County, Missouri. They were the parents 
 of Mrs. David Barney Haddan, who is also 
 the great, great grand-daughter of Richard 
 Fields, Chief of the Texas Cherokees. 
 
 Carrie R. Fields born March 31, 1886, ed- 
 ucated at Pryor, Indian Territory. Married 
 to Joseph S. Butler Sept. 27, 1903, born 
 Nov. 13, l8Sl. Mr. Butler is a farmer and 
 stockman, member of A. O- U. W of Pryor 
 and Mrs. Butler is a member of Eastern Star 
 chapter No. 5 of Pryor. 
 
 Roland F. Butler, born Oct. 31, 1904 at 
 Pryor a Pryor High School Student- 
 
 Margaret Marie Butler born March 21, 
 1912 . 
 
 Hail, Mrs. Cleo (See Ghigau and Sanders) 
 — Margaret, daughter of John Bell and De- 
 lilah (Roach) Smith was born at Tahlequah 
 Oct. 4, 1895, educated in Tahlequah District 
 and Haskell Institute, Lawrence, Kansas. 
 Married at Tahlequah March 9, 1918, A. 
 Cleo, son of John and Mary Hall, born near 
 Tahlequah in 1S97. They are the parents 
 of Morris Hail, born Jan. 26,^)20. Mr. 
 Hail is a farmer near Tahlequah. 
 
 George ,son of Joshua and Almira (Har- 
 lan) Roach married Nannie Pritchett and 
 they were the parents of Delilah (Roach) 
 Smith. George Roach was elected Sheriff 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHl£R(,Kl-,i 1M„aNs 
 
 of Tahlequah District August 1 1SS7 Rev 
 ^rend Samuel Smith, the paternal grandfath- 
 er of Mrs. Marsaret Hail was elected Execu- 
 tive Councilor in iS67; Delegate to Wash- 
 ington, 1867, 1868, 1869 and 1870- Sena- 
 tor from Saline District August 5 187" 
 ^ugust 1, ISSI, August 6, 1883; LshtM 
 Chief August 1, 1887, Senator from Saline 
 District August 1, 1^893 and August 5 1895 
 He was President of the Senatl- during the 
 latter term. 
 
 Hicks, E. D.-lf you were fortunate 
 enough to he able to see a copy of the 
 Laws of the Cherokee Nation published in 
 1S5 2 you could find ..n pages three and 
 four, the first printed law of the Cherokee 
 Tribe, promulgated on Sept. ii, isos at 
 Broom's Town. It has the approval of Enola 
 or Blackfox as Princip.al Chief and Pathkiller 
 as Second Chief. It bears the signature of 
 Charles Hicks as "Sec'y. to Council." 
 
 Broom's Town was the home of Chief 
 Broom whose daughter Nancy, a mejnber of 
 the Wolf clan marrried Nathan Hicks, a white 
 man. Nathan and Nancy Hicks were the 
 parents of Charles, William and Elizabeth 
 Hicks who married James Vann, Richard 
 Fields, Eliphas Holt and WilMam Campbell. 
 There were possibly other brothers and sis- 
 ters, but their names are unknown. Charles 
 Hicks was probably born in the decade be- 
 tween 1760 and 17 70. It is not known 
 when he was educated as there were no 
 schools among the Cherokees during his 
 boyhood. He joined the Church of the Uni- 
 ted Brethren at Spring Place and was bap- 
 tized on April 10. 1S13, at which time the 
 iTiissionaries, as was their wont, conferred 
 upon him the middle name of Renatus, o- 
 the Renewed; Charles Renatus Hicks. 
 
 When the constitutional act of May 6, 
 1817 was passed at Amoch it was signed by 
 Second Chief Charles Hicks, but he failed as 
 he did in practically every instance to ap- 
 pend his official title. ^ 
 
 In October IS 17 he was described as fol- 
 lows: "He is a half-breed Cherokee, about 
 fifty years of age. He has very pleasant 
 features and an intelligent countenance. He 
 speaks the English language with utmost fa- 
 cility and with gre.at propriety — I was ex- 
 ceedingly surprised that a Cherokee should 
 be able to obtain so extensive a knowledge 
 of English as he possessed: He reads better 
 than one-half of the white people and writes 
 
 an easy hand, F.,r ihirtv ,r„. h, ,. 
 as occasions required, an m,. 
 United States. As a nun . , 
 Perance and inlellii:ence he 
 tained a most reputable chiraclVr ' 
 
 He was Treasurer-' „f ihc |-.h<T.,k. 
 'n IS2 5 as well as Sccnd .-.hicf, i 
 dence was In Chickamausa lii.irUi 
 tober 12, 18263. 
 
 His last knuwn siRnalure wa, ,(,, 
 a Council Bill .,| November 3H. |*v 
 probably died shortiv after Ihl. Jai.' . 
 ing 1 827 his brother William Hici-. 
 Principal Chief, which otflce he hr : 
 October 1828. 
 
 Chief Charles R. Hicks wav ih . 
 Elijah Hicks wh.. was born ' 
 He was Clerk of Council in i- 
 afterward married .Miss Man: 
 July 5, 1803. He was living; 
 District in October 1S;(.'. lie »j. ,.,-,.,. 
 of the National Committee durint ihf war 
 of 182 7. He was appointed tdilor o| the 
 Cherokee Phoenix on Aurum i, isi:" inj 
 retained that position until .Mav t|. mh 
 The press was confiscated and denr. 
 ter that date. 
 
 Elijah Hicks was a Captain of „n 
 Emigrant Cherokee delachmenlv !: 
 tachment, according to Chief p. 
 ment embraced eight hundred • 
 dividuals, fifty four of whun: 
 They were the second conir 
 the date of same being Sepu 
 and arrived in the Western t h 
 in advance of the other Irainj nn Jinuar 
 I S3 9. 
 
 He was a signer of the < ■ 
 1S39 and settled on the dl • 
 present site of Claremore. .< 
 ducted a general store and cj 
 Echota or as he spelled il an.l 
 nounced "Sauty." He »»» elected t J.- 
 gate to Washington in ISV and t'l 
 Elected Clerk of the (:herol,ff Scnitf 
 1845 and having been chl■^fn a« S.- »: 
 from Saline District which at thai limr ■ 
 braced over ten million acres i>f land «• J <■ 
 
 tended west to the one hundredth ^ r 
 
 he was elected president «( Ih 
 died on August 6. tS56 and I' 
 cemetery at Claremore- HI* »i. .a. 
 1862. 
 
 The children <>( Mijah and Mitif 
 Hicks were: Senora; Jane who marnrd !•*" 
 
600 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 "^^ «6-~.-*l,«2^<>-5 
 
 HOME OF CHIEF LEVI GRITTS, MUSKOGEE 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIWs 
 
 ftUI 
 
 Warden Stapler; Daniel Ross who married 
 Nancy Jane Rider and Evaline Under; .Mary 
 A. Chambers and Mary Eliz;ibeth Rockwell; 
 and Victoria Susan who married DeWitt 
 Clinton Lipe. 
 
 Daniel Ross Hicks was born August 26, 
 1827 in Chickaniauga District. Cherokee 
 District and (Cherokee Nation. He married 
 Nancy Jaiu Rider born June 6, 1S39. She 
 was the daughter of Amelia (Alberty) Kider 
 and the grand daughter of Austin and .Mar\ 
 Pauline (Starr) Rider. She was also the 
 grand daughter of Moses and Sallie (Wright) 
 Alberty. She graduated from the Female 
 Seminary in February lS5 5. She was teach- 
 ing the National school near Clareniore 
 Mound in 1858 and 1859 and at the e.xpira- 
 tion of the latter term she married Mr. 
 Hicks, who was at that time sheriff of Coo- 
 weescoowee District with a jurisdiction e.\- 
 tending west to the hundredth meridian. 
 She died January 9, 1866. He was elected 
 judge of Cooweescoowee District in 1S67 
 and 1869. E.xecutive Councilor on Novem- 
 ber 13. 18 72, Clerk of Tahlequah District 
 in 1875, Clerk of Council in 1S7S and 1S79 
 and Clerk of the Senate in ISSI. He died 
 February 12, 1SS3. 
 
 Daniel Ross and Nancy Jane Hicks were 
 the parents of Edward Daniel Hicks, born 
 January 1. I8i)6. He was educated in the 
 National scho.)! and at the University of Ar- 
 kansas. Was bookkeeper for Stapler and 
 Sons at Tahlequah for several years and 
 later purchased this business. While at 
 Oowala he married on September 27, ISS^ 
 Miss Elizabeth Henrietta born November 21, 
 1867, daughter of Hon. Frank Musgrove. a 
 wealthy farmer of that neighborhood. They 
 are the parents of a family that does credit 
 to their community, namely; Janie Stapler, 
 born September iu, 1886, graduated from 
 the Female Seminary June 9, 1903 and mar- 
 ried John Griffith Harnage, now deceased; 
 Joseph Daniel, born March 27, 1888, mar- 
 ried Francis J- Lindsey who graduated from 
 the Female Seminary May 27, 1908; Clara 
 Eva born February 10, 1890 and married 
 John Reed Alley; William Pendleton, born 
 Sept. 2, 1840 and married Margaret Kay 
 Roil; Edward, born March 29, 1898 and 
 Margaret Enola Hicks. The latter a beauti- 
 ful and popular young lady is now deceased. 
 Teter, Mrs. Lewis (See Grant)— Alice 
 Fields, born February 2(), 1869, educated at 
 
 Bryans Chapel on Grind Kl„r. ,h<' mii,„4 
 January IS. ISSS. Lewij Trl,r. N.f„ tt>- 
 ru.iry 22. IS54 in W. Va. Th« ,r, ihf r»- 
 ents of: Clara Jane. l<„rn Artll li. ivt 
 married T. .1. Kini..,,; .Myrtlr. N>rn ffh !•■ 
 IS'M, married John L. V. Th..m«. W.Hrt 
 born Feb. 12. i.S'X,. married .Mahrl «iM<-. 
 Edna, born September 2i. |S'»S. mart. f J 
 Bryan Jones; Goldie K. Nirn .March I J. r-"- 
 graduated from frvi.r IliRh Sch.-.l i':t 
 Jnd Lewis Leon Teter. born April \*. f..-. 
 
 jMrs. Teter is the qreal great ^randdamb- 
 ter of Richard Fields, Chief <•( the Ttttx 
 Cherokees. The Fields" have (or the latl 
 hundred years been one of the mmt illui- 
 trious families of the Cherokees 
 
 Tyner, Thomat J. (See Tyn«r) — Th'>m»t 
 .lefferson son of Carter BUckJIone and 
 Esther Jane (Piblow) Tyner was born .March 
 
 I. 1878. Educated in the Cherokee f'uhlic 
 Schools and Friends .Mission at Skialook 
 Married April 2 7, I'M 4 Carrie. dau(hler •■( 
 Geo. W. Willits and Rachel (Connor) Willin 
 born Dec. 23. 1SS3 in Wise County. Teiav 
 
 Thompson, Lewis Kell (See Grant anj 
 Duncan) — Lewis Kell, son fif Joseph L»nch 
 and Frances (Kell) Thompson, was born In 
 Delaware District October 10. «.S73. edu- 
 cated in the Cherokee Naliimal Schoult and 
 at Vinita. .Married December 25, I8'*S to 
 Nellie H. Stilley. daui;hler of Samuel and 
 Lucy F .Stilley. born Nov. 16, IS.So In Or'i 
 ware District now .Mayes County, fiklahomi 
 They are the parents of: James Robert, N>rn 
 October 24. 1901; Lewis Lerov. b-rn V»» 
 
 II, 1905; Nellie Glennis. born ' 
 1913 and Dainie Jaunila Thon;; 
 
 December 12. 1"16. Mr. Thon.j 
 
 farmer near Pensacola, Okla. 
 
 Emily Duncan married Alexander Kell and 
 their son, James, married Eliiabelh Kdc^f 
 ton and they were the parents o( Fra"c-> 
 Kell who married Joscrh Lvnch Th..nir»" 
 
 Tuton, Mrs. Thom«s Henry (See <i'a I 
 and Cordery)— Ethel M Rosers. b".»n 
 .March 23, 1S'>9 educated at l'r»or. i>kl».. 
 
 and Boulder University, 
 ing from the Pryor High 
 
 i.loraJ-. (ri.i.>- 
 Sch... : 
 
 She married at Guth.-ie March 
 Thomas Henry Tuton. a druejul n *•-'- 
 Okla.. Mrs- Tuton is a member ••( ^^■■ 
 .Methodist Church and Is an Eastern Stir 
 
 Samuel Martin married Catherine IMJ.- 
 brand and their son William A- Martin mir 
 ried Nannie Lucas nee Gulnn. The» •*'< 
 
602 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 the parents of Almoii Martin, born Novem- 
 ber 14, 1842. He was a member of Com- 
 pany M, First Cherokee Mounted Volun- 
 teers, Confederate Service. After the war 
 he married Sarah Jane Cordery, both are 
 now deceased. They were the parents of 
 Sallie Martin, born January 3 0, 1S69, edu- 
 cated in the Cherokee National Schools and 
 Female Seminary. She married August 22. 
 1888, John Cicero Rogers, born September 
 9, 1861 in Washington County, Arkansas 
 and they are the parents of Mrs. Ethel M. 
 Tuton. 
 
 Thomas Cordery, an Irishman married 
 Susannah, a full blood Cherokee of the 
 Blind Savannah Clan. They were the par- 
 ents of David Cordery who married Char- 
 lotte Goss and they in turn were the par- 
 ents of Thomas Cordery who married his 
 first cousin Sallie Vickery and they were the 
 parents of Jane Cordery who married Almon 
 Martin. 
 
 Thompson, Robert J. (See Grant and Ghi- 
 gau) — Robert Jefferson, son of Johnson and 
 Eliza Christine (Taylor) Thompson was born 
 October 29, i860, educated at Tahlequah, 
 Male Seminary and Bacone College, graduat- 
 ing from the latter. Alarried in 1892, Rosa 
 Gritts, born July 16, 1863 and died Feb. 
 25, 1910. They were the parents of: 
 Eloise, born June 9, 189 7; Ida Frances, 
 born Nov 29, 1899; Susie Taylor, born Feb. 
 19, 1902; Thomas Fox, born Oct. 4, 1905 
 and Sammie Cunningham Thompson, born 
 May 6, l9oS. James J- Thompson born 
 1893, died in 1897. Rose Jessie Thomp- 
 son, born Aug 16, 1895, died in 1897. Mr. 
 Thompson is a member of the Knights of 
 Pythias. 
 
 Trout, Mrs. Isaac (See Ghigau and Ward) 
 — Eva Lena, daughter of Edward Estel and 
 Naomi Ann (Cole) Sloan was born near Big 
 Cabin, May 7, 1890, was educated in Dela- 
 ware District and Female Seminary. Mar- 
 ried at Big Cabin April 16, 1908, Isaac Day. 
 son of George Washington and Martha Aim 
 (Parks) Trout, born at Big Cabin. February 
 16, 1888, educated locally and at Male Semi- 
 nary. They were the parents of: Eugene 
 Albert, born May 11, 1909; Sue Gale, born 
 October 2 7, 1914; Gay Nell Groves, born 
 January 7, 1917 and Creed Pershing, born 
 October 16, 1918. Mr. Trout is a prosper- 
 ous live stock dealer at Big Cabin. 
 
 Louisa Jane, daughter of George Howard 
 and Mary (Carroll) Ward married Samuel 
 
 Trout and they were the parents of George 
 Washington Trout. 
 
 Taylor, Richard L. (Halfbreed and Ghi- 
 gau) — Richard Lee, son of William and 
 Elizabeth (Grimmett) Taylor was born in 
 1854. Married in 1880 Margaret Elmir.i 
 Paden, born in 185 6. They are the parents 
 of: Nannie C- married Feli.K N. Holland; 
 Annie Almira. married W. A. Corley; .Mary 
 Amelia, married Thomas E. Holland; Susie 
 Bunch, married Claude Doherty; Richard 
 Lee; William Benjamin, deceased, and 
 Martha Catherine living, married Tiny Hill, 
 deceased. Richard Lee Taylor was elected 
 Sheriff of Flint District August 1, 1887; 
 August 5, 1889 and August 1, 1893. 
 Elected Senator from the same district Aug- 
 ust 3, 1903. Elected County Commission- 
 er of Adair County November 3, 1914. 
 
 Taylor, James L. (See Foreman) — James 
 Lincoln Taylor, born on the Cherokee reser- 
 vation in North Carolina, September 7, 1860. 
 educated locally. Married at Pryor April 
 21, 1895, Dora B. Carty, daughter of Charles 
 and Marie Carty, born Feb. 21, 1872, in 
 Benton County, Ark. They are the parents 
 of: Nellie B., born Feb. 10, 1896, married 
 C. F. Conner; Alice, born March 9, 1899, 
 Marguerite, born Oct. 5, 1902, married L. 
 N. Logsden; William, born August 1, 1905 
 and Charles Henry, born August 7, 191 5. 
 Mr. Taylor is a member of the Independent 
 Order of Odd Fellows and Knights of Py- 
 thias. He was postmaster of Pryor from 
 1894 to 1898 and was elected Solicitor ot 
 Cooweescoowee District August 2, 1897. 
 
 James Madison, son of David and Mary 
 Ann (Bigby) Taylor married Addie Man- 
 chester and they were the parents of James 
 Lincoln Taylor. 
 
 Tadpole, Eli — Dorcas, daughter of Wil- 
 liam and Amanda (Fish) Foreman was boi n 
 in Tahlequah District, January 9, 1871, edu- 
 cated at Eureka in above named District. 
 Married January 1885, Eli, son of John and 
 Lucinda Tadpole, born in Tahlequah Dis- 
 trict, March IS, 1865 and educated in the 
 Cherokee National Schools- They are the 
 parents of. Lelia, born Apr. 10, 1890, mar- 
 ried Emmet Shewbart and J. A. Wilson; they 
 are the parents of Belle Christine born in 
 1921; Emma born May 15, 1892 married W. 
 T. Gardner; they are the parents of Herbert, 
 born Mar. 12, 1911, Wilford, born Apr. 5, 
 1917, Percy born Feb. 15, 1920; Wm. H- 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROK 
 
 l:'li INDIANS 
 
 born July 6. 1S97; Anna B., born Ja„. ,, 
 1900, nKirried Feb. 3, 190S Albert Merry; 
 and Herman Tadpole born Oct. 10, igo'ol 
 they have two daughters, Doris Catherine,' 
 born in 1920 and Nellie Wanda born Aug. 2! 
 1921. Mr. Tadpole is a farmer near Pryor. 
 Mrs. Tadpole belongs to the Wolf Clan and 
 her Cherokee name is Dar-ki. 
 
 Terrell, Samuel (See Grant. Conrad and 
 Hendricks) — Samuel, son of John and S.l- 
 mantha (Gourd) Terrell, was born in Tahle- 
 quah District No. 1". 1S7,S. educated at 
 Eureka and .Male Seminary. .Married Sept. 
 4, 1910, Rachel, daughter of Benjamin an.i 
 Cynthia (Lillard) Talley, born March 7, 
 1886 and educated in Tahlequah District. 
 They are the parents of: Susie, born June 
 20, 1921 and Samuel Terrell, born Sept 1, 
 1913. Mr. Terrell is a farmer near Tahle- 
 quah and .Mrs. Terrell is a vocal music teach- 
 er. 
 
 Susie Martin married Noah Lillard and 
 their daughter Cynthia married Benjamin 
 Talley. 
 
 Jackson R. Gourd married Elsie Wilson 
 and their son, Ellis, married Susan Riley. 
 They were the parents of Samantha Gourd 
 who married .Inhn and was the mother of 
 Samuel Terrell. 
 
 Tanner, Robert T. (See Adair and Grant) 
 — .Mary Elizabeth daughter of William Peters 
 and Rachel Louisa (Adair) .McClellan, born 
 April 7, 1S79. Educated in the Cherokee 
 public schools and Feinale Seminary. .Mar- 
 ried December 26, 1906 Robert Tanner son 
 of Benjamin N. born in Boone County, Kv., 
 Jan 6, 1842 and Nannie V. Tanner, born 
 March 10. 1S4S in Chariton County, Mis- 
 souri. They are the parents of Pearl Edith, 
 born September 28, 1910; .Mary Louisa born 
 .May 15, 1912 and Robert Turner Tannet 
 born January 14, 1917. Mr. and Mrs. Tan- 
 ner are members of the Presbyterian Churcl. 
 and she is an Eastern Star. Mr. Tanner is a 
 furniture dealer and conducts a splendid 
 farm. 
 
 Ludovic Grant a Scotchman married a full 
 blood Cherokee woman. Their daughte.- 
 married William Emory, an Englishman and 
 they in turn were the parents of Susannah 
 Emory, whose third husband was Joseph 
 Martin, born about 1740 near Charlotte- 
 ville, Albermarle County, Virginia. He held 
 the following revolutionary offices: elected 
 
 Captain of the Transylvinli .Mii 
 
 became .Major lebruiry t:, ir: - . j 
 
 tenant Colonel in Mirch i:si hV ..1 
 
 elected Brigadier General .i( Ihf v -•'- 
 
 lina militia by legislaluff ..n I 
 
 1"S7 and was coniniissinncd Hr . 
 
 eral of (he Twentieth Hrljad* M \.(,, .. 
 
 Militia by Governor llenrv lee <>l Vir,,., , 
 
 on Dec. tl. 17'I5. .Marl 
 
 seat of Henry Countv, \ 
 
 for him. His daughter Nj 
 
 Lynch and they were the pjrtnu o| Kavhd 
 
 Lynch who married Thomai Benijr-^i \s • 
 
 and their only son J..hn Lvnch 
 
 ried .Mary Jane Jeffreys, a naln. 
 
 and their daughter Rachel Loui^ > 
 
 ried William Peters .McClellan • 
 
 Arkansas and they were the par, 
 
 .Marv Elizabeth Tanner. 
 
 Thompson, Thomu Fox (Set- i>> ■ > 1 
 
 Ghigau) — Thomas Fox Thomp 
 Tahlequah District, .Mav .1, l8^^ 
 ed at Pea Ridge. Ark. .Married Dec. l.^. : ■ 
 Susan C. Parks and after her death marn.- 1 
 on .May 19. 1914 Lillie .McBrlde. nee Sfharr. 
 his Cherokee name is Chisgua-kvah and h» 
 belongs to the Deer Clan. He i^ a M^ih. ■ 
 dist and had retired after havini; been in '.h 
 dry goods and grocery bu$ine>n in Vimn 
 for twenty years. .Mr. Thompson wt» elect 
 ed member of the Council (mm Delaware 
 District in IS79. 
 
 Tinker, Mri. Minnie — Minnie, ihe dauth 
 ter of Henrv and Marv (Walker) Sp. 
 buck was born in Bird Creek, a (e» mile» 
 south of Skiatook. She waj educated al Ihf 
 Quaker Mission, two miles north <■( Sklai'-A 
 and is a member "f that church. She roafi.-d 
 at Hill Side. Okla. in l"o5 FIchafJ 
 Tinker who is a member of one •>• Ihe moM 
 prominent Osage families. They ire IN' 
 parents of Henry Franklin, N'fn Feb '■ 
 1907; George Fdward. Nth Aoc ''. '''• 
 and Thnnijs Jefferson Tinker. N>rn Auc- 1 '• 
 1917. ^ 
 
 Mr. Tinker is a farmer and a memK' ' 
 Ihe .Modern Woodman of America- Vf 
 Tinker is a Shawnee, a member "f <»■• ■ 
 the most prominent families of thai tr'>' 
 as the Walkers have been i« noled In '' 
 histnry and councils of the Irtbc J« •«« I*' 
 SpN bucks. 
 
 The 
 
 Mr 
 
 Vcl- (See I)uncan 1 1 
 
604 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Grant) — Louisa Tabitha West, born March 8 
 1S62, educated in Female Seminary. Mar. 
 ried September 28, 1880, John Rogers Mar- 
 tin, born February 25, 1885. They were 
 the parents of Hernando, born August l i. 
 18S2; Birdie May, born March 26, 1884; Jo- 
 hanna R, born July 18, 1886, and DeWitt 
 T .Martin, born May 12, 18S8. John Rog- 
 ers Martin died November 10, 1887, and 
 she married January 27, 1890, Vet Thomp- 
 son, born September 8, 1861, in Macon 
 County, Missouri. They are the parents of 
 James W., horn April 11, 1891; Lewis, born 
 February 2, 1893, and Carrie, born Novem- 
 ber 13, 1898. Mr. Thompson is a farmer. 
 Mrs. Thompson's Cherokee name is Takie. 
 She is a member of the Methodist church. 
 Charles Duncan, a Scotchman, married 
 about 1784 Dorcas, a full blood Cherokee 
 of the Derr Clan. Their son, John, mar- 
 ried Elizabeth Abercromby, a native of Ten— 
 essee. The Abercrombys belong to the an- 
 cient nobility of Stirling County in Great 
 Britain. Airthey Castle was their ancestral 
 county seat. As late as 1883 the family 
 owned 15,264 acres. The head of the fam- 
 ily in 1916 was Lord George Abercromby 
 John and Elizabeth (Abercromby) Duncan 
 were the parents of Mahala Duncan, borii 
 June 21, 1821. Married July IS, 1838 
 James Smith West, born May 24, 1S17, in 
 Alabama. He died Sept. 22, 1865, and she 
 died November 27. 187'). They were the 
 parents <<{ Mrs. Louisa Tabitha Thompson. 
 
 Trout, Logan. (See Ward) — Logan, son of 
 George Washington and Mary (Eaton) Trout, 
 was born in Delaware District, April 8, 18 76. 
 and educated at Big Cabin and Male Sem- 
 inary. Married near Grove October 8, 1894, 
 Jennie, daughter of William and Sallie Walls, 
 born March 22, 18 7"^), in Berry County, 
 Missouri. They are the parents of: George 
 Washington, born January 1, 1898; Buford 
 Lee, born April 2, 1899; Edith M.. born 
 September 23. 1902, married J. F. Daniel; 
 Thomas L., born Nov. 8, 1904; Veachel, born 
 Dec. 25, mo?; Clinton, born May 6, 19o9; 
 Samuel, born February 16, 19 16, and War- 
 ren Harding Trout, born May 6, 1921 Mr. 
 Trout has conducted a mill and elevator at 
 Big Cabin for fourteen years. He belongs 
 to the Christian church and is a Woodman 
 of the World. 
 
 George Howard, son of Samuel and Sallie 
 (Earwood) Ward, was born in January, 
 
 1801, married Mary Carroll, born in 1792 in 
 Burke County, North Carolina. He died 
 March 15, 1866. They were the parents 
 of Louisa Ward, who married Samuel Trout 
 and she was the mother of George Wash- 
 ington Trout, who married Mary Eaton. 
 
 Trout, Mrs. Samuel L. (See Duncan, 
 Ward and Downing) — Samuel Lee, son of 
 Andrew M. and Sarah A. (Reed) Trout, 
 born January 27, 1878, educated in Del- 
 aware District and Male Seminary. Married 
 June 29, 1898, Cornelia Eliza, daughter of 
 Walter Adair and Sallie Elizabeth (Wright) 
 West, horn September 5, 1879, at Spavi- 
 naw and educated in Female Seminary. They 
 are the parents of Viola Velena, born July 
 13, 1899; Mary Irene, born September 2, 
 1901; Veda Jessie, horn May l, 1905; Loyd 
 Newton, born December 27, 1908; Lovise 
 Velma, born September 13, 1913, and Pearl 
 LeVonne Trout, born August 1, 1916; Sam- 
 uel L. Trout, Jr., born August l5, 1921. Mr. 
 Trout is a farmer and stockraiser near 
 Adair. Mrs. Trout is a Baptist. 
 
 Andrew M., son of Samuel and Louisa 
 Jane (Ward) Trout, was born November 5. 
 1855- Married March 1877, Sarah A. Reed, 
 horn in Towns County, Georgia. 
 
 Taylor, John M- (See Foreman) — John 
 Manchester, son of James Madison, horn 
 April 18, 1818, and died January 7, 1907, 
 and Addie (Manchester) Taylor was born 
 Aug. 14, 1860, in Cherokee County, North 
 Carolina, and was educated in the Cumber- 
 land Presbyterian College, Louden, Tennes- 
 see, and at Atlanta, Georgia. Married at 
 Claremore, Thursday, February 23, 1893, 
 Bertha E. McCutchan. daughter of Samuel 
 and Margaret McCutchan, born November 
 2«. 1872, at ■ Redoak, Charlotte County, 
 Virginia and was educated in Missouri. 
 They are the parents of Blaine Samuel, 
 born June 25, 1894; Robert Clinton, 
 hiirii July 24, 1897; served during the 
 World war in the Medical Corps; Florence 
 Thelma, born August 17, 1902; McCutchan, 
 born November 28, 1904; Oklahoma, born 
 November 6, 1906, and John Manchester 
 Taylor, born November 8, 19o9. 
 
 David Taylor, born December 16. 1791, 
 in Orange County, Virginia, married Mary 
 Ann Bigby, horn August 9, 1802, and they 
 were the parents of James Madison Taylor, 
 who married Addie Manchester, a native of 
 Providence, R. L. 
 
HISTORY OHTHlf CllHR()Ki:i; INDIANS 
 
 64i$ 
 
 J"l>n Manchester T.vl„r. whose Cherok-e 
 name is Katahya, is a thirty-second deRre ■ 
 Mason, Shriner and tilk. Attorney for' the 
 Cherokees, Creeks and Seminoles." Was U 
 S. Deputy Marshal for the Fort Smith Court 
 for twenty-three years; Indian Police twelve 
 years; Deputy Sheriff five years; Postal In- 
 spector three years; Assistant Solicitor of 
 Cooweescoowee District eight years; United 
 States Commissioner 4 years and Master in 
 Chancery. 
 
 Thompson, Mi-£. Bert F. (See England) 
 — Maggie L., daughter of William Garrett 
 and Eliza (Scrimsher) Williamson, was 
 born May 1. ISSO. Educated in Worcester 
 Academy, Vinita. and Female Seminary. 
 Married near White Oak June 13, 1S9S, 
 Bert F., son of Nathaniel and Zerilda Thomp- 
 son. They are the parents of: Albert Louis, 
 born Aug. 13. 1900; Harley C, born Nov. 
 22, 1904; Mabel Aline, born Oct. 15, i^ioS; 
 Velnia Viola, born Jan. 13, I'Ml, and Jaunita 
 Thompson, born Sept. 2, I'll 3. .Mr. Thomp- 
 son is a farmer and stockman, near Cen- 
 tralia. 
 
 Maurice, born February 1'), miS. Babv, 
 born Nov. S, 192 1. 
 
 Taylor, Mrs. Louisa J. Taylor. (See 
 Foreman) — Louisa Jane, daughter of William 
 and Elizabeth (Moon) Dinsmore, was born 
 in Tenn. in 1863. Married in 1878, James 
 Elbert, son of Thomas Jefferson and .Martha 
 Ann (Bradley) Taylor, born Sept. 10, 1855. 
 He died in 19 iS. They were the parents 
 of. Lenora May, born May 17, 1883, mar- 
 ried Robert F. Auten; Dora Jessie, born No- 
 vember 17, 1884, married John Julian Bus- 
 ter; Samuel Cornelius, born December 25, 
 1886, married Beulah Wynatt; Clyde Eliz- 
 abeth, born September 13, 18SS, married 
 Robert .1. Rogers; .Xenaphon Elbert, born 
 February 13, 1890; Bertha Belle, born No- 
 vember 3, iSOl; Emma lola, born August 
 18, 1893, married Daniel Henry Bell; Wal- 
 ter A., born August 19, 1897; Mary Imo, 
 born January 4, 1900, and Bernard Dinsmore 
 Taylor, born March 3, 1904. 
 
 Mary Ann, daughter of James and Cath- 
 erine (Foreman) Bigby, was born August 9, 
 1802. Married David Taylor, born in 
 Orange County, Virginia, December 16. 
 1791. They were the parents of Thomas 
 Jefferson Tavlor, who married Martha Ann 
 Bradley. 
 
 Tell, Mrs. W. W. (See Adair and Ghi- 
 
 gau)— Willi,im Wjrrcn. \„n ..f .!,,.:,., w 
 and Jennie I;. Tell. *j, h,rn Af 
 i'l llie Province of New llrun»» . 
 Married June 1. i.so.). sarih tm,; 
 of Richard and Smjniuh Deb. • 
 Welch, born Februirv 25. |S:«, .- ; 
 the Orphan Asylum. Thev irr ih; fxic^^ 
 of: Alice Carey, born .Mjrch to. i'>'.t i>- 
 ianiin Gnss, born .Mav 1 7. i'>o4. ; 
 gueritc. born November 3. I'lot. 
 
 lahoma, born January 17, i"0'>. j 
 
 Owen Tell born October 7. I')i5. v. 
 TelPs Cherokee name is t:ha-ka-wa. She 
 a member of the Baptist Church. 
 
 Without pretentions. William W Tell n . 
 .arely gifted and useful ciliien, hit »!..>. 
 of general and e.xaci informallon would r,. t 
 suffer in comparison with that <>( mint In, 
 versify Professors and degree men. He •■■ 
 elected County Commissioner o( .Wn<% 
 County, November 5. t')!;, and Novemb.-r 
 2, 1920, and was appointed to that ..(lie; 
 in 1915- He is a farmer. 
 
 Trott, W. L.- (See Adair)— John Adai-. 
 a Scotchman, married Gahoki, a full hkxKl 
 Cherokee woman of the Deer Clan. Tbcif 
 son, Samuel, married Edith, a white somin, 
 and they were the parents of Rachel 
 Pounds Adair, who married ReverenJ 
 James Jenkins Trott, who, as earl> a* i%2*. 
 was the "general missionary" o( the .Melb.>- 
 dist church among the Cherokee* In G<"r- 
 gia, Tennesse, Alabama and North Cirollni. 
 Their son, William Lafavelle Trotl. born 
 .March 10, 1844, married .Malindi Stover. 
 born September 20. 184.S. and died Sep 
 tember 20, 1S68, He then married L..ul<« 
 J. .Moore in 186". She died Julv •'. fi- 
 They were the parents of: William Henf. 
 and Dot Fanny, born Dec 4. I.s:r. He mil 
 ried Doney Crumby and hi» one »<>n. Henr. 
 .Moore Trott, born April 2". fo* 
 
 Dot Fay Trotl. daughter of W. I »- I 
 Louisa Trott, was b<.rn March I'. «»*' 
 and never married. 
 
 James J. Trott was arrested by G«or»<» 
 authorities because he refused to take ib< 
 oath of allegiance to the Slile or G«>rc>>. 
 as he already had taken the "ilh "« »ll»- 
 giance to the Cherokee Nali-m. Tber re- 
 leased him on condition that he lei»e Ibe 
 state. He moved to Tennessee, wbefe b* 
 remained until 1S5 7. when he moved I" lb« 
 Cherokee Nati<in. 
 
 Adair. Arthur (See Adair)— Arthur. *■.« 
 
606 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 of William Penii and Julia (Allisuii) Adair 
 was born August 13, 1SS2, educated local- 
 ly. Married July 23, 1905, Ida, daughter 
 of W. C. and Nancy Jane Freeman, born in 
 Missouri. They are the parents of: 
 Selena Marie, born January 21, 1908; Beu- 
 lah Belle, born September 12, 1909; Nor- 
 man Lee, born June 29, 1914; Edith Mae, 
 born September 15, I9l7 and Wilma Adel- 
 Adair, born February 24, 1919. 
 
 Allcott, A. B. (See Ward and Ghigau) — 
 Henrietta Evaline Nidiffer, born January 10, 
 1883 near Nudmore, Delaware District. She 
 was educated in the Cherokee National 
 schools, and graduated from St • Johns 
 Training School of Nursing in 1915. 
 Married July 26, 1920 A. B . Allcott 
 son of Jonathan P. and Anna Allcott, 
 A. B. Allcott was born May 27th, 1886, in 
 McDowell, Barry County, Missouri. He is 
 an expert electrician and has been Superin- 
 tendent of the electric light plant at Afton 
 and has recently accepted a like position a* 
 at Pauls Valley. 
 
 George Ward was born March 17, 17S7. 
 Had a splendid education and his handwrit- 
 ing was extraordinarily good. He married 
 December 15, 1805, Lucy Mayes, born Mar. 
 5, 1789 in Tennessee. Lucy was a sister 
 of Samuel Mayes and aunt of Chiefs Joel B. 
 and Samuel H. Mayes. She died November 
 11, 1867 and George Ward was killed by 
 "Pin" Indians in 1863. George and Lucy 
 (.Mayes). Ward's eldest child, Savina, was 
 bnrn Mav 1807 in Warren County, Tennes- 
 see. She married Felix Arthur and her 
 death nccurred on April 16, 1883. Feli.<L 
 and Savina Arthur's daughter, Lucy, born 
 April 6, 1828, married Isaac Nidiffer born 
 July 18, 1818. She died April 2, 1886 an J 
 he died February 2, 1890. They were the 
 parents of Samuel, Freeman, Sabrina, mar- 
 ried Robert K. Nix; Sarah, married Isaac 
 Mode; Felix Grundy, burn Mrch 16, 1853, 
 married April 23, 1876 Joanna Ruth Linden, 
 born February 8, 1861. He died October 
 16, 1896 and she died July 2, 1919; Marth.i 
 Jane, married George Monroe Ward; Nancy 
 married Ross T. Carey and John F. Miller; 
 George; Rachel, married Joh)i S. Thomason 
 and Lucy Nidiffer married Joseph Kelly. 
 
 Felix Grundy and Joanna Ruth Nidiffer 
 were the parents of Emma Josephine, Ann.i 
 Lulu, Henrietta Evaline (Sub.iect of this 
 sketch ) Martha .Minnie, John Ross, George 
 
 William, Freeman Edward and Mary Lucile 
 Nidiffer- George W. and Freeman E. are 
 deceased. 
 
 Adair, Timothy M. (See Grant, Adair, 
 Saunders, Downing and Ghigau) — Timothy 
 Meigs, son of Hugh Montgomery and Martha 
 L. (Johnson) Adair was born at Stillwell 
 September 2, 1882. Educated in the Cher- 
 okee Public Schools. Married at Nowata 
 April 16, 1906. Martha daughter of Thom- 
 as Didymas and Joanna (Pitt) Saunders, 
 born at Braggs December 28, 1885. She 
 died Feb. 10, 1913. They were the parents 
 of: Cleburne, born Feb. 17, 1908. There- 
 on, born June 30, 1921 and Velma Adair, 
 born Jan. 11, 1913. Mr. Adair married June 
 22, 1917 Katie E., daughter of John and 
 Mary Nunallee born at Bragg, Okla. 1891. 
 Their children are Warren, born Dec. 26, 
 1919 and Eugene Adair, born Aug. 6, 1921. 
 Mr. Adair's Cherokee name is Skiya and he 
 belongs to the Long Hair Clan. He is a 
 farmer near Centralia, and is a member of 
 the Independent Order of Odd Fellows Fra- 
 ternity. He was elected County Commis- 
 sioner of Nowata County November 7, 1916. 
 
 Frank Pettie married Mary Beck and they 
 were the parents of Mrs. Joanna Saunders. 
 
 Boudinot, Frank J. (See Watie, Grant and 
 Ross) — Frank Josiah, son of William Penn 
 and Caroline (Fields) Boudinot, was born 
 August 20, 1866, in the Cherokee Nation. 
 Educated in Bacone College or Indian Uni- 
 versity (near Muskogee), Flint High School 
 (Michigan) and University of Michigan- He 
 took a course in law at the University cf 
 Michigan in 1S94-5-6. He is a member of 
 the Knights of Pythias fraternity. His Cher- 
 okee name is Kaw-la-nah (Raven) and he 
 belongs to the Cherokee Holly clan. He has 
 been the attorney, counselor and adviser of 
 the Kee-too-wah Society of Cherokees since 
 1899 and was elected Principal Chief of the 
 Cherokee Nation by a Joint session of the 
 National Council on November 21, 1895. 
 He was one of Chief Bushyhead's Executive 
 Secretaries in 1887, clerk of the Cherokee 
 Supreme Court 1887-89 and was one of the 
 attorneys for the Cherokee Nation before 
 the Dawes Commission in 1896. Under his 
 advice and direction the Eastern Cherokees 
 were organized in 1900 by the Keetoowah 
 Society, which resulted ultimately in the col- 
 lection of the five million dollar Emigrant 
 Cherokee claim — paid in 1910. Was, by 
 
HISTORY OF THE C11EROKEI-: INDIANS 
 
 :ict Of Congress. Mar. 3. I'M-), made special 
 attorney for the Cherokee Nation to prose- 
 cute a claim against the United States for 
 interest on the funds which arose out of the 
 judgment in the Emigrant case, the amount 
 claimed being alwut four million dollars, Uz 
 married at Fort Gibson, July 2.3, 1S97, Annie 
 Stapler, daughter of Judge Henry Clay and 
 Josephine (Bigelow) Meigs and great-great- 
 giand daughter of Colonel Return Jonatha.i 
 Meigs, personal friend and aide to General 
 George Washington; she is also a great- 
 grand daughter of Chief Ji.hn Ross. They 
 are the parents of: Frank Josiah, Jr., born 
 January 16, 1S')0 (2nd. Lieutenant Air Serv- 
 ice Aeronautics in the World War) and 
 Henry .Meigs Boudinot. born July 27, 1907. 
 
 Gul-la-gee-nah (Buck Deer), son of Oo- 
 wa-tie, was born in the old Cherokee Nation 
 in Georgia in 1802. Out of gratitude for 
 f.avors he adopted the name of his benefac- 
 tor, Elias Boudinot. Having received a 
 splendid classical education he devoted his 
 entire life and energies for the Cherokeei 
 and at his death on June 2 1, 1S3C), he was 
 a poor man, regardless of the fact that at 
 that time he was one of the best known, 
 ablest and greatest citizens the Cherokee 
 Nation had. 
 
 Billings, Mrs. E. C. (See Ward and Cord- 
 ery) — Jessie Lee, daughter of James Lovely 
 and Charlotte (Ward) Bumgarner, born Julv 
 2, 1884, educated at Female Seminary and 
 Lawrence, Kansas. Married at Spavinaw 
 .March 30, lt)02, K. C- Billings, son of John 
 C. and America Billings, born Aug. 10, iSlS 
 in Te.xas. They are the parents of Beatrice 
 T., born April 16, 1906; Love, born August 
 17, 1908; Charlotte Ameiica, born August 
 3 1, 1910; Edith Belle, born April 22, 1912; 
 Mvrtle Ceaphine, bom November 10, 1916 
 and Iva Dell Billings, born October 25, 1918. 
 
 Cobb, PhiL H. (.See Grant)— Alexander 
 Adam Clingan. born Februarv 20. 1801. 
 .Married in ,May 1S2S .Martha Jane Blvthe; 
 born January 3 1, 1812 in Tennessee. Their 
 daughter Evaline Clingan, born April 13, 
 183 5 married December l5, 185 7, Joseph 
 Benson Cobb, born Julv 26, 1828 in Blount 
 County, Tennessee. He died March 22, 
 1S96 and she died Nov. 17, 1918. Their 
 son, Samuel Sylvester Cobb married Carrie 
 Kennedy Hunter and thev are the parents of 
 Phil Hunter Cobb, born Mav 3 1. 1895. Edu- 
 cated in Wagoner, where he married October 
 
 1. I"1S M.,z,l Kulh. dauKhlcr .'. 
 
 Naomi Best, born .lunc' ::. tool. 
 
 the parents of Dnmihv i„n\\( ,..}■'■ - 
 
 Oct. 2 5 .l-)2o. ,\,r ,-.,,,^ i, ^ ,^,^^, ^^^ 
 
 Wagoner. 
 
 Ellis, Mrs. Thomas J. Csee Adiir j J 
 Grant— .Mary Mas. dauKhlrr ,.( l<..t-,-f ;. 
 lor and Sue Krebs (.McC«.v) M.- 
 April 12, ISSI in Sequoyah tiU- 
 cated in the Chemliee ". 
 .Married in Bartlesville lin 
 
 Jefferson, son ..f Thomas ' 
 
 Ellis, born Dec- 16. 1S8| in Sifdi 
 qua County. Kansas. Thry ire ! 
 of Gladys, burn .Mav lo, \i«'y; i . 
 June 23, 1007 and Judsun KMi^. 
 29, 1909. Thomas Je(fer.s..n I li- 
 ber of the .Masonic (ralcrniu in.i 
 the substantial cattlemen and 1- . ■ 
 Washington Countv. One <i| ihc teidi' < 
 democrats of Washingt-m t^ountv. hf »>• 
 appointed as the first ci<unt\ j 
 1911 and elected to the same ..(i . 
 
 Ellen, daughter of Andrew and ' 
 ler) Adair married Richard Ma 
 Alexander and Sarah Elizabeth (I 
 Coy and they were the parents if .V.i; i,;.- 
 Krebs (AlcCoy) .Morrison. 
 
 Edmondson, Mrs. Florence E. {Ste Ward 
 and Grant) — Florence Fugenia Willimn. 
 born Aug. 3. 1S60 in Delaware |ii>' ■■'•■ ■• 
 ed in the Cherokee Public Sch.- 
 male Seminary. She married Feb. 
 Beatties Prairie. .Michael Smith tdii>...ij--. 
 born September 9. t,S5 1 in Georcia. Tho 
 are the parents of: Cherry I), born f>cltib-f 
 23. 1879; Gonia L. b"rn January I. I < < : 
 and Bula B. born Februarv 1 7. ISSt Mr- 
 Edmondsiin's Cherokee tiamc \s Oalrll. *''.• 
 is a member of the .MethmliM church " •■ 
 Eastern Star and belMngs m the W 
 
 George Ward, biirn March 1 7. 
 
 ried December 15. 1S05 Lucy v, 
 
 Aunt of Chiefs ,Ioel Bryan and Samuel II- ro 
 ton .Mayes. She «as b'Tn March ' '■'' 
 George Ward was killed durint lli 
 and his widow died N.ivembcr I. i 
 daughter Charlotte was born .lul> •■ •< '- 
 in Tennessee, she married lanuars I', l«: 
 John H. Stover, b. rn )une 2. \^ - 
 Stover died August I', lS5" a 
 March 31, iSo5, Lnuiw I .1 
 John and CharMte (Ward) Sl..sf 
 August S, IS 10. She married 
 1859 Joseph Lvnch Williams (»b 
 
608 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 kee name was Oscexjia) born August l, 
 183 7. They were the parents of Florence 
 Eugenia, Joseph L. Williams, died November 
 5, 1860. Mrs. Louisa J- (Stover) Williams 
 married February 2, 1864, William Archibald 
 Yell Hastings, born March 8, 1842 in Ben- 
 ton County, Arkansas, and they were the 
 parents of: John Rogers, William, Writ and 
 Charlotte Delilah Hastings. Mrs. Louisa J 
 Hastings died February 7, imS and W- A. 
 Y. Hastings, died at the residence of his soi. 
 John Rogers- 
 Evans, Mrs. Lester (See Ghigau, Adair, 
 Cordery and Halfbreed) — Susannah Deborah, 
 daughter of Ephriam Martin and Sallie 
 (Starr) Adair was born in Flint District 
 September 4, i860. Educated in the Chero- 
 kee Public schools and Female Seniinarv. 
 Married Alexander, son of Andrew Vann 
 and Sallie Ann (Williams) Jordan. He died 
 April 1884. They were the parents of: 
 Belle Leslie, Myrtle and the twins, Alexan- 
 der and Vannie Jordan. Mrs. Jordan mar- 
 ried March 16, 1SS6, Lester, son of Benoni 
 and Mary E. Evans, born January 3, 1860 
 in Michigan. They are the parents of Min- 
 nie Evans who married Harry Stanley. Mrs. 
 Evans is a member of the Wolf Clan and 
 her Cherokee name is Susanie. Mr. Evans 
 is a member of the Masonic fraternity. Thev 
 are members of the Methodist Church and 
 are farmers, near Centralia. 
 
 File, Mrs. F. B. (See Grant) — Julia 
 Theresa, daughter of William Columbus and 
 Jane (Davis) Patton was born December 2«, 
 1867 in Walker County, Georgia- Educat- 
 ed at Drury College, Springfield, Missouri, 
 and Vassar College. She married at Vinita 
 November 13, 1889 Francis Bartow, son of 
 Dr. H. W. and Sarah (Denman) Fite, born 
 October 17, 1861 in Bartow County, Geor- 
 gia, He graduated in 1886 from the South- 
 ern Medical College at Atlanta, Georgia, 
 having received the medal for highest effi- 
 ciency in his class. He is a leader in Okla- 
 homa in surgery and civic progress. Dr. 
 and Mrs. Fite, whose home is in Muskogee, 
 are the parents of William aPtton, born Aug- 
 ust 3 1, 1890; Frances, Ixjrn September 24, 
 1893; Francis Bartow, born December 20, 
 1895: Edward Halsell, born December 27, 
 1898 and Julian Bixby Fite, born September 
 30, 1906. William Patton Fite graduated 
 from Shattuck Military School, Faribault, 
 .Minnesota, from University of Virginia in 
 
 1913 with the A. B. degree and in 1916 
 from the Medical Department. He married 
 June 1, 1918 Miss Maurine Mitchell of Fort 
 Worth, Texas. Their daughter Jane Fite 
 was born October 7, 1920. He served in 
 the World War as Captain in the Medical 
 Corps 3 6th Division. Is now practicing sur- 
 gery in partnership with his father at Mus- 
 kogee. Francis Fite graduated from Vassar 
 College in l^'l6. Married July 7, 1920, Hu- 
 bert Ambrister, an attorney in Oklahoma 
 Citv- Francis Bartow Fite Jr. graduated 
 from Shattuck Military School, from Univer- 
 sity of Virginia in 1920 with honors in the 
 A. B. degree and is in the 1922 law class of 
 that institution. He served on the staff of 
 Aide de camp to Major General Sturgis, SOth 
 Division rank as First Lieutenant. Edward 
 Halsell Fite graduated from Shattuck Military 
 School, entered the University of Virginia 
 and enlisted for service in the world war. 
 was assigned to the officers Training Camp 
 at Camp Lee, Virginia- At the signing of 
 the armistice he returned to the University 
 where he is now a member of the Medical 
 Class of 1923. Julian Bi.xby Fite is a stu- 
 dent in Shattuck Military School. 
 
 Ludovic Grant, a Scotch trader settled at 
 Tellico, on the Tennessee River in 1720 and 
 married a full blood Cherokee of the Wolf 
 Clan. Their daughter married William Em- 
 ory, an Englishman and their daughter, Su- 
 sannah Emory married Captain John Stuart 
 of the British army- Her second husband 
 was Brigadier General Joseph and Susannah 
 (Childs) Martin, born in 1740 near Char- 
 lotteville, Virginia. He was elected Captain 
 of the Transylvania Militia in 17 76, became 
 Major on February 17, 17 79 and was pro- 
 moted to the lieutenant colonelcy in March 
 1781- He was elected Brigadier General of 
 the North Carolina Militia by legislature on 
 December 15, 1787, and was commissioned 
 Brigadier General of the Twelfth Brigadier 
 of Virginia Militia by Governor "Light Hors^ 
 Harry" Lee on December 11, 1783. He died 
 at Martinsville, County seat of Henry county, 
 Virginia, which had been named for him, on 
 December 18, 1808- He was buried with 
 military and masonic honors. His daughter, 
 Rachel married Daniel Davis and their son 
 Martin Davis married Julia Tate. Their 
 daughter Jane married William Columbus 
 Patton- 
 
 Joseph, the father of Brigadier General 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHH INDIANS 
 
 Joseph Marti,,, was a son (,f William jVlartin 
 a wealthv merchant (,f Bristol, England 
 who gave his son a ship and sent him to 
 Virgin,:!, sumetime in the first quarter of the 
 eighteenth centurv to keep him from marry- 
 ing a gill to whom the father objected. .Mar- 
 tin was one of the Norman Knights who ac- 
 companied William the Conqueror in the 
 battle of Hastings and conquest of Kngland 
 in 1066. The family later dropped th.- 
 terminal and spelled the name, Martain, 
 
 Foreman, William W. (See Grant. Ghigau, 
 Foreman, Cordery, .Adair, Duncan and Half- 
 breed) — William Wilburn, son of Daniel C. 
 and Elizabeth (Beck) Foreman was born 
 March 17, 187 1. Educated in the Cherokee 
 Public Schools. Married in Canadian Dis- 
 trict March It, 1S96 Belle Leslie, daughter 
 of Ale.xander and Susan Deborah (Adair) 
 Jordan, born in Canadian District June 27, 
 1881. They are the parents of: James An- 
 drew, born July 28, ISOS; married Edn.i 
 Richardson; Bessie J. born April 3, 1900; 
 Jesse, born March 21, 1903; Samuel, born 
 Dec. 4, 1907; Perry born Oct. 12, 1911 and 
 Hooley Foreman, born Feb. 28, 1915. .Mr. 
 Foreman is a farmer, near Centralia. 
 
 Fry, Cullie (See Sanders and Seabolt) — 
 Lettie, daughter of John and Catherine 
 (Seabolt) Chambers, was born in January 
 1843. Educated in the Cherokee National 
 Schools. Married William Fry, born Sep- 
 tember 15, 1S34. He was a stone mason, 
 having served his apprenticeship in England, 
 of which he was a native. Mrs. Lettie Fry 
 died June 3, 1883 and he died Feb. 7, I9l5. 
 They were the parents of Cullie Fry, born 
 Sept. 3, 1878, educated in the Cherokee 
 Public Schools and Male Seminary. Mar- 
 ried at Independence, Kansas October 12. 
 1897, Irene, daughter of Edward and Nancy 
 Trout, born Nov. 22, 1874 in Barton Coun- 
 ty, Missouri. They are the parents of: 
 Gertrude, born Dec. 18. 1S9S; Cecil Ray- 
 mond, born Aug. 3. 1900; Lettie Marie, born 
 May 12, 1902; and Wahneta Fry, born Sept. 
 3, 1908. 
 
 Mr. Fry is one of the farmers and stock- 
 men of Rogers County. He is a member cf 
 the Woodmen of the World and .Masonic 
 fr.aternities at Claremore. Is a member of 
 Oklahoma Consistory No. 1 Guthrie, Okla. 
 
 Glass, John (See Grant)— John Drake, 
 son of John and Samantha Glass was born 
 June 16, 1891. Educated in the Cherokf; 
 
 Public Sch.H.I, ind Mai, Sft. 
 ried .It Grove. nkU . f,,,,. i 
 ter of Georse \Va5hinKt.,n ,n,i 
 born Sept. 20. is-); m Mo:. 
 Kentucky. Thev jte the f„ 
 Kenneth Glass, h,>rn Stpi. 'i 
 and .Mrs. Glass arc fariiu' 
 ers. He belongs lo th, 
 Kenneth Glass' Chcrokc. 
 goh. 
 
