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GEORGIA 
 
 HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL 
 
 BY THE 
 
 fc„:i;,. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 ILLUSTRATED 
 
 0. B. STEVENS. Commissioner 
 R. F. WRIGHT, Asst. Commissioner 
 
 ATLANTA, GA. 
 
 Geo. W. Harrison, State Printer 
 
 (The Frankun Printing and Pubi,ishing Co.) 
 
 1901 
 

 ,iOV 11 1S04 
 U.ofD, 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Under the provisions of the organic law establishing the Department 
 of Agriculture of the State of Georgia, there was issued a "Hand Book 
 of Georgia," under the direction of Dr. Thos. P. Janes, the first Com- 
 missioner of Agriculture; under the direction of his successor, Hon. J. T. 
 Henderson, the "Commonwealth of Georgia" was published; and under 
 his successor, Hon. R. T. Nesbitt, there was issued "Georgia and Her 
 Eesources." 
 
 The growing demand for information concerning the industrial re- 
 sources and possibilities of Georgia, as shown by inquiries almost dailj 
 received, not only from our own State, but also from every section of the 
 Union, has led to the publication of this work, which we have entitled 
 "Georgia: Historical and Industrial." 
 
 We have freely used the publications of our predecessors and are 
 largely indebted also for much valuable information to "White's His- 
 torical Collections of Georgia," and other works on our State, including 
 "The Story of Georgia and the Georgia People," by Dr. George G. 
 Smith. 
 
 Much information concerning the geology of Georgia has been ob- 
 tained from the bulletins issued under the direction of the State Geolo- 
 gist, W. S. Yeates, and his assistant, W. S. McCallie, and former assist- 
 ant, Francis P. King. For much of the article on the geology of Geor- 
 gia we owe thanks to Prof. S. P. Jones, recently appointed assistant 
 State Geologist. 
 
 Other sources of information on which we have relied are the answers 
 to questions sent out by this department to intelligent gentlemen in 
 every county in Georgia, and the United States Census Reports for 
 1890 and 1900. The information which could not be obtained in time 
 for the body of the work has been published in the appendix at the end 
 of this volume. 
 
 (5) 
 
(^ PREFACE. 
 
 Special thanks are due to the Central of Georgia Railway for the loan 
 of many of the cuts with which this work is embellished, and to the 
 Southern Railway for similar favors. 
 
 In this connection we take occasion to express our appreciatioai of the 
 service rendered by Congressman J. M. Griggs, not only to the State of 
 Georgia, but also to all the States of the Union, by his successful effort 
 to secure the enactment of a Federal law, allowing to all the State de- 
 partments of Agriculture the privilege of sending through the mails all 
 paper-covered agricultural bulletins at one cent a pound, instead of the 
 former rate of half a cent an ounce. 
 
 We wish also to express our obligations to Prof. Jos. T. Derry, one 
 of our Georgia historians, for valuable assistance rendered by him in the 
 laborious task of the preparation of this work. 
 
 We send forth this volume with the hope that it may prove beneficial 
 to our State, and receive the approbation of those whom we most desire 
 to please — the people of Georgia. 
 
 O. B. STEVENS, Commissioner of Agriculture. 
 R. F. WRIGHT, Assistant. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PART I. 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 PAGES. 
 
 Historical ^5-35 
 
 CHAPTER n. 
 General Sketch of State 36-54 
 
 CHAPTER HI. 
 Geological Sketch of Georgia 55-i47 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 A Brief Discussion of the Soils of Georgia 148-171 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 Public Roads, Railroads, Water Transportation __- 172-190 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 Agriculture 191-232 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 Truck Farming , Horticulture 233-249 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 Dairying and Creameries 250-256 
 
 (7) 
 
8 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 PAGES. 
 
 Stock Raising — Neat Cattle, Sheep, Hogs, Poultry, 
 
 Goats, Horses, Mules 259-312 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 Floricuture, Seed Farms, Irrigation, Terracing 315-321 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 Fish and Game — . 322-330 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 Manufactures -- 331-362 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 Education IN Georgia 365-394 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 Benevolent Institutions of Georgia 397-407 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 Religious Denominations of Georgia .408-414 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 State Government, Etc . .417-524 
 
 PART II. 
 Sketches of the Counties 525-887 
 
 APPENDIX 890-921 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 State Capitol, Atlanta, Ga Frontispiece. 
 
 General James Edward Oglethorpe 13 
 
 Jasper Monument, Savannah, Ga 19 
 
 Georgia Confederate Monument at Chickamauga Park 25 
 
 Eli Whitney 31 
 
 Agricultural Map of Georgia 37 
 
 Temperature Map of Georgia 47 
 
 Placer Mining at the White Path Gold Mine, Gilmer County, Ga 57 
 
 Geological Map of Georgia 61 
 
 Hydraulic Mining at the Singleton Mine, Lumpkin County, Ga 67 
 
 Hurricane Falls, Tallulah, Ga 77 
 
 The Natural Dam, Big Potato Ci'eek, Upson County 87 
 
 Flat Shoals on the Flint River, Meriwether county 97 
 
 Cane Creek Falls, near Dahlonega, Ga 107 
 
 Toccoa Falls 113 
 
 High Falls of the Towaliga 119 
 
 Iron Ore Mine, near Taylorsville, Polk County, Ga 125 
 
 Mineral Map of Georgia 127 
 
 Mining Iron Ore by the use of the Steam Shovel, near Cedartown, Polk 
 
 County, Ga 131 
 
 Corundum Mine, Rabun County, Ga 137 
 
 Southern Marble Yard and Quarry, Pickens County 141 
 
 Georgia Marble Works, Tate, Ga 145 
 
 Marble Quarry Scene, Pickens County ' 151 
 
 Marble Bluff, Gilmer County 157 
 
 Lewiston White Clay Bed, Jones County 163 
 
 Savannah Valley Road, Richmond County 169 
 
 Washington Pike Road, Richmond County 175 
 
 Shipping Melons at Dietzen in Houston County 181 
 
 Picking Cotton 187 
 
 A Corn Field 193 
 
 Harvesting Wheat ^99 
 
 Oat Field 205 
 
 Harvesting Rye 211 
 
 Sugar Cane Field 217 
 
 Field of Broom Corn 223 
 
 Digging Potatoes 229 
 
 Gathering Beans 235 
 
 The Famous Elberta Peach 241 
 
 An Ordinary Sight in a Georgia Vineyard 247 
 
 Peach Pickers 253 
 
 Icing Cars 
 
 257 
 
 Jersey Herd in Bibb County 261 
 
 Hereford Bull 
 
 265 
 
 (9) 
 
IQ LIST OF ILL US TRA TIONS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Hereford Cow -69 
 
 Calf Fattened in Six Mouths by T. K. Sawtell 273 
 
 Berkshire Boar 273 
 
 South Down Ewes 281 
 
 South Down Ram 281 
 
 Barred Plymouth Cock, from Belmont Farm, Cobb County, Ga 287 
 
 Chicken Houses and Runs, Belmont Farm, Smyrna, Ga 291 
 
 Broodery and Incubator, Belmont Farm, Smyrna, Ga 295 
 
 Angora Goats 301 
 
 Houses and Yards for Berkshire Hogs, Belmont Farm 307 
 
 Picking Strawberries 313 
 
 Onion Field 319 
 
 Black Bass, or Georgia Trout 323 
 
 The Georgia Partridge 327 
 
 Hon. Mark A. Cooper 333 
 
 Scene on the Augusta Canal 339 
 
 Aragon Cotton Mills, Aragon, Ga 345 
 
 Canning Tomatoes and Peaches, Albany, Ga 349 
 
 Stevens' Pottery 357 
 
 University of Georgia at Athens— The Campus 363 
 
 State Normal School, Athens, Ga 367 
 
 Georgia School of Technology, Atlanta, Ga 371 
 
 North Georgia Agricultural College, Dahlouega, Ga 375 
 
 Seney Hall, Emory College, Oxford, Ga 379 
 
 Mercer University, Macon 383 
 
 Wesleyan Female College, Macon 387 
 
 Shorter Female College, Rome 391 
 
 State Sanitarium, Milledgeville, Ga 395 
 
 Georgia Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, Cave Spring, Ga 399 
 
 Academy for the Blind, Macon, Ga 403 
 
 Normal and Industrial School, Milledgeville, Ga 409 
 
 Governor Allen D. Candler 415 
 
 Dr. J. P. Janes, First Commissioner of Agriculture 421 
 
 Hon. John T. Henderson, Second Commissioner of Agriculture 427 
 
 Hon. R. T. Xesbit, Third Commissioner of Agriculture 433 
 
 Hon. O. B. Stevens, Commissioner of Agriculture 439 
 
 Justices of the Supreme Court 445 
 
 Hon. Clark Howell, President of the Georgia Senate 451 
 
 Hon. John D. Little, Speaker of the House of Representatives 457 
 
 A Georgia Wheatfield 463 
 
 Packed Peaches ready for market 469 
 
 Scene in a Peach Orchard 475 
 
 Meldrim xVuditorium for Colored Youths 481 
 
 Rain Map of Georgia 487 
 
 Forestry Map of Georgia 497 
 
 Georgia Experiment Station, Experiment, Ga 511 
 
 Peach Packing House 518 
 
 Georgia Exhibit, Agricultural Building, Nashville, Tenn., 1897 523 
 
 Old Capitol at Milledgeville 531 
 
 Georgia Exhibit at Nashville, Tenn., 3897 527 
 
 Ben Davis Apples 53 ' 
 
 Dr. W. IT, Felton's Ore Bank, near Carlcrsville 54^ 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTEATIONS. \\ 
 
 Page. 
 White Plymouth Rock Cock 547 
 
 Ocean Steamship Company's Wharf, Savannah 579 
 
 Peach Trees 591 
 
 Georgia Cantaloupe OOo 
 
 Georgia Vineyard Glo 
 
 Tobacco Farm, Decatur County G25 
 
 Agnes Scott Institute, Decatur, DeKalb County G29 
 
 Artesian Well at Albany 037 
 
 Early Richmond Cherry 647 
 
 Public Artesian Well 051 
 
 Rome Beauty Apple GGl 
 
 Brighton Grape G73 
 
 Potato P'ield near Brunswick GSl 
 
 Pecan Grove near Brunswick G81 
 
 Buff Plymouth Rock Cock GOT 
 
 Packing Cantaloupes at Fort Valley, Ga 713 
 
 Turpentine Farm, South Georgia 717 
 
 Bartlett Pear 735 
 
 Orchards and Nursery 749 
 
 Artesian Well 753 
 
 Wickson Plum 779 
 
 Abundance Plum 805 
 
 Watermelon, Rattle Snake 811 
 
 Moore's Diamond Grape 821 
 
 Packing Cantaloupes near Albany, Ga 829 
 
 Picking Tomatoes 843 
 
 Yellow Transparent Apple 847 
 
 Paper Shell Pecan 8(53 
 
 Greenville Strawberries 807 
 
 Miller Raspberry 879 
 
ERRATA, 
 
 On page IGl, in the last line of the lirst paragiaph, instead of "5,000 pounds" 
 read "500 pounds"; and in the next line above "cotton seed" should be "seed 
 cotton." 
 
 On page 411, third line from the end of the page for "1840" read "1844." 
 
 On page 791, in the middle of the second line of the second paragraph, for 
 "dairy cows" read "dairy farms." 
 
 On page 800 in next to the last line in the first paragraph on Quitman county, 
 for "Big Potato creek" read "Pataula creek." 
 
GEN. JA.MIOS KOWAHD (KJLETHORPE. 
 
 TO.MICIIICIII AND XEPHEW 
 
GEORGIA: 
 
 Historical and Industrial. 
 
 CHAPTER L 
 
 HISTORICAL. 
 
 In 1732 a number of benevolent gentlemen of London conceived the 
 idea of founding a home for the poor of Great Britain and a place of 
 refuge for the Salzburgers and other persecuted sects of the continent 
 of Europe. It was to be a model colony, in which both slavery and 
 rum would be prohibited. It was to be also somewhat of a military 
 colony, a barrier against the hostile encroachments of the Spaniards 
 upon the Province of South Carolina. The charter for its establish- 
 ment was obtained from George II., king of England, in June, 1732. 
 James Edward Oglethorpe, a gentleman of great benevolence, marked 
 ability and experience in military affairs, being selected by the trustees 
 to take charge of the new colony, set sail from England in JSTovember, 
 1732, with one hundred and sixteen emigrants. After a voyage of 
 nearly two months they arrived in the harbor of Charleston (then 
 known as Charlestown), S. C, where they met a gracious welcome from 
 the Carolinians and their governor, Robert Johnson, who furnished 
 them with provisions, stock, vessels to convey additional supplies to the 
 Savannah river, and a company of soldiers to protect them against the 
 Indians until they could build houses and fortifications. 
 
 Leaving his people for a few days at Beaufort, South Carolina, Ogle- 
 thorpe ascended the Savannah until he came to Yamacraw Bluff, which 
 he selected for his settlement. On Febmary 12th the colonists arrived, 
 and on the 20th was commenced the first house of the new city, which 
 Oglethorpe called Savannah from the name of the river on whose banks 
 it stands. Tomochichi, chief of the Tamacraws, immediately sought an 
 alliance with Oglethorpe, who made a treaty with him, as he did also 
 
 2 ga 
 
16 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 with the Creeks, the Museogees, and even with the Cherokees of the 
 mountains and the Choctaws on the bordei-s of the Gulf of Mexico. 
 Like AVilliam Penn, Oglethoi-pe purchased from the Indians the title 
 to the lands where he founded his settlements, and so long as he re- 
 mained in Georgia peace prevailed between the red men and the white. 
 In March, 1734, the colony was strengthened by the arrival of 
 seventy-eight Salzburgers from Germany. These men, who had been 
 driven from their homes by temble persecution, found rest and safety 
 higher up the Savannah in Effingham county, at a place which they 
 called Ebenezer, the "Stone of Help"; "for," said they, "the Lord hath 
 delivered us out of the hands of our enemies." Goethe's beautiful 
 poem, "Herman and Dorothea" was founded upon an incident which 
 occurred during the exodus of the Salzburgers. 
 
 Oglethorpe was diligent in establishing settlements, locating a Scotch 
 settlement at Darien, a company of immigrants at Frederica, on Saint 
 Simon's Island, and trading posts at Augusta. In February, 1736, among: 
 two hundred and twenty-seven immigrants who came over were John 
 and Charles Wesley, aftei-wards so celebrated as the founders of Method- 
 ism. Their purpose was to preach the gospel to the Indians and also- 
 to the settlers. Two years later came another celebrated Methodist min- 
 ister, the Rev. George Whitefield, who resided in the colony several 
 years and founded the Orphan House at Bethesda, a few miles from 
 Savannah. 
 
 The Spaniards, who had settled Florida nearly one hundred years be- 
 fore the first permanent English settlement at Jamesto\vn, regarding: 
 the settlements in Georgia as an intrusion upon their rights, determined 
 to expel the English. In anticipation of war Oglethorpe went home^ 
 and having raised a regiment of six hundred men for the defense of hia 
 colony, returned to America and was appointed commander-in-chief of 
 the militia of South Carolina and Georgia. Marching at the head of 
 two thousand men of the two colonies, with friendly Indians included,, 
 he invaded Florida, meeting however, with but partial success. Later 
 on the Spaniards invading Georgia with a land and naval force of three- 
 thousand men, landed on St. Simon's Island. Oglethorpe, who at this. 
 time had barely eight hundred men available, met the Spaniards and 
 inflicted on them so dreadful a defeat that the scene of the conflict has» 
 ever since been known as the Bloody Marsh. 
 
 So long as Oglethorpe remained in Georgia rum and slavery were 
 prohibited; but in 1743 he returned to England, and four years later 
 restrictions were removed, and Georgia, like all the other English colo- 
 nies of that day, admitted both slavery and spirituous liquors. That 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 17 
 
 same year the colony was in great danger from the machinations of 
 a man named Bosomworth, former chaplain of Oglethorpe's regiment, 
 who, having married Mary Musgrove, an Indian claiming to be queen 
 of the Creeks, marched at the head of a large Indian force upon Savan- 
 nah threatening to exterminate the colonists unless his claims in behalf 
 of his wife were complied with. The undaunted courage of the au- 
 thorities, who seized the leaders and awed the Indians into submission, 
 saved the colony. 
 
 In 1752 the trustees of Georgia surrendered their rights to the crown, 
 and in 1754 John Keynolds was appointed governor. At the close of 
 the French and Indian war in 17 G 3, Spain, who had been the ally of 
 France, ceded to England her possessions of East and West Florida. 
 At this time the boundaries of Georgia, which had embraced a territory 
 between the Savannah and the Altamaha rivers, were extended to the 
 Mississippi on the west and on the south to latitude 31" and the St. 
 Mary's river. Thus Georgia embraced not only the present State, but 
 also the greater part of what we now know as Alabama and Mississippi. 
 
 THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 Georgia joined with the other colonies in resisting the aggressions of 
 the mother country. On May 11th, 1775, the Savannah powder maga- 
 zine was taken possession of, and in July a British vessel at Tybee, hav- 
 ing 13,000 pounds of powder for the use of British troops, was cap- 
 tured by thirty volunteers under the lead of Commodore Bowen and 
 Colonel Joseph Habersham. Five thousand pounds were sent to the 
 Continental army at Boston, and the rest was stored in the magazine. 
 Another noted exploit was performed near Savannah in March, 177G. 
 Some loyalist planters near Savannah had loaded eleven merchant ves- 
 sels and prepared for a sea voyage. Some British war vessels, for the 
 purpose of assisting these tories^ moved up the river and threatened Sav- 
 annah. But the Georgians under Colonel Mcintosh, aided by the Caro- 
 linians under Colonel Bull, burned three of these merchant vessels 
 and rendered six unfit for service. 
 
 In April, 1776, Georgia instructed her delegates in Congress to vote 
 for independence, which, on July 4th of the same year, was declared by 
 the unanimous vote of all the delegates of the thirteen colonies in Con- 
 gress assembled. The signers of the declaration on the part of Georgia 
 were Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall and George Walton. For two 
 years Georgia escaped serious invasion, but in December, 1778, Savan- 
 nah was captured, and Augusta soon after. The defeat of the Tories at 
 Kettle creek by the Carolinians under Pickens, and the Georgians 
 
28 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 under John Dooley and Elijah Clarke, resulted in the recapture of Au- 
 gusta by the Americans, who, notwithstanding the defeat of Ashe at 
 Brier Creek and the repulse of the allied French and American armies 
 before Savannah, continued to hold all upper Georgia until after the 
 fall of Charleston in 1780. While the allied armies were before Savan- 
 nah, Colonel John White of the Georgia Continentals, by a skillfm 
 stratagem, captured five British vessels, one hundred and thirty stands 
 of arms and one hundred and eleven British soldiers. Although after 
 the fall of Charleston South Carolina and Georgia were both overrun, 
 the patriot bands of those two States under their favorite leaders con- 
 tinued the struggle. The Georgians shared in the victories of King's 
 Mountain and Cowpens, and Colonel Elijah Clarke, the Marion of Geor- 
 gia, after failing in one attempt to capture Augusta, in the next year 
 began another siege of that post, which was made successful by the ar- 
 rival of General Pickens of South Carolina, and "Light Horse Harry" 
 Lee of Virginia, with a considerable force. Almost the last fight of the 
 Revolution was Wayne's victory over the Indian allies of the British 
 near Savannah on the night of June 23d, 1782, a little over eight 
 months after the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown. On the 11th of 
 July, 1782, Savannah was evacuated by the British and the authority of 
 Georgia was established over all her borders. 
 
 On the 2d of January, 1788, the Constitution of the United States 
 was ratified by a convention of delegates from the different counties of 
 Georgia, assembled at Augusta. . The following is a list of the delegates 
 of the ratifying convention: 
 
 John Wereat, President, and delegate from the county of Eichmond 
 
 William Stephens, Joseph Habersham, Chatham county. 
 
 Jenkin Davis, N". Brownson, Efiingham county. 
 
 Edward Telfair, H. Todd, Burke county. 
 
 William Few. James MclSTeil, Eichmond county. 
 
 George Matthews, Florence Sullivan, John King, Wilkes county. 
 
 James Powell, John Elliott, James Maxwell, Liberty county. 
 
 George Handley, Christopher Hillary, J. Milton, Glynn county. 
 
 Henry Osborne, James Seagrove, Jacob Weed, Camden county. 
 
 Jared Irwin, John Eutherford, Washington county. 
 
 Eobert Christmas, Thomas Daniell, E. Middleton, Greene county. 
 
 UXDEE THE CONSTITUTION, 1788 TO 1860. 
 
 Under the government established by the Federal Constitution, Geor- 
 gia increased rapidly in population and wealth. Settlers poured into 
 the State from North Carolina, Virginia and States farther north. Of 
 
JASPER MONUMENT, SAVANNAH, GA. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 21 
 
 these the Virginians were so numerous that the Indians, who still oc- 
 cupied many of the fairest portions of the State, frequently spoke of the 
 Georgians as Virginians. 
 
 One of the most important events in the history of Georgia is the 
 invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney, in 1794. Prior to that time 
 the separation of the seed from the lint was so difficult as to limit 
 the cultivation of cotton. This had to be done by hand, a task being 
 four pounds of lint cotton per week for each head of a family, working 
 at night, in addition to the usual field work. At this rate it would take 
 one person two years to turn out the quantity of cotton contained in one 
 average standard bale, or 500 pounds. One gin, in proportion to its 
 power and saw capacity, will gin out from three to fifteen 500-pound 
 bales in one day. At the time of this important invention Mr. Whitney 
 was the guest of his aunt, the widow of General ISTathaniel Greene. 
 Probably no invention ever caused such rapid development of the in- 
 dustry with which it was associated. In 1793 the exportation of cotton 
 from the United States was 487,500 pounds, or 975 bales, estimated at 
 500 pounds to the bale. In 1900 the production in the United States 
 was 9,345,391 bales. 
 
 The Yazoo Land Act, passed by the legislature of 1795, conveying 
 to four associations thirty-five million acres of land lying between the 
 Mississippi, Tennessee, Coosa, Alabama and Mobile rivers, for five 
 hundred thousand dollars, produced great excitement throughout Geor- 
 gia. Though a bill ratifying the sale of these lands passed both houses 
 of Congress, a subsequent legislature, under the influence of General 
 James Jackson, repudiated the Yazoo act and commited the records of it 
 to the flames, at the same time ordering the purchase money to be re- 
 funded to whomsoever it might belong. Twenty years, however, elapsed 
 before a final settlement was reached. 
 
 In 1802 Georgia ceded to the Federal government all her lauds west 
 of the Chattahoochee, embracing nearly one hundred thousand square 
 miles of territory, the greater part of the present States of Alabama 
 and Mississippi. Thus Georgia, like Virginia, is a "Mother of States." 
 
 The purchase from France by the United States, in 1803, of the vast 
 Louisiana territory was of great benefit to Georgia. That territory had 
 for a long time been under the dominion of Spain, whose agents fre- 
 quently incited the Indians of the western border to hostile acts. Being 
 no longer subject to these annoyances, new counties were laid off and 
 towns and villages sprang up in the wilderness. In 1807 the new 
 town of Milledgeville became the seat of government. 
 
 During the second war with Great Britain, 1812-15, the Indians of 
 
•22 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Alabama perpetrated horrible massacres. The Georgians under Gen- 
 eral John Flojd, and the Tennesseeans under General Coffee, with 
 Major-General Andrew Jackson of Tennessee as commander-in-chief, 
 defeated the Indians in battle after battle. The power of the savages 
 was finally crushed by the great battle of Tohopeka, or the "Horse-shoe 
 Bend" in Alabama, and the Indians sued for peace. 
 
 The first steampship that ever crossed the Atlantic Ocean, though 
 built in New York, was owned in Savannah, and from that port 
 started on its voyage to Liverpool in 1819. It was named "Savannah.^' 
 
 When, in 1821, Florida was ceded by Spain to the United States and 
 thus passed forever from the hands of the ancient enemy of Georgia, 
 great was the rejoicing throughout the State. 
 
 "When Georgia ceded her Avestem lands the United States agreed to 
 extinguish the Indian title to the same. This was not done rapidly 
 enough to suit the Georgians and a controversy arose between the 
 State and the Federal government, during which Governor Troup pro- 
 claimed the most ultra State rights doctrine, and defied President John 
 Quincy Adams. Georgia triumphed in the controversy, and when An- 
 drew Jackson became president he did all in his power to promote the 
 Avishes of the Georgians, with the result that all the Indians east of the 
 Mississippi were finally transferred to the Indian Territory, west of the 
 gTeat river. 
 
 In the Mexican War (May 8, 1846 to May 30, 1848), Georgia's sons 
 promptly answered the call to arms, and faithfully discharged the du- 
 ties assigned them. Among the most distinguished of the ofiScers in 
 the regular army of the United States were sons of Georgia, of whom 
 Colonel James S. Mcintosh was killed at Molino del Rey, and W. H. T. 
 Walker desperately wounded at the storming of Chapultepec. 
 
 THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. 
 
 In the lamentable conflict of arms between the Northern and South- 
 em States of the Union (1861-1865), Georgia bore a prominent part. 
 This war was the outgrowth of a long struggle for the balance of power 
 between the commercial and manufacturing States on the one side, and 
 the purely agricultural States on the other, in combination with oppos- 
 ing theories as to the real nature of our Federal Union. This struggle 
 became manifest in 1820 on the application of Missouri for admission 
 into the Union with a Constitution allowing slavery, an institution 
 which differentiated the opposing groups of States. The opposition to 
 the admission of Missouri was not based on moral grounds, but on the 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 23 
 
 idea that it gave to the South a preponderance of influence. By the Mis- 
 souri compromise the dangerous dispute was settled for a time; but the 
 acquisition of new territory from Mexico in 1848 reopened the old quar- 
 rel, and slavery, now opposed by some on moral grounds but by the 
 great majority for reasons purely political, became the occasion of the 
 most stupendous conflict of modern times. 
 
 In this fierce struggle, for which Georgia furnished ninety-four regi- 
 ments and thirtysix battalions, embracing every arm of the service, the 
 blood of her sons was freely poured out on every battlefield from Penn- 
 sylvania to the Mississippi, and from the Ohio to the Gulf, and (if we 
 include the thousands who had emigrated to the States west of the 
 "Father of Watei-s"), in every important combat throughout the bounds 
 of the Trans-Mississippi department of the Southern Confederacy. On 
 Georgia's soil were fought the great battles of Chickamauga, Eesaca, 
 Xew Hope Church (a series of engagements from May 25th to June 
 4th), Kennesaw Mountain, Peachtree Creek, two fierce battles at Atlanta 
 (July 22 and 28), Jonesboro, and numerous smaller engagements and 
 skirmishes. Sherman's march to the sea, when almost the entire mili- 
 tary force of the State was absent in A^irginia or Tennessee, scattered 
 ruthless destruction all along its path, and the final disastrous close of 
 the long continued war wrecked the hopes and fortunes of her people. 
 
 APTER THE WAR 
 
 But the brave men, who with constantly diminishing strength and ex- 
 hausted means had maintained so heroic a struggle against overwhelm- 
 ing numbers and boundless resources, lost no time in idle repining, but 
 with the energy, pluck and perseverance characteristic of the Anglo- 
 American, wrought out by the blessing of God the redemption of their 
 State. During the dark days of reconstruction they did not yield in 
 base submission to oppression and wrong, but maintaining their rights 
 in every legitimate way, shared at length in the final triumph of the 
 whole South in the courts and Congress of the nation. From the un- 
 daunted energy and pluck of the Old South sprang the 'Nevf South, with 
 its rapid development along all lines. 
 
 While Georgia is yet poor compared with States not injured by the 
 war, she stands in the front rank of those that did suffer, and in the ratio 
 of progress compares favorably with those of the North which even 
 prospered during all the years of strife, oppression and wrong. 
 
24 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 THE WOMEN OF THE SOUTH. 
 
 During the tremendous conflict that shook this continent, the women 
 of the South exhibited a heroism and devotion to principle scarcely 
 equalled and never surpassed since time began. With aching hearts 
 they bade their loved ones bood-bye, and through tearful eyes gave them 
 a smile of hope, speaking at the same time brave words that nerved the 
 warrior's soul to deeds of daring unparalleled in the records of this 
 world. With undaunted spirit they bore privations, perils and heart-rend- 
 ing bereavements, and when, after the final catastrophe the survivors 
 returned downcast and almost despairing, it was faithful woman*s smile 
 that bade them hope again and stirred them to that high endeavor, 
 which, amid the most appalling surroundings, brought forth the ISTew 
 South from the ashes of the Old, redeeming by the help of God their be- 
 loved States from opporession and ruin, and starting them again upon the 
 road to prosperity and power. Even before the debris of our shattered 
 fortunes had been cleared away, noble women turned their attention to 
 the preservation of the memory of the heroic deeds that wreathed the 
 Southland's brow with Fame's unfading chaplet, and mid their povert;^ 
 began the erection of monuments to the illustrious dead, gathered the 
 scattered remains of heroes from many a battle-field, marked their last 
 resting places with headstones, and organized into societies whose chief 
 object is to keep alive the remembrance of the heroic deeds of the South's 
 heroic men, whether living or dead. 
 
