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100 World News Achievements 
 in the World War 
 
 INCLUDING 
 
 THE ONLY Full Interview Granted by the Pope 
 to Any Newspaper; 
 
 THE ONLY Personal Declaration Transmitted 
 by the Kaiser to Any Newspaper; 
 
 THE ONLY Personal Narrative in Any News- 
 paper by the Famous U-Boat Commander, 
 Weddigen; 
 
 THE ONLY Description in Any Neutral News- 
 paper of a Personal Visit to Krupps of Essen; 
 
 THE ONLY Newspaper Account of the Visit 
 of a Writer to the German War Fleet; 
 
 THE ONLY Long Newspaper Interview with 
 King Albert of Belgium; and 
 
 FIVE IMPORTANT Exclusive Revelations 
 of German Secret Activities in the United 
 States. 
 
 THE WORLD 
 NEW YORK 
 April, 1916 
 
:jic? ^. 
 
 «jla© 
 
 Vi^e House, 
 
In the War News — America First! 
 
 For the day-by-day history of the war, the living, tense recital 
 of events in the making, the world has looked to America. 
 
 The power and resources of a free press; the zeal, training and 
 courage of the men who represented it; their Yankee ingenuity de- 
 rived from early schooling in field and forest; the high development 
 in mechanical means of distributing news for which the New World is 
 fcimous, found aid where it was little expected — in foreign censorships. 
 
 The loss of the great battleship Audacious was printed in New 
 York — never in London. Yet American newspapers were admitted 
 into England and eagerly read. So in Germany; we shall see, in the 
 chronicle that follows, German newspapers complaining that news 
 vital to the people of the Fatherland was sent first to New York and 
 reprinted throughout the Empire three days later. In Egypt, France, 
 Turkey, Belgium, Armenia, Bulgaria — ^even in countries technically 
 at peace, like Holland, Greece, Denmark — the censor's grip made 
 New York the news mart of the world. 
 
 In exclusive news, especially in exclusive news of such importance 
 as to grip instant attention, The World has led all other newspapers. 
 To recall a few, comparatively, of its feats of first information in 
 matters of big consequence is to review the history of the war. 
 
wo World News Achievements 
 in the World War 
 
 The Senate had sustained the President. It had voted down the 
 resolutions of Senator Gore, who sought to restrain Americans from 
 travelling on ships of warring nations; but the resolutions had been 
 so altered that the verdict was confused. The House was to vote 
 on a similar proposal March 8, 1916. It was more favorable than 
 the Senate to the surrender of neutral rights. 
 
 The previous day The World printed a two-page description of 
 machinations to browbeat Congress and of the "Wisconsin Idea" 
 of influencing the Republican National Convention in the German 
 interest. Facsimile letters by Lobbyist Marsalis, by President 
 Hexamer of the National German-American Alliance, and by ex- 
 Representative Bartholdt aided in the explanation of covert aims 
 at Germanizing the republic. 
 
 This exclusive publication, preceded at brief intervals by four 
 other exciting revelations through The World of similar activities, 
 had a strong influence upon the vote of 246 to 1 42 by which the House 
 also sustained the President's conduct of our foreign policy. 
 
 For us, it was the turning point of the war. After that, there 
 could be no doubt where this country stood. Absurd claims, cur- 
 rent a week earlier, that Congress by three to one favored surrender 
 to the U-boat threat were no longer possible. 
 
 Of that publication the New York Times said: "The docu- 
 ments published by The World yesterday are an astounding chap- 
 ter in the continued story of German conspiracy against the United 
 States." The Chicago Herald said: "The revelations of the New 
 York World showed that the driving force behind the Gore and 
 McLemore resolutions is the German-American Alliance." 
 
 To have helped in such a crisis by its revelations was one of 
 
 March 7, 
 1916. 
 
6 100 WORLD NEWS ACHIEVEMENTS 
 
 many feats of exclusive news gathering by The World during a mem- 
 orable epoch. 
 
 A list of 100 such feats— the number is arbitrary; it might as 
 
 2 easily be 50 or 200— would be headed, in the estimation of most news- 
 paper writers and readers, by the interview granted to Karl von 
 Wiegand, The World's special correspondent, by His Holiness, Pope 
 ^1915!'' Benedict XV., in which he urged America to work for peace and 
 pledged to that end the best endeavors of the Vatican. The whole 
 world, he said, was looking to America to lead; he hoped our people 
 would see and grasp their opportunity. He had communicated his 
 views to President Wilson through one of his highest friends. He 
 besought the American people to avoid everything that might pro- 
 long the war and to work unceasingly to end the frightful struggle. 
 
 The Entente powers caught at the closing passage of this memor- 
 able utterance, reading into it a pro-German bias variously attrib- 
 uted to Mr. von Wiegand's own supposed sympathies and to influ- 
 ences said to surround the Vatican, in particular that of Monsignor 
 Gerlach. Efforts were made to prove the interview false. It was 
 quickly authenticated, and has taken first place in early histories of 
 the war by good authorities. Dr. E. J. Dillon, in "Why Italy Went 
 to War, "for instance, refers to it at length in three different passages. 
 A statement in the first person from Kaiser Wilhelm II. had 
 
 3 preceded this momentous utterance. It was obtained for Gustav 
 C. Roeder of The World by Albert Ballin, Managing Director of 
 the Hamburg-American line, one of the Kaiser's chief advisers 
 '"T915."' against "Frightfulness." The anxious ruler said that he did not 
 seek the war and that his dearest wish had been to finish his reign 
 without drawing the sword. The war was forced on Germany; 
 it would be carried through; Germany would be victorious. 
 
 Still earlier, Herbert Bayard Swope, of The World staff, had 
 
 4 snatched the only opportunity of quoting a man with whose name 
 the whole world briefly rang. 
 
 Otto von Weddigen is dead. For a few weeks he was the hero of 
 
 Oct. It. ^ _, . T . I 
 
 ^^^*- Germany. It was this valiant Captam-Lieutenant, commander 
 of the Submarine U-9, who gave the German response to Winston 
 Churchill's British boast that the German navy would be "dug out 
 like rats," by sinking the Hogue, Cressy and Aboukir in one day. 
 
