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HISTORY OF TENNESSEE, 
 
 FROM 
 
 ITS EARLIEST DISCOVERIES AND 
 SETTLEMENTS, 
 
 By GEORGE D. FREE, A. M., 
 
 Author of '■'■ A Popular Geography,'" "-The Priiiciples of Civil Govern- 
 ment in the United States and State of Tennessee,"" 
 ''Map of Kentucky and Tennessee.'''' 
 
 •'Breathes there the man with soul so dead, 
 Who never to himselx hath said 
 'This is my own, my native land ?' " 
 
 AUCtOt 
 
 Copyrighted, 1895 and 1896. ' "^ *^'''** 
 
 UV^"^'' 
 
 G. D. FREE, 
 
 NASHVII.I.E, Tennessee. 
 
i 
 
 K 
 
 to^ 
 
 <b^ 
 
 e:^.x^-a-t-a- 
 
 Pag-e 109, line 7 : For "Anderson and Nicholson," read "White and 
 Foster. 
 
 Pag"e 210, line 13: For "larcency," read larceny. 
 
 The few errors that appear in this edition will be corrected before 
 the next. 
 
 UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINT, 
 NASHVILrLK, TENN. 
 
 WDPyrn 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The history of Tennessee is fraught with many interesting: and 
 bright laurels which should be made familiar to the pupils who will m 
 time become the sovereign people of Tennessee. The boys, a-ter at- 
 taining manhood must make the laws, shape the policy guard the 
 honor, and maintain its high rank amongthe States. A knowledge of he 
 legislation and policy of the past is a most important preparation for the 
 wise exercise of this sovereignty. With such knowledge they will profit 
 by the experience of their fathers, avoiding the mistakes and emulating 
 the wisdom of those who have gone before them. A knowledge of the 
 past history of the State, brilliant with illustrious names and heroic 
 deeds of its gallant sons, will make their hearts thrill with pride and 
 patriotism, and inspire in youth a firm resolution to sustain the honor, 
 promote the welfare, and add to the fame of Tennessee. 
 
 In political matters even-handed justice has been invoked upon 
 everv question. The author believes that the full presentation of both 
 sides of every question is the surest and most direct route to truth, and 
 that truth is the only basis for a common love of country. 
 
 An honest effort has been made to be accurate, clear, and impartial. 
 Every line has been written with a sincere desire to magnify the great 
 ness of the whole State by presenting faithfully the wisdom, prowess 
 and energy of its people. 
 
 Historical Readings have been used by permission of Hon. C. t±. 
 Smith, author of the History of Georgia. Changes have been made to 
 suit the conditions in our State, and an Appendix has been added. 
 
 Frequent reference has been made to Ramsey's "Annals of Ten^ 
 nessee;" Haywood's "Civil and Political History of Tennessee;*' Guild's 
 "Old Times in Tennessee;" Putnam's and other histories of Tennessee; 
 Miller's Manual of Tennessee, and many other sources from which 
 authentic matter could be secured. 
 
 The author acknowledges many favors rendered by authors and 
 teachers in the preparation of this work, all of which are highly appre^ 
 ciated. In conclusion, this history is submitted to you, my dear readers, 
 with a desire that our noble people shall never cease to add lustre, 
 patriotism and zeal to the development of this great State. 
 Nashville, 1896. G^eorge D. Free. 
 
 (5) 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 The Capitol, Nashville (Frontispiece) ' 
 
 An Indian Chief 14 
 
 An Indian Warrior 20 
 
 Battle at Island Flats 28 
 
 University of Tennessee Bi 
 
 Gov. John Sevier 50 
 
 West Tennessee Hospital for the In- 
 sane, Bolivar 51 
 
 First Capitol of Tennessee, Knoxville 53 
 
 James Robertson 55 
 
 Gov. Willie Blount 66 
 
 Gen. Andrew Jackson 71 
 
 The Hermitage, near Nashville 72 
 
 Deaf and Dumb Asylum, Knoxville. . 77 
 
 Gov. William Carroll 83 
 
 Courthouse, Clarksville 85 
 
 Gov. Samuel Houston 88 
 
 Gov. William Hall 89 
 
 East Tennessee Insane Asvlum, 
 
 Knoxville '. 93 
 
 Col. David Crockett 98 
 
 Gov. Newton Cannon 98 
 
 Hon, John Bell 99 
 
 Hon. Felix Grundy 100 
 
 Vanderbilt University 105 
 
 Gov. James C.Jones 107 
 
 Gov. Aaron V.Brown 108 
 
 President James K. Polk 110 
 
 Polk Place, Nashville 110 
 
 Gov. Neill S. Brown 114 
 
 Gov. Wm. Trousdale 114 
 
 Gov. William B. Campbell 116 
 
 Southwestern Presbyterian Univer- 
 sity 118 
 
 Gov. Andrew Johnson 120 
 
 Gov. Isham G. Harris 122 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 President Lincoln, U. S. A 124 
 
 President Davis, C. S. A 127 
 
 Diagram of Fort Donelson 134 
 
 Blind Asylum, Nashville 136 
 
 BattleJleld and Lookout Point 139 
 
 National Cemetery, Chattanocga. . . 141 
 National Cemetery, Chattanooga — 143 
 
 Nathan B. Forrest 146 
 
 Gov. Wm. G. BrownloAv 151 
 
 Nashville College for Young Ladies. 152 
 
 Gov. D. W. C. Senter 155 
 
 Gov. John C. Brown 156 
 
 Gov. James D. Porter 158 
 
 Gov. Albert S. Marks 159 
 
 Gov. Alvin G. Hawkins 160 
 
 Gov. William B. Bate 163 
 
 Gov. Robert L. Taylor 165 
 
 Gov. J. P. Buchanan 166 
 
 Gov. Peter Turney 169 
 
 Hon. H. Clay Evans 170 
 
 Winchester Normal College 171 
 
 Tunnel on the N. C. & St, L. Railroad 175 
 Incline Railroad, Lookout Mountain 180 
 Rounding High Bluff, Lookout 
 
 Mountain 186 
 
 Lula Falls, Lula Lake 188 
 
 Custom House, Chattanooga 192 
 
 Custom House and P. 0,, Nashville. . 195 
 
 Chickamauga Battlefields 204 
 
 Watkins Institute Nashville 211 
 
 Grant University, Chattanooga 213 
 
 Southern Normal University, Hunt- 
 ingdon 219 
 
 Ward Seminary, Nashville 221 
 
 Children's Building, Centennial, 1896 230 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 Chapter. 
 
 9 
 I. — Introduction 
 
 II.— Aborig-ines of Tennessee ^' 
 
 III.— The First Settlements 23 
 
 IV.— Tennessee, Part of North Carolina ^0 
 
 v.— The State of Franklin ^^ 
 
 VI.— The Territory Southwest of the Ohio River 44 
 
 VII.— Farly History of Tennessee ^^ 
 
 VIII.— Middle Tennessee 
 
 IX.— West Tennessee ^^ 
 
 X.— Development of the State ^^ 
 
 XI.— The Creek War '^^ 
 
 XII.— The War of 1812-15 "^^ 
 
 CI 
 
 XIII.— An Era of Peace 
 
 XIV.— Institutions Org-anized 
 
 102 
 
 XV.— Great Heroes Flevated ^^ 
 
 XVI.— The Rise of Parties 
 
 XVII.— The Mexican War ^^^ 
 
 114 
 XVIII.— The Feud Streng-thens 
 
 XIX.— The Critical Period ^^^ 
 
 XX.— The Civil War ^^"^ 
 
 XXI.— The Civil War— Continued ^29 
 
 XXII.— The Civil War— Continued ^-^^ 
 
 149 
 XXIII.— Reconstruction 
 
 m4 
 
 XXIV.— Return of Peace 
 
 XXV.— The Democratic Party ^^^ 
 
 XXVI.— Geography of Tennessee ^'^^ 
 
 ■JOT 
 
 XX VII.— Geolog-y of Tennessee 
 
 (T) 
 
8 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 Chapter. Pagk. 
 
 XXVIII.— Civil Government 191 
 
 XXIX.— Historical Readings— The African Slave Trade,' Its 
 
 Origin and Growth 198 
 
 XXX.— Historical Readings — The Condition of the Negro as 
 
 a Slave 207 
 
 XXXI. — Historical Readings — Why Tennessee Withdrew from 
 
 the Union 212 
 
 XXXII. — Historical Readings— The Common People and the 
 
 Aristocracy 218 
 
 XXXIII.— Historical Readings— The Common People and the 
 
 Aristocracy — Continued 222 
 
 XXXIV.— Chronology of Tennessee, 1796-1896 227 
 
 Historical Recreations 241 
 
 APPENDDL 
 
 The Formation of Counties 243 
 
 County Seats ... 245 
 
 State Officers from 1790 246 
 
 Aggregate Population of the State 254 
 
 Index » 256 
 
HISTORY OF TENNESSEE^ 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Condition of Europe. — The religious and political con- 
 dition of Europe in the fifteenth century was full of unrest 
 and unhappiness. The masses of people were very poor, op- 
 pressed and destitute, and the rulers were arrog-ant and cruel 
 and the best men and wisest thinkers were on the alert to bet- 
 ter the condition of church and state and home. 
 
 Maritime Undertakings. — Much attention was devoted 
 to maritime undertakings, hoping that they might bring fame 
 and remuneration to the country that organized and equipped 
 them. It was Spain that equipped Christopher Columbus, 
 who discovered the new world in 1492, and made it known to 
 Europe. At once all Europe was enthused with an inclina- 
 tion to come hither, and ere long many nations were striving 
 to secure domination in America. 
 
 Natural Features of the Country. — Of course the first 
 white settlers found the same rivers, hills and other natural 
 features of the country that now exist, but the country then 
 
 2 (9) 
 
;Lo history ol^ tennessek. 
 
 presented a very difeerent appearance from what it does now. 
 Everything was just as nature had placed it. The hand of 
 man had not disturbed nature's order. There were no roads, 
 no cities nor towns, and not many fields. 
 
 Great Resources.-The natural features of the country 
 were such as to offer many inducements to tillers of the 
 ground. The soil was very prolific and capable of producing 
 large crops with but little labor. The ground, in many local- 
 ities, was carpeted with the finest grasses which could sustain 
 great herds of cattle. The forests abounded in various kinds 
 of fine timber. 
 
 The People.-Columbus found on his arrival a people 
 whom he called Indians. They were savages who lived by 
 hunting, fishing and agriculture. The farming, however, was 
 of the rudest kind. For weapons they used bows and arrows 
 and heavy clubs. The males did the hunting, fighting and 
 scalping; the females did the work. There were many tribes 
 of Indians, and they were frequently at war with each other. 
 Their Belief. -They believed their spirits, after death, 
 would return to the happy hunting ground of their fathers, 
 where all would be peace and tranquillity. They deposited 
 with each dead warrior his favorite weapon in the vague hope 
 of its ultimate utility. 
 
 Chief Families.-Nothing is definitely known of the on- 
 gin of the American Indians. Their language appears to be 
 unlike that of any other race. Their civilization, cus oms 
 and manners varied widely. Those of the northern part of 
 the country were much more barbarous than those of the 
 southwest. The four chief families east of the Mississippi 
 were Algonquins, Iroquois, Mobilians, and Natchez. 
 
 Mound Builders.-Formerly historians ^«PP°^^^ there 
 was a race that lived here before the Indians, who built the 
 
INTRODUCTION- 1^ 
 
 mounds, but now it is believed on g-ood authority that the In* 
 dians erected these earthworks. They are fortifications, bur- 
 ial mounds, enclosures of villag-es, and ridg-es of earth, shaped 
 like serpents and animals, etc. They are numerous in the 
 Mississippi Valley. 
 
 Contention. — For a long- while after the discovery of the 
 new world, the whole southern part of it was considered as 
 one country. Kng-land, France and Spain claimed it on 
 g-rounds of nearly equal rig-ht. At first, the English named 
 it Virginia, but afterwards called that part which comprises 
 North and South Carolina, Carolina. The French named it 
 New France, after their own country; the Spaniards named it 
 Florida. 
 
 Claims. — This whole section was claimed by the English 
 because John and Sebastian Cabot, whom King- Henry VII. of 
 Eng-land had employed, visited it in 1497. The French 
 claimed it because Verrazani visited the northern part of it in 
 1523, while in the service of the French King, Francis I. The 
 Spaniards claimed it because Ponce de Leon, a Spanish ex- 
 plorer, visited Florida in 1512. 
 
 The Struggling Nations. — These nations contended bit- 
 terly for a while for the possession of this country, but at last 
 the Eng-lish became the masters of nearly all of it. The strug-- 
 g-le between France and Spain is noted for bloody butchery 
 rather than for warfare. The Spaniards settled in what is now 
 Florida, and made several attempts to drive out the English, 
 but failed. 
 
 The Country Was Not Divided into States thenas it 1 
 now, but presented an expanse of much unexplored territorj 
 which many nations desired to penetrate in pursuit of wealth. 
 The prestig-e and domination of foreigners in different local* 
 ities frequently fluctuated and finally waned until there is not 
 
12 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 an acre of land in the United States owned by a foreign na- 
 tion. This is a great tribute to the perseverance and prow 
 ess of our people. The original, feeble colonies of liberty- 
 seeking immigrants, under the benign influence of Heaven, 
 have grown into the mightiest nation in the world, rightly 
 deserving the title, "the land of the free and the home of the 
 brave." 
 
 Creatures of Passion and Appetite. — The Indians were, 
 like all other rude and untutored races or tribes of people who 
 have lapsed into the lowest stages of barbarism, the creatures 
 of passion and appetite; yet none of the barbarous races, yel- 
 low, white, or black, have a more marked and individual char- 
 acter, showing the possession of latent faculties, of mind of a 
 high order, of resolute will, and of rare qualities of physical 
 action and endurance. 
 
 Gallantry and Coquetry. — Gallantry among young 
 braves and coquetry on 'the part of the maidens were not 
 wanting in the social relations, however quietly form and ex- 
 pression may be given to these. But the courtship differed 
 from that of the whites. With them, all the coyness, reserve 
 and pretty delays were confined to the male sex. The young 
 squaws were bold, forward, and by no means delicate in urg- 
 ing their devotions, and a handsome or bright young brave 
 was often trapped in the toils of these female charmers. 
 
 Their Customs. — It was the custom among Indians to 
 invite every visitor to eat as soon as he entered the wigwam. 
 The host was much offended if the visitor refused to eat; while 
 the guest was insulted if the food was not set before him, even 
 though he had partaken of a meal an hour before. This cus- 
 tom suited the Indian habits and digestion very well, but upon 
 the white man it imposed an etiquette which was often pain- 
 ful, and an annoyance to him. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 13 
 
 A Feast or a Famine. — Depending- upon hunting- and 
 trapping for wild meat, as the Indian did, there was 
 usually a feast or a famine within. Sometimes the flesh of 
 g-ame was all the food he had, and as long- as this lasted the 
 feast went on ; the supply exhausted, there was a famine for 
 days. The settled tribes raised corn and vegetables, but these 
 lasted only for a part of the year. During the winter and 
 early spring months the improvident savage lived as best he 
 could, mainly upon the wild meat of the woods. Only neces- 
 sity drove the vagrant glutton from his wigwam, with his bow 
 and arrow, to supply the needs of hunger. When the squaws 
 tilled the fields and gardens with their primitive wooden im- 
 plements in the harvest season, there was plenty to eat; but 
 when the reliance was on the indolent men, there was often 
 fast, and sometimes famine. 
 
 Alluring Devices.— The devices adopted by the savages to 
 allure and betray an enemy were often cuVious and wonderful. 
 They would sometimes deceive by imitating the hoot of the 
 owl, the human-like wail of the catamount, or the bark of the 
 wolf, at night; or the call of the turkey, the bleat of the fawn, 
 or the bark of the dog, by day, and thus deceive the unsuspi- 
 cious. Instances were known where they cut off the feet of the 
 buffalo and elk at the ankle joint and, fastening these hoofs 
 to their own feet, would make tracks through the frequented 
 forest around salt springs, and then place themselves in 
 ambuscade when they were conscious of an enemy in the vi- 
 cinity. The braves of an opposing tribe, falling upon these 
 tracks of buffalo and elk, were almost sure to follow them and 
 fall into the ambuscade. On one occasion a small party of 
 Catawbas thus ambuscaded a more powerful body of Shaw- 
 nees, but feeling unable to give them final battle, they placed 
 in the path of retreat a number of slender reeds sharpened at 
 the end and dipped in rattlesnake poison. The Shawnees, in 
 pursuit, were wounded by these concealed weapons and fell 
 
14 
 
 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 by the wayside. The Catawbas turned upon and overpowered 
 them. 
 
 Shiftless and Indolent.— When not upon the war path 
 the warriors were shiftless and indolent. Nothing- aroused 
 them but necessity or excitement. In the season when roast- 
 ing"-ears and veg^etables were made plenty by the labor and in- 
 dustry of the squaws, the men loung-ed at home utterly inac- 
 tive, except in their sports. Then they danced with fantastic 
 motion, played at football, or g-ambled with dice, feasting- in 
 the meantime on the fruits of the field until all were exhaust- 
 ed. The squaws were able to pack immense burdens upon 
 their shoulders, and to bear incredible hardships. The men 
 were remarkable for their long- endurance and swiftness of 
 foot, and their stoic forbearance under suffering* and hardship. 
 
 Discipline of Children. 
 
 — The savages were not very 
 strict with their children. 
 Bodily punishment was rare 
 and looked upon as deg-rading-. 
 Ducking- in cold water was the 
 more common punishment; 
 hence the children were much 
 better behaved in winter than 
 in summer. Instead of a cra- 
 dle for the infant, a board, 
 shaven thin, was prepared. 
 On this the infant was placed, 
 with its back to the board 
 at a proper distance. Near 
 the lower end was a project- 
 ing- piece of wood. This was 
 covered with the softest moss, 
 and the heels of the infant rested upon it. Over the head of the 
 
 AN INDIAN CHIEF. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 15 ' 
 
 child was a hoop projecting- four or five inches from its face. 
 Two holes were bored on either side of the upper end of the 
 board, for the passage of the deerskin strap. This rested on the 
 forehead of the mother. The child was now bandaged to the 
 board, from the feet to the shoulders, with the arms and hands 
 to the sides. With this contrivance she carried it on her 
 shoulders, leaned it ag-ainst a tree, or layed it upon the ground. 
 When of sufficient age, the board was removed, and the child 
 taught to cling to its mother's shoulders, and otherwise to help 
 itself. 
 
 Their Superstition.— The Indians were very supersti- 
 tious, yet their religion was more nearly a simple deism than 
 that of most savage nations. One great Spirit was uniformly 
 worshipped among them, though different tribes gave Him 
 different names. On the prairies of the West he was termed 
 Wahcondah, or Master of Life; by the tribes of the Lakes he 
 was called Manitou, or the Spirit; and by the Miami tribes he 
 was known by the title, Owaneeyo, or The Possessor of all 
 Things. They believed in a future state in which they should 
 be introduced to ample hunting grounds, and where their pas- 
 sion for hunting and sporting should be indulged without 
 limit. 
 
 Drunkenness. — The Indians were immoderately fond of 
 whiskey. But they prepared for a drunken debauch in which 
 the whole tribe joined with more system and care than the 
 whites. They put out of reach their tomahawks, knives and 
 dangerous weapons, and they appointed a few warriors to keep 
 sober and preserve order. Both sexes then drank to excess, 
 and soon plunged into the wildest orgies of intoxication. The 
 Indians painted in black and red for the war dance; in green 
 and white for the peace dance; in black for dances over the 
 dead, and in various other colors for the green-corn dance, the 
 Wabana, in honor of the devil and others. In war dances 
 they repeated their deeds of cruelty. 
 
16 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 Questions. — 1. What of Europe in the fifteenth century? What was 
 the condition of the masses? 2. To what was much attention g-iven? 
 Why? What did Spain do? Who was Columbus? What did Europe do? 
 3. How did the colonists find the country? What of roads, cities and 
 fields? 4. What did the country offer to tillers of the g-round? Why? 
 With what was the g-round covered? In what did the forests abound? 
 
 5. Whom did Columbus find? What did the males do? Females? 
 
 6. What did the Indians believe would become of them after death? 
 
 7. What is known of their origin? Language? Customs? What tribes 
 are mentioned? 8. What of a previous race? Discuss the mounds. 9. 
 What of the new world and foreign nations? 10. Why did foreign na- 
 tions claim it? Name the explorers. 11. Tell of the results of the con- 
 quests. Locate the different nationalities. 12. What of divisions? 
 Power? Prowess? Liberty? Bound each country that sent explorers. 
 Give capital. 13. Outline the nature and customs of the Indians. 14. 
 What can you say of their g-allantry and courtship? 15. How did the 
 Indians treat their visitors? What is said of feast or famine? 17. What 
 cunning devices and strategies did they adopt? 18. What is said of their 
 indolence and sporting? 19. Describe how they treated their children. 
 20. What was their religion? 21. Describe their dances and debauchery. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 ABORIGINES OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 Marauding Parties. — In the early days when nomadic, 
 marauding- parties took perennial pleasure in tantalizing the 
 ignorant Indians about their possessions, it was a difficult 
 matter to secure and maintain their friendship. From time 
 immemorial the Indians had held undisputed ownership and 
 control of the lands which they occupied, and which g-ave 
 them contentment. 
 
 Incursions and Approaches. — With a vag-ue unrest and 
 a jealous eye, they viewed with, dread, disg-ust and alarm the 
 incursions and approaches of the white man, apprehending- 
 that these forays would terminate in the European possession 
 of this country. The Indians did what they could to retain 
 their hunting- grounds, the title of which, through the untir- 
 ing energy and shrewd diplomacy of William Pitt, slipped 
 from them, and the sovereignty of the region east of the Mis- 
 sissippi was given to King George III. of England. 
 
 The Granting of Lands. — The treaty of Paris in 1763, 
 which the servility of a minister had negotiated for the stupid- 
 ity of a master, brought rich gains to the territory of Eng- 
 land, and King George in 1763 issued a proclamation prohib- 
 iting the granting of lands to any one in the region west of 
 the mountains, and beyond the sources of those streams which 
 flowed into the Atlantic, no private person was permitted to 
 buy from the Indians. 
 
 Exploring Parties. — As early as 1748, Dr. Thomas 
 Walker with a party had penetrated the interior of Tennessee 
 and named the Cumberland Mountains, the River and the 
 
 . (17) 
 
18 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 Gap, in honor of the royal duke of England. A party f 
 nineteen, about 1761, named Walker's Creek and Walker's 
 Ridg-e in honor of their leader. In 1764, Daniel Boone and 
 Samuel Calloway attempted to explore the country ; previously 
 Boone's solitary figure and unerring rifle had often been with 
 exploring parties. 
 
 A Hunting Ground. — At the time of its first explorations, 
 Tennessee was a vast and almost unoccupied wilderness, a 
 solitude over which an Indian hunter seldom roamed, and to 
 which no tribe had a distinct claim. On account of its mild 
 climate, rich pasturage and varied ranges of mountains, Ten- 
 nessee had become an extensive park of which the Indians 
 and the beasts of the forest held undisputed possession. At 
 last, the value of the country began to be appreciated as a 
 hunting ground, and as affording immunity from the molesta- 
 tions of the white man. 
 
 From Place to Place. — The Shawnees, according to early 
 French explorers and geographers, occupied the banks of the 
 Lower Cumberland. Numerous villages abounded at times, 
 but as the Indians wandered from place to place their villages 
 were not large. Gen. Robertson learned from the Indians, 
 that in 1665 the Shawnees occupied the country from the Ten- 
 nessee River to where Nashville is, and north of the Cumber- 
 land, and that about 1700, they left this country and went north. 
 
 The Expulsion of the Shawnees. — About the begin- 
 ning of the sixteenth century the Chickasaws became the 
 allies of the Cherokees for the expulsion of the Shawnees from 
 the Cumberland Valley, which was gradually effected. In 
 1714, when Mr. Charleville opened a store where Nashville 
 now is, he occupied a fort of the Shawnees as his dwelling. 
 Having been so harassed by the enemy, they decided to evac- 
 uate the territory, which they soon after did. Hearing of 
 the Shawnees' intention to leave tl^e Cumberland Valley coun- 
 
ABORIGINES OF TKNNKSSEK. 19 
 
 try, the Chickasaws resolved to strike an effectual blow 
 against them and secure possession of the Shawnees' store. 
 The attack was successful. Many Shawnees perished. 
 
 They Continued Depredations. — Since the hostilities of 
 these tribes were closed by no formal treaties, they continued 
 depredations when an opportunity was available. At leng-th, 
 fearing- each other, all these tribes forsook the territory, and 
 it remained unoccupied for sixt}^ years. When the whites be- 
 g-an to settle it, they found the whole country west of the 
 Cumberland Mountains uninhabited and abounding- in many of 
 the wild beasts of the forest. Occasionally a few wandering- 
 Shawnees would return, and being so familiar with the coun- 
 try, were able to do much mischief to the white settlers. 
 
 Their Villages and Settlements. — The Chickasaws in- 
 habite(^ the country east of the Mississippi and north of the 
 Choctaw boundary; their villag-es and settlements were g-ener- 
 ally south of the 35th deg-ree, north latitude, but they claimed 
 all the territory within the present States of Kentucky and 
 Tennessee which lies between the Tennessee and Mississippi 
 Rivers, and very much north of the former. The territory 
 contained no permanent settlements; it was used only for 
 hunting- g-rounds. 
 
 Chickasaws and Choctaws. — These Chickasaws were 
 war-like, valiant, dextrous and brave. They exercised an un- 
 wonted influence over the Natchez, Choctaws and other tribes. 
 Usually, they were the friends and allies of the Ang-lo- Ameri- 
 cans; their brave but peaceable warriors were often instru- 
 mental in preventing hostilities between other tribes. So 
 close is the affinity between the Chickasaws and Choctaws, in 
 their physical appearances, languages, customs, traditions, 
 and laws, that they appear to have had a common origin. 
 
 Had Become Quarrelsome. — The lichees once occupied 
 
20 
 
 HISTORY OF TKNNHSSEK. 
 
 the country near the mouth of the Hiwassee; in a battle with 
 the Cherokees their warriors were exterminated; little else is 
 known of them. The Creeks, once a powerful tribe, lived at 
 times on the southern boundary of the present State, but 
 never settled permanently in it. The Cherokees had become 
 quarrelsome, arrog-ant and incautious over their success and 
 victory in war. It is said that every Indian tribe had a house 
 or town of refug-e which was a sure asylum to protect a man- 
 slayer, or the unfortunate captive, if he could once enter it. 
 
 Chota, five miles from Fort 
 Loudon, was the city of refug-e 
 for the Cherokees. The In- 
 dians never forgot a cruelty in- 
 flicted upon them by a foe; 
 they would g-o any distance, 
 through pathless wood^, over 
 mountains and deep swamps, 
 for revenge. They designated 
 the mountains and streams by 
 names remarkable for euphony 
 and beauty. 
 
 Oconostota's Speech. — 
 
 Oconostota was the leader of 
 the Cherokees; he was fearless, 
 and relentless. In an eloquent 
 speech he predicted the fate of 
 his race in these beautiful 
 words: "This is but the begin- 
 ning. Whole nations have 
 AN i_\uiAx\ WAKRioR. passcd away, and there remains 
 
 not a stone to mark the place where rest the bones of our 
 ancestors. They have melted like the snow before the rays 
 of the sun, and their names are unrecorded,' save in the 
 
ABORIGINES OF TKNNESSEK. 21 
 
 deeds and the characters of those who have broug-ht destruc- 
 tion upon them. 
 
 **The Invader has Crossed the g-reat sea in ships; he 
 has not been stayed by broad rivers, and now he has pene- 
 trated the wilderness and overcome the rugg-edness of the 
 mountains. Neither will he stop here. He will force the In- 
 dian steadily before him across the Mississippi ever towards 
 the west, to find a shelter and a refugee in the seclusion of sol- 
 itude, but even here he will come at last; and there being- no 
 place remaining* where the Indian may dwell in the habita- 
 tion of his people, he will proclaim the extinction of the race, 
 till the red man be no long-er a roamer of the forests and a 
 pursuer of wild g-ame." 
 
 At Sycamore Shoals. — When Daniel Boone and Col. 
 Richard Henderson and others had the Indians collected at 
 Sycamore Shoals to buy their lands between the Kentucky 
 and the Cumberland Rivers, this speech was delivered in words 
 full of imag-inative g-low and pathetic eloquence, showing- the 
 g-radual encroachment of the whites, impelled by an insatiable 
 desire for land and a yielding- of those who had once possessed 
 the American continent. The fated race was doomed by civ- 
 ilization, that unpitying- personification of the march of the 
 world to a hig-her destiny. This g-reat orator sig-ned the 
 treaty ag-ainst which he made this vig-orous protest. 
 
 The Six Nations and the King of England.— The 
 
 treaty of Fort Stanwix, in 1768, was made between the Six 
 Nations who lived upon the northern lakes and the King- of 
 Eng-land. In this, the Indians ceded to the King- a reg-ion of 
 country north and east of the Tennessee River, which in- 
 cluded the most of East Tennessee. The representatives of 
 seventeen tribes signed this treaty, thereby forever transfer- 
 ring- the title from them, but other tribes contended that the 
 Six Nations had not an exclusive claim to these lands, but 
 
22 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE- 
 
 that they were the common hunting- grounds of the Cherokees 
 and Chickasaws. Reluctantly the Indians witnessed these 
 lands settled by the whites; long* and relentless wars were kept 
 up by the Indians, until they were repulsed by John Sevier 
 and James Robertson. 
 
 Habitation. — The Cherokees inhabited the mountains of 
 the East, extending- into Kentucky and Georg-ia. The Creeks 
 lived just below Chattanoog-a. The Chickasaws lived in West 
 Tennessee near where Memphis is,. The.Uchees inhabited 
 the country around the site of the present Nashville. They 
 had The Great Trace, a road which they traveled in coming- 
 into Tennessee. It ran throug-h Kast Tennessee and con- 
 nected the South- West and the North. They also had the 
 Great Natchez Trace, which ran from Nashville to Natchez. 
 
 Questions. — 1. Why was it difficult to keep Indian friendship? Why- 
 were they happy? 2, What did they foresee? Did it please them? 
 3. When was the Treaty of Paris? What was it? What did King- 
 Georg-e do? Why? 4. What did Walker and his party do? When? 
 5. Give the substance of this section. 6. lyocate the Shawnees' terri- 
 tory. What did Gen. Robertson learn? 7. Between whom and for 
 what purpose was this conspiracy? Result? 8. Why did the Indians 
 abandon this territory? Eventually, the Shawnees did what? 9. Lo- 
 cate the Choctaw territory. What did they claim? 10. Enumerate 
 their characteristics. 11. Where did the Uchees live? What became 
 of them? What of the Creeks? What of the confederation? Refuge? 
 12. Who was Oconostota? 13. Give the substance of his speech. 14. 
 Why were they assembled at Sycamore Shoals? Did the Chief sig-n the 
 treaty? IS. Between whom was this treaty made? What did the In- 
 dians cede? What of war? 16. Where did the various tribes live? 
 What of their Traces? 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 A Treaty was Made with the Cherokees. — In 1756 a 
 treaty was made with the Cherokees for permission to estab- 
 lish forts on their lands in this State. It was negotiated by 
 Governor Dobbs, of North Carolina. The first fort in East 
 Tennessee was Fort Loudon, built in 1757, under General 
 Andrew Lewis, by the English, at the junction of the Tellico 
 and Little Tennessee Rivers. In 1758, Colonel Byrd built 
 Fort Chissel, on New River, and Fort Long Island, on Hol- 
 ston River. Stephen Holston, of Virginia, came to this State 
 and named the Holston after himself. In 1760, the garrison 
 at Fort Loudon was massacred by the Indians. 
 
 First Permanent Settlement.— Daniel Boone, the pio- 
 neer for the whites, who was, in 1760, in Walker's party, left 
 this inscription on a beech on Boone's Creek, near Jonesboro: 
 "D. Boon cilled A BAR on tree in The year 1760." Nashville 
 was visited this year by Timothy Demonbreun. Colonel 
 Grant burnt, in 1761, the Indian town of Etchoe. The An- 
 glo-Americans made their first permanent settlement, in 1761, 
 on the Watauga. 
 
 The First White Child Born in Tennessee.— The his- 
 tory of what is now. Tennessee began with the erection, in 
 1769, of William Bean's cabin, near the junction of the Wa- 
 tauga and Boone's Creek, in what is now East Tennessee, but 
 was then in the western part of North Carolina. William 
 Bean's son, Russell, was the first white child born in what is 
 now Tennessee. Bean's Station was named after him. The 
 congested condition of business in the primitive colonies ex- 
 
24 HISTORY OF TENNKSSKK. 
 
 panded the hopes of the settlers and infused an inclination to 
 emigrate west of the mountains. When liberty and happi- 
 ness can be obtained, the Americans have always been irre- 
 pressible. 
 
 Indian Warfare in the neighborhood of the Watauga 
 had nearly exterminated the once powerful Indian race. The 
 Shawnees existed only in small, wandering detachments, the 
 most of whom were hidden away in the lofty Cumberland 
 Mountains. The Creeks of the Cumberland region, almost to 
 a man, had been massacred by the Cherokees, who, em- 
 boldened by repeated successes, invaded the Chickasaw coun- 
 try, but were repulsed with great slaughter. Far away were 
 the Chickasaws, but they were kindly disposed to the infant 
 settlement. 
 
 The Watauga Association. — This was an opportune 
 time for the waves of immigration to deposit the germs of a 
 new social power. The Watauga Association being organ- 
 ized at a time peculiarly fortunate for it, little was to be feared 
 except from the roving Indians until the Cherokees had recu- 
 perated sufficiently to make war upon the new colony, who 
 knew that the foundation of a new community in those wilds 
 meant hardship and danger. The Watauga Association was 
 composed of three settlements, of which Watauga was the 
 nucleus. The other two were Carter's Valley settlement, from 
 Wolf's Hill, Virginia, which was in and around the present 
 site of Rogersville, and the settlement of Jacob Brown on the 
 Nolichucky River, of which, for a time, Brown's store was the 
 most important. 
 
 Arbitrary and Tyrannical. — In North Carolina many of 
 these emigrants saw their property extorted from them in ille- 
 gal and exorbitant fees; oppressive taxes were exacted by 
 the sheriffs, and the manner of collecting them was arbitrary 
 and tyrannical. The people had long petitioned and remon- 
 
TH^ FIRST SETTLEMENTS. 25 
 
 strated ag-ainst it, but the officers remained unpunished. 
 When the British announced their intention of quartering- 
 troops in America, and of having- them supported bj the colo- 
 nists, it led to much clamor and an inclination to go West, 
 
 In a Summary Way.~On account of the comparatively 
 unproductive hills and valleys in the old States, and the ab- 
 sence of courts for a time in South Carolina, the inhabitants 
 of the interior were prone to punish offenders in a summary 
 way. In the meantime, Watauga was receiving- constant ad- 
 ditions from North and South Carolina, the result of which 
 was increase of population and expansion of the settlement 
 beyond the mountain. 
 
 "Long Hunters/- A company of adventurers was formed 
 June 2, 1769, for the purpose of hunting- and exploring- what 
 IS now Middle Tennessee. Robert Crockett was killed near 
 the source of the Roaring River, and after hunting- eight or 
 nine months, the rest of the party returned home in April, 
 1770. After their arrival, about forty formed a party, led by 
 Colonel James Knox, who explored the Lower Cumberland 
 and being- absent so long, they secured, after their return, the 
 appellation, *%ong- Hunters.^' May the time never come 
 when the self-sacrificing- toil and daring- hardihood of these 
 pioneers shall be f org-otten or undervalued ! The misgoverned 
 province of North Carolina continued to furnish emigrants to 
 Watauga. The poor came for independence, the aspiring to 
 attain respectability. Here they had exemption from the su- 
 percilious annoyances of those who claimed pre-eminence over 
 them. In 1771, Jacob Brown opened a store on the Nolichucky 
 River, at Fort Gillespie. A station was established on Sta- 
 tion Camp Creek, Sumner County. 
 
 A Committee of Thirteen.— The Watauga Association 
 elected a committee of thirteen as a kind of general body for 
 
26 HISTORY OF TENNKSSKK. 
 
 legislative purposes. The executive and judicial power was 
 vested in five commissioners elected by the thirteen from their 
 own body. Articles were sig-ned, the sig-ners pledging- them- 
 selves to conform to the requirements of those in authority. 
 The members of the Nolichucky settlement did not sig-n the 
 articles of the Association at first, but the Wataug-a people 
 forced them to take the oath of "fidelity to the common 
 cause," which ended Toryism there. 
 
 Relation Was Very Critical. — At this juncture the re- 
 lation between the colonies and Kngland was very critical. 
 It had been for a long- while full of friction and excitement. 
 The English parliament claimed the rig-ht to tax the colonists; 
 the latter, having no representation therein, protested bitter- 
 ly, refused to pay the tax, and organized for resistance. The 
 difference could not be adjusted, and finally it culminated in a 
 long war, beginning at Lexington, Mass., April 19, 1775. 
 George Washington was elected in May, commander-in-chief 
 of the American army, and the Revolution began, which 
 lasted seven years, and resulted in the overthrow of the British 
 rule in the United States. 
 
 Washington District. — Our mother State strongly es- 
 poused the freedom of the colonies. In 1775, Mecklenburg 
 County passed famous resolutions which embodied the princi- 
 ples and phrases of the Declaration of Independence. The 
 Watauga people were in full sympathy with the American 
 cause and always helped it when possible. They named their 
 settlement Washington District, and in open committee ac- 
 knowledged themselves indebted to the United Colonies for 
 their full proportion of the Continental expenses. In 1776, 
 their population was about six hundred. 
 
 The Boundary Lines. — The uncertain location of the 
 boundary lines between Virginia and North Carolina gave the 
 settlers much uneasiness and inconvenience. It was discover- 
 
I'HK FIRST SETTLEMENTS. 27 
 
 ed in 1772 that the settlements were m North QBmlma, and U 
 
 territory which the Indians had never ceded. Wataug-a at 
 once secured a ten years' lease from the Cherokees. A treaty 
 was made for this purpose and the Indians were invited to 
 participate in the festivities. Ruf&ans present from Wolf's 
 Hill settlement slew an Indian, and the rest retired for ven- 
 geance. A bloody war was imminent, but James Robertson 
 interceded and pleaded with their chiefs for peace, — made ex- 
 cuses for the unfortunate occurrence, and thus temporarily 
 averted war. These primitive people as early as 1772 org-an- 
 ized cong-reg"ations and built two churches, where the Rev. 
 Charles Cummings regularly preached. 
 
 Indian Conspiracy. — The British emissaries during- the 
 Revolution incited the Indians to deeds of barbarity too atro- 
 cious to chronicle. Those who adhered to the American cause 
 jeopardized their lives, but they felt that a mighty principle 
 was involved in their action. In 1776, a dangerous invasion 
 was led by two Indians, Dragging Canoe and Old Abraham. 
 An Indian squaw, Nancy Ward, exposed the conspiracy and 
 warned the settlers to be ready. They destroyed the weak 
 forts and gathered together in Forts Heaton and Watauga. 
 The troops in Fort Heaton marched against a division of the 
 Indians under Dragging Canoe, and after a hard-fought battle 
 at Island Flats, completely repulsed them. The Indians un- 
 der Old Abraham attacked Fort Watauga. James Robertson, 
 commanding, assisted by John Sevier, met them. There were 
 only forty whites against three hundred Indians. The fight 
 was stubborn, but the firm, unflinching courage of the whites 
 gained the victory, and forced the Indians to retreat. 
 
 The Encouragement of the Militia. — In April, 1777, an 
 act was passed by the Legislature of North Carolina, for the 
 encouragement of the militia and volunteers in prosecuting 
 the war against that part of the Cherokees who still persisted 
 
28 
 
 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 in hostilities. At the same session an act was passed for the 
 establishment of Courts of Pleas and Quarter Sessions, and 
 
 BATTLE AT ISLAND FLATS. 
 
 also for appointing- and commissioning- Justices of the Peace 
 and Sheriffs for the several courts in the District of Washing-- 
 ton in this State. 
 
 Watauga Merges Into North Carolina. — No frontier 
 community had ever been better g-overned than the Wataug-a 
 settlement. In war and in peace, without leg-islators or judicial 
 tribunals, except those adopted and provided by themselves, 
 the settlers had lived in uninterrupted harmony — acting- justly 
 to all, offering- violence and injury to none. But the primitive 
 simplicity of patriarchal life, as exhibited by a small settle- 
 ment in a secluded wilderness, uncontaminated by contact 
 with the artificial society of older communities, was forced to 
 yield to the stern commands of prog-ress and improvement. 
 The hunting- and pastoral stages of society were to be merg-ed 
 into the ag-ricultural and commercial, the civil and political. 
 
THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. 29 
 
 Hereafter, Wataug-a, happy, independent, free and self-reliant, 
 the cradle of the Great West, is merg-ed into North Carolina! 
 and becomes a part of it. 
 
 Questions.— 1. What did Governor Dobbs do in 1756? Which was the 
 first fort in East Tennessee? 2. What is said of Daniel Boone? By 
 whom and when was Nashville visited? 3. Name the beg-inning- of the 
 State's history. 4. What of Indian warfare? Name tribes. 5. What 
 of the Wataug-a Association? 6. In North Carolina what had been the 
 conditions of affairs? 7. Why was Wataug-a a favorable location? 8. 
 When and why was this company formed? Under whom was the 
 Ivower Cumberland explored? 9. How was the Watiug-a Association's 
 leg-islative grovernment elected? 10. Why did the colonists resist Brit- 
 ish taxation? Result? First battle? Cammander? 11. What part 
 did North Carolina take for liberty? 12. What g-ave the settlers uneasi- 
 ness? What did Wataugra do? What of preaching-? 13. The British 
 emissaries did what? Why? What occurred in 1776? Describe it. 14. 
 North Carolina enacted what laws in 1777? 15. What is said of the 
 g-overnment of the Wataug-a settlement? What became of it? 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 TENNESSEE, PAET OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Washington District, a County.— The General As- 
 sembly of North Carolina in November, 1777, formed Wash- 
 ington District into Washing-ton County, assigning- to it the 
 boundaries of the whole of the present great State of Ten- 
 nessee. By an act passed at the same session, establishing 
 Kntry Takers' offices in the several counties, lands which had 
 accrued or should accrue to the State by treaty or conquest, 
 were subject to entry. 
 
 The Public Lands. — At the same session of the Assembly 
 provision was made for opening a land office in Washington 
 County, at the rate of forty shillings per hundred acres, with 
 the liberal permission to each head of a family to take up six 
 hundred and forty acres himself, one hundred acres for his 
 wife, and the same quantity for each of his children. The 
 law provided that the Watauga settlers should not be obliged 
 to pay for their occupancies until January, 1777, and then, for 
 any surplus entered above the quantity before mentioned, the 
 purchaser was required to pay five pounds per hundred acres. 
 
 Early Immigration. — The facility for taking up the 
 choice lands of the country induced great numbers of persons, 
 principally those without means, to emigrate to the frontier. 
 A poor man, with seldom more than a single pack-horse on 
 which the wife and infant were carried, with a few clothes 
 and bed- quilts, a skillet and a small sack of meal, was often 
 seen wending his way along the narrow mountain trace with 
 
 a rifle upon his shoulder — the elder sons carrying an axe, a 
 
 (30 :> 
 
TENNESSEE, PART OF NORTH CAROLINA. 31 
 
 koe, sometimes an aug-er and a saw, and the older daughters 
 leading" or carrying the smaller children. Without a dollar 
 in his pocket when he arrived at the distant frontier, the emi- 
 grant became at once a large land holder. Such men laid the 
 foundation of society and government in Tennessee. They 
 brought no wealth — but had what was far better, industrious 
 and frugal habits, hardihood and enterprise, fearlessness and 
 self-reliance. With such elements in the character of its pio- 
 neers any community will soon subdue the wilderness to the 
 purposes of agriculture. 
 
 Road Commissioners. — Hitherto emigrants had reached 
 the new settlements upon pack-horses and along the old trad- 
 ing paths or narrow traces that had first been blazed by hunt- 
 ers. No wagon road had been opened across the mountains 
 of North Carolina to the West. The Legislature of this year, 
 1779, appointed commissioners to lay off and mark a road from 
 the court house in Washington County into the County of 
 Burke. After that road was opened emigrants of larger 
 property began to reach the country, and some of the settle- 
 ments assumed the appearance of greater comfort and thrift. 
 
 Encouraging the Militia and Volunteers. — Under the 
 provisions of an act passed for encouraging the militia and vol- 
 unteers to prosecute the war against the Indians, the militia of 
 Washington County was, for the greater part of this year, in 
 the service of the State. This enabled every able-bodied man 
 between eighteen and fifty years of age to secure the lands he 
 wished to own. It had the further effect of keeping the fron- 
 tier well guarded. Companies of rangers were kept upon the 
 most exposed points to scour the woods and cane-brakes, and 
 to pursue and disperse small parties of ill-disposed Indians 
 who, hovering about the settlements, occasionally killed and 
 plundered the inhabitants. Under the protection of these 
 rangers the settlements were widened and extended down the 
 
32 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 Nolichuckj below the mouth of Big- Limestone, and down the 
 Holston to the treaty line. Indeed, the frontiers were so well 
 g-uarded that the Indians considered their incursions as peril- 
 ous to themselves as thej could be to the whites, and for a 
 time abandoned them, causing* the whites to become careless. 
 The relaxation of their vig-ilance and care invited ag-g-res- 
 sion and a renewal of the outrag-es and massacres which had 
 been experienced by the whites from the Indians. 
 
 New Counties. — Soon Sullivan and Green Counties were 
 formed from Washing-ton District. Washing-ton District was 
 added to Salisbury Judicial District which contained several 
 counties. Jonesboro, the oldest town in the State, was made 
 the county seat of Washing-ton County. 
 
 Vigilance Committees. — The Tories continued depreda- 
 tions and formed strong- bands for protection, centralizing- 
 their efforts ag-ainst the adherents to the American cause. 
 Vig-ilance committees were formed by the inhabitants for 
 safety, and they promptly reported acts of violence and in- 
 dicted men for being- Tories. The Whig-s had two bodies of 
 drag-oons, numbering- about thirty each, to punish disorderly 
 conduct, which they did admirably. They required the Tory 
 leaders in crime to expiate their guilt by their lives. After 
 order was restored the committees disbanded. 
 
 The Christian Ministry amid these scenes of violence and 
 disorder, was shedding- its benig-n influence. In 1779, Tidence 
 Lane, a Baptist preacher, org-anized a cong-regation and a 
 church house was erected on Buffalo Ridg-e. Rev. Samuel 
 Doak was preaching- in Washing-ton and Sullivan Counties 
 and Rev. Jeremiah Lambert, the first Methodist preacher, 
 came in 1783 to the Holston Circuit. 
 
 The Chickamauga Indians occupied the summit of the 
 mountains near Lookout, the impreg-nable fortress of nature, 
 
TENNESSEE, PART OF NORTH CAROLINA. 33 
 
 and defied the whites to occupy it. Thej began their scalping 
 on inoffensive emigrants. Virginia and North Carolina in 
 1779, selected Kvan Shelby to subdue them. He invaded their 
 town by water, which astonished them so that they fled, 
 making no resistance. Shelby burned their town. Five hun- 
 dred Indians escaped and founded the five towns which sub- 
 sequently annoyed the Cumberland settlement very much. 
 
 In Search of Good Lands. — Richard Hogan, Spencer, 
 Holliday, and others, in 1778, came from Kentucky in search of 
 good lands. They secured and planted a field, which was the 
 first plantation in Middle Tennessee. It was near Bledsoe's 
 Ivick. A large hollow tree stood near by, in which Spencer 
 lived. Holliday decided to return to Kentucky. Spencer 
 protested, but without avail. In the meantime Holliday had 
 lost his knife, whereupon Spencer broke his and gave half to 
 his colleague. 
 
 The Western Settlements. — During the Revolution, the 
 western settlements were not in a condition to contribute very 
 greatly to the American cause. They were few but not insig- 
 nificant, and being called upon, they responded. John Sevier 
 commanded the militia of Washington County, and Isaac Shel- 
 by that of Sullivan County, which amounted to about five hun- 
 dred men. They induced Colonel William Campbell, of Vir- 
 ginia, who had four hundred men, to join them. They elected 
 him commander of the united forces. Colonel James Williams 
 joined them and their forces numbered fifteen hundred. They 
 realized they were fighting a great general, whose courage was 
 as desperate as his generalship was skillful. He had to rely upon 
 Tories who wanted to surrender, finding themselves in a bap- 
 tism of fire, but time after time he rallied his men. Patrick Fer- 
 guson, the British officer, selected the top of a cone-shaped hill, 
 which he named King's Mountain, and said "the Almighty 
 Himself could not drive him from it." The assailants were 
 
TENNESSEE, PART OF NORTH CAROLINA. S5 
 
 desperate and determined. Ascending- the mountain on differ- 
 ent sides, their deadly rifles literally mowed down the Tories. 
 Finally Ferg-uson was killed, and (Dupoister) the second in 
 command, immediately surrendered. This was a g-reat victory 
 for the mountaineers. In 1783, Davidson County was org-ani- 
 zed and named, and James Robertson was its first Representa- 
 tive to the North Carolina Leg-islature. 
 
 Indian Depredations. — The Indians were then contem- 
 plating an invasion. Sevier returned home from King-'s 
 Mountain famous, and when he was notified of their hostile 
 intention he at once selected troops and hastened to meet the 
 them. Finding- the savag-es at Boyd's Creek, he routed 
 them. Re-enforcements joined him, which enabled him to 
 cross the Little Tennessee and pursue tne Indians till he had 
 burned their dwelling-s, destroyed their crops, and driven away 
 their animals. He marched south through their country in 
 the reg-ion of the Coosa River, demolishing as he went. The 
 next year he invaded their country at the source of the Little 
 Tennessee. The Indians would not always conform to trea- 
 ties, and they had to be dealt with in a summary way. Their 
 deeds were atrocious and degrading-, but they saw North Car- 
 olina g-raduaily extending- its line and securing their lands, 
 which put them on the defensive. 
 
 Futile Hopes. — The Watauga people evidently hoped 
 when they formed the articles of association that at no remote 
 day they would be governed by royal governors, but adversity 
 defeated it. When they petitioned North Carolina in 1776 for 
 annexation, it was readily granted. They expected defense, 
 but it never came. An Indian war was always an impending 
 contingency. They had had no adequate military organization, 
 no method of compelling enlistment, no means of collecting 
 taxes. This was bad enough. Subsequently, abuses became 
 worse. 
 
36 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 Cession of Territory.— In April, 1784, the General As- 
 sembly of North Carolina ceded to the United States all the 
 territory embraced in Tennessee. The cession required its 
 acceptance within two years. To this the settlers com- 
 plained because North Carolina left them without a g-overn- 
 ment for two years. Indig-nation pervaded the entire settle- 
 ment. The Wataug-a pride had been insulted and North Car- 
 olina was bitterly reviled. The most extravagant denuncia- 
 tions of her ing-ratitude and tyranny were indulged. They 
 regarded themselves without a government, but sought a so- 
 lution of this difficulty in their own resources. 
 
 Questions. — 1. What did North Carolina do in 1777? How large was 
 it? 2. What was land worth? What permission to secure it? 3. What 
 effect did this produce? Who came? 4. Hitherto, how had emigrants 
 come? What of roads? 5. What means of protection did they have? 
 What was the result? 6. What of Washington County? Other counties? 
 7- What of the Tories? Whigs? Committees? 8. What of the Christian 
 ministry? 9. The Chickamauga Indians? 10. Describe the settlement 
 from Kentucky. 11. What part did the Western settlements take in 
 the Revolution? Describe the battle of King's Mountain. 12. Describe 
 Sevier's attack on the Indians. 13. What was the evident anticipation 
 of the Wataugans? 14., What cesftion was made in 1784? Why did the 
 settlers complain? 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 THE STATK OF FRANKLIN. 
 
 Independence of the United States. — The Revolution 
 was now ended, and the independence of the United States 
 acknowledged by Eng-land. The transition from a state of 
 provincial vassalage and colonial dependence to self-govern- 
 ment was sudden, and in some of the States almost impercepti- 
 ble. The change from a monarchy to a republic brought a 
 little of the spirit of insubordination till mature plans and 
 experience could enthrone confidence to meet the convulsions 
 and disorders of society which were produced by the dissolu- 
 tion from England. In the main the people expected better 
 results, hence contentment was delayed. 
 