 THE SLAVES DUEmG THE WAR. 
 
 Nor should we forget that humble class whose ancestors were brought 
 from their African homes in Dutch, British and New England ships and 
 sold to the white men who, by the aid of the stalwart muscle of the sons 
 of Africa, cleared the wilderness and prepared the way for thriving 
 farms, great plantations and growing cities. Though the legislatures of 
 some Southern colonies endeavored to prevent the importation of these 
 Africans, the British government set their acts aside in the interest of 
 English and JSTew England traders. Even after the establishment of 
 American independence the traders of JSTew England, who had been 
 among the first to engage in the African slave trade, continued it to> 
 the year 1808, when the traffic was abolished by Congressional enact>- 
 ment. These same New England traders, previous to that date, often vio- 
 lated the laws of such Southern States as had prohibited the traffic by 
 smuggling slaves into out-of-the-way places and selling them to those 
 who were ready to purchase. Thus the South became so stocked with 
 
GEORGIA CONFEDERATE MONUMENT^AT CHICKAMAUGA PARK. 
 
 TO THE LASTING MEMORY OF HER SONS 
 Who fought on this field — 
 
 These who fought ard lived, and those who fought and died 
 Those who gave much and those who gave all — 
 
 (Beoraia 
 
 ERECTS THIS MONUMENT. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 27 
 
 negroes that the Southern people considered emancipation under any 
 condition too dangerous an experiment to be even thought of. 
 
 Yet, such were the kindly relations that for the most part existed be- 
 tween masters and slaves, that even after the war had become on the 
 part of the ISTorth a struggle for emancipation as well as for union, the 
 negroes remained in peace on the plantations, made the crops that sup- 
 ported the armies in the field and their families at home, and with a 
 fidelity that amazed the enemies and slanderers of the South protected 
 the wives and children of the men who, far from their defenseless loved 
 ones, stood upon the fij-ing-line striving with steadily diminishing num- 
 bers to keep back the ever increasing hosts gathered from the fields and 
 crowded cities of the North and of Europe. Many faithful slaves went 
 with their masters to the tented field, cooked and did other service for 
 them, nursed them when sick, and, if they died in battle or hospital, wept 
 over them, and returned with the lifeless bodies to lay them beside 
 kindred dead in the family burial ground. 
 
 The tender care shown for them by kind masters and mistresses in 
 sickness and old age, the pious instructions of godly women and de- 
 voted missionaries, among which latter class some in malarial districts 
 (harmless to the negro but dangerous to the white man), laid down their 
 lives for the salvation of the slave, created in the bosom of the negro a 
 devotion and loyalty which even the results of the war and the teach- 
 ings of fanatics have not been able to efface from the minds and hearts 
 of the great majority of the older members of the race. Acts of violence 
 such as have in recent years disgraced so many of the younger genera- 
 tion of negroes were unknown before the war, or even when the mighty 
 armies of invaders were thundering at our gates. The estrangement be- 
 tween the races and the outcroppings of violence in some quarters are 
 due to the teaching of those who have endeavored to preach a political 
 and even social equality that will never be allowed. 
 
 The majority of our colored populatioli are still contentedly toiling in 
 the fields, helping to increase the wealth of the State, and acquiring 
 property themselves, in which they have the encouragement and aid of 
 their white neighbors. There are no agricultural laborers so well suited 
 to large sections of our State as are the majority of our negro popula- 
 tion. 
 
 THE SPAls'ISH-AMEEICAN^ WAR AXD THE WAR IN" THE 
 PHILIPPINES. 
 
 In the restoration of good will between the States of the Union, the 
 sons of Georgia have been conspicuous, and when the United States be- 
 
28 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 came involved in war with Spain, Georgia furnished according to popu- 
 lation more volunteers than any other State- of the Union. General 
 Joseph Wheeler, a son of Georgia and adopted son. of Alabama, nobly 
 illustrated those States at Santiago, and many gallant young Georgia 
 officers of the regular army and navy of the United States, both in Cuba 
 and in the Philippines, proved that the Confederate blood in their veins 
 did not diminish, but rather increased their devotion to the flag of the 
 restored Union. Georgia furnished three regiments for the Spanish- 
 American war, and a fourth one, "Kay's Immunes," was made up al- 
 most entirely of Georgians. The twenty-ninth regiment of the United 
 States Volunteers in the Philippines consisted almost entirely of Geor- 
 gians. 
 
 GOVEKNOES OF GEORGIA. 
 
 The governors of Georgia, from its first settlement in 1733 to the 
 present time (1900), are as follows: 
 
 Under the Trustees. 
 
 James Edward Oglethorpe, July 15th, 1732, to July 11, 1743. 
 
 William Stephens, acting in absence of Oglethorpe, from July 11, 
 1743, to April 8, 1751. 
 
 Henry Parker, Acting Governor from April 8, 1751, to October 1, 
 1754. 
 
 Under the Crown. 
 
 John Eeynolds, from October 1, 1754, to February 15, 1757. 
 Henry Ellis, from February 16, 1757, to October 31, 1760. 
 James Wright, from October 31, 1760, to July 11, 1782. 
 James Habersham, President of Council and Acting Governor from 
 July 2, 1771, to Februar)' 11, 1773. 
 
 Under the Ainerican Government. 
 
 William Ewen, President of Council of Safety from June 22, 1775, 
 to January 20, 1776. 
 
 Archibald Bulloch, President of the Provincial Council and Com- 
 mander-in-Chief from January 20, 1776, to February 22, 1777. 
 
 Button Gwinnett, with same title as last, to May 8, 1777. 
 
 Governors Under the New Constitution of Georgia of 1777. 
 
 John Adam Treutlen, from May 8, 1777, to January 8, 1778. 
 John Houston, from January 8, 1778, to December 29, 1778. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 29 
 
 John Wereatj President of Executive Council and Acting Governor 
 from December 29, 1778, to N'ovember 4, 1779. 
 
 George Walton, from November 4, 1779, to January 7, 1780. 
 
 Richard Howlej, from January 7, 1780, to January 7, 1781. 
 
 Stephen Heard, President of Executive council and Acting Governor 
 from January 7, 1781, to August 15, 1781. 
 
 ISTathan Brownson, from August 16, 1781, to January 8, 1782. 
 
 John Martin, from January 8, 1782, to January 9, 1783. 
 
 Lyman Hall, from January 9, 1783, to January 9, 1784. 
 
 John Houston, from January 9, 1784, to January 14, 1785. 
 
 Samuel Elbert, from January 14, 1785, to January 9, 1786. 
 
 Edward Telfair, from January 9, 1786, to Januaiy 9, 1787. 
 
 George Matthews, from January 9, 1787, to January 25, 1788. 
 
 George Handley, from January 25, 1788, to January 9, 1789. 
 
 George Walton, from January 9, 1789, to ITovember 9, 1790. 
 
 Edward Telfair, from IsTovember 9, 1790, to ISTovember 7, 1793. 
 
 George Matthews, from ISTovember 7, 1793, to January, 15, 1796. 
 
 Jared Irwin, from January 17, 1796, to January 11, 1798. 
 
 James Jackson, from January 12, 1798, to March 3, 1801, being the 
 first governor under the Constitution of 1798. 
 
 Under the State Constitution of 1798. 
 
 After James J ackson, David Emanuel, President of Senate and Act- 
 ing Governor from March 3, 1801, to l^ovember 7, 1801. 
 
 Josiah Tatnall, from N'ovember 7, 1801, to N"ovember 4, 1802. 
 
 John Milledge, from :N"ovember 4, 1802, to September 23, 1806. 
 
 Jared Irwin, President of the Senate and Acting Governor from Sep- 
 tember 23, 1806, to IN'ovember 7, 1806. 
 
 Jared Irwin, Governor from November 7, 1806, to November 9, 1809. 
 
 David B. Mitchell, from November 9, 1809, to November 9, 1813. 
 
 Peter Early, from November 9, 1813, to November 9, 1815. 
 
 David B. Mitchell, from November 9, 1815, to March 4, 1817 (re- 
 signed). 
 
 William Rabun, President of Senate and Acting Governor until 
 November, 1817, from which time he was governor until October 25, 
 1819, when he died. 
 
 Matthew Talbot, President of Senate and Acting Governor imtil 
 November 13, 1819. 
 
 John Clark, Governor from November, 1819, to November, 1823. 
 
 George M. Troup, Governor from November, 1823, to November, 
 1827. 
 
30 OEOBOIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 John Forsyth, from isTovember, 1827, to November, 1829. 
 
 George E. Gilmer, from November, 1829, to November, 1831. 
 
 Wilson Lumpkin, from November, 1831, to November, 1835. 
 
 William Schlej, from November, 1835, to November, 1837. 
 
 George R. Gilmer, from November, 1837, to November, 1839. 
 
 Charles J. McDonald, from November, 1839, to Norvember, 1843. 
 
 George W. Crawford, from November, 1843, to November, 1847. 
 
 George W. To-^m, from November, 1847, to November, 1851. 
 
 Howell Cobb, from November, 1851, to November, 1853. 
 
 Herschel V. Johnson, from November, 1853, to November, 1857. 
 
 Joseph E. Brown, from November, 1857, to July, 1865. 
 
 James Johnson, Provisional Governor (appointed by President An- 
 drew Johnson), from July, 1865, to December, 1865, until an election 
 could be held by the people. 
 
 Charles J, Jenkins, Governor from December, 1865, to January, 1868, 
 when he was deposed by General Meade, acting under the reconstruction 
 measures of Congi-ess, and Brigadier-General Thomas H. Ruger of the 
 United States army, was appointed to act as military governor until 
 July, 1868, at which time Eufus B. Bullock, elected under the recon- 
 struction measures, became Governor. 
 
 Under the Constiiuiion of 1868. 
 
 Eufus B. Bullock, Governor from July, 1868, to October 30, 1871, 
 when he resigned his office. 
 
 Benjamin Conley, President of Senate and Acting Governor from 
 October 30, 1871, to January 12, 1872. 
 
 James M. Smith, Governor from January 12, 1872, to January 12, 
 1877. 
 
 When Governor Jenkins was deposed, he took with him the Great 
 Seal of Georgia, refusing to give it up, but after the iaauguration of 
 Governor Smith he turned the Seal over to him as the first governor 
 elected by the untrammeled voice of the people since 1868. On that oc- 
 casion he received the thanks of the legislature, and a handsome medal 
 was voted to him for his fidelity to the interests and honor of Georgia. 
 This event deserves to rank with the Charter Oak incident of colonial 
 days in Connecticut. 
 
 General Alfred H. Colquitt, Governor from January 12, 1877, to 
 November, 1882, beginning imder the Constitution of 1868 and ending 
 under that of 1877. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 33 
 
 Under Constitution of 1877. 
 
 Alfred H. Colquitt's second term, ending November, 1882. 
 
 Alexander H. Stephens, from ISTovember, 1882, to March 4, 1883, 
 when he died, 
 
 James L. Boynton, President of the Senate and Acting Governor 
 from March 5, 1883, to May 10, 1883. 
 
 H. D. McDaniel, from May 10, 1883, to ITovember, 1886. 
 
 John B. Gordon, from November, 1886, to November, 1890. 
 
 W. J. Northen, from November, 1890, to November, 1894. 
 
 W. Y. Atkinson, from November, 1894, to November, 1898. 
 
 Allen D. Candler, inaugurated November, 1898, the present incum- 
 bent. 
 
 INDUSTEIAL PROGKESS OF GEORGIA. 
 
 Scarcely had the war ended before the Georgians set to work to re- 
 build their ruined homes and fortunes. The city of Atlanta afforded at 
 that time a striking evidence of the marvelous pluck and energy of the 
 people. In the spring of 1865, even before the close of hostilities, the 
 old citizens began to return, and Atlanta springing phoenix-like from 
 her ashes was already starting anew on the road to prosperity and wealth 
 with an impetus which even the succeeding days of force and oppression 
 could not check. This city is a fair type of Georgia, whose cities and 
 towns have steadily grown, some of them showing a surprising ratio of 
 increase. Even little villages have a neater, more substantial appear- 
 ance, and beautiful country dwellings are more numerous than ever be- 
 fore in the history of our State, Our manufacturing interests have 
 made steady and active progress, and within the last year the number of 
 cotton factories has increased at an unprecedented rate. Old and long 
 established lines of railroad have increased their mileage and new ones 
 have been constructed, so that most of our farmers of to-day are with- 
 in easy distance of the road over which the products of their farms can 
 be transported. Electric cars give rapid transit from suburban homes to 
 the hearts of our cities, and telephones of both short and long distance 
 supplement the telegraph in affording instantaneous communication for 
 business or pleasure. Agriculture has been greatly improved; up-to-date 
 methods have been adopted; two blades of grass have been made to 
 grow where one did a few years ago.. 
 
 Just after the war the high price of cotton led the planters of Geor- 
 gia to devote all their energies to the production of the fleecy staple, 
 and then by its subsequent rapid decline brought disappointment and 
 
34 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 threatened ruin. Taking the "alarm the farmers began more and more to 
 raise their own supplies. Thus they are making the farm what it should 
 be, a little world of its own, whose master living independently on the 
 heavy interest paid into his coffers by his well- tilled soil, can become a 
 prince among men, and not, what a bon-ower must ever be, a servant to 
 the lender. The improvement in the planting interest of Georgia is 
 largely due to the Agricultural Department, established in 1874. Dr. 
 Thomas P. Janes, its first commissioner, made this department a mighty 
 agency for good. The noble work was continued by his able successor, 
 John F. Henderson and his zealous assistant, R. J. Redding (now di- 
 rector of the Georgia Experiment Station and president of the Georgia 
 Dairyman's Association) ; next by Commissioner E. T. ISTesbitt, a faith- 
 ful and diligent promoter of the people's welfare; and is now being car- 
 ried forward by the present incumbent. Commissioner O. B. Stevens, 
 and his assistant, Mr. Robert F. Wright, who are determined not to be 
 excelled by their illustrious predecessors. One of the chief objects of 
 this department is the inspection and analysis of fertilizers and oils, the 
 profit of which, over and above all expenses, is about $30,000 annually, 
 set apart for the benefit of the school fund. Thus this department in- 
 stead of being an expense is a source of revenue to the State, though it 
 was not originally so intended, and ought not so to be, for every dol- 
 lar collected could be spent much more to the advantage of the State by 
 being used for the legitimate purposes of this important branch of the 
 government. Other objects are the encouragement of agriculture in- all 
 its branches, the promotion of dairying and creameries, the raising of the 
 best breeds of cattle for the farm and the market, and the eradication 
 of that pest commonly known as the coAV-tick (hoopliilus hovis). The 
 department has succeeded in lowering the line of quarantine against the 
 tick so as to exempt some of the North Georgia counties from its opera- 
 tion as to them, and is earnestly seeking the co-operation of the people 
 in completely rooting out this plague, so injurious to the cattle interests 
 of the State. 
 
 One of the great benefits of this department to the planters was seen 
 in the fall of 1899. When the great statistican 'Neil predicted a cotton 
 crop of twelve and a half million bales, and consequently low prices, 
 word went forth from the Agricultural Department that it was advis- 
 able for all farmers who could do so, to hold their cotton, as there would 
 probably be only nine and a half millions of bales with a probable rise 
 in the price. The advice was justified by the result. 
 
 The State Chemist, John M. McCandless, and his assistants, R. G. 
 Williams and J. Q. Burton, in addition to the other important labors of 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 35 
 
 their department, are doing faithful and efficient work in protecting the 
 farmers against spurious fertilizers and dangerous oils. 
 
 The State Entomologist, W. M. Scott, has won the favor of the fruit 
 growers of Georgia by his zealous labors in their behalf, and, especially, 
 by his unceasing efforts for the extirpation of all the pests that attack 
 the orchards. 
 
 The Geological Bureau under the management of the State Geologist, 
 W. S. Yeates, and his assistants, S. W. McCallie and Dr. T. L. "Watson, 
 is doing a great work for Georgia, by promoting the development of 
 its minerals, metals, building stones, clays and artesian wells. 
 
 In everything that should characterize an enlightened Christian State 
 Georgia stands among the foremost in our Union. Leaving behind the 
 past she is pressing forward to a future of increased prosperity and 
 greatness. One strong evidence of growth in a State is increase in pop- 
 lation. By the census of 1890 the population of Georgia was 1,837,353. 
 By that of 1900 it is 2,216,331. This is an increase of 378,978, or 
 within a very small fraction of 21 per cent. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 GENERAL DESCRIPTIVE SEIETCH. 
 
 Georgia, the greatest in area of any State east of the Mississippi river, 
 embraces 59,475 square miles, being larger by 1,274 square miles than 
 England and Wales combined, and nearly equal in size to all New Eng- 
 land. On its northern border are North Carolina and Tennessee, on the 
 northeastern side South Carolina, on the east the Atlantic Ocean, on the 
 south Florida, and on the west Alabama. Containing in its greatest 
 length from north to south 320 miles, and nearly four and one half de- 
 grees of latitude, it has great variety of soil, climate and productions. P 
 northern portions are diversified by mountain, hill and vale, an' 
 drained by numerous rivers, some of which are navigable. The &id 
 of the hills and mountains are covered with the various hard woods, • 
 terspersed with pine, a lighter wood, which furnishes an excellent res. - 
 ous kindling for fires. The soil of this mountain region varies from dai'k 
 to a red or mulatto color, and is very productive. The valleys ;;:id 
 river bottoms are covered in their proper seasons with abundant ci )S 
 of wheat, corn and other cereals, and are dotted with substantial fa: n- 
 houses located near some bubbling spring of pure, cold water, iio" 
 which runs a rippling streamlet through the farm, affording to the 
 stock abundance of healthful drink at all seasons of the year. In 
 some portions of this section cotton is successfully raised, and occasion- 
 ally thriving fields of tobacco may be seen. 
 
 The surface of Northeast Georgia varies from 1,000 to 5,000 feet above 
 the level of the sea. This section is traversed by that part of the Ap 
 palachian chain known as the Blue Ridge, with an altitude above sea 
 level of from 3,000 to 5,000 feet. This range runs about one third the 
 distance across the State, and terminates abruptly. Northwest Georgia, 
 the Limestone Region, with an altitude ranging from 600 or 700 to 
 2,500 feet, covers the greater part of ten counties, with an extent of 
 3,600 square miles. Of Northern Georgia about 6,000 square miles are 
 above the altitude of 1,000 feet. 
 
 About twenty miles west of the Blue Ridge lies the Cohutta Range, 
 a continuation of the TJnaka of Tennessee, having an altitude of 3,000 
 feet, with an abrupt escarpment toward the valley of the Oostanaula on 
 
I 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 39 
 
 the west, and continuing into Alabama in a low elevation known as 
 Dugover Mountain. To the northwest come Lookout and Sand Moun- 
 tain ranges, which, with their table-lands, belong to the Alleghany sys- 
 tem. The highest point of Lookout, known as High Point, has an ele- 
 vation of 2,408 feet. A northeastern spur of Lookout is known as Pig- 
 eon Mountain, with an elevation of from 1,800 to 2,000 feet above 
 the sea, but with one point rising to 2,331 feet. Along the top 
 of this mountain runs the boundary line between Walker and Dade 
 counties. Round Mountain, also a spur of Lookout, has an elevation of 
 over 2,200 feet. From this point rises Eock Creek, flowing longitudi- 
 nally along the surface of the mountain adjacent to a beautiful waterfall 
 known as Lula, all of which, with Lula Lake, make one of the most 
 picturesque scenes in Georgia. Taylor's Ridge with its extension, the 
 "White Oak Mountains, traversing parts of Catoosa, Whitfield and Chat- 
 tooga counties, rises to 1,300 and 1,500 feet above the sea, Rocky Face 
 Ridge, rising to an elevation of from 1,500 to 1,700 feet, crosses the 
 western part of Whitfield county, forming the eastern watershed of East 
 Chickamauga creek, which flows through the valley at an elevation of 
 900 feet above the sea. 
 
 Among the interesting features of Northwest Georgia are numerous 
 caves. One of the largest, of great extent, with far-reaching galleries, is 
 Hardin's cave, about three miles southeast of Kingston. Some of the 
 chambers are twenty to twenty-five feet high, and, owing to the sloping 
 roof, the cave appears even higlier. At Crawfish Springs, near Gliicka- 
 mauga, a stream sufficiently large to be used as a water-power, issues 
 from an underground cavern, and has been converted into a beautiful 
 lake and waterfall. Many other caverns, some extensive, occur at the 
 bases of Lookout, Pigeon and Sand Mountains.. Near the beautiful 
 little town of Cave Spring extensive caverns are found in the limestone 
 formations. 
 
 The mountain section of Georgia is noted for its charming valleys. 
 Cedar, Texas, Broomtown and Vann's valleys, are among the most noted 
 in JSTorthwest Georgia, while the fame of Nacoochee, in the northeast 
 section among the mountains of White county, has been proclaimed in 
 song and story. Nacoochee, or the "Evening Star," so the story goes, was 
 the beautiful daughter of a noted Cherokee chief. She was wooed and 
 won by Sautee, a brave young warrior of the Choctaw nation, a people 
 who were the bitter foes of the Cherokees. One dark night Nacoochee 
 eloped with her lover. The enraged father, at the head of a hundred 
 warriors, after days and nights of ceaseless search, found the lovers in 
 their hiding-place among the rocky fastnesses of Mount Yonah. Sautee 
 
40 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 was condemned by the old chief to be thrown from the highest preci- 
 pice of the mountain, and the sentence was put into immediate execu- 
 tion; but to her father's horror the maiden leaping over the precipice 
 shared her lover's fate. Nacoochee and Sautee were buried on the 
 banks of the Chattahoochee in one grave, and a mound raised over them 
 to mark the spot. Two adjoining valleys now bear the names of the 
 young Cherokee girl and her Choctaw lover. In Habersham county 
 are found the falls of Toccoa and in Eabun county the grand chasms and 
 cataracts of Tallulah, famed far beyond the limits of Georgia. Toccoa 
 creek falls 185 feet perpendicularly over a ledge of sandstone. Of the 
 beauty of this silvery cascade descending so gently from the lofty rock, 
 whose sides are plainly seen behind the watery veil, no pen can give an 
 adequate description. Toccoa the Beautiful! JSTever was name more 
 worthily bestowed. The Tallulah river is the western branch of the 
 Tugaloo, one of the sources of the Savannah. Ten miles above the junc- 
 tion of the Tallulah with the Chattooga, the Falls of Tallulah, by four 
 perpendicular pitches of water of from fifty to eighty feet and a great 
 many smaller cataracts, plunge downward into a grand chasm 860 feet 
 deep. The four principal falls are L' eau d'or, Tempesta, Hurricane 
 and Oceana. 
 
 All jSTorthem Georgia abounds in useful minerals. Coal is found in 
 the extreme northwest in Dade and Walker counties, the various iron 
 ores in Dade, Walker, Chattooga, Floyd and Polk. In the State some lead, 
 silver and copper are found, the latter being an extension of the cele- 
 brated Duckto'wn region of Tennessee, varieties of it being found in the 
 counties of Union, Towns, Cherokee, Paulding, Haralson, Carroll, Mur- 
 ray, Fulton, Lincoln and Greene. Ochre and sulphate of baryta exist in 
 large beds. Other minerals that have been successfully mined are pyrites, 
 mica, talc, slate, tripoli, limestone and infusorial earth. 
 
 Dahlonega, in Lumpkin county, is the center of gold operations in 
 Georgia, the richest veins being in Lumpkin and White. Other coun- 
 ties in which gold is found are Eabun, Towns, Habersham, Hall, Union, 
 Gwinnett, Forsyth, Dawson, Milton, Cherokee, Bartow, Paulding, Doug- 
 las, Carroll, Haralson, Gilmer, Fannin, Lincoln, and McDuffie. It is 
 found in small quantities in Fulton. 
 
 The bauxite deposits are the largest in the United States. This is the 
 basis of aluminum. Deposits of commercial value have been found in 
 Walker, Chattooga, Bartow and Floyd. 
 
 Corundum is found in Georgia in all its varieties except emery. Slate 
 is successfully quarried at Kockmart by the Georgia Slate Company. 
 The manganese deposits are very rich. Sandstones of a variety of colors 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 41 
 
 and adapted to a variety of purposes are found in ISTorthwest Georgia. 
 In the northern counties asbestos is also found. 
 
 Georgia to-day stands second only to Vermont as a marble State, be- 
 ing noted throughout the United States for the excellent quality of her 
 marble. 
 
 In 1893 the value of the output was in round numbers $273,000, and 
 almost the entire product was at that time supplied by the Georgia 
 Marble Company, whose headquarters and quarries were near Tate, in 
 Pickens county. The quarries here opened are named respectively, 
 Creole 'No. 1, Creole !N'o. 2, Cherokee, Etowah and Kennesaw. The 
 Piedmont quarry, also in Pickens county, is very extensive. The in- 
 crease from all these quarries had, in 1894, brought the entire product 
 up to 481,529 cubic feet, valued at $716,359, an increase in one year 
 of over 174 per cent. The structure of the marble from the different 
 quarries is essentially the same, the only marked difference being in 
 color. Some of it is white, some bluish-gray with dark-blue spots, some 
 with dark-blue mottlings, useful for monumental work and interior 
 decorations, others with a variety of shades, such as pink, salmon, rose 
 and dark green, producing rich effects, specially adapted for wainscot- 
 ing, panels, counters, table-tops, etc. The deposits are larger than any 
 other in the United States. The companies operating the quarries are 
 prepared to saw and finish the stone, and this is done by them and also 
 by other large companies established for this work at ISTelson, Canton, 
 and near Marietta. Thus almost the entire product of the Georgia qua*' 
 ries is put upon the market in a finished condition. Marble is quarried 
 also in Cherokee, Whitfield and Polk. Beautiful marble is found also 
 in Floyd. 
 
 Fifteen years ago Georgia marble was little known beyond the lim- 
 its of the State. Now it is the most famous in America, and is recog- 
 nized as the best for building purposes. The demand for it extends 
 throughout the United States, and shipments have been made to Hawaii 
 From the Southern Marble Company at Marble Hill was shipped the 
 largest block of marble ever quarried in the United State, to go into 
 the capitol of Minnesota. In the construction of Mississippi's new cap- 
 itol Georgia marble is one of the main materials, as it is also in the new 
 capitol of Rhode Island. 
 
 Granite of the best grade abounds in Georgia. The largest known 
 deposit of this useful stone in the world is found in DeKalb county, 
 fourteen miles east of the city of Atlanta. In the midst of a vast bed 
 of stone extending in all directions, from a comparatively level country 
 there rises to the height of 1,686 feet a solid mountain of granite, with- 
 
42 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 out soil except in a few scattered places, where a little verdure appears. 
 This "geological monstrositv," as Dr. Alexander Means, an eminent 
 scientist of the State in his day, styled it, is known by the appropriate 
 name of Stone Mountain. It is seven miles in circumference at the 
 base, and by the ordinary ascent one mile from base to apex. The stone 
 of this mountain and of the wide extended bed of granite that spreads 
 out from its base is uniform in character, admirably adapted for paving 
 as well as for building and monumental work, and is being used for these 
 purposes not only in the cities of Georgia, but also in those of the East 
 and West. There are many other extensive deposits through the State^ 
 notably those in Coweta, Elbert, Oglethorpe, Walton, Hancock, Spald- 
 ing, Fayette and Carroll counties. In 1880 the entire granite product of 
 the State for paving material was valued at $13,000, and the entire in- 
 dustry employed only thirteen hands. In 1896 the product in paving 
 material alone was worth more than $750,000, and gave employment 
 to one thousand hands. 
 
 Gneiss is quarried extensively in Carroll, Coweta, Meriwether and 
 Heard counties. Red sandstone is quarried near Graysville, in Catoosa 
 county. 
 
 The granite beds are found in what is known as Middle Georgia. 
 This is the most thickly settled section of the State. The line dividing- 
 it from South Georgia may be considered as running directly across 
 the State from Augusta to Columbus and passing at the head of naviga- 
 tion near Milledgeville and Macon. Much of the land is exceedingly 
 fertile, producing abundant crops of cotton and of com, or any of the 
 grains that can be raised in. any part of the United States. The various 
 grasses, too, afford abundant pasturage for horses and cattle. The creek 
 and river bottoms are exceedingly fertile, but, as they are liable to 
 overflow, these lands are generally devoted to corn, an exceedingly profit- 
 able crop in such localities, even though subject to occasional damage by 
 floods. 
 
