Eizl Class Book ' ^ . COPWRrCHT DEPOSIT NEW AMSTERDAM NEW ORANGE NEW YORK ^^^Li^mm^^m^mm^^m^m^im^r^ ^wmiw^^immm NEW AMSTERDAM ^ I o vyog3 NEW ORANGE NEW YORK A CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED ACCOUNT OF ENGRAVED VIEWS OF THE CITY FROM THE FIRST PICTURE PUBLISHED IN MDCLI UNTIL THE YEAR MDCCC BY WILLIAM LORING ANDREWS PUBLISHED AND FOR SALE BY DODI3, MEAD AND COMPANY, NEV^ YORK ANNO DOMINI MDCCCXCVII r/z8 .37 COPYRIGHT, 1897, BY WILLIAM LORING ANDREWS 2Do gp^ ftienu Bcberli? Ctjeto friejicf/icJUiyGE y C^ oLamin0 Tafr)e rcfi^atn^. SO nixit/f f/^ou^^^UE tinfot/fjaooJey (5^ ^I^alf reaaifa my paine. Geffroy Whitney, ^^^„f^ CONTENTS I Prefatory Notes . . . xvii II Bibliography .... xxvii III Chapter First . ■ ■ - 3 Chronologically arranged Account of Engraved Views of the City from the first picture pub- lished in 1 65 1 until the Year 1800. IV Chapter Second . . . 31 Engravings executed from the Year 165 1 to the Year 1700. V Chapter Third .... 57 Engravings executed from the Year 1 700 to the Year 1793. VI Chapter Fourth . . . 75 Engravings executed from the Year 1793 '■° ^^^ Year 1800. VII Appendix 97 Extracts from G. M. Asher's Bibliographical and Historical Essay on Dutch Books and Pamphlets relating to New Netherland and the Dutch West India Company. Amsterdam, 1855; H ugh Gaine' s Universal Register. New York, 1776 and William Smith's History of New York, 1757. The References and Inscrip- tion upon the plan of John Montresor. Lon- don, 1775. Alleged portrait of Henry Hudson in possession of the City of New York. VIII Addenda 133 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PHOTO-ENGRAVINGS The Duke's Plan (in color) . . Frontispiece Arms of New Amsterdam and New York (in color) . . . Vignette on title page PHOTOGRAVURES ON COPPER FACING PAGE Francis I 4 Church of St. Ethelburga 9 Old Houses in the City of Albany ... 14 Mohawk Indian Warrior 16 William Usselinx 18 West India Company's Warehouse, Amster- dam, 1 64 1 20 First View of New Amsterdam . . . 31 Title page of Joost Hartger's " Beschrijvinghe " 32 View of New Amsterdam on Van der Donck's Map of Nova Belgica 37 Title page of Van der Donck's " Beschry- vinge " 38 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PAGE View of New Amsterdam in the " Beschryving" of Montanus 4^ William Kieft's Punishment for Beggars . . 4^ The Fort in New York 45 View of New Amsterdam on Seutter's Map . 4^ Admiral Cornelis Evertsen 5° View of New Amsterdam by P. Mortier . . 54 New Amsterdam, " A Small City on Manhat- , tan Island " 58 Plan of the City of New York by Bernard Ratzer ^° Prospect of ye City of New York by William Burgis ^O View of the " New Dutch Church " by Will- iam Burgis ^3 View of New York City on the Popple Map . 64 Southwest View of the City of New York, Drawn by Capt. Thomas Howdell . 66 Southeast View of the City of New York, Drawn by Capt. Thomas Howdell . . 67 Title page of Kalm's " Re.ze " .... 68 Southwest View of the City of New York, J. Carwitham, sculp 7° New York about 1790 . • • • 7^ Bowling Green °^ XIII ::^>JV/ PREFATORY NOTES O far as I have been able to trace, there are but eight* views of the Fort and Town of New Am- sterdam and the City of New York, engraved prior to the Revolutionary War, which differ sufficiently from one another to support the hypothesis that they may have been engraved from sepa- rate original drawings. These, for the sake of brevity, I designate as follows : 1 Hartgers 2 N. J. Visscher 3 Montanus 4 Romeyn de Hooghe 8 Howdell — S. E. View * This number should, perhaps, be reduced by one, as the engravings on the Visscher and Van der Donck maps and in the History of Montanus all may have been taken from the sketch made by Augustine Herremans. 5 Wm. Burgis 6 B. Ratzer 7 Howdell— S. W. View PREFATORY NOTES Of engraving No. i I find one early copy, or reprint ; of No. 2, five ; of No. 3, one ; of No. 4, eleven. Of the remaining prints I am unable to state with exactness how often they may have been copied in whole or in part prior to the year 1800. Of these eight views, with the exception of Nos. 5 and 6, there have been numerous modern reproductions. The public and private collections that I have been able to consult, which contain copies of the maps and views described in the follow- ing pages, are indicated in the foot notes. Early Maps and Plans of the City of New York 1 The Duke's Plan, . . 1661 2 Plan de Manathes,ou Nou- velle Yore, by J. B. L. Franquelin, . . . 1693 3 The Miller Plan,* . .1695 * Plan of the city by the Rev. John Miller as it existed in the year 1695. This plan (one of Albany and of the forts at New York, Albany, Schenectady and the Indian fort at the Flats) accompanies a description of the Province and City of New York in 1675, by the Rev. John Miller. " Now first printed from the original manuscript by Thomas Rodd, Lon- don, 1843, into whose possession it fell on the dispersion of the library of George Chalmers, Esq." PREFATORY NOTES 4 The Bradford Map, a . 1731 5 David Grim's Map, ^ . 1742 6 The Duyckinck Map,'-' (T . 1755 7 Plan of the City, by Ber- nard Ratzer, d . . 1767 8 The Montresor Plan, d" . 1775 9 Map in Hugh Gaine's Universal Register,/ . 1776 10 The City of New York, surveyed by J. Hills, . 1782 11 Plan of the City, by I. M. Comb Jun', ^ . 1789 12 Map of the City, by Wm, Bridges, engraved by P. Maverick, . . . 1807 Early Drawings of New York The Journal of the Labadists, Jaspar Dankers abed. The New York Historical Society. a e f g. The Andrews Collection. *" A Plan of the City of New York from an actual Survey, Anno Domini MDCCIV." By Frank Maerschalk, city surveyor. Printed, Ingraved for and sold by G. Duyckinck. The map is dedicated to Lieu- tenant-Governor James de Lancey. The key contains forty-four names of buildings and localities. The copy of this map in the New York Historical Society was presented to that institution in 1807 by John Pintard. PREFATORY NOTES and Peter Sluyter, 1679-80, contains three views of New York, as follows : I New York from Brooklyn Heights. 1 View of New York from the East. 3 View of New York from the North. Facsimile reproductions of the above will be found in the Memoirs of the Long Island Historical Society, Volume I, Brooklyn, 1867. The miniature views in the headbands of Chap- ters II, III and IV are taken from illustrations in this publication. Chronological Arrangement of the First Five Engraved Views of New York and the Early Copies or Reprints Thereof first view Original In Joost Hartger's Befchrijvinghe van Virginia, etc. h Amsterdam, 1651. Copy A In AdriaenVan der Donck's Nieuvv- Nederlant. First Edition. / Am- sterdam, 1655. h The Lenox Library. The New York Historical Society. The Andrews Collection. / The Lenox Library. PREFATORY NOTES SECOND VIEW Original On Map of Nicolas J. Visscher, 1651-1656. Copy A On Map of Adriaen Van der Donck, in his Nieuvv-Nederlant. Second Edition, y 1656. " B On first Map of Hugo Allard. " C On Map of N. Visscher (said to be N. J. Visscher's old map re- touched by N. Visscher about 1690). " D On Map of Justo Danckers. " E On Map of Johan Baptista Homan.* THIRD VIEW Original In Arnoldus Montanus's " Besch- ryving van Amerika." 1671. Copy A In Ogilby's "America." 1671. FOURTH VIEW Original On second Map of Hugo Allard. i673-t j The Lenox Library. The Andrews Collection. * Published in his " Neuer Atlas," Norimbergae, 1707. The view bears the name of N. Visscher. Whether it is a copy of, or an impres- sion from the original N. Visscher plate it is difficult to determine. •)• This engraving is supposed by Asher to have been executed by the celebrated Romeyn de Hooghe, and is called the "Capture of New Am- PREFATORY NOTES Copies A B On first and second Maps of Caro- lus Allard. k"" Copy C On Map of Joachim Ottens.* " D On Map of Reinier & Josua Ot- tens. / "' " E On Map of Matthew Seutter. m " F On Map of Tobias Conrad Lotter. Copies GH Two Views in Carolus Allard's Collection of Views of Cities of the World, n Copy I The View with the title " Een stedeken in Noord Amerikaes " and the inscription Amstel. C. P. No. 92, Pet. Schenck, sterdam by the Dutch, August, 1673." [Again surrendered to the English on the loth of November (new style), 1674.] This view is reproduced by Joseph W. Moulton in his " New York 170 Years Ago," with the following explanatory note: "This view was copied from a manuscript copy of one which was originally published in Holland, and which copy was made in 1769 by Du Simitiere, a French gentleman of antiquarian research, taste and learning, who resided and died in Philadelphia. His manuscripts were preserved in the Loganian branch of the library of that city. *' Satisfied of its authority as a correct delineation immediately prior to the conquest in July, 1673, upon various grounds in the recapitulation of which it is not necessary to occupy the reader's attention, the writer caused this interesting relic to be engraved." k The Harvard College Library (plain and colored impression). / The Emmet Collection, in the Lenox Library. wj The New York Historical Society. The Andrews Collection. ;: The Andrews Collection. The Huntington Collection, Metropolitan Museum of Art. * According to Asher these are all from the same plate. PREFATORY NOTES Copy J The Engraving signed P. Mortier. o " K The small engraving on Map of P. Schenck. 1705. p The titles upon these maps vary in volu- minousness under the caption of " Novi Belgii in America Septentrionali " or its equivalent, while the views which ornament them bear in some cases the simple title " Neu Jorck sive Neu Amsterdam " ; in others the following : " Nieuw Amsterdam onlango Nieuw Yorck ge- nant. Ende hernommen by de Nederlanders, op den 24th Augt. 1673," or " Nieuw Amster- dam onlangs Nieuw jorck op den 24 Aug. 1673 eindelyk aan de Engelse weder afgestan." FIFTH VIEW Original The Engraving by William Burgis. N. Y. 1717. q Copy A On the Popple Map. (?) 1733. r " B In the London Magazine. (?) 1761. W. L. A. p The Andrews Collection. (/ The New York Historical Society. ;• The Lenox Library. The Holden Collection. ^^ '^^5^^_^-^^r'_-'^C~~*'^ BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY LPHABETICAL list of books which have been consulted in the preparation of this account of views illustrating New York City: Allard (Carolo). Orbis Habitabilis Oppida et Vestitus, etc. (One hundred colored views of cities.) Folio. Amsterdam, n. d. Befchrijvinghe Van Virginia, 0tu\D ^mt\mnu Nieuw Engelandt, €n D'C^lauUeu Ber- mudes, Berbados, en S. Chriftoffel. . . . Met kopere Figuren verciert. Pot quarto. t'Amsterdam. By Joost Hart- gers, 1 65 1. Beschryvinge Van Nieuw- Nederlant, etc., BIBLIOGRAPHY door Adriaen vander Donck (first edition). Pot quarto. t'Aemsteldam. By Evert Nieuwenhof, Anno, 1655. The same (second edition). 1656. Davies (C. W.). History of Holland. Octavo. London, 1842. Drake (Samuel G.). Biography and History of the Indians of North America. Octavo. Boston, 1851. Gaine (Hugh). Universal Register or Ameri- can and British Kalendar. Duodecimo. New York, 1776. Goodrich's (A. T.) The Picture of New York and Stranger's Guide to the Commercial Metropolis of the United States. Douodecimo. New York, 1825-1828. Hudsonus (Henricus). Descriptio ac delinea- to Geographica, etc. Medium quarto. Amsterodami, 161 2. Lamb (Mrs. Martha J.). History of the City of New York. Quarto. New York, 1877. Lambrechtsen (N. C). A Short Description of the Discovery and Subsequent History of the New Netherlands. Octavo. Middleburg, Holland, 18 18. BIBLIOGRAPHY Miller (Rev. John). A Description of the Province and City of New York in 1675. Now first printed from the original MS. by Thomas Rodd. Octavo. London, 1843. Moulton (J. W.). New York 170 Years Ago. Octavo. New York, 1843. O'Callaghan (E. B.). History of New Neth- erland, or New York, under the Dutch. Two Volumes, octavo. New York, 1855 Purchas (Samuel). His Pilgrimes. Five Volumes, folio. London, 1625. Read (John M.). Henry Hudson. Octavo. Albany, 1846. Smith (Wm. A. M.). The History of the Province of New York from the First Discovery to the Year MDCCXXXIL Quarto. London, 1757. Valentine (D. T.). History of the City of New York. Octavo. New York, 1853. Watson (John F.). Annals of New York. Octavo. Philadelphia, 1846. BIBLIOGRAPHY Through the courtesy of the custodians of the New York Historical Society and the Lenox Library I have been able to examine such of the following maps as are not embraced in my own collection : Allard (C.) McComb Bradford Montresor Duyckinck Ottens (J. & R.) Dancker Ratzer Gaine Schenck Lotter Seutter Visscher (N.) Also an atlas ot 185 maps " collected in Hol- land about the Year 1760 by Dirk Van der Weyde, A.M. (presented to the Historical So- ciety in the City of New Amsterdam by his grandson, Peter Henry Van der Weyde, M. D.)"; The "Zee Atlas " of Peter Goos ; The " Atlas Minor " of Abraham Allard, and the various extensive cartographical collections published by the Blaeu family. The New York Historical Society Collec- tions, New Series, Volume I, furnish transla- tions of Van der Donck's " Beschryvinge,"Lam- brechtsen's " New Netherlands," De Vries's BIBLIOGRAPHY " Voyages," Acrelius's " New Sweden," Ver- razzano's "Voyage," A. D. 1524, Extracts from Juet's " Journal of Hudson's Voyage," and several other important publications relat- ing to the History of New Netherland. David T. Valentine, for many years Clerk of the Common Council of the City of New York, made his Manual of the Corporation a treasure-house of local history lore, and copied in its pages, by means of lithography, probably every rare map and view of New York that exists. In this antiquarian labor he was greatly assisted by the late Dr. George H, Moore, formerly librarian of the New York Historical Society and superintendent of the Lenox Li- brary. To these enthusiastic students and chroniclers of our city's past every lover of reminiscences of old New York owes a con- stant and lively debt of gratitude. W. L. A. CHAPTER I In such an hour he turns, and on his ^ienv Ocean, and earth, and heaven, burst before him ; Clouds slumbering at his feet, and the clear blue Of summer s sky in beauty bending o^ er him — The city bright belo'vo ; and far aavay. Sparkling in golden light, his o^wn romantic bay. Tall spire, and glittering roof and battlement, A7id banners floating in the sunny air ; And ivhite sails o^er the calm blue nvaters bent. Green isle, and circling shore, are blended there In ivild reality. JVhen life is old. And many a scene forgot, the heart ivill hold Its memory of this ; nor lives there one Whose infant breath ivas dranxin, or boyhood'' s days Of happiness voere passed beneath that sun. That in his manhood 'j prime can calmly gaze Upon that bay, or on that mountain stand. Nor feel the prouder of his native land. Fitz : Greene Halleck NEW AMSTERDAM NEW ORANGE NEW YORK A CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED ACCOUNT OF ENGRAVED VIEWS OF THE CITY FROM THE FIRST PICTURE PUB- LISHED IN 165I UNTIL THE YEAR 1 80O CHAPTER I EFORE proceeding with our enu- meration of the existing engrav- ings which illustrate " t' Fort nieuw Amsterdam op de Man- hatans," the Town of New Am- sterdam, and the City of New York from prim- itive times down to the close of the eighteenth century, we pause a moment to glance at the personality of the great discoverer of that 3 NEW AMSTERDAM portion of the New World in which, as denizens of this flourishing MetropoHs, we are most deeply interested, and also to refresh our mem- ory in regard to the character, composition and aims of the great commercial and maritime company which planted the Colony of New Netherland. HENRY HUDSON IT is asserted, and the claim is admitted by certain distinguished historians — the Hon. George Bancroft among the number — that Gio- vanni Verrazzano, a Florentine corsair, privat- eersman, or buccaneer (whichever it may please you to designate him), in the service of His Most Serene Majesty, the King of France, did, in the spring of 1524, enter lower New York Bay, and was therefore the first European who sighted Sandy Hook and the virgin-forest- crowned Highlands of the Neve-Sincks. Un- fortunately for him and his royal master, Ver- razzano's exploration of the inland water he had happened upon was, according to his own elab- orate report, nipped in the bud by a violent storm, which drove him and his caravel 6ut to sea. This entire story is claimed by the Hon. 4 NEW ORANGE NEW YORK Henry C. Murphy to be manufactured out of whole cloth. It is utterly scouted by him and other learned writers, and Verrazzano's letter of July 8, 1524, to Francis I, giving a cir- cumstantial account of his discoveries, is pro- nounced a wholesale forgery. As the proofs adduced and the arguments presented on both sides of this vexed question are absolutely con- clusive, we feel at liberty to adopt whichever view of the matter will contribute most to the easy flow of our narrative. As to the truth of the closing incident in the life of this Italian navigator, who has set the historians so might- ily by the ears, there appears to be less conflict- ing