5 
 
 March 22, 
 
 IN THE WORLD WAR. 7 
 
 That day altered the traditional policy of the British navy as 
 sharply in action as the Monitor at Hampton Roads had altered 
 it in construction. It caused the Admiralty to order that there- 
 after ships of war should not go to the assistance of stricken sisters, 
 but look out for themselves. 
 
 Von Weddigen — the manner of whose death is still half-mystery 
 — 'Was allowed to tell the story of that feat to The World. The 
 rule of the German navy that officers shall not talk was set aside 
 for the interview, in which he told how the U-9 handled like a skiff; 
 how the torpedoes were aimed by sharpshooters, calm, deliberate 
 men, different from some who have since made trouble; he described 
 their feelings while making sea history, their tense, but deliberate 
 attitude. 
 
 There is in Europe in these trying times of war no one more 
 beloved by millions who have never seen him than gallant King 
 Albert of Belgium. To Henry N. Hall of The W^orld he gave the 
 only long interview until now obtained from him, telling of the Bel- 
 gian battle for honor and for national existence. He told the 
 American people that, no matter what happened, he would always 
 obey the dictates of humanity and law; that he had tried to do so 
 from the beginning; that Belgium sought only to live at peace. His 
 home land was not prepared for war; a peaceful people had been 
 massacred, their towns burned, their homes desolated. 
 
 The marvel of the war has been the profusion of artillery fire, 
 surpassing in a day whole campaigns of the past; the substitution of 
 machinery for men. For Germany the name Krupp spells power. 
 
 Mr. Roeder is believed to be the only correspondent, not German, 
 who has been permitted to visit Essen and make a personal study of 
 the community where 46,000 workmen toiled day and night making 
 the machinery of war and teaching the gunsmiths of the allies how 
 Germany must be fought. Mr. Roeder's story was quoted in every 
 part of the world. 
 
 As great a secret from spying eyes as Essen was the whereabouts 
 of the German war fleet. Since the war began, its strength, build- 
 ing programme, movements and disposition had been a mystery. 
 Mr. von Wiegand was permitted to spend several days on vessels ocrji 
 of the fleet, to see for himself and for American readers their state 
 
 6 
 
 April 13, 
 1915. 
 
 7 
 
8 100 WORLD NEWS ACHIEVEMENTS 
 
 of readiness. He gave the first authentic information that the 
 Moltke was not, as reported, sunk in the Baltic; that the Pommem, 
 Bremen and Kolberg were still in the battle line. Almost of a comic 
 nature was the expressed anxiety of German sea officers that the 
 British fleet should "come out" and give them a fight — being just 
 what the British were savdng about the Germans. 
 
 But it is time to take up in chronological order The World news 
 feats which tell the war as a continuous story. 
 
 The list may well be headed by the series of exclusive articles be- 
 
 8 ginning in August, 1914, in which H. G. Wells, the British novelist, 
 gave voice to the determination of British Liberals that the map of 
 Europe must be remade upon lines of race, tongue, nationality; that 
 1914.' the identity of the Teutonic race must be respected; that there 
 should be no talk of trade advantage bought with British blood. 
 Things have happened since. Different speech is heard. 
 
 Of events at the front the account given by P. J. Philip of massed 
 
 9 attacks of Germans against machine guns and of the first great 
 battle, as until now it would have ranked, at Haelen-Diest, where 
 Belgian peasants under fire dug the graves of their countrymen, 
 1914. gave the most vivid account of the deadly character of the conflict. 
 In succeeding articles Geoffrey Young and Ernest Smith described 
 the horrors of the advance in "neutral" Belgium. 
 
 These were Englishmen, engaged by cable, near the scene. Soon 
 
 1 /^ an American who was in Europe at the time scored more heavily. 
 
 I \J "At one o'clock this morning," began E. Alexander Powell's famous 
 
 Aug. 26. description of an ever memorable event, "death came to Antwerp 
 
 1914. 
 
 out of the air." Mr. Powell's description of the first aerial bomb 
 attack upon a great city ever known in history was not, in one sense, 
 exclusive. It surpassed other accounts in vividness, in the accuracy 
 of eye-witness observation, in the trained analysis of the foreign 
 expert and geographer. 
 
 Who has forgotten that moving scene when Belgian envoys ap- 
 
 II peared in Washington and, through an address to President Wilson, 
 I laid before the world their story of the cruel invasion of their country? 
 Aug. 29, It was Mr. Powell, again, who long before gave the exclusive infor- 
 mation that the commission would be sent, and who told what it 
 would reveal of ruined towns and murdered burghers. 
 
 1914. 
 
12 
 
 Sept. 5, 
 1914. 
 
 IN THE WORLD WAR. 9 
 
 Travelling in Germany when the war broke out, Ralph Pulitzer 
 of The World saw another side of the great upheaval. He suc- 
 ceeded in getting past the censorship and the physical difficulties 
 an account of the deep patriotic feeling with which Germany 
 entered the war; a nation believing itself acting in self-defense against 
 an "iron ring" of foes. 
 
 One of the most sensational journalistic feats of the war was that 
 of Mr. Powell, who succeeded in obtaining from German authority .- ^^ 
 an account of condign punishments in Belgium, an indignant denial I '^ 
 of unlawful or cruel acts. Through fifty miles of German soldiers 
 Mr. Powell motored from the Belgian side to the German, where ^'14.^' 
 Gen. von Boehm himself, representing the German General Staff, 
 gave him an authoritative interview which was widely republished, 
 as the first responsible German utterance on Belgian atrocities. 
 
 From the viewpoint of an ally not yet turned foe, Prof. Ferrero, 
 the great Italian historian, told how the Kaiser and the Germans -i a 
 were misled by learned Germans from Treitschke down to expect I ^L 
 aid from Irishmen, British Colonists, Hindoos, Boers, Americans 
 even; and how they were disappointed. 1914. ' 
 
 An utterance followed which was heard with great respect. Lord 
 Bryce, with the prestige of his long acquaintance in the United States, ^ mm 
 explained for Britain how it had been driven into the war by the I j 
 violation of Belgium, not by commercial rivalries. Saying that no 
 lasting peace could be made until the wTong was righted. Lord Bryce 1914.' 
 in effect underscored for America the famous pledge of Premier 
 Asquith. 
 