 Harlan, Grorge W. (Si-e til, 
 Washington, son of luvid M 
 (Vannoy) Harlan was Nin, ir 
 Nation August lo. i^U> anj ,,; 
 Cherokee Public Schools. Mi 
 ware District .May ^o. is:; 
 daughter of Whitlen and Nan 
 former a native of Kenluck\ .. 
 of Virginia) born .lulv 1. IS = -. •», 
 
 ford County. Illinois. Thcv ar* th<- r'ff'* 
 
 of: William Lee, born Seplenit- " ' 
 
 married Lucinda Ballard and 
 born September I. tS77 and ; 
 J. Trotter. 
 
 .Mr. Harlan is a farmer near While '>ii 
 
 The Harlans, who in lh« sfvrnlh jn4 
 eighth centuries were known in itit Bjrd't 
 sons as Herelincas and Harlunci «rr( Ixa* 
 ed in Brisacli Castle in Alsatia. 
 
 Harris, Mrs. Reuben (See Foreman! — »-i 
 drew Taylor, a native of firan([f i"-.unt.. 
 Virginia married Jennie Bijtbv and ih.-< 
 were the parents of .Minerva Jane Tj>''>f 
 who married Robert Wesley Walker, a ni 
 five of North Carolina. Thrir .!j :'" 
 Senora Adelaide Walker born 1 
 1859, in Tennessee, married ' 
 Morgan Lemuel Pyealt born in >* j -■ >i 
 County, Arkansas December 2'', «»'i I'f 
 died April 2'', ISSO. Their dauthtn. Ret 
 sie Lee Pyealt was born at Tihleijuah I- 
 1SS3. Educated in the Female S*"-^")' 
 Married at Collinsville in t'Joi 
 of .Mr. and .Mrs. AnderKin IIj 
 the parents of; Georee. Nt" ' "■ ■ ■ 
 Violet, born April (.. I'">«: Beunih f- '• 
 Aug. t. 1912 and Arthur HarrI*. N^rn Mirck 
 28. 1919. .Mr. and .Mr» Harri* afe r-^m 
 bers of the .Melhodiil Church He » > 
 Odd Fellow and Knithi o( IMhu* Thf» 
 are farmers, near Kamona. oiti 
 
 Judge Walker. Mrs Harrn' ttindl,\h,t 
 was Supreme Judte <•( Indian Teffil'T- 
 
 Hutchins, Nelti. (See Ghiciu •"•! *"" 
 d,.rs)— Nellie, daughter ol R..bin and Stmi, 
 
610 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Jane (Starr) Smith was born February IS, 
 1S72 near Claremore. She was educated at 
 West Point public school on Dog Creek and 
 Female Seminary. She married May ic, 
 
 1591, Willard Edward Hutchins, born June 
 12, 185 7 in Marion, Nebraska. They were 
 the parents of: Lew Wofford, born May 1", 
 
 1592, Blueford Ralph, born Nov. 25th, 1893: 
 Ual Ross, horn October 11, 1895: Ethel 
 Dane, born October 14, 1897: WillarJ 
 Beatrice Hutchins, born October 19, 1902. 
 Nettie Hutchins Cherokee name is Chauouki 
 and she belongs to the Wolf Clan. Her 
 father Robin Smith was elected Councilo; 
 from Coowees'coowee District on August 5. 
 1867 and August 2, 1869. He died Decem- 
 ber 6, 1872. 
 
 Holloway, Mrs. Allen D. (See Rogers) — 
 Eva, daughter of Artemus Andrews and Mary 
 A. (Rogers) Barker, born near Kinnison, 
 June 20, 1886. Educated in Female Semi- 
 nary, St. Teresa Academy, Kansas City and 
 Forest Park University, St. Louis, Missouri. 
 Married at Vinita May 10, 1906 Allen D. 
 Holloway, son of William and Cordelia Hollo- 
 way, born 1879 in Cass County, Mo. 
 
 They are the parents of: Mary Dee, born 
 May 1, 1910 and William Andrew Holloway, 
 born July 11, 1917. Mrs. Holloway is a 
 member of the Methodist Church and tlie 
 Eastern Star Chapter. Mr. Holloway is the 
 cashier of the Oklahoma State Bank at 
 Welch, Okla. 
 
 McSpadden, Mrs. W. F. (See Carter and 
 Riley) — Serena Carter Parrott, born at Sil- 
 verlake in Cooweescoowee District March 
 25, 1870, educated at the Cherokee Orphan 
 Asylum from which she graduated June 17, 
 1886. Married February 17, 1889 William 
 Fair (son of Rev. T. K. B. and Elizabeth 
 (Green) McSpadden) born December 2S, 
 1856 in Dalton, Georgia. They are the 
 parents of: Zoe, born November 15, 1889, 
 educated at Chelsea and Female Serainarv, 
 from which she graduated May 29, 1907, 
 married December 26, 1911 Earl Preston 
 Whitehill; Floyd Carter, horn August 19, 
 1891; Roscoe Conklin, born September 19, 
 1893; Zella Christine, born September 21, 
 1897; Alma, born March 8, 1900; William 
 Fair, born December 9, 1902; Clinton, born 
 June 10, 1905; Roger, born June 26, 1907 
 and Clarence Allen .McSpadden. born De- 
 cember 11, 1913. 
 
 Earl Preston and Zoe Whitehill are the 
 
 parents of Christine May, born September 
 
 18, 1915 and Earl Preston Whitehill born 
 March 14, 1920. 
 
 William Fair McSpadden is a farmer and 
 Vice-President of the Bank of Chelsea. Earl 
 Preston Whitehill is the Field Superintend- 
 ent of the Lyons Petroleum Company. Mrs. 
 William Fair McSpadden is the daughter of 
 William P. and Diana (Carter) Parrott and 
 first cousin to Congressman Charles D. Car- 
 ter. 
 
 McSpadden, R. V. (See Foreman, Riley, 
 Grant and Ghigau) — Richard Vance McSpad- 
 den born July 30, 1879 at Tahlequah. Edu- 
 cated at Tahlequah Public School and gradu- 
 ■•ited from Male Seminary June 29, 1S9S. He 
 married April 27. 1904 Ermina Essie Fore- 
 man, born February 23, 1879 in Vinita. She 
 was educated in Vinita, Jackson, Tenn. and 
 Cincinnati, Ohio. They are both members 
 of the Methodist Church but do not belong 
 to any fraternal orders or clubs. Mr. Mc- 
 Spadden is an oil producer and his wife was 
 very energetic in World War work, especial- 
 ly in Fed Cross work and as the directing 
 officer of the Surgical Dressing rooms. 
 
 James Walker McSpadden, the son of 
 Reverend T. K. B. McSpadden, was born Oc- 
 tober 25, 1848 in Alabama. Married April 
 IS, 18 72 Annie Thompson, born May 4, 
 1852. He was for many years one of the 
 stable business men of Tahlequah, as mer- 
 chant and miller. Mrs. McSpadden died 
 Sept. 20, 1891. Mr. McSpadden died April 
 
 19, 1905. Mr. and Mrs. McSpadden were 
 the parents of Florence Wilson, married 
 Philip Wharton Samuel; Richard Vance; 
 Mary Jane, married Thomas R. Crookshank, 
 and James Walker McSpadden, Jr. 
 
 Ermina Essie Foreman was the only child 
 of Dr. Austin Worcester Foreman, born at 
 Park Hill, August IS, 1855. Graduated from 
 the Louisville Medical College and located 
 at Vinita, where he married on February 2 3, 
 Emma Josephine Ridenhour, born May 1?, 
 1858, in Vienna, Mo. Mrs, Foreman died 
 January 23, 1899. He died December 18, 
 
 19 10. 
 
 Mrs. Ermina E. McSpadden's paternal 
 Grandfather was Rev. Stephen Foreman, 
 born February 22, 1807. He graduated 
 from Princeton University. Was elected as, 
 sistant Editor of the Cherokee Phoeni.x No- 
 vember 4, 1S29. Married Sallie W. Riley, 
 March 27, 1834. Ordained as a Presbyter- 
 
HISTORY OF THE CllbROKtli INDIANS 
 
 lan Minister, September 25, 183 5. He wa> 
 elected as the first superintendent of Cher.,, 
 kee National Schools in 18-11. Elected 'o 
 the Supreme Court Bench on October li 
 lS-1-1, Hxecutive Councilor in 1847 and 
 1S55 and Clerk of the Senate in 1S67. H- 
 died December 8, iS8l. He also, with th' 
 Rev. Dr. Worcester, translated the Bible inh. 
 Cherokee and established the first Presby- 
 terian Church in Tahlequah. 
 
 Mayes, Wiley B. (See Adair and Downing) 
 Wiley B. .Mayes, born April 15, 1848, in 
 Flint District, married in May 1872 Emma 
 Bombrake, born in 185 4. They were the 
 parents of Thompson, born July 6, 1873 
 and Sinie B. Mayes, born Oct. 20, 18 76. 
 Mrs. Emma Mayes died April 18, 1877. Mr. 
 Mayes married February 11, 1879, Margaret 
 Gillis nee McLaughlin born July 13, 185':. 
 They were the parents of Lola Mayes, born 
 January 11, ISSO. Mrs. Margaret .Mayes 
 died January 19, 1SS3 and Mr. .Mayes mar- 
 ried July 22, 1885 Ermina Cherokee Vann 
 born February 26. 1856. 
 
 James Vann married September 17, lS2') 
 Elizabeth Heaton, a native of Georgia. H; 
 died January 20, 185 7 and she died .May 6, 
 i860. They were the parents of Ermina 
 Cherokee (Vann) Mayes. 
 
 Walter Adair, called "Black Watt' to dis- 
 tinguish him from his cousin, Walter Scott 
 Adair, who was called "Red Walt' was born 
 December 11, 1783. married May 13, 1804 
 Rachel Thompson, born December 24, 1786. 
 He died January 20, 1835 and she died 
 April 22, 1876. They were the parents i>. 
 Nancy Adair, born October 7, 1808, mar- 
 ried January 22, IS24, Samuel Mayes, born 
 November 11, 1803 in Tennessee. He died 
 December 3 0. 1858 and she died .March 18, 
 1876. Thev were the parents of Wiley B. 
 Mayes. 
 
 Martin, Mrs. William H. (See Ross and 
 Oolootsa) — Jennie, daughter of Henry and 
 Mary (Parris) Lowrey was born August 1, 
 1S5S. educated in the Cherokee National 
 Schools. .Married in 1 85 5 John Hubbard- 
 They were the parents of: Joanna, born No- 
 vember 26, 1876 and Mary Hubbard, born 
 November 28, 1878. Mrs. Jennie Hubbard 
 married Sept. 9, 1883, William Hercules, son 
 of Hercules T, and Permelia Martin. They 
 are the parents of: Frank Garland, born Au- 
 gust 9, 1884; Eugene Warren, born Janu- 
 ary 30, 1886; William Henry, born Januarv 
 28, ISSS; Susie Lowrey. born December !. 
 
 l.SS<); Tercsi .K.MrhiiK- l 
 
 lS"2;Ellen Crdi-lii N.rn i 
 
 IS"3; Jennie, horn l>i:c«rmb,r : |. 
 Sequoyah Kavim.nd .Mirlin N.rn '|,: 
 1SI9 and died .May 16, f<jr f,, 
 land (in world war). 
 
 Anderson Pierce, joti ..( ^ 
 George and Lucy (Bene*) 
 ill IS 11 married .Mirv Siw. 
 10, IS13- He died .lulv 12. t.M! 
 died July 3. l.S'.o. Thcv *f,. th 
 of Henry Lowrev. born Oecr 
 and married Mary Parrij. 
 
 Henry Lowrey and .Mary » 
 of George Guess born Feb. 
 born Aug. l, iS5S; Daniel I- 
 1S60 Dollie Eunice born l>e< 
 derson born isoo; .Malllda l 
 1870 and Henry Beechcr bo- 
 McNair, Nicholas B. (See 
 ery and .McNaIr) — Nicholas I. 
 May 1, lS5'i, educated in ihe 
 Cherokee Nation, married in l'e,.r;::i 
 Rachel, daughter of Thomas and 
 (Sonicooie) Sander,s, born in t.St' 
 were the parents of: Oscar. N.rn 
 12, 1878; Clement, born Januart :■ 
 and Etta .McNair, born Auicu.sl i;. l^' 
 Rachel .McNair died Ueccmher ;:. i- 
 married December 25. I8'»4, .Mjriba . 
 ter of William McDonald and Nanci 
 born .March 12, 1866 in L'nl<>n • 
 Georgia. Thev are the pirenlt ••( " 
 born August 28, ISO?; William Gun!.- 
 July 15, 189": Benjamin Franll. 
 September 9, iS'i'i; James p.-i-f > 
 cember 30. t">oi and Philip 1 
 October 23. 1905. ,Mr. McS"- 
 the Wolf Clan, is a farmer and a mr 
 the .Masonic and Odd Fello»» (riifr 
 David McNair. o( Scotch a«tnt. )■ 
 1744. married Delilah Amelti rfi-^r'- 
 "Pich" Joseph and Flirabelh 
 1795. He died Aucust I '. 
 died November 'o. IS'S Tii 
 las Byers McNair, married Mi- 
 ter of .John and Sarah ('"o^ ' 
 John Rogers, of Enjlish and "^ 
 was born in 17 7'1 in Burke 
 gia. He was called "Nolich'i>« 
 differentiate him (r..m m-.thf ii!'- 
 Citizen of the Nati..ii a* that 
 other one wa? 
 
 called 'Hell 1"t J*<lk ^"i 
 
612 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 ers. Nicholas Byers and Mary (Rogers) Mc- 
 Kair were the parents of Nicholas B. McNair, 
 the subject of this sketch. 
 
 Moore, Mrs. J. E. (See Grant, Daniel, 
 Adair and Gnsodiiesga) — Cherokee Cornelii, 
 daughter of Benjamin Franklin and .Mary De- 
 lilah (McNair) Adair, was born at Salina, 
 January 11, iSSl. Graduated from the 
 Cherokee Female Seminary. She married 
 Jan. 10, 1904 James Brutus, son of Alexan- 
 der Moore, born Nov. S, 1874. They are the 
 parents of: William Adair, born Dec. 25, 
 l'-)04; James, B. born March 15, 1907; Law- 
 rence, born June 9, 1910; Mary Eleanor, 
 born May 1, 191 3 and Cherokee Adair 
 Moore, born June l, I9l5. 
 
 On account of a love affair, to which his 
 father objected, Joseph the son of William 
 .Martin, a wealthy merchant of Bristol, was 
 given a ship, the Brice, during the first 
 quarter of the eighteenth century and sent 
 to Virginia, when shortly after his arrival be 
 married Susannah Childs, a member of a 
 prominent family and established a planta- 
 ti'in near Charlotteville. Their son, Joseph 
 was born there in 1740. The bl.ood of the 
 pioneer, Norman Knight, Martine, who was 
 with William the Conqueror at the fateful 
 battle of Hastings in October 1066, impelled 
 young Joseph to cross the southern Alle- 
 ghenvs where he became a prosperous fur 
 trader and planter. In 17 76, one year after 
 the battle of Le.xington, John Martin was 
 elected captain of the Transylvania .Militia, 
 the almost unknown but indispensable guard 
 (if the revolution that enabled the Americans 
 to send Ferguson back and turned the 
 tide against the hitherto successful Britons. 
 Martin had already, on February 17, 17 79 
 been made a Major and five months after 
 the battle of Kings Mountain, he was pro- 
 moted to a lieutenant colonelcy. He died at 
 Martinsville, Henry County, Virginia on De- 
 cember IS, ISOS where he was buried with 
 military and masonic honors. 
 
 His son John Martin was born October 
 20, 1781. Was the first Chief Justice and 
 first Treasurer of the Cherokee Nation. 
 He died in 1836 and was hurled at Ft. Gib- 
 son. He marrier Nellie McDaniel. and their 
 eldest child Martha, called "Patsy" Martin 
 married George Washington Adair, and thev 
 were the parents of Benjamin Franklin Adair, 
 who married Delilah McNair. 
 
 Mayes, Hall (See Grant, Downing, Fore- 
 
 man, Ooolootsa, Adair, Ross, Conrad and 
 Duncan) — Hall, son of Walter and Nannie 
 Filey (McCoy) Mayes was born near Pryor 
 September 26, 1891, educated at Male Semi- 
 nary, Bacone University and Agricultural 
 College at Stillwater. Married at Muskogee, 
 September 1, 1915, Sallie Pearl, daughter of 
 Henry Clay and Nannie Vinita (West) Coch- 
 ran Mayes, born July 19, 1920. 
 
 Samuel Mayes, born April 11, 1803, .:i 
 Tennessee. Married January 27, 1824 Nan- 
 cv Adair, born October 7, 180S. He died 
 December 30, 1858 and she died March IS, 
 1876. They were the parents of George 
 Washington Mayes born November 5, 1S2 4. 
 Married May 21, 1846, Charlotte Bushyhead 
 born March 16, 1830. She died January 
 23, 1878 and he died October 28, 1894 
 They were the parents of Walter Adair 
 Mayes born December 9, 1S60. Married 
 December 25, 1890 Nannie Rider McCoy 
 born March 25, 1866. They were the par- 
 ents of Hall Mayes. 
 
 John Rogers married Tiana Foster. They 
 were the parents of Elizabeth Rogers who 
 married Jesse Cochran and their son Jesse 
 Cochran married Susie Ross. They were 
 the parents of Henry Clay Cochran who 
 married Nannie Vinita West and they were 
 the parents of Sallie Pearl (Cochran) Mayes. 
 
 Nail, Mrs. Basil (See Grant and Dnucan) 
 — Joella, daughter of Joseph Lynch Thomp- 
 son and Frances B. Kell was born in Texas 
 November 27, 1866, educated at Vinita. 
 Married February 1, 1893, Basil Laskin Nail, 
 son of Larkin and Rebecca Nail, born in 
 Washington County, Arkansas. February 1, 
 185 7. They are the parents of Dora Ella, 
 born December S, 1893; Josie Esther, born 
 December 22, 1895, married at Vinita. Sep- 
 tember 22, 1915 N. B. Kerr; Georgia A. 
 born February 14, 1902, and Mary Alice Nail, 
 born April 3, 1906. The Nails and Kerrs 
 are farmers and live near Pensacola. 
 
 Nannie, the daughter of Brigadier Gener- 
 al Joseph Martin married Jeter Lynch a 
 member of the Irish nobility and they were 
 the parents of Maria Lynch who married 
 Jeter Thompson and they were the parents 
 of Joseph Lynch Thompson who married 
 Frances B. Kell. 
 
 Basil L. and Joella Noll's oldest daughter, 
 Dora Ella was married to John Lewis Warn- 
 er December 10, 191 1 and had two chil- 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHH INDIANS 
 
 dreii, Herchel Ray, boni Sept. 5, 1912 and 
 Basil Bert was burn Nov. 2S, 1914. 
 
 Odle, Mrs. Grover C (See Ward) — Caro- 
 line Jane Gwatney, born Nov. 23, 1884, edu- 
 cated at Pryor and Female Seminary. Ma'- 
 ried Marcli IS, 1906, Grover Cleveland, son 
 of John and Mary Odle, born March 29, 
 1879 in Henry County. Mo. They are the 
 parents uf: Burdelte, born November 8, 
 1906; John Edward, born August 4, 1911; 
 Ruth, born June 20, l9ii and Mary Odle, 
 born October 3 1, 1910. AU. Odle is a 
 farmer near Pryor. 
 
 Edward Gwartney, born in Indiana .March 
 16, 1860. Married December 29, 18Si 
 Susie, daughter of John S. and Jane (Love- 
 less) Ward, born July 29. lS65. She died 
 Jan. 21, 1898. They were the r^irents oi 
 Mrs. Caroline Jane Odle. 
 
 Pace, Mrs. William H. (See Downing and 
 Adair) — Annie Lydia, daughter of John and 
 Rosella (Adair) Downing was born in Saline 
 District September 10, 1871. Educated in 
 Female Seminary and Harrell Institute, .Mus. 
 kogee. Married at Locust Grove December 
 22, 1S9S, William Hayden, son of William 
 and Loretta Pace, born in 1868 in Benton 
 County, Ark. They are the parents of: El- 
 bert Edward, born November 21, 1899 was 
 in the S- A- T. C. at Oklahoma University 
 and is at present attending the A. and .M. 
 College at Stillwater; Hayden Adair, born 
 February 19, 1901; Clyde Lewis, born No- 
 vember 3 0, 1902; Joe Sheldon, born June 
 14, 1904; Loretta Lucile. born January 15, 
 1906; Howard, born October 5, 1907 and 
 Alfred Collins Pace born August 7, 1909. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Pace are members of the 
 Methodist Church. He is a farmer and 
 stockraiser. near Welch; specializing in pure 
 bred Short Hnrn cattle and Poland Chi.ia 
 Hogs. 
 
 Sparlin, Benjamin F. (See Grant, Palmour) 
 —Benjamin, son of Oliver and Mattie Spar- 
 lin was born in Oklahoma Nov. 17, I8S3. 
 Married at Claremore, Okla. November 9, 
 I'M 4. Mary L. Sparlin, daughter of B. r. 
 and Amandie Palmour born Oct. 23, lS87 
 in Georgia. They are the parents of Amy 
 Gazelle, born March 12, 1917 and William 
 Sparlin, born June 10, 1920. Mr. Sparl.n is 
 a farmer near Chelsea. 
 
 Rogers, James F. (See Kogers)— James 
 Foster, son of Lewis and Elizabeth J. (Lisen- 
 be) Rogers was born in September ISSI. 
 
 Educated Iti the Chrr>.Lf« puMic «»h.»li i 1 
 
 .Male Seminary. .MjrticJ it Vimu i*. 
 
 sephine. daughter nt J.ihii l'. 
 
 Marker, born June 'i. \i::. 
 
 parents of: Flora t. b.-rn fcbe^ 
 
 James Foster, born July IJ, 
 
 Bell, born June 9, t')uo; .Mir» 
 
 5. 1902; Annie L., b«rn March \i, i . i 4 
 
 Lewis T. born AurujI 8. I'MiT Mr i 4 
 
 .Mrs. Rogers liavc adop- ' 
 
 Talala Buchanan Rogl■r^ 
 
 a Cherokee girl. .Mr K. . 
 
 farmer :ina stipcknuii. 
 
 Phillips. Mrs. Woodlejr, (See Gfjnl «b4 
 
 Oulootsa) — .Maude lloyl .McSpidd^n, !-■ f . 
 at Chelsea, Cherokee Nation, .March 1 
 1885, educated at Chelsea and ihr }trH- 
 Seminary, from which she Kradualrd ivre 
 1903. She married April J. l.- a - • 
 Gail Phillips, born in (^rawl. ■ 
 May 15, 1877. They are li 
 Joel Arthur, born February 
 died Dec. 13. 19 H; Donald v 
 Oct. 12, 1908; Ross .Marvin. 
 1912; Lawrence Gail, burn "■' 
 Paul iMcSpadden. burn .March 
 
 Woodley Gail Phillips •>( ! 
 was among oil operators cm' 
 homa from Pennsylvania 
 1902.- Connected «ilh I'.h.' 
 Gas Co.. line ••! ihc pioneer . ,- 
 the state. 
 
 Phillips, Mr.. W. p. (See Grant, t 1- " 
 Ghigau and Adair) — Jane Anna, diu, 
 James Allen and Johnanna Dell (Bu! 
 Thompson was born Noveml 
 Educated in the Chen^kee '• 
 and Female Seminary, from »! 
 ated June 29. 1893. She nw 
 quah January ", I8"'5 Willla: 
 .M. H. and Josephine I'hillip' 
 14, 1869. Educated i" I'- 
 and .Male Seminary. Thev ai> ■ 
 of: Lulu Bell. b.>rn ficlober I ♦. I»" 
 cated in Kendall Cllege. Chicac- ' 
 York, graduating from the lorm^r 
 born March 27. 1S"8 and had Ihf m 
 cational advantages as did bff » 
 William Penn PhillipV 'r ^"> *»« 
 served si.x m.mths in the United S- 
 rines. receiving a medal for merilor 
 duct. The Phillipi- are member; 
 Methodist church. He l» »" H^ ' « 
 belongs to the Daujhlert of the Amer.c- 
 Revolution. 
 
614 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Joseph, the son of William Martin, a 
 wealthy merchant of Bristol, England settled 
 near Charlotteville, Virginia in the first quar- 
 ter of the eighteenth century- His son 
 Joseph was born on this plantation in 1740. 
 Joseph Jr. became a fur trader and plantei', 
 amassing wealth- He was elected Captain 
 of the Transylvania Militia in 17 76 became 
 Major. February 17, 17 7') and Lieutenant 
 Colonel in March 1781. His services were 
 incited against the Tories and their Indian 
 allies west of the Allegheny Mountains, they 
 having been stirred to violence by a letter 
 from the British Superintendent of Southern 
 Indian affairs, dated May 9, 1776 calling on 
 them for concerted action in surprising and 
 killing the men, women and children of thi 
 revolutionists and their sympathizers. The 
 south had been practically subjugated by the 
 summer of 17 80 and it was only by the ef- 
 forts of such transmontane patriots as Ma- 
 jor Joseph Martin that it was possible for a 
 part of the soldiers of the Mustmer foun- 
 tain to strike and destroy Ferguson at Kings 
 Mountain on October 7, 1780 and therebv 
 turn the tide in favor of the Americans. 
 Major Martin was not at Kings Mountain as 
 he was busy holding the British allies of thi 
 southwest at bay. In further recognition ot 
 his patriotic services, he was advanced to the 
 lieutenant colonelcy, five months later. He 
 was elected Brigadier General of the North 
 Carolina Militia by legislature on December 
 15, 1787 and was commissioned Brigadier 
 General of the Twelfth Brigade of Virginia 
 Militia by Governor "Light Horse Harry" Lee 
 on December 1 1, 1 793. 
 
 He died at Martinsville, Henry County, 
 Virginia on December 8, 1808 and was bur- 
 ied with military and masonic honors. He 
 married Susan Fields nee Emory and their 
 second child was Nancy Martin who married 
 Peter Lynch. The eldest of their eight 
 children was Martha Lynch born in March 
 ISOI. Married in 1816, James Allen 
 Thompson born July 4, 1795 in Pendleton 
 District, South Carolina. She died Septem- 
 ber 19, 1861 and he died February, 10, 
 Johnson Thompson married January 5, 1843 
 Eliza Christine Taylor born October 6, 1826- 
 Ile died April 7, 1900 and she died February 
 111, I ''02. Their son James Allen Thomp- 
 son born in 1851, married Johnanna Bell 
 Buffington, born February 13, 1854. She 
 died October 12, iSSl and he died in Oc- 
 
 tober 191 5. They were the parents of 
 Mrs. William Penn Phillips. 
 
 Fletcher, C. L. — C. L. Fletcher, son of B. 
 G- and M. H. (Guthrie) Fletcher was born 
 Jan. 25, 1885. Educated at the Male Semi- 
 nary and Commercial College, Ft. Smith, 
 Ark.; married Dec. 23, 1906 to Margaret M. 
 daughter of Alford B. and America (John- 
 son) Holland. Born July 24, 1886, died 
 Nov. 21, 1911. Two children were born to 
 this union, Loren born Feb. 23, 1909 and 
 Maggie H. born Nov. 7, 1911, died Aug. 27. 
 1912. 
 
 Married Lillian Blake Dec 6, 1913, daugh- 
 ter of B. W. and Sarah H. Blake, born in 
 the state of West Virginia March 24, 189^. 
 Two children were born to this union Jack, 
 born Mar. 12, 1916 and Joe R. born April 
 13, 1920. Mr. Fletcher was elected County 
 Commissioner of Adair County in 1918. 
 
 Griffin, George W. (See Conrad and Hen- 
 dricks) — George W., son of Isaiah and Katie 
 (Rich) Griffin was born in Rutherford Coun- 
 ty, Tennessee March 4, 1861; married at 
 Tahlequah Aug. 8, 1899 Jenetta, daughter 
 of James R. and Elizabeth (Hendricks) 
 Gourd, born Jan. 24, 1868- They are the 
 parents of Alice, born Oct- 15, 1901; Ira, 
 born Oct. 3, 1908, and Blanche Griffin born 
 Oct. 25, 1911. Mr. Griffin is a farmer near 
 Hulbert, Oklahoma. 
 
 Harris, Mrs. J. W. Jr- (See England) — 
 Lydia, daughter of Robert L. and Nynia Jane 
 (Cornatzer) Madison was born in Craig 
 County, April 6, 1894 and graduated ia 
 1917 from the Vinita High School- Mar- 
 ried at Vinita May 10, 1919, John Wesley, 
 son of John Wesley and Ida Josephine Har- 
 ris, born near Vinita, June 3, 1897. They 
 are the parents of Grace Cornelia Harris, 
 born March 19, 1920. 
 
 Mr. Harris enlisted for the World War at 
 Vinita, August 29, 1917. Sent to Camp 
 Pike , Arkansas where he was assigned to Co. 
 K. 166 Reg., 83rd Division. Sailed for France 
 September 1, I9i7. Transferred to Co. 1, 
 l52 Regiment 40th Divisions. 
 
 Hildebrand, Mrs. Samuel (See Hildebrand) 
 — Fannie, daughter of Frank and Agnes (Fos- 
 ter) Fritz was born in Cooweescoowee Dis- 
 trict October 8, 1879. Educated at Carlyl.' 
 and Haskell Institutes. Married at Vinita 
 February 24, 1900 Samuel, son of Benjamin 
 and Delilah (O'Fields) Hildebrand. born 
 February 14, ISSO. Educated in the Male 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHE 
 
 INDIANS 
 
 Seminary. Thev are the parems uf Asne'. 
 born February 2 5, 1902; Lura, born March 
 2 7, 1904; Edward, Wirn May 3. 1906; Aarrm 
 born Arril 19, 19(,S; Glenn, born October 
 23. 1911; Floyd, horn .laniiary 17, 1911; 
 Georsia, born February 22, I9is and Melvin 
 Hildebrand, born January 31. 1920. .Mrs. 
 Hildebrand is a Metliodist and a Rebekah. 
 Mr. Hildebrand is a member of tlie Inde- 
 pendent Order of Odd Fellows. Thev ar.; 
 farmers near Vinita. 
 
 Pennel, Mrs. Henry C. (See Grant and Dun 
 can) — Dora Fannie, daughter of Thomas Fo-; 
 and Helen Alice (Kell) French, born .lulv 
 17, 1874. Educated at Fort Gibson and 
 Female Seminary. .Married December 6. 
 1893 Henry Camillius son of William and 
 Caroline Pennel, born January IS. 1S73 in 
 Washingtrin County, Ark. They are the 
 parents of: Thomas William born October 5. 
 1895; Charles Columbus, born December 9. 
 1S97; James Kell, born January 19. 1900; 
 Bernice, born Feb. 27, 1904 and Thelda Pen- 
 nel. born March 3. 1915. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Pennel are member of the Holiness Church. 
 They are farmers, near Hulbert, Okla. 
 
 Rogers, Miss Mary K. (See Cordery and 
 Daniel) — Henry Curtis Rogers, born in 
 1825. .Married Louisa Jane Thompson nee 
 Blackburn, born in 1823. She died No- 
 vember 30, 1SS3 and he died February 3, 
 1896. They were the parents of; Mary Kin- 
 ney; Catherine who married Isaac Newton 
 Strickland; Lucy P. who married William 
 Ridge Rogers; Eugene Overbv whu married 
 William Rufus Greer; William Henry, elected 
 Treasurer of Rogers County 1907 and 1910 
 and County Commissioner of the same coun- 
 ty; and Stonewall Jackson Rogers. 
 
 Miss Mary Kinney Rogers is a graduate 
 from the Moravian School of Salem, N. C- 
 .Mrs. Eugenia Oglesby Greer was President 
 of the East Oklahoma Woman's Missionary 
 Society for three years. She is still .ictive- 
 Iv engaged in missionary work. 
 
 McCuUough, Mrs. Peter (See Grant and 
 Adair) — Sarah Penelope Fields, born April 
 I 2, 1842. Married October 20, 1S59. John 
 
 Jackson Smith, born December 22, 1836 in 
 Mc.Minn County, Tennessee- They were 
 the parents of Magenia Jane Smith, born 
 October 24, 187 1. Educated in the Chero- 
 kee Public Schools and Female Seminary 
 Married March 4. 189 5 Peter, son of Milton 
 Howard and Rachel Jane (Adair) McCu!- 
 
 lough, born ,\la\ 2'>. is"; 
 parents of: Winnie I>jm», j,, 
 Ret J. burn in i')oi; (;|jj», 
 I'HM; William I'enn. N„„ ,„ , 
 M. born in I'mo. .Mr ,„j ■ 
 lough are members o( ihr i:hr 
 He is a merchant in MUmi • 
 been City Treasurer. 
 
 Re.x J. McOullouRh stt\cd i 
 during the World War. «jt I, 
 charged with meritorious cila: 
 
 .Minnie Davis McCull.iuKh t:j.:..... 
 the .Miami High School in nir. A«vt .j 
 to special stenoRriphic work In lb »i- ; ; 
 Treasury Department at WJ^|■ 
 .McCullough is a composer i :. 
 verse. 
 
 Smith, Fred, (See Cr*nt utd WiJ> - 
 
 Frederick David, son o( Samur' ■ ' ' 
 
 Jane (Ward) Smith was horn 
 
 Creek, .March 24. iSf.5. educr 
 
 ware District. Married -m Ln n Ji , jm : 
 
 May 26, I88S. Charlotte Eli/abrth. diuthifi 
 
 of John Jefferson and .Marv Pauline (Adiifi 
 
 Fields, born August 27. )S72. rducitrd ' 
 
 Delaware District. Thev are the pirenn . • 
 
 Frederick Eldo. born Jun< 19. IS04, c'lJj 
 
 ated from the Northeastern Stale Nofmii •! 
 
 Tahlequah in r>i5 and Draugh 
 
 College; Richard Lafavelle, Nr 
 
 7. 1899; Charles Julian, born S 
 
 1903, married Opal Pearl Vour. 
 
 Smith, born August 4. 19 lo. 
 
 a farmer near Big Cabin and ii a ii•.l^l^^.•.■ 
 
 the Independent Order o( Odd Fello»\ »- ; 
 
 .Mrs. Smith is a Rebecca. 
 
 Richard, son of Ezekial and .Man v 
 (Sexton) Fields married fc'll/abrlh Blac< ' J 
 they were the parents of John JelL-f 
 Fields who married .Mar\ Pauline Adu 
 
 Snider, (See Grant and Duncan) — H^.- 
 . Jacob, son of Andrew Johnson (N.rn Mj ' 
 1867 in Davis County. .Mo) and <> '■ 
 (Muskrat) Snider, horn Mas «. I*'' 
 Delaware District and married No,rc!- 
 1SS6 and died Julv 2, fo:, ■• 
 tember 29, l.SSS at Grove. Dela 
 He was educated at Grose and Vi 
 narv. He married Seplemher 3'-.. I ' 
 .Martha Elizabeth, daughler of J..hn M» ■ 
 r:)aniel (born October 2. is 41 marrifd » 
 ust 31, 1876 and died ocl.iher I". I" 
 and Alice R. (Smith) t>anicls (h-.f i 
 10, 1854 at Fayeltesllle. Arkansas irJ J'1 
 November to. |io5). N'rn Apfil I'. i»'» 
 
616 
 
 HISTORY OF THE C HEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 and married September 26, 1912 at Vinita. 
 Elbert J. and Martha E. Snider are tfie par- 
 ents of Genevieve M. born October 27, 191j 
 and Elbert Jacob Snider, born November 22. 
 1915. 
 
 John Martin Daniel was elected Sheriff of 
 Delaware District August 4, 1873 and mem- 
 ber of council from same district August 6, 
 1883 and his son, James Henry, the eldest 
 brother of Mrs. Martha E. Snider was elected 
 a member of the Council in 1902. 
 
 Elbert Jacob Snider is the grandson of Ja- 
 cob and Martha (Fields) Muskrat; great 
 grandson of Ezekial and Polly Ann (Sexton) 
 Fields and the great great grandson of Rich- 
 ard Fields. Chief of the Texas Cherokee from 
 1S22 until his death in 1827. Elbert J. 
 Snider, has three brothers, James Floyd, 
 born January 1, 1890; Roy Clinton, born 
 May 3. 1892 and Cecil Freeman Snider born 
 May 3, 1897. 
 
 Mrs. Martha E. Snider's brothers and sit- 
 ters are Marmaduke, born October 9, 1877; 
 James Henry, born April 9, 1879 and died 
 May 5, Robert John born May 9, 1S81; Lulu 
 May, born January 21, 1884; Eliza J. born 
 March 25, 1886; Emma E. born February 19, 
 1880; WiMiam A. born August 26, 1892; 
 Edgar Jackson, born February 14, 1895 and 
 Walter Scott Daniel, born Dec. 12, 1898. 
 Elbert J. Snider had one sister, born Nov. 
 16, 1900 and died July 7, 1902. 
 
 Thompson, John F. (See Ghigau) — John 
 Franklin, son of Caleb Starr and Matilda 
 (Cordill) Thompson, was born November 
 20, 1853 in Union County, Georgia and 
 educated in that State. Married in Georgia 
 Aug. 13, 1876, Amanda C, daughter of 
 Lewis and Catherine Little born Sept. 12, 
 1813 in N. C. They are the parents of: 
 Lewis Caleb, born June 13, 1877 and died 
 Dec. 4, 1899; David Elihu, born Aug. 4. 
 1878 and died Nov. 7, 1920; William La- 
 fayette, born Nov. 13, 1879; Annie M. born 
 July 19, ISSI, died Jan. 30, 1903; John 
 Nelson, born April 10, 1883; Mary S. born 
 Oct. 29, 1884 and married James G. Trapp; 
 Nellie, born Aug. 1, 1886 and married L. F 
 Johnson; Margaret Latitia, born Aug. 24, 
 1889 and married E. B. Edwards; Pearly, 
 born April 2, 1891, died April 26, l89i, 
 Jesse Clayhorn, born June 5, 1895. Mr. 
 Thompson is a farmer near Tahlequah. Hi 
 affiliated with Cherokee Lodge No- 10 ci 
 Tahlequah on November 9, 1883 and was 
 
 Master of the Masonic Lodge from 1896 to 
 1900 and was again chosen for that position 
 in 1902. He was elected County Commis- 
 sioner of Cherokee County, November 7, 
 1916. 
 
 Reid, James Walker (See Thompson) — A 
 minister of the Presbyterian Church does not 
 draw a large salary. Ordinarily he can by 
 careful saving give his children a common 
 school, high school or more rarely a univer- 
 sity education, but it requires rare ability for 
 a man to stay in the ministry through a long 
 and useful life, generally stationed in the 
 smaller cities, to give not only one but sever- 
 al of his sons and daughter extra American 
 and European university educations, such as 
 are generally at the behest of families of 
 opulence, hut this was one of the distin- 
 guished abilities of Reverend and Mrs- Gil- 
 bert Taylor Thompson. 
 
 Gilbert Taylor Thompson, son of Matthew 
 and Sallie Turner (Denman) Thompson, was 
 born April 15, 1847. Graduated from So- 
 nora Masonic Institute in 1868. Married 
 February 2, 1865 Josephine Amanda King, 
 born April 10, 184 7 in Cass County Geor- 
 gia. He was ordained a minister in the 
 Presbyterian Church in April 1874, at Re- 
 saca, Georgia. He died at Tahlequah April 
 20, 1901. 
 
 The sons and daughters of Reverend an..i 
 Mrs. Thompson are the most highly educated 
 family among the Cherokees, several of them 
 having been educated abroad. They are: 
 Allison Denman, Ernest, Milton King, James 
 Kidd, Cleo, Gilbert Taylor and Matthew As- 
 ter. 
 
 Cleo Thompson graduated from the Pres- 
 byterian College of Upper Missouri in 1893 
 and Ward Seminary, Nashville in 1896, mar- 
 ried on Dec. 25, 1899 to James Walker Reid, 
 born May 31, 1870 in Mecklinburg Co., N. 
 Car. Mr. Reid is a graduate of Erskine Col- 
 lege, Due West, S. C. Mr. and Mrs. Reid 
 live at Tahlequah, where he has been in 
 business for several years. 
 
 They are the parents of children of whom 
 they will ever have reason to be proud: 
 Thompson Reid, born January 26, 1901; 
 Mary Cleo born April 6, 1904; James Wa'k- 
 er, Jr., born Aug 30, 1906 and Marjorie. 
 born July 14, 1910. 
 
 Sullivan, Frank R. (See Grant and Cord- 
 ery) — Frank Robert, son of James and Mary 
 .Ann, (AlcPherson) Sullivan was born near 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEK INDIANS 
 
 6!.' 
 
 Claremore April 5. 1S78. Hdueated at Yel- 
 low Springs, Cooweescoowee District. iMar- 
 ried Daisy Bishop. They were the parents 
 of James Biadshaw Sullivan, born June 10, 
 189 7. Mr- Sullivan married June 2, 1900, 
 Peggy Stop born in 1875 and educated ?.t 
 Catoosa. They are the parents of: Andrew 
 Leerskov, born February S, 1914, and .Mary 
 Belle Sullivan, born June 24, 1916. Mr. 
 Sullivan is a farmer near Claremore. 
 
 James, son of George and Elizabeth Ann 
 (Rogers) Sullivan was born in Georgia April 
 23, 1849. .Married .Mary Ann, daughter of 
 George Washington and Elmira (Gardinhier) 
 .McPherson, born November 19, 1846. She 
 died in 1SS3 and he died June 25, 1901. 
 
 Susan, daughter of John and Nannie 
 (Fields) Crutchfield married James Stopp 
 and they were the parents of .Mrs. Frank Sul- 
 livan. 
 
 Smith, Richard M. (See Grant) — Elh. 
 daughter cf Wirt and Sarah (Woodward) 
 Fields, born April 17, 185 3, married at Fort 
 Gibson Frank N- Smith, born in 1845- .Mrs. 
 Smith died November 6, l89l. They were 
 the parents of Richard Martin Smith, born 
 Jan. 28, 18S1, educated in the Chercjkee 
 Public School, and Male Seminary. .Married 
 at Wagoner Aug. 10, 1903, Carrie, daugh- 
 ter of Columbus and Amanda Phipps, born 
 .March 4, ISS". They are the parents of 
 Gide..n. born Sept. 25, 1906 and Theron 
 Smith, born Feb. 3, 1910. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Smith are members of the Methodist Church- 
 He is a member of the 1- O. 0. F. and is a 
 farmer, near Wagoner. 
 
 Susannah Wolf married Henrv Woodard 
 and their son Thomas Woodard married Nan- 
 nie Morning. They were the parents of 
 Sarah Woodard who married Wirt Fields. 
 
 Thornton, OrviUe E. (See Ward)— Or- 
 ville Elihu, son of George Washington and 
 Emilv Jane (Austin) Thornton was born 
 May 29, 1876, in Iowa and educated in that 
 state; married in Iowa April 2, i89S Uru- 
 cilla A., daughter of Reuben ^"1 J^'-f;"" 
 Ann Conley. Their adopted daughter Geor- 
 gia Myrtle Martin was born at Centralia Feb- 
 ruarv ^^ 1910 and has been with them since 
 he waV5 days old- She is generalb^ known 
 as Georgia Myrtle Thornton, ^r. Thornton 
 is Justice of the Peace at Centralia and is 
 engaged in farming. 
 
 George Washington Thornton was born on 
 Beatties Prairie on February 2, 1836. 
 
 Ad«ir, SkRiuel (S<e Adjlf )— Sjmufl. iSr 
 
 son iif Kuivix and Ifiini* (llcMt) AJ... , ,. 
 
 born in (he » hcr.iltcc Niii..n v 
 
 1S69; was educilfd ll Ihe < her . 
 
 Asylum. He marrlrj Mirih o. ! . . 
 
 the daughter of l)ick Welch. b«.rn Mi> ■ 
 
 1S77. They were the p^rentt ■■• »■ 
 
 born November 2S, 1892; tdnj 
 
 27, IS97; Levi, burn December 
 
 Griffin born April .UJ, I'lOS. Si. 
 
 ceniber S. 1900; and Uenjiniin 
 
 December 15, l'>lo. .Mr j .1 
 
 are members of the l'r>- 
 
 He was a deputy U. S. '.' 
 
 officer for the Frisco Kii;.\j 
 
 Their son Levi, enlisted and »i 
 
 ing line in France during the ri-- 
 
 Adair, A. Frank (S«e Cram 
 Frank. s>>n of J"hn L\nch an J 
 (Jeffreys) Adair was born AuKuti i.-i. »i". 
 educated in .Male Seminary. Virrifd i' 
 Tahlequah September t, lS86 v 
 beth .Miller, born February 22. '. 
 were the parents of: Arthur L. ».., . • 
 .May 11. iS'M and ("»\ven Lewis Adair, b-wn 
 March 18, 1S93. 
 
 Rachel, daughter ..f Jeter and yt'^i'- 
 (.Martin) Lynch married Thoma* Beniawa 
 Adair and they were the parenU <>l J-hn 
 Lynch Adair who married Mary Jane J*(- 
 frevs a native of Virginia. 
 
 Burges., Mr.. T. H- (S«. W«J) — M.r. 
 Ann Gwartney born December 10, ISS: edu- 
 cated at Prvor and Female Seminarj. Mar- 
 ried at Prvor. December 17. foi. T. It, 
 son of Robert and Sarah Burj*". N>rn Sep! 
 26. ISSO in WashinRton Counlt. Art 
 They are the parents "f Br ■ • 
 March H. f^oS; Lucille. b..f 
 lOiO; Thomas Henry, born ^ 
 1911; Jack, born November l>. !''> *^ 
 Leonard Burgess, born June «:. '"JO .M» 
 Burgess is farming near Prvor ^ 
 
 John S. Ward, born October ■■ «».«>^ 
 Married July 27. 1857 Jennie Lo^ele- S- 
 .Mav 1. tS42. She died Unuarj « 
 and he died June .5. 'S^' ^he'r • 
 ter Susie married td.ard G.|r- 
 thev are the parents of ,Mrv T. H. 1 
 
 Downing. Cor,. B. (V- 0-- 
 George Brewer. s..n ■■( P-.d .^nd^. 
 (Faught) Downing, born >»" ; 
 cated in Going ^nake fMtr.t 
 February 30, 1S7 7 ArabdU *« 
 
618 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 in 1S60 ill Wasliingtoii County, Arkansas. 
 Tliey are tlie parents of: David Monroe, burn 
 Decemlier 2, 1S77; Tininiie Jane, born Oc- 
 tober 28, 1S79; Catlierine Mahala, James 
 Lewis, Effie Ola, born September 20, 1893; 
 William Alexander; and Jessie Downing, born 
 August 22, 1902. George Brewer is a Ma- 
 son. He was appointed Sheriff of Saline 
 District, September 23, 1897. 
 
 Dupree, William E. (See Adai;) — Dr. 
 William J. Dupree. born December 25, 1S24, 
 in Alabama, married in 1851 Charlotte, 
 daughter of John and Charlotte (Adair) 
 Bell. They were the parents of William E. 
 Dupree, born November 9, 185 7 in Wood 
 Co. Texas and he was educated at James- 
 town, 5 miles north of Overton, Texas. He 
 married at Quitman, Tex. on Jan. ll, 1SS3, 
 Fannie L., daughter of Dr. W. E. H. and 
 Fannie (Aycok) Wright, born Jan. 14, 1S61, 
 in Wood County, Texas. They are the par- 
 ents of Elmer, born October 24, 1883; Her- 
 bert, born April 2, 1887, died April 2, 1918; 
 Emma, born December 13, 1888; Wright, 
 born October 8, 1890; Bessie, born May 29, 
 1892; Fred, born August 20, 1895; Annie, 
 born July 4, 1899; Eleanor Dupree. born 
 August 2, 1904. 
 
 Bessie Dupree married Dorsey E. Hall, and 
 thev are the parents of Dorsey E. Hall, Jr., 
 born April 30, 1916; Wright Dupree and 
 Eleanor Elizabeth, twins, born July 20, 
 1917. Wright Dupree Hall died January 
 
 16, 1920; Alonzo Carter Hall, born July 
 19. 1920. Mr. and Mrs. Hall are living in 
 Fort Collins, Colorado. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Dupree are members of the 
 Baptist Church, and he is a successful farm- 
 er near Vinita. 
 
 Jamestown, Smith Co. Texas was noted 
 for its good school. In the fall of 1866 Dr. 
 Dupree moved there from his farm in Wood 
 Co., Tex. to educate his children. In 1S7 7 
 he moved back to his farm in Wood Co. 
 
 Mitchell, Clay Albion (See Oolootsa and 
 Foreman) — George W. Mitchell, born De- 
 cember 26, 185 2 at Bloomfield, Arkansas; 
 married June 13, 1886, in Going Snake Dis- 
 trict, Martha .1. Horn, who was born March 
 
 17, 1862. They are the parents of Clay 
 Albion Mitchell, born April 1, 1894, who 
 was educated at Vinita, Oklahoma, and mar- 
 ried at Vinita on December 23, 1916, Martha 
 Eunice, daughter of Sarah (Nazworthy) 
 
 .. iv/ 
 
 Chamberlain, born February 5, 1899, and 
 was educated at Vinita, Oklahoma. They are 
 the parents of Robert Clay, born October 
 30, 1917 and Hazel Maurine Mitchell, born 
 February 14, 1919. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Mitchell are members of the 
 Christian Church, and he is a farmer near 
 Bluejacket, Oklahoma. 
 
 John Horn married Susan Louella Fore- 
 man, and they were the parents of Mrs. 
 Martha J. (Horn) Mitchell. 
 
 Reverend Amory Nelson Chamberlain mar- 
 ried Dollie Eunice Hoyt, and they were the 
 parents of Edward Warner Chamberlain. 
 
 Meek, William A. (See England, Grant 
 and Daniels) — David England married Susan 
 A. Conner. Their daughter Arminda Eng- 
 land married William England, Isaac Scrim- 
 sher and Elias H. Jenkins. Her daughter, 
 Alta Berilla Scrimsher, born November 24, 
 185 5, died Sept. 8, 1S85; married January 
 20, 1873 Abram Meek born September 27, 
 1851 in Vandalia, Illinois. Died April 15, 
 1907. Their son William Alvin Meek was 
 born November 7, 1880. Educated in Male 
 Seminary at Tahlequah and Draughon's Busi- 
 ness College, Oklahoma City, graduating 
 from the latter July 21, 1904. Married 
 August 8, 1909, Ada, daughter of Henry and 
 Emma Jane Donelly, born June 24, 1890, 
 educated in Willie Halsell College and Sac- 
 red Heart Academy at Vinita. They are the 
 parents of Ada Fay Meek, born April 29, 
 1912. Mr. and Mrs. Meek are members oi 
 the Methodist Church. He is a merchant 
 and is postmaster at Miles. 
 
 Merrell, Mrs. William — Corintha C. daugh- 
 ter of Pleas and Sarah Cheek was born 
 March 2, 1875. Educated at Grove. Mar- 
 ried at Vinita October l5, 1893 William, son 
 of Asa C. and Emeline Merrell, born May 9, 
 1865 in Saline County, Mo. They are the 
 parents of Luvena, born May 5, 1897, mar- 
 ried July 20, 19 IS, John Robinson and has 
 one daughter Audra May, born May 7, 1920. 
 Lola, born March 2, 1900, married July 5. 
 1920 Bee Garrison; Pleasant Chandler, born 
 February 17, 1904; Jewell, born February 
 15, 1909 and Euphaetta Merrell, born Feb- 
 ruary 24, 1912. Mr. and Mrs. .Merrell are 
 residents of Welch. 
 
 Mitchell, Mrs. George W. (See Grant, 
 Downing, and Foreman) — George W., son of 
 George W. and Mary A. Mitchell, was born 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHHROKElf IN[)IANS 
 
 in Bloomfield, Arkansas, Dtfcemher 20, 1S5 2- 
 married Susan Cherokee, daughter of Ste- 
 phen and Pollv c. (Beck) Hildebrand. They 
 were the r^nents of Dr. Robert L., born 
 April 10, 1S76; Levia L.. born July 7, 1S7S; 
 Savohi L.. born April 5. LSSi; chuul S..' 
 born May Ki. 1883. After the death „t 
 Mrs. Susan Cherokee Mitchell, .Mr. .Mitchell 
 married, on June 13, 1S86, Martha J. Horn, 
 born March 17, 1862. They are the par- 
 ents <jf Lee R. .Mitchell, burn Liecember 11, 
 1888; .loseph F. Mitchell, born February 10. 
 1891; Clay A. Mitchell, born April l, 1895; 
 Beulah V. Mitchell, born (October 7, 1897-' 
 George W. Mitchell, Jr., bnrn June 2 5, 
 1S99; Ross B. Mitchell, born January lo! 
 1902; and Foreman Drew .Mitchell, born 
 September 7, 1904. 
 
 Mrs. Martha J. Mitchell is the daughter of 
 John Horn, born August 3, 1823, and died 
 in 1888. Her maternal grandmother. Elsie 
 Hicks, who married Jeremiah Horn, a white 
 man, was the daughter of "Chief" Charles 
 R. Hicks. 
 
 George W. .Mitchell was a member of the 
 Cherokee National Board of Education from 
 189 5 to 1897. 
 
 Stephen Hildebrand married Mary, daugh- 
 ter of Jeffrey and Sallie (Downing) Beck 
 and they were the parents of Mrs. Susan 
 Cherokee (Hildebrand) Mitcliell. 
 
 Martha .1. Mitchell was a grand daughter 
 of Dr. Bark and Rachel Foreman and a 
 daughter of Susan Horn. 
 
 Rambo, Mrs. Lola M. (See Grant, Oolootsa 
 and Adair) — Lola M., daughter of Marshall 
 and Pauline (McCoy) Mann, was born Sep- 
 tember 6, 188 5 at Vinita, Oklahoma. She 
 was educated at Kidd-Key College at Sher- 
 man, Te.xas, and Willie Halsell College at 
 Vinita. Cklahcniia. She graduated from the 
 latter institution; and also took a steno- 
 graphic course at this school. She was mar- 
 ried at Muskogee December 4, 1907, to 
 Walter A., son of James J. and Alary A. 
 Rambii. They are the parents of Alma El- 
 sine, born Sept. 12, 1908; Marshall J., born 
 Oct. 3 1, 1910; Kenneth, born Aug. 17, I9l3 
 and Pauline Louise R.imbo. born January 6, 
 1916. 
 
 Mrs. Rambo is private secretary to the 
 Superintendent for the Five Civilized Tribes 
 at Muskogee. She is a member of the 
 Saint Paul Methodist Church of .Muskogee; 
 
 Eastern Sur and KiiiKht* jrij Lidi<« ..i 
 
 curity traleriMllcs. .Mr* Kjint-.. r.>: ; 
 
 the pi.silicMis nf Sccrcljr* I.., 
 
 vis Assl. Creek Njliunil At|..f 
 
 C. Allen. Creek Nitii.nil All. 
 
 same uftice under Willuin M ! 
 
 eminent I'mbaie Allurnn 
 
 .Marshall .Mann, hi.fn Mirvl. 
 Ohio, married, at Wchbcrt fj 
 21. 1873, Pauline J. .McC...\, . 
 July 24. l,S53, in Ihe r,her..k.r. 
 