 Even the so-called worn-out lands have, by judicious fertilizing, been 
 brought to a high state of productiveness. This region varies in alti- 
 tude from 180 to 500 and in some instances to 1,000 feet. There are 
 few elevations that are designated as mountains, and lands too steep for 
 the plow are seldom found over the greater part of this area. Pine 
 Mountain in Harris and Graves Mountain in Lincoln rise a few hun- 
 dred feet above the surrounding country. Atlanta stands upon the crest 
 of Chattahoochee Ridge at an altitude of 1,050 feet above the level of 
 the sea. Kennesaw Mountain in Cobb, with an altitude of 1,809 feet,, 
 and Stone Mountain in DeKalb, 1,686 feet above the sea, tower con- 
 ipicuously over the surrounding landscape. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 43 
 
 Southern Georgia, covering more than half of the State, extending 
 from the southern limit of Middle Georgia to Florida and the Atlantic 
 coast, ranges in altitude between 100 and 500 feet. About 3,000 
 square miles of the coastal region have an elevation of 100 feet or less 
 above tide. The productions of Southern Georgia are very much the 
 same as those of Middle Georgia. Throughout both these sections fruits 
 of many varieties abound. Pears grow well in every part of the State, 
 but best in ISTorthern and Middle Georgia. The apple succeeds well in 
 every portion of the State where the elevation is four or five hundred 
 feet, with a clay soil or subsoil. 
 
 It is in Georgia that the most luscious peaches are produced, those 
 having the richest flavor, the best varieties being found in Middle Geor- 
 gia and the elevated plateaus of the southwestern portion of the State. 
 In the same sections figs and pomegranates gi-ow admirably, needing no 
 protection in winter except in the upper part of the middle belt. Grapes 
 gi'ow well in every section, and there are some fine vineyards. It may 
 be remarked here that, while the founders of Georgia forbade the im- 
 portation of the stronger liquors, they did intend to make the colony a 
 wine^producing country. Olives succeed well on the coast. The pecan 
 and English walnut do well. Watermelons and cantaloupes are 
 celebrated for their quality. In fact, the Georgia watermelon has a 
 national reputation. In Thomas county, in the extreme southwestern 
 section of the State bordering on Florida, and with but one county (De- 
 catur) between it and the Alabama line, in addition to all the agricul- 
 tural productions of the temperate and semi-tropical zones, the apple, 
 pear, peach, plum, pomegranate, fig, quince, cherry ,grape, raspberry, 
 blackberry, strawberry, mulberry, orange, lemon and banana may be 
 seen, all growing in the same orchard. In. Camden county, in the ex- 
 treme southea'st, oranges flourish, and in the streets of St. Mary's the 
 trees may be seen laden in their season with golden finiit. Ben-ies of aU 
 kinds flourish in every section of Georgia. Groundpeas and chufas 
 abound, the former being extensively raised for home consumption and 
 the markets of Georgia and other States. Sugar-cane and sorghum are 
 also crops of great value. 
 
 No area of similar extent in the United States shoAvs greater variety 
 than Georgia, and no State east of the Kocky Mountains as great. In 
 its southern part tropical fruits and flowers grow and mature, while on the 
 high peaks of some of its mountains grow plants indigenous to the far 
 north. Many people suppose that latitude determines climate. But 
 other factors which also largely control must be taken into the count. 
 Of these factors rainfall, elevation and air currents exert probably the 
 
44 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 greatest influence. Of nine climate belts in the United States, eight are 
 represented in Georgia. Of these eight belts the lowest in mean annual 
 temperature is below 40 degrees, the highest between 70 and Y5. Thus 
 Georgia's four and one-half degrees of latutude show a variety of climate 
 equivalent to the average range of 15 degrees, according to the usual 
 estimate, which assigns two degrees difference in the thermometer for 
 one degree of latitude, and one degree of the thermometer to three hun- 
 dred feet of elevation. The climate of below forty degrees is found on 
 some of the mountain peaks known as ^Tbald" above the range of trees^ 
 where only shrubs appear, and on whose summit arctic insects are found. 
 Of course there is but a small part of this belt in Georgia. 
 
 MEAN A^-^UAL TEMPERATUEE. 
 
 On the sides of these mountains below the summit is a mean annual 
 temperature of between forty and forty-five degrees, corresponding with 
 upper New England and New York and the mountain region of Vir- 
 ginia. A larger climate zone between forty-five and fifty degrees cor- 
 responds with portions of New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio. The 
 zone between fifty-five and sixty degrees embraces a narrow strip run- 
 ning through ISTorth Carolina and Virginia up to isTew Jersey. The zone 
 between fifty-five and sixty contains an area two or three times as large 
 as all the preceding zones together, and passing through both Carolinaa 
 ends in Virginia. The zone between sixty and sixty-five degrees em- 
 braces nearly all of Middle Georgia, upper Alabama, Mississippi, Louis- 
 iana, Texas, West Tennessee and Arkansas, and extends into Virginia. 
 The mean annual temperature at some of the important stations in this 
 area are: Leo, 60.1; Eome, 61.9; Gainesville, 61.3; Atlanta, 61.4; Car- 
 rollton, 62; Oxford, 62.6; Athens, 63; Augusta, 64; LaGrange, 64.1; 
 Thomson, 64. Y. The climate of Southern Georgia corresponds -with that 
 of lower Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi and upper Florida, being chiefly 
 in the zone between sixty-five and seventy degrees of mean annual tem- 
 perature, this zone embracing the following stations: Macon, 66.1; 
 Swainsboro, 67; Cuthbert, 68.1; Americus, 68.2; Walthoursville, 67.6; 
 Brunswick, 68.7. Blackshear, 70.2, is the only station touching the 
 zone between seventy and seventy-five degi-ees. The climate of Atlanta 
 corresponds with that of Washington, St. Louis and Louisville, the win- 
 ters being warmer and the summers cooler. 
 
 For the whole State the July mean temperature is 81.8. The isother- 
 mal line of eighty degrees, July temperature, runs above Augusta and 
 Macon to West Point. Above this line, embracing nearly all of iSTorth 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 45, 
 
 and Middle Georgia, the July temperature is between seventy-five and 
 eighty degrees. Belovsr this line, embracing nearly all Southwest, East 
 and Southeast Georgia, the July temperature is between eighty and 
 eighty-five degrees. 
 
 The only climatic belt in the United States not found in Georgia is 
 that in the extreme south of Florida, with a mean annual temperature 
 of between seventy-five and eighty degrees. 
 
 Georgia's summers are, on an average, cooler than those of more 
 northerly sections, while the wintei-s, though seldom severe, are cold 
 enough to dissipate the germs, of disease. 
 
 The annual average rainfall of Georgia is 49.3 inches, the highest be- 
 ing at Rabun Gap, 71.7 inches, the lowest at Swainsboro, 39.4 inches. 
 The average for different sections of the State is: for Middle Georgia, 
 49.7 inches; ISTorthwest Georgia, 60.3 inches; East Georgia, 41.4 inches. 
 The summer rainfall for the State in inches averages 13.4; North Geor- 
 gia, 13.6; Southwest Georgia, 14.5. Of summer rainfalls the averages 
 in inches are: Brunswick, 16.6; Americus, 16; Eabun Gap, 15.4; At- 
 lanta, 10.8; Rome, 10.2. Atlanta's annual rainfall is 52.12 inches. 
 
 The average elevation above the sea of ISTorth Georgia is 1,700 feet; 
 of Middle Georgia, 750; of Southwest Georgia, 400; of East Georgia, 
 125; of Southeast Georgia, 100, giving an average for the State of 615 
 feet. Here is a difference between the extreme averages of 1,600 feet. 
 
 Snow seldom falls in Southern Georgia, and then rarely to a depth 
 of more than two inches, disappearing entirely in one or two days. There 
 are a few notable exceptions at intervals of several years near the line of 
 Middle Georgia, when it falls to a greater depth, and is followed by a 
 severe freeze. and has been known to stay on the ground for several daysr. 
 In Middle Georgia the fall of snow is slightly more frequent, while its 
 frequency and depth is greatly increased in the mountain region. 
 
 The climatic conditions in Georgia are favorable to man and 
 beast. There is no more salubrious climate than that of North Georgia. 
 It compares favorably with that of many sections famed throughout the 
 Union as summer resorts. In North and Middle Georgia summer and 
 autumn are the most delightful seasons of the year. Cool breezes gen- 
 erally temper the sun's rays in the heat of a summer day, and the 
 nights, especially near the mountains, are cool, refreshing, and invigorat- 
 ing. Nothing is more restful to the weary laborer, whether he be a 
 mechanic or a toiler in the fields of thought, than to lie down to slumber 
 unoppressed by the sultriness of a summer night. An evening cooled by 
 gentle zephyrs is a luxury, and such it is one's privilege to enjoy amid 
 the mountains of the northern section or the more elevated portions of 
 
46 
 
 GEORGIA: UISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Middle Georgia. Even in Southwest Georgia there are plateaus and 
 ridges with an elevation of from 300 to 500 feet above sea level, where 
 sjLimmer nights are refreshing and invigorating. Even in the lowlands 
 of the coastal region and the interior portions also, the heat is greatly 
 modified by the sea breezes which, coming from the Gulf and the At- 
 lantic, cool the summer evenings and nights. 
 
 In calculating the healthfulness of the State, the ratio of mortality of 
 the colored population ought to be excluded, since their mode of life, esr 
 pecially in the cities, is far from conducive to health, and their death- 
 rate is far in excess of that of the whites. 
 
 The following table shows the average number of deaths in every 
 1,000 of the population for the year 1890 in the States of Georgia, Cali- 
 fornia, Illinois, Kew York and Massachusetts: 
 
 NUMBEK OF DEATHS PER 1,000. 
 
 STATES 
 
 White 
 
 Colored 
 
 Total Average 
 Including 
 both Races 
 
 Georgia 
 
 10.08 
 1.3.42 
 13 99 
 17.03 
 19.48 
 
 15.50 
 14.34 
 18.43 
 16.25 
 23.57 
 
 18 24 
 
 
 13.88 
 
 lUinoii* 
 
 16.21 
 16 64 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 21.52 
 
 Hence it may be seen that Georgia's climate as compared with the 
 eastern, middle, western middle and extreme western is pleasant and 
 healthful. 
 
 The Coastal Eegion of Georgia abounds in large, deep and navigable 
 rivers, sounds and inlets, offering every facility for commerce and trade, 
 to which advantages should be added the splendid lines of railway that 
 connect the seaports, Savannah and Bnmswick, with the highly produc- 
 tive regions of the south, southwest and west. Savannah, though a city 
 of only 54,000 inhabitants, is seventh in the Union in the total value of 
 its exports, is the third cotton port in America and ranks first in the 
 world in lumber and naval stores. 
 
 "When John Yerrazzani, in the service of the king of France, visited 
 the Georgia coast in 1525, he was so charmed with its rivers that he 
 named them after the most noted streams of France. He called the St 
 Mary's the Seine; the Satilla, the Somne; the Altamaha, the Loire; the 
 Savannah, the Grande; St. Catherine's inlet, the Garonne; Ossabaw 
 Sound, the Gironde. 
 
 The islands that skirt the Georgia coast produce the famous sea-island 
 cotton. They, as well as the mainlands opposite, furnish great quantities 
 
^>EGEND 
 
 1^^ Below 56 
 
 Hi' 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND IXDUSTRIAL. 49 
 
 of rice, in the. production of wliicli Georgia comes after Louisiana and 
 South Carolina. Some of the largest plantations of this grain, which 
 furnishes such wholesome food to thousands of people, are situated on the 
 banks of the Ogeechee. The lumber business of Southern Georgia, espe- 
 cially of the southeastern section, is of great proportions and has added 
 much to the prosperity of the wire-grass section, if it has not been the 
 greatest factor in its recent rapid development. It has built thriving 
 towns and opened up new fields for commerce, increasing greatly the 
 value of the exports of Savannah and Brunswick, and giving to Darien 
 and St. Mary's their most valuable articles of trade. 
 
 Of all the forest trees of the State the long-leaf pine of Southern 
 Georgia, well known as the Georgia pine, holds at the present time the 
 chief place. It is the same as the Pinus palustris or australis, which 
 is to be found all along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts to a distance of 150 
 miles back from the sea, from the Potomac to the mouth of the Missis- 
 sippi, i^s^o tree in the temperate zone, and perhaps not in the whole world, 
 serves better the wants of mankind. From its roots to its slender, needle- 
 like leaves, every atom can be utilized. It has a long, slender trunk, 
 often rising to the height of seventy or a hundred feet without a curve 
 or a branch until near the top, where there appears a cluster of branches 
 bearing bunches of needles, long and evergreen, which decay and drop 
 out annually, one after another, and yet never enough at any time to 
 deprive the tree of its richly colored foliage. These pines form a con- 
 tinuous forest for a distance of 1,000 miles, unaffected by frost or heat, 
 growing densely on sandy soil or in the swamps. The ground imder 
 them, where it is not swampy, is covered with a carpet of decayed needles 
 of a reddish-brown color, slippery and elastic under the tread. The 
 pine mast or seed is a great food for hogs. The aromatic odor of the 
 pines is very helpful to asthmatic and consumptive patients. The tim- 
 ber which is cut from it is equally good for building, for cabinet work 
 and furniture, is susceptible of high polish, can be furnished in almost 
 any size and length, and can stand exposure to the weather. Some of it 
 has a curly grain, which, when polished, makes furniture beautiful and 
 greatly prized. The roots and bark have medicinial and chemical proper- 
 ties that have for years been utilized. From them the best of lamp- 
 black is made. From the bark comes the highest grades of charcoal. 
 The sawdust furnishes a heavy percentage of alcohol and creosote. The 
 sap, as it oozes from the tree, supplies a gum from which, when thrown 
 into a cauldron, boiled and distilled, there is obtained spirits of turpen- 
 tine, while the residue in the cauldron is resin, sometimes called rosin. 
 This resin is divided into different grades, the finest of which consists 
 
50 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 of amber-colored crystals, known as window-glass resin, used on violin 
 bows, for the manufacture of stained glass, and fine painters' materials. 
 North Carolina has long been famed for the production of tar, pitch, tur- 
 pentine and naval stores; but of late years Georgia has forged ahead of 
 her in these valuable articles of commerce. The short-leaf pine abounds 
 in Middle Georgia and the white pines in ISTorthwest Georgia. In. 
 Southeast Georgia is also found the live-oak, a valuable wood for ship- 
 building. 
 
 Another valuable wood, the cypress (Taxedium distichum), grows 
 along the margins of streams or in swamps with the sweet-gums and black 
 gums. It is found in the country traversed by the Central Eailroad 
 from Augusta and Macon toward Savannah, along the Southern Rail- 
 way from Macon southward and eastward, and in much of the interven- 
 ing country. This tree attains its largest dimensions in swamps near 
 the coast. Capable of standing exposure well, it shrinks and swells but 
 little when subject to alternations of temperature or of moisture and dry- 
 ness. These characteristics make its timber especially suitable for 
 shingles, doors, sashes and exterior trimming. 
 
 In Middle and Northern Georgia there is an abundant supply of 
 hardwood lumber for manufacturing railroad cars, wagons and agricul- 
 tural implements, besides a great variety suitable for manufacturing 
 furniture. Among these are oak, hickory, ash, walnut, cherry and 
 maple. In North Georgia there is found also the sugar-maple, the wood 
 of which is light brown and hard. From its sap can be made excellent 
 sugar and syrup. 
 
 The pine timber land, which a few years ago could be bought for 
 from 50 cents to $1.50 an acre, now brings from $4.00 to $8.00. Of 
 course the wealth brought into Georgia by the immense pine forests 
 through the trade in lumber and naval stores is of great present benefit 
 to our State. But will not the day come, when through the turpentine 
 ax and the saw these noble pines will disappear and be a, thing of the 
 past ? Most assuredly yes ! What then will be the fate of this section 
 of Georgia? The lands from which the forests have been cleared 
 will be opened up for farms and the staple crops, fruits and vege- 
 tables from the cultivated fields and carefully tended truck gardens will 
 find their way to the markets of the North, in which there is a rapidly 
 increased demand for the products of our Georgia farms and gardens. 
 Best of all they will pass through our own ports, bringing into them a 
 continuation of the profits now derived from the shipments of lumber 
 and naval stores. In addition to this the grasses will supply a natural 
 pasturage which, together with the fact that no shelter would be needed 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 51 
 
 in winter, will make this the choice section of the State for extensive 
 sheep farms. 
 
 Not even in Louisiana does the sugar-cane grow more luxuriantly, or 
 yield a greater amount of saccharine juice than throughout this same 
 sand piney belt. In Thomas county vineyards have been, and ai-e 
 very successful, and the best of wines have been made. Experiments at 
 "Waycross, in Ware county, show that the soils of that region are ad- 
 mirably adapted to the culture of fruits, figs and grapes. Watermelons 
 can be grown in any quantity and size. In the extreme southern tier of 
 counties oranges and bananas can be produced, and with the same care 
 should be made to do as well as in the neighboring counties of Florida. 
 
 Dr. Thomas P. Janes, in his handbook published in 1876, says: "I 
 have seen no section of Georgia in which the people seem to secure a 
 comfortable supply of food with less effort, and can see no reason why 
 the whole country may not be made equal, if not superior, to that section 
 of Prussia, where Frederick the Great founded the city of Berlin. There 
 is the greatest similarity in the soil and topogi-aphy of the two sections, 
 and should the tide of German immigration be turned hither, there 
 would soon be realized to them the comforts and pleasures of the Father- 
 land." From the Okefinokee Swamp, in the extreme southeast section, 
 thousands of tons of muck can be obtained which, with the aid of the 
 Satilla river marls, will convert the sandy and red clay lands in its 
 neighborhood into the most productive market-gardens. According to 
 an act passed by the legislature October 29, 1889, and approved by the 
 Governor, John B. Gordon, the Okefinokee Swamp was sold to certain 
 gentlemen incorporated as the Suwannee Canal Company, of which 
 Henry Jackson, of Atlanta, was elected president and A. E. Thornton, 
 vice-president of the Atlanta l^ational Bank, was. made vice-president. 
 Explorations made by the company have shown the swamp to be about 
 forty-five miles long, with an average width of about thirty miles. In it 
 are numerous islands covered with long-leaf yellow pine aloug the central 
 ridges, while on their hammock lands are found the red bay, white bay, 
 magnolia and white holly, known as Henderson wood. This last 
 named tree, when dry, is white like ivory, with a grain not perceptible, 
 and from it excellent piano keys are made. The red bay takes a beau- 
 tiful polish not much inferior to that of mahogany. The timber bays or 
 cypress brakes running north and south through the swamp, supply the 
 very best quality of black cypress, which will cut from 25,000 to 100,- 
 000 feet to the acre. One of the, islands, called Billy's Island, was once 
 the home of the Seminole chief, Billy Bowlegs. Okefinokee Swamp 
 abounds in fish and game of all kinds. On some of the islands are found 
 
r)2 GEORGIA: HISTORIC AL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 deer, bears, turkeys, woodcocks, partridges and snipe. Here also dwell 
 the otter, wild cat and panther. The waters of the swamp abound in 
 bream, perch and the large-mouthed black bass, the last being sometimes 
 called trout, which the fishermen, after the primitive Indian fashion, ob- 
 tain by shooting them with bow and arrow. The cypress brakes are 
 separated from each other by what are called prairies, though covered 
 with water to the depth of two or three feet, which innumerable water 
 lilies cause to resemble a field white with cotton. The water being 
 drained off leaves a muck eight feet deep, the great utility of which as a 
 fertilizer has already been mentioned. 
 
 The Georgia sugar-cane crop deserves special mention as one of our 
 most important wealth-producing factors. The striped or ribbon cane, 
 which is now so successfully grown in the southern section of our State 
 was in 1825 introduced from Savannah, Georgia, into Louisiana, which 
 State is now famous for its molasses and sugar industries. Throughout 
 Southern and Middle Georgia this is one of the best crops, and in some 
 localities is raised with profit even as high north as Whitfield county, in 
 the mountain regions. Mr. W. L. Peek of Conyers, a little north of the 
 central part of Middle Georgia, wrote to the Agricultural Department 
 in 1899 that he had made during that season 600 gallons of syrup to the 
 acre, while a letter from Rev. Luke Johnson of Dalton, Whitfield 
 county, reported 300 gallons to the acre from cane raised by him. But 
 in the southern counties are obtained the best results, and Cairo, in 
 Thomas county and Quitman, in Brooks, are perhaps the greatest ship- 
 ping points for Georgia cane syrup, the rival in our southern markets 
 of the best New Orleans brands and of the famed maple-syrup of the 
 North. 
 
 Sorghum syrup, produced from what is called Chinese sugar-cane, is 
 also a great favorite with many of our planters, especially for their negro 
 laborers, by whom it is preferred to almost any other kind. 
 
 As a wheat-growing State Georgia is making a record of which her 
 people may well be proud. Mr. J. M. McCandless, State Chemist, after 
 a careful analysis of nineteen Georgia samples, has shown that Georgia 
 farmers can raise as fine wheat as is grown anywhere. The attention 
 that is being given to all the small grain crops is an encouraging sign 
 of the progress being made in diversified farming. 
 
 But the greatest wealth-producing factor in Georgia when the farm- 
 ers first raise their own supplies, and make it their surplus crop, is King 
 Cotton, the fleecy staple, which all the world wants and must have. In 
 1897-98 and again in 1898-99, Georgia produced 1,500,000 bales, an 
 over-production, and to do this neglected to give to other crops their 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 53 
 
 proper attention. The price of cotton, which, steadily decreasing for the 
 past two decades, had reached the low figures of four and one-half cents 
 a pound, compelled them now to a change of policy, which had long 
 been urged by the press of the State, notably the Macon Telegraph, the 
 Atlanta dailies, the Constitution and Journal, the Augusta Chronicle, 
 the Savannah Morning News, the Columbus Enquirer, and many other 
 papers of Georgia, and to the adoption of which the Agricultural De- 
 partment had bent its every effort. Raising first the food crop, they 
 planted cotton in a less, and yet sufficiently large quantity, and the re- 
 sulting high prices brought renewed hope and prosperity to all classes of 
 our people. 
 
 Here it may be not inappropriate to say that the traveler from the 
 !North and West passing through the State should not judge Georgia 
 from the ordinary farm scene, viewed from the window of a moving 
 train. 
 
 Our railroads generally run along the ridges where the land is poorest, 
 the best lands being away from the great highways of travel. The 
 negro laborer, generally a prominent figure in the scene, is a thriftless 
 sort of farmer who knows only how to plow and hoe, but who, under the 
 intelligent eye of the white man, makes the best of laborers. 
 
 A sight of some of the farms where improved methods have been 
 practiced shows conclusively that there is no better country in which to 
 seek for homes, where not merely a comfortable living amid pleasant 
 surroundings can be had, but where, under the skillful hand of the 
 white man, competency and wealth may be acquired. 
 
 The water-powers of Georgia are immense, and are estimated at 
 550,000 horse-power, of which less than 50,000 have been utilized. 
 
 The school and church privileges of Georgia are treated in full in the 
 chapters on "Education" and "Religious Denominations." 
 
 In the State of Georgia there were in 1890 440,459 sheep with a wool 
 clip of 841,141 pounds; 873,926 cattle, of which 49,108 were working 
 oxen and 287,717 were milch cows. Of the cows 3,931 were pure bred 
 and 28,148 were graded as one half blood or higher. There were pro- 
 duced 53,234,508 gallons of milk, 14,483,323 pounds of butter and 
 12,833 pounds of cheese. 
 
 There were also 103,501 horses, 156,860 mules, 517 donkeys, 1,396,- 
 362 swine, 7,357,934 chickens, 148,797 turkeys, 291,676 geese, and 
 105,537 ducks. There was a production of 11,522,788 dozens of eggs, 
 and 1,757,758 pounds of honey. 
 
 The annual report of the Bureau of Animal Industry for 1899, pub- 
 lished by the United States Department of Agriculture, gives the number 
 
54 
 
 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 of sheep in Georgia as 294,826, valued at $518,893, yielding 1,218,612 
 pounds of wool, washed and unwashed, and V31,167 pounds of scoured 
 wool. The Year Book published by the same department for 1900 places 
 the number of sheep in Georgia at 271,534, yielding 1,086,136 pounds 
 of wool, washed and unwashed, and 651,682 pounds of scoured wool. 
 This indicates a steady decrease in the sheep and wool industry of Geor- 
 gia. Are our farmers going to let this state of affairs continue, and 
 allow an industry which, under proper conditions, would be a great 
 source of wealth to our State to go to ruin for the lack of such laws 
 as will give the sheep proper protection ? 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. 
 
 In the steady growth of industrial development that is taking place 
 along various lines in Georgia, the mineral resources of the State are 
 not being neglected, and the subject of economic geology and mineral- 
 ology is claiming each year a larger share of attention. Through the 
 active and systematic work, both of private individuals and of the State 
 Geological Department, thoughtful men are realizing more and more 
 that this phase of the State's material development is only in its child- 
 hood, and that a most promising field here awaits the trained worker and 
 the capitalist. 
 
 A brief outline is here given of the general geologic features of the 
 State, together with a short account of some of the most valuable mineral 
 deposits, building-stones, water-powers, etc. 
 
 By reference to the accompanying map it will be seen that the State 
 is divided geologically into three main divisions: 1st. The Paleozoic 
 area in the northwest, embracing the counties of Dade, Walker, Catoosa, 
 Whitfield, Chattooga, Eloyd and the greater parts of Murray, Gordon, 
 Bartow and Polk ; 2d. The Crystalline area, including all that portion of 
 the State north of a line through Columb us, Maco n, Milledgeville and 
 Augusta and not embraced in the Paleozoic area; 3d. The Coastal 
 Plain area, beginning at the line above described and taking in all the 
 southern portion of the State. 
 
 In the Paleozoic area Cambrian, Silurian, D.evonian and Carbonifer- 
 ous formations are represented. The rocks are principally shales, sand 
 stones, limestones, quartzites and cherts. 
 
 The general surface configuration presents a region of parallel valleys 
 and mountain ridges, the bulk of the area forming a portion of the great 
 Appalachian valley. 
 
 In this area are valuable deposits of coal and ores of aluminum and 
 manganese. The roofing-slate of the State is found here, and all the 
 iron deposits that have been so far worked are in this area. 
 
 The Crystalline area is composed of granites, schists and gneisses, with 
 intruded basic eruptives of later age. The rocks of this area are of 
 
 (55) 
 
56 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 great age, but their exact position in the geological time scale has not 
 yet been definitely decided upon. 
 
 The Blue Ridge Mountains, the easternmost of the Southern Appa- 
 lachians, traverse this region in a northeast southwest direction. From 
 the southern foothills of this range the land surface slopes gradually sea- 
 ward to its junction with the Coastal Plain. This portion of the area 
 is kno^vn as the Piedmont Plain. Atlanta, situated in the upper part of 
 this belt, is 1,050 feet above sea level. 
 
 Conspicuous among the minerals of commercial importance in the 
 Crystalline area are gold, corundum and asbestos. 
 
 The best building-stones in the State are also in this region and near 
 the contact between it and the Paleozoic. 
 
 The Coastal Plain is much younger, geologically, than either of the 
 other two areas and is very different from the adjoining crystalline area, 
 both in the character of the rocks and the surface configuration. The 
 great mass of the strata is of Eocene and Miocene age, overlaid by the 
 Lafayette and Columbia formations. In the northwest comer a con- 
 siderable area of underlying Cretaceous rocks have been exposed through 
 the removal by erosion of the latter formations. These rocks have their 
 greatest width at the western end of the belt, but according to Dr. Geo. 
 E. Ladd, they can be traced clean across the State into South Carolina. 
 
 The rocks of the coastal plain consist of loosely consolidated sands and 
 gravels, with clays, marls and limestones. In passing from the harder 
 formations of the Crystalline area to these much softer rocks, all of the 
 rivers form falls or cascades. The line marking the junction of the 
 costal plain with the Crystalline area is hence called the "fall line." 
 Up to this line all of the larger streams, flowing through the flat, low 
 lying coastal plain, are navigable. The faU line, forming the head of 
 navigation and affording important water-powers on the streams, deter- 
 mined the location of a number of important towns — Columbus, Macon 
 and Augusta. 
 
 In the coastal plain are found the finest clays of the State and valu- 
 able beds of marl. 
 
 GOLD. 
 
 Gold is known to have been found in Georgia in 1829 on Duke's creek 
 in White county, that part of the county where the discovery was made, 
 being at that time a part of Habersham county. It is also claimed that 
 it was found a year prior to this in Lumpkin county. By the year 1830 
 the "gold fever" had fully developed in Georgia. In 1831 $212,000 
 was sent from Georgia to the United States Mint, and in 1838 the United 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 59 
 
 State government established a branch mint at Dahlonega, which contin- 
 ued in operation till the civil war in 1861. The greatest output of any- 
 one year during these twenty-four years was in 1843, when over a half 
 million dollars were coined. 
 
 The State Geological Survey estimates in Bulletin ]!To. 4 — A, that the 
 total production of gold in the State, from its earliest discovery till 1896, 
 was $16,228,730. Statistics from the Director of the mint show a total 
 coining value of $546,006 for the gold received from Georgia during the 
 four years following 1895. 
 