 In the case of Mr. Powell circumstances aided efficiency and 
 zeal to achieve some memorable feats. Permitted to stay in Ant- 
 werp during the siege because he was attached to the United States 
 G)nsulate, he was enabled not only to aid his countrymen but to oct.9, 
 send the most graphic description of the fleeing civilian population, 
 as German siege pieces dropped shells and Zeppelins rained bombs 
 from the air. He tells of the heroic fight made by the Belgians, 
 often in water waist deep, until, led by King Albert, they evacuated 
 the doomed city. 
 
 Still serving at the American Consulate, Mr. Powell saw the 
 German army enter Antwerp; saw the commander and military 
 
 16 
 
 1914. 
 
10 100 WORLD NEWS ACHIEVEMENTS 
 
 1^ governor watch 60,000 men pass for five hours in review, with music 
 / and flapping flags, while an advance force played machine guns on 
 Q^j ,^ the rear-guard of the retreating Belgians. 
 '^'*- World-wide comments upon Belgian atrocities stung the German 
 
 1^^ Governm.ent from its early attitude of indifference to what the 
 X4 world might say of its military measures. From forbidding neutral 
 ^^^ newspaper men and im.prisoning them when they ventured in search 
 ^I'flil'' of news, it quickly turned to giving them welcome. Thus Mr. 
 Swope was allowed to tour the Eastern battle front to see in East 
 Prussia the aftermath of a Cossack invasion. Mr. Swope describes 
 villages burned without cause, women outraged, murder, torture, 
 pillage. Of that soon-ended invasion and its black memorials Mr. 
 Swope's account is the standard source of information. 
 
 The psychology of the man in the trench is something no man 
 1 vj °^^ °^ ^^^ trenches can guess and few men in them can tell. Capt. 
 I y Norman G. Thwaites, formerly of The World staff, who left to fight 
 Nov. 15, for England as a reserve officer, sent notes from his diary written 
 
 1914. 
 
 near Ypres. Other material of the sort has since been available; that 
 of Capt. Thwaites was among the earliest and remains unsurpassed 
 in thrilling interest. Desperately wounded later, Capt. Thwaites 
 was brevetted for bravery. 
 
 Early in the war the exploits of German sea raiders earned admi- 
 
 r^ r\ ration, restoring to the spectacle of a war at once hideous and dis- 
 
 /l I heartening something of the romance of dashing conflict. Of the 
 
 German Karlsruhe, John Ashbrook, chief wireless operator on a 
 
 •^'*- ' British ship it had seized, gave The World an early account. Her 
 
 methods later were even more celebrated in the case of the Emden 
 
 and the Moewe. 
 
 The New Year brought out appropriate messages, recounting 
 /-| ^ past events and forecasting those to come. Count von Bemstorff, 
 / I German Ambassador, in a New Year's message through The World 
 to the American people, announced that Germany's New Year wish 
 1915.' was peace. Distinguished Britons, Sir Conan Doyle, Sir Gilbert 
 Parker, Sir Oliver Lodge, William Archer, Sir Alfred Turner, Admiral 
 Sir Edmund Fremantle, Field Marshal Sir Evelyn Wood and Ad- 
 miral Sir Cyprian Bridge set forth their views in The World. 
 
 That stormy petrel of the war, the often silenced, irrepressible 
 
IN THE WORLD WAR. 
 
 11 
 
 Reventlow, gave exclusively to The World a careful study of Ger- 
 many's political, military and economical position, claiming that 
 she was better able than her foes to stand the strain of a 
 long war. 
 
 When the German squadron made its famous raid on Scar- 
 borough and the nearby EngFish coast there was living in the town 
 William Romaine Paterson, "Benjamin Swift," the novelist. Mr. 
 Paterson, who was once with Joseph Pulitzer as a secretary, sent 
 The World an account from observation of the raid, with its sense- 
 less slaughter of non-combatants, women and children, its lack of 
 military purpose. 
 
 Early in 1915 the shipping dispute between Great Britain and 
 the United States, owing to the holding up of cargoes to neutral 
 traders, became acute. Feb. 1 The World printed from Sir Gilbert 
 Parker a statement to which his seat in Parliciment gave official 
 character, of the British side of the question. 
 
 The wonderful work of the American Commission in Belgium 
 had attracted world-wide attention. King Albert in his gratitude 
 sent The World a personal expression of thanks to the American 
 people for what they had done in personal service and generous 
 gifts to relieve the sufferings of his people. 
 
 It was on March 1 that The World gave its readers, from careful 
 statistical study, the first complete analysis of the immense value 
 of war orders placed here by the British, French and Russian Gov- 
 ernments, with an account of resulting prosperity in New Eng- 
 land and in the West. This movement was the beginning of the 
 return flood of exchange which soon placed Europe so heavily in the 
 New World's debt. 
 
 Following the interview with King Albert of Belgium (No. 5). 
 Mr. Hall wrote, from personal study, of the war experiences of 
 the Belgian king — exciting enough sometimes, as when a shell 
 broke into the room in which he was at work; from these studies 
 in the little corner of Belgium still under her flag, Mr. Hall showed 
 how Belgian resistance had been French salvation. 
 
 The most successful of all who have sought during the war 
 to set forth the German news of the great conflict, Karl von Wie- 
 gand, did not at first represent The World except through a news 
 
 22 
 
 Jan. 10, 
 1915. 
 
 23 
 
 Jaji. 21, 
 1915. 
 
 24 
 
 Feb. 1, 
 1915. 
 
 25 
 
 Feb. 4, 
 1915. 
 
 26 
 
 March Ij 
 1915. 
 
 27 
 
 March 23, 
 1915. 
 
 28 
 
 March 27, 
 1915. 
 
29 
 
 March 28, 
 1915. 
 
 12 100 WORLD NEWS ACHIEVEMENTS 
 
 association. His first important cablegram exclusively to The 
 World was printed March 27. It was an interview with Foreign 
 Minister von Jagow — he of the * 'scrap of paper" — who declared 
 that, Elngland having cinnounced her purpose of destroying Ger- 
 many, war was to the hilt. Germany accepted it as such; if slaugh- 
 ter continued the world would know where to place the blame. 
 