 Pauline Jane, daughter ..( i 
 and Lucy Jane (Adair) Mv 
 jMarshall .Mann. .March 2 1, l,s 
 
 Swain, Mr». Rebecca M. (See [h"ni[-i .. 
 and Riley) — Joseph Pi>lslrc.m. N.rn ffbfj 
 ary 11, 1S34, in Birmirinhim, Aijbimi. i-)- 
 ried Novemher 16. 1863 in Bi>r.u Mtr » j. 
 Susan Rebecca Wilsnn, who » •' 1 • 
 19, 1846, at Fort Gibson. T 
 parents of Rebecca .McNiir !■■ 
 August 19, IS64 on Bivnu MeHjtJ. j^.J -i^ 
 educated in the Female Seminir* it Tjhif 
 quah. She married December 27. \%' ■ 
 John, son of George and Nanc* (I'fjm/r) 
 Swain, born October 5. 1S3 5 in Wmnr'te 
 land County, Peniisvlvania- He »er<ej i" 
 the Union Army durinR the Civil Wif - 
 Company E, Fourth California lnfantr> He 
 died April 6, 1920. Mr. Swain w« 1 chf 
 ter member of the Vinita Lode- •- < > ' 
 & A. M. and a 32nd decree ' 
 Swain is a member of ihr > 
 Church; and Grand .Matron of the <»iJcf ■■'■ 
 the Eastern Star of the Indian Terril"r<. hi» 
 ing held that position in t.S''5-'j Shf ■<• 
 also a member of Ihe Wnmani Civic Inc^r 
 Delphian and Premier Worthwhile riu»-< 
 
 .Mrs. Swain's Cherokee name i« Oui d i 
 and she is a member of Ihe "'I * "■ - 
 clan. 
 
 Skinner, Mr.. R.y N. (<■:■: 
 Duncan) — Jemima Winnie (u 
 of Robert Ray and Cvnihia ' 
 Taylor was born TuesJi*. ! 
 ISOS. Educated at Willie H: 
 and Sacred Heart Institute, 
 ried at Carthage. .Missouri. Au. 
 Rav Nathaniel, son of Nathini<- 
 (Kell) Skinner, born Seplembf 
 Vinita. Thev are the pireni 
 Skinner, born March I. «"!' 
 Arizona. 
 
 Nannie, daughter of Lewi* V 
 (Chambers) Kell wM hot" 
 
620 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 1861. Married in March IS 79 Nathanial 
 Skinner, born April S, 185 1 in Harrison 
 Cdunty, Kentucl^y. She died January 28, 
 1889. 
 
 Nancy Elizabeth, daughter of Broom, Chief 
 of Broomstown, a full blood Cherokee of the 
 Wolf Clan married Nathan Hicks, a white 
 man. They were the parents of Charles R. 
 Hicks, born in 1760 and died in 1826. 
 Elsie, daughter of Charles R. Hicks, born 
 in 17 60 and died in 1826. Elsie, daugh- 
 ter of Charles K. Hicks, married Jeremiah 
 Horn, a white man and they were the par- 
 ents of William Horn who married Margaret 
 Ledbetter. Their daughter Cynthia Jane 
 Horn was born November 29, 1847 in Col- 
 lin County, Te.xas. Married in Collin Coun- 
 ty, March 14, l87l, Robert Ray Taylor, 
 born November 25, 1832 in Wilson County, 
 Tennessee. He died February 12, 1920. Mr. 
 Skinner is a farmer and stockraiser near Vi- 
 nifa. Mrs. Skinner's Cherokee name is 
 Walleah. 
 
 Weir, Joseph Harris (See Ward) — Joseph 
 Harris, son of Webster Wayne and Sabra 
 (England) Weir was born January 7, 1889, 
 educated at Vinita. Married near Ketchum, 
 April 10, 1910, Leona, daughter of John and 
 Jessie Williams June 25, 1893. They are 
 the parents of Jessie Lucile born May 6, 
 1913; Joe Lee Wayne, born May 14, 19i6 
 and Billie J. born February 18, 1921. 
 
 Joseph, son of William and Susie (Ward) 
 England married Sabra Cooper and they 
 were the parents of Sabra England who mar- 
 ried Webster Wayne Weir. 
 
 Smith, Mrs. Ford (See Ghigau and Hilde- 
 brand) — Eliza, daughter of Henry and Mar- 
 garet (Patrick) Fry, born February 15, 
 1866. Educated in the Cherokee Public 
 Schools and Female Seminary. Married at 
 Tahlequah February 15, 1882 to Warren Al- 
 onzo, son of Alonzo and Sarah Westover, 
 born March 22, 1844 in Illinois. He died 
 November 28, 1896. They were the par- 
 ents of: Willard W. born February 14, 1883; 
 Thomas H. born December 11, 1885; Lelia 
 Etta, born August 23, 1887; Josephine M. 
 horn January 2 7, 1890; Warren Ferdinand, 
 born May 28, 1892 and died Feb. 28, I9l3. 
 Mrs. Eliza Westover married at Oolagah Au- 
 gust 6, 189 7 to Ford Clement, son of James 
 G- and Amelia Smith born April 10, 1866, in 
 Armstrong County, Pennsylvania. They are 
 the parents of: Lewis Clement, born .May 4, 
 
 1898 and James Reagar Smith, born Feb- 
 ruary 12, 1901. Mr. and Mrs. Smith are 
 farmers near Wann, Okla. Their three sons 
 were in service in the World War. 
 
 Andrews, Mrs. Homer A. (See England) — 
 Sarah Caldonia, daughter of Abram and Alta 
 Berilla (Scrimsher) Meek, born October 26, 
 1876. Married near Vinita August 10, 1892 
 Homer A. son of Homer Francis and Mary 
 E. Andrews, born Jan. 10, 1874 in Chero- 
 kee County, Kan. They are the parents of: 
 Mary, born September 17, 1893; Alvin Frank- 
 lin born March 27, 1896; Clyde Edward, 
 born March 14, 1900; Bethel Loraine, born 
 October 5, 1902, graduated from Bacone 
 College, Muskogee, May 23, 1921; Mable 
 Clare, born September 23, 1904; Alice 
 Jaunita born October 13, 1906; Zenobia 
 Ruth, born April 18, 1910; Homer Allen 
 born December 18, I9l4 and George Wayne 
 Andrews born Sept. 12, 1917. Alvin Frank- 
 lin Andrews enlisted for World War Septem- 
 ber 26, 1916 at Oklahoma City was assign- 
 ed to Coast Artillery, Battery 6, 62nd Regi- 
 ment, was in France from August 1918 to 
 February 1919, advanced to corporal and 
 sergeant. Discharged in September, 1920. 
 
 Campbell, Mrs. H. B. (See Ghigau) — 
 Laura Craig born at Welch December 16, 
 1889. Graduated from the Welch High 
 School. Married at Welch December 23, 
 1912 to Harvey Brooks, son of Jacob A. 
 and Anna Campbell, born Nov. 13, 1875 in 
 Saline County, Mo. They are the parents 
 of: Harvey Craig born December 17, 1915; 
 Laura Kathryn, born September 27, 1918 
 and Mary Eugenia Campbell, born March 8, 
 1^2 1. Mrs. Campbell is a member of the 
 Christian Church. He is a wholesale hay 
 and grain dealer and President of the Okla- 
 homa State Bank of Welch. 
 
 Mrs. Campbell is the daughter of Frank- 
 lin Wallace and Catherine (Tetrick) Craig. 
 Craig County was named for her Uncle, 
 Granville C. Craig. 
 
 Cox, Mrs. Zeno M. (See Grant, Cordery 
 and Duncan) — Emma J., daughter of David 
 McLaughlin and Mary J. (Vickery) Beck was 
 born August 17, 1874. Educated in tlie 
 Cherokee Public Schools. Married in 1893 
 W. J. Elledge. They were the parents of 
 Roy P. born November 4, 1894 and Cena 
 Belle Elledge, born June 20, 1896. Mrs. 
 Elledge married in December 1899 Zeno M. 
 son of Aaron and Sarah Cox, born January 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHHROKHE 1M)1AN> 
 
 Oil 
 
 were the parents of: Zeno I'n 
 
 on, November 24, i9oi, Sarah Vinita. 
 
 6, 185 2. Thev 
 M. b 
 
 bor Septe,„ber 27. ,9,,; MeMn. born 
 September 12, ,9,2 and Clinton Clark Gov 
 born October 4 10 1„ ,,,, ,, 
 
 ,; ' ■ -"f- ^"•■< IS a farmer 
 
 near Estella Okla., Craig Countv. 
 
 Hill, Mrs. Henry J. (See Adair)_Emma, 
 the d.auKhter of William E. and Fannie L. 
 (Wright) Dupree, was born in Tex Dec l> 
 1888; educated at Willie Halsell College ai 
 Vin.ta, and the Northeastern State Normal at 
 Tahlequah, Okla. She married at Vinita on 
 Dec. 22, 1915, Henry J., son of Frederick W 
 and Catherine Hill. He was born .May 5 
 188 5. in Asherville, Mitchell Countv, Kan' 
 sas. They are the parents of Frederick Wil- 
 liam, born October 2, l9lo, in Birmingham, 
 Alabama; Anna Catherine, born December 25, 
 iyi7. in Memphis. Tennessee, and Henry 
 Marion Hill, born January 28, 1920, in Vi- 
 nita, Oklahoma. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Hill are members of the 
 Presbyterian church. He is a boilermaker, 
 and is officiated with the .Masonic fraternity. 
 Klau.',, William H. (See Sanders and Ward) 
 — William Henry, son of Robert and Polly 
 (Sanders) Klaus, was born on Grand 
 Fiver, opposite the mouth of Horse Creek, 
 on February 28, 1874. Educated in 
 Worcester Academy. Vinita. .Married at Vi- 
 nita November 17, 189 5. Charlotte, daugh- 
 ter of Isaac Marshall and Sarah Elizabeth 
 (Nidiffer) .Mode, born .March IS, 1877, 
 in Delaware District, and educated at 
 Willie Halsell College, Vinita. They are 
 the parents of: Jesse Henrv. born Oct. 
 4. 1896. and Anna .Mae Klaus, born Sep- 
 tember 12, 1005. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Klaus are farmers, near Vi- 
 nita. Isaac Nidiffer married Lucy Arthur and 
 they were the parents of .Mrs- Elizabeth 
 .Mode. 
 
 Le Force, Mrs. James A. (See Riley and 
 Oolootsa) — Fannie Myrtle, daughter of Mon- 
 roe Calvin and Lucv Lowrey (Hoyt) 
 Keys, was born in the Choctaw Na- 
 tion, November 5. 1862. Educated in the 
 Female Seminary and Northfield Seminary in 
 Massachusetts. Married at Vinita September 
 11. 1892. .lames Andy, son of John B. 
 and Amanda (Blankenship) LeForce, born 
 December 26, 1859. They are the parents 
 of Flossie Mae, born October 14, 1S93, 
 graduated from Vinita High School, 1914, 
 
 ivers.ty of Oklihunu. .„h . . ,■ .. 
 sree in \'i2u; lamci l...«rf». 
 ■'». IS"5. enlisted („r the <*, 
 tember 2S, lo,:, a„ij,„.j ,„ ^ 
 company i„ 3;.s .v,chinc (i . 
 C-'ivision. .ind wis in Ihr - 
 September 12, i'm.S, ,, 
 the armistice, and wjs 11^ 
 of occupation, was dischirt.- ; 
 Pike June 21. I9i.). suttuA 
 1920. Lois Rachel Britlon; the, A.,,...,, 
 was born March .i, |921. Sarih L..in» K„, 
 November 21, 1.S..7. RriduiteJ ' 
 High School i„ i.),7_ ,„j i^ ^ 
 University of Oklahomi; and 
 liam Leforce. born November ' 
 Mr. and .Mrs. LeForce arc 
 the Presbyterian church, her i.,h<(..t« 
 name is Au-nah-hee. .Mr. LeForce i» > luc 
 eessful farmer and stockman. 
 
 Roberts, Mr.. Walter E, (See (>i|,i<,l*i) 
 — Edward Warner, sc^n ..( Amnrv E and 
 Dollie Eunicia (Hoyt) Chamherlin. N.m < -^ 
 tober 10, 1S5 3. .Married Auruil :. mi. 
 Sarah E. Nazw.irthy. born .Mav :o, \S,^, ,„ 
 Illinois. He died .March 21, \s->'i Thf. 
 were the parents of Laura IIi.m ' 
 born at Vinita, .March II. I ,s ■ 
 in Female Seminary. .Married 1; . 
 
 vember 25, 1906, Walton E.. son o( ttdliam 
 F. and Nancy Francis Roberls. horn Sepl i'<, 
 188 7. They are the parenl5 >.f Loult Wil- 
 ton, born October 19i)7; Donald Ed**r4. 
 born October }0. I"i?. and E«a iHinllj 
 Roberts, born November 22. I'>16 Mr. 
 Roberts is with the St. CUIr Reflnen «l 
 Vinita. 
 
 Wimer, Mr.. J. H. (See Grant )— Herbe-r 
 son of John .Martin, and Corinne E (Waih 
 burn) Thompson, married Clirkle A lee. 
 and they were the parent* o( Hallie 
 Thompson, born AucuJI 2S. lA''. »' 
 Goodie's Bluff in C'X'weeiCoomee t>iitf.v' 
 She was educated it Little P.><k. *' 
 kansas, and taught s\x veir« In the r*'" 
 lie schools at Vinita. and !»<• >ejrt <n *tl. 
 lie Halsell College of the »ime place, to* 
 was associate reporler ••( the Vlmli t>ii'' 
 Chieftain for seven vearv She married »( 
 Vinita Julv 17. l')(.?. I H, »-r. ••! He"" 
 and Rebecca Wimer. .Mr ind .Mri Wimer 
 are members of the Chritllan church He 
 is a prominent farmer and *l<xkniin nrtr 
 Vinita, and owner of the Cabin Vilfei fari- 
 
622 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Mrs. Wimer's half sister, Uthel Thompson, 
 married J. F. Nolan, and lives in New Mexico. 
 Mr. Wimer's first wife was Ella Frank- 
 lin and their three children were as fol- 
 lows: Rebecca D., born March 5, 1S95, 
 and married Clyde C. Thompson; Jacob F., 
 born March 15, 1897, and married Bettie 
 Lomax; Parmelia Ellen Wimer, born Septem- 
 ber 5, 1900, and makes her home with her 
 parents. 
 
 French, Joseph M. (See Grant and Riley) 
 —Joseph Mason, son of Robert Mosby and 
 Margaret (Fields) French, was born near 
 Stillwell Sept. 22, 1856, and was educated in 
 the Cherokee National schools. He married 
 at Fort Gibson on July 19, 1876, Sallie, 
 daughter of John McNary and Nancy (Ivy) 
 Riley, born Oct. 9, 1860. Mrs. French died 
 Nov." II. 1901. They were the parents 
 of Frances Abigail born July 27, 1879, 
 Jennie Myrtle, born February 7, 1881; 
 Lewis, born July 28, 1SS3; Gypsy, born No- 
 vember 24. 1886; George Yarborough, born 
 March 12, 1889; Beulah, born July 8. 1891; 
 Cabal Vaughan, born Dec. 6, 1893; Jos- 
 eph Mason, born July 24, 1898; and John 
 Foreman, born October 22, 1901. 
 
 Mr. French's second wife. E. May (Elliott) 
 French, is the mother of Nina, (born Feb. 
 12, 1904, and Walter French, born Feb. S, 
 1906. Mr. French is a member of the Meth- 
 odist church, Knights of Pythias, and the 
 Redman fraternities- He was elected super- 
 intendent of the Female Seminary in 1895. 
 
 Russell, Connie— Martha Ann Shinn, born 
 June 12, 1870, married February 5, 1890, 
 Campbell Russell, born October 22, 1863, in 
 Morgan County, Alabama, 
 
 Mrs. Russell died October 9, 1894. They 
 were the parents of Connie, born Novem- 
 ber 24, 1890; Carl, born June 8, 1892, and 
 Christopher Russell, born November 25, 
 1893. 
 
 Campbell Russell has represented his dis- 
 trict in the Oklahoma senate, and is at pres- 
 ent a member of the State Corporation 
 Commission. 
 
 Martin, Robert Lee, (See Grant and 
 Woodall).— John Peter, the son of George 
 Caruth and Ellen (Moore) Woodall, was 
 born Januurv 11. 1841. He married Janu- 
 ary 1, 1871, .Maver M. Cecil, nee Saunders, 
 born M.iy 9, 1842. They were the parents 
 
 of Maver Woodall, Born Feb. 7, 1881; ed- 
 ucated in the public schools of the Cherokee 
 Nation, and married at Adair on July 25, 
 1897, Robert Lee, the son of Richard Lewis 
 and Nancy Ellen (Rogers) Martin born Aug. 
 23, 1876. They were the parents of Dane, 
 born July 9, 1898; Edgar, born August 12, 
 1901; Linnie, born June 25, 1904 and Aena, 
 born July 11, 1907. 
 
 Mr. Martin, who is an oil man. and one 
 of the most prominent men of the Osage 
 tribe of Indians, is a member of the Ma- 
 sonic fraternity. Mrs. Martin is a Presby- 
 terian, and a member of the United Daugh- 
 ters of the Confederacy. 
 
 Garrett, Susan Frances (See Foreman) — 
 Rachel Catherine, daughter of John and Su- 
 san Louella (Foreman) Horn, was born June 
 7 1860. was educated in the Female Semi- 
 nary. She married Oct. 21, 1883, Joseph 
 Monroe Garett, who was born Oct. 23, 1859 
 in Green Co., Ark. He died April 8, 1899. 
 They were the parents of Mattie Bell, born 
 Sept. 27, 1884; Robert Monroe, born Feb- 
 ruary 7, 1886; Frank Pierson, born Septem- 
 ber 1 6. 1889; Susan Frances, born July 8. 
 1891; Eva, born February 13, 1896; and 
 Joseph Bruce Garrett, born March 28, 1899. 
 Miss Susan Frances, whose Cherokee 
 name is Khawk, is a member of the Metho- 
 dist church. She was educated in the Cher- 
 okee Female Seminary, and the Northeast- 
 ern Oklahoma State Normal School, and has, 
 been teaching in the schools of Oklahoma 
 since 1911. 
 
 The children of Rachel Katherine and Joe 
 M. Garrett are Claude Stephen Garrett, born 
 Aug. 29, 1887, and Henry Edgar Garrett, 
 born Jan. 21, 1893. 
 
 Hurst, Mrs. John R. (See Grant)— John 
 Randolph, son of Christopher Columbus and 
 Mary Ann (Blythe) Hurst was born Monday, 
 April 18, 1853. Educated in the Cherokee 
 National Schools. Married December 8, 
 1879, Sarah Elizabeth, daughter of John and 
 Elizabeth (Hogan) Brown, born November 
 14, 185 4 in Newton County, Missouri. They 
 we're the parents of Christopher Columbus, 
 born September 30, 1880; Mary Ellen, born 
 Mav 24. 1885; Winema Rachel, born Sep- 
 tember 30, 1891 and Albert J. Hurst, born 
 Januarv 7, 1894. 
 
 John, son of William and Nannie (Fields) 
 Blvthe married Justin Cadle and thev were 
 
HISTORY OH THE CHEROKlil: INDl.Ws 
 
 t'2\ 
 
 thi parents (.f Mrs. Mary Ann (Blvllio) 
 Hurst. 
 
 Meeker, George Weigand (See Ghisau and 
 Foreman) — .losepliine, the dauRliter of Jo- 
 seph Martin and Lucy (Starr) Hildebrand. 
 married John Meeker, and they were the 
 parents of George Weigand Meeker, born 
 March l, 1S7 7. He was educated in the 
 Cherokee public schools and the Male Semi- 
 nary. He married on Nov. 26, iyo6. Bertha 
 Bell, daughter of John J. Patrick, born Au- 
 gust 2, iSAi. They are the parents of Fos- 
 ter born November 4, 1907, and Robert Lee 
 Meeker, born September 2S, 1912. 
 
 Mr. Meeker served from July 29, 1899 to 
 May 8, 1901 in Co. H, 32nd U. S. Vol. Inf. 
 of which IS months was spent in actual field 
 service on Luzon Island- 
 Meigs, Henry C. (See Grant and Ross) — 
 Henrv Clav Meigs, born at Park Hill, Tahle- 
 quah fjistrict November 16, 1S41, married 
 Januarv 11, 186S, Josephine L. Bigelow. 
 born August 27, 1843. in Flint District. Mrs. 
 Meigs died January 15. 1S95. They were 
 the parents of Caroline Few, Annie Stapler. 
 Robert Henry. James McDonald, Alice .Maud, 
 and Josephine L. Meigs. 
 
 Mr. Meigs who served in the Confederate 
 Service in 1S61-2, is a grandson of Chief 
 John Ross, has many of the amiable traits of 
 his distinguished ancestor. He was elected 
 clerk of Illinois District August 1. 1803, 
 and Judge of the same District on August 
 5. 1S95. .Mr. .Meigs has for the last fifty 
 years lived at Fort Gibson 
 
 Cochran, Jessie E. (See Foreman and Go- 
 sa-du-i-sga) — Jesse Edward Cochran was 
 born March 28, 1895. Educated in the 
 Cherokee Public Schools. Married at Tahle- 
 quah Mav I5, 1915 Carrie, daughter of 
 George and Addie Dawson, born Aug. 9, 
 1895. Thev are the parents of .Maurice, 
 born .March 3, 1916; Frances born Oct. 5, 
 19 18 and Willard Cochran, born ,Mav 9. 
 1921. Mr. Cochran is a farmer near Grand 
 River. Amos Thornton married Minerva 
 Foreman and they were the parents of .Mary 
 Ellen (Thornton) Cochran born February 
 14, 185 7. She died Februarv 16, 1899. 
 She was the mother of Jesse Edward Coch- 
 ran. 
 
 David.'on, Mrs- Ermine Josephine (See 
 Ward and Ghigau)— Felix Grundy, son of 
 
 Isaac and Lucv (Arthur) .Sijillcr •»» K.f« 
 
 .March lo, IS^?. Mjtrifd Apf" 
 
 Joanna Ruth. diUKhlrr <>( ImH' 
 
 Annie (Hildebrand) Lcnd^i, N. 
 
 S, 1S61. Felix Orund* Nldillcr d.fd • •. 
 
 ber U), isot). She died liil> ' •■ ; ! " 
 
 were the pjrents of trinlr- 
 
 fer, born Seplemher 3, I - 
 
 the Fem.ile Semiiur>. 
 
 .March 21. IS'<". Th..iiu 
 
 William and .Une I>j\iJ«' 
 
 1871. in Bates Counl\. M 
 
 the parents of Aniu Lai- 
 
 ber 21, ISIQ. married l.vfreli 
 
 Jane, born June 2.1, I102, mi- 
 
 E. Andrews; Athclene, born lul 
 
 married Hillet Peace; t'.eiil Kit 
 
 November >'. 1906; Thonus 1- 
 
 June 26, 1910; Freeman UdwirJ 
 23, 1912; .Mary Elizabeth, Wt' 
 18, 1914 and Olive Louise Da\ 
 
 June 24, 1918. 
 
 Everett and Anna Lura H"ll arc :tu fi' 
 ents of: Kenneth Eugene. Nth fchruar» 3". 
 1918; Evelyn .Marie, bonm Septemhtr **. 
 1919 and Maurice Clvde Hereford H"t«. 
 born .May 21. r>21. 
 
 Balentine, M.ry Eunice. (S<« <1.il'-'t»» 
 and Riley) — .M<>nr..e Calvin Kevi. N«rn Srr 
 tember l5, 1826. .Married al Park H.tl. 
 jMav 31, 1855 Lucy Lowrev H«»t. Nth S»r- 
 tember 16, I S3 1. She Rradualed rr..m tht 
 Female Seminary in 1854. He wa» » mem- 
 ber of Captain Benjamin Wisner C«rt«f'» 
 Company in the confederate ««rrlc«. He 
 died March 3. 1 88 1 and she died Aut- :«. 
 1912. They were the r"""'' "' ^''" 
 Eunice, born Mav 3t. 18"-: Lvd.a tmr-i. 
 born September 16. I85S: Unnie Mwtir 
 born November 5, 1862: Sarah Ann b- m 
 October 6, 1865; Elizabeth Pilev, N"" '•"' 
 ary 13. 1868; Monroe Amorv. N-rri feb'u.r. 
 21, 1870 and Lucy D. Kevv b<>' 
 1872. .Mary Eunice married I 
 187 5. Hamilton Balentine. v>n • • 
 ilton Balentine and Anna »'.>! BJi^"'' 
 born April IS. lS5o. He J'-.l r .^'-M-■ 
 1900. She died April :' 
 the parents of Marv F; 
 1899 and Ellen Stella Bj! 
 5. 1892. Marv Eunice Rale^iine »n 'J- 
 cated in Vinita and Ih.- "^ '•*■■ 
 Normal and is a teacher 
 
 iWB' 
 
624 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 tine was educated in Vinita (Valentine's 
 Business College Graduate) and is a steno- 
 grapher. Both of the sisters live with their 
 maternal Aunt: Sarah Ann, who married on 
 October 26, 1887 John Samuel, son of John 
 Bradley and Amanda (Blankeiiship) LeForce, 
 born Jan. 27, 1864 in Indiana. Mrs. Le- 
 Force, was educated in Worcester Academy 
 and Female Seminary. Mr. and Mrs. Le- 
 Force are Methodists. He is a prosperous 
 farmer and stockman at Vinita. 
 
 Glenn, Franklin C- (See Foreman and 
 Saunders) — Franklin Clyde, son of Jesse 
 Edward and Margaret (Cowan) Glenn, born 
 July 17, 1890, educated in the Cherokee 
 Public Schools and Male Seminary. Mar- 
 ried at Vinita June 22, 19 13 Marcella Car- 
 rie, daughter of Jefferson and Nannie E. 
 (Saunders) Tyner, born September 23, 1893 
 educated in Female Seminary and Northeast- 
 ern Oklahoma State Normal. They are the 
 parents of: Kenneth Edward, born July 3, 
 1914 and Lavance Arnold Glenn born May 
 29, 1916. Mr. and Mrs. Glenn are farmers 
 near Miles. 
 
 Jesse Edward Glenn was the son of Henry 
 Glenn and Jennie Foreman. 
 
 Nannie E. Saunders was the daughter of 
 George O. Saunders and Jennie Lale. 
 
 McCorkle, DaVid (See Ross) — Emma, 
 daughter of John Thompson and Charlotte 
 Gordon (Scales) Drew, was born October 
 29, 1856, and married May, 1876, William 
 Green Robinson, born Jan. 1856 and died 
 Nov. 8, 1886. 
 
 Mrs. Emma Robinson married April 28, 
 1891, Joseph Loren McCorkle, born Sept. 
 19, 183 7, in Louisa County, Virginia. She 
 died Jan. 8, 1906, and Mr. McCorkle died 
 Jan 3, 1916. 
 
 William G- and Emma Robinson were the 
 parents of Mary Charlotte Robinson, born 
 August 7, 1S77, and married January 28, 
 1898, David Wisel, son of Joseph Loren 
 McCorkle, born March 17, 1867, in Musko- 
 gee County, Okla. They were the parents 
 of Joseph Loren, born October 28, 1899, 
 and James Milton McCorkle, born May 18,' 
 1902; Catherine Elizabeth born August 4, 
 1906; David Wisel born July 12, 1909; Mary 
 Louisa, born Nov. 2 7, 1911; Drew Holt', born 
 Dec. 3 1, 1913 and William Thomas born 
 Sept. 23, 1916, on day first troop train left 
 
 Muskogee to world's war. 
 
 Lewis, Mrs. Albert (See Hendricks) — 
 Hettie, daughter of Henry and Mary (Hen- 
 dricks) Walkabout was born at Tahlequah 
 Oct. 19, 1S79. Educated at Park Hill Mis- 
 sion. .Married at Inola May 29, 1902, Albert, 
 son of Ira H. and Sarah E. Lewis, born Aug. 
 14, 1879 in Washington County, Ark. 
 
 They are the parents of Grace E. Lewis 
 born Aug. 21, 1903; Ira A. born June 2, 
 1905; Beatrice, born Oct. 17, 1906; Velma, 
 born April 28, 1909; Mildred born Feb. 18, 
 1913; Edgarita, born Jan. 3, 1916; Hilda, 
 born Sept. 13, 1916; and Vernon, born April 
 10, 1919. 
 
 Mrs. Lewis' Cherokee name is Ahniwake. 
 They are Methodists and Mr. Lewis is an 
 oil producer and farmer and a member of the 
 Yeoman fraternity. 
 
 Thomas, Mrs. James H. (See Foreman and 
 Riley)- — Eugenia, the daughter of Eugene 
 and Jane (Riley) Triplett, was born at Fort 
 Gibson in 1844; was educated in the Chero- 
 kee public schools, and the Cherokee Na- 
 tional Female Seminary. She married at 
 Wagoner on Dec. 25, 1892; James H. Thom- 
 as, born in Oklahoma in 1874. They 
 are the parents of George H., born April 5, 
 1897; Arvol V., born June 10, 1899; Theron 
 T., born July 8, l9oi; Gladys M., born 
 January 16, 1905; Helen, born January 3, 
 1909; Celia and Lewis Thomas, born June 
 20, 1911. 
 
 Mr. Thomas is a member of the Knights 
 of Pythias; and is a prominent business man 
 in Tulsa, Oklahoma. 
 
 Crowell, Mrs. Francis M. (See Sanders 
 and Duncan) — John Thomason Duncan mar- 
 ried Elizabeth S. Sanders, and they were the 
 parents of Mary Elizabeth Duncan, born Feb- 
 ruary 8, 1858; and was educated in the 
 Cherokee Nation and at the University of 
 Arkansas. She taught school for six years 
 among the full-bloods; and married at Van 
 Buren, Arkansas, January 15, 1883, Francis 
 Marion, son of Dr. M. and Nancy A. Crowell, 
 born March 14, 1859 in Tallapoosa County, 
 Alabama. They are the parents of Erda 
 Victor, born December 25, 1884; Alvin By- 
 ron, born September I, 1886; Frank M. born 
 September 7, 1S90, and Hunter K. Crowell, 
 born April 17. 1893. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Crowell are members of the 
 
HISTORY (JF THE CHliK( )kl:l-; INDIANS 
 
 '■?< 
 
 Meth.idist cluirch. Ik- is the rrurrieU.r of 
 a flourisliiiis niercuntik' business :il Aftun, 
 Oklahoiiui. Mrs. Cn.well is a member of 
 the Eastern Star SisterhiK,d. Her Cherokee 
 name is Ka-ha-yii-ka. 
 
 Alvin B. Crowell saw service in Trance in 
 the Rainbow Division, beini; at the front at 
 Chateau Thierry, Argonne Forest and other 
 offensives, during which time he was promo- 
 ted to the rank of sergeant and was retain- 
 ed in the Army of Occupation in Germany. 
 H. K. Crnwell was in the Commissary De- 
 partment at Camp Travis at the time of the 
 signing of the Armistice. Frank .M. (:rowell 
 married Miss l:vel\n iJooley and has two 
 hoys Frank Marion Jr., the ^rd and 12 years 
 old and Master Ted Crowell -1 years. They 
 live in Tulsa. E. V. and A. B. Crowell are 
 now located in Los Angeles, t'al. in the maga- 
 zine business. H. Kent Crowell located in 
 New York, being a professional designer in 
 ladies headware, making trips in Paris to 
 study the stvlfs. 
 
 George, Mtj' Earnest (See Giant) — Ada, 
 daughter of Joseph Lvnch and Alice (Tuck- 
 er) Thompson, born January 20, iSSl, edu- 
 cated at Vinita and Female Seminary. Mar- 
 ried at Vinita, December S. iqo<). Earnest 
 George, born Nov. 26, l.SSl, in Cooper Co.. 
 Missouri. They are the parents of .Marv El- 
 len George, born Novenibr 12, I'Ml. .Mr. 
 and Mrs. George are farming near Big Cabin. 
 
 Mrs. Harriet .M. Thompson wife of Joseph 
 Lynch Thompson died Nov. 27, l')21. Step- 
 mother of Ada Thonips(m, wife of Earnest 
 E .George. 
 
 r.onzales, Frank (See frowning and Adair) 
 — Andrew Franklin. son of Dennis and 
 Rachel (Pettit) Gonzales, was born January 
 26, 1S7J. His first wife, Catherine Young, 
 died April 22, 1S')2. He married again on 
 August 23, 1S17, Bessie Stewart, born Feb- 
 ruary 22, 1889 in Scott CounTv, Arkansas. 
 He was elected a member of the Cherokee 
 Council from Illinois District in 1903. 
 
 Rachel, daughter of Charles and Charlotte 
 (Adair) Pettit. married Dennis Gonzales, and 
 was the mother of Andrew Franklin Gon- 
 zales. 
 
 Rogers, Mrs. Andrew L. (See Oolootsa, 
 Duncan and Halfbreed-)— Andrew Lewis, son 
 of Andrew Lewis and Cherokee America 
 (Morgan) Rogers, was born July 3, lS60; 
 
 and W.1S educjtej m ih<- . •■ 
 schools juj (I,, Slilo Scmlnjr 
 May l'>, i.,„.(, .lufphtnc li 
 ter of Frank and loifph' ^ > 
 ard. Nth November : 
 ated Ironi (he Icnul. 
 1''01. The\ are the i-jrv..i. 
 ing children; Andrea lr»n 
 I'MU; Paul Sevier, burn S^pl 
 June 27. 1>M>); Patricia, t- 
 I'Mj; Josephine Landrum. b 
 1"I7 aTid Kennelh llo»ard. i 
 
 1910. 
 
 Elliott, Mr>. Emcrioa (Srr tnt 
 
 Nelle Blackwell. daushiet ••( Abram i 
 Berrilla (Schrlmsher) Meek aat b 
 gust 10, 1884. fducaled In remik 
 nary from which she Rraduv ' 
 .Married at Vinita Hdnber '>. • 
 son of Silas and Belle hlliotl. : 
 Dubois Counlv, Ind. Thev are the 
 of: Cleela Rhea, bc^rn .Mav .»<), r'o» 
 Wayne, born .luly .'0. totO; (■".IIH.itJ 
 born August 13. 1012; Kalph Hnn- 
 ,Iune 15. 19 II. and Cirl Vincent I 
 born Julv 21. I'>t6. .Mr- and M- 
 are members of ihe ("hrlMian chii.-... . - 
 his business interests are In VInila. 
 
 Hicki, Herbert W. (See Foreman)— *b 
 jah Hicks, born March 2. t8l<). ma»r • 
 30, lS52. Hannah Worceiter. Nifn 'i 
 29, iS34 in New Echota. Oeoritti lie i.ti 
 June -1. 1862. Mrs. Hannah Hick* died 
 Feb. 3. 191 7. Thev were Ihr r'' 
 Percv \V., Emma I., Edith II. 'Iin 
 Herbert Worcester llick\. Percv W 
 Elma Garrett and live* at F"rl 
 Edith married ("harje* W- Smith and ^ 
 .M. \\alker. Clara A married Nieh-lai «. 
 Nair Thornton and Georte I. Hor»"" 
 
 Herbert Worcester Hick* »a» K^m »' 
 Park Hill Mav IS. I.S61: and married at 
 Favetteville, Arkanuv. on liecer-*"- 
 tSS6. Rachel, the daughter >'i lar^ 
 Sarah Cardwell, who «a( b • 
 1S69, in Washinjion di, 
 They are the parent* "i Flhf! 
 cember 24. ISS*)-. Homer W 
 tober 22. 1 891; CIKlon A . 
 16, 1894: Vera Clare. b«rn 
 died Nf'v. 28. |ioO; Ralph 
 March 30. l9ol. and Herber: 
 June 3. 1907. Flhel Inei mirrl^ * * 
 
626 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Buster, and Homer Wilton married Ferrel 
 Thompson. 
 
 Mr. Hicks Cherokee name is E-no-li. His 
 mother was a daughter of Reverend Samuel 
 A. Worcester, one of the first .Missionaries 
 to the Cherokees, coming with them from 
 Tennessee and Georgia, in 1S3S; his father 
 was a descendant of Charles Hicks, a Chero- 
 kee Chief in the old Cherokee Nation. 
 
 Chumley, Elizabeth K. (See Oolootsa and 
 Piley) — Elizabeth Riley Keys was born Janu- 
 ary 13, 1869. Educated at Worcester Acade- 
 my and Female Seminary. Married at Centra- 
 lia Sept. 12, 1912, John M., son of Robert 
 and Fannie Chumley. Mr. and Mrs. Chum- 
 ley are members of the Presbyterian church. 
 
 Lydia Emma Keys, a sister of Mrs. Chum- 
 ley's married Charles J. Taylor, now deceas- 
 ed. Their daughter Alma Lane Taylor, born 
 January 26, I'riOO, married March 24, 1918 
 J. E. Bennett. They have one daughter, 
 Bettie Bennett, born February 8, 1919. 
 
 Monroe Calvin Keys married Lucy Lowrey 
 Hoyt and they were the parents of Lydia 
 Emma and Elizabeth Riley Keys. 
 
 Hastings, John R. (See Grant, Foreman 
 and Ward) — William Archibald Yell Hastings 
 was born March S, 1842 in Benton County, 
 Arkansas. He served in Company H, First 
 Cherokee Mounted Rifles, under Captain 
 John Thompson Mayes, during the Civil 
 War. He married February 2, 1864, Louisa 
 J. Williams, nee Stover, born April 8, 1840. 
 Mrs. Hastings died Feb. 7, 1918. Mr. 
 Hastings died April 28, 1919. They were 
 the parents of John Rogers, William Wert, 
 and Charlotte Delilah Hastings. Charlotte 
 Delilah Hastings married Samuel Grant Vic 
 for, and is now deceased. John Rogers 
 Hastings was born on Beattys Prairie August 
 1, 1865, and was educated in the Cherokee 
 Public Schools, and the .Male Seminary, 
 from which he graduated Mav 4, 1886. He 
 married at Tahleauah Feb. 20 1901 Eliza- 
 beth Victoria, daughter of Spencer and 
 Marearette (Proctor) Shelton, born Dec. 9, 
 1S72. at Tahlequah. Mrs. Elizabeth V. 
 Hastings died Ian. 23. 19i6. Thev were 
 the parents of William Wert Hastings, born 
 Januarv 20. I0n2: Suwavne Hastings, born 
 September 9. i903: John Rogers Hastings, 
 born Februarv 24, 19o5 and Robert Owen 
 Hastines va^ b-i-n Jan. 27. IQO^- Ed"ar 
 
 Hastings was born October 2 7, 19 lO. Mr. 
 Hastings was elected Clerk of Delaware 
 District in 1891, and again in 1895, and 
 Senator from the same District in 1897-99 
 and 1901. 
 
 Pete Hastings, as he is generally known, 
 is one of nature's noblemen, rugged, honest 
 and a true friend. 
 
 .lohnson Proctor married Elizabeth Fore- 
 man, and they were the parents of Margar- 
 ette. who married Spencer Shelton. 
 
 Adair, T. J. — Though not of the royal 
 line, Harold, the son of the great Earl God- 
 win, had been elected and served for forty 
 weeks as King of England, until on the fated 
 fourteenth of October 1066 he was over- 
 thrown by the victorious legions of William, 
 Duke of Normandy. Thenceforward known 
 as William I, King of England and popularly 
 called The Conqueror. The polish and ele- 
 gance of the world at that time was best 
 exeniplififd by the Norm.in Knights ana 
 Nobles, many of whom accnmpanied Arlotta's 
 son. settled in and directed the destinies of 
 England. 
 
 Among the proud cavaliers was d'Heanage. 
 Hundreds of years later his more democratic 
 descendants dismantled the orthography and 
 pronunciation and called themselves Harn- 
 age; became roundheads, ironsides, noncon- 
 formists, presbyterians and emigrated to 
 America to swell the tide of hardy pioneers 
 that was sweeping to and over the southern 
 Appalachians, to make the world safer for 
 civilization. 
 
 They came, to another race of people, 
 they saw a pride and energy equal to their 
 own and many of them married among the 
 Cherokees. Ambrose Harnage. one of these 
 Englishmen, married in about 1810 Nancy 
 Harlan nee Sanders, born in 17S2, the daugh- 
 ter of Mitchell Sanders, an English trader 
 from Virginia and his wife Susie, a full 
 blood Cherokee of the Long Hair clan. 
 
 Ambrose and Nancy Harnage's children 
 were: William, born June 5, 1811 and mar- 
 ried Patsy Snow; George married Nancy 
 Mayfield; John Griffith born January 16, 
 1817, married February 20, 183 7 Ruth Starr 
 born December 25, 1820, she died July 5, 
 1843. He married January 12, 1844 Emily 
 Walker Mayfield born August 20, 1830. He 
 died Januarv 12. lS9i. She died .March 29, 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEKOKlfH INDIANS 
 
 1S99; Andrew .lackson. born .lune 20, iSlS 
 and died Miu 2 7, i,S4 7; Klizabetli llariUKe 
 born AuRust 20, 1S20 and married John 
 Adair Bell. She died .May 27, 1S47, 
 
 Emily Mayfield was the daughter of Jesse 
 and Sallie (Starr) .Mayfield. 
 
 John Griffith and Emily Walker Harnage 
 were the parents of: William -Thomas born 
 July 27, lS-47; .Mary Victoria, born October 
 23, 185 1, married William Lucullus Carr; 
 Ida Eugenia, born (ictober IS, 1S5 3, married 
 John Taylor Ewers and .lohn ,M. .Morse; 
 Loretta Beldora, born October lo, 1855. 
 married John Stringer Scott; Nannie Ethel, 
 born September 19, 185S, married William 
 Boone; John Custis Lee, born June 30, 
 1S67, married Francis Catherine Hunt and 
 Lena born November 1, 1S69, Graduate from 
 Alexander Institute. Kilgore, Te.xas, June 7. 
 1SS7, married January I, 1893 Thomas 
 James Adair, born January 4, 1856. 
 
 Thomas James Adair is the son of John 
 Lynch Adair, born April 12, 1828 and Mary 
 Jane Jeffries, born September 9, lS3l in 
 Virginia, married February 22. lS55- John 
 Lynch Adair served four years in the con- 
 federate army, was clerk of the Cherokee 
 senate in 1869-70. Elected Editor of the 
 Cherokee Advocate in 1873 and elected as 
 one of the committee to superintend the 
 erection of the Cherokee national jail in the 
 same year. Elected member of the Board of 
 Education in 187 5. Elected Town lot Com- 
 missioner in 1878. Elected delegate to 
 Washington November 2S. 1S79. Appoint- 
 ed a member of the Board of Education June 
 6, iSSi. He was for several years execu- 
 tive secretary to the Principal Chief and 
 died at T.ahleQuah on October 21, 1S96. 
 Mrs. .Marv J. Adai died .May 8, 1897 
 
 Andrews, Mrs. George P. (See Grant, 
 Foreman and Riley)— Susie Catherine, 
 daughter of Jasper Newton and .Mary Jane 
 (Riley) Schrimsher, was born in IS 78; edu- 
 cated at Wagoner and the Cherokee Female 
 Seminary. She married at W^agoner in 
 1899, George P. Andrews. They are the 
 parents of Howard and Hazel. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs- Andrews are members of 
 the Presbyterian Church, and he is a .Mason 
 and a prominent ijil producer. 
 
 Allton, Chas. J. (See Cordery and Carter) 
 —Thomas Corderv, an Irishman, marned 
 Susannah, a full blood Cherokee of the Blmd 
 
 Savannah Clan. Their daushur. Su«.f. mi' 
 
 ried John Moslev. Ji.hn mJ Su- 
 
 were the parents <i( Sjrjh Kulh W 
 
 in 1S4 1, married dcl'+cr «'•. i 
 
 Clark Ramsey, who served dunn. 
 
 War in Captain BenUmIn W>" ■ 
 
 company. After his deal' 
 
 married January 5, tS7 7 ; 
 Lewis Clark and Sirah K 
 
 the parents of Susan HIijab 
 
 December 7, tSoiv She 
 
 tlie Cherokee Orphan Aivlum i 
 
 Seminary. .Married at Dowali Ju' 
 
 Joseph .Morgan Alton, son '■( I<i* ' 
 (Billingsley) Alt-.n. born .luU • '■ 
 
 West Virginia. Thev are the : 
 
 Percy Samuel, born .Ma% 2\ is 
 
 Cherokee Jones: Percv Charles 
 
 Iton born Dec 2'). 18<»". .Married Au<. . 
 
 1919, Pearl Jane Hansen Nth in l«'>S 
 
 Abbott, Mrs- John H. ('><( •' 
 Foreman) — Martha Alice. Jauch- 
 Wesley and .Marv HIvira (War J. - • • 
 was born Januarv 2S, IS<.2: married al V. 
 well June 21, 1884; Robert Firl*. Nt" I'" 
 ruary 16, 18 58. in Gilmer O.unlv. 0«..r< > 
 He died August 27. f)06. Thev .ere rh. 
 parents of D,.ra. born .Mirch I'.. '^ 
 John William, born June 22. «**•_"" 
 Angeline. born February t. I""" 
 Lou, born September l7, IS''!, - 
 vember 7, 1<>1 1: Robert P-^v b ' _ 
 
 ,4 iS'i^: Ida Belle, born Februarv ■. . 
 and died September 2^ ."I'M M-m* ' ^ 
 mira, born October 2.. i"-. •">> 
 Early, bom November •. i '" 
 
 Ida Belle Earlv marned Herb • ' 
 ,hev had two children J-hn • 
 ^,j,. ,. ,.)is. and NUriha l.'"'' 
 
 'Mrs. Martha Alice Earlv maf 
 Abbott, born in lS47 in FlonJ. • 
 'ife was Fllen Isabel, aauch.er .-.; _ 
 
 Earlv and Minerva la"' ' 
 
 born in IS^". and died 
 
 and Ellen Isabel Abb-K > 
 
 P.hel Louisa, born Oct..be,^v • 
 
 Michael, born November ■ 
 
 Weslev. born September 
 
 Minerva, b'.rn Lccenibc- 
 
 Julia, born N'--"" ';,, „., , , , 
 
 Edith, born February K. 1"^ 
 
 born September 20. , SH' . BuHcr 1 ...w 
 
 born lulv 2«. iS.S- W.lbam Oh-fmU.. I<" 
 
628 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 October 20, 1S93, and Jennie Ellen Abbott, 
 born November 13, 1S95. 
 
 Adkirson, Jasper (See Hendricks and 
 Gliigau) — Jasper Newton, son of Jasper and 
 Susan Jane (Schrimsher) Adkirson, was born 
 in Tahleqnah District in 1869, educated at 
 Menard and Male Seminary. Married Susie 
 Hendricks. They were the parents of: Clar- 
 ence, Thomas, Catherine, Paralee. P(]|lie. 
 Susie and Nellie Adkirson. Mr. Adkirson 
 married Nancy Jane Phillips nee Stephens. 
 They are the parents of Jasper Adkirson. 
 Mr. Adkirson is a farmer, an A. H. T. A. and 
 a justice of the peace. 
 
 Allen, John Randolph — • John Randolph 
 Allen a pioneer of Tennessee was the father 
 of John Randolph Allen, born in 1836, who 
 married in 1876, Nora Martin, born in 1858, 
 both were natives of Tennessee. John Ran- 
 dolph and Nora (Martin) Allen were the par- 
 ents of John Randolph Allen, born February 
 17, IS77 in Chicago. Illinois. Married at 
 Fort Smith, Arkansas December 25, 1916, 
 Lulu, daughter of George and Mary Vaughn, 
 born May 8, 1892 in Arkansas City, Kansas. 
 
 Mr. Allen organized and directed the first 
 exclusively Indian agricultural and art fair 
 among the Seminole and Creek Indians at 
 Wetunika, Hughes County. 
 
 Ambrisler, Mrs. Hubert (See Grant) — 
 Julia Theresa daughter of William Columbus 
 and Jane (Davis) Patton, married Dr. Fran- 
 cis Bartow Fife; and they were the parents 
 of Frances Fife, born Sept. 24, 1893, in 
 Muskogee. She was educated in National 
 Cathedral School, Washington, D. C-. and 
 graduated from Vassar College- She jiiar- 
 ried at Muskogee July 7, 1920, Hubert, son 
 of Samuel A. Ambrister, born Feb- 1891, in 
 Norman County, Oklahoma. Mr. Ambrister 
 was educated in Norman HigTi School and is 
 a graduate of University of Okla. He is 
 practicing law in Oklahoma City. He served 
 two years in the Aviation Corps during the 
 World War. 
 
 Thomas James Adair is the grand son of 
 Thomas Benjamin Adair was a iiaiive of 
 "lomas Benjamin and Rachel (Lynch) A(^-"- 
 Georgia and the son of John and Jennie 
 (Kilgore) Adair. Jennie Kilgore was said 
 to have been a paternal aunt of Congress- 
 man "Buck" Kilgore of Te.\as. 
 
 Thomas James Adair was elected a mem- 
 ber of the Board of Education in 188 3 and 
 chosen as Secretary of that body- He has 
 
 for many years been one of the leading mer- 
 chants r)f Tahlequah. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Adair have only one daugh- 
 ter; Miss Emily, a talented and accomplished 
 young lady who is a graduate from the 
 Northeastern Oklahoma State Normal. She 
 was born December 9, 1893. 
 
 Adair, Virgil H. (See Adair) — Virgil Har- 
 vey Adair, born April 15, 1869, married Oc- 
 tober 2. 1892, Dorinda, daughter of Jesse 
 and Hariette Calloway, born April 9, 1874 
 in Missouri. They are the parents of: Viola, 
 born June 15, 1893, married A. B. Jordan; 
 .Millard Herron, born July 16, 1898, mar- 
 ried Minnie Thompson; Winnie, born De- 
 cember 23, 1900; Virgil, born March 27, 
 1903; Velma born November 15. 1904; Del- 
 phia, born February 28, 1907; Gladys, born 
 December 23, 1909; Francis, born June 27, 
 1913 and Neva Marie, born July 31, I9l5. 
 Mr. Adair belongs to the Wolf Clan and is a 
 .Mason- He was elected a member of Coun- 
 cil from Cooweescoowee District, August 3, 
 1903- 
 
 Edward Alexander, son of John and Ann 
 Berry (Graham) Adair was horn August 25. 
 184 7, was a member of Company C of Ed- 
 iiiondson's Georgia Batallion, Confederate 
 service. Married in October 1867 Narcissa 
 Malissa Harrison, born December 25, 1846 
 in Murray County Georgia. He died De- 
 cember 3, 1901. They were the parents of 
 Virgil Harvey Adair, the subject of this 
 sketch. 
 
 Addington, Cicero W. (See Foreman, Ghi- 
 gau and Adair) — Cicero White Addington, 
 born in Goingsnake District .lune 7, 1875, 
 educated at the Male Seminary; married 
 September 13, 1899 Mary Lowenia, daugh- 
 ter of Oscar F. and Mary Catherine (Rider) 
 Adair, born December 19, 1875. They are 
 the parents of: Clarence Grady, born April 
 24, 1901; Frederick Earl, born April 13, 
 1902; and Jennings Mayes. Mr. Addington 
 was elected Clerk of Adair county in 1918. 
 
 .Minerva Isabel, daughter of Abijah and 
 Isiibelle (Taylor) Akin was born June 7, 
 1852; married September 3, 1874, Henry 
 Newton Addington. They were the parents 
 of Cicero White Addington. 
 
 Adair, Mrs- Joseph W. (See Ross) — Cora 
 Ann Savers, born near Pryor, February 28, 
 1890. Married at Big Cabin, July 2. I9i6, 
 Joseph William, son of Allen and Kittie 
 
HISTORV OF THE CHEUOKI: 
 
 b' IMJIANS 
 
 :ire the p.,r> 
 1 August 22, 
 burn jMaich 
 ■ar Piv( 
 
 iits I, I Virginia 
 '•".'^ and Allen 
 -(>■ I '1 19. Mr. 
 
 Adair. They 
 Elizaheth, bm 
 Sa\'ers Adair, 
 Adair is a farnie 
 
 Henrv Drew, son ,_,f Ahne, and Nanc^ 
 Jane (Coody) Sayers was hor„ March 9 
 1S62. Married October 5, iS92, Dora 
 Thompson, born March u, i,S69 i„ Macon 
 County, Missouri. 
 
 Archer, Edwin (See D„wninj;)-Edwin 
 Archer, born Septejnber l'), ksi; i,, ^^w 
 Vork City. Married February 26, 1S4 5 Mary 
 Francis Vann, b..rn September 21, lS25'in 
 Georgia. He died May 15, lsd;. ' 
 
 They were the parents of: Mary Klizabeth 
 married DeWitt Clinton Lipe; Lnui.sa Cather- 
 ine, married Freeland Mcintosh; Ada. born 
 March to, iSou, educated in the Cherokee 
 public scho.ils and the Kirkwcid (Missouri) 
 Seminary, fmni which she graduated lune S, 
 1SS2, married February 2S, ISSS, Daniel 
 Vincent Jones, born December 2S, 1.S58 in 
 Grayson county, Texas; Cora, married Wil- 
 liam Ross Shackelford; Carlotta Archer, 
 graduated fr.mi the Cherokee Female Semi- 
 nary June 28, KSS3, appointed member of 
 the Cherokee Board I'f Educatiun; appointed 
 County Superintendent of Public Instruction 
 of Mayes county in Julv I'los. elected to 
 that office in 1 9 lo-l 2-1 6-1 8 and 1920. 
 
 Daniel Vincent and Ada (Archer) Jones 
 were the parents of: Vera, born December 
 10, 1895, graduated frcun the Female Semi- 
 nary May 29, 1907; Jean, born December 2, 
 1895, and Mary Jones, born Julv 15, 1899. 
 Joseph Vann, born February 11, 1798, 
 married Catherine Kuwe- Fie was elected a 
 member of the Cherokee Constitutional Con- 
 vention of 1827 from Coosawatee District; 
 elected Senator from the Salina District 
 August 20, IS-II, and elected President of 
 the Senate; elected a^ain to the same office 
 August o, 184'); elected Associate Justice of 
 the Supreme court in 1847, Delegate to 
 Washington 185 1, E.xecutive Councilor 1853- 
 5 5-5 7; Assistant Chief of the Cherokee Na- 
 tion August 1, 1859. He was the father of 
 Mrs. Mary Francis Vsnn. He died May 3, 
 1877. 
 