 An Immense Debt Upon the States. — The War of In- 
 dependence had entailed an immense debt upon the States, 
 The treasury was depleted, and Congress urged the States to 
 cede their unappropriated lands to Congress .^ enrich the 
 Federal treasury to enable it to defrr v the expenses incurred 
 by this war. North Carolina ceded the western territory. 
 The State of Franklin thought if it were admitted as an inde- 
 pendent State these lands would accrue to its own benefit. 
 True, the members from the four western counties voted at 
 Hillsboro for the cession, but they thought Congress would 
 not accept it. After the battle of King's Mountain the ''Over 
 Hill" country became famous and attracted immigration. 
 Hither were led by General Elijah Clarke the women and chil- 
 dren of Tory-ridden Georgia. A hard-fought battle was won 
 over the Cherokees at Boyd's Creek, and their country depop- 
 ulated around Hiwassee. 
 
 (37) 
 
38 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 Protection Sought. — The people urg-ently demanded leg-al 
 restrictions; the violation of the law was, except in a summa- 
 ry way by reg'ulators whom the people appointed, passed unpun- 
 ished. The military org-anizations were not sufficient to sup- 
 press all violence; even if they had been vested with the au- 
 thority. The law provided no brigadier-general to call into 
 the services the militia and the frequent Indian aggressions 
 kept the people stirred with anxiety and apprehension over 
 the troublous condition of affairs. Fugitives from justice, 
 hostile Indians near by, and no protection among themselves 
 justly made the situation the more sensibly felt by the law- 
 abiding element. After the people arrived at the conclusion 
 that North Carolina would not provide the necessary protection 
 they, themselves, adopted a mode by which to secure protection. 
 
 The Methods Adopted. — The people at first resolved to 
 elect two persons from each captain's company who should 
 meet in their respective counties as a committee; these decided 
 ttpon a convention of deputies to adopt suitable plans, and on 
 August 23, 1784, the deputies assembled at Jonesboro to con- 
 sider the state of affairs relative to the cession of the western 
 counties. The committee drafted a loyal report to North Car- 
 olina and petitioned Congress to accept the cession which 
 North Carolina had made. The committee asked that Con- 
 gress recognize them as a separate government aftei the form- 
 ation of their Constitution. The report of the committee 
 was referred to Cocke and Hardin to formulate suitable plans 
 for the association, and on the next day the plans were sub- 
 mitted which deduced many tenable reasons why the new 
 government should be organized. These plans were objec- 
 tionable and the convention adjourned to meet September 16, 
 1784, at the court house of Washington County. 
 
 The North Carolina Assembly.— The Assembly oi 
 North Carolina met October 22, 1784, at Newbern, and soon 
 
THE STATK OF FRANKLIN. 39 
 
 repealed its cession to Congress of the western country. The 
 convention again met at Jonesboro in November, 1784, and 
 broke up in confusion. Now, three parties existed: one for a 
 constitution; a second for the plans approved by the con- 
 vention, and a third for return to North Carolina. After 
 North Carolina repealed the cession act it divided the District 
 of Morgan and erected some of the counties that had composed 
 it into the District of Washington, and appointed an assist- 
 ant judge and an attorney- general to officiate in the Superior 
 Court for that district to be held in Washington County. The 
 militia was formed into a brigade and Colonel Sevier appoint- 
 ed brigadier-general, which pleased him. When the people 
 of Washington County met at Jonesboro to elect deputies to 
 the convention to be held December 14, Sevier endeavored to 
 allay their animosity by assuring them that North Carolina 
 had granted them a general court and had made concession in 
 favor of the western counties. He pleaded with the people to 
 proceed no farther in their design for a separation from North 
 Carolina. The delegates met in convention at Jonesboro, 
 December 14, 1784, and though fully apprised of the action of 
 North Carolina disregarded it. Five deputies were elected 
 from each county and they agreed upon a constitution under 
 which the government should organize and act until it should 
 be ratified or rejected by another convention to be held at 
 Greeneville, November 14, 1785. 
 
 The Assembly of Franklin.— It was decided that the 
 Assembly of Franklin should meet early in 1785, which it did, 
 and elected John Sevier, Governor; David Campbell a Judge of 
 the Superior Court; and Joshua Gist and John Anderson As- 
 sistant Judges. Landon Carter was Speaker of the Senate 
 and Wm. Cage Speaker of the House of Commons. The As- 
 sembly also appointed all other civil and military officers 
 which the Constitution authorized. Almost all the appointees 
 
40 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 were holding offices under North Carolina, but thej accepted 
 their appointments and when qualified the State of Franklin 
 was organized. 
 
 The Constitution of Franklin made lawyers, ministers 
 of the gospel, and doctors ineligible to office. This made it 
 very unpopular. When the Constitution of North Carolina 
 was passed, a Bill of Rights was adopted which made provis- 
 ions for the creation of a State or States out of the western 
 territory. Mention has been made of the formation of a ju- 
 dicial district of the western counties, called Washington 
 District, and a judge and an attorney-general appointed. 
 
 Sevier and Tipton. — In those days factions were easily 
 formed. John Sevier was a gallant, faithful, industrious and 
 honorable man, whom his people loved \rery much. From the 
 first he became identified with all the interests of this people 
 for whom he labored so untiringly. Yet his career was an 
 object of jealousy to a man named John Tipton, who did 
 what he could in opposition to Sevier. At Watauga courts 
 were held at residences, and it was Tipton's ambition to an- 
 noy Sevier and capture or destroy the court records. The 
 proceedings of one faction were deemed illegal by the other. 
 The people did not know to whom to pay their taxes, hence 
 they paid none. 
 
 Martin Issued a Manifesto. — Dissension and disruption 
 created much animosity and discontent. A constitution was 
 formed for the State, but the many objections thereto prompt- 
 ly defeated it. When Governor Martin, of North Carolina, 
 heard the news of separation, he sent Major Samuel Hender- 
 son to find out the cause of disaffection. Very soon Governor 
 Martin received an official declaration of independence from the 
 new State. Martin issued a manifesto to the inhabitants of 
 Franklin, and calmly and dispassionately reviewed and refuted 
 causes and charges. One of the first acts of the Legislature 
 
THE STATE OF FRANKLIN. 41 
 
 of Franklin was to provide for Martin Academy, which was 
 founded by Samuel Doak in 1785, and was the first school west 
 of the Alleg-hanies. It afterwards became Washing-ton Col- 
 Jeg-e. This year Davidson Academy was founded at Nashville, 
 and Blount CoUeg-e at Knoxville. 
 
 Sentiment Changing. — Sevier proposed the Constitution 
 of North Carolina and it was adopted with a few changes. 
 William Cocke was appointed to present this Constitution to 
 Congress for the admission of the State into the Union, which 
 he did, and to which Congress paid no attention. Soon cifter 
 the adoption of the Constitution by Franklin, the North Ca.r- 
 olina Leg"islature met at Newbern and passed an act of obliv- 
 ion in favor of those who would return to their allegiance, and 
 invited the revolting- counties to send representatives to North 
 Carolina. This act did much to allay irritation and make 
 Governor Martin's manifesto popular. In Aug-ust, 1786, a 
 Senator, John Tipton, and two Representatives, James Stuart 
 and Richard White, were elected from Washing-ton County to 
 the North Carolina General Assembly. 
 
 Unsuccessful. — After the election of John Tipton to the 
 Senate of North Carolina, and the people began to see that 
 Franklin could not survive this difficult}^, Sevier sent Cocke to 
 North Carolina to persuade the Legislature to agree to a sepa- 
 ration. Cocke's appeal was eloquent but unsuccessful. North 
 Carolina had decided that the Franklin people should return 
 to their, allegiance, and should become a separate State only 
 through a formal act of cession. By another act of oblivion 
 unpaid taxes were remitted. 
 
 A Reaction. — Franklin refused to take advantage of the 
 last act of oblivion. Confusion was still great. Two sets of 
 officers still executed the laws, and the people were wearying 
 under this needless desertion. Sevier saw a reaction. North 
 
42 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 Carolina appointed Kvan Shelby, Brigadier-General. Sevier 
 and Shelby were to exercise the duties of their ofi&ces jointly, 
 and in a harmonious way till the next meeting of the Legis- 
 lature of North Carolina, but ere long they again became in- 
 volved in confusion. 
 
 Governor Martin Replies. — The Governor of North 
 Carolina in Ma}^ 1787, replied toKvan Shelby and his follow- 
 ers who had asked to have the Franklin people brought back 
 to their allegiance by force of arms. Very pleasantly he 
 sugg-ested that the way to secure what they desired was to re- 
 turn to their allegiance and wait till their wealth and num- 
 bers would justify separation. "It is mj opinion," said he, 
 "that it may be obtained at an earlier day than some imagine, 
 if unanimity prevails among you." 
 
 The State of Franklin Ceases to Exist. — Sevier saw 
 the futility of his plans, and not being despondent, he urged 
 Georgia to interfere in behalf of Franklin. As compensation, 
 he would help subjugate the Creeks and settle the Great Bend 
 of the Tennessee, but Georgia gave no useful aid. Sevier re- 
 sorted to various futile means. He solicited Shelby to accept 
 the Governorship, but he refused. In September, 1787, the 
 last session of the Franklin Legislature met, and soon there- 
 after all the western counties sent Representatives to the 
 North Carolina Legislature. After acts of pardon and ob- 
 livion were passed, the State of Franklin ceased to exist, Feb- 
 ruary 1, 1788. 
 
 How Officers Were Then Paid.— It is interesting to 
 know how officers were then paid. The State taxes and sala- 
 ries were payable in flax linen, tow linen, linsey, beaver skins, 
 tallow, beeswax, rye whisky, peach or apple brandy, country 
 made sugar, and tobacco. 
 
THE STATE OF FRANKLIN. 43 
 
 Questions.— 1. What followed now? Were the colonies in a bettei 
 condition? Why? 2. What hadthe Warof Independencedone? What 
 did Congress urge? What did Franklin do? 3. Give substance of this 
 section. 4. What methods were adopted? 5. What did the three par- 
 ties want? Why was it decided that the Assembly of Franklin should 
 meet early in 1785? 6. Whom did the Franklin Constitution make ineli- 
 gible to office? Why? 7. What of John Sevier? John Tipton? Courts? 
 8. W^hatof dissension? Constitution? Martin's manifesto? 9. What is 
 said of Sevier? William Cocke? North Carolina Legislature? 10. What 
 did the people begin to see? North Carolina had determined what? 
 11. Franklin refused what? Result? 12. What did the Governor of 
 North Carolina do? Say? 13. Sevier saw what? What eifort did he 
 make to perpetuate Franklin? 14. How were officers paid? Taxes? 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 TERRITORY SOUTHWEST OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 Government of the Territory. — Congress accepted the 
 deed of cession from North Carolina and soon after passed a 
 law for the g-overnment of this territory. The ordinance and 
 amendator}^ act passed Cong-ress, Aug-ust 7, 1789. The Presi- 
 dent nominated William Blount, of North Carolina, for gov- 
 ernor, who was familiar with the territory and very popular 
 with the masses. He was elegant, urbane, vigilant and ener- 
 getic, and rendered excellent services to his people. Charles, 
 James and Benjamin Blount were all civil or military officers 
 during that period and did their parts well. Gov. Blount re- 
 ceived his commission, August 7, 1790, and reached his desti- 
 nation, October 10, where he resided, at first, with William 
 Cobb, in the fork of the Holston and the Watauga Rivers, near 
 the Watauga Old Fields. 
 
 Territorial Officers. — In Sullivan County courts were 
 held in the woods. Gov. Blount had Judges David Campbell 
 and Joseph Anderson associated with him in the administra- 
 tion of things. Both gentlemen were distinguished jurists. 
 Blount appointed and commissioned the civil and military offi- 
 cers for the counties of the District of Washington, those w^ho 
 were holding office under North Carolina usually continued in 
 the function under the territorial government, but a new com- 
 mission and a new oath were required. After the necessary 
 officers were commissioned. Gov. Blount left on November 27, 
 for the District of Mero, then composed of Tennessee, David- 
 son and Sumner Counties, to appoint officers there. Gov. 
 Blount had appointed in the counties all military officers be- 
 
 (44) 
 
TEKKITOKV SOUTHWEST OF THE OHIO RIVER. 45 
 
 low the rank of brig-adier-g-enerals and as he could not appoint 
 these he recommended John Sevier for Washing-ton and James 
 Robertson for Mero, whom the President appointed, Blount 
 always soug-ht to familiarize himself with the conditions and 
 wants of the people so that he could the better discharg-e his 
 official duties. 
 
 Restore and Maintain Peace With the Indians.-^ The 
 
 President instructed Blount to restore and maintain peace 
 with the Indians, and Major King- was sent to make a treaty 
 with the Cherokees, but he found them divided into two par- 
 ties of which Little Turkey was the leader of the southern, and 
 Hanging Maw of the northern, but each party was disposed 
 to negotiate. The settled country was confined to the valleys 
 of the Holston, French Broad, Nolichucky and Little Rivers, 
 while the rest was settled by Indian villages or frequented by 
 the Indians in their huntings. Washington and Mero Dis- 
 tricts had an estimated population of 35,000, and smaller 
 settlements along the Cumberland Valley and its tributaries 
 had a weak population, which made it very expedient to be 
 friendly to the Indians. 
 
 Washington and Mero Districts.— There was no direct 
 communication between Washington and Mero Districts, be- 
 cause the rapids and shoals in the Tennessee, and the ascent of 
 the Cumberland and the Ohio was an impediment and a path- 
 less wilderness, and high mountains a barrier to all but the 
 Indians. The Cherokees claimed much of Kast Tennessee, 
 and the Chickasaws the country between the Tennessee 
 and the Mississippi, but did not live on it. The Choctaws 
 and Creeks had no valid claim to any of the territory, but 
 they settled near the Great Bend of Tennessee and perm'itted 
 the Spaniards to reside with them. 
 
 Superintendent of Indian Affairs. Gov. Blount was 
 appointed to the superintendency of Indian affairs and his du- 
 
46 HIvSTOKY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 ties became responsible, delicate and irksome, but he dis- 
 charg-ed them well. The Creeks, Choctaws, Cherokees and 
 Chickasaws formed the southern tribes, whom he dealt with 
 so g"ently as to hold them in subjection. He always assured 
 them that his people were their friends. Blount's territory 
 bordered on the frontiers of Kentucky, Virg-inia, North Caro- 
 lina, South Carolina and Georg-ia, . and the southern tribes 
 either lived in or claimed hunting- g-rounds in these States, 
 which was a prolific source of continual confusion. Emissa- 
 ries would ag-itate the Indians to deeds of barbarity and thus 
 increase strife and confusion for Blount to allay. He had fre- 
 quent consultations with the Secretary of War and the Go^^er- 
 nors of adjoining- States in the interests of his people. Willie 
 Blount, afterwards g-overnor, and Hug-h L. White were his 
 private secretaries. They soug-ht to suppress Indian depreda- 
 tion and hostility, but the constant violations of the treaties 
 by the Indians subjected Blount to harsh criticisms by his peo- 
 ple who thoug-ht he could have subdue'd the savag-es. 
 
 The Forts and Stations. — The four eastern counties had 
 rudely constructed several forts and stations which afforded 
 meag-er protection, usually an unorg-anized militia manned 
 them, and the white available force west of the Cumberland 
 Mountains did not exceed 1,000, while the Indians numbered 
 perhaps 50,000. Nashville was the center of this population. 
 The territory was filled with local convulsions. The Presi- 
 dent had authorized Blount to act purely on the defensive. 
 The adjoining- States complained that defensive measures 
 were too lenient; the Indians said they were too vigorous, and 
 Cong-ress complained of expenses, but at leng-th all found that 
 Blount was doing- his best and g-radually complaints subsided. 
 
 Land Companies Organized. — Georgia conveyed 3,500,- 
 000 acres of land, lying south of the Tennessee River, to the 
 Tennessee Company, and soon afterward this company pro- 
 
TEKRITOKY SOUTHWEvST OF THE OHIO RIVER. 47 
 
 ceeded to form a settlement thereon. The agents of the land 
 on September 2, 1790, advertised that an armed force would 
 embark at the mouth of the French Broad, January 10, 1791, 
 to carry the emig-rants who wanted to settle near the Muscle 
 Shoals where 500 acres were offered to each family and 250 acres 
 to each single man. The South Carolina Yazoo Company and 
 the Virg-inia Yazoo Company were trying- similar plans in the 
 territory. The Secretary of War protested and the President 
 forbade the settlements and declared the Companies would not 
 have the protection of the United States. Gov. Blount sent 
 the President's proclamation to the ag^ents of these Companies 
 and informed them that if they should uadertake the voyage to 
 Muscle Shoals he would inform the Indians of it and they, 
 without offense to the g-overnment, mig-ht deal with the land 
 agents as they deemed best. The undaunted, avaricious land 
 agents in 1791, started for Muscle Shoals, cautiously they plied 
 their oars but the vigilant Indians gave them much trouble 
 on the journey. The land agents finally arrived at Muscle 
 Shoals and erected a blockhouse and works of defense. The 
 Glass, with many Indians, appeared very soon and informed 
 the land agents that if they did not peaceably withdraw that 
 he would put them to death. Soon the works were abandoned 
 and the Indians burned them. A bill of indictment was is- 
 sued against Cox, the leader, and his associates, but it was 
 not sustained as a "true bill." 
 
 Territorial Government. — The ordinance of 1787 pro- 
 vided for a Territorial Assembly and Legislative Council 
 when the number of inhabitants would justify it. In 1793 
 Blount found that there were over 5,000 free male inhabitants 
 and he authorized an election to be held for representatives 
 on the third Friday and Saturday of December, 1793. Gov. 
 Blount issued a proclamation January 1, 1794, for the Assem- 
 bly to rr.eet at Knoxville on the fourth Monday in February, 
 1794. 
 
48 HISTOKV OF THNNESSEE. 
 
 The First Printing Press. — Gov. Blount was very anx- 
 ious for the people to be familiar with current events, and in 
 order that they mig-ht be, he employed a printer, Raulstone, 
 to publish the Knoxville Gazette. As Knoxville had not yet 
 been laid out and was not until February, 1792, the paper ap- 
 peared from Rogersville. The first copy was issued, Novem- 
 ber 5, 1791. This was the first printing- press introduced into 
 the territory. Now printing- presses can be seen in almost all 
 our towns and cities where they are doing- a g-reat work in edu- 
 cating* the masses. 
 
 The Territorial Termination. — Years rolled heavily by, 
 crimes did not decrease, but the population increased, and the 
 people desired a more stable g-overnment. Conrerences and 
 treaties with the Indians were not always pleasant or com- 
 plied with and other means oug-ht to be tried. The last As- 
 sembly of the territory lasted only thirteen days. The mem- 
 bers g-ot the idea that a State g-overnment would soon super- 
 sede the territorial, believing- that it would be much better. 
 Near the end of the last session the Council sent this message 
 to the House: 
 
 The business being- about to be brougfht to a close this evening-, we 
 propose that a messag-e be sent to the Governor, informing- him of the 
 same, and request to be prorog-ued. 
 
 The House concurred in the foreg-oing- and the Governor 
 sent this: 
 
 William Blount, Governor in and over the territory of the United 
 ■States of America, south of the Ohio River. — To the President and 
 Gentlemen of the Legislative Council, and the Speaker and Gentlemen 
 of the House of Representatives: — The business of this session being 
 completed, the General Assembly is prorogued, sine die. 
 
 Given under my hand and seal, at Knoxville, July 11, 1795. 
 
 Wm. Bi^ounT. 
 By the Governor. — 
 
 Thomas H. Wii^uams, 
 
 Provincial Secretary." 
 
a 
 was 
 
 TRKKITORV SOUTEiWEST OF THE OHIO RIVER. 49 
 
 A Territorial Census.— In 1795 the Assembly arrang-ed 
 for a census of the people to ascertain whether the territory 
 was entitled to Statehood by the requisite number of inhabi- 
 tants. A sufficient number was fouad and a call was made 
 for each county to send live deleg-ates to Knoxville to form 
 constitution for the new State. June 1, 1796, Tennessee 
 admitted into the Union. 
 
 QuESTiONS.-l. Sketch the life of Gov. Blount. 2. Give names and 
 functionsof some of the territorial officers. 3. Why was it expedient 
 to be on the defensive? 4. Why was there no direct intercourse be- 
 tween these Districts? 5. Who was superintendent of Indian affairs? 
 Why? 6. What of the land companies? 7. What of the territorial gov- 
 ernment? 8. When was the first printing- press introduced into what is 
 now Tennessee? What can ycu say of the printing- press now? 9. Give 
 substance of this section. 10. What of the census? 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 KARLY HISTORY OF TKNNESSKK. 
 
 The Name Tennessee. — Ramsey in speaking- of the Chero- 
 kees, said: "This tribe, inhabiting- the country from which 
 the southern confluents of the Tennessee spring, gave their 
 name at first to that iioble stream. In the earlier maps the 
 Tennessee is called the Cherokee River." In commenting on 
 the Convention of 1796 he further said: "It is tradition that 
 the beautiful name given to our State in the Convention was 
 suggested by Gen. Jackson. The members from the County 
 of Tennessee consented to the loss of that name, if it should 
 be transferred to the whole State. Its principal river still re- 
 tains its aboriginal name, and the Convention adopted it in 
 preference to others that were spoken of." 
 
 John Sevier, the first Governor 
 of Franklin, was elected without 
 much opposition the first Governor 
 of Tennessee in 1796, and was re- 
 elected for three successive terms. 
 He was the idol of his party, and 
 being bold, vigilant and untiring, 
 and having an indomitable will 
 and herculean energy he easily 
 ranked among the greatest men 
 of his day. He was inaugurated 
 March 30, 1796. John Sevier was 
 born in Virginia, September 23, 
 1 745. He was early distinguished 
 for bravery and skill in fighting the Indians, and was made 
 
 (50) 
 
 GOV. JOHN SEVIEl^ 
 
52 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 captain. In 1772, he removed tolhe Wataug^a settlement, and 
 was subsequently engaged in many campaigns against the In- 
 dians. He was delejj ated to the State Convention which asked 
 for a dissolution from British rule. In 1811, he was elected to 
 Congress, and was twice re-elected, but died before he was 
 qualified for the last term. He died September 25, 1815, and 
 was buried near Fort Decatur, Alabama, but his remains were 
 removed to Knoxville in June, 1889, and buried by order of the 
 Legislature in Court House Square. 
 
 The Admission of Tennessee. — The question of the ad- 
 mission of Tennessee into the Union was submitted to the 
 people, a large majority of whom favored it, and on January 
 11, 1796, a convention met at Knoxville to adopt a constitu- 
 tion. The new State was named Tennessee after its largest 
 river. When the bill for the admission of this State was 
 submitted to Congress it met opposition. In the House after 
 some debate it passed, but the Senate bitterly opposed it. 
 
 An Election Scheme. — Its enemies said the inhabi- 
 tants could not enumerate the census, which must be done by 
 Congress. It was asserted that it was a scheme to elect Jef- 
 ferson, President, by adding new States to the Union. The 
 older States thought it would decrease their power. When 
 the final vote was taken in the Senate, it passed by a majority 
 of one, the deciding vote being cast by the acting President, 
 who was severely criticised by the Federalists. 
 
 The First United States Senators.— William Blount 
 and William Cocke were elected United State Senators, March 
 31, 1796. The State was divided into three Judicial Districts: 
 Washington. Hamilton andMero. The Legislature adjourned 
 on April 14, 1796, but was convened in extra session, July 30, 
 to rectify errors in the election of Senators. Blount and 
 Cocke were again elected to the United States Senate, No- 
 
KARLY HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 S3 
 
 vember 9, Landon Carter was commissioned Brig-adier-Gen- 
 eral of Hamilton District, and James Winchester of Mero 
 District. 
 
 Andrew Jackson. — November 12, 1796, Andrew Jackson 
 was commissioned the first Representative in Congress from 
 Tennessee. He was born in North Carolina, in 1767, of 
 Scotch-Irish descent. His earlj training- was in the back- 
 woods handling a rifle or breaking and riding- a wild or vicious 
 horse. He was brave, energ-etic and mag-netic. In 1784, he 
 beg-an the study of law in Salisbury, North Carolina. Four 
 years later he came to Nashville, where he opene4 a law 
 office. In 1797, he was elected United States Senator, but 
 soon resigned because he felt that body too dig-nified for him, 
 
 FIRST CAPITOL OF TENNESSEE— KNOXVILLE. 
 
54 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 and because he was too poor to dress and sustain himself in it. 
 Subsequently he will be referred to. The Tennessee electoral 
 vote was cast, three for Thomas Jefferson for President, and 
 three for Aaron Burr for Vice President. In 1797, a United 
 States Court was established for Tennessee, and John McNairy 
 appointed Judg-e. Nashville had a newspaper, the "Tennes- 
 see Gazette," afterwards called the "Clarion." 
 
 General Assembly. — December 3, 1798, the second ses- 
 sion of the Legislature met at Knoxville, and William Blount 
 was elected Speaker, vice James White, resigned. It passed 
 several important laws. In March, a United States Marshal 
 attempted to arrest William Blount, who had been expelled 
 from the United States Senate. Blount resisted and the arti- 
 cles of impeachment were withdrawn by the Senate because 
 he had ceased to be a member of that body. 
 
 First Camp Meeting. — In 1799, the first camp meeting in 
 the State was held in Sumner County. In the next year great 
 revivals were held near Clarksville, led by the Rev. James 
 McGrady, from which the Cumberland Presbyterian Church 
 had its origin. 
 
 Questions. — 1. How was Tennessee named? 2. Who was the first 
 Governor of Tennessee? How many terms did he serve? Give a 
 sketch of his life. 3. When and where did the Convention meet? Did 
 Congress oppose the admission? Why? 4. Why did the Federalists 
 criticise? 5. In 1796, who were elected United States Senators? Into 
 what was the State divided? Why was the I^eg-islature convened in 
 extra session? 6. Who was the first Representative in Cong-ress? 
 What was the Tennessee electoral vote? 7. What of the second session 
 of the Ivegislature? 8. What of camp meeting-s? 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 MIDDLE TKNNRSSEK. 
 
 A Party of Brave Pioneers. — As John Sevier was 
 the leader in Kast Tennessee, so was James Robertson 
 in Middle Tennessee. In 1779, there were no habitations 
 in the valley of the Lower Cumberland but the hunters' camp 
 and Spencer's log- cabin. In the spring- of 1779, a small party 
 of brave pioneers left Wataug-a, crossed the Cumberland 
 Mountains, and pitched their tents and planted corn on the 
 present site of Nashville. After the corn was planted the party 
 returned to their families except White, Swanson and 
 Overall, who remained to cultivate it. 
 
 Settled Where Nashville Is. 
 
 — Capt. Robertson went throug-h 
 
 Illinois to see Gen. Georg-e Rog-- 
 
 ers Clarke. The Wataug-a settlers, 
 
 two or three hundred in number, 
 
 went in the fall with Robertson 
 
 to his settlement where Nashville 
 
 is. The depth of the snow and 
 
 the inclemency of the weather 
 
 retarded them long-er than they 
 
 anticipated, and they did not 
 
 JAMES ROBERTSON. arrive until early in 1780. A few 
 
 settled north of the Cumberland, but the majority crossed 
 
 the river and settled south of the site of Nashville. 
 
 Many Difficulties. — Whilst the adventurers were travel- 
 ing- over land, many were on the Tennessee, Cumberland and 
 Ohio Rivers trying- to reach Nashville by water. Colonel 
 
 (55) 
 
56 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 John Donelson, the projector of the voyage, commanded them. 
 They had many perils and hardships but were hopeful of 
 better results. 
 
 An Independent Government. — Colonel Donelson's ob- 
 ject in settling- in Middle Tennessee, at or near the Bluff, was 
 the formation of an independent g-overnment. In this he 
 succeeded, May 1, 1780. Colonel Donelson went up the Cum- 
 berland and erected a fort at Clover Bottom, near Stone 
 River, on the south side. Dr. Walker, whom Virginia 
 and North Carolina commissioned to run their separating 
 boundary line, was with Colonel Henderson, who was the 
 British agent for the sale of land. Colonel Henderson erected 
 a station on Stone River, and remained there and sold lands 
 under the deeds made him and his partners by the Cherokees 
 at Watauga, March, 1775. Henderson sold one thousand 
 acres for ten dollars. The purchase certificate had a clause 
 conditioned upon the confirmation of the Henderson treaty 
 by the proper authorities. 
 
 Difficulties Over Land. — Virginia and North Carolina 
 annulled his title and refused to recognize the sales made by 
 him, and the purchasers were never urged to pay for their 
 lands. This land belonged to the Transylvania Company, 
 but Virginia and North Carolina decided its title bad because 
 private individuals had no right to make treaties with the 
 Indians. Each State, however, granted the Company two 
 hundred thousand acres for its trouble and labor. 
 
 Residences. — Many were very anxious to complete their 
 cabins, but they erected a fort for their common safety, called 
 Nashborough in honor of Francis Nash, of North Carolina. 
 This was to be the principal fort and headquarters for all. 
 Other smaller forts were also built. 
 
MIDDLE TENNESSEE. 57 
 
 The Winter was Unusually Severe. — The winter of 
 1779-80 was unusually severe. The Cumberland was frozen 
 sufficiently to permit Robertson's party to cross on the ice. 
 The settlers suffered intensely from the severity of the 
 weather. Having- hastily and loosely constructed cabins, it 
 was impossible for the people to be comfortable. Their food, 
 consisting- in part of g-ame, was poor and difficult to secure. 
 The Indians were now giving the settlers an interim of rest. 
 A family which had the smallpox came to Donelson. Stewart 
 required them to stay some little distance away from the 
 rest, which led too their capture by the Indians. The latter 
 took the disease and died by the thousands. This gave the 
 colonists time to prepare for the onslaught which followed. 
 Meanwhile the settlers were improving their cabins and 
 securing additions to their settlement. 
 
 Destitution.— With jealousy the Indians mustered their 
 forces to repel the whites and drive them away. Finding the 
 white forces too great, the Indians decided to drive away all 
 the g-ame, and thereby cause the settlers to perish. Almost 
 succeeding in this, many of the whites heartily wished they 
 had never joined the settlement. Many having secured good 
 homes put their trust in Providence and resolved to stay. 
 North Carolina arranged at this time to remunerate the 
 soldiers of the Continental line by giving- them land, and this 
 led to a rapid settlement of these lands. 
 
 Loyalty and Fidelity. — Ramsey said: "As on the Wa- 
 tauga at its first settlement, so now here the colonists of 
 Robertson were without any regularly organized govern- 
 ment.'' This country was included in Washington County, 
 which extended to the Mississippi. Being- more than six 
 hundred miles from the seat of government, they felt the ne- 
 cessity of a strong local government, and they appointed 
 trustees and signed a covenant obligating themselves to con- 
 
58 HISTORY OF TENNKSSKK. 
 
 form to the judg-tnent and decisions of their officers in whom 
 the}' had vested the power of g-overnment. 
 
 Their Of f icers.— The sig-ners secured land thereby. Those 
 who did not sig-n the covenant had no right to the land. Like 
 the Wataug-ans, the trustees were not paid. . To them were 
 also committed the functions of the sacerdotal office in the 
 celebration of the rites of matrimony. James Robertson mar- 
 ried the first couple, Captain Leiper and his wife. 
 
 Roads Made.— The Leg-islature of North Carolina in 1785 
 gave the settlers three hundred men for protection, and these 
 men had to clear the roads that the settlements could be reached 
 more easily. Hitherto, they were approached through the 
 wilderness of Kentucky. With the completion of these roads 
 many people became settlers, and ere long everything assumed 
 a more pleasing aspect. 
 
 Discontent Revived. — Soon after the failure of the 
 Franklin government in 1788, it became evident that North 
 Carolina was exceedingly economical in the adoption of meas- 
 ures and the providing of means for these western counties, 
 which revived the discontent and complaint of the settlers, 
 especially those who suffered defeat in the Franklin revolt. 
 A separation was discussed and deemed prudent. The last 
 town established by North Carolina in Tennessee was Roger s- 
 ville, in Hawkins County, in 1789. 
 
 The Growth of Settlements.— The Cumberland River 
 settlers were almost entirely insulated from the community in 
 East Tennessee by the Alleghany Mountains. There were 
 included in Mero District the Counties of Davidson, Tennessee 
 and Sumner. In Middle Tennessee there were a few other 
 settlements which were not very important, but after the ad- 
 mission of the State they became large, active and progress- 
 
MIDDI.K TENNESSK:e. 59 
 
 ive. The early history of East Tennessee is essentially the 
 history of Middle Tennessee, We have the same details of 
 Indian butchery, desultory warfare and savag-e incursions. 
 
 Questions.— 1. What of the pioneers on the Ivower Cumberland? 
 Who remained to cultivate the corn? 2. How many went in the fall to 
 Robertson's settlement? What of the winter? 3. How did the adven- 
 turers go? Who projected the voyag-e? A fort was built where? 4. 
 What was his object? What of Walker and Henderson? 5. What did 
 Virgrinia and North Carolina do? Why? To whom did this land be- 
 long-? 6. What was the name of the fort erected? After whom named? 
 7. What of the winter of 1779-80? What were the Indians doing-? Set- 
 tlers? 8. After the Indians attacked the settlers, what did the former 
 decide? Result? 9. How did they org-anize a g-overnment? 10. Why 
 were the sig-ners entitled to land? Whom did Robertson marry? 11. 
 What did the North Carolina Leg-islature g^ive? 12. Why was a sepa- 
 ration deemed prudent? 13. What of settlements and Indian barbari- 
 ties? 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 WKST THNNKSSKK. 
 
 Divisions of the State. — Originally the whole territory 
 was known as the Western country, but by the Constitution it 
 is divided into East, Middle and West Tennessee. For some 
 time after its admission the State was divided into East and 
 West Tennessee, but the Chickasaws ceded their interest in 
 Tennessee after the treaty of 1818, and the division "Middle" 
 was added, and the former West Tennessee became Middle Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 History and Growth. — There is nothing- very eventful 
 in its history and growth. This portion of the State was not 
 opened for settlement till long- after the State became pros- 
 perous. As far back as there is any authentic record, this 
 land was owned by the Chickasaws. They possessed a re- 
 markable friendship for the Eng-lish, but did not so hig-hly 
 appreciate the Spaniards, owing- to a feud between them and 
 De Soto. 
 
 Burned their Village. — De Soto, in 1540, spent the winter 
 •with them very pleasantly at Chisca, but when he demanded 
 two hundred of their number to carry his baggag-e, they 
 burned their village and flew to arms. Marquette, in 1673, 
 explored this region along the Mississippi, and found the 
 dusky men of the forest armed with weapons of civilized war- 
 fare, which doubtless had been obtained from the Atlantic 
 coast traders. 
 
 Memphis, the largest city in this division, is the county 
 seat of Shelby County, and is situated on the Mississippi. 
 
 (BO) 
 
WEvST TENNKSSEK. 61 
 
 In 1825, the county seat was transferred to Raleig-h, but cfter 
 wards it was removed to Memphis. 
 
 English Rule. — While the colonies were under English 
 rule, the Indians in nearly all the wars of the United States 
 sided with the Eng-lish and assisted them, and at the treaty 
 of Hopewell the Indians were liberally remunerated therefor. 
 The government donated them land, corn and other supplies. 
 
 The Spanish Governor, of Natchez, Gayoso, wanted 
 possession of the Chickasaw Bluff, and in 1782 appeared there 
 with the intention of building a fort. He prepared his ma- 
 terial on the west side of the bluff, but when it was ready 
 he transferred it to the east side and erected it. The Chick- 
 asaws complained to Governor Blount, November 9, 1795, 
 who, by direction of the President, notified Gayoso that the 
 United States considered this an encroachment not only upon 
 the territorial rights of the United States, but also upon the 
 rights of the Chickasaws, and that he was expected by the 
 government to demolish the fort and withdraw his troops 
 from it. 
 
 Various Treaties were made with the Chickasaws with a 
 view to obtaining their territor}^ in the State for settlement. 
 Among these treaties were those of 1806-7, by which they 
 relinquished 355,000 acres for settlement for $22,000 and a large 
 amount of supplies. Another treaty in 1816 gave them $4,500 
 cash and $12,000 in ten annual installments. 
 
 The Final Treaty.— On October 19, 1818, the final treaty 
 by which they relinquished all of West Tennessee was signed 
 by Isaac Shelby and Andrew Jackson on the part of the 
 United States, and the Chiefs on the part of the Chickasaws. 
 This treaty was to settle all territorial controversies and re- 
 move all grounds for complaint and dissatisfaction between 
 the United States and the Chickasaws. 
 
62 HISTORY OF TKNNKSSEE. 
 
 Inhabitants from East and Middle Tennessee, North Caro- 
 lina, South Carolina and Virg-inia began to settle down in the 
 midst of the virgin forest, and their energy soon converted it 
 into beautiful fields, abounding in corn and vegetables. 
 Nearly all settlements were made along the rivers, as they 
 were about the only means of egress. As our narrative pro- 
 gresses other early incidents will be unfolded and given. 
 
 Questions. — 1. What was the original territorial name? What oc- 
 curred in 1818? 2. What of Indian friendship for the Kng-lish? Span- 
 iards? 3. How did De Soto incur their malice? 4. What of Memphis? 
 Raleigh? 5. Why did the government remunerate the Indians? 6. 
 What of the Spanish governor? What did Governor Blount do? 7. 
 Give the substance of this section. 8. What treaty was made in 1818? 
 What was this treaty to settle? 9. Give the substance of this section? 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATE. 
 
 Archibald Roane. — By the Constitution of Tennessee no 
 one could be Governor more than three successive terms, but 
 after some one else had served one term, the man who had 
 served the three terms was again elig-ible. Archibald Roane 
 was elected Sevier's successor, and was inaug-urated Septem- 
 ber 23, 1801. Little is known of Governor Roane's personal 
 history. He was unostentatious, pleasant and scholarly, and 
 had been judg-e and teacher, having- g-iven instruction to 
 Hug-h Iv. White, who was in 1836 the Whig- candidate for the 
 Presidency. 
 
 Term for Governor. — The term of the Governor was two 
 years, and he had to be re-elected if he served longer. At the 
 end of his first term, Roane wanted to be re-elected; but 
 Sevier, being now eligible, and his friends being desirous that 
 he should become a candidate, he consented. His popularity 
 was almost unbounded and he easily defeated Governor 
 Roane. 
 
 Serious Charges. — During their candidacy, the friends of 
 each were anxious for the victory of their man. Roane's 
 friends accused Sevierof speculating in land warrants and of 
 forgery, but Sevier's friends did not believe the reports. The 
 matter was investigated ^ , the Legislature, which found noth- 
 ing definite. In the time of Washington there were only two 
 great political parties, the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists. 
 The Federal party was in power trom the beginning of Wash- 
 ington's administration to the beginning of Jefferson's term. 
 
 (63) 
 
64 HISTORY OP TENNESSEE. 
 
 In 1801, the Anti-Federal, or Democratic-Republican party, 
 obtained control of the government. 
 
 Critical Condition. — This country had been in a critical 
 condition for a long- while. Several of the American news- 
 papers were edited by foreigners, or by men who sympathized 
 with France and wanted to force us into a war with England. 
 To stop this. Congress, in 1798, unwisely enacted the Alien 
 and Sedition laws. The Alien law empowered the President 
 to banish any alien or foreigner from the country whose influ- 
 ence he thought dangerous to the welfare of the country. 
 The Sedition law undertook to punish persons who should 
 speak, write or publish anything false or malicious against 
 the President or the Government of the United States. 
 These laws became very odious to our people during Roane's 
 administration. 
 
 Laws Enacted. — The fourth session of the Legislature 
 
 met at Knoxville, September 21, 1801, and adjourned Novem- 
 ber 14. A few of the laws enacted at this session were: An 
 act to prevent frauds and perjury; to empower county courts 
 to emancipate slaves; to authorize the Governor to appoint 
 commissioners to ascertain the boundary line between Ten- 
 nessee and Virginia; to prevent dueling; to prevent the dis- 
 turbance of public worship. On November 6, the towns of 
 Gallatin, Rutledge, Lebanon and Tazewell were established. 
 In 1802, John Sevier, Moses Fisk and John Rutledge were ap- 
 pointed Commissioners of Tennessee, with Creed Taylor, 
 Joseph Martin and Peter Johnson of Virginia, to run the 
 line between these States. An act was passed to purchase a 
 patent of a cotton gin from Eli Whitney and Phineas Miller. 
 Jackson challenged Sevier to duel. In 1804, a law was enact- 
 ed regulating the laying: out of public roads. 
 
 Crimes and Punishment.— At this time the extent of 
 
DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATE. 
 
 crime was appalling-, and it was plain that something- must be 
 done to diminish it. The severity of the penal laws tended 
 rather to increase than decrease the number of crimes com- 
 mitted. Punishment was limited to the whipping- post, 
 stocks, pillory, county jail, the branding- iron and the g-al- 
 lows. The penalties were either lig-hter than could prove 
 effective, or else in severity were out of all proportion to the 
 offense committed. In 1799, the Legislature passed this act: 
 "Be it enacted, that from and after the passag-e of this act, 
 any person who shall be g-uiity of feloniously stealing-, taking- 
 or carrying- away any horse, mare or g-elding-, shall for such 
 offense suffer death, without benefit of clerg-y." In 1807, the 
 Leg-islature modified the penal laws, making- the punishment 
 lig-hter. 
 
 The Masonic Lodge. — A Masonic lodge was chartered in 
 Nashville in 1796, known as St. Tammany, No. 1. North 
 Carolina issued this charter December 17, 1796, but that State 
 continued its authority over the lodge till 1812. December 
 11, 1811, a convention met in Knoxville, representing the 
 lodges of the State. Resolutions were passed favoring a sepa- 
 ration from the Grand Lodge of North Carolina. In 1813, 
 in a Knoxville convention, a deed of relinquishment from 
 North Carolina was presented. This State has many large 
 lodges that do much charity work for the distressed families 
 of their deceased members. Many other excellent lodges have 
 from time to time been organized, and are doing fine work m 
 many ways. 
 
 Disposition of Lands.— In 1806, Congress passed "Aji 
 act to authorize the State of Tennessee to issue grants and 
 perfect titles to certain lands therein described, and to settle 
 the claims to the vacant and unappropriated lands within the 
 State." This act provided for 100,000 acres of land tor two 
 colleges, one in East Tennessee, the other in West Tennessee. 
 
66 
 
 HISTORY OF TKNNKSSEK. 
 
 This land was to be in one tract, out of the lands g-otten from 
 the Cherokee Indians. Also 100,000 acres for academies, one 
 for every county, to be established by the Leg-islature; 640 
 acres were g^iven to every six miles square. The land was to 
 be sold for two dollars an acre and the proceeds applied to the 
 school fund. Good schools soon flourished. In 1810, lotteries 
 being popular, the Legislature authorized one for Kast 
 Tennessee College, and appointed trustees for that purpose. 
 
 Governor Willie Blount.— In 1809, Willie Blount was 
 elected Governor without much opposition and served until 
 1815. He had no very great abili- 
 ty, but was honest, and a strong 
 supporter of General Jackson who 
 was fighting the Creek Indians. 
 Jackson was financially embarrassed 
 and Blount raised three hundred 
 and seventy thousand dollars, with 
 which he supplied Jackson with 
 the necessaries of war. Blount was 
 elected Governor for three succes- 
 sive terms. 
 
 The Early Musters.— The gen- gov. wili^ie blount. 
 eral muster was the grand event of the year and brought 
 together more of all classes of people than any other meeting. 
 The officers were dressed in the gayest trappings, plumed and 
 belted warriors, who vied in all that related to their military 
 equipment and tactics, were these primitive soldiers, and they 
 won for Tennessee the appellation, ''Volunteer State." 
 Their hardy looks, their athletic forms, their marching with 
 the light and noiseless step peculiar to their pursuit of wood- 
 land game, and their picturesque costumes, made them the ob- 
 served of all observers, and awoke in them an honest pride in 
 the hearty plaudits they won from admiring spectators. 
 
developmknt of thk state. 67 
 
 Their Characteristics. — They were not only cool and de- 
 termined, brave as men dare be, but were among- the best 
 marksmen the country has produced, and their death-dealing 
 aim made them a terror to the enemy on every battlefield 
 where the yell peculiar to the Tennessee volunteer was heard. 
 From youth they were accustomed to the use of the rifle 
 which made them expert. At stated times they had shooting; 
 matches, and with their flint locks they acquitted themselves 
 admirably, and won the plaudits of friends; but those times 
 have been succeeded by more skilled warfare and more expe- 
 ditious methods. 
 
 District Division. — In 1806, Aaron Burr, who had been 
 Vice-President and had recently killed Alexander Hamilton, 
 Secretary of the Treasury, visited Tennessee and was re- 
 ceived everywhere with indignation. In many towns he was 
 burned in effigy. Duels were common in those days. This 
 killing was the result of a duel fought July 12, 1804, after 
 which Burr was never popular. In 1806, Mero District was 
 divided into three Judicial Circuits, viz. , Robertson, Winches- 
 ter and Mero. In 1807, the Nashville Bank was incorporated 
 with two hundred thousand dollars capital. The second ses- 
 sion of the Seventh General Assembly met at Kingston, April 
 3, 1808, and adjourned April 22. 
 
 Iron Works. — In 1809, an act was passed establishing a 
 Supreme Court of Errors and Appeals and dividing the State 
 into five Judicial Circuits. Hitherto, much attention had 
 been given to iron works, and in 1810 Tennessee had six blow 
 ovens, seven forges, six furnaces and seven nail works, valued 
 at one hundred and sixty-five thousand and eight hundred 
 dollars. At Nashville, Governor William Carroll opened the 
 first nail store in Tennessee. In 1810, Thomas Coulter and 
 Byrd Smith were commissioned Brigadier-Generals of the 
 Seventh and Eighth Brigades, respectively. 
 
68 HISTORY OF TKNNKSSE^. 
 
 Sympathy for France. — The Americans had long- re- 
 tained a hearty sympathy for France, but now the relations 
 between the two countries had become somewhat strained. 
 The late treaty with Kng-land caused a resentful feeling- from 
 the French and their friends in America. This country had 
 refused to become an ally of France in its wars with Kng-land, 
 as France had been an ally of ours in the Revolution, for 
 which France refused to accept our minister, and the two na- 
 tions were on the verg-e of declaring- war, and actual hostili- 
 ties occurred. France was at war with Kng-land, and its ships 
 were seizing- American vessels on pretext of having- on board 
 British products or of having sailed from British ports. 
 Cong-ress ordered our vessels to arm and resist these outrag-es. 
 
 The United States Ship, Constitution.— The friends of 
 France in Tennessee boldly opposed war with an old ally, and 
 expressed a hostile feeling- for Kngland. The wide ocean be- 
 tween saved the two countries. War began in earnest on the 
 high seas. The United States ship, Constitution, of thirty- 
 eight guns fell in with a French ship of forty guns, and after 
 a hot fight of an hour, captured it. Soon after the same ship 
 met the French vessel. La Vengeance, of fifty-four guns, and 
 after an action of five hours, drove her off witn a heavy loss. 
 Three hundred private American vessels had been armed for 
 defense but a change having occurred in the French govern- 
 ment by Napoleon becoming First Consul, a treaty of peace 
 was made and further hostilities ceased. 
 
 African Slavery, introduced for gain, was now deeply 
 rooted in the civil and social circles of Tennessee. Colored slaves 
 formed a part of almost every important household that came to 
 the State. But many good people were raising their eloquent 
 voices protesting against the institution of slavery' and de- 
 manding its abolition. In 1795, there were ten thousand, six 
 
DKVKLOPMKNT OF THK STATUE. 69 
 
 hundred and thirteen slaves in Tennessee; in 1800, there were 
 thirteen thousand, five hundred and eig-hty-four, and in 1810, 
 there were forty-five thousand, eig-ht hundred and fifty-two. 
 This rapid g-rowth was anxiously watched by the North, and 
 had become a source of comment. 
 
 State Bank. — In 1811, the State bank was established at 
 Knoxville, with branches at Clarksville, Columbia, Jonesboro 
 and Nashville. The Leg-islature met in Knoxville this year 
 for the last time, except in 1817. In 1811, an earthquake 
 formed Reelfoot Lake, which is a larg-e, deep pool in Lake 
 County, Tennessee. Tennessee gave James Madison ten 
 votes for the Presidency in 1808. 
 
 Questions. — 1. How many successive terms for a Governor? Who 
 was elected in 1801? 2. Who succeeded him? What of Sevier's popu- 
 larity? 3. What action did their friends take? 4. How many parties 
 were there in the time of Washington? What were the Alien and Se- 
 dition laws? 5. When and where did the fourth session of the General 
 Assembly meet? Name a few of its laws. 6. What is said of the crixn- 
 inal condition of the State? How were crimes punished? 7. What is 
 said of the Masonic L<odg-e? 8. How did Cong-ress encourag-e schools? 
 9. What was done in 1810? Who was elected Governor in 1809? How 
 did he aid Jackson? 10. Give the substance of this section. 11. Give 
 the substance of this section. 12. Who was Burr? Hamilton? How 
 was Burr received? 13. What is said about iron? Governor Carroll? 
 14. How did the Americans feel towards France? What countries were 
 at war? 15. How did Tennessee feel towards Eng-land? Describe the 
 naval contest. 16. What of African slavery? Was it popular? 17. What 
 of the State bank? Reelfoot Lake? 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 
 THE x:reek war. 
 
 An Indian Confederation. — Tecumseh viewed with 
 alarm the gradual disappearance of the Shawnees, of whom he 
 v/as Chief; he also realized that the other tribes were annually 
 gTowing- smaller before the superiority of the white race, 
 lience he made an effort to get the Choctaws and Chickasaws 
 to combine. They refused to combine with him. He visited 
 the tribes himself and pitifully told of the Americans who 
 were despoiling- them of their lands; he made a vig-orous 
 effort to resist these encroachments. The Creeks were divided 
 on Tecumseh's plan, into a peace party and a war party. 
 The war party began violence on the peace party. 
 
 Fighting, Duels, Etc. — The war party was led by Red 
 
 Eagle, or William Weatherford, who was talented and ener- 
 getic. His idea was for the Creeks, in conjunction with the 
 British, to drive away or exterminate the Americans. Seeing 
 a division among the Creeks, he desired to stop hostilities, 
 but he had gone too far. The ill feeling between the Indian 
 factions grew more intense, and forts were built in various 
 places in the Southwest. Finally at Fort Mimms, near Mobile, 
 on August 30, 1813, a party of over five hundred men, women 
 and children were surprised and slain. Only a few escaped. 
 The Commander, Red Kagle, made an earnest effort to keep 
 from having to kill the captives, but was unsuccessful. This 
 massacre fired the country with indignation. General Jackson 
 was urged to lead troops and suppress this movement. Unwise- 
 ly, a short time before, Jackson had acted as second to Carroll in 
 aiduel between Jesse Benton and William Carroll. Thomas 
 
 (70) 
 
the; creek war. 
 
 71 
 
 H. Benton, Jesse Benton's brother, denounced Jackson for this 
 action, and Jackson threatened to horsewhip Benton the first 
 opportunity he had. They met in Nashville, a fig-ht ensued, in 
 which Jackson was severely wounded, and was in bed when 
 
 GENERAI, A NDREW JACKSON. 
 
 the news of the massacre at Fort Mimms came, yet ere long- 
 he was at the head of the Tennessee troops. 
 
 Jackson at the Head of an Army.— Jackson collected 
 his men at Fayetteville and sent John Coffee to Huntsville with 
 a brig-ade of cavalry. Jackson heard that Red Kag-le was coming" 
 
72 
 
 HISTORY OF TKNNKSSEK. 
 
 towards Tennessee and Georgia, and he marched at once into 
 what is now Alabama. Low water prevented supplies being- 
 shipped from Kast Tennessee down the Tennessee River. He 
 built Fort Deposit, but left it. Soon he invaded the Creek 
 country, and trusted fortune for supplies. He left a g-arrison 
 at Fort Deposit, and departed with only two days' supplies 
 for Ten Islands, in the Coosa River, where many Indians of 
 the peace party were surrounded by the war party. The 
 Tennessee troops took an important part in the battle of Tal- 
 
 THK HBRMITAGK, NBAR NASHVII.I.E). 
 
 lushatchee, which was foug-ht November 3, 1813. This place 
 was about ten miles from Ten Islands. A larg-e band of hos- 
 tile Indians occupied it. Jackson sent Coffee with nine hun- 
 dred men to destroy them. Coffee crossed the Coosa River 
 iust above Ten Islands and surrounded the town at 
 daylig-ht. He then sent Colonel Alcorn with the cavalry 
 to the rig-ht, whilst he and Colonel Cannon marched to 
 the left. Two companies were sent into the town at sunrise 
 to drive the Indians out. When Coifee's troops were attacked 
 they beg-an to retreat. The Indians, believing this to be the 
 entire force, came rushing- out. The reserve troops fired and 
 
THK CKEliK WAR. 73 
 
 charg-ed. The historian says all the Indians perished in the 
 battle. 
 