 Arthur James Balfour, who later succeeded Winston Churchill 
 as First Lord of the Admiralty, was simply an opposition member 
 when The World printed his view justifying the British blockade — 
 which was not a blockade, curiously. He said that Germany had 
 violated all law in her attack on Belgium. Most significant, most 
 encouraging in view of much angry nonsense, was his saying that 
 the Entente allies would not do to Germany what she had sought to 
 do by her immoral assault on Belgium. 
 
 Two interviews of first impKDrtance now appeared from Mr. von 
 Wiegand's pen. In one Field Marshal von der Goltz, the German 
 war tutor of Turkey, foretold the failure of the allies to force the 
 Dardanelles. The warships could not force their way through with- 
 out paying a prohibitive price; the Turkish army was alert, confi- 
 dent, efficient, adequate. The famous interview with the Pope 
 appeared six days later. 
 
 Mr. Roeder's first trip through Germany for The World was 
 
 undertaken especially to gather facts as to food and funds for a long 
 
 contest. His report was that both were abundant; that prices had 
 
 . ^, ,, risen, but the blockade was ineffectual; factories were working full 
 
 Apnl 12, 
 
 1915. time and the financial situation was strong. He found and described 
 in succeeding articles the bitter feeling of Germans because of Ameri- 
 can sales of ammunition. 
 
 Gen. von Bernhardi, German cavalry leader and strategist, the 
 
 author of "Germany and the Next War," which has been read by 
 
 millions of people in many lands, who furnished the battle-cry 
 
 "World Power or Downfall," gave Mr. von Wiegand for the next 
 
 1915. ' day's paper one of his carefully worked out arguments telling how 
 
 ^^ ^_ the United States would profit by German victory. 
 
 •^ -^ Again on the following day was printed Mr. Roeder's interview 
 
 — ^ — ^ with Herr Ballin, who had just talked with the Kaiser and from that 
 
 ^ms.*' discussion returned with utmost confidence of success. Mr. Roe- 
 
 30 
 
 April 5, 
 1915. 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
34 
 
 May 1, 
 1915. 
 
 35 
 
 1915. 
 
 IN THE WORLD WAR. 13 
 
 der's account of his visit to Essen, printed the 1 5th, was the fourth 
 great journalistic feat in four days. 
 
 From French army headquarters, after a review by President 
 Poincare and his aides, Mr. Powell told how the French army had 
 been forged into a mighty war machine, a "wall of steel," behind 
 which peasants were rebuilding their homes and tilling their 
 fields amid trenches and graves and within earshot of the hungry 
 guns. Verdun has told the story. Lincoln Eyre hinted at the sur- 
 prise the French had in store for the enemy in their new artillery, 
 which he pronounced more effective than the German. ^f'Ll'^' 
 
 The interior position of the German powers permitted corre- 
 spondents to go from front to front with surprising ease. Thus Mr. 
 von Wiegand almost trod upon the heels of the retiring Russ when 
 he entered Przemysl just after the great fortress fell into the hands 
 of the Austro-Germans. The story was intensely dramatic; news 
 of the first rank. 
 
 There began that month the publication of a series of articles by 
 Ewan Justice, sent there specially for the purpose, describing min- 
 utely the economic conditions in England, as Mr. Roeder had done 
 for Germany. june u. 
 
 Only a month after the loss of the Lusitania Mciximilian Harden, 
 the irrepressible editor of the Zukunft, told The World that the 
 sinking of the ship was a mistake. "America," he said, "is not only 
 within its rights to insist on the safety of American lives engaged in ^^ 
 
 lawful pursuits and travel, but it is its duty as a nation to see that '^'^• 
 the rights of its citizens are not infringed." 
 
 Lord Northcliffe, as much a figure of contention as Harden, told 
 The World that, whatever their sympathies might incline them to 
 do for the Entente, Americans should keep out of the war and furnish 
 munitions for the allies, as they were doing. •'".li^^o. 
 
 Continuing his military studies, Mr. Powell described his visit 
 to the front in Alsace, seeing how France was sheltering her men in 
 caves safe from German shells. He is told that France must wear 
 down the Germans, saving her own men. He described trench life 
 at a point where the two lines almost touched each other. A series i»i5- ' 
 of articles by Mr. Eyre, painting the conditions of daily life in 
 France, in home, farm, factory, closely followed. 
 
 36 
 
 June 9, 
 1915. 
 
 37 
 
 1915. 
 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 1915. 
 
 40 
 
July 6, 
 1915. 
 
 July 10, 
 1915. 
 
 July 18, 
 1915. 
 
 14 100 WORLD NEWS ACHIEVEMENTS 
 
 For neutral powers the clash of interests caused by illegal sub- 
 
 41 marine work on one side and illegal meddling with commerce on the 
 I other is the question of the war. Through Mr. von Wiegand came 
 the German proposal to curb submarine warfare if Great Britain 
 would permit food ships to pass the sea blockade. 
 
 James M. Tuohy, permanent chief of staff in London, now began 
 y4 O a series of articles on little known phases of the war in England 
 T /^ itself. His description of the first Irish army in all the history of 
 the "most disthressful island" recruited for a British war— an army 
 complete in all parts, commanded by an Irishman, Sir Bryan Mahon, 
 trained on Irish soil — was the first account made public of that 
 strong fighting force. 
 
 Interest shifted to the United States again when The World 
 A O published fac-similes of German wireless messages sent through the 
 ^ T tall tower at Sayville, L. I., showing why Government control of 
 that station was undertaken. 
 
 Secretary of War Garrison in a memorable interview set forth 
 A A those views in favor of a much stronger army which later caused his 
 ^Jf*Jf resignation from the Cabinet. 
 
 One year of the war, by the common reckoning, was completed 
 
 "1915. ' August 1 . That day the Right Hon. Arthur J. Balfour, First Lord 
 
 A^ ^ of the Admiralty, told World readers how the British navy had held 
 
 ^T -/ the seas, driven off enemy commerce, protected Entente trade and 
 
 A /' made possible the transfer of great armies of troops over sea without 
 
 ^f) mishap. Count Ernst von Reventlow said that, though the Kaiser's 
 
 fleet is "not in a state of completion," it had held at bay that of 
 
 A jf Great Britain; and Gen. Sir Neville Littleton described through 
 
 I / Mr. Tuohy what Britain had done in one year as a war power by 
 
 Y/j-g'' land and sea. 
 