 The gold deposits of Georgia form one of the main belts of the gold 
 fields of the Southern Appalachians. Two auriferous areas, as defined 
 in Bulletin ISTo. 4 — A of the State Geological Survey, are to be traced on 
 the southeast side of the Blue Ridge running in a northeast-southwest 
 direction, closely parallel with the main axis of the mountain range. 
 The northernmost and largest of these two belts is the Dahlonega belt. 
 It has a length of about 150 miles with a width varying from one to 
 five miles. 
 
 Beginning with Rabun county it runs southwest through Habersham, 
 "White, Lumpkin, Dawson, the northwest comer of Forsyth, Cherokee, 
 the northwest comer of Cobb, the southeast comer of Bartow, Paulding 
 and Haralson counties. 
 
 The other belt, called the Hall county belt, traverses the counties of 
 Rabun, Habersham, Hall, Gwinnett, Forsyth, :Milton, DeKalb and Ful- 
 ton. 
 
 A third belt traverses Cobb, Paulding and Carroll counties. 
 A fourth belt may be traced through Lincoln, Columbia, McDuflfie 
 and Warren coimties, in the southeast portion of the Crystalline area. 
 The Dahlonega belt is the largest and most important of all these belts. 
 Besides these well-defined areas many irregularly located deposits may 
 be mentioned occurring in Towns, Union, Gilmer, Fannin and Meri- 
 wether counties. 
 
 Gold is to be found in Georgia under three conditions: 1st. As water- 
 -^vom pebbles and fine grains in the beds of the streams traversing the 
 auriferous regions. 
 
 2d. In veins or leads, the gold-bearing quartz generally occurring 
 in lenticular masses or stringers, designated by Mr. G. F. Becker of the 
 United States Geological Survey, "stringer leads." Small cross fissure 
 veins often occur at right angles to the principal leads, and the wall 
 rocks are frequently impregnated with gold to a considerable distance. 
 Beneath the influence of atmospheric weathering these leads yield the 
 
go GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 so-called "refractory" ores, requiring expensive treatment for the pro- 
 duction of the gold. 
 
 3d. In decomposed wall-rock and included vein material. The de- 
 composition in situ of the wall-rock, which is genierally a gneiss or schist, 
 varies in depth at different localities, sometimes amounting to as much 
 as a himdred feet. For this rotten material Mr. Becker has proposed the 
 teiTQ "saprolite." 
 
 The richer placer mines in Georgia have long since been exhausted, 
 though dredging operations are at present being successfully conducted 
 on some of the rivers in the Dahlonega belt. 
 
 In Lumpkin county the working of the saprolites constitutes the prin- 
 cipal mining operations now being carried on. 
 
 The material is washed out of its bed by directing against it a stream 
 of water under high pressure from a hydraulic giant, and is conducted 
 away in flumes or sluice-boxes, the ore and fragment of partially de- 
 composed wall-rock being carried to the stamp mill where it is to be 
 crushed, while the free gold is caught in the riffles with which the flumes 
 are lined and collected with mercury. 
 
 Deep mining has been developed as yet to only a limited extent in 
 Georgia. A good example of this kind of mining is to be found in the 
 Creighton, formerly known as the Franklin mine, in Cherokee county. 
 Here the undecomposed sulphides have been taken out for a depth of 
 several hundred feet, by sinking shafts and driving drifts at one hundred- 
 foot levels. The chlorination process is employed in the extraction of the 
 gold. This and the Koyal mine, in Haralson county, serve as an index 
 to what may be accomplished in the future with the sulphuret ores. 
 
 Activity in mining matters has been very marked in the region of Dah- 
 lonega for the past two years, and large sums have been invested. 
 
 The following quotations may be taken as a summary in regard to the 
 economical features of gold mining in Georgia: 
 
 The first is from a paper on the gold deposits of Georgia, read by 
 Mr. S. W. McCallie, Assistant State Geologist, before the International 
 Gold Mining Convention, held at Denver, Colorado, July 8, 1897. 
 
 "The future of the gold mining industry of the State depends, to a 
 great extent, on the economic treatment of low-grade ores which are 
 known to exist in large quantities." 
 
 The other is from Prof. W. S. Yeates, State Geologist, who, in the 
 concluding chapter of Bulletin No. 4 — A, of the State Survey, on a part 
 of the gold deposits of the State, says: "I do not believe that the Georgia 
 gold mines may be expected to produce bonanzas; and the fortunes to 
 be made in a day will be exceedingly rare; but there is every reason to 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 61 
 
 believe, that when properly developed and equipped for extensive opera- 
 tions, the gold deposits of Georgia -will rank among the best dividend 
 producers of the world." 
 
 Among some of the well-known mines in the State may be mentioned 
 the Barlow, Tinley and Hand mines in Lumpkin county, the Creighton 
 mine in Cherokee county, the Loud mine and the Yonah Gold mines in 
 White county, and the Eoyal mine in Haralson county. 
 
 SILVER. 
 
 Ore« of silver in any quantity have never been found in Georgia. As 
 a by-product in the refining of the gold sent by the State to the United 
 States Mint, silver to the coining value of from six to seven hundred dol- 
 lars is derived annually. - 
 
 lEOlN". 
 
 The iron ores of Georgia furnish one of the most valuable of the vari- 
 ous mineral products of the State. 
 
 All the ore so far mined has been taken from the Paleozoic area, 
 though deposits of limonite (brown iron ore) that would warrant heinix 
 developed are to be found in several localities in the Crystalline area, 
 and magnetite also occm-s in this area; but whether in workable quanti- 
 ties or not has not yet been determined. 
 
 The ores of the Paleozoic area consist of the brown iron ores or limon- 
 it-e, and the red ores, or hematite. 
 
 The brown ores furnish the bulk of the material taken out and are 
 mined at present in Bartow, Polk and Floyd counties. 
 
 Mr. S. W. McCallie, Assistant State Geologist, in an article written 
 for the Engineering and Mining Journal, has described in outline the 
 occurrence and character of these ores. According to liim, the most abund- 
 ant deposits occur in pockets, or irregular deposits, in residual clays that 
 have resulted from the weathering of an extensive magnesian limestone 
 formation of Lower Silurian age, known aa the Knox Dolomite. From a 
 number of analyses he concludes that the ore will yield from forty-eight 
 to fifty per cent, of metallic iron. 
 
 Other deposits of less extent occur in Cambrian and Carboniferous for- 
 mations. 
 
 Most of the limonite of this region is not pure limonite but is the 
 hydrous sesquioxide of iron, having a greater or less per cent, of the 
 anhydrous oxide or hematite mixed with it, giving the typical "brovni 
 ore" of commerce. 
 
62 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 The red iron ore is mined in "Walker and Chattooga counties. It is a 
 fossiliferoiis hematite usually correlated with the Clinton beds of New 
 York. Below the influence of atmospheric weathering the ore carries 
 a considerable percentage of lime. 
 
 According to statistics kindly furnished by Dr. David T. Day of the 
 United States Geological Survey, the output of iron ores in Georgia for 
 1899 was 236,748 long tons, valued at $235,343. 
 
 A few blast furnaces are in operation in the iron-mining region, but 
 the greater part of the ore mined is shipped to other States. 
 
 OCHER 
 
 Yellow ocher, an earthy foiTQ of hydrated iron oxide, used in the 
 manufacture of paints and pigments, and linoleum, occurs in Bartow 
 county. The ocher of these deposits is of good quality and is favorably 
 known to the trade. The following is an analysis of a sample by Mr. 
 K P. Pratt: 
 
 Hygroscopic moisture 60 
 
 AVater of combination 9.31 
 
 Free silica (sand) 7 . 10 
 
 Silica as silicates 6.51 
 
 Alumina 8.86 
 
 Iron peroxide 66.82 
 
 99.20 
 
 The production of mineral paints in Georgia in 1899, as shown by 
 figures furnished by Dr. Day, was 3,212 short tons, valued at $39,505. 
 
 Mr. J. J. Calhoun of Cartersville, Ga., informs us that the shipment 
 of yellow ocher from Bartow county from August 1, 1899, to August 1, 
 1900, was 4,500 tons. 
 
 MANGANESE. 
 
 The oxide of manganese constitutes another of the more valuable min- 
 eral products of the State. Manganese ore of fine quality occurs in Bar- 
 tow and Floyd counties, where it is extensively mined. There are also 
 deposits of less extent in other coimties in the Paleozoic area. Man- 
 ganese is used for a number of purposes in the industrial arts and 
 sciences, especially in the manufacture of steel and in the preparation of 
 chlorine gas. 
 
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 LEGEND 
 
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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 63 
 
 The production of manganese in Georgia has fluctuated greatly dur- 
 ing different periods. In 1898, as shown by the twentieth annual report 
 of the United States Geological Survey, Georgia led all the States in the 
 production of manganese, the output being 6,689 long tons, valued at 
 $6.21 per ton. In 1887 the output reached a little over nine thousand 
 tons. 
 
 In 1899 the total amount as sho^vn by the figures furnished by Dr. 
 David T. Day, was 3,089 long tons, valued at $23,377. 
 
 BAUXITE. 
 
 Extensive deposits of this mineral occur in the Coosa valley of the 
 Paleozoic area. The largest deposits are in Floyd and Bartow counties, 
 but its occun-ence is also to be noted in Polk, Walker and Chattooga 
 counties. 
 
 Bauxite is a hydrate of the metal aluminum, and is the principal 
 source of the aluminum of commerce. It is also largely used in the 
 manufacture of alum. It occurs in commercial quantities in only three 
 other localities besides Georgia in the United States: in Alabama, 
 where the deposits are a continuation of those in Georgia, in Arkansas 
 and in New Mexico, to a limited extent. 
 
 In Georgia the ore occurs in pockets or distinctly defined bodies, and 
 can generally be extracted with pick and shovel without resorting to 
 blasting. The bulk of .the ore is very pure and is worth from $3.50 to 
 $4.50 per ton at the mines. The production has varied considerably dur- 
 ing different years. The production in the United States is at present 
 confined to Georgia and Alabama. In 1897, as shown by the United 
 States Geological Survey Eeport, the output from the two States was 
 20,590 long tons, valued at $57,652. Of this, 7,507 tons were from 
 Georgia. 
 
 COKUI^DUM. 
 
 Corundum occurs in a nimiber of counties in the Crystalline area and 
 may be ranked as one of the important mineral products of Georgia. 
 
 Corundum, used in its broadest sense, is a term for all native occurring 
 oxide of aluminum, including the precious stones, ruby, and sapphire. 
 In a more restricted sense, it is used for all the non-transparent varieties 
 of dark or dull color. 
 
 Emery is a black or grayish-black, granular conmdum having some 
 iron oxide, either hematite or magnetite, intimately mixed with it. 
 
(54 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Corundum, using the term in its more restricted sense, like bauxite, 
 occurs in commercial quantities in the United States in a limited num- 
 ber of localities. The other States producing it besides Georgia are 
 ISTorth Carolina, Pennsylvania, New York and Massachusetts. The Geor- 
 gia deposits occur in a belt of considerable width running in a parallel 
 direction with the main axis of the Blue Ridge mountains on their south- 
 east side. Some occurrences are to be noted, however, in Towns and 
 Union counties on the other side. The belt runs from Eabun and Towns 
 southwesterly to Carroll and Heard counties. The most important de- 
 posits are in the northeast end of the belt in Rabun, Towns, Union and 
 Habersham counties. 
 
 According to Mr. Francis P. King, formerly Assistant State Geologist, 
 the deposits occur in veins intersecting basic magnesian rocks of which 
 peridotite may be taken as a type. These basic magnesian rocks form 
 igneous intrusions in the prevailing gneiss and schists that maks up the 
 country rock. 
 
 In Bulletin ISTo. 2 of the State Geological Survey, page 74, Mr. King 
 says : "A matter of note is the constant presence of hornblende gneiss, 
 either on one side or the other, of these formations. Such being the 
 case, and since these gneissic-hornblende formations, varying from fifty 
 to three hundred feet and more in width, are continuous for miles across 
 the country, they act as an excellent guide in a search for the corundum- 
 bearing formations. Gneiss or mica-schist seems always to surround the 
 peridotites, or "chrysolite formations," as they are commonly called, the 
 hornblende gneiss apparently never coming in close contact with the per- 
 idotites." . ' .'■vl?^ 
 
 The largest mine in the State, and one of the noted ones of the United 
 States, is the Laurel Creek Mine in Rabun county near the Carolina line. 
 
 Comudum is the hardest of all naturally occurring substances, the dia- 
 mond excepted, and its extensive use as an abrasive was the natural 
 sequence to its discovery and a knowledge of its physical properties. 
 
 PYRITE 
 
 Pyrite, the naturally occurring sulphide of iron, is widely distributed 
 in small quantities throughout the northern part of the State, but so far 
 it has not been found in sufficiently concentrated deposits to warrant 
 mining operations, except in a few localities. 
 
 Pyrite is extensively used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid, and 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. g5 
 
 where deposits occur not too remote from transportation facilitiee, they 
 are well worthy of attention. 
 
 The best prospects for this mineral seem to be in Lumpkin county. 
 
 COPPER 
 
 Copper ores occur in Murray and Fannin counties as a continuation 
 of the Tennessee deposits, and mining operations are carried on to a 
 limited extent in the upper part of these counties, 
 
 GEAPHITE. 
 
 Graphite occurs in a number of localities in the northern part of the 
 State, but whether in quantites of a quality that would repay system- 
 atic development is not known. 
 
 Graphitic schists have been mined in considerable quantities near 
 Emerson, Ga., for use in the manufacture of fertilizers. 
 
 ASBESTOS. 
 
 Asbestos occurs at a number of localities in the Crystalline area. 
 Georgia and California are the only States in the Union in which it is 
 mined, the most of the asbestos used in this country being imported from 
 Canada, 
 
 Asbestos finds various uses in the industrial arts where a heat-resisting 
 substance is needed, as in the manufacture of fire-proof safes and other 
 articles liable to be subjected to high temperature. Being a good non-con- 
 ductor it is also extensively used for wrapping pipes in steam-heating, etc. 
 
 The asbestos found in Georgia is a fibrous variety of the common 
 mineral hornblende, and is the true asbestos of mineralogists. The 
 Canada asbestos is a fibrous form of the mineral serpentine called chryso 
 lite. 
 
 Figures furnished by Dr. Day show six hundred and fifty short tons 
 to have been mined in Georgia during 1899, valued at $10,500. The 
 most extensive mine in the State is located at Sail's mountain in White 
 county. Mines have also been opened up in Kabun, Meriwether and 
 other counties. 
 
 TALC. ' 
 
 Talc occurs in a number of counties in the northern part of the State, 
 the principal deposits occurring in the contact region of the Paleozoic 
 and Crystalline areas. 
 
66 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Mining operations have been carried on from time to time in Murrajy, 
 Fannin and Cherokee counties. 
 
 Soapstone is a compact massive variety of talc. This mineral is used 
 as a lining in stoves and furnaces and for other similar purposes. Talc 
 ground to a powder is used as a lubricator, and the finer varieties can her 
 used for crayons and various purposes. 
 
 MICA. 
 
 Mica occurs widely distributed over the Crystalline area, but little has 
 been done as yet towards the development of the mica industry in Geor- 
 gia, although deposits have been worked in Union and Fannin counties. 
 
 The marketable value of mica depends on the size of the cleavage 
 sheets that it will yield and their freedom from flaws and discoloration. 
 The usual occurrence of mica is in pegmatitic dikes or veins, of which it 
 forms one of the constituent minerals along with quartz and feldspar. 
 
 BAEITE. 
 
 Barite, or heavy spar, the sulphate of barium, occurs in the Paleozoic 
 area in Bartow county, where it has been mined for a number of years. 
 Its chief use is in the manufacture of paint as a substitute for white 
 lead. 
 
 PKECIOUS STONES. 
 
 Amethysts of good quality are found in Rabun county. A few dia- 
 monds have" been found in Hall county. Eubies and sapphires of small 
 size have been obtained in limited numbers in connection with corundum 
 mining, and some green beryl suitable for cutting has been found in the 
 northeast part of the Crystalline area. Some good moonstones have been 
 cut from feldspar from Upson county. 
 
 COAL. 
 
 The coal fields of Georgia are in Dade and "Walker counties in the 
 Paleozoic area and are a part of the "Warrior coal field of Alabama. The 
 following figures taken from the twentieth report of the United States 
 Geological Survey, giving the output in short tons from 1890 to 1898 
 will give an idea of the extent of the industry. 
 
 1890 228,337 1895 200,998 
 
 1891 171,000 189i; 238,546 
 
 1892 215,498 1897 195,869 
 
 1893 372,740 189b; 244,187 
 
 1894 354,111 
 
.tj. 
 
OEOROIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 69 
 
 Statistics furnished bj Dr. Day show an output of 233,111 short tons 
 in 1899, valued at $233,344. A good per cent, of the coal mined in 
 Greorgia is converted into coke. 
 
 CLAYS. 
 
 Throughout that portion of the State north of the fall line (a line from 
 Columbus through Macon to Augusta) clays occur in situ, derived from 
 the feldspathic constituents of the country rocks. At numerous localities 
 these clays are suitable for the manufacture of common brick and the 
 coarser grades of earthenware. 
 
 Immediately below the fall line and extending in a narrow belt across 
 the State are to be found, in addition to the clays suitable for the pur- 
 poses mentioned above, extensive deposits of what is technically termed 
 "fire clay." This term is used for a clay of comparative purity which 
 subjected to heat fuses at relatively high temperatures, and can be used 
 in the manufacture of burnt products, such as porcelain, enameled brick, 
 china wares, sewer pipes, terra-cotta, etc. 
 
 Dr. Geo. E. Ladd, from his work in the clay area, the results of which 
 are set forth in Bulletin ISTo. 6 — A of the State Geological Survey, con- 
 cludes that these clay deposits were formed at a period when the sea- 
 shore approximately coincided with the fall line previously described; 
 the clay beds accumulating in lagoons and quiet off-shore stretches. 
 
 The most important deposits occur in the lowest formation of the 
 Cretaceous beds, known as the Potomac group. 
 
 Extensive plants for the manufacture of sewer pipes, terra-cotta 
 articles, etc., are located at several points in the clay belt. 
 
 Pure white clay, free fro^^^jrit, is largely used in the manufacture 
 of wall-paper, and much of tb^Bfcririn -lay is suitable for this purpose. 
 
 The twentieth United States G^ . ' Survey Keport shows that 
 articles to the value of $834,908 were u.. .nufactured from Georgia clay 
 in 1898, exclusive of pottery. 
 
 MARLS AND PHOSPHATES. 
 
 ISTumerous beds of marl occur in the counties forming the lower part 
 of the State, and can be used to advantage^ for marling adjacent lands. 
 
 Mr. McCallie, Assistant State Geologist, in his report on the Phosphates 
 and Marls of Georgia (Bulletin No. 5 — A), in referring to the marls of 
 New Jersey, says: "The marls in South Georgia are found in many in- 
 stances to equal in plant-food those of New Jersey; and if abundantly 
 
70 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 and judiciously used, there appears to be no reason why they might not 
 produce a similar effect on the fertility of the soil." 
 
 Deposits of phosphate have been found and mined to a limited extent 
 in Thomas county. 
 
 LIMESTONE. 
 
 Limestone beds of good quality, both for calcimining and for building 
 purposes, are found in the Paleozoic area. Lime for local consumption 
 has also been made for years from a narrow belt of limestone in Hall and 
 Habersham counties, in the Crystalline area. 
 
 Limestone suitable for calcimining is also to be found at different 
 localities in the coastal plain region. 
 
 Figures from the L^nited States Geological Sui^ey Report show the 
 production of lime in Georgia in 1898 to have amounted to $57,803. 
 This indicated an increase of $25,803 over that in 1897, and of $28,722 
 over the production for 1896. 
 
 Hydraulic cement rock is also found in the Paleozoic area. A good 
 cement is obtained from beds in Bartow county. The production of 
 cement in Georgia in 1898, as given by the United States Geological 
 Survey Report, was valued at $13,500, 
 
 ROOFmG-SLATE AND STONES FOR BUILDING, INTERIOR 
 DECORATIVE "WORK AND MONUMENTAL PURPOSES. 
 
 SLATE. 
 
 Roofing-slate of good quality is quarried at Rockmart in Polk county. 
 
 In the twentieth report of the United States Geological Survey, the 
 production in Georgia for 1898 is put at 3,450 squares, valued at 
 $13,125. -■■••r^^ 
 
 Figures received from Dr. Day show the value of the output for 1899 
 to have amounted to $7,500. 
 
 MARBLE. 
 
 The marbles of Georgia occur in a narrow belt about sixty miles long 
 in the contact region of the Paleozoic and Crystalline areas. The belt 
 traverses Fannin, Gilmer, Pickens and Cherokee counties. The most 
 important quarries are in Pickens county. 
 
 For a number of years the marble industry in Georgia has steadily 
 grown in importance, and at the present time Georgia marble is recog- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 71 
 
 nized all over the Umon as one of the most superior stones for building 
 and decorative work that can be purchased. 
 
 The following figures giving the production from 1890 to 1899, from 
 the United States Geological Survey Report, and those for 1899 fur- 
 nished by Dr. Day, show the importance of the industry: 
 
 1890 $196,250 1895 $689,229 
 
 1891 275,000 1896 617,380 
 
 1892 280,000 1897 598,076 
 
 1893 261,666 1898 656,808 
 
 1894 724,385 1899 742,554 
 
 Many handsome structures have been built in various parts of the 
 country of Georgia marble and testify to its beauty and popularity as a 
 building-stone. 
 
 Among others may be mentioned the State capitol of Rhode Island 
 and tlie Corcoran Art Gallery at Washington. 
 
 GRANITE. 
 
 Granites of good quality occur in immense quantities in a number of 
 localities in the Crystalline area. Large amounts are quarried annually 
 for building, street-paving and monumental work. 
 
 Stone Mountain, in DeKalb county, is an immense mass of granite 
 about six hundred and fifty feet high, and having a circumference at the 
 base of something like seven miles. Extensive quarrying operations have 
 been carried on at this mountain for years. 
 
 Among others, a belt of blue granite, designated by Dr. Thos. L. 
 Watson, Assistant State Geologist, as the Lexington-Oglesby blue gran- 
 ite belt, traverses Oglethorpe and Elbert counties and furnishes most 
 superior stone for decorative and monumental work. 
 
 Dr. Watson, who is just completing an extensive report for the State 
 Geological Survey on the granites of Georgia, is authority for the state- 
 ment, that, "there is in the State an abundance of granite suitable for 
 the various purposes to which the stone is put, of a quality unexcelled 
 anjw-here." 
 
 From figures received from Dr. Day it is seen that the granite output 
 of the State in 1899 was valued at $411,344. 
 
 GKEISS. 
 
 At Lithonia, Georgia, large quantities of contorted gneiss are quar- 
 ried. There is a number of localities in the Crystalline area where 
 gneiss can be had, suitable for curbing and paving stones. 
 
72 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND IXDUSTRIAL. 
 
 SAKDSTONE. 
 
 Sandstones suited for building work are to be found in several counties 
 in the Paleozoic area. A very fine, brown sandstone is quarried in Ca- 
 toosa county. 
 
 An. interesting exhibit of sample cubes of the various building-stones 
 of the State has been arranged bj State Geologist Yeates, and is kept 
 on exhibition in the museum at the State capitol. 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS, ARTESIAN WELLS AND 
 WATER-POWERS. 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 A number of mineral springs of note are to be found in the Paleozoic 
 and Crystalline areas. Among those of medicinal value may be men- 
 tioned, chalybeate, sulphurous and lithia waters. 
 
 The twentieth United States Geological Survey Report shows an out- 
 put of 197,100 gallons of mineral waters in Georgia in 1898, valued at 
 $39,230. 
 
 ARTESIAN WELLS. 
 
 The artesian wells of Georgia are confined to the coastal plain region. 
 
 Mr. S. W. McCallie, in Bulletin No. 7 of the State Geological Survey, 
 in the concluding chapter of his report on the artesian wells, says: 
 "While there is much yet to be learned about the imderground water 
 system of the coastal plain, there is, nevertheless, sufficient kno^^Ti already 
 to warrant the statement, that almost this entire portion of the State is 
 underlaid by pervious beds, which will furnish large quantities of pure, 
 wholesome water when pierced by the drill. It is not to be inferred 
 by this statement, however, that these water-bearing -beds will furnish 
 flowing wells. On the contrary, the flomng wells will be found to be 
 limited to certain areas not yet fully defined." 
 
 It is further shown by Mr. McCallie's report that the average depth 
 of the wells already bored is about 450 feet, and that the various strata 
 penetrated consist of soft limestones, clays and sands, so that the wells 
 can be had for a comparatively small outlay of money. 
 
 The marked sanitary advantages that have resulted to many towns 
 in Southern Georgia through the supply of pure, wholesome drinking 
 water, obtained from artesian wells, hardly requires comment. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 73 
 
 WATER-POWERS. 
 
 The streams of Georgia furnish water-powers at numerous localities, 
 varying in amount of power all the way from that furnished by the small 
 cascade that runs the farmer's individual mill to that of the great shoals 
 and falls, amounting to from 20,000 to 30,000 horse-power. 
 
 The drainage system of the State comprises nine basins, as follows: 
 ]st. The Tennessee basin, drained by tributaries of the Tennessee river. 
 2d. The Mobile basin, draining into the Gulf of Mexico by the Coosa 
 and Tallapoosa rivers. 3d. Apalachicola basin, drained by the Chatta- 
 hoochee and Flint rivers. 4th. The Altamaha basin, drained by the 
 Oconee and Ocmulgee rivers, which empty into the Altamaha, flowing 
 to the Atlantic Ocean. 5th. The Ogeechee basin, drained by the Ogee- 
 chee river into the Atlantic Ocean. 6th. The Savannah basin, drained 
 by the Savannah river into the Atlantic. Yth. The Ocklockonee basin, 
 drained into the Gulf through Ocklockonee bay. 8th. The Suwannee 
 basin, drained into the Gulf by the Suwannee river. 9th. The Satilla 
 and St. Mary's basin, drained by the rivers of the same name into the 
 Atlantic. 
 
 Speaking generally, and leaving out a few notable cases, the largest 
 water powers of the State occur at or just above the fall line running 
 through Columbus, Macon and Augusta, where the streams pass from 
 the hard rocks of the Crystalline area to the softer formations of the 
 coastal plain ; and on the line formed by the contact of the Paleozoic and 
 Crystalline areas in the northwest. This latter line passes through Polk, 
 Bartow, Gordon and Murray counties, and is known as the western fall 
 line as distinguished from the other, which is called the southern fall 
 line. 
 
 In addition to the larger powers located on these fall lines, numerous 
 other powers are to be found at various points on different streams 
 throughout the State. 
 
 The following list of important streams and tables of powers is taken 
 by permission from Bulletin Xo. 3— A, of the State Geological Survey: 
 
74 
 
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124 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 SOILS. 
 
 The soils of Georgia vary greatly in different regions and present di- 
 versities of character corresponding to the differences in composition of 
 the underlying rocks from which they have been derived. With the 
 exception of the alluvial deposits of streams, they are everywhere the 
 result of the weathering of the country rock; and in almost any railroad 
 cut in the hilly upland part of the State, the different stages of weather- 
 ing and decay can be observed, from the perfectly formed soil at the top, 
 through coarse-gTained gravelly soil and pai-tially decayed rock to the 
 firm underlying material below. Such being the case, the classification 
 of the soils will necessarily correspond with that of the different geolo- 
 gical formations. 
 
 In the Paleozoic area the soils derived from those of the limestone 
 beds, which do not cany a large amoiuit of silicious matter, and from 
 the calcareous shales, are reddish loamy soils, and are among the most 
 fertile of any in the State. 
 
 Where a large anaount of chert is present in the limestone, gray soils 
 result, varying with locality in their fitness for agricultural purposes. 
 The sandstones of the Paleozoic region form sandy soils, and the different 
 shale formations give rise to a variety of soils, some, as mentioned above, 
 that are quite fertile, and others that are sterile. 
 
 In the Crystalline area two varieties of soils are distinguishable. The 
 first gives rise to the red clay lands and the other to the gray, gravelly, 
 or sandy lands. 
 
 The red clay soils are derived from schists, gneisses and granitoid rocks 
 containing f erro-magnesian minerals, yielding on decomposition hydrated 
 ferric oxide of iron, which gives to the soil its deep-red or brownish-red 
 stain. 
 
 The gray soils are coarser grained than the preceding and are derived 
 from the disintegration of granites, and in some localities from gneisses, 
 and grade into the finer grained red soils wherever complete chemical 
 decomposition has succeeded mechanical disintegration. 
 
 Most of the soils of the Crystalline area where not naturally fertile 
 respond well to fertilization, the clay subsoil that underlies the most of 
 them preventing the leaching out of plant-food. 
 