 Shrewd Tactics. — Soon after this battle, Jackson built 
 Fort Strother at Ten Islands, which was a very necessary fort 
 till the war ended. The fort beings finished, Jackson received 
 re-enforcements from General Cocke, of East Tennessee, but 
 sent these men to White with orders to move forward to Fort 
 Strother and hold it while he relieved friendly Indians encir- 
 cled at Talladeg-a by a body of the war party. There were 
 one thousand besiegers at Fort Talladega. Jackson forded 
 the Coosa and marched hastily till he arrived very near, when 
 a courier informed him that White had orders from Cocke to 
 fall back and join him and he obeyed. It being too late for 
 Jackson to change his tactics, he resorted to the same mode 
 which was successful at Tallushatchee, and it was here suc- 
 cessful. The Indians lost about thirty killed and many 
 wounded. Jackson's loss was comparatively small, only fifteen 
 killed and eighty- five wounded. After one day he returned to 
 Fort Strother, which had not been disturbed. 
 
 A Plea for Peace. — The Indians of the Hillabee towns 
 sent to General Jackson, begging for peace, which was grant- 
 ed; but General Cocke's army, not knowing of this, fell upon 
 them and killed quite a number. Presuming that Cocke was 
 acting under Jackson's orders, the Indians fought with re- 
 newed vigor and unyielding determination. General Cocke 
 was court-martialed, but was acquitted. Hungry and homo- 
 sick, Jackson's men were about to disband. He had to threaten 
 to shoot them to keep them in line. All this time he was 
 trying to get provisions from Tennessee. 
 
 Marching and Fighting.— Jackson's men became muti- 
 nous, and he found himself again in the command of short 
 term men, but by sagacity he quieted them for a time. Jack- 
 
74 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 son enlisted troops to meet the British in New Orleans in 
 1812. When he arrived at Natchez, Miss., he was ordered to 
 muster out his men there. This he refused to do, but raising- 
 supplies, marched them to Columbia, Tenn., and disbanded 
 them near their homes. Jackson foug-ht bravely with these 
 short term men. From Fort Strother he marched to Tallade- 
 g-a, where he was re-enforced by friendly Indians. Here he 
 learned that many Creeks had met at Kmucfau, on the Talla- 
 poosa, with hostile intentions. Jackson hurried to attack 
 them, and on January 22, the Creeks were repulsed, falling- 
 back to their camp. Coffee went to attack them, but finding- 
 them too strong-ly fortified, he withdrew and joined Jackson. 
 The Indians attacked our army and the battle was keenly con- 
 tested but with no decisive results. Jackson declined to fol- 
 low them, deciding- to return to Fort Strother. On his way 
 he was attacked by the Indians near Enotachopco, where 
 Coffee was wounded. Here the Indians were repulsed, and 
 Jackson continued his retreat to Fort Strother. 
 
 The Horseshoe, Red Eagle, Etc.— The last and the 
 most fiercely contested battle was at the Horseshoe, or Toho- 
 peka. In February, 1814, Jackson had about five thousand 
 men, the Creeks about one thousand. Jackson manned his 
 forts and left garrisons at them, and marched out with three 
 thousand men to attack the Creeks at the Horseshoe, or To- 
 hopeka, in the bend of the Tallapoosa. Fearing- and antici- 
 pating- an attack, the Creeks were well fortified, but Jackson 
 went before their massive breastworks, sending- Coffee with 
 seven hundred cavalry and six hundred friendly Indians down 
 the river. Coffee had their canoes stolen, and then set fire to 
 their camps. Realizing- the situation, the Creeks foug-ht 
 bravely. Remembering- the Hillabee campaig-n, they de- 
 cided to fight it out with no concessions. Fully seven hun- 
 dred were slain. After this battle, Red Eagle surrendered, 
 
THK CREEK WAR. 75 
 
 which closed the war. He then came to Tennessee and lived 
 a year at the Hermitage with Old Hickory, and then returned 
 to Alabama, his home, where he had a large posterity, who 
 intermarried with the whites, and whose descendants are 
 proud of their ancestors. 
 
 Questions.— 1. Who was Tecumseh? What did he seek? With what 
 success? 2. By whom was the war party led? What was his idea? 
 Where was the first massacre? When? Jackson did what? Whom 
 did he fig-ht? Why? 3. Where was Ten Islands? What of the Ten- 
 nessee troops at Tallushatchee? When was this battle fought? By 
 whom? 4. What did Jackson now do? Why did Jackson go to Talla- 
 dega? 5. What did the Indians do? What mistake did Cocke make? 
 Why? What were Jackson's men? 6. Give substance of this section. 
 7. What of the battle at the Horseshoe? How many men on each side? 
 Wbich ^ide was successful? What became of Red Eagle? 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 THK WAR OF 1812-15. 
 
 The Feeling of the People. — Since the war of Independ- 
 ence, in which England lost the American colonies, chagrin 
 and resentment seemed to possess the spirit of ma.nj of the 
 people. England's policy towards this countr}^ was marked 
 by injustice and insult to which were gradually added wanton 
 outrages upon our national rights. From the frontier posts in 
 Canada, its agents jet continued, by secret intrigues and 
 bribes, to incite the savages to war and rapine upon the Wes- 
 tern settlers. 
 
 Trouble on the Seas. — The United States, with the ex- 
 ception of England, was now the greatest power in the world. 
 The contest on the seas between England and France gave to 
 our ships a safer carriage to and from all parts of the world. 
 By orders in council and decrees of both England and France, 
 the ports of these kingdoms and all their provinces were in a 
 state of blocade. American vessels sailing to or from ports of 
 one of these kingdoms were liable to be captured and made 
 prizes by the other. One thousand American vessels, trading at 
 French ports, under these orders and decrees, had been seized 
 by armed ships of England, and confiscated with their car- 
 goes. Many American seamen had been captured and im- 
 pressed into the British navy. These outrages became intol- 
 erable, and war was declared against England in June, 1812. 
 
 Preparation for War. — The United States prudently re- 
 fused to be an ally of France against England during their 
 Revolution and the reign of Napoleon, in return for the aid of 
 France in our war for Independence. Now events forced an- 
 
 (76) 
 
78 HISTORY OF TKNNKSSKE. 
 
 other alliance of the two against their old and common enemy. 
 In Tennessee the war was popular, for its people had suffered 
 the g-reatest insults from the Indian allies of Kng-land, and 
 no people had a better reason for intense resentment ag-ainst 
 the Eng-lish. The President of the United States called for 
 one hundred thousand militia, while the forces of the reg*ular 
 army were increased. 
 
 The United States Invincible.— After many cruelly and 
 keenly contested battles in various localities, in which the vic- 
 tories alternated in favor of each nation, Kng-land beg-an to 
 deem the United States invincible, as it did seem to be. So 
 gallant and crushing was the charg-e of Johnson's army in the 
 northwest, that it destroyed the British allied army and the 
 volunteers were discharg-ed and returned home. 
 
 Troops in the South.— The great battle of Waterloo, on 
 June 18, 1815, won by Lord Wellington, effected the downfall 
 of Napoleon in Europe and ended the strife between England 
 and her old enemy. The military and naval forces of Eng- 
 land could now be sent against the United States. Thir- 
 teen thousand veteran troops and a large armament of ships 
 of war sailed for the Gulf of Mexico in September, 1814, to 
 engage in an attempt to capture New Orleans and occupy the 
 south Mississippi country. Many of the detached militia 
 troops of Kentucky joined recruits from Georgia and Tennes-- 
 see to re-enforce General Jackson's army to defend New Or- 
 leans. In a month they were hastening to join Jackson, who 
 had just moved his headquarters from Mobile to New Orleans. 
 
 Concentrating Forces.— Jackson's troops were now rap- 
 idly concentrating there. He began the most active prepara- 
 tions for defense about December 1, and continued them 
 through that month. The enemy's fleat, numbering forty sail, 
 appeared in the Gulf on December 12, and anchored at Ship 
 
THE WAR OF 1812-15. 79 
 
 Island, off the Bay of St. Louis. Their armed ships were en- 
 g-ag-ed by five American gun vessels for two hours, under 
 Lieutenant Jones. Several British vessels were sunk and 
 three hundred of the crews killed and wounded, but the Brit- 
 ish captured the little American fleet, on which the loss of 
 life was smaller. 
 
 A Sharp and Bloody Engagement.— The enemy secur- 
 ing- this advantag-e, came in lig-hter vessels nearer to the city 
 throug-h the passes of Lake Borg-ne and Bayou Bienvenue. 
 General Jackson here attacked them in force on December 23, 
 and a sharp and bloody eng-ag-ement ensued. Dense fog- and 
 darkness falling- upon the armies ended the contest without 
 decisive results. The British lost nearly seven hundred men, 
 the Americans less than three hundred. Jackson now deter- 
 mined to fortify his position, act on the defensive, and force 
 the enemy to attack. On December 28, Sir Edward Packen- 
 ham, the British Commander, made a furious demonstration 
 upon the American works, but at last drew off with some loss. 
 He ag-ain repeated his attack on January 1. Jackson completed 
 his defenses the next week. 
 
 The Gallant Tennesseans Present.— Tennessee's brave 
 troops were present at the dawn of day, January 8, 1815. The 
 g-littering lines of the enemy were seen in full force and ar- 
 ray, advancing- to the assault and to the final issue of the 
 campaig-n. With crowded center and wide extended rig-ht 
 and left wing-s, the veteran soldiers of Eng-land, with the in- 
 trepid leaders, who had so successfully fought Napoleon, 
 bravely and with steady tread advanced upon the covert and 
 silent riflemen of Tennessee, Kentucky, and other portions of 
 the South. When they arrived within easy rang-e, a storm of 
 fire from the American artillery and a sheet of flame from the 
 rifles of the backwoodsmen swept down the columns of the 
 enemy and drove them back in disorder. Ag-ain their officers 
 
80 HISTORY OI'^ TKNNESvSEE. 
 
 rallied their men and led them up to the slaug-hter, and ag-ain 
 thej were repulsed. The third time this was repeated, and 
 with such disastroiis results that even the veteran soldiers 
 of England could not again be led to the charge. Generals 
 Packenham, Keene and Gibbs had fallen, with tAvo thousand 
 and two hundred of the bravest soldiers of the British army. 
 The Americans lost only thirteen men. The contrast! Jack- 
 son had about one thousand men on the opposite side of the 
 Mississippi who were driven back, but with no great loss. 
 But the great battle was decided in our favor. 
 
 Peace Restored. — Jackson had in the final engagement 
 about eight thousand men, the British thirteen thousand, of 
 whom two thousand and two hundred were killed, and the 
 rest so shattered that they and the commanding officers with- 
 drew and made good their retreat, and soon after embarked 
 upon their fleet. A treaty of peace had been signed between 
 the English and American governments before this great bat- 
 tle was fought, but owing to the slow means of communica- 
 tion of news in those days, it had not yet reached the bellig- 
 erents. What an awful carnage would have been averted 
 could this have been flashed over electric wires as messages 
 are now transmitted. Peace being restored, the Tennessee 
 troops returned home to enjoy a long interval of over thirty 
 years before another war. 
 
 Questions. — 1. What has seemed the attitude of the people since the 
 Revolution? 2. Name the greatest maritime powers in the world. 
 What of orders in council and decrees? 3. What was the United States 
 called on to do? Did it do it? Whj^? For how many militia did the 
 President call? 4. Give the substance of this section. 5. Whenfoug-ht 
 and Vv'hat was the result of the battle of Waterloo? Name the Generals. 
 Describe the attempt to capture New Orleans. 6. What did Jackson do? 
 Describe the attack. Result. 7. Describe General Jackson's attack. 
 What of the fog? Result? 8. Give the substance of this section. 9. 
 How many men did Jackson have? The British? How manj^ were 
 killed? What did the two armies do now? 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 AN KRA OF PKACE. 
 
 Hostilities Ceased. — The g-ood ang-el of peace came at 
 last bring-ing- joy to the hearts of all American citizens, who 
 were wearied by the three years of war. When hostilities 
 ceased it seemed a g-reat thing- to our people to again enjoy 
 the full benefits of trade and commerce. British cruisers had 
 made many f oreig-n commodities very scarce and costly. It was 
 therefore gratifying- to the people to see the stores again filled 
 with goods. These nations agreed to stop without settling a 
 single one of the causes of the war. England did not even agree 
 to cease impressing men from the United States navy, but 
 this was no more practiced. The treaty of peace was ratified 
 by the United States Senate, February 7, 1815. 
 
 An Era of Peace. — Tennessee had her trials and triumphs 
 through successive wars for almost forty years, until 1815. 
 We are now introduced to an era of peace and political and 
 material progress of thirty years' continuance to the war with 
 Mexico. Political, social, religious and commercial questions 
 now make up the events of history in the main. Our State 
 had already produced her share of the great and useful inven- 
 tors of note in industrial histor}^ 
 
 Candidates for Governor. — In 1815, Joseph McMinn, 
 Robert Weakley, Jesse Wharton, Robert C. Foster and Thomas 
 Johnson were candidates for Governor. Joseph McMinn was 
 elected and served till 1821. The election of Governor was now 
 biennial, but McMinn overcame all opposition and was twice 
 re-elected. Joseph McMinn was formerly a Pennsylvania far- 
 
 (81) 
 
82 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 mer, but came to Tennessee after the Revolution and located 
 in Hawkins County. He had little ability, but had held sev- 
 eral offices before he was elected Governor. He was a plain 
 Quaker, but his neig-hbors admired him very much. 
 
 Common Schools. — Jefferson's wise plans for common 
 schools were almost inoperative here. The wealthy sent their 
 children to seminaries and other g-ood schools, or provided 
 tutors for them, and stigmatized the common schools as the 
 pauper schools. In 1816 an act levied a tax for the education 
 of the orphans of those persons who had died in the service of 
 the country. In 1817 the school lands were leased for the pur- 
 pose of aiding- schools. Althoug-h some of the best men in the 
 State labored earnestly to secure an efficient system, the idea 
 that free schools were established only for the poor of the com- 
 munity could not be eradicated, and failure was the result. In 
 1827 a school fund was created. Two years later an act was 
 passed establishing- a system of public schools. 
 
 Lands Purchased. — The Chickasaw Indians yet owned 
 the territory west of the Tennessee River in both Kentucky 
 and Tennessee, a body of seven million acres. In October, 
 1818, the general government purchased this from the Indians 
 for twenty thousand dollars, to be paid in fifteen annual in- 
 stallments. In 1817 a petition was signed by many of the 
 leading men of the State to locate a branch of the United 
 States Bank at Nashville, but before it was considered the 
 Legislature passed a law forbidding the opening of such a 
 bank in Tennessee. Ten years later the law was repealed and 
 the bank, with a nominal capital of one million dollars, was 
 established and did business until, in 1832, President Jackson 
 vetoed the bill re-chartering the United States Bank, and it 
 ceased to exist. 
 
 A Disastrous Financial Panic. — The Tennesseans in 
 common with the people of the Western States experienced a 
 
AN ERA OF PKACK. S3 
 
 disastrous financial panic in 1820. Governor McMinn con- 
 vened the Leg-islature in extra session to provide means of 
 relief. On July 26 an act was passed to establish a bank of 
 the State of Tennessee, for the purpose of relieving- the dis- 
 tress of the community and improving- the revenues of the 
 State. The capital stock was fixed at one million dollars, in 
 bills payable to order or bearer, to be issued on the credit and 
 security of the borrower, and the whole to be warranted by 
 the State on the proceeds of the sales of public lands. The 
 Treasurers of East and West Tennessee were ordered to de- 
 posit all public moneys in the bank, and the Governor was au- 
 thorized to issue stock bearing- six per cent, interest, to an 
 amount not exceeding- two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. 
 By the injudicious manag-ement of the bank it was found neces- 
 sary to abolish it in 1833, by the sug-g-estion of Governor 
 Carroll. It had done very little g-ood. 
 
 Candidates for Governor. — William Carroll, in 1821 was 
 a candidate for Governor, opposed by Edward Ward. Carroll 
 was overwhelmingly elected and held this position till 1827. 
 In the last two campaig-ns he had no great opposition. Wil- 
 liam Carroll was born in Penn- 
 sylvania in 1789, but moved to 
 Nashville in 1810 and opened a 
 nail store. He delighted in mili- 
 tary tactics. He was in all things 
 conscientious and careful. In 
 many things he was wrong, but 
 he had great influence with the 
 Legislature. The census in 1820 
 showed three hundred and thirty- 
 nine thousand nine hundred and 
 twenty-seven whites, two thou- Gov. william carroi^l. 
 sand seven hundred and thirty-nine free negroes, and eighty- 
 
84 HISTORY OF TKNNKSSEE. 
 
 two thousand eight hundred and eighty-four slaves in Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 The History of Tobacco cultivation in Tennessee dates 
 back to its earliest settlement. The pioneers who settled 
 in the fertile valleys of the Watauga, Nolichucky and Hols- 
 ton Rivers raised it for their own consumption. The 
 Cumberland settlers also cultivated it. By 1820, seven 
 thousand hogsheads were annually sent to New Orleans 
 and exchanged for coifee, sugar, salt and other com- 
 modities. In 1818 the extinguishment of Indian titles in West 
 Tennessee added immensely to the available area for cultiva- 
 tion. Prices were low, but it is said the cost of production 
 was less than one dollar per hundred pounds. From 1830 to 
 1840 its culture was widely extended. Henry County, in 1840, 
 made nine million four hundred and seventy-nine thousand 
 and sixty-five pounds. In 1842 the first effort was made to 
 establish a tobacco market at Clarksville, and in 1845, ware- 
 houses were erected for the care and inspection of tobacco. 
 This is now the great staple of Middle Tennessee. Clarks- 
 ville is now one of the largest tobacco markets in the world. 
 It has sold over thirt^^-six million pounds in a single year. A 
 few other cities sell it. 
 
 Our Guest. — The State was, in 1825, graced by the visit 
 of General Lafayette. A half century before he had left his 
 wife and all the charms of life in Paris to do battle in behalf 
 of the struggling American colonies. After acting a distin- 
 guished part in the French Revolution, he had returned as 
 the Nation's guest to receive the thanks of another generation 
 for the great services he had rendered in the past. He went 
 from State to State, everywhere greeted with the utmost love 
 and veneration. He soon returned to France in the United 
 States ship Brandy wine, after receiving princely recognition 
 and rewards from Congress. 
 
COURT HOUSE, CLAKKSVILLE. 
 
86 HISTORY OF tknnesske;. 
 
 Price of Cotton. — In this year also, considerable excite- 
 ment was created on account of an extraordinary advance in 
 the price of cotton. In a few weeks it rose from twelve tc 
 tliirty-two cents a pound. This g-reat advance was only tem- 
 porary, and many people were ruined by the sudden and un- 
 expected decline. 
 
 South Boundary Line. — In 1819 James Brown and Gen- 
 eral James Winchester ran the south boundary line between 
 Tennessee and Mississippi, beg-inning- at the northwest corner 
 of the State of Alabama and running- due west on thirty-fifth 
 degree latitude; the line ran to the lower end of President's 
 Island, about four miles below Fort Pickering, and ten miles 
 below the mouth of Wolf River. The previous year West 
 Tennessee was purchased from the Chocktaws and Chickasaws. 
 
 General Jackson and the Democrats favored a tariff 
 for revenue. They contended that the National Bank was not 
 only unauthorized by the Constitution, but dang-erous to the 
 liberties of the people. They were likewise unfriendly to the 
 plan of making- the States pensioners of the g-eneral Govern- 
 uient, as proposed in the policy of distribution. 
 
 Animosity. — Soon g-reat rancor developed between the two 
 parties, both of which had lately been included in the Repub- 
 lican party. Henry Clay and John Randolph inaug-urated 
 animosities by a duel, and soon in Tennessee, as elsewhere, 
 amenities were but little regarded between Democrats and 
 Whig-s. 
 
 Different Opinions. — This was very absurd. All were 
 citizens of a free country, and were entitled to hold and ex- 
 press opinions as to which was the best policy for the g-overn- 
 ment to pursue. God has so constituted men that, if neces- 
 sary, they must differ in opinion on all subjects. How weak 
 
AN KRA OF PKACK. 87 
 
 and wicked, then, is the man who hates his brother because 
 of failure to agree on matters that are, after all, involved in 
 doubt. 
 
 The Constitution. — It has always been so, however, for 
 when the Constitution was framed in Philadelphia, in 1787, 
 all the States but Massachusetts recognized the leg-alitj of 
 slave property. Very soon afterwards the * 'Society of Afri- 
 can Emancipation," with Dr. Benjamin Franklin as its Presi- 
 dent was org-anized. It petitioned Cong-ress to abolish slavery 
 in the States and Territories, but :was answered that the Con- 
 stitution left this matter to the States, and that the Federal 
 authorities had no power to do it. 
 
 Questions.— How did the people feel at the return of peace? What 
 had British cruisers done? 2. What had Tennessee done? To what 
 are we now introduced? What has our State produced? 3. Who were 
 the candidates for Governor in 1815? Who was elected? For how long-? 
 4. What did the people think of free schools? 5. Who owned the West 
 Tennessee territory? How many acres in it? What of the bank of 
 Nashville? Capital? 6. What was experienced in 1820? What did the 
 Governor do? Why? 7. In 1821 who were the candidates for Governor? 
 What was the census in 1820? 8. What can you say of tobacco culture? 
 Name a market. 9. What occurred in 1825? What did he g-et? 10. 
 What created excitement? Result of panic? 11. Who ran the south 
 boundary line? When? 12. What did Jackson favor? What of the 
 bank? 13. What developed from the two parties? 14. Why was this 
 absurd? 15. How many States recog-nized the leg-ality of slavery? 
 What was the object of the "Society of African Kmancipation?" 
 
CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 INSTITUTIONS ORGANIZED. 
 
 Nashville the Capital. — The Leg^islature met at Mur- 
 freesboro from 1819 to 1826, but Governor Carroll, April 8, 
 1826, in a proclamation, declared Nashville the Capital of the 
 State from May 1, ensuing-. The cotton crop of the State for 
 1826 was estimated at fifty .thousand bales. During- this year 
 the first newspaper at Memphis, ''The Memphis Advocate," 
 was established. The Nashville Bank failed. General Wil- 
 liam White and Samuel Houston foug-ht a duel. 
 
 Samuel Houston Elected Governor. — In 1827 Samuel 
 Houston was elected Governor, serving till April 16, 1829, 
 when he resig-ned, and William Hall, Speaker of the Senate, 
 
 became Governor, serving- till Octo- 
 ber 1, 1829. Samuel Houston was 
 born near Lexing-ton, Rockbridg-e 
 County, Virg-inia, March 2, 1793. 
 He enlisted as a common soldier in 
 the war of 1812, was chosen ensig-n, 
 and foug-ht under Jackson with a 
 courag-e that won his lasting- friend- 
 ship. In 1823 he was chosen mem- 
 ber of Cong-ress. In January, 1829, 
 he married, and in the following- 
 GOV. SAMUEi. HOUSTON. April, for reasons never made pub- 
 lic, abandoned wife and country. The Texas war offered a 
 new field for his ambition and he was made Commander-in- 
 Chief. The Americans at first sustained some severe defeats, 
 and Houston was obliged to retreat before the Mexicans under 
 
 (88) 
 
INSTITUTIONS ORGANIZED, 
 
 89 
 
 Santa Anna for nearly three hundred miles, but suddenly turn- 
 ing- on his pursuers, he fought the remarkable and decisive bat- 
 tle of San Jacinto, April 21, 1836, and at one blow annihilated 
 the Mexican army and achieved the independence of Texas. The 
 hero of San Jacinto was elected first President of Texas, and re- 
 elected in 1841, and on the annexation of Texas to the United 
 States in 1845, was sent to Congress. In 1859 he was elected 
 Governor of Texas. He opposed secession, but retired to pri- 
 vate life when opposition was fruitless, and died in 1862. 
 
 Governor William Hall. — William Hall was born in Vir- 
 ginia and came to Tennessee when young; had been Sheriff of 
 Sumner County, Brigadier-General of the Fourth Regiment of 
 State Militia during the Creek 
 war, at various times a member of 
 the Legislature, and, in 1823, 
 Speaker pro tem. of the Senate. 
 He possessed the important quali- 
 fication of being an intimate 
 friend of Jackson. 
 
 The Penitentiary. — October 
 28, 1829, the act providing for the 
 building of a penitentiary became 
 a law. Ten acres of ground, 
 about one mile southwest of the 
 Court House in Nashville, was 
 selected as a site, and work began immediately under the su- 
 pervision of the architect, David Morrison, who quarried upon 
 the grounds, the rock used in its construction, and so vig- 
 orously was the work prosecuted that a proclamation was is- 
 sued by the Governor, January 1, 1831, announcing the peni- 
 tentiary open to receive prisoners. The cost of the building 
 wa3 about fifty thousand dollars. In 1857, the west wing was 
 added at a cost of thirty-six thousand dollars, and in 1867, 
 
 GOV. WILLIAM HALL. 
 
90 HISTORY OF TKNNESSEK. 
 
 two large shops, known as, the east and west shops, were built. 
 Its first prisoner was W. G. Cook, from Madison County, con- 
 victed of malicious stabbing- and assault and battery. Being- 
 a tailor, he made his own clothes. 
 
 The Departments of the Penitentiary. — The cholera, 
 in 1833, invaded the penitentiary, and its ravages were so 
 rapid that in a few days business was suspended and an extra 
 force of nurses and physicians employed. Not one of the 
 eighty-three convicts escaped the disease, and nineteen died. 
 The State utilized this convict labor in manufacturing various 
 articles of trade. The departments soon added were: shoe- 
 making, coopering, stone-cutting, tailoring, chair-making, 
 blacksmithing, hatting, wagon-making, carpentering, and 
 brick-laying. The State endeavored to employ the convicts, as 
 far as possible, upon such work as would least compete with 
 private manufacture. 
 
 The Convicts Leased. — This system was continued till 
 
 1866, when the inspectors reported that for the previous thirty 
 years this institution had cost the State an average of fifteen 
 thousand dollars a year. At its session in that year, the Leg- 
 islature passed an act to establish a board of three Directors, 
 who were authorized to lease the convicts, prison and ma- 
 chinery to the highest bidder for a term of four years. The 
 lease was made to Hyatt, Briggs and Moore, afterward Ward 
 and Briggs, at forty cents a day for each convict, and the 
 State was to provide guards to preserve discipline. In May, 
 
 1867, three hundred mutinous convicts attempted to escape, 
 and not succeeding, in the following month they burnt the 
 east shops. The lessees refused to pay for the labor and 
 claimed damages because the State did not preserve order. 
 Finally the State paid them one hundred and thirty-two thou- 
 sand two hundred dollars and sixty-four cents for damages 
 and material lost. 
 
INSTITUTIONS ORGANIZED. 91 
 
 A New Site. — In 1871, it was leased to Cherry, O'Connor 
 & Co., and ag-ain in 1876. It then paid the State over one 
 hundred thousand dollars a year. After this the Tennessee 
 Coal, Iron & Railroad Company, with headquarters at Tracy 
 City, leased it. The Leg-islature of 1893 abolished the old 
 prison at Nashville, and authorized a committee to purchase 
 another site and connect the prison with a farm and coal mines, 
 believing- this would secure better results and ameliorate many 
 of the hard features of prison life. 
 
 A Lunatic Hospital.— The Legislature, October 19, 1832, 
 passed an act to build a lunatic hospital to be located at Nash- 
 ville. A site one mile from the city was secured and ten 
 thousand dollars appropriated to pay for the same and erect 
 suitable building-s. The asylum was not ready for occupancy 
 till 1840. In 1843 there were only thirteen patients in this 
 institution which had cost over fifty-six thousand dollars. 
 In 1847 Miss D. L. Dix visited Tennessee and found the ac- 
 commodations for the insane inadequate. She memorialized 
 the Leg-islature for its betterment. Disposition was made of 
 the hospital and site, and a healthy location secured, upon 
 which a commodious and mag-nificent structure was erected 
 which for a long- time was amply sufficient to accommodate 
 the insane of the State. 
 
 Accommodations Insufficient.— The Superintendent of 
 this asylum, in 1883, urged the Leg-islature, as he had done 
 previously, to provide more ample accommodations for the in- 
 sane. At its session in this year the Leg-islature appropri- 
 ated eig-hty thousand dollars for the erection of the Kast Ten- 
 nessee Insane Asylum, near Knoxville. The orig-inal appro- 
 priation being- exhausted, in 1885 the Leg-islature g-ranted 
 ninety-five thousand dollars more for its completion. March 
 1, 1886, this asylum was ready for occupancy. Its site, Lyon's 
 
92 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 View, is one of the most beautiful and desirable that could 
 have been obtained. 
 
 Another Asylum. — With these two large asylums, it was 
 found necessary to provide another for the rapidly increasing- 
 number of insane, and an appropriation of eig-hty-five thou- 
 sand dollars was made for the erection of a similar institution 
 near Bolivar, in Hardeman County. This building-, con- 
 structed of brick with white stone trimming's, cost over two 
 hundred thousand dollars, and accommodates hundreds of the 
 unfortunate wards of the State. 
 
 Tennessee Agricultural and Horticultural Society. 
 
 — As early as 1834 or 1835 the Tennessee Ag-ricultural and 
 Horticultural Society was org-anized, and annual fairs were held 
 for a few years which did much to develop these industries 
 in the State. This society was represented by some of the 
 best men in the State. In 1840 it established the "Tennessee 
 State Ag-riculturist," with Tolbert Fanning-, editor. For the 
 promotion of farming-, the Tennessee State Ag-ricultural So- 
 ciety was org-anized in 1842, with authorized capital stock of 
 one hundred thousand dollars. 
 
 The Medical Society of Tennessee was incorporated by 
 
 an act of the Leg-islature, passed January 9, 1830. One hun- 
 dred and fifty-four physicians, residing- in the various coun- 
 ties of the State, were named in the charter. They were al- 
 lowed to appoint boards of censors, to g-rant licenses to appli- 
 cants to practice medicine. The first meeting- was held in 
 Nashville, May 3, 1830, and its organization completed by 
 adopting- a constitution and by-laws and a code of medical 
 ethics, and electing- officers for two years. 
 
 The First Constitution of Tennessee had been so wise- 
 ly constructed as to subserve its purpose for forty years with- 
 
WlmMi^&li 
 
 jhM 
 
94 HISTORY OF TKNNESSEK. 
 
 out urg-ent necessity being- felt for its revision. In 1833, in 
 response to a demand in various directions for its amendment, 
 the Leg-islature passed an act, November 27, providing- for the 
 calling- of a convention, which should consist of sixty mem- 
 bers, who should be elected on the first Thursday and Friday 
 of March following, and that it should meet at Nashville on 
 the third Monday in May. On May 19, 1834, it assembled 
 and elected Willie Blount, of Montg-omery County, temporary 
 Chairman, and W. B. Carter was elected President. Many 
 chang-es were made in the old Constitution. 
 
 A Supreme and Despotic Power.— Before this revision, 
 a supreme and despotic power was g-iven the Leg-islature, whose 
 members usually had the leisure to be candidates and the 
 means to be successful. Those primitive days had election 
 expenses. The Leg-islature elected all judg-es. State attor- 
 neys and justices of the peace. Justices. of the peace com- 
 posed the County Courts, who elected the sheriff, coroner, 
 trustee and constable. These of&cers were almost unimpeach- 
 able. The convention adjourned Aug-ust 30, 1834. In 1830 the 
 census showed five hundred and thirty-five thousand seven 
 hundred and forty-six whites, and one hundred and forty-six 
 thousand one hundred and fifty-eig-ht slaves in Tennessee. 
 
 Questions. — 1. Where had the lyegislature beemneeting? What did 
 the Governor announce? 2. What occurred in 1827? Give a short 
 sketch of the life of Houston. 3. Who was elected Governor? 4. What 
 of the penitentiary? Where located? 5. What occurred in it in 1833? 
 Name its business departments. 6. What did the Inspectors report? 
 Whj^ was it leased? With what result? 7. Who were the lessees? What 
 was done in 1893? 8. What of insane asylums? How many are there and 
 what have they cost? 9. Give the substance of this section. 10. Name 
 and locate the third asylum. 11. When and for what purpose was the 
 Tennessee Agricultural and Horticultural Society organized? 12. 
 When was the Medical Society organized? 13. What of the first Con- 
 stitution of Tennessee? How many members revised it? 14. Give the 
 substance of this section. 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 
 GREAT HEROES ELEVATED. 
 
 The Illustrious Jackson. — General Jackson was pre- 
 eminently a military man, born with the martial instinct, 
 and a Revolutionary soldier at the childish age of thirteen. 
 He was born in North Carolina, but his parents moved. to 
 Tennessee while he was but an infant. His career in camps 
 and upon his country's battlefields had left to the rugged sol- 
 dier but little time for courtly graces or a finished education, 
 but the native vigor of his mind was wonderful, and his hon- 
 esty absolutely incorruptible. When approached by Clay's 
 friends for a bargain in 1824, he bluntly told them that he 
 would see them, and Mr. Clay himself, sunk into the earth be- 
 fore he would soil his honor by such foul huckstering and de- 
 fiance of the people's will. 
 
 His View of Matters. — Adams' unscrupulous conduct in 
 his midnight appointments really forced upon Jackson the 
 sweeping displacements by which numbers were thrown out 
 of ofiice and their places supplied by Democrats. Then, too, 
 he might have thought he was bound in honor to reward the 
 Democracy for its services, and console it for its former dis- 
 appointment. He could, in all seriousness, have claimed that 
 every man appointed by Adams was fraudulently appointed 
 and was therefore unworthy of the place. 
 
 Loyal and Brave. — Jackson's services to his country were 
 vast and varied. For over half a century he had been its 
 brave and faithful soldier against foreign and domestic foes, 
 and he was in every way worthy of the honor conferred by 
 
 the gift of the Presidency. His two terms of office were from 
 
 (9r.) 
 
96 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 1829 to 1837. He was a true friend, and an open, honorable 
 enemy, and possessed of indomitable courag-e. His diplomacy 
 savored rather of the camp than the court, but it was most 
 effectual. By the treaty of 1831, Prance agreed to pay to the 
 United States five million dollars indemnity for injuries to 
 American commerce. 
 
 Equal to the Emergency. — In 1834 that nation had not 
 paid the money, and Jackson ordered home the American min- 
 ister then at Paris, and advised that French vessels should be 
 seized in lieu of the money. His method proved effectual, and 
 France at once paid the amount promised. 
 
 Jackson Rather Dictatorial. — In personal character 
 Jackson was rather dictatorial — the result, no doubt, of a life 
 spent in military commands where he was supreme, and 
 where such seeming- lordliness mig-ht easily have been ac- 
 quired. He was what Dr. Johnson called a *'g-ood hater," but 
 he was also the staunchest of friends to those in whom he 
 placed confidence, or to whom he owed g-ratitude. 
 
 National Banks. — He was the uncompromising enemy of 
 that first of American money monopolies, the National Bank, 
 and vetoed and re-vetoed it with a will. Doing- nothing- until 
 he was assured that he was in the right, he seldom faltered or 
 turned back. 
 
 Jackson's Cabinets. — President Jackson's first Cabinet 
 was: Martin Van Buren, New York, Secretary of State; S. D. 
 Ingram, Pennsylvania, Secretary of tlie Treasury; John H. 
 Eaton, Tennessee, Secretary of War; John Branch, North Car- 
 olina, Secretary of the Navy; W. T. Barry, Kentucky, Post- 
 master-General; John McPherson Berrien, Georgia, Attorney- 
 General. Jackson's first Cabinet did not heartily co-operate 
 with him, and in the formation of his second Cabinet the fol- 
 
GREAT HEROES ELEVATED. 97 
 
 lowing- were selected: Edward Living-ston, Louisiana, Sec- 
 retary of State; Louis McLane, Delaware, Secretary of the 
 Treasury; Lewis Cass, Ohio, Secretary of War; Levi Wood- 
 bury, New Hampshire, Secretary of the Navy; Roger B. Taney, 
 Maryland, Attorney-General; W. T. Barry, Kentucky, Post- 
 master-General. 
 
 Great Events. — The principal occurrences during- Jack- 
 son^s administration were the Black Hawk and Seminole wars, 
 the tariff legislation, South Carolina nullification, vetoing the 
 National Bank charter renewal, removal of g-overnment funds 
 from the National Bank, admission of Arkansas, anti-slavery 
 agitation, the g-reat panic, twenty million dollar fire in New 
 York, and the massacre of Major Dade and his command of 
 one hundred and seventeen men, but a single one escaping. 
 
 Candidates for Governor. — In 1829, in the election for 
 Governor, William Carroll was a candidate and was elected, 
 serving- till 183b, when Newton Cannon was elected, defeating- 
 William Carroll and West H. Humphreys. Cannon served till 
 1839. In those days there were no strong- issues to ag-itate 
 the people as there are now. The masses were ignorant and 
 did not know the real issues, hence party favoritism was a 
 strong incentive in the elections, the voters thinking little of 
 qualification. 
 
 Hugh Lawson White was born in North Carolina, Octo- 
 ber 30, 1773, and removed to Knox County, Tennessee, in 1786. 
 In 1796 he began the practice of law, and was Judge of the 
 Supreme Court of Tennessee from 1801 to 1815, except from 
 1807 to 1809, during which period he was State Senator. In 
 1815 he became President of the old State Bank of Tennessee. 
 In 1825 he was elected to the United States Senate, and was 
 acting Vice-President of that body in 1832. He was re-elected 
 
98 
 
 HISTORY OF TKNNESSKE:. 
 
 to the United States Senate in 1835. Jackson and his friends 
 opposed his re-election. White was a Presidential candidate 
 in 1836, receiving- only the votes of Georgia and Tennessee. 
 The Leg-islature instructed him to support the leading- meas- 
 ures of Van Buren's administration, but this he disliked, and 
 on January 27, 1840, he resig-ned. He was an elector for the 
 State at larg-e in 1840, on the Harrison ticket, but died April 
 10, 1840. 
 
 David Crockett was born in 
 
 Kast Tennessee, Aug-ust 17, 1786. 
 
 He was in the Creek war, after 
 
 which he located in Giles County, 
 
 where he was elected Colonel of 
 
 militia and to the Leg-islature. 
 
 Soon after he removed to Obion 
 
 County and was ag-ain, in 1823, 
 
 elected to the Legislature. He 
 
 was a Congressional candidate in 
 
 1825, but was defeated. Two 
 
 years later he was successful. 
 
 Not admiring Jackson, he opposed his leading measures, 
 
 which lead to his defeat for 
 re-election. He emigrated to 
 Texas and took part in the siege 
 of the Alamo. After its down- 
 fall Crockett was taken prisoner 
 and killed by the Mexicans, March 
 6, 1836. 
 
 Newton Cannon was born in 
 
 North Carolina in 1781, but re- 
 moved to "Williamson County, 
 Tennessee. In 1811 he was elect- 
 Gov. NEWTON CANNON. ed to the Legislature. He enter- 
 
 COL. DAVID CROCKETT. 
 
GREAT HEROES ELEVATED. 99 
 
 ed the Creek war as a private but was soon elected Captaia 
 and then Colonel of the Tennessee Mounted Rifles. In 1814 
 Felix Grundy resigned his seat in Congress and was succeeded 
 by Cannon, who was in Congress, one term excepted, until 
 1823; during that intermission he was negotiating a treaty 
 with the Chickasaws. Cannon, Crockett and Bell opposed 
 Jackson, and voted for Hugh L. White. They were Demo- 
 crat-Republicans. 
 
 John Bell was born near Nashville, February 15, 1797. 
 He located at Franklin, and was elected, in 1817, to the State 
 Senate, after which he devoted him- 
 self to law and literature. In 1827 
 he opposed Felix Grundy for Con- 
 gress and was overwhelmingly elect- 
 ed. Bell hated Jackson, and went 
 to Congress eager to manifest his 
 opposition. In 1834 he was elected 
 Speaker of the House of Representa- 
 tives, but Polk defeated him for it 
 in 1835. Bell remained in Congress 
 till 1837. He had no opposition in hon. john bell. 
 
 1835. He was Secretary of War in President Harrison's Cabi- 
 net in 1841. He and Tyler had an altercation, on account of 
 which he retired and declined an election to the United States 
 Senate. He was elected to the General Assembl3% 1847, and also 
 to the United States Senate in 1847, where he remained till 1859. 
 He was nominated in 1860 for the Presidency by the Constitu- 
 tional Union party, and carried Virginia, Kentucky and Ten- 
 nessee. He opposed secession, but went with his State. He 
 died September 10, 1869. 
 
 John H. Eaton was born in Tennessee in 1790. He began 
 the practice of law at Nashville. In 1818 he succeeded George 
 W. Campbell in the United States Senate, where he remained 
 
100 
 
 HISTORY OF TKNNKSSKE. 
 
 till 1829, when he became Secretary of War in Jackson's first 
 Cabinet. He was Governor of Florida Territory from 1834 to 
 1836, and Minister to Spain from 1836 to 1840. When he re- 
 turned to Tennessee he supported Harrison, which made him 
 unpopular with his old friends. He completed the "Life of 
 Jackson," begun by Reed, which was published in 1834. He 
 died in Washing-ton City in 1856. 
 
 Cave Johnson was born in Robertson County, Tennessee, 
 January 11, 1793. He practiced law till 1820, when he became 
 Circuit Judg-e. In 1829 he was elected to Cong-ress, where he 
 remained till 1837. He was Postmaster-General in Polk's 
 Cabinet, and was President of the State Bank of Tennessee 
 from 1850 to 1859. In 1863 he was elected to the State Senate 
 as a Unionist, but being- feeble in health, he declined to serve, 
 and died at Clarksville, January 23, 1866. 
 
 Felix Grundy was born September 11, 1777, in what is 
 now West Virg-inia. In 1779 he removed with his parents to 
 
 Pennsylvania and, in 1780, to Ken- 
 tucky. He was, in 1799, a member 
 of the Kentucky Constitutional Con- 
 vention, and subsequently a member 
 of the Kentucky Leg-islature. He 
 was appointed in 1806, to the Su- 
 preme Bench, and became, in 1807 
 Chief Justice of Kentucky. Resig-n- 
 ing, he went to Nashville, Tennes- 
 see, where he made the reputation 
 of being- the ablest criminal lawyer 
 in the Southwest. In 1811 and 1813 
 he was elected to Cong-ress, but re- 
 signed in 1813. ' He was an active factor in the State Leg-is- 
 lature till 1827. That year John Bell defeated him for Con- 
 
 HON. FELIX GRUNDY 
 
GRKAT HEROES EI.EVATED. 101 
 
 gress, but, in 1829, he was elected United States Senator. He 
 became Attorney-General in Van Buren's Cabinet in 1838, but 
 soon resig-ned to succeed K. H. Foster, whom the Leg-islature 
 forced to resig-n for disloyalty. Grundy had ability, energy, 
 and mag-netism. He died at Nashville, December 19, 1840, 
 
 Great Men of Tennessee. — The number of g-reat men 
 which Tennessee has produced is leg-ion. Suffice it to say that 
 not even a creditable notice can be given in a volume like this, 
 and only a few of the most conspicuous can be reviewed. Later 
 the student will study the history of the United States, in 
 which much will be found epitomized in connection with what 
 has already been learned for these men have participated in 
 national issues from the first. 
 
 Questions.— 1. What is said of Jackson? Clay? 2. What did Adams 
 do? 3. What of Jackson's services? Ability? 4. What did he do in 
 1834? Result? 5. Give his personal characteristics. Why? 6. What 
 did he oppose? Why? 7. What of his Cabinets? 8. Name the princi- 
 pal events in his administration. 9, Who was elected Governor? 
 When? 10. Sketch Hug^h ly. White's life. 11. What can you say of 
 David Crockett? 12. Outline the life of Newton Cannon. 13. Give the 
 substance of this section. 14. What of John H. IJaton? 15. Give prin- 
 cipal events in the life of Cave Johnson. 16. Tell what you know of 
 Felix Grundy. 17. What of the great men of Tennessee? 18. What 
 will you find later? 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 THE RISK OF PAKTIEvS. 
 
 Jackson's Popularity. — In the early days of Tennessee 
 there seems to have been but one party, and that was Jackson's 
 party. He had settled in the Mero District, which is now 
 Middle Tennessee, when it was covered in primeval canebrakes, 
 and was one of its first Representatives in Cong-ress, both in 
 the House and Senate, and had really little or no opposition 
 for any place in the manag-ement of public affairs that he 
 sottg-ht. 
 
 The Popular Vote in 1824.— In 1824 his State went al- 
 most solidly for him for the Presidency, and, in 1828, not 
 more than one thousand votes were cast ag-ainst him. When 
 his last term was closing-, and he declined to be a candidate 
 ag"ain, his friends desiring- to retain the Presidential hold on 
 the United States urg-ed him to support Hug-h L. White. This 
 he declined, believing- the candidates should be nominated in 
 convention. Jackson favored Martin Van Buren, of New 
 York, who had been his Vice-President. 
 
 Animosity Engendered. — This arrayed White's friends 
 ag-ainst Jackson, and seeming-ly they were g"oing- to succeed in 
 White's election, but atthis juncture journalism was thoroug-h- 
 ly org-anized all over the State, with the most brilliant con- 
 tributors. These held up in brig-ht panoramic view and 
 review the many g-reat thing-s that had characterized the 
 eventful life of Jackson, who had nominated Van Buren to 
 the Court of St. James, but whose nomination the Senate re- 
 fused to confirm. When it was publicly known that Jackson 
 preferred Van Buren it excited the ire of the leading- poli- 
 
 (102) 
 
THE RISE OF PARTIKvS. 103 
 
 ticians in Tennessee, who org-anized a party for Judg-e White, 
 denounced Van Buren's nomination, and accused Jackson of 
 deserting- them for the purpose of naming- his successor. This 
 party went in a body ag-ainst the Democratic nominee and 
 Jackson, g-iving- the vote of the State to White. 
 
 The Press Organized. — In 1837, almost the entire press, 
 and all the politicians but Polk and Grundy, were for White. 
 For a time they endeavored to show Jackson disloyal to his 
 State, and the election went for the partisans of White. This 
 made Jackson, who was then in retirement at the Hermitag-e, 
 unpleasant, after having- led such an active life. In 1838 an 
 org-anization was made by Jackson's friends to carry the election 
 in 1839. The ablest journalists were put at the helm of the 
 most influential papers, and with untiring- energ-y and zeal 
 worked for Jackson's issue. 
 
 Great Interest Shown. — In the meantime, James K. 
 Polk's term as Speaker ended, and he came home from Con- 
 gress to do battle for Democracy. The campaig-n waxed hotter 
 and hotter, until in May, June and July, up to the day of the 
 election in Aug-ust, it became the most ardent political contest 
 that had ever occurred in the State. Colonel Polk rode on 
 horseback from Carter to Shelby, making- speeches in every 
 county, and wherever the people would meet to hear him. 
 Governor Cannon, his competitor, met him everywhere. Can- 
 didates were addressing- the people every day, and the news- 
 papers were filled with crimination and recrimination. 
 
 Jackson Victorious. — Personal conflicts between parti- 
 sans occurred almost daily, and it seemed as if difference of 
 political opinions could not be tolerated in Tennessee and per- 
 sonal friendship preserved and maintained, but the result was 
 the election of Polk, Governor b}^ an immense majority. T|;ie 
 Leg-islature had a Democratic majority in both houses, by 
 
104 HISTORY OF TENNKSSEK. 
 
 which Felix Grundy was elected to tne United States Senate. 
 It was a joyous day to Jackson. 
 
 A Happy Day. — Jackson loved to tell how much he was 
 gratified when his own dear Tennessee came back to him; 
 how he knew it would do so when the people should be mad.e 
 to see the mere partisan management by which they had been 
 estranged from him; and what unbounded confidence he had 
 in their virtue and intelligence. This grand political achieve- 
 ment brought Governor Polk before the country as a man of 
 mark in his party, and contributed to give him, more than any 
 other event of his life, that prominence which led to his nomi- 
 nation and election to the Presidency in 1844. The animosity 
 of this contest grew out of a faction led by Henry Clay, of 
 Kentucky, who was a powerful and famous Whig. Clay never 
 liked Jackson, of whom he never lost an opportunity to speak 
 discreditably. 
 
 The Census of 1840. — In 1840 the census showed this 
 population in Tennessee: Whites, six hundred and forty thou- 
 sand six hundred and twenty-seven ; free negroes, five thou- 
 sand five hundred and twenty- four; slaves, one hundred and 
 eighty-eight thousand five hundred and eighty- three. 
 
 A System of Public Schools.— In the session of 1839-40, 
 the Legislature enacted a law to establish a system of public 
 schools. Laws had before been enacted but education had 
 never received the attention it deserved. Many appropria- 
 tions had been made to the support of common schools, but 
 the system adopted had proved inefficient and by no means 
 equal to the expectations of those who first established them, 
 and a prejudice existed against academies and colleges. 
 
 A Common School Convention met at Knoxville, April 
 19, 1847. It recommended the appointment of a board of edu- 
 cation for each county, whose duty would be to examine ap- 
 
THE RISE OF PARTIES. IQS 
 
 plicants and grant licenses to teachers, with various other du- 
 ties connected with the schools. They reported, in 1840, fifty- 
 eight thousand five hundred and thirty-one whites over twenty 
 years of age who could neither read nor write. This was very 
 mortifying to the people who were anxious for the education 
 of their friends and children. 
 
 VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY-MAIN BUILDING, NASHVILLE. 
 
 John A. Murrell.-The State had for a long time been 
 terrorised by John A. Murrell and his gang which T 1 835 
 was broken up by hanging five of the feaders al Vicksburg 
 ^.T^'nT' '"f ^PP°'"*''^§^ ^'§^"^°-« committees throughout 
 hadkSd °f "? ""' '"^ "^^^^<^ f°^ Murreli:;vho 
 
 propSv T''"°K'""'rP'^=^"'^ ^*°'^" much valuable 
 property. He was born m Middle Tennessee where his his- 
 
 Sencel toTh "• .''^"^^ ^"^''^ -^^P*"--^' ---ted a^d 
 sentenced to the penitentiary for life, where he died. 
 
 the^St^t?'"''"^"*'" °^ lS34.-The Presidential vote of 
 Ind nflt ""' o' '^'''^' ""*y thousand three hundred 
 
 and ninety-one; v^an Buren, Democrat, forty-eight thousand 
 
106 HISTORY OF TENNKSSEK. 
 
 two hundred and eig-htv-nine. The Constitution of 1834 
 favored internal improvements by the State, subscribing- one- 
 half of the stock in all railroad and turnpike companies, pro- 
 vided the amount of stock taken by the State had not reached 
 four million dollars. This was soon found to be unwise and, 
 in 1840, the law was repealed. 
 
 Railroads, Turnpikes, Etc.— At this period many rail- 
 roads were being- built, and the systems, after having- under- 
 g-one many chang-es, exist in modified and improved forms. 
 They have done so much for the development of the g-reat re- 
 sources of our country that prog-ressive people will always look 
 with interest to the construction of railroads, turn-pikes, and 
 the improvement of rivers, for they bear away the commerce 
 of the world, facilitate transportation, and bring- commodities 
 to our doors. 
 
 Henry Clay and the Whig Party.— Henry Clay, the 
 real founder of the Whig- party was present at the g-reat 
 Nashville Whig- Convention which met Aug-ust 17, 1840. Clay 
 was one of the greatest men of his day, and when it was known 
 that he would be present at that convention it added intensely 
 to the already g-reat interest which was developed throug-hout 
 the country. Deleg-ates were present from all over the Union, 
 and Clay made an imposing- speech in which he displayed 
 g-reat intelligence, and it created such enthusiasm that the 
 Democrats became dejected over their prospects, and the Whig- 
 candidates, Harrison and Tyler, were elected to the Presidency 
 and Vice-Presidency. After the inaug-uration Harrison lived 
 only one month, and was succeeded by Tyler. 
 