 In the same vein next day Sir George Paish, editor of the London 
 
 A Q Statist and a famous financial statistician, declared that, while 
 
 T'\J Germany's money power had been reduced, England's resources 
 
 Aug. 2, were unimpaired, her capital was fluid, she was able not only to 
 
 finance her own operations but to lend huge sums to her allies, and 
 
 would so continue to the end. 
 
 There now appeared in The World the most remarkable domestic 
 disclosure of the war from any source — the publication of original 
 
 1915. 
 
49 
 
 1915. 
 
 50 
 
 IN THE WORLD WAR. 15 
 
 documents showing how German agents had plotted in this country 
 to mould public opinion, to block the export of war munitions to 
 the Entente allies and to get war munitions delivered or pledged to 
 Berlin. This was told through letters of secret agents of Germany Aug. is, 
 coming into the hands of The World. It was showTi that the laws 
 of the United States weighed nothing against the desperate cheince 
 of success; that Chancellor von Bethmann-Hollweg had participated 
 from Berlin in hidden activities; that every effort was being made to 
 embroil the country with belligerents. The exposure made a great 
 stir in the country; mainly because of its revelations Ambassador 
 Dumba and Attache Boy-Ed were later sent back to their countries. 
 The initial article was followed by others giving in detail, with fac- 
 similes of correspondence, the activities of these agents. 
 
 The aeroplane is the great surprise of the war in that, as has been 
 said, it makes surprise impossible. It is the scout of scouts, almost 
 completely replacing surface work except for short distances. With 
 permission from the highest French military authorities, granted to Aug. is, 
 no one else during the war, Ralph Pulitzer was taken in a fifty-mile 
 flight over the German line in a new war aeroplane by a French 
 pilot. His account in The World of the appearance of the shell- 
 scarred battle-ground below, the appearance presented to every 
 aviator above such scenes, was vivid description and a new note in 
 war discussion. 
 
 The Russian Minister of War, Gen. Polivanoff , supplied a feature — ^ 
 of great interest, describing how the Russians retiring from Galicia '^ I 
 had aided their allies by constantly keeping a large number engaged "^ ' 
 in the East. ^Vfu'^- 
 
 When James F. J. Archibald, American correspondent, went 
 East in the summer of 1915 he was held up by British officers who 
 boarded his steamship, and letters of much importance were taken 
 from him. Whether Archibald was more stupid in accepting them, ^ept.^s, 
 or his friends in intrusting them to him, remains for debate. As 
 printed exclusively in The World, they became the subject of wide 
 comment. Letters by Ambassador Dumba, Capt. von Papen, 
 Dr. Albert, the German secret fiscal agent here, and others, all 
 having a direct bearing on The World's expose of the previous 
 month, v/ere among the Archibald spoil. 
 
 1915. 
 
 52 
 
 1915. 
 
16 100 WORLD NEWS ACHIEVEMENTS 
 
 ^ O Three weighty messages from Mr. von Wiegand now appeared in 
 
 J 'j swift succession. Pope Benediict gave the word that he looked to 
 
 ^ . America to begin a movement for peace. On the seime day von 
 
 ^ /V Wiegand forwarded the definite statement from German military 
 
 -^ ^ experts that the British were balked at the Dardanelles. Three days 
 
 ^?9i5^' later he described a Germany still scouting peace and denying that 
 
 C C she had made overtures for an accommodation. 
 
 J J This challenge was answered by a cablegram from Ralph Pulitzer 
 
 Sept. 9. almost repeating, in reverse, von Wiegand's statements. The 
 
 % Entente allies, Mr. Pulitzer was informed, would reject all peace 
 proposals until Germany was beaten and Europe committed to a 
 policy of disarmament. In neither message was there much im- 
 1915- ' mediate comfort for Henry Ford. 
 
 At our door is a nation at war — Canada.*^ Some of the most 
 
 ^ ^mm drcimatic situations of the conflict are staged there, where cowboys, 
 
 I J Yukon miners, hunters, trappers, Hudson Bay traders, native 
 
 Indians are hurrying to enlistment points along with bank clerks 
 
 Igis. ' and professional men. E,arl Harding now began a series of articles 
 
 on "Canada at War," for which special studies had been made, 
 
 which described the greatest English-speaking colony of the empire 
 
 as in itself a nation at war. 
 
 An odd coincidence in The World of Sept. 12 showed a 
 
 5Q German and a French critic agreed upon what France must do to 
 ^1 win. Gen. von Bemhardi said that Germany's military triumphs 
 were due to enemy errors and inferior technique. Gen. Malleterre, 
 ^ y\ France's youngest General, declared that world victory for the 
 -^ y Entente allies would only come when they adopted the Kaiser's 
 ^^1915.^* method of artillery preparation for attack — as to a great extent 
 they have now done. 
 
 Nothing in the war as carried into America has been more sig- 
 ^ f\ nificant than the indignant manner in which representatives of union 
 \)\ J labor have rejected proposals for bought strife and fomented sabot- 
 age. The World on Sept. 1 3 revealed the efforts made by Ger- 
 1915. ' j^an agents to tie up shipments to the allies by dock strikes, and the 
 manner in which the attempt was met by longshoremen and dock- 
 workers. The heroes of the foiled plot were T. V. O'Connor, Presi- 
 dent of the Longshoremen's Union, Paul Kelly and Dick Butler. 
 
61 
 
 62 
 
 Sept. 15, 
 1915. 
 
 63 
 
 IN THE WORLD WAR. 17 
 
 They spurned bribery and then laid the facts exclusively revealed 
 
 by The World before the Government. The following day The 
 
 World showed up the efforts of certain German-Americans to buy 
 
 or found a newspaper to print in New York news and opinions of sept. m 
 
 the war from the standpoint of Berlin. 
 
 More people, perhaps, have perished by famine and disease in 
 Serbia than in any other warring country. But in outright massacre 
 Armenia is the incomparable and inconsolable victim. John Reed, 
 fresh from the war in the east, told how 300,000 people had perished 
 by murder outright or by privations little short of it, driven from 
 their homes without hope of food or shelter. The list has lengthened 
 since, to the shame of the Turk and his allies. 
 