 The soils of the coastal plain region have been derived principally 
 from the Columbia and Lafayette formations, and are prevailing sandy 
 or clayey sands or loams. 
 
 Their constitution varies according to locality from almost pure sand 
 to the darkest brick-red loams of the Lafayette. At some places calca- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 127 
 
 reous rocks underlying these formations outcrop, and at different points 
 limestones and marls have an important influence on the character of the 
 soil. 
 
 'No detailed investigation from a geological standpoint has yet been 
 made on the soils of the southern part of the State. 
 
 A paper on the Mineral Resources of Georgia read by Prof. S. "W. 
 McCallie before the International Mining Congress held at Boise City, 
 Idaho, in the, latter part of July, 1901, will form a fitting conclusion to 
 this chapter on the Geology of Georgia. 
 
 All of the great divisions of geological history are represented in Geor- 
 gia with the exception probably of the Jura-trias. The northern and 
 central parts of the State known as the Crystalline area are made up 
 largely of gneisses and schists, which are supposed to represent the south- 
 ern extension of the old Archean continent. To the northeast of this 
 ancient land surface and comprising the greater part of ten counties in 
 the extreme northwestern part of the State, occur the Paleozoic rocks; 
 while to the south, extending over an area of 30,000 square miles, are 
 the wide-spread deposits of the Cretaceous and the Tertiary periods. A 
 State thus endowed with such diversity of geological formations must 
 necessarily possess extensive and varied mineral resources. In the dis- 
 cussion of these resources, many of which are in a large measure at pres- 
 ent in an incipient stage of development, only those will be considered 
 Avhose economic importance can not be questioned. 
 
 The red and the brown iron ores constitute one of the most important 
 mineral resources here to be considered, and one that has been a contin- 
 uous source of revenue to the State for more that half a century. These 
 ores are confined mainly to the Paleozoic area of JSForthwest Georgia, 
 where they occur in large quantities. 
 
 The brown iron ores, or more properly speaking, the limonites, are 
 most abundant in Polk, Bartow and Floyd counties. ISTevertheless, work- 
 able deposits are also to be found in every county in the northwestern 
 part of the State with only one or two exceptions. 
 
 The brown iron ores are confined chiefly to two difi^erent geological 
 horizons, viz., the Weisner quartzite, and the Knox dolomite, the former 
 of Cambrian, and the latter of Silurian age. The Weisner quartzite, 
 which corresponds to the Potsdam sandstone of ISTew York, is an exten- 
 sive deposit of mountain-making metamorphic sandstone, forming the 
 eastern boundary of the Paleozoic rocks. At many points the formation 
 has been subjected to intense pressure during the process of mountain- 
 making, and as a result, its strata are frequently much folded and 
 brecciated. Along the line where the dynamical forces have acted most 
 energetically is a great displacement in the strata known as the Carters- 
 ville fault near which all of the main iron ore deposits of the "Weisner 
 quartzite are located. These ores, which always run high in metallic 
 iron and low in sulphur and other impurities, often occur in well-defined 
 fissure-veins, but generally they are found in the form of irregular de- 
 
128 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL, 
 
 posits in the residual clays, or as thick 'sheets, or blankets, overlying the 
 metamorphic sandstone. The fissure-veins vary from a few feet to sev- 
 eral yards in width and frequently continue for a quarter of a mile 
 or more in length. They always dip at a high angle and apparently ex- 
 tend to a great depth. The ore of these veins is generally more or less 
 porous and is usually of an excellent quality. 
 
 The blanket deposits are not so plentiful as the residual or the fissure 
 deposits; nevertheless they are of special economic interest on account 
 of the large quantities of ore which they contain. These deposits in the 
 extreme northeastern part of Bortow county, in what is known as the 
 Sugar Hill district, often mantle the mountain side to the depth of many 
 feet. One of the deposits of this district has been producing daily for 
 the last few years from twenty to thirty cars of high grade ore, and yet 
 there still remain large quantities of the ore in sight. It is questionable 
 whetheir there are to be found anysvhere in the south brown iron ore de- 
 posits which will surpass, or even equal in extent, the blanket deposits of 
 the Weisner quartzite of Bartow county. 
 
 The brown iron ores of the Knox dolomite formation occur chiefly 
 in the form of pockets or irregular deposits in the residual clays. These 
 deposits are quite variable in size. Sometimes they produce only a few 
 carloads of ore but generally they are far more extensive and cover a con- 
 siderable area. Some of the individual deposits in the vicinity of Cedar- 
 town have been worked on an extensive scale for more than twenty years 
 without exhausting the supply of ore. It is not an uncommon thing to 
 find the deposits extending over six or eight acres, but in such cases the 
 deposit is not equally rich in all parts. The depth to which the ores of 
 the Knox dolomite formation extend, as well as its surface dimensions, 
 is variable. In some instances the deposits are veiy superficial, extending 
 only a few feet below the surface, while in other cases they have been 
 worked to the depth of eighty feet or more without reaching their limit. 
 
 In addition to the above brown iron ore bearing fonnations there are 
 two others, viz. : the Deaton limestone and the Fort Payne chert, which 
 have also produced considerable ore. The ore from these formations is 
 similar to the ore occurring in the Knox dolomite series though, as a 
 general rule, it does not run as high in metallic iron. 
 
 The total amount of brown iron ore produced from these several de- 
 posits last year aggregated more than 400,000 tons, thus making Georgia 
 the third in the list of bro^vn iron ore producing States in the south. 
 
 The Bed Iron Ores. — The red, or fossil, iron ores of Georgia are con- 
 fined chiefly to three counties in the extreme northwestern part of the 
 State. These ores occur in what is known as the Kockwood formation, 
 which is the northern extension of the Ecd Mountain, or the Clinton iron 
 ore bearing series of Alabama. Stratigraphically, the Kocliwood forma- 
 tion occupies the same position in the geological scale as the fossil iron 
 ore bearing rocks of E"ew York and Pennsylvania. 
 
 The Kockwood formation in Georgia is made up of shales, sandstones, 
 and thin-bedded limestones with from one to three beds of fossil iron ore. 
 The foi-mation, though not necessarily ridge forming itself, always out- 
 
MAP 
 
 
 1 7r\«^»V\VM,"f%.'V ^>T\„..J^^,':''^-A,S^^^., 
 
 
 
 
 GEORGIA 
 
 SHOWING THK 
 
 MINERAL RESOURCES, 
 
 S. \V. McCALLIE, 
 sistanl State Geologist. 
 
 
 
 
 
 M'arjls 
 ^aiDcsborousti 
 
 >.e>(Oa nVu e\ 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 129 
 
 ciops along the side or at the base of the mountains and ridges. It is ex- 
 posed at the base of Sand, Lookout, Pigeon and Dirt Seller's mountains, 
 and also along the slopes of Taylor's Kidge, where it attains a total thick- 
 ness of several hundred feet. 
 
 The workable iron ore is found usually near the center of the Rockwood 
 formation, where it occurs in continuous beds varying from a few inches 
 to several feet in thickness. Each of the beds, which usually dip at a 
 low angle, generally carries two varieties of ore, viz. : the soft ore and the 
 hard ore. The soft ore, which forms the weathered part of .the bed, rarely 
 ever extends to a depth of more than ten or fifteen feet below the sur- 
 face. It differs from the hard ore mainly in having little or no lime 
 present, and as a consequence, always runs higher in metallic iron than 
 the hard ore. The relative chemical composition of the soft and the hard 
 ore is shown by the following analyses: 
 
 Hard Ore.— Metallic iron, 32.19; lime, 23.19; phos., 0.804. 
 
 Soft Ore.— Metallic iron, 59.00; silica, 9.11; phos., .092. 
 
 Some idea may be had as to the abundance of the red fossil iron ores 
 of Georgia, when it is stated that the aggregate length of the outcrop- 
 pings of the beds, which average more than two feet in thickness, is 
 about 150 miles, and that in places the ore can be economically mined 
 to the depth of more than 200 feet. 
 
 The output of the red iron ores of Georgia last year was not so great 
 as that of the brown iron ores. Nevertheless, should the price warrant it, 
 the output of these ores could be increased to meet almost any demand. 
 
 CooJ. — Tlie coal measures of Georgia which occur in the northwestern 
 part of the State, form the the northern extension of the Warrior Coal 
 Meld of Alabama. They are confined chiefly to Sand and Lookout 
 mountains in Dade, "Walker, and Chattooga counties, where they cover 
 a total area of about 200 square miles. The coal formation of Georgia, 
 as elsewhere in the great Appalachian coal fields, is divided into upper 
 and lower measures. The upper measures are best developed on Lookout 
 mountain, in the vicinity of Durham coal mine, where they attain a maxi- 
 mum thickness of about 900 feet. This division of the coal formation 
 carries seven different coal seams, but only one is worked at present. 
 
 The lower coal measures are not so thick by many feet as the upper. 
 However, they carry a greater number of workable coal seams. In the 
 vicinity of Cole City, on Sand mountain, as many as three different 
 seams have been worked in the lower measures more or less extensively. 
 In addition to the three workable coal seams here mentioned, the lowet 
 measures contain two other seams which are probably also workable in 
 places. 
 
 The coal obtained from both coal measures is an excellent quality of 
 bituminous coal, well suited for coking and steam purposes. At present, 
 there are three coal mines being operated in the State, two on Lookout, 
 and one on Sand mountain, with a total output of about 14,000 tons per 
 day, the greater part of which is used for coking purposes. Two of the 
 mines, here referred to, are in the upper coal measures of Lookout, and 
 the other is in the lower measures of Sand mountain. The mines on the 
 
130 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 latter mountain iiave been worked almost continuously for more than half 
 a century, and were among the first coal mines opened south of the Ohio 
 river. 
 
 Manganese. — The manganese ores, like the brown iron ores, are con- 
 fined chiefly to Bartow, Floyd and Polk counties. The largest and 
 most productive deposits are found in Bartow county, in the vicinity 
 of Cartersville, where, the ores occur as irregular deposits in the residual 
 clays derived from the Knox dolomite and the Weisner quartzite. The 
 ores are, usually in the form of nodular concretions, varying from a frac- 
 tion of an inch to a foot or more in diameter. In places these concretions 
 become so abundant that they form beds, of considerable thickness. De- 
 posits of this character which have been extensively worked, occur in the 
 vicinity of Cave Spring, Polk county. 
 
 The manganese deposits of Georgia have been worked continuously for 
 many years. During their early workings the ores were shipped to Eng- 
 land, but at present, they find a ready market at home, where they are 
 used in the manufacture of steel and for bleaching purposes. In 1898, 
 Georgia produced nearly 7,000 tons of manganese ore, which was ap- 
 proximately one half of the manganese produced in the United States. 
 With the exception, probably, of Virginia, Georgia easily stands fii'st in 
 the list of manganese producing States in the Union. 
 
 Ochre. — Ochre deposits of commercial value are found at a number 
 of points throughout northwest Georgia, where they are always more or 
 less intimately associated with the brown iron ores. The most extensive 
 deposits are confined to the Weisner quartzite in Bartow county, near 
 CartersvLlle. These deposits occur mostly along the western margin of 
 the quartzite, where it has been much crushed and broken. According 
 to Dr. C. W. Hayes, of the United States Geological Survey, the ochre 
 forms a series of irregular branching veins, which intersect the fractured 
 quartzite in all conceivable directions. At some points the veins become 
 greatly enlarged and contain large quantities of excellent ore. Deposits 
 of this character, which have been worked for some years, are to be seen 
 at the eastern end of the county bridge across the Etowah river, near 
 Emerson; and also at a number of points along the western margin of 
 the Weisner quartzite north of that point. The ochre of these deposits, 
 which is really only a pulverulent form of brown iron ore, is quite free 
 from impurities, and w^ell suited for making linoleum and paint. 
 
 The output from the ochre mines in the Cartersville district last year 
 was nearly 4,000 tons, about one-fourth of the ochre output of the United 
 States. The greater part of the ochre now being mined in Bartow county 
 is said to be shipped to England, where it is used in the manufacture of 
 linoleum. In addition to the above named ochre, which is known as yel- 
 low ochre, Georgia also produces a considerable amount of red ochre, 
 which is the pulverized, or gTound red fossil iron ore, obtained chiefly 
 from Walker county. 
 
 Bauxite. — Bauxite, a hydrate of alumina, first discovered in America 
 near Eome Ga., in 1887, is a clay-like mineral used principally in the 
 manufacture of alum and the metal aluminium. The Georgia deposits 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 133 
 
 of this mineral ai-e found mainly in Floyd, Polk, and Bartow counties, 
 where they occur in more or less extensive pockets associated with the 
 residual clays of the Ejiox dolomite. The size of these deposits, like 
 those of the brown iron ores, is quite variable. In some instances they 
 have been known to have produced several thousand tons, but as a rule 
 the deposits are not so extensive. The physical appearance of the mineral 
 bauxite, which varies from 30 to 70 per cent, alumina, is often amor- 
 phous, resembling kaolin, but generally it has a concretionary or oolitic 
 structure. 
 
 The first bauxite mined in the United States was from Hermitage, 
 Floyd county, in 1889. Subsequent to this date, other mines were 
 opened in Floyd, Bartow and Polk counties, so that in a comparatively 
 short time the mining of bauxite in Georgia became a very impoi-tant 
 and lucrative industry. 
 
 The annual output from the Georgia bauxite mines in the last few 
 years has varied from 1,000 to 7,000 tons, the greater part of which has 
 been shipped to Philadelphia, where it is used in the manufacture of 
 alum. Previous to the opening of the bauxite mines of Arkansas in 
 1899, Georgia and Alabama produced all the bauxite mined in America. 
 
 Corundum. — Corundum was first discovered in Georgia on Laurel 
 Creek, Kabim county, about 1871. This mineral has since been found 
 in greater or less deposits in a number of counties throughout the north- 
 em part of the State. It occurs associated with peridotites, and other 
 basic igneous rocks in the form of irregular veins and pockets. The co- 
 rundum f oimd in Georgia is usually pink, gray or blue. It is rarely trans- 
 parent and as a consequence the gem sapphire or i-uby is seldom met 
 with. In a few instances these gems are reported to have been found, 
 but they are probably of rare occurrence. The commercial value of the 
 Georgia corundum may therefore be said to depend upon its use in the 
 arts as an abrasive material. 
 
 Between 1880 and 1893, the corundum mines of the Laurel creek dis- 
 trict were extensively worked and became one of the main sources of sup- 
 ply to the corundum trade of the country. About the same time, corun- 
 dum was successfully mined at Track Kock, Union county, and favorable 
 prospects were later exposed in Habersham and other counties. 
 
 In recent years the corundum mines of Georgia have remained inac- 
 tive, due chiefly to the low price of corundum, and not as might be sup- 
 posed to the exhaustion of the deposits. 
 
 Asbestos. — For the last few years the chief supply of asbestos mined 
 in the United States has been obtained from Georgia. The mine sup- 
 plying this material is located on Sal mountain, White county, in the 
 northern part of the State. Asbestos, like corundum, is always associated 
 with peridotites and other basic rocks. It exists in many localities in the 
 northern part of the State but at present it is Avorked only at the above 
 named mine. The asbestos of Georgia has never been investigated, and 
 as a result but little is known of the extent and commercial value of the 
 deposits. 
 
 Marhles. — Previous to 1884, the marbles of Georgia were practically 
 
134 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 trnknowii as building and ornamental stones, but at present the output 
 of the quan-ies exceeds that of any State in the Union, with the exception 
 of Vermont. 
 
 The most valuable marbles of Georgia are those of the Crystalline area 
 confined to Pickens, Cherokee, Gilmer and Fannin counties. These mar- 
 bles occur in a nai-row belt which runs parellel to the Atlanta, Knoxville 
 and ISTorthem R. R., from near Canton, Cherokee county, to the Geor- 
 gia-lSTorth Carolina State line, a distance of more than sixty miles. The 
 main marble industry of the State is located in the vicinity of Tate, Pick- 
 ens county, just north of the southern terminus of the belt where the 
 deposit attains a thickness of nearly 200 feet. 
 
 The Pickens county marble has a coarse texture but admits of a very 
 fine polish and is admirably suited both for building and ornamental pur- 
 poses. In color the stone varies from white to almost black. A flesh- 
 colored variety is also found in considerable abundance. The physical 
 and chemical properties, as shown by the numerous tests made by the 
 State Geological Survey, demonstrate that its durability equals or ex- 
 ceeds that of any other marble now being put upon the market. The 
 stone is remarkably free from fissures and seams, so that monoliths suit- 
 able for huge columns can be quarried with ease. 
 
 At present seven different marble quarries, having an aggregate an- 
 nual output of several hundred thousand cubic feet of stone, are being 
 operated in Pickens county. The product of these quarries is shipped 
 to nearly every State in the Union, where it is used in the construction and 
 decoration of some of the most costly buildings. The State capitols of 
 Minnesota and Rhode Island; the United States Government Building, 
 Boston; St. Luke's Hospital, ISTew York; and the Corcoran Art Gallery, 
 "Washington, with numerous other handsome buildings throughout the 
 United States are constructed wholly or in part of the Georgia marble. 
 
 In addition to the marbles here described there are also valuable de- 
 posits to be found in Whitfield county. These marbles belong to the 
 same deposits that traverse East Tennessee and are extensively worked 
 in the vicinity of Knoxville. The stone has a dark chocolate or light 
 gray color and a rather fine texture. The light gray variety which is 
 always quite compact and highly Crystalline, is traversed by dark zigzag 
 lines that give to the polished surface a very pleasing effect. The Whitr 
 field county marbles are well suited for building material, but they have 
 not yet received the attention which their economic importance demands. 
 
 Oraniies. — The granites of Georgia, together with the gneisses, con- 
 stitute the most extensive and important building and ornamental stones 
 in the State. They occur in inexhaustible quantities and are profusely 
 distributed throughout the Crystalline area. One of the most interesting 
 and probably the largest granite mass in the world is that of Stone 
 Mountain, located only a few miles northeast of Atlanta. This mountain 
 Avhose barren summit attains an altitude of several hundred feet above the 
 surrounding country, has long been the seat of a very important granite 
 industry. The stone obtained from these quarries is a light-colored mus- 
 covite granite possessing remarkable strength and is quite free from all 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 135 
 
 chemical and physical defects. The stone has extensive use as a build- 
 ing material, and is also largely employed in street improvement. There 
 is likely no granite in the south more widely known and more generally 
 used than that furnished by the Stone Mountain quarries. It not only 
 has an extensive local use, but much of it is shipped beyond the borders 
 of the State. 
 
 Another granite, or rather a granitoid gneiss, of almost as much econo- 
 mic importance as the Stone Mountain granite itseK, is the Lithonia 
 gneiss. This stone, which differs chiefly from the Stone Mountain gran- 
 ite in being laminated, covers a considerable area in the eastern part of 
 DeKalb and the contiguous parts of Eockdale and Gwinnett counties. 
 The Lithonia quarries are very extensive and furnish large quantities of 
 stone for street improvement as well as for general building purposes. 
 Granites and granitoid gneisses similar to the above are found in many 
 localities in. ISTorth Georgia, but only at a few points have they been quar- 
 ried to any extent. 
 
 In addition to the granites and granitoid gneisses here named there 
 are other granites of superior quality used for monumental stone. Some 
 of the granites of this character which in the last few years have become 
 quite popular as decorative stone are those obtained from the Elberton, 
 the Oglesby, the Lexington, and the Meriwether quarries. These monu- 
 mental granites are fine-grained biotite granites unusually free from in- 
 jurious minerals and admitting of a very brilliant polish. They have 
 but few equals, if any superiors in the United States as a decorative ston©, 
 and it is only a question of time when the Georgia monumental granite 
 industry will be of very gi-eat commercial value to the State. 
 
 Sandstone. — Sandstone has been quarried to a considerable extent in 
 Catoosa county near Graysville. The stone, which is of Silurian age, has 
 a dark-brown color and resembles very closely the brown sandstone of the 
 Coimecticut valley. It m.akes a beautiful building-stone and appears to 
 be quite durable. This stone is found in great abundance in Taylor's 
 Ridge, "White Oak, Horn, and other mountains in the northeastern part 
 of the State. Carboniferous sandstones of a light color and well adapted 
 for building purposes occur in Lookout, Sand and Pigeon mountains. 
 
 Serpentine. — This is one of the most beautiful decorative stones found 
 in the State. It occurs in workable quantities in Cherokee county, near 
 Holly Springs, where it was quarried to a limited extent a few years ago. 
 The stone, though difficult to work, admits of an excellent polish and is 
 very desirable for ornamental purposes. It is of a dark-green color, mot- 
 tled and streaked with white and black. The larger part, of the stone ob- 
 tained from the Holly Springs quarry is reported to have been shipped 
 to Chicago, where it is used for interior decoration. Georgia serpentine 
 used for similar purposes may be seen in the Prudential building of At- 
 lanta. 
 
 Limestone. — Silurian and carboniferous limestones suitable for lime, 
 fluxing and building materials, exist in great abundance in northwest 
 Georgia. The most extensive of these calcareous formations is the Knox 
 dolomite, a magnesian limestone of great thicloiess. This formation fur- 
 
136 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 nislies much of the lime used in the State, as well as a large amount of 
 stone for general building purposes. The different beds of the formation 
 vary greatly in texture and chemical composition, so that almost any va- 
 riety of stone can be procured. Other calcareous formations of scarcely 
 less commercial importance are the Bangor and the Chickamauga lime- 
 stones. The latter stone in the last few years has had an extensive use in 
 constructing the foundations for monuments in the Chickamauga Na- 
 tional Park. The stone is also of considerable local importance as a 
 building material. 
 
 Cement Rock. — Hydraulic cement of good quality has been manu- 
 factured in Georgia since 1845. The location of this industry is at 
 Cement, on the Western & Atlantic Railroad, in the western part of Bar- 
 tow county. The cement rock found in this district is an impure mag- 
 nesian limestone belonging probably to the lower division of the Knox 
 dolomite formation. It occure in beds several feet in thickness, inter- 
 calated with the purer limestones. The cement manufactured from this 
 stone is slow setting, but it forms a bond of great strength and hardness. 
 Maj. M. T. Singleton, late Assistant United States Engineer, in speak- 
 ing of this cement says : ''My experience with the cement has been en- 
 tirely satisfactory. In fact, for general purposes, and especially for heavy 
 cut stone masonry, I prefer it to any cement I have used." 
 
 Hydraulic limestone of good quality is reported at numerous other 
 points throughout the Paleozoic area of IsTorth Georgia, but the extent 
 and quality of the stone has not yet been investigated. 
 
 Slate. — Slate suitable for roofing purposes occurs at a number of points 
 in northwest Georgia along the line of contact of the Paleozoic and Crys- 
 talline areas. The most important deposits are those of the Rockmart dis- 
 trict in the eastern part of Polk county, where slate has been mined on 
 a more or less extensive scale for a great many years. The Rockmart 
 slate, which is of Silurian age, has a deep blue-black color and a fine, even 
 texture. It splits with a smooth surface into thin slabs and is quite free 
 from pyrites and other impurities. The chemical analysis of the Rock- 
 mart slate shows it to be a first-class stone for roofing purposes. 
 
 The only slate quarries now operated in Georgia are those in the 
 vicinity of Rockmart. A few years ago a small amount of slate was 
 quarried near Cedartown, but these quarries are now abandoned. The 
 slate at the latter quarries belongs to the same formation as the Rockmart 
 and is of similar character. The slate now being quarried in the Rock- 
 mart district is quite generally used throughout Georgia and a number 
 of other Southern States, where it has a high reputation as a roofing 
 slate. 
 
 Clays. — The clays of Georgia are abundant and widely distributed. 
 There is scarcely a geological formation of any extent that does not fur- 
 nish clays of commercial value. Residual and alluvial clays, well 
 adapted to the manufacture of brick and the cheaper grades of crockery, 
 abound in every county in the northern part of the State. Associated 
 with these impure clays are often found pockets or irregular deposits of 
 porcelain and fire clays of greater or less extent. The latter clays are 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. I39 
 
 confined chiefly to tlie Knox dolomite formation of northwest Georgia, 
 but they are also occasionally met with in the Crystalline area further to 
 the east and south. 
 
 The most valuable and extensive clay deposits in the State are those 
 of sedimentary origin belonging to the Cretaceous formation of central 
 Georgia. They occur in a belt several miles wide, extending from Colum- 
 bus to Augusta. The Cretaceous clays differ greatly in their physical 
 and chemical properties, so that almost any desired variety may be found. 
 Some of these clays have an extensive use in the manufacture of wall- 
 paper, while other vai-ieties are used in making porcelain, terra-cotta, til- 
 ing, sewer-j)ipe, pottery, etc. Besides the varieties of clays here men- 
 tioned, fire-clay also occurs in the Cretaceous formation in commercial 
 quantities. Dr. George E. Ladd, Director of the Missouri School of 
 Mines, in speaking of the Cretaceous fire-clays of Georgia, says: "Some 
 of these kaolins suitable for fire-clays are more refractory than any of the 
 noted fire-clays of the United States." 
 
 The clay industry of Georgia, although in its infancy, has already be- 
 come well established. The value of the clay product of the State last 
 year exceeded that of any of the Southern States, with the exception of 
 West Virginia and Maryland. 
 
 Gold. — Gold has been mined in Georgia for nearly three quarters of a 
 century. The first discovery of the precious metal within the limits of 
 the State was made on Duke's creek, White county, in 1829. Previous 
 to the discovery of gold in California, the mines of Georgia furnished the 
 greater part of the gold produced in the United States. As early as 1838, 
 the output of the mines of the State had become so important that the 
 United States government found it necessary to establish a mint at Dah- 
 lonega, the center of the main gold-mining district. 
 
 The gold deposits of Georgia belong to the Appalachian gold fields, 
 an auriferous belt extending from I^ova Scotia to Alabama. The belt, 
 which consists of highly Crystalline rocks, probably of Archean age, 
 varies in width from 10 to 75 miles. In Georgia, the belt breaks up into 
 a number of minor parallel belts, having a northeast-southwest trend. The 
 most important of these are the Dahlonega and Hall county belts. The 
 foi-mer, which takes its name from Dahlonega, the county seat of Lump- 
 kin county, is the most important. This belt enters Georgia from ISTorth 
 Carolina in the northwestern part of Rabun county, where valuable 
 placer deposits have been worked at the Smith and the Moore Girls' mines. 
 Further to the southwest in White county, the belt increases in width and 
 the mines at the same time become more numerous. As the auriferous 
 belt enters Lumpkin county it again increases in size, reaching its great- 
 est development in the vicinity of Dahlonega. In Dawson county the 
 Dahlonega gold belt becomes mwe or less broken up, but upon entering 
 Cherokee county it again regains its econoi/iic importance and continues 
 with but few interruptions through Bartow, Cobb, Paulding and Haral- 
 son counties to the Georgia-Alabama State line. The entire length of 
 the Dahlonega gold belt thus outlined is about 150 miles, while its width 
 varies from 1 to 5 miles. 
 
140 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 The Hall county gold belt lies some 10 miles east of the Dalilonega 
 belt and runs more or less parallel with it for more than 100 miles, stop- 
 ping short in Fnlton county, only about 10 miles north of Atlanta. A 
 third belt, which includes the Acworth, the Villa Kica and the Bonner 
 mines, traverses Cobb, Paulding and Carroll counties. This belt is best 
 developed in the neighborhood of Villa Eica, where in former years 
 much gold was mined. Another belt, including some very important 
 mines, traverses Lincoln, Columbia, McDuffie and Warren counties in 
 the eastern part of the State. Beyond the limits of the belts here men- 
 tioned aa-e found a number of isolated localities where gold occurs in 
 paying quantities. Such isolated deposits as here referred to are found 
 in Towns, Union, Fannin, Gilmer, Meriwether, and other counties in 
 the northern part of the State. 
 
 The individual auriferous belts of Georgia are usually made up of a 
 great number of veins or ore bodies running parallel to each other and 
 conforming in dip and strike to the g-neisses and schists, the country 
 rock. They vary in thickness from a fraction of an inch to several feet 
 or rods, and often continue without interruption for long distances. In 
 places the veins^ which consist largely of quartz, become greatly ex- 
 tended, forming huge shoots of excellent ore. A vein of this character 
 at the Creighton mine in Cherokee county has been worked continuously 
 for years and has produced large quantities of gold. Ore bodies of some- 
 what similar nature are quite abundant in the Dalilonega district where 
 in the last two years extensive developments have been carried on which, 
 no doubt, will soon result in a large increase of the gold output of the 
 State. 
 