 Polk and Jones. — Polk was a fascinating- and successful 
 stump- speaker. In 1841 the Whigs were much encouraged 
 over the election of Harrison, and they nominated James C. 
 Jones for Governor. They sought a man whom they could 
 
THE RISK OF PARTIES. 
 
 107 
 
 put ag-ainst Polk, who was now very disting-uished. Jones 
 reputation as an eloquent speaker was unbounded. The cam- 
 paign elicited strong- demonstrations of party fealt}-, and re- 
 sulted in the election of Jones, Governor. 
 
 James C. Jones was born April 
 20, 1809, in Davidson County, Ten- 
 nessee. In 1837 and 1839 he was 
 elected to the L<eg"islature from Wil- 
 son County. He was an elector on 
 the Harrison ticket in 1840, was 
 Governor from 1841 to 1845, and in 
 1848, was a delegate to the National 
 Whig- Convention. He removed to 
 Memphis in 1850, and became the 
 first President of the Memphis and 
 Charleston Railroad. In 1851 he 
 was elected United States Senator, after which he was a Dem- 
 ocrat, and died at Memphis, October 29, 1859. 
 
 Questions. — 1. What of parties? Jackson? 2. What occurred in 
 1824? 3. What effect did this have? What did the Democrats do? 
 4. What was the condition of affairs in 1837? 5. What of James Knox 
 Polk? The campaig-n? 6. Who was elected Governor? United States 
 Senator? 7. Give the substance of this section. 8. What of the cen- 
 sus? 9. What of the public school system? 10. What did the Conven- 
 tion recommend? 11. What of John A. Murrell? 12. What did the 
 Constitution favor? 13. What of Railroads? Turnpikes? 14. Give the 
 substance of this section. 15. Who were the candidates for Governor? 
 Result? 16. Sketch the life of James C. Jones. 
 
 JAMES C 
 
CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 the; MEXICAN WAR. 
 
 The Agitation of Slavery from 1840 to 1850 became 
 more and more violent. The Abolitionists, avowing- a 
 law of conscience higher than the civil law, had g-rown 
 to be an organized and active 
 minority, who declared an un- 
 qualified war on slavery in 
 the South. By using money 
 and systematic agencies they 
 fearlessly entered the South and 
 aided many slaves to escape 
 from their masters. 
 
 Aaron V. Brown, Demo- 
 crat, was elected Governor in 
 1845, over Ephraim H. Foster, 
 Whig. Brown was often a 
 member of the General Assem- 
 bly in which he was prominent. 
 In 1839 he was elected to Congress where he served three 
 successive terms, and was a delegate to the Southern Conven- 
 tion at Nashville in 1850, and also to the Biltimore Convention 
 in 1852. He drafted the platform upon which Pierce was 
 elected. In 1856 the National Democratic Convention gave 
 him twenty-nine votes for the Vice-Presidency. He was Post- 
 master-General in Buchanan's Cabinet, and died in Washing- 
 ton City, March 8, 1859. 
 
 Opposition to Slavery Extension. — The Republicans 
 composed the law-abiding element of the anti-slavery party. 
 
 (108) 
 
 GOV. AARON V. BROWN. 
 
THK MEXICAN WAR. 109 
 
 They org-anized into a third national party and opposed the 
 extension of slavery beyond the boundaries of the States in 
 which it then existed, and insisted that every new State ad- 
 mitted into the Union should be, in the future, free soil. 
 In Tennessee there were, at this time, many citizens dissatis- 
 fied with slavery. 
 
 Anderson and Nicholson Resign. — In the Legislature 
 of 1841-2, the Whig-s had a majority in the Lower House. 
 With the Speaker, Samuel Turney, the vote in it stood thir- 
 teen Democrats to twelve Whig-s. White and Foster, United 
 States Senators, had resig"ncd because they could not conscien- 
 tiously obey and vote their Leg"islative instructions about the 
 United States Bank, etc. With that session, Anderson's and 
 Nicholson's appointments to the United States Senate expired. 
 The Democrats in the Senate refused to elect United States 
 Senators, and Governor Jones appointing- none, Tennessee was 
 unrepresented in the United States Senate from 1841 to 1843. 
 
 Polk for the Presidency. — At Baltimore, in 1844, James 
 Knox Polk was nominated by the Democrats, and in Novem- 
 ber was elected to the Presidency of the United States, being 
 the second Piesident from Tennessee. Van Buren was the 
 most popular candidate until by thoug-htless expressions he 
 impaired his popularity, thereby bringing- forward Polk, who 
 had been prominent in public affairs for several years, during" 
 which time he held many positions of usefulness and impor- 
 tance. 
 
 James K. Polk was born November 2, 1795, in Mecklen- 
 burg* County, North Carolina. With his father, he came to Ten- 
 nessee in 1806, was clerk of the Tennessee Senate in 1820, and in 
 1823, was a member of the Legislature. In 1825 he was elected 
 to Cong-ress, serving- continuously until 1839. From 1835 to 1839 
 he was Speaker of the House. Coming- home in 1839, he de- 
 
110 
 
 HISTORY OF TKNNKSSKK. 
 
 f eated Newton Cannon for Gov- 
 ernor, but in 1841 and 1843, 
 James C. Jones defeated him 
 for the same of&ce. The Ten- 
 nessee Leg-islature nominated 
 him for Vice-President in 1840. 
 Four years later the Democrats 
 nominated him for the Presi- 
 dency and he was elected, but 
 Clay, his competitor, carried 
 this State, the first instance in 
 which a President was elected 
 and failed to carry his State. 
 He died at Nashville, June 15, 
 1849. 
 
 PRKSIDENT JAMKS K. POLK. 
 
 A Brilliant Administration.— The country had not wit- 
 nessed a brig-hter administra- 
 tion than Polk's. In 1846 a 
 treaty was made with Great 
 Britain by which the northwest 
 boundary was determined. 
 James Buchanan succeeded in 
 securing- an ag-reement by both 
 nations to Webster's old line, 
 the forty-ninth parallel. All 
 was determined but the extreme 
 northwest corner. The treaty 
 of Washing-ton, in 1871, com- 
 pleted this. Polk's Cabinet 
 was: James Buchanan, Penn- 
 sylvania, Secretary of State; 
 POLK PLACK. R, J, Walker, Mississippi, 
 
 Secretary of the Treasury; W. L. Marcy, New York, 
 
THK MEXICAN WAR. Ill 
 
 Secretar}' of War; Georg-e Bancroft, Massachusetts, Secretary 
 of the Navy; Cave Johnson, Tennessee, Postmaster-General; 
 John Y. Mason, Virg-inia, Attorney-General. 
 
 The Mexican War. — A dispute arose over the Texas 
 boundary in which the Texans claimed west to the Rio 
 Grande. Mexico claimed east to the Nueces. By annexation, 
 this dispute was transferred to the United States. General 
 Gaines and his army had been sent long- before this to the 
 Sabine as an "army of observation." General Taylor, after- 
 wards President, and his army now became an "army of occu- 
 pation" to g'uard the disputed territory between the Nueces 
 and the Rio Grande. General Taylor was ordered back under 
 penalty of war by General Santa Anna. This hastened Tay- 
 lor in fortifying-. The Mexicans crossed the Rio Grande and 
 captured a detachment of men in which eng^ag^ement several 
 Americans were killed. 
 
 Governor Brown's Call For Volunteers. — In 1846 
 Governor Brown issued a call for two thousand and eig-ht hun- 
 dred volunteers, to which thirty thousand responded. In the 
 first conflict at Palo Alto, Taylor defeated the Mexicans. 
 The next day he defeated the Mexican army at Resaca de la 
 Palma. These battles caused Cong-ress, May 13, 1846, to de- 
 clare war. Taylor remained at Matamoros till the autumn of 
 1846. From Matamoros he marched to Monterey, and after a 
 four days' fig-ht that city was captured. Taylor met the Mexican 
 General, Santa Anna, who had twenty thousand men at Buena 
 Vista, on February 23, 1847, and again the Mexicans were re- 
 pulsed. In the meantime General Winfield Scott was doing- 
 valiant services in Central Mexico. Santa Anna sent a de- 
 mand to Taylor for an unconditional surrender. Taylor's re- 
 ply was: "General Taylor never surrenders." 
 
 Victory Ours: Peace Restored. — General Scott landed 
 
112 HISTORY OF TENNKSSKE. 
 
 his army near Vera Cruz, and after a severe bombardment 
 captured the place, March 20, 1847. In April, Scott defeated 
 the Mexicans at Cerro Gordo, and entered La Puebla in May, 
 where he remained until August awaiting- re-enforcements. 
 These having arrived, he pushed towards the City of Mexico. 
 On August 20, Scott's forces fought and won five battles: they 
 stormed Contreras; they captured San Antonio; they stormed 
 the two fortified heights of Churubusco; and they routed Santa 
 Anna's whole army which marched out of the city to oppose 
 them. Scott then approached the city and its defenses, the 
 Castle of Chapultepec, and Molino del Rey were stormed and 
 taken by General Worth. At the gates of the city, ^ve days 
 later, the battle raged with awful fury, when the strongest 
 Mexican fort, the Castle of Chapultepec, was stormed and cap- 
 tured . The Mexican Army, during the night, left the city, and 
 the next morning the United States flag floated in triumph 
 from the national palace. This terminated the war with 
 Mexico. 
 
 Cession by Treaty. — A treaty was made which ceded 
 to the United States the country of California and New Mexico, 
 and guaranteed the free navigation of the Gulf of California. 
 The United States agreed to pay Mexico fifteen million dollars, 
 and an additional sum of three million dollars to such citizens 
 of the United States as were creditors of Mexico. This is 
 called the "Treaty of Guadaloupe-Hidalgo," from the Mexican 
 town in which it was arranged. By conquest and purchase we 
 acquired Texas, New Mexico, California, Nevada, Utah and 
 Colorado, in area a mighty empire of itself, the importance of 
 which we cannot estimate. The mineral wealth, the agricul- 
 tural and live stock products, and other resources of these States 
 and Territories affect the markets of the world. 
 
 Taylor's Popularity. — General Taylor's war record had 
 made him so popular that he was nominated and elected to the 
 
TH^ MEXICAN WAR. 113 
 
 Presidency by the Whig- party in 1848. He died July 9, 1850, 
 and was succeeded by Millard Fillmore, the Vice-President. 
 
 Questions.— 1. What was the great theme now? 2. Give a sketch of 
 Governor Brown. 3. What did the Republicans compose? 4. How was 
 the Leg-islature divided? 5. Whom did the Democrats nominate? Why? 
 6. Give a biographical sketch of him. 7. What of his administration? 
 8. What occurred between Texas and Mexico? Why? 9. Give the 
 substance of this section. 10. What of Scott's forces? 11. What did 
 the treaty cede? For what? 12. What of General Taylor? Died when? 
 Tell all you can of this war. 
 
CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 GOV. NEILL S. BROWN. 
 
 THK FEUD STRENGTHENS. 
 
 Governor Neill S. Brov^^n.— In 
 
 1847 Neill S. Brown, Whig-, was 
 elected Governor, defeating- Aaron V. 
 Brown. Neill S. Brown was born in 
 Giles Count}^ Tennessee, April 18, 
 1810. He entered the Florida cam- 
 paig-n ag-ainst the Seminoles, and 
 was conspicuous in the Mud Creek 
 battle, after which he was in the 
 Leg-islature frequently. In 1836 he 
 was on the electoral ticket for White, 
 and in 1844, for Clay. He was Gov- 
 ernor from 1847 to 1849, and in 1850, 
 He was returned to the Leg-islaiure 
 He was prominent in 
 
 was Minister to Russia. 
 in 1855, of which he became Speaker. 
 the Constitutional Convention of 
 1870, and died at Nashville in 1886. 
 
 Governor William Trousdale. 
 
 —In 1849 William Trousdale, Dem- 
 ocrat, was elected Governor over 
 Neill S. Brown. William Trousdale 
 was born in North Carolina, Septem- 
 ber 23, 1790. In 1796 his family 
 moved to Tennessee. He was in the 
 Creek war at Tallushatchie and Tal- 
 ladeg-a, and later with Jackson at 
 Pensacola and New Orleans. In 1840 
 he was a Van Buren elector. 
 
 GOV. WM. TROUSDALE. 
 
 He was in the Mexican war; in 
 
 (114) 
 
THK FEUD STRENGTHENS. 
 
 115 
 
 the battles of Contreras, Churubusco, Molino del Rey and 
 Chapultepec. In the last eng-ag-ement he was twice wounded. 
 For gallant conduct at Chapultepec the President made him 
 Brigadier-General by brevet in the United States army. Pres- 
 ident Pierce, in 1852, appointed him Minister to Brazil. He 
 died March 27, 1872. 
 
 The Southern Convention, which met in May, 1850, at 
 Nashville, was controlled by pro-slavery men, who opposed 
 Congress for taking measures to thwart slave owners of their 
 rights. There were many strong Democrats in this conven- 
 tion, who were conspicuous in favoring the resolutions which 
 this convention adopted, denouncing Congress for its action. 
 Ex-Governor Aaron V. Brown prepared the address, and A. 
 O. P. Nicholson drew up the resolutions. That element in 
 Tennessee that opposed secession knew not what to think of 
 this action. 
 
 Governor W. B. Camp- 
 bell.— In 1851 William B. 
 Campbell was elected Governor 
 by the Whigs. He was born 
 near Nashville, February 1, 
 1807. In 1829 he was elected 
 Attorney-General, and, in 1835, 
 to the Legislature. In 1836 he 
 was made Captain in Trous- 
 dale's regiment and fought 
 through the Seminole war. He 
 was a Member of Congress 
 from 1837 to 1843. He was 
 Colonel, in 1847, of the First Tennessee Regiment, which served 
 in the Mexican war, fighting at Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo and 
 Monterey. Subsequently he became Judge of the Fourth Cir- 
 cuit Court of Tennessee. He refused the command of the 
 
 GOV. WILLIAM B. CAMPBELL. 
 
116 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 Tennessee troops in the late war, because he opposed seces- 
 sion. Lincoln commissioned him Brig-adier-General in the 
 Union army but he soon resig-ned. In 1865 he was elected to 
 Cong-ress and died Aug-ust 19, 1867. 
 
 Strife Revives. — When California applied for admission 
 into the Union, the spectre of coming- strife and bloodshed 
 was seen in the renewal of the struggle over the question of 
 freedom or slavery in this new sister in the g^alaxy of States. 
 Southern men like Clay thoug-ht that the whole subject had 
 been settled in 1820, when, by the Missouri Compromise, it 
 had been ordained that involuntary servitude should not ob- 
 tain north of the g-eog-raphical line 36° 30' north latitude. 
 
 A Misunderstanding. — It was understood that the sur- 
 render of the right to own slaves north of this line was the con- 
 sideration for the admission of the right to own them south 
 of it, and that this was what the compromise meant. They 
 were told that the inhibition alone was effective, and that no 
 such converse right was intended to be conveyed as that con- 
 tended for by the South. The most log-ical of these men said 
 Cong-ress had exceeded its powers in the enactment mentioned, 
 and that no power could settle the question but the people of 
 the State. 
 
 The North Jealous.— It was seen that *'Wilmot's Pro- 
 viso," which was an amendment continually offered by Wil- 
 mot, of Pennsylvania, excluding- slavery from all future States, 
 was the fixed determination of the North. After a bitter 
 strug-gle, Henry Clay, as the last service of a long- and illus- 
 trious life, procured the passag-e of the compromise of 1850, 
 in which the only concession by the North was the '^Fug-itive 
 Slave Law." 
 
 '^Fugitive Slave Law.*' — This provided that Federal 
 courts and officers should arrest and return to their owners 
 
THE FEUD STRENGTHENS. 117 
 
 such slaves as should be found absconding- in the different 
 States, whether free or slave-holding-. This was greeted by a 
 prodig-ious outcry from the North. The North determined 
 that this national law should not be executed, and the differ- 
 ent free States enacted personal liberty laws, which made it 
 penal to aid Cong-ress in executing- its law. 
 
 Incensed and Dejected. — The Southern people were both 
 exasperated and disheartened at such manifestations, and in 
 view of such palpable violations of their plain Constitutional 
 rig-ht, beg-an to consider seriously whether in a union with the 
 North, the arbitrary will of the people of those States was to be 
 the rule of government rather than the Constitution solemnly 
 ag-reed upon between their forefathers. If it were to be so, 
 the dream of liberty, reg-ulated by law in the Federal Union, 
 was at an end. The election of Pierce to the Presidency, in 
 1852, was considered by many as a rebuke to those who had 
 been so clamorous in the North ag-ainst the compromise of 
 1850. He was a warm supporter of the rig-hts of the individ- 
 ual States, and the knowledg-e of this fact brought repose to 
 the minds of Southern men. 
 
 Improvements. — The Mississippi Central and Tennessee, 
 
 Mississippi and Tennessee, and Nashville and Knoxrille rail- 
 roads were incorporated in 1853. This year an act was passed 
 to establish a State Agricultural Bureau. Tennessee was 
 thus nobly meeting the requirements of civilization, for 
 the condition of the highways affords the truest test of a peo- 
 ple's advancement in prosperity. About this year the Masonic 
 Fraternity of Tennessee established an Institution at Clarks- 
 ville known as the Masonic University of Tennessee. This 
 school has changed several times, and is now known as the 
 Southwestern Presbyterian University. 
 
 The Whigs Defeated. — Taylor's election to the Presi- 
 
118 
 
 HISTORY OF TENNESSEK. 
 
 SOUTH WESTERN PEESBYTERIAN UNIVERSITY, GI.ARKSVILLE. 
 
 dency did not streng-then the Whig cause. In June, 1852, at 
 Baltimore, they nominated General Winfield Scott for Presi- 
 dent, and W. A. Graham for Vice-President, their best men. 
 In the election they carried only four States, showing- that the 
 star of their political destiny had forever set. Tennessee was 
 one of the four. Democratic union was strong", and at one 
 stroke two hundred and forty- five electoral votes were g-iven 
 for Franklin Pierce, and again Democracy was enthroned at 
 the helm of State. 
 
 Matthew F. Maury. — To the inventive genius of Matthew 
 F. Maury, of ^Tennessee, a naval officer, we are indebted for 
 reliable charts of winds and currents. His knowledge of as- 
 tronomy and navigation enabled him to prepare a chart, 
 showing the best route to Rio Janeiro, which was so success- 
 ful that Congress authorized him to collect information from 
 American captains who kept daily notes of the currents, 
 
THBJ FKUD STRENGTHENS. 119 
 
 winds, air and water. Manj other devices were resorted to 
 to prove the reliability of these methods. Mr. Maury collected 
 and published this matter in maps by which ships could sail 
 with more safety on all the seas, and save many millions of 
 dollars and thousands of lives. It was he who conceived the 
 possibility and feasibility of submarine teleg-raphs, and after 
 deep sea soundings were made between New Foundland and 
 Ireland, the work was begun by which Kurope and America 
 are telegraphically connected. Mr. Maury, the "Geographer 
 of the Sea," had many honors, medals and testimonials show- 
 ered upon him by the nobility of Kurope. He attended in 1853 
 a Scientific Congress at Brussels, where he was a conspicuous 
 and prominent man. 
 
 Questions.— 1. Who was elected Governor in 1847? Give a sketch of 
 him. 2. Who was elected Governor in 1849? Give a sketch of his life. 
 3. What of the Southern Convention? 4. Give a sketch of William. B. 
 Campbell. 5. What occurred now? Why? 6. What was understood? 
 7. What was "Wilmot's Proviso?" 8. What did the "Fugitive Slave 
 Law" provide? 9. How did the South feel now? 10. What University- 
 was established at Clarksville in 1850? 11. Give the substance of this 
 section. 12. What great work did Matthew F. Maury accomplish? 
 
CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 THS CRITICAI, PKRIOD. 
 
 The Candidates for Gover- 
 nor. — In 1853 the candidates for 
 Governor were Andrew Johnson, 
 Democrat, and Gustavus A. Hen- 
 ry, Whig-. They were both in- 
 fluential men whom the people 
 could trust. Johnson had risen 
 from abject povert}^ until he was 
 now regarded as one of the State's 
 best men. In this canvass he ad- 
 vocated changes in the United 
 GOV. ANDRKW JOHNSON. 3^^^^^ Constitution. He was 
 
 elected Governor in 1853 and again in 1855, defeating- M. P. 
 Gentry, Whig, in the second contest. 
 
 Andrew Johnson was born at Raleigh, North Carolina, 
 December 29, 1808. He moved to Greeneville, Tennessee, in 
 May, 1826, and was an alderman in that city from 1828 to 
 to 1830, when he became its mayor. In 1835 he was elected 
 to the Legislature, and again in 1839. In 1840 he was a Van 
 Buren elector and, in 1841, was sent to the State Senate. In 
 1843 he was elected to Congress, where he remained for ten 
 successive years. In March, 1862, he was appointed Military 
 Governor of Tennessee. He was nominated by the Republi- 
 cans, in 1864, for Vice-President and was elected. When Lin- 
 coln died, April 15, 1865, Johnson became President. Because 
 of disputes with Congress, he was impeached, but not con- 
 victed. After the expiration of his Presidential term, Tennessee 
 
 (120) 
 
THK CRITICAL PERIOD. 121 
 
 elected him to the United States Senate, where he served one 
 term. He died July 31, 1875. 
 
 Party Divisions. — In 1855 the national Whig- party was 
 hopelessly divided on slavery. About this time the American 
 party beg^an to org*anize. This party favored a chang-e in the 
 naturalization laws, making" it more difficult for foreig-ners to 
 become American citizens, and to oppose the election of for- 
 eig-n-born citizens to office. On account of the seeming- ignor- 
 ance of all issues by its leaders, it was stigmatized the 
 '*Know- Nothing-" party; it supported Gentry in his race 
 for Governor. In the first campaign, Johnson's issue was 
 that the basis of representation should be white votes without 
 reg-ard to slavery. When war became inevitable, and all the 
 Southern Senators were resig-ning, Johnson held his position 
 — the only Southern Senator who did not resign. At this 
 time Johnson was a strong Union Democrat. 
 
 Democratic Victory. — The Democrats in 1856 carried 
 Tennessee, the first time since Jackson's day. Slavery was 
 now the great issue. In 1854 the Kansas-Nebraska act became 
 a law, which asserted that Congress had no right to pass the 
 Missouri Compromise of 1820, and that any State north of the 
 line36>^° had a right, irrespective of the act, to determine 
 whether it would permit the ownership of slaves. This ex- 
 cited the greatest indignation in the North, from which events 
 were precipitated which resulted in the war. 
 
 Presidential Nominees. — In 1856 the Whigs made no 
 nomination and that party passed out of existence. The 
 Know-Nothing party nominated Millard Fillmore, of New 
 York, for President, and A. J. Donelson, of Tennessee, for 
 Vice-President. The Democrats nominated James Buchanan, 
 of Pennsylvania, and J. C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, who 
 were elected. 
 
122 
 
 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 l^;/:-!,^/:-^- 
 
 GOV. ISHAM G. HARRIS. 
 
 Governor Isham G. Harris. — In each campaig-n slavery 
 was one of the leading- issues. Johnson's term having- ex- 
 pired, the Democrats nominated 
 and elected Isham G. Harris, 
 Governor, who served three suc- 
 cessive terms. Isham G. Harris 
 was born February 10, 1818, in 
 Franklin County, Tennessee; was 
 educated at the Academy at Win- 
 chester; studied law, was admitted 
 to the bar, and commenced to 
 practice at Paris, Henry County, 
 Tennessee, in 1841; was elected 
 to the State Leg-islature as a Dem- 
 ocrat from the Counties of Henry, Weakley and Obion, in 
 1847; was a candidate for Presidential Elector in the Ninth 
 Cong-ressional District of Tennessee on the Democratic ticket 
 in 1848; was elected to Congress as a Democrat from the 
 Ninth Cong-ressional District in 1849; re-elected in 1851, and 
 nominated as the candidate of the Democratic party in 1853, 
 but declined the nomination; moved to Memphis, and there 
 resumed the practice of his profession; was a Presidential Elec- 
 tor for the State at larg-e in 1856; was elected Governor of 
 Tennessee as a Democrat in 1857, re-elected in 1859, and ag-ain 
 in 1861; was a Volunteer Aid upon the staff of the Command- 
 ing General of the Confederate Army of Tennesseee for the 
 last three years of the war; returned to the practice of law at 
 Memphis in 1867, and was engaged in it when elected to the 
 United States Senate as a Democrat in 1877 ; was re-elected to 
 the Senate in 1883, 1889, and again in 1895. 
 
 Tw^o Censuses. — Under successful administrative Govern- 
 ors, Tennessee has grown rapidly in wealth and population. 
 In 1850 the census was: seven hundred and fift3^-six thousand 
 
THK CRITICAI. PERIOD. 123 
 
 eig-ht hundred and thirty-six whites, and two hundred and 
 forty-five thousand eight hundred and eig-hty-one slaves; a 
 decade later we had eight hundred and twenty-six thousand 
 seven hundred and twenty-two whites, and two hundred and 
 eighty-three thousand and nineteen slaves or colored. Robert 
 L. Caruthers was elected Governor in 1863, but on account of 
 Tennessee being in possession of Federal troops, was unable 
 to qualify. President Lincoln appointed Andrew Johnson, 
 Military Governor, who served from 1862 to 1865. 
 
 John Brown's Raid Into Virginia.— John Brown made 
 a raid into Virginia, in 1859, to arm the slaves and incite 
 them to insurrection. This embittered the South very much, 
 notwithstanding he was hanged. It was the opinion of the 
 people that he was a crank seeking notoriety, and who 
 probably thought he would easily gain friendship of an admir- 
 ing North. 
 
 The Situation Full of Discouragement.— In 1860 the 
 situation was full of discouragement for those who loved the 
 Union. The South now seemed determined to form a sepa- 
 rate government in which the North would not be represented. 
 The Southerners were sanguine that slavery, as an institution, 
 was doomed by the North. 
 
 Questions.— 1. Who were the candidates for Governor in 1853? 2. Give 
 a sketch of Johnson's life. 3. What of parties now? Leading- issue? 
 4. Give the substance of this section. 5. Name the several nominees! 
 6. Sketch the life of Isham G. Harris. 7. What of Tennessee's 
 g-rowth? Population? 8. What of John Brown's raid? 9. What was 
 the situation now? 
 
CHAPTER XX. 
 
 THK CIVIL WAR. 
 
 Governor Harris, on January 7, 1861, convened the Gen- 
 eral Assembly, at Nashville, in extra session, and in his mes- 
 sage urg-ently placed before the Legislature the perilous con- 
 dition of affairs then existing. Among the first acts was one 
 to provide for an election of delegates to a convention, and to 
 repeal the act abolishing military duty. Messrs. L. P. Walker, 
 of Alabama, and T. J. Wharton, of Mississippi, were invited 
 to address the Legislature. Provisions were made for the 
 election of delegates to the General Convention of the South- 
 ern States. 
 
 Lincoln and Harris. — President Lincoln issued, on April 
 10, a proclamation calling for seventy-five thousand men to' 
 suppress the resistance to national 
 authority. The Secretary of War tele- 
 graphed Governor Harris for men, to 
 whom Harris replied: "Tennessee will 
 lot furnish a single man for coercion, 
 but fifty thousand, if necessary, for the 
 defense of our rights, or those of our 
 Southern brothers." President Lincoln 
 made requisition for men from Arkansas, 
 Missouri, Kentucky, North Carolina and 
 Virginia. The Governors of those 
 States replied in the negative, which 
 demonstrated their positions in this im- 
 PRES. LINCOLN, u. s. A. pending catastrophe. 
 
 The Secession Convention was voted for as follows: 
 
 (124) 
 
TPIK Civil. WAR. 125 
 
 For convention, fifty-seven thousand seven hundred and nine- 
 tj-eig-ht; no convention sixty-nine thousand six hundred and 
 seventy-five. Votes for division deleg-ates, twenty-four thou- 
 sand seven hundred and forty -nine; for Union delegates, 
 eig-hty-eig-ht thousand eig-ht hundred and three. The business 
 and interests of the State were so imperiled that Governor 
 Harris called the Leg-islature to meet ag-ain in extra session on 
 April 25. He recommended the perfecting- of an ordinance de- 
 claring- the independence of Tennessee of the Federal Union, 
 and the admission of this State into the Confederacy. The 
 Iveg-islature, on May 1, authorized the Governor to enter into a 
 military leag-ue with the Confederacy. An ordinance of seces- 
 sion was passed May 6, and June 8, the State voted one hun- 
 dred and four thousand nine hundred and thirteen for secession, 
 and forty-seven thousand two hundred and thirty-eig-ht 
 ag-ainst it. 
 
 War Begins. — Three Commissioners, Gustavus A. Henry, 
 A. O. W. Totten, and Washing-ton Barrow, were appointed 
 for that purpose. The people overwhelming-ly opposed seces- 
 sion, but Governor Harris was an outspoken secessionist. 
 When the Secession Convention was defeated, it was hoped 
 that Tennessee would remain loyal to the Union. At Fort 
 Sumter, South Carolina, on April 12, the first g-un of one of 
 the g-reatest of civil wars was fired. When Lincoln was inau- 
 gurated, the Confederates held all the forts in their territory 
 but Sumter and Pickens. When the people from Middle and 
 West Tennessee heard of the bombardment of Fort Sumter, 
 the secession inclination became irresistible, and they enthu- 
 siastically demanded immediate admission into the Confed- 
 eracy. 
 
 The League Ratification. — These Commissioners, on 
 May 7, met H. W. Hilliard, the accredited representative of 
 the Confederacy, and perfected this leag-ue, and the Leg-isla- 
 
126 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 ture on the same day ratified it. The following- acts were 
 passed: To raise and equip a provisional force of fifty-five 
 thousand volunteers and appropriated five million dollars to 
 equip them; to submit to a popular vote an ordinance to adopt 
 the Constitution of the Confederate States; to regulate the 
 pay of officers and men; and one to authorize the banks of 
 Tennessee to receive and pay out Confederate treasury notes. 
 
 Volunteers Sought. — The Confederate Capital, on May 
 21, 1861, was transferred to Richmond, Virginia. At its first 
 session, after its removal, the Confederate Congress asked for 
 volunteers and passed an act enlisting- soldiers for the army. 
 The South made an enthusiastic response to this call, Tennes- 
 see contributing the flower of her youth and manhood to swell 
 the Southern army. Gladly did they enlist and nobly did they 
 fight for a cause which they had learned to love and willingly 
 to espouse. 
 
 Uneasiness and Discontent.— The people in South Caro- 
 lina, as in other Southern States, believed the North was de- 
 termined to liberate their slaves. This necessarily created 
 much uneasiness and discontent. On December 20, a conven- 
 tion met in Charleston, in "Secession Hall," and unanimously 
 voted "that the Union now subsisting between South Carolina 
 and other States, under the name of the United States of 
 America, is hereby dissolved." Its citizens believed that the 
 Union was broken up and that South Carolina had now, as its 
 Governor said, become a "free and independent State." Two 
 Governments in peace were better than one in discord. This 
 ordinance abolished the ordinance of May 23, 1788, which rati- 
 fied the Constitution. 
 
 Buchanan's Opinion. — In the meantime, the Thirty-Ninth 
 Congress convened, and Buchanan said in his message: (1) 
 that no State could withdraw from the Union, and (2) that 
 
THE CIVIL WAR. 127 
 
 there was no power to coerce or force a State. He suggested 
 concession and conciliation. Northern sentiment assumed 
 two courses: one for Union and coercion, the other no co- 
 ercion. The South had two ideas also. One was that South 
 Carolina was too hasty, the other was "no coercion." Upon 
 the latter idea the South was almost unanimous. 
 
 The Secession of Other States followed rapidly, and 
 ere the 1st of February, 1861, Georgia, Mississippi, Florida, 
 Alabama, Louisiana and Texas, had withdrawn from the Union, 
 which created the most intense excitement. The Southern 
 States were sanguine of their rights and hoped to keep them 
 incontestable. 
 
 A Compromise Was Offered by J. J. Crittenden, of 
 Kentucky, as follows: That a Constitutional amendment be 
 drawn making the parallel 36° 30' the line between the free 
 and the slave States. From all parts of the nation petitions 
 were sent to Congress pleading for the adoption of this 
 compromise, but as the Republicans refused to stand by this 
 sentiment, the last hope vanished. Strong efforts were made 
 in the South to have secession deferred but they were futile. 
 
 Confederate States of America. — Del- 
 egates from all these States but Texas, and 
 they arrived later, met on February 4, 1861, 
 at Montgomery, Alabama, framed a govern- 
 ment and adopted the appellation, "Confed- 
 erate States of America," with Montgomery 
 as their Capital. They elected Jefferson 
 Davis, of Mississippi, President, and Alex- 
 ander H. Stephens, of Georgia, Vice-Pres- 
 ident. In March, this government was made 
 permanent. Its Constitution was modeled ^^^^' ^-^^^^^^ ^•^•^. 
 after the Constitution of the United States of America. 
 
128 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 Questions. — 1. Give the substance of this section. 2 What did the 
 Secretary of War do? What was Governor Harris' reply? 3. Where 
 did the conventions meet and whom did they nominate? What divisions? 
 Feeling-? 4. Give the substance of this section. 5. What did the Com- 
 missioners do? What acts were passed? 6. Where was the Confederate 
 Capital located? For what did the Confederate Congress ask? 7. What 
 occurred in "Secession Hall?" When? May 23? 8. What did Presi- 
 dent Buchanan suggest? Why? Southern ideas? 9. What other 
 States seceded? When? 10. Who offered a compromise? What was it? 
 Did it pass? Why? 11. What occurred February 4, 1861? Who were 
 elected officers? What of the Constitution? 
 
CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR — CONTINUED. 
 
 The Charleston Convention.— The action of the Char- 
 leston Convention created intense excitement in the South, 
 and the feeling- became very general that a dissolution of the 
 Union was impending. To prevent this, if possible, the "Con- 
 stitutional Union" party was organized. This party nomi- 
 nated, in convention in Baltimore, John Bell, of Tennessee, 
 for President, and Edward Everett, of Massachusetts, for 
 Vice-President. 
 
 No Platform Adopted.— This party adopted no platform, 
 its mission being conciliatory, hoping to unite both sections 
 of the country, and thus avert the threatened dissolution. 
 This new but vigorous party obtained many recruits from the 
 ranks of the older organizations, especially in the South. The 
 Whig party being almost extinct, many of its members joined 
 the Union party and earnestly pleaded for a preservation of 
 the Union. 
 
 The Richmond Convention met only to adjourn till after 
 the Baltimore Convention, which split into two distinct •bod- 
 ies, each nominating a Presidential ticket, a disastrous mis- 
 take and one fatal to the South. One faction of the party 
 nominated John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, for President, 
 and Joseph Lane, of Oregon, for Vice-President; the other 
 nominated Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, for President, and 
 Herschel V. Johnson, of Georgia, for Vice-President. 
 
 The Republicans Victorious. — The Republicans met at 
 Chicago and nominated Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, for 
 President, and Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, for Vice-Presi- 
 
 (129) 
 
130 HISTORY OF TKNNKSSKK. 
 
 dent. Long processions of enthusiastic party admirers pa- 
 raded frequently, and each party made a vigorous effort for 
 victory. Tennessee gave the following vote: For John Bell, 
 sixty-nine thousand two hundred and seventy- four; John C. 
 Breckinridge, sixty-four thousand seven hundred and nine; 
 Stephen A. Douglas, eleven thousand three hundred and fifty; 
 Abraham Lincoln, none. In view of these divisions, the Re- 
 publican party sprang from infancy into a gigantic party, and 
 elected its ticket by an overwhelming majority. Only one is- 
 sue was before the people in the campaign, that of slavery, 
 and Lincoln's election was purely sectional. When the lesult 
 was ascertained, the forebodings showed fated war. 
 
 The South Mortified.— The election of the Republican 
 ticket was not much of a surprise, but it disgusted the South- 
 ern leaders. The South loved the Union, for it was formu- 
 lated by their forefathers, who always referred to the compact 
 with much interest. The Constitution was the supreme law 
 of the land, and was always supported in the South. Believ- 
 ing their interests imperiled, the Southern people began to 
 look around for a remedy. 
 
 East Tennessee Loyal to the Union. — The Legislature, 
 on May 9, 1861, confirmed a list of generals of various ranks, 
 preparatory to the forthcoming contest. All the while East 
 Tennessee, aided by Brownlow, the Whig, and Johnson, the 
 Democrat, made a united effort to remain loyal to the Union. 
 Nowhere has the light of devotion to human freedom burned 
 more luminously than in the mountains of Kast Tennessee. 
 The vigorous Scotch settlers of that historic section carried 
 with them the same detestation of slavery, and reverence for 
 the rights of man that distinguished their ancestors in the 
 highlands of Scotland. 
 
 Courageous Men. — A very large part of the people of East 
 
THK Civil. WAR. 131 
 
 Tennessee remained loyal to the Union throug-hout the civil 
 war, and sent many soldiers to the Federal army. They were 
 lighting- men, these hardy mountaineers, and they never learn- 
 ed what it was to be decisively and enduringly beaten. 
 
 A Union Convention met at Knoxville, May 30, 1861, 
 and memorialized the Legislature to remain loyal, but this 
 convention was powerless to effect the desired object. It 
 elected T. A. R. Nelson, President, and John M. Fleming, 
 Secretary. It passed resolutions urging the formation of a 
 new State, and declaring its fealty to the Union, after which 
 it adjourned to meet at Greeneville, June 17, 1861, but its 
 plan never materialized. 
 
 Tennessee Leaves the Union.— Governor Harris issued 
 his proclamation, June 24, 1861, by which he declared broken 
 the tie which had hitherto bound Tennessee to the United 
 States, and, on August 1, an election was held to elect Repre- 
 sentatives to the Confederate Congress. Little of importance 
 occurred this year in the civil history of this State. To a 
 limited extent battles will be noticed outside the State of Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 The Battle of Manassas.— On July 21 the main armies 
 of the North and South met in battle array on the plains of 
 Manassas in Virginia. The signal defeat, the total rout, and 
 the wild, disorderly flight of the Union forces back toward 
 Washington, was the result. This news electrified the coun- 
 try. Neither side could honorably recede nor compromise 
 now. The North, humiliated with defeat, must retrieve her 
 honor and her fortune; the South, elated with victory, would 
 listen to nothing but a severance of the Union, which the 
 North would never admit. The sympathizers of either side 
 in Tennessee began to flock to the faction which they hoped 
 would succeed. It was in the battle of Manassas that General 
 
132 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 T. J. Jackson received the famous appellation, * 'Stonewall," 
 given by General Bee, who was rallying- his men for a desper- 
 ate charge. "Look at General Jackson! He is standing like 
 a stone wall." 
 
 Result. — A large number of arms and prisoners were cap- 
 tured in this battle, the result of which was to establish the 
 Confederacy more strongly than ever in public confidence. 
 The Confederates lost two thousand men, the Federals three 
 thousand. Many Tennessee troops were eng-aged in this bat- 
 tle, bearing themselves, while exposed to the deadliest fire of 
 the Federalists, with unflinching courag-e. 
 
 Kentucky Neutral. — Kentucky endeavored to remain neu- 
 tral, but neutrality was impossible in a State centrally located, 
 and a force soon overran it and a plan was materialized to 
 augment the Union army and organize its forces. A large 
 Confederate force under General Polk occupied and fortified 
 Hickman and Columbus, Ky., on September 3, 1861. Two 
 days later, the Federal army in force occupied Paducah and 
 other points in Kentucky. On November 6, General Grant, 
 with a land and naval force, left Cairo to attack Fort Pillow. 
 A severe battle ensued at Belmont, Missouri, nearly opposite 
 Columbus, resulting in a repulse of the Federal forces with a 
 loss of one thousand men killed, wounded or taken prisoners. 
 The Confederates lost six hundred and forty. 
 
 The Scene of Trouble. — Tennessee was the battle ground 
 for both armies. Upon its soil were fought four hundred 
 and eight battles and skirmishes, many of which figured 
 conspicuously and were keenly contested. General A. S. 
 Johnston had headquarters at Bowling Green, and sent out 
 detachments of troops to the fortified posts of Hopkinsville, 
 Forts Donelson and Henry, and Columbus, on the west, and 
 Cumberland Ford on the east. General Buell was in chief 
 
THE CIVIIv WAR. 133 
 
 command of the Federal army, now increased to seventy-five 
 thousand men, and menacing the Southern army at every 
 point. Both sides were busy in recruiting- men and in sup- 
 plying arms and munitions of war. 
 
 The Distresses and Horrors of War were now wide- 
 spread over the land. Families were divided in feelings and 
 sentiment. Very often a father enlisted on one side, his sons 
 on the other. The closest ties and social influences seemed 
 powerless to hold some families together. Under military 
 rule, which heeded not civil or moral law, all the furies of 
 malice, revenge, hatred and violence were let loose upon our 
 State. 
 
 The Battle of Mill Springs occurred January 19, 1862, 
 and was a severe blow to the Southern army. In September, 
 1861, General Johnston had sent Zollicoffer through Cumber- 
 land Gap into Kentucky. After many skirmishes, Zollicoffer 
 fell back to Mill Springs, on the Cumberland, and thence 
 across the river to Beech Grove, which he fortified. At this 
 place he was met by General Thomas. In the march to meet 
 Thomas he was repulsed. It was in this battle that General 
 Zollicoffer, second in command of the Confederate forces, was 
 killed by a pistol shot fired by Colonel Speed S. Fry. The 
 Federals being heavily re-enforced, the Confederates were de- 
 feated and driven back, retreating into Tennessee. The killed 
 and wounded on each side were over three hundred. This left 
 General Johnston without support on his right from Bowling 
 Green to Cumberland Gap. Now an invasion of Tennessee 
 from this quarter was open to the Federal army under General 
 G. H. Thomas, who had about four thousand men. The Con- 
 federate Commander, General G. B. Crittenden, had about the 
 same number. 
 
 Forts Henry and Donelson were strong Confederate 
 
134 
 
 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 positions, and were within twelve miles of each other. The 
 former was on the Tennessee River, the latter on the Cumber- 
 land, just below Dover. The Union 
 g-unboats under Foote moved up the 
 Tennessee, and after an hour's en- 
 gagement, on February 6, 1862, cap- 
 tured Fort Henry. In the meantime 
 many of the Confederate troops had 
 been transferred to Fort Donelson. 
 General Grant then moved up the 
 Cumberland, and in conjunction with 
 the g-unboats, on February 12, in- 
 vested Fort Donelson. The first 
 day's fig-hting was desperate, and af- 
 ter three days, General Buckner sur- 
 rendered. It was at this place that 
 Grant obtained his first distinction. John B. Floyd, of Vir- 
 ginia, was in command, but Buckner, of Kentucky, Pillow, 
 of Tennessee, who brought ten thousand men from Nashville, 
 February 9, and N. B. Forrest were present. The fort was 
 completely surrounded by the Federals, making the escape of 
 many impossible. Forrest, Pillow and Floyd escaped, leaving 
 Buckner in command, who soon surrendered. 
 
 Nashville Accessible.— Nashville now lay open to the ap- 
 proach of the Federal army by land and river, and over one 
 hundred and twenty-six pieces of artillery were moved south- 
 ward by General Buell. On February 25, 1862, the Federals 
 entered Nashville. Bowling Green had been evacuated on the 
 14th, and the stronghold of Columbus was abandoned by Gen- 
 eral Polk, at the advance of the victors. General Johnston, 
 in retreat through the midwinter storms of wind and ice, 
 passed through Nashville in advance of the Federals, and 
 thence to Murfreesboro, where General Crittenden's forces 
 
THK Civil. WAR. 135 
 
 joined him. The two armies moved southward to meet soon 
 on the plains of Shiloh. 
 
 The Battle of Shiloh, or Pittsburg- Landing-, was a very 
 important one. After the Federal troops captured Nashville, 
 and after the retreat of the Confederates, the Federals concen- 
 trated their forces at Savannah, on the Tennessee, and the 
 Confederates at Corinth, Mississippi. The Federals, in 
 March, 1862, drove awaj a Confederate battery which had 
 been stationed at Pittsburg- Landing-. On March 24, Johnston 
 arrived at Corinth from Murfreesboro, General Buell was on 
 the way from Nashville, and Johnston was anxious to attack 
 Grant before Buell's arrival. From Corinth he marched to- 
 wards Pittsburg Landing-. 
 
 Sunday, April 6, 1862, the opposing- armies met at Shiloh, 
 a short distance from Pittsburg- Landing. When night came 
 the Confederates had the advantage, but they had lost 
 General Johnston in the battle. General Beauregard com- 
 manded the Confederates the next day, who were defeated 
 and fellback to Corinth, where they were re-enforced. The 
 Confederate loss in this battle was eleven thousand, the Fed- 
 eral loss fourteen thousand. The arrival of Buell saved the 
 Army of Tennessee from utter rout. Johnston's death was 
 disastrous to Confederate success in the West. Finding the 
 Federals too strong, on April 30, they evacuated Corinth. 
 Fort Pillow was abandoned June 1. Commodore Davis moved 
 the Federal fleet, consisting of nine gunboats, four of which 
 were rams commanded by Colonel Charles Ellett, Jr., down 
 the Mississippi, and in a fight in front of Memphis, on June 9, 
 destroyed the Confederate fleet and captured the city. 
 
 President Lincoln Issued a Proposal. — On March 6, 
 1862, President Lincoln issued a proposal "that the United 
 States ought to co-operate with any State which may adopt a 
 
THR Civil. WAR. 137 
 
 gradual abolishment of slavery, giving to such State money to 
 be used to pay for losses or injuries from such change of sys- 
 tems." No one in Tennessee would accept money for slaves 
 freed at that time, owing to a feeling of pride, principle or 
 other motive. The slaves of Tennessee were valued at many 
 millions of dollars, the loss of which necessarily involved the 
 slave holders, and from which it took many years to recover. 
 Island Number Ten was surrendered on the same day 
 that Corinth was evacuated, and the Confederates lost their 
 strongest fortification in the Mississippi River. For twenty- 
 four days the garrison had withstood a severe bombardment. 
 Fort Pillow was evacuated, and Memphis, having no protec- 
 tion, was easily captured by the Federals. This gave the lat- 
 ter control of the Mississippi River from Vicksburg north. 
 
 The Two Armies Were Now on the Defensive. — Af- 
 ter the fall of New Orleans, the armies decided to again invade 
 Kentucky and Tennessee. At Corinth, the Confederate army 
 was in commad of General Beauregard, supported by Generals 
 Polk, Hardee, Breckinridge, and Price. The Union army was 
 in command of General Halleck, aided by Generals Grant, 
 Thomas, Sherman, Pope, Sheridan, and Rosecrans. On 
 May 29, when Buell's army approached, the Confederates 
 withdrew to Tupelo, and the Union army occupied Corinth. 
 Both armies now divided their forces. Buell and Thomas en- 
 tered Tennessee, going to the northeast, while Bragg with a 
 force pursued them. He then conceived the idea of threaten- 
 ing Kentucky to relieve Tennessee. 
 
 Questions.— 1. What did the Charleston Convention create? 2. 
 What was its object? Did it succeed? 3. What of the Richmond Con- 
 vention? 4. What of the Republicans? Who were elected? 5. What 
 of the South and the Constitution? 6. Give the substance of this sec- 
 tion. 7. What of East Tennessee? 8. What was the object of the 
 Union Convention? 9. What did Governor Harris do? 10. Describe 
 the battle of Manassas. 11. Give its results. 12. What did Kentucky 
 
138 HIS'rORY OF TENNESSS^. 
 
 endeavor to do? Why? 13. What of battl«s in Tennessee? 14. Give 
 the substance of this section. 15. What of the battle of Mill Spring-s? 
 16. Give the substance of this section. 17. What of the armies now? 
 
 18. What can you say of the battle of Shiloh or Pittsburg- I^anding? 
 
 19. Whom did the Confederates lose? What of Charles Ellett, Jr.? 20. 
 What of President Lincoln's proposal? 21. When did Island Number 
 Ten surrender? Where is it? 22. What of the two armies? Who were 
 m command? 
 
CHAPTER XXII, 
 
 THK CIVIL WAR CONTINUED. 
 
 West Tennessee Under Martial Law.— General Grant 
 put West Tennessee under martial law, February 22, 1862. 
 When Governor Harris heard of the capture of Fort Donelson, 
 he convened the Legislature in extra session at Nashville, 
 whence it adjourned to Memphis. The civil and military 
 authority were merged and, on March 3, Andrew Johnson was 
 
 BATTLEFIELD AND LOOKOUT POINT. 
 
 commissioned Military Governor and took charge on March 12. 
 He requested the cit}" officials at Nashville to take an oath of 
 allegiance, which they refused to do, then he deposed them. 
 He was untiring in his efforts to restore Tennessee to the 
 
 (139) 
 
140 HISTORY OF TKNNESSKK. 
 
 Union. Johnson required the rich citizens of Nashville to con- 
 tribute aid for the support of the poor. 
 
 General Buell, after the capture of Nashville, in February, 
 1862, tried to seize and hold Middle and East Tennessee. He 
 sent General Mitchel to hold the territory between Chatta- 
 noog-a and Huntsville, Alabama. By well executed plans, G. 
 W. Morg-an obtained possession of Cumberland Gap. When 
 the Confederates evacuated Corinth, Beauregard was super- 
 seded by Brag-g-, who aimed to reach Chattanoog-a and re-or- 
 g-anize his men. Buell, then at Nashville, decided to seize 
 Chattanooga. The Confederates reached that city first, in 
 June. In July, Forrest, with about two thousand men, left 
 Chattanoog-a and, on July 13, was at Murfreesboro. Unsuc- 
 cessful skirmishes ensued, and his of&cers advised him to re- 
 treat, but by shrewd military tactics he captured one thousand 
 and seven hundred Federals, and stores and supplies worth 
 about one million dollars. Soon a larg-e body of Federals ap- 
 proached, and he retreated to McMinnville, and then by cir- 
 cuitous marches joined Bragg- at Chattanoog-a. Buell now 
 collected his forces at Murfreesboro, and after Brag-g- invaded 
 Kentucky, Buell met and defeated him at Perry ville. Brag-g- 
 returned to Tennessee, and Rosecrans superseded Buell. 
 
 Battle of Murfreesboro. — Late in December, Brag-g, 
 who was at Murfreesboro, was informed by Wheeler that Rose- 
 crans was advancing from Nashville. Immediately the Con- 
 federate army was concentrated and put in readiness for battle. 
 Rosecrans appeared, December 30, before the Confederate posi- 
 tion. The two opposing Generals had similar plans. On 
 December 31, Hardee, with Cleburne's and McCown's divisions, 
 surprised and attacked McCook's corps, who fought bravely. 
 Hardee was joined by Polk, with Withers' and Cheatham's di- 
 visions who drove the Federals three or four miles, bending 
 them back upon their center, forming a line right angled to 
 
THE CIVIL WAR. 
 
 141 
 
 their first location. Davis, Sheridan and Negley made efforts 
 to hold their resistless march, but in vain. 
 
 Rosecrans Re-enforces. — When Rosecrans heard of the 
 disaster to his right wing he at once sent re-enforcements to it, 
 placing his artillery upon a favorable elevation and being con- 
 cealed by a grove of cedars he was enabled to hold his position 
 against the desperate attacks of the Confederates till night 
 stopped the fight. The Confederates held most of the field 
 
 » 
 
 NATIONAL CEMETERY, CHATTANOOGA. 
 
 with many prisoners, wagons, cannon, small arms, much am- 
 munition, and the wounded and dead of both armies. The two 
 armies were quiet all the next day. Rosecrans retired his left 
 wing on the night of December 31, to a more suitable location 
 and Bragg thought it a retreat of the Federal army, and he 
 sent this telegram to Richmond: "God has, indeed, granted 
 us a happy New Year." The vacancy left by the Federals on 
 the west side of Stones River was occupied by Polk's right wing. 
 
142 HISTORY OF TENNKSSKK. 
 
 An Assault, January 2nd. — Brag^g- saw, January 2, 
 that the Federal brig-ade under Beattj, on the rig-ht bank of 
 Stones River enfiladed Polk's line, and Brag-g authorized Breck- 
 inridg-e to dislodg-e Beatty's troops. The Confederates designed 
 to intrench on the top of the hill but passed beyond it and the 
 Federals on the west of the river opened fire and drove the 
 Confederates back with great loss, only a part of each army 
 participated in this battle. Both armies remained quiet on the 
 third day. Rosecrans was receiving re-enforcements from 
 Nashville, which caused Bragg to retire at night to Tullahoma. 
 Rosecrans was thinking of retreating but after Bragg left, he 
 then carried off the spoils of December 31. In this battle the 
 Confederates had 37,712; 1,294 were killed, 7,945 wounded, 
 1,027 captured. The Federals had 43,400; 1,730 were killed, 
 7,802 wounded, 3,717 captured. 
 