 Aldrich, Mrs. Augustus W Ara, daughter 
 
 of Goren and Eliza (Wheatlev) Thomas was 
 born in Kentuckv, June 2^. 1886 and edu- 
 cated in that State. Married at Muskogee. 
 October 22, 1905 Augustus William, son of 
 
 oa*) 
 
 ■'erdinand and P4„|„„. ^ij,,^.^ j, 
 parents o( |,,h„ l|j,|e>. h.r.i N. . 
 I"<'6 and Ko^er Arthur Aldrich |. 
 -• ''"'•'• Mr. .u.d Mrs Aljtuh j- 
 "t (lie Arust,,lic .-hurch M, ^ 
 farmer, near Kelciiuin 
 
 Andrewr. Mrs. Homer A. (.V. 
 Sarah Caldunia. dauRhtc- -r Ahrim inJA,'-, 
 lierniila (Scrimshcr) .\W.k. N.,„ ,,i,..^,, 
 26, 1S76. Married near Vlnlti Aucuti |.. 
 'S"2 Homer A., s-n ..» Humrr Frjnm ,nj 
 Mary b. Andrews. The> ,u (he P4„„„ „, 
 Mary, horn Septemher i: . is'»l; *),,„ 
 Franklin burn .March 27, ig.io; ' ' •- • ■ 
 ward, born March 14, |>)00; B«lh, 
 born (October 5. I'loj; Mable . * 
 September 23. 1904; Alice Juanlli. N.rn ...-. 
 tober 13, 1906: Zenohia Kulh. |v.,n Apr! 
 IS, 19 10; Homer Allen b..rn Decfmbrr \s 
 I'MO; Homer Allen born December I.S. fM« 
 and George Wayne Andrews griduiled (r.m 
 Bacone College. Muskogee, itkla.. Mi> :) 
 1921. Alvln Franklin Andrews enlitled t.-t 
 World War September 2o, |0i6 ^i lUUhomi 
 City was assigned to Cast Arllller*. Bj|lrr< 
 6, 62nd Regiment, was in France (rom Ac 
 gust l9is to February l')\'). advanced !• 
 corporal and sergeant. Discharred in Sep 
 tember, 1920. 
 
 Samuel, Mr*. Williun R. (See iHiwninc) — 
 .Minnie L.. daughter of Clement and Kebecci 
 Caroline (Bryan) Havden. was b»fn »i 
 Chouteau April 5, lS7'i. She »»$ educated 
 in Liberty, .Mo and married on Ar'll :< 
 1901, William Ruben Samuel, bnr- '■•'-- - 
 
 2, 1860 in Callnwiv Counts, Mi< 
 graduated May 28. 1''02, fr<'m 
 College, Columbia. .Missouri. Thr 
 parents of Rebecca Ann Samuel. 
 
 3. 1917. .Mr. Samuel is Secrelaf> ' '•- 
 State Bankers Association, and i* a Miv-i 
 and Odd Fellow. Me was lor l"uf «eifs 
 State Insurance Commissioner. Mr «mj 
 .Mrs. Samuel are members of iti^ MelboJ>ti 
 church, and residents .«( Oklahoma « -ti 
 
 Rebecca Wright, born lanuar» I, l«l» 
 married Joel Maves Brvan. Kurn «i»l"bef ;J 
 1809, She died April '. lis;, tnd he JieJ 
 
 August 7. IS'"'. Thes »f- ■' " •' 
 
 Rebecca Caroline Brvan, b 
 
 18 50, who married March 
 
 Hayden. born March 2t>. |S«*. ,n ll»!rf>v« 
 
 County. Arkansas. Mrs llisd<-n d>rd l»l' 
 
 11. l'M6 and Mr linden died Ma» I. I'M* 
 
630 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Beamer, Samuel. (See Gusodiiesga and 
 Foreman)- — Samuel Beamer, horn August 
 14, 1S73. Educated locally. Married Mary 
 Nelson. 
 
 Nancy, a full-blood Cheidkee, married 
 a Mr. Drunigoole, and their daughter, 
 Ruth, married John Foreman. They were 
 the parents of t:lizabeth Foreman, who 
 married Eddy Springston, and they were the 
 parents of Mary Springston, who married 
 John Henry and George Beamer, and was 
 the mother of Rev. William Beamer, who 
 married Alice Towie, and they are the pa- 
 rents of Samuel Beamer, the subject of this 
 sketch. 
 
 Elake, Mrr.. J. K. (See Grant and Ross). 
 — Henry Clay, son of Return Jonathan and 
 Jennie (Ross) Meigs, was born November 
 16, 1841. He married January 11, 1868, 
 Josephine L- Bigelow, born August 27, 1843. 
 Mrs. Meigs is deceased. They were the pa- 
 rents of Caroline F., who married Richard 
 C. Adams; Anna Stapler, who married Frank 
 J. Boudinot; Robert Henry; James McDon- 
 ald; Alice Maude, who married E. A. Hill; 
 and Josephine L., who married James K. 
 Blake. 
 
 Mrs. .lames K. Blake graduated from the 
 Female Seminary May 3 1, 1906. Henry 
 Clay Meigs, father of Mrs. Blake, was elect- 
 ed clerk of Illinois District in 1893, and 
 Judge of the same District in 1895. 
 
 Brown, Albert. — Albert, son of John T. 
 and Lou (Griggs) Brown, was born in Mus- 
 kogee in 1887. Educated in the public 
 schools. Married at Claremore in 190S. 
 Mary, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Frederick 
 Carter. 
 
 They are the parents of : Juanita and Gab- 
 riel. Mr. Brown is a farmer and a member 
 of the A. H. T. A. 
 
 Burr, Mrs. Margaret (See Gardner) — Mar- 
 garet Bumgarner, born November 7, 185 7, 
 married May 12, 1877. Dr. Rollin A. Burr, 
 born August 29, 1854. He died October 3, 
 1S95. Their children were: James Wal- 
 ter. John William, Jesse E., Margaret Etta, 
 Nina Alice, Harris E., and Robert Emmett 
 Burr. Mrs. Burr is the daughter of Samuel 
 and Margaret (Vickery) Bumgarner. 
 
 Boudinot, Richard F. (See Grant, Watie 
 and Adiar.) — Richard Fields, son of William 
 Penn and Caroline M. (Fields) Boudinot, 
 was born June 7, 1S56. He married June 
 S, 1896, Marv Catherine, daughter of James 
 Roe and Rachel Ann (Adair) Treppard. born 
 
 August 28, 1873. They are the parents of 
 Caroline Mary, born March 22, 1891; Eli- 
 nor Margaret, born October 25, 1893; Har- 
 riet Gold, born November 25, 1897; Wil- 
 liam Penn, born Nov. 23, 1900; and Rachel 
 Catharine, born Sept. 24, 1903. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Boudinot are residents of 
 Braggs, Okla. 
 
 Benge, Mrs. Samuel, Jr. (See Hildebrand, 
 Ghigan. Oolootsa and Grant.) — Samuel 
 Houston, siui of Samuel Houston and Jos- 
 ephine J. (Walker) Benge, was born at Fort 
 Gibson in 1898. Educated at Fort Gobson. 
 Married in 1918, Margaret, daughter of Mr- 
 and Mrs. John Hildebrand. They are the 
 parents of Samuel Houston Benge. Mr. 
 Benge is a farmer near Fort Gibson. 
 
 Samuel Houston, son of Martin and Eliza 
 (Lowrey) Benge was born January 28, 183 2. 
 Elected Councilor from Sequoyah District 
 Aug. 3, 185 7, and elected solicitor of the 
 same District in 1859. He was First Lieu- 
 tenant of Company A, Third Indian Home 
 Guards, and a signer of the treaty of 1866. 
 He married October 15, 1866, Nannie, 
 daughter of Theodore Brewster, born in Oc- 
 tober, 1845. He was elected senator from 
 Illinois District in 1869, 1871, 1873, 1875, 
 1879 and 1883. Elected delegate to Wash- 
 ington December 16, 1869, and November 
 25, 1871. Samuel Houston and Nannie 
 (Brewster) Benge were the parents of Sam- 
 uel Houston Benge, who married Josephine 
 J. Walker. 
 
 Cochran, Jesse. (See Foreman and Go- 
 sa-du-i-sga.) — Jesse Edward Cochran was 
 born March 28, 1895. Educated in the 
 Cherokee public schools. Married at Tah- 
 lequah in l9l5, Carrie, daughter of George 
 Dawson. They are the parents of Morris, 
 Francis, and Willard Cachran. Mr. Cochran 
 is a farmer. 
 
 Amos Thornton married Minerva Foreman 
 and they were the parents of Mary Ellen 
 (Thornton) Cochran, born February 14, 
 1857. She died February 16, 1899. She 
 was the mother of Jesse Edward Cochran. 
 
 Cansdel, Mrs. Arthur E. (See Ghigau and 
 Rojrers) — Sarah, daughter of George Wash- 
 ington and Rachel (Rogers) Walker, born 
 April 13, 1858. Married March 13, 1873, 
 William Martin, born June 17, 1S30, in 
 Frankfort, Kentucky. Their daughter. Ar- 
 manda Nelia, was born August 28. 1882. 
 She was educated in the Cherokee public 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHLKOKKE INDIANS 
 
 ScllOcils 
 
 s-nn, Mr. „u, .Mrs. Thomas Anderson. Thev 
 were the parents of: Nevin Thomas. Slanle'v 
 Quay, and Lucille Lannie Ander.son. Mrs 
 Anderson's second hushand is Arthur mis' 
 mere Cansdell. Thev are the parents of- 
 Cay Marguerite and Jewell Cansdell. 
 
 Chamberlin, Arthur F. (See Oolootsa) — 
 Arthur Fanshaw, son of Rev. Armory N and 
 Eunice Uolly (Hoyt) Chaml^erlain, was born 
 October 9, 185 7 in Flint District, lie was 
 educated in the public schools and .Male Sem- 
 inary, and married June '), 1SS3, at Neosho 
 Missouri, Letitia, daughter of Hamilton W.', 
 and Margaret Goodykoontz, born .March is! 
 1S6I, in Newton County, Missouri. They 
 located in Vinila, and are the parents ot: 
 Dolly Edith (Cherokee name Oo-loo-tsa) 
 born August f), is,s7; cducatea in the 
 schools of Vinita, and Henry Kendal! Col- 
 lege; married ,Iune 22, 1907, William Rob- 
 inson; Catherine Brown, born December 25. 
 1S93; educated at Vinita and Miami Uni- 
 versity, O.xford, Ohio; married December 22. 
 191 0. James W. Dunnington, son of \V. G. 
 and India Knight Dunnington; Arthur Fan- 
 shaw Chamberlain, born March S. 19()0. He 
 was in school in Haiiipton Sidney College in 
 Virginia at the beginning of the war; he en- 
 listed and was mustered out of service at 
 the close of the war. He is superintendent 
 of a tobacco factory at Danville, Virginia. 
 
 Reverend Armory Nelson, son of Kcv. 
 William and Fern (Hoyt) Chamberlain, was 
 born Nov. 29, 1S21, at Brainard .Mission. 
 He married F>ecember 3, 1S46, Eunice Dolly, 
 daughter of Milo and Lvdia (Lowry) Hoyt, 
 born Dec. 14. l,S2n, on Chickamaugua 
 river. Rev. A. N. Chamberlain, although a 
 white man, spoke the Cherokee language 
 perfectlv. He died July 4, 1S94, and his 
 widow died on the 21st of the same month. 
 Their children were, Abijal Eunice, born 
 May IS, 1849; Nelson Bucher, born Sept. 
 <), 1850; William Clifford, born April 23, 
 1S52; Edward Warren, born October 10, 
 1S53; Arthur Fanshaw, born Oct. 9, 1857; 
 Henru Eugene, born Feb. 24, 1860; Robt. 
 Lee Chamberlain, born Oct. 28, 1865. 
 
 Arthur F. Chamberlain is a Mason. He 
 belongs to the Holly Clan of the Cherokees. 
 His Indian name is Se^iuoyah. 
 
 Chamberlain, Nelson B- (See Oolootsa). 
 — Nelson Beecher, son of Reverend Armory 
 Nelson and Dollie (Hovt )Chamberlain, was 
 
 t^'Tn M I'ark Hill Scplfmb*: 
 •■■■•ted In Iho i-.hctuict S> 
 -'line 12, i.s:;, |.,„„,j ^,^. 
 ". IS5S. She dic-a .Unuif, 
 were the rirrntj ..r. In-, 
 April 7. is.Sl. mm.cd . 
 LeForce, horn Li<rctfmb*r 1 1 
 bitte CouiitN. Kiiisij, Thr- 
 dren. ( tra U., b.,rn April 
 r>-, born (iclobor (,. |.iio. • 
 born January 22. I'MI; 1 
 born January 19, i>>i7_ ,„j 
 born liecenibiT 20. I'M.H. 
 born September 2'(, \i»2, 
 Fdward M.\; and William N 
 lain, born November ;;, is 
 berlain married .March Zu, • 
 ola, daughter o( |,,hn | 
 (Blankenship) LeForce, h... 
 1866, in Indiana. They arc llu- i- 
 Abigal Olelia, born iicl"h*r is. i~ 
 ried Thomas Cognl; hra^li; 
 November 7, |,S<)2 .Mary 1 
 23, 1894, married William ■ 
 Clarence Eugene Chamberlain, (vt 
 25, 1896. .Mr. Chamberlain 1» a ■• 
 the Deer Clan and his i;hi: 
 See yah. He is a farmer nej 
 
 Clark, Lucy. (See Ward j .„ . 
 Lucy A. Clark, horn February 7. ; 
 Beattie's Prairie. Delaware I>i«trlc! 
 December 25. I So'). Joshua Berth 
 can. horn December I.'. 1815. lU 
 cember 14, l,S75. She niarr " ■ 
 187 7, James Ahercr-^mhie 
 June 3, I.S25, and died lieci-: 
 Mrs. Duncan's children arc i>cd 
 crans. born .March 25, IS74: Ar, 
 April 7, 1876; Jimmie A . b- ■ 
 1879; Lucv Elizabelh. born '■' 
 and l^harles DeWiii Duncan. . 
 1886. 
 
 Clarlc. Wm. N. (Sec Scrapcf. •' 
 Grant) — William N,, v-n •<! ludcf 
 Washington and Lidia A. (Scraf' 
 was horn April ?. l-S'-o. rducair ' 
 public schools of Ihc Cherokee Ni 
 graduated from .Male Seminar* ' 
 1SS5- He married Sepleniber ; 
 Lilla -l"hn. daushtcr •■( I'c !'■•' 
 Anna (Wilson) Flourn..*, v 
 1S74. W. H. Clark* ■ h. 
 no-law-hul. Me I* a Meih--^! 
 W. M and l.illar I- H'iurni.« 
 ,,f: lames Wilson, born f el : - 
 
63: 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Mabel Clyde, born December IS, 1898; Ra- 
 leigh Phillips, bom January 5, 1900; Rosa 
 Blanche, born January 5, 1902; William 
 Henry, born May 4, 1904; E. W.., born 
 August 15, 1906; C. F-, horn February 22, 
 1908; L. B. Clark, born September 9, 1913, 
 and Clifford Clark, born March 12, I9i6. 
 
 Coast, Mrs. Frank (See Grant) — Alice 
 May. daughter ai Andrew Elijah and Clarin- 
 da (Bagsett) Tucker, was born in 1880. Ed- 
 ucated at the Friends Mission at Skiatouk. 
 Married at Nowata, Frank Croft Coast. 
 
 They are the parents of Waller, Clara, Al- 
 bert, Margaret and Verna Coast. Mr. Coast 
 is a farmer and stockman and is a member 
 of the Masonic fraternity. Mrs. Coast is a 
 member of the Friends church. 
 
 Andrew Elijah, the son of Andrew Jack- 
 son and Mary (Blythe) Tucker, was born 
 in the Neutral Land, now Cherokee County, 
 Kansas, in 1857. Married April 16, 1878, 
 Clarinda Baggett, a native of Illinois. He 
 died April 16, 1897. 
 
 Couch, Herbert F. (See Grant)— Her- 
 bert Franklin, son of James C, and Eliza- 
 beth (Collier) Couch, was born February 
 7, 1875, in Italy, Texas. Received a colle- 
 giate education in his native town. Mar- 
 ried at Goody's Bluff, March 1, 1896, Ida 
 May, daughter of Calvin and Elizabeth (Bul- 
 lette) Coker, born April 28, lS7'i, at 
 Goody's Bluff. Educated in the Cherokee 
 National Schools. They are the parents of: 
 Victor Clark, born January 15, 1897; El- 
 mer, born August 3 1st, 1900 Leola, born 
 December 29, 1902; Curtis Foreman, born 
 November 24, 1905; Herbert Franklin, born 
 January 23, 1908; Randolph Penn, born 
 February 22, l9io, Wanda Wanette, born 
 Feb. 14, 1912 and, Vivian Lane Couch, born 
 October 6, 1916. Mr. Couch is a member 
 of the Knights of Pythias fraternity. He is 
 a wealthy oil and gas producer, living at 
 present in Nowata. 
 
 Calvin Coker was the son of John Rog- 
 ers and Annie (Hogan) Coker- 
 
 Cook, Mrs. Lee. —Nannie, daughter of 
 Clark and Lydia (Smith) Swimmer, was 
 born in the Cherokee Nation. Educated in 
 the Cherokee National schools. Married at 
 Webbers Falls in 1898 Lee Cook. 
 
 They are the parents of: Andrew, who 
 served three months in the World war; 
 Glenn, and Evaline Cook. Mr. Cook is a 
 farmer. 
 
 Coyn, Jeter J- (See Grant) — Peter Jos- 
 eph Coyn, born of Irish parentage, in Eng- 
 land October 19, iS69, married at Vinita, 
 March 11, 1893 Margaret Shanahan, born 
 May 3 1, 1874. They are the parents of: 
 Mary Ellen, born March 27, 1894, married 
 F. M. Gleason; Agnes Mary, born January 
 5, 1896; Patrick William, born March 16, 
 1898, served in the World war overseas 
 fourteen months in the Aerial Corps; 
 Peter Joseph, born March 12, 1900; Caro- 
 line, born March '), 1904; Emmett Charles, 
 born January 5, 1907; Joseph L., born 
 June 8, 1910; Woodrow Riley, born Feb- 
 ruary 10, 1913, and Marguerite Ambrosia 
 Coyne, born November 13, 1916. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Coyne are members of the Catholic 
 church and are successful farmers near Es- 
 tella. Straightforward, honest and logical 
 Peter J. Coyne has been chosen by his fel- 
 low citizens as flotorial representative of 
 Craig and Rogers Counties on November 
 3, 1908; representative of Craig County on 
 November 8, 19 lO, and November 5, 1912, 
 and state senator from the twenty-ninth dis- 
 trict on November 7, 1916. 
 
 Patrick Shanahan, born Mar. 11, 1833, in 
 Tipperary, Ireland, and married Charlotte 
 daughter of Nelson and Margaret (Scrim- 
 sher) Rogers, born January 27, 1858. 
 
 Cowan, Felix G- — Richard Cowan was 
 born October 9, iS39, in Georgia, and mar- 
 ried in April, 1S65, in Illinois, Elzada Allen, 
 born November 22, 1840, in Tennessee. 
 They were the parents of Felix G. Cowan, 
 born July 22, 1866, in Illinois; and Sarah 
 Cowan, who married James A. Thompson, 
 and is now deceased. Mr. Cowan was ed- 
 ucated in the Cherokee Nation, and married 
 on June 1, 1886, Lulu Murry, and on March 
 22, 1909, he married at Indianoola, Iowa, 
 Rebecca Blair, daughter of Calvin C, and 
 Cinthia Blair. 
 
 Mrs. Cowan had three brothers and one 
 sister as follows: William E., Jane A., Al- 
 mus C-. and Joel 0„ Blair. Only the lat- 
 ter is now living- 
 Mr- Cowan was in the mercantile busi- 
 ness in Vinita for twenty-seven years. He 
 was elected County Commissioner of Craig 
 County on November 5, 1918, but resigned 
 from this office and was appointed steward 
 of the State Hospital at Vinita. Pleasant, 
 urbane and gentlemanly, Mr. Cowan has a 
 host of friends. He is a member of the 
 
HISTORY OF THE C 
 
 Me.h..dis, clunch, I,i„ Cres. Cluh, Mas..,,. 
 Shr,„ers. 0.1j p,„,„,,, ^^^,^^,_ Wood,ne ,i 
 Amer,ca, F,a..n,al Aid. and H,., ,,ater , ie 
 He uas a ,„e,nber .,f the ,::„. r,-,,,,,,;. , , 
 
 of which he acted as „„.," '"""^ 
 
 Countryrnan, John A. (See Ward a„d 
 H,id bra„d)-I..l,„ Anderson, son of Geor.e 
 Wush,nst„„ and Minerva (Ballu,d) Coun.rv- 
 man, was born in Delaware District M-.rch 
 1-*. IS 72, and educated in the Cherokee Na- 
 tional schools. Married at Atton August l 
 1900, Jane O., daushter of Dennis and Lucv 
 H,ldebrand, born May 7, 1SS2. Thev ire 
 the parents of W. T.. born .lulv 14.1901 
 Velva Irene. b„rn June 23, 1903. married 
 B. F. Fr,shie and has ,,ne daus;hter. Hthel 
 Irene Frisbie. born Septe,nber 24 fj^o- 
 Ned. born March l-l. io„-, and Houston! 
 Countryman, born August IS. i<)i(). 
 
 Crowell, Mrs. Francis M. (See Sanders 
 and Duncan) — J,,hn Toniason Duncan mar- 
 ried Elizabeth S. Sanders, and they were the 
 parents of Mary Elizabeth Duncan, born Feb- 
 ruary S. IS5S; and was educated in the 
 Cherokee Nation and at the University of 
 Arkansas. She tausht schnni for six years 
 anions the full-blnods. and married at Van 
 Buren. Arkansas. January 15. ISS!. Francis 
 Marion, son of Dr. M. and Nancv A. Crow- 
 ell. born March 15. 185", in Tallapoosa 
 County, Alabama- Thev are the parents of 
 Erda Victor, born December 24. l,S,S4; Al- 
 vin Byron. b(irn September 1. 1SS6; Frank 
 M.. born September 7. IS'H), ai,d Hunt.'' 
 K. Crowell, born April t 7, iS'i.i. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Crowell are me„,bers of the 
 Methodist church. He is the proprietor of a 
 flourishing mercantile business at Afton. Ok- 
 lahoma. Airs. Crowell is a member of the 
 Eastern Star Sisterhooij. Her Cherokee 
 name is Ka-ha-vu-ka. 
 
 Alviii B. Crowell saw service in France 
 in the Kainbow Division, being at the front 
 at Chateau Thierry, Argonne Forest and 
 other offensives, during which time he was 
 promoted to the rank of sergeant and was 
 retained in the Army of Occupation in Ger- 
 many. H. K. Crowell was in the Commis- 
 sary Departnient at Camp Travis at the lin'e 
 of the signing of the ar,nistice. Frank .M. 
 Crowell married .Miss Evelyn Dooley and 
 has two boys. Frank Marion Jr. the 3rd. 12 
 years old and Master Ted Crowell, 4 years 
 old. E. V. and A. B. Crowell are now lo- 
 
 hkhokit; im)|.\\s ^, 
 
 cated in L.n Aiigclcv 
 (acturiiig busliifj,. || . 
 ed in New V,,r|,. (,.-,.,( 4 ; 
 Sinner in ladu> hfjj.cj,. „, . , 
 Haris i„ studN the MnI,, 
 
 Calvert, Mrt. Sarah (s,<- . , ., , j, 
 Sarah A. CriitenJen «i, h-t, 
 kee Nation .March :S. Ifio.s ,, 
 the Cherokee Nalli.nil ^h.^ 
 near Alluwee ,laiiuir\ t, i.s.S'i 
 if l.owrev and AnijiiJi \iUc- 
 11. ISi.i in Oearh .rn Cuniv 
 are the parents of Aniandi A • 
 gust 'I. l.S'K,; Charles hUnct 
 2. l.S'i;, married at Tucunujr 
 teinher 2S. l<i||. .Minnie Ml* 
 children are Charles Kichar.l 
 24, l'lt3: Vivian .Mav. hc.rn '■ 
 Anna Mildred bum Nov. ir., r •. 
 tola born Apr. to. \<>\'} xni Lucilr Ifii 
 Calvert born Feb. 3. t'OO; l.rlj r'^'<i 
 born .May 13. l'»oi married j- 
 tember 24. I'M 6 W. F. son 01 
 
 cinda Lay born .May 10. tSM'' 
 
 dren are Jaunila Fern, born AiiKUtt Ifc. I 'i« 
 and Clara .Marie Lay, born lulv I J. I 'I" 
 .Mildred Loree, born November Jo. t''"< ,- 
 Quay Co. N. .M. and Clara Mwlle <jl..-'> 
 born January 27. I'M 1. 
 
 The Calverts and Li\% are larmer*. -fi- 
 Hstella. 
 
 Cunningham, Thoma» F. (See fo**. *• 
 ders and Ghigau) — Thomai Frincl*. »••■> 
 William Ross Cunningham and > li/a i'..lc ,, 
 was born at Fort Gibson on April 21. I'"- 
 He was educated al Fort G,bvn »nj <ti 
 cone University. He married Imuiri : 
 1002. Emilv Marnaee. daushlef "I ' ^■ 
 Stringer Scott and Loretia B<ldi>r* lli't.f 
 born August Ui. ISS2, and *i* tj»n<'.'. - 
 Fort Gibson anad Racone Vn^^-' 
 ar" the parents of lohn I'alh. 
 2. l"'o4, and Frances Manor 
 born October 2S. l"oS. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs- «:unnintham are •<-".l- 
 Fort Gibson. 1 iklahoma. 
 
 Alley, Mr.. John R- (See Or; 
 Ghigau and Hoss) Clara E>a. 
 Edward Daniel and Eliiab.- 
 (iMusgrove) Hick* ••• ^^■ 
 on February I", 
 in the Female ^. 
 graduated. She ma:!...: 
 l5, I'ldS. Ji>hn Peed. ^ 
 Sarah Dameron Alley, born ^^v - '■ • 
 
634 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 ill Yell Cuunty, Ark. They are the parents 
 of Lawrence Alley, born May 21, 19lO. 
 
 Mr. Alley is a contractor in Oklahoma 
 City, and a member of the Masonic fratern- 
 ity. They are members of the Presbyterian 
 church. 
 
 Francis Marion Mush.i;iove married 
 Clara Eva Alberty, and they weie the parents 
 of Mrs. Edward Daniel Hicks. 
 
 Daniel Ross Hicks married Nancy Jane 
 Rider, and they were the parents of Edward 
 Daniel Hicks. 
 
 Mrs. James K. Blake graduated from the 
 Female Seminary May 31, 1906. Henry 
 Clay Meigs, father of Mrs. Blake, was elected 
 clerk of Illinois District in 1S'^)3, and Judge 
 of the same District in 1S95. 
 
 Donnelly, Thomas A. (See Grant, Daniel 
 and Foreman) — Thomas Austin, son of 
 Henry and Emma Jane (Daniel) Donnelly, 
 born in Delaware District March 18, 1878, 
 educated in Vinita. Married at Vinita No- 
 vember 1, 1900 Mary Ella, daughter of Jesse 
 Edward and Margaret L. (Cowan) Glenn, 
 born December 13, 1877, educated in the 
 Cherokee Public Schools and Female Semi- 
 nary. They are the parents of: Gladys Aus- 
 tin born November 10, 1901; Glessie Ada, 
 born October 29, 1906, Thomas Winton, 
 born December 26, 1909. Fleeta Avis, born 
 September 11, 1911 and Betty Jean Donnel- 
 ly, born July 26, 1921. Mr. and Mrs. Don- 
 nelly are farmers, near Vinita. They are 
 members of the Baptist Church and he is a 
 member of the I. O. O- F. fraternity. They 
 are always active in all social and welfare 
 activities in their community, and were local 
 leaders in Red Cross and war work. 
 
 Henry and Jennie (Foreman) Glenn were 
 the parents of Jesse Edward Glenn. 
 
 Duncan, Mrs- Lucy (See Grant, Ward and 
 Duncan) — Lucy A., daughter of Joseph H. 
 and Polly (Ward) Clark, was born February 
 7, 1848 on Beatty's Prairie in Delaware Dis- 
 trict. She was educated in the Cherokee 
 National Schools, and married December 25, 
 1869 Joshua B. Duncan, born December 13, 
 1835; and he died December H, 1S75. They 
 were the parents of Helen Rosencrantz, born 
 March 25, 1874, and Annie Ellen Duncan, 
 born April 7, 1876- Mrs. Lucy A. Duncan 
 ■on August 30, 1877, married James A. Dun- 
 can, the brother of her first husband, and 
 Tie was born June 3, 1825. He died Decem- 
 ber 26, 1898. They were the parents of 
 
 Jimniie Abercrombie, born October 3 0, 
 1879; Lucy Elizabeth, born March 14, 1884, 
 and Charles DeWitt Duncan, born April 10, 
 1886. 
 
 Delen R. Duncan is a very accomplished 
 artist and makes her home in Columbia, Mo. 
 
 .Mrs. Duncan is the owner and proprietor 
 of large farming interests near Afton. She 
 is a member of the Methodist church. 
 
 Di;pree, Fred Lee (See Adair) — William 
 E. Dupree was born November 9, 185 7, in 
 Te.\as; married January 11, 1883, at Whit- 
 man, Te.xas, to Fannie L. Wright, who was 
 born January 14, 1860 in Te.xas. They are 
 the parents of Emma Dupree, born December 
 13, 1888; and Fred Lee Dupree, born Au- 
 gust 20, 1895 at Vinita. Emma Dupree was 
 educated at Willie Halsell College at Vinita, 
 and the Northeastern State Normal at Tahle- 
 quah, Oklahoma. She married on December 
 22, 1915, at Vinita, Henry J., the son of 
 Frederick W. and Catherine Hill. They are 
 the parents of Frederick William, born Octo- 
 ber 2, 1916; Anna Catherine, born Decem- 
 ber 25, 1917; Henry Marion Hill, born Janu- 
 ary 28, 1920. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Hill are members of the 
 Baptist Church. He is a Mason and employ- 
 ed as a boilermaker at Tulsa, Oklahoma. 
 
 Fred Lee Dupree married at Vinita Novem- 
 ber 26, 19 17, Winnie M., daughter of Lil- 
 burn P. and Helena (Marrs) Scott. They 
 are the parents iif Robert Morris Dupree, 
 born October 24, 1918, at Vinita. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Dupree are members of the Baptist 
 Church, and he is a successful farmer near 
 Vinita. Mrs. Dupree is a member of the 
 Ward family of Cherokees. 
 
 Dupree, Wright (See Adair) — Wright Du- 
 pree, born August S, 1890 in Te.xas, was 
 educated at Vinita, Oklahoma, and Sedalia, 
 Missouri Business College. He married at 
 Centralia, Oklahoma, July 12, 1914, Rosa, 
 daughter of I. J. and Emma Wright, born 
 January 12, 1894. They are the parents of 
 Louis Wright Dupree, horn June 9, I9l5, 
 and Francis Elizabeth Dupree. born April 1, 
 19 17. Mr. Dupree is the son of William 
 E. Dupree, born November 9, 185 7 in Texas, 
 who married Anna L. Wright on January 11, 
 1883. They are members of the talented 
 Bell and Adair families. Mr. and Mrs. Du- 
 pree are members of the Baptist Church, 
 and he is a rural mail carrier at Vinita, 
 Oklahoma. 
 
HISTORY OF THE C 
 
 Durall, Mrs. Be 
 
 \^orld War assis„ed to the reserves l.-ce 
 sta ,oned at Pelham Bay, N. V. fro,,, Mav 2.. 
 IS to February 1, 1919. Married" Ahv 
 15, 1J2I Florence L. Rodant; Huiih Alle,, 
 born November i,„ ,902; George Alarvin.' 
 born March 2. ,o„5; Ada Leah, born Mav 
 -V 1 ''(./, and Charles Ivan Durall, born 
 .March 10. I'Mj. ^,,,. B^„„,,^ ^^ ,j^__.^|| ,^ 
 
 a member of the Methodist Church Rebecca 
 and Eastern Star orders. Mr. Durall is en- 
 Caeed in the insurance and loan business in 
 \\ elch. 
 
 Durall, Mrs. George W. (See Ghisau) — 
 Franklin Wallace, son (,f Samuel and Eliz,-, 
 (Harlan) Craii; born in .Missouri. .March 15. 
 1X54. Married November S, 1S78 Cather- 
 ine Fetrick, born .lanuarv 15, 1S54 in Shelby 
 County, .Missouri. He died February 23. 
 1S94. They were the parents of Edna Earl 
 Craig, born June S, iSSo, educated in Fe- 
 male Seminary. .Married at Clareitiore Au- 
 gust 5. 1S9 7 George Wesbroford, son of 
 Benoni S- and Anna Durall, born October 23. 
 IS 78. They are the parents of: Benoni 
 Franklin, born June 3, 1S9S, married Oc- 
 tober 6, 1918 Georgia Ann Brown, has one 
 daughter, Mary Joe Durall, born June 20, 
 1920: George Raymond born July 14, 1900 
 married October 4. l')is Corna Cass and 
 their daughter, Marjorie Ann was born Oc- 
 tober 13, 1920; Jack Leroy, born January 
 15, 19 10; Harvey Robert, born September 
 II, 1915 and Edna Virginia Durall, born 
 July 14, 1918. Benoni Franklin Durall en- 
 listed and was at the officers training camp. 
 ■Mr. and Mrs. Durall are members of the 
 Methodist Church. He is a jMason and she 
 is an Eastern Star. .Mr. Durall is in the loan 
 and insurance business at Welch. 
 
 Elliott, Samuel T. (See Foreman) — Sam- 
 uel Talbert, son of Hiram and Callie (Whai- 
 eiiberger) Elliott was born in Delaware Dis- 
 trict July 5, 1894 and was educated in that 
 district. Married at Big Cabin September 
 2 5. 1916 Geneva, daughter of A. W. and 
 .Minnie Blackford. They are the parents of: 
 
 ^HKIv'OKI:h IM)|.\Ns 
 
 Magdelene I en.„. ,..„„ „„^., , 
 '^arth |)alni..na lllh.it s.,- s. 
 '"2"- Mr. till..,, „ , ,, 
 cabin. l:liMh,,h. j,„^h, 
 '"an nurrleU .l..hn llli,.., , 
 They were ,hc pjrenl, ..( At^h 
 whn married Rjchel Sm„h . ,i 
 the parents ..f Hirim Th 
 M.i\ 22. iSjl nurrifj tt 
 lii^ \\lulenberKtr 
 
 England. Mrt. John 
 Jaughter ..| |.,s,.ph We. 
 (ferf\) Da\is wis b,.,,, (.. 
 Georiiia and educalcd tn 
 married in Ge.ireij V 
 o( Joseph and Su-.i 
 the parents of Fred .■ ., 
 ber o, iS'tS: Pauline. h..rn ! 
 married July 16, \->i'> Di. 
 has one daughter. Hubv Uc .^ 
 April 19. ,.)2o: [),.c l|,rrnn. h,,, 
 l''04: Willie May. bi.rn l>;' 
 san .Maude, born Jjnujrv 
 Preston, b^rn .Mav i.S. i 
 Lou. born Fehruir,* 2(>. |'M>. ^• 
 is an employee of (he .M, K ii.J 
 and lives at Adair. 
 
 Gibb.s, Joseph L (See O'mrjJ 
 Lewis Gibbs burn April 2'i. i- ■ 
 Illinois and married Aucuv 
 Gourd born December 2S, : 
 more. Thev are the pireri 
 born January •'. l.S'M jnj 
 Gibbs burn Mav 6. I,S')6. 
 is the pruprietf'r •>( one • 
 stores of the soulhweit. » 
 specializes in Americin miJ 
 and Navajo blinkeli. 
 
 Mrs. J.iseph L. Olbbi n 
 .Ii>hn P. and Arleml»« ( 
 The former now deceived 
 5, !S5o married in is:; A- 
 burn .lanuarv I. 185 7 l..h 
 elected AucuM '. IS''' 
 
 Onai a full bl'xxJ Cheflcc -' 
 Clan married llanilll<'n (:.>nf. 
 was a lli'llander and hit r- 
 woman. Their i.ldeM fn » 
 Ciinrad. but all ••( hit det^ ■ 
 line was alwivt kiv«T it f ■■ 
 Giiurds. inslead ••! '■■•iriJ 
 and Pollv (T..i).-t) '■ -nrij . 
 of: JackS'm and Danif: 
 former wi» Htp in I ■ 
 son. born In t8o8. I' 
 
636 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 and his wife had died on the fourth day of 
 October of the previous year. He was elect- 
 ed Judge of Tahlequah District August 5, 
 1807 and August 7, 1871. Their daughter 
 Charlotte born July 3, 1829 married Larkin 
 Beavert and they were the parents of: Ar- 
 tejiiissa Beavert who married John Rattling- 
 gourd the son of the above mentioned Dan- 
 iel Rattliiiggourd whose wife was Eliza 
 Lacey. 
 
 Chas. A. Gibbs married April 22, 1920 to 
 Sylvia Augusta Griswold born February 21, 
 1896, the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. F- G. 
 Griswold of Chiremure. Okla. 
 
 Lauchner, Mrs. Clarence M Mary A. 
 
 daughter of Chester and Etta (Nair) Taylor 
 was born January 3 1. 1896 in the Chero- 
 kee Nation. Educated in the Cherokee 
 national schools. Married at Claremore 
 April 22, 1912 Clarence M. son of Wil- 
 liam and Mary Lauchner, born Nov. ll, 
 1890 in Craig County, Okla. They are the 
 parents of Chester Francis, born August 26, 
 1915; and Evelyn Talita Lauchner, horn 
 May 10, 1919. Mr. and Mrs. Lauchner are 
 farmers, near Vinita. They are members of 
 the Baptist church. Mrs. Lauchner has one 
 sister: Miss Emma Cynthia Taylor, born De- 
 cember 2, 1898. 
 
 Jones, Mrs. George L. (See Sanders and 
 Grant) — Lorena, daughter of Daniel Boone 
 and Nannie (Vann) Cole, was born nea/ 
 Pryor, July 24, 1881, educated at Pryor an.l 
 the Female Seminary. .Married Dec 16 
 I'Mjl. George L. born April 15, 1877 \r. 
 Te.xas, son of .Mack, born July 29, 1844 and 
 Nannie Jones, born Jan. 9, 1S42. They are 
 the parents of: Mabel Lee, burn Nuveniber 
 30, l')02; Otta May, born March 26, 1904- 
 Cornelius. born September 17, l9o5; Has- 
 kell born September 19, i'io7; Willie, born 
 October 9, 19 12 and Carl Jones, born Feb- 
 ruary 23, 1915. 
 
 Johnson Vann, the grandson of John and 
 Elizabeth (Wickett) Fields, married Margar- 
 et Winters and was the father of Mrs. Nan- 
 nie Cole. Margaret or "Peggy" Winters 
 was the daughter of John and Jennie (San- 
 ders) Winters and the granddaughter .if 
 Captain Ale.xander and Peggy (Sonicooie) 
 Sanders. 
 
 Lipe, Mrs. Margaret (See Thdmpson, 
 Thorntnn and Ooolootsa) — .Margaret Emma, 
 
 daughter of Richard and Elizabeth (Thorn- 
 ton) Thompson was born at Fort Gibson. 
 January 2, 1849. Married at Fort Gibson 
 August 29, 1873, to Clark Charlesworth, 
 son of Oliver Wack and Catherine (Gunter) 
 Lipe, born near Tahlequah, March 10, 1847. 
 He died May 25, 1901. They were thi 
 the parents of Howard, born May 19. 1873. 
 Died September 19, 1875. Herman Vann, 
 born February 19, 1876, married Mary Iris 
 Smith. John Caspar, born November 2^, 
 1878 , married Annabel Price. DeWitt Clin- 
 ton born November 22, 1881 and died Au- 
 gust 19, 1901; Beulah, born May 25, 188 1 
 married George Smith. Clark Charlesworth, 
 Jr., born November 15, 1887, married Lucy 
 Sellers; Clarence Lipe born July 9, 1891. 
 
 Clark Charlesworth Sr. was a member of 
 Captain Benjamin Weisner Carter's Com- 
 pany. He was elected Clerk of Coowees- 
 coowee District, August 6, 187 7 and August 
 4, 1879. Elected Clerk of the Council in 
 November 1885- Mrs. Lipe conducts a suc- 
 cessful stock farm near Sageeyah, on the 
 old Homestead settled in 1876. 
 
 Morgan, Gideon (See Oolootsa) — Gideon 
 Morgan, born April 3, 1851. Married June 
 25, 1874 Mary Llewellyn Payne, born Oc- 
 tober 1, 1855 in Sebastian County, Arkan- 
 sas. They are the parents of: Houston 
 Mayo, born May 4, 1875; Mary Llewellyn 
 born June 23, 1877; Martha Lelia, born No- 
 vember 13, 1879; Margaret Elizabeth, borji 
 October 25, 1882; Amanda Payne, born 
 Aug. 25, 1885; Sallie Mayo born April 15, 
 1888 and Ellen Payne Morris Morgan, born 
 March 4, 1896. Gideon Morgan was elected 
 Senator from Tahlequah District, Aug. 5, 
 1901. Elected a member of the legislature 
 from Mayes County, November 5, 1912 and 
 November 5, 1918. 
 
 Joseph, the son of General John Sevier 
 married Elizabeth Lowry, a half blood Chero- 
 kee and their daughter Margaret, born Oc- 
 tober 8, 17 99. .Married October 2 7, 1815, 
 Gideon Morgan, born at Ramorga, Connecti- 
 cut, August 6, 17 76. He died September 
 IS, 1851 and was buried at Calhoun, Ten- 
 neesee. Mrs. Morgan died March 25, 1862. 
 Gideon Morgan organized and was Major of 
 the Cherokee batallion that were allies of 
 the Americans in the Creek war of 1814. 
 Gideon and .Margaret (Sevier) Morgan were 
 the parents of George Morgan, born De- 
 cember 1, 1817. Married October 26, 1848 
 
HISTORY OF THE C.„H(.KliliIN,„ANS 
 
 Martha Kt 
 
 UM.U1U, Tennessee June 16, 1826 He 
 was a Captain in the Mexican war and \U 
 )- ot the Third Tennessee Volunteer . 
 
 jc.r of 2nd Kentucl<y Cavalry (.Murgan's re,- 
 "'lent) until his death. Oct. 2S 1S6-' He 
 was mortally wounded at Ashland Kv.' Oc 
 It^. 1802 and died Oct. 27, iS62 ' He ,s 
 buried ,n Le.xington, Ky. Airs. Morgan died 
 June , ,871. They were the parents of 
 Gideon Morgan, the subject of this sketch. 
 Foreman. Mrs. Ada C (See Foreman and 
 R, ley)— Reverend Stephen Foreman was 
 burn October 22, 1S0 7, married March ->7 
 1.S.M, Sallie W. Riley. He was ordained a 
 Presbyterian Minister September 25, isl- 
 and was elected .lustice of the Supreme 
 Court of the Cherokee Nation, October li, 
 1844; E.xecutive Councilor in 1S47 and 1855 
 and was clerk of the Senate in 186 7. Mrs. 
 Foreman died August 6, I86I; and he died 
 December 8. iS8l. They were the parents 
 of Stephen Taylor Foreman, born at Park 
 Hill Septemlvr 24. 1S4S; and married April 
 2S. IS 74 Ada Carter, daughter of Sarah and 
 White .McClellan. born at Cane ilill, Arkan- 
 sas on October 25. 1853. He died Janu- 
 ary 1. 1891. Mrs. Foreman is now a resi- 
 dent of Clarenicire. Oklahoma. 
 
 .Mr. and .Mrs. Tavlor Foreman were the 
 parents of Sarah Lula, who married John 
 Gunter Lipe; Jennie McClelland, who mar- 
 ried David Jesse Faulkner; Ada Laura; Vic- 
 toria Lipe. who married Stephenson Ken- 
 nedy; Taylor Worcester and Perry Ashbrook 
 Foreman. Ada Laura and Perry Ashbrook 
 Foreman are now deceased. Taylor Wor- 
 cester Foreman was born near Oowala, Coo- 
 weescoowee District on July 6, ISSS; w^as 
 educated at Oowala and the .Male Seminary. 
 He enlisted in the U- S. Army as a private in 
 1909; was commissioned Captain of Infan- 
 try August 15, 1917 and assigned to the 
 327th Field Artillery, detailed as Instructor 
 in Infantry School of Arms of the S4th Di- 
 vision; assigned to the 301st Division in 
 July I9l8, with which he went to France, 
 commanding Company E; was promoted Au- 
 gust 26, l9lS, to Major and assigned to the 
 command of the 2nd Battalion of the 301st 
 Division, and was commander of this regi- 
 fent from November 10, 1918 to the latter 
 part of the succeeding month. Was detailed 
 
 "'<!nl js insesiHaiuis .,»,.,-- • 
 lanezan. France. »hich p.., 
 •lis return lo Amrrui > 
 leniber. \Sjs c'.nin 
 Ihe Regular Amu ,, 
 signed to Camp llcnn,:,; ., 
 present an Instructor ui ih , 
 tain Forenun married ji In.l 
 May 2!, I'M? Hhfl Iren. 
 son, Ta>l..r Wtirc*Mcr T-- 
 at Indianap.jis ,,ri lul> i. ; 
 Gamble, Jamei M. F.- 
 Flelcher, 5,,n ..( Willun 
 (Plunkell) Gimble. »j« ■ 
 May 31, lS5(i. .Mjrnrd ' 
 Julia Ann, daughter ..( s. 
 Ann (Fish) Wheeler The 
 of Verdie Ansell, bi.rn Apr 
 Mason and Wondnun ..( ih, 
 Fthel Suttiin: Bernice G'-rd 
 1SS5; Dudley .Martin, b.. 
 iSSS, married Fl" Wavbrith 
 Gamble, bom March II, I'lui. 
 
 Goforlh, Mri. Albert P. (See f. ■ 
 Elizabeth, daughter o( Andres j 
 (Bigby) Taylor was N'rn In Ihf 
 Nation, east of the .Ml»»i**'rr 
 ried William Covinglim ij 
 .March 2 5, ISi:. He died 
 1S96. Their daughter Isjbel .la:.. 
 ley married Feli.x Nelson Will 
 
 Rachel Matilda, dauthlrr •>( Ttl 
 and Isabel .lane Will was h^rn 
 Snake District Scplember 2«, \S'i 
 cated in that [)islricl. Sbr mar' 
 .luly 24, IS90 Albert Hcrr*. vn 
 son and Catherine Gol-Tlh, b'-rn 
 H, 1S64 in Georgia- Thtv arc ih 
 of: Eulelma Pearl, born Janujri 
 married Philander B. I>1> ; tuPelij ' ■ 
 born .lanuarv 20, IS')'; LuU B<- 
 May 26, iS'ir married Julv I', I"':' 
 C. Melton; Alta, horn June 6. !*'»• 
 ta, born January I, I 
 tember 21, |9(.:; Be^ 
 tember 15. fio and ' 
 born April 2. I'M; Mr uotorth n i 
 er. near Viinta- 
 
 CodiUyd. William P ($tt Grinl 
 Ghigau and Ward)— 'Jtherine, dJ.- , 
 William and Flirabelh (Harli- 
 bnrn November 11, IS«<. •■■ 
 ber 2', tS».'' I.arkin. \»n <■! 
 belh (BMhe) G-KJdard He d<ri W*» 
 for duty with the Inspector Generals depart- is7? and she died rebruar» 21, i""':! 
 
638 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 were the parents of William Penn Goddard, 
 born November 3, 1870. Educated in the 
 Male Seminary. Married at Bluejacket, April 
 15, 1S94 Nora, daughter of Gabriel and 
 Cynthia Endicott born March 8, 187 5 in 
 Bourbon County, Kansas. They are the par- 
 ents of Fleming Larkin Goddard, born June 
 17, 1896. Married May 4, 1918 Ethel Pen- 
 nington. They are the parents of Erma 
 Gine Goddard born at Welch, July 14, 1920. 
 Greece, Thomas — Thomas, son of George 
 Greece, was born in the Cherokee Nation, 
 educated in Male Seminary- Married at 
 Welling in 1907 Nannie Walker- Mr. Grease 
 is a farmer and belongs to the Presbyterian 
 church. 
 
 Grimes, Ethel Ray Green— Ethel Ray 
 Green, born near Vinita. November 25, 
 1892, was a daughter of Joseph and Mar- 
 garette A. (Scrimsher) Green. She was 
 educated at the Female Seminary at Tahle- 
 quah; married at McAlester, Oklahoma De- 
 cember 23, 1917, Grady L. Grimes. They 
 are now members of the Methodist Church. 
 Mr. Grimes is a Mason, and is an automobile 
 mechanic. 
 
 Gulager, Mary (See Oolootsa)— Martha 
 Lucretia Scrimsher was born December 9, 
 1S45, and married January 27, 1869, Fred- 
 erick William Gulager, who was born March 
 14, 1844, in Washington, District of Colum- 
 bia- They are the parents of William Mar- 
 tin Christian; Mary Elizabeth; Henry Gun- 
 ter; and John Delaney Gulager. 
 
 Mary Elizabeth Gulager was born April 
 2 7, 1880, and graduated from the Cherokee 
 National Female Seminary May 25, i900. 
 
 GatUn. Mrs. Emma Nora (See Grant and 
 Oolootsa)— Emma Nora, daughter of Frank 
 and .May (Hanks) Fhomer, was born Feb- 
 ruary 2, 1889, and educated at Webbers 
 Falls, and the Cherokee National Female 
 Seminary. She married Samuel Bell Maxey, 
 son of James and Matilda (Yearby) Gatlin, 
 born May 25, 1SS7. Mr. and Mrs. Gatlin 
 are residents of Webbers Falls. 
 
 James, son of James and Lucy (McCoy) 
 Gatlin, married Matilda Yearby and they 
 were the parents of Samuel Bell Maxey 
 Gatlin. 
 
 Calvin Jones Hanks married Emma Walker 
 the daughter of John Lowery and Charlotte 
 (Ratliff) McCoy, and they were the parents 
 of .Mrs. May Rhomer. 
 
 Fair, Jake (See Grant and Ghigau)— Jake 
 Fair, born July 3, 1896. Married at Pryor 
 
 May I'll 3 Hazel, daughter of James and 
 Flora Stamper. They are the parents of: 
 James Louis, born June 3, 1916; Flora El- 
 len, born July 23, 191S and Junior David 
 Fair, born August 3, 1919. 
 
 Ellen Wilkerson, born February 18, 1870. 
 Married Lewis Kelly Fair, born January 25, 
 1864. They are the parents of Jake Fair. 
 
 Fields, Ezekial (See Grant and Ward) — 
 Ezekial, son of Richard and Elizabeth Jane 
 (Blagg) Fields was born in Delaware District 
 November 16, 1859, educated in the Chero- 
 kee National schools. Married Sabra Eliza- 
 beth, daughter of George Howard and Mary 
 Carroll Ward. Their children are: Clarissa 
 Eliza, born Mar 28, 18 70; Richard, born 
 Nov. 17, 1873; Belle, born in 1875; Luvonia 
 born in 1877; and Cora Fields born in 1884. 
 Mr- and Mrs. Ezekial Fields separated and 
 he married December 6, 1899 Lennie Mar- 
 shall born July 30. 1877 in McDonald Coun- 
 ty. Missouri. They are the parents of: 
 Inez L., born September 18. 1900; Edna Ann, 
 born January IS. 1902; James E., born Au- 
 gust 21, 190 5 and John J. Fields, born 
 March 21, 190". 
 
 Ezekial, son of Richard Fields, Chief of 
 the Texas Cherokees married Mary Ann Sex- 
 ton and they were the parents of Richard 
 wTio married Elizabeth Jane Blagg. 
 
 Franklin, Mrs. Oscar (See Adair and Ghi- 
 gau) — Frankie May Adair, born February 25, 
 1874. Married at Chouteau, December l8, 
 1912 Oscar, son of Marion and Jennie 
 Franklin. They are the parents of Hogan 
 Christopher, born September 4. 1913; Oscar 
 George, born December 4, 19 17 and Owen 
 Adair Franklin born June l5, 1920. Mr. 
 Franklin is a farmer and their residence is 
 six miles north east of Chouteau- 
 
 Benjamin Franklin Goss married Sarah 
 Emily Bean- Their daughter Susannah De- 
 borah married Richard Welch and they were 
 the parents of Sarah Emily who is the moth- 
 er of Mrs. Frankie May Franklin. 
 
 Frazier, Mrs- Samuel (See Ward)— Sarah 
 Ann, daughter of Cal Dean and Nancy 
 (Ward) Gunter was born at Siloam Springs, 
 Arkansas January 31, 1867 and was educat- 
 ed in the Cherokee national schools. Mar- 
 ried April 10, 1S8S Samuel, son of William 
 Thomas and Nancy Frazier, born October 
 29, 1864 in Texas. They are the parents 
 of- Cal Dean, born February 26, 1889; Lela 
 Jessie born July 13, 1892; Grace, born No- 
 
HISTORY OF THE CMbKOKlil-: IM.lANs 
 
 veniber 6, 1S')7- Lillim K,.r„ m i 
 
 and, wi,n.„ T,,;::^';;::: ::;::'■,;;;,;'-' ;;;;::", ']^ 7'-- '• T.M,. 
 
 raiser near A^'^ '■""'" "'' ^"■^•'^ '!"= '^^'-"^ •■< ^•"'-" 'U'«,c. 
 
 T Gfiltilll SCntl Kifn I.. < i >. 
 
 I:i mp'^ ^( 111 . .t I I 1 > . '■»*■"'»», I'll! n in I '•*" 
 
 V ; f ; ^'''■^' ^^••^^•^ '"<•' Pa'-^»'S uf William Thnnu. Il.r 
 
 Nancy Ward, born .lanuarv 29 i,S30 mir ->" I'^a- ..,/.. 
 ned September 2,. ,845 Cal Dean Gunter, .850 i„ AUrslull C..„„u v 
 
 born March 30, ,8.8 i„ Warren County, was elected Sen.,.. ," 
 
 Tennessee. He died March 27, ,898. trie, August 7 l.S'.., 
 
 Freeman, Mr... George H. (See Grant)- ents nf William CusUs 1! 
 Ruth Jane, daughter of Ellis and Marv HawUin.. Pe.rl D. (See ..,. 
 
 (Fields) Dick was born in Delaware District —Ruth ,l.,ne, djudner ..( K 
 
 Januarv S, 1870, and was educated in the (Fields) Dick wa-i b..rn in |.,- 
 
 Cherokee National Schools. Married Oc- January S. l.S7o. Married 
 
 tober 17, ISS4, Charles Henry, Hawkins. ISS-I, Charles Henr> llawkiin 
 
 born in Lewis Countv, Missouri, October County. Missouri. Ocoher |.,. 
 
 16. ,800. They are the parents of Hmma are the parents nf Pearl I'. : 
 
 Lee Hawkins, born near Catale, February IS, near Catale. Julv 31. I.S'M. v 
 
 1.S9S. .Married at Claremore. September 12, nita October 27. lo'i;. ,Mvrll, 
 
 I'MO. Georee H. son of John and .Martha of Andrew Oliver and Cra Ho 
 
 Freeman, born February ,5, ,896. Harlan, born Julv 26. i.S'ii 
 
 Thev are the parents of Paul Lawrence for the World War at Vinlli V 
 
 Freeman, bom August 2. ,920. W'as Sergeant of Base Hotpiijl S... ■> : 
 
 Mr. Freeman served in the World War in Sailed for France AurusI 'I. «*>l.1 W i. 
 