evidence. Three years after he penned his letter and " Cosmographical Exposition of his Voyage " on board the ship " Dolphin," as she lay for repairs in the port of Dieppe, and de- spatched it to Francis I, he fell, it is said, into the meshes of Spanish law, and expiated his sins of omission in the matter of the discovery of new lands, and his crimes of commission in the way of piratical adventures, by a sudden and un- natural ending of his bold career. But such an ignominious taking oflF should not necessarily dim the fame of Verrazzano,for did not this same chivalric and enlightened nation imprison 5 NEW AMSTERDAM Columbus and load him with chains ? It was a convenient mode of discharging obligations to their faithful servants when the indebtedness became too burdensome, that kings and princes aforetime occasionally adopted. For nearly a century after this partial discov- ery by Verrazzano, the country, which escaped his prying eyes, through the inopportune and officious intermeddling of Old Neptune — as the Florentine rover claims — remained a sealed book to all Europe ; for it was not until the closing days of the summer of 1 609 that Captain Henry Hudson, in the " Yaght Halve Maan," passed cautiously up the Bay of New York, sounded his way through the Narrows, and for the first time in the history of civilization the Bergen heights echoed back across the salt marshes of Communipaw "^^ the sound of the casting of an anchor in the placid land-locked waters of the Kil van Kol. We can fancy Hudson's sensations as he gazed upon the tranquil scene which, after his wearisome five months' voyage, unfolded itself before his vision. To the north — whither his course was bent — lay a wide expanse of rippling water, its boundary hidden beneath an au- * Indian name Gomocuipa. NEW ORANGE NEW YORK tumnal haze which must have teemed with fairy visions and resounded with syren voices luring him onward in his vain search for " far Cathay." The hour that would witness the fruition of the hopes that had led the intrepid mariner across a trackless deep to a strange and beaconless shore appeared about to strike, and the heart of the commander of the Half-Moon must have throbbed with bright anticipations of as- sured success, as in the twilight of that Septem- ber day he paced the quarter-deck of his little craft, and gave vent to his emotions by consum- ing pipe after pipe of the fragrant Indian weed, into the use and delights of which, according to tradition, he had been inducted by no less a personage than the great Sir Walter Raleigh himself Of the life of this renowned discoverer little is known save for a period of three or four years, and probably no authentic engraving of him exists.* He came upon the stage too late for Holbein's incisive pencil, too early for the magic brush of Rembrandt; but Simon de Passe, a dabster of no small pretensions in the art of portraiture, might have limned the bronzed, weather-beaten features. Could he have fore- * See Appendix. NEW AMSTERDAM seen Hudson's future fame and importance in American history, surely he would not have had the heart to leave us without a portrait of the great mariner, as a companion piece to the one he engraved of Hudson's friend, the illus- trious Captain John Smith. Conceive of a portrait of Henry Hudson by Simon de Passe, with one of his emblematic borders and its customary laudatory verse (without which no seventeenth century portrait was deemed com- plete), after the quaint fashion of that olden time the spirit of which is not dead but only sleepeth — as witness the following lines indited for this occasion by Mr. Beverly Chew : "• The lively Features greet you here Of Hudson that bold Marinier^ Who spread his Canvass to the Breexe And bravely saiVd on unkyiown Seas. His Fame^ like that of Palinure^ To endless Ages shall endure.^'' Ye Gods and little fishes ! — the picture would command a King's ransom. The first view of the discoverer of the island of Manhattan'^' that the page of history affords * Variously indicated on the maps as Mannathan, Manhates and Man- hatans, Dr. Jonathan Edwards in his Observations on the Language of the Stockbridge Indians states that almost every man who writes Indian names Cm iMii OF St. 1\ rm:i.iti jMiA. r,oNr»ON NEW ORANGE NEW YORK is one strikingly suggestive of the spirit and manners of the age, and highly creditable to the character of the man. It exhibits him in the performance of an act of devotion in the Mariner's Church of St. Ethelburga, in Bishops- gate Street, one of the London churches which we are told by the antiquary, Timbs, escaped the great fire of 1666 and retains some of its Early English masonry. Augustus Hare in his " Walks in London " also notices the " solemn little church of St. Ethelburga " dedicated to the daughter of King Ethelbert. He found it al- most " concealed by its parasitic houses " and states that its existence is mentioned as early spells them in a peculiar manner. Small wonder, when the language bristles with such unpronounceable orthographic mostrosities as tawautot- tenaugaloughtoungga and coantehsalohaunzaickaw, which are encountered in the Pater Noster, in the language of the Six Nations. " Modern writers on Indian Terminology have been at much trouble to explain the reason why the island of New York was first called Man- hattans. Some aver that it was because it signifies ' the place of original intoxication,' others that the name was derived from a species of wood growing there, of which the Indians made their bows and arrows. These are surmises founded only on fancy. The early Dutch inhabitants give an explanation more consonant to common sense. It was so called ' from or after the tribe of savages among whom the Dutch made their first settle- ment ' the fierce Manhattae or Manhattans, 'a cruel nation.' It was the Dutch, therefore, and not the Indians who first called the island of New York 'Manhattans.' " O'Callaghan's " History of New Netherland." NEW AMSTERDAM as 1366, and that it still contains some good fragments of old stained glass. The church of St. Ethelburga was noted for its " short services for city men," and accord- ing to tradition was frequented by sailors return- ing from voyages and immediately previous to their going down to the sea in ships. To this old Gothic fane, God-fearing Captain Henry Hudson and his brave and hardy crew repaired to partake of the sacrament before sailing under the direction of the " Muscovy," or Russian Company (a private association formed in Lon- don), to attempt a northwest passage, or, in the short, sharp and decisive language of one of the early writers, " a passage to Asia across the North Pole." Hudson made two voyages to the north in the years 1607 and 1608, both of which proved as fruitless as those of preceding navigators. The London Company thereupon appears to have lost heart and suspended operations, and Hudson turned his steps toward the land of William the Taciturn, where he was warmly welcomed and " ceremoniously received " by the resident Directors at Amsterdam of the Dutch East India Company, and the " city nobles" at the Hague. After the deliberate NEW ORANGE NEW YORK and careful manner of the phlegmatic but en- terprising Dutchmen, an expedition was finally planned to search for China by the northwest, the expense thereof being defrayed by the Amsterdam Chamber of the Company. The other departments declined to engage in the project. It was — said their Directors — " throw- ing money away and nothing else." His courageous promoters furnished Hud- son a vlieboat or Dutch galiot, a clumsy, two- masted, square-rigged brig of forty lasts, or eighty tons — a stout seaworthy craft enough, but not remarkable for speed. She was manned by a mixed crew of English and Dutch of twenty men. The mate was Robert Juet, an old compan- ion of Hudson in his polar explorations, whose journal of the voyage fortunately has been pre- served; and this log book kept by Master Juet, as the Half-Moon ploughed her way through the unknown waters of the OVogue ''" may be read to this day in the third volume of Purchas, " His Pilgrimes," published in London, in 1 625, and to be found in any important public and in many private English and American libraries. It is a scarce but not a rare book. With the flag of their Lords' High Mighti- * The Indian name of the Hudson River, according to O'Callaghan. NEW AMSTERDAM nesses flying from the ensign staff, and the pen- nant of the Dutch East India Company floating from the mast head, Hudson took his departure from Amsterdam on the fourth, and sailed from the Texel on the sixth of April, 1609. On Sep- tember second he sighted the Highlands of the Neve-Sincks, the following day he rounded a " low sandy hook," named on the early maps Sand Punct or Godyn's Punct, and on Septem- ber fourth moored the Half-Moon in the sheltered waters of " the Great North River of New Netherland."* His first landing is said to have been made at ^'■Conynen Rylandt'' (Rab- bit's Island), a low barren sandy shore, destined in after years to become the most popular sea- side resort of the inhabitants of the Island of Manhattan. The Half-Moon had arrived off the banks of Newfoundland on the second of July. Here her captain shortened sail and allowed his men to fish for cod, of which toothsome article of sea-food they secured a bountiful supply. The two months following were consumed by Hud- son in cruising up and down the coast from Cape Cod to Chesapeake Bay, claiming pos- session as first discoverer of all the land that * O'Callaghan's " Histor)' of New Netherland." NEW ORANGE NEW YORK hove in sight, and loitering for a week at a time at various points to pow-wow and barter with the wonder-stricken Indians, most of whom he found of a friendly disposition and hospitably inclined. On September sixth Hudson first passed through the " Narrows ""=' of New York Bay, the land on either side covered to the water's edge with trees, grass and flowers, the air filled with a delightful fragrance. " As beauti- ful a land," he exclaims, " as the foot of man can tread upon." A most fertile land it later proved to be, in which " the barley grew so high that the ears could be tied together above the farmer's head." It was not, however, until the eleventh of the month that Hudson came in sight of the point of land upon which now stands the proud City of New York. His first attempt to ascend the bay was unsuccess- ful. An unfortunate misunderstanding, which resulted in an hostile encounter with the In- dians, obliged him to beat a temporary retreat. In this first passage of arms Colman, an Eng- lishman, was killed by an arrow shot into his throat and fell, the "first European victim of an * Hoofden. Headlands so called by the Dutch from a comparison with the Hoofden of the channel between England and France. NEW AMSTERDAM Indian weapon." Two more of the crew were wounded. On September thirteenth or fourteenth (the accounts differ), in the afternoon, Hudson weighed anchor, and in the words of Dr. O'- Callaghan " commenced his memorable voyage up that majestic stream which has since handed his name down to posterity." Hudson ascended the river leisurely, halting here and there to parley and trade with the In- dian tribes along its banks, with whom he cau- tiously and ceremoniously interchanged visits. He made them right merry with his " bottles of strong waters of three or four pints," and in return tested the virtues of their red copper pipes, but partook sparingly, we imagine, at the feasts which these sons of the forest spread before him, of the grand piece de resistance^ " fat dog." Finally, on September nineteenth or twenty-third — according to whichever authority you pin your faith — he arrived at a point a little below the site of the present thriving City of Albany. Then having become con- vinced by soundings that he had reached the head of navigation, and that a passage to the Orient by that particular route was impracti- cable, the ship was " warped off and put about." 14 NEW ORANGE NEW YORK and Hudson turned to retrace his course down the " great " river ''' a sadder and a wiser man. From about that part of the stream now known as Stony Point, to the neighborhood of the present Hoboken, Hudson was forced to engage in much Hvely skirmishing with the In- dians f who swarmed about his vessel in their canoes with pilferous and hostile intent. The re- sult of these numerous assaults was considerable bloodshed and some loss of life on the part of the savages, while Hudson and his crew escaped with little injury to person or property. The red man's poison-tipped arrow proved no match for the Dutchman's gun-powder, blunderbuss, and cannon. On the fourth of October, " having won an immortality which was destined to hand down his name to the latest age," Hudson put to sea with all sails set, homeward bound ; and on the * " The Hudson River has been called at various times Manhattan River, and also the Mauritius, in honor of Prince Maurice ; but the name most generally prevalent in early days was the Nordt or North River — which distinguished it from the East River, and also from the Delaware, which the Dutch called their South River." ■)" The principal Indian tribes who occupied at the time of Hudson's arrival the country on and adjacent to the North River, were, according to Dr. O'Callaghan, the Mohawks, the Mahicanders or river Indians, the Wappingers and the Manhattans. They all belonged to the com- mon stock of the Algonkin-Lenape family. 15 NEW AMSTERDAM seventh of November, stilo-novo arrived in the " range of Dartmouth in Devonshire." What thereafter came to pass until the end of this im- portant chapter in the history of the New World, which closes with the untimely and pitiful exit of our bold and successful navigator from the scene of which he was the central fig- ure, is concisely stated by Dr. O'Callaghan in his valuable " History of New Netherland " : " Hudson, immediately on his arrival here, forwarded information of his return, and an ac- count of his discoveries, to the Directors of the East India Company in Amsterdam, and of- fered, at the same time, to make another voy- ao^e to the northwest in the month of March following, provided they furnished besides the men's wages the sum of 1,500 guilders in cash, to purchase necessaries in addition to what were already on board. He proposed further that six or seven of the present crew should be changed, but that the number of hands should consist altogether of twenty. His plan was to sail from Dartmouth on the first of March ; to spend the month of April and half of May killing whales and other sea animals near the Island of Panar ; thence to sail to the north- west of Scotland. These proposals, owing to 16 •//////A' Toiuax,Scalping-ijai±e ^r NEW ORANGE NEW YORK contrary winds, did not reach the Directors, who were ignorant for a considerable time of Hud- son's arrival in England. When the news at length reached them, they ordered him to re- turn immediately with his vessel to Holland. Their orders he would have instantly obeyed, had he, as well as the English portion of his crew, not been forbidden by the authorities in England, who were exceedingly jealous of the maritime enterprise of the Dutch, to leave his native country, or to enter into the service of any foreign power. It was supposed that the English were desirous themselves to send him with some ships to Virginia, further to explore that part of America. The Half-Moon re- turned to Holland after a detention in England of eight months ; but Hudson's connection with the Dutch East India Company ceased shortly after his arrival in England. He reen- tered the service of the London Company, by whom he had been originally employed, and perished at sea, after having discovered the bay in the northwest seas which still bears his name." — Sent adrift in a shallop with eight of his crew in those Arctic waters, he was never heard of again. 