 Bragg Retreats to Chattanooga. — Bragg was still at 
 Shelbyville and Tullahoma, when, on June 23, 1863, Rosecrans 
 moved from Nashville to attack him. On June 27, after a few 
 skirmishes, Manchester was taken by the Federals. Bragg 
 made a successful retreat to Chattanooga. Rosecrans drove 
 Bragg out of the territory and a bloodless victory was the 
 result. It gave the Federals control of Middle Tennessee. 
 At Stevenson, Alabama, Rosecrans collected supplies and 
 forces to attack Bragg at Chattanooga, which commanded the 
 means of approach from the North to the Southwest. 
 
 Buckner was at Knoxville but Burnside forced him to re- 
 treat to Loudon, thence by way of Charleston to Chattanooga. 
 Opposite Chattanooga, on the bank of the Tennessee, August 
 20, appeared several Union batteries, which surprised Bragg, 
 who at once evacuated Chattanooga to escape from being sur- 
 rounded, and withdrew to Lafayette, Georgia. Rosecrans 
 left Nashville, August 16, and after having crossed the Ten- 
 nessee, entered Chattanooga on September 9; both armies were 
 
THE Civil. WAR. 
 
 143 
 
 preparing- for the final possession of that city. Lafayette was 
 about twenty miles from Chattanooga. Rosecrans concen- 
 trated his forces in the Chickamaug-a Valley, about half way 
 between the two towns. Meantime Brag-g- was re-enforced by 
 troops from Virginia and Mississippi. 
 
 The Battle of Chickamauga began September 18, and 
 lasted until the 21st. At first the Confederates were success- 
 
 NATIONAL CEMETERY, CHATTANOOGA. 
 
 ful, and Rosecrans fell back to Chattanooga in confusion. 
 The Federals' retreat to Chattanooga gave them a better pros- 
 pect of holding it. Bragg had lost many men, but he moved 
 upon the city and almost surrounded it. On October 16, 
 Thomas succeeded Rosecrans. The siege of the city lasted 
 until November 1, when communication was restored by waj 
 of Kelly's Ferry. In the meantime Bragg had fortified his 
 positions on Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. 
 
144 HISTORY OK TENNESSEE. 
 
 Grant came from Mississippi to lead the Federals in these 
 battles. On November 23, he forced Brag-g from his positions, 
 and now Chattanoog-a was completely in the possession of the 
 Federals. After the battle at Chickamaug-a Brag-g- sent Long- 
 street into East Tennessee to oppose Burnside at Knoxville, 
 where the Federals were quiet until Sherman could relieve 
 them. Longstreet attacked him but was repulsed. When 
 Sherman approached Longstreet went to Morristown, where 
 he wintered. In the spring he joined Lee in Virginia. Bragg's 
 army retreated into Georgia, where Joseph E. Johnston super- 
 seded him, and Johnston, just before the battle of Atlanta, 
 was superseded by Hood. 
 
 Battle of Franklin.— In September, 1864, Atlanta was 
 taken, after which the Confederates determined to again in- 
 vade Tennessee. Forrest came to Middle Tennessee and cap- 
 tured a body of Federal troops at Pulaski but was compelled 
 to retreat across the Tennessee into Alabama. He soon made a 
 raid through West Tennessee. Hood returned to Tennessee 
 and, November 21, entered Middle Tennessee for the purpose 
 of capturing Columbia. Finding that Schofield was occupy- 
 ing it, he marched around that town towards Franklin. When 
 Sherman heard that Hood had left Georgia almost undefended 
 and had gone toward Tennessee, Thomas was sent to Nash- 
 ville to take command and make arrangements for the defense 
 of this State. Sherman, with most of his army, pursued Hood 
 until the latter went toward Florence, where upon Sherman sent 
 the Fourth and Twenty-third army corps to Thomas. Hood 
 came to Middle Tennessee with about 35,000 men but his long 
 delays enabled Thomas to repair losses and collect nearly 60,000 
 men to repel Hood's invasion. With the advance of the Con- 
 federates the Federals fell back, but Schofield was instructed 
 to hold Franklin, where on November 30, 1864, Hood attacked 
 him and carried the outer lines. Orders had been given to 
 
THE CIVIL WAK. 145 
 
 carry inner fortifications at daylight, December 1, but Scho- 
 field retreated during- the nig-ht, leaving- his wounded and dead. 
 Victory was gained but five generals and 6,000 men had been 
 slain. The gallant Pat. Cleburne was killed here. The Fed- 
 erals lost 3,500. Hood advanced to Nashville, December 2, 
 and took position and sent Forrest's cavalry and a division of 
 infantry against Murfreesboro, but on account of the bad con- 
 duct of the infantry the plan was a failure. 
 
 Battle of Nashville. — Nothing was done at Nashville un- 
 til December 15, when the Federals attacked the Confederate 
 lines and secured control of the defenses on its left. The bat- 
 tle was renewed on the 16th. All along the line the Federal 
 troops were repulsed until late in the afternoon the Federals 
 penetrated the left center, and very soon the Confederates be- 
 gan to relax interest and to retreat in great confusion in the 
 direction of Franklin. All official efforts to rally them were 
 futile. By the bravery and readiness of Clayton's division or- 
 der was somewhat restored at Brentwood, a short distance 
 from the first battle. Thousands of prisoners and thirty-four 
 cannon fell into Federal hands. Hood's army hurried rapidly 
 to Bridgeport where it recrossed the Tennessee on December 
 27 Thomas pursued Hood's army but the rear guard, under 
 Gen. Forrest, kept him from inflicting any great injuries. 
 
 These Effects.— In these battles, Derry says: '-The Union 
 forces, during Hood's Tennessee campaign, amounted to 
 71,000 men. Of these 25,000 were in the battle of Franklin 
 and 55,000 were at the battle of Nashville. Gen. Thomas re- 
 ports his total loss during the campaign at 10,000. Hood's 
 strength, on November 6th, was about 45,000, At the battle of 
 Franklin Hood had probably 25,000 men engaged. At the 
 battle of Nashville, with Forrest's cavalry and two infantry 
 brigades absent, his force was rather under than over 30,000. 
 
146 
 
 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE). 
 
 Hood stated that his losses during- the whole campaig-n did 
 not exceed 10,000 including- prisoners." 
 
 Lee Surrenders at Appomattox.— From Franklin Hood 
 went to Nashville, which citj the Federals had so strong-ly 
 fortified that the Confederates had little hope of capturing- it. 
 General Bate was sent to destroy the railroad between Nash- 
 ville and Murfreesboro. Skirmishes ensued. General Bate 
 joined Forrest and they attacked Murfreesboro, but were re- 
 pulsed. General Bate then joined Hood, and Forrest was 
 east of Nashville wag-ing- a campaign. Hood was defeated 
 and withdrew into Mississippi. Now the Confederacy was 
 split in twain, defeat after defeat followed, until at Ap- 
 pomattox Court House, in Virg-inia, April 9, 1865, Lee surren- 
 dered, and this g-reat war was over. The Army of Tennessee, 
 Confederate States of America, under Joseph E. Johnston, sur- 
 rendered at Greensboro, North Carolina, April 26, 1865; the 
 cavalry force of Lieutenant-General N. B. Forrest, under 
 General Dick Taylor, surrendered at Meridian, Mississippi, 
 May 4, and General E. Kirby-Smith surrendered, May 26. 
 
 Gen. Nathan B. Forrest was 
 
 born July 13, 1821, in Bedford 
 County, Tennessee. His early 
 life was spent on a farm but in 
 1852 he moved to Memphis. He 
 joined the Confederate army in 
 June, 1861, and in July, collected 
 and equipped a regiment of cav- 
 alry, and he became Lieutenant- 
 Colonel. His record throughout 
 the war was full of brilliant feats, 
 having been conspicuous at Fort 
 
 NATHAN B. FORREvST. 
 
 Donelson, Murfreesboro, Chickamauga and Missionar\^ Ridge. 
 
THK Civil. WAR. 147 
 
 He was made Brig-adier-General on July 21; lie was, in Novem- 
 ber, 1863, transferred to Mississippi and made Major- General. 
 He captured Fort Pillow in April, 1864, and became Lieuten- 
 ant- General before the war ended. He died in Memphis, Oc- 
 tober 29, 1877. 
 
 Officers Furnished by Tennessee. — Tennessee fur- 
 nished the following officers to the Confederate army: Lieu- 
 tenant-Generals — N. B. Forrest and A. P. Stewart. Major- 
 Generals— W. B. Bate, John C. Brown, B. F. Cheatham, W. 
 Y. C. Humes, B. R. Johnson, J. P. McCowan, and C. C. Wil- 
 cox. Brigadier-Generals — John Adams, S. R. Anderson, 
 Frank Armstrong, T. B. Bell, A. W. Campbell, W. H. Car- 
 roll, J. E. Carter, H. B. Davidson, W. G. M. Davis, G. G. Dib- 
 rell, D. S. Donelson, R. C. Foster, C. W. Frazier, G. W. Gor- 
 don, Robert Hatton, A. K. Jackson, W. H. Jackson, William 
 McComb, George Maney, J. B. Palmer, G. J. Pillow, L. E. 
 Polk, W. A. Quarles, J. E. Raines, Preston Smith, T. B. Smith, 
 O. F. Strahl, James Starnes, John C. Vaughan, A. J. Vaughan, 
 M. J. Wright, and F. K. Zollicoifer. Federal officers: S. P. 
 Carter, J. A. Cooper, A. C. Gillem, W. B. Campbell, Andrew 
 Johnson, James Spears, J. P. Brownlow, George Spaulding-, 
 and W. J. Smith. 
 
 Soldiers Furnished. — Tennessee furnished eighty-six 
 regiments of infantry, seventeen regiments of cavalry, twenty- 
 seven battalions of cavalry, four partisan companies, and 
 twenty battalions of artillery, a total of one hundred and six 
 thousand men. In addition to this, it furnished to the Union 
 army thirty-one thousand and ninety- two white men, and a 
 number of negro regiments. The total number of Union 
 troops in the war was two million eight hundred and fifty-nine 
 thousand one hundred and thirty-two. At no time did the 
 Confederate army exceed six hundred thousand men. 
 
 Amendments to the Constitution.— A convention at 
 
148 HISTORY OF TKNNKSSEK. 
 
 Nashville, January 9, 1865, adopted amendments to the Con- 
 stitution abolishing- slavery and repudiating- the debt of the 
 State contracted in aid of the rebellion. These amendments 
 were ratified, February 22, by a vote of the people of twenty- 
 eig"ht thousand two hundred and ninety- three for them, and 
 forty-five ag-ainst them. 
 
 Questions.— 1. What did Grant do? Harris? Johnson? 2. What 
 did Buell attempt? Result? 3. Describe the battle of Murfreesboro. 
 4. What did Rosecrans do? 5. What of the assault on January 2nd? 
 6. Where was Brag-g? Rosecrans? They met where? 7. Where was 
 Buckner? What of Brag-g- and Rosecrans? 8. When was the battle of 
 Chickamauga fought? Result? 9. What of Grant and Bragg? Burn- 
 side? Johnston? 10. When was Atlanta taken? What did the Con- 
 federates determine? Describe the battle of Franklin, 11. Describe 
 the battle of Nashville. 12. What were the effects of these battles? 
 13. What did the Confederates think about Nashville? Why? 14. Sketch 
 the life of N. B. Forrest. 15. Name a few Confederate officers. Union 
 officers. 16. What did Tennessee furnish to the armies? 17. What 
 amendments were made to the Constitution? 
 
CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 KECONSTRUCTION. 
 
 History as a Science can deal worthily only with that 
 which has been removed by the lapse of time and the sweep 
 of events, from the influence of personal prejudice, partisan 
 considerations and the biased judgment which come from the 
 wrang-ling- and jarring- conflicts of political life. 
 
 Those Who Have Figured in scenes which are passed 
 upon by the historian, and who still live in the activity of the 
 present, are similar to those of whom Virgil sings. They 
 wander restlessly upon the banks of the River Styx, unable to 
 cross until their bodies have received the last rites of sepul- 
 ture in the earth above. 
 
 A Deplorable Condition. — After the war closed, it found 
 Tennessee in a deplorable condition. East Tennessee did, as 
 it considered, its whole duty to the Union. Middle and West 
 Tennessee did their duty, as they thought, to the Confederacy. 
 It was a difference of honest opinion as to what was best to 
 be done in the premises. 
 
 Over One Hundred Thousand.— Tennessee furnished 
 over one hundred thousand men to the Confederacy, and over 
 thirty thousand, exclusive of negroes, to the Union. War 
 was over and now the breach must be healed. In property 
 it had lost enormously and had incurred an immense debt; 
 business was paralyzed, and the people were despondent over 
 the depreciation in the value of their lands. 
 
 Adventurers, **Carpet-baggers," and Malignant 
 
 Men. — The Tennesseans fought bravely and patiently for 
 
 (149) 
 
150 HISTORY OF TENNKSSKB. 
 
 victory, but defeat, crushing, humiliating- defeat came, and 
 yet no people ever went more bravely to work to rebuild their 
 fortunes and to repair the ruin of war. Peace was declared, 
 but it was not the peace that a generous foe should give to a 
 thoroughly conquered enemy. Adventurers, "carpet-bag- 
 gers" and malignant men came in droves, and by their 
 meanness and petty exactions made the situation infinitely 
 worse. Instead of trying to cultivate good will and to re- 
 store the confidence of the people in the United States Govern- 
 ment, the very opposite was sought, and bitterness and hatred 
 on both sides were the results. The people were so galled 
 and oppressed by these tyrants that the "Reconstruction" pe- 
 riod is regarded with almost as much horror as the war itself. 
 
 Reconstruction Acts. — Congress passed Reconstruction 
 Acts for the Confederate States. These States were under 
 martial law, and occupied by the United States Government. 
 Provisional Governors were appointed in each of the Southern 
 States, with instructions for the assembling of conventions 
 composed of persons loyal to the United States Government, 
 whose duty it should be to alter and amend the Constitutions 
 of the several States. 
 
 The Military Governor of Tennessee, Andrew Johnson, 
 was powerless to operate the government until the State had 
 complied with the requirements of Congress. He issued a 
 proclamation, January 26, 1864, ordering an election, March 
 5, for county officers. Many of the people refused to vote, and 
 the election failed. A Union Convention met at Nashville, 
 September 5, and nominated electors pledged to vote for the 
 re-election of President Lincoln and for the election of John- 
 son as Vice-President. Those voting were required to take 
 an oath that they had been citizens of Tennessee six months. 
 
 A Constitutional Convention.— This convention ap- 
 
RECONSTRUCTION. I5l 
 
 pointed a State executive committee, which issued a call to 
 the people to meet at Nashville, January 9, 1865, to nomi- 
 nate one hundred men to compose a Constitutional Convention. 
 This convention met and adopted various amendments to the 
 Constitution, and repealed many of the laws enacted by the 
 secessionists, and finally abolished slavery. February 22, 
 1865, these amendments were submitted to a popular vote and 
 were adopted. 
 
 William G. Brownlow.— On March 4, 1865, Legislative 
 members were voted for, and William G. Brownlow was also 
 elected Governor of Tennessee. 
 William G. Brownlow was born in 
 Wythe County, Virginia, August 29, 
 1805. At eighteen years of age he 
 became an apprentice to a house car- 
 penter, but shortly afterwards enter- 
 ed the Methodist ministry as an 
 itinerant preacher, and in 1828, 
 moved to Tennessee. In 1843 he ran 
 asrainst Andrew Johnson for Con- 
 gress but was defeated. He was 
 an ardent Union man, and was very gov. wm. g. brownlow. 
 abusive in his denunciation of those who voted Tennessee out 
 of the Union. In 1869 he was elected to the United States 
 Senate, serving until 1875. At the close of his term he re- 
 turned to Knoxville, where he died April 29, 1877. 
 
 President Lincoln Claimed that when the Southern 
 States laid down their arms against the United States Govern- 
 ment they would be recognized at once as members of the 
 common Union. The Republican party in Congress now 
 claimed that before these States should assume their old rela- 
 tions, they should be reconstructed. The men elected b}^ the 
 South under the President's policy were denied admittance to 
 
152 
 
 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 Congress, and the State g-overtiments established by them were 
 repudiated. 
 
 The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the 
 United States had been adopted by the States. This g-ave the 
 negro certain civil rig-hts, diminished the Cong-ressional rep- 
 resentation of the Southern States, made the Confederate pub- 
 lic debt unquestionable, forbade the payment by any State 
 of any of the Confederate debt, and made certain persons in- 
 elig-ible to office. Upon this chang-e of the Constitution the 
 Southern States could not vote. The liberal policy of Presi- 
 dent Johnson subjected him to a trial of impeachment, but he 
 was acquitted. 
 
 NASHVILLE COLLEGE FOR YOUNG LADIES. 
 
 The Franchise Act. — Brownlow's administration was very 
 odious. Under this administration the Franchise Act was 
 passed. It required the county court clerk to reg-ister all 
 voters, but the clerk was empowered to withhold a certificate 
 of registration if he saw fit. The voter could not deposit his 
 
RECONSTRUCTION. 153 
 
 ballot without this certificate. In August the election was 
 held, five different ways of g-ranting- certificates being- used, 
 three of which were declared illeg-al, which led to the rejec- 
 tion of twenty-nine counties. The total vote was sixty-one 
 thousand seven hundred and eighty-three, but it was reduced 
 to thirty-nine thousand five hundred and nine. 
 
 The Disfranchisement Act. — In January, 1866, the Dis- 
 franchisement Act was passed, which in connection with the 
 Franchise Act, gave the Governor almost unlimited power 
 over elections. No one could vote who had borne arms for 
 the Confederacy or held office under it. Other extreme meas- 
 ures were resorted to which made the dominant party offensive 
 to the more conservative element. 
 
 Questions. — 1. Give the substance of this section. 2. What can you 
 say of present factors? 3. What was the condition of Tennessee at this 
 time? 4. What part did Tennessee take? 5. How did our soldiers 
 fig-ht? 6. Explain the Reconstruction Acts, Object. 7. Give the sub- 
 stance of this section. 8. What did the convention do? 9. Sketch the 
 life of William G. Brownlow. 10. What did President L<incoln claim? 
 11. What did the Fourteenth Amendment guarantee? 12. What of 
 Brownlow's administration? What of the Franchise and Disfranchise- 
 ment Acts? 
 il 
 
CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 RETURN OF PEACE. 
 
 Constitutional Amendment. — July 4, 1866, an extra ses- 
 sion of the Leg-islature was convened to ratify a certain 
 amendment to the Federal Constitution. The State had re- 
 turned to the Union, and its rights were supposed to be se- 
 cure. Cong-ress, in 1866, submitted to the States an amend- 
 ment to the Constitution, giving- the negro the right to vote, 
 deprived those who had held Confederate offices from holding 
 office until pardoned, and declared that the United States debt 
 should be paid in full, and that the Confederate debt should 
 never be paid. Tennessee objected to this but, in 1867, the 
 franchise was extended to the negro. 
 
 Critical Times. — In 1867 the Governor's power over elec- 
 tions was increased, which the people viewed with apprehen- 
 sion. Brownlow was still Governor, and was nominated for 
 re-election, August 1. A convention of Conservatives met at 
 Nashville and nominated Emerson Ethridge, a Whig, for 
 Governor, but Brownlow, by his strong denunciation of his 
 competitors, and the abuse of the Franchise Act, caused his 
 opponents to retreat, and he was elected by over fifty thousand 
 majority. 
 
 Brownlow Tyrannical. — Brownlow was extravagant. 
 When the war began the State debt was twenty millions four 
 liundred and eight thousand dollars, exclusive of the three 
 million dollars voted in aid of the Confederacy. Much of this 
 was issued to the Union Bank, the Bank of Tennessee, to buy 
 the Hermitage, to build the Capitol, for the Agricultural Bu- 
 reau, and to build turnpikes and railroads. The Legislature 
 
 (154) 
 
RETURN OF PEACE. 
 
 155 
 
 was vested with power in 1852, and the power amended, in 
 1854, to issue bonds for the construction of railroads, etc. 
 From April, 1866, to December, 1868, more than fourteen mil- 
 lion dollars worth of these bonds were issued to railroads and 
 turnpikes. During- the war the interest on the State debt and 
 coupons had amounted to over seven million dollars, which 
 had to be paid. 
 
 Confederate Sympathy. — The Confederacy had failed, 
 but it had numerous sympathizers, who organized a secret 
 oath-bound society throughout the South known as the "Ku- 
 Klux," whose brutality had to be suppressed by leg-islation. 
 In July, 1868, Governor Brownlow convened the Leg-islature 
 in extra session; itorg-anized a militia called *'The Tennessee 
 State Guards." An act was passed authorizing- the Governor, 
 when deemed necessary, to declare martial law in any county, 
 and protect it with troops. In February, 1869, he proclaimed 
 martial law in Overton, Madi- 
 son, Jackson, Giles, Maury, 
 Gibson, Lawrence, Marshall 
 and Haywood Counties. 
 
 The Speaker Became 
 Gove r n o r. — In February, 
 1869, Governor Brownlow was 
 elected to the United States 
 Senate, and D. W. C. Senter, 
 then Speaker of the Senate, be- 
 came Governor to fill Brown- 
 low's unexpired term. The 
 Democrats supported Senter, 
 this weakened the Republican 
 party, whose leaders met at Nashville, May 20, 1869, but could 
 ag-ree on no candidate. This Republican Convention had two 
 factions; one nominated W. B. Stokes, and the other Senter, 
 
 GOV. D. W. C. SENTER. 
 
156 
 
 HISTORY OF TENNKSSEK. 
 
 who was re-elected in August. D. W. C. Senter was born, 
 March 26, 1834, in McMinn County. He represented Grain- 
 ger County in the Leg-islature from 1857 to 1861. In 1865 he 
 was elected State Senator, and again in 1867, when he was 
 elected Speaker. His education was meager. He opposed 
 secession, but was a quiet man. 
 
 The Constitutional Convention. — In 1869, Tipton was 
 elected Superintendent of Public Schools. For the first time 
 since the war the Democrats had a majority in the Legisla- 
 ture, which met October 4, 1869, and adjourned March, 1870. 
 The Constitutional Convention met at N-ishville, January 10, 
 1870, and adjourned February 23. On March 26 the present 
 Constitution was ratified by ninet3-eight thousand one hun- 
 dred and twenty-eight for, and thirty-three thousand eight 
 hundred and seventy-two against it. In August, the Demo- 
 crats elected the Supreme Judges. 
 
 Gov. John C. Brown. — 
 
 In September, the Democrats 
 nominated John C. Brown 
 for Governor, the Republi- 
 cans nominating W. H. Wise- 
 ner. The vote for Brown 
 was seventy-eight thousand 
 nine hundred and eighty- 
 seven; for Wisener, forty-one 
 thousand and five hundred. 
 With the ascendency of De- 
 mocracy the restoration of 
 confidence came. The State 
 debt was the main issue at 
 GOV. JOHN c. BROWN. this time. John C. Brown 
 
 was born in Giles County, January 6, 1827; was admitted to 
 the Pulaski bar in 1848; entered the military service of Ten- 
 
RETURN OP peace;. 157 
 
 nessee, in 1861, as a Captain, and was soon thereafter elected 
 Colonel; was transferred from the militia of Tennessee to 
 that of the Confederacy serving- with distinction to the close 
 of the war, having- been successively promoted Brig-adier 
 and Major-General. He did g-ood service for the Confederacy. 
 He was President of the Constitutional Convention which 
 framed our present Constitution. Brown served four years as 
 Governor, after which he became connected with railroads. 
 He died in Macon. County, Tennessee, Aug-ust 17, 1889. 
 
 Local Strife. — The ag-itation of State issues in 1872, 
 caused much confusion. The State was entitled to a Con- 
 gressman at larg-e, and Andrew Johnson wanted the position. 
 The Leg-islature had not divided the State into the necessary 
 number of Cong-ressional Districts. The Democrats nomi- 
 nated B. F. Cheatham, and the Republicans named Horace 
 Maynard, who was elected, owing- to the division on Johnson 
 and Cheatham. 
 
 Agitation of the State Debt. — In the campaig-n of 1874, 
 the State debt was the great issue. Much of this debt was 
 fraudulent, which the people were in favor of repudiating, but 
 the just debt they wanted to pay. There were eleven Demo- 
 cratic candidates for Governor, almost all of whom favored 
 the full payment of this debt. The Democratic Convention met 
 at Nashville, August 19, and nominated James D. Porter. The 
 Republican Convention met at Chattanooga, September 16, 
 and nominated Horace Maynard, who was overwhelmingly de- 
 feated. 
 
 James D. Porter was born at Paris, Tennessee, December 
 7, 1828; was admitted to the bar in 1851, and was in the Leg- 
 islature in 1859. He was Adjutant-General under General 
 Pillow, at Memphis, and helped to organize the Army of Ten- 
 
158 
 
 HISTORY OF TKNNKSSKK. 
 
 nessee. He was in many prominent battles. He was in the 
 Constitutional Convention of 1870, and was that year elected 
 
 Circuit Judg-e, but resig-ned 
 in February, 1874, and, in 
 August, the Democrats nomi- 
 nated him for Governor. He 
 was elected, and again in 
 1876. He has held many 
 prominent offices. He was 
 appointed Assistant Secre- 
 tary of State in March, 1885, 
 resigning- in 1887. President 
 Cleveland, in his last admin- 
 istration, appointed him Min- 
 ister to Chili, and later ap- 
 pointed him Judge for the 
 United States District Court 
 
 GOV. JAMES D. PORTER. 
 
 for East and Middle Tennessee, but the United States Senate 
 refused to confirm the nomination because Porter lived out of 
 the District, and Charles D. Clark, of Chattanooga, was ap- 
 pointed. 
 
 Andrew Johnson was elected, in 1875, to the United 
 States Senate but died soon after taking his seat, and Gov- 
 ernor Porter appointed D. M. Key, of Chattanooga, to suc- 
 ceed him. Mr. Key was given the position of Postmaster- 
 General in Hayes' Cabinet in 1877. Key was prominent in the 
 Confederate army, and Hayes wanted to remove the feeling 
 of distrust in the South and develop a condition of confidence. 
 
 Negotiation With the Bondholders —In 1875-76, the 
 State could not pay the interest on its bonded indebtedness. 
 The bondholders invited Governor Porter to appoint a com- 
 mission to meet their representatives in New York for a con- 
 ference. Accordingly, five citizens were commissioned to 
 
RETURN OF PEACE. 
 
 159 
 
 meet the representatives of the State's creditors. A heated 
 ag-itation ensued. The plan of settlement recommended was 
 that the State issue bonds for sixty per cent, of its indebted- 
 ness, interest included, the coupons to be receivable for taxes, 
 and the bonds to bear six per cent, interest. The measure 
 was unpopular. An extra session of the Legislature was 
 convened in December, 1877, to consider this plan of settle- 
 ment but nothing- was accomplished. 
 
 Sentiment Ascertained.— In August, 1878, the Demo- 
 cratic party "opposed the repudiation of the just indebtedness 
 of the State," and favored adjustment. Governor Porter fa- 
 vored paying- the debt on a basis of sixty cents on the dollar, 
 with six per cent, interest. The Republicans were opposed to 
 the repudiation of the debt, and favored the bondholders' propo- 
 sition. The Democrats nominated Albert S. Marks for Gov- 
 ernor, the Republicans choos- 
 ing- Emerson Ethridg-e as their 
 candidate. Marks was elected. 
 Albert S. Marks was born in 
 Daviess County, Kentucky, Oc- 
 tober 16, 1836. He was reared 
 a farmer, and had few educa- 
 tional advantag-es. He held 
 several positions before the war. 
 In May, 1861, he entered the 
 Confederate army and was 
 elected Captain. He lost a leg 
 at the battle of Murfreesboro. 
 He resumed the practice of law 
 at Winchester; in 1870 was 
 elected Chancellor, and was re-elected, in 1878. The same 
 year he was nominated and elected Governor. He favored the 
 settlement of the State debt on the "fifty and four" basis, 
 
 GOV. ALBERT S. MARKS. 
 
160 
 
 HISTORY OF TKNNKSSKR. 
 
 which led to such divisions that he was not a candidate for re- 
 election. 
 
 Party Divisions. — The people of the State demanded 
 some settlement of the State debt question. The Leg-islature, 
 in 1879, adjusted the debt on this basis: Fifty cents on the 
 dollar and four per cent, interest. This was acceptable to 
 many of the bondholders, but when it was submitted to the 
 people it was rejected. For years no interest on the bonded 
 debt had been paid. Many had different ideas about the pro- 
 priety of these bonds. In June, 1880, the Democratic Conven- 
 tion met at Nashville, but could unite on no tang-ible compro- 
 mise. A majority favored "fifty and four." The minority 
 bolted the convention. The Republicans opposed everything- 
 but the bondholders' proposition. 
 
 Four Candidates For Governor.— The "fifty and four," 
 or "State Credit" faction of the Democratic party, nominated 
 John V. Wrig-ht for Governor; the Low Tax element nomi- 
 nated S. F. Wilson; the Greenback party nominated R. M. 
 
 Kdwards, and the Republicans nomi- 
 nated Alvin G. Hawkins, who was 
 elected. Governor Hawkins was 
 born in Bath County, Kentucky, De- 
 cember 2, 1821. His youth was spent 
 on a farm without the advantag-e of 
 a g-ood education. He removed to 
 Maury County, Tennessee, in 1826, 
 and thence to Carroll County. He 
 was elected to the General Assembly 
 in 1853; was on the Bell and Everett 
 electoral ticket in 1860; was elected 
 to Cong-ress as a Unionist, in 1862, 
 but could not be seated. In 1864, he 
 was appointed District Attorney for the District of West Ten- 
 
 GOV. ALVIN G. HAWKINS. 
 
RETURN OF PEACE. 161 
 
 nessee, but, in 1865, he resig-ned and was appointed to the 
 Supreme Bench of the State. In 1868 he resig-ned this posi- 
 tion and went as Consul-General to Havana, but soon resig-n- 
 ed. He was elected a Judg-e of the State Supreme Court in 
 1869, but the Constitution of 1870 displaced him. The Re- 
 publicans nominated and elected him for Governor in 1880. 
 He again received the nomination in 1882, but was defeated. 
 
 The State Debt Trouble.— The Leg-islature, April 5, 
 1881, passed an act adjusting- the State debt at one hundred 
 cents on the dollar with three per cent, interest. The cou- 
 pons of the bonds the State would issue were to be made re- 
 ceivable for taxes, the bonds were payable ninety-nine years 
 after date. The issuance of these bonds was enjoined, and 
 the Supreme Court decided it illeg-al. Governor Hawkins 
 convened the Leg-islature in extra session and passed an act 
 to settle the debt at sixty cents on the dollar, with bonds 
 bearing- three per cent, interest for the next two years, four 
 per cent, interest for the next two years, five per cent, interest 
 for the next two years, and six per cent, interest thereafter. 
 Many of the bondholders refused this settlement. 
 
 The Biennial Election.— The Democratic Convention met 
 in June, 1882, and decided in favor of paying- the orig-inal or 
 State debt proper in full, the rest at fifty cen ts on the dollar with 
 three per cent, interest. It nominated William B. Bate for 
 Governor who was elected. The "State Credit" Democrats 
 left this convention, declared for the same settlement the Re 
 publicans favored, and nominated Joseph H. Fussell for Gov- 
 ernor. This faction of the party was called ' 'Sky-Blues. " The 
 Greenback party nominated John R. Beasley for Governor. 
 
 Questions.— 1. Give the substance of this section. 2. Who was Gov- 
 ernor? Whom did the Conservatives nominate? 3. What immense 
 debt had been incurred? How? 4. What can you say about the "Ku 
 Klux?" 5. What of Governor Brown? His successor? Others? 6. 
 
162 HISTORY OF TENNKSSKK. 
 
 Give substance of this section. 7. Whom did the parties name for 
 Governor? 8. Who were candidates? Who was elected? Why? 9. 
 What was the great issue now? 10. Give sketch of the life of Governor 
 Porter. 11. Give the substance of this section. 12. What was the con- 
 dition of the State now? 13. Give a biographical sketch of Governor 
 Marks. 14. What did the I^egislature now do? 15. Name the nominees 
 and result of the election for Governor. Give a sketch of the life of 
 Governor Hawkins. 16. Give the substance of this section. 17. What 
 did the Democratic Convention of 1882 do? 
 
CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY. 
 
 The State Debt.— William B. Bate was elected Governor, 
 and the party that has posed as the friend of the poor from 
 the dawn of its existence, began active measures to ameliorate 
 the crisis. Governor Bate urged the immediate adjustment of 
 the State debt in accordance with the platform on which he 
 was elected. Long debates ensued, but it was finally settled 
 by the passage of the act by which this debt was adjusted. 
 The State debt proper was to be paid in full, minus the war 
 interest. The rest of the debt was odious and was scaled to 
 fifty cents on the dollar with three per cent, interest. 
 
 William B. Bate was born near Castalian Springs, Ten- 
 nessee; received an academic education; when quite a youth 
 served as second clerk on a steam- 
 boat between Nashville and New 
 Orleans; served as a private in the 
 Mexican war in Louisiana and 
 Tennessee regiments; a year after 
 returning from the Mexican war 
 was elected to the Tennessee Leg- 
 islatute; graduated from the Leb- 
 anon Law School in 1852, and 
 entered upon the practice of his 
 profession at Gallatin; in 1854, 
 was elected Attorney-General for 
 the Nashville District for six years ; 
 during his term of office he was 
 nominated for Congress, but declined; was a Presidential 
 Elector in 1860, on the Breckinridge-Lane ticket; was private, 
 
 (163) 
 
 GOV. WILLIAM B. BATE. 
 
164 HISTORY OF TKNNESSKK. 
 
 Captain, Colonel, Brig-adier and Major-General, in the Con- 
 federate service, surrendering- with the Army of Tennessee in 
 1865; was three times dang-erouslj wounded; after the close of 
 the war returned to Tennessee and resumed the practice of 
 law; was a deleg-ate to the Democratic National Convention in 
 1868; served on the National Democratic Executive Committee 
 for Tennessee, twelve years; was an Elector for the State at 
 larg^e on the Tilden and Hendricks ticket in 1876; in 1882 was 
 elected Governor of Tennessee and re-elected in 1884; in Janu- 
 ary, 1887, was elected to the United States Senate as a Demo- 
 crat, and was re-elected in 1893. 
 
 Officers : Census. — This party repudiated the interest that 
 had accumulated during- the war, and issued new bonds, pay- 
 able in thirty years, with optional redemption in five years. 
 In 1881, A. W. Hawkins was appointed Commissioner of Ag-- 
 riculture to succeed J. B. Killebrew who served from 1875 to 
 1881. W. S. Doak was appointed Superintendent of Public In- 
 struction to succeed Leon Trousdale who had served from 
 1875 to 1881. The State had now returned to prosperity and 
 confidence was once more restored. The population had in- 
 creased from nine hundred and thirty- six thousand one hun- 
 dred and nineteen whites, and three hundred and twenty-two 
 thousand three hundred and thirty-one colored, In 1870, to one 
 million one hundred and thirty-eig-ht thousand eig-ht hundred 
 and thirty-one whites, and four hundred and three thousand 
 five hundred and twenty-eig-ht colored, in 1880. In 1883, it de- 
 veloped that State Treasurer, M. T. Polk had defaulted with 
 over four hundred and fifty thousand dollars of the State's funds. 
 
 Supreme Judges, Etc.— In 1885, the State appropriated 
 ten thousand dollars to exhibit its products at the New Orleans 
 Exposition. Aug-ust 5, 1886, Peter Turney, W. C. Caldwell, 
 H. H. Ivurton, W. C. Fowlkes, and B. L. Snodg-rass, Demo- 
 cratic candidates for Supreme Judg-es, received an averag-e of 
 
THE DKMOCKATIC PARTY. 
 
 165 
 
 one hundred and fifty-seven thousand votes; W. M. Randolph, 
 J. A. Warder, W. M. Baxter, Samuel Watson, and W. W. 
 Murray, Republicans, one hundred and twenty-two thousand 
 five hundred votes. G. W. S. Crawford was appointed State 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1882, and served until 
 1883, when he was succeeded by Thomas H. Paine, who served 
 until 1887, and was succeeded by Frank M. Smith, who served 
 till Governor Taylor's term expired. March 19, 1887, B. M. 
 Hord was appointed Commissioner of Agriculture. Septem- 
 ber 30, 1887, there was a popular vote taken on a prohibition 
 amendment to the Constitution, with the following* result: 
 Against, one hundred and forty-five thousand one hundred and 
 ninety-seven; for the amendment, one hundred and seventeen 
 thousand five hundred and four. 
 
 Bob and Alf. — The Democrats, in 1886, nominated and 
 elected Robert L. Taylor for Governor, against Alfred A. 
 Taylor, Republican, and 
 brother o f Robert. This 
 campaign attracted the at- 
 tention of the whole country. 
 Two great orators, brothers, 
 whose politics differed so 
 widely, and who were candi- 
 dates for the same high of&ce. 
 Robert was elected, receiving 
 one hundred and twenty-six 
 thousand one hundred and 
 fifty-one votes. Alfred re- 
 ceived one hundred and nine 
 thousand eight hundred and 
 
 thirty-seven votes. Y^^ i- 
 
 * 
 
 A Brilliant Career. — gov. robert l. taylor. 
 *'Our Bob," as he is familiarly called, was born in Carter-Coun- 
 
166 
 
 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 ty, Tennessee, July 31, 1850. In 1878 he was licensed to prac- 
 tice law but was in this 3^ear elected to Congress. In 1884 
 he was on the Cleveland-Hendricks Electoral Ticket for the 
 State at large; soon after he was appointed to a Federal office, 
 which he resig-ned to accept the Democratic nomination for 
 Governor. In 1888 he was re-elected defeating- Samuel W. 
 Hawkins, Republican. Since he retired from the governor- 
 ship he has become prominent as a lecturer and his fame is 
 national. In 1893 he was a candidate for the United States 
 Senate but was defeated by Senator William B. Bate. He 
 was ag-ain nominated for Governor by the Democrats in 1896. 
 
 The Candidate for Governor.— In 1890 the Alliance and 
 the Democrats nominated John P. Buchanan, a farmer, for 
 Governor. The Republicans nominated L. T. Baxter. Buch- 
 anan was elected, but his adminis- 
 
 Ptration disappointed his mostsan- 
 g-uine supporters. He had fair 
 ., ^w|^^ ability but lacked stability. The 
 
 *ij«p»i^ farmers thoug-ht they had been 
 
 imposed upon, and they broug-ht 
 out Buchanan, a leader in the Al- 
 liance, which had been called the 
 "Wheelers." Governor Buch- 
 anan appointed W. R. Garrett, 
 Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
 tion, and D. G. Godwin, Commis- 
 sioner of Ag-riculture. 
 
 Difficulty with the Miners. 
 
 — Soon trouble beg-an in the in- 
 surrection of miners, which oc- 
 curred first in July, 1891, and 
 
 GOV. J. P. BUCHANAN. • • ^i r 11 ^a-l. 
 
 •^ ag-am in the fall. The miners m 
 
 the fall released six hundred State prisoners at Briceville and 
 
THK DEMOCRATIC PARTY. 167 
 
 at Coal Creek. Governor Buchanan organized a provisional 
 army with which he g-arrisoned Coal Creek. This command, 
 under General Keller Anderson, maintained law and order in 
 that vicinity until Aug-ust, 1892, when a g-eneral strike oc- 
 curred, which resulted in a third uprising-, effecting- the entire 
 •mining- district of Tennessee. This time the branch prison at 
 Tracy City was attacked, the convicts turned loose, and the 
 prison burned. 
 
 The Stockades Attacked. — On the following- day the 
 stockades at Oliver Springs and Inman were attacked. At the 
 former place a g-allant defense was made by the civil g-uards 
 and a few soldiers who were hurriedly sent out from Knoxville 
 to re-enforce it, but Inman g-ave up without a strug-g-le. The 
 defenders at Oliver Spring-s had to surrender the following- day, 
 because of an insufficiency of ammunition. The miners were 
 so elated over their success that they laid sieg-e to Fort Ander- 
 son, and for two days the soldiers at that place were under 
 constant fire from sharpshooters secreted in the mountains 
 around them. 
 
 Insurgents Repulsed.— The entire National Guard of the 
 State was ordered to take the field and g-o to the relief of Fort 
 Anderson, and no time was lost in responding- to the call. 
 General Carnes, commanding- the brig-aci.e, quickly reached the 
 scene of strife and drove off the insurg-ents, but before this was 
 done four soldiers had been killed and several wounded. For 
 three months a regiment was encamped at Coal Creek, about 
 one mile from Fort Anderson. 
 
 Th& National Guard, State of Tennessee, was organized 
 
 under an act of the Legislature passed March 22, 1887. Gov- 
 ernor Taylor was Commander-in-Chief and his brother, Brig- 
 adier-General James P. Taylor, Adjutant-General. Governor 
 Taylor at once selected a staff of citizens, who had manifested 
 
168 HISTORY OF TENNKSSEK. 
 
 interest in military affairs. At this time numerous military 
 organizations existed, which were mustered into the State's 
 service, and upon this nucleus three regiments of infantry, a 
 battalion of artillery and a troop of cavalr}^ were organized 
 into a brigade. The State provided for this Guard, but made 
 no appropriations for its maintenance, and soon it waned and 
 nothing more developed from it until the insurrection of the 
 miners made it evident that the organization must be revived 
 and maintained. 
 
 The State's Militia.— At the time of the outbreak, in 
 July, 1891, there were twenty- two infantry companies in the 
 State, poorly equipped and absolutely unfit to take the field. 
 This cost the State many thousands of dollars, besides the hu- 
 miliation it caused. Despite this neglect, Tennessee's soldiers 
 have always displayed eagerness to do their duty. In Sep- 
 tember, 1891, che Legislature met in extra session and appro- 
 priated twenty-five thousand dollars for the maintenance of 
 the Guard for the rest of that year and for 1892. 
 
 The Guard Maintained.— The Legislature appropriated 
 forty-five thousand dollars for the Guard for 1893-94, and the 
 Secretary of War detailed Captain H. C. Ward, Sixteenth In- 
 fantry, United States Army, to aid in increasing its efficiency, 
 and now Tennessee has a we"" equipped and drilled military 
 organization. Buchanan did not get the strong support he 
 thought he ought to have had, and he ran for re-election, but 
 was overwhelmingly defeated by Judge Peter Turney, whom 
 the Democrats had nominated in 1892. The Republicans nomi- 
 nated George Winstead, but "Old Pete," as he is familiarly 
 called, was elected. 
 
 Peter Turney was born in Jasper, Marion County, Ten- 
 nessee, September 22, 1827. He is of English descent. Gov- 
 ernor Turney has continued to reside in Winchester since Feb- 
 
THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY. 
 
 169 
 
 GOV. PKTER TURNEY. 
 
 ruary, 1828. He was educated in the schools there, and in a 
 private school at Nashville. He 
 beg-an to read law under his father. 
 His father being- elected United 
 States Senator, he continued his 
 studies under Major Venable, of 
 Winchester, and was licensed to 
 practice in 1848. He practiced 
 law at Winchester until 1861. He | 
 was in 1861, an alternate elector 
 on the Breckinridge ticket. He 
 was the first man in the State to 
 publicly advocate secession, and 
 was electe*d, February 9, 1861, a 
 deleg-ate to a convention to pass or- 
 dinance of secession. He enrolled 
 a company of men and was elected 
 Captain; he was then commissioned to raise a reg-iment, which 
 he did, and was elected Colonel. It was known as "Turncy's 
 First Tennessee." He was severely wounded at the battle of 
 Fredericksburg-, December 15, 1862, but continued to serve un- 
 til the surrender, May 19, 1865. He then returned to Win- 
 chester to practice law. In 1870 he was elected Supreme 
 Judge, was re-elected in 1878, and ag-ain in 1886. On the re- 
 org-anization of the Supreme Court in 1886, he was elected 
 Chief Justice and continued to serve until January 16, 1893, 
 when he was inaug-urated Governor. He served as Judg-c 
 twenty-three years, the long-est period of service of any Judge 
 in the history of the State. He was pre-eminently the Judge 
 who enforced the rule for the more rapid disposition of busi- 
 ness, which the former bench had been unable to enforce; 
 and in this connection the Green Bag says: "As a Judge, in 
 the opinion of the writer, he ranks by the greatest of all the 
 great line that began with White." 
 
170 
 
 HISTORY OF TKNNESSKK. 
 
 Turney and Evans. — When the time came for Governor 
 Turney's inauguration he was too feeble to visit the Capital 
 and a Legislative committee was commissioned to go to his 
 home in Winchester and have him inaugurated, which occurred 
 
 January 16, 1893. Turney 
 made a good record, and his 
 party, in 1894, nominated 
 him for re-election. The 
 Republicans nominated H. 
 Clay Kvans, of Chattanooga. 
 On account of many irregu- 
 larities in the election for 
 Governor, November 6, 1894, 
 both Turney and Evans 
 clained the election. When 
 the Legislature convened in 
 January, 1895, the contest 
 was submitted to it and after 
 much canvassing was finally 
 decided in favor of Gov. Tur- 
 ney, who was inaugurated on 
 the 8th of May, 1895. Gov- 
 ernor Turney re-appointed 
 Frank M. Smith, Superintendent of Public Instruction, but the 
 Senate refused to confirm his nomination, and S. G. Gilbreath 
 was appointed, and has made a good of&cer. T. F. P. Allison, 
 was appointed Commissioner of Agriculture. In 1893 there 
 was a financial crisis that involved many business men. In 
 Tennessee it was especially severe, almost every bank in 
 Nashville suspended. Nothing has equaled it in the annals of 
 history; but soon many were able to resume business. 
 
 Good Reports. — The reports of the Superintendent of 
 Public Instruction for the last few years show most gratifying 
 
 HON. H. CLAY EVANS. 
 
THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY. 
 
 171 
 
 results in the progress and improvement of the public school 
 system. Under the experienced and efficient management of 
 our late Superintendents, amendatory legislation from session 
 to session has brought the school law to a standard of excel- 
 lence equal to that of many of the most favored States. The 
 improvement in the qualifications of teachers, in the methods 
 of normal training, in the payment of teachers' wages, in the 
 
 
 WINCHESTER NORMAL COLLEGE. 
 
 selection of text-books and courses of study, and in the increase 
 of taxation, are manifest evidences of a progressive and 
 healthy growth. 
 
 Court of ChanceiT Appeals.— The Legislature of 1895 
 created the Court of Chancery Appeals and Governor Turney 
 appointed R. M. Barton, M. M. Neil, and S. F. Wilson, Judges. 
 
172 HISTORY OF TENNKSSEK. 
 
 This Court was created to relieve the Supreme Court of much 
 of its crowded matter. These officers made a good record and 
 in the Democratic Convention of May 6-7, 1896, they were re- 
 nominated. 
 
 Our Loved State. — Tennessee's future is bright. On 
 June 19, 1894, a convention of representative men met at 
 Nashville to organize an exposition to commemorate the one 
 hundredth anniversary of Tennessee which occurred June 1, 
 1896. Were the aged and the youth of Tennessee prepared 
 to duly honor the great occasion? Had they acquainted them- 
 selves with the dramatic episodes of Tennessee History? Had 
 they grown familiar with the heroic lives and daring deeds of 
 their ancestors? No subject can ever be more inspiring and 
 instructive to citizenship reared upon our soil. So fruitful is 
 the State's history that it can easily gain our admiration and 
 inspire our love. The fame of her soldiers and statesmen, her 
 scholars, her men of science, and her teachers, authors and 
 artists, her editors and publishers, her merchants and manu- 
 facturers, her inventors and mechanic?, her farmers and finan- 
 ciers, her river, railroad and stock men, her lawyers*, judges, 
 physicians and surgeons, her theologians and divines, has 
 given her a name and established her a reputation among the 
 nations of the world. 
 
 Duty to Posterity. — Let these facts excite the emulation 
 of our youth and impress them with the lesson of our history. 
 If faithfully learned and applied, with her soil and her climate, 
 her genius and her wealth, her learning and her patriotism, 
 her social, civil and militar}^ reputation, her geographical, 
 commercial and political position, with the prestige of her 
 name and fame, we must not expect less of the youth of Ten- 
 nessee than that she will, in the galaxy of the Union of States, 
 assume the position of first among her peers. 
 
THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY. 173 
 
 Questions.— 1. What of Governor Bate and the Democratic party? 
 2. Give biographical sketch of Governor Bate. 3. Give the substance 
 of this section. 4. What of the New Orleans Exposition? Who were 
 elected Supreme Judges? Name other .appointees. 5. Whom did the 
 parties nominate for Governor? 6. Give biographical sketch of Gov- 
 ernor Taylor. 7. What occurred in 1891? Who was elected? Why? 
 8. Give full details of this section. 9. What of Oliver Springs and In- 
 man? 10. What of Fort Anderson and Coal Creek? 11. What of the 
 National Guard? Its officers? 12. What was the condition of the com- 
 panies in July, 1891? 13. Give the substance of this section. 14. Sketch 
 the life of Governor Turney? 15. Name the appointees. What occur- 
 red in 1893? 16. What of the condition of our schools? 17. What of the 
 Court of Chancery Appeals? 18. What must we expect of our pupils? 
 19. Give the substance of this section. 
 
CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 Its Characteristics. — It is a well-established fact that no 
 State in the American Union is more happily endowed by 
 nature with reference to climate, soil, productions, beauty of 
 scenery and sanitary conditions than Tennessee. It is a 
 State of almost infinite variety as to rocks, minerals, soils, pro- 
 ductions, climate and its g-eolog-ical and physical features. 
 It lies between 35° and 36° 30' north latitude and 81° 37' and 
 90° 28' west longitude from Greenwich and contains forty- 
 two thousand and fifty square miles, including three hundred 
 square miles of water. From east to west it is four hundred 
 and thirty-two miles and from north to south one hundred 
 and nine miles, taking the greatest length and width. 
 
 Navigable Streams. — It has more miles of navigable 
 streams to the square mile than any other State. The Ten- 
 nessee River crosses the State twice. The Cumberland River, 
 rising in Eastern Kentucky, sweeps in a semicircle through 
 the fairest portion of the State giving to it three hundred 
 and four miles of navigable water. The Mississippi washes 
 its entire western limit. Many of the tributaries of these 
 principal affluents are navigable. There are eight natural 
 divisions in the State, a correct knowledge of which is indis- 
 pensable to a proper understanding of its unlimited natural 
 resources. 
 
 (I.) Mountains. — On the southeastern border of the State 
 is the mountainous division. Here, rising in great ridge-like 
 masses and treeless domes, is the medial axis of the great 
 Appalachian Chain, the highest peaks of which ofe'tain an 
 
 (174) 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 175 
 
 elevation of six thousand six hundred feet above the sea. 
 Upon the brown and bald summits of these lofty heights the 
 flora of Canada and the climate of New England may be 
 found. Many beautiful and fertile valleys and coves nestle 
 in the bosom of this grand range, which are highly produc- 
 tive of the grasses and the hardier bread grains. Upon the 
 balds, also, natural grasses grow with a prodigal luxuriance. 
 It is the least valuable of all the natural divisions of the State 
 in an agricultural point of view, owing not so much to the 
 sterility of the soil as to the severity of the climate. Its aver- 
 age elevation above the sea is five thousand feet, and its ap- 
 proximate area is two thousand square miles. 
 
 TUNNEL ON N. C & ST. L. RAILROAD. 
 
 (II. ) The Beautiful Fluted Valley of East Tennessee. 
 
 — The next division is the beautiftil fluted Valley of East 
 Tennessee lying between the mountainous division on the 
 southeast and the Cumberland Tableland on the northwest. 
 
176 HISTORY OF TKNNKSSEE. 
 
 This vallc}^, so called because it is bounded by a great eleva- 
 tion on two sides and forms a deep trough between these ele- 
 vations, is a succession of ridges and minor valleys, running 
 in almost unbroken lines from northeast to southwest. In 
 other words it has a fluted bottom. The subordinate valleys 
 in this great valley constitute, probably, the most fertile 
 lands in the State and these lands command the hig-hest 
 prices. Ag-riculturally this division is one of the most im- 
 portant in the State. Its averag^e elevation above the sea is 
 one thousand feet, and its area nine thousand two hundred 
 square miles. 
 