 Company H. 5 6th Infantry. Honorably dis- on the Toul front nine m-nih*. Li^JeJ 
 
 charged at Fort Sheridan, February 28. 19,9. the United Stales June s. I'M' r^J .»^ J > 
 
 Hall, Frederick — Frederick, son cjf William charced at Camp fike lui lun • • 
 and Martha (Childers) Hall, born in the .Mr. Hawkins Is a farmer n> 
 
 Cherokee Nation in 187?. Married in 1896 He is a member ..f the Modcr . .■■ 
 
 Katie Burgin. They are the parents of: An:erica. 
 
 Martha May, Arthur, ha Jane and Alvina Heady, Mr.. Franklc F- (Srr Ghirjji - 
 
 Hall. Mr. and .Mrs, Hall are members of Frankie Folsom, dauenier ■•( ' ' 
 
 the Baptist church and are farmers. Lulu (Bnvnton) Kendall «a» ' 
 
 Hamilton, M-.-.. Henry J — Neppie, daugh- sea August II. l *!"*■. 1 .! . i 
 
 ter of Pleasant Napoleon Blackstone and High and Cincin; 
 
 Mary Barr was born at Muskogee July 9, from the former 
 
 ISSI, educated in Bacone College, Musko- I90S. .Married at I-J;.- ! 
 
 gee. She married .March S. ,906, Henry J. .March 17. lOH Frank vn 
 
 Hamilton. They are the parents of Ollle, Headv, born at Wal"va ri,. 
 
 born October 24, ,906; Maude, born Janu- ents of J. B., b.'rn lebr 
 
 ary 17, ,908: Lillian, brjrn May 20, 1909; Leroy. b.irn Ocli^be' :. • 
 
 Henry .1. born June 27. 19,,; Nellie, born born February -t. I"t7 jnj J..-.1 
 
 November ,3, ,9,2; George, born August l9i,S; James Ewinir, b"f'> ^ 
 
 4, ,9,4; Jacob Clark, born January 12. 19 iS and leanne tiileon " 
 
 19,0 and Neppie Leona Hamilton, born Au- her 2 5, r'2o. Mr>. M.- 
 
 gust ,5, 19,8. Mrs. Hamilton's Cherokee the Presb\lefian church 
 
 name is Utiva. foreman of the St. Vli.r • -i 
 
 Harna^je, William Cuslis (See Ghigau and Vinila. 
 Sanders) — William Curtis Harnage was born Henry, Mr.. W. C ( •■ 
 
 April 15, ISSI. and was educated in the and F..re>.i.i'i) — Na'o.u- 
 
 Male Seminary and Henry Kendall College in born. lanuarv 12. •• ^^ 
 
 .Muskogee, graduating from the latter insti- 2-. IS5: Ander*. 
 
640 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 in 1S30. They were the parents of DeWitt, 
 bom JaiuKiry 7, lS59; James Daniel, born 
 February 2, lS61 and May Wilson. born 
 Mav 1, 1S62. Anderson Springstoii Wilson 
 died December 26, 1865 and his widow mar- 
 ried December 14, 1S72 Henry Clay Barnes, 
 born August 29, lS-15 at Dwight Mission, 
 Cherokee Nation and they were the parents 
 of Myrtle Barnes, born in Flint District July 
 25, 1S74, educated at Tahlequah and Female 
 Seminary. Married May H, ISOI Wallace 
 Gibbs Henry, born April 6, 1872. W. G- 
 and Myrtle Henry are the parents of DeWitt 
 Cllinton, born April 4, 1892; Roy Wilson, 
 born July 22, 1897 and Myra May Henry, 
 born December 8, 1903. Nancy Catherine 
 Barnes died December 10, 1889. 
 
 Hollaind, Richard S. (See Paper. Ghi«au 
 a)id Oolootsa) — Richard Spencer Holland, 
 born November 2. 1872. Married Laura, 
 daughter of Daniel and Cynthia (Pack) 
 Harmon. They are the parents of; Flora 
 L. and Grace Holland. Richard Spencer Hol- 
 land was elected Court Clerk of Adair Coun- 
 ty in 1918 and 1920. 
 
 Howard, Frank S. (See Adair and Ghigau) 
 — Frank Stapler, son of Frank and Sallie 
 (Starr) Howard, was born January 30, 1873. 
 Married Caroline Allen, born May 30, 1873, 
 and died February 8, 1899. He married 
 Ella Clyne, born April 26, 1870. His child- 
 ren are: Catherine, born November 7, 
 1896; Dewey, born April 22, 1898; Sallie 
 Emma; Ella May; Grover Franklin and Ed- 
 gar Starr Howard. 
 
 Frank S. Howard was elected County 
 Commissioner of Adair in U'lO and 1912. 
 
 HubbaVd, Thomas — Thomas, son of 
 Wilkerson and Harriette (Thomas) Hubbard, 
 was born in the Cherokee Natiiin in 1S52. 
 Mr. Hubbard, who is a successful farmer 
 near Tahlequah, has never married. 
 
 Jordan, Mrs. Luther — Victoria, daughter 
 of Robert and Ivy Ann (Taylor) Powell, 
 born in North Carolina, September 17, 1880- 
 .Married at Adair, November 6, 1902. Luther, 
 son of John and Mary Jordan. They are the 
 parents of. Myrtle Marie, born September 
 25, 1903; William L., born October 4, 1904, 
 and Florence Jordan, born December 14, 
 I'MO. Mr. Jordan is a farmer and lives near 
 Adair. They are members of the Methodist 
 church. 
 
 Jordan, Mrs. Arthur R. (See Adair) — 
 Viola Adair, born June 15, 1S93, educated 
 at Adair. .Married at Adair October 28. 
 
 1911, Arthur Basil Jordan. They are the par- 
 ents of: Anna Mae, born Aug. 17, 1912; Basil 
 Franklin, born February 4, 1914; Ruby La 
 Von, born October 30, 1915; Carl Hubert, 
 born March 4. li^MS, and Virgil Lawrence 
 Jordan, born December 23, 1919. Mrs. Jor- 
 dan belongs to the Deer Clan. Mr. Jordan 
 is farming near Adair. 
 
 Virgil Harry Adair married Dorinda Cal- 
 loway and thev are the parents of .Mrs. Ar- 
 thur B. .lordan. 
 
 Jones, Mrs. Thomas P. (See Downing) 
 — Rachel, daughter of Nicholas and Martha 
 (Shirley) Byers, was born August 24, 1875. 
 .Married at Tahlequah March l. 1896, 
 Thomas Pinckney, son of William M- and 
 Nancy Jones. They are the parents of; 
 Bryan, born May 22. 1S97; Polk, born Oc- 
 tober 3 0, 1S9S; Granville, born December 
 31, 1900; Nannie, born September 9, 1902; 
 Margaret, born August 22, 1904; Ruth, born 
 March 22, 1906; Cherokee, born March IS, 
 1908; Buena, born February 18, 1911; Lu- 
 cullus, born August 3 1, I9l3; Eldee, born 
 October 15, I'M 5; and Mary Joe Jones, born 
 July 13, 1918. 
 
 Elizabeth, daughter of James and Ka-ta- 
 ka-ya Crittenden, married Lord Wellington 
 Shirley, born May 27, 1825. He was elect- 
 ed Judge of Tahlequah District August l, 
 1881, and August 3, l89i. He died June 
 9, 1894. They were the parents of Mar- 
 tha Shirley. 
 
 Johnson, Isaac Isaac, son of Milo and 
 
 Adeline (Payne) Johnson, was born in 1883, 
 educated at Tahlequah. Married at Mus- 
 kogee in I'M 3. His children are :Jessie, 
 Ma.xine and Willard JohnJon. Mr. John- 
 son is an efficient state enforcement officer. 
 
 Jackson, Mrs. Fred L. — Rosa A., daughter 
 of John H. and Mary Malisson (Frantz) Mor- 
 ris, born February 24, 1893, near Welch. 
 Educated in the Cherokee National schools. 
 Married at Centralia, June 2, 1912, Fred L., 
 son of Robert Lee and Lulu Jackson. 
 
 They are the parents of: Carwel Lee, 
 born April 2 1, I'M 4, and Norma Jennie, 
 born Mar. 3, I9i9. Mrs. Jackson is a Meth- 
 odist and a member of the Eastern Star. Mr. 
 Jackson has been a banker in Welch for 
 nine years and is at present interested in 
 oil production. 
 
 .Mrs. Jackson is the great-great grand- 
 daughter of Pathkiller, who was Principal 
 Chief of the Cherokees at the beginning of 
 the nineteenth century. His daughter, Elsie, 
 
HISTORY OF THfci CIlEROKIili IMHANv 
 
 '■II 
 
 married Eldrise, and their eldest child, Mar- 
 garet, generally called I'essy, married .lesse 
 Morris, and they were the great grandpa- 
 rents of Mrs. Rosa A. Jackson 
 
 Jordan, Robert Lee. (See Riley) — Rob- 
 ert E. Lee. son cil John W. and Sallie (Bean) 
 Jordan, born in 1S67 in Texas- Educated 
 in the Male Seminary. .Warried in the CJier- 
 okee Outlet in 1S')0. llarriette A., daughter 
 of Richard A. and Mary A. (Simkins) Riley. 
 They are the parents of: Lee Owen, born 
 February S, lS')l; William Penn Adair, born 
 December 15, 1S':)2, and Dennis Bushyhead 
 Jordan, born November 2-1, IS'M, who was 
 in the navy fur twn vears during the war, 
 during which time he crossed the ocean 
 thirtv-four times and was im watch twice 
 when German submarines were sighted and 
 sunk. 
 
 Mr. Jordan is a member of the Knights 
 of Pythias fraternity and is a farmer, near 
 Collinsville. 
 
 Kelley, Lulu N- (See Sanders and Ghi- 
 gau) — Lulu Nannie, daughter of John and 
 Sallie Matilla (Harlan) Poole, was born 
 March 22, 1862, in Delaware District, Cher- 
 okee Nation- She was educated in the Cher- 
 okee public schools and Female Seminary. 
 She married at Vinita, August 27. 1S87, 
 Frederick Lincoln Kellev. He died at Vinita 
 November 2, mil- Mr. Kelley was one of 
 the best posted and successful hay and grain 
 dealers in northeast Oklahoma. Frederick 
 L. and Lulu N- Kellev were the parents of 
 Pauline Gazelle, born February 16, 1889, and 
 married Charles W. Flint; Frederick Lincoln, 
 born July .'i. IS').', and George Samuel Kel- 
 ley. born August 2 1. 1815. 
 
 Lulu N. Kellev's Cherokee name is Salala. 
 She is a member of the Methodist church 
 and belongs tu the Eastern Star Chapter in 
 Vinita She was deeply interested in the 
 World war work and did efficient service 
 in the Red Cross and other activities. 
 
 John and Sallie Matilla (Harlan) Poole 
 were the parents of Fannie, who marr.ed 
 James Henry Akin; Charles Walton, and Lulu 
 Nannie Poole. 
 
 Lnlu N Poole's maternal grandparents 
 were Ellis Sanders, son of George and Nancy 
 (Sanders) Harlan, born March 4, lS04, mar- 
 .Ved 182S Nancy Barnett, born September 
 ,8 1800, in ()n.slow County, ^°'^\ ^f'] 
 li,,; Ellis Sanders Harlan was a clerk o 
 lection at the Court House Prec.nc. 
 Hickorv Log District, Cherokee Kat.on, U. 
 
 the selectlmi o| dclctil. 
 Constitutionil ("niivrnth- 
 was elccltfd li> CmuiiciI li..n. 
 in 1,S55- lie died lij;cf mb^i 
 
 Kerr, Mr*. Thoma*. 
 Grant). — Susan Ti'lbcr: 
 Tolbert and Anuiidi i !;. 
 Scott, was b'Tii III l>eU»irf l>r 
 187.<, educated in thai l>ltl 
 at Seneca, .Missnuri. ,Mi% !». i 
 son of Ale.xandcr and Malildi > 
 the parents nl nllif Ma\ K<f. . 
 ber 22, 1S')1, married N^^emhcr :" l 
 .]. C. Carr, and has ^ne diushur 1 • i 
 Carr. burn Seplenibcr :', f' 
 is a farmer, neat Vinila. 
 Charles Duncan, a ^ 
 about 17S4, Dorcas, a : 
 of the Deer Clan. Thru 
 ried Elizabeth Abercr"mb>. i 
 the parents of Charles G'-rdaii 
 June .', IS25, and married Sinu 111--. 
 February ', 1825. Thev were thr r» 
 of Amanda Cherokee Duncan, i 
 Snake District. July ;o, \S<,> 
 cember I6, IS'-". John Tolbf 
 
 Key5, Monroe A. (See Grant. ■ ' 
 Daniel and Rilev.)— .Monroe Am-rv > 
 Monroe Calvin and Lucy l-^y ' 
 Keys, was born February II. «»"" ' 
 ed'in the Male Seminar*. Married 
 -i; rioj, .Martha Ann daujhter i>( H.- 
 Emma Jane (Daniel) tN.nnclU, N.t 
 11 1874, educated in the Chefok' 
 schools and Worcester Aciaem. T 
 the parents of; Wahnie. S-rn '•' 
 Emma, born December i". 
 born January >6. fM2. J*"'- ' 
 , 1..14. and Clun Ke»«. N"" ►"" 
 ,"(M7. Mr. Keys is i member "I '■'■ 
 Clan. His Cherokee name i» ' >>• 
 He is a farmer near Vinita 
 
 Kincia. Edw.nl C. (^ 
 ward .■- Kincaid- >-'""; 
 Married at I'rvor ""f " 
 daughter o( David and I- J- 
 are the parents of lubi 
 April 2'.. .'H-S «' • 
 belongs to the BiP"- 
 ,,f ihe Ancient ""J" •' 
 and Mutual Aid S.^.etv 
 
 Collins .McDonald- *• ^ ' '■■ " 
 ,So7. .Married Ma-. 
 Adair born Sertemb- _ 
 
 April 2s. ts'.i. >"a •>, -.-.: • 
 
642 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 1S95. Their daughter, Nancy Missouri Mc- 
 Donald, born November 3 1, 1849, married 
 Joseph Kincaid, a native of Georgia and they 
 were the parents of Edward C. Kincaid, the 
 subject of this sketch. 
 
 Lane, Mrs. C. L. (See Downing, Cordu- 
 roy and Oolootsa.) — Maude Ethel Rogers, 
 born November 28, 1869, educated at Fe- 
 male Seminary, and Howard P.ayne College. 
 Fayette, Missouri. Married October 4, 1891, 
 Captain Lane Lane, born November 26, 
 1867, in Red River County, Texas. He 
 graduated from "Kemper Family School," 
 Booneville, Missouri, June 8, 1887, and 
 conducted a drug store in Chelsea for thirty 
 years. They were the parents of: Estelle, 
 born September 20, 1892; Ethel Lindsay, 
 born October 19, 1894, graduate of Chelsea 
 High School and Northwestern State Normal 
 at Tahlequah in 1918; James Gunter, born 
 May 12, l8'i7; and Lasca Gazelle Lane, born 
 June l'>, I'JOS. 
 
 Clement Vann Rogers, born in the West- 
 ern Cherokee Nation, January 11, 1839, ed- 
 ucated at Baptist Mission, Going Snake Dis- 
 trict, and Male Seminary. Married in 1858 
 Mary America Scrimsher, born October 9, 
 1839, and settled on Caney River in Coo- 
 weescoowee District. Was Captain of Co. C 
 First Cherokee Mounted Volunteers and sen- 
 ator from Cooweescoowee District in the 
 Confederate Cherokee Council from 1862 to 
 1865. Settled on the Verdigris River after 
 the Civil war. Elected Judge of Coowees- 
 coowee Dist- Aug. 5, 1877; senator from the 
 same District August 4, 1879, August l, 
 1883, August 7, 1899. and August 3, 1903. 
 Elected as a member of the Cherokee Com- 
 mission to negotiate with the "Dawes" Com- 
 mission for the final disposition of the Cher- 
 okee Nation. Elected a member of the Ok- 
 lahoma Constitutional Convention from the 
 Si.xty-fourth District on November 6, 1906. 
 Rogers County, Oklahoma, was named for 
 him. Mrs. Mary America (Scrimsher) Rog- 
 ers died May 28, 1890, and he died October 
 28, 19 11. They were the parents of: Sallie 
 Clemantin, Robert Martin. Maude Ethel, sub- 
 ject of this sketch, May and William Penn 
 Rogers. 
 
 Leafer, Mrs. John. (See Conrad and 
 Foreman) — Floren Frances, daughter of Wil- 
 liani II. and Letitia (Woodard) Foreman, 
 bnrn April 2, 1881, educated in the Cher- 
 iikee Natitinal schools in Tahlequah District. 
 Married at Tahlequah in 1903 John Leafer. 
 
 They are the parents of John ajid Lawrence 
 Leafer. Mr. Leafer is a farmer near Tah- 
 lequah. 
 
 Lowrey, Daniel W. (See Oolootsa, Ross, 
 Conrad and Hildebrand.) — Daniel Webster, 
 son of Henry and Mary (Parris) Lowrey, 
 born October 2, i860. Educated in the 
 Cherokee National Schools; married July 19, 
 1885, Ellen, daughter of James and Eliza- 
 beth (Hendricks) Gourd, born May 1, 1862, 
 educated in the Cherokee Public Schools and 
 Female Seminary. They are the parents of: 
 Florence, born May 23, 1886; George, born 
 August 15, 1887; Richard Walker, born 
 September 8, 1890; James, born October 
 13, 1892; John, born September 4, 1894, 
 and Dora Lowrey, born August 21, 1898. 
 James and John Lowrey each served a year 
 in the American Expeditionary Forces in 
 France. Mr. and Mrs. Lowrey are members 
 of the Methodist Church and he is a Mod- 
 ern Woodman of America. They are farm- 
 ers, near Wann. 
 
 Lynch, Joseph Martin. (See Grant and 
 Adair) — Joseph Martin Lynch, born July 30, 
 1881, educated in Male Seminary and Cum- ' 
 berland University, Lebanon, Tennessee, 
 graduating from the Law Department of the 
 latter, but refused to take the Tenneessee 
 bar examination because negroes were in- 
 cluded in the class. Elected Register of 
 Deeds of Adair County, September 17, 1807. 
 He married Hazel Capitola Mason. He serv- 
 ed for several years as attorney for the 
 Interior Department and on November 8, 
 1919, refused the appointment of Register 
 of the United States Treasury, because it 
 would be impossible for him to take his 
 aged father from his home and friends and 
 he would not leave him. 
 
 Mr- Lynch's great-great-grandfather, Jos- 
 eph Martin, a native of Alberniarle County, 
 Virginia, was elected Major in the Revolu- 
 tionary Army, February 17, 17 79, and pro- 
 moted to a Lieutenant Colonelcy in Mardh, 
 1781. He was elected Brigadier General of 
 the N<]rth Carolina militia, December 15, 
 1787, and was commissioned Brigadier Gen- 
 eral of the 20th Brigade of Virginia Jiiilitia 
 by Governor "Light Horse Harry" Lee on 
 December II, 1793. His son John Martin, 
 was a member of the Constitutional Con- 
 vention of 1S27, and was the first Chief 
 Justice and first treasurer of the Cherokee 
 Nation. Mr. Lynch's grandfather, Joseph 
 Martin Lynch, was a delegate I'r'^ni tU' 
 
HISTORY OF TUB CntROKI:!-: INDIANS 
 
 Cherokee Nation tu Wasliinstn,, in ISV), and 
 was elected Senator from Delaware District 
 August 2, lS-12. iMr. Lynch's father, Cic- 
 ero Leonidas Lynch, was elected sheriff of 
 Flint District August 2, 1S75, and August 
 5, 1.S77, elected senator from the same dis- 
 trict August 1, iSSi. Elected Circuit Judge 
 August 6, 1,SS3, and August 1, 1S87, the 
 terms being for four years. He was elected 
 Associate Justice of the Cherokee Nation, 
 November 13, 1S97. 
 
 Lynch, Mrs- Georgia, (See Grant and 
 Foreman) — Joseph Vann generally called 
 Joe) married Polly Black, and they were the 
 parents of William, David, Sofia, Johnson 
 Sallie and iJelilah Vann. David Vann mar- 
 ried Nancy Tally, nee Mackey, and they were 
 the paients of William, Joseph, George B., 
 Robert P., and Maud May Vann. 
 
 William Vann was the father of Georgia 
 Eulalia Vann, born September 17, 1.S76. She 
 was educated in Canadian District and the 
 Female Seminary. She married .March 2u, 
 IT'^'S, Joseph Johnson, son of Joseph .Mar- 
 tin and Susan Francis (Foreman) Lynch, 
 born September 2^, 1S75. He graduated 
 from the Male Seminary in 1S')6. and died 
 June 1, l')2 1. They were the parents of 
 Cherokee Rose Lynch, and Jess Vann Lynch, 
 
 Lowrey, Mrs. Myrtle (See Ghigau, Grant, 
 Adair and Oolootsa) — Luther .Martin, son of 
 Captain Ephriam Martin, and Sallie (Starr) 
 Adair, married Lillie M- Waldrop and their 
 daughter, .Myrtle Lucinda Adair, born in 
 18^)1, was educated in the Cherokee Public 
 Schools. Married in 1910, Randolph, son 
 of Austin and Sallie (Choker) Lowrey, born 
 February 6, ISSO. They were the parents 
 of Wesley Lowrey. Mrs. Lowrey is a mem- 
 ber of the Baptist church. 
 
 McKisick, Mrs. J. H, (See Ghigau, Con- 
 rad and Duncan)— Nellie Josephine, daugh- 
 ter of Johnson Thompson and Catherine Is- 
 abel (Garbarine) Landrum, was born in Del- 
 aware District, May 6, 1890, and educated 
 locally- Married at Vinita, August 8, 1910, 
 James Houston, son of Charles D., and Ly- 
 dia Elizabeth McKisick. They are the pa- 
 rents o- Stephen Dean, horn July H, I'"-- 
 and Clark Douglas McKisick, born August 
 6 19 10, Mr. McKisick is a mill owner and 
 operator at Big Cabin. Mrs. McK.sick is a 
 member of the United Brethren Church. 
 
 John son of James and Rebecca (Dun- 
 can) Landrum married Nellie Otterlefter, and 
 
 they were the pifnH ..f J..h 
 son Landrum. 
 
 Samuel Cindv, a while nun. nuffir4 • iv 
 erine, a full-blood Chcr.4« ..t ih<- a ' 
 Clan. Their son. Samuel TjuJv mt'i .| 
 Elizabeth West, i while »..mjn Th,. - . 
 the parents ot n||ir Cind>. 
 Hair Conrad and their daucif 
 married Daniel llo^l.ill^ l^j 
 abeth Hopkins were the par- 
 Abigal Hopkins, born linuir 
 married September '». l.SMi, 
 Garbarini, born September .s. ■ 
 relia, Italy. Thev were the pa- 
 erine ls,ibel, born June 2'. : 
 April 2, ISSO. Johnson Tti 
 drum, born t.Sf.o, 
 
 McUughlin, Willi.ni C. ( ~ 
 gau. Foreman, t'onrad. I'uncn i .1 Mi- 
 breed). — William Cecil .Mclauchlin. b- m 
 September 22, 1S"3, educated at ••f..w. 
 Stilwell and .Muskogee, KndualinK in a hn* 
 iness course from the latter. .Married H Vi- 
 nita, .March 28. 19i'i. i,e|ia Leone. dau(hlrr 
 of Richard Fields and .Martha Adair (Hre«er) 
 Benge. horn on Lvnch's Prairie |iei.eniber 
 16, 1892. Thev are the parenH ••( i <-cil 
 Benge .McLaughlin, born .May Id, I'': I Mr 
 McLaughlin is (arming near Adair, 
 
 Elizabeth, daughter of Andrew and Cnh 
 erine (Hicks) .Miller, married Philip l^''» 
 a native of South (Carolina, and Iher i - 
 Sylvester Inlow. born lune 2 1. IHt". ."-if 
 ried December 2S, iSftl, Su<annah I'jJ.-i 
 born November 1, IS44. He died lunf i >. 
 1878, and she died Februar\ I'. «<*' 
 Their daughter, Margaret I'.aroline lnl-.» 
 born August 6. IS"'), married Seri<-mb«r 
 20, 1890, loshua Ezekial Mcl.authlm. b---. 
 February 1-1, IS^V Thev worv ih- p.-- - 
 of William Cecil McLaughlin 
 
 Ma-«in, Mri. Jr»»e. C^<" 
 Ghigau) — .Margaret, dJughler .! -i 
 Houston and Nannie (hrewMer) ll<n<.- 
 Wednesday. .March 2. is:-' Uu..' : ^' 
 Fort Gibson and Female Seminar> "•' • ' 
 July 17. 1SS5. lesjc. ^on ■■• ' ' ■ 
 Charlotte (Alarlin) .McLiln. t 
 arv, 1855. educated in the ' !• 
 Schools and Male Seminar> rh.. > 
 parents of: Nannie I.ee, Samuel H 
 Calvin Cross, lib" 'm'- 'i''-' '' 
 ton and Charl..lte Ben«e. ' " 
 the A, E. F. in France l--r %e» 
 his younger br..lher. Oe..f«« *•• «J' r' 
 
644 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 paring to ejiibark at the time tlie Armistice 
 was signed- 
 
 McLain, James (See Gliigau) — James, 
 son of Calvin and Charlotte (Martin) McLain 
 married Elizabeth J. Kennedy, born June 22, 
 1875, and Lulu Breeden. By the first mar- 
 riage there was born: Heiiriette J. and Sa- 
 rah Vivian McLain, and by the second mar- 
 riage, Haskell, Etta, Cora, Woodrow, Calvin, 
 Charlotte and Lucy McLain. 
 
 Mr. .McLain was educated at the Orphan 
 Asvluni. He is a member of the A. F. T. A., 
 which is one of the best indications of a 
 man's respectability and responsibility. He 
 is a farmer near Claremore. 
 
 Martin, Mrs. DeWitt (See Grant and Dun- 
 can) — DeWitt T. Martin, born May 12, ISSS 
 Enlisted in the World war Nov. 22, 1917. 
 Assigned to the 17th Co. of the 2nd Regi- 
 ment as an air service mechanic January 27, 
 19 IS. Sailed for France March l-t, 1918, 
 where his service entitled him to two gold 
 chevrons. Returned to the United States 
 May 29, I9i9. Honorably discharged at 
 Camp Pike June 13, 19 19. Married at Car- 
 thage. Missouri. May 1. 1920, Mary Ethel 
 daughter of I. D. and Rachel A. Boston. 
 They are the parents of Caroline Louise 
 Martin, born March 24, 1S21. 
 
 Joseph Martin of Bristol, England, settled 
 on a plantation near Charlotteville, Alber- 
 marle County, Virginia, in the first quarter 
 of the eighteenth century. He married Su- 
 sannah Childs and they were the parents of 
 Joseph Martin, born about 17 40. He was 
 a Lieutenant Colonel in the American service 
 in the Revolutionary war. He married Su- 
 sannah Fields, nee Emory, a quarter-blood 
 Cherokee, and they were the parents of John 
 Martin, who was the first Chief Justice and 
 first Treasurer of the Cherokee Nation. 
 Judge John Martin was the father of Joseph 
 Lynch Martin, whose son, John Rogers Mar- 
 tin was the father of DeWitt T. Martin. 
 
 Martin, Joel T. (See Ghigau and Rogers) 
 — Joel Thomas, son of William and Sarah 
 Martin, born August 21, 1S76. educated in 
 the Cherokee Public Schools. Married Oc- 
 tober 26, 1896, Myrtle Stephens, nee Steph- 
 enson, born April 19, 1S7S, in Nodaway 
 County, Missouri. One son, William A. 
 Martin, married in 1899, Stella, daughter 
 of Mr. and Mrs. Argentine Causdell. They 
 are the parents of: Pauline. May and George 
 Martin. 
 
 Mr. Martin is a member of the Owls fra- 
 ternity. He is a farmer near Ruby. 
 
 George Washington Walker married Rach- 
 el Rogers and they were the parents of Mrs. 
 Sarah Marlins. 
 
 Mayes, Watt A. (See Adair, Foreman, Ross 
 and Grant) — Walter Adair Mayes, born 
 December 10, i860, educated in the Chero- 
 kee public schools and Male Seminary, mar- 
 ried December 31, 1890, Nannie Rider Mc- 
 Coy, born March 25, 1865. She was edu- 
 cated in the National schools and Female 
 Seminary. They are the parents of: Hall, 
 born September, 23, l89i; Washington E., 
 born September 8, 1893; Clarence, born 
 October 23, 1895; Mayme Lucile, born No- 
 vember 14, 1897; Jesse Lamar, born May l, 
 1900; and Joseph McCoy Mayes, born June 
 9, 1903. 
 
 Walter Adair Mayes is the son of George 
 Washington Mayes, born November 11, 
 1824, married May 21, 1846, Charlotte 
 Bushyhead, born March 16, 1830. She died 
 January 23, 1878, and he died October 28, 
 1894. George Washington was the son of 
 Samuel and Nancy (Adair) Mayes- Char- 
 lotte was the daughter of Rev. Jesse and 
 Eliza (Wilkerson) Bushyhead. Walter Adair 
 Mayes is the nephew of Chiefs Dennis Wolf 
 Bushyhead, Joel Bryan and Samuel Houston 
 Mayes and Miss Nannie Mayes is the grand- 
 niece of Chief John Ross and great grand- 
 daughter of Chief Charles Renatus Hicks. 
 
 Mrs Walter Adair Mayes is the daughter 
 of Joseph Rogers McCoy, who married on 
 December 16, 1851, Nancy Hicks, born Sep- 
 tember 16. 1830. He died July 4, 1866. 
 
 Walter A. Mayes' Cherokee name is Oga- 
 nostota and he belongs to the Deer Clan. 
 Mrs. Mayes' Cherokee name is Walliah and 
 she belongs to the bird clan. 
 
 Meeks, William — William, son of George 
 and Minerva (Fleetwood) Meeks, was born 
 March 5, 1880 in Sequoyah District, edu- 
 cated in Cherokee public schools and Male 
 Seminary, married September 11. 1905 
 Goldie May Perry. They are the parents 
 of Sylvia Pauline, born September 7, 1905; 
 Mary Louise, born June 3, 1909; Delia 
 Ruth, born September 19, 1912 and Wyllie 
 Burtis, born June 1, 19 19. William Meeks 
 was left an orphan while a small child and 
 through adverse circumstances has struggled 
 to a competence and the respect of his com- 
 munity. A Methodist in church affiliation 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHHKOKliE INDI.Ws 
 
 u*S 
 
 he has ascended in masonry to the Thirty 
 second degree and Shriner. He served in 
 Company K, First Infantry fdr two and a 
 half years in the Phillipines during the 
 Spanish-American war a)id was verv active 
 in U'orld War work. His l>ii.tlier Lewis 
 Samuel was a mtmlier of the Thirteenth 
 Marines in the World War. 
 
 Mitchell, Mrs. Claud W. (See Grant and 
 Duncan) — Emma E., daughter of John Mar- 
 tin and Alice R. (Smith) Daniel, was born 
 at Vinita. February 1'). tS"2; was educated 
 at the Female Seminary ai Tahlequah. She 
 married at Vinita July 3 1, I'Ul, Claud W., 
 son of William W. and Hmma Mitchell. .Mr. 
 Mitchell died October 2.i, frMS. Thev were 
 the parents of Mary Nadine, born .March .!. 
 Julv ,S, im,S. 
 
 John Martin Daniel was born October 2, 
 1S4-1, and married August t, 1S76, Alice 
 R. Smith, born June to, 1S5S. They were 
 the parents of Marnia D., James Henry, Ro- 
 bert John, Lula Mav. Eliza E.. .Martha I.. 
 Emma E., William, Edgar Jacksun and Wal- 
 ter Scott Daniel. 
 
 I.ula May Daniel married R. F. Parker, ami 
 lives at Welch, Oklahoma. Eliza E. Daniel 
 married Samuel Nidiffer and Jeff Blevins. 
 Martha J. Daniel married Elbert Snider and 
 lives at Vinita, Oklahoma. 
 Miller, Mrs. James (See Ward) — Mary, 
 daughter nf Robert and .Martha Alice (Hol- 
 land) Early, was horn in 18.S9 at Stilwell- 
 Educated in the Cherokee public schools, 
 Female Seminary and Hill's Business College, 
 Oklahoma Citv, graduating from the latter 
 institution. Married at Joplin, Missouri in 
 1912 James, son of Mr. and Mrs. James C. 
 Miller. She taught in the public schools for 
 ten years prior to her marriage. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Miller are members of the Baptist 
 church. He is a farmer, near Foyil and she 
 is a member of the Ladies Home Demonstra- 
 tion Club. 
 
 Milton, Annie Leola (See Adair)— Annie 
 Leola, daughter of William Penn and Julia 
 (Allison) Adair, was born June l, iSS3, at 
 Stilwell. She married December 17, IS''''. 
 Alvin Hendrex, and thev were the parents 
 of Virgil Felix, born September 7, fot: 
 William Harrison, Ix.rn Julv 2 7, fO^; Or- 
 vill Lee, born August 5, foe; Paul Lyman, 
 born Februarv IS, lOoO, and Ralph Herald 
 Hendrex, born Januarv 20, ,013. Her sec- 
 ond and present husband is Curt M.Uon. 
 
 Thev arc the pirenn >•( <",jr| luir 
 
 21, I'MS; lUrve* 1li%k<ll Mill..,, 
 
 10, fi2l. Mts .Milion t» i mcnit<i u ^k^ 
 
 Christian Church. 
 
 Milei, Mr». John B. (Sec n ' 
 RiUy)— Luc\ li. daujhUr ..( V 
 vin and Lucv l..iwrcv (M-.»l) ' 
 born .March M, 1S"2. I.Ju(Jtr.l 
 Seminary. Married it (Mdtini I' 
 ber 20, l.S'H Ji.hn Benejicl, »••>' 
 ■Mrs. Benedict Milev The jtc ■ 
 of: Benedict Franklin, b.irii (ict>.l 
 Elizabeth, born .linuiry 16. I 
 born ay 31, I'Hil and Lvdia I ■■ 
 born ,May 12, r'uo, 
 
 Benedict Franklin .Milet »it i 
 F. He is a prosperous (irmcr " 
 James Herbert and t'ori Arch.- 
 the parents ol: William. b..rn ' 
 1000; Foreman, born Septembe- 
 Veta Clara, born April 20, f'ov • 
 January 6, t'>07; James Herbert, b r:. :." 
 ruary 26, I'lH; Len Kojs, b>.rn \>-\cn:t-rf 
 21, IOkS; biseph and Samuel. N<rn lul> '• i 
 1920. 
 
 Morris, Mrs. ET»n» — Fliii, dluchf ' 
 Richard and Polly (lloKshoolcr) OFidJ xi 
 born in 1S64. Educated in the t'},,t^\,t 
 National Schools, .Married V- 
 They were the parents o( Beliir 
 ary 10, 1SS3: Cynthia, marr.i.; 
 Heard. 
 
 Mrs. Cynthia Heard died <><l<*fr :i 
 1918 and Charles Heard died Ocl<*ef :' 
 19 iS. Their children LouUe. N.rn lf^ 
 ruary 2, I'M 2: Helen b->rn Pt<tmUt i. 
 lOH and Laura Maxine Heard N>rn Mmh 
 IS, 1917. were adopted and are beini tritti 
 K Mr. and Mrs. .Morris. a» U »I*'n f"'"' 
 Hildebrand, bom March ». .J""" f "■ ' 
 Colston, the third dauchler of Mri- !•» 
 Morris was born AukuU J**. '*'"• 
 Eliza Colston married March ;'. !«'''» ''•" 
 son of William and I lean.. r M..rrl» 
 " Thev are the r"enl^ -.« William V M..e 
 ris. born April 0. foo Ble«ed .re l*/' 
 that gratuilouslv ore (or offhani 
 
 MounU, Mr.. T«J R. (See T"^ 
 busoduesKJ)— Ada, dauchler ■ : 
 Elizabeth (Cbb) Br..»n «a« b- ■ 
 Educated in the Cher-kee Pubbc ^•'' ' 
 and Female Seminars. Mirr.ed ii f-n ■< ^ 
 son in 1911. Ted Vis. vn ..( In.M K*"^ 
 and Caroline Harrielie (Th-mr"") «"-™" 
 b„r., at F..rt Gibvn. Samrda> Mir.k . ». 
 
646 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 18S4. They are the parents of Mary, 
 Cherokee, Okla. ; Billie Brown, Louise Ra- 
 niona and Ted Ray Mounts. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Mounts are representative 
 citizens of Fort Gibson and are well known 
 for their public spirited citizenship. 
 
 Muskrat, Joseph D. — Joseph D. Muskrat, 
 born October 30, 1850, near .Mayesville, in 
 Delaware District. Elected Sheriff of Dela- 
 ware District in 1883. Married August 10, 
 1884 Florence Roseborough. They are the 
 parents of: Nina Pearl, born May 27, 1885; 
 Ira D., born April 20, 1887; Ruby E., born 
 December 26, 1898 and Frank B. Muskrat, 
 born June 11, 1<502. Joseph D. Muskrat 
 was elected Solicitor in 1893. 
 
 Muskrat, Jacob J. (See Duncan) — Jacob 
 Jackson Muskrat, born in Delaware District 
 September 30, 1885 and educated in Saline 
 District. Married at Southwest City, Mis- 
 souri August 8, 1908 Perry Lee, daughter 
 of Mosley and Ellen Stratton. 
 
 They are the parents of: Howard M., born 
 November 20, 1909 and Lottie T Muskrat, 
 born October 30, l9i9. .Mr. Muskrat is a 
 farmer, near Bernice. 
 
 Jacob Jackson Muskrat is the son of Jacob 
 Muskrat horn in 183 8 and died October 5, 
 1888 and Elizabeth Emily, daughter of Peter 
 and Rebecca (Rolston) McAllister. 
 
 Martin, Eugene Warren (See Oolootsa 
 and Ross) — Eugene Warren, son of William 
 Henry and Sarah Jane (Lowrey) Martin, 
 born January 30, 1886, was educated in 
 Tahlequah District and the Male Seminary. 
 He married at Oklahoma City, April l, 19 1 5 
 Neva, daughter of Hosea Claude and Alice I. 
 Frizielle, born Dec- 19, 1889 in Polk Qiuiitv 
 Missouri. She was educated in the Public 
 schools in Oklahoma City. They are the 
 parents of Pauline Mae, born Dec. 22, l9i7 
 and Harold Leroy Martin, born May 24, 
 1919. Mr. .Martin is a business man in 
 Oklahoma Citv. 
 
 William Henry Martin is a grand son of 
 Hercules Martin a fullblood Cherokee, and 
 his Cherokee name was Clogase. Hercules 
 Martin was one of the best known and most 
 proficient interpreters and clerical inan of 
 his day in the Cherokee Nation, 
 
 Nichols, Mr. Charles — Fannie, daughter 
 of David and Sarah (Easley) Humphrey was 
 born May l, ISS6 in the Cherokee Nation. 
 Educated at Vinita and married at Vinita 
 May 4, l9iS Charles, son of Mr. and Mrs. 
 
 Nichols. They are members of the Metho- 
 dist church and are farmers near Vinita. 
 
 Nidiffer, John R. (See Ward and Ghigau) 
 — John Ross Nidiffer, horn November 22, 
 1886, educated in Cherokee Public Schools 
 and Male Seminary. He is a railroader and 
 enteied the Navy on September 7, 1917, 
 served on the U. S- S. St. Louis, discharged 
 August 8, 1919. Married June 28, 1920, 
 Ethel Cora Culley nee Courtney- 
 Newman, Mrs. Charles N. (See Downing) 
 — Thomas, son of Joel and Nellie (Quinton) 
 Kelly was born in Polk County, Arkansas 
 December 26, 184 5. Married in November 
 1867 Valera Arkansas Britton, born in 1847 
 in Sebastian County, Arkansas. They were 
 the parents of Bessie Kelly born at Westville, 
 December 23, l89l. Educated at Centralia. 
 Married at Centralia December 24, 1912, 
 Charles N. son of William and Nancy New- 
 man. They are the parents of Howard Lee, 
 born February 22, 1914; Delias Wayne, born 
 June 12, 1916 and Charles Kelly Newman, 
 born March 13, 1920. Mr. and Mrs. New- 
 man are farmers, near Centralia. 
 
 Nicholson, Richard E. (See Oolootsa) 
 
 Rory McCoy, son of John R. and Sarah 
 (Gunter) Nicholson, was born March 14, 
 1S48, and married Margaret Elizabeth Bibles, 
 born December 15, 185 7, and died April l, 
 1890. He died January 8, 1891. They 
 were the parents of Richard Edward Nichol- 
 son, born August U, 1878, and married No- 
 vember 4, 1900, Annie Pearson, born Janu- 
 ary 20, 1881, in Schuyler County, Illinois. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Richard E. Nicholson are 
 the parents of Roy Preston born July IS, 
 1903; Edgar Russel born December 7, 1905, 
 and Hattie Nicholson born September 15, 
 190 7. 
 
 Parks — Jennie Taylor, a Scotch girl 
 married an Englishman named Charles Fo.x. 
 Two sons were born of this union. In later 
 years the parents were divorced. The fath- 
 er kept the eldest son, who according to the 
 English law of primogeniture was to suc- 
 ceed to his titles and estate, but allowed his 
 wife to keep Charles, the younger son who 
 had no vested prospects and his mother ad- 
 ded her maiden name to his, and thencefor- 
 ward he was known as Charles Fox-Taylor. 
 Charles Fox-Taylor married Jennie Walker, 
 the granddaughter of the Ghigau, or Beloved 
 Woman of the Cherokees. This was the 
 supreme title and was granted only on ac- 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHHROKb-h- INDIANS 
 
 count of extreme n,eri, ,,ui w:,s so r..relv 
 conferred that no other instance of it. i„- 
 vokenient was known. 
 
 Charles and Jennie Fox-Tavlor\ third 
 child and onlv danuhter. Susan was born in 
 February 1798 and married in April iSM 
 Samuel Parks, born January 12. 17S<>. He 
 was fiscal agent for John Ross" in lS5S-'i, 
 securing wagons and teams for him. Parks 
 died on June 3, lS4i and his widow died 
 December 12. 18 76. Samuel and Susan 
 Parks children were, consecutively: Ruth 
 married Dickson Price; Almira married 
 James Price; Jennie married John Langdon 
 and Joseph Collyr; George W. married 
 Louisa Spriggs; Thomas Jefferson born Nov. 
 18, 1821 married Maria Annie Thompson, 
 born September II, 1830; Thomas Jeffer- 
 son Parks died .May 6. 1883; Calvin. William, 
 .Mary Ann married William C. Day; Lieuten- 
 ant Colonel Robert C, Jnhn Ross and Sam- 
 uel. 
 
 Maria Annie Parks nee Thompson was the 
 daughter of James Allen and .Martha 
 (Lynch) Thompson; the granddaughter of 
 Jeter and Nannie (Martin) Lynch; the great 
 granddaughter of General and Susannah 
 (Emory) .Martin. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson Parks was born in the 
 Eastern Cherokee Nation on October 18, 
 1821. Emigrated with his parents to the 
 Western Chen^kee Nation in 1838-9. He 
 married February 10. 1S4S .Miss Thompson 
 and settled in Delaware District where he 
 was a prosperous farmer and merchant until 
 the civil war. Returning in poverty to his 
 desolated home after the war. he by hard 
 work and close application, soon acquired 
 another competence. He was a master 
 mason and while always having a wholesome 
 interest in politics, he on account of his 
 business interests never allowed his name to 
 be used as an aspirant for f)ffice. He died 
 on May 6, 1 883. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson and .Maria Annie Parks 
 were the parents of Susan Martha born De- 
 cember 1, 1848, married Edwin E. Carr; 
 lohnson Calvin, born December 2, 185 1, 
 married Minerva Williams; .Mary Jane, born 
 .March 28, 1856, married Robert Franklin 
 Browning; Emma Josephine born May 8. 
 185 8, married Robert Samuels; Anna ;Medora 
 born March 5, 1860 married James Bona- 
 parte Woodall; Jefferson Thompson born 
 .March 13. 1862, married Ruth Etta Duncan; 
 
 N^ncv Almifi N.rn Mj 
 Henrv C\i\ nallird. Kr. 
 •March :n, isr,- ,„„, 
 blodd and rinnu- h..r. 
 married l)lvi^ Hill 
 
 Rulh lilj (liiincin) I 
 of Inhn Tnniinjsnn jik! 
 ders) Duncan; the tu ,! • 
 and tliiibeth (Abcrcr. 
 Robert and .\Urv (Mc • 
 great grand diiichlrt 
 Duncan, a Scnlchnun a .: .. 
 a full blood Chcmkee „t ihr I , 
 cas was a full sister (•> Of ti 
 ried John Adair. 
 
 Jefferson ThumpM.n 
 January 13. i.S(.2 He 
 Cherokee National MiL- 
 1SS4. Was elected a n-. 
 of Education in l.S'iS, Alic^ 
 ducted a large mrrchintile e»; . 
 Tahlequah he closed out ihit 
 commenced praclicing jjw. H. 
 demiicrat, he at the id>ent .■( .:. 
 elected judge of cheroke Ci.ni 
 reelected. 
 
 The home life of Jud^e ind ' 
 ideal, pleasant and cultured, i!? 
 blessed with five children Olirfu 
 is deceased. Ruth Anna \s the »i 
 erick Halhawav; Mildred lo^rr'' 
 Thomas L. Ballinger o( Park H 
 lelle. and Jefferson Thnmpvin ' 
 of the pleasures and atlrac! 
 Park's home. 
 
 Parker, Mr*. Willi.m A. (So- 
 ,Mary Ellen Chamberlin horn i' 
 23. 1S03, educated in Vinlli 
 Nowata Julv 5. I'HO Willlan' 
 They are the firenti "f Sntr 
 born April I. |ii:; Bill 
 1014; Viola Mav. born ' 
 .Mary Jane Parker, b^Tn 
 .Mrs. Marv Ellen Parker u lh<- d 
 Nelson Bucher and Sinh \' '1 
 Chamberlin. 
 
 Pierce, Mr». Jamn M. 
 Nancy Jane, daughter of *!^f- 
 (Corderv) Anderson. «»i N" 
 I.SS2; and married Aucutt 3'. 
 Madison Pierce. b"rn Dtcembe' 
 Hall County. Ge«rri». Thc» • 
 enis of Gertrude limo '"!»> 
 B. Pierce 
 
 .Mr. Pierce i* "ne "I Ibe •»*■■" 
 
648 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 farmers of the Muskogee-Fort Gibson sec- 
 tion, owning and operating hundreds of acres 
 of valuable land, and several cotton gins. 
 
 Peterson, Mrs. Chris B. (See Hildebrand) 
 — Lucinda, daughter of Benjamin J. and De- 
 lilah (O'Field) Hildebrand was born Septem- 
 ber 9, 1882. Educated in the Cherokee pub- 
 lic schools and Female Seminary. Married at 
 Vinita July 23, 1909 Pigeon Hanson and her 
 present husband is Christ B. son of Peter 
 and Anna Mary Peterson. 
 
 Her children bv her first husband, are: 
 John, burn June 23, 1910, Woodrow, born 
 June 2, 19 13 and Loretta Hanson born July 
 2, 1916. By the present husband she has 
 one daughter, Anna Laura Peterson, born 
 May 12, 1920. Mrs. Peterson belongs to 
 the Wolf Clan and her Cherokee name is 
 Luski. Mr. Peterson is a farmer, near White 
 Oak. 
 
 Prater, Mrs. Henry S. (See Downing and 
 Ghigau) — Martha Celeste Thompson, born 
 .March 16, 186S, married February 1, 1887, 
 Henry Sheridan, son of Thomas D, and Mary 
 Elizabeth Prater, born June 13, 1866 in 
 Camden County, Tennessee- They are the 
 parents of David George, born August 10, 
 1891, and married Nancy May Youngblood, 
 born in March 1895, and their three chil- 
 dren are John F.. born September 8, 1911, 
 Benjamin Hester Prater, born March 28, 
 I'M 3, and Pansy May Prater, born May 16, 
 101 5; Mary Caroline Prater, born September 
 30, 1896, married September 23, 1915, Guy 
 P. Holmes. She died November 26, 1918, 
 and left two children: Mary Lorena, born 
 October 19, 10 16. and Helen Pauline Holmes 
 burn May 17, l<)i8; Henry L. Dawes, born 
 February 25, looo; Mable Clara, born Au- 
 gust 26, 1902; Robbie, born September 1, 
 1904; Nellie Maude, born September 27, 
 1006, and Rcillie Austin Prater, born Feb- 
 ruarv 7. lOOO. 
 
 Clara Rider, born June 20, 1842, married 
 July 5, 1865, David George Thompson, born 
 November 10, 1840, in Newton County, 
 Georgia. He served during the Civil War 
 in Captain Jonathan Nail's company of the 
 First Chickasaw Cavalry, Confederate serv- 
 ice. Mrs. Thompson died August 6, I9i6. 
 They were the parents of Mrs. Mattie Ce- 
 leste Prater- 
 Pointer, Mrs. Patsy (See Grant. Adair and 
 Foreman) — .Martha Adair, daughter of Jesse 
 Bushyhead and Cherokee Cornelia (Adair) 
 Mayes was born lanuarv 10. 187 5 and edu- 
 
 cated in the Female Seminary, from which 
 she graduated in l892. She married De- 
 cember 16, 1900, Edwin Mooring Pointer, 
 born June 17, 1868, in Monroe County, 
 Arkansas. He graduated frojn Cumberland 
 University at Lebanon, Tennessee, and in 
 Law Course in the same institution in 1897; 
 was appointed District Clerk of Sequoyah 
 County after Statehood. He died January 
 5, 1910. 
 
 The following children were born from 
 this union: Samuel Jesse, born November 
 15. I'lOl, and James David Pointer, born 
 January 11, 1900. 
 
 Pettitt, Mrs. William P. (See Grant, Tyner, 
 Adair and Riley) — William Percival, son of 
 William and Nannie (Tyner) Pettitt, was 
 born Sept. 20, 1867; educated at Fort Gib- 
 son and the Male Seminary. He married 
 March IS, 1S94, Mary Jane, daughter of 
 Benjamin and Sallie (Guerin) Adair, born 
 Thursday, January 1, 1874, in Illinois Dis- 
 trict. She was educated in the Female Sem- 
 inary. They moved on April 17, 1894, from 
 Illinois District to Cooweescoowee District, 
 settling three-fourths cf a mile north of the 
 Cherokee and Creek line, where they lived 
 until January 19, 1903, when they moved 
 to their present residence at Inola. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Pettitt are the parents of Pearl 
 Olive born Oct. 7, 1895; Bertha Talala, horn 
 October 27, 1897; Floyd Henry, born March 
 1, 1900; William Percival. born November 
 15, 1902; Mazie Opal, born April l5, 1905; 
 Mary Elizabeth, born November 1, l9o7, and 
 Elnora Cherokee Pettitt, born October 16, 
 1913. 
 
 Puryear, Mrs. Lucy (See Riley) — Lucy, 
 daughter of John and Nannie (Perdue) 
 Robinson, was born February 8th, 8 7 6, and 
 married in the year 1894, Homer Puryear, 
 who was born August 16, 1862, in Lawrence 
 County, Alabama. They were the parents 
 of Ernest Homer Puryear, who was born 
 December 18, 1896. 
 
 Robinson, Mrs. Leroy S. (See Grant) — 
 George Ella, daughter of R. A. and Edith 
 Caroline (Rogers) Prather, was born on 
 Beatties Prairie, January 15, 1869; was edu- 
 cated in Delaware District and the Female 
 Seminary, graduating June 28, 1894. She 
 married at Vinita October 29, 1895, Leroy 
 S., son of William and Malinda Robinson. 
 They are the parents of LeEIla, born in April 
 1900; Carleton, born February 15, 1902, 
 and Lerov Prather Rogers, born April 5, 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEHOKEl-: INDIANS 
 
 j5. Leroy S. R.,bi„s„n dial April 20, 
 M. Mrs. Robinson is a member of the 
 
 190: 
 191^ 
 Methodist church. 
 
 LeElhi Robinson graduated from the Vinita 
 High School and the Northeastern State Nor- 
 mal at Tahlequah. She attended the Col- 
 lins Agricultural College at Fort Collins, 
 Colorado, where she was a member of the 
 Kappa Delta Sorority. She married on De- 
 cember 24, 1919, Chesley H. Harr 
 
 Nancy Downin 
 
 g married Charles Rogers 
 
 and they had two children; Pleasant and Eliza 
 Rogers who married .lohn Seaboll. Nancy's 
 second husband was Thomas Fields and their 
 seven children were, consecutively: Sallie 
 Elizabeth, who married James Hildebrand; 
 Rachel Jane, married William Stiff and Henry 
 Richard Fields married Rachel Goss; .Mar- 
 garet Wilson married Robert Mosby French; 
 Jnsiah Foreman died in California. December 
 13, 185 2, and Caroline .Matilda Rogers Fields 
 married William Penn Boudinot. Pleasant 
 Rogers was the father of Mrs. Edith Caro- 
 line (Rogers) Prather. 
 
 Rector, Mrs. Ed. (See Grant) — Laura 
 Alice, daughter of Ellis and Martha (Cope- 
 land) Biiffington wai born September 22, 
 1S52. Married December 26, 1S71 Josiah. 
 son of Jesse and Lucy (Love) Henry, born 
 January 1, 1S50. He was elected in Novem- 
 ber 1.S69 Solicitor of Cooweescoowee Dis- 
 trict and appointed to the same office in 
 1S76 by the Chief. Elected Councilor from 
 Cooweescoowee District August 1, iSSl and 
 August 2, 189 7. Thev were the parents of 
 Rosa Jane Henry, born August 10, 1883, 
 educated in the Cherokee public schools and 
 Female Seminary. Married at Claremore in 
 1905 Edward, son of Mr. and Mrs. Sylvanus 
 Rector. They are the parents of Edna May, 
 James Emmet, born October 29, 1906 and 
 Frances Rector. Mr. and Mrs. Rector are 
 farmers, near Claremore, they belong to the 
 Methodist church and he is a Mason. .Mrs. 
 Rector's Cherokee name is Ay-ni. 
 
 Rhomer, Mrs. May (See Grant and Ooloot- 
 s;,) — May, the daughter of Calvin Jones and 
 Emma Walker (McCoy) Hanks, was born at 
 Webbers Falls .March 2. 1869; was educated 
 at Webbers Falls and the Female Seminary- 
 She married April I 'v 1887. Frank Rhomer. 
 Thev are the parents of Emma Nora, born 
 February 2, 1889; May Frances, born Novem- 
 ber 17, 1891; Margaret Bell, born April 2, 
 1894; and Fannie Charlotte Rhomer, born 
 
 M..rch 2ii, i,s.)„. ih, Khom*M »„ ■. 
 
 ers near Webberi Ijlj*. 
 