17 THE DUTCH WEST INDIA COMPANY THE Dutch West India Company, under whose auspices the City of New York started nearly three centuries ago upon its mar- velous career, dates from the year 1606. The prime mover in the enterprise was William Usselinx, a merchant of Antwerp, a man of great ability, " courageous, crafty and far-see- ing," who had visited the West Indies, knew their richness and productiveness, and desired to have a finger in the profits that would accrue from trade with the islands, " plentiful of spices and fruits," that lay in those tropical seas. It was currently reported that there was more gold than earth in their mines, which the natives were only too happy to exchange for hammers, knives, axes and the like tools of iron, — not to apply these implements of common use to the purposes for which they were designed but to the adornment of their naked, dusky forms. A necklace composed of these tools of trade 18 avtevr vaivMestindise Compangi. Aet.svae 69 Ao 1637. bears date the third of June, 1621, and was patterned after that of the wealthy and powerful corporation, the East India Company, incorpo- rated in 1602, whose members regarded this new commercial enterprise with jealous eyes, and persistently threw all possible obstacles in the way of its success. The younger company, however, finally succeeded in securing the same monopoly of the trade of the American and African shores of the Atlantic that the East In- dia Company had enjoyed in Asia, and the two companies were expected by their High Mighti- nesses, the Lords States General of the United Netherlands, from whom their charter was obtained, and who rendered them at sundry times financial aid, to cooperate in extending national commerce, promoting colonization, crushing piracy, but " above all in humbling the pride and might of Spain." The original capital of the company, 6,000,000 florins (about $2,500,000), was se- cured with difficulty, but none whatever was experienced in doubling and trebling this cap- ital a few years subsequently, after annual divi- 19 NEW AMSTERDAM dends of twenty-five to seventy-five per cent, had been declared and paid, out of profits de- rived principally from the valuable prizes cap- tured by the company's fleet. The most impor- tant of these captures was that of the Spanish " plate fleet " by Admiral Pieter Pieterssen Heyn, in September, 1628, in Matanzas Bay. It consisted of twenty sail laden with gold, silver and other valuable freight estimated to be worth $5,000,000. In 1633 the company's squadron numbered one hundred and twenty vessels of from three to eight hundred tons burden, fully armed and equipped, and prepared for either peaceful com- merce with the Colonies, or a sanguinary en- counter with the enemies of Holland anywhere and everywhiere upon the high seas. Between eight thousand and nine thousand men were at this time in the employ of the company. In 1625 the income from the fur trade of New Netherland amounted to 28,000 guilders, and the company began to consider the pro- ject of building a fort upon Manhattan Island. Three large ships and one fast sailing yacht were dispatched with six entire families and a number of single men, forty-five persons in all, with household goods, farming implements and 6 I S ^ <; -^ <^ s .? •= S .5 ^ s' O ^ s ;. <^ « ^ i S I «< ^ NEW ORANGE NEW YORK over an hundred head of cattle. In 1624 (vide O'Callaghan) Peter Minuit, or Minnewit of Wesel, in the kingdom of WestphaHa, was ap- pointed Director of New Netherland, and ar- rived here in the course of that year. The date of Minuit's advent in this quarter of the globe, as given by Mrs. Martha J. Lamb, does not correspond with that of Dr. O'Callaghan. Mrs. Lamb states that Minuit " sailed from Amsterdam in December in the ship ' Sea Mew,' Captain Adrian Joris, and arrived at Manhattan on the fourth of May, 1626. His private secretary was Leonard Kool, ' whose name may now be found attached to grants of land in connection with that of the Governor.' " The 6th of May, 1626, was a day ever to be remembered in the annals of our city. Director General Minuit had been instructed by the West India Company to close a hard and fast bargain with the Indians for their lands before proceeding to the erection of buildings there- upon. He therefore summoned the principal Indian chiefs to a conference, and before the setting of the sun succeeded in cajoling out of the copper-hued original proprietors a deed in fee simple of the entire Island of Manhattan, giving in exchange for the twenty-two thousand NEW AMSTERDAM acres which he and his surveyor, Kym Frederick (the engineer who afterwards staked out the fort), roughly estimated the plot to contain, a quantity of beads, buttons, and other trinkets valued at sixty guilders or about twenty-four dollars — a satisfactory day's work for the Dutch West India Company. A block house with red cedar palisadoes, and a warehouse constructed of native stone and thatched with reeds, were shortly erected. One corner of the latter building was set apart as a village store and a depot of supplies for the col- ony. Hither came the Indians to sell their furs and drink the white man's strong waters, the potent and insidious effects of which they had already tested to the discomfiture of more than one of their number in the hospitable cabin of the Half-Moon. The building of a horse mill came next in order, in the rude unfinished loft of which, fur- nished with a few rough benches, the first stated religious services on this island were held. With a population composed solely of traders and their families, and the officials and servants of the West India Company, domiciled in a score or so of wooden-chimney'd shanties, roofed with bark and sods, the infant town of NEW ORANGE NEW YORK New Amsterdam began its struggle for exist- ence with, apparently, little aid or attention from its sponsors, the Dutch West India Company, except the keeping of a sharp lookout after the beaver and otter "skynnes" and other peltries exported, and the turning of the pro- ceeds thereof forthwith into their own capacious coffers. In 1633 ^^^ directors dispatched Wouter van Twiller,"" felicitously dubbed by Irving "Walter the Doubter," a clerk in the employ of the West India Company and a relative of the Patroon Van Rensselaer, to rule over the affairs of the colony. To this public functionary, who by his lax administration of affairs excited the ire and incurred anathemas from the pulpit of Dominie Bogardus, succeeded, in 1637, ^^^^ noted promulgator of protests and proclama- tions, William Kieft, better known among us, since Knickerbocker wrote his entertaining and instructive history, as William the Testy, who for ten years misruled the colony and brought it to the verge of ruin and disruption. The fiendish massacre of the Pavonia Indians, * Wouter van Twiller became, by purchase from the Indians, the first white proprietor of the island of Pagganck, now known as Gover- nor's Island. 23 NEW AMSTERDAM ordered by Gov. Kieft against the advice and remonstrance of De Vries, his ablest and wisest counsellor, was one of the occurrences which disgraced his administration and brought un- told after suffering upon the colony of New Netherland. Kieft's death by shipwreck on his passage home in the " Princess," was, says O'Callaghan, looked upon by all as an act of retributive justice. General Petrus Stuyvesant, " Peter the Head- strong," the last and best governor under the Dutch Dynasty, arrived and assumed the reins of government in 1647. He held office for seventeen years until September eighth, 1664, when he surrendered the colony, and New Am- sterdam with its population of one thousand six hundred souls to the English under Col. Richard Nicolls. The flag of Oranje Boven was reluct- antly lowered to the cross of St. George, and the shield bearing a beaver proper, surmounted bv a count's coronet, encircled by the words " SIGILLUM NOVI BELGII " was supplanted by the Royal Arms of Great Britain and the legend " SIGILL PROVIN NOVI EBORAC " The English flag was hoisted over Fort ^4 NEW ORANGE NEW YORK Amsterdam and the name immediately changed to Fort James. The following are the names of the commissioners who arranged the terms of capitulation: On the part of the Dutch, Counsellor John de Decker Captain Nicholas Varlett Cornelius Steenwick Doctor Samuel Megapolensis Old Burgomaster Oloff Stevensen van Cortlandt Old Schepen Jacques Cousseau On the part of the English, Sir Robert Carr Colonel George Carteret John Winthrop Samuel Willys of Connecticut Thomas Clarke John Pynchon of Massachusetts By this time (1664) the West India Com- pany found itself in deep water with its finances. Its outlay for the province of New Netherland over and above its receipts is said to have exceeded ten tons of gold. The history of the company, writes Mrs. Martha J. Lamb NEW AMSTERDAM in her History of New York, might have been foretold. There were defects in its organiza- tion which rendered it unable to establish a thriving commerce or flourishing settlements, and the possessions it obtained in either South or North America were never governed prop- erly. The profits of the company, says another and earlier of our local historians, D. T. Valen- tine, began to decline after the passage, in 1628, of an act under the title of " Freedoms and Exemptions granted to all such as shall plant colonies in New Netherlands," which gave to such persons as should send over a colony of fifty souls, above fifteen years old, the title of Patroons, and the privilege of selecting any land (except on the Island of Manhattan) for a dis- tance of eight miles on each side of the river, and so far inland as should be thought con- venient, the company stipulating, however, that the products of these plantations should be first brought to the Manhattans before being sent elsewhere for trade, and it also reserved to itself the sole trade with the Indians for peltries. These privileges gave an impetus to emigra- tion, but from this era commenced the decay of the profits of the company, as with all their 26 NEW ORANGE, NEW YORK vigilance they could not restrain the inhabitants from surreptitiously engaging in trade with the Indians, and drawing thence a profit which would otherwise have gone into the public treasury. A copy in full of the act referred to above will be found in O'Callaghan's " History of New Netherland," Volume I, pa2;e 112. CHAPTER II z = < •■") ^ - g^ r re X > 2 lU < €n % ■> '.- K •■& — a - 1: - a T .i -i s > ir < ■*- T CHAPTER II ENGRAVINGS EXECUTED FROM THE YEAR 165I TO THE YEAR 1700 165I The First View of New-Amsterdam * Y the year 1901 two centuries and a half will have passed away since Joost Hartgers, booksel- ler in our ancient foster City of Amsterdam, first placed on sale in the stalls of his bookshop on the " Dam " at the corner of the Kalverstraet, hard by the Stadt Huys, a pot quarto of eighty-eight pages, which has made his imprimatur as greatly cov- eted if not so widely known as that of his * The Lenox Library. The Andrews Collection. 31 SI'S' am?tz?izam -r ^ _ :: -.r:^ z:z - r:jghoutall Tine "-IS -LT^t ■-. .".: : -Larto will possess a T T T 7 T - It of Knizker- : . . : : .-■-:-. 1^ iity by rj:ic Xt :: r Wrthont it" . T ■ :: :::•:- -t.:.?-'^ :: : ' 7 . 5:;rv ■ : - : : :ir 1 : 1 - : : ^tt tis, for :i :-:-'.. : - - -;: : :-. . -" ^Drt CO- T : . :: .: 2.. Xr.^. -■ - - : ' J :-:--: ' z\ of E- .- I: . . .: -, . ::::. was oflert 1 : as a usenii work for dbose wbc 7 diidier, or who were about to bt. 7 :: --. :n those new and dis- tant calomt- Acccri r i- :^ 'j. M- Asher, the most fre- qi^ndT q- ^ vect of prints, maps i Am- stefdam, the C- • i^rrs en- graved his plate v. ^ - : over by die Xew Xet' ties m 1649 i ^' ^^ Befchriivinghe-* Vin VIRGINIA, Isieu^ Engeiandc, B E R M U D E S, Berbados, en S.Chril^oSeL era irttrsTL^ ^i^ ■ ^- . z sacrarrr Ca~— — . NEW ORANGE NEW YORK incline to disagree with him in this conclusion for the reason that the picture exhibits no struc- tures of any sort within the fort and it is a matter of record that a church was erected in that enclosure in 1643. Asher's explanation that the view was taken from a great distance, and that the walls of the fort hid the buildings is not entirely satisfactory, inasmuch as it is a sort of bird's-eye view with which we are pre- sented, and we can see within the enclosure, which is destitute of buildings. The Church of St. Nicholas was no inconspicuous object. Its roof towered up above the walls of the fort, and would be visible as far as the barriers themselves. In every subsequent picture of New Amsterdam, until the destruction of the edifice, the Chapel in the Fort dommates the landscape. Therefore we lean to the belief that Hartgers's picture, if authentic, depicts the infant settlement at an earlier period in its history than the year 1643. This important little print, which measures only 4^x35^ inches, is entitled "t'Fort nieuw Amsterdam op de Manhatans," and will be found on page 21 of the ** Befc^riffclinglje ban J^irginta, Jl5icuto jl^cDerlauDt, rtc," published by Joost Hartgers at Amsterdam in 1 651, inserted 33 NEW AMSTERDAM in the text of the tenth chapter, which treats of the appearance of the country and describes the manners of the people Hving at the mouth of the " Great River of the Mountains," first dis- covered by Hendrick Hudson in 1609. The book also contains a Map of Virginia, Nieuw Nederlandt, Nieuw Engelandt, and part of Nova Francia, and five copper plates, well en- graved for the period, which illustrate the dress, customs and habits of the aborigines of this part of North America. 1651-1656 The second view of the town of New Amsterdam according to our previously cited authority is one which bears the title of "Nieuw Amsterdam op t'Eylant Manhattans" (i2}^x 2j4) and is printed at the foot of a map (21^x18%^) of "Novi Belgii Novaeque Ang- liae nee non partis Virginiae Tabula multis in locis emendata a Nicolao Joannis Vischero." Mr. Asher fails, however, to assign an exact date to this production, but places it between the years 1650 and 1656, which latter year is the known date of Van der Donck's map. Mr. Frederick Muller of Amsterdam, a student and collector of maps, charts, etc., of New 34 NEW ORANGE NEW YORK Netherland, disagrees with Mr. Asher, and ex- presses the opinion that the map of Van der Donck preceded that of Nicolas J. Visscher. The map of Nicolas J. Visscher, accord- ing to Asher, is of the greatest rarity; only two copies were known to him, one of which was in the Royal Library at the Hague. A second edition of N. J. Visscher's map, with the view, which is conjectured to be the old plate re- touched, with a number of additions, was issued by N. Visscher in his "Atlas Minor "='' (four vol- umes folio) published at Amsterdam circa, 1690. The Dutch navigators of the seventeenth century were well provided with elaborate maps and charts of every known quarter of the earth, many of them tinted with all the colors of the rainbow, and occasionally rendered still more sumptuous in appearance by having the colors heightened with gold. Among these remarka- ble examples of the art of map making may be mentioned the " Atlas Minor, (Collectione AUardine) " in two volumes folio published at Amsterdam by Abraham Allard, no date. The " Zee Atlas " of Peter Goos, Amsterdam, 1669 f and the voluminous atlases of the Blaeu * The New York Historical Society, f The Andrews Collection. 35 NEW AMSTERDAM family* published at Amsterdam 1640-70, under the various titles of " Grooten Atlas oft Werelt," " Geographia Blauiana," and the " Nieuwe Atlas," extending to as many as nine huge folio volumes. Somewhat to our surprise copies of these seventeenth century Dutch maps are to be found in as fine and fresh condition as when they were issued. Their unwieldy proportions appear to have been their safeguard and salvation. In this map of N. Visscher the menagerie of wild beasts and birds, which in Van der Donck's map are confined to one corner of the plate, are dispersed over the entire province. The village of the Minisink savages, a prominent feature in all these early charts, embellishes the left-hand side of the map. This Indian name is said by Charles E. Stickney in his history of the Minisink region to signify a people living in a low tract of land from which the water had been drained — an allusion to the legendary belief that the valley along the Delaware River had once formed the bottom of a vast lake, from which the waters finally escaped by break- ing through the mountains at a place now known as the Delaware Water Gap. * The Lenox Library 36 NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 1656 " NiEuw Amsterdam op t' Eylant Manhattans " This engraving, which is the earliest copy, if it be a copy, of N. J. Visscher's view, is found in the " Beschryvinge van Nieuvv-Nederlant, etc," by Adriaen vander Donck,* published by Evert Nieuwenhof. Amsterdam, 1656. The seven pages of prefatory matter which this little quarto contains — The License, Dedi- cation, Address to the Reader, etc. — conclude with three verses of low Dutch poetry, which have been thus translated : "on the PATRONS AND THE HISTORY OF NEW-NETHERLANDS " " Still AmsteV s faithful Burgher -Lords do live^ Who East and West extend their faithful care ; To lands and men good laws they wisely give^ That like the beasts ran wild in open air. * Adriaen Van der Donck was " a free citizen of Breda," and a grad- uate of the University of Leyden. In 1641 he was appointed Sheriff of Rensselaerswyck. In 1647 he removed to the Manhattans, where he died in the year 1655, leaving to his wife the colony of Colen- Donck or Yonkers, which derives its name from Jonkheer "or gentle- man, a Dutch title of courtesy." (Abridged from O'Callaghan's bio- graphical notice of Van der Donck. ) 37 NEW AMSTERDAM IVith aged care HoUancrs gardens still they save — And in New Netherlands their men will ne'er be slaves. Why mourn about Brazil^ full of base Portuguese f When Vander Donck shows so far much better fare, Where wheat fills golden ears,, and grapes abound in trees ; Where fruit and kine are good with little care ; Men may mourn a loss^ when vain ivould be their voice^ But when their loss brings gain^ they also may rejoice. Then., reader., if you will., go freely there to live.. We name it Netherlands, though it excels it far ; If you dislike the voyage., pray due attention give., To Vander Donck., his book., which as a leading star., Directs toward the land where many people are.. Where loiuland love and laws all 7n ay freely share.'' Evert Nieuwenhof. The "^ first edition of Van der Donck (1655) has at page 9 a copy of the Hartgers plate. This edition contains no map. The second edition (1656) has a map of Nova Belgica at page i, 12x7^ inches in size, with the view of Nieuw Amsterdam opt'Eylant Manhattans in the lower right-hand corner. In his conclusion, from which we differ, that Visscher's Map is the * The Lenox Library. 