 (III). The Cumberland Tableland.— The third natural 
 division is the Cumberland Tableland, an elevated plateau 
 rising- two thousand feet above the sea and one thousand feet 
 above the Valley of Kast Tennessee. This constitutes the 
 coal region of Tennessee. Its area is five thousand one hun- 
 dred square miles. Except for highland pasturag-e it is ot 
 small value ag-riculturally. The soil is sandy and sterile for 
 the most part, though there are some elevated valleys where a 
 fairly productive soil may be found. The sandstone soil is 
 well adapted to the g-rowth of vegetables, but not to the 
 g-rowth of the cereals. It is a healthy reg-ion and furnishes 
 a cool, bracing- climate in summer, and for this reason is the 
 seat of many popular summer resorts. It is asserted b}^ com- 
 petent medical authority that no case of tubercular consump- 
 tion has ever originated on this mountain. 
 
 (IV.) The Rimlands, Highlands, or Terrace-lands, 
 
 form the fourth natural division. This division lies to the 
 west of the Cumberland Tableland and extends, like the rim 
 of a plate, to the Tennessee Valley on the west, inclosing- the 
 g-reat limestone Central Basin in which Nashville is situated. 
 This basin forms another division of the State, next to be 
 described. If this Central Basin should at a former g-eologi- 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF TENNESSEE. 177 
 
 cal epoch have been covered with water, the Rimlands would 
 have been an atoll, or a great circular reef, inclosing- and con- 
 fining- the lake. This Hig-hland rim is greatly diversified 
 by rolling hills and wide valleys. For the most part it ap- 
 pears originally to have been a flat plain, which has, through 
 long ages, been profoundly eroded by the many streams 
 which flow through it. These streams have cut the surface 
 into innumerable deep, and for the most part narrow, valleys, 
 leaving here and there the level top of the ancient plateau. 
 
 Duck River, Its Direction, etc. — Duck River passes 
 through it in a serpentine course, having a general westerly 
 direction. The Cumberland River, with its valleys, cuts it al- 
 most completely in two. Buffalo River and Valley lie wholly 
 within its boundary. The Caney Fork of the Cumberland 
 River, and the Elk of the Tennessee River, take their rise in 
 the eastern Highlands. This division has some of the most 
 fertile soils in the State, distinguished for their chocolate 
 color and their adaptability to the growth of peanuts, tobac- 
 co, wheat, corn and oats. It is a region of great agricultural 
 importance and wealth, and is the center of the great charcoal 
 iron industry of the State. It is magnificent!}^ supplied with 
 water power where the streams pour down from the High- 
 lands to lower lands. It has an area of nine thousand three 
 hundred square miles, and an average elevation of nearly one 
 thousand feet above the sea. 
 
 (V.) The Central Basin inclosed by the Highlands is 
 elliptical in shape, and constitutes the fairest domain in the 
 State. Topographically, it is a plain with numerous eleva- 
 tions rising two hundred to three hundred feet above the gen- 
 eral level. The underlying rocks are limestones of the Si- 
 lurian Age, the disintegration of which has given rise to a soil 
 rich in all the elements of plant nutrition, and one that by 
 reason of its formation is exceedingly durable and has great 
 
178 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 strength of constitution. Every crop known to the latitude 
 flourishes in this basin, including blue grass. It is to Ten- 
 nessee what the blue grass region is to Kentucky, and is the 
 center of the great live stock industry of the State. 
 
 Live Stock<,etc. — Here are situated the great breeding estab- 
 lishments where the fleet-footed racers, the swift trotters and 
 pacers, the lordly short-horns, and the deer-shaped Jerseys 
 find their most congenial homes. Here too are to be found 
 the finest flocks of sheep in the South, and the best-bred hogs. 
 Here are the best-stocked farms, and the best farmhouses, 
 and the thriftiest and wealthiest farmers. The area of this 
 division is five thousand four hundred and fifty square miles, 
 and its average elevation above the sea is about five hundred 
 and fifty feet. Nashville is situated in this basin. Its soil, 
 its climate, and its high state of cultivation justly entitle it to be 
 called the Garden of Tennessee. The whole basin, with the sur- 
 rounding Highlands, is slightly tilted toward the northwest, 
 and it has a less elevation on that side than any other. 
 
 (VI.) The Western Valley, or the Valley of the Tennes- 
 see River, forms the next natural division. This is a narrow 
 valley, with spurs from the Highlands pointing in to ward it, 
 and sometimes running down to the margin of the river. The 
 surface is greatly broken and irregular, but the soil is gener- 
 ally fertile. Marshy spots covered with cypress swamps occur 
 in places along the river. The main valley sends out subordi- 
 nate ones extending as far as twenty or twenty-five miles before 
 they are lost on the Highlands. The Western Valley does not 
 include all the territory drained by the tributaries of the 
 Tennessee, but its general limits are the lines along which the 
 Highlands on both sides for the most part break away. The 
 average width of this valley is ten or twelve miles, its length 
 is the breadth of the State, and its area is about one thou- 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF TENNESSEE. 179 
 
 sand two hundred square miles. Its elevation above the sea 
 is about three hundred and sixty feet. 
 
 (VII.) The Plateau of West Tennessee.— The Plateau, 
 or Slope of West Tennessee is the seventh natural division. 
 This differs essentially from the other divisions heretofore 
 named, in the fact that it has but few rocks. It is of more 
 recent g-eolog-ical formation. Topographically, it is a great 
 plain that slopes gradually toward the Mississippi River, 
 usually with a surface gently undulating, but in some places 
 greatly roughened by abrupt hills and sharply defined narrow 
 valleys. The character of the soil varies greatly from that 
 of the preceding divisions, being light, porous, siliceous, and 
 for the most part ash-colored, but charged with the elements 
 of an abounding fertility. This soil, owing to its highly pul- 
 verulent condition and the absence of rocks is easily washed 
 into gullies, and greater care is demanded for its preservation. 
 It grows all the crops of the latitude with a wonderful fecun- 
 dity, but cotton and corn are the staple crops, except in its 
 central part, where vegetables and fruits have been substi- 
 tuted in large part for cotton. 
 
 Cereals, Characteristics, etc.— A few of the northern 
 counties in this division grow wheat and tobacco, as well as 
 cotton and corn, and the large yield of corn shows that the 
 soils are excellently well adapted to the growth of the cereals. 
 The heaviest and best forests of hardwood in the State are 
 also to be found in the northern and central parts of this di- 
 vision. The streams are sluggish, and their banks unstable. 
 This division is furrowed by river valleys, the elevations 
 between which rarely rise above one hundred feet. It extends 
 from the Tennessee River westward for an average distance 
 of about eighty-four miles, and terminates abruptly, fall- 
 ing off into a long and steep bluff, or escarpment, that over- 
 looks the great alluvial bottoms of the Mississippi River. It 
 
HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 covers a superficial extent of eight thousand eight hundred 
 and fifty miles, and has an average elevation of five hundred 
 feet. 
 
 (VIII.) The Bottoms of 
 the Mississippi River form 
 the eighth and last natural di- 
 vision into which the State is 
 divided. This division teams 
 with a rank luxuriance of veg- 
 etable life that is almost tropi- 
 cal. The timber is heavy, and 
 the undergrowth of cane, vines, 
 and shrubs makes the virgin 
 forests well nigh impassable. 
 The cane furnishes a rich pas- 
 turage for cattle, not only in 
 summer, but throughout the 
 year. Cattle are reared upon 
 the wild herbage of these bot- 
 toms and marketed without 
 INCLINE RAILROAD, LOOKOUT ever having been fed with com, 
 MOUNTAIN. Q^^g^ oj. hay. This division 
 
 also abounds in lakes, where many excellent varieties of 
 fish are found, as well as water-fowl in the greatest abun- 
 dance. It is the sportsman's paradise during the fall and 
 winter months. The soil is of exuberant fertility, and will 
 produce year after year, with no apparent diminution in 
 quantity, enormous crops of corn, cotton and hay. The agri- 
 cultural resources of this division are enormous, and, when 
 reclaimed from the dank, dark forests, will subsist a larger 
 population per square mile than any other portion of the 
 State. The surface embraces nine hundred and fifty square 
 miles, and it has an average elevation of two hundred and 
 ninety-five feet above the sea. 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF TENNESSEE. 181 
 
 (I.) East Tennessee. — Tennessee has three civil or polit- 
 ical divisions. East Tennessee. This comprises all the ter- 
 ritory from the North Carolina line to about the center of the 
 Cumberland Tableland, including- the first and second natural 
 divisions and about one-half of the third. It contains thir- 
 teen thousand one hundred and twelve square miles, and em- 
 braces the following- counties: Anderson, Bledsoe, Blount, 
 Bradley, Campbell, Carter, Claiborne, Cocke, Grainger, Greene, 
 Hamblen, Hamilton, Hancock, Hawkins, James, Jefferson, 
 Johnson, Knox, Loudon, Marion, McMinn, Meig-s, Monroe, 
 Morg-an, Polk, Rhea, Roane, Scott, Sequatchie, Sevier, Sulli- 
 van, Union, Unicoi, and Washing-ton — thirty-four counties. 
 
 (II.) Middle Tennessee.— This division extends from 
 the dividing- line on the Cumberland Tableland to the Ten- 
 nessee River, and comprises the whole of the fourth and fifth 
 natural divisions and about half of the third and sixth. Its 
 area embraces eig-hteen thousand one hundred and twenty-six 
 square miles. Counties embraced in this division: Bedford, 
 Cannon, Cheatham, Clay, Coffee, Cumberland, Davidson, De 
 Kalb, Dickson, Fentress, Franklin, Giles, Grundy, Hum- 
 phreys, Hickman, Houston, Jackson, Lawrence, Lewis, Lin- 
 coln, Macon, Marshall, Maury, Montg-omery, Moore, Overton, 
 Perry, Pickett, Putnam, Robertson, Rutherford, Smith, 
 Stewart, Sumner, Trousdale, Van Buren, Warren, Wayne, 
 White, Williamson, and Wilson— forty-one counties. 
 
 (III. ) West Tennessee. — This division extends from the 
 Tennessee River westward to the Mississippi, and includes 
 the whole of the seventh and eig-hth natural divisions and one- 
 half of the sixth. West Tennessee contains ten thousand five 
 hundred and twelve square miles exclusive of surface perma- 
 nently covered with water. The following- counties are em- 
 braced in this division: Benton, Carroll, Chester, Crockett, 
 Decatur, Dyer, Fayette, Gibson, Hardeman, Hardin, Haj- 
 
182 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 -wood, Henderson, Henry, Lake, Lauderdale, Madison, Mc- 
 Nairj, Obion, Shelby, Tipton, and Weakley — twenty-one 
 counties. 
 
 The Climate of Tennessee combines humidity and sun- 
 shine, cold and warmth, in just such proportions as to pro- 
 duce the highest deg-ree of perfection in the largest number of 
 crops. This statement may be easil}^ verified by consulting 
 the census returns, in which it will appear that ever crop 
 grown in the United States may be, and actuall}- is, grown to 
 some extent in the State of Tennessee. This cannot be said 
 of any other State. The truth is, the productions of both the 
 Northern and Southern States meet and overlap in Tennessee. 
 There is just cold enough during the winter months to invig- 
 orate the physical system, ameliorate the soil, and destroy 
 the germs of disabling disease. The heat in summer is rarely 
 long continued, nor is the cold in winter. There are but few 
 days during the year in which a laboring man is prevented, 
 either by excessive heat or cold, from performing comfortably 
 outdoor work. Statistics show it to be one of the healthiest 
 States in the Union. Excluding a few lowlands there is 
 scarcely a malarial district in the State. 
 
 Questions. — 1. With what is Tennessee happily endowed? 2. What 
 is said of navig"able streams? 3. What is said of the mountains? 4. 
 Give substance of this section? 5. What is said of coal? Veg-etables? 
 Cereals? Health? 6. Describe this division, 7. What of rivers? 
 Cereals? 8. For what is the Central Basin noted? 9. What is said of 
 pacers? Cattle? Climate and soil? 10. Describe this division. 11. 
 In what does it differ from the preceding- divisions? 12. Give sub- 
 stance of this section. 13. In what does this division surpass the 
 others of the State? 14. Locate and describe East Tennessee. 15. 
 Give the substance of this section. 16. Locate and describe West Ten- 
 nessee. 17. What can you say of the climate? 
 
CHAPTER XXVIl. 
 
 GEOLOGY OF TENNESSEE.' 
 
 Geological Formations. — Tennessee has almost every 
 variety of g-eological formation. In East and Middle Ten- 
 nessee they are made up, for the most part, of hard rocky 
 strata consisting- of limestones, sandstones, shales, slate, 
 gneiss and g-ranite. In West Tennessee beds of sand and clay 
 with but few hard rocks constitute the strata. 
 
 The Soils are derived from the geolog^ical formations and 
 their fertility or sterility may generally be inferred from the 
 character of the formations from which they are derived, be- 
 cause all soils except those that are drifted are derived imme- 
 diatel}^ from the weathering or crumbling down of a portion 
 of the rocky strata that lie beneath them. Drifted soils, such 
 as the alluvial and the tertiary soils of West Tennessee derive 
 their material from many sources and have been deposited by 
 water. 
 
 Lowest Geologically. — It often happens that the highest 
 regions topographically are the lowest geologically. This is 
 the case in Tennessee. The highest mountains in the eastern 
 part of the State constitute the very lowest geological forma- 
 tions. These mountains have been uplifted and some of the 
 higher strata are oftentimes found lying conformably on the 
 sides. 
 
 Taking the Formations from the oldest and lowest geo- 
 logically and proceeding to the more recent we may construct 
 the following table after Safford: 
 
 *By Hon. J. B. Killebrew. 
 
 (183) 
 
184 
 
 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 A. — LOWER SILURIAN 
 
 1. Metamorphic rock. ) 
 
 2. Ocoee group 
 
 3. Chilhowee sandstone. 
 
 4. Knox sandstone. 
 
 5. Knox shale. 
 
 6. Knox dolomite 
 
 7. Trenton or Lebanon. 
 
 8. Nashville or Cincinnati. 
 
 Potsdam Period. 
 
 y Quebec Period. 
 > Trenton Period. 
 
 B. — UPPER SILURIAN. 
 
 9. Clinch Mountain sandstone. 
 
 10. White Oak Mt. sandstone. 
 
 11. Dyestone or Clinton Group. 
 
 12. Niag-ara limestone. 
 
 13. Lower Helderberg-. 
 
 15. 
 16. 
 17. 
 
 18. 
 
 19. 
 20. 
 21. 
 
 22. 
 23. 
 
 24. 
 25. 
 26. 
 
 1 
 
 Niag-ara Period. 
 
 )- Lower Held'g- Period, 
 
 C. — DEVONIAN. 
 
 14. Black shale. 
 
 [-Hamilton Period. 
 
 -CARBONIFEROUS. 
 
 Barren group. ) Mississippi or Sub- 
 
 Coral or St. Louis limestone. V Carboniferous Period 
 Mountain limestone. ) 
 
 Coal measures. \- Coal Period. 
 
 E. — CRETACEOUS. 
 
 Coffee sand 
 Green sand. 
 Ripley group. 
 
 >• Cretaceous Period. 
 
 F. TERTIARY. 
 
 Flatwood sands and clays. ) m x- -o • ^ 
 La Grange sands. \ Tertiary Period. 
 
 G. — QUARTERN ARY 
 
 Orange sand and drift. 
 Bluff loam or loees. 
 Alluvium. 
 
 AND MODERN. 
 
 }■ Quarternary Period. 
 }■ Terrace Period. 
 y Human Period. 
 
GEOLOGY OF TENNESSEE. 185 
 
 The Metamorphic or Lowest Formation is made o of 
 granite, g-neiss, talcose, shale, mica, slate, epidote, hornblende,, 
 pyroxene, quartz, feldspar, serpentine and many other rocks. 
 Associated with these rocks are oftentimes found magnetic 
 and specular iron ores and copper ores. Tennessee has only a 
 small area of these formations covering in the aggregate 
 about three hundred and twenty-five square miles. This 
 formation is confined to the southeastern parts of Johnson, 
 Carter, Unicoi, Cocke, Monroe and Polk Counties. 
 
 The Ocoee Group and the Chilhowee sandstones are 
 very thick formations. They make up the rocks of the Unaka 
 ridges. These formations are confined to East Tennessee 
 and in that portion of it which embraces the high mountains 
 on the southeast. The Ocoee group has an estimated thick- 
 ness of ten thousand feet and includes heavy beds of hard 
 conglomerate rocks, sandstones very compact, clay, slates, 
 talcose and roofing slates and beds of magnesian limestones. 
 All the strata of this formation dip at a very high angle. 
 
 The Chilhowee sandstone has a thickness of about two 
 thousand feet. It is the material of which Chilhowee Moun- 
 tain is composed. The sandstone is heavy-bedded generally, 
 and is greyish white in color where weathered. It builds up a 
 broken chain of mountains that skirts the Unaka Mountain. 
 
 The Next Five Formations embracing the Quebec and 
 Trenton Periods contain sandstones, limestones and dolomites 
 or magnesian limestones. These formations are made of 
 softer materials than those that have been heretofore men- 
 tioned, which are mountain making or are composed of rocks 
 that do not disintegrate or crumble readily by atmospheric in- 
 fluences. The five, formations, namel}^ Knox sandstone, 
 Knox shale, Knox dolomite, the Trenton and Cincinnati group 
 are valley making; that is, their material is so soft that the 
 
186 
 
 HISTORY OF TKNNKSSKK. 
 
 erosive agencies of rain, frost and atmosphere have been able 
 to scoop out valleys and basins. 
 
 The Knox Sandstone is from eight hundred to one thou- 
 sand feet in thickness and is composed of variegated sand- 
 stones and shales with occa- 
 sional beds of dolomite. This 
 formation yields a poor thin 
 soil but contributes a marked 
 feature to the topography of 
 the country by making sharp 
 roof-like ridges. 
 
 The Knox Shale, coming 
 next in ascending order, is about 
 two thousand feet thick and is 
 made up of brown reddish buff 
 and chloritic shades, often cal- 
 careous, and enclosing thin 
 layers of colitic limestone. 
 This formation gives rise to 
 many beautiful and fertile val- 
 leys in East Tennessee. The 
 oldest traces of animal life met 
 
 with in Tennessee are found in this formation in the form of 
 
 fossils, shells and trilobites. 
 
 The Knox Dolomite is the most massive formation in 
 the State. It is thought to be a mile in thickness. It is 
 made up of heavy-bedded strata of blue and grey limestones 
 and dolomites or magnesian limestones. A good deal of chert 
 also occurs with this-formation. The topography of the Knox 
 dolomite formation presents valleys, plateaus and broad 
 rounded ridges making noted undulations in the great Valley 
 of East Tennessee. Knoxville is on one of these ridges and 
 
 ROUNDING HIGH BI.UFF, LOOK 
 OUT MOUNTAIN. 
 
GEOLOGY OF TENNESSKK. 187 
 
 Athens on another. The chert forming- these ridges has been 
 liberated by the solution of the calcareous rocks which once 
 enclosed it and now forms a shield which protects the under- 
 lying" strata from erosion. The rocks of the Knox dolomite 
 formation make a fertile, friable soil of much streng-th of con- 
 stitution and of g-reat productiveness. 
 
 The Trenton or Lebanon Group and the Nashville 
 or Cincinnati Group. — These two g-roups may be well con- 
 sidered together as they are always more or less associated — 
 the Lebanon rocks. Both formations are composed of blue 
 limestones filled with fossil remains and 3aelding- a larg-er area 
 of g-ood soils than any other formations in the State. They 
 make up the rocks of the Central Basin in which Nashville is 
 situated where they lie in nearly a horizontal position. They 
 form much of the surface also of the Valley of East Ten- 
 nessee. The rocks of both of these formations are soft and 
 readily yield to erosive ag-encies making- the richest valleys in 
 the State. The maximum thickness of this formation in East 
 Tennessee is from two thousand and five hundred to three 
 thousand feet. 
 
 In the Central Basin, the Trenton or Lebanon and Nash- 
 ville rocks make the floor and much of the walls of the Basin. 
 All the rocks are blue fossiliferous limestones, rich in the 
 constituent elements of a fruitful soil. West of the Central 
 Basin are two outcrops of these rocks, one in Stewart County 
 in the Wells Creek basin and the other in the bed of the Ten- 
 nessee River. The marble of East Tennessee and hydraulic 
 limestone and much g-ood building- stone is derived from 
 the rocks of these formations. 
 
 Clinch Mountain Sandstone.— This comes next above 
 the Nashville rocks. This is a local formation of no impor- 
 tance ag-riculturally, and is made up of a g-reyish thick-bedded 
 
188 
 
 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 sandstone about four hundred feet deep. Its greatest devel- 
 opment is on the Southern 
 slope of Clinch Mountain from 
 which it takes its name. 
 
 The White Oak Mountain 
 Sandstone formation is local 
 and of a group of variegated 
 sandstones and shales, red, 
 green and buff colored. These 
 rocks form the summit and 
 eastern slope of White Oak 
 Mountain in James and Brad- 
 ley Counties, and also the east- 
 ern slopes of Powell and Roane 
 Mountain in the northern part 
 
 I^ULA FALLS. 
 
 of East Tennessee Valley. This 
 formation is of no agricultural 
 or mineral importance. 
 
 The Dyestone Group is 
 
 from one hundred to three hun- 
 dred feet in thickness and car- 
 ries one to three layers of red 
 fossil ore, intercalated with 
 shales and sandstones which 
 make this formation of great 
 commercial importance. Many 
 thousands of tons of iron ore 
 are mined from this formation 
 at Inman in Sequatchie Val- 
 
 <'--'^S0} 
 
 ^ \ ~ i_ 
 
 - -ilP^, -v 
 
 
 
 "'"y 
 
 
 LULA LAKE. 
 
 ley and at Rockwood in Roane County and at other places. 
 
GEOLOGY OF TENNESSEE. 189 
 
 The Niagara Limestone formation occurs mainly in the 
 Western Valley of the Tennessee River. It is about two hun- 
 dred feet thick and is made up of thick-bedded fossiliferous 
 limestones, sometimes crystalline but often clayey. Some fair 
 marble, variegated and grey, pertains to this formation. 
 This group of rocks occupies the greater part of the surface 
 of the Western Valley outside of the alluvial bottoms. 
 
 The Lower Helderberg formation is about seventy feet 
 in thickness and consists of blue, thin-bedded, fossil limestones 
 often carrying cherty layers. The formation is found in its 
 geatest development in the Western Valley and in the Valleys 
 of Duck River and Buffalo River. The crumbling of the rocks 
 of this formation makes an excellent friable soil, but the area 
 of such soil is very limited. 
 
 The Black Shale Formation is made up of a black bi- 
 tuminous tough shale saturated with oil and is often taken for 
 coal by ignorant people. Underlying this formation is often 
 found a bed of phosphate rock valuable for making fertilizers. 
 The thickness of this formation is from a few inches to fifty feet. 
 
 The Barren Group is a bed, for the most part, of flinty 
 limestone. The derived soils are very thin and poor. It has a 
 thickness of from two hundred and fifty to three hundred feet. 
 
 The Coral Limestone formation is made up of a bluish 
 limestone and has a thickness of from one hundred to two hun- 
 dred and fifty feet. The -soil from this formation is very fruit- 
 ful and makes the best tobacco lands in the State. Found all 
 around the Central Basin and in some parts of East Tennessee. 
 
 The Mountain Limestone formation is unimportant for 
 it is only seen on the slopes of the mountain. It is made up 
 of heavy beds of limestone. It is from four hundred to eight 
 hundred feet thick. 
 
190 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 The Coal Measures cover about five thousand one hun- 
 dred square miles in this State and are from five hundred to 
 two thousand feet in thickness. This formation carries from 
 two to six workable seams of coal. There are about eig-hty- 
 four coal mines worked in Tennessee and the averag-e produc- 
 tion is about two million five hundred thousand tons annually. 
 
 The Coffee Sand and the Rotten Limestone forma- 
 tions occur in West Tennessee only. They g-ive rise to soils 
 of considerable fertility and the Rotten limestone formation 
 carries a bed of Green sand which makes a g-ood fertilizer. 
 
 The Ripley Group is much like the Coffee sand and has a 
 thickness of five hundred feet. 
 
 The Flatwoods Group which comes next is from two 
 hundred to three hundred feet thick and has more clay in its 
 composition than the Ripley g^roup. 
 
 The La Grange Group overlies the last and is probably 
 six hundred feet thick and is a stratified mass of sand. 
 
 The Orange Sand or Drift Formation comes next and 
 is made up of sand and gravel and is drifted like snow over 
 the surface, leaving- spots bare of it and at other places 
 attaining- a thickness of one hundred feet or more. 
 
 The Bluff Loam or Loees Formation crowns the up- 
 lands of the Counties of Shelby, Tipton, Lauderdale, Dyer and 
 Obion. It is a fine calcareous and siliceous loam and g-ives rise 
 to one of the most productive soils in the State. Its maximum 
 thickness is about one hundred feet. 
 
 The Alluvium Formation includes all the recent de- 
 posits and consists of fine silt brought down from a higher 
 level. The soils of the Alluvium are the most productive and 
 durable in the State. 
 
CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Civil Government is that authority by which a state or 
 a nation is ruled. It is established to preserve and keep so- 
 ciety in order. The foundations of society are the wants and 
 fears of individuals. Unless some superior be constituted, 
 whose commands and decisions all the members are bound to 
 obey, they would still remain in a state of nature, without 
 any judge upon earth to define their several rights and redress 
 their several grievances. 
 
 Object of Law.— Our State desires the protection and hap- 
 piness of its citizens, and with that view its laws are enacted. 
 In conjunction with the Federal Government it watches and' 
 subserves our interests in many tangible ways. The people 
 are the government, and it is successful in proportion to their 
 intelligence and interest. 
 
 Three Divisions. — The Government is divided into three 
 general departments, vizo : Legislative, Executive, and Judi- 
 cial, whose functions are to enact, enforce and interpret our 
 laws. Wise legislation has for its object the promotion of 
 certain interests; the executive power enforces it with that 
 view; if found in contravention to right and justice it is nul- 
 lified by the Judiciary Department. 
 
 The Legislative Department is composed of Senators 
 and Representatives elected by the qualified voters on the first 
 Tuesday after the first Monday in November of even num- 
 bered years. A Senator must be at least thirty years old, 
 and have resided three years in this State and one year in the 
 
 (191) 
 
192 
 
 HISTORY OF TENNKSSE^K. 
 
 county or district immediately preced'tig- the election. A 
 Representative must be at least twenty-one years of age, and 
 liave resided in this State at least three years next preceding 
 
 his election and the last year 
 thereof in the county, town or 
 city he represents. These of- 
 ficers are elected for two years. 
 The Senate and House of Rep 
 resentatives elect their officers, 
 who are vested with the power 
 to act during the sitting of 
 the body by which they are 
 elected. 
 
 The Legislative Function. 
 
 — The Legislature may regu- 
 late the jurisdiction of the 
 courts and establish new ones. 
 It convenes biennially at Nash- 
 ville in odd numbered years, 
 but may meet in extra session 
 at any time if the Governor deem it necessary. Its functions 
 are outlined and restricted by the State Constitution, which 
 limits its regular session to seventy-five days, and its extra 
 session to twenty days. Each legislator receives a per diem 
 of four dollars, and mileage to and from Nashville, but these 
 may be changed by any subsequent session. 
 
 CUSTOM HOUSE, CHATTANOOGA. 
 
 The Executive Department is vested with authority to 
 enforce legislative enactments. The Governor is the chief 
 officer of the State. He is elected for two years by popular 
 suffrage. He shall be at least thirty years of age, and must 
 have resided in this State at least seven years next preceding 
 his election. 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 193 
 
 The Secretary of State must be elected by the joint 
 houses of the Legislature for a term of four years. His duties 
 are to keep a fair reg-ister, and attest all the official acts of 
 the Governor, and when required he shall lay before either 
 house of the General Assembly all papers, vouchers, minutes, 
 etc., relative to his office, and perform such other duties as 
 may be required by law. 
 
 The State Treasurer is elected by the Leg-islature for 
 two years, and must be at least twenty-one years of ag-e, and 
 must have resided within the State at least two years next 
 preceding- his election or appointment. His duties are to re- 
 ceive and safely keep in the treasury the State's money and 
 accounts. He shall receive and pay out money from the 
 treasury only upon the certificate or warrant of the Comptrol- 
 ler, unless the law directs it. He must keep true accounts of 
 all receipts and disbursements. He must execute an official 
 bond, approved by the Governor, before he can take charg-e of 
 this department. 
 
 The Attorney-General is elected by the Judg-es of the 
 Supreme Court for eig-ht years. His function is to administer 
 leg-al advice in cases in which the State is a part3\ The Reg-- 
 ister of the Land Office is elected for four years and has care 
 of the orig-inal patents and surveys of lands in the State. He 
 must execute bond with approved surety. 
 
 The Superintendent of PubHc Instruction is appoint- 
 ed by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate; he holds 
 office two years. His duties are to make correct reports of the 
 condition, progress, and prospects of the schools; to prepare 
 suitable blanks for official reports, etc., and to advise and co- 
 operate with school officers in establishing- and maintaining- 
 good schools. 
 
194 HISTORY OF Tennessee:. 
 
 The State Geologist has charg-e of the g-eological surveys 
 of the State and inspects mines. He is appointed by the Gov- 
 ernor. The Commissioner of Ag-riculture has charg-e of this 
 bureau to aid farmers in promoting- their interests. He is 
 appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate and 
 holds office for two years. The Adjutant-General has charg-e 
 of the State militia, the arms and munitions of war. The 
 Governor appoints him. The State Librarian is elected by 
 the General Assembly for two years, and has charge of the 
 Public Library of the State and contracts for and furnishes 
 the necessary stationery to the State officers. 
 
 The Public Printer and Binder is elected by the Legis- 
 lature for two years, and is paid according to the work he 
 does for the State. The Commissioner of Insurance is ap- 
 pointed by and is under the general supervision of the Comp- 
 troller. His duties are to investigate the reliability of insur- 
 ance companies doing business in this State. , 
 
 The State Inspector and Examiner is appointed by the 
 Governor for two years. Once each year he must examine 
 into the management and condition of the Comptroller's and 
 Treasurer's offices, and the prisons and charitable institutions 
 operated by the State. The Board of Equalization consists 
 of one member from each Appellate District, appointed by 
 the Governor. It is required to equalize taxation throughout 
 the State. 
 
 The Governor's Power. — The Governor in the recess of 
 the Senate has power to fill vacancies in the foregoing offices by 
 granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of the 
 next session, and shall fill the vacancies for the rest of the 
 time or until the election, by and with the advice and consent 
 of the Senate. If a vacancy occurs in the office of Governor, 
 the Speaker of the Senate becomes Governor. The foregoing 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 195 
 
 officers are allowed annual salaries, payable monthly out of 
 the State Treasur}^ the Public Printer and Board of Equaliza- 
 tion excepted. The General Assembly fixes the salaries. 
 
 The County Officers. — The Sheriff, Trustee, Reg-ister, 
 County Clerk and Circuit Clerk, are county officers whose 
 functions are well-known and easily explained, hence we 
 deem it unnecessary to outline them here. They are elected 
 by the qualified voters and g-et their compensation in fees. 
 The Surveyor and County Superintendent are elected by the 
 County Court. Justices of the Peace are elected for six years, 
 and there are two or more in each district. They compose 
 the County Court. Constables are district officers who serve 
 two years, but are ag-ain eligible. 
 
 UNITED STATES CUSTOM HOUSE AND POSTOFFICE, NASHVILLE. 
 
 The Judicial Department interprets laws and, if neces- 
 sary, decides their constitutionality. In conjunction with 
 the State Government is the Federal Government, which has 
 the three departments, viz. : Leg-islative, Executive, and Judi- 
 
196 HISTORY OF TKNNESSKK. 
 
 cial. The Leg-islative Department is composed of a Senate 
 and a House of Representatives. The Senators are elected for 
 a term of six years by the Leg-islature of the State which they 
 represent. Each State is entitled to two Senators. A Sena- 
 tor must be at least thirty years of age, a citizen of the State 
 from which he is elected, and must have been a citizen of the 
 United States nine years preceding- his election. The Vice- 
 President is ex-officio President of the Senate. 
 
 The House of Representatives consists of members 
 elected directly by the people. They hold office for two years. 
 These two bodies are known as Congress, which is the law- 
 making- power of the United States. Each Cong-ress lasts two 
 years, and holds two sessions, a long- and a short one; but the 
 President can call extra sessions. A Representative must be 
 at least twenty-five years of ag-e, and must have been at least 
 seven years a citizen of the United States and an inhabitant 
 of the State from which he is chosen. The decennial census 
 fixes the number of Representatives, but each State is en- 
 titled to one. Each org-anized Territory is entitled to one 
 Deleg-ate, who may eng-ag-e in debate, but not vote. Senators 
 and Representatives g-et an annual salary paid out of the 
 United States Treasury. 
 
 The Executive Department is composed of the Presi- 
 dent and his Cabinet officers, who have the laws of Cong-ress 
 to enforce. The President is elected by the Electoral College, 
 composed of electors from the various States, who are elected 
 by the people. The President selects his Cabinet officers and 
 the Senate confirms them. The President's and Vice-Presi- 
 dent's term of office is four years, but they may be re-elected. 
 If the President is removed, the Vice-President becomes 
 President, and if he be removed then the Secretary of State 
 becomes President. The President must be a native citizen 
 of the United States, and at least thirty-five years of age, 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 197 
 
 and have been fourteen years a resident of the United States. 
 The Constitution of the United States outlines Congressional 
 duties. 
 
 The Federal Courts-— The Judicial Department interprets 
 the laws enacted by Cong-ress and advises, when necessary, 
 the various departments how to make legal procedure m 
 cases. The Federal Courts are under the jurisdiction of this 
 department. For full information in Civil Government see 
 Free's Manual; The Principles of Civil Government in the 
 United States and State of Tennessee. 
 
 QuESTiONS.-l. Why is Civil Government established? 2. What does 
 our State desire? 3. Name the three departments of our government. 
 4. Give the substance of this section. 5. What is the function of the 
 Legislature? 6. Give the requirements of the Executive. 7. What of 
 the Secretary of State and his duties? 8. What of the State Treasurer 
 and his duties? 9. What of the Attorney-General and his function? 
 
 10. Name the function of the Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
 11. Give the substance of this section. 12. Name the duties of the 
 Public Printer and Binder. The Commissioner of Insurance. 13. 
 What is the function of the State Inspector and Examiner? 14. Give 
 the substance of this section. 15. What of the county officers? 16. 
 Give the substance of this section. 17. What of the legislative Depart 
 ment? 18. What of the Executive Department? 19. What of the Judi- 
 cial De-oarttnent? 
 
HISTORICAL READINGS, 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE ITS ORIGIN AND GROWTH. 
 
 African Slavery. — The institution of African slavery is 
 so intimately connected with the history of Tennessee and has 
 been so closely interwoven with its civilization that a brief 
 account of its origin, its growth and its sudden abolition 
 should be recorded, not for crimination or exculpation, but 
 that the truth of history may be vindicated. Facts, cold facts, 
 are history and they never blush to be narrated. 
 
 Where it Existed. — Until 1843 African bondage prevailed 
 not only in some of the less civilized countries of Europe and 
 South America but in the East Indies, which were under the 
 rule of Great Britain, the foremost and most enlightened gov- 
 ernment in the world. Early in this century the slave trade 
 became odious to all philanthropists, but slavery itself was 
 not. The brutality with which the trade was conducted and 
 the '^horrors of the middle passage," as it was called, had 
 awakened the pity of mankind, and by common consent the 
 traffic in Africans and their transportation to other countries 
 was prohibited under the severest penalties, both in Europe 
 and the United States. 
 
 Its Advocates. — Notwithstanding this, the institution of 
 slavery continued where it had been planted. It not only con- 
 tinued, but was encouraged as a moral agency of civilization, 
 until Wilberforce began the agitation for its abolishment in 
 
 (198) 
 
THK AP^RICAN SI.AVK TRADK 199 
 
 Eng-land and its colonies. But the plant of this great reform 
 was of slow g-rowth, and emancipation was not entirely ac- 
 complished until long- after Wilberforce died. In 1843, the 
 last of the slaves of the Kng-lish colonies were emancipated, and 
 their owners were paid for them out of the National Treasury. 
 
 The Sentiment of the People of the United States 
 was ag-ainst slavery, and that feeling- for a time strong-er at 
 the South than at the North. The ordinance of 1787 that ex- 
 cluded the institution from the northwestern territories was 
 supported by Southern men. There was to them no profit in 
 slavery but there were fabulous g-ains in the traffic. Hence, 
 they gradually disposed of their own slaves by sending- them 
 South, and in some instances the young- of their slaves were 
 given away. Pennsylvania provided for gradual emancipa- 
 tion, and as late as 1840 its slaves were not all free. In some 
 cases they were sold for debt. Rhode Island and Connecticut 
 had a few left in 1840, New Jersey had two hundred and 
 thirty-six in 1850, New York emancipated in 1827. 
 
 Why the South Did Not Emancipate its Slaves.— 
 
 That the Southern States did not emancipate their slaves was 
 owing to a variety of circumstances. The climate of the South 
 was suited to the negro, and he seemed to be contented and 
 happy there. The Southerners had invested more money in 
 slaves than had their Northern brethren. The invention of 
 the cotton gin had suddenly stimulated the cultivation of cot- 
 ton for which the negro was peculiarly fitted, and the growth 
 of rice, tobacco and sugar cane was equally inviting to his 
 labor. But more than all these reasons was the fear that the 
 slaves were increasing so rapidly as to put the State in peril 
 if they were freed. They were still affected with the same 
 race traits that they inherited from barbarian ancestors and 
 it was greatly feared that they could not be controlled as 
 freedmen or as citizens. 
 
200 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 Different Views. — Still there was an intellig-ent number 
 of our people who favored g-radual emancipation. This senti- 
 ment was slowly but surely spreading. Felix Grundy was 
 outspoken as a co-worker with the gradual emancipation 
 policy, inaugurated and advocated by Henry Clay, of Ken- 
 tucky. This policy would doubtless have been adopted by 
 Tennessee, had its people not resented what seemed like at- 
 tempt to coerce them. Our people said: "If you let us alone 
 we may do it, but you cannot drive us. We are penned up 
 with these negroes and know where our safety lies." 
 
 The Anti-Slavery Party. — William Lloyd Garrison, of 
 Boston, founded the Anti-Slavery party in 1831. Arthur 
 Tappen became its President in 1831. Much money was ex- 
 pended in magnifying and exaggerating the abuses of slavery. 
 This party declared that ail the laws of the Government that 
 recognized slavery were utterly null and void. As they grew 
 stronger and became more aggressive their influence steadily 
 increased. In 1844 the Abolitionists openly avowed that their 
 object was to effect a dissolution of the Union and for a 
 Northern republic. They declared that a union with slavery 
 was a league with perdition and a covenant with death. They 
 were the first secessionists and they remained so until the late 
 Civil War. The troops they furnished and the money they so 
 freely contributed were not for the maintenance of the Union, 
 but to effect the freedom of the slaves. In 1860 William H. 
 Seward spoke from Faneuil Hall and said there was a higher 
 law than the Constitution. 
 
 Not Ready for a Change. — When Nathaniel Hawthorne 
 was asked in 1861 if he was not in favor of the war, he re- 
 plied: "Yes, I suppose so, but really I don't see what we have 
 to fight about." It seemed to him that the South in seceding 
 had done just what the Abolitionists desired it to do. This be- 
 ing the case, the intensified hostility of this party toward the 
 
THE AFRICAN vSLAVE TKADK. 201 
 
 South is difficult to explain. Only a few years had elapsed 
 since New Eng-land had emancipated the slaves it had not sold. 
 It was less than twenty years since Eng-land had emancipated 
 its slaves, and neither Tennessee nor any of the sister 
 States were ready for the chang-e. Was this cry for abolition 
 earnest sympathy for the slaves, or political hatred for 
 their masters? Or was it both — for, as Judg-e Tourg-ee says 
 in his "Fool's Errand:" "The South has controlled the Gov- 
 ernment for fifty years." Many politicians at the North were 
 jealous, jealous to exasperation, and slavery was but the shib- 
 boleth that intensified their animosity. Even in New Eng- 
 land there were men who made no war upon the slave trade, 
 but rather winked at it and enjoyed its rich returns. This is 
 not an idle assertion, but an established fact, if Northern his- 
 torians are to be believed. 
 
 Justice Story's Charge. — In 1820 Justice Story, the 
 g-reat jurist, charg-ed the grand juries of his New England 
 circuit in the following words: "We have but too many unde- 
 niable proofs from unquestionable sources that the African 
 slave trade is still carried on among us with all the implaca- 
 ble ferocity and insatiable rapacity of former times. Avarice 
 has grown more subtle in its invasion of the law. It watches, 
 and seizes its prey with an appetite quickened rather than 
 suppressed. American citizens are steeped up to their very 
 mouths in this iniquity." 
 
 Cargoes of Slaves. — W. W. Story, his gifted son, in 
 writing the biography of his father, says: "The fortunes of 
 many men of prominence were secretly invested in this infa- 
 mous practice. Slavery itself had hardly disappeared in New 
 England when the slave trade took on new life and was 
 winked at. A man might still have position in society and 
 claim consideration as a gentleman, nay, as a Christian, while 
 his ships were freighted with human cargoes and his commerce 
 
 14 
 
202 HISTORY OK TKNNESSEIC. 
 
 was in the blood and pain of his fellow creatures. This prac- 
 tice was abstractly inveighed ag-ainst but was secretly in- 
 dulged in. The chances of great fortunes inflamed the 
 cupidity of men in my father's circuit. It is notorious that 
 many large fortunes were the blood money of the slave trade, 
 and owed their existence to the wretched cargoes that sur- 
 vived the horrors of the middle passage. But this charge of 
 my father to the grand juries of Massachusetts and Rhode 
 Island seemed only to arouse the passions of those engaged in 
 the traffic. The newspapers of the day publicly denounced 
 my father, and one paper in Boston declared that any judge 
 who would deliver such a charge ought to be hurled from 
 the bench." 
 
 No Prohibition. — And so the traffic went on unmolested. 
 Still there were no prosecutions. The navies of the world 
 seemed to be asleep, or, perhaps, the traffic was still winked 
 at by the owners of the merchantinen that traversed the seas. 
 
 The South Not Responsible. — This much has been re- 
 corded to show to the youth of this generation that neither 
 Tennessee nor the South was responsible for slavery, nor for 
 the traffic in slaves across the seas, for from 1776 down to the 
 present time there was but a single attempt made by a South- 
 ern man to introduce African slaves into a Southern port, and 
 that attempt was a failure. A small yacht, called the "Wan- 
 derer," was seized and condemned and her officers were pur- 
 sued with unrelenting vigor by a Southern man. General 
 Henry R. Jackson, who was then Assistant Attorney-General 
 of the United States. 
 
 Slavery the Cause of the War.— But, after all, slavery 
 was really the provoking cause of the late unhappy war be- 
 tween the States. Tennessee seceded from the Union not be- 
 cause it desired to perpetuate slavery, but rather because it 
 
THE AFRICAN SLAYK TRADE. 203 
 
 could not maintain what it believed to be its rig-hts under 
 the Constitution. It desired an outlet in the Territories for 
 the disposition of its slaves for their rapid increase was 
 alarming-. It believed that it was perilous to emancipate, 
 and still more perilous to await results. Those of its citi- 
 zens who were not slave owners were rapidly emigrating^ to 
 the West. The most thoug-htful men in Tennessee, particu- 
 larly those advanced in years, saw and felt the peril of their 
 situation. Secession meant war, and to remain in the Union 
 was to be imprisoned by State lines with an inferior race that 
 mig-ht become a dang-er and a menace. A few slaves had 
 been manumitted and sent to Liberia but the result was bad, 
 yery bad. 
 
 Jealous of Slavery. — The common people of the South, 
 the yeomanry, the toilers, were no lovers of the neg-ro. They 
 realized that he was in their way. The slave holders owned 
 the best of the land, lived in fine houses, and had the best 
 stock, the best tools, and the best vehicles, while the toilers 
 had to take what they could get. No wonder they were jeal- 
 ous of the institution. And yet these men, poor, and strug- 
 gling for a livelihood did not hesitate to shoulder their rifles 
 and hurry to their country's call. '*My country, right or 
 wrong" was their motto. 
 
 Northern Attitude.— Anti-slavery was not a predominant 
 sentiment in the North outside of New England. The cry of 
 the West and of most of the North was "The Union, it must 
 be preserved." General Grant, whom the North idolized and 
 honored, was himself a slave owner, and lived off their hire 
 in St. Louis until freedom came. Some of Mrs. Abraham 
 Lincoln's kindred in Kentucky were slave owners, and her 
 brother served as a staff officer in the Confederate Army. Mr. 
 Lincoln himself declared that he signed the Emancipation 
 Proclamation only as a war measure to suppress the rebellion. 
 
204 
 
 HISTORY OF TKNNKSSEK. 
 
 as it was called, and to save the Union. He repeatedly re- 
 fused to take such a step thoug^h urg-ed by the members of 
 his Cabinet to do so. General Fremont, in August, 1861, 
 issued a military order that emancipated the slaves of rebels 
 in Missouri. Mr. Lincoln promptly revoked this order. 
 
 Lincoln's Position. — In May, 1862, General Hunter issued 
 a similar order, declaring- all slaves in Georg-ia, South Carolina 
 and Florida forever free. When Mr. Lincoln heard of it he 
 
 CHICKAMAUGA BATTLEFIELDS. 
 
 immediately issued a proclamation declaring- it void, and in his 
 letter to Horace Greeley in Aug-ust, 1862, he said: *'My para- 
 mount object is to save the Union, and not either to save or 
 destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without frceing- 
 any slaves, I would do it. If I could do it by freeing- all the 
 slaves, I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing- some 
 and leaving- others alone, I would do that." 
 
THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE. 205 
 
 Renegades. — In the minds of both Lincoln and Grant 
 there was but little sentiment concerning- slavery as an insti- 
 tution, but after the emancipation they very naturally ac- 
 cepted all the honor which the North and England showered 
 down upon them and entered heartily into plans for the safe 
 adjustment of the matters that the sudden enfranchisement 
 involved. 
 
 The Advantages. — Such, my young- friends, were the 
 causes and consequences of the institution of slavery in Ten- 
 nessee. For half a century it had proved a blessing- to both 
 races. A blessing to the negro because it had brought him 
 from a savage state to semi-civilization, and had elevated his 
 children and given them a chance to live as human beings and 
 to worship God as Christians. A blessing to the white race 
 because it cleared up the forests, advanced agriculture and 
 built railroads. But, as the years rolled on, it seemed to be 
 manifest that the institution had run its course, and that the 
 time was near when it would cease to be a blessing to either 
 race. Long before the war its doom was inevitable, for even 
 had secession succeeded slavery could not have been main- 
 tained against the convictions of the unfriendly North and of 
 the nations that sympathized with it. 
 
 Why Necessary. — Why this wonderful change in the 
 status of four million slaves had to be baptized in blood and 
 in tears to make it a reality is known only to that Providence 
 who doeth all things well. We might as well ask wh}- Cain 
 was permitted co kill Abel, or why Napoleon was permitted to 
 ravai^-^e Europe and destroy millions of lives. 
 
 The Loyal, Faithful Slave.— But the negro was safe 
 during the entire struggle. Whether he remained at home or 
 fled he was in no danger. He seemed to have no deep con- 
 cern about his freedom or a continuation of his bondage. 
 Th' usands of them followed their young masters in the war, 
 
206 HISTORY OF TKNNKSSKK. 
 
 and many of them were captured, but few remained in the 
 Northern lines. "Gwine back to Dixie" was their song-. 
 Never was such mutual affection shown between master and 
 servant; never such proof that in the main the master was 
 kind and the servant loyal. During- the four bloody years 
 when our men were in the field and their wives, mothers and 
 daughters were unprotected at home, not a single act of vio- 
 lence was heard from the Potomac to the Rio Grande. As 
 General Jackson so beautifully said: "They deserve a monu- 
 ment that should reach the stars, and on it I would inscribe 
 'To the loyalty of the slaves of the Confederate States during- 
 the years 1862, '6:^ and '64.'" 
 
 Questions. — 1. Why should the history of African slavery be re- 
 corded? 2. What of the extent of slavery? 3. Who soug-ht to have it 
 abolished? 4. What was the sentiment in the United States? 5, Why 
 did not the Southern States emancipate slaves? 6. Did any favor it? 
 7. Give the substance of this section? 8 What caused all of this 
 wrangling-? 9. What was Justice Story's charge? 10. What did W.W. 
 Story say? 11. Why was the trade unmolested? 12. Who was respon- 
 sible for slavery? 13. What was the cause of the late war? 14. What 
 was the condition of the people? 15. Give the substance of this sec- 
 tion? 16. In 1862, what did Hunter do? I^incoln? 17. What sentiment 
 had Grant and Lincoln? 18. Why was slavery a blessing- to both races? 
 19. Give the substance of this section. 20, How did the negro feel? 
 
. CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 THE CONDITION OF THE NEGRO AS A SLAVE. 
 
 Enemies of the South— An influential number of the 
 Northern people were Federalists fiom principle. That is, 
 they were followers of Alexander Hamilton, who wanted a 
 strong- central g-overnment, and would prefer to wipe out 
 State lines and State rig-hts rather than not have it. Many of 
 these ambitious men were political enemies of the South be- 
 cause Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Calhoun, Jackson and 
 other Southern men remained in power so long- and controlled 
 the patronag-e of the Government. But the enmity of the 
 common people arose from a sympathy for the neg-ro. They 
 knew nothing- about him or his condition for they never vis- 
 ited us, but they believed all that the political leaders told 
 them. When the war came they rushed into it with an in- 
 tense excitement. They expected the slaves to welcome them 
 at the border with their hands outstretched and to join them 
 in a strike for their own freedom. 
 
 Treatment of the Slaves.— But this sympathy for the 
 slave, which armed so many men and g-athered so much money, 
 had no substantial foundation for there was no happier race 
 of people upon earth than the neg-roes of the South. Their 
 averag-e condition was infinitely better than that of the poor 
 who lived in the slums of the great cities of the North. They 
 had all the necessaries of life and many of its comforts, and 
 in the main were more independent and had less care, less re- 
 sponsibility than their masters. Young- neg-roes grew up to 
 manhood with the children of their master, frolicked with 
 them by day and hunted with them by nig-ht. They had their 
 
 (207) 
 
208 HISTORY OF TENNESSEK. 
 
 corn-shucking^s, their harvest suppers and their Christmas 
 dances, and their merry laugh was always heard in the field 
 by day and at the fireside by nig-ht. The masters were al- 
 most universally kind — kind from good polic}' if nothing else. 
 It was as much to their interest to keep their slaves in good 
 condition as it was to protect and nourish their horses and cows. 
 It was rare to see a puny, sickly negro child, or one that was 
 malformed or diseased. Corn bread, pot liquor, big hominy 
 and plenty of grease saved doctors' bills. There was a trust- 
 ing companionship between the young people of both races, 
 but the color line was drawn and dominion was on one side 
 and obedience on the other. 
 
 Health and Longevity. — All the great writers on political 
 economy agree, that a healthy increase of population depends 
 mainly upon the thrift and contentment of the people. Never 
 did a race increase faster than the slaves of the South. No_ 
 where was such ripe old age to be found among the parents. 
 Good food was abundant on the plantation and comfortable 
 clothing came from the homemade loom and spinning-wheel. 
 Negro infants and children were always cared for by their 
 master and mistress, and so were the aged ones who had 
 served out their day and were too old to work. Simple medi- 
 cines and good physicians were near and the negro was al- 
 most without care or apprehension. The marriage relation 
 was enforced among them and divorces were almost unknown. 
 
 Disunion Seldom. — Whenever there was cruelty on the part 
 of the master it became a matter of public concern. Neither 
 the courts nor the grand juries would tolerate it. Public 
 opinion was against it, and the South has always been proud 
 that nowhere upon earth were people to be found who were 
 more sensitive to the touch of humanity. Of course there 
 were man}^ bad negroes, and bad negroes had to be punished, 
 and they were sometimes put upon the block and sold, but as 
 
THE CONDITION OF THE NEGRO AS A SLAVE. 209 
 
 a g-eneral rule families were kept tog-ether, and when their 
 master died, and a division had to be made among- the chil- 
 dren, they were divided by families. If they were sold by the 
 administrator to pa}^ debts, they were sold by families, and in 
 most cases they had chosen their masters before the sale. 
 Separation of families was the exception and a rare occurrence. 
 In the main, the relation of master and slave was one of ten- 
 derness and humanity. Let these facts g-o down into history 
 and our people be vindicated. 
 