 Calviii Jones, •,,,» ■>) H"h<-- 
 
 Margaret Ann Wjird (.Mor^j 
 
 born February s. \s\i, md 
 
 II, 1861. Eninu Wjlkcr M. 
 
 born April !. is II Mr ,, 
 
 Captain John S Vjnn 
 
 Capiain Samuel Ciunti: 
 
 Confederate Arni> Mr . j» 
 
 selor Iron) r.anadian |ii»l!iol \ 
 
 and Senator (rmn Ihe \tni< 
 
 6, 187 7. lie died Mi» I-.. • 
 Mrs. Emma Hanks, net M. 
 ruary S. looii. They were : 
 .Mrs. May Rhomer. 
 
 Riley, Mm. SIcIU (See 
 daughter of .Milt..n jnd I,- 
 .Moore born in l,S7t in Mn 
 in IS04 John H.. s..n uf Ku' 
 A. (Simkins) Riley. Thev » 
 of; Ruth Pearl, born Febr. 
 .Mamie A., born June 2?. I'l. 
 M;iy 13, I "02 and Prentice (- 
 ruary 22. 1904. .Mrs. Riles 
 ber of the Latter Day Siini^ 
 farmer, near Vera. 
 
 Roach, Thomas S. (See Ghi()u and Stn. 
 ders) — George Roach married Nioi^t* 
 I'ritchett, and they v ere the pjrcnis '1 
 Thomas Suake Roach who mirrieJ -i 
 McDaniel. 
 
 Mr. Roach who his been tor m^c ^ 
 Special Field Man for Ihe V. S Indu ' 
 cy at .Muskogee, is one of the moti r 
 ent fullbloods of the tribe BesiJr 
 cautious and diplomatic, he »r'i'-» 
 English and (Cherokee Uncuites 
 and is of inestimable value to hl« tr 
 Rogers, Conned (See Granl. '»"l- 
 Duncan) — Connell. son o( Andre* It » ■ 
 and Cherokee America (.Morem) H^tr's 
 born September 1". l.SSo in Tf 
 Married February \ isrs riof»n> 
 born August 2'^. I84.S. She died 
 21. 1SS6. Thev were Ihe pif^ 
 Gertrude Whitman, born fulv «l, 1 
 Ella Coffin Rogers, born March ' 
 Mr. Rogers married June t'. I*'! ' 
 Aurora daughter of Jeter Thomf 
 Keziat (Moore) Cunningham. K>rn 
 17, |S7|. Fducit'd tn W-r.-'" 
 demv. VInila and Female ^ 
 are the parents of .Marion ^r 
 8, |S12; Lewis Byrne, bnrn ir.rr--. . . 
 
650 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 1895 served in France during tlie World 
 War; Howard Cunningham, born December 
 31, 1S99 and Connell, born June 22, 1909. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Rogers are members of the 
 Presbyterian church. She belongs to the 
 Eastern Star, American Legion Au.xilliary, 
 Adelphian and Women's Democratic clubs. 
 Her Cherokee name is Walleat. 
 
 Reliable, agreeable and efficient Mr. Rog- 
 ers has been the preference by his constitu- 
 e?icy as Auditor of the Cherokee Nation in 
 1S79; Senator from. Illinois Dist. in 1885 and 
 1897; Secretary of the Cherokee National 
 Board of Education 1898; Treasurer of Mus- 
 kogee County 1907, 1913 and 1914. He 
 is a planter and banker at Fort Gibson. 
 
 Rogers, William P. A. (See Downing, Cor- 
 dery and Oolootsa) — William Penn Adair, 
 son of Clejnent Vann and Mary America 
 (Scrimsher) Rogers was born at the Rogers 
 homestead near Oolagah November 4, 1879. 
 Educated at Kemper Military School, Boone- 
 ville, Missouri. Married at Rogers, Arkan- 
 sas November 25, 1908 Betty, daughter of 
 Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Blake. They are the par- 
 ents of: William Vann, born October 20, 
 1911; Mary Amelia, born May 18, 1913 and 
 James Blake Rogers, born July 25, 19 1 5. 
 Mr. Rogers is a member of the Shrine and 
 Elk fraternities. He is a member of two 
 clubs, the Lambs and Friars. Commencing 
 in the theatrical profession as an expert 
 roper, while traveling in South Africa, he 
 has had a remarkably successful career as a 
 comedian, monologist and scenario artist. 
 
 Rogers, Mrs. J. C. (See Grant and Cord- 
 ery) — Sallie Martin, born January 30, 1869, 
 educated in the Cherokee public schools and 
 Female Seminary. Married August 22, 1888 
 John Cicero Rogers, born September 9, 
 1861 in Washington County, Arkansas. 
 They are the parents of Pearl Lottie, born 
 July 18, 1889, Frank, born April 27, 1892; 
 Hugh E. born June 5. 1894; Terry P., born 
 J.iii'aiy 14. 1897. Ethel M , bor.i Aljrch 2',. 
 1S99; Eula Mav, born September 30, 1901 
 and Ruth Martin, born June 25, 1914. 
 
 Samuel Martin married Catherine Hilde- 
 biand and their son William A. Martin mar- 
 ried Nannie Lucas nee Guinn. They were 
 the parents of: John Brice, who married Lu- 
 cinda Still; Sarah Jane, married Samuel Bry- 
 ant; Almon born November 4, 1842. He 
 was a member of Company .M, First Chero- 
 kee Mounted Volunteers Confederate serv- 
 
 ice under Captain O. H. P. Brewer. He 
 married Sarah Jane Cordery. She died 
 February 23, 1874. 
 
 They were the parents of: Andrew Jack- 
 son, married Anna Belle Morrow; Sallie, the 
 subject of this sketch; Nannie, married Riley 
 Barnett a)id Mary Ann Martin, married Wil- 
 liam E. Curtis. 
 
 Rogers, Lewis (See Grant, Ghigau, Dun- 
 can and Halfbreed) — Lewis, the son of Nel- 
 son and Rosa (West) Rogers, was born in 
 Saline District Novxember 14, 1840. His 
 first wife was Josephine Landrum, and the 
 second was Helen Ross. Lewis and Helen 
 Rogers were the parents of Rosa, who mar- 
 ried Benjamin Avant; and of Lewis Rogers, 
 Junior. 
 
 Mr. Rogers is a wealthy retired business 
 man and a member of the Methodist church. 
 
 Rogers, Thomas (See Grant and Down- 
 ing) — Thomas Lewis, son of Thomas Lewis 
 and Najicy C. (Martin) Rogers, was born 
 near Pawhuska, September 2, 1885. He 
 was educated in that city. He married in 
 191 7 at Joplin, Missouri, Bessie Barrett- He 
 is the father of Thomas Lewis, born July 28, 
 1911; and Nancy Rogers, born April 24, 
 
 19 14. 
 
 Mr. Rogers is a member of the Christian 
 church, and a merchant at Pawhuska. 
 
 Rogers, Jasper (See Grant) — Jasper, the 
 son of Joseph and Elizabeth (Carpenter) 
 Rogers, was born January 13, l87l, in Sa- 
 line District. He married November 4. 1900, 
 Rosa Bell, daughter of David and ,\1ary Elleji 
 (Chouteau) Fronkier, and she was born 
 July 11, 1880, in the Osage Nation. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Rogers are the parents of Cecilia 
 M., Emmet Jasper, Maud, Flora Thadine. and 
 Josephine Rogers. 
 
 Mr. Rogers is in business at Pawhuska; 
 and he and his wife are both members of 
 the Osage Nation. 
 
 Jean Pierre Chouteau, the ftiunder of the 
 City of Saint Louis, Missouri, married Pele- 
 gie Kiersereau, and they were the parents 
 of Colonel August Pierre Chouteau who 
 lived at Grand Saline on Grand River, and 
 he was the father of Gesseau Chouteau, 
 born in 1822. 
 
 Gesseau Chouteau served four years in 
 the Confederate Army, and was a brilliant 
 interpreter and an eloquent orator. Gesseau 
 and Mary Ann Chouteau were the parents 
 
of Mar\ Ellen Cli. 
 Fronkier. 
 
 Ross, Mrs. Lila 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEKOKEH IM,lAN> 
 ■Mr. Sanders i\ .,„c ,, 
 
 uteau win 
 
 iiiarric-a UiiviA 
 
 J- (See Grant, Downinc 
 «oss and Co„rad)-r3ema L. Jane, dau.hte; 
 of Carter and Katie (Benge) Daniel, was 
 -n, L.ecen,ber S, ,85 7. and educated in 
 tl'<^ Female Seminary at Tahlequah. She 
 marned December 23, ,S75 at Tahleqnah, 
 ^^.Iham Wallace, son of Allen and Jennie 
 (Fields) Ross, who was born July -1 ,s5i 
 at Tahlequah. Mr. Ross ^yas educated in 
 the Male Seminary at Tahlequah, and was a 
 grandson of Chief John Ross. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Ross were the parents of Allen C 
 born Ju.ie 27, tSS2; and was educated at 
 the Male Seminary; Elizabeth Vann born Apr. 
 11. 1S,SJ; Jane Stapler, born June 20, 1SS7, 
 and Wallace Carter Ross, born October 2. 
 i.S"-l. William Wallace Ross died October 
 
 11. i'M5. He had been Superintendent of 
 the .Male Seminary and of the Orphan Asy- 
 lum for terms of four years each. 
 
 ■Mrs. Lila Ross' Cherokee name is Ki-na- 
 lu-ga. Elizabeth Vann Ross married Carl 
 E. Mills, and lives at Okmulgee. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Mills were the parents of Arnetah Eliza- 
 beth born June 25. I90S; Mary Alice, born 
 Aug. 22, i'i,o and Wahleah Jane, born Jan. 
 
 12, I'M 5. Janie Stapler Ross married Wil- 
 liam Dayid. the son of Rollin K. and Rachel 
 (Landrum) Adair, and they are living at 
 Drumright, Okla. Wallace Carter Ross was 
 a member of the A. E. F. from .May 29, 
 I'^M.S until June IS, 1Q19, having served on 
 the clfensive at .Mejs-: Arg ini'r> and orh^r 
 front lines. 
 
 Sanders, Mrs. Benjamin (See England. Hil- 
 debrand and Ghigau) — .Martha Jane, daugh- 
 ter of James Franklin and Mary Jane (Eng- 
 land) Williams was born in Cherokee Nation. 
 Apr. 7, 1870. Educated in the Cherokee Na- 
 tion. .Married at Vinita, Aug. 1SS7, Benjamin 
 Franklin Sanders, born June 30, 1861 in 
 Clay County, Te.xas. They are the parents 
 of Martha Leona Sanders, born August IS. 
 1890. Educated in Female Seminary. Hardin 
 College, Me.xico, Missouri and the Southern 
 Seminary, Beuna Vista, Virginia, graduating 
 from the latter institution. She married 
 James H, Thigpin, a graduate of the Ala- 
 bama State Agricultural College- They are 
 now living at Fort Worth, Te.xas. where he 
 is the Superintendent of Refrigerating De- 
 partment of the Swift Packing Plant. He is 
 a thirty second degree .Mason and Shriner. 
 
 lul farnie 
 t.v. 
 
 Sorlorc. Mr.. John- I 
 I'ink and .Sunk- Allen »jv 
 more .March i. iss.s fducj; 
 li>: schncl. .Married « >, • ■■ 
 of .lohn and .Mar> V 
 are the pirenis c.f: \' 
 !•<. l'•0^ and .Mitmic ij.,, 
 September -t. i<)or. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. SiTI'-re ir,- 
 Christian Church and ire 
 Clareniore. .Mr. Sorl..re « 
 sion an engineer Is a nienii 
 men of the World rrilernii 
 
 Schrimther, ErnrtI V 
 lootsa and Adair) — l■^n,•^• 
 -lohn Gunter and lulielle " 
 Schrimsher was born lul. 
 Clareniore. Educated in ih 
 lie schools and Male Seminar* 
 Nowata in 1 902. Susie, dauKbtrr 
 Mrs. Hugh Phillirs. 
 
 Educated in the Cherokee pub 
 and Female Seminary, (roni which 
 ated June 27. IS05. Thev ire O 
 of: Ma.xine and ( ileta. twins: t' '• 
 Grace. Stephen ajid Virjinu 
 
 .Mr. Schrimsher is a Mas- 1. 
 
 postmaster of CollinsviHe dn: , 
 bency of President Wilson 
 
 Schuih, Mrs. Williani J. (v 
 Eva Stella, daughter ''f Fra^ ■ 
 Catherine (Felrick) Crait 
 ary 7. I,S,S> and educated i 
 ried at Welch March :S. • 
 Son of .Mr. and Mrs. FranV 
 They are the parents ■•( 
 July 1, 1903: William Craic 
 6, 1910. Elzv Ivan, horn Ju 
 Gyneth Wasne Schuih. *•»' 
 .Mr. and .Mrs. Schuih are 
 Christian Church IK- in 
 supervisor. She is a Keb- 
 the war. was President .>( 1 
 ley Red Cross Assccilllon 11 
 
 Scott, Richard J (See Th'-m; 
 Sanders)— Richard I-hn. s..n ■■< <• 
 Jennie (Thompson) Scoii. ^ 
 Gibson .March 20. IS>:. r 
 Cherokee Nallonal S,-^ 
 Vian July 26, IS'". ^ 
 ter of George WesI, 
 beth (Sanders) Ch-.jle. b-r.i N..w,si*^: ::. 
 
652 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 1872. They are the parents of Caroline 
 Early, born July 12, 1896; Susie J-. born 
 August 3, 1899, Arthur Lee, born April 21, 
 1903; George Sanders, born December 20, 
 1906; Perry Owen, born .May 8, 1909, and 
 Richard John Scott, Jr., born October 26, 
 19 15. 
 
 ■Mr. Scott's Cherokee name is No,\ie, and 
 he belongs to the Bird Clan. He is a farm- 
 er near Sallisaw. He has the peculiar qual- 
 ity of being able to acquire any ordinary 
 piece of property and by living on it for a 
 short time, transform it into the semblance 
 of a park. He is a member of the Metho- 
 dist Church, South; the Ancient Order of 
 United Workmen, and Woodmen of the 
 World fraternities. He organized the Eas- 
 tern Emigrant and Western Cherokees, and 
 is their attorney in fact in their suit for the 
 removal of restrictions and other incum- 
 brances upon the allotted lands of the tribe, 
 and is still prosecuting this case. He is a 
 teetotaler in regard to the non-use of intoxi- 
 cants and tobacco. 
 
 Scudder, Nellie V. (See Daniel) — Wil- 
 liam Henry Harrison Scudder, born in 
 Georgia iMarch 8, 1841. Served the con- 
 federacy in Co. B, Cobb's Legion, Georgia 
 Cavalry. He married Februaiy 16, 1869 
 Margaret Josephine Garmany born in For- 
 sythe County, Georgia September 25. 1850. 
 He died August 2, l^ll. They were the 
 parents of Ida Josephine, deceased; Addie 
 Elizabeth married Thomas .McKinney Price; 
 Laura Kinney, married Dr. Oliver W- Farrar 
 and James Jasper Gaskey; Mary Emma mar- 
 ried David Clinton Hall and William Sher- 
 man Moore; Gordon Hampton; Newton Gar- 
 many; Margaret Lillian married J. W. Bish- 
 op; Nellie Vinita; Annie Clark married C. 
 Earl Woodward; William Henry Harrison; 
 Julia Inez, married Henry J. Witz and Lewis 
 Blackburn Scudder. 
 
 Shoemake, Mrs. Nannie B. (See Grant and 
 Foreman) — Nannie B., daughter of Joseph 
 Martin and Susan Francis (Foreman) Lynch, 
 was born at Webbers Falls, and in the Fe- 
 male Seminary at Tahlequah, Oklahoma. 
 She married Thomas H. Shoemake. 
 
 Susan Francis, daughter of Johnson and 
 Elizabeth B. (.Mann) Foreman, was born 
 August 26, 1S47; married May 23, 1866 
 John Raymond, a native of Cuyahoga Coun- 
 ty, Ohio. He died November 27, 1873. She 
 married December 23, 1S74, Joseph Martin 
 
 Lynch, born February 2, 1839. He was first 
 lieutenant of Company "D", First Cherokee 
 Mounted Rifles, under Captain James M. 
 Bell and Colonel Stand Watie. He was af- 
 terwards first lieutenant in Captain Clement 
 Vann Roger's Company. He was elected 
 Senator from Canadian District on August 6, 
 1877, and again on August l, 1887; and was 
 elected Circuit Judge of the Southern Judi- 
 cial Circuit of the Cherokee Nation August 
 6, 1SS3. And in 1SS9 he was elected to 
 the Supreme Bench. He died January 14, 
 1890. He was the father of Mrs. Nannie B. 
 Shoemake. 
 
 Shanahan, Mrs. Jennie (See Ghigau. Eng- 
 land and Hildebrand) — Genevieve, daughter 
 of James Franklin and Mary Jane (England) 
 Williams was born in Delaware District De- 
 cember IS, 1868. Educated in the Cherokee 
 Public Schools and Female Seminary. She 
 married February 17, 1885 Timothy Deneen, 
 son of Patrick and Mai-garet (Deneen) 
 Shanahan, horn April 21, 1863 in Minne- 
 sota. Mr. Shanahan is a well to do farmer 
 in Craig County, his post office being Vi- 
 nita. He is a first cousin to Governor Den- 
 een of Illinois. 
 
 Mrs. Shanahan has one full brother, Jo- 
 seph Lowrey Williams; one full sister, Mrs. 
 Martha Jane Sanders. Mr. and Mrs. Shana- 
 han have six living children: Margaret Chris- 
 tine Johnson, born May 26, 1888; Jennie 
 Josephine Couch, born May 16. 1896; Timo- 
 thy Lloyd, born .March 2 7, 1902, Lenora 
 Catherine, born September 1, 1907; Benja- 
 min Tillman, born November 24, 19 lo and 
 John Doran Shanahan, born October 21, 
 1912. 
 
 Sharp, Mary Elizabeth (See Grant) — 
 Mary Elizabeth Sharp, born at Chelsea April 
 2, 1892. Educated at Chelsea and Female 
 Seminary. 
 
 Calvin Coker, born July 16, 1S50. Mar- 
 ried Elizabeth Bullett. She died May 14, 
 1891 and he married November 22, 1891 
 Mary Eliza Wimley nee Couch, born Janu- 
 ary 30, 1861. Calvin and Elizabeth (Bul- 
 lette) Coker were the parents of Nancy Ann 
 Coker, born at Coody Bluff April 16, 1873, 
 educated in that vicinity. She married Sep- 
 tember 30, 1888 John M. Sharp, born Janu- 
 ary 13, 1862 in Ellis County, Texas. She 
 died January 26, I9l7. They were the par- 
 ents of Mary Elizabeth, Burr Wilson and 
 William Calvin Sharp. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHlfHOKl:.; IN,„ans 
 
 l^lizubetli Sharr 
 
 Sreat granddaushter <,i J„lin 
 
 Principal Chiet 
 
 Skinner, Mrs 
 
 Miss Mar\ ,.y,^sv^uy ^h.,,„ :. ,. 
 
 i!' the i;reat 
 
 Kiigers, last 
 'I the Western Cherokees. 
 Heber (See Grant and 
 and Gh,sa.)-Joh„ Brewer married Elizabeth 
 Tavlor, and their son Ge„r,e Washington 
 Brewer married Cherokee Katliff. and they 
 were the parents of Nannie l:thel Brewer 
 born lehrnary 20, 1859. She married Feb- 
 ruary IS, 18S3. .John Martin, son of Joseph 
 and Martha (Fields) Riley, born January 
 16, lSj,l. Mrs. Riley died April 22. 1909 
 They were the parents of Mattie Riley, born 
 July 2 5, IS80, at Tahlequah and she was 
 educated at the Female Seminary and Howard 
 Payne College, of Fayette. Missouri, grad- 
 uating from the latter institution. She mar- 
 ried at Vinita March 11, 1902, Heber Skin- 
 ner, and they are the parents of .Mary Paul- 
 ine, born October 5. 1905; and Louis Farley 
 Skinner born July 23. 1907. .Mary Pauline 
 Skinner is attending Lenox Hall School in 
 St. Louis, Missouri. 
 
 Mr .and Mrs. Skinner are members of the 
 Methodist church, and he is one of the most 
 prominent of cattle men in northeastern Ok- 
 hilionui. 
 
 Sloan, James E. (See Ghigau) — .Jaines El- 
 lis, son of Edward E. and Nacjmi (Cole) 
 Sloan born January 7. 1894, educated in 
 Delaware District and .Male Seminary. .Mar- 
 ried at Claremore December 1, 1917 Gillie 
 May, daughter of John .M. and Mary C. 
 (Roper) Carroll, born .March 24, 1898 in 
 Delaware District, educated at Big Cabin. 
 They are the parents of: Percilla .May, horn 
 August 25, 1918; Naomi Caroline, born 
 March 1, 1920 and Dorris Louise, born June 
 12, 1921. Mr. Sloan enlisted in the world 
 war September 3, 19iS and was mustered 
 out .lanuary 7, 1919. 
 
 Thomas Martin Roper married .Marcella 
 Fernandes Townsend, their daughter. Mary 
 Caroline Roper married John M. Carroll and 
 they were the parents of Mrs. Gillie May 
 Sloan. 
 
 Sloan, Samuel J. (See Ghigau) — Samuel 
 John, son of Edward Estei and Naomi Ann 
 (Cole) Sloan, born .March 1, 1889, educated 
 at Vinita. .Married at Vinita October 13, 
 1908 Ruth, daughter of Charles and Eliza- 
 beth .McKissick. They are the parents of; 
 Samuel Floyd, born .luly 3, 1909 and Char- 
 les Herbert Sloan, born March 3, 1916. iMr. 
 Sloan is an electrician, but is at present 
 farming near Big Cabin. 
 
 irrnlt ■>( Sji 
 
 l^eb.Tjh Starr, mjrrlod Kjihirj 
 •ind William ll«>ev Sl..j„ h, 
 «ard Lsiel SL.in marriej Sj.,m. ^ 
 and ihcy are the 
 Sl...in. 
 
 Smith, Mr. W F._|.uc,, i,u. 
 Louis and lljrnell,( Thorpe) i . 
 I'orn in J,,hMs.,n Coum,. Kin.», A . 
 «S59. 'Married Febraury 2:, ,5' 
 S"U of J. J. a„d |,n, 5^,,^ 
 
 They are the parents c.r HtXUe I, 
 July 23. i.S7r; Lucy f.. b..rn !>«<■ 
 1SS2; William L., burn JuU 8. !.<*■ 
 E.. born December t. IS*!!. ii 
 private in Co. K, Soih Inlinirv 1 
 
 l'>. I"IS In July 4, |.,|-) tJ!»v 
 
 Camp Pike Julv o, lOn and Iij,,.i 
 February 25. I9„|. ,\u. and Mrv 
 farmers, near Adair. 
 
 Smith, Mrt. R. A. (See Duncan 
 Downing) — Nannie Vinita We»l. t- 
 tember 20. t87i. was educated i- 
 male Seminary. She married Jj 
 lS9t. Henry Clay Cochran, born lict.ut'ti 
 12. 1 872. They were the parenn ..( s»lli» 
 Pearl Cochran, born September ! ■ 
 and Henry Clay i>a-hran. Ntm ^ 
 21. 1901; he married «n April ; 
 Willie Louise Ross, born Januarv ; 
 They are the parents of Keller 
 Cochran, born August 16. toil. 
 
 .Mr. and .Mrs. Henry C. Cochran mttt d> 
 vorced and .Mrs. Cochran married ■ •• ' • 
 cember 24. 1 904. P. A., son <>( Ji 
 Rachel Smith, born .Mly JO, l^ 
 Scotch County, Indiana. Thev are lh<- {ts 
 ents of Luvenia N., Kirn .Mav 1'. !•>«'" 
 Robert West, born April •. i"oq. j • 
 Carlton Smith, born April l.t. l')!: 
 
 Smith's Cherokee name l« Wai» 
 
 member of the Baptist church f> A. >mii« 
 
 was elected County Cummiitloner ••( Mj<<-i 
 
 County on Noyember 5, l'>IS. and ■ "• 
 
 vember 2. 1920. 
 
 Charles Duncan, a Scnichman. ■ 
 
 about IS74. Dorcas, a full b\u>^ ' ' 
 
 woman of the Deer Clan. The r ■ 
 
 married Elizabeth Abercronit- 
 
 Tennessee. The Ahe^crom^^ 
 
 the ancient nobility <•( Stirling 
 
 Britain, where their C">unl> <■•- 
 
 Ca<tle. and even as late a» I ■ 
 
 owned l?.2'i> acres ■>( lanJ 
 
 The head of the (amiN in ; 
 
 Georce Abercromb\ r'hn i:.J [ : .-i." i ^ 
 
 (.\bercrombv) Duncan »fre the pa'cc ' 
 
654 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Mahala Duncan, born June 2 1, 1821; and 
 married July IS. 1.S3S James Smith West, 
 born May 24, 1S17 in Alabama. He died in 
 1865, and she died November 27, 1879. 
 Their son, Walter Adair West, born April 
 29, 1841, married August 15, 1863 Sallie 
 Elizabeth Wright, horn April 1, 1844. She 
 died Tebruary 5, 1890. They were the par- 
 ents of .Mrs. Nannie Vinita (West) Smith. 
 
 Southerland, Arabella (See England) — 
 David England married Susan A. Conner, and 
 they were the parents of Arminda England, 
 born November 25, 183 1. She married Wil- 
 liam England, Isaac Scrimsher, and Elias 
 Jenkins. She died Decembe)- 27, 1879. 
 Her children by her first husband were as 
 follows: Mary Arabella and Abram Meek. 
 Arabella was born September 9, 1857 in 
 Delaware District; educated in the Cherokee 
 National schools; and married in March 1874 
 on Beatty's Prairie. Enoch S. Southerland 
 
 Their children all died in infancy. Her 
 sister, Sophronia, married Zan Main, Lewis 
 Rogers, and Dr. J. A. Nolan. Her half sis- 
 ter, Ida J. Jenkins, married John Wesley 
 Harris and her half brother Henry, married 
 Delilah Arms. Mrs. Southerland's father, 
 Isaac Schrimsher, was first married to Ruth 
 Fields. 
 
 Mrs. Southerland is a member of the Pres- 
 byterian Church. Her Cherokee name is 
 Okewat. 
 
 Sunday, Edward — Edward, son of William 
 and Mary Sunday, was horn in 1856 and on 
 account of the Civil war he was not able to 
 attend school but being a Jiian of more than 
 ordinary natural intelligence he has not 
 onlv made a splendid citizen but has accum- 
 ulated a comfortable competency. He mar- 
 ried in 1872 Nancy, daughter of Mr. and 
 Mrs. Thomas Wilkerson. They were the 
 parents of: Jennie, born September 5, 1875; 
 William E.. Lulu, married John Asa Poison; 
 Edwaid A., married Rebecca Bible. Edward 
 Sunday's second wife was Margaret Sanders 
 nee Garner and their daughter Ellen Sunday 
 was born October 2, 1888 and married 
 Charles P. Morgan. Not having had the 
 opportunity of gaining an education himself, 
 Mr. Sunday has given each of his children 
 a splendid education; all being graduates. 
 His son, William E., is one of the most sub- 
 stantial business men in Rogers County. 
 Edward Sunday was elected a member of the 
 Cherokee National Council, August 1, 1887 
 
 and was later the first Mayor of Oolagah in 
 which town he now resides. 
 
 Stokes, Elizabeth Thatcher (See Foreman) 
 Herschael Vetran, son of Jeremiah Young 
 and Mary .Malinda (Walker) Stokes, born 
 Sept. 21. 1882 educated in Cooweeescoo- 
 wee District. Married at Muskogee June 28, 
 1909 Elizabeth, daughter of Joel T. and 
 .Mary L. (Kitchum) Thatcher, born in Dela- 
 ware District November 12, 1883 and edu- 
 cated at Vinita. They are the parents of: 
 Herschael Owen, born April 2, 1910 and 
 Darwin Clark Stokes, horn September 13, 
 
 1911. 
 
 Minerva Jane Tavlor married Robert Wes- 
 ley Walker and they were the parents of 
 Mary Malinda (Walker) Stokes. Robert 
 Wesley Walker was elected Judge of Going 
 Snake District March 24, 1879, appointed 
 Attorney General of Cherokee Nation De- 
 cember 20, 1892 and elected Chief Justice 
 of Cherokee Nation in November 1893. 
 
 Joel Mayes Thatcher, brother of Mrs. H. 
 V. Stokes was a soldier in the world war. 
 
 Starr, Mrs. Fannie (See Grant and Ghi- 
 gau) — Ellis Bean, son of Thomas and Cath- 
 erine (Reese) Starr, was born May 10, 1843. 
 He served the Confederacy in Captain John 
 Poruni Davis' company, and later in Captain 
 Ephriam Martin Adair's companv. He mar- 
 ried February 28, 1877, Fannie Griffin, born 
 January 1, 1855. He died April 24, 1896. 
 They were the parents of Thomas Bruce, 
 horn September 15, 1885; Mary Bunch, born 
 November 3, 1888; Eliza Cherokee, born 
 December 15, 1S90, and Margaret Bird Starr, 
 born February 5, 1895. 
 
 Mr. Starr was at the time of his death, 
 credited with being one of the wealthiest 
 cattle men among the Cherokees. One of 
 his odd habits was that if he met and stop- 
 ped to talk with anyone for any length of 
 time, he invariably got off his horse, often 
 saying that the horse needed rest. 
 
 Sixkiller, Samuel (See Grant, Foreman 
 and Si.xkiller) — Gu-o-tsa Smith, a half breed 
 Cherokee woman of the Paint Clan, married 
 Sixkiller, a full blooded Cherokee. Their 
 son. Red Bird Sixkiller, married Pamelia 
 Whaley, a White woman, and they in turn 
 were the parents of Samuel Sixkiller who 
 married Fannie Foreman; and Lucas Sixkil- 
 ler who married Emma Blythe. 
 
 Samuel and Fannie (Foreman) Sixkiller 
 were the parents of Samuel Rasmus Sixkil- 
 
HISTORY OH THH CHLKOKliL 
 
 INhlANS 
 
 ler. born Hehruary U, ,S7r. and uruduuted 
 trnni Carlisle University in 1S95, 
 
 Lucas and Emma (Blylhe) Sixkiller were 
 the parents of Mattie B. Sixkiller. born De- 
 cember 14, 1874, in Delaware District: and 
 she married o„ June 26, ,.,,,. Samuel Si.x- 
 killer. 
 
 Absalom Blylhe married Marv J. MilUap 
 and thev were the parents of Emma Blvthe 
 who married Lucas Sixkiller. 
 
 Thomas Foreman married Elizabeth Chick- 
 en and thev were the parents of Fannie 
 Foreman, who married Samuel Sixkiller. 
 
 Fed Bird Sixkiller was a man of sterlinR 
 personalitv; he was born in the old Chero- 
 kee Nation. When he was about eleven 
 vears old he attended a school some seven 
 miles from his home and had to go over a 
 point of Lookout Mountain to get to 
 school. It was necessary for him to start 
 bef.ne daylight to get to school before it 
 opened. One morning he was .going over 
 this point of Lookout Mountain when he 
 heard a panther scream in a nearby thicket; 
 no habitation w'as near and having heard that 
 panthers would not come near fire, he 
 gathered some pine knots and struck a fire 
 with a piece of flint and steel, made a fire 
 and stood around it until daylight when he 
 deemed that he would be secure from the 
 panther. He was a First Lieutenant, and 
 generally commander of Troop L of the 
 Third Indian Home Guard, in which his son 
 Samuel was also a member. After the 
 Civil War Red Bird Sixkiller became, on 
 ■June 6. 18 72, Judge of Saline District and 
 on the succeeding November was promoted 
 to the Supreme Bench of the State. 
 
 Samuel Sixkiller partook of many of the 
 traits of his father, was pleasant, agreeable 
 and fearless. He was elected High Sheriff 
 of the Cherokee Nation in November 1875, 
 and again in November 1877. After the 
 expiration of this office he was chosen on 
 account of his capability, Captain of the 
 Indian Police for the Indian Territory, and 
 served in this capacity until his death. 
 
 Starr, Eldee (See Ghigau and Adair) — 
 George Harlan Starr married Nannie Bell and 
 they were the parents of Ezekial Fugene 
 Starr who married Margaret, the daughter of 
 Caleb and Lucinda (Griffin) Starr. Ezekial 
 E. and Margaret Starr were the parents of 
 Charles Lucien, Eldee, .Mary Bell. Joel 
 Mayes. Caroline Lucinda. Trixie. and Ezekial 
 
 HIake Slarr. Chirlr, Iu.kt, 
 Amv liengc; .Mjr^ Itell sij,, 
 Aloore Caniphcll. I..cl \\,<,c 
 Caroline l"erKiis.,n; ind . ,. 
 Starr married Um<\ I 
 Slarr w.is educjlej In r 
 and Ihe loresl I'jrk I 
 .Missouri, gradiijlini; Ir 
 She is a member <.f t... 
 Church, and the taMrrn Slir 
 Cherokee name is Sr-hah-\jh ' 
 a clerk in Ihe i'ltiit <.( Ih« - 
 for the Five Civiliifd Tribe 
 work al Tahleguah 
 
 The Starrs 1 ( i>klih..mi j 
 from those of Chester Counu 
 formerly of Oldcastle. Irelm.l 
 earlier from England. The 1.. 
 Irom Ihe Norman word Slirri, .hv^ 
 hawk. 
 
 George Harlan Slarr, Ihe ftiti. 
 Miss Eldee. had a peculiar h/ 
 corn crib thai stood in Ihe 
 his farm, and giving general 
 neighborhood thai thev mith; 
 gratis, in case of necessilv: i-j »- 
 crib became depleted he relilled il 
 Ezekial Slarr. the father of '■' •• 
 was elected Senator (rom }\ 
 August, ISS.?: and elected Tr. . 
 Cherokee Nation Decemher i>, l.\- 
 made the Strip PavnienI o( over »e»< 
 lion dollars lo the ("Cherokee Nj' 
 of the proud heritages »( ih.- 
 fact that no one ever accu'.oJ 
 priating a dollar of Ihi- 
 placed in his trust. 
 
 Starr, Trixie (See Adj ' • 
 Trixie. daughter of Ezekial Fu 
 garet E- Slarr. was born al T. 
 24, 1S<'2; and was educated 
 Oklahoma. Her Cherokee mr ■ 
 Noxie. She is a member of ibc V,.-i 
 church and the Eastern Star "fder 
 a clerk in the office of ihe Commn 
 of the Five Civilized Tribev 
 
 Ezekial Eugene Slarr wa' •'- ■ 
 George Harlan and Nanmr 
 George Harlan Slarr. Ihe Gran.1' 
 Trixie was the son of Kaleb a.'J : 
 (Harlan) Slarr. 
 
 Ezekial Eugene Slarr »i» It.. 
 Cherokee Nation and Senal<r 
 District, as will be shown in Ih. 
 of this volume. 
 
656 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Springston, John L. (See Foreman) — 
 Anderson Sprint;ston was born October 13, 
 1S14, and married Sallie Elliott. He died 
 March 15, 1866, and Mrs. Sallie Elliott died 
 in December 1876. Their son John Leah 
 Springston was horn October Ki, 184 4. he 
 served in Company I, Third Indian Hojiie 
 Guard during the Civil War. He married 
 March 8, 1885 Alice Carey Springston nee 
 Gray, who was born December 31, 1861 in 
 Georgia. Their son William Boudinot 
 Springston was born October 28, 1886 in 
 Tahlequah; was educated in the National 
 schools of the Cherokee Nation. He mar- 
 ried at Fort Smith, Arkansas, December 2 5, 
 1915, Lula, daughter of R. M. and Mary Ida 
 Osborn, and was born September 29, 1886, 
 in Johnson County, Arkansas. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. William B. Springston have 
 one son, William B. Junior, born October 
 15, 1918. Mr. Springston is a banker and a 
 member of the Presbyterian church. He is 
 affiliated with the Masonic fraternity. 
 
 Render, Mrs. Doctor Alonzo C. (See 
 Ward and Downing) — Jimmie Abercrombie, 
 daughter of James Abercrombie and Lucy 
 Ann (Clerk) Duncan, was born near Afton 
 October 30, 18 79. She married in Kansas 
 City October 22, I9i9, Dr. Alonzo C, son 
 of Joshawa and Martha Forsythe Render, 
 born August 8, 1876 in Louisville, Logans- 
 port Co., Ky. He was educated in Louisville 
 Ky. and is a graduate from Northwestern 
 University, Chicago. Dr. and Mrs. Render 
 are members of the South Methodist church, 
 and he belongs to the .Masonic fraternity. 
 
 Parlette, Mrs. Snowden (See Oolootsa) — 
 James Columbus Morris married Ellen F. Mc- 
 Elrath, and they were the parents of Mary 
 Trimble Morris, born at Fort Gibson Octo- 
 ber 5. 1882. and was educated at Tahle- 
 quah and the Female Seminary. She married 
 at Tahlequah May 15, 1898, Snowden, son 
 of Franklin and Alice Parlette, born Jan. 29, 
 1880 in Wamego, Kansas. He was educated 
 in Baker University and graduated from Har- 
 vard University, They are the parents of 
 John, born April 17, 19 u. and Snowden 
 Parlette, born Jan 16, 19 iS. Mr. Parlette 
 is in the wholesale book and stationery busi- 
 ness in Oklahoma City. He is a thirty-sec- 
 ond degree Mason and one of the most sub- 
 stantial business men of Oklahoma City. 
 Mrs. Parlette is a member of the Daughters 
 of Revolution and Daughters of the Con- 
 federacy. 
 
 Ellen F. McElrath was born March 18, 
 1846 in Knoxville County, Tennessee. She 
 married in 1865, Major James Columbus 
 .Morris born July 13, 1843. Major Morris 
 was an officer of the Confederacy in his 
 native State. He died in 1895. 
 
 Caldwell, B. M. (See Grant and L)uncan) 
 — Benjamin Morris, son of John Johnson and 
 Caroline Maria (Thompson) Caldwell, was 
 born August 9, i889. Educated in the 
 Cherokee Public schools, and married Cora 
 Bell Smith. 
 
 Caroline Maria Caldwell, nee Thompson, 
 was born July 18, 1860. She married Janu- 
 ary 12, 1879 John Johnson Caldwell, born 
 February 27, 1849, in Pendleton County, 
 Kentucky. She died February 2, 1894. 
 They were the parents of Benjamin Morris 
 Caldwell. 
 
 Barbre, Mrs. Jesse A. (See Ghigau, Fore- 
 man and Adair.) — Phueba Montana, daugh- 
 ter of Thomas Lafayette and Josephine 
 (Pace) Rider, was born December 28, 1885, 
 and educated at the Female Seminarv. She 
 married Jesse Albert Barbre, and they are 
 the parents of William Albert Barbre. Mr. 
 Barbre is one of the most prominent contrac- 
 tors and insurance men of the State, his of- 
 fice being at Muskogee. He was the cam- 
 paign manager for Governor J. B. A. Rob- 
 ertson and helped to pile up the largest ma- 
 jority that had ever been secured for any 
 Governor in the State of Oklahoma. 
 
 Ackley, Mrs. Levi (See Grant and Ghigau) 
 — Mary Jane, daughter of John Joshua and 
 Minerva Elizabeth (Lillard) Patrick, was born 
 March 12, 1868. Educated in the Chero- 
 kee National school, and married January 20, 
 1887 Levi Ackley, born June 28, 1861, in 
 Bruce County, Ontario, Canada. They are 
 the parents of Oliver Frederick, Madge 
 Elizabeth, Lee Etta, and Edna Almira Ackley. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Ackley are residents of Mus- 
 kogee. 
 
 Barker, William Henry (See Ghigau) — El- 
 vira, daughter of .Jesse and Sallie (Starr) 
 Mayfield, married William Henry Barker; 
 and they were the parents of Sallie Belle 
 Barker who married Henry Forney Nichol- 
 son. Mr. Barker was elected a member of 
 Council from Canadian District in 1889, and 
 was chosen by that body as their speaker. 
 He was elected Circuit Judge of the South- 
 ern Judicial Circuit of the Cherokee Nation 
 in 1891, serving for a four-year term. He 
 
HISTORY OH THHCllHkOkLli INDIANS 
 
 f.s; 
 
 is at present . retired farmer at Musk„,ee. 
 
 JT' f- ^''^' ''''"''''■ S»"ders, Adair 
 and Gus:u1u,s«a)-i;dward Bruce. so„ of l„- 
 seph McMinn and Delilah (Adair) Starr, was 
 born April 2, ,S5(,. and married R.,chel 
 Pauline Henrv. His death occurred on Mav 
 lb, 1S82. They were the parents of- Ida 
 Martha, born Octolvr 6, 
 Noon, born .June 
 
 lS7t; Archibald 
 ,., ^ ^ 'S77. and Susan De- 
 
 lilah Starr, born April 3, iSSo. The 
 name, Noon, in Mr| Starr': 
 Cherokee name 
 
 middle 
 name is from the 
 'noona", meanini; potatu 
 He married in ,luly, 1897, Mary Pauline Ter- 
 rell, born April 13, iSSO; and thev were the 
 parents of: Thomas Andrew, Tonev Brvan. 
 and Edward Bruce Starr. Mrs. Mary Pauline 
 Terrell, born April 13, issO; and they were 
 the parents of Thomas Andrew, Toney Bry- 
 an, and Edward Bruce Starr. Mrs. .Mary 
 Pauline Starr died, and Mr. Starr married 
 Mar.uaret Leiia Coffee, and they were the 
 parents of Henrv Lane, Samuel Boyd, and 
 Eliza Pauline Starr. Mrs. Margaret LeIia 
 Starr is now deceased, and Mr. Starr and his 
 children live near Claremore where lliey con- 
 duct a farm. 
 
 Crittenden, Walter S. (See Ghigau, San- 
 
 ders, Adair 
 
 Adair. daughter of C,,,,,^, w«hi„,|.„ ,^ 
 Cherokee (Hjill(l) ii,,,,,. n„„„j ,„^.^„j 
 Fields Heniic. and the, «,„ ,hc r.„„,. . , 
 Georgia Alma, lUcanor iixcc..:, ., 
 l>ora. and Sem.ra Sjinml» Br 
 
 Eleanor OsccU Kenfe. N.r 
 tS.S'i. married ClevcUnil lluiiha;;. . 
 near Adair. < )l,|aliMfni. 
 
 Keyt, Dennit B. (Se; Graiil ■ ■ 
 man. Adair and Rllev) — 1),„ 
 son of .lames .McDini*! inj 
 (Ma\es) Keys, was h.rn lujs 
 married Nannie Klhel. dauifht, 
 tin and Nannie Elhel (Bremer) F 
 October 15. l.S.S!. Thev »re Ibe f 
 Gordon Lindsav Kev». 
 
 Charlotte, dauithler of He«erend itWf 
 and Eliza (Wilkerson) Bu<h»heid. mtttUi 
 George Washincton .Ma>e4, and Ihe* ■ere 
 the parents of Nincv .lane Ma»e» ado mir 
 ried .lames .McOanlel Kevj. 
 
 George Washington, son •■( Jcihn and 
 Elizabeth (Taylor) Brewer, married Chrf- 
 kee (Ratliff) and they were (he par,- 
 Mrs. Nannie Ethel Riley. 
 
 GuUger, F. W. (See OolooHa) — Minhj 
 Lucretia. daughter of Martin Malhew and 
 
 and Gosaduisga) — Walter Starr.Elizabeth Hunt (Gunler) Scrinnher. «at 
 
 son of George Washington and Martha Jane 
 (Starr) Crittenden, was born in May. 1868; 
 educated in the Male Seminary. He married 
 Rachel P. Vanii. nee Henry, daughter of 
 Archibald and Polly (Sanders) Henry. Her 
 first husband was Edward Bruce Starr, born 
 April 2, 1850. and died April IS, 1S82. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Crittenden are members of the 
 Methodist church and are farmers near 
 Claremore. Oklahoma. 
 
 Cra!g, A. H. (See Ghigau and Conrad) — 
 Nancy Jane, daughter of Daniel and Annie 
 (Ballard) Ratliff. born Februarv 21, 1874, 
 married September .i, lS')i Anion Hale 
 Craig, born February l5, 1858 in Jackson 
 County, Tennessee. They are the parents 
 of Ada Starr, born August l5. 1893; Anion 
 Hale, born June 6, 1896; Clifford Cravens. 
 born August 2, 1898, and Warren Reed 
 Craig, born October 22. 1S99. 
 
 Evans, Marie (See Grant) — Susan Ola. 
 daughter of William H. and Hannah (Davis) 
 Corn, was born Julv 24. 1S76. and married 
 William E. Evans. They were the parents 
 of Marie, born August 5, 1894. and Leander 
 Kevs Evans, born April 6. 1897. 
 
 Dunham, Mrs. Elleanor O. (See Grant. 
 Ghigau. Foreman and Conrad) — iMartha 
 
 born December ■'. I.S4;. Ediiciled in the 
 Cherokee Nation, and married Januart }'. 
 1869, Frederick William Guiater. N.rn 
 March 14. 1844 In Wajhintlon. Dalrui ••« 
 Columbia. They are the pir""' "' *ill>am 
 Alartin. Chriitian. .Marv Eiiiahetb, MfOf» 
 Gunter. and John [)elani:> Gulacer. 
 
 .Mary Elizabeth GulaRer wa» horn April I*. 
 iSSO and graduated from Ihe Female Semi 
 nary May 23. 1"00. 
 
 Gaines, Dr. J. H. (See Ghljau and 'v P^-- 
 sa) — Cynthia, daughter "f Thoma* Jfllen--" 
 and Jennie (Tavlor) Pack, married I>»^ <•! 
 Harmon and thev were Ihe parenli •■! tc^u 
 Henrietta. Jennie. Laura. Elluhelh. M.i, 
 bra. Beniamin Franklin, and Ler»a M.-Jnti 
 Harmon. 
 
 Lena .Modesia Marnvn wa» N>rn <»<l'*«r 
 23, 1885. and married Pr. John Harrn 
 Gaines, born April 2''. ISTo In Wathi-f - 
 County. Arkansas. He (raduaird If r" "" 
 Alemphis Hospital .Medical i"<'lle<e m i 
 and is at present practicinc mediiT -^f »' 
 Warner. Oklahoma. The* are •'^' '■ 
 of Daniel Beniamin. horn S 
 19 10: Helen Elizabeth, h-rn - 
 l>M2 and I'orolhv Galne*. h--'" Af... ;• 
 19 K). 
 
658 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Dr. Gaines was Court Clerk of Muskogee 
 County from 1917 to 1919. 
 
 Duncan, John E. (See Grant, Downing, 
 Ghigau and Duncan) — John Ellis, son of 
 Reverend Walter Adair and Martha (Wilson) 
 Duncan, was born March 26, 1S61; educat- 
 ed in the Cherokee Nation and married Janu- 
 ary 1, 1890, Susan Elizabeth, daughter of 
 James and Catherine (Emory) Carselowry, 
 burn July 30, 1873. They are the parents 
 of: Ellis Crowell, Robert Stewart, Kathleen 
 Nana, Albert Carselowry, Walter Abercrom- 
 bie, Johnnie May, and Charles D. Duncan. 
 
 Mr. Duncan was elected Clerk of Tahle- 
 quah District in 1893 and was the last elect- 
 ed High Sheriff of the Cherokee Nation. 
 
 Cunningham, A. B. (See Grant, Ghigau, 
 Oolootsa, Adair and Duncan) — Andrew Bell, 
 son of Jeter Thompson and Keziah Camille 
 (Moore) Cunningham, was elected Sheriff 
 of Tahlequah District in 1897, and upon the 
 death of Chief William C. Rogers, he was 
 appointed by the Interior Department as 
 Chief of the Cherokee Nation. 
 
 Jeter Thompson, son of Andrew Brown 
 and Mariah (Lynch) Cunningham, was born 
 December 1, 1843. He was First Lieutenant 
 of Company A, First Cherokee Mounted 
 Volunteers, under Captain Hugh Tinnin and 
 Colonel Stand Watie. He married on June 
 13, 1866, Keziah Camille, daughter of Elijah 
 and Jamima (Landrum) Moore, born Feb- 
 ruary 12, 1849. He was elected Councilor 
 from Delaware District August 2, 1869, and 
 August 4, 1873; elected Clerk of the same 
 District August 2, 1875. He moved to 
 Tahlequah where he was for several years 
 E.xecutive Secretary to the Chief. 
 
 Croom, Elmer C. (See Grant and Ooloot- 
 sa) — Lorella Coleman, born March 14, 
 1858, married September 17, 1874 Joseph 
 Thomas Smith, born December 10, 1S46 
 were the parents of Jessie Morton Smith, 
 born June 22. 1S75. She married Decem- 
 [•■er 27. iS94. Isaac Newton Croom, born 
 August 12. 1867 in Madison County, Ten- 
 nessee. They were the parents of Joseph 
 Newton, .Marvin Earl, William Lee, Ebner 
 Clement, and Lula Irene Croom. The 
 Crooms are residents of Muskogee. 
 
 Cowan, Alex, Jr. (See Grant) — Ale.xander 
 Clingan, son of Andrew Finis and Elizabeth 
 Jeanette (Clingan) Sowan, was born October 
 7, 1861, and married December 30, 1S86, 
 Lillie Bone Crawford, born April 24, 1871 
 in Ellis County, Texas. They were the par- 
 
 ents of Stella Cherry, Terry Crawford, Louie 
 Ale.xa, Georgia Hardy, Ale.xander Finie, and 
 Andrew Jasper Cowan. 
 
 Martha Jane, daughter of William and 
 (Fields) Blythe, married Alexander Adam 
 Clingan, and they were the parents of Eliza- 
 beth Jeanette Clingan who married Andrew 
 Finis Cowan. 
 
 Martin, Frank G. (See Oolootsa and Ross) 
 — Frank Garland, son of William Hercules 
 and Jennie (Lowrey) Martin, was born in 
 Tahlequah District on August 9, 1884. 
 
 Jennie, daughter of Henry and Mary (Par- 
 ris) Lowrey, married August 6, 1875 John 
 Hubbard, born May 24, 1849. He died 
 March 11, 1880. She married on Septem- 
 ber 9, 1883. William Hercules Martin, born 
 March 9, 185 5. By her first marriage she 
 had two children, Joanna and Mary Hub- 
 bard; and by the second marriage her chil- 
 dren were, consecutively: Frank Garland, 
 Eugene Warren, William Henry, Susie Low- 
 rey, Teresa Josephine, Ellen Cordelia, .len- 
 nie, and Sequoyah Raymond Martin. 
 
 Horn Mrs. Eliza (See Grant and Foreman) 
 — Eliza Jane, daughter of Johnson and Eliza- 
 beth (Foreman) Proctor, was born April 8, 
 1851, and married March 18, 1878 William 
 H. Horn, born December 24, 1854. He died 
 March 6, 1897. They were the parents of 
 Dora May, Mary Elizabeth, Margaret, Charles 
 Thomas, and George Hoolie Horn. Mrs. 
 Horn owns and conducts a farm near Big 
 Cabin, Oklahoma. 
 
 Rider, Thomas L. (See Ghigau, Foreman 
 and Adair) — Thomas Lafayette, son of 
 Charles Austin Augustus and Mary Ann 
 (Bigby) Rider, was born April 12, 1856; 
 and married September 29, 1878 Josephine 
 Pace, born March 22 ,1861, in Cherokee 
 County, Georgia. They are the parents of 
 Ola, Mary Angeline, Ruth Belle, Phoeba 
 Montana, Mittie Earl, Roscoe Conklin, Mil- 
 ton Clark, Iva Josephine, Cherokee Augusta, 
 and Anna Monetta Rider. 
 
 Mary Ann, daughter of Thomas Wilson 
 and Margaret Catherine (Adair) Bigby, was 
 born November 6, 1834, married Charles 
 Austin Augustus Rider, born November 28, 
 1830. She died in 1861; and he died De- 
 cember 24, 1901. They were the parents 
 of Thomas Lafayette Rider. 
 
 .Mr. Rider was elected Representative from 
 Adair County in the first, second ,and fourth 
 Legislatures; and was elected Senator from 
 
HISTORY OH TllH CllliKC )Ki;t-; INDIANS 
 
 the 2Stli District f,,r tlic seventh and ei>;hth 
 Legislatures. 
 
 Richards, R. D. (See Grant)— Marv 
 daughter of Jolm W. and Ellen (Thonipsun) 
 Wilson, was bnr„ January 2. 185 7, and mar- 
 ried July 1, 1S7 5 Willis T.iylor Richards, 
 born June 6. 184 7 in Lauderdale Countv', 
 Mississippi- He served in Company B, 4Cth 
 Texas Infantry in the Confederate Service. 
 He was elected a member of Council from 
 Tahlequah District in l')o.i. They are the 
 parents of Roderick Dhu Richards, born July 
 5, 1884, and graduated from the Male Semi- 
 nary June 10, 1903. He married Grace 
 Roper Wallace who t,'raduated from the Fe- 
 male Seminary on June '3, 1903. 
 
 Rogers, Mrs. Bertha (See Oolootsa, RoSS 
 and Gosaduissa) — Lewis Ross, son of Flor- 
 ian Haraden and Fannie (Vann) Nash, was 
 born April 15, 1864, married May 15, 1890 
 Emma Beck, born January 21, 1871. She 
 died May 5, 1896. They were the parents 
 of Fairy Fawn and Edgar Ross Nash. Mr. 
 Nash married November 24, 1897 Bertha 
 McSpadden, born January 16, 1877, and 
 they were the parents of Dorothy .Margaret 
 and Clarence E. Nash. .Mr. Nash died and 
 Mrs. Nash married Hugh Morgan Rogers, 
 born Sept. 16. 1S64. Thev were the par- 
 ents of one child and Mr. Rogers is now de- 
 ceased. Mrs. Rogers is a resident of Fort 
 Gibson, Oklahoma. 
 
 Scott, Mrs. Walter (See Grant and Ross) 
 — Nannie Ratliff born December 29, 1856, 
 nianied Thomas Fox French, and they were 
 the parents of Bernice .Martha French who 
 married James .Milner Howard: .Margaret 
 French who married Charles .McDonald, and 
 Nannie French who married Lewis G. Girtley 
 Sleeper. Thomas Fox French died and .Mrs. 
 French married Rufus Wyatt .McCracken 
 and they were the parents of Walter Scott 
 McCracken. Mr. and Mrs. McCracken were 
 divorced and she married Walter Scott. .Mr. 
 and Mrs. Scott are well-to-do farmers near 
 Fort Gibson, Oklahoma. 
 
 HJckey, Thomas P. (See Grant and Ghi- 
 gau) — Lucinda. daughter of .lohn and .Mar- 
 garet (Bean) Gotf. was born August 12, 
 185 4. Married Thomas Preston, son of 
 Henry H. and Rachel Jane (Fields) Hickey. 
 born September iS, 1S5 3. They were the 
 parents of Nannie Belle, Hdna EarL George 
 Henry, Nellie Mvrtle, Rachel Cherokee. Wil- 
 liam Bevelly, .John W.alter. Richard Carter, 
 and Mary Lucinda Hickey. 
 