38 Beschryvinge Vanj NIEUVV-NEDERLANT* Begrijpende de Nature, Aert , gelegentheytenvruchtbaerheyt van hetfelve Landt; mitfgaders de proffijtelijcke ende gewenfte toevallen , die aldaertot onderhoudt der Mcnfchen , (foouyt haer felven als van buyteninge- bracht) gevonden worden. Als mcde demaniere enongemeyueEygenfchap- pen vande Wilden ofte Naturellen vanden Lande. Ende een byfbnder verhael vanden woaderlijckea Aert ende het Weefen der B E V E R S- Doer nocb iy-gevoe^ht it ^en ^iff outfiffiber be gelescntj^ept uan Nieuw Nederlandt, tUffcNnmiNedcrlandts Patriot, enDcem Nieuw Nederlander. Befchreven doer A D R 1 A E N vander D O N C K, BeyderRechten Dodoor, die tegenwoordigli boch in Nieuw-Nederlandt is. En hier achter By gevoegh l^tt bod^tueltgD ^eslemmt batiDe {x8i^ This view is one of a collection of 100 views of cities of the world, which bears the following title : " Orbis / Habitabilis / Oppida et Vestitus / NEW ORANGE NEW YORK Centenarlo Numero Complexa / Summo Studio Collecta, / Atque in lucem edita / a / Carolo Al- lard./ Des Bewoonden / Waerelds / Steden en Dragten,/ In een honderd-getal begreepen : / Met een byzondere naerstigheid verzaameld / en uitgegeven / Door Carel Allard./ " Tot Amsterdam, / By Carel Allard, Kun- stverkooper, op den Dam / Met Privilegie van de Ed Grootmog Heeren Staten van Holland en West-Vriesland. / " The work, unfortun- ately, is undated. This print is a good example of copper-plate engraving, and is enclosed in a handsome orna- mental border. When met with in fine condi- tion, it is one of the most pleasing of all the early pictures of New York. It follows closely the engraving at the foot of Seutter's map, so far as the view of the city is concerned. The large two-masted, square-rigged vessel which occupies the right hand foreground, and the smaller vessel anchored near the shore (which are not in Seutter's picture) the artist doubtless supplied from models at home. The collection of one hundred Views of Cities, in which the above-described print is found, contains another picture of New Am- sterdam signed by the same artist (Carolus Al- 53 NEW AMSTERDAM lard). The view of the town is the same, but the ships in the foreground are eHminated, and their places supplied by two figures, male and female, which occupy about one-half of the pic- ture. There is also an alteration in the position of the smaller vessels. These engravings, like most prints of the period, are to be found both plain and colored. 1690 ? " N. Amsterdam ou N. Iork IN AMERiy : " * P. MORTIER CUM PrIVIL This print is enclosed in a border, and one- third of the picture on the left hand side is cov- ered with tropical trees and plants and with hu- man figures presumed to represent the aborig- inal inhabitants of the country. The section of the city which is visible is virtually the same as that in AUard's view. The only important variation to be noted is that there is one less pier upon the water front. * The Huntington Collection, Metropolitan Museum of Art. ^^^ CHAPTER III CHAPTER III ENGRAVINGS EXECUTED FROM THE YEAR 1700 TO THE YEAR 1 793 1700 "NiEu Amsterdam" 10^^x8 N the left of the inscription " Pet. Schenck," on the right "Amstel. C. P. No. 92." Size (as given by Asher), 8 inches high by lo broad. Asher, from whose list of views of New Amsterdam the above inscrip- tion is copied, states that this is the only sepa- rate view of New Amsterdam that he had ever seen. He calls it a copy of AUard's engraving, and informs us that: "Like all other engrav- ings of Schenck, this one was executed between the years 1690 and 1700, and most likely was 57 NEW AMSTERDAM published in some of the various collections of views of different cities published by him." This print bears the following inscription : Nieu Amsterdam, een stede- Amstelodamum recens postea ken in Noord Amerikaes / Nieu Anglis illud possidentibus / dic- Hollant, op het Eilant Manhat- turn Ehoracum no--vum Hol- tan namaels Nieu-Tork ge- landiae no~-va, id est America, naeint, toen het geraekte in t Mexicans si' ~'«tid'i:5r't'iri::^l^gP^^^ Xj^^ ^^^^■^)^^^^^ 'j'/t^r f^/ri&'^yjxz/ -^/LK.>At^^(K K The same * The Huntingto; he one by Carwitham just . Museum of Art. . tion. NEW ORANGE NEW YORK described, but on a smaller scale. It was pub- lished in William Russell's History of the War in America. London, 1788. 1789 " The Federal Hall in Wall Street in 1789" S. Hill, Sculp. Engraved for the Massachusetts Magazine. June, 1789. 1789 " View of the Federal Edifice in New York" Engraved for the Columbian Magazine. Philadelphia, August, 1789. 1790 ? "View OF New York about 1790 Showing Side View of the Great House Built FOR President Washington " Colored Engraving 21X15 This is a most interesting picture and the only eighteenth century engraving of which the writer is cognizant that affords a view of the Battery and Government House as seen from the water. 71 NEW AMSTERDAM I79O-I797 List of Local Views in Magazine " : 1 The Belvedere Club House 2 A View of Columbia College in the City of New York 3 An East View of Trinity Church 4 A Perspective View of the Federal Edifice in the City of New York 5 View of the Present the " New York Seat of His Excel- lency, the Vice- President of the United States. 6 Hell Gate 7 Government House 8 A View of St. Paul's Church 9 The Monument at Sandy Hook 10 The Light House at Sandy Hook 72 CHAPTER IV 1 CHAPTER IV ENGRAVINGS EXECUT! 1793 TO THE THE YEAR 1 793 '^ A V lEw OF THE Battery and Harbour '••■ "^''••■' ^^'-;RK AND THE AmBUSCADE Frigate " j. Drayton, del. S. Hill, sc. Boston ^HIS is one of three illustrations t<> " Letters written during a \ir through the Northern and stern States of America by ,n Dravtoii." n\ih]Kht-ii ;it Charlestor This III become oik Thegr- • close I me by Governor Drayton has .. die scarce pieces of ' ia. t affords of New York Lj-> , ... rhe i.st century, as it appeared to the CHAPTER IV ENGRAVINGS EXECUTED FROM THE YEAR 1793 TO THE YEAR I 80O 1793 " A View of the Battery and Harbour OF New York and the Ambuscade Frigate " J. Drayton, del. S. Hill, sc. Boston Bf^ J pi^^ ^ ^ I HIS is one of three illustrations ^ ' to " Letters written during a Tour through the Northern and Eastern States of America by John Drayton," published at Charleston in 1794. This little volume by Governor Drayton has become one of the scarce pieces of Americana. The glimpse it affords of New York City, at the close of the last century, as it appeared to the 75 NEW AMSTERDAM eyes of a native American, is so full of life and color that its introduction here in full needs, we think, no apology, " New York, June 25, 1793. " To-morrow, I propose leaving this place on my rout for Boston ; and my stay here, contrary to my original determination, gives me a lesson of which I shall be mindful in future, which is never to resolve to leave a place at a certain time ; where, the hospitality of its inhabitants may persuade one to the contrary. That has been my case. Having met with unexpected attentions from families and persons to whom, I had no letters ; and whose acquaintance was not to be obtained but by a short stay. This was my reason for not pursuing my destination ; it was not through a fickleness of disposition, or in a wild pursuit of pleasure. And this stay, fur- nishes me with the means, as well as the oppor- tunity, of once more addressing you before my departure; and of giving some account of the City of New York. First premising, that you must not expect more particulars, than you may imagine in the course of a fortnight, with reason- able enquiries and observations, I may have obtained. 76 NEW ORANGE NEW YORK " It claims a superiority of situation as a com- mercial city, to any on the Continent. Retired about eight leagues from the sea; in half a tide, vessels from thence may be moored at its wharves. It is built at the extreme end of New York island, at the confluence of the Hudson and East Rivers; and in position is much like that of Charleston. On the south of it, runs the Hudson, some hundred miles; thro' the States of New York, New Jersey, and at the back of Connecticut and Vermont ; until it wastes itself in the country between the lakes, Ontario and Champlain. It is the boundary between the States of Jersey and New York ; and the channel of great wealth to that city. Up this river British forty gun ships have sailed some dis- tance. Upon the border of it was Arnold's and Andre's plot carried on ; and its bosom (which had it been sensible, would have shrunk from such a weight of infamy) received the traitor in his escape to New York. On the northern side is East River ; famous for having Hell Gate on it. We shall pass it to-morrow. No Sibyl guiding our course as i^neas had ; however I hope not to be less fortunate. This river com- municates with the sound running between Long Island and the State of Connecticut; and 77 NEW AMSTERDAM leads much of the Commerce of Rhode Island and Connecticut to this City. " The greater part of its wharves, are built upon East River ; and there the trade of the city is principally carried on. It is said to contain thirty thousand inhabitants; and is crowded with stores and shops ; the most of which are in the retail line, though many of them are in the wholesale business. Quite like an European town, there are few articles which may not be here obtained ; and that cheaper than in Caro- lina. How to account for this I am at a loss ; but believe it may in some measure be owing, to property in vessels, more punctuality in pay- ments, and shorter credits. Almost every merchant has a property in shipping; hence in proportion as he gains by the freight he can af- ford to reduce the price of his goods, and is not driven to the necessity of putting an additional advance upon them in order, to compensate for the expense of freight ; unavoidably incurred by the employ of a foreign bottom. The common time of crediting the farmer, is six months. Added to this, people in a busy line of life, are satisfied to live comfortably, and do not en- deavor to equal their neighbors in show, whose good fortune it is to enjoy more easy circum- 7^ NEW ORANGE NEW YORK Stances. Thus, having fewer wants to gratify, they can afford to sell cheap ; and although sometimes they may be slow in amassing a for- tune, yet in the end they are more sure of en- joying a comfortable and independent living. Industry appears as the leading character among the catalogue of their virtues. It directs them to pursuits where an harmony of action adds happiness to the individual ; and rejoices him to see founded thereon, the strength of his coun- try. In honest occupations perhaps no Amer- icans are more attentive, whether we view them as relating to perseverance, or ingenuity. And I never saw the latter more tried, than in a con- test between two public vendue criers ; which one day arrested my attention in the streets. " Besides having a flag, denoting it to be auc- tion day, the vendue masters employ public cri- ers; for the express purpose of persuading people to attend the sale. They walk before the door of the auction-room and strive by all the power of their eloquence ; to catch the attention of the passing crowd. Seeing two of these street ora- tors, from opposite sides of the street endeavour- ing to rally persons around their respective col- ours ; the contrast of person observable in them induced me to stop for a moment and observe 79 NEW AMSTERDAM the effect which it produced. The one ap- peared to be a cold, phlegmatic character ; the other, a lively, good looking person. The first had a routine of language, which he dealt out mechanically, and with much vociferation. The other, with a brisk lively deportment, while he informed the public what was going on within doors, lost no opportunity of mixing the dulce cum utile. He spared his lungs when he per- ceived nobody coming that way ; but when any advances were made towards him, he spoke, he sang, he looked pleasant, he laughed at his op- ponent ; and in many cases finally carried his point. Whether it were that his auction-room were in better request, or that his mode of invi- tation were more agreeable, certain it is, that he attracted a greater number of customers, than his unmoving rival. And such an advantage will lively and sensible characters ever have over those, who want elasticity in their compo- sition. They catch the public attention, by their manners ; and persuade the mind to notice the subject of discussion. " From eleven to two o'clock the merchants, brokers, etc., meet at the Tontine Coffee-house in Wall-Street ; where, they transact all their concerns in a large way, and where, the politics 80 NEW ORANGE NEW YORK of the day are considered. This, is a most con- venient, and large building ; having an elegant suit of rooms, bath and other conveniences. Here, the insurance offices are kept ; blank checks on the different banks are ready for those who may want them, and everything in the busy line transacted. When the Ambuscade Frigate was here, there was a vast throng in this house, every evening. It consisted of two parties, and was productive of much opposition of senti- ment ; which, I believe would ere long have brought them to extremities, had not the cap of liberty, with a motto on it of " Sacred to Liberty " been fixed up in the coffee-room ; where, it now is. This quieted the minds as well of the one party, as the other ; and sent to attend upon their family concerns many men, who were better employed at home than in the discussion of politics. " The Streets of the City are all paved with round stones, except on the sides ; where, they are generally paved with brick, or flat stones. They are irregular, some, of them being straight; some, forming almost a bend of half a circle ; others, cutting them acutely ; others forking, and making a triangular area of houses. One part of a street, may be wide enough for several 8i NEW AMSTERDAM carriages to pass ; while another part of it admits only two with difficulty. The best streets in it are Broadway, Broad-Street, Queen-Street, and Wall-Street. But notwithstanding this irregu- larity, there is something extremely agreeable in the appearance of the town. The irregu- larities themselves tend to make it so ; particu- larly the curves in some of the streets ; which consequently do not give the full prospect at once; but by degrees unfold it to the view. It is in this way, that Federal Hall opens to the sight, as one walks up Broad Street. " At the lower end of Broadway is the battery, and public parade ; which is at the extreme point of the town ; and is situated much like that, which was at White Point at Charleston. It has no merlons or embrasures; but the guns which are thirteen in number are placed upon carriages on a stone platform en barbette^ some few feet above the level of the water. Between the guns and the water is a public walk, made by a gentle decline from the platform ; and going round the ground upon which the battery is placed. Some little distance behind the guns two rows of elm trees are planted ; which in a short time will afford an agreeable shade. The flag staff rises from the midst of a stone tower, 82 NEW ORANGE NEW YORK and is decorated on the top with a golden ball ; and the back part of the ground is laid out in smaller walks, terraces, and a bowling green. " Overlooking this prospect, is the government house ; placed upon an handsome elevation, and fronting Broadway having before it an ele- gant illiptical approach, round an area of near an acre of ground, enclosed by an iron railing. In the midst of this is a pedestal, which for- merly was pressed by a leaden equestrian statue of the King of Great Britain; but having been dismantled of that, for the use of the continental army, it now remains ready, in due time I hope, to receive the statue of the President of the United States of America. When that period shall arrive, in addition to the many daily oc- currences which lead the mind of the passenger to pensive reflection ; this monument of his country's gratitude shall call his attention ; and while deeds of former times, shall pass in sweet review before him, the tear, shall lament the loss of an hero — but the heart collected within itself, shall urge him by so bright an example, to call forth his powers, and to pursue the steps of virtue and of honor. " A vast number of houses