 Copper. — Previous to the Civil War copper was successfully mined 
 in Fannin and Cherokee counties in the northern part of the State. The 
 deposits of the former county are located near the Georgia-Tennessee 
 line, and from the southern extension of the deposits so largely worked 
 just across the State line in the Ducktown district. One of the Fannin 
 county mines, known as the Mobile mine, at one time was quite exten- 
 sively worked and is said to have produced a large amount of high-grade 
 ore. The copper deposits of Fannin county, although practically unde- 
 veloped at present, are thought to be of considerable economic impor- 
 tance. Other copper deposits which, from time to time, have excited con- 
 siderable local interest, occur in Fulton, Paulding, Lumpkin, Haralson, 
 Lincoln, and other counties in ]N"oTth Georgia. The most important cop- 
 per ore met with in the counties here named is chalcopyrite (copper py- 
 rites). It occurs mostly in irregular veins associated with schists and 
 highly metamorphic slates. 
 
 Pyrite. — ^Pyrite, an iron sulphide employed in the manufacture of sul- 
 phuric acid, is widely distributed throughout Georgia, but only in a few 
 localities has it been found in sufficient abundance to be of commercial 
 importance. Probably one of the most important deposits of this mineral 
 known at present in the State, occurs in the eastern part of Lumpkin, 
 county, on the Chestatee river, about six miles northeast of Dahlonega. 
 This deposit is quite extensive and the ore is of good quality. The com- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 14^ 
 
 mercial value of the deposit has long been known, but the great expense 
 of hauling the ore by wagon to Gainesville, the nearest railway station, 
 twenty miles distant, renders the mining of the ore unprofitable. Other 
 deposits of pyrite of considerable promise occur in Paulding and Haral- 
 son counties. The deposit in Paulding county was worked to some ex- 
 tent a few years ago and the ore was shipped to Atlanta where it was 
 used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid. This ore, which runs high 
 in sulphur, is said to carry from four to five per cent, of copper and a 
 small amount of gold, 
 
 J^o systematic study has yet been made of the pyrite deposits of the 
 State, and as a consequence little is known of their extent and commercial 
 importance. 
 
 Soapstone. — Soapstone, or talc, has been mined to a limited extent in 
 Mui*ray and Pannin counties. It also occurs in Cherokee and in Gilmer 
 counties, and is reported in other localities in North Georgia. The soap- 
 stone mines of Fannin county, which have been worked for some years, 
 are located at Mineral Bluff, only a short distance south of the Georgia- 
 l^orth Carolina State line. This deposit is probably the southern ex- 
 tension of the North Carolina deposit which is extensively worked just 
 north of the State line. The Fannin county soapstone is compact and of 
 a dark gi-ay or blue color. It occurs in veins varying from a few inches 
 to a yard or more in thickness. The Murray county soapstones, which are 
 found on Fort mountain, a few miles east of Spring Place, are of similar 
 nature. 
 
 Mica. — This mineral is quite generally distributed throughout the 
 Crystalline area of North Georgia. It usually occurs iu veins associated 
 with pegmatites and coarse-grained granites. The veins are often of 
 large size, and occasionally contain mica crystals eighteen inches or more 
 in diameter. Many of the mica deposits of the State have been pros- 
 pected to a limited extent, but no systematic mining of any importance 
 has been attempted. There is little doubt, however, that the mica de- 
 posits of Georgia are of commercial importance and demand more atten- 
 tion than they have heretofore received. 
 
 Graphite. — Both massive and foliated varieties of this mineral occur 
 in considerable quantities associated with the highly metamorphic slates 
 and schists along the western margin of the Crystalline area. It is quite 
 abundant in the neighborhood of Emerson, Bartow county, where it is 
 now mined and used in the crude state as a filler for commercial fertil- 
 izers. Promising prospects of graphite are also reported to occur in 
 Pickens, Elbert, Hall, Madison, Douglas and Cobb counties. The Pick- 
 ens county deposit is at present being developed and it is thought that in 
 a short time it will become an active prodlicer. 
 
 Marls. — Marls of good quality abound throughout the cretaceous 
 and tertiary formations of South Georgia. There is probably no county 
 in the southern part of the State which does not possess marl deposits 
 of more or less agricultural value. They are well exposed along the 
 Chattahoochee and Flint rivers, as well as along other streams of South 
 Georgia. In addition to the common calcareous or shell marl, green 
 
144 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 sand marls are also plentiful. The latter are especially well developed 
 along the Chattahoochee river south of Columbus, where they often form 
 beds many feet in thickness. Analyses of these greenlands show that 
 they carry a considerable amount of phosphoric acid and potash, two of 
 the most important plant-foods. The use of the Georgia marls as a 
 natural fertilizer has so far been quite limited, but in all cases where they 
 have been given a fair test the result has been entirely satisfactory. As- 
 sociated with the marls in the extreme southern part of the State fre^ 
 quently occur deposits of phosphate of limited extent. A deposit of this 
 character was worked some years ago in Thomas county, near Boston, but 
 the phosphate was not of sufficient abundance to be of commercial value. 
 
 Tripoli. — A light, porous, silicious stone occurring in Murray, Chat- 
 tooga, and other counties in IST'orthwest Georgia has locally been known 
 for some years as tripoli. The material, although quite different in 
 origin from tripoli, has a similar use in the arts. The so-called Georgia 
 tripoli, is a residual product derived from certain impure silicious beds 
 of the Knox dolomite formation. The stone, which is usually found asso- 
 ciatd with chert,, is quite porous and is easily pulverized into an exceed- 
 ingly fine grit or polishing powder. A small amount of this material is 
 at present being mined in Chattooga county, and is used by an At- 
 lanta finn in the manufacture of polishing-soap. 
 
 Sand. — Sand suitable for building material is widely distributed 
 throughout the State. In JSTorth Georgia it occurs chiefly as alluvial de- 
 posits along the numerous streams, while in the southern part of the 
 State it is' found in stratified beds often of wide extent. In addition to 
 that used for general architectural purposes, sand well adapted for mould- 
 ing and glass-making also ccurs. The pure sands are confined mainly to 
 the cretaceous deposits of South Georgia, where they are frequently in- 
 tercalated with beds of pure kaolin. 
 
 Road Materials. — There is probably no State in the South that has a 
 greater variety of road materials than Georgia. The supply is inexhaust- 
 ible and of the best quality. Besides the limestones, granites, and 
 gneisses, heretofore spoken of, trap, diorite, chert, and gravel abound in 
 great quantities. 
 
 Mineral Waters. — The number of mineral springs in Georgia to which 
 public attention has been directed on account of the medicinal properties 
 of their waters is very large. There is scarcely a county in the northern 
 part of the State which does not possess one or more of these springs of 
 greater or less repute. Many of them are so far only of local interest, 
 but in some instances they have a national reputation, and are a source of 
 much profit to their owners. 
 
 The commercial value of the mineral waters of Georgia in the last few 
 years has exceeded that of any other Southern State with the exception of 
 Virginia. The main supply of these waters now put upon the market is 
 shipped from Lithia and Austell, a, noted mineral water district on the 
 Southern Railway, twenty miles west of Atlanta. The waters shipped 
 from the Lithia-Austell district are among the best lithia waters found 
 in the country. . Their curative virtues are widely known and they are 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. I47 
 
 now shipped to all parts of the south in large quantities. Other springs 
 
 having an excellent local reputation occur in JSTorth Georgia, but only in 
 
 a few instances is the water put upon the market. 
 
 Besides the minerals above described there are many others found in 
 
 Georgia which, at some future time, will probably become a source of 
 
 revenue to the State. Among the most important of these may be 
 
 mentioned silver, lead, zinc, baryta, gypsum, etc. 
 
 The annual output of the mineral products of Georgia is shown by the 
 
 following table: 
 
 Iron Ores $ 578,526 00 
 
 Coal 450,000 00 
 
 Manganese 60,201 00 
 
 Ochre 73,095 00 
 
 Bauxite 35,274 00 
 
 Asbestos 10,300 00 
 
 Marble 812,070 00 
 
 Granites 790,000 00 
 
 Sandstone 2,000 00 
 
 Limestone and Lime 125,000 00 
 
 Cement-Kock 75,000 00 
 
 Slate 13,125 00 
 
 Clays— Brick, Pottery, ^q 1,062,213 00 
 
 Gold 129,246 00 
 
 Soapstone 4,054 00 
 
 Graphite 12,000 00 
 
 Tripoli 500 00 
 
 . Sand 200,000 00 
 
 Eoad Material an?l Ballast 350,000 00 
 
 Mineral Waters 42,000 00 
 
 Total $4,824,604 00" 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 SOILS OF GEORGIA. 
 
 The soils of Georgia, from a geological standpoint, were partially dis- 
 cussed in the last chapter. We shall now endeavor to look at them from 
 the point of view of the argiculturist. 
 
 IsTOKTIIWEST GEOKGIA. 
 
 The northwestern section of the State presents a variety of soils; as 
 a brown and red loami; silicious soils of the ridges of a gi-ayish-hiie ; the 
 sandy soils of table or mountain lands, either gray or yellow, and more 
 or less gravelly; the soil of the flatwoods; and the alluvial or bot- 
 tom lands adjacent to streams. On the eastern and western sides of this 
 section soils of a brown calcareous loam, belonging to the bliie limestone 
 area, prevail, while in the central parts is found a red calcareous loam 
 of the rotten limestone area. Lands that have been in cultivation for 
 thirty years will yield from thirty to fifty bushels of corn to^ the acre. 
 By merely planting in clover or peas and turning the crop under without 
 fertilization, the farmer can make these lands produce from ten to twenty 
 bushels of wheat to the acre. They have been cultivated in cotton to 
 only a limited extent, but will, under ordinary cultivation in Eloyd and 
 Polk counties, produce eight hundred pounds of seed cotton tO' the acre. 
 Under the best methods the production can be greatly increased. These 
 lands generally lie well. They are apt to wash when hilly, but this 
 can be prevented by a good system of terracing. Very little cotton is 
 grown to the no'rth of Eloyd county. The timber is large, consisting 
 chiefly of red, Spanish, and white oak, hickory, poplar, sugar-maple, post- 
 oak, cedar, and a mixture of other varieties. The brown loams vary 
 from light to almost black, while the red loams are of a dark red color 
 with red subsoil. 
 
 Sub carboniferous brown \oam lands consist of limestones, arenaceous 
 and silicious shales. They are generally rolling, but nearly level where 
 the valleys are broad. They have a brown, calcareous, sandy soil, with 
 enough clay to make them sufficiently retentive, and admit of good drain- 
 age even when nearly level. Lands of this character are found in West 
 Armuchee valley in Walker county. Sugar valley in Gordon, Dirttown 
 
 (148) 
 
GEORGIA: HJ8T0RIGAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 149 
 
 valley in Chattooga, and Texas Valley in Floyd, about twelve mile? 
 northwest of Rome, and in much more of the country west of the Coosa 
 in Floyd county. ISTot only do com, wheat, oats and all the grasses and 
 other forage plants do well, but these are also the best cotton uplands 
 in this part of Georgia, yielding often without fertilizers from 1,000 to 
 1,200 pounds of seed cotton to the acre, and under the most scientific 
 fanning going far beyond that. 
 
 In sections of ISTorthwest Georgia there occur lands in belts of from 
 two to three miles in width, which are underlaid by a series of shales and 
 limestones of about 2,500 feet in thickness, known as Knox shales. 
 !N"early all this area consists of an orange, or light colored clayey soil. 
 The lands are rolling, or nearly level, and have a good drainage. After 
 having been steadily worked for thirty or more years under the old ex- 
 haustive methods, with almost nothing returned to the soil for improve- 
 ment, they will produce, fairly well, wheat, oats, and corn. In the forestry 
 are found the usual timbers of this section with some dogwood and 
 pine. Clover and all the grasses do well. 
 
 Gray gravelly lands, wath a soil var^'ing in color from light to dark 
 gray, are also found in this section. Some of these gravelly lands have 
 a good clay subsoil, and are then of a dark brown, or red color. Those 
 nearest the valley lands are the most highly esteemed. They were once 
 regarded as poor and are in great part covered with original forests. The 
 timber is about the same as already described, except that in broad belts 
 of nearly level lands the short-leaf pine is the prevailing gTO^^iih. But 
 taking the whole area of the gravelly lands, oak predominates. 
 
 Instead of being the poor lands that they were formerly regarded, 
 they have been found to give a better return for manures than the 
 richer valley lands. They are profitable for cotton, and with the use of 
 fertilizers will yield 1,200 pounds to the acre. Fruit trees here are 
 healthy and long-lived. The tops and slopes of the ridges are less subject 
 to late spring frosts than the lower lands. 
 
 The taUe-lancts from 1,000 to 1,200 feet above the valleys are givy 
 or yellow, and more or less gravelly, or rocky. They are found on Sand 
 Mountain, in Dade county, and on Lookout Mountain, in Dade, "Walker, 
 and Chattooga counties. They are well adapted to fruit culture and pro- 
 duce a great variety of vegetables. The daily range of the thermometer 
 is fifty per cent, less than in the valleys, and yet the daily minimum tem- 
 perature is rarely more than two or three degTees less. The timber is 
 of medium size. A good gi-ass covers the surface nearly everywhere, af- 
 fording excellent pasturage for stock. 
 
 The most extensive area of what is known as flahvood lands is nenr 
 
150 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 the Oostananla and Coosa rivers, in Gordon, Floyd, and Polk counties, 
 and in a belt of hills in the southern part of Murray county, extending 
 southward neai-ly across the county of Gordon. They are alsoi found in 
 Catoosa in a narrow belt extending soiithward into Whitfield. These 
 flatwoods abound in short-leaf pine, post and red oaks. 
 
 The alluvial soil of the valleys of the Oostananla, Etowah and Coosa 
 I'ivers, fertile with the debris of ages, is capable of producing the finest 
 yields of corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, buckwheat, cow-peas, clover, 
 timothy, orchard grass, red top, in fact, all the most useful hay crops 
 
 I^ear the city of Rome forty acres planted in clover, which averaged 
 when mature, three feet in height, have been known to produce in one 
 season 200 tons of hay, or five tons to the acre. This shows what can 
 be done on this line. The clover crop may be cut three times annually. 
 
 The finest grade of upland cotton grown in America is produced on 
 this soil, and is considered in Liverpool the best of its variety. All this 
 is true, also, of the creek bottom lands. The higher or table-lands of 
 J^orthwest Georgia are somewhat less fertile, but better adapted to the 
 growing of such fniits as peaches, plums, pears, quinces, cherries, and 
 all kinds of berries. The best apples grow on the lower lands, M^here 
 large, magnificent old trees grow to perfection. On the mountain tops 
 and slopes, all the varieties of grapes that grow east of the Eockies flour- 
 ish and give abundant yield. On these heights the frost seldom kills 
 the bud, or nips the bloom of the peach. Often, when the lower lands 
 have little or no fruit, these sun-kissed hills smile in plenty and gladden 
 the heart of man. 
 
 In ITorthwest Geoo-gia can be found almost every species of wood 
 known in the Southern States. The oaks and pines predominate. Of 
 the former, there are six varietieis, red, white, mountain or chestnut, 
 black, water and post-oak; and of pine there are two varieties, long and 
 short-leaf. Thousands of acres of these valuable timbers can still be 
 foimd, and can be bought at reasonable prices. There are also found 
 poplar, ash, beech, elm, chestnut, hickory, maple, walnut, iron-wood, 
 sugar berry, sycamore, sweet-gum, black-gum, dogwood, persimmon, 
 sassafras, wild cherry, redbud, warhoo and cedar. Many of these are 
 found in large quantities and can be utilized in the manufacture of furni- 
 ture and hardwood finish for dwellings. The oaks and pines are for the 
 most part used in buildings, furniture, and in the manufacture of farm- 
 ing utensils, wagons, etc. Large quantities of the oak and pine are an- 
 nually shipped. 
 
 The indigenous grasses of this section are: Bermuda, Johnsen, crab, 
 perennial Paspalum, and annual or drop-seed Paspalum. These all make 
 splendid pastm-age and the best of hay. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. I53 
 
 SOILS OF MIDDLE ANT> NORTHEAST GEORGIA. 
 
 The red hills of Georgia are familiar to all who have traveled through 
 these sections by rail or wagon-road. 
 
 In the phrase red lands are included both red sandy and red clayey 
 soils. The decomposition of homblendic rocks form a red clayey soil, 
 which, though more or less sandy for a few inches, has a deep red-clay 
 subsoil. The color and character of the soil varies of course in propor- 
 tion to the hornblende and other minerals associated in the rocks. If 
 biotite mica, which contains much iron, is present to any gi'eat extent in 
 the soil, its decomposition produces a deep mulatto, or sometimes red 
 soil similar to that from homblendic rocks, but usually of a lighter 
 character. Though the surface of the red land country is rolling and 
 often quite hilly with few level areas, very little is too broken for cul- 
 tivation. The forest trees of these lands are red or Spanish oak, white 
 and post-oaks, hickory, chestnut, dogwood, and, in the lowlands of some 
 of the counties, short-leaf pine, poplar, ash, walnut, cherry and buckeye. 
 There is more hickory and less pine than on gray sandy land. Black 
 jack is interspersed with these. Except in the more, southern counties 
 these lands are considered best for small grains, though about one-third 
 part of those under cultivation is devoted to cotton. 
 
 Where gray, sandy, gravelly land occurs, though much of the sur- 
 face is more or less rolling and hilly, there are broad level areas on tlie 
 ridges and in the valleys. Except in the more mountainous districts 
 the slopes of the hills and ridges are so gradual as not to interfere with 
 their successful cultivation. Though their light, sandy nature makes 
 them liable, when under cultivation, to wash into gullies and flood the 
 lowlands with sand, such damage can be prevented by the prevailing 
 method of hill-side ditching or terracing. These gray sandy soils are 
 frequently colored dark for an inch or two with decayed vegetation. 
 Then from the intermixture of the dark soil and the yellow, clayey sub- 
 soil there is obtained what is commonly called a mulatto soil. These 
 lands are considered better than the red clays for cotton, because under 
 favorable conditions they are more productive. They are also more 
 easily tilled, although often loose quartz rocks, or stones, are so abundant 
 that they must be removed before the ground can be broken up. From 
 one half to two thirds of these lands under cultivation are devoted to 
 cotton. 
 
 In the granitic lands the soil is often a coarse, gray, or gravelly san<], 
 from three to six inches deep, with a more or less sandy subsoil of red 
 or yellow clay. Ninety-eight per cent, of the granite lands are in the 
 
]54 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 main good and easily tilled, yielding about 800 pounds of seed cotton to 
 the acre, when fresh and unmanured. Almost everywhere in these 
 lands the timber is pine, either .long or short-leaf, oak, chestnut, hickory 
 and some black-jack. One feature of these soils worthy of note is their 
 superiority over other metamorphic soils in both potash and lime, de- 
 rived doubtless from the feldspar of the granite. In the mountainous 
 Blue Eidge region, especially in Towns and Kabun counties, but little 
 of this land is tillable except along the watercourses. In ten counties 
 of the northeast section only a little over 12 per cent, of the area is 
 under cultivation owing chiefly to the fact that that part of Georgia is 
 as yet but thinly settled. The tillable lands have a very rich, dark red 
 soil. Little Tennessee valley, in Eabun, is noted for fertility. I^^acoo- 
 chee valley, in White county, is famous as one of the most beautiful and 
 productive in the State. Wheat and other small grains, corn, the choicest 
 of fruits and vegetables, flourish luxuriantly. The rich grasses are of the 
 very best for stock, and the beef, lambs, kids and veal, are as fat and nice 
 as one could desire. Honey, butter, eggs, and chickens are abundant 
 and can be had at reasonable prices. The forests are filled with the 
 best timber. There are also to be seen beautiful flower gardens, sum- 
 mer houses and fountains, artificial lakes, parks for deer and pools for 
 fishes. 
 
 The valley lands of the Tugaloo, Middle, Hudson and Soque rivers 
 are productive of the best wheat and com. Around Cornelia, in Haber- 
 sham county, the most luscious peaches and other fruits are grown. 
 
 As we go southward fiom the Blue Eidge counties, there is a steady 
 increase in the acreage under cultivation, until we get to the pine hills 
 of the central cotton reg-ion, where from 60 to 75 per cent, of the entire 
 area is under clutivation. Of the lands north of the Chattahoochee, 
 those to the northeast have almost entirely gray, sandy soils, with but 
 few strips of red clay. German millet and buckwheat flourish in this 
 section, and good tobacco can be successfully grown, as is proven by the 
 patches raised here and there exclusively for home use. This section is 
 well adapted to such fruits as the apple, cherry, pear, grape, all varieties 
 of plums, the peach, and to the gooseberry, raspberry, strawberry, black- 
 berry and dewberry. 
 
 The Middle Georgia region was the first settled after the coast country 
 and is the most populous section of the State. All the largest cities of 
 the State, except Savannah, are in this belt. All through this section, 
 whose lands are for the most part, of the red clay soil, cotton, com, oats, 
 wheat, and the other small grains, peas and all the grasses do well. To- 
 bacco also can be successfully grown. Though injudicious culture for a 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 155 
 
 long time injured the soil, fields that had been abandoned and left to 
 grow up in weeds have, after years of rest, under judicious cultivation, 
 regained their fertility, and are once more among the best lands of 
 Georgia. To give some idea of what may be done under wise manage- 
 ment of the soil, we cite just a few examples. 
 
 On one farm in Hancock county, the first year after the sod of Ber- 
 muda grass was broken, there were gathered 1,800 pounds of seed cotton 
 to the acre, and the second year 2,800 pounds to the acre. In each case 
 this was without fertilizing. A third crop, corn manured with cotton- 
 seed in the usual manner and quantity, yielded sixty-five bushels to the 
 acre. The fourth year the crop on this ground was wheat, and without 
 fertilizing it yielded forty-two bushels to the acre. In Spalding county 
 wheat has often yielded forty bushels and sometimes sixty to sixty-five 
 bushels to the acre, and as much as 10,726 pounds of hay have been gath- 
 ered on one acre in one season. In Bibb county 8,646 pounds of crab 
 grass hay have been harvested on one acre in a season. 
 
 To show what "worn-out" land can be made to do, we give the ex- 
 ample of ]\Ir. Samuel Bailey. In 1868 he purchased a place in Ogle- 
 thorpe county which every one considered almost worthless for farming 
 purposes. The first year he cultivated only sixteen acres, ploughing deep 
 and subsoiling, and leveling all washes as near as posssible. He sowed 
 one acre in wheat and fifteen in cotton. From his acre of wheat he 
 gathered fifty-seven bushels, and from his fifteen acres in cotton be ob- 
 tained eleven bales weighing 465 pounds each. He always advocated 
 deep culture and thorough preparation of the lands before planting, more 
 especially when manuring highly, either with barn-yard or commercial 
 manure. He gave special attention to the drainage of land, stopping all 
 washes. He used the manures manufactured at the Oglethorpe Fertiliz- 
 ing Works. He expressed the conviction, however, that bara-yard and 
 cotton seed manures were more lasting. By saving all manures accumu- 
 lated on his place, he brought his lands up to such a state of cultivation, 
 that in an ordinary crop year without the aid of manuring, they would 
 produce on an average from thirty-five to forty bushels of wheat, and one 
 bale of cotton to the acre. He also grew all kinds of vegetables for 
 family use, and sold annually Irish potatoes, onions and watermelons. 
 He met with the best results in all kinds of fruits, such as peaches, pears, 
 apples and strawberries. From one-eighth of an acre he has gathered 
 twenty-eight bushels of strawberries of a superb variety (the Wilson 
 Albany). 
 
 Another instance: In 1872 W. J. Born, in Gwinnett county, bought 
 twenty acres of land that had been abandoned for years. This land had 
 
156 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 gone to waste, and the twenty-acre plot was filled with gullies from five 
 to ten feet deep, and some of them from five to ten feet wide. There 
 appeared to be no soil, and all the humus was practically gone. Immedi- 
 ately upon the purchase of this plot of ground Mr. Born filled these 
 gullies and waste. places with pine brush cut from a neighboring field, 
 hauled and scattered many loads of pine needles and oak leaves, using 
 a two-horse plow, plowed and re-plowed this land, and leveled as best 
 he could. Then he strewed broadcast the twenty-acre field with stable 
 and barnyard manure, re-plowed, harrowed and rolled again. He then 
 sowed it down in oats, and used two tons of commercial fertilizers, 
 turned these oats under, harrowed and rolled again. The following 
 spring these oats were mowed while in the "dough" state for hay, get- 
 ting a fairly good crop of oat hay. He again fertilized heavily with 
 barnyard manure and some commercial fertilizers, and sowed peas im- 
 mediately after taking off the oat hay. In the fall the peavines were 
 turned under and again oats were sown, using a liberal quantity of ma- 
 nure. This process was continued until the fourth year, when he planted 
 this' twenty-acre plot in. cotton, and made twenty bales. This land was 
 purchased for five dollars an acre. At the end of the fifth year it had 
 been brought to a high state of cultivation, and instead of being worth 
 five dollars could have been easily sold for twenty-five dollars per acre. 
 This land had a red clay foundation. What Mr. Born did in 1872 has 
 been done by others, and should be done by many more. 
 
 Throughout this whole section peaches, pears, apples, plums, cherries 
 and other fruits, with all kinds of berries, abound. Its melons are with- 
 out a superior. Among them the Augusta melon, so-called from its chief 
 shipping point, takes high rank. All along the lines of railway from 
 the northeast section down through Middle and Southern Georgia are 
 extensive tracts devoted to grape culture. 
 
 SOILS OF SOUTHEEN" GEOEGIA. 
 
 The central cotton region of the State includes the southern part of 
 Middle Georgia, and large areas of Southern Georgia. It embraces three 
 distinct belts having well marked differences. The first of these is the 
 sand and pine hills belt Its northern limit is a line running from 
 northeast to southwest as follows: from a few miles north of Augusta and 
 Thomson ranging a few miles south of "Warrenton and Sparta to Mil- 
 ledgeville, Macon, Knoxville, Geneva and Columbus. At this point the 
 metamorphic rocks are found outcropping in the beds of the streams, 
 while the sand hills extend northward a short distance along the uplands. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 159 
 
 The southern limit of the sand and pine hills belt is clearly marked by 
 the somewhat abrupt appearance of the red clay hills along its border. 
 The width of this belt varies greatly, being rather narrow in the pai't of 
 it lying between the Ogeechee and Flint rivers, and greatest within 
 twenty-five or thirty miles of the Savannah on the east, and the Chatta- 
 hoochee on the west. Its southern limit on the Chattahoochee is near 
 the mouth of TJpatoi creek. In Taylor and Marion counties it widens to 
 twenty miles or more. The area embraced in the sand hills is 2,950 
 square miles, the surface of the country being high and rolling, especially 
 along the northern limit, where the altitude is from 500 to 600 feet 
 above the sea, and from 100 to 150 feet above the adjacent metamor- 
 phic region. In some localities, as between the Flint and Ocmulgee 
 rivers, the lower part of the belt is a broad plateau gradually declining 
 southward. In the western portion the transition to the red hills is grad- 
 ual. 
 
 As might be inferred from its name, the soil of this belt is sandy, and 
 the prevailing timber pines, both long and short-leaf. There is also some 
 scrub black-jack, oak, sweet-gums and dogwood, with an undergrowth 
 along the streams of bay and gallberry bushes. 
 
 The second belt is the red ■hills. This belt is characterized by a high 
 rolling, or broken and well-timbered surface. The lands are of red clay, 
 associated generally with silicious shell rocks, and are found in isolated 
 areas over the entire yellow loam region. At Shell Bluff, on the Savan- 
 nah river, the beds are sixty feet thick, and at Fort Gaines, on the Chat- 
 tahoochee, fifty feet. Between these two* points their thickness dimin- 
 ishes to ten or twenty feet neiar the divide of the Central Atlantic and 
 Gulf waters. The soil is somewhat sandy, from twelve to twenty-four 
 inches deep in the eastern counties and six to twelve inches in others, 
 with a subsoil of heavy clay loam, stiff and hard to break up, of deeper 
 color than the soil, overlying at times a variegated and elastic pipe-clay. 
 Between the Savannah and Flint rivers are the best lands of this belt, 
 more productive and durable, and easily tilled, and in large areas. They 
 yield from 800 to 1,000 pounds of seed cotton when fresh, and under 
 proper culture continue to do so. The timbers are oak, hickory, short- 
 leaf pine and dogwood, with beech, maple and poplar on the lowlands. 
 Small grain is one of the best crops foi' these lands. 
 
 The third belt is the Yellow Loam Region, or the oah, hickory and 
 long-leaf pine hills, with soils sandy and gray, but dark on the immedi- 
 ate surface from decayed vegetation, with a subsoil of yellow clay-loam 
 or yellow sand, at a depth of from three to nine inches' from the sur- 
 face. This belt extends across the State from east to west. In width it 
 
KjO GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 varies, in same parts reaching from the sand hills south to the pine and 
 wire-grass region, and in others from the red hills southward to the same 
 limit. In Houston county these lands are found north of the red hills. 
 
 The entire area embraced by the yellow loaiu region and red hills is 
 6,650 square miles. The names given to this belt indicate the character 
 of its growth and soil. The lands are well drained and easy to cultivate, 
 and yield an average of 500 pounds of seed cotton to the acre. 
 