 But the war victim that won all Yankee hearts is little Belgium. 
 The forces she set against the Germans and the numbers of the 
 invaders were magnified in the early days. Compared with what 
 was to come, the battles and the marching armies in Belgium were sept. 19, 
 small. More Belgian soldiers are now lined up in the little comer of 
 their country remaining to them than were in arms in August, 1914. 
 How that exiled army is holding its own is told in a despatch from 
 Ralph Pulitzer, based on personal visits to the trenches. 
 
 The diplomatic position of the United States has been "a plague 
 o' both your houses." A week after its exposure of the dock plots 
 The World bared Great Britain's blacklisting methods to get control 
 of world trade, which otherwise in the stress of war might fall per- 
 manently into American hands, through her control of the sea. 
 
 "Somewhere in England" bombs fell from raiding Zeppelins; 
 children and women were slain, little houses torn asunder. Germans 
 had no need of secrecy as to the place. On Sept. 22 The World 
 printed von Wiegand's interview with Lieut.-Commander Mathy 
 detailing his weird experiences in a sky attack upon London at *^'^' 
 night — the first interview of its sort obtained. 
 
 A publication of history-making importance came the same day — 
 the photographic copies of the secret correspondence seized upon 
 J. F. J. Archibald, sent by Ambassador EKimba, Ambassador von 
 Bernstorff and other representatives of the central powers. These, 
 with previous disclosures, were the documents that finally compelled '^'^ 
 the recall of Ambassador Dumba and Capt. von Papen. 
 
 64 
 
 Sept. 20, 
 1915. 
 
 65 
 
 Sept. 22, 
 
 66 
 
 Sept. 22, 
 
Oct. 3, 
 1915. 
 
 Oct. 6, 
 1915. 
 
 Oct. 10, 
 1915. 
 
 18 100 WORLD NEWS ACHIEVEMENTS 
 
 The Countess of Warwick is an Englishwoman who does not 
 /l 'T believe that everything that is is right, if it is in England. She 
 y_) £ gave The World an account of waste and corruption in certain 
 departments, clogging Britain's gallant efforts. Reforms since 
 undertaken have done much to justify and to satisfy Lady War- 
 wick's complaints. 
 
 Whether the great Anglo-French "drive" in Champagne and 
 
 Z' Q about Loos in September was a success is still disputed, weight of 
 
 V-)v3 evidence favoring the negative, though the number of prisoners 
 
 taken by the French count heavily. What German officers said to 
 
 Mr. von Wiegand was that the British officers lost their heads 
 
 after taking the first trench. 
 
 Another of Mr. Tuohy's articles describing Britain at war re- 
 /^ f\ peated on British soil Mr. Roeder's feat at Essen. The famous Wool- 
 ly ^/ wich Arsenal and its connected works, chief objective of German 
 bombing attacks on London and the point most zealously defended 
 by British aircraft, were described. An output even then 400 per 
 cent, increased showed that John Bull can hustle when he must. 
 Two following exclusive features concerned the future of Ameri- 
 ^ f\ can trade. In one were explained the strange conditions under 
 / II which British cable censorship was costing the United States millions 
 Q^j ,, of dollars. Later, a summary of trade reports from many points 
 ^'^■^ indicated that something much nearer a universal eight-hour day 
 / I was coming to American workmen from war orders, which gave 
 * ' them advantage in seeking to enforce shorter hours. 
 ^1^91^' ■^ sequel of the article of Oct. 1 1 was that which described 
 
 ^ ^ how Great Britain, by manipulation of war powers of seizure, de- 
 y / tention and search, and by blacklisting ships, was coercing American 
 merchants doing business in the Far East. 
 1915. j}^e tightest censorship in Europe is that of Italy. On the Teu- 
 
 ^ ^ tonic side, less attention had been paid to the Italian front, in view 
 / J oi big Ccimpaigns elsewhere. Now Mr. von Wiegand was allowed to 
 go to the Goeritz sector and see, as he described it, an artillery duel 
 
 Nov. 19, ® , . 
 
 '9'5- surpassing anything hitherto known in the west. His articles were 
 the most vivid, as they were the first in minute news revelation, of 
 all sent from either side in that region. 
 
 Touching the Federal investigation of German activities in this 
 country, there was printed in The World Capt. Boy-Ed's practical 
 
IN THE WORLD WAR. 19 
 
 admission that diplomatic funds had been used to outfit supply 
 ships for German commerce raiders. Sworn testimony indicated 
 that as much as $1,500,000 had gone into such ventures. 
 
 The mystery of India — how it stands in the war — was rather '^'^■ 
 deepened than made clear by the exclusive publication of a transla- 
 tion of Capt. von Papen's cipher despatch telling of revolts in that 
 country. His statements were promptly denied by British officials. 
 
 An interview of importance was that sent by Joseph W. Grigg, ^to'is*' 
 representing The World in Holland, with the Foreign Minister of 
 that country, in which he stated that Holland would remain neutral. 
 As Premier Salandra of Italy said on a famous occasion, it was an 
 
 . . Dec. 16, 
 
 "armed neutrality," which later, when the Dutch steamship Tubantia i^^^. 
 was sunk, was put to severe test. 
 
 Arthur J. Balfour, First Lord of the Admiralty, stated in Parlia- 
 ment on March 7, 1916, that the British navy had grown 1,000,000 
 tons during the war. It was no news to readers of The World. In 
 the previous December they had read that British warships built 
 since the war began exceeded in weight the entire United States 
 navy. Our navy then stood at rather better than 900,000 tons. 
 
 Returning from his second trip to investigate social conditions in 
 Germany, Mr. Roeder saw and described the manner in which mails 
 are taken off neutral ships to be searched for war information, secret 
 messages to spies and American securities smuggled out of Germany 
 for sale. 
 
 In an exclusive interview Premier Briand of France told Lincoln 
 Eyre, for publication Christmas Day, that Germany was seeking 
 peace because she was cornered and knew the end of her resistance 
 was near. And other days followed, and the Germans still fought on ! Dec. 25, 
 
 In three days of modern war Germans are shooting away as 
 much ammunition as lasted them through the entire Franco-German 
 conflict of 1870-71. This was one sensational statement made to 
 Mr. Roeder by Dr. Walter Rathenau, chief wizard of the German 
 Empire in preparing chemical substitutes for articles supposed in- 1916.' 
 dispensable. Dr. Rathenau assured The World that Germany was 
 independent of all the world. He described how he had compelled 
 the War Ministry to build factories to produce what the Fatherland 
 had hitherto imported. 
 