have been built in this city, since the war ; some of which are ex- 83 NEW AMSTERDAM tremely ornamental ; and none more so, than the government house. It is two stories high. Projecting before it is a portico, covered by a pediment ; upon which is superbly carved in basso relievo the arms of the State, supported by justice and liberty, as large as life. The arms and figures are white, placed in a blue field ; and the pediment is supported by four white pillars of the Ionic order, which are the height of both stories. " Federal Hall is built upon Wall-Street, and fronts Broad-Street, in the same manner as the government house does Broadway. This is an elegant and grand building ; well adapted for a senatorial presence. Here I saw portraits of the president, of the secretary of the treasury, and of the present governor of the state ; ex- ecuted by Colonel Trumbull as large as life ; and as far as I could judge good likenesses. The background of the president's portrait, represents a part of New York ; and the British fleet sailing up the Narrows. Here are also a museum, and library. The library contains about five thousand volumes. The Museum was shown to the worst advantage; being but partially exposed, and that, in a very small room. — (The Museum has been since moved 84 NEW ORANGE NEW YORK from Federal Hall to the exchange, at the foot of Broad Street ; where it offers a more exten- sive gratification to the spectator. Among its present curiosities is the model (in clay) de- signed and executed by the celebrated Italian artist in statuary, Mr. Cerrachi, for perpetuating the memory of American liberty. It is made upon a scale proportioned to one hundred feet in length, and as many feet in height ; and for grandeur, and emblematical device, is supposed would surpass anything of the kind, whether ancient or modern. Nothing but the expense attending the execution of it, impeded its prog- ress ; that being estimated at forty thousand guineas. — Perhaps, at some future day, should Mr. Cerrachi be then living, the finances of America may assist the completion of so happy a design. Here also is to be seen Mr. Bowen's wax-work, in the middle of the Museum. Among which, are those of Alexander Hamil- ton, secretary of the treasury of the United States, Dr. Franklin and John Hancock, late governor of the common-wealth of Massachu- setts. These with the rest of the collection, are now placed with a happy taste in a room sixty feet by thirty ; with an arched ceiling of twenty feet high. 8s NEW AMSTERDAM She may with truth be considered as a good performer, and although the reverend divine at church, seemed to dehver himself with much earnestness ; yet such was the crowd, that the voice of Mrs. Pownall alone, arrested attention ; and claimed the privilege of being heard. She is advanced in years, came over from England last Fall ; and still retains vast powers in vocal music. The company of actors acquit them- selves very well, and do not stand in need of much prompting, which, is an advantage they have over many in the same line of life, " Good hackney-coaches, phaetons or other carriages may now be hired at New York ; it is necessary however to give some little previous notice, as they are kept at no public stand ; but only at the houses of their respective owners. "The rides in the neighborhood of the city are for miles beautiful, every elevation of ground presenting some handsome country seat. With what pleasure, have I often viewed them. They were as much mine at those moments, as the real possessors'. I enjoyed each beauty, as much as they could do ; and there was nothing wanting to render my happiness complete, but the company of those who are dear to me." NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 1796 "View of the City of New York taken FROM Long Island" 18^x12 Colored etching by St. Memin* 1797 "Custom House, New York" (Government House) 22^^x14 C. Milbourne, del. & excudit The original water-color bearing the above date, from which the well-known colored litho- graph of this edifice was copied, is preserved in the collections of the New York Historical Society. 1798 "A View of the City of New York from Brooklyn Heights, foot of Pierrepont Street, IN 1798 " 55>^X4 By Monsieur C. B. Julien de St. Memin, with a pantograph invented by himself. * A French artist who visited this country shortly after the Revolution and engraved several hundred small circular mezzotints of public and private persons. 89 NEW AMSTERDAM Prepared by M. Dripps for Valentine's Man- ual in 1 86 1, from an original drawing in pos- session of J. C. Brevoort, Esq., of Brooklyn. 1798 " Washington, Portrait of, standing upon A Pedestal in front of Bowling Green" Designed and drawn by Charles Buxton Tiebout, sculp. Published by C. Smith, New York, 1798 The background contains a view of No. i Broadway, the Fort, Bay and Narrows. 1800 New York from Hobuck Ferry House, New Jersey'-' 18x12^ Alex' Robertson Delineavit. Francis Jukes Sculpsit, London, published March 31, 1800 by F. Jukes, Rowland St., and by Alex' Rob- ertson, Columbian Academy, Liberty Street, N. Y. This engraving might more fitly be entitled : A View of the Hoboken Ferry House. The building usurps two-thirds of the space in the *The Emmet Collection in the Lenox Library. 90 NEW ORANGE NEW YORK picture and the city is merely outlined in the distance. Hoboken and its environs were favorite points of view from which to sketch the Bay and City of New York before innumerable Teutonic beer gardens had overrun and effaced the famous " Elysian Fields " and the " forest solitudes " where Fitz: Greene Halleck loved to stroll and muse after his day's clerkly work in the office of John Jacob Astor was over. It was from Weehawken Hill that he pictured for us in his poem of " Fanny" the city in which " He toiled and sang ; and year by year Men found their homes more sweety And through a tenderer atmosphere^ Looked down the brick walled street"^ 1801 "View of New York from Long Island" 19^x13^ Aquatint Drawn by J. Wood. Engraved by Wm. Rollinson. Published by J. Wood and W. Rollinson New York, 1801 *Whitcier's poem on Fitz:Greene Halleck. 91 NEW AMSTERDAM 1803 " The City of New York, in the State of New York, North America" 23>^xi8^ Painted by William Birch. Engraved by Samuel Seymour Published by W. Birch, 1803, Springland near Bristol, Pennsylvania Taken from Brooklyn Heights This print is to be found both colored and plain and also in two states. In one the fore- ground contains a white horse, the indistinct outline of which can be detected by careful examination among the figures which subse- quently were engraved in its place. We have now, by the aid of the iconographic materials at our disposal, followed the progress of our city from its first settlement down to the opening of the present century, and traced its growth from a mere Dutch trading post to a city of seventy-five thousand inhabitants, with Canal Street spanned by a wooden bridge, mark- ing the northern limits of the city proper. To some other pen we leave the larger task of chronicling the onward march during the suc- ceeding one hundred years of the city which 92 :///.. l\.-,iull Huiluu'/s lames Duke of I'orke cuid .Uha/n/ KC of Hie in-ofl nohle oi-de.- of b/ie Qaiter, aiiB fole l,rc't/i^vtoJi,sritcred.H.u^K.inpChar/est/ie -i'f fi--r" NEW ORANGE NEW YORK now spreads out its network of boulevards and streets far beyond the boundary lines of Min- uit's purchase and boasts of scores of buildings, in any one of which could be domiciled the entire population of New Amsterdam on Sep- tember eighth, 1664, the eventful day when " Hardcoppig Piet " yielded to the inevitable, surrendered to the representative of the Duke of York''' the keys of the Fort, and marched out of its gateway at the head of the Dutch forces with colors flying and all the honors of war. *By a patent dated March 12, 1663, Charles II, King of England, conveyed to his brother, Duke of York, afterwards James II, all the lands from the west side of the Connecticut River to the east side of Delaware Bay. 93 APPENDIX EXTRACTS FROM G. M, ASHER's BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AND HIS- TORICAL ESSAY ON DUTCH BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS RELATING TO NEW NETHERLAND AND THE DUTCH WEST INDIA COMPANY ^O render our labors the more interesting for the antiquarian, we here offer them the first three original views of New Amster- dam which exist. The oldest of them is copied from the Befch- rijvinghe van Virginia. The second is taken from the delineation of N. J. Visscher. The third is a much reduced copy of Al- lard's engraving. 97 APPENDIX The fourth and last view of New Amsterdam drawn in the first fifty years of its existence is to be found in O'Callaghan's Documentary History of New York, Volume IV, page ii6. (Copied from Montanus.) We are now about to speak of a series of Maps, which are in fact the principal remains of the Dutch contemporary geographical labors upon this subject. No. 8 A Map of N. J. Vifscher No. 9 A Map of v. d. Donck No. lo First Map of Hugo AUard No. II Second Map of Schenck and Valk No. 12 Map of Montanus and Ogilby No. 13 Second Map of Hugo AUard No. 14 First Map of Nicolas Vifscher Nos. 15, 16 First and Second Maps of Car- olus AUard No. 17 Map of loachim Ottens No. 18 Map of Reinier and Josua Ottens No. 19 Map of Danckers No. 20 Map of Lotter Among the Maps above quoted there is one (No. 19), produced by Joost Danckers, which could not have been published before the end of 98 APPENDIX the seventeenth, or the beginning of the eight- eenth century ; there are many indications which prove that the more recent names upon it (Philadelphia is marked upon it as a large town) are only additions and that the plate belongs to a much earlier period. :,: * * As to the date upon our original map (N. J. Visscher), it must be between 1650 and 1656 ; for there is upon it a mistake reproduced by all the copyists ; the mouth of the Hudson is called Godyn's Bay. The source of this error is found in the following passage of v. d. Donck's " Vertoogh," page 9. *♦ enDe De Baeif selffi toort g^enae mt j^ieutD^port? ^ue^, nu tec tift (SoD^ifn's! llBae^/' (i. e. and the Bay itself is named New-Port-May, now Godyn's Bay.) * :j: * Note of Mr. Bodel Nyenhuis : On a close examination I believe the Map of Danckers to be the very same copperplate as Visscher's Map, and that the plan of Philadelphia was afterwards engraved upon it. 99 APPENDIX About 1690, Nicolas Visscher retouched the old plate of N. J. Visscher (No. 8). Asher's List of Views of New Amsterdam I The first print which represents New Am- sterdam appeared in the Befct)tiftiing^e Dan iBiVf ginia, etc. Quarto. Amsterdam, 165 1, Hartgers. It is to be found on page 20 of the book and is subscribed " ' / Fort nieuw Amsterdam op de Manhatansy The size is 4^x4^ inches. This view of the fort was probably brought over in 1649 by the New Netherland deputies. It is taken from a great distance ; the walls of the fort appear very strong, but the houses and other buildings are mostly concealed. The same print is also to be found on page 9 of the first edition of Van der Donck. II Another view of New Amsterdam was engraved upon five several maps of New Neth- erland (Nos. 8, 9, 10, 14 and 19 of our list). A description of New Amsterdam, taken from this engraving, will be found in Montanus's iliieutoe OTerelD which has been translated and embodied in Mr. O'Callaghan's Documentary History of New York. One or both these views owe their origin to APPENDIX Augustine Herremans. Mr. Broadhead con- jectures that we are to ascribe the latter to him. III A view very similar to this, but with a different foreground (perhaps only an orna- mented copy), is to be found in Montanus's iliteutoe ^erelD. As a work of art it is very su- perior to the original ; a very good facsimile is given in Mr. O'Callaghan's Documentary History. IV A view, nearly from the same point but widely different from the former, ornaments the Map of Hugo Allard (No. 13 of our list), and the other maps printed from the same plate (Nos. 15, 16, 17 and 18). It represents New Amsterdam or New York, in the year 1673. Here the place appears like a well built and well fortified town, whereas on the foregoing en- gravings it seemed hardly equal in size to one of the Dutch Villages. V This view has been reproduced by Lot- ter on his Map of New Netherland (No. 20 of our list) ; although a good copy, it is, as an en- graving, inferior to the original. VI The only separate view of New Am- sterdam we have ever seen (also a copy from APPENDIX Allard's Engraving) is in the possession of Mr. Bodel Nyenhuis. The inscription is as follows : Nieu Amsterdam een AtASTELODAMVurecens pos- steJeken in Noord Amerikas tea Anglis illud possidentibus Nieu Hollant op het Eilant / dictum Eboracum no-uum, Manhattan (Sic ;) namals. Hollandite No-uee, id est Amer- Nieu-Tork genamt toen het ca, Mexicanae si've Septentrio- gerakte in '' t gebiet der Engel- nalis oppidulum. schen. " On the left side of the inscription " Pet. Schenck," on the right side " Amstel. C. P. No. 92." Size 8 inches high by 10 broad. Like all other engravings of Schenck, this one was ex- ecuted between 1690 and 1700, and most likely published in one of the various collections of views of different cities published by him. Extract From Hugh Gaine's Universal Register or American and British Kalendar for the year i776 NEW YORK Henry Hudson, an Englishman, in the year 1 608, under a commission from his Master King James I, discovered Long Island, Manhattan's (since called New York) and the River which still bears his Name ; and afterwards sold the APPENDIX Country, or rather his Right to the Dutch. Four years after the States-General granted a Patent to sundry Merchants for an exclusive Trade on the North-River, who in 1614 built a Fort on the West side near Albany : In the same year Capt. Argall under Sir Thomas Dale, Governor of Virginia, visited the Dutch on Hudson's-River, who being unable to resist him, prudently submitted for the present, to the King of England, and under him to the Gover- nor of Virginia. The year following they erected a Fort on the South West Point of the Island Manhattans. Determined upon the settlement of a Colony, the States General in 1621 granted the Country to the West India Company ; and in the year 1629 Wouter van Twiller arrived at Fort Amsterdam, now New York, and took upon himself the Government. August 27, 1664, Governor Stuyvesant sur- rendered the Colony to Col. Nicholls, who had arrived in the Bay a few days before, with three or four ships and about 300 Soldiers, having a Commission from King Charles 2nd, to reduce the place, which then was called New-Amster- dam, but was changed to New-York, as was Fort-Orange to Albany, in Honour of his Royal Highness James, Duke of York and Albany. 103 APPENDIX Very few of the inhabitants thought proper to remove out of the Country ; and their numer- ous Descendants for Loyalty to the present Reigning Family, and a pure attachment to the Protestant Religion, are perhaps exceeded by none of his Majesty's Subjects.* The English kept peaceable Possession of the Country until the Year 1673, when the Dutch with whom we were then at War, sent a small Squadron which arrived at Staten-Island on the 30th of July ; John Manning, a Captain of an Independent Company who had at that Time the command of the Fort, sent a Messenger down to the Commodore, and treacherously made his Terms with him : On the same Day the ships came up, moor'd under the Fort^ landed their men, and entered the Garrison without giving or receiving a Shot. All the Magistrates and Constables from East-Jersey, Long-Island, i^sopus, and Albany, were sum- moned to New York ; and the major Part of them swore Allegiance to the States General and the Prince of Orange. The Conquerors, how- * It is evident that Mr. Hugh Gaine had read William Smith's "History of New York," and availed himself of this opportunity to evince his allegiance to the English Crown by an expression of loyal sentiment, in the very language used by Mr. Smith twenty years previously. 104 ^VSsssasaK ■^ ^^ APPENDIX ever did not enjoy the Fruits of their Success long, for on the 9th of February the Year fol- lowing, a Treaty of Peace between England and Holland, was sign'd at Westminster ; by the 6th Article of which this Province was restored to the Enorlish — under whose Dominion it has O since continued. The Montresor Plan Surveyed in the Winter of 1775 references A Fort George L Goal B Batteries M Work-house C Military Hospital N CoUedge * D Secretaries Office () Markets E Powder Magazine P Trinity Church F Soldier's Barracks Q_ St. Georges Church G Wharfs and Quays R St. Paul's Chapel H Ship Yards S Old Dutch Church I City Hall T New Dutch Church K Exchange V Lutheran Church W Calvinists Church * New York College, established by Royal Charter granted in 1754. Other prominent public Institutions founded in the latter part of the eighteenth century are : The New York Chamber of Commerce, established May I, 1769, incorporated by Lt. Gov. Golden, March 13, 177°; The Marine Society, incorporated by letters patent granted the 12th of April, 1770; and The New York Hospital, Charter granted June 13, 1 77 1, by John, Earl of Dunmore. 