 He.d, W. F. (Srr Wird) 
 
 daughter ..| K,,i,ert Andrew ; 
 (Ward) l|..sev, wa< b..rn S,t' 
 married WalUr Fi.rd Ueti •, 
 experienced lin.ilvpe i.p^rii 
 Muskogee. 
 
 Harnagc, C. D. (So. 
 ders and Gnsjdui^cj)- 
 of George and Njnnu- i .,, 
 married Jennie, djuclilrr ..( 
 and Elizabeth P. (Helds) Van 
 the parents of Richird Vjr. 
 Dana Harnage. 
 
 Hankt, Mfi, Mary E. (See 
 lontsa)— Robert TaNl.T. v..n 
 lor and .Margaret Ann Wi .1 
 Hanks, was born January "), 18«0 |l 
 ried December 22, t,S')i) Mirv II.-: 
 daughter of Robert and lennit (A ■ . 
 Wafford, born September 7. \S(,*. , ,< 
 were the parents of Ruberli 1- ■ " 
 
 .Mr. Hanks was appointed 
 for the Southern Circuit '•! 
 Nation. ,May J. IS78, and was 
 position on August 5. succe. : 
 elected a member of Council Ir. ni i i.t i- 
 District in 1870 and l.SSI: and mat *lfcl<d 
 Clerk of the Council in l.s.ss 
 
 Sanders, Lewis J. (See Sa' ' 
 D., son of Andrew Sandert, 
 Jane Gafford and .Martha Ann lla.^.^ ::i.-.^c- 
 D. and Nancy Jane Sanders were Ihf rir*nl» 
 
 of Lewis Johnson Sanders, b - 
 
 12. 1872. and married Marcli 
 Ellen Parson, born April 5'' 
 were the parents of Thomas ' 
 lotte .Mable, William F., and ' 
 
 Pecic, A. D. (See F..r. 
 Barnes, bom November 2'. ' 
 Jenkins Whiteside .Maxficld. . .- 
 1S61. and he died in I-S77. Thev > 
 parents of .Mary .Maifield. Jvirn Sr; 
 1. 1856, and married October I : 
 James .M. Milner. b'-rn Urcembcr It • ' 
 in Greencastle, Indiana. The'. 
 ents of William Jenkin.s. Flor 
 John Gage. Josephine Elmin 
 .Milner died, and .Mrs. .Vllner mjr 
 March 4. lS'>i Adolpha r>. IVcl. b 
 25. 1863 in Muhaska •"..unlv !'••; 
 are the parents o( Charles fserr 
 January 25. IS'"., and les»r Hu 
 Peck, born lune 2v I' 'I 
 
 Roreain H- N.iK. (See . >..!ootu)— l»«y 
 .Morgan, daughter >.( Andre* Le«tJ m4 
 CheP'kee America (Morjan) Ko<er». »t 
 
660 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 born June 6, 1857 and married November 
 11, 1874, Floreain Haraden Nash, born No- 
 vember 28, 183 7 in New Orleans, Louisiana. 
 She died December 28, 1890. 
 
 Mr. Nash was Grand Master of the In- 
 dian Territory Grand Lodge A. F. A- .M. in 
 1885, 86 and 87. Mr. and Mrs. Nash were 
 the parents of Fannie Elizabeth, Floreain 
 Haraden, Frank Ayer, Lucy Morgan, Corinne, 
 Hilda, and Edwin Otto Nash. 
 
 Mayes, W. L. (See Downing, Oolootsa, 
 .Adair and Ghigoneli) — William Lucullus, son 
 of Samuel Houston and .Martha Elizabeth 
 (Vann) Mayes, was born February 6, 1874; 
 educated in the .Male Seminary. He married 
 January 8, 1901, Mary Llewellyn, daughter 
 of Gideon and Mary Llewellyn (Payne) 
 Morgan, born June 23, 1877 and graduated 
 from the Female Seminary June 28, 1894. 
 They are the parents of Martha Llewellyn 
 Mayes, born August 24, 1902. Mr. Mayes is 
 prominently identified with real estate and 
 oil activities in Muskogee, Oklahoma. 
 
 Morgan, Lelia (See Oolootsa) — Gideon 
 Morgan, born April 3, 185 1, married June 
 25, 1874, Mary Llewellyn Payne, born Oct. 
 1, 185 5 in Sebastian County, Arkansas. Mr. 
 Morgan was elected Senator from Tahlequah 
 District August 5, 1901; and was elected a 
 member of the State Legislature from Mayes 
 County in the fourth and seventh Legisla- 
 tures. Mr. and Mrs. Morgan were the par- 
 ents of Houston Mayo, Mary Llewellyn, 
 Martha Lelia, Margaret Elizabeth, Amanda 
 Payne, Sallie Mayo, and Nellie Payne Mor- 
 gan. 
 
 Miller, William W. (Se- Grant and Half- 
 breed) — Joseph Gambold, son of Avery 
 Vann and Nannie (Ward) Miller, was born 
 July 16, 1828. Married March 1, 1850, 
 Jennie, daughter of James and Matilda 
 (Benge) Buffington, born February 10, 
 183 3. He was a member of Company E, 
 First Cherokee Mounted Rifles, under Cap- 
 tain Joseph F. Thompson. Mr. Miller died 
 February 26, 1897. They were the parents 
 of William Walter Miller, born July 20, 
 1853. He married March 16, 1884 Mary 
 Francis Bishop, born April 7, 1863 in De- 
 cater County, Indiana; and they were the 
 parents of Charles William. Henry .Mayes. 
 Joseph Gambold, David Andrew, Matilda 
 Ann, and lohn Buffington Miller. 
 
 Tyner, Mrs- George M. (See Sanders) — 
 Nancy, daughter of George O. Saunders and 
 Jennie Tail married Jefferson Tyner and 
 
 their son George Marion Tyner was born 
 April 10, 1883. Graduated from Male Semi- 
 nary May 29, 1907. Married at Vinita June 
 16, 1916 Ethel, daughter of John Pleasant 
 and Martha J. Marshall, born March 5. 1889 
 in Te.xas. They are the parents of George 
 Marion Tyner, Jr. born August 24, 1917. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Tyner are members of the 
 Methodist Church. They taught school 
 several years before their marriage. 
 
 Shimoon, Dr. George (See Oolootsa) — 
 Gertrude Whitman, daughter of Connell and 
 Florence (Nash) Rogers, was born July ll, 
 1879. Educated in the Cherokee public 
 schools and Female Seminary, graduating 
 from the latter on June 24, 1897. Marm- 
 ried at Fort Gibson March 24, 1908, Dr. 
 George Shimoon, D. D. S., born Dec. 18, 
 1878, in Burmia, Persia- Educated in Mis- 
 sionary College and Kno.x College, Gilesbeu- 
 ry, Illinois and graduated from Indiana Den- 
 tal College. They are the parents of Miriam 
 Shimoon, born August 14, 1912. Mrs. 
 Gertrude W. Shimoon died April 11, 1906. 
 
 Alberly, Mr.'.. Charlotte (See Grant and 
 Downing) — Churlntte Ann, daughter of El- 
 lis B. and Charlotte (Eaton) Towers, was 
 born September 30, 1854. She married 
 January 1, 1872, Jacob U., son of John D- 
 and Jennie (Dougherty) Alberty, who was 
 born March 20, 1854. Mr. Alberty died 
 October 27. 1906. They were the parents 
 of John Henry, born February 20, 1874; 
 Nancy Jane, born March 17, 1876, and 
 died August 25, 1893; Joshua Homer, born 
 April 24, 1878; Flora Etta born April 4, 
 1885; William Towers, born November 25, 
 1887; Arthur Burr, born January 19, 1891. 
 Joshua Homer Alberty married Eva Henry, 
 and he died August 28, 1907. They were 
 the parents of Gladys .May Alberty, born No- 
 vember 20, 1905. Mrs. Eva Alberty lives 
 in Colorado. 
 
 Mrs. Charlotte A. Alberty's Cherokee 
 name is Ah-ni-wake, and she is a member of 
 the Presbyterian church. 
 
 One daughter, Lola Beatrice Alberty born 
 April 18, 1882, died Oct. 24, 1883. John 
 Henry Alberty died July 13, 1914. Joshua 
 Homer died Aug. 28. 1907. 
 
 Brown, Mrs. W. L. (See Downing) — 
 Leona Deen, daughter of Clement and Rebec- 
 ca Caroline (Bryan) Hayden, was born Au- 
 gust 18, 1886, at Chouteau. She was edu- 
 cated in her native village and Stephens Col- 
 lege, Columbia, Mo. She married at Chou- 
 
teau 
 b 
 
 •March 5, 1905 
 Wifford C. Brown 
 
 HISTORY OF THE ClIb-ROKlih 1M„ans 
 William L 
 
 ^/.l 
 
 vv.urauBr,.vn and Sarah Francis Brown 
 born July „ KS83, in Anderson County. Kv 
 He was educated in his native countV and 
 Danville. l„d.. and graduated iron, Vadt 
 
 College Waddy, Ky. They are the parenl^:^'; 
 Elo, e Carohne, born Feb. S, 1906, Charles 
 Hayden. born Aug 5, 1907 and William L. 
 Jr. bnrn Sept. ,. ,909,. Mr. Brown is a 
 business man i„ Oklahoma Citv and thev 
 are members of the Methodist church. 
 
 Clement Hayden, born March 20, iS46 in 
 Benton County, Arkansas. Married March 
 7, 1869, Rebecca Caroline Bryan, born Jan. 
 30, 1850. She died July 9, I9i7. Thev 
 were the parents of Mrs. Leona D. Brown. 
 Clement Hayden died May 2nd. 1917. 
 
 Gilliland, Mrs. Homer F. (See Turner) 
 
 Anna Laura, daughter of William and Annie 
 Laurie Turner, was born October 14, 1890. 
 She graduated from the Female Seminary 
 May 2 7. 1909; and married Jan. 18, 1918, 
 Homer F. Gilliland. born Jan. 12, 1SS5, in 
 Johnson County, Ark. He was educated in 
 Ft. Smith Public Schools and University of 
 Arkansas. Mr. Gilliland is a banker in Ft. 
 Gibson, Okla. 
 
 William Hendricks, born August 2 5, 1795 
 in North Carolina. Married in September 
 1816 Susannah, born in 1798. He died 
 January 21. 1868 and she died January 25. 
 1S6S. They were the parents of Hendricks, 
 born May 24. 1819. Married George Peach- 
 eater and Felix Riley and they were (he par- 
 ents of Mrs. Susan R. Gourd. 
 
 Rhomer, Mrs. May (See Grant and Ooloot- 
 sa) — May, the daughter of Calvin Jones and 
 Emma Walker (.McCoy) Hanks, was born at 
 Webbers Falls July 19, 1872; was educated 
 at Webbers Falls and the Female Seminary. 
 She married April 15, 1888, Frank Rhomer, 
 born Jan. 6, 1863 in New Orleans, La. They 
 are the parents of Emma Nora, born Feb- 
 ruary 2, 1889; .May Frances, born November 
 17, 1891; Margaret Bell, born April 2, 189-1; 
 and Fannie Charlotte Rhomer, born March 
 20, 1S96. The Rhomers are farmers near 
 Webbers Falls. 
 
 Margaret Belle Rhomer married Robert 
 Preston Vann. Jr. of Webbers Falls. Mr. 
 Vann was killed in action Sept. 12. 191 8 in 
 France. His body was sent back home to 
 his wife Margaret Belle and w.is buried by 
 her in the National Cemetery at Ft. Gibson. 
 Aug. 10. 1921. 
 
 Russ. 
 childre 
 
 ^'lnces Rhumer mjf,„a . h, 
 Krjndiun ,.( Andfc» «,... 
 
 "e Chirle» Kh-mrr f . 
 at Webber.s Fall,, «,u|,h Mj, 
 Webber.s Falls Fcbfuar* 5 , 
 "elle H.,ss K.rn a. *>hh,„ ,,, 
 They now live In Sapulpa. < -Ua 
 
 Calvin Jonts. v,n ,,f K..h<Ti -, 
 Margaret Ann Ward (.M.„ca 
 born February 8. |8J6. and 
 11. l8oi Emma Walker .Mv 
 born April j. i,s<| ||, ^^ 
 Captain John S. Vann's 0. : 
 Captain Samuel Gunler» c 
 Confederate arm>. He »at e 
 or from Canadian Dijirict A . 
 and Senator (rem the same i 
 6. 1SS7. He died May 1. is: 
 
 Mrs- Emma Hanki. nee 
 February S, Doo. TheN », 
 of .Mrs. May Kh.muT 
 
 Shaw, Mn. W«ller W.— \ljr>. J,,, 
 of John and Nellie (Conkle) Bulleii,- .i 
 bcrn at Claremore October 24. is.^'. ^•■., 
 tt-as educated in Lexinclon. .Minouri HartiU 
 Female ColleRe and Linden*. -k1 Semmaf.. 
 St. Louis. .Missouri, gradualinit (r..m Ihr lit- 
 ter institution. She married In ro.« il 
 Claremore. Waller W.. son or i:barl(i mj 
 Ida (White) Shaw, born November j\. ■<«.> 
 in Owego. New Vork. Thev are the p" 
 ents of Walter W., Jr. born April I*. I "■". 
 and '.Martha Helen Shaw. b<irn Aucutl 
 190S. Mr. and Mrs. Shaw are r•.■v^ ■■ r 
 the Presbyterian church. H.- 
 He was elected Counlv Judc 
 County, November 5. fll an.! • 
 interested in the Excbance T- 
 of Tulsa. 
 
 John Bullette. the father •>( .^tri ^o,, 
 was elected a member of the Chrr-'kef *• i 
 tional Council on Februar> :.*. i»"». >it 
 elected Clerk of Co<i»eeSv"i«'»ff I iv.' 
 August 1. 1S.S1, and Solicitor .,( thr u-r 
 District on August 5. l«05. 
 
 Captain While Fv<$. Head V, >■ 
 the Delawares and personal Uu 
 Washington was an alU of ihr 
 the revolutionarv war Me mj» 'V- •; - 
 of Nee-what-wes, who matrted Abke,>f 
 lung-un-a-qua and their dauch'" ' ^ 
 
 married William Connor oj S 
 diana. and thev in turn were t 
 Eliza Connor who married rer.i-i.-. 
 George Bullette, a renowned and islrrr J 
 
662 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 trader whose operations exteiiiled ;is far 
 west as the Rocky Mountains. In the first 
 decade of the eighteenth century he estab- 
 lished and was chief of Delawaretown on 
 Spavinaw Creel;, from which Delaware Coun- 
 ty, Oklahoma, derived its name. Chief Bul- 
 lette commanded the Delawares at the battle 
 of Claremore Mound in 18 IS. John, the 
 son of George and Eliza (Connor) Bullette, 
 was the father of John and George Bullette, 
 the latter and surviving brother is the pres- 
 ent Chief of the Delawares. 
 
 Adair, Oscar F. (See Adair, Ghigau and 
 Foreman)- — Oscar Fitzaland, son of John 
 Thompson and Penelope (Mayfield) Adair, 
 was born March S, 1848. Married February 
 3, 1875 Mary Catherine, daughter of Augus- 
 tus and Mary Ann (Bigby) Rider, born April 
 20, 1859. They were the parents of Mary 
 Louvenia; Wenona; William Penn; Sarah 
 Ruth; John Lafayette; Rose Ada; and Wal- 
 thal Corrigan Adair. 
 
 John Adair, a Scotchman, married Ga- 
 hoka's full-blood Cherokee of the Deer 
 Clan- Theit son, Walter, commonly called 
 "Black Watt" Adair, was born December 11, 
 1783, and married May 15, 1804 Rachel 
 Thompson, born December 24, 1776. He 
 died January 20, 1835; and she died April 
 22, 1876. Their son John Thompson Adair 
 was born December 22, 1812, and married 
 January 30, 1S40, Penelope Mayfield, born 
 May 12, 1S24. He died December 23, l'89l. 
 They were the parents of Oscar Fitzaland, 
 who was elected Judge of Sequoyah Dis- 
 trict in 1885 and 1887; and Commissioner 
 of Sequoyah County in 1907. 
 
 Trout, George W- (See Ward and Ghigau) 
 — George Washington, son of Samuel and 
 Louisa (Ward) Trout was born in Georgia, 
 September 15, 1847. He served the Con- 
 federacy during the Civil War under Cap- 
 and Joseph Franklin Thompscon. He is at 
 present (1921) one, of not over twenty sur- 
 vivors, of the Confederate Cherokee Bri- 
 gade of over three thousand veterans. He 
 married in December 1868 Mary Eaton, born 
 in 184 7. They were the parents of: Sallie 
 Emma, born May 4, 18 70, married William 
 Baker; Elizabeth, born December 1872; mar- 
 ried Charles S. McComb; Logan John, born 
 April S. 1876; and James Morton, born 
 April 21, 1883. Mrs. Mary Trout died April 
 25, 1883. He married July 29, 1884, 
 Martha Ann, daughter of Richard Taylor 
 
 and Sarah Elizabeth (Day) Parks, born 
 March 26, 1885 in Bradley County, Tennes- 
 see. They are the parents of: Henry Ward, 
 born July 29, 1886 Isaac Day, born Feb- 
 ruary 16, 1888; Georgia Ann, born Decem- 
 ber 24, 1890, and Creed B. Trout, born 
 September 27, 1892; he enlisted in the 
 World War at Vinita, September 22, I9l7; 
 was assigned to Battery A, 319th Field Ar- 
 tillery, 82nd Division. Was in the actions 
 of Tou! Sector, August 16 to 28; St. Mihiel, 
 September 12 to 16; Meuse-Argonne, Sep- 
 tember 26 to November 11, 19 18; Army of 
 Occupation to May 12, 1919. Was dis- 
 charged at Camp Pike, Arkansas, May 24, 
 1919. He is entitled to wear a gold service 
 chevron. 
 
 Henry Ward Trout married Stella Lauch- 
 ner and they were the parents of Leta B. 
 Trout. Mr. Trout's second wife was Eva 
 Ketchum, and they are the parents of Lu- 
 cile and Argyle Woodrow Trout. 
 
 George W. Trout is an Odd Fellow and 
 Mason, and has been for many years a mer- 
 chant at Big Cabin. 
 
 Pierce, Mrs. James M. (See Cordery) — 
 Nancy Jane, daughter of Albert and Louisa 
 (Cordery) Anderson, was born January 1, 
 1882; and married August 23, 1896, James 
 Madison Pierce, born December 13, 1877, 
 in Hall County, Georgia. They were the 
 parents of Gertrude, born June 3, 1897; 
 Mark, born November 7, 1898; James Clay- 
 ton, born February 7, 1902 and Earl B. 
 Pierce, born February 8, 1905. 
 
 Mr. Pierce is one of the wealthiest cot- 
 ton farmers of the Muskogee-Fort Gibson 
 section, owning and operating hundreds of 
 acres nf valuable land, and several cotton 
 gins. 
 
 Abbott, Mrs. John H. (See Ward and 
 Foreman) — Martha Alice, daughter of John 
 Wesley and Mary Elvira (Ward) Holland, 
 was horn January 28, 1S62; married at Stil- 
 well June 21, 1884; Robert Early, born Feb- 
 ruary 16, 1858, in Gilmer County, Georgia. 
 He died August 27, 1906. They were the 
 parents of Dora, born March 16, 1886; John 
 William, born June 22, 188 7 .Mary Ange- 
 line, born February 1, 1889; Martha Lou, 
 born September 17, 1893, and died Novem- 
 ber 7, 1911; Robert Ross, born October 14, 
 1895; Ida Belle, born February 3, 1898, and 
 died September 23, 1920; Alollie Elmira, 
 
HISTORY OH THE ClIEKOKblf 
 
 INDIANS 
 
 bor„ Octobe,. 3,, ,,oo. a„a ...vie l^^.v. 
 
 corn INdveniher 3, iQ().( ■' 
 
 Ida Belle Early ',„„ned Herbert Line and 
 
 t^ey had two children: John Weslev, born 
 
 ^;,;' "^'^-"''^i-ti'^. Line, born vy; 
 
 Mrs, Martha Alice Early married ,I„hn H. 
 Abbott, born ,n 184 7 in Florida. His fir.t 
 w.te was Ellen Isabel, daughter of Robert 
 Early and Minerva Jane (Tavlor) Walker 
 ''■^rn ,„ isor, and died in 1 898. John h' 
 and LJIen Isabel Abbott were the parents of 
 tthel Louisa, born October 5, 1875- Eu- 
 Kene Michael, born November 25, is/"- 
 John Wesley, born September 28,' 1879; 
 Caroline Minerva, born December 23'. iSSoJ 
 Senora Julia, born November 20, 1882; Fan- 
 nie Edith, born February 15, 1885;' .M.ie 
 Lillian, born September 20, 1887; Butler La- 
 fayette, born July 24, 18S9; Willi,im Ghorm- 
 lev. born October 20. 1893. and Jennie El- 
 len Abbott, born November 13. 189,. 
 
 Woodall, Leander (See Woodall) — Lean- 
 der, son of James Tuck and Elizabeth (Per- 
 due) Woodall. was born in Delaware District 
 February S. IS 76. educated at Ketchum. 
 Married in Arkansas, February 22, 1906 
 Jessie, daughter of John L. and Malinda 
 Berry. Mr. Woodall is a farmer near Ketch- 
 nm. he is a member of the A. H. T. A. which 
 means that he is a supporter of s;ood citi- 
 zenship. 
 
 Peebles, Mrs. James L. (See Grant and Fore- 
 man) — Nannie, daughter of Spencer and 
 Margaret (Proctor) Shelton was educated 
 in Tahlequah District and Female Seminary. 
 Married at Tahlequah. James L., son of Mr. 
 and Mrs- Peebles. 
 
 They are the parejits of: Joseph Lawrence. 
 James Shelton. Charlotte May, Edgar Vann. 
 Vera E., Robert, Virginia and Spencer Peeb- 
 les. Mr. Peebles is farmer near Tahlequah, 
 is a member of the Woodmen of the World. 
 He was elected County Commissioner of 
 Cherokee County September 17, 1907. 
 
 Margaret, daughter of Johnson and Eliza- 
 beth (Foreman) Proctor was born .May 1. 
 18-16 and married Spencer Shelton. She 
 died April 14. 1S85. 
 
 Cochran, Mrs- Ned A. (See Grant)— Wil- 
 lie Penn Adair Martin, born at Greenbriar. 
 August 1. 1879, educated locally and at Fe- 
 male Seminary- Married at Pryor, July 2-4, 
 1905 Ned Adair, son of Richard and -Mary 
 Cochran, born August 20. ISSO. educated at 
 
 "Tlun As>lum Th---. ,,.,.. 
 
 ■\Lirv VirRinia. b..rn 
 
 Ad.iir. K.rn Januji, 
 
 I'orn Febiiury is, 1 
 
 l^orn March 4, vt 
 
 longs III ihc |.e»-r ^ 
 
 name is Colunj. 
 
 Joseph Lvnch Vj 
 August 20. IS20. Marfic.i 
 Jennie llarlin. b..rn April s 
 qiiah. He died Nowmber 
 were the parenii ..f ,Mr» S .; 
 
 L«H«y, Margaret RiumU 
 -loseph Martin, ion i.( ),.hv 
 (Martin) La May. was b..rn ■. 
 at Boggy Depot in the rh . 
 married November In. i«- 
 -Missouri. Annie Pusv 
 IS04. at Wishaw, Sc 
 parents o( Margaret '. . , 
 July 26. IS'IO. at Claremor,- 
 cated in the Claremore p„V; . 
 College, Springfield. ' 
 Baldwin Seminary. .St 
 La Hay is a member .1 
 church and is at present a c: 
 Agency at .Muskogee. 
 
 -Joseph -Martin La May. ih 
 :Margarct, was a man of •; 
 pleasing personalitN. ,> 
 He held at ditlerenl 
 fices in both the Mj- . , ., .. 
 Pythias fralernilles. He i»as Olrrk anj Sent 
 tor ot Cooweescoowee I)|slrivi 
 
 William.. Sarah B. (See < 
 daughter '<i William and ^ 
 Burgess, was born near I- 
 December |9. i,s57. Fducat.,: 
 kee Public Schools. Her fis: 
 John McPherson and her second • 
 whfim she married In !S9} »jt 
 son of Edward Williams. .Mr and '■' 
 Mams are the parents t>{ Wlltjf i: 
 Annie Gladvs Williami. 
 
 .John, son I'f William and M»r< 
 Burgess married -Mary Smith i- J t' 
 the parents of William Burtf 
 Susan Vance. 
 
 Cox, J. D- (See t)uncan) — 
 son of Zeno and Kebecca 
 born August 7, ISS». .1 
 Cherokee national 
 Vinita September 27, : 
 ter of William and .Ml 
 are the parents ■•(-■ C 
 
664 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 1<'M4; Cora, Ixirn June 1-4, 19 15; James 
 Duncan, born June 17, 1917 and Lucile Cijx, 
 bom March 3, 19 19. Mr. Cox is a farmer. 
 Sanders, Sequoyah (See Grant. Downing, 
 Ghigau and Sanders) — Sequoyah, the son of 
 Thomas Didymus and Joanna (Pettit) San- 
 ders, was born at Braggs in 188S. He was 
 educated in the public schools of the Chero- 
 kee Nation; married at Independence, Kan- 
 sas Cora Wyatt. They are the parents of 
 Coaone and Georgia Sanders. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Sanders are members of the 
 Nazarene Church. 
 
 Wahyah, brother of Mr. Sanders, married 
 Willie Hawkins; and his brother Joseph Em- 
 met Sanders married Jennie Riley. The lat- 
 ter couple are the parents of Thomas Didy- 
 mus, Anna May and Emeline Sanders. 
 
 Frank Pettit married Mary Beck and they 
 were the parents of Mrs. Joanna (Pettit) 
 Sanders- 
 Chandler, Va'nn S. (See Ward) — Vann S., 
 son of Burgess Gaithor and Annie Eliza 
 (Gunter) Chandler, born August 20, 1882, 
 educated at William Halsell College, Vinita. 
 Married at Vinita, June 1. 1912, Maude A. 
 daughter of L. A. and Annie E. Williams. 
 They are the parents of: Lawrence Stuart, 
 born April 20, 1913; Wilma Gawdin, born 
 July 25, 1915 and Burgess Chandler, born 
 February 12, 1920. Mr. Chandler who is 
 a younger brother of Hon. Thomas A. 
 Chandler. Congressman from the First Dis- 
 trict of Oklalioma. is a dealer in hay, grain 
 and farm machinery. 
 
 Sanders, Mrs- Dollie (See Foreman and 
 Go-oo-du-i-sga) — Dollie, daughter of Charles 
 and Mary Ellen (Thornton) Cochran, born 
 August 23, 1877. Married at Tahlequah in 
 1897, S. L. Sanders. They are the parents 
 of: Murrell, Charles, Haskell, and Ross 
 Saunders. 
 
 Mary Ellen, daughter of Amos and Minerva 
 (Foreman) Thornton was born February 14, 
 1857. Married June 15, 1876 Charles 
 Cochran, born in 1845. He died March 16, 
 1889 and she died February 16, 1899. 
 Thjy were the parents of Mrs. Dollie Saun- 
 ders. 
 
 Coats, Mrs. Susie D. (See Grant and Hilde- 
 brand) — Susie Dora, daughter of James and 
 Emily (Harlin) Sunday was born in Coo- 
 weescoowee District September 12, 1876, 
 educated in Female Seminary. Married Sep- 
 tember 11, 1893 James, son of James Mc- 
 
 Kenzie and Annie C. (Spears) Coats, born 
 April 1, 1866. They are the parents of 
 Jennie Bessie, born January 25, 1894 
 James McKeiizie, born September 20, 1896 
 Elmer Earl, born September t, 1901; Capi- 
 tola Wyly, born February 15, 1903; Lulu 
 May, born January 20, 1906 Eugene, born 
 October 15, 1908; Belva Lockwood, born 
 June 8, 1910 and David Coats, born March 
 3, 1912. Mr. Coats died December l5, 
 1915. Mrs. Coats manages a farm near 
 Pryor. Miss Jennie Bessie Coats was elect- 
 ed Court Clerk of Mayes County November 
 5, 1918 and November 2, 1920. James 
 McKenzie was educated in Pryor and Agri- 
 cultural College at Stillwater. Capitola 
 Wyly is a member of the 1922 High School 
 class at Pryor. 
 
 Lucinda, daughter of Samuel and Cather- 
 ine (Hildebrand) Martin married Joseph 
 Spears and they were the parents of Annie 
 C. Spears wife of James McKenzie Coats. 
 
 Alberty, Arthur (See Downing and Grant) 
 — Arthur Burr, son of Jacob U. and Annie 
 Charlotte (Towers) Alberty was born Janu- 
 ary 19, 189 4. 
 
 Sallie Wright married Moses Alberty and 
 their son John D. Alberty married Jennie 
 Buffington. They were the parents of Ja- 
 cob U. Alberty, who was the father of Ar- 
 thur Burr Alberty. 
 
 Wilson, Mrs. DeWitt (See Grant, Down- 
 ing, Adair, Daniel and Wilson) — DeWitt 
 Clinton, son of Anderson Springston and 
 Nancy Catherine (Daniel) Wilson was born 
 January 7, 1859. Educated in the Chero- 
 kee National schools. Married June 25, 
 1885 Mary Ellen, daughter of Dr. Walter 
 Thompson and Mary Buffington (Adair) 
 Adair, born November 1, 1864. She gradu- 
 ated from the Cherokee National Female 
 Seminary June 29, 1881 and Kirkwood 
 1883. They are the parents of: Lelia 
 Stapler, born September 26, 1889, and 
 Clinton Wilson, born January 5, 1893. 
 Lelia Stapler Wilson, who is an accomplished 
 musician, is the wife of Leon L. Leslie. 
 
 Nannie Catherine Daniel, born January 12, 
 1S35, married December 23, 1858 Anderson 
 Springston Wilson, born in 1830. They 
 were the parents of DeWitt Clinton Wilson. 
 Anderson Springston Wilson died December 
 26, 1865. Mrs. Nannie Catherine Wilson 
 married December 14, 1872 Henry Clay 
 Barnes. She died December 10, 1889. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKlili INDIANS 
 
 Joseph Martin, horn ne.ir Charlottevillc. 
 Virginia in 1740. married Susannah Fields 
 nee Enmry, and they were the parents of 
 John Martin, who married Nannie McDaii- 
 iel. Martha, ciniinionly called "Patsy" the 
 eldest daughter of John and Nellie Martin, 
 married George Washington, son of Walter, 
 called "Black Watt" and Kachel Thompson 
 Adair. Dr. Walter Thompson Adair, son of 
 Walter and Rachel Adair, married .Mary 
 Buffington, daughter of Walter Scott, com- 
 monly called "Red Watt" and Nannie (Har- 
 ris) Adair and they were the parents of .Mrs. 
 DeWitt Clinton Wilson. 
 
 Garden, William T. (See Hildebrand) — 
 Barbara Hildehrand born in Tennessee .!anu- 
 ary 13, 1S2S. .Married Robert Woodard 
 from whom she was divorced and then mar- 
 ried William Longknife. Both her husbands 
 were Cherokees. William and Barbara Long- 
 knife who had been living on Honey Creek 
 in Delaware District joined the California 
 argonauts in 1850. The caravan in which 
 they embarked consisted of about seventy- 
 five persons, one-third of whom were Chero- 
 kees, among whom were: O. H. P. and 
 George W. Brewer, James S. Vann. Martin 
 Matthew Scrimsher, John Hildebrand, John 
 Wolf, John W. Candy, Buffalo, Richard R. 
 Keys, Thomas Fox Taylor, Return Jonathan 
 Meigs, Mr. and Mrs. Longknife. They start- 
 ed from the mouth of Verdigris, going 
 northwest over the old California trail until 
 they intercepted the Evans route which e.x- 
 tended westward from Westport. They 
 traveled six months before reaching their 
 destination. R. J. Meigs who was a son-in- 
 law of Chief John Ross died near Salt Lake, 
 Utah on August 6, lS5o. Mary Jane, the 
 eldest daughter of William and Barbara 
 Longknife was born while enroute on Sep- 
 tember l.S, 1S50. She is now living in 
 Honolulu. The second daughter. Anna 
 Diane Longknife was born in California June 
 -,3 iSSQ She was educated in and gradu- 
 ated from the Sacred Heart Convent ni 
 Honolulu, Hawaii, in 1S7 5. Married m 
 Honolulu June 24, lS,S4 John Joseph Car- 
 den He died September iS, l')l'- They 
 ,vere the parents of: William Thomas born 
 L.ch 3, fsSS; John Joseph, boni February 
 
 OS 1S')0; Edward Walter, born October -1. 
 Ks'o- and Mae Mary Anna Garden, born De- 
 cember V\ IS-^S. William Thomas Garden 
 gr'a ed from the University of Cah orma 
 with the B. L. degree and from Harvard as a 
 
 L. L. B., and \\ jii allornr>. \» ta4 II 
 
 Brewer HUIg., IImmoIuIu, IU»J" "■ 
 
 ried March ;<, I'Md Florfnir 
 
 sidy; their daughter, Florciu'r ■• 
 
 was bcirn .March i;, I'nr I 
 
 Garden graduated from Ihc ' 
 
 California with the 11. S dejr 
 
 John Hiipkiiis l'nivcr*ll> McJ 
 
 nient. He is 1 Giptiin In th* \' 
 
 of the United Slites Army irnl it »ljii .J 
 
 at Carlisle Barracks. Peiinivlvmij r.l-n.l 
 
 Walter Garden graduated Ir'^m i' 
 
 of California. .Married Aujv 
 
 Hazel Hunt Vinton iiid Ihfir da.., 
 
 bars Vinton Garden wjj b"rn Mirch J*. 
 l')21. Mae .Mary Anna Cirdo" ri.l i>"f.1 
 with the A. B. degree U"m '■ 
 living with her mother in lion 
 
 Barbara (Hildebrand) Longkrii.-- ■ 
 was named Diane Graves instead ol Su»»nn»h 
 Graves, as given in the llildeb'inJ (»mil< 
 
 Tyner, A»ron (See Garter) — limf* fi<l4i, 
 son of Lewis and Sallie (HirrlO T»n*e. 
 married Quatie Charley and thev mttt lb» 
 parents of Delilah, born June '. !«»'. 
 Aaron, born December 22. t.SS'., Iimrt. 
 born .March 26. I.SS8; Ralph. 1""" Ffbfui" 
 1'). iSOl and Minnie (:hri^linf T^ner 
 Aaron Tyner was educated in the Male ■•<•"■ 
 nary. He married Susie Fleldv He < 1 
 member of the Independent Order ••< • MJ 
 Fellows fraternity and is a »ub»lanlial (armet 
 near Sperry. 
 
 Lewis Tyner was born in I-"': Maff.#J 
 Sallie, daughter of Moses and M*f< (t i-C 
 ley) Parris. b"rn in ISSJ. Sh< died 
 15, 1868 and he died Ocl..b*r >•■ 
 Thev were the parents o( James 
 Tvner. 
 
 M.rkh.n,. B. H. (See Ohitau. 
 Ann, daughter of lames Walker 1 
 Cordelia Skinner, was b-.rn April ' 
 Married at Glarksville. Arkansas. I 
 23, I'loo Baird Mackelt Mjfkhir 
 March 28. 1887. in Decalur. Ten 
 are the parents o( lewell Mane * 
 gust 17. I 'Ml and Ralrd HackfH 
 Winston Baird and Ada Mackelt v 
 born April 12. fl". >" «'''' 
 educated in the Denls-n lli. 
 the Texas Christian l!ni»ef 
 graduating tr>-m b.-lh Me 
 the Markham Motor r.^mri 
 ,-\,s- Mr. and Mrs Markha; - 
 M the Presbvterlan church He is ...,....»i 
 
666 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 with the Elks, Odd Fellows, Woodmen and 
 Knights of Pythias. Is a member of the Ki- 
 wanee. Golf, Automobile, Lakeside Country, 
 Add Centarian, National Guard, National 
 Highway. Oklahoina City Chamber of Com- 
 merce. Clubs. He has been President of tlie 
 Oklahoma Automobile Dealers Association, 
 President uf the National Guard Club and 
 Colonel I'f the Oklahoma National Guards by 
 virtue of which he was acting Adjutant Gen- 
 eral of Oklahoma. 
 
 Lucy Cordelia, daughter of Judge George 
 Washington and Louisa (Spriggs) Parks, 
 was born June 12, 1852. Married Sep- 
 tember 26, 1S76 James Walker Skinner, 
 burn June 15, 1S44 in Kentucky. He was 
 Captain of Company A, 2nd Kentucky Caval- 
 ry under Colonel Basil Duke. Mrs. Skinner 
 died July 2'). 1896 and he died July 11, 
 r.i2l. They were the parents of: Rosa 
 Louisa, Willie, Thomas Fo.x, Morgan Desha, 
 Galooga Theresa, Bettie Ann and .Mary Ann 
 Skinner. Rosa Louisa Skinner married 
 Elizur B. Neville. Willie Skinner married 
 Silas M. Meeks. Galooga Theresa Skinner 
 married Seth Reed. Bettie Ann Skinner 
 married B. H. Markhani and lives in Okla- 
 homa City. 
 
 Archer, Mrs. Thoma's B. (See England) — 
 Anna Bell daughter of Abram and Alta Beril- 
 la (Schrimsher) Meeks v.'as born near Vinita 
 November 20, iS7S. Educated in Worces- 
 ter Academv. Married April 22, 189 7 
 Thomas B. Archer son of Thomas and Fan- 
 nie Archer, born Aug. 29, 1873 in Vernon 
 County, Navada, Mo. They are the parents 
 of Irra, born July 10. 1898; Otto B., born 
 Julv 9, 1900, Fannie B., born February 13, 
 1902; Thomas B., born November 15, 1903; 
 Abram born November 4, 1905 and Morrill 
 Archer, born March 22, 1908. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Archer are members of the Baptist 
 Church. He is a produce merchant at Vi- 
 nita. Ina, Otto B. and Fannie B. Archer are 
 graduates from Vinita High School. Inia 
 married at Vinita January 17, 1920 Harold 
 E. Boggs. Otto Archer married at Vinita 
 July 19, 1921 Gertrude Braden. 
 
 Owen, Mrs. Thomas H. (See Grant) — 
 Louise Scott, daughter of James Orval and 
 Mary E. (Davis) Hall, was born near Vinita. 
 August 23, 1877. She was educated at 
 Vinita and Harrell Institute, and is a gradu- 
 ate from the latter institution. She married 
 November 2, 1898, Luman Franklin Parker, 
 
 born August 23, 1872, in Phelps County, 
 Missouri. He died Aug. 14, 1912. Mrs. 
 Parker married Thos. H. Owen March 12, 
 1916. They are residents of Oklahoma 
 City. 
 
 Eaton, Mrs. Rachel Caroline (See Ward) 
 — Nannie Elizabeth Williams was born April 
 S, 185 1. .Married May 17. 1868 George 
 Washington Eaton. He had served the con- 
 federacy in Company B, Morgan's Battalion, 
 Te.xas cavalry under Captain Boggs and 
 Lieutenant Charles Morgan. Mrs. Eaton 
 died September 21, 1896. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Eaton were the parents of: 
 Rachel Caroline, James Calvin, Martha Paul- 
 ine' and John Merrit Eaton. Rachel Caroline 
 Eaton graduated from the Female Seminary 
 in 1888 and from several other institutions 
 of higher education and is the possessor of 
 the degree of Mistress of Arts. She mar- 
 ried James Ale.xander Burns, from whom she 
 was divorced. She was the author of the 
 scholarly "John Ross and the Cherokee In- 
 dians". She was elected Superintendent of 
 Public Instruction of Rogers County in 
 1920. James Calvin Eaton is a prosperous 
 farmer near Oolagah. Martha Pauline Eaton 
 graduated from the Female Seminary in 
 189 7 and married James Morning York who 
 was elected Assessor of Rogers County in 
 1918. John Merrit Eaton graduated from 
 the Male Seminary in 1899. 
 
 Payne, Marble Lewis — Marble Lewis, Son 
 of William and Nancy Payne was born in 
 1850 in North Carolina. He married at 
 Tahlequah in 1904 Mahala Wilson. They 
 were the parents of Emma, Lula, Charles 
 and William Payne. Mr. Payne's children 
 by his second marriage are Frank, Albert 
 and Mary Payne. 
 
 Mr. Payne is one of the progressive farm- 
 ers of the Tahlequah vicinity, is a member 
 of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows 
 and has been a member of the local school 
 board several times. His Cherokee name is 
 Lu-ie-us-te-na and he belongs to the Wolf 
 Clan. 
 
 William Payne, the son, is a Spanish- 
 American war veteran. 
 
 Carter, Charles D. (See Carter and Riley) 
 — Charles D., son of Captain Benjamin Wis- 
 ner and Serena J. (Guy) Carter, was born 
 August 6, 1868. Married December 29, 
 1891 Ada Gertrude Wilson. She died Janu- 
 ary 19, 1901. They were the parents of: 
 
HISTORY OF THE CIlliROKHH INDIANS 
 
 Estella LeFlore, Lena Cecil, Julia Josephine 
 and Benjamin Wisner Carter. AU. Carter's 
 second wife was .Mrs. Cecil .Junes, nee Whit- 
 tington. 
 
 ^ Nathaniel Carter, a Virginian, came to the 
 Cherokee Nation and married a Cherokee. 
 Their son David was born in 1802. He 
 married in 1829 Jennie, dau.trhter of Richard 
 and Diana (Campbell) Riley, born in 1S07. 
 He was clerk of the Council in 1S39. Rleci- 
 ed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court 
 ill 1 84 2; he resigned that post and was 
 elected Superintendent of Schools in 1813. 
 Elected Editor of the Cherokee Advocate in 
 1849 and Chief Justice of the Cherokee Na- 
 tion in 1851, also a member of the board of 
 directors of the Cherokee Seminaries in the 
 same year. Elected a member of the Chero- 
 kee Senate (Committee) from Tahlequah 
 District August 6, 1855. Elected Associate 
 Justice of the Supreme Court in 1857. He 
 died February 1. lSu7 and .Mrs Carter died 
 .March 1, 1867. 
 
 Benjamin Wisner. son of David and Jennie 
 (Riley) Carter was born January 5, 183 7. 
 Graduated from the Male Seminary in Oc- 
 tober 185 6. He married Nannie Elliott and 
 thev had one son, John Elliott Carter. Mrs. 
 Carter died and when the civil w-ar began he 
 joined Brewer's company and later raised 
 and was elected captain of a company. He 
 married in 1865 Serena Josephine Guy, a 
 member of one of the most distinguished 
 Chick.isaw families. After the civil war he 
 maJe his home in the Chickasaw Nation 
 where he was honored with practically every 
 office e.xcept Chief, which could only be 
 held by a native Chickasaw. 
 
 Charles D. Carter, son of Benjamin Wisner 
 and Serena Josephine Carter has been a rep- 
 resentative in Congress from Oklahoma 
 since statehood- 
 
 Gatlin, Mrs. Emma Nora (See Grant and 
 Oolootsa) — Emma Nora, daughter of Frank 
 and Mav (Hanks) Rhomer was born Feb- 
 ruirv 2, 1889 and educated at Webbers 
 Falls and Female Seminary. She married 
 August t. l'^>07 Samuel Bell .Ma.xey, son of 
 James and Matilda (Yearby) Gatlin. born 
 .May 26, 1887. Thev are the parents of: 
 Frank Rhomer, born August 19, 1908: Helen 
 Charlotta, born January 23. 1910; John Mc- 
 Cov, born September 20. 1911 and died in 
 infancy: Calvin James, born Julv 16. 1913: 
 Virginia Mav, born June 13, I9l5: the twins. 
 
 ■Muiiie and Allenc. h..rn Mi- 
 Allene died in inline* jtij . 
 Gatlin, born Nu>emher 2... 
 .Mrs. Gatlin are re>iiienli n| . 
 
 -lames, son o| ii„,„ mj 
 Gatlin married .Malilda Vcjr 
 the parents of Samuel Bell 
 
 Calvin Jones lUnks mjrr 
 er. daughter of John L..»r 
 (Ratliff) McCoy and the* 
 of Mrs. May Rhomir. 
 McEachen. -Mrs. Emma Br-i 
 Hanks and Calvin Jones Hi . 
 
 Adair, Mri. Luther H. ( ■ 
 Adair) — Lillie .M, Jmichler 
 (Fisher) Waldrop »as h..f 
 Dec 8. 1S65. Married Nov. ■ 
 Martin, son of Captain fcph 
 Sallie (Starr) Adair, born 
 April 30. l.Sj'i. Me died I 
 They were the parents o( ^ 
 .lune 3. 1SS5; William l.ulh 
 1887; .Mary, born Am;. >, '. 
 cinda. born December I I. 1 ■ 
 Nov. 4. 1804; Ci'llie Hessu 
 18)7; Emmet .Marshall b.ir 
 Nona Bertha, bfirn Sept. I7. 
 born Feb. 23. l''o4 and 
 Adair, born Jan. 31. I'JO.S 
 attended the Female Semir 
 was educated in Male Sen 
 nine months in the servicu- 
 V. ar. Mrs. Adjir is a memb 
 of God. 
 
 HefHefingcr, Mr>. Elita C 
 — Eliza, dauiihler ••( le>*.- 
 Cochran was born in the 
 in 1853. At the tim^ that 
 school the Civil War »ilh 
 volence broke over the I'hc: 
 it is only due to her njii\<- 
 is now widely known (-ir h. ■ 
 gence and information S'^ 
 1S72 Greenville \'ice UeUW. 
 one of the most proRreitlvf U- 
 communily and aiwai* kept 
 abreast with the period. Thci 
 parents of .Niseph and Finnif 
 .Mrs. Hefflefinger U a me^l^*r ■ 
 b\terian church 
 
 Adair, Uri (Sec Git i^ 
 George. M. Adair m >■ 
 and their sop Menrv ' 
 August 10. 1^ 
 Caroline Buncb 
 
668 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 was elected sheriff of Illinois District Au- 
 gust 5, 1S95. He died. They were the par- 
 ents of: Araminta. born May 10, ISS5; 
 George, lH)rn May 24, 1S87; John Bell, born 
 June 12, 1S9-I; Catherine, born August 9, 
 1897; Levi, born June 9, 1900 and Zola B. 
 Adair, born June 10, 1905. 
 
 John Adair, a Scotchman married in 1789 
 Ga-ho-ka, a full blood Cherokee of the Deer 
 Clan. Their son Samuel Adair married 
 Mary Hughes. He was elected sheriff of 
 Flint District in 185 7 and 1859. Elected 
 judge of the same District 1867, 1873, and 
 1877. He died February 17, 1879. His 
 wife had died in 1874. They were the par- 
 ents of George M. Adair who married Cath- 
 erine Fields. (See sketch of his brother, 
 George Adair) 
 
 Ogden, Mrs. D. T. (See Ward and Adair) 
 — Jessie Curtis Abney, born July 24, 1900 
 in Afton Delaware District; educated at Af- 
 ton and took a business course at Coffeyville 
 Kansas; graduate of the Afton High School. 
 Married Sept. 14, I9l9 at Independence, 
 Kansas, D. T. Ogden, son of W. A. and Julia 
 Ogden. Mr. Ogden is assistant cashier of 
 the First National Bank of Afton. 
 
 .lohn Adair, a Scotchman, married Ga- 
 hoga, a full blood Cherokee of the Deer 
 Clan. Their son Samuel married Edith 
 Pounds; they were the parents of: Rachael 
 Pounds Adair, who married Rev. James Jen- 
 kins Trott, a Methodist minister. Rev. and 
 Mrs. Trott were the parents of: James Cic- 
 ero Trott, who was generally known by his 
 Indian name of Osceola, born April 6, 1839 
 in Woodbury, Tennessee, married March 1, 
 1886 Madora Stover, born Jan. 25, 1852 in 
 Delaware District. She is the daughter of 
 John Henry Stover, died March 31, 1865. 
 
 James C. and Medora Trott are the par- 
 ents of: Birdie Adair, born Nov. 25, 1871; 
 educated in Vinita public schools and Wor- 
 cester Academy, from which she graduated; 
 she taught school several years and married 
 Sept. 6, 1895 Robert A. Abney, born Aug. 
 15, 1869 in Saline county, Illinois. Until 
 his death he was in the mercantile business 
 at Afton; he died July 16, 1906 and Mrs. 
 Birdie A. Abney died Sept. 3, 1919; Eugene 
 Homer and Willie A. Trott. 
 
 Jennings, Landrum Crittenden (See Grant. 
 Foreman and Conrad) — Caroline, daughter 
 of John and Nellie (Martin) Agnew, married 
 Anderson Landrum Crittenden Jennings, and 
 
 they were the parents of Landrum Critten- 
 den Jennings, born in 1876; he was educat- 
 ed in Worcester Academy and the Male Semi- 
 nary, being a graduate frojii the latter in- 
 stitution. He married in 1899 Jananna, 
 daughter of James Franklin and Ruth Ellen 
 (Martin) Benge, born in 1880. She was 
 educated in Vinita. They are the parents 
 of Clara May Jennings, born June 2 1, 1900, 
 at Chelsea. She graduated from the Mus- 
 kogee Central High School in 1919, .ind is 
 at present a stenographer in the office of 
 the Superintendent of the Five Civilized 
 Tribes. Miss Jennings, as well as her par- 
 ents, brothers and sisters, are members of 
 the Methodist Church. 
 
 Susan Henrietta, daughter of James and 
 Delilah (Fields) Foreman, married Anderson 
 Benge, and they were the parents of James 
 Franklin Benge who married Ruth Ellen Mar- 
 tin. 
 
 Arning, Mrs. Susan E. (See Ghigau) 
 
 Susan Ellen, daughter of James and Amanda 
 Walker (Martin) was born June 17, 1876. 
 Educated in the Cherokee Public Schools 
 and Female Seminary. Married January 13, 
 1894, William Ulyssus Hill, born October 22, 
 1866 in Douglas County, Kansas. They 
 were the parents of Harrietta Ruth Hill, 
 born October 8, 1897. Mrs. Hill secured 
 a divorce and married on January 13, 1906, 
 Mr. Arning. They are the parents of Floyd 
 horn August 22, 1912 and Ancel Arning, 
 born September 29, 1914. 
 
 ,Mr. and Mrs. Arning are farmers and are 
 members of the Holiness Church. 
 
 Woodward, John S. — John S. Woodward, 
 son of Jackson and Lizzie (Smith) Wood- 
 ward, was born in Oklahoma in 1861; mar- 
 ried in Oklahoma in 1875, Mary Fondren. 
 They have one son, David 22 years old, who 
 spent two years in France in the World 
 War, where he was wounded and also gassed. 
 John S. Woodward is a member of the Wolf 
 Clan, a member of the Methodist church and 
 a farmer near Tahlequah. 
 
 Whiteaker, Grace E. — Grace Elizabeth 
 Barks, daughter of Edward and Victoria 
 (Fields) Barks was born January 17, 1900 
 at Vinita, and educated in the Cherokee 
 schools; she married at Vinita, May 25, 
 19 1 7 Robert Whiteaker, son of William and 
 Dorothy Whiteaker. Mrs. Whiteaker has 
 one sister and one brother living. The sis- 
 ter Hazel Willie married Floyd Edward 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEKOKHI-: IM.ians 
 
 Sii'ith and is living i„ Roswell. N Al 
 
 li:ive three ehikiren 1 
 
 d 
 
 TlUM 
 
 evina, Nanetta and Ne- 
 -.: lier brother is .Miles Alathew Barks 
 Wnght, Jesr,e E._Son of John R. and 
 
 'i-'ri"tte C. (Whitmire) Wright was horn 
 1S71 in Going Snake District; 
 ried in June 1892 in Adai 
 
 Jan. __. 
 
 niar- 
 
 conntv .Marv F 
 
 daiiRhter ,,f Walter and Sallv West. They 
 ■n^ the parents of Willie Cornelia, born 
 April 3. 1S98, and Sally born July 30, lyo."!. 
 Mr. Wrisht was educated in the Cherokee 
 schools, and spent two years at the Male 
 Seminary. He is a farmer, successful and 
 takes part in all movements for public wel- 
 fare 
 
 Wormington, Mrr. Minerva (See Koss) 
 
 Minerva, dau.i;hter of Isaac Ale.xander and 
 Susannah Coody (Ross) Wilson was born at 
 Tahlequah on Tuesday June 1, 1886. Edu- 
 cated in the Cherokee Public Schools and 
 Female Seminary. She married in 19H at 
 Tulsa, Frederick Wormington and they are 
 the parents of Lorine Wormington. age si.x. 
 Mrs. Wormington's tuher was a gentleman 
 of more than ordinary intelligence and her 
 mother was a member of the distinguished 
 Ross family. 
 
 Williams, Sarah Burgess — Daughter of 
 Williajii and Susan (Vance) Burgess was 
 born at Pryor Creek, in 185 7. married in the 
 Indian Nation in 1893, William Williams, son 
 of Elwood Williams. They are the parents 
 of: Willie J. 26 years, and Annie Gladys age 
 twenty two years. Mr. and .Mrs. Williams 
 are members of the Baptist church, and he 
 is a member of the W. 0. W. 
 
 Washam, Mrs. Rufus O. — Gertrude .M.. 
 daughter of A. J. and Caroline (Tidwell) 
 Gibbs, was born Dec. 9, 1898; educated in 
 the Oklahoma Public schools: married Feb- 
 ruary 19, 19 14 at Pryor Rufus 0. Washam, 
 son of John T. and Alice Washam. Thev 
 are the parents of: Mabel Evaline born .May 
 IS, 1915; Walsie Lorene, born Dec. 11, 
 1918. Mr. and .Mrs. Washam are engaged 
 in farming. 
 
 Boone, William Cecil (See Oolootsa) — 
 Cecil William, the son of Alexander and Ora 
 Cherokee (Nicholson) Boone, was born on 
 Spencer Creek September 6, 1900; was edu- 
 cated in the public schools of the State. He 
 is a member of Latter Day Saints Church. 
 and belongs to the Independent Order of 
 Odd Fellows. 
 
 Ora Cherokee, daughter of Richard Lee 
 
 •ind llidipher (IXulcrt) Ni, 
 "n >'reiicfr Cr.-ck, l„K „ i 
 >--i-mbcr :i. LS'i:. Alojr.J, • 
 born March 2>. i.s-;. 
 
 M.xficld. St.phrn C— v;i,rhr. 
 ■^"» "i lenki:-,.. Aii!!.-^!,. i .1 ; 
 ings) Maxluld. «jj j 
 caled iii the public 
 Nation, lie nurriod j. • . 
 Ada, (he daughter ..( J.,4c, ' 
 •ire the parents ,<{ Crtce, . 
 meda, and Woodrow Mijii. ■ 
 
 Mr and .Mrs MiUifId ir 
 Methodist i-.hurch. lie m ,■ 
 Independent order o( i ijd 
 Knights of Pvlhijs 
 
 Eddingi, Americua — Am^ricus 
 lasper and Gertrude (K..»») Ka • 
 born in tS60 in Arkinjji. Ed. 
 .Mountain Home. Arkinjij, Mjrr 
 ter County, Arkansjs. .Mir». di 
 Mr. and .Mrs. Charles .Meumcr Th 
 parents of Charles. Liwrenv.- v • 
 ed twelve months In the '■■■ 
 Jasper Eddings. .Mr. jnd '■ 
 low the general CheroLe,. 
 ing. 
 