 To get his articles past the censorship Mr. Roeder brought them 
 
 74 
 
 Nov. 26, 
 
 75 
 
 76 
 
 77 
 
 Dec. 16, 
 1915. 
 
 78 
 
 Dec. 23, 
 1915. 
 
 79 
 
 1915. 
 
 80 
 
20 100 WORLD NEWS ACHIEVEMENTS 
 
 Q I home himself in the form of notes. In this manner was now pro- 
 
 ^j I duced in New York the statement of Managing Director Philip 
 
 g Heineken of the North German Lloyd that his company was actually 
 
 '^'^- building new steamships during the war to take care of greater 
 
 business cifter its close. His picture of world trade conditions was 
 
 also a glimpse at German psychology. 
 
 O O In another article the same day the haste with which Japan is 
 
 V^ ^ increasing her navy was described. Just where this fleet will stand 
 
 Jan. 8. after the war is uncertain; all the belligerent powers are supposed 
 
 C\ /^ to be building fast behind a veil of secrecy. An article of great 
 
 ^\ 'j interest to business men told four days later how Great Britain was 
 
 demanding trade secrets from United States corporations by a 
 
 1916. ' strained use of her war powers. 
 
 The present alignment of German political parties shows the 
 /^ A Social-Democrats, excepting the Haase faction, lined up squarely 
 ^\ZJ« with the Kaiser and the Chancellor. All oppose the extreme ele- 
 ments that would pursue the policy of Frightfulness. A prophecy 
 1916. ' of this continued attitude was seen in The World in January in an 
 authoritative despatch saying that the Socialists stood firmly with 
 the Kaiser — until peace. 
 
 Another presage which subsequent news confirmed was the state- 
 ment by Gen. Polivanoff, Russian Minister of War, to The World 
 that Russia was ready for another drive, having plenty of ammuni- 
 jan 21 t^°^ ^^^ ^ ^^^^ equipped army. Activity in Asia Minor and against 
 '®'^" the Austrians was soon noted. 
 
 No publication during the war has been more reassuring than 
 
 Q /' that in which The World gave the results of a review of more than 
 
 ^vVJ °^^ thousand foreign-language newspapers printed in the United 
 
 Feb 6 States. Of this great number practically all are loyal to the country 
 
 1916. gj^^ g^Ye of great use in educating immigrants in its ways and ideals. 
 
 The percentage is small of those which advocate for this country a 
 
 foreign policy in favor of any belligerent. 
 
 Many thousand parents of high school pupils in New York City 
 Q ^ having been polled by The World in a post card vote, the replies 
 v!/ / were summarized as a victory for military training in schools, 79.5 
 Feb. 7, per cent, of the replies favoring that policy. It was said that the 
 sentiment of the Middle West was different. So it was 1 A Chicago 
 
 85 
 
 1916. 
 
88 
 
 Feb. 8, 
 
 IN THE WORLD WAR. 21 
 
 newspaper, making the same inquiry later, received only 79 per 
 cent, of favorable answers! 
 
 The beginning of a controversy that has become famous was Mr. 
 von Wiegand's cablegram in February that the British blockade 
 was killing German babies by depriving them of milk. Prof, von 
 Mach and others in this country sought to complete arrangements 
 by which shipments of condensed milk for babies could be put 'i9i& 
 through the British blockade by the United States. So keen be- 
 came interest in the matter that Lord Robert Cecil was forced to 
 make a statement upon the matter in Parliament a month later. 
 For the British it is stated that the Germans have taken away a 
 million or more cows from Northern France and Belgium, whose 
 babies might have died for all they cared; and that babies use only 
 6 per cent, of the milk supply anyhow. Nevertheless, the plea had 
 power. 
 
 The U-boat dispute between Germany and the United States 
 was becoming more acute, possibly because of a mistaken notion in 
 Berlin of the strength of pro-German sentiment in Congress and the 
 country. The Imperial German Chancellor, Herr von Bethmann- 
 Hollweg, in an interview with Mr. von Wiegand, said that Germany 
 could concede no more and preserve her honor. America asked of 
 Germany an impossible humiliation if she expected the use of the 
 submarine to be surrendered. This interview was, next to that with 
 the Pope, regarded as politically the most important of the war, 
 being cabled to London and thence to German newspapers — which, 
 by the way, protested against such vital news being given to a New 
 York newspaper and not to them. 
 
 Possibly to soften the sharp tone of the previous utterance, the 
 German Chancellor three days later told Mr. von Wiegand that 
 Germany would keep her promises to the United States by warning 
 unarmed shipping before attacking. This still left open, as a bone Feb. 12, 
 of contention, the question of defensive armament. 
 
 The extraordinary difficulty of getting news out of Constantinople 
 is well known. The World correspondent, whose name for good 
 reasons remained unknown, succeeded in sending from the watched 
 city several articles of illuminating character. The latest was sent p^^. 13, 
 by him in person from Athens, thus escaping Turkish censorship. 
 Nowhere in the war zone are conditions more critical than in the 
 
 89 
 
 Feb. 9, 
 1916. 
 
 90 
 
 1916. 
 
 91 
 
 1916. 
 
22 
 
 100 WORLD NEWS ACHIEVEMENTS 
 
 92 
 
 Feb. 22, 
 1916. 
 
 93 
 
 Feb. 27, 
 1916. 
 
 94 
 
 Feb. 27, 
 1916. 
 
 95 
 
 March 12, 
 1916. 
 
 96 
 
 March 16, 
 1916. 
 
 Turkish capital — ^the chief prospective prize of the war, whichever 
 way it turns. 
 
 Foreign Minister von Jagow in Berlin now took the floor again 
 to tell Mr. von Wiegand and The World that there is no such thing 
 as a merchant ship armed for defense; that placing modern guns 
 and trained naval gunners aboard merchantmen in these days makes 
 such ships practically naval auxiliaries. Count von Reventlow, with 
 less diplomatic reserve, stated the German view more picturesquely 
 through Mr. von Wiegand a few days later. 
 