105 APPENDIX X French Protestant Y Quaker's Meeting Church Z Presbyterian Meeting & Jews Synagogue REFERENCES 1 Baptist Meeting 5 Ruins of Alderman's 2 Moravian Meeting Romer's Battery 3 New Lutheran 6 Fresh Water Engine Meeting from whence the 4 City School House Town is supplied Inscription NEW YORK Novum Eboracum, a City in the Province of that Name; formerly New Amfterdam, and the Country New Netherland, or Nova Belgia fro?n having been first settled by the Dutch ^ though first discovered by Hen. Hudfon, an Englishman commifsioned by King James, and employed by the E. India Company, for finding a Pafsage through N. America to China, in 160S. luho sold his Discovery to them. This it's Metropolis, is sit- uated in ^o. Deg. ^2. Min. ^o. Sec. N. Lat. and on the South IVest end of an Island^ of the same Name^ ijj.. Miles in length and about one Mile ivide^ which compre- hends the Liberties or Charter of the City^ and was calVd by its original Natives the Savages^ Manhattan's Island^ the City is ConstruSfed at the confluence of the North or Hudfon's River^ leading to Albany, and the East or Sound., which divides Nafsau now Long Illand {and by 106 APPENDIX the Natives Meitowacks)/row the Main^ and the dire^ Navigation for small Vefsells to the Eastern Provinces ; it's about thirty Miles from Sandy Hook, the entrance from the Ocean^ so through a winding course calVd the East and IVest Banks to the Narrows one Mile acrofs^ being formed by Long and Staaten Islands^ both in this Province^ on the S. IVest end of the City, stands a Fort of Stone^ where the Governor resides^ conJiruSied by the Dutch in i6i^^ caWd Fort Amsterdam^ now Fort George, which has often been repair d the luhole en Barbette, y whose Exterior Line is J JO Feet^ its Flanks which are very Insignificant are nearly at Right Angles : it con- tains Barracks for 200 Men Cff constructed originally for two of the four New Y ork.^ Independent Companies [tho' paid by the Crown) it has tivo Powder Maga-z'. but damp., y no other Casemates^ y badly supplied with water : in its N. East Front towards the Town, is situ- ated a Ravelin or Couvert-Port en Barbette, that rather obstructs its Defences., which are of themselves but bad., this Front is Command'^, by a Piece of Ground Equal., to it at the end of t Bowling Green., its Original Parade l£ formerly in the furisdiStion of the Fort ; this height is 53^' f^^^ from it., y where its Principal Streets commen- ces called the Broadway ; this Fort, is constructed on a small Nole.,just sufficient for the IVork., which has two fronts to the Town y two to y' Water., one facing the East and one the North Rivers, j* Battery which car- ries a respeSifull appearance with it {at a distance) is in a very ruinous situation iff was constructed at an Enor- 107 APPENDIX 7nous Expence., & seems to have been intended for Profit & Form then Defence, it being entirely exposed to a fire in reverse, ^ Enfilade ; it consists of pi. Embrasures, in which are J I. Pieces of Cannon mounted. The Principal Locations Named in the Body OF THE Map Bowling Green Lispenard'sf Wet Dock Founderyt The Intended Square Harrison's Breweryf or Common (Park) Lady Warren's Fresh Water Mortiers' (Richmond Jews Burying Ground Hill) Ranelagh Garden Greenwich (Broadway) W. Bayard's Rutgers's Brew House* Manderville's By Vancks'* O. Delancey's Acklands'* Obelisk erected to the N. Bayard's Memory of Gen'l Vauxhall Garden Wolfe, and others Roads h Streets Broadway Rope Walk Broad Street Love Lane Dock " Road to Crown Point Beaver " Bowry Lane — Road to Hanover " Albany and Boston French Church St. (Pine) Road to Obelisk * Note. — Located upon the East River shore, f On the North River shore. io8 APPENDIX Extract From William Smith's History OF New York the city and county of new YORK The City of New York at first, included only the Island, called by the Indians, Man- hatans ; Manning's Island, the two Barn Islands and the three Oyster Islands were in the County. But the Limits of the City have since been augmented by Charter. The Island is very narrow, not a Mile wide at a Medium, and about 14 Miles in Length. The South- west Point projects into a fine spacious Bay, nine Miles long and about four in Breadth ; at the Confluence of the Waters of Hudson's River, and the Streight between Long Island and the Northern Shore. The Narrows, at the South end of the Bay, is scarce two Miles wide, and opens the Ocean to full view. The Pas- sage up to New York from Sandy Hook, a Point that extends farthest into the Sea, is safe, and not above five and twenty Miles in Length. The common Navigation is between the East and West Banks, in two or three and twenty Feet of Water. But it is said that an eighty Gun ship may be brought up, through a narrow, 109 APPENDIX winding, unfrequented Channel, between the North End of the East Bank and Coney Island. The City has, in reality, no natural Bason or Harbour. The Ships lie off in the Road, on the East side of the Town, which is Docked out, and better built than the West side, because the Freshets in Hudson's River, fill it in some Winters with ice. The City of New York, as I have elsewhere had occasion to mention, " consists of about two thousand five hundred Buildings. It is a Mile in Length, and not above half that in Breadth. Such is its Figure, its Center of Busi- ness, and the Situation of the Houses, that the mean Cartage from one Part to another, does not exceed above one Quarter of a Mile, than which nothing can be more advantageous to a trading City." It is thought to be as healthy a spot as any in the World. The East and South Parts, in general, are low, but the rest is situated on a dry, elevated Soil. The Streets are irregular, but being paved with round Pebbles are clean, and lined with well built Brick Houses, many of which are covered with Tiled Roofs. No part of America is supplied with Mar- kets abounding with greater Plenty and Variety. APPENDIX We have Beef, Pork, Mutton, Poultry, Butter, wild Fowl, Venison, Fish, Roots and Herbs, of all Kinds, in their Seasons. Our Oysters are a considerable Article in the Support of the Poor. Their beds are within view of the Town ; a Fleet of two hundred small Craft, are often seen there, at a Time, when the Weather is mild in Winter ; and this single Article is computed to to be worth annually lo or 12,000^. This City is the Metropolis and grand Mart of the Province, and, by its commodious Situation, commands also all the trade of the Western part of Connecticut and that of East Jersey. " No Season prevents our Ships from launching out into the Ocean. During the greatest Severity of Winter, an equal, unre- strained. Activity runs through all Ranks, Or- ders and Employments." Upon the South-west Point of the City stands the Fort, which is a Square with four Bastions. Within the Walls is the House in which our Governours usually reside ; and op- posite to it Brick Barracks, built formerly, for the Independent Companies. The Govern- our's House is in Heighth three stories, and fronts to the West ; having, from the second Story, a fine Prospect of the Bay and the Jersey APPENDIX Shore. At the South End there was formerly a Chapel, but this was burnt down in the Negroe Conspiracy of the Spring 1741. According to Governour Burnet's Observations, this Fort stands in the Latitude of 40" 42' N. Below the Walls of the Garrison, near the Water, we have lately raised a Line of Fortifi- cations, which commands the Entrance into the Eastern Road and the Mouth of Hudson's River. This Battery is built of Stone, and the Merlons consist of Cedar Joists, filled in with Earth. It mounts 92 Cannon, and these are all the Works we have to defend us. About six furlongs, South-east of the Fort, lies Notten Island, containing about 100 or 120 Acres, re- served by an Act of Assembly as a sort of Demesne for the Governours, upon which it is proposed to erect a strong Castle, because an enemy might from thence easily bombard the City, without being annoyed either by our Bat- tery, or the Fort. During the late War a Line of Palisadoes, was run from Hudson's to the East River, at the other End of the City, with Blockhouses at small Distances. The greater Part of these still remain as a Monument of our Folly, which cost the Province about 8000^. The Inhabitants of New York are a mixed People, but mostly descended from the original D E GEKRUICIGDE C H R I S T U S, A L S HET VOORNAAMSTE TOELEG VAN GODS GETROUWE KRUISGESANTEN. I N HUNNE PREDIKING, CNDER DEN DAG, DES NIEUWE-TESTAMENTS VOORG ESTELT IN EENE KERKREEDE, Uit I. Cor. i. 43, EN Ter opwckklng en algcmeene Stigting met het aanraardea van hec gcwigtig Lccrraarampt, ukgefprookc op den 14 ORober^ ^75^- DOOR LAMBERTUS DE RONDE. Prcdikant tc Neuw-York. NIEUW-YORK, Gcdrukc by Hendricus De Foreest^ in 'i Jaar, 1751, APPENDIX Dutch Planters. There are still two Churches, in which religious Worship is performed in that Language. The old Building is of Stone and ill built, ornamented within by a small Organ Loft and Brass Branches. The new Church is a high, heavy. Edifice, has a very extensive Area, and was completed in 1729. It has no Galler- ies, and yet will perhaps contain a thousand or twelve hundred Auditors. The Steeple of this Church affords a most beautiful Prospect, both of the City beneath and the surrounding Coun- try. The Dutch Congregation is more numerous than any other, but as the Language becomes disused, it is much diminished ; and unless they change their Worship into the English Tongue, must soon suffer a total Dissipation. They have at present two Ministers ; the reverend Mes- sieurs Ritzma and De Ronde, who are both strict Calvinists. Their Church was incorpo- rated on the nth of May, 1696, by the Name of the Minister, Elders, and Deacons of the reformed Protestant Dutch Church of the City of New York, and its Estate, after the Expira- tion of sundry long Leases, will be worth a very great Income.* All the Low Dutch Congregations, in this *Their Charter was confirmed by a late Act of the Assembly ratified by his Majesty, which recites the Vlllth Article of the Surrender in 1664. 113 APPENDIX and the Province of New Jersey, worship after the Manner of the reformed Churches in the United Provinces. With Respect to Govern- ment, they are in Principle Presbyterians ; but yet hold themselves in Subordination to the Classis of Amsterdam, who sometimes permit, and at other Tim.es refuse, them the Powers of Ordination. Some of their Ministers consider such a Subjection as anti-constitutional, and hence in several of their late annual Conven- tions, at New York, called the Coetus, some Debates have arisen amongst them ; the Ma- jority being inclined to erect a Classis, or eccle- siastical Judicatory, here, for the Government of their Churches. Those of their Ministers, who are Natives of Europe, are, in general, averse to the Project. The Expence attending the Ordination of their Candidates, in Holland, and the Reference of their Disputes to the Classis of Amsterdam — is very considerable ; and with what Consequences, the Interruption of their Correspondence with the European Dutch, would be attended, in Case of a War, well deserves their Consideration. There are, besides the Dutch, two Episco- pal Churches in this City upon the plan of the established Church in South Britian. Trinity 114 APPENDIX Church was built in 1696, and afterwards en- larged in 1737. It stands very pleasantly upon the Banks of Hudson's River, and has a large Cemetery, on each side, inclosed in the Front by a painted paled Fence. Before it a long Walk is railed off from the Broad-way, the pleasantest Street of any in the whole Town. This Building is about 148 Feet long, includ- ing the Tower and Chancel, and 72 feet in Breadth. The Steeple is 175 Feet in Heighth, and over the Door facing the River is the fol- lowing Inscription : " PER ANGUSTAM " Hoc Trinitatis Templum fundatum est Anno Regni illustrissimi,supremi, Domini Guli- elmi tertii, Dei Gratia, Angliae, Scotias, Franciae et Hiberniae Regis, Fidei Defensoris, &c. Oc- tavo, Annoq ; Domini, 1696. " Ac voluntaria quorundam Contributione ac Donis i^dificatum, maxime autem, dilecti Regis Chiliarchce BENJAMINl FLETCHER, hujus Provinciae strataeci & Imperatoris, Mu- nificentia animatum et auctum, cujus tempore moderaminis, hujus Civitatis incolae, Religi- onem protestantem Ecclefiae Anglicanae, ut Secundum Legem nunc stabilitae profitentes, "5 APPENDIX quodam Diplomate, sub Sigillo Provinciae in- corporati sunt, atque alias Plurimas, ex Re fua familiari, Donationes notabiles eidem dedit." The Church is, within, ornamented beyond any other Place of publick Worship amongst us. The Head of the Chancel is adorned with an Altarpiece, and opposite to it, at the other End of the Building, is the Organ. The Tops of the Pillars, which support the Galleries, are decked with the gilt Busts of Angels winged. From the Cieling are suspended two Glass Branches, and on the Walls hang the Arms of some of its principal Benefactors. The Allies are paved with flat stones. The present Rector of this Church is the Rev. Mr. Henry Barclay, formerly a Mission- ary among the Mohawks, who receives X^O"^ a Year, levied upon all the other Clergy and Laity in the City, by Virtue of an Act of As- sembly procured by Governour Fletcher. He is assisted by Dr. Johnson and Mr. Auch- muty. This Congregation, partly by the Arrival of Strangers from Europe, but principally by Proselytes from the Dutch Churches, is become so numerous, that though the old Building will contain 2000 Hearers, yet a new one was erected 116 APPENDIX in 1752. This, called St. George's Chapel/'*" is a very neat Edifice, faced with hewn Stone and tiled. The Steeple is lofty ,f but irregular ; and its Situation in a new, crowded and ill-built, Part of the Town. The Rector, Churchwardens, and Vestry- men of Trinity Church, are incorporated by an Act of Assembly, which grants the two last the Advowson or Right of Presentation ; but enacts, that the Rector shall be instituted and inducted in a Manner most agreeable to the King's Instructions to the Governour, and the canonical Right of the Bishop of London. Their Worship is conducted after the Mode of the Church of England ; and with Respect to Government, they are empowered to make Rules and Orders for themselves, being, if I may use the Expression, an independent, eccle- siastical. Corporation. The Revenue of this Church is restricted, by an Act of Assembly, to Xs^^ P^^ Annum ; but it is possessed of a real Estate, at the North End of the Town, which having been lately di- vided into Lots and let to Farm, will in a few years, produce a much greater Income. * The Length exclusive of the Chancel, 92 feet, and its Breadth 20 feet less. ■j- One hundred and seventy-five feet. 117 APPENDIX The Presbyterians increasing after Lord Cornbury's return to England, called Mr. An- derson, a Scotch Minister, to the pastoral Charge of their Congregation ; and Dr. John Nicol, Patrick Mac Night, Gilbert Livingston and Thomas Smith, purchased a piece of Ground and founded a Church, in 17 19. Two years afterwards they petitioned Colonel Schuy- ler, who had then the chief Command, for a Charter of Incorporation, to secure their Estate for religious Worship, upon the Plan of the Church in North Britain ; but were disappointed in their Expectations, through the Opposition of the Episcopal Party. They, shortly after, re- newed their Request to Governour Burnet, who referred the petition to his Council. The Episcopalians again violently opposed the Grant, and the Governour, in 1724, wrote upon the Subject to the Lords of Trade for their Direction. Counsellor West, who was then consulted, gave his Opinion in these Words : " Upon consideration of the several Acts of Uniformity that have passed in Great Britain, I am of Opinion that they do not ex- tend to New York, and consequently an Act of Toleration is of no Use in that Province ; and, therefore, as there is no Provincial Act for Uni- 118 APPENDIX formity, according to the Church of England, I am of Opinion, that by Law such Patent of In- corporation may be granted, as by the Petition is desired. Richard West, 20 August, 1724," After several Years' Solicitation for a Charter in vain, and fearful that those who obstructed such a reasonable Request, would watch an Op- portunity to give them a more effectual Wound ; those, among the Presbyterians, who were in- vested with the Fee Simple of the Church and Ground, "conveyed it, on the i6th of March, 1730, to the Moderator of the General Assem- bly of the Church of Scotland and the Com- mission thereof, the Moderator of the Presby- tery of Edinburgh, the Principal of the College of Edinburgh, the Professor of Divinity there- in, and the Procurator and Agent of the Church of Scotland, for the Time being, and their Suc- cessors in Office, as a Committee of the General Assembly." On