 The Southern Oak, Hickory and Pine Region comprises portions of 
 tlie counties of Decatur, Thomas and Brooks, lying along and near the 
 Florida line. This region is for the most part rolling, about seventy-five 
 feet above the wire-grass country on the north of it or 130 feet above 
 the Flint river. From a point seven miles south of Bainbridge the as- 
 cent, eastward to Attapulgus and northward by Climax, is quite abrupt. 
 But farther to the east it gi-adually merges into the wire-grass. The area 
 of this section is about 2,317 square miles. The surface of the country 
 is generally open with a growth of tall, long-leaf pine, where the soil 
 is sandy with generally a clayey subsoil, underlaid by white limestone; 
 but in some localities, where there is a red clay loam, the timber is oak 
 and hickory. 
 
 One feature of this region is the rare appearance of wire-grass, and 
 the almost total absence of silicious shell rocks, except in some lowlands. 
 
 The yield under ordinary cultivation is reported at from 600 to 800 
 pounds of seed cotton to the acre. 
 
 Tlie lowlands of the Central Belt comprise the bottoms and ham- 
 mocks of the streams and gallberry flats. On the Chattahoochee river 
 there is but little bottom land, because the uplands approach to the 
 vrater's edge as bluffs. The soil is a dark loam, more or less sandy, red on 
 some of the streams, and from one foot to six feet deep, down to a tena- 
 cious pipe-clay. On some of the other large streams the bottom lands 
 proper, which vary in width from 200 to 1,500 yards, when cultivated, 
 are devoted to corn and oats, for the reason that cotton crops on these 
 lauds are liable to injury from early frosts and wet. 
 
 The hummocks, or second bottoms, of the larger streams above over- 
 flow are well cultivated, and on some of the streams they are extensive, 
 being very level, with a growth of pine and most of the hardwoods com- 
 mon to Georgia. The soil is a rich sandy loam, with a depth of from 
 twelve to twenty-four inches, having in it much decayed vegetation, and 
 is very productive. These hummock soils yield about 1,400 pounds of 
 seed cotton to the acre when fresh, and from 800 to 1,000 pounds' after 
 a few year's cultivation; but under skillful management their original 
 fertility can be pretty^ well maintained. The alluvial lands of the Sa- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 1(31 
 
 vannah river have a growth of beech, white aud water oaks, holly, bay, 
 birch, mulberiy, sycamore, Cottonwood, hickory, ash and walnut. These 
 lands have a soil which is a bro^vn loam, mixed with mica scales and of 
 a depth of from two to three feet. They are well adapted to cotton, com 
 and g'rain. Being very productive, they are largely under cultivation 
 and yield 1,500 pounds of cottonseed on fresh land, and under the or- 
 dinary modes 5,000 pounds after a few yeiaxs' cultivation. 
 
 Along the Chattahoochee from Columbus to Georgetown are level val- 
 leys of open prairies similar to the second bottom of other streams, but 
 higher and without their gro^vth. In Muscogee county these valleys are 
 broad and open, with a fine sandy loam soil from five to twelve inches 
 deep, and a heavy clay subsoil. Farther south where the blue clay marls 
 approach the surface, the valleys are richer, and yield 800 to 1,200 
 pounds of seed cotton to the acre. 
 
 The long-leaf piiie and ivire-grass region covers a large part of South- 
 ern Georgia south of the oak and hickory and pine lands of the central 
 cotton belt. The entire region is a vast plain very nearly level, except 
 on the north, covered with long-leaf pine, and including in its area 
 eighteen whole counties and large parts of others. The surface of the 
 upper and western portions is somewhat rolling, being elevated from 
 twenty-five to seventy-five feet above the streams, and from 200 to 500 
 feet above the sea. The northeastern and southwestern portions of this 
 region, being underlaid with limestones, have a better class of soil, as 
 may be known from the intermixture of oak and hickory with the long- 
 leaf pine. 
 
 This region can be subdivided into two: the lime sink, and the pine 
 woods region. 
 
 The lime sinh region embraces 7,020 square miles, and includes the 
 following counties and parts of counties: Screven, except a strip along 
 the eastern and northern side of the county; the southern part of Burke; 
 the northern part of Bulloch; all of Mitchell, Miller, Colquitt and 
 AYorth; the southern parts of Pulaski, Baker and Early, and the south- 
 ern and eastern parts of Dougherty, the northern parts of Decatur, 
 Thomas, Brooks and Lowndes; the eastern parts of Dooly and Lee; and 
 the western parts of Irwin, Berrien, Dodge and Wilcox. The 
 uplands of this region have a gray, sandy soil, from six to 
 twelve inches deep, with a subsoil of red or yellow sandy clays, and yields 
 about 500 or 800 pounds of seed cotton. The bottom or alluvial lands 
 of the rivers and hummocks of the creeks have a dark loamy soil with 
 a clay subsoil, at a depth of from ten to twenty inches Being very du- 
 rable they yield from 800 to 1,000 pounds of seed cotton to the acre, even 
 
162 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 after many years of ciiltivation. Along the uplands oak is the principal 
 timber, and on the bottom lands, white and red oaks, ash, hickory, pop- 
 lar, beech, bays and magnolia. 
 
 The pine ivoods, or sandy wire-grass region covers an area of over 
 10,000 square miles, including the following counties and parts of coun- 
 ties: Tattnall, Montgomery, Emanuel, Telfair, Appling, Coffee, the mid- 
 dle of Effingham, the southern portions of Bulloch, Johnson and Lau- 
 rens, the eastern parts of "Wilcox, Irwin, Berrien and Lowndes, the upper 
 portion of Pierce, Wayne, Mcintosh, Liberty and Bryan, and portions 
 of Jefferson, Washington, Dodge, Ware and Clinch, The surface is 
 generally level, but sometimes slightly undulating, underlaid in some 
 places by sandstone which, along the streams, juts out into bold bluffs. 
 The soil is usually fine and sandy, with a subsoil of yellow sand, fre- 
 quently underlaid with clay. This piney wire-grass region terminates 
 near the coast, forming a terrace, from which there is a descent for fifteen 
 or twenty-five feet to the Savannah and pine flat and palmetto lands. 
 The soil of the uplands is sandy and gray, or ash-colored, twelve inches 
 deep, with a subsoil of yellow or orange-colored loam, to which some- 
 times an underlying clay gives durability and vigor. These lands, when 
 fresh, yield without fertilizers about 500 pounds of seed cotton to the 
 acre, and sometimes more, and a judicious use of fertilizers keeps up this 
 degree of productiveness. Corn, oats and sorghum-cane do well. On 
 the low hills, where ferruginous concretions, commonly known as "Geor- 
 gia pills," occur, other crops thrive better than cotton, which in those 
 special localities is liable to rust. In bottom lands the soil is richer 
 and colored almost black by decayed leaves and other vegetation, and the 
 growth is poplar, cypress, and titi, with some pine and "fever tree" or 
 "Georgia bark." The vast pine forests that cover this pine woods region 
 are a source of great wealth to the State, and the trade in lumber has 
 built up thriving towns. Wherever the timber lands are cleared, the 
 land is being occupied and put under cultivation. The marls that abound 
 in many parts of this section, when mixed with the muck from tho 
 swamps, afford a cheap fertilizer, which increases greatly the productive- 
 ness of the soil. This region opens a fine opportunity to the enterprise of 
 truck-farming. Those desiring to engage in such business had better 
 come while lands can be purchased at low rates. 
 
 TJie pine and palmetto flats lie ini the southeastern comer of the State, 
 around Okefinokee Swamp, and embrace mainly the counties of Charl- 
 ton, Echols and Clinch, and large parts of Ware, Pierce and Wayne. 
 This belt is considerably higher than that of the coast region, extending 
 across other counties to the Savannah river. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. Ig5 
 
 The country is level and open vnth many swamps, having a dense 
 growth of titi, tupelo and black-gnms, sweet and loblolly bays and cas- 
 sino, a short-leaf pine, all interlocked with bamboo briers, forming a 
 dense thicket. The chief timber growth is the long-leaf pine and cypress, 
 and on the open lands a dense mass of low saw-palmetto, gallberry 
 bushes and some wire-grass. This region is about 125 feet above the 
 sea, the descent on the east being very rapid from Okefinokee Swamp to 
 Traders' Hill, at the head of tide-water and Saint Mary's river. From 
 thence is a level second terrace to the edge of the savanna covered with 
 deep white sand. 
 
 The creeh hottom and hummoch lands, though not very wide, have 
 a dark loam soil from eight to twelve inches deep with a clayey subsoil, 
 beneath which lies a blue clay stratum. The growth of these hum- 
 mock lands is in the main oaks, black-g-um, tupelo-gum, cypress, maple, 
 etc. 
 
 The coast region, covering in all about 2,045 square miles, includes 
 savannas, live oak lands and islands. The "savannas," a belt of country 
 from ten to fifteen miles wide, between the pine woods and wire-grass 
 region on the one side, and the "live oak lands" on the other, extend 
 from the Savannah to the Saint Mary's river, embracing nearly all the 
 counties of Chatham, Bryan, Glynn and Gamden, and large portions of 
 Liberty and Mcintosh. The surface of the country, known as the first 
 terrace, is very level, standing from ten to fifteen feet above tide-water, 
 and at some points higher. Its northwestern limit is the bluff of the 
 second or wire-grass terrace, passing through the lower part of Effing- 
 ham (twenty miles north of Savannah), into Bryan, where it is fifty feet 
 high. At Savannah the bluff is forty feet above low-water mark. South- 
 ward through Liberty county, at "Gravel Hill," south of Hinesville, its 
 elevation is from fifteen to twenty feet above the sea, and in Camden 
 county fifteen miles east of Colerain, it is about twenty-five feet. Along 
 the first or lower terrace of this region are meadow or savanna lands, 
 broad, flat and open, with a sparse growth of tall long-leaf pines, and a 
 thick undergrowth of saw-palmetto with here and there bunches of wire- 
 grass which have found their way dowTi from the upper or second ter- 
 race. In spring and early summer all over these broad extended plains 
 beautiful flowers present to the delighted eye of the beholder a charm- 
 ing view. 
 
 The Ike oak and coast lands spc^ad along the coast and occupy the 
 numerous islands stretching from the Savannah to the Saint Mary's 
 river, with an irregular and interrupted belt of yellow or mulatto sandy 
 soil, characterized by magnificent live oaks, festooned with streamers of 
 
166 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 gray moss often ten to fifteen feet long. There is also a gi-owth. of red and 
 water oaks; hickory, chincapin, pine, red cedar, sweet-gum, cabbage 
 palmetto, a tall variety of bine palmetto and sassafras. There are really 
 three divisions of this live oak belt, viz.: upland or ridge, middle, and 
 lower bottom lands, the last of which have a very rich dark soil, under- 
 laid by a blue clay, well adapted to the celebrated black-seed or sea-island 
 cotton. jSTot so much attention as formerly, however, is paid now to 
 this long-staple cotton, since the use of fertilizers makes the upland or 
 short-staple a more remunerative crop. 
 
 The coast tide sioamp lands occupy a narrow belt, not continuous along 
 the Atlantic coast, but bordering on the various inlets and streams to the 
 limits of tide-water. Along the Savannah these lands are cultivated up- 
 ward of twenty miles from the brackish marsh up the river. On the 
 Altamaha their extent from the marshes upward does not exceed sixteen 
 miles, because freshets prevent them from being of value except for tim- 
 ber. The soil along the Altamaha having more of decayed vegetable mold 
 than that of the Savannah is more easily cultivated. The tide lands of 
 the Ogeechee extend from the marshes about ten miles. Those of the 
 Satilla, though not as broad as the others, extend from the marshes 
 twenty miles up the river and are not liable to freshets. The swamp 
 lands of the Georgia side of the St. Mary's river extend only to the foot 
 of the second terrace some fifteen miles east of Colerain, though tide- 
 water reaches Trader's Hill. The lands of this belt are the rice lands 
 of the State, being devoted almost exclusively to its cultivation. Geor- 
 gia's yield of this wholesome article of food is second to that of South 
 Carolina, which State ranks next to Louisiana. Other crops do well, but 
 rice is so much in demand that planters give to it the preference. 
 
 Of marsh land there is only a small area along the Georgia coast, at thti 
 mouths of some of the rivers. 
 
 The Sea Islands, which, large and small, form along the coast a net- 
 work, with a rolling surface not exceeding fifteen feet above the tide, 
 have a united area of 560 square miles-. The soil is usually sandy, well 
 adapted to the production of sea-island cotton, corn and sweet potatoes. 
 In their delightful climate, sufficiently warm, and yet cooled by ocean 
 breezes, lemons, figs, pomegranates, olives and oranges grow finely. 
 
 Finally in every part of G eorgia are lands capable of the highest cul- 
 tivation, with soils adapted to the very best results. If the settler desires 
 to raise the various grains or grasses, the fleecy cotton, or the fruits found 
 in every zone of production in the United States, from the hardy apple 
 of the north to the tender orange of the tropics, he can choose his section 
 of Georgia, buy his land and go to work with as much certainty of sue- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 167 
 
 cess as in any other of the most favored parts of the Union. Fine Irish 
 potatoes can be raised in Georgia, and no better sweet potatoes are any- 
 where produced. Again we would call attention to the fact that in ad- 
 dition to the various crops that have been mentioned in this description 
 of soils, Middle and Southern Georgia are the home of the sugar-cane, 
 richer in saccharine matter than any other plant from which sugar is 
 extracted. jSTo more chanming farm scene meets the eye than a vast field 
 of tasseled cane with all its promise of good things to come and future 
 profits. 
 
 The ground-pea, which, when parched, is held in such high esteem, 
 is produced extensively in Georgia The chufa, though not so well 
 known, is valued as good food for hogs. 
 
 ^OT should we fail to name among other good products of Georgia 
 soil the chestnuts, walnuts, hickory-nuts, chincapins and pecans, which 
 help to give good cheer to the family circle as they gather on a winter 
 eve before the hearth heaped up with blazing logs, o«r gi^ate with glow- 
 ing coal. 
 
 The mulberry tree should come in for a share of notice. This tree 
 grows in every part of the State, especially in the sandy soil of some parts 
 of Middle and Southern Georgia. The fruit of the black mulberry 
 makes a very fattening food for hog^. The leaves of the white mulben-y 
 are the favorite food of the silkworm. When the colony of Georgia was 
 founded it was intended that the production of raw silk should be one 
 of its industries. Would it not pay some one who understands this busi- 
 ness to embark in it in Georgia ? 
 
 An excellent article of tea has been grown in Southeast Georgia. 
 Indigo gTOws wild in its southern section, and was at one time culti- 
 vated, until cotton absorbed almost all the attention of our people. 
 
 Peas and beans grow in every section of the State and the value of 
 the cow or field-pea to all the cotton belt of Georgia, both for forage and 
 soil fertilization, cannot be overestimated. The peas furnish excellent 
 food for stock, and are good food for man as well, superior to the Boston 
 bean. The hay made from the vines is of fine quality and very nourish- 
 ing. 
 
 The reports that have been made on authority of the United States 
 census concerning Georgia's soils give but a feeble conception of their 
 productiveness. The authors of those reports in making up their aver- 
 ages for crops raised in the different belts, gave the results of tlie 
 work of the unskilled laborers imder overseers who were themselves ig- 
 norant of the best modes of cultivation. But skillful farmers using the 
 best methods give us a fair idea of the capacity of Georgia soil in every 
 section of the State. We give here some well authenticated yields: 
 
168 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 In Cotton. — In Washington county, partly in Middle and partly in 
 Southern Georgia, 6,917 pounds of seed cotton to the acre; in Troup 
 county, ]\iidde Georgia, 4,594 pounds; in Burke county, in the northern 
 part of Southern Georgia, 4,500 pounds; in Carroll county, Middle Geor- 
 gia, 4,500 pounds; in Crawford county, southeastern part, in Middle 
 Georgia, 4,500 pounds; in Clay county. Southwestern Georgia, and 
 Broolvs, bordering on the Florida line, 2,700 pounds; in Coweta and De- 
 Kalb counties, in Middle Georgia, but both above the center of the State 
 (DeKalb considerably so), 2,200 pounds. 
 
 In Corn. — In Spalding county. Middle Georgia, 137 bushels to the 
 acre; in Cobb county, in the northwestern part of Middle Georgia, 125 
 bushels; in "Wilkes county, Middle Georgia, 123 bushels; in Thomas 
 county. Southwestern GeoTgia, bordering on the Florida line, 119 bush- 
 els; in Crawford county, partly in Middle partly in Southwestern Geor- 
 gia, 115 bushels; in Cherokee county, in Middle Georgia belt, but north- 
 western part of the State, 104 bushels to the acre. 
 
 In Oats. — In Wilkes county. Middle Georgia, 137 bushels to the 
 acre; in DeKalb county. Middle Georgia, 131 bushels; in Floyd county, 
 ^N'orthwest Georgia, 121 bushels; in Coweta county, western Middle 
 Georgia, 115 bushels; in Schley county. Southwestern Georgia, 100 
 bushels; in Brooks county. Southern Georgia, on the border of Florida, 
 75 bushels to the acre. 
 
 In Wheat. — In DeKalb and Spalding counties, Middle Georgia, 65 
 bushels to the acre; in Carroll county. Middle Georgia, 40 bushels ; in 
 Cherokee, Middle Georgia belt, but northwestern part of the State, in 
 Milton next on the south, and Walton, Middle Georgia, 28 bushels to 
 the acre. 
 
 In Sweet Potatoes. — 800 bushels to the acre in Eichmond, Crawford 
 and Berrien counties, the first named being on the border of Middle and 
 Southern Georgia and bordering on South Carolina, Crawford in South- 
 western and Berrien in Southern Georgia, with but one county between 
 it and the Florida line; 500 bushels in Brooks county, on the Florida 
 border; 400 bushels in Fulton county. Middle Georgia belt but north- 
 western part of the State. 
 
 In Irish Potatoes. — Four hundred and twenty bushels to the acre in 
 Wilkes county. Middle Georgia; 109 bushels in Walker county, extreme 
 l^orthwestem Georgia. 
 
 In Upland Rice. — One hundred bushels to the acre in Hall and White 
 counties, in ITortheast Georgia; Pike, in Middle Georgia; and Early in 
 lower Southwest Georgia on the Alabama line. 
 
 In Cane Syrup. — Seven hundred gallons to the acre in Bulloch 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 171 
 
 county, Southern Georgia; 695 gallons in Thomas county, in Southwest 
 Georgia, on the Florida border; 600 gallons in Brooks county, Southern 
 Georgia, on the Florida border; and 480 gallons in Burke county, in the 
 northern part of Southern Georgia. 
 
 In Clover Hay. — Sixteen thousand pounds to the acre in DeKalb 
 county. Middle Georgia; 10,000 pounds in Greene county. Middle Geor- 
 gia; 6,575 pounds in Cobb county, northwestern part of Middle Geor- 
 gia belt. 
 
 In Peavine Hay. — Ten thousand seven hundred and twenty pounds 
 to the acre in Spalding county. Middle Georgia. 
 
 In Bermuda Grass Hay. — Thirteen thousand nine hundred and fifty- 
 three pounds to the acre in Greene county. Middle Georgia. 
 
 In Lucerne. — Nine thousand four hundred pounds to the acre in Gor- 
 don county, IsTorthwest Georgia. 
 
 In Crahh Grass Hay. — Eight thousand and forty-six pounds to the 
 acre in Bibb county, on the border of Middle and Southern Georgia. 
 
 In Com Forage. — Twenty-seven thousand one hundred and thirty 
 pounds to the acre in Greene county, Middle Georgia. 
 
 In Sugar. — Twenty-one barrels to the acre in Bulloch county, north- 
 em part of Southern Georgia. 
 
 9ga 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 PUBLIC ROADS IN GEORGIA. 
 
 EAILROADS AND WATER TRANSPORTATION. 
 
 In every cO'Untj there should be good roads, on which the farmer 
 can haul to the nearest market, or shipping point, the produce of his 
 farm with the greatest degree of comfort tO' himself and the least pos- 
 sible wear on his wagons and stock. Roads must keep pace with all 
 other improvements; for the public highways will have an important 
 bearing on the judgment formed in regard to the thrift and enterprise 
 of any county. Much interest in this subject has been aroused in Geor- 
 gia for several years. 
 
 In 1891 a law was enacted authorizing commissioners of roads and 
 revenues of each county, upon recommendation of the grand jury, to fix 
 and levy a special road tax, not to exceed two mills on the dollar, and 
 also to exact of each male inhabitant a commutation tax not to exceed 
 fifty cents a day for the number of days' work required. The law also 
 authorized authorities to organize chain-gangs of convicts, or to hire free 
 labor for improvement and maintenance of public highways. The ex- 
 penses were to be met by special road and commutation taxes. Many 
 of the counties have adopted the new road law and every year adds to 
 their number. The plan, on which the work is done, is to divide the force 
 employed into squads, each of which consists of from fifteen to forty-five 
 men under a competent superintendent and one or more overseers. Each 
 squad is supplied with camping outfit, two or more road machines, 
 wheeled scrapers, wagons, plows, and from ten to twenty mules. Usually 
 on leading roads the working force first goes over them with machine 
 giving proper crown, opening side ditches, macadamizing boggy places, 
 and cutting down the grades of the steeper hills. In the case of less-im- 
 portant roads the force employed works them from one to two years. On 
 the second working more attention is paid to grading and macadamizing. 
 In counties having large cities, where from 100 to 400 convicts are em- 
 ployed, the roads are graded and macadamized at the first working. 
 Under this system several hundred miles of first-class macadamized roads, 
 
 (172) 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. I73 
 
 have been biiilt in several counties within the last three years. Among 
 the best are the Manchester and Peachtree roads near Atlanta, thorough- 
 fares equal to the best ideal. In this great work Fulton county leads all 
 others, spending in 1900, $140,000, and constructing many miles of 
 well-graded macadamized road. Other roads of similar merit are found 
 in Bibb, Floyd, Bartow, Richmond, Jefferson, Emanuel, Spalding, Meri- 
 Avether and Chatham counties. The shell road from Savannah to 
 Bonaventure and Thunderbolt was noted even before the civil war. The 
 shell roads of Glynn county radiating from the city of Brunswick are 
 also worthy of mention. From the city of Rome in Floyd county some 
 of the finest macadamized roads in Georgia lead out in all directions. 
 These roads of Floyd county cover more than seventy-six miles, and are 
 built of hard Kmestone and marble. They are being added to at the 
 rate of one mile a month. All of these roads are loi easy grade and thor- 
 oughly drained. The county authorities expect to continue this system of 
 road-building. In Bartow county there radiate from Cartersville in all 
 directions splendid roads over which it is a delight to drive. The same 
 is true of those of Richmond county, which center in Augusta, or thoee 
 of Bibb, that form the favorite drives of the citizens of Macon. Thomas 
 county has long enjoyed a good reputation for its well-graded drives 
 through the fragrant pines. Ere many years at the present rate of 
 progress all the citizens of Georgia will be blessed with good coimtry 
 roads, on which travel and transportation will be pleasant at all seasons. 
 One of the most efficient means of arousing interest on this subject of 
 good roads in Georgia, is the meeting of the county road commissioners 
 held in Atlanta. 
 
 RAILROADS OF GEORGIA. 
 
 Georgia was from the first introduction of railroads into America, one 
 of the most active in their construction. In fact, her preeminence 
 among her Southern sisters in railroad building, combined with the lead- 
 ing part played by her in the promotion of various manufacturing en- 
 terprises, gave her the proud title "Empire State of the South." In the 
 number and extent of her railroads she still ranks foremost. Among 
 and through her mountains and hills, valleys, plains and forests, high- 
 lands and lowlands, north, south, east and west, they thread their way, 
 pouring wealth into the laps of Georgia's cities and towns, and giving 
 convenient and rapid transportation to the farmers, merchants and manu- 
 facturers of the State. The condition of the roads is excellent. The 
 great trunk lines are laid vnth. heavy steel raUs and well ballasted. With 
 
174 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 these main lines shorter ones connect many towns and stations, which 
 otherwise would be remote from the great arteries of trade and travel. 
 Several great systems' of railroads are operated in Georgia. 
 
 The Central of Georgia enjoys the distinction of being the first built 
 in the State (1833). It extended originally from Savannah to Macon. 
 By taking in other lines and building branch roads, it has spread out in 
 every direction, traversing with its 1,301.54 miles of rail fifty-one coun- 
 ties of Georgia, giving to them access to the ocean through the port of 
 .Savannah. 
 
 The lines of this company penetrate and cover, in a most complete 
 manner, Middle and Southwest Georgia, the great fruit and trucking 
 sections of the State. Its lines also cross the Chattahoochee river at Co- 
 lumbus, Georgetown and Columbia, and, passing through the mineral, 
 agricultural, timber and naval stores section of Alabama, gather the 
 rich products of that great State and bear the bulk of them to^ the mar- 
 kets of the world through Savannah, the greatest South Atlantic sea- 
 port, where direct steamship connections are made for all points in the 
 East and Europe. 
 
 The lines of this great system reach nearly every important town in 
 the State, among which are Atlanta, Savannah, Macon, Augusta, Co- 
 lumbus, Athens, Americus, Albany and Griffin. A great many other 
 progressive towns of Georgia are reached by this system. Twenty-one 
 of these cities and towns have electric light pulants and are otherwise 
 equipped with all modern conveniences. 
 
 Among the most important industries located within the territory cov- 
 ered by the Central in Georgia are: fifty-six cotton mills, operating 698,- 
 070 spindles and 25,Y39 looms, representing an aggregate capital of 
 $10,650,800; one woolen mill; twelve knitting mills; sixteen flour mills; 
 twenty-five cottonseed-oil mills; twenty guano factories; sixty-threei brick 
 kilns and clay potteries; twenty-six iron foundries; twenty-seven machine 
 shops; twenty-two canneries; sixteen wagon and buggy factories; five 
 spoke and handle factories; eleven tanneries; twenty-eight ice manufac- 
 turing plants; three granite quarries; 131 dairies and 5 creameries. 
 
 In addition to the above there were handled from points on the lines 
 of this company during the past year (1900), 126,891 barrels of rosin 
 and 33,158 barrels of spirits of turpentine. 
 
 !l!^o compendium of facts bearing on the resources of Georgia, or of 
 that territory in the State covered by the Central of Georgia Railway 
 would be complete without reference to the great agricultural and horti- 
 cultural interests of this section. Of agriculture should be mentioned the 
 more staple crops, gotten, com, sugar-cane, wheat, rye, oats, potatoes, 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. I77 
 
 field-peas and broom com. Under this head we would also mention the 
 making of hay from native and foreign grasses, to which more attention 
 is being paid than ever before. 
 
 In horticulture should be mentioned the market gardens, or truck 
 farms, raising cucumbers, beans of all varieties, tomatoes, cabbages, on- 
 ions, etc. Under this head comes the fruit industry, which has reached 
 vast proportions. More interest than ever before is being taken in grow- 
 ing peaches, pears, plums, apples, grapes of many varieties, watermelons, 
 cantaloupes, cherries, strawberries, blackbkerries, etc. 
 
 In addition to the above mentioned crops, special attention should be 
 called to the growing of tobacco, which has hitherto been a small crop 
 in Georgia. From successful experiments in planting tobacco during 
 the past year in lower Middle Georgia it is confidently predicted that 
 the section of the State lying south of Macon is destined to become 
 in time, one of the greatest tobacco-growing sections of the Union. "With 
 the distribution of tobacco seed and the assistance of an expert tobacco 
 grower, all of which is being furnished free to the farmers by the Cen- 
 tral of Georgia Railroad, every reasonable effort is being made to interest 
 the farmers in this crop. 
 
 The manufacture of syrup from sugar-cane has in the past year or two 
 reached such a stage of perfection, as to render the growing of sugar- 
 cane very profitable. Analyses recently made by thoroughly reliable 
 and expert chemists show that sugar-cane grown on the hill-sides of 
 lower Middle Georgia, or in the light sandy soil on the Atlantic coast, 
 contains from two to four per cent, more sacchairine than can be grown in 
 the alluvial lands. The farmers in this territory are appreciating the im- 
 portance of paying more attention to growing sugar-cane and to the 
 handling of its products. 
 
 The timber and lumber industries in this State have reached vast 
 proportions. In addition to the enormous trade in Georgia pine and 
 all hard woods in our domestic markets, there are millions of feet of this 
 class of timber and lumber exported annually through the South At- 
 lantic and Gulf ports. 
 
 The terminus of the Central of Georgia Railway, with its magnificent 
 wharf and terminal properties, is at Savannah, the great South Atlantic 
 seaport. In the sketch of Chatham county is given a complete state- 
 ment in detail of the business handled through this port during the past 
 year. A large percentage of this was handled by the lines of the Central 
 system. ■ , 
 
 The Southern Railway operates in the State of Georgia nearly 1,016 
 miles of travel. Beginning at Atlanta lines radiate to the south, west^ 
 
178 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 north, and northeast, and place the cities and towns of the State along 
 its lines in close touch with the Atlantic Ocean, the coal fields to the 
 west and the great cities and markets of the ISTorth. Its lines pass 
 through the important cities of Atlanta, Augusta, Athens, Columbus, 
 Griffin, Macon and Kome, and connect them with Savannah, the greatest 
 South Atlantic port, and with Brunswick, the second in importance of 
 Georgia's ports. 
 