 Race Characteristics. — But every distinct race of human 
 beings has its peculiar traits. The Indian is marked for the 
 streng-th of his friendship and his undying- revenge. He will 
 travel miles to reward a friend who has been kind to him, and 
 he will do the same thing to take revenge upon an enemy. 
 The negro will do neither. His animal passion and appetites 
 are strong, but his resentment and his sense of gratitude for 
 favors are weak. He has but a limited idea of conscience, 
 and less of remorse. He is a faithful and willing servant, a 
 good companion, a trusty messenger, and he enjoys an emo- 
 tional religion that condones every offence and makes him 
 happy. The race traits of the full blooded African for pilfer- 
 ing were known to their old masters in slavery times, and 
 were kept under restraint by reasonable punishment. The 
 old negroes who were trained while in bondage bv good mas- 
 ters are not in the chain gang, and it is pitiful to hear them la- 
 ment in sorrow over the sins of their children. 
 
 Their Criminality- — It is safe to sa.j that five times the 
 present number would be in the chain gang if the laws were 
 strictly enforced against the rising generation. But they are 
 not. Town marshals and employers are kind to them and 
 make no prosecutions for the petty thefts that occur in every 
 family that hires a negro. The penitentiary report shows 
 that no small per cent, of the negro convicts are serving their 
 
210 HISTORY OF TENNKSSEK. 
 
 second term for a repetition of the crime for which they were 
 first punished. It is indeed alarming- that the number of crim- 
 inals is on the increase. The rate far outruns the increase in 
 population. 
 
 Petty Offences. — And yet many of these crimes are not 
 heinous or malicious, for the negro rarely steals very valu- 
 able things, knowing them to be valuable. It is with him a 
 race trait and is even more marked than the trait which in- 
 clines the white race to cheat, or overreach, or deceive in trad- 
 ing. The difference is that the negro suffers less shame at 
 being caught. This trait was kept subdued when the negroes 
 were in slavery. In the old times the master adjusted the 
 larcency business at home, just as he settled the sins of his 
 children. But there were no chains, no manacles, no starva- 
 tion, no bloodhounds, no stripes that put the offender's life in 
 peril. Look at the old-time negroes who are still left us as 
 witnesses, and listen to their praises of their old masters and 
 mistresses, and of their young master who went to the war. 
 
 Their Happiness. — Their natural contentment and total 
 lack of apprehension about the future is another race trait, 
 and is as marked as the discontent, the restlessness and the 
 ambition of the white race. This trait will forever keep them 
 from amassing wealth, and from securing any appreciable de- 
 gree of independence. They will continue to be servants and 
 vassals of the superior race. Education has not improved 
 their industry. Just as a higher education has unfitted many 
 of the whites for the ordinary callings and occupations of life, 
 so has it unfitted a much larger proportion of the negro race 
 for the labor for which their muscular forms seem by nature 
 best fitted. It is well, probably, that all people have a chance 
 to soar among the stars, but few can ever reach them, and the 
 edict of the Garden is still in force: "In the sweat of thy face 
 shalt thou eat bread." 
 
THE CONDITION OF THE NEGRO AS A SLAVE. 
 
 211 
 
 The South their Friend. — The survivors of the slaves 
 and their descendants are with us yet, and but for the continued 
 and persistent efforts of some Northern politicians to use them 
 for political advantag-es, they would be better contented with 
 their condition. They have been sorely tempted, sorely tried, 
 but have at last realized that 
 the North does not want them 
 as neig-hbors, and that their 
 best and only friends are to be 
 found nearer home. They 
 now constitute a larg-e per 
 cent, of the population of our 
 State. Those on the farms 
 who live and labor under the 
 control and assistance of gen- 
 erous landlords, suffer no want, 
 have the privileges of free 
 public schools, and churches, 
 and are seemingly well con- 
 tented with their condition. 
 Those who have gathered in the large cities have, as a gen- 
 eral rule, acquired all the vices that a crowded population nat- 
 urally engenders, and from these cities come most of the con- 
 victs that make up the colored army in our chain gangs. 
 
 Questions.— 1. What led to an enmity between the two sections? 2. 
 What was the condition of the negro? 3. What of long-evity? 4. What 
 of cruelty? 5. What about race characteristics? 6. What lenity is 
 shown the race? 7. What of their contentment? 8. What do the 
 neg"roes realize? 
 
 WATKINS 
 
 INSTITUTE, 
 VILIvE. 
 
 NASH- 
 
CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 WHY TENNESSEE WITHDREW FROM THE UNION. 
 
 Disloyal Agitators. — About the year 1850 the utterances 
 of Northern philanthropists against slavery became more 
 manifest and there began to be heard mutterings and threats. 
 Unscrupulous politicians always seek a hobby whereon to ride 
 into power. They manufacture great wrongs and outrages, 
 and feed the prejudices of the common people. All admit 
 that this element was not wanting in the North, and was no 
 doubt responsible, in part, for the formation of a sectional 
 party branching out under different names, such as the Dis- 
 union party, the Republican party, the Friends of Freedom, 
 and the Abolition party, all of which came to be known, in 1856, 
 as the Republican party. This was the first sectional party 
 in the history of the Union. Garrison and Phillips, the New 
 England agitators, were for disunion. Garrison had a public 
 burning of the Constitution, and in a Fourth of July speech, 
 said, "The Union is a lie, let us up with the flag of disunion." 
 
 For Disruption. — Phillips said "The Constitution of our 
 fathers was a mistake. Let us tear it to pieces and make a 
 better one." The excitement over Kansas thoroughly aroused 
 all the anti-slavery elements. Emigrant societies were organ- 
 ized to fill up that territory and keep it from being made a 
 slave State. Large sums of mone}^ were raised. Arms and 
 ammunition were purchased, and large companies of men 
 were dispatched. A prominent leader in Kansas was the no- 
 torious John Brown, who was afterwards hanged in Virginia 
 for his attack upon Harper's Ferry. Though men have dif- 
 fered widely about John Brown, we cannot look upon him as 
 
 (212) 
 
WHY TENNESSKE WITHDREW FROM THE UNION. 
 
 213 
 
 anything- but a fanatic, desperate and at least half mad. At 
 this time even the churches were not slow to incite bloodshed. 
 Rev. Henry Ward Beecher declared from his pulpit that 
 Sharp's Rifles were better than Bibles, and that "it was a 
 crime to shoot at a slave holder and not hit him." 
 
 Northern Demagogues.— 
 
 The North was everywhere be- 
 ing- educated for the war. 
 Joshua Gidding-s, of Ohio, an- 
 other prominent leader said: "I 
 look forward to the day when I 
 shall see a servile insurrection 
 in the South, when the black 
 man supplied with bayonet, 
 shall wag-e a war of extermina- 
 tion ag-ainst the whites, when 
 the master shall see his dwell- 
 ing- in flames and his hearth 
 polluted, and though I may not 
 mock at their calamity, yet I 
 shall hail it as the dawn of a 
 political millennium." The 
 "Helper Book," of three hun- 
 dred pag-es, was published as a campaign document. It was 
 full of such anathemas as "Slave holders are more criminal 
 than murderers, " and "The neg-roes will be delig-hted at the 
 opportunity to cut their masters' throats." 
 
 Unkindly Utterances. — Senator Wilson, of Massachu- 
 setts, attended a public meeting where it was resolved "that it 
 is the duty of the Northern people to incite the slaves to resis- 
 tance." Horace Greeley said, "History will accord an honor- 
 able niche to old John Brown," and Emerson said that "John 
 Brown's gallows was as glorious as the cross." Now all this 
 
 GRANT UNIVERSITY, CHATTA- 
 NOOGA. 
 
214 HISTORY OF tknnesske:. 
 
 time General Grant was a slave owner, and lived off their hire. 
 Lincoln's kindred in Kentucky were slave owners, and the 
 slaves of the South were working- peacefully and happily in the 
 fields by day, hunting- or fishing- by night, making- brooms or 
 foot mats or baskets, perhaps playing- marbles at noon, or 
 seining- on Saturday evenings, and as innocent of all this ex- 
 citement as children unborn. But the crusade went on. The 
 zeal of the abolitionists was unrelenting. 
 
 "Uncle Tom's Cabin."— In 1852 Mrs. Harriet Beecher 
 Stowe, sister of the Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, wrote a book 
 called "Uncle Tom's Cabin," which was intended to lire the 
 Northern heart against slavery, and such was the pitiful story 
 told that it succeeded beyond her most sanguine expectations. 
 This romance was in no respect a typical relation of the con- 
 dition of the Southern slave, but the Northern people believed 
 it and set the Southerners down as barbarians who knew no 
 mercy. The pulpit and the press took up the book and it was 
 made at the time a text for the philanthropist and a weapon 
 for the politicians. The common people, who in the main 
 were sincere though ill-informed, believed all that was said 
 or written against the South, and when the war began they 
 were ripe for the conflict. But few of the Northern people 
 had ever visited the South and remained long enough to 
 witness and understand the true relation of the slave to the 
 master. 
 
 They Realized the Condition. — Those who came to 
 stay soon cc orehended it and were reconciled to the patriar- 
 ch ial relat* , and grew to be our fast and lasting friends. 
 They either hired or owned slaves, and when the war came 
 they affiliated with us and sustained and supported us heroic- 
 ally against the invasion and exactions of their Northern 
 brethren. There was hardly an exception to this in all the 
 land, and these men were generally of the highest order of in- 
 
WHY TENNESSEE WITHDREW FROM THE UNION. 215 
 
 tellig-ent manhood. They were the presidents of our colleg-es, 
 the teachers of our schools, the editors of our newspapers. 
 Some of them were upon the bench of our hig-hest courts, and 
 some were our foremost pulpit orators. They remonstrated 
 and entreated but their pleading-s were in vain. Never was 
 an institution more misunderstood, never a g-ood people so 
 malig-ned. Between the cries of ' 'The Union, the Union, " ' 'The 
 Slave, the Slave," the South suddenly realized that it had no 
 friends beyond its limits, and must befriend and defend itself. 
 
 The Wrong View. — As for the battle cry of "The Union," 
 the South could see nothing- in it but a theory and a threat of 
 force. In the opinion of the ablest men of the South and 
 many in the North, the thirteen orig-inal States came tog^ether 
 in a compact, a co-partnership for mutual protection ag-ainst 
 foreig-n foes. It was never conceived that they could not sepa- 
 rate for cause, when the cause came. This question has now 
 been settled by force, but the South recog-nizes that the re- 
 sults of the war have settled it ag-ainst the doctrine of State 
 rig-hts as maintained by Calhoun, Toombs and hundreds of the 
 greatest and best writers on this question. 
 
 Contrasting Opinions. — Jefferson had said "The States 
 may withdraw their deleg-ated powers." Madison said "The 
 States themselves must be the judg-es whether the barg-ain 
 has been preserved or broken." Chief Justice Chase said, "If 
 a State should withdraw and resume her powers, I know of no 
 remedy to prevent it." Edward Everett said "To expect to 
 hold fifteen States in the Union by force is preposterous. If 
 our sister States must leava us, in the name of Heaven let 
 them g-o." Horace Greeley said in the New York Tribune, 
 three days before South Carolina seceded, "The Declaration 
 of Independence justifies her in doing- so," and after other 
 States had also seceded he said, "Wayward sisters, depart in 
 peace." It was not treason, and when it was proposed to try 
 
216 HISTORY OF TKNNESSKK. 
 
 Jefferson Davis, after the close of the war, for high treason, 
 the g-reatest lawyers of the North advised against it, and as- 
 sured the Government that he could not be convicted, for no 
 one could be convicted of treason for seceding-. 
 
 Futile Negotiations. — The South saw that it was useless 
 to cry peace when there was no peace. Compromise after 
 compromise had been offered by such men as Crittenden and 
 Douglas and other conservative statesmen, but all were re- 
 jected, and at last, when Lincoln was elected President on a 
 sectional platform, and while the North was singing "John 
 Brown's body lies mouldering in the grave," the Southern 
 members withdrew from the Congress of the nation and came 
 home for counsel. It seemed that it was better to separate in 
 peace than to remain longer in discord. South Carolina was 
 the first to break the chain and Tennessee soon followed. 
 The Southern people did not doubt the right of secession, but 
 many good men doubted its policy. Even Daniel Webster, 
 the great expounder, said in his last great speech at Capon 
 Springs the year before he died, "I repeat that if the Northern 
 States refuse willfully and deliberately to carry into effect 
 that part of the Constitution which respects the restoration, 
 of fugitive slaves, and Congress provides no remedy, the 
 South would not longer be bound to observe the compact. A 
 bargain cannot be broken on one side and still bind the other 
 side." 
 
 Peacefully Withdrew. — The Northern States did refuse 
 and Congress provided no remedy. Hence the Southern States 
 withdrew from the Union, withdrew peacefully, claiming 
 nothing but what was on their soil, and leaving to the North 
 the capital and all the nation's treasures. This secession re- 
 sulted speedily in a war, a horrible, and a terrible war, but 
 the negro did not cut his master's throat nor defile his liearth- 
 stone. 
 
WHY TENNESSEE WITHDREW FROM THE UNION. 2lT 
 
 Questions. — 1. Give the substance of this section, 2. What of 
 Phillips, Brown and Beecher? 3. What did Joshua Giddings say? 4. 
 Give the substance of this section 5. What of "Uncle Tom's Cabin?" 
 6. What of those who came to live among- us? 7. What did many of our 
 ablest men think? 8 What did Jefferson, Madison, Chase, Everett and 
 Greeley say? 9. What did the South see? 10. Why did the South with- 
 draw from the Union? Result? 
 
 15 
 
CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 THE COMMON PEOPLE AND THE ARISTOCRACY. 
 
 Two Distinct Types. — Before the late civil war there 
 were two distinct types of Anglo-Saxon civilization occupying 
 the Southern States, and especially those States lying east of 
 the Mississippi River. They were the common people and the 
 aristocracy. While these two classes intermingled and some- 
 times intermarried the line was plainly marked and seemed 
 to grow more visible as the years rolled on. The institution 
 of slavery helped to keep it bright. 
 
 What Caused it? — It was not a line between the poor and 
 rich, nor between the ignorant and the educated, nor between 
 slave holders and non-slave holders. It was not a political 
 line dividing the Whigs from the Democrats, but nevertheless 
 it was a line which all of these helped to make, and it grad- 
 ually grew into one of social equality, or inequality. The 
 toilers did not often mate with the aristocrats nor intrude 
 upon them socially. Indeed they occupied for the most part, 
 different sections of the State, the common people settling in 
 the mountain region, while the wealthier class lived in Middle 
 or West Tennessee, where their slaves could grow cotton and 
 tobacco to advantage. 
 
 Aboriginal Characteristics. — These common people 
 had settled down in advance of the schoolmaster and long be- 
 fore railroads were built, so their children grew up without 
 education, and their only chance for learning was a mother's 
 love and solicitude. She would teach them all that she had 
 not forgotten — she always does. The father may be educated 
 but he will not trouble himself to teach his children. He is 
 
 (218) 
 
THE COMMON PEOPLE AND THE ARISTOCRACY. 
 
 219 
 
 too busy bj day, and too tired at night. Before the war there 
 were in Tennessee at least two generations that had grown 
 up with but a limited education — in fact, with none to speak 
 of, for it was rare to find a man among them who could read 
 
 SOUTHERN NORMAL UNIVERSITY, HUNTINGDON. 
 
 or write. It was history repeating itself. Daniel Boone could 
 read but his children could not. The year before the war 
 the percentage of illiteracy in Tennessee was appalling. The 
 itinerant preacher had been there but not the schoolmaster. 
 The illiterate and rude people had been taught how to live 
 and how to die. Their morals had been preserved but not 
 their manners. 
 
 Religious Propensity. — The cotter's Saturday night in 
 old Scotland was not more humbly devotional than the gather- 
 
220 HISTORY OF TKNNKSSKK. 
 
 itig- of these roug-h people at the log- church on a Sabbath 
 morning-. There were none to molest or make them afraid. 
 They came as best they could — on foot, on horseback, or in 
 the farm wag-on. They came in families, parents and chil- 
 dren. They sat upon the puncheon seats and devoutly listen- 
 ed as the preacher stretched forth his arms and said: "Let us 
 worship God." It is a lasting- tribute to these good people 
 that while their percentage of illiteracy was distressing, their 
 percentage of crime was meager. In portions of the North 
 where illiteracy is from four to six per cent., crime seems to 
 have increased in an inverse ratio, for as illiteracy decreases 
 crime increases, unless morality and religion are taught in the 
 schools. 
 
 Increase of Crime. — And so since the war, when rail- 
 roads and revenue laws have penetrated the homes of these 
 people, crime has been on the increase and the moonshiner 
 has become an outlaw. There was a time when his father 
 and his grandfather distilled their fruit in a limited and 
 honest way, and worshiped God, and violated no law. There 
 was a time when there were no locks on their doors, and the 
 stranger always found a welcome — a time when there were 
 no hip pockets for deadly weapons, when jails were empty, 
 and half the week was suf&cient to clear the courthouse 
 docket. 
 
 Love of Country. — There was a time when these men so 
 loved their country that on the first alarm they picked their 
 flints, shouldered their rifles and hurried to General Jackson's 
 call; or later, to fight the Indians in Florida; or, still later, to 
 old Virginia to defend what they believed to be their rights 
 under the Constitution. What a mistake to say these men 
 were fighting for slavery when not one of them in a hundred 
 ever owned a slave. But they fought. They fought, as their 
 forefathers had done^ before them, when resisting the im- 
 
THE COMMON PEOPLP: AND THK ARISTOCRACY. 
 
 221 
 
 position of a little tax on tea, thoug-h not one in a thousand 
 drank it. 
 
 WARD SEMINARY, NASHVILLE. 
 
 Questions. — 1. What two types existed? 2. What caused the lines? 
 3. Give early characteristics. 4. What is said of their piety? 5. What 
 is said of ante-bellum days? 6. For what did the people contend? 
 
CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 
 THK COMMON PEOPIvIi AND THK ARISTOCRACY CONTINUED. 
 
 Southern Aristocracy.— The aristocracy of the South 
 was before the war mainly an aristocracy of wealth, educa- 
 tion and dominion. Either of these gives power and influ- 
 ence. All of them combined lift a man above the toilers and 
 command their respect as well as their envy. The aristocrats 
 were g-enerally g-entlemen of education, refinement, manners 
 and sentiment of adjusting- personal conflicts by the code < f 
 honor. Money helps to establish their title, of course, but it 
 is not absolutely essential. Indeed, it is possible that there 
 are rich common people and poor aristocrats The results of 
 the war developed many of both classes. Our cities are full 
 of the former, and they are generally the leading men in 
 mercantile business and industrial pursuits. The old-time 
 aristocrats esteemed themselves to be gentlemen, and gen- 
 erally they were. They were of good stock and thoroughbred. 
 Whether one was riding or walking you could tell him by his 
 carriage — by the vehicle he rode in or the measured dignity 
 with which he walked about. 
 
 Their Residences, Etc. — That vehicle was as unique as 
 a Chinaman's palanquin. It did not rest on elliptical springs, 
 but was swung high between four half circles, and the dickey, 
 or driver's seat, was perched still higher, and the driver's 
 bell-crowned hat was the first thing that came in sight as the 
 equipage rose into view from over a distant hill. There 
 were two folding staircases to this vehicle and nobody but ;in 
 aristocratic lady could ascend or descend them with aristo- 
 cratic grace. The gentleman who was born and bred to this 
 luxury was a king in his way — limited it is true, but never- 
 
 (222) 
 
THK COMMON PEOPLE AND THE ARISTOCRACY. 223 
 
 theless a king-. His house was not a palace, but it was larg-e 
 and roomy, having- a broad hall and massive chimneys and a 
 veranda ornamented with tall Corinthian columns. This 
 mansion was g-enerally situated in a g-rove of venerable oaks. 
 It was set back from one hundred to two hundred yards from 
 the big- road, and the lane that led to its hospitable gate was 
 enfiladed with cedars or Lombardy poplars. Fragments of the 
 cedars are still left, but the poplars died with the old South. 
 They died at the top very like their owners. 
 
 Their Surroundings. — Prominent in the rear of this 
 mansion was the old ginhouse with the spacious circus 
 ground underneath where the horses went round and round 
 under the great cogwheels and the little darkies rode on the 
 beams and popped their homemade whips. Not far away 
 were the negro cabins and the orchard and the big family 
 garden, and all around were fowls and pigs and pigeons and 
 honey bees and hound dogs and pickaninnies to keep things 
 lively. The owner of this plant was a gentleman and was so 
 regarded by the neighbors. He was a nobleman without the 
 title of nobility. He had been through college and to New 
 York and to Saratoga and had come back and married 
 another gentleman's daughter and settled down. The old folks 
 on both sides had given them a start and built the mansion and 
 sent over a share of the family negroes to multiply and re- 
 plenish. 
 
 His Toilet. — He dressed well and carried a gold-headed 
 cane and a massive watch and chain that were made of pure 
 gold at Geneva. There was a seal attached — a heavy pris- 
 matic seal that had his monogram. The manner in which he 
 toyed with this chain and seal was one of the visible signs of 
 a gentleman. It was as significant as the motion of a lady's 
 fan. The old gentleman's "company suit" was a navy blue 
 swallow-tail coat ornamented with plain brass buttons that 
 
224 HISTORY OP TKNNKSSKE. 
 
 were kept bright and burnished, a pair of trousers to match 
 and a white marseilles waistcoat. When these were set off 
 with a beaver hat, a ruffled shirt and a bandana handkerchief, 
 the visible make-up of the g-entleman was complete. 
 
 Their Hospitality. — Most of these old-time g-entlemen 
 kept what was called open house, and all who came were wel- 
 come. There was no need to send word that you were com- 
 ing- for food and shelter were always ready. The old g^entle- 
 man called for Dick or Jack or Caesar to come and take the 
 horses, put them up and feed them. There was plenty of 
 corn and fodder in the crib, plenty of big- fat hams and leaf- 
 lard in the handy smokehouse, plenty of turkeys and chickens 
 in the back yard, plenty of preserves in the pantry, plenty of 
 trained servants to attend to all the work while the lady of the 
 house entertained her welcome guests. How proud were those 
 family servants to show off before the visitors and display 
 their accomplishments in the kitchen, the dining-room and 
 the bedchamber. They shared the family standing in the 
 community and had but little respect for what they called the 
 *'poor white trash" of the neighborhood. 
 
 Stultified and Dignified. — This old-time gentleman 
 had a rich man's way even though he was financially embar- 
 rassed. His name was in the grand jury box, never in the 
 petit jury box. That would have been an indignity that 
 would have been resented. There was no line of demarka- 
 tion between the common people and the aristocracy that was 
 more rigidly drawn than the one that separated the grand 
 jury from the petit jury. The aristocrats not only held all 
 the prominent offices, but they were colonels and majors of 
 the militia. Almost all of the professional men came from 
 this aristocratic stock. They were generally Whigs in poli- 
 tics, and were the patrons of high schools and colleges, and 
 stocked the learned professions with an annual crop of graduates 
 
THE COMMON PEOPLE AND THE ARISTOCRACY. 225 
 
 who were intenselj^ lojal to Henry Claj, Fillmore, Andrew 
 Jackson, James K. Polk, John Bell, and the code of honor. 
 They had wealth, dig-nity and leisure, and Solomon says that 
 itt leisure there is wisdom, and so these men beame our law- 
 makers, our jurists and our statesmen, and they were the 
 shining- lig-hts in the councils of the nation. But it was an 
 aristocracy that was exclusive. It had shut out and over- 
 shadowed the masses of the common people just as a broad 
 spreading- oak overshadows and withers the underg-rowth be- 
 neath it. 
 
 The Leaders. — Of course these aristocrats were not all 
 Whig-s. There were many disting-uished exceptions, such as 
 the Jacksons, the Johnsons and the Grundys, who were Demo- 
 crats, thoug-h of aristocratic birth. General Jackson was an 
 illustrious statesman who came up from among- the common 
 people to stay with them and to lead them as Moses led the 
 Children of Israel. His whole political life was a fig-ht ag-ainst 
 monopolies, and the power and corruption that come from 
 larg-e fortunes and favoritism. i 
 
 A Great Change. — The result of the war was a fearful 
 fall to the aristocracy of Tennessee. They lost many of their 
 noble sons in the army, and their property soon after. The 
 extent of their misfortunes no one will ever know, for "the 
 heart only knoweth its own bitterness." Many of them suf- 
 fered and were strong-, but the majority g-ave up to despond- 
 ency and their children were left to scuffle for themselves. 
 The collapse to them was awful. They had not been raised 
 to exercise self-denial or economy, and it was humiliating- in 
 the extreme for them to have to descend to the level of the 
 common people. But they did it, and did it heroically. And 
 so in the course of time this line of demarkation between the 
 common people and the old aristocracy beg-an to fade. Finally 
 it passed away. A new and hardier stock came to the front, 
 
226 HISTORY OP TENNESSEE. 
 
 that class which before the war was under a cloud. The re- 
 sults of the war made an opening- for them and developed their 
 latent energ-ies. With no high degree of culture, thej never- 
 theless proved equal to the strug-gle up the rough hill of life, 
 and beg-an to build up what the war had pulled down. They 
 beg-an at the bottom, just where the war found them and 
 where it left them. They had been reared to work, and their 
 practical energ-y was soon followed by thrift and a g-eneral re- 
 covery of wasted fields and fenceless farms. 
 
 The South To-Day. — These men now constitute, in the 
 main, the solid men of the State, and have contributed largely 
 to the building up of schools and churches and factories and 
 railroads. They are the modern self-made Southerners, a 
 class that forms a striking- contrast to the dig-nity and 
 repose of the old patriarchs whose beautiful homes adorned 
 the hills and g-roves of the South before the war. But the 
 children of these old patriarchs had to come down some, and 
 the children of the common people came up some, and they 
 have met upon a common plain, and are now working- happily 
 tog-ether, both in social and business life. Spirit and blood 
 have united with energy and muscle and it makes a g-ood 
 team — the best all-round team the South has ever had. 
 
 Questions. — 1. What composed the aristocracy of the South? 2. Give 
 the substance of this section. 3. Give the surrounding-s of the home. 
 4. Describe his "company suit." 5. What of the cordial reception that 
 awaited g-uests? 6. Give the deportment of the old-time gentleman. 
 7. What of their politics? 8. What did the war produce? 9. What can 
 you say of the people since the war? 
 
CHAPTER XXXIV. 
 
 CHKONOLOGY OF TENNESSEE, 1796-18%. 
 
 1796. — January 11, Constitutional Convention met at Knox- 
 ville, William Blount, President; William Maclin, Secretary. 
 March 31, William Blount and William Cocke were elected 
 United States Senators; William Maclin, Secretary of State. 
 June 1, this State admitted into the Union. 
 
 1797.— July 8, William Blount expelled from the United States 
 Senate. 
 
 1798. — December 3, second session of General Assembly met 
 at Knoxville; William Blount elected Speaker. 
 
 1799. — October 26, the first camp meeting- was held in the 
 State in Sumner County. 
 
 1800.— Governor William Blount died at Knoxville, March 21, 
 Geo. Rutledg-e was commissioned Brigadier-General of Wash- 
 ing-ton District. 
 
 1801. — September 21, the General Assembly met at Knoxville 
 and adjourned, November 14. November 6, Gallatin, Rut- 
 ledge, Lebanon and Tazewell were established. 
 
 1802. — John Sevier, Moses Fisk and John Rutledge, of Ten- 
 nessee and Creed Taylor, Joseph Martin and Peter Johnson, 
 of Virginia, appointed Commissioners to survey the line be- 
 tween Virginia and Tennessee. 
 
 1803.— State composed of three Congressional Districts, Wash- 
 ington, Hamilton and Mero; Commissioners appointed to 
 survey boundary line between Kentucky and Tennessee; 
 Jackson challenged Sevier to duel. 
 
 1804. — Legislature provided for public roads; horse racing in- 
 augurated in Tennessee, at Gallatin. 
 
 (227) 
 
228 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 1805.— Aaron Burr visits Nashville; Governor William Brown- 
 low, born in Virginia, August 29, died at Knoxville, April 
 29, 1877. 
 
 1806. — Joseph Coleman, first Mayor of Nashville. March 1, 
 duel between W. A. McNairj and General William Coffee. 
 
 1807.— East Tennessee College (Blount College) established 
 at Knoxville; General William Campbell, born at Nashville, 
 . February 1, died at Nashville, August 19, 1867. 
 
 1808. —General Assembly (second session) met at Kingston, 
 April 3, adjourned April 22; Andrew Johnson, born in North 
 Carolina, December 29, died at Carter's Station, Tennessee, 
 July 31, 1875. 
 
 1809.— Hugh L. White and G. W. Campbell, first Supreme 
 Judges; Governor James C. Jones, born in Davidson County, 
 
 ;. April 20, died at Memphis, October 29, 1859. 
 
 1810. — February 4, the Cumberland Presbyterian Church was 
 organized at Samuel McAdow's residence, Dickson County, 
 as an independent Presbytery; Governor Neill S. Brown, 
 born in Giles County, April 18, died at Nashville, 1886. 
 
 1811. — Supreme Court vested with exclusive equity jurisdic- 
 tion; the General Assembly met in Knoxville for the last 
 time, except in 1817; Reynoldsburg, Klkton, Washington (in 
 Rhea) and Murfreesboro were established; Reelfoot Lake 
 made by an earthquake. 
 
 1812 — Governor Blount furnishes the War Department twen- 
 ty-five hundred men for the war of 1812-15; State divided 
 into six Congressional Districts; importation of slaves pro- 
 hibited for five years; Jackson gets "Old Hickory;" Nash- 
 ville Whig established. 
 
 1813. — Governor authorized to march three thousand and five 
 hundred men against the Creek Indians; Andrew Jackson 
 appointed Major-General in the United States Army. 
 
CHRONOLOGY OF TENNESSEE, 1796-1896. 229 
 
 1814. — James Robertson died at Chickasaw Agency, Memphis, 
 September 1 ; President Madison appointed George W. Camp- 
 bell, Secretary of the United States Treasury. 
 
 18l5._Battle of New Orleans fought, January 8; Parry W, 
 Humphreys appointed, November 29, Commissioner, for 
 Tennessee, to settle line between Kentucky and Tennessee; 
 Joseph Anderson appointed Comptroller of the United States 
 Treasury. 
 
 1816. — Andrew Jackson negotiated with the Cherokees and 
 Chickasaws to extinguish their claims to lands in Tennessee, 
 
 1817.— Legislature met, September 15, at Knoxville; General 
 John Cocke and James S. Gaines, of Tennessee, and Captain 
 Stock and James Carmack, of Georgia, were appointed to 
 run a line between these States. 
 
 1818. — Andrew Jackson and Isaac Shelby made a treaty, Octo- 
 ber 19, with the Chickasaws by which all territory north of 
 35° and east of the Mississippi was ceded to Tennessee; 
 Isham G. Harris, born at Tullahoma, February 10. 
 
 1819. — Thirteenth General Assembly met at Murfreesboro; 
 Governor McMinn recommended the establishment of peni- 
 tentiary; June 6, President Monroe visited Nashville; June 
 19, all the banks of the State suspend specie payment except 
 Bank of Tennessee; October 19, "Tennessee Antiquarian 
 Society" organized, Judge John Haywood, President. 
 
 1820. — Alexander Smith, Isaac Allen and Simeon Perry ap- 
 pointed to run the line between North Carolina and Tennes- 
 see; General Assembly, second session, met at Murfrees- 
 boro, June 26; Tennessee voted for James Monroe for Presi- 
 dent, and D. D. Tompkins for Vice-President 
 
 1821. — Fourteenth General Assembly met, September 17, at 
 Murfreesboro; General Andrew Jackson appointed Terri- 
 
230 
 
 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 torial Governor of Florida, and Alexander Anderson of 
 Tennessee, United States District Attorney of West Florida. 
 
 1822. — General Assembly, second session, met at Murfrees- 
 boro, July 22 to August 24; it established nine Congressional 
 Districts; swords voted Generals Jackson and Gaines for 
 g-allantry in the war of 1812-15. 
 
 1823.— Fifteenth General Assembly met at Murfreesboro, Sep- 
 tember 15 to November 29, General Carroll re-elected Gov- 
 ernor without much opposition; Pioneer established, at Jack- 
 son, first newspaper in West Tennessee. 
 
 children's building, centennial 1896. 
 
 1824. — General Assembly, second session, held at Murfrees- 
 boro from September 20 to October 22; Presidential vote of 
 Tennessee: Andrew Jackson, twenty thousand one hundred 
 and ninety-seven; Adams, two hundred and sixteen; Craw- 
 ford, three hundred and twelve. 
 
 1825. —Sixteenth General Assembly, first session, held at Mur- 
 freesboro from September 19 to December 7; General La- 
 fayette visited Nashville. 
 
 1826. — The Legislature, having- met at Murfreesboro from 
 1819 to 1826, convened the second session at Nashville, Oc- 
 tober 16, and held to December 11; Memphis Advocate, first 
 
CHRONOLOGY OF TENNESSEE, 1796-1896. 231 
 
 newspaper at Memphis, established; the Nashville Bank 
 failed; duel between General William White and Sam Hous- 
 ton; Governor Carroll, in a proclamation, April 8, declared 
 Nashville the Capital of the State from May 1, ensuing-. 
 
 1827. — Seventeenth General Assembly held at Nashville from 
 September 17 to December 15; a fund established for the 
 support of free schools. 
 
 1828. — Andrew Jackson elected President of the United 
 States, and served from March 4, 1829, till March 4, 1837; 
 Presidential vote of Tennessee: General Jackson, forty-four 
 thousand and ninety; John Q. Adams, two thousand two 
 hundred and forty. 
 
 1829. — Governor Sam Houston resigned and William Hall, 
 Speaker of the Senate, became Governor; Senator John H. 
 Eaton appointed Secretary of War. 
 
 1830. — Joel Parrish, Cashier of the Bank of Tennessee, de- 
 faulted for two hundred thousand dollars. 
 
 1831.— Imprisonment for debt abolished; Dr. Gerard Troost 
 appointed State Geologist; John H. Eaton appointed United 
 States Minister to Spain. 
 
 1832. — Nineteenth General Assembly, second session, held at 
 Nashville from September 3 to October 22; Presidential vote 
 of Tennessee: Jackson, twenty-eight thousand seven hun- 
 dred and forty; Henr}^ Clay, one thousand four hundred and 
 thirty-six; December 13, cholera declared to exist in Nash- 
 ville. 
 
 1833. — Vote for a Constitutional Convention, fifty-three thou- 
 sand six hundred and thirty-nine; vote for Representatives, 
 ninety thousand seven hundred and eighty-one. Twentieth 
 General Assembly, first session, held at Nashville from Sep- 
 tember 16 to December 2; cholera in Tennessee. 
 
232 HISTORY OF TKNNKSSKK. 
 
 1834. — On the first Thursday and Friday of March an election 
 was held for sixty delegates to Constitutional Convention; it 
 assembled at Nashville, May 19 to Aug-ust 30, William B. 
 Carter was President, William K. Hill, Secretary; John Bell 
 was Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Twenty- 
 third Cong-ress. 
 
 1835. — Constitution of 1834 was ratified on March 5 and 6 by 
 forty-two thousand six hundred and sixty-six for, to seven- 
 teen thousand six hundred and ninety-one ag-ainst it. 
 
 1836. — Governor Cannon convened the Twenty-first General 
 Assembly to defray the expense of the surveys of the Louis- 
 ville, Cincinnati & Charleston Railroad, it met October 3 to 
 26; March 6, David Crockett was killed at the Alamo. 
 
 1837. — Twenty-second General Assembly, first session, met in 
 October and adjourned January 27, 1838, Judg-e John Catron 
 was made Associate Justice of the United States Supreme 
 Court, serving- till May 8, 1865, when he died at Nashville. 
 
 1838. — Felix Grundy appointed Attorney-General of the United 
 States, July 7, and served till January 10, 1840. 
 
 1839. — Governor Sam Houston visited Tennessee; total State 
 school money invested in stocks, eight hundred and thirty- 
 five thousand and thirty-four dollars. 
 
 1840. — Presidential vote: W. H. Harrison, Whig, sixty thou- 
 sand three hundred and ninety-one; Martin Van Buren, 
 Democrat, forty- eight thousand two hundred and eighty- 
 nine; April 10, Hugh L. White died at Knoxville; December 
 19, Felix Grundy died at Nashville. 
 
 1841. — Twenty-fourth General Assembly met from October 4 
 to February 7, 1842; President Harrison appointed John 
 Bell, Secretary of War. 
 
CHRONOLOGY OF TENNESSEE, 1 796-1896. 233 
 
 1S42._P. Litidsley, W. G. Dickson, J. Waters, R. C. K. Mar- 
 tin, J. W. McCombs, J. M. Hill and WilkinsTannehill com- 
 missioned Lunatic Asylum Commissioners. 
 
 1843. — Twenty-fifth General Assembly held from October 2 
 to January 31, 1844; Nashville was established theperma- 
 nent seat of government; Marshal Bertrand, of France, 
 visited Nashville. 
 
 1844. — James K. Polk was nominated and elected to the Presi- 
 dency; Henry Clay carried Tennessee over Polk; Governor 
 William Carroll died at Nashville, March 22. 
 
 1845. — Great Commercial Convention at Memphis, Calhoun, 
 President; Polk inaugurated President, March 4, Cave John- 
 son appointed Postmaster-General; A. J. Donelson appointed 
 Minister to Prussia; William H. Polk, Minister to Naples; 
 General Robert Armstrong, Consul to Liverpool; Gen. 
 Jackson died June 8, he was born March 15, 1767. 
 
 1846. — Mexican war declared; Governor Brown called for twa 
 thousand eight hundred volunteers, and thirty thousand 
 volunteered; Gideon J. Pillow, Brigadier-General of Volun- 
 teers, United States Army; Tennessee furnished one regi- 
 ment of cavalry and three of infantry to the Mexican war. 
 
 1847. — Twenty-seventh General Assembly held from October 
 4 to February 7, 1848; Georgia Railroad completed to Chat- 
 tanooga. 
 
 1848. — Presidential vote: Zachary Taylor, Whig, sixty-four 
 thousand seven hundred and five; Lewis Cass, Democrat, 
 fifty-eight thousand four hundred and nineteen; Van Buren, 
 Free Soil, none; first telegraphic dispatch received in Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 1849. — Twenty-eighth General Assembly held from October 
 4 to February 11, 1850; Neill S. Brown appointed Minister to 
 
234 HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 Russia; cholera visited Tennessee; Tennessee Historical So- 
 ciety established, May 1. 
 
 1850. — -Visitation of cholera in Tennessee. 
 
 1851. — President Fillmore appointed Luke Lea, Indian Com- 
 missioner; Twenty-ninth General Assembly held from Oc- 
 tober 16 to March 1, 1852. 
 
 1852. — Whio-s carried Tennessee by one thousand eig"ht hun- 
 dred and eig-hty majority; Presidential vote: Winfield Scott, 
 Whig-, fifty-eig-ht thousand eight hundred and ninety-eight; 
 Fraiiijlin Pierce, Democrat, fifty-seven thousand and eig-h- 
 teen; Hale, Free Soil, none; Insane Asylum at Nashville 
 was opened March 1. 
 
 1853. — Thirtieth General Assembly met in the new Capitol 
 October 3 to March 6, 1854; William Trousdale, Minister to 
 Brazil; John L. Marling-, Minister to Venezuela. 
 
 1854. — Ephraim H. Foster died at Nashville, September 14. 
 
 1855. — Thirty-first General Assembly met October 1 to March 
 3, 1856; yellow fever visited Tennessee; Philip Lindsley, a 
 pioneer educator, died May 25. 
 
 1856. — Government boug-ht the Hermitage for the State for 
 forty-eight thousand dollars; Presidential vote: James 
 Buchanan, Democrat, seventy-three thousand six hundred 
 and thirty-six; Millard Fillmore, sixty-six thousand one hun- 
 dred and seventeen. 
 
 1857. — Thirty-second General Assembly held from October 5 
 to March 22. 1858; Aaron V. Brown appointed Postmaster- 
 General; Southern Commercial Convention held at Knoxville. 
 
 1858. — James Williams appointed Minister to Turkey; D. W. 
 Ballew and A. L. Burch appointed to run a line between 
 Virginia and Tennessee. 
 
CHRONOLOGY OF tk:nnkssee, 1796-1896. 235 
 
 1859. — Thirty-third General Assembly met October 3 and ad- 
 journed March 26, 1860; Governor Aaron V. Brown died 
 August 15; Governor James C. Jones died October 29; on 
 November 18, Allen A. Hall, editor of the News, killed 
 Georg-e G. Poindexter, editor of the Union and American, at 
 Nashville, 
 
 1860. — Tennessee's Presidential vote: John Bell, Constitu- 
 tional Unionist, sixty-nine thousand two hundred and sev- 
 enty-four; John C. Breckinridge, Democrat, sixty- four thou- 
 sand seven hundred and nine; Stephen A. Douglas, Demo- 
 crat, eleven thousand three hundred and fifty; Abraham 
 Lincoln, none. 
 
 1861. — Legislature met, January 7, in extra session; June 24, 
 Governor Harris declared the State out of the Union; August 
 1, members were elected to the Confederate Congress; war 
 begins. 
 
 1862.— Battle at Mill Springs, January 18, General Zollicoffer 
 killed; Fort Henry fell, February 6; Fort Donelson surren- 
 dered, February 16; Legislature met, February 20, in Mem- 
 phis; the Federals occupied Nashville, February 25; Andrew 
 Johnson commissioned Military Governor by the United 
 States Government and took charge March 12; battle of 
 Shiloh, April 6-7; Albert Sidney Johnston, Commander of 
 Department of Tennessee, killed April 6; Fort Pillow fell, 
 June 4; Memphis surrendered, June 7. 
 
 1863. — Battle of Stones River, Januar}^ 1-2; Brigadier- Gener- 
 als J. E. Raines killed at Murfreesboro, January 1, and Pres- 
 ton Smith killed at Chickamauga, September 19; President 
 Lincoln appointed Allen A. Hall, Minister to Bolivia. 
 
 1864. — Union Convention at Nashville, September 5, nomi- 
 nated electors pledged to vote for Lincoln and Johnson, 
 they were elected but not counted by Congress. 
 
236 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 1865. — The Army of Tennessee, Confederate States of Amer- 
 ica, under General J. E. Johnston, surrendered, April 26, at 
 Greensboro, North Carolina; General E. Kirby-Smith sur- 
 rendered, May 26; cavalry force of Lieutenant-General N. 
 B. Forrest, under General Dick Taylor, surrendered at Me- 
 ridian, Mississippi, May 4; the Constitutional amendments 
 were ratified, February 22, by twenty-five thousand two 
 hundred and ninety-three for, to forty-eight against; Gov- 
 ernor Brownlow and the Legislature were elected, March 4; 
 Andrew Johnson qualiified as Vice-President, March 4. 
 
 1866. — Governor Brownlow convened the Legislature, July 4, 
 in extra session to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment to the 
 Constitution of the United States, it adjourned July 25, the 
 second session convened from November 5 to March 11, 1867; 
 Cave Johnson died at Clarksville, November 23. 
 
 1867. — The negroes obtained the right of suffrage, February 
 25; Thirty-fifth General Assembly, first session, met Oc- 
 tober 7 to March 16, 1868; Governor W. B. Campbell, born at 
 Nashville, February 1, 1807, died August 19, 1867. 
 
 1868. — D. B. Cliffe was appointed receiver of Memphis, Clarks- 
 ville & Louisville Railroad, January 16, and on July 14, of 
 the Nashville & Northwestern Railroad; Legislature met in 
 extra session in July; it met again from October 9 to March 
 1, 1869. 
 
 1869. — Legislature met October 4 to March 5, 1870; first time 
 since the war that the Democrats had a majority; Tipton 
 elected Superintendent of Public Schools in August. 
 
 1870. — Constitutional Convention met at Nashville from Jan- 
 uary 10 to February 23, John C. Brown, President; Consti- 
 tuion was ratified, March 26, by ninety-eight thousand one 
 hundred and twenty-eight for, to thirty- three thousand 
 eight hundred and seventy-two against it; Thirty-sixth 
 
CHRONOLOGY OF TENNESSEE, 1796-1896. 237 
 
 General Assembly, second session, met from May 9 to July 
 11; it fixed the number of Representatives at seventy-five. 
 
 1871. — State's debts: forty-one million eig-ht hundred and six- 
 ty-three thousand four hundred and six dollars and sixty- 
 nine cents; for railroads and turnpikes, thirty-one million 
 three hundred thousand four hundred and seventeen dollars 
 and fourteen cents; State debt proper, four million eig-ht 
 hundred and nineteen thousand five hundred and forty-four 
 dollars and twenty-six cents; bonds indorsed and interest to 
 January 1, 1872, four million seventy-five thousand and 
 twenty-eig-ht dollars; Thomas O'Connor and R. F. Looney 
 lease the penitentiary, November 17; Thirty-seventh Gen- 
 eral Assembly, first session, met from October 2 to Decem- 
 ber 16; William Morrow, Treasurer, Superintendent of Pub- 
 lic Instruction, ex-officio; J. B. Killebrew, Assistant. 
 
 1872. — Governor Brown convened the Leg-islature in extra ses- 
 sion from March 12 to April 1; Governor Trousdale died, 
 March 27. 
 
 1873.— Thirty-eig-hth General Assembly, first session, held 
 from January 6 to March 25 ; it apportioned the State into 
 Congressional Districts; John M. Fleming- appointed State 
 Superintendent of Public Schools, March 25. 
 
 1874. — W. Matt. Brown appointed Warden of the Penitentiary, 
 May 7. 
 
 1875. — Thirty-ninth General Assembly met from January 4 to 
 March 24; J. B. Killebrew appointed Commissioner of Ag-ri- 
 culture, March 6; Leon Trousdale appointed Superintendent 
 of Public Instruction, March 25; Andrew Johnson died, July 
 31; Horace Maynard appointed Minister to Turkey and 
 served till 1880. 
 
 1876. — R. P. Neeley appointed receiver of the Mississippi Cen- 
 tral & Tennessee Railroad. 
 
238 HISTORY OF TKNNKSSKK. 
 
 1877. — Fortieth General Assembly, first session, met from 
 January 1 to March 27; first extra session met December 5^ 
 and the second, December 11 ; Governor W. C. Brownlow died 
 at Knoxville, April 29. 
 
 1878. — Yellow fever rag-ed in West Tennessee. 
 
 1879. — Forty-first General Assembly, first session, held from 
 January 1 to April 1; Leon Trousdale was appointed Super- 
 intendent of Public Instruction; J. B. Killebrew appointed 
 Commissioner of Agriculture; December 16, extra session of 
 the Leg-islature met and held to December 24. 
 
 1880, — The Democratic Convention in June named two candi- 
 dates for Governor; the State Credit faction named John V. 
 Wright, the Low Tax faction nominated S. F. Wilson; the 
 Republicans nominated Alvin G. Hawkins, who was elected. 
 
 1881. — Forty-second General Assembly, first session, held 
 from January 3 to April 7; A. W. Hawkins was Commis- 
 sioner of Agriculture; W. S. Doak, Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction; the first extra session of the Legislature held 
 from December 7 to 26. 
 
 1882. — Forty-second General Assembly, second extra session, 
 met from April 6 to 26; third extra session held from April 
 27 to May 22. 
 
 1883. — Forty-third General Assembly, first session, held from 
 January 1 to March 30; J. M. Sa fiord was appointed State 
 Geologist. 
 
 1884. — Three Republican Railroad Commissioners were elected, 
 November 4, W. W. Murray, A. M. Hughes, and M. J. Con- 
 don. Governor Bate, Democrat, defeated Frank T. Reid, 
 Rupublican, for Governor. 
 
 1885. — Forty-fourth General Assembly, first session, held from 
 January 5 to April 9; an extra session met from May 25 to 
 
CHRONOLOGY OF TENNESSEE, 1796-1896. 239 
 
 June 13, to make appropriations for the year; James D. Por- 
 ter appointed First Assistant Secretary of State of the 
 United States; J. D. C. Atkins, United States Commissioner 
 of Indian Affairs; Albert Roberts, United States Consul at 
 Hamilton, Ontario; Peter Staub, United States Consul at 
 Basle, Switzerland; W. R. Hening-, United States Consul it 
 Tegucig-alpa, Honduras. 
 
 1886.— Peter Turney, W. C. Caldwell, H. H. Lurton, W. C. 
 Fowlkes and B. L. Snodg-rass, Democrats, were elected Su- 
 preme Judg-es; Aug-ust 5, Governor Neill S. Brown died. 
 
 1887. — Forty-fifth General Assembly, first session, held from 
 January 3 to March 29; B. M. Hord appointed Commissi' mr 
 of Ag-riculture, March 19; F. M. Smith appointed State 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction, April 26. 
 
 1888. — William Park appointed Inspector of Mines to serve 
 until April 1, 1891. 
 
 1889. — Hon. Robert L. Taylor inaug-urated Gove'nor, the 
 second term; the Forty- sixth General Assembly con/ened at 
 Nashville on the first Monday in January. 
 
 1890. — John P. Buchanan elected Governor. 
 
 1891. — Rebellion in the penitentiary occurred; Governor Albert 
 S. Marks died at Nashville, November 4; Forty-seventl 
 General Assembly met on the first Monday in January. 
 
 1892. — Peter Turney elected Governor. 
 
 1893. — Remains of Ex-President and Mrs. Polk were removed 
 to the Capitol g-rounds; Forty-eig-hth General Assembly 
 met on the first Monday in January. 
 
 1894. — Democratic Supreme Judg-es were elected. 
 
 1895. — Forty-ninth General Assembly convened first Monday 
 in January. Election contest between Turney and Evans 
 
240 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 for Governor; Kvans was qualified, February 6, and thus for a 
 while two Governors existed. Augusts, Judg-e H. K. Jack- 
 son died; S. G. Gilbreath appointed State Superintendent of 
 Publi'. Instruction. Construction of Centennial Exposition 
 building-s beg-un. 
 1896. — Inaug-ural Ceremonies of the Tennessee Centennial 
 held June 1 and 2. The Centennial Exposition Committee, 
 because of an insufficiency of funds, and owing- to the short 
 time for the promulgation of such a gig-antic scheme, deem- 
 ed it necessai'y to defer the Exposition until May 1, 1897. 
 
HISTORICAL RECREATIONS. 
 
 HISTORICAL RECREATIONS. 
 
 1. What is the area of Tennessee? Population? 
 
 2. How many counties in this State? Congressional Districts? 
 
 3. Who are our County officers? How elected? 
 
 4. Name the functions of our officers. 
 
 5. Name and define the departments of our Government. 
 
 6. How do the County Court and Legislature differ? 
 
 7. Name and describe original tribes of Indians. 
 
 8. What of their manners and customs? 
 
 9. Name the first permanent settlement in the State. 
 
 10. Name twelve prominent pioneers. Twenty Governors. 
 
 11. What do you esteem in the aborigines? 
 
 12. Mention four cities that have Indian names. 
 
 13. What is the significance of "Tennessee?" 
 
 14. Give motto and popular name of this State. 
 
 15. How were the salaries of the officers of Franklin paid? 
 
 16. Who was the father of East Tennessee? Middle Tennessee? 
 
 17. Wh}^ does the State have three divisions? 
 
 18. Name the successive Capitals of the State. Where situated ? 
 
 19. Name ten of the most populous counties. Ten cities. 
 
 20. Whom do you regard our most distinguished man? Why? 
 
 21. Name our present State officers. Give politics. 
 
 22. Name seven counties from each division of the State. 
 
 23. Why was the State unrepresented in Congress from '63 to '65 ? 
 
 24. Name three Presidents and three Generals from this State. 
 
 25. Name four railroads and six rivers. Locate them. 
 
 26. What distinguished General advocated dueling? 
 
 (841) 
 
242 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 27. Give Harris' reply to the requisition for troops. 
 