the 15th of August, 1732, the Church of Scotland, by an Instrument under the Seal of the General Assembly, and signed by Mr. Niel Campbell, Principal of the University of Glasgow, and Moderator of the General Assembly and Commission thereof; Mr. James Nesbit, one of the Ministers of the Gospel at Edinburgh, Moderator of the Pres- 119 APPENDIX bytery of Edinburgh ; Mr. William Hamilton, Principal of the University of Edinburgh ; Mr. James Smith, Professor of Divinity therein ; and Mr. William Grant, Advocate Procurator for the Church of Scotland, for the Time be- ing ; pursuant to an Act of the General Assem- bly dated the 8th of May, 1731, did declare, "That notwithstanding the aforesaid Right made to them and their Successors in Office, they were desirous, that the aforesaid Building and Edifice and Appurtenances thereof, be preserved for the pious and religious Purposes for which the same were designed ; and that it should be free and lawful to the Presbyterians then resid- ing, or that should at any Time, thereafter, be resident, in, or near, the aforesaid City of New York, in America, or others joining with them, to convene, in the foresaid Church, for the Worship of God in all the Parts thereof, and for the Dispensation of all Gospel Ordinances, and generally to use and occupy the said Church and its Appurtenances fully and freely in all Times coming, they supporting and maintaining the Edifice and Appurtenances at their own Charge." Mr. Anderson was succeeded in April 1727, by the Rev. Mr. Ebenezer Pemberton, a Man of polite Breeding, pure Morals, and warm De- APPENDIX votion; under whose incessant Labours the Con- gregation greatly increased and was enabled to erect the present Edifice in 1748. It is built of Stone, railed off from the Street, is 80 Feet long and in Breadth 60. The Steeple, raised on the South-west End, is in Height 145 Feet. In the Front to the Street, between two long windows, is the following Inscription gilt and cut in a black Slate six Feet in Length. Auspicanto Deo Hanc ^dem Cultui divino facram In perpetuum celebrando, AD. MDCCXIX. Primo fundatum ; Denuo penitus reparatam et Ampliorem et ornatiorem AD. MDCCXLVIII. Constructam, Neo-Eborancenses Presbyterian! In fuum et fuorum Ufum Condentes, In hac votiva Tabula D D DQ. APPENDIX Concordia, Amore Necnon Fidei Cultus et Morum Puritate Suffulta, clariusq ; exornata, Annuente Christo, Longum perduret in i^vum. Mr. Alexander Cumming, a young Gentle- man of Learning and singular Penetration, was chosen Colleague to Mr. Pemberton, in 1750; but both were dismissed at their Request, about three Years afterwards ; the former, through Indisposition, and the latter, on Account of trifling Contentions kindled by the Bigotry and Ignorance of the lower Sort of People. These Debates continued till they were closed in April 1756, by a Decision of the Synod, to which, almost all our Presbyterian Churches, in this and the Southern Provinces are subject. The Congregation consists, at present, of 12 or 1400 Souls, under the pastoral Charge of the Rev. Mr. David Bostwick, who was lately translated from Jamaica to New York, by a synodical Decree. He is a Gentleman of a mild, catholick. Disposition ; and being a Man of Piety, Pru- dence, and Zeal, confines himself entirely to the proper Business of his Function. In the Art of Preaching, he is one of the most dis- APPENDIX tinguished Clergyman in these parts. His dis- courses are methodical, sound and pathetick ; in Sentiment, and in Point of Diction, singularly ornamented. He delivers himself without Notes, and yet with great Ease and Fluency of Expression ; and performs every Part of Divine Worship with a striking Solemnity. The French Church, by the Contentions in 1724, and the Disuse of the Language, is now reduced to an inconsiderable Handful. The Building which is of Stone nearly a Square,* plain both within and without. It is fenced from the Street, has a Steeple and a Bell, the latter of which was the Gift of Sir Henry Asshurst of London. On the Front of the Church is the following Inscription : /EDES SACRA GALLOR. PROT. REFORM. FVNDA. 1704. PENITUS REPAR. 1741. The present Minister, Mr. Carle, is a Na- tive of France, and succeeded Mr. Rou in 1754. He bears an irreproachable Character, is very *The Area is Seventy Feet long and in Breadth fifty. 123 APPENDIX intent upon his Studies, preaches moderate Calvinism, and speaks with Propriety, both of Pronunciation and Gesture. The German Lutheran Churches are two. Both their Places of Worship are small ; one of them has a Cupola and Bell. The Quakers have a Meeting-house, and the Moravians, a new Sect amongst us, a Church, consisting principally of Female Proselytes from other Societies. Their Service is in the English tongue. The Anabaptists assemble at a small Meet- ing-house, but have as yet no regular settled Congregation. The Jews, who are not incon- siderable for their Numbers, worship in a Syn- agogue erected in a very Private part of the Town, plain without, but very neat within. The City Hall is a strong Brick Building, two Stories in Heighth, in the Shape of an Oblong, winged with one at each End, at right Angles with the first. The Floor below is an open Walk, except two Jails and the Jailor's Apartments. The Cellar underneath is a Dun- geon, and the Garret above a common Prison. This Edifice is erected in a Place where four Streets meet, and fronts, to the South-west, one of the most spacious Streets in Town. The 124 APPENDIX Eastern Wing in the second Story, consists of the Assembly Chamber, a Lobby, and a small Room for the Speaker of the House. The West Wing, on the same Floor, forms the Council Room and a Library ; and in the space between the Ends, the Supreme Court is ordin- arily held. The Library consists of a looo Volumes, which were bequeathed to The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in foreign Parts, by Dr. Millington, Rector of Newington. Mr. Humphreys, the Society's Secretary, in a letter of the 23d of September 1728, informed Gov- ernour Montgomerie, that the Society intended to place these Books in New York, intending to establish a Library, for the Use of the Clergy and Gentlemen of this and the neighbouring Governments of Connecticut, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, upon giving Security to return them ; and desired the Governour to recom- mend it to the Assembly, to provide a Place to reposit the Books, and to concur in an Act for the Preservation of them and others that might be added. Governour Montgomerie sent the Letter to the Assembly, who ordered it to be laid before the City Corporation, and the latter in June 1729, agreed to provide a proper Re- 125 APPENDIX pository for the Books, which were accordingly soon after sent over. The greatest Part of them are upon theological Subjects, and through the Carelessness of the Keepers many are missing. In 1754, a Set of Gentlemen undertook to carry about a Subscription towards raising a publick Library, and in a few days collected near J^6oo which were laid out in purchasing, about 700 Volumes of new, well chosen Books. Every Subscriber, upon Payment of J^^ Prin- cipal, and the annual Sum of 10 s. is entitled to the Use of these Books. His Right by the Articles is assignable, and for Non-compliance with them may be forfeited. The Care of this Library, is committed to Twelve Trustees, an- nually elected by the Subscribers, on the last Tuesday of April, who are restricted from mak- ing any Rules repugnant to the fundamental Subscription. This is the Beginning of a Li- brary, which in Process of Time will probably become vastly rich and voluminous ; and it would be very proper for the Company to have a Charter for its Security and Encouragement. The Books are deposited in the same Room with those given by the Society. Besides the City Hall, there belongs to the Corporation, a large Alms-house or Place of 126 APPENDIX Correction, and the Exchange, in the latter of which there is a large Room raised upon brick Arches, generally used for publick Entertain- ments, Concerts of Musick, Balls and Assem- blies. Though the City was put under the Gov- ernment of a Mayor, etc. in 1665, it was not regularly incorporated till 1686. Since that time several Charters have been passed ; the last was granted by Governour Montgomerie on the 15th of January 1730. It is divided into seven Wards, and is under the Government of a Mayor, Recorder, seven Aldermen, and as many Assistants or Common Councilmen. The Mayor, a Sheriff and Cor- oner, are annually appointed by the Governour. The Recorder has a Patent during Pleasure. The Aldermen, Assistants, Assessors and Col- lectors, are annually elected by the Freemen and Freeholders of the respective Wards. The Mayor has the sole Appointment of a Deputy, and, together with four Aldermen, may appoint a Chamberlain. The Mayor or Recorder, four Aldermen, and as many Assistants, form ' The Common Council of the City of New York '; and this Body, by a Majority of Voices, hath Power to make Bye-laws for the Government 127 APPENDIX of the City, which are binding only for a Year, unless confirmed by the Governour and Coun- cil. They have many other Privileges relating to Ferriages, Markets, Fairs, the Assize of Bread, Wine, &c. and the licensing and Regu- lation of Tavern Keepers, Cartage, and the like. The Mayor, his Deputy, the Recorder and Aldermen, are constituted Justices of the Peace ; and may hold not only a Court of Record once a Week, to take Cognizance of all civil Causes, but also a Court of General Quarter Sessions of the Peace. They have a common Clerk, commissioned by the Gover- nour, who enjoys an Appointment worth about four or five hundred Pounds per Annum. The annual Revenue of the Corporation is near two thousand Pounds. The standing Militia of the Island consists of about 2300 Men,'-' and the City has in Reserve, a thousand Stand of Arms for Seamen, the Poor and others, in Case of an Invasion. The North Eastern Part of New York Island, is inhabited, principally by Dutch * The whole Number of the Inhabitants, exclusive of Females above sixty, according to a list returned to the Governour, in the Spring 1756, amounted to 10,468 Whites, and 2275 Negroes ; but that Account is erroneous. It is most probable that there are in the City 15,000 Souls. 128 APPENDIX Farmers, who have a small Village there called Harlem, pleasantly situated on a Flat culti- vated for the City Markets. Alleged Portrait of Henry Hudson IN Possession of the City of New York In the Department of Public Works of the City of New York, now located at No. 150 Nassau street, hang two oil paintings — half- length portraits — one dark and indistinct with age, the other by comparison quite fresh and modern in appearance. The tablets upon the newly gilded frames bear respectively the names of Hudson and Columbus. The first named picture — or a so-called picture of Hud- son, presumably the one here described, which adorned, it is recorded, in earlier times the walls of the Governor's room in the City Hall — was specially engraved for and appears in a recently published History of New York City, accom- panied, however, with the statement that a dili- gent and careful search of the Records in the City Hall failed to disclose evidence of its au- thenticity. In a small hand-book published in 1828, under the title of " The Picture of New York 129 APPENDIX and Stranger's Guide to the Commercial Me- tropolis of the United States," by A. T. Good- rich, we find a brief account of Henry Hudson, which contains this at first sight startling para- graph : " A portrait of this distinguished navigator is in the City Hall, painted in 1592, when he was 23 years of age. He is represented with a frill round his neck and holding a compass in his hand. He has a youthful and very interesting appearance. It was deposited by an ancient Dutch family, and is of undoubted originality." Affixed to the back of a portrait, evidently the one alluded to by Goodrich in the passage quoted above, which now hangs in the office of the Water Registrar, is the following neatly en- grossed certificate : " 'This picture is a copy of a portrait of Columbus in N. T. State Library. Maria Farmer was granddaughter of Jacob Leisler^ Governor of the Colony of New Tork. The por- trait was in her family for at least 1^0 years. In lower left corner were painted in characters of the sixteenth century^ ' Ano 15^2^ Mtat ^j." Signed^ George Rogers Howell^ Librarian ^ Archivist N. T. State Library. 150 APPENDIX " 'T'he picture was presented to the State of New York by Maria Farmer in 1^84. It was probably painted in 13^2 and intended to repre- sent Columbus at the age of 2jy In reply to an inquiry addressed to the Sec- retary of the New York State Library, the Archivist, Mr. George R. Howell, kindly sup- plies the following information : "In 1892, when I went to New York to look up portraits of Columbus, I found his name attached to what is now called a portrait of Hudson, with a large ruffle about his neck, and the name of Hudson attached to a copy of a portrait of Columbus in the State Library, which portrait of Columbus was presented to the State in 1784. I informed the one in charge and offered to send them a photograph of our Columbus, which I did, and they changed the labels of the two accordingly. Our portrait is that of a young man, and has on it * 1592,' Aetat 23. . . . I will add that the letter of Mrs. Maria Farmer, present- ing the portrait to the State, mentions that it had been in her family for upwards of 150 years — thus carrying its history as a Columbus portrait back to 1634. So there can be no 131 APPENDIX reasonable doubt that at least it was intended as a portrait of Columbus and not of Hudson." This, so far as we have been able to ascertain, is the history of the two portraits in possession of the City which bear the distinguished names of Hudson and Columbus. Mr. Abend- schein, in whose hands the pictures in the City Hall were placed some five years since to be cleaned and restored, found upon the picture which now bears the name of Hudson the signature, " Count Pulaskie, in the lower left hand corner in very small gold letters, such as some of the old masters used." The tablet upon the picture now reads : " Hendrick Hud- son, by Count Pulaskie," which serves to render the matter still a little more involved. That it is not a genuine portrait of Henry Hudson scarcely needs to be affirmed. ADDENDA £ }^oqn'vS<:7 • -*=^ New York about 1640 A MS. PLAN OF NEW YORK, ENTITLED « Manatus gelegen op de mot rhier " Size o'"68xo'"45 IN 1892 this plan was in the possession of M. H. Harrisse, purchased by him of Frederik Muller, the well-known bookseller of Amsterdam. It was made, it is claimed about 1640 bv Joan Vingboons for the Dutch West India Company. Our reproduction, which is on so reduced a scale that it must necessarily convey only a very imperfect idea of the original, is a facsimile of a process print after a photograph from the plan which was published with a number of other early and ADDENDA rare American views in " L' Illustration " of July 2nd, 1892 — the Columbian celebration number of that periodical. A note in reference to this plan which is, if it be a genuine production, the earliest- known graphic representation of the first settlement upon the Island of Manhattan, will be found in " Reproductions de cartes et de globes relatifs a la decouverte de TAmerique du xvi^ au xviii^ siecle, par Gabriel Marcel." ViSSCHER VERSUS VaN DER DoNCK The following careful study of the evidence in support of the contention that the map of N. J. Visscher preceded that of Ardriaen Van der Donck has been kindly furnished the author by Mr. Wilberforce Eames of the Lenox Library: Dear Mr. Andrews : I send you herewith some memoranda on which I base my conclusions that the Van der Donck Map and View of New Amsterdam is merely a reduced copy of that published by N. J. Visscher. The first edition of Van der Donck's " Description of New Netherland " was authorized for publication on the 24th of May, 1653, but it did not see the light until two years later. On February 25th, 1655, the directors of the West India Company authorized ADDENDA the bookseller Evert Nieuwenhof to publish Van der Donck's book, and it came out probably in the spring of that year. This edition has no map, nor is there any evidence to show that Van der Donck fur- nished a view of New Amsterdam, for the publisher merely used the engraving (on page 9) that had ap- peared four years earlier in Joost Hartgers's descrip- tion of Virginia, etc. Some time between the appearance of the first edition of Van der Donck's book and the middle of January of 1656, there appeared N. J. Visscher's large map of New Netherland, with the view of New Amsterdam in the lower right hand corner. The ap- proximate date of its appearance is fixed by the fol- lowing fact : On the 6th of January the States General ordered the directors of the West India Company to inform them fully respecting the Swedes which had been sent over from Netherland, and on the 28th of the same