 Ware, Mrs. David A.— Sj . iv, 
 Rogers was born in the Saline Innri, 
 1848; married in IS6'>. t>itid A 
 She is the mother of Bertbi t^tt- 
 .Martha horn in 187 7 and Thomj 
 Thomas L. Rogers was the firil fu.: 
 Osages. .Mrs. Ware is a memh.- 
 Christian church and l ccatclrt^ 
 worker. 
 
 Webb. Maude Ella (See CoritI 
 Forrest Wehh, h<jrn Aufusl H. 
 Gwinnett Countv. Georria. mafn^ ' 
 21, 1SS2 Elizabeth farkcr. di 
 Parker Collins and Flijaheth (L>r 
 and they were the pafenls ••( Mi.. 
 Wehh. horn May 2 5. JSOo .MiM \ 
 was educated at the F*malf S^tnt"!* 
 is at present cashier in a dru( »to' - 
 homa City. 
 
 Smith, Mr*. Jaip«r E. C 
 Catherine Ann. daushscr 
 and Sarah Eli/ahelh (Ha^ 
 born in r)ela*are District 
 18S<I. educated in Iht ith 
 Schools Married at VInlta. i 
 I<i08. Jasper E. um of rharlfs »- ' 
 Smith. Thev are the partnK ••« '* *• ■ 
 ferin, horn Dcloher IS, «'>o'> f>-« 
 
670 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 born September 20, I9ll; Pauline Ruth, 
 born August 'K l'^M4; and Betty Iniogene 
 Smith, born July l5, 1920. Mr. Smith is a 
 farmer and dealer in cattle and hogs near 
 Ketchum. 
 
 Thomas Cordery married Susannah a 
 full blood Cherokee of the Savannah Clan. 
 Their son, Early, married Charlotte Berry- 
 hill and they were the parents of Nancy 
 Angeline Cordrey who married Joseph Col- 
 lins, a white man and they were the parents 
 of John Parker Collins, born March 17, 
 1855, married November 4, ISSS, Sarah 
 Elizabeth Beck nee Davis, born in Kansas 
 March 10, 1867. 
 
 Tucker, Levi — Levi, Son of William Tuck- 
 er, was married at Tahlequah in 1894 to 
 Annie McKay, daughter of Alfred and Lu- 
 cinda (Ketcher) McKay. They are the par- 
 ents of: William, Ollie, Susie, Sallie, Eliza. 
 Madison, Levi, and Mary Tucker. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Tucker were educated in Tahlequah 
 District and are representative citizens of 
 Cherokee County- 
 Walkabout, Joseph — Joseph, son of Jen- 
 nie (Hendricks) Walkabout was born near 
 Tahlequah in ISSo and educated in that city. 
 He married in Tahlequah in 1904 Mary Cord- 
 ery, and they are the parents of: Jennie, 
 Eliza and Josephine Walkabout. Mr. Walk- 
 about is a splendid representative citizen, 
 and has been Deputy Sheriff of Cherokee 
 County. 
 
 Gritts, Ned — One of the prominent men 
 of Northeastern Oklahoma is Ned, the son 
 of John B. and Charlotte (Allen) Gritts, who 
 was born in 1877 near Stilwell. He married 
 Nannie Chooie, and they were the parents 
 of Genevieve, born August 23, 1899; Nicho- 
 las bcnn February 10, 190.3, and Nancy born 
 in 1905. Mrs. Nannie Gritts died and Mr. 
 Gritts married at Fort Worth, Texas in 1907, 
 Miss Leah, the daughter of Wallace Haney. 
 Mr. Gritts was educated at the Male Semi- 
 nary and Presbyterian Mission, graduating 
 from the latter institution. He is a member 
 of the Knights of Pythias and Independent 
 Order of Odd Fellows fraternities. He was 
 chief of police of Tahlequah from 1917 to 
 1919, and was deputy Marshall of Eastern 
 Oklahoma from 1913 to 1919. He is a 
 member of the Wolf Clan. 
 19'':i. He is a member of the Wolf Clan. 
 Gish, Mrs. E. W. (See Oolootsa, Cordery, 
 
 Adair and Gosaduisga) — Martin R. Brown, 
 born February 27, 1858 at Fort Gibson, 
 married May 9, 1888 Nannie C. McNair, born 
 in 1866. They were the parents of Catherine 
 Brown born in 1891 at Tahlequah, married 
 in Oklahoma City in 1915, Emmett W. Gish. 
 They are the parents of Dorothy Louise 
 Gish, age five years. Mr. Gish is a mer- 
 chant in Oklahoma City. Mr and Mrs. 
 Gish are members of the Presbyterian 
 church. Martin R. Brown, commonly called 
 by his Cherokee name Tuxie, was a very 
 prominent citizen of the Cherokee Nation. 
 Elected clerk of the Illinois District in 1881; 
 elected a member of the Board of Education 
 of the Cherokee Nation in November 1886, 
 and Superintendent of the Male Seminary in 
 1894. Mr. and Mrs. Brown are now de- 
 ceased. 
 
 Swift, Frank T. (See Carter and Sanders) 
 — Martha, daughter of LeRoy and Mary 
 (Sanders) Tyner, married Frank Boyd Swift 
 and they were the parents of Frank Tyner 
 Switf, Benjamin W. Swift, and James French 
 Swift. 
 
 Frank Tyner Swift was born March 5, 
 1867. Educated in Kansas; married Decem- 
 ber 3 0, 1890 Nellie Butler, born February 
 2 7, 1871, in Bourbon County, Kansas. They 
 were the parents of Chrystal, born Decem- 
 ber 25, 1891; Frank Butler born June 20, 
 1894; and Mable Swift born July 6, 1896. 
 Frank Boyd Swift was a Captain in the 
 Federal Army in Kansas, and was a pioneer 
 newspaper man in that State. Frank Tyner 
 Swift is the principal dealer in coal and ice 
 in Muskogee. 
 
 Trotl, Mrs. James Campbell (See Ward 
 and Adair) — James Campbell Trott, born 
 Apr. 6, at Woodburt, Tenn., educated there, 
 married March 1, 1868 Madora Stover, born 
 Jan. 2 5, 1852 on Beattie's Prairie, Delaware 
 District- They are the parents of Birdie 
 Adair, born Nov- 25, 1869; Eugene Homer, 
 born March l8, 1873 and Willie Trott, born 
 September 29, 1881. James Trott's Chero- 
 kee name is Osceola. He is retired from 
 business and he and his wife are members 
 of the Christian church. 
 
 Armstrong, Mrs. A. W. (See Cordery and 
 McNair) — Mary Elizabeth, daughter of David 
 McNair and Mary J. (Strickland) Rogers born 
 July 9, 1870. Married August 3, 1896- Alex- 
 andder Watson, son of J. W- and Elizabeth 
 Armstrong, born November 8, 1850, in 
 
HISTORY OF Tfiif c 
 
 Sangamon Cunlv, |lli,u,i,. .|.|,^,^, 
 
 '■ "^' ■^'•listed i„ the World 
 
 "liKOKIili INDIANS 
 
 M:iv 
 
 "iistiee was signed 
 
 Unrles Hams and Pearl Victoria (Haat) 
 S.sson, born December h, 18»S. at F S 
 
 -". educated at rt. Gibson. .MuskoJe ad 
 Chren,ore. Married at Claremore June 5, 
 t'-O, Ervn, son of Henry and Sallie Aus- 
 tn.. Mr. Austin is enga.ged in the wholesale 
 dry goods business at Claremore 
 
 Thomas Cordery, an hishnun. married 
 Susannah, a full blood Cherokee of the 
 Blind Savannah Clan. Their daughter Nan- 
 nie married Parker Collins and they were 
 the parents of Jennie Collins who married 
 Charles Harris of Spartanburg district. South 
 Carolina. Charles and Jennie Harris were 
 the parents of Narcissa, born in iS^t, mar- 
 ried George Sisson and Jesse Wolf, she 
 died October IS, 1898. Martha Elizabeth 
 married Captain William Jackson; Sue F. 
 married Alfred M. Gotf; Charles Joseph and 
 Trustle Bird. 
 
 George and Narcissa Sisson were the par- 
 ents of Charles Harris Sisson, born Decem- 
 ber 26, 1859, educated in the Cherokee 
 national schools and married at Ft. Gibson, 
 December 4, iSQ.i, Pearl Victoria Haas, born 
 August 29. 1879, in Tupelo, Lee County, 
 Mississippi. They are the parents of Charles 
 Harris, born November 5, 189-1; Charles 
 Harris Sisson, Jr., married September 26, 
 192 1, to Josephine Reed, born in Ardmore, 
 Oklahoma, 1895. Jessie May, born July 31, 
 1S')6, married to John S. Matthews, April 
 18, I'll 7. John S. Matthews, born October 
 17, 189-1. Sue. born December 14. 1S98; 
 Mary, born January Ij, 1900 and Emma 
 Pauline, born May 8, l>Hi2. 
 
 Charles Harris Sisson was appointed Cir- 
 cuit Judge of the Cherokee Nation in .May 
 lS9 7. and was elected a member of the 
 Council from Illinois District in August, 
 1903. 
 
 Archer, Carlotfa (See Downing) — Edwin 
 Arclier. born September 19, 1817. in New 
 York City. Married February 26, 1845, 
 .Mary Francis Vann. born September 21, 
 1825, in Georgia. He died .May 15, iS^i.!, 
 and she died in l')21. 
 
 Thev were the parents of: .Mary Eliza- 
 beth, m;irried DeWitt Clinton Lipe; Louisa 
 
 ' ■"l"'ri"o, married Irceli,,, 
 
 l'"r" M..rch K,. |.s,,o, ,ju^ 
 
 ••'"■■<■■ rnl'lic .school, J,,., „,, 
 
 '•""rO Seminir, f„„„ ,, f, 
 
 ■'""^' **■ ISS:, nurr, ; 
 
 "•iniel Vincent Im„, 
 
 '■"i'S in Grjvso,, ^•,,; 
 
 ■•i<-'J WiMiam Kos, 
 
 Archer Rradualed Ir 
 
 '"•lie Seminary June j.t ■ 
 
 member of ,he Cher..k,/^ 
 
 November li. lOo?. , 
 
 erintendeni of I'ubli, 
 
 county in July. |..„.^ ,,,^,,j , 
 
 '" l"IU.t2-l(,-l,S and 1-20. 
 
 Caniel Vincent and Ada ( \f 
 were the parents of: Vera 
 10, 18<i;, Rradualed (n.m ■ 
 inary May 2<). i-u,;; jf,„ 
 2. 1895, and Mary Joncv 
 IS'">, and died May ll. i- 
 ■loseph Vann. born Fehrua- 
 ried Catherine Rowe. ||e 
 member of the Cherokee C-. 
 mention of isi" from Ch.- 
 elected Senator fr.mi Ihc 
 August 2, IS44. and elected i 
 Senate, elected aijaln !■ ' 
 ust 6, IS49; elected .\ 
 Supreme ourt in isi". 
 ington. tS5l, n^ecutive C,, 
 5 7; Assistant Chief of ihe • 
 on August 1, 185'». ||, »j 
 .Mrs. .Mary Francis Vann. |( 
 1877. 
 
 Adair, Rollin K. (See Adai- 
 
 Nair, llalfbreed, Corde^^ ■■< 
 Mil K. Adair, whose < '. 
 kaloka. of the Blind Sj'. ' 
 March 17. t.s;;, al L.ku>i ■• 
 District. Educated In the • 
 and at Darlmouth 0>\\tt( 
 August 25, I.S.Si. Rachel I ■ 
 November IS, l,S5'». She di ; 
 |i|''. Thev were (he pirer- 
 Bertram, born Fehruar* I ■ 
 McLeod, h.rn Julv 5. ' 
 November S, I.S.SS; Sue ' 
 ISS7; Sadie K.. h-rn 
 Rachel L.. horn liecen' 
 William .Marii:- 
 Bristol, fngh 
 a love match. I 
 Joseph with a '■'■■ 
 
672 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 sent him to Virginia, where Joseph married 
 Susannah Childs, meml^er of a prrmiinent Co- 
 lonial family, and settled near Charlotteville 
 Alberjiiarle county in that state. Their third 
 son Joseph, was born in 1840. He became 
 a fur trader and amassed a fortune. He held 
 the following military positions; Captain of 
 the Transylvania Militia, elected in 1776 
 became Major February 17, 17 79 and Lieut. 
 Col. in l7Sl. He was elected Brig. Genl. 
 of North Carolina by the Legislature Dec. 
 15, 1787 and was commissioned Brig. Gen. 
 of the 20th Brigade of Virginia Militia by 
 Gov. Henry Lee Dec. 11, 1793. He was the 
 father of Martha called "Patsy" Martin, who 
 married George Washington, the son of John 
 and Gahoka Adair. George Washington and 
 Martha Adair were the parents of Brice Mar- 
 tin Adair who married Sarah McNair. They 
 were the parents of Rollin K. Adair, Town- 
 site Commissioner 1888 and Superintendent 
 of the Male Seminary l895-9'i. 
 
 7^:^^' 
 
Index 
 
 OIiD rA MTT.TIT lf 
 
 i>a^e\i?I!"; ''"/' ""■'",''*'■ "1 'V "Sht side of ll..„.lrl,k. 
 
 446 descriptions beginning on page Hll.l.-I.rm,. 
 
 Kiitlirr 
 
 Adair ,,,, ''"r"" 
 
 Bowles "..■.■,■.■." i-.-; h ;'••■" •■ 
 
 Blair :::::::::; \ii ;''? 
 
 B"ti<^'- :;;::42i! u,::: 
 
 ,^fr'f, 40J R.... 
 
 Clusliolm 4IIU su..'. 
 
 Conrad j2fi s.- 
 
 Cordery ..'.'.'. siil s.- 
 
 Daniel ' [ 'jyg ^„ , . 
 
 Downing 335 Si-i r 
 
 Duncan 441 T|„.nu.>..i 
 
 England 4.-,4 Tlmpson 
 
 Foreman 363 Waile 
 
 Ghigau 3Sil War.l . 
 
 Grant 305 Wllkcrs..! 
 
 Gosaduisga 419 Wils.m . 
 
 Halfbreed 44S Womlull 
 
 FOBTBAITS 
 
 Red Bird Smitl 47s C-.irg.- A. lair 
 
 Red Bird Smitb and family 4S4 Davis Hill ... 
 
 The Ketowah Council 4S7 Lucit-n \V. lUiffii 
 
 Joseph B. Cobb 4SS Huston U. T.-.> 
 
 O. Lonzo Conner 41>0 Richard Kiehl 
 
 Leyi Gritts 492 Hon. Jnn. i;uni. 
 
 F. P. Flippin 493 John C. Starr 
 
 Walter S. Agnevv 493 T. .1. and 1.. i- 
 
 Lulu M. Hetfner ...494 cict- }i-i- 
 
 irrs. Lou G. Howell 496 .lanana I 
 
 D. W. Lipe *»S W. H. i;,. 
 
 Richard L. Farrar 499 .Mary Ri It-, 
 
 George Fields 500 Dr. Jarni-.-* Cr.ii 
 
 aias, W. Poole 502 Mrs. Knilly I'.i 
 
 John E. DeLozier 504 William T. \Vi 
 
 Darius E. Ward 506 Hon. Rol.t. L < '" 
 
 S. R. Lewis 50S O. H. P. Hr. 
 
 Wm. Penn Adair 510 1903 Semim.rs 
 
 Ellis R. Gourd olO D. M. laiilkii.r 
 
 Buena Vista White -51- Sequoyal: 
 
 Mrs. Emma Carey 514 
 
 GENERAL INDEX 
 
 All., 
 
 Arii 
 
 Abbott. Mrs. J. H v ,.,l,ri.>..r Mr 
 
 Abbott. Mrs. Jno. H SoG ■:'"'"'J- -^fr, 
 
 Ackley. Mrs. Levi 662 .\rn Mn.n^ Jlr.- 
 
 Adair, Mrs. J. W ^:» , ",,!'\" ^- Vir- 
 
 Adair, Virginia H 6;^ "J" r^vs' Mr^ 
 
 Adal^' T. 'm.- • : : : : s?? -i;-''":-- >^.^,t' 
 
 f^ f"r> i:::::::": Ar!^'; K..wm 
 
 Adair, A. 1- ^ .- .,,,1,,., Mr« T 
 
 iri^' i'T' ::;::;::::5« luJ^n: m^ J 
 
 1^11^ "jokepitw •;:::: ^^ Aus.m. s,„ 
 
 Adair, John M .,„ Hnrhrf 
 
 Adair, Robert E i\l B-Xr.l 
 
 Adair. William P ^}il ,',„.;i, j.. 
 
 Adair George j,jj r.att?< .Mr- I '■ 
 
 Adair. Rollin K. ■ -gg, Hnuch. J 1. 
 
 Adair. Mrs. L. H gg, rtarK.T Wn. I 
 
 Adair, Oscar F g.,t , .,„ ,■ ,, 
 
 Addington. Cicero "U g-j , , 
 
 Adkirson. Jasper -7^ , 
 
 Alberty, Judge B. W .|, , 
 
 Alberty, John W Vl^ ,. 
 
 Albertv. Wm. T -,, , 
 
 Allton. Mrs. Joseph M g„,._ ,, 
 
 AUcott. A. B 5..; 1 .. 
 
 Allton, Chas. J g2S n.-:iii..' 
 
 Allen. Jno. R C29 Ht-nKc. ■ 
 
 Aldrich. iMrs. A. V\ gjO lu-nc"-. ' 
 
 Alley, Mrs. J. R 
 
674 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Billingslea, Jeanette 54i 
 
 Billings, Mrs. E. C °»1 
 
 Bible, John A ^" 
 
 Bird, William . |*» 
 
 Blake. Samuel C. ^*^ 
 
 Blount, Mrs. Oscar ° " 
 
 Blake, Mrs. J. K »^" 
 
 Blake, John F ?■?" 
 
 Bledsoe, 1. P ill 
 
 Boling Mrs. Julia M &J« 
 
 Boudinot, Frank K o"° 
 
 Boudinot R. F 63" 
 
 Bowers, Lola Garrett •>" 
 
 Brown, Mrs. N. R °" 
 
 Brown Mrs. C. W |46 
 
 Brown, Chas. G |2" 
 
 Breedlove, Walter »^- 
 
 Brown, Albert J^" 
 
 Brown, Mrs. W. L 660 
 
 Brown, Wm. C ll'i 
 
 Brown, Mrs. Jay Paul »»" 
 
 Bryan, Dr. W. W 593 
 
 Brannon, Mrs. O. V 3»:> 
 
 Buffington, Nancy G , o^J 
 
 Buffington, Chas. Koss a4» 
 
 Buffington, Joel W •'*» 
 
 Buffington, John Ross »J» 
 
 Burr. Mrs. Margaret 63U 
 
 Burns. Mrs. S. J =■?" 
 
 Burgess, Mrs. T. H 617 
 
 C 
 
 Calvert, Mrs. Sarah 633 
 
 Carden Wm. T 6^o 
 
 Carter, Chas. D 66b 
 
 Carey, Mrs. Emma = J;^ 
 
 Causdel. Mrs. Jas. W 5 J ' 
 
 Caywood, Mrs. J. E =»^ 
 
 Campbell, John R »51 
 
 Carselowey, Jas. R »»3 
 
 Carlile, Mrs. Stephen »|* 
 
 Carlile, Wm. A = = | 
 
 Carman, Daniel 55* 
 
 Carroll. Mrs. Jno. M 595 
 
 Campbell, Mrs. H. B 620 
 
 Causdel, Mrs. A. E 630 
 
 Caldwell, B. M 656 
 
 Carman, Wm. A 5 o_ 
 
 Cearley, Jno. G »9b 
 
 Chamberlain. Wm. C ^■'•; 
 
 Chumley. Elizabeth K 6^6 
 
 Chamberlain. Arthur F 631 
 
 Chamberlain, N. B 631 
 
 Clark, Wm. A 55- 
 
 Clark, Lucy 631 
 
 Clark, Wm. N 631 
 
 Coach, Mrs. Frank 632 
 
 Couch, Herbert F 632 
 
 Cook, Mrs. Lee 632 
 
 Coyn, P. J 632 
 
 Conan, F. G 632 
 
 Countryman Jno. A 633 
 
 Cnwan. Alex., Jr 658 
 
 Cochran, Mrs. Ned A 663 
 
 Cox. J. D 663 
 
 Coats, Mrs. Susie D 664 
 
 Cobb. Isabel 4S9 
 
 Conner, O. Lonzo 491 
 
 Countryman, Jas. T 552 
 
 Cobb, Gilbert Benson 553 
 
 Couch, Mrs. Irwin 554 
 
 ■ Cole. John M 66 4 
 
 Coats, Susie D 554 
 
 Cornatzer. C 555 
 
 Cook, Mrs. Henry N 595 
 
 Conner, Mrs. Crawford 595 
 
 Curtsinger, Mrs. R. N 596 
 
 Copeland, Mrs. Walter 59 6 
 
 Cobb Phil. H 607 
 
 Cox, Mrs. Zeno M 620 
 
 Cochran, Jessie E 6 23 
 
 Cochran, Jesse 630 
 
 Crowell. Mrs. F. M 624 
 
 Crittenden, W. S 657 
 
 Craig, A. H 657 
 
 (•room. Elmer C 65<! 
 
 Crriker, Beulah D 551 
 
 Crittenden, Richard H 552 
 
 Crittenden, Geo. \V 657 
 
 Crowell, Mrs. F. M 624 
 
 Cunningham, T. F 633 
 
 Cunningham, A. B £58 
 
 D 
 
 Davidson, Mrs. Ermine J 623 
 
 De Lozier, Mrs. Georgia 505 
 
 De Lozier Manford E 556 
 
 Dennenberg, Robt. C 55b 
 
 Deitrick, Mrs. J. R =5 1 
 
 Dobkins, Dr. Ben D 55b 
 
 Donnelly, Jas. H 59b 
 
 Downing. G. B 617 
 
 Donnelly, T. A 634 
 
 Drew, George 55/ 
 
 Duncan. Mrs. John C 555 
 
 Dupree, Wm. E. 6i& 
 
 Duncan, Mrs. Lucy ^^'^ 
 
 Dupree, F. L 634 
 
 Dupree, Wright ■ "34 
 
 Durall, Mrs. Benoni H ooa 
 
 Durall, Mrs. Geo. W 636 
 
 Dunham. Mrs. E. 65i 
 
 Duncan, Jno. E ■ ■ 65-< 
 
 Dykes, Mrs. Julia C 55b 
 
 E 
 
 Eaton Mrs. R. C 666 
 
 Eaton, Ellis M 55& 
 
 Edding, Americus ■ "»» 
 
 Edmondson, Mrs. J. D 557 
 
 Edmondson, Mrs. F. E 60_i 
 
 Elliott, Hiram T 55^ 
 
 Elliott. Jas. E ^i' 
 
 Elliott. Mrs. Callie 5d7 
 
 Ellis. Mrs. T. J "O, 
 
 Elliott, S. F 635 
 
 Elliott. Mrs. Emerson '>-> 
 
 England, Mrs. John 635 
 
 Epiierson, Berry F 55b 
 
 Epperson, Mrs. Joseph 65b 
 
 Epperson, Mrs. .1. 55b 
 
 Evans, Mrs. Lester 608 
 
 Evans, Marie °57 
 
 P 
 
 Farrar, Richard L *99 
 
 Faulker, Benj. F 65b 
 
 Faulkner, Mr.s. D. J 559 
 
 Fair. Jake 63S 
 
 Field, Ezekiel 638 
 
 Fite. Mrs. F. B 608 
 
 Fields, Wm. L 597 
 
 Fields. George W 501 
 
 Fields. Henry F 558 
 
 Flippin, Mrs. J. F 493 
 
 Mournov Mrs. Annie 559 
 
 Fletcher. C. L 614 
 
 Foreman, Mrs. Nannie 559 
 
 Foreman, T. W 597 
 
 Foreman, Wm. W 609 
 
 Foreman, Mrs. Ada C 637 
 
 Franklin, Mrs. Oscar 638 
 
 Frazier. Mrs. Samuel 638 
 
 Freeman, Mrs. G. H 639 
 
 French J. M 622 
 
 Fry, Cullie 609 
 
 G 
 
 Garvin. Benj. F 560 
 
 Galbreath, Mrs. Earl 561 
 
 Garrett. R. B 594 
 
 Garrett. Susan F 622 
 
 Gamble, .las. M. F 637 
 
 Gatlin, Mrs. Emma Nora 638 
 
 Gaines, Dr. J. H 657 
 
 Gatlin, Mrs. E. N 667 
 
 Gentry, Mrs. Wm. M 561 
 
 George. Mrs. Estella 561 
 
 George, Mrs. Earnest 625 
 
 Ohormerly, Wm. H 560 
 
 Gibbs, Jas. L 63a 
 
 Gibbs. Mrs. A. J 560 
 
 Gish. Mrs. E. W 670 
 
 Gilliland, Mrs. Homer 661 
 
 Glenn. F. C 624 
 
 Glass, John 609 
 
 Gourd, Ellis R 510 
 
 Goss Ben.i. F 561 
 
 Gott, A. M 561 
 
 Gonzales, Frank 6 25 
 
 Goforth, Mrs. A. P 637 
 
 Goddard Wm. P 637 
 
 Gritts. Ned 670 
 
 Greece Thomas 638 
 
HISTORY OF THE CillfROKHK INDIANS 
 
 Grimes, Ethel [; (; 
 
 Grant, G. O. ..:...'.. "S lionj. C King 
 
 Graham, Mrs. T. (). [ p?» KIiiuh. Win || 
 
 Graves, Clarence "^l , 
 
 Griffin, Geo. \v 597 l.unp. n '* 
 
 Gunter, Nancy ]'■■ ^^^ Uiirnon \i 
 
 Gnlager. JIary " ■"'"" Ljinilriiii,' 
 
 Gulager, F. w ^^^ l.:i\vr.-ii.. 
 
 Gwartney, Walter Ji "''' I'amhnrr.' .Mia» ( 
 
 E •""' l-uno. AlfR (• I. 
 
 Harris, Dr. James O ..„ '-a Hay. Mat,-.-- ■ 
 
 Harlan. Wni. Lee •' •' Lewis. .< i- 
 
 Hawkins. RosweU L)'r-iUe -''^ l.ette.-r. m 
 
 Hayes Mrs. Eliza J''^ '-i'''. "i'>i 
 
 Harris, Mrs J w °63 l.e |',,r.i- 
 
 Harris, Colonel J ?^'^ Lewis. .\i 
 
 Hammett. Jas. W ?;' 1-eafer. .M: 
 
 Hallum, Mrs. W. ' o \.i '-H'e. .\»i. 
 
 Hadrtan. Mrs Barnev I) - ' ''(jie. Jn.. 
 
 Hail. Mrs. Cleo -.'"t '-''•••"1<'. !■ 
 
 Harlan, Geo W •'"* l-lltle. .Mr- j, 
 
 Harris, Mrs.'ReuheA >?„'' H'"'- '•"'" 
 
 Hastings, Jno K ?"^ '''l'"- <'larK .' 
 
 Harris, Mrs. J. W. '.Tr J-'T. 1'''"^' ^*'^* Mart 
 
 Hall, Frederick l\i '-"wry. An.lr.n 
 
 Hamilton. Mrs H I °F I.nwrcy. I>. \V. 
 
 Harnage, Wm. C ttl '•""rc.v. Mrs. .\l 
 
 Hawkins, Pearl D.' ' .' ' .' c„ Lynch. Joseph M 
 
 Harnage. C. D „?„ Lynch. Mrs. lU-nrKIn . 
 
 Hanks, Mrs. Marv R '.'.'.". cr„ ,, „ ,, **« 
 
 Heady. Mrs. Frank F rVo" V, .-"l' ^'f '""{': 
 
 Henry, Mrs. W. G J'H M<-i."l ""k-h. Mrs ivt. r 
 
 Head, W. F . '^'■^l ^ ''•.■■•kle. l.;nM .. 
 
 Hefflefinger. Mrs. K.'c.'.':: '. 667 \ cV, 'in';;h '^Mrl i'' ,. 
 
 Heffner, Mrs. Lulu M i.,k m ,-, , ^ \. ■*"'■■'• 
 
 Hendricks. Thomas Sv. ' i:::::;:.:. 5^ M;l'.^u.ihiin Mrs-" u, 
 
 Hendricks, Thomas. Jr If, u^i al^*' Mr. r^.."/'' ' 
 
 Heflin, D, G ?h „ ., ^ "• -V/Jl ' '•"' '• 
 
 Hendricks, Rufus ^r7 m.^i „ "' ," ^""" 
 
 Henry. Mrs. W. G. .,..■...■.-.■.•.■.■.■.■. %\ ?|'^^^ "• ;^^"" ^ 
 
 Hendricks. Mrs. Jas. B ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! isCS Mcs/illi.,,^: ,'^,.;.r ., 
 
 Henry. Jesse 597 .McSpa.l.len. J. T. . 
 
 "f "' ^ • ^^''il ;^"^? ■"■'* McSpaddcn. Mrs W . 1 
 
 Hililebrand, Mrs. Samuel 6H K 
 
 Hill Mrs. H. J 621 Ma.vcs. Walter A 
 
 Highland, Jas 59s .Mayturn. Mrs WalKr 
 
 K'f.'^s. E. D 5S9 Mayc.-*. Hall 
 
 Hill, Davis .il9 Mayes. I>r. J..«. l" 
 
 Hickey. Geo. H 563 Maves. Mrs. Til- ' 
 
 Hickey. John W 56.1 Mahlfee. Mrs. \, 
 
 Hickey, T. P 659 .Mathesun. Mrs .\ 
 
 Horn Mrs. Eliza (,5S Martin, Mrs. Or 
 
 Holland. R. S 640 -Maves. ijeo W 
 
 Howard. F. S 640 Ma\es. S. H. Jr 
 
 Howell. Mrs. Lou G 497 Madison. Mm. !;■ 
 
 Horrell, Mrs. Louisa H 56.1 .\Iatney. Mrs. !• 1 
 
 ll.Hi.ston Mrs. Lee 565 .Maves. Wiley It 
 
 lluHell, Mrs. C. W 565 .Martin. Mrs. Wni II 
 
 ll.i:;ue. Mrs. Jas. S 565 Marlln. II.iM. I 
 
 Ih.ll.iwav, Mrs. Allen D 61(1 Martin. Mrs. I>c\Viii 
 
 Hulihard, Thos 640 Martin, J"el T 
 
 Huniplirev. Margaret 562 .Maves Watt A 
 
 Hurst. Mrs. Jno. R 62:; .Martin. K W 
 
 Hutchins. Lou W 597 Martin. K. G. 
 
 Hutchins. Nettie 60'J Mayes. W. I... 
 
 J Mark ham. U. 11 
 
 Jackson, Mrs. Fred L 640 Maxfielil S G 
 
 Jennings Landrum C 668 .Merrltt. Mr- '■ 
 
 Jones, Mrs. Geo. W 565 .Meek. Wir 
 
 Journeycake, Mrs. Eliza A 565 .\lerrell. .M 
 
 Jones. Mrs. Dr. .1. S 566 Meeker, <:■ 
 
 Jolinston. Jno. E 566 Melts. Il.im • 
 
 Jones. Mrs. G. L 636 .Meeks. Wllllnm 
 
 .Jordan, Mrs. Luther 640 .Merritt. I.. 1.. 
 
 Jordan, Mrs. Arthur 640 .Mitchell. Wn, P 
 
 Jones. Mrs. Thos. P 640 Milam, .1 '' 
 
 Johnson. Isaac 640 Milam. M: 
 
 Jordan Robt. L 641 .Milam. -M: 
 
 K .^tlller. .M' 
 
 Keith, Jas. G ''fij J""'''*') ' 
 
 Kerr. Mrs. Rolit -'S' Mitchell.' 
 
 Kevs, Elizabetli 56, Mitchell. .^ 
 
 Kelley, Jlr.s. W. P ;«• J f;''"^";, ' 
 
 Kelley. Lulu X «« J "• ^\' 
 
 Kerr. Mrs. Thos 641 M Ion. Ar ■ 
 
 Kevs Monroe A ••■" -MUes. Mf 
 
 Keys! Dennis B -^^- 1111 Mllnn'is " I'r, .,■• 
 
 King. Richard W 'iV, Bll "J T .- ™ i 
 
 Kincaid. Edward C 6 11 ■• M...,re, « ura A. 
 
676 
 
 HISTORY OF THE C HEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 Jloore Mrs. Henry W 5 i u 
 
 »:oore. Mrs. J. G 575 
 
 Moore, Mrs. A. J 578 
 
 Moore. Mrs. J. D 611 
 
 Morgan, Gideon 636 
 
 Morris, Mrs. Evans 645 
 
 Mount.s, Mrs. Ted R 645 
 
 Morgan, Lelia 660 
 
 Murphy. Looney 57i^ 
 
 Murphv, Mrs. Amanda 577 
 
 Muskrat, Jas. T> 646 
 
 Muskrat, Jacob J 646 
 
 Musgrove, Clem R 576 
 
 N 
 
 Nail, Mrs. Basil 612 
 
 Nash, Flo. H 659 
 
 Neiiman, Mrs. C. N 646 
 
 Nichols, Chas 64* 
 
 Nidifer. Jno. R 646 
 
 Nicholson, R. E 646 
 
 O 
 
 Odle, Mrs. Marvin 5S1 
 
 Odle, Mrs, Grover C 613 
 
 Ogden, Mrs. D. T 66S 
 
 Owen, Mrs. Thos. H 666 
 
 P 
 
 Patterson. M. L 578 
 
 Padgett. Mrs. T. R 579 
 
 Parkinson Mary Terry 57a 
 
 Pace, Mrs. Wm. H 613 
 
 Parks, Jennie T 646 
 
 Parker. Mrs. W. A 647 
 
 Parlette Mrs. Snowden 656 
 
 Pavne, Marble Lewis 666 
 
 Pennel, Mrs. H. C 6 J .^. 
 
 Peterson, Mrs. C. B 648 
 
 Petitt, Mrs. W. P 648 
 
 Peck. A. D 659 
 
 Peebles. Mrs. J. L 663 
 
 Phillips, Mrs. Woodley 613 
 
 Phillips, Mrs. W. P 613 
 
 Pierce. Mrs. Jas. M 647 
 
 Pierce, Mrs. J. M 662 
 
 Poole, Emma G 503 
 
 Poplin, Mrs. Geo. W 579 
 
 Pointer. Mrs. Patsy 648 
 
 Post, Mrs. Caroline 578 
 
 Prater, Mrs. H. L. D 579 
 
 Prater, David G 580 
 
 Prater, Mrs. H. S 648 
 
 Propp. Mrs. F. W 5S0 
 
 Purvear, Mrs. Lucv 648 
 
 B 
 
 Ramlio, Mrs. Lola M 619 
 
 Reasan, Austin 581 
 
 Renfro. Mrs. Wm. D 581 
 
 PLCed. Mary Theresa 581 
 
 Reid. J. W 616 
 
 Rector, Mrs. Ed 649 
 
 Render, Mrs. Dr. A. C 656 
 
 Rider. Thos. L 6)8 
 
 Richards, R. D 659 
 
 Riggs. Wm. G 566 
 
 Rhomar, Mrs. Mav 649 
 
 Riley. Mr.s. Stella 649 
 
 Rogers, Connell 649 
 
 Rogers, Wm. P. A 650 
 
 Rogers, Mrs. J. C 650 
 
 Rogers, Lewis 650 
 
 Rogers, Thos 650 
 
 Rogers, Jasper 650 
 
 Rogers. Mrs. Bertha 659 
 
 Roberts Mrs. W'. A 537 
 
 Roberts, Chas. D 580 
 
 Robertson. Judge A. E 580 
 
 Ros', Nellie K 581 
 
 Ross, Showy W 581 
 
 Ross, Mrs. Lila J 651 
 
 Robinson. Juliette M 582 
 
 Rogers. .las. F 613 
 
 Rogers. Mrs. Mary K 615 
 
 Roberts, Jlrs. W. E 621 
 
 Rogers Mrs. A. L G2o 
 
 itobinson. Mrs. Lerov .S 648 
 
 Roacli. Thomas S 649 
 
 Russell, Connie 622 
 
 S 
 
 Sanders, .John Gunter 511 
 
 Samuel. Mrs. T. W 572 
 
 Sanders, Mrs. Benj. F 651 
 
 Sandt^rs. Mrs. Bryan E 583 
 
 Samuel, Mrs. Clarence L 583 
 
 Sanders, Madison 585 
 
 Sandifer, Bert E 586 
 
 Sanders, W. E 587 
 
 Samuel, Mrs. Wm. R 629 
 
 Sanders, Mrs. Benj 651 
 
 Sartore, Mrs. Jno 651 
 
 Sanders Lewis J 659 
 
 Sanders, Sequoyah 604 
 
 Sanders, Mrs. DoUie 664 
 
 Schrimsher, John Gunter 526 
 
 Schrimsher, Ernest V , 651 
 
 Schuth, Mrs. Wm. J 651 
 
 Scott, Richard J 652 
 
 Scudder. Nellie V 652 
 
 Scott, Mrs. Walter 659 
 
 Sevier, Wm. P 587 
 
 Shade, Henry 585 
 
 Shoemake, Mrs. Nannie B 652 
 
 Shanahan, Mrs. Jennie 652 
 
 Sharp Mary E 652 
 
 Shimoon, George 660 
 
 Shaw, Mrs. Walter W 661 
 
 Sisson, Mrs. Pearl V 586 
 
 Si.xkiller, Samuel 654 
 
 Skinner, Mrs. Roy N 619 
 
 Skinner, Wm. Heber 653 
 
 Sleeper, Mrs. Minnie 584 
 
 Sloan, Jas. E 653 
 
 Sloan, Samuel J 653 
 
 Smith, Geo. W 582 
 
 Smith, Fred 586 
 
 Smith, Mrs. A. J 587 
 
 Smith Fred 615 
 
 Smith .Richard M 617 
 
 Smith, Mrs. Ford 620 
 
 Smith, W'. F 653 
 
 Smith, Mrs. R. A 65o 
 
 Smith, Mrs. Jasper E 669 
 
 Smith Mrs. R. L 584 
 
 Snodgrass, Mrs. T. L 584 
 
 Snider, E. J 615 
 
 Southerland, Anabella 654 
 
 Sparlin. Benj. F 613 
 
 Springston, Jno L 656 
 
 Starr, J. C 529 
 
 Starr, Bluford W 586 
 
 Starr. A. N 657 
 
 Starr, Eldee S55 
 
 Stan-, Mrs. Fannie 6il 
 
 Starr, Trixie 655 
 
 Stiles, Chas. W 585 
 
 Stewart. Jas. 585 
 
 Strange, Cicero J 587 
 
 Stokes. Elizabeth T 654 
 
 Sullivan, Frank R 616 
 
 Sunday, Andrew 584 
 
 Sunday, Ed 654 
 
 Swain, Rebecca M 619 
 
 Swift, Frank T 670 
 
 T 
 
 Taylor. R. L 602 
 
 Taylor, J. L 602 
 
 Tadpole Eli 602 
 
 Tanner, Robt. T 603 
 
 Taylor, John M 604 
 
 Taylor, Louisa J 605 
 
 Tehee, H. B -623 
 
 Teter, Mrs. Lewis 601 
 
 Terrell, Samuel 603 
 
 Tell, W. W 605 
 
 Thomas Mrs. Jas. H 624 
 
 Thompson, Lewis K 601 
 
 Thompson, Thos F 603 
 
 Tliompson, Mrs. A'et 603 
 
 Thompson. Mrs. Bert F 605 
 
 Thompson, Jno. F 616 
 
 Thornton, Orville E 617 
 
 Thompson, Robt. J 602 
 
 Tinker, Mrs. Minnie 603 
 
 Trott, Mrs. Jas. C 670 
 
 Trott, W. L 605 
 
 Trout, Mrs. Isaac 602 
 
 Trout, Logan 604 
 
 Trout, Mrs. Sam L 604 
 
 Trout, Geo. W 662 
 
 Tuton, Mrs. T. H 601 
 
 Tyner, Thos. J 601 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE IM,ias- 
 
 Tyn.' 
 
 tr, Jii 
 
 Aar 
 
 Tucker. Le 
 \'ann, I), w. 
 
 W'aici, Darius E 
 Ward. (Jeo. De S ' 
 Wallace. Sue A. ' ' 
 Walklev. \Vni S " ' 
 Walkley, Geo. \v 
 Walker. Mrs. Geo V 
 ^\■atts. Mrs. flias ( 
 AVariier, Mr.s. Jno. L. 
 A\ alkabout. Jos 
 Walkaljout. .lohn '.'.' 
 \ValkinsstiPk, Simeon I{' 
 Washam, Mrs. Kufus O 
 Ware. Mrs. David . 
 WalkalKjut. .Tos. . 
 Weinberger. Henrv 
 
 A\'e 
 
 .7 a; 
 
 H. 
 
 ■660 Win, 
 
 .6es vv 
 .6;n V 
 
 .5SD 
 
 . r.'io 
 
 .590 
 
 .ri!i(i 
 
 .590 
 .690 
 ..591 
 .670 
 .591 
 .591 
 .6«9 
 .669 
 
 Welili. .Maude E.' 
 
 Wiirmlnirtci 
 \V.,<Mlar.l. . 
 \V..,„lnll ■ 
 
 Wrlirhi 
 WrlKhi 
 WnIv. 
 
References 
 
 3,S — 1. Spanish Regime in Missouri Volume 2. 
 
 39 1 State Papers Indian Affairs, Vol. 2, page 11. 
 
 2, Ibid, page 31. . ,, , , .,„, „ 
 
 41 X Tennessee Historical Magazine, Vol. 4, page 2il-.i. 
 
 100 — 1. H. R. Doc. No. 28S, page 5. 
 
 2. Ibid, page 6. 
 
 101 — 1. H. R. Doc. No. 2S8. page 10. 
 
 103 — 2. H. E. Doc. No. 2SS, page 3. 
 
 4. Ibid, pages 57 to 69. 
 
 2. Ibid, page 46. 
 
 116 — 1. Doc No. 129, page.s 59 and 60. „ ,, j t , o^ too 
 
 113—1. Lt. Col. Thomas Fox Taylor was killed on Bayou Menard July -7, 1S6- 
 
 2. Quartermaster George W. Adair died April 22, 1S62 and was succeeded b> his son, 
 Brice Martin Adair. ,, „„ iooo 
 
 3 George West was lulled at Ft. Gibson, May 20, 1SS6. 
 
 15'> 2 Rebellion Records, Series 1, Vol XIII, page 491. 
 
 3. Ibid, page 492. 
 
 4. Rebellion Records Vol. Ill, page o91. 
 
 5. Ibid, Vol. XIII. pages 595 and 598. 
 
 6. Ibid, page 489. 
 
 7. Ibid, Vol III. page 673. 
 
 S. Ibid, page 675. „,„ , „„, 
 
 159—1. Ibid Vol. XIII. pages 821. 842, 847, 849 and S61. 
 
 2. Ibid, page 431. 
 1. Ibid, page 473. 
 
 160 — 2. Rebellion Records, Vol. XIII. page 488. 
 
 3. Commissioner of Indian Affairs Report for 1SG5. page 286. 
 
 1. ebellion Records, Vol. XIII, page 552. 
 
 177_J- J^'narlfn, Oct. 1, 1865 in Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 
 
 1865, page 288. 
 
 225 — 1. Early History of the Cherokees. page il. 
 
 2. Ibid, page 81. 
 
 3. Ibid, page 75. 
 
 4. Ibid page 75. 
 
 6' Unfteritates- Cherokee Treaty of December 29, 1835, article 10. 
 
 226 — 1. Laws of the Cherokee Nation, 1852, page 45. 
 
 2. Ibid, page 33. 
 
 4. Ibid, page 76. 
 
 1. Tbid, page 77. 
 
 2. Ibid, page 90. 
 
 3. Ibid, page 101. 
 
 227 — 1. Cherokee Advocate. .Tanunry 29. 1846. 
 
 1. Laws of the Cherokee Nation, 1SSd2, page 90. 
 
 2. Ibid, page 134. 
 
 3. Cherokee Advocate March 1846. 
 
 4 Cherokee Advocate, June 1845. 
 
 5 Laws of the Cherokee Nation 1852, page 141. 
 
 6. Ibid, page 165. 
 
 7. Ibid, page 136. 
 
 228— ?: Annuaflleport of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs 1858 P^Se 142_ 
 
 2 Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs 1859. page l.(. 
 
 1. Laws o the Cherokee Nation, 1868, page 611. 
 
 229 — 2. Ibid, page 71. 
 
 3. Ibid, page 84. „ , ^ ,0-- 
 
 4 Commissioner of Indian Affairs Report for ISii. 
 
 2 Act of Council November 17, 1843. 
 
 3 Act of Council November IS, 1846 and November 3 IM. 
 
 4 Acts of Council November 11, 148 and November 19 1849. 
 5. Acts of Council November 6. 1851. 
 
 1 Laws of the Cherokee Nation 1875. page 15>8. 
 
 "31 — 1. Treaty of Decemher 25. 1835. article 10. 
 
 2. Laws of the Cherokee Nation 1852. page 146. 
 3 Annual Catalogues of the Seminaries. 
 
 I- ^'?f,rCh?roree"N?trorVr'no?-e.^^^/,ed bv any country in the inducements offered 
 ■ the youth." Annual Catalogues of the Seminaries. 
 2,To— 1 Commissioner of Indian Affairs Report for 18o5. page 4ol. 
 
 •> Catherine Hastings was h full blood Cherokee girl who was gi\en that name b\ 
 
 the Missionaries at Dwigbt Mission • , , „....-. „;,.-,„ t,,,t mme hv the 
 
 233—1 Martha Whiting was a full blood Cherokee girl « ho «as gI^en that name 05 tne 
 
 •■33 FmmrLowrey Wnitmi''r?c'eTved as a graduation gift from her grandmother 
 W a tlTou/and dollar mahogany piano. Miss Williams, ^'l^-? .;^,a«.,f ^"""'^'^^.n'' 
 very brilliant girl, was dressed at her graduation m a gown which she had spun, 
 
 3. Somt of'^thTextracts from an autograph album of Victoria Susan Hicks are ap- 
 234-1. Isahefcobb graduated Glendale Female ColleRe. Glendale Ohio June S 1881 and 
 
 from the Woman's Jledical College of Pennsylvania May 5, 1892. r-nnntv in 
 
 :35-^l. Carlotta Archer was appointed Superintendent of Instruction of ^^f ^^^ <:7<,",V 
 July 1908 and was elected to the same office m 1910. 1912, 1916, 1918 and IJ-u. 
 
HISTORY OF THH CHHRQKHK 
 
 INHlANs 
 
 ' in It'OT'^amMsro" "'"■'' *'*'•"■" Si.prlni,.,.,, 
 3- Miss Ore-'oni-i n n 
 
 ^ -s- Edw n Moorin.. r. ' ^ l»"KiTN l'..iit,.. 
 
 «-4. Jame" Ti ™' ~,i^''"''','- "••■•••^ a, ",' 
 
 1. Charles Golsto " \ V n^'' •'''" «'' 
 J- James JIor„in,"v.,;i-t''\'"''' ' 
 
 1- Abraham Vamlvk-A ij„i , 
 
 ana 1920 ""•^'^'^ Hohinson was ,.1,.,.|.. , , 
 
 and 1910. """lamson was cleclcil i: 
 
 — 1- Aneliza Eulalia Sevioi- «■,.. i 
 
 „ of the Indian Terr .oA- Gr ,„ T!;'^, •""•^' "■ "■' 
 
 ot the First Distrirt ^r i h i i ' "^""' Atti.rniv ■ 
 yention from District \o 7? " ""'"' 
 
 ;:SisB:!Stc,r:"' 
 
 "^- ?o^°''Se Washington Fields «a-< ele...-,! i- 
 
 3. James Bascom Johnson was elect ei-,,.r, 
 i-ounty in 1907 and liIO ' ' »"I"rii- 
 
 *' or/hf ^- Sanders was elected Sheriff of rh.r. 
 1912 "°"'''"" Itallard was elected Wstri, , . ,. ■ 
 
 2. Wilson Xivens Smith was elected Judeo .' 
 
 3. Samuel Jesse Starr was elected (V mtv, 
 
 1. Jarrette Bell Harlan was elected s"rw\ ' 
 -. Henry ^ ood was elected foiiniv Ci>n 
 
 ed and Avas elected City Cominissi.. 
 
 Private Secretary to Governor Rol,. • 
 
 way Commissioner. 
 
 1. John Grover Scales was elected Sum- in. i i ,> 
 County in 1910 and 1912 Treasurer iiV I'.IS ami '. 
 
 2. Lee Roy Mitchell was elected Mstrlc n rk of 
 
 1. Laws of the Cherokee Nation 1.S52 pace 77 
 
 2. Acts of Council December 23. 1S13 and January » 
 
 3. Laws of the Cherokee Nation 1S73, i.nKe :6- 
 
 4. Ibid, page 260. 
 
 5. Laws of the Cherokee Nation IS;2. pace 75 
 
 6. Ibid, page 182. ■ i >• 
 
 1. Ibid, page 191. 
 
 2. Ibid, page 193. 
 
 3. Laws of the Cherokee Nation lS7.i paKC •'Jl 
 
 4. Ibid, page 263. ' " 
 
 1. Cherokee Advocate. February 2, 1SS7. 
 
 2. Tahlequah Arrow. Vol. 17, No. 11 of Noveml.. r ! 
 
 1. Letters written by ilrs. Cassandra I.,<.ckH., 
 by Joseph B. Thohurn. pace 32. 
 
 2. Poor Lo, by Waller N. Wyelli. pace .■, i 
 I. Ibid, page 3S. 
 
 I. Nicholas Dalton Scales was horn In Isnj i,, i;. 
 
 I. The constitution of the Cherokee .\;iti..ii w.i> , ..n. 
 
 !. The Cherokee government nased nri .liinc- .•;", 1^.> 
 
 I. Laws of the Cherokee .\'ati..n l-:..' tr.,j, :.i 
 
 '.. Ibid, page 35. 
 
 .: Ibid, pages S2 and 97. 
 
 1. Ibid, page 155. 
 
 :. Ibid, page 167. 
 
 . Ibid page 171. 
 
 Letter of Colonel Walie in Chronicles ..f i iklali.mw 
 
680 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 
 
 2. Constitution of ISSfl. '''i'"^^* f ■,^5'='.'°^ refused to qualify and lift In-other Charles 
 
 6_?- S;iL^rMcLeo"lTndTt^mTrs'"erecte'd"'s[lte1enator%ro„. the Thirtieth District in 
 
 1907 and 1911., ^ip^t^.l Cnuntv Commissioner of Adair County in 191S. 
 
 ^9=^- ilLon ISrg'Srwas^'elecTed'a^menX.^of Legislature from Mayes County :n the 
 
 ,_l' j;°n"nl\\ Ro'.e'r^w":S e^Sl'd^Trels-er of MusKo.ee County in 1907 and 1914 and 
 
 • was appointed to the same °«'S<^^"i ""p„,.um Davis 
 
 l-l- ?rarres°B'Jfar\an"n ra?tlelred-'°(^o"un^t^-rom^rtiss^ of MusUo.ee County in 
 
 1 Chl'rles Oliver Frve was elected a member of Oklahoma Constitutional Convention 
 2. Isaac Abrahanfjacots was elected a representative from geauoyah County in the 
 
 Second Legislature. r'„„r,t^- Commissioner in Adair County in 191S. 
 
 '2-1. Richard Lee Taylor was elected a County Comm^sSK.nei in a ^^^^ ^^^^ 
 
 2. DeWitt Clinton Lipe was ^'f^'^f .bounty Clerk of Rogers c y^^^^^^^^,^„„.^^ con- 
 
 3. Clenient Vann ogers was elected |^ ";|,"f ^•^^"^^/"^as named for him. 
 
 r3_l. ^i?eTw?s""Li°dtTwL°elecfed\o°regi'slature^from Mayes County in the Third 
 
 Legislature. „i„„,o^ «onntor from the Twentv-ninth District in 1907. 
 
 V ^Tl!Inf^?d1v"a'?4Va^deTs^VaV^"e!e^ofe!rX^^^^^^^ County in 1910, Commis- 
 
 sioner of the same county m "l^Ji"'! if" 'iff of Mayes County in 1910 and 1912. 
 
 - lS;,KK.,s F«?sr-1S\vilHI 'K«s s,s. rs- 
 
 1. Weatherford Beck was sen. ■rally ';'"'/'' i^i''iure from Delaware District in 1920. 
 I: 'AZel ^^?ey°Copela^nd^^\1tec?;V°a me-mbt'^of t'l^ Oklahoma Constitutional Con- 
 vention from District No. 62. r^.,,„f^ Commissioner of Mayes County in 1918. 
 
 in 1916 and 1918. ,^„j^,, , ™ovnhev of leeislature from Delaware County in 1907. 
 
 ?; };ll.TAV^^.7rc^^T^l e>S^e^|Scierk of^Dela^^a^e^Cot^ 
 
 .._V I&ii^ ^S^e ^ S^ l^e^r" ^^ll^'S^nt? 1^1907. 
 
 17(1 l' Tohn Benge was "generally known as "Riddle' Benge. 
 
 :;::^ S'5^^^'l^SfiS1^^c?eril^i^^?'^^M^^-'?o-?J: Oklahoma in 1907 
 
 ios-^' il^o"n,a"sM«lrso?^.^rsU"unn^ls elected County Commissioner of Rogers County 
 
 3 ^r„\^J^?„^"Blinngslea Beck was elected Representative from Mcintosh County in 
 
 .,S1 -. W?lliam Charles Dumont Patton was appointed District Clerk of Se.uoyah County 
 
 5. f Jljiam Nucholls Little^n was a m^l^c. U.^^^ Convention form 
 
 .S3-' F^slplf Benson'cibb'wis' eTe'ctlrCounty Co'mmissioner of Wagoner County in 1918. 
 
 .83-3 He'rv Cirkham Walkley was elected Register of Deeds of Tulsa County in 1907 
 2S7-1. John W. Brown was generally called "Scoy" Brown. 
 
 ■)a5__i John T. Beamer was also known as Jack Doubletootn. tie 
 
 t' ^CeSi ^^I^ZJ^r:^^^ IVL C.-okee Nation at that time. 
 
 '-^^-}- ^i^^i ^^^!»^a^;rri^y=.^lf g?^|{| i^^, ^^^^^,^^ „, Okla- 
 lomas Albert Chandler was elected to Congress from the !• irst Disiiiet ui 
 
 Thoi ^- 
 
 boma in 1916 and 192 
 
 X989 
 
-^■i 
 

 •;%./ ■:^. 
 
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