 On the same day John Kirby produced in The World a two-page 
 analysis of the actual and comparative strength of the United States 
 navy, a statement of utmost value in the debate then common in 
 the country and imminent in Congress upon military and naval 
 preparedness. 
 
 Two brief despatches, remarkable chiefly for what they did not 
 say and for the fact that they passed the censorship, revealed the 
 renewed difficulties of the German Government with its food supply, 
 some days in advance of detailed and confirmed reports. On March 
 12 Mr. von Wiegand briefly apprised this country of a great scarcity 
 of bread and potatoes in Berlin for two days, which the Government 
 attributed to defective distribution and hoped soon to regulate. 
 Just a week later he described how, "to get what is now called 
 'standing butter,' " members of 85 families of 370 persons stood in 
 line a total of 305 hours to secure 38^^ pounds. These two de- 
 spatches were war news of first importance — and, needless to say, 
 first in point of time. 
 
 Once more The World now revealed the amazing nature of Ger- 
 man agency work in the United States by publishing the activities 
 here of Dr. Karl Oskar Bertling as pro-German propagandist and 
 secret agent. One remarkable sentence in the letter of introduction 
 he carried from the Berlin Ministry of Education shows how careful 
 is the preparation of such agents for their work. Dr. Bertling, the 
 letter said, "is also well equipped with practical geographical knowl- 
 edge and knows of his own observation the topography of the 
 Eastern coast of the United States, as well as the following ports of 
 Europe: Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Flushing, Calais, Cherbourg, 
 PljTnouth, Southampton, Dover, Queensboro', Harwich, Newcastle, 
 Leith, Glasgow, Liverpool, Londonderry, Queenstown; furthermore. 
 
Feb. 20, 
 1916. 
 
 IN THE WORLD WAR. 23 
 
 Gibraltar, Marseilles, Nice, Genoa, Athens, Constantinople, as well 
 as the Norwegian coast from Bergen to Hammerfest." Never say 
 the German secret service is not efficient ! 
 
 When all the world was talking about the "great spring drive" 
 of the Entente allies, just as they had talked a year before, when ^^ ^^ 
 Kitchener had said the war would "begin in May," the Germans vJ 7 
 a second time exhibited their amazing energy by driving first. They ^ ' 
 drove at Verdun. How the drive was met on the part of France was '"'gte^'' 
 first told by any correspondent from a personal visit by Lincoln 
 Eyre for The World. The stricken little town, the roaring battle- 
 fields, the stout hearts and valiant resistance of the troops were 
 eloquently described. 
 
 Let the recital close— it must close somewhere — with a glimpse 
 of the land where all things began. /^ r\ 
 
 Until nearer needs made it unlikely, the most romantic prospect y O 
 of the war was a descent by Turkish soldiers with German artillerists 
 upon Egypt; another struggle with "forty centuries looking down" 
 from the Pyramids; the cutting of the Suez Canal. The censorship 
 was severe. 
 
 From Arno Dosch-Fleurot came a series of news-letters— <le- 
 spatches being impracticable— that lifted the veil. The first pen 
 picture showed a Cairo bursting with colonial troops, big, energetic 
 Australians mainly, whose lively ways were making the Sphinx 
 open her weary old eyes. This article was at once war news and 
 literature. 
 
 There followed an intimate glimpse of the nominal ruler of a 
 great land, before whom opens a dazzling prospect well within the f^/^ 
 bounds of possibility. Hussein Kamel L, Sultan of Egypt, was y j/ 
 placed on the throne of the Ptolemies by Britain after the Khedive, 
 Hilmi Abbas, had espoused the German cause and had been provided 
 with a place at the head of Turkish troops. Should Constantinople 
 fall, Cairo may become the capital of the Moslem world; it is already 
 the seat of the greatest Moslem university, El Azhar, with its 10,000 
 students in normal times, hailing from all Islam. Surprisingly up 
 to date is the possible Padishah; he is a feminist! Born in a harem, 
 son of the spendthrift Ismail Pasha, he inherits somewhence a strain 
 of sturdier stock that makes him a modernist and a reformer. The 
 interview obtained by Arno Dosch-Fleurot made war history. It 
 
 M^rch 19, 
 1916. 
 
24 100 WORLD NEWS ACHIEVEMENTS 
 
 showed one thing plainly: the Sultan is as horrified as the rest of the 
 world by the Armenian massacres; and another: his ideal states- 
 man is Venizelos, the great ex-Premier of Greece who humbled 
 Turkey in the First Balkan War. 
 
 And yet a third: The Sultan of Egypt wishes to rule as a demo- 
 cratic monarch. Absolutism in Berlin; democracy, at least in aspira- 
 tion, in Cairo. Strange contrast; one of many, but surely one of the 
 most striking in the war of nations and the clash of political ideals 
 out of which a new world is being evolved. 
 
 Last of the series, as Mr. Dosch-Fleurot worked his way north 
 M yr^ ^^ with the prospective opening of the campaigning season, came an 
 I I H I ^^"^^^^^§ revelation of British ineptitude in the greater art of war. 
 ■ ^^ ^^ Already, on June 26, 1915, he had given World readers a depressing 
 ^me^' though sympathetic view of ineptitude in the lesser art; a study of 
 a splendid new army still led in the main by men of unquestioned 
 valor but no especial aptitude, selected for caste, having no knowl- 
 edge of military science. Many of the mistakes he then pointed out 
 have been corrected. 
 
 A greater mistake was now revealed: the massing of half a 
 million troops in Egypt, where no attack in force sufficient to require 
 such preparations could possibly come for the difficulties of the way 
 and the lack of men to spare. Next to the retention since the war 
 began of an utterly unnecessary number of armed men in England, 
 where an invasion is, to say the least, unlikely, this massing of idle 
 men in Egypt is the great strategic blunder of early 1916, as 
 Gallipoli was of early 1915. 
 
 So the war goes on. The Entente a clumsy giant whose strength, 
 if it could ever be co-ordinated, is sufficient to crush his antagonist; 
 the central powers a cool and wary gladiator, every nerve tense, 
 every movement quick and sure. What will come of it? 
 
 Whatever comes, The World hopes to be alert to catch the first 
 news of every decisive event or significant factor for its widening 
 circle of daily readers. 
 
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