 28. What Cong-ressman fatally poisoned himself? 
 
 29. How was the Turney-Evans contest investig-ated? 
 
 30. How did Brownlow repel his opponents in a campaig-n? 
 
 31. What caused the State debt? How was it settled? 
 
 32. Name the politics of our Governors. What is politics? 
 
 33. What is the object of the State Constitution? 
 
 34. Why does the Senate confirm appointments? 
 
 35. Describe old time camp meeting's. 
 
 36. Compare Generals Sevier and Tipton. 
 
 37. Why did Franklin fail? How was it g-overned? 
 
 38. What did its Constitution prohibit? Why? 
 
 39. What made Reconstruction odious? 
 
 40. How will Tennessee compare with other States? 
 
 41. What was the War of the Roses? 
 
 42. Name seven keenly contested battles. 
 
 43. What and where is the Hermitag-e? 
 
 44. Locate the tombs of ten Governors. 
 
 45. Where are Jackson, Polk and Johnson buried? 
 
 46. Name and locate four National cemeteries. 
 
 47. Describe the "Battle Above the Clouds." 
 
 48. Name a disastrous penitentiary insurrection. 
 
 49. Mention four State institutions. Locate them. 
 
 50. The present Leg'islature has how many members? 
 
 51. Name the Governors who have served two terms. 
 
 52. Give prominent divisions of Tennessee and for what noted, 
 
 53. For what is Tennessee especially disting-uished? 
 
 54. What is the population of Tennessee by races? 
 
 55. How does this State rank in wealth and culture? 
 
 56. Should the Governor have the veto power? Why? 
 
 57. Should the right of suffrage be given women? 
 
 58. How does the press influence the people? 
 
 59. Were our pioneers better than our people are now? 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 The Formation of Counties. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 Washington 
 
 Sullivan 
 
 Greene 
 
 DaviJson 
 
 Sumner 
 
 Hawkins 
 
 Tennessee. . . 
 Jefferson.. . . 
 
 Knox 
 
 Sevier 
 
 Blount 
 
 Carter 
 
 Grainger 
 
 Montgomery 
 Robertson . . 
 
 Cocke 
 
 Smith 
 
 Wilson 
 
 Williamson. 
 Anderson... . 
 
 Roane. 
 
 Claiborne... . 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Dickson 
 
 Stewart 
 
 Rutherford.. 
 Campbell... . 
 
 Overton 
 
 White 
 
 Hickman 
 
 Rliea 
 
 Bledsoe 
 
 Franklin. . . 
 Bedford ... 
 Warren... . , . 
 
 Maury 
 
 Humphreys. 
 Lincoln. . . . . 
 
 Giles 
 
 Morgan 
 
 Lawrence. . . 
 
 Marion 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Hardin 
 
 FROM WHAT FORMED. 
 
 so 
 
 1777! Wilkes and Burke Cos.,N.C. 
 
 1779 Washington Co 
 
 1783 Washington Co 
 
 1783 Greene Co 
 
 1786 Davidson Co 
 
 1786 Sullivan Co 
 
 1788 Davidson Co 
 
 1792 Greene and Hawkins Cos. . . 
 1792 Greene and Hawkins Cos. . . 
 179i Jefferson Co 
 
 1795 Knox Co 
 
 1796 Washington Co 
 
 1796 Hawkins and Knox Cos 
 
 1796 Tennessee Co 
 
 1796, Tennessee Co 
 
 17971 Jefferson Co 
 
 1799 Sumner Co 
 
 1799 Sumner Co 
 
 1799 Davidson Co 
 
 1801 
 1801 
 
 Grainger and Hawkins Cos. 
 Smith Co 
 
 Knox and Grainger Cos. 
 Knox Co 
 
 1801 
 ISOl 
 1803Tlobert.son and Montgomery Cos. 
 
 11803" 
 1803 
 1806 
 
 Montgomery Co 
 
 Davidson Co 
 
 Anderson and Claiborne Cos 
 
 1806' Jackson Co 
 
 1806|Wil.soif, Smith, Jackson and Overton Cos 
 
 1807 Dickson Co. • 
 
 1807 Roane Co 
 
 1807 Roane Co 
 
 1807 Warren and Bedford Cos 
 
 1807 Rutherford Co 
 
 1807 WhiteCo 
 
 1807 Williamson Co 
 
 1809 Stewart Co 
 
 1809 Bedford Co 
 
 1809 Maurv Co 
 
 1M7 Roane Co 
 
 1817 Hickman and Maury Cos 
 
 1817lCherokee Lands 
 
 1817 Hickman and Humphreys Cos 
 
 1819 Western Dist., under control of Stewart and 
 Wavne Cos 
 
 FOR WHOM NAMED. 
 
 Geox-ge Washingluu. 
 Gen. John Sullivan. 
 Gen. Nath. Greene. 
 Gen. Wm. Davidson. 
 Col. Jethro Sumner. 
 
 Indian name Tenassee. 
 Thomas Jefferson. 
 Gen. Henry Knox. 
 Gov. John Sevier. 
 Gov. W^m. Blount. 
 Gen.Landon Carter. 
 Mary Grainger. 
 Col. Jno. Montgomery. 
 Gen. Jas. Robertson. 
 Gen. Wm. Cocke. 
 Gen. Daniel Smith. 
 Maj. David Wilson. 
 Gen. Williamson. 
 Joseph Anderson. 
 Gov. Archibald Roane. 
 
 Gen. Andrew Jackson. 
 William Dickson. 
 Duncan Stewart. 
 Gen, Rutherford. 
 Col. Arthur CampbelL 
 
 Edmund Hickman. 
 
 Thomas Bedford. 
 
 Abram Maury. 
 Parry W. Humphreys. 
 Gen. Ben i. Lincoln. 
 Gen. Wm. B. Giles. 
 Gen. Daniel Morgan. 
 Com. Jas. Lawrence. 
 Gen. Francis Marion. 
 Gen. Anthony Wayne. 
 
 Col. Joseph Hardin. 
 
 (243) 
 
244 
 
 HISTORY OP TENNES3EK. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 FROM WHAT FORMED. 
 
 FOR WH< )M NAMED. 
 
 Monroe. 
 
 Mc vt inn 
 
 Perry 
 
 Shelby 
 
 Hamilton. . . 
 
 Henry 
 
 Carroll. 
 
 Madison 
 
 Henderson.... 
 Hardeman.... 
 
 Haywood 
 
 Dyer 
 
 Gibson 
 
 Weakley 
 
 Fentress... . . . 
 
 Obion 
 
 Tipton 
 
 McNairy 
 
 Fayette.. 
 
 CJoffee 
 
 Lauderdale. . 
 Benton . . . . . . 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Meigs 
 
 Cannon 
 
 Marshall 
 
 Bradley.. 
 
 DeKalb 
 
 Polk 
 
 Van Buren. . . 
 Putnam.. 
 
 Macon 
 
 Lewis — 
 
 "Grundy 
 
 Hancock 
 
 Decatur 
 
 Scott 
 
 ♦Union 
 
 Cumberland 
 
 isiy 
 
 1819 
 1819 
 1819 
 1819 
 1821 
 1821 
 1821 
 1821 
 1823 
 1823 
 1823 
 1823 
 1823 
 1823 
 1823 
 1823 
 1823 
 1824 
 1835 
 1835 
 1835 
 1835 
 1835 
 1835 
 1835 
 183 
 1837 
 1889 
 
 Cherokee Lands •' 
 
 Cherokee I^ands 
 
 Hickman Co 
 
 Hardin Co 
 
 Rhea Co 
 
 West. Dist. under control of Stewart Co. . . 
 West. Dist. under control of Stewart Co. . . 
 West. Dist. under control of Stewart Co. . . 
 West. Dist. under control of Stewart Co. . . 
 
 Hardin Co 
 
 West. Dist. under control of Stewart Co. . . 
 West.Dist. under control of Stewart Co. . . 
 West. Dist. under control of Stewart Co... 
 West. Dist. under control of Stewart Co. . . 
 
 Overton and Morgan Cos 
 
 West.Dist. under control of Stewart Co. . . 
 West.Dist. under control of Stewart Co. . 
 West. Dist. under control of Stewart Co.. 
 
 Hardeman and Shelby Cos 
 
 Warren, Franklin and Bedford Cos 
 
 Humphreys and Henry Cos. 
 Carter Co 
 
 James Monroe. 
 Gov. Jos. McMinn. • 
 Com. Oliver H. Perry. 
 Isaac Shelby. 
 Alexander Hamilton. 
 Patrick Henry. 
 Gov. Wm, Carroll. 
 James Madison. 
 
 Col. T. J. Hardeman. 
 Judge J no. Haywood 
 Col. Henry Dver. 
 Col. Thomas (4ibson. 
 
 From Obion River. 
 
 Jacob Tipton. 
 
 Judge John McNairy. 
 
 Col, Jas. Lauderdale. 
 Thomas H. Benton. 
 
 Return J. Meigs. 
 !Gov. Newton Cannon. 
 
 Bedford, Maury, Lincoln and Giles Cos. 
 
 White, Warren, Cannon, Wilson and Jackson 
 Bradley and McMitin Cos 
 
 1810! White, Warren and Bledsoe Cos 
 
 1813 White, Overton, Jackson, Smith and DeKalb 
 
 1842 Smith and Sumner Cos 
 
 1813 Maury, Lawrence, Wayne and Hickman . . . . 
 
 '814 Franklin, Coffee and Warren Cos 
 
 1844 Claiborne and Hawkins Cos 
 
 1845 
 
 1849 
 
 1850 
 
 1855 
 
 1856 
 1857 
 1870 
 1870 
 187-^ 
 lo70 
 1870 
 1870 
 1871 
 
 1871 
 1872 
 1875 
 1879 
 1879 
 
 Perry Co ■ 
 
 Anderson, Campbell, Fentress and Morgan. . 
 
 Grainger, Claiborne, Campbell, Anderson 
 and Knox Cos 
 
 White, Van Buren, Bledsoe, Rhea, Morgan, 
 Roane and Putnam Cos 
 
 Davidson, Robertson and Montgomery Cos. 
 
 Hamilton Co •■•■•• 
 
 Gibson, Haywood, Dyer and Madison Cos. . . 
 
 Grainger Jefferson and Hawkins Cos 
 
 Sumner, Macon, Smith and Williamson Cos. 
 
 Jackson and Overton Cos 
 
 Obion Co 
 
 Roane, Monroe and Blount Cos 
 
 Dickson, Humphreys, Montgomery and 
 Stewart Cos 
 
 Hamilton and liradley Cos 
 
 Lincoln and Franklin Cos 
 
 Washington and Carter Cos 
 
 Overton and Fentress Cos • • • 
 
 Madison, Henderson, McNairy and Harde- 
 man Cos 
 
 Baron DeKalb. 
 James K. Polk. 
 Martin Van Buren. 
 Israel Putnam. 
 
 Meriwether Lewis 
 Felix Grundy. 
 John Hancock. 
 Com. Stephen Decatur. 
 Gen. Winfield Scott. 
 
 David Crockett. 
 Hezekiah Hamblen. 
 Gov. Wm. Trousdale. 
 Henry Clay. 
 For ObionLake. 
 Fort Loudon. 
 
 Gen. Sam. Houston. 
 Jesse J. James. 
 
 *This, as well as several other counties, was not organized for a few years after the 
 passage of the act creating it. 
 
COUNTY SEATS. 245 
 
 County Seats. 
 
 Anderson, Clinton; Bedford, Shelby ville; Benton, Camden; 
 Bledsoe, Pikeville; Blount, Maryville; Bradley, Cleveland; 
 Campbell, Jacksboro; Cannon, Woodbury; Carroll, Hunting-- 
 don; Carter, Elizabeth ton; Cheatham, Asland City; Chester, 
 Henderson; Claiborne, Tazewell; Clay, Celina; Cocke, New- 
 port; Coffee, Manchester; Crockett, Alamo; Cumberland, Cross- 
 ville; Davidson, Nashville; Decatur, Decaturville; DeKalb, 
 Smithville; Dickson, Charlotte; Dyer, Dyersburg; Fayette, 
 Somerville; Fentress, Jamestown; Franklin, Winchester; Gib- 
 son, Trenton; Giles, Pulaski; Grainger, Rutledge; Greene, 
 Greeneville; Grundy, Altamont; Hamblen, Morristown; Ham- 
 ilton, Chattanooga; Hancock, Sneedville; Hardeman, Bolivar; 
 Hardin, Savannah; Hawkins, Rogersville; Haywood, Browns- 
 ville; Henderson, Lexington; Henry, Paris; Hickman, Centre- 
 ville; Houston, Erin; Humphreys, Waverly; Jackson, Gaines- 
 boro; James, Ooltewah; Jefferson, Dandridge; Johnson, Moun- 
 tain City; Knox, Knoxville; Lake, Tiptonville; Lauderdale, 
 Ripley; Lawrence, Lawrenceburg; Lewis, Newburg; Lincoln, 
 Fayetteville; Loudon, Loudon; McMinn, Athens; McNairy, 
 Purdy; Macon, Lafayette; Madison, Jackson; Marion, Jasper'; 
 Marshall, Lewisburg; Maury, Columbia; Meigs, Decatur; 
 Monroe, Madisonville; Montgomery, Clarksville; Moore, 
 Lynchburg; Morgan, Wartburg; Obion, Union City; Overton, 
 Livingston; Perry, Linden; Pickett, Byrdstown; Polk, Ben- 
 ton; Putnam, Cookeville; Rhea, Dayton; Roane, Kingston; 
 Robertson, ' Springfield; Rutherford, Murfreesboro; Scott, 
 Huntsville; Sequatchie, Dunlap; Sevier, Sevierville; Shelby, 
 Memphis; Smith, Carthage; Stewart, Dover; Sullivan, Blount- 
 ville; Sumner, Gallatin; Tipton, Covington; Trousdale, Harts- 
 ville; Unicoi, Erwin; Union, Maynardville; Van Buren, Spen- 
 cer; Warren, McMinnville; Washington, Jonesboro; Wajne, 
 Waynesboro; Weakley, Dresden; White, Sparta; Williamson, 
 Franklin; Wilson, Lebanon. 
 
246 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 Governors of Tennessee from 1790. 
 
 1. William Blount, Territorial Governor, 1790-1796. Com- 
 
 missioned August 7, 1790. 
 
 2. John Sevier, 1796-1801. Inaugurated March 30, 1796. 
 
 3. Archibald Roane, 1801-1803. Inaugurated September 23, 
 
 1801. 
 
 4. John Sevier, 1803-1809. Inaugurated September 23, 1803. 
 
 5. Willie Blount, 1809-1815. Inaugurated September 23, 1809. 
 
 6. Joseph McMinn, 1815-1821. Inaugurated September — , 
 
 1815. 
 •7. William Carroll, 1821-1827. Inaugurated October 1, 1821. 
 
 8. Samuel Houston, 1827. Inaugurated October 1, 1827. 
 
 Served to April 16, 1829, when he resigned, and William 
 Hall, Speaker of the Senate, became Governor, serving 
 to October 1, 1829. 
 
 9. William Carroll, 1829-1835. Inaugurated October 1, 1829. 
 
 10. Newton Cannon, 1835-1839. Inaugurated October 12, 1835. 
 
 11. James K. Polk, 1839-1841. Inaugurated October 14, 1839. 
 
 12. James C. Jones, 1841-1845. Inaugurated October 14, 1841. 
 
 13. AaronV. Brown, 1845-1847. Inaugurated October 15, 1845. 
 
 14. Neill S. Brown, 1847-1849. Inaugurated October 18, 1847. 
 
 15. William Trousdale, 1849-1851. Inaugurated October 15, 
 
 1849. 
 
 16. William B. Campbell, 1851-1853. Inaugurated October 
 
 16, 1851. 
 
 17. Andrew Johnson, 1853-1857. Inaugurated October 17, 1853. 
 
 18. Isham G. Harris, 1857-1863. Inaugurated November 3, 
 
 1857. Robert L. Caruthers was elected Governor in 
 1863, but on account of Tennessee being in possession 
 of Federal troops, was unable to qualify. President 
 Lincoln appointed Andrew Johnson Military Governor 
 of Tennessee, who served from 1862 to 1865. 
 
 19. William G. Brownlow, 1865-1867. Inaugurated April 5, 
 
 1865. 
 
STATE OFFICERS. 247 
 
 20. D. W. C. Senter, 1867-1871. Inaugurated October 10, 1867. 
 
 As Speaker of the Senate succeeded Governor Brown- 
 low, who had resigned to take a seat in the United 
 States Senate. 
 
 21. John C. Brown, 1871-1875. Inaugurated October 10, 1871. 
 
 22. James D. Porter, 1875-1879. Inaugurated January 18, 1875. 
 
 23. Albert S. Marks, 1879-1881. Inaugurated January 16» 
 
 1879. 
 
 24. Alvin G. Hawkins, 1881-1883. Inaugurated January 17, 
 
 1881. 
 
 25. William B. Bate, 1883-1887. Inaugurated January 15, 1883. 
 
 26. Robert L. Taylor, 1887-1891. 'inaugurated January 17, 
 
 1887. 
 
 27. John P. Buchanan, 1891-1893. Inaugurated January. 19, 
 
 1891. 
 
 28. Peter Turney, 1893-189-. Inaugurated January 16, 1893. 
 
 United States Senators from 1796, 
 
 William Blount, April 2, 1796, to October 19, 1797. 
 
 William Cocke, April 2, 1796, to October 19, 1797. 
 / Andrew Jackson, a October 19, 1797, to October 6, 1798. 
 
 Joseph Anderson, October 19, 1797, to March 4, 1799. 
 
 Daniel Smith, October 6,, 1798, to March 28, 1799. 
 
 William Cocke, March 4, 1799, to October 8, 1805. 
 
 Joseph Anderson, March 28, 1799, , 1805. 
 
 Daniel Smith, h , 1805, to , 1809. 
 
 Jenkins Whiteside, October 28, 1809, to October 8, 1811. 
 ^^ George W. Campbell, ^October 1, 1811, to September 5, 1818. 
 
 John Williams, , 1815, to , 1815. 
 
 ^ Jesse Wharton, /; a , 1815, to , 1815. 
 
 ^ John H. Eaton, <^ a September 5, 1818, to March 4, 1829. 
 
 John Williams, , 1815, to , 1823. 
 
 a Resig-ned b Appointed, c Died 
 
248 HISTORY OF T^NNKSSKK. 
 
 Andrew Jackson, a , 1823, to October 28, 1825. 
 
 S Hugh Iv. White, a October 28, 1825, to January 27, 1840. 
 
 Felix Grundy, a October 16, 1829, to September 13, 1838. 
 
 EphraimH. Foster,<^^? September 13, 1838,to October —,1839. 
 
 Felix Grundy, c November 19, 1839, to December 19, 1840. 
 
 Alex. Anderson, January 27, 1840, to March 4, 1841. 
 
 A. O. P. Nicholson, b December 25, 1840, to March — , 1841. 
 
 Unrepresented from 1841 to 1843. 
 
 EphraimH. Foster, 1843-1845; Spencer Jarnag-in, 1843-1847. 
 
 Hopkins L. Turney, 1845-1851; John Bell, 1847-1859. 
 
 James C. Jones, 1851-1857; Andrew Johnson, « 1857-1862. 
 
 Unrepresented from 1862, to 1865. 
 
 Confederate Senators: L. C. Haynes and G. A. Henry, Oc- 
 tober 24, 1861-1865. 
 
 Joseph S. Fowler, 1865-1871; D, T. Patterson, 1865-1869. 
 
 W. G. Brownlow, 1869-1875; Henry Cooper, 1871-1877. 
 
 Andrew Johnson, <: March 4, 1875, to July 31, 1875. 
 
 D. M. Key, 3 1875-1877; James E. Bailey, 1877-18^1. 
 
 Isham G. Harris, March 4, 1877 to -. 
 
 H. E. Jackson, a 1881-1886; W. C. Whitthorne, b April 16, 
 1886 to March 4, 1887. 
 
 William B. Bate, March 4, 1887, to . 
 
 Secretaries of State from 1792. 
 
 Daniel Smith, Territorial Secretary, 1792-96. 
 
 William Maclin, April 9, 1796-1807. 
 
 Robert Houston, March 31, 1807-11. 
 
 W. G. Blount, March 31, 1811-15. 
 
 William Alexander, March 30, 1815-18. Died. 
 
 Daniel Graham, appointed August 26, 1818-30. Resig-ned. 
 
 T. H. Fletcher, appointed September, 1830-32. 
 
 a Resigned, b Appointed, c Died. 
 
state; officeks. 249 
 
 Samuel G. Smith, March 1, 1832-35. 
 Luke Lea, December 4, 1835-39. 
 John S. Young-, December 4, 1839-47. 
 W. B. A. Ramsey, December 3, 1847-55. 
 F. N. W. Burton, December 4, 1855- 59. 
 J. E. R. Ray, December 5, 1859-60. 
 
 E. H. East, appointed in 1862, by Andrew Johnson, Mili- 
 tary Governor, served to April, 1865. 
 A. J. Fletcher, 1865-70. 
 T. H. Butler, May 23, 1870-73. 
 Charles N. Gibbs, February 1, 1873-81. 
 David A. Nunn, February 12, 1881-85. 
 John Allison, Jr., February 12, 1885-89. 
 Charles A. Miller, February 12, 1889-93. 
 W. S. Morg-an, February 13, 1893. 
 
 Comptrollers — Office Created in 1835. 
 
 Daniel Graham, January 23, 1836-43. 
 
 Felix K. Zollicoffer, October 4, 1843-49. 
 
 B. H. Sheppard, October 15, 1849-51. 
 
 Arthur R. Crozier, October 15, 1851-55. 
 
 James C. Luttrell, October 16, 1855-57. 
 
 James T. Dunlap, October 15, 1857, to April, 1862. 
 
 Joseph S. Fowler, appointed by Andrew Johnson, Military 
 Governor, 1862-65. 
 
 J. R. Dillin, elected April 25, 1865, failed to qualify, being- 
 a member of the Legislature that elected him, and ineligible, 
 
 S. W. Hatchett, May, 1865, to October, 1866. 
 
 G. W. Blackburn, October, 1866-70. 
 
 E. R. Pennebaker, June, 1870-73. 
 
 W. W. Hobb, January 15, 1873, to May, 1873. 
 
 John C. Burch, May,'l873-75. 
 
250 HISTORY OP TENNESSKK. 
 
 James L. Gaines, January 15, 1875-81. 
 
 James N. Nolan, January 15, 1881-83. 
 
 P. P. Pickard, January 15, 1883, to February 28, 188'>. 
 
 J. W. Allen, February 28, 1889, February 1, 1893. 
 
 James A. Harris, February 1, 1893-189- 
 
 Treasurers from 1796. 
 
 The act of April 13, 1796, and Territorial act of September, 
 1794, Chapter 9, provided for two District Treasurers, viz.: 
 Districts of Mero, and Washing-ton and Hamilton. Act of Octo- 
 ber 25, 1813, changed the name of Treasurer of Washing-ton 
 and Hamilton to Treasurer of Bast Tennessee, and Treasurer 
 of Mero to Treasurer of West Tennessee. The District of 
 Mero was also known as the District of Mero, Robertson and 
 Winchester. Act of November 1, 1827, created the of&ces of 
 Treasurer of Western District, at Jackson, Tennessee ; Treas- 
 urer of Washington and Hamilton and East Tennessee, at 
 Knoxville; and Treasurer of Mero, at Nashville. The Consti- 
 tution of 1834 provided for one Treasurer for the State, to be 
 elected by the Legislature for two years.- 
 
 Daniel Smith, Territorial Secretary, acted as Treasurer 
 from 1792 to September, 1794. 
 
 Landon Carter, Territorial Treasurer of Washington and 
 Hamilton, 1794 to July 9, 1800. 
 
 Howell Tatum, Territorial Treasurer of Mero, 1794 to April, 
 1796. 
 
 William Black, Mero, 1796 to September 26, 1797. 
 
 Robert Searcy, Mero, 1797-1803. 
 
 John Maclin, Washington and Hamilton, 1800-03. 
 
 Thomas McCorry, Washington and Hamilton, 1803-13. 
 
 Thomas Crutcher, Mero, 1803-13. 
 
 Thomas McCorry, East Tennessee, 1813-15. 
 
STATE OFFICEKS. 251 
 
 Thomas Crutcher, West Tennessee, 1813-36; 
 Matthew Nelson, Kast Tennessee, 1813-27. 
 Miller Francis, East Tennessee, 1827-36. 
 James Caruthers, Western District, 1827-36. 
 Miller Francis, State, February 6, 1836-43. 
 Matthew Nelson, State, 1843-45. 
 Robert B. Turner, 1845-47. 
 Anthony Dibbrell, 1847-55. 
 G. C. Torbett, 1855-57. 
 W. F. McGregor, 1857-65. 
 R. Iv. Stanford, 1865 to December 20, 1866. 
 John R. Henry, appointed December 24, 1866, resigned No- 
 vember 1, 1868. 
 
 W. H. Stillwell, appointed November 1, 1868-69. 
 
 J. K. Rust, 1869-71. 
 
 William Morrow, 1871-77. 
 
 M. T. Polk, 1877-83. 
 
 Atha Thomas, 1883-85. 
 
 J. W. Thomas, 1885 to October, 1886. Died. 
 
 Atha Thomas, appointed October 26, 1886-89. 
 
 M. F. House, February 1, 1889-93. 
 
 E. B. Craig-, February 3, 1893— 
 
 Superintendents of Public Instruction. 
 
 This office was created in 1835, abolished in 1843, re-created 
 from 1867 to 1870, and again created in 1873. 
 Robert H. McEwen, 1836-40. 
 Robert P. Currin, 1840-41. 
 Scott Terry, 18^1-43. 
 R. L. Stanford, 1865-67. 
 John Eaton, Jr., 1867-69. 
 A. J. Tipton, 1869-71. 
 
252 HISTORY OF TENNKSSKK. 
 
 Jolm M. Fleming, 1873-75. 
 Leon Trousdale, 1875-81. 
 W. S. Doak, 1881-1882. 
 G. S. W. Crawford, 1882-83. 
 Thomas H. Paine, 1883-87. 
 Frank M. Smith, 1887-91. 
 W. R. Garrett, 1891-93. 
 Frank M. Smith, 1893-95. 
 S. G. Gilbreath, 1895— 
 
 Commissioners of Agriculture. 
 
 The Bureau of Agriculture, Statistics and Mines was estab- 
 lished in 1854, the Governor being ex-officio President. E. G. 
 Eastman was elected Secretary and served to the war. By 
 act of March 4, 1875, the of&ce of Commissioner was created, 
 and the department established on its present basis. 
 
 J. B. Killebrew, 1875-81. 
 
 A. W. Hawkins, 1881-83. 
 
 A. J. McWhirter, 1883-87. 
 
 B. M. Hord, 1887-91. 
 D- G. Godwin, 1891-93. 
 T. F. P. Allison, 1893— 
 
 Attorney-Generals. 
 
 The office of Attorney-General and Reporter for the State was 
 created in 1831. 
 George T. Yerger, 1831-39. 
 Return J. Meigs, 1839 to November, 1839. 
 West H. Humphreys, 1839-51. 
 W. G. Swan, 1851-54. 
 John L. T. Sneed. 1854-59. 
 
STATE OFFICERS. 253 
 
 John W. Head, 1859 to the war. 
 Thomas H. Coldwell, 1865-70. 
 Joseph B. Heiskell, 1870-78. 
 Benjamin J. Lea, 1878-86. 
 Georg-e W. Pickle, 1886 - 
 
 Congressional Districts. 
 
 First District. — Carter, Claiborne, CockejGraing-er, Greene, 
 Hamblen, Hancock, Hawkins, Johnson, Sullivan, Unicoi and 
 Washing-ton Counties. 
 
 Second District. — Anderson, Blount, Campbell, Jefferson, 
 Knox. Loudon, Morgan, Roane, Scott, Sevier and Union, 
 Counties. 
 
 Third District. — Bledsoe, Bradley, Cannon, Grundy, 
 Hamilton, James, McMinn, Meigs, Monroe, Polk, Sequatchie, 
 Van Buren, Warren and White Counties. 
 
 Fourth District. — Cumberland, Clay, DeKalb, Fentress, 
 Jackson, Macon, Overton, Pickett, Putnam, Rhea, Smith, Sum- 
 ner, Trousdale and Wilson Counties. 
 
 Fifth District.— Bedford, Coffee, Franklin, Lincoln, Marion, 
 Marshall, Moore and Rutherford Counties. 
 
 Sixth District. — Cheatham, Davidson, Houston, Hum- 
 phreys, Montgomery, Robertson and Stewart Counties. 
 
 Seventh District. — Dickson, Giles, Hickman, Lawrence, 
 Lewis, Maury, Wayne and Williamson Counties. 
 
 Eighth District. — Benton, Carroll, Decatur, Hardin, Hen- 
 derson, Henry, Madison, McNairy and Perry Counties, 
 
 Ninth District. — Crockett, Dyer, Gibson, Haywood, Lake, 
 Lauderdale, Obion and Weakley Counties. 
 
 Tenth District. — Fayette, Hardeman, Shelby and Tipton 
 Counties. 
 
Aggregate Population of the State. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 1790. 
 
 1800. 
 
 1810. 
 
 1820. 
 
 1830. 
 
 1840. 
 
 1850. 
 
 1860. 
 
 1870. 
 
 188C. 
 
 1890. 
 
 Anderson 
 
 
 
 3959 
 8242 
 
 4668 
 16012 
 
 5310 
 30396 
 
 5658 
 
 20546 
 
 4772 
 
 5676 
 
 11745 
 
 7385 
 
 6149 
 
 7163 
 
 12362 
 
 5372 
 
 6938 
 21511 
 6315 
 5959 
 12424 
 12259 
 6068 
 8982 
 15967 
 6296 
 
 70(58 
 
 21584 
 
 8463 
 
 4459 
 
 13270 
 
 11701 
 
 6712 
 
 9509 
 
 17437 
 
 7124 
 
 7258 
 
 8704 
 24333 
 8234 
 4870 
 14237 
 11652 
 7445 
 10502 
 19447 
 7909 
 6678 
 
 10820 
 
 26025 
 
 9680 
 
 5617 
 
 15985 
 
 12124 
 
 10005 
 
 11859 
 
 22103 
 
 10019 
 
 7956 
 
 15128 
 24739 
 11230 
 
 6134 
 17589 
 18607 
 13486 
 12197 
 23630 
 13389 
 
 8845 
 
 9069 
 15103 
 
 7260 
 16523 
 13827 
 15146 
 
 5376 
 108174 
 
 8995 
 15650 
 13645 
 19878 
 28878 
 
 5226 
 18929 
 35859 
 34957 
 13196 
 26614 
 
 6345 
 
 Bedford 
 
 
 
 Benton 
 
 
 
 Bledsoe 
 
 
 
 3259 
 8839 
 
 5005 
 11258 
 
 4648 
 11028 
 
 Blount 
 
 
 5587 
 
 Bradley 
 
 
 Campbell 
 
 Cannon 
 
 
 
 2668 
 
 4224 
 
 5110 
 
 Carroll 
 
 
 
 
 
 9397 
 6414 
 
 Carter 
 
 Cheatham 
 
 
 4813 
 
 4190 
 
 4835 
 
 Chester 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Claiborne 
 
 
 
 4798 
 
 5508 
 
 8470 
 
 9474 
 
 9369 
 
 9643 
 
 9321 
 
 13373 
 
 6987 
 14804 
 12894 
 14109 
 
 4538 
 79026 
 
 8498 
 14813 
 12460 
 15118 
 81871 
 
 5941 
 17178 
 82685 
 36014 
 12384 
 24005 
 
 4592 
 10187 
 23642 
 
 9098 
 22921 
 14793 
 20610 
 26053 
 
 Clay 
 
 
 
 Cocke 
 
 
 
 5154 
 
 4892 
 
 6017 
 
 6992 
 
 8184 
 
 8300 
 8351 
 
 10408 
 9689 
 
 12458 
 10237 
 
 Coffee 
 
 
 
 Crockett 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cumberland... . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8460 
 47055 
 
 6276 
 10573 
 
 9982 
 10536 
 24327 
 
 5054 
 13848 
 21777 
 26166 
 19004 
 19004 
 
 3093 
 
 "132.58 
 7020 
 17769 
 11214 
 16162 
 19232 
 14491 
 19133 
 9.112 
 
 9096 
 11725 
 
 8461 
 62897 
 
 7772 
 114J5 
 
 9340 
 13706 
 26145 
 
 4717 
 14970 
 25666 
 8:^413 
 21668 
 21668 
 
 3250 
 
 "17241 
 7148 
 18074 
 11768 
 15837 
 25094 
 14217 
 
 Davidson 
 
 Decatur 
 
 3459 
 
 9965 
 
 15608 
 
 20154 
 
 28122 
 
 30509 
 
 38882 
 6003 
 8016 
 8404 
 6361 
 26719 
 4454 
 13768 
 19.548 
 25949 
 17824 
 17824 
 2773 
 
 10075 
 5660 
 17456 
 10328 
 13370 
 17259 
 18164 
 18233 
 9.397 
 
 6422 
 15673 
 
 DeKalb 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5868 
 
 7074 
 
 4484 
 
 21501 
 
 3550 
 
 12033 
 
 13689 
 
 21494 
 
 10572 
 
 16076 
 
 Dickson 
 
 
 
 4516 
 
 5190 
 
 7265 
 1904 
 8652 
 2748 
 15620 
 5801 
 18703 
 10066 
 14410 
 
 Dyer 
 
 
 
 Fayette 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fentress. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Franklin. .. 
 
 
 
 5730 
 
 4546 
 6397 
 9713 
 
 16571 
 
 12558 
 
 7651 
 
 11324 
 
 Gibson 
 
 Giles 
 
 
 
 Grainger 
 
 
 7367 
 7610 
 
 Greene 
 
 7741 
 
 Grundy 
 
 Hamblen 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11418 
 53482 
 10342 
 21029 
 17698 
 22246 
 23558 
 16336 
 21070 
 14499 
 
 5390 
 11720 
 13325 
 
 4903 
 
 Hamilton . . . 
 
 
 
 
 821 
 
 2276 
 
 8175 
 
 14563 
 82 15 
 15035 
 18870 
 
 11875 
 14906 
 8618 
 
 5195 
 
 12872 
 
 Hancock 
 
 
 
 
 Hardeman. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 1165:. 
 
 4868 
 13683 
 
 5334 
 
 8748 
 12249 
 
 8119 
 
 6187 
 9()9s 
 
 Hardin 
 
 
 
 
 1462 
 1091! 
 
 Hawkins 
 
 Haywood 
 
 6970 
 
 6563 
 
 7643 
 
 Henderson .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 Henry 
 
 
 
 
 
 203801 22142 
 
 Hickman 
 
 
 
 2583 
 
 6080 
 
 Houston 
 
 
 
 9326 
 
 12:83 
 
 4295 
 11379 
 
 12008 
 5187 
 
 Humphreys 
 
 
 
 1511 
 5401 
 
 4067 
 7593 
 
 Jackson . .'. 
 
 
 
 James 
 
 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 
 9017 
 
 7309 
 
 89:>3 
 
 
 13 04 
 3705 
 18807 
 
 16043 
 
 .5018 
 
 22813 
 
 7559 
 
 
 16478 
 
 59557 
 5304 
 
 18756 
 
 Johnson 
 
 
 , ! 2658 
 14498 15485 
 
 58521 7766 
 28990; 39124 
 
 Knox 
 
 Lake 
 
 
 12446 
 
 10171 
 
 130:54 
 
 Lauderdalo 
 
 ..::: :::: 
 
 
 
 . . . ■ 343.1 
 
 ' 5169 
 
 10888 
 
 14918 
 
 (254) 
 
AGGREGATE POPULATION OF THE .STATE. 
 
 255 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 1790. 
 
 1800. 
 
 1810. 
 
 1820. 
 
 1830. 
 
 1840, 
 
 1S50. 
 
 1.S60. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1890. 
 
 
 
 
 
 3271 
 
 5411 
 
 7121 
 
 9280 
 
 44.38 
 
 23i92 
 
 9320 
 
 2241 
 
 22828 
 
 7601 
 
 1986 
 
 28050 
 
 10383 
 
 2181 
 
 26960 
 
 9148 
 
 9321 
 
 30874 
 
 10910 
 
 19259 
 
 39904 
 
 1.5064 
 
 17271 
 
 7117 
 
 14283 
 
 28481 
 
 6233 
 
 51.56 
 
 22912 
 
 12153 
 
 7174 
 
 12286 
 
 Lewis 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 2555 
 
 
 
 
 6104 
 
 14761 
 
 22075 
 
 21493 
 
 27382 
 
 
 
 
 9273 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6948 
 21470 
 
 6314 
 15616 
 29520 
 13906 
 12864 
 
 4889 
 11874 
 21045 
 
 7290 
 21535 
 
 6190 
 14592 
 32498 
 13.555 
 14732 
 
 4667 
 12607 
 20895 
 
 6633 
 23480 
 
 6841 
 16207 
 33289 
 13969 
 12726 
 
 4511 
 12589 
 24747 
 
 17890 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11594 
 
 5508 
 
 16530 
 6070 
 145.55 
 28186 
 12719 
 9385 
 4794 
 12056 
 16927 
 
 355M) 
 
 Bdf rion 
 
 
 
 
 3888 
 
 10878 
 
 Marshall 
 
 
 
 
 30497 
 
 Maury 
 
 
 
 10359 
 
 22089 
 1623 
 
 27665 
 14460 
 5697 
 
 4.5411 
 
 McMinn 
 
 
 
 18906 
 
 MfXairv 
 
 
 
 
 18112 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6930 
 
 ATon rnp 
 
 
 
 
 2529 
 12219 
 
 13708 
 14349 
 
 15.329 
 
 Montgomery . . 
 
 1387 
 
 2899 
 
 8021 
 
 29697 
 5975 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 1676 
 
 2582 
 2099 
 8242 
 7094 
 
 2660 
 4814 
 9279 
 7419 
 
 3430 
 7633 
 11211 
 5821 
 
 3353 
 12817 
 12637 
 
 6042 
 
 3969 
 15584 
 11297 
 
 6925 
 
 76.39 
 
 
 
 
 
 27273 
 
 Overton 
 
 
 
 5643 
 
 7128 
 2384 
 
 12039 
 
 
 
 
 7785 
 
 
 
 
 
 4736 
 
 Polk 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3570 
 
 6338 
 
 8726 
 
 8558 
 
 4991 
 
 13583 
 
 15265 
 
 27918 
 
 3519 
 
 2120 
 
 9122 
 
 48092 
 
 16357 
 
 9896 
 
 13552 
 
 22030 
 
 10705 
 
 7369 
 
 8698 
 
 5538 
 
 15622 
 
 16166 
 
 33289 
 
 4054 
 
 2335 
 
 11028 
 
 76378 
 
 15994 
 
 12019 
 
 13136 
 
 23711 
 
 14884 
 
 7269 
 11501 
 
 7073 
 15237 
 18862 
 .86741 
 
 6021 
 
 2565 
 15.541 
 78430 
 17799 
 12690 
 18321 
 23625 
 21033 
 
 6646 
 
 3645 
 10260 
 
 2933 
 14079 
 16181 
 21301 
 24538 
 11176 
 28313 
 28747 
 
 8.361 
 
 'Piitnnm 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 136S3 
 
 Rhea 
 
 
 
 2.504 
 5581 
 7270 
 10265 
 
 4215 
 7895 
 9938 
 19552 
 
 4186 
 11341 
 13272 
 26134 
 
 3985 
 10948 
 13801 
 24280 
 
 4415 
 12185 
 16145 
 29122 
 
 1905 
 
 12647 
 
 
 
 
 17418 
 
 Robertson 
 
 Rutherford 
 
 
 4280 
 
 20078 
 35097 
 
 Scott 
 
 
 
 9794 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .3027 
 
 Sevier 
 
 3619 
 
 34i9 
 
 4595 
 
 4772 
 364 
 
 17580 
 
 5717 
 5648 
 19906 
 
 6442 
 14721 
 
 21179 
 
 8587 
 
 10736 
 
 22445 
 
 6800 
 
 6920 
 31157 
 
 18412 
 9719 
 11742 
 22717 
 8887 
 
 18761 
 112740 
 
 Smith 
 
 
 
 
 4294 
 
 10218 
 4616 
 
 ii649 
 4262 
 6847 
 
 13729 
 
 18404 
 
 Stewart 
 
 Sullivan 
 
 Sumner 
 
 4447 
 2196 
 
 8397 
 
 7015 
 
 19211 
 
 6968 
 10073 
 20569 
 
 5317 
 
 12193 
 20879 
 23668 
 24271 
 
 TmiisHnlp 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5850 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4619 
 
 Union 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6117 
 
 2.581 
 11147 
 14829 
 
 9115 
 18216 
 
 9381 
 ^38R7 
 26072 
 
 7605 
 272 
 12714 
 16317 
 20'J09 
 20755 
 9375 
 25328 
 25881 
 
 11459 
 
 "\'jj,u Bui'en 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2674 
 10179 
 
 13861 
 8170 
 1460S 
 11444 
 27201 
 27443 
 
 2863 
 
 
 
 
 5725 
 7740 
 
 10384 
 9557 
 2459 
 
 11210 
 10995 
 6013 
 4797 
 9967 
 26638 
 25472 
 
 10803 
 11751 
 7705 
 9870 
 10747 
 27006 
 24460 
 
 14413 
 
 Washington. . . 
 Wayne 
 
 5872 
 
 6379 
 
 20354 
 11417 
 
 
 
 
 
 28955 
 
 V7hite 
 
 
 
 4028 
 13153 
 11952 
 
 8701 
 20640 
 18730 
 
 12348 
 
 Williamson 
 
 
 2868 
 3261 
 
 26321 
 
 Wilson 
 
 
 27148 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 35691 
 
 105602 261727 
 
 422771 
 
 681904 
 
 829210 
 
 1002717 
 
 1109801 
 
 12.58520 
 
 15423.59 
 
 1767518 
 
INDEX. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Aborigines 17 
 
 Adams, J. Q 95 
 
 African Slavery 68 
 
 Agricultural Society 92 
 
 Alien Law 64 
 
 Algonquin Indians 10 
 
 Alcorn, Colonel 73 
 
 AIlison,T. F. P 170 
 
 Anderson, John 39 
 
 Anderson, Gen. Keller 167 
 
 Asylums 91, 92 
 
 Barrow, Washinf ton 125 
 
 Bate, William B 146, 161, 163, 166 
 
 Battle of Nashville 145 
 
 Battle of Shiloh, The 135 
 
 Battle of Franklin 144 
 
 Battle of Manassas, The 131 
 
 Battle of Murfreesboro 140 
 
 Baxter, L. T 166 
 
 Bean, William 23 
 
 Beasley, John R 161 
 
 Beauregard , Gen 185, 137, 140 
 
 Bee, Gen 133 
 
 Bell, John 99, 129, 130 
 
 Benton, Jesse 70 
 
 Benton, Thomas H 71 
 
 Bledsoe's Lick 33 
 
 Blount College 41 
 
 Blount, W illiam 44-48, 5 1, 54, 61 
 
 Blount, Willie 66, 94 
 
 Bolivar 92 
 
 Boone, Daniel 18, 21, 23 
 
 Bowling Green. ._. 133, 134 
 
 Boyd's Creek 35, 87 
 
 Bragg, Gen 140-144 
 
 Breckinridge, J. C 121, 129, 130, 137 
 
 Bricevilte 166 
 
 Brown, Aaron V 106, 111, 115 
 
 Brown, John 123 
 
 Brown, Neill S 114 
 
 Brown, John C 156 
 
 Brown, Jacob 24, 25 
 
 Brownlow, W«i. G 151, 152, 154, 155 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Buchanan, J. P 166,167, 168 
 
 Buchanan, James 126 
 
 Buckner, Gen 134, 142 
 
 Buell, Gen 182, 134, 187, 140 
 
 Burr , Aaron 54, 5'6 
 
 Burnside, Gen 144 
 
 Byrd, Colonel 33 
 
 Cabinets ^. . .96, 97, 110 
 
 Cage, William - 39 
 
 Campbell, Gov. W. B 115 
 
 Candidates for Governor. . .81, 88, 97, 
 
 160, 165, 166 
 
 Cannon, Gov. Newton 97,98, ITOS 
 
 Carter, W. B 94 
 
 Carroll, Gov. William 67,88, 97 
 
 Carter, Landon .,..89, 53 
 
 Caruthers, Robert L 123 
 
 Carnes, Gen 167 
 
 Catawba Indians 13 
 
 Census 49, 83, 104, 122, 164 
 
 Cession by Treaty 112 
 
 Cession of Territory 86 
 
 Charleston Convention, The 129 
 
 Chattanooga 22,140, 142, 144, 157, 158 
 
 Cherokees. ... 18, 20, 22, 24, 27,37, 45, 46, 66 
 
 Chickasaws 19, 22, 24, 45, 46, 60, 61, 70 
 
 Chickamauga Indians, The 32 
 
 Choctaws 19, 45, 46, 70 
 
 Chota 20 
 
 Christian Ministry, The .82 
 
 Clarke, Gen. Elijah «7 
 
 Clarke, George Rogers ... B5 
 
 Clarksville 64, 60, 84, 117 
 
 Clay, Henry 86, 95, 106, 116 
 
 Cleburne, Pat 145 
 
 Coal Creek 167 
 
 Cocke, Gen 38, 41, 51, 78 
 
 Coflfee, John 71, 72, 74 
 
 Columbia 69, 74, 144 
 
 Commissioners 64 
 
 Confederate Officers 147 
 
 Constitution of Franklin, Tke 4# 
 
 Constitulio«,The. .87, 92, 1»6, 147,150, 
 
 lie, 154, 156 
 
 (356^ 
 
INDEX. 
 
 257 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Convicts Leased, The ^>0 
 
 Cook, W. G «0 
 
 Corinth 135,137, 140 
 
 Court of Chancery Appeals 171 
 
 Coulter, Thomas 67 
 
 Creeks 20,22,24,45,46, 70 
 
 Crittenden, Gen. G. B 133 
 
 Crockett, David 1>S 
 
 Crockett, Robert 25 
 
 Davis, Commodore 135 
 
 Davis, Jeil'erson 127, 141 
 
 DeSoto «0 
 
 Dix,Miss D. L 91 
 
 Disfranchisement Act 153 
 
 Doak, Samuel 41 
 
 Doak, W. S 164 
 
 Dobbs,Gov • ■ 23 
 
 Dover 134 
 
 Donelson, A. J 121 
 
 Douglas, Stephen A 130 
 
 Dragging Canoe 27 
 
 Eaton, John H 99 
 
 Edwards, R. M 160 
 
 EUett, Jr., Col. Charles 135 
 
 Ethridge, Emerson 154, 159 
 
 Evans, H. Clay 170 
 
 Federal Officers 147 
 
 Fillmore, Millard 121 
 
 Fleming, John M 131 
 
 Floyd, John B 134, 135 
 
 Forrest, N. B 140, 145, 146 
 
 Fort Anderson 167 
 
 Fort Chissel 23 
 
 Fort Deposit 72 
 
 Fort Donelson 134 
 
 Fort Gillespie 25 
 
 Fort Heaton 27 
 
 Fort Henry 133,134 
 
 Fort Long Island 23 
 
 Fort Loudon 23 
 
 Fort Slimms 71 
 
 Fort Pillow 147 
 
 Fort Stanwix 21 
 
 Fort Strother 74 
 
 Fort Sumter 125 
 
 Fort Talladega 73 
 
 Fort Watauga 27 
 
 Foster, Ephraim H 101, 108 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Franchise Act, The 152 
 
 Fry, Speed S 133 
 
 Gallatin <54 
 
 Garrett, W. R 16<i 
 
 Gayoso 61 
 
 Gibbs, Gen 80 
 
 Gilbreath, S. G 170 
 
 Godw^in, D. G 170 
 
 Graham, W. A 118 
 
 Grant, Gen 134', 137. 144 
 
 Grundy, Felix 100,101,103, 104 
 
 Hall, Gov. William 89 
 
 Halleck, Gen 137 
 
 Hamlin, Hannibal 129 
 
 Hardee, Gen 140 
 
 Harris, Isham G 122,124,131, 138 
 
 Hawkins, Alvin G 160, 161 
 
 Hawkins, A. W 164 
 
 Hawkins, Samuel W 166 
 
 Henry, G. A 120, 125 
 
 Henderson, Richard 21 
 
 Henderson , Samuel 40 
 
 Hillabee 74 
 
 Hilliard, H.W 125 
 
 Hood, Gen 144, 146 
 
 Hogan, Richard 33 
 
 Holliday 33 
 
 Holston, Stephen 23 
 
 Hord,B.M 165 
 
 Horseshoe, The 74 
 
 Houston, Gov. Samuel 88, 89 
 
 Humphreys, West H 97 
 
 Indians 10-15, 27, :32, 35, 46 
 
 Indian Couspiraey 27 
 
 Inman 167 
 
 Insurgents repulsed 167 
 
 Iron Works 67 
 
 Island Flats 27 
 
 Island Number Ten 137 
 
 Jackson, Andrew. . .61,70-75, 78-80, 82, 
 
 86,95-97,102-104 
 
 Jackson, T. J 132 
 
 Johnston, A. S 132, 133, 135 
 
 Johnston, J. E 146 
 
 Johnson, Andrew 120, 121, 123, 150 
 
 152, 157 
 
 Johnson, Thomas 81 
 
 Jones. Gov. J. C 106, 107 
 
258 
 
 HISTORY OF TENNESSKK. 
 
 PAGF. 
 
 Keene,Gen 80 
 
 Kelly's Ferry 143 
 
 Key,D. M...... 158 
 
 Killebrew, J. B 164 
 
 King's Mountain. . ; 37 
 
 Lafayette, Gen 84 
 
 Lambert, Rev. Jeremiah 33 
 
 Lane, Tidence 32 
 
 Lee, Gen. R. E 140 
 
 Lincoln, Abraham 130 
 
 "Long Hunters" 25 
 
 Longstreet, Gen 141 
 
 Martin, Gov 40, 42 
 
 Marks, Gov. A. S 159 
 
 Masonic Lodge, The 65 
 
 Maury, Matthew F 118, lib 
 
 Maynard, Horace 157 
 
 Medical Society 92 
 
 Mexican War, The Ill 
 
 Murrell, John A 105 
 
 Musters 66 
 
 Muscle Shoals 47 
 
 Nolichucky 25, 26, 32, 84 
 
 Nominees, Presidential 121 
 
 National Guard, The 167 
 
 Oconostot a's Speech 20 
 
 Old Abraham 27 
 
 Oliver Springs 167 
 
 Paine, Thomas H 165 
 
 Penitentiary 80, 90 
 
 Pittsburg Landing 135 
 
 Polk, James K 106,109, 110 
 
 Polk, Gen 137, 140 
 
 Polk, M.T 164 
 
 Porter, James D 157, 158, 159 
 
 Price, Gen 137 
 
 Printing Press 48, 103 
 
 Railroads 106 
 
 Reconstruction Acts 150 
 
 Red eagle 74 
 
 Republicans Victorious 129 
 
 Richmond Convention, The 129 
 
 Road Commissioners 31 
 
 Roane, Archibald 140-143 
 
 Robertson, James 22, 45, 55, 58 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Rosecrans, Gen 140, 143 
 
 Schofield, Gen 144 
 
 Schools 41, 66, 82, 104, 171 
 
 Sedition Law 64 
 
 Senter, D. W. C 155, 156 
 
 Sevier John 40,41, 51 
 
 Shelby, Evan 33, 42 
 
 Sherman, Gen 137, 144 
 
 Sheridan, Gen 137, 141 
 
 Shiloh 133 
 
 Six Nations, The 21 
 
 Slavery 68,108,116, 123 
 
 Smith, Frank M 165, 170 
 
 Soldiers 147 
 
 Southern Convention, The 115 
 
 State of Franklin 42 
 
 State Debt 157-161 
 
 Stephens, A. H 127 
 
 Supreme Judges 164 
 
 Sycamore Shoals 21 
 
 Taylor, Alfred A 165 
 
 Taylor, James P 167 
 
 Taylor, Robert L 165, IB;; 
 
 Thomas, Gen 137,144, 145 
 
 Tipton, John 40. 41 
 
 Tobacco 84 
 
 Totten, A, O.W 125 
 
 Traces 22 
 
 Trousdale, ov. Wm 114 
 
 Turney, Peter 168-170 
 
 Uchees 22 
 
 Volunteers Sought 126 
 
 Walker, L. P 124 
 
 Washington District 26, 45 
 
 Watauga Association, The 24, 55, 56 
 
 Western Settlements, The 33 
 
 Wharton, T. J 124 
 
 Wheelers 16() 
 
 White, H. L 97 
 
 Wilson, S. F 160 
 
 Winstead, George 168 
 
 Wisener, W. H 156 
 
 Wright, John V 160 
 
 Yazoo Companies 47 
 
 Zollicoffer. F. K 133 
 
■I 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
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