month the directors submitted in reply a long report on the subject, accompanied by various letters, conveyances, deeds, and other docu- ments relating thereto. The translation of these papers is in the New York Colonial Documents, vol. I, pp. 585—609. Appended to the original papers, as they exist in the archives at The Hague, and forming one of the exhibits, is a copy of this engraved map of N. J. Visscher. The inference to be drawn from this fact and date is that the map was engraved and published before January, 1656. Therefore I place it after the first edition of Van der Donck's book, and before the appearance of the second edition of the same work. In 1656 the bookseller Nieuwenhof got out a new edition of Van der Donck's book, in which he omitted the old engraving borrowed from Hartgers's ADDENDA book, and added what is evidently a reduced section of N. J. Visscher's map, including the view. That it came after instead of preceding Visscher's map is confirmed by the fact that it omits all the reference letters placed above the different buildings in the view, as well as the explanations to which they referred, in which the names of the buildings are given. That it is a copy is evident from other omissions and re- ductions in size. A portion of the view is left out at each end, but the inscription above, containing the name of the town, is copied exactly. The engraving is signed by the bookseller himself, showing that he is responsible for its production. He calls attention to the addition of the map on the title page of this second edition of the book. Nicolas J. Visscher died about the year 1660, and his son Nicolas Visscher, who seems to have suc- ceeded to the business in 1659 or earlier, used the same engraving of the map and view for several years without alteration. About the year 1683 he retouched the plate, putting his own name in place of his father's, and adding Philadelphia and several other names. This was done not earlier than 1683, '" which year Philadelphia was laid out, nor later than 1685 ; for on William Penn's own copy of the map is the following autograph inscription : " The map by which the Privy Council, 1685, settled the bounds between Lord Baltimore and I, and Maryland, Penn- sylvania, and Territorys or annexed Countys. — W.P." It was Asher's opinion too that the existence of N. J. Visscher's map even before 1656 " is clearly proved by the document to which it was found attached in the Dutch Royal Archives, by Mr. Brodhead." Mr. Asher, however, supposed that there was an earlier state of Danckers's map, which formed the basis of all ADDENDA the Others. This theory, however ingenious it may be, has never been proved, for the reason that no such early state of the plate has ever been found. The order in which I would place the above-named publications is therefore as follows : (i) Van der Donck's New Netherland, ist edition, without map, i655(?). (2) N. J. Visscher's large map, with view of New Amsterdam, 1655. (3) Van der Donck's New Netherland, 2nd Edi- tion, with reduced section of N. J. Visscher's map and view, 1656. (4) Nicholas Visscher's reissue of his father's map, with some additional names and alterations, i683(?). Yours truly, WiLBERFORCE EaMES. It is possible that a careful examination and comparison of the maps in the Visscher Atlas in the Lenox Library might show that it contains a copy of the original N. J. Visscher Map. The Visschers, Father and Son Claes (Nicholas) Janszoon Visscher — latinized Nicolaus Joannes Piscator — was born probably at Amsterdam in 1587. He died about 1660. Nicolaes Visscher, the son, followed his father's busmess and was engraving maps as early as 1659-60. ERRATA Page 59, seventh line from foot, read country instead of colony. Page 70, tenth line from top, read Carver instead of Carrer. Page 67, fifth line from top, for College read House. Page 90, last line, add after " building" the words " and surroundings.^^ INDEX INDEX Albany, 14, 106. Fort near, 103. Allard, Abraham, His "Atlas Minor," 35. Carolus, View of New Amsterdam on his map of "Totius Neobelgii," xxii, 98. — Views of New Am- sterdam in his Collection of Views of Cities, xxii, xxvii. Hugo, View of New Am- sterdam on his first map of Novi Belgii, xxi, 48, 97, 98. View of New Am- sterdam on his second map of Novi Belgii, xxi, 98, loi. Alms House (old), 126. Ambuscade Frigate, The, 81. Anabaptists' Meeting House, 124. Andrews Collection, The, xix, xx, xxi, xxii, xxiii, 31, 35. Argall, Captain, 103. Arnold's and Andre's Plot, 77. AsHER, G. M., 32, 33, 48, 97. Extracts from his Essay on Dutch Books and Pamphlets relating to New Netherland, 97-102. AsTOR, John Jacob, 91. " Atlantic Neptune, The," 69. AucHMUTV, Reverend Samuel, 116. Auction Sales in New York in 1793. 79- Bakewell, Thomas, Publisher of a View of New York in 1 746, 59- Barclay, Reverend Henry, 116. Battery, The, 43, 82, 112. Bibliography of books used in the preparation of this volume, xxvii-xxx. Blaeu Family, Atlases published by, XXX. Block, Laurens Hermansz, Draw- ing of New Amsterdam claimed to have been made by, 41, 44. Bogardus, Everardus, 23. Bowen's Wax- work, 85. Bradford Map, The, xix. Bridges' s, William, Map of New York City, engraved by P. Maverick, xix. British Museum, 40. Broadhead, John Romeyn, loi- 135 INDEX BuRGis's, William, South Prospect of y« City of New York, xvii, xxiii, 52, 58. Inscription on, 59—62. Key to, 62, 63. Castle William in the Harbor ot Boston, 64. Cerrachi, Guisseppe, His model in clay designed to perpetuate the memory of American Liberty 85. Charles II, 93, 103. Chew, Beverly, 8. Chronological arrangement of the first five views of New Am- sterdam and New York, xx— xxii. Churches, The Anabaptist, 124. The French, 123. Inscription on and ministers of, 123. The German Lutheran, 124. The Dutch, 113. Incorporated, 113. Government of, 1 14. The New or Middle Dutch, 113. The Old (Garden Street?), 113. The Presbyterian (Wall Street), 118. Inscription on, 121. Ministers of, 118 120, 122. The Quaker Meeting House, 124. St. George's Chapel, 117. Churches, St. Nicholas — the first on Manhattan Island, 33, 44. St. Ethelburga, 9. Trinity Church, 87, 115, 116, 117. Inscription over the door, 115. City Hall (old), 124. Clinton, Governor George, 59. CoLMAN, First Englishman killed by Indians, I 3. Colonial History of New York, 42. Columbus, 6, 129. Comb, I. M., Jun^, Plan of the City, by, xix. Commissioners, Names of the Dutch and English, who ar- ranged the terms of capitula- tion in 1664, 25. Communipaw, 6. Coney Island, 12. Custom House (Government House), View of. Engraved by C. Milbourne, 89. Dale, Sir Thomas, 103. Danckers, Justo, View of New Amsterdam on his Map of Novi Belgii, xxi, 98, 99. Dankers, Jaspar, xix. Davies, C. W., History of Hoi. land, xxviii. De Lancey, Lieutenant-Governor James, xix. Delaware Water Gap, 36. Department of Public Works of the City of New York, 129. De RoNDE, Lambertus, 113. 136 INDEX Detmold, C. E., 41. De Vries, Captain David P., 24. Dieppe, 5. Drake's, Samuel G. Indians of North America, xxviii. Drayton's, Governor John, Tour through the Northern and Eastern States, 75. — Description of New York City in 1793, with an engraved view of the Battery and Harbour of New York and the Ambuscade Frigate drawn by himself, 75-88. Duke's Plan, The, xviii, 40. Du SiMiTiERE, M., xxii. Dutch East India Company, 10, 17, 19, 106. Expenses of Hudson's voy- age defrayed by the Amster- dam Chamber of, 11. Dutch West India Co., 18, 21, 22, 23, 25, 41, 103. DuYCKiNCK Map, The, xix. East River, 77. Wharfs on, 78. Edwards, Jonathan, Observations on the language of the Stock- bridge Indians, 8. Emmet Collection, Lenox Library, xxii, 90. Evertsen's, Captain Cornelius, Capture of New Amsterdam, so- Exchange, The old, in Broad St. , 127. Farmer, Mrs. Maria, 130, 131. Federal Hall in Wall St., View of, in Massachusetts Maga- zine, 71. View of in Columbian Magazine, 71. Portraits in, in 1793, Fletcher, Governor Benjamin, 116. Fort Nieuw Amsterdam, 32, 33, 100. Fort, The, 33, 46, 93, 103, I II. ( Fort George), Mon- tresor's description of, 46, 107. Francis I, 4, 5. Franquelin's, J. B. L., Plan de Manathes, xviii. Frederick, Kym, 22, Gaine's, Hugh, Universal Regis- ter for 1776, xxviii. Map of New York City in, xix. — Extract from, 102- 105. Geographia Blauiana, 36. George III, Equestrian statue of, in Bowling Green, 83. Godyn's Bay, Mouth of Hudson River so-called, 99. Goodrich's, A. T., Picture ot New York in 1825-1828, .xxviii, 129. Description of the Fort in, 46. Goos, Peter, His " Zee Atlas," XXX, 35. 137 INDEX Great River of the Mountains (Hudson River), 34. Grim's, David, Map of New York City, xix. Hackney Coaches in New York in 1793, 88. "Half Moon," The Yacht, 6, II, 12, 17, 22. Hallecx, Fitz : Greene, 91. quoted, 2. Verse from Whittier's Poem on, 91. Hare, Augustus, His reference to the Church of St. Ethelburga, 9- Harlem, 129. Hartgers, Joost, Description of Virginia, New Netherland, etc., published by, xxvii, 31, 3^. 33. 34, 100. View of New Am- sterdam in, xvii, xx, 97. Harvard College, View of, by William Burgis, 64. Library, x.xii. Hayward, George, Lithographic copy of " The Duke's Plan," made by, 40. Hell Gate, 77. View of in London Maga- zine, 70. Herremans, Augustine, 41. — Sketch of New Am- sterdam made by, xvii, 41, 43. Hevn, Admiral Pieter Pieterssen, 20. Hills, J., City of New York sur- veyed by, xix. Hoboken, 91. Hoofden, Name given by the Dutch to the "Narrows," 13. Holbein, 7. Homan, Johan Baptista, View of New Amsterdam on map in his " Neuer Atlas," xxi. HooGHE, Romeyn de, xvii, xxi, 48. Howdell's, Captain Thomas, Southwest and Southeast views of New York, xvii, 66, 67. Howell, George Rogers, I 30, 1 3 1 . HUDSON, HENRY, 4-17, 34, 102, 106, 129. First Passage of the Narrows, 13. Ascent of the River, 14- Return to England, 16. Death at sea, 17. Alleged portrait of, 129- 132. HuDSONUs, Henricus, Descriptio, xxviii. Hudson River, 11, 15, 77, 102, 106, no. Various names of, 11, 15. Indian tribes dwelling upon its banks, 15. Hunter, Governor Robert, 59. Huntington Collection, Museum of Art, N. Y., xxii, 54, 70. Irving, Washington, 23, 43. James I, 102, 106. James II, Duke of York and Albany, 93, 103. Johnson, Doctor, Assistant Rector of Trinity Church, 116. 138 INDEX JuET, Robert, 1 1. Kalm's, Peter, Reize, 68. KiEFT, Governor William, 23, 43. K.il van Kol, The, 6. KooL, Leonard, 21. Knickerbocker's History of New York, extract from, 43. Lamb's, Mrs. Martha J., History of the City of New Yorlc, x.xviii. Quotations from. 21, 25. Lambrechtsen's, Sir N. C, His- tory of the New Netherlands, xxviii. Extract from, 50. Lenox Library Collections, The. .XX, xxi, xxiii, xxx, 31, 36, 38, Library in old City Hall, 125. New Public, founded in 1757, 126. London Magazine, View of New York in, xxiii, 65. Long Island Historical Society, Memoirs of, -xx. LoTTER, T. C, View of New Amsterdam on his map of New Netherlands, xxii, 49, 98, lOI. Maerschalk, Frank, City Sur- veyor, xix. Mahicanittuk, Indian name of Hudson River, 1 1. Manhattan, Island of, 26, 32, 106, 109. why so first called, 9. purchase of, 21. Manning, Captain John, 104. Maps examined in the preparation of this volume, xxx. Mexico, View of the City of, 64. Miller's, Reverend John, De- scription and Plan of the City of New York, xviii, xxix. MiLLINGTON, Doctor, I25. Minisink Indians The, 36, 49. MiNuiT, Director-General Peter, 21. Montanus, Arnoldus, View of Novum Amsterodamum in his "Beschryving van Amerika," xvii, xxi, 41, 42, 100, 10 1 Map of, 98. Montgomerie, Governor John, 125. Moore, George H., -xx.xi, 40. Governor, Sir Henry, 66. Montresor's, John, Plan of New York City, xix, 105. Inscription on, 46, 106, 107, 108. References on, 105. Locations named in. 108. Mortier, p.. View of New Am- sterdam signed by, xxiii, 5 i , 54- MouLTON, Joseph W., "New York, 170 years ago," xxii, xxix. Murphy, Henry C, 5. Muscovy, or Russian Company, The, 10. Narrows of New York Bay, The, 6, 13, 107, 109. [39 INDEX Neve-Sincks, The Highlands of, 4, 12. NEW AMSTERDAM, 32, 33, 106. Name of, changed, 103. First View of, 31, 100. Second View of and early copies of same, 34, 39, 100. View of in History of Montanus, 41, 100. View of in Ogilby's " America," 47. View of on Hugo Allard's second map, 48, 51, loi. View of on Hugo Allard's second map, copies of, key to, and title of, 49, 51. Carolus Allard's Views of. 52- View on map of Peter Schenck, 51. " Een stedeken in Noord Amerikaes," xxii, 102. Surrender of, 24, 104. NEW NETHERLANDS, Col- onization of, 20. Fur trade of, 20. NEW ORANGE, surrendered to the English, xxii, 48. New Port May, New York Bay, so-called by the Dutch, 99. NEW YORK, Early Drawings of in Journal of Dankers and Sluyter, xix. College of the Province of, (King's) charter granted, 105. Chamber of Commerce es- NEW YORK Historical Society, XXX, 41, 63. Collections of, xix, xx, xxii, xxiii, 35. Translations published by, XXX. Hospital incorporated, 105. Magazine, Local views in, 72. Marine Society charter granted, 105. Society Library, 63. View of, from Brooklyn Heights, engraved by Wm. Birch, 92. Southwest view of, en- graved by J. Carwitham, 70. View of from Governor's Island — Thomas Kitchin, pinxit, 65. View of in 1790, showing Government House, 71. (Novum Eboracum), Mon- tresors Description of, 106. Views of, drawn by Cap- tablished, 105. tain Thomas Howdell, xvii, 66, 67. View of, from Hobuck Ferry, Alexander Robertson Delineavit, 90. View of from Long Island, engraved by William RoUin- son, 91. Governor's Island, the River, etc., from Long Island, 68. View of on map of Henry Popple, 46. 140 INDEX NEW YORK, Southwest view of, in Russell's History of the War in America, 70. South Prospect of, in Lon- , don Magazine, 65. South view of, 68. View of, by St. Memin (colored etching), 89. View of, by St. Memin, taken with a pantograph in- vented by himself, 89. View of, in 1673, loi. Principal streets of in 1793, 81, 82. Rides in the neighborhood of in 1793, 88. William Smith's account of in 1757, 109. Restored to the English by treaty, 48, 105. Inhabitants of in 1757, New Dutch Church, The engrav- ing of, by William Burgis, 63. Niagara Falls, 64. NiEuwENHOF, Evert, publisher of Van der Donck's New Neth- erland, 38. NicoLLS, Colonel Richard, 24, 103. Notten (Governor's) Island, 112. Nyenhuis, Mr. Bodel, his opinion in regard to Danckers's map, 99- O'Callaghan's, E. B., Docu- mentary History, View of New Amsterdam in, 98, 100, lOI. O'Callaghan's, E. B., History ot New Netherland, extracts from, XXIX, 9, 14, 16, 21, 27, 37- Ogilby's, John, View of New Amsterdam in his " Amer- ika," xxi. ■ Map of, 98. Ottens, Joachim, View of New Amsterdam on his map of Novi Belgii, xxii, 98. Ottens, Reinier and Josua, View of New Amsterdam on their map of Novi Belgii, .xxii, 98. Pagganck, Indian name of Gov- ernor's Island, 23. Palisadoes, Line of, in 1757, from the Hudson to the East River, 112. Patroons, 26. Park, The City Hall in 1793, 86. Philadelphia, indicated on the early maps, 99. PiNTARD, John, .xix. Popple, Henry, View of New York on his map of the British Empire in America, x.xiii, 64. PowNALL, Mrs., 87. PuRCHAS, Samuel, " His Pil- grimes," xxix, 1 1. Quebec, View of the City of, 64. Raleigh, Sir Walter, 7. Ratzer, B., View of New York City by, xvii. Plan of New York City surveyed by, xix, 65. Read, J. M., Henry Hudson, xxix. Rembrandt, 7. 141 INDEX RiTZMA, Dominie, 113. Sandbv's, V.,Scetiographia Ameri- cana (27 views in North Am- erica and the West Indies, London, 1768 ), 69. Sandy Hook, 4, 12, 107, 109. ScHENCX, P., View of New Am- sterdam on his map of Hol- land, 1705, xxili, 58. " Een Stedeken in Noord Amerikaes," 57. ScHENCK and Valk, Second map of, 98. Seals of the cities of New Am- sterdam and New York, 24. Seutter, Matthew, View of New Amsterdam on his map of Novi Belgii, xxii. Shipyards on the East River, 87. Sluvter, Peter, xx. Smith, William, Historj' of the Province of New York, xxix, 109. St. Memin, C. B., Julian de, 89. Smith, Captain John, 8. Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, 125. Spanish " Plate Fleet," The, 20. Stickney, Charles E., 36. Stuyvesant, Governor Peter, 24, 93» 103- Tontine Coffee House, 80. UssELiNx, William, 18. Valentine, D. T., xxxi, 26. — is Manual of the Cor- poration, xxxi, 40. History of the City of Van der Donck, Adriaen, 37. Van der Donck's, Adriaen, Be&- chryvinge van Nieuvv-Neder- lant, etc., xxvii, 37. — — Verses in, on the Patrons and History of New Netherland, 37. Map of Novi Belgii in, 34, 42, 98- View of New Am- sterdam on, xx, xxi, 34, 38. "Vertoogh," 99. Van der Weyde, Peter Henry, XXX. Van Twiller, Wouter, 23, 103. Verrazzano, Giovanni, 4, 5. Visscher's, N. J., map of Novi Belgii, 34, 35, 97, 98. View of New Amster- dam, xvii, xxi, 34, 37. His Plate retouched by Nicolas Visscher, xxi, 100. N., map of Novi Belgii, View of New Amster- dam in, x.xi, 37—39- His "Atlas Minor," New York, xxix. 35- Washington, Portrait of, standing on a pedestal in front of Bowling Green, 90. Watson, John F. , Annals of New York, xxix. Weehawken Hill, 91. William the Taciturn, 10. Yonkers, Dutch origin of the name, 37. 142 '^7