 Fifty-one counties are traversed by this system, and, taken as a whole 
 throughout the State, every variety of resource, soil, climate and industry 
 in Georgia is found somewhere contiguous to its lines. 
 
 The textile industry is well represented. On January 1, 1900, there 
 were in the towns tributary to the Southern in Georgia, forty-four cot- 
 ton m'ills, operating 628,896 spindles and 16,960 looms, and representing 
 a capital stock of over $10,000,000. There were also six knitting mills 
 and six woolen mills, and there are now under construction, or com- 
 pleted since that date, twenty other textile concerns. 
 
 The timber wealth of this country is enormous, and at the present time 
 there are tributary to the Southern seventy-five saw and planing mills 
 with a daily capacity of about Y80,000 feet of pine, oak, poplar and other 
 lumber. There are nineteen cottonseed-oil mills with several more under 
 construction or in contemplation. There are also more than forty grist 
 and flour mills, besides new ones now contemplated, to handle, the large 
 wheat crop. In fourteen towns there are electric light plants; in five, 
 large brick making establishments, while many more have clay deposits 
 suitable for development; more than forty foundries, machine works, or 
 other iron industries; five canneries, and as many more projected or be- 
 ing built; eight furniture plants and a large number of factories making 
 spokes, handles, wagons, crates, coffins,, vehicles, etc. Several towns have 
 ice factories, and at a large number quite a business is done in shipping 
 naval stores to Brunswick and Savannah for export. There are four 
 companies making leather products, two creameries, several fertilizer 
 factories and a large number of ginneries. The most active mineral dis- 
 trict is Dahlonega, tributary to the Southern at Gainesville, where a 
 large stamp mill and chlorination plant has been erected, extensive min- 
 ing done and a large amount of money expended in developing the gold 
 deposits of that section. At Gainesville a million dollar cotton-mill is 
 being erected; another small one organized and a smelter projected. 
 
 The Southern traverses the great mineral section of the State as well 
 as some of the best lands for all the staple crops, fruits, melons, berries 
 and vegetables, and some 'of the finest timber lands in the world. The 
 Southern and Central systems give to a large section of the State two 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. I79 
 
 splendid competing lines, and each stretches out its great arms into sec- 
 tions not traversed by the other. Both these roads are doing all they 
 can to advertise and build up the sections through which they pass, and 
 their efforts are meeting with great success. 
 
 The Plant System operates in Georgia 616 miles, and traverses nine- 
 teen counties, possessing every grade of soil from light sandy and allu- 
 vial to the heaviest clay and river bottom, and having a climate tem- 
 perate and especially adapted to agriculture and horticulture. On its 
 line are three cotton-mills with 18,000 spindles; three cottonseed-oil 
 mills, four fertilizer factories, two barrel factories, ninety-six turpentine 
 stills, twenty-five camps where railroad ties are manufactured and sold. 
 Eight of the towns on the system have electric plants, viz.: Savannah, 
 Brunswick, Quitman, Waycross, Albany, Valdosta, Thomasville and 
 Bainbridge. There are two brick plants at Albany, one at Bainbridge and 
 one each at Johnson's and Williams's stations, five in all; also one pot- 
 tery plant at Stockton. There are foundry and machine works at Savan- 
 nah, Brunswick, "Waycross, Albany, Valdosta and Tifton, and canneries 
 at Tifton and Albany. There are also bucket factories at Whigham and 
 McRae's. Along the lines of this system the output of naval stores 
 amounts to 260,000 barrels of rosin and 90,000 barrels of spirits of tur- 
 pentine. There are ice plants at the eight large towns. Almost every 
 mile of the territory traversed by the Plant System is suitable for agri- 
 cultural and horticultural pursuits, dairying and grape growing. Dairy 
 farming is profitably conducted near most of the large towns. 
 
 The Georgia Railroad was the second chartered in the State (Dec. 31, 
 1833). Its main line connects Augusta and Atlanta, and including its 
 branches operates 314 miles and traverses eighteen counties, having on 
 its line the two important terminal cities already named besides Athens, 
 Macon, Greensboro, Madison, Covington, Oxford, Milledgeville, and 
 other smaller but flourishing towns. The country traversed is a part of 
 the great cotton belt of Georgia. Many of the foundries and mills al- 
 ready spoken of as being on the line of the Central and Southern sys- 
 tems are also on the line of the Georgia Railroad at Atlanta, Augusta, 
 Athens and Macon. There are brick plants at several points, and pot- 
 teries at Milledgeville, Macon and Grovetown. At each of the terminal 
 points of the main trunk of the Georgia Railroad are extensive planing- 
 mills and furniture factories. No road in the State has more extensive 
 local traffic, in both freight and passengers. 
 
 The Georgia Southern and Florida Railway Company operates 169 
 miles of track in Georgia, beginning at Macon and ending at the Florida 
 State line, connecting Vienna, Gordele, Tifton, Valdosta and many 
 
180 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 smaller towns with Macon, its chief terminal. The principal trade opened 
 up by this line is that of lumber and naval stores. There are on its line 
 within the State of Georgia forty-seven sawmills with a daily capacity 
 of 1,073,000 feet of lumber; twenty-one planing-mills with a daily capac- 
 ity of 454,000 feet; eighteen shingle-mills with a daily capacity of 425,- 
 000 shingles; six lath mills, turning out daily 94,000 laths; five stave 
 mills capable of a daily production of 77,000 staves; twenty-five turpen- 
 tine stills turning out 85,000 barrels of rosin and 25,000 barrels of tiu- 
 pentine annually. Beginning at Macon this line runs along a ridge be- 
 tween the Ocmulgee and Flint rivers, the waters of the former flowing 
 into the Atlantic Ocean, and of the latter into the Gulf of Mexico. 
 This territory is for the most part what is known as the "wire-grass" sec- 
 tion, and is one of the best in the State for grain, cotton and stock. The 
 farms are generally small and cultivated by the owners, who, raising their 
 own provisions and making cotton a surplus crop, are generally out of 
 debt and prosperous. Long-staple or "sea-island" cotton is chiefly raised 
 in the Southern counties, there being marketed at Valdosta alone one- 
 tenth of this entire crop in the United States. This is also a great section 
 for fruit, which is less liable than in other sections to frosts in the spring, 
 as was shown in 1894 and 1899, when a considerable quantity was ship- 
 ped off this line, while in other parts of the State peaches were a total 
 failure. There are on this line outside of Macon two cotton factories ag- 
 gregating 14,000 spindles and 450 looms, with a capital of $235,000, 
 three cottonseed-oil mills, three guano factories, two ice factories, threa 
 iron foundries, four machine works, three canneries, one spoke and han- 
 dle factory, one broom factory, four barrel factories, one wagon and one 
 buggy factory, and two harness factories. There are on the line in Georgia 
 five brick yards, four being in Macon and one near Lenox in Berrien 
 county. There is not much dairying along this line, but those engaged 
 in the business are prosperous. 
 
 Considerable upland rice is produced for home consumption, and in 
 some years considerable is shipped. The yield is 30 bushels to the acre. 
 
 Both cigar and smoking tobacco have been grown along this road, the 
 former producing from 1,000 to 1,200 pounds to the acre, and the lat- 
 ter averaging 750 pounds to the acre. A good local market would cause 
 a renewal of the growth of this plant. 
 
 This region is especially adapted to the growth of sugar-cane, which 
 is true also of the sections traversed by the Central, Southern and Plant 
 systems. Many families from the northwestern and other States are 
 settled along the Georgia, Southern and Florida, 
 
 The Western and Atlantic division of the K'ashville, Chattanooga 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 183 
 
 Kailway system operates in Georgia 139 miles, of which eight- 
 een are known as the Rome Railway. This road connects Atlanta with 
 Marietta, Acworth, Cartersville, Rome, Calhoun, Dalton and Ringgold 
 in Georgia, and Chattanooga in Tennessee, passing through seven coun- 
 ties, embracing a splendid agricultural section, whose crops of cotton, 
 grain and hay are excelled nowhere in the State. Fruit trees, especially 
 peach, have been planted in great numbers and with wonderful success. 
 From Cartersville to the Chattahoochee river grape culture is success- 
 fully carried on, and from Ringgold and vicinity strawberries are grown 
 and shipped in abundance. The section about Ringgold is best adapted 
 to small fruits and grain; about Dalton to vegetables, fruits and grain; 
 about Calhoun to corn, small grain and peaches; about Adairsville to 
 wheat and peaches; about Cartersville to fine staple cotton, corn and 
 wheat ; around Marietta to cotton, peaches and grapes ; around Smyrna to 
 small fruits, peaches, gi-apes and cotton. Considerable sorghum is made 
 for domestic use. Tobacco is grown in small quantities for home use 
 only. A fine timber country is tributary to- the line on the headwaters of 
 the Coosawattee and Conesauga rivers, which streams unite above Eesaca 
 to form the Oostanaula. All manufacturing interests seem to be in a 
 thriving condition. The increase in mining has probably been 100 per 
 cent, in other lines about 20 per cent. Outside of Atlanta, are the fol- 
 lowing cotton mills: two at Dalton with a total of 25,000 spindles and 
 620 looms; one at Rome with 5,200 spindles and 108 looms. There are 
 nine flour mills ; cottonseed-oil mills at Rome and Acworth ; knitting mills 
 at Marietta and Atlanta; paper mill at Marietta, and mills for production 
 of guano filler (graphitic slate) at Emerson. There is a carriage factory 
 at Cartersville, a crate factory in Adairsville, furniture factories at 
 Rome, Dalton, Acworth, Marietta and Atlanta. There are tanneries 
 in Atlanta, Acworth and Cassville, and ice plants in Atlanta, Marietta, 
 Cartersville and Rome. There are iron ore beds near Emerson, Carters- 
 ville, Roger's Station, Clifford, Adairsville, Tunnel Hill, Ringgold and 
 Allatoona, near which latter place is a gold stamping mill. There is 
 manganese in abundance near Cartersville; granite at Vining's Station 
 and on Kennesaw Mountain, but no quarries; black and variegated mar- 
 ble near Calhoun and Dalton, but not being quarried; large marble mills 
 in Marietta, using marble from along the line of the Atlanta, Knoxville 
 and IN'orthern Railroad, on which connecting line are a number of quar- 
 ries in operation, the greater portion of whose output is handled by the 
 Western and Atlantic. Limestone quarries are in operation at Gray&« 
 ville and Clifford, the output being eight car-loads a day. At Cement 
 are cement works whose output is 200 barrels a day. The Southern 
 
184 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Company plaster works at Emerson, making filler for fertilizers, have 
 an output of 10,000 tons per annum. 
 
 The Atlanta, Knoxville and N'orthem, operating 105 miles in Geor- 
 gia, runs from Marietta to the Tennessee line, through six counties, pass- 
 ing through the town of Canton, Tate, Jasper and Ellijay. Through 
 the Western and Atlantic Railroad it connects with Atlanta. Along this 
 line are some large orchards and the finest marble quarries of Georgia. 
 
 The Macon and Birmingham Railway operates nearly ninety-seven 
 miles of its own track and uses about eight miles of the track of the 
 Central between Macon and LaGrange, having on its line also the towns 
 of CuUoden, Yatesville, Thomaston and Woodbury. It traverses six 
 counties of an excellent agricultural district, the principal product of 
 which is cotton. There is one cotton mill of 6,600 spindles at Thomas- 
 ton; two at LaGrange agrregating 27,500 spindles, and a third one of 
 10,000 spindles in process of erection. There are electric light plants at 
 Thomaston and LaGrange, a cottonseed-oil and guano factory at La- 
 Grange, and a shoe factory at Thomaston. There is a factory for the 
 manufacture of sash, doors, blinds and crates at Woodbury, and a coffin 
 factory at Mutual, operated by the Mutual Aid Society (colored). The 
 output of naval stores is 5,000 barrels of rosin and 100 barrels of spirits 
 of turpentine. There is a tannery at Thomaston and a creamery at La- 
 Grange. There are excellent granite deposits for thirty or forty miles 
 of the distance, principally in Upson and Meriwether counties. Thero 
 is a granite quarry at Odessadale. Along the line the agricultural 
 products are cotton^ com, sugar-cane, sorghum, wheat, oats, rye and po- 
 tatoes. The land is well adapted to grapes, peaches and other fruits, the 
 flavor of which is especially good, owing to the large amount of potash 
 in the soil. 
 
 The .Seaboard Air Line operates nearly 134 miles of railroad between 
 Atlanta and the South Carolina State line, traversing eight counties, and 
 passing through the towns of Lawrenceville, Athens and Elberton. The 
 country traversed is a fine agricultural section and has great manufactur- 
 ing interests at Atlanta, Athens and Elberton. 
 
 The Georgia and Alabama road, running almost a bee line from the 
 Alabama line eastward to Savannah with its many branch roads, 376 
 miles in all, and traversing sixteen counties, is now a part of the Sea- 
 board Air Line system. It transports the products of a large section of 
 Georgia and Alabama to swell the exports of Savannah. Some of its 
 territory is also traversed by roads of the Central of Georgia and South- 
 em systems. The leading cities and towns on this road and its branches 
 are Columbus, Lumpkin, Preston, Americus, Dawson, Albany, Eitz- 
 
; GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. ]85 
 
 gerald, Abbeville, Mount Yernon and Savannah. All along its line 
 are important manufactories, whose products help to swell its freights. 
 A great many people from northern and western States are settling along 
 the three great lines of the Seaboard Air Line. This is true also of the 
 Central and Southern. 
 
 The Florida Central and Peninsular Railroad, which, with its hundred 
 and thirty-eight miles, traverses eight counties of Georgia from the Flor- 
 ida line toi Savannah, thence northward to the South Carolina line in 
 Effingham county, has also been consolidated with the Seaboard Air Line 
 system. Along its line are large sawmills and turpentine distilleries. 
 Its main shipments are naval stores gathered at the stations along its 
 route through the great pine belt of Georgia. It passes near St. Mary's, 
 but not through any important town in Georgia except the city of Sa- 
 vannah, which it connects with Femandina, Jacksonville, Lake City, 
 Live Oak, Madisoni, Tallahassee, St. Marks and other points in Florida. 
 The total number of miles embraced in this great combination, now 
 known as the Seaboard Air Line system, is 648, passing through thirty- 
 two counties of Georgia. 
 
 The Atlanta and West Point Railroad, named for its two terminal 
 points, passes through five counties of a productive portion of Georgia. 
 The soils along this line are red clay, sandy, with clay subsoil and hum- 
 mock lands. Abundant crops of the staple productions of Georgia are 
 handled by this road. It forms a connecting link between the 
 great trunk line systems from the East and the Louisville and 
 ISTashville Railroad, and thus participates in the carrying of the trade 
 from the eastern markets to the Pacific coast, and likewise shares the 
 freight moving in the reverse direction. The industries along its line are 
 varied, consisting of agriculture, dairying, fruit-growing, cotton fac- 
 tories, foundries, canning establishments and tanneries. There is one 
 flour mill at ISTewnan, one knitting mill at Grantville; of cotton-oil mills, 
 one each at E'ewnan, LaGrange, Hogansville and West Point; of brick 
 plants, one each at Moreland, West Point, Speers and Hogansville. Iron 
 foundries and machine shops are located at ITewnan, Moreland and 
 West Point; there are two canning establishments, one at ISTewnan and 
 one ice plant at ITewnan. Three towns, !N"ewnan, LeGrange and 
 West Point, have electric plants. There is a gold mine in operation 
 near Grantville. There are along this line seven cotton mills with 144,- 
 000 spindles, representing a capital of $3,032,000. 
 
 The lands are adapted to general farming, fruit and vegetables. Large 
 quantities of grapes and peaches are raised near Moreland, Coweta and 
 Newnan. 
 
IgQ GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 The above are the principal railroad systems of Georgia. There are 
 many short lines which play an important part in giving an outlet to tha 
 products of many sections, which without them could not reach the trunk 
 lines except by the tedious and more expensive method of transportation 
 offered by the mule team upon the country road. The following table, 
 prepared for the last annual report of the Railroad Commission of Geor- 
 gia, gives the railroad mileage of the State together with the names of 
 the respective lines: 
 
 EAILROAD IVULEAGE IN THE STATE OE GEORGIA FOR 
 
 1901. 
 
 Alabama Great Southern 24.32 
 
 Albany & Northern 35.00 
 
 Atlanta & West Point 86.11 
 
 Atlanta Belt Line 5.50 
 
 Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern 105.30 
 
 Atlantic, Valdosta & Western 70.13 
 
 Augusta Belt 3.80 
 
 Augusta & Summerville 2.00 
 
 Augusta Terminal 1.44 
 
 Central of Georgia 1,301.54 
 
 Charleston & Western Carolina 20.47 
 
 Chattanooga Southern 42.65 
 
 City & Suburban 22.00 
 
 Collins & Reidsville 6.91 
 
 Darien & Western 29.00 
 
 Dooly Southern 8.00 
 
 East & West 45.70 
 
 Elovilla & Indian Springs 3.00 
 
 Eoy Railroad 10.00 
 
 Gainesville, Jefferson & Southern 65.00 
 
 Georgia 314.50 
 
 Georgia Northern 51.00 
 
 Georgia Pine 39.52 
 
 Georgia Southern & Ilorida 169.00 
 
 Hartwell 10.10 
 
 Hawkinsville & Florida Southern 33.00 
 
 Lavso-enceville 10.00 
 
 Lexington Terminal 4.00 
 
 Louisville & Wadley 10.00 
 
I GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 189 
 
 Macon & Birmingham 96.80 
 
 Macon, Dublin & Savannah 53.54 
 
 Midville, Swainsboro & Red Bluff 17.75 
 
 Millen & Southwestern 33.78 
 
 IsTashville & Sparks 11.50 
 
 ^STashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis 2.73 
 
 Offerman & Western 35.00 
 
 Plant System 616.39 
 
 Sandersville 4.00 
 
 Savannah & Statesboro 34.00 
 
 Seaboard Air Line 647.83 
 
 Smithonia & Dunlap 7.00 
 
 Smithonia, Danielsville & Carnesville 6.00 
 
 South Georgia 28.00 
 
 Southern Railway 998.15 
 
 Sparks, Moultrie & GuK 40.00 
 
 Stillmore Air Line 34.05 
 
 Sylvania 15.00 
 
 Talbotton 7.00 
 
 Tallulah Falls 20.90 
 
 Tilfton & mrtheastem 25.00 
 
 Tifton, Thomasville & Gulf 55.50 
 
 Valdosta Southern 14.50 
 
 Wadley & Mt. Vernon 30.00 
 
 Waycross Air Line 45.00 
 
 Western & Atlantic (including Rome Railroad) 139.34 
 
 Western of Alabama .IT 
 
 Wrightsville & Tennille T6.00 
 
 Total 5,623.92 
 
 WATER TRANSPORTATION^. 
 
 Before the invention of railroads interior towns remote from naviga- 
 ble streams had small chance of becoming centers of trade. The con- 
 struction of railroads has altered this, and has built up great cities re- 
 mote from any water highway. And yet a navigable stream gives to a 
 city the great advantage of a competing line, which reduces freight 
 charges to a considerable extent. The Savannah river is navigable to the 
 city of Augusta, whose importance as an interior cotton mart is greatly 
 enhanced thereby. A line of steamboats plies between that city and 
 
]^90 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Savannah. The Chattahoochee is navigable from the city of Columbua 
 to the Apalachioola and through that river to the Gulf of Mexico. The 
 river trade of Columbus through its several steamboat lines is consider- 
 able. The city of Eome enjoys a fine river trade through two naviga- 
 ble streams, the Coosa and Oostanaula. Steamboats bring to that city 
 the productions of the Coosa valley, lumber, iron, grain and cotton, and 
 the staple products of the Oostanaula valley, among them large quantities 
 of walnut, poplar and oak lumber. The Flint, which unites with the 
 Chattahoochee to form the Apalachicola, flows past the flourishing little 
 city of Albany, which enjoys the advantage of an extensive steamboat 
 traffic. Darien has always had a considerable river trade along the Alta- 
 maha and its tributaries, the Ocmulgee and Oconee, boats running as far 
 as Hawkinsville on the first named tributary and Dublin on the latter. 
 The Savannah is the most important of Georgia's navigable streams, 
 because over eighteen miles of its course heavily laden ships bear to the 
 ocean the rich and varied articles of export that find their outlet through 
 the prosperous city of Savannah. The St. Mary's will some day play 
 an important part in the development of the southeast section of the 
 State. On its right bank is situated the beautiful little town of St. Mary's, 
 which already, through its fine harbor^ accessible to the largest vessels, has 
 a considerable trade in lumber, a large amount of which is brought to 
 this port by the boats that ascend the river for some miles. The Satilla 
 and Ogeechee are other navigable strams of Georgia, whose advantages 
 have not been utilized to any considerable extent. Other navigable wa- 
 ters of Georgia are the inlets and sounds which flow between the main- 
 land and the charming islands that skirt the coast from the Savannah 
 to the St. Mary's. Through St. Simon's sound the largest vessels pass 
 up the Turtle river to Brunswick, the second in importance of the sea- 
 ports of Georgia, a city with a bright future before it, like Savannah, the 
 center of a fine fruit and truck farming section, and having excellent 
 shipping facilities. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 AGEICULTUEE. 
 
 Having discussed the economic minerals, water-powers, soils, and 
 means of travel and transportation of our State, both by land and water, 
 it is well to take up here the subject of agriculture, the special care 
 of the department under who'se auspices this work is given tO' the public, 
 and to which already abundant reference has been made. What has 
 been done in this important field of enterprise in Georgia is a matter of 
 history. What shall be done in the future will depend upon the skill, 
 as well as the industry, of our farmers. 
 
 Cotton. — Cotton, when made a surplus crop, and cultivated with such 
 limitations as a sound business judgment would dictate, is still the great 
 money crop of Georgia. Although our State has for several years past 
 ranked most of the time as the second in cotton production, its average 
 yield to the acre is not so great as one might suppose, who has seen the 
 wonderful results secured on some farms by the employment of the best 
 scientific methods. The reason for this is, that the loose methods which 
 prevailed in the ante-bellum days, when, after exhausting the land, the 
 planter sought new fields, are still employed on many farms. These are 
 rented out for fi:sed money value or for share of products to^ unskilled 
 negro laborers, who, vnthout the guiding hand of an intelligent white 
 farmer, cannot be expected to produce the best results. What Georgia 
 soil can be made to do under the best scientific farming was shown in 
 a previous chapter (page 155.) The more numerous the class of skilled 
 farmers, the better show will Georgia make in her average yield by the 
 acre. 
 
 From the first Georgia has stood high in production among the cotton 
 States of the Union. For many years it was outranked only by South 
 Carolina, which State was the first to engage in this industry. After 
 passing South Carolina, Georgia was second only to Mississippi. In 
 1849 it fell behind Alabama; but in 1880 again took rank just behind 
 Mississippi. Since 1895 it has, with the exception of one year, gone 
 ahead of everything except the combined yields of Texas and Indian 
 Territory. In this connection the following table will be found inter- 
 esting: - 
 
 (191) 
 
192 
 
 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 COTTON CROP BY STATES— BALES. 
 
 1900-01 
 
 1899-1900 
 
 1898-1899 
 
 1897- 
 
 1896-1897 
 
 1895-1896 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Florida 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Texas (and Indian Ter- 
 ritory to 1899) 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 762,000 
 
 45,000 
 
 1,295,000 
 719,000 
 950,000 
 542,000 
 911,000 
 350,000 
 
 3,809,000 
 
 1,008,313 
 
 669,385 
 
 41,855 
 
 1,345,699 
 699,47 
 
 1,203,739 
 503,825 
 830,714 
 355,000 
 
 2,438,555 
 
 1,159,000 
 
 834,000 
 
 70,000 
 
 1,536,000 
 
 590,000 
 1,522,000 
 
 583,000 
 1,012,000 
 
 414,000 
 
 3,555,000 
 
 1,159,000 
 
 922,000 
 
 70,000 
 
 1,536,000 
 
 740,000 
 1,627,000 
 
 583,000 
 1,003,000 
 
 485,000 
 
 8,075,000 
 
 1,019,000 
 
 700,000 
 
 60.000 
 
 1,300,000 
 575,000 
 
 1,226,000 
 500,000 
 800,000 
 330,000 
 
 2,248,000 
 
 830,000 
 620,000 
 48,000 
 1,079,000 
 430,000 
 860,000 
 384,000 
 664,000 
 252,000 
 
 1,990,000 
 
 For the season of 1899-1900 Texas is estimated by itself. 
 
 The total cotton acreage of Georgia for the crop of 1899-1900 was 
 3,287,Y41. 
 
 Of Georgia's cotton production for the season of 1899-1900 the up- 
 land crop was 1,284,811 bales, averaging 490 pounds to the bale, at 7.11 
 cents a pound, and thus bringing $44,761,530. The sea-island crop was 
 60,888 bales, averaging 397 pounds to the bale, at 13.5 cents a pound, 
 making this crop worth $3,263,292. The entire crop of Georgia was 
 1,345,699 and was worth $48,024,822. The average to the acre for the 
 whole State was about 600 pounds of seed cotton. * 
 
 *The total Sea-island crop of 1899-1900 is shown in the following table taken from the report 
 of theU. S. Department of Agriculture: 
 
 Sea-Island Cotton Crop for 1899-1900 
 
 
 Receipts at- 
 
 Total Crop 
 
 State 
 
 Savannah. 
 
 Charleston 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 Jacksonville 
 
 
 Bales. 
 
 49,939 
 
 22,278 
 
 33 
 
 Bales. 
 
 Bales. 
 10.949 ■ 
 
 Bales. 
 
 Bales. 
 60,888 
 
 
 
 7,329 
 
 29,607 
 
 
 7,810 
 
 
 7,843 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 72,250 
 
 7,810 
 
 10.949 
 
 7,329 
 
 98,338 
 
 The Department's special agent at Charleston, S. C, Mr. Lewis F. Sloan, submits the fol- 
 statistics and observations relating to this crop: 
 
 Exports and Coastwise Shipments 
 
 
 Exports in Bales to- 
 
 Ports 
 
 Great 
 Britain. 
 
 Continent. 
 
 American 
 Mills. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 4,991 
 33,181 
 
 1,368 
 6,639 
 
 1,316 
 30,806 
 10,949 
 
 7.329 
 
 7.675 
 
 From Savannah 
 
 From Brunswick 
 
 70.626 
 10,949 
 
 
 
 
 7,329 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 38,172 
 
 8,007 50,400 
 
 96,579 
 
 Stock on hand at Charleston, 8. C, September 1, 1900. 
 Stock on hand at Savannah, Ga., September 1, 1900.... 
 
 .bags... 
 do... 
 
 Total stocks do... 2,073 
 
GEORGIA: , HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. I95 
 
 The following States, including Oklahoma Territory, not in the above 
 list also raised some cotton: Virginia, 8,007 bales; Missouri, 17,275; 
 Oklahoma, 66,555; Kansas, 188; Kentucky, 24; Utah, 26. 
 
 A cotton crop does not necessarily deplete the soil more than other crops. 
 But the fields, being left bare, are washed and leached by winter rains, 
 and some of the best elements of the soil are withdrawn. A systematic 
 rotation of crops would save this waste and preserve the fertility of the 
 land. A judicious use of fertilizers will enormously increase the pro- 
 ductiveness of the fields and correspondingly enlarge the profits of the 
 planter. The composting of commercial fertilizers with animal manures, 
 marl, muck and cottonseed will greatly reduce the cost of fertilization. 
 All the manurial resources of the farm should be saved under shelter 
 that they may be ready for application to the fields at the proper time. 
 For every pound of lint produced there are two of seed, which are useful 
 as a fertilizer. Peavine hay, properly turned under, has abeady been 
 frequently mentioned as a cheap and valuable fertilizer. Ko longer is 
 the sale of the lint the only source of profit derived from the cotton crop. 
 The various uses made of the seed, for food for stock, for oil and a fer- 
 tilizer, swell the profits of the skillful and provident farmer. The steady 
 increase throughout Georgia of mills, either for the manufacture of 
 cloths and thread from the lint, or of oil, cotton-meal cakes and hulls 
 from the seed, has already affected the price of cotton to the great ad- 
 vantage of the producer. Let every farmer raise his own supplies, and 
 plant the rest of his land in cotton. Then competence and wealth w^U 
 reward his skill and diligence. 
 
 Some idea of the increased wealth to the farmers of Georgia, derived 
 from the by-product of the cotton, may be gathered from the following 
 statement: In 1890 the cottonseed of Georgia amounted to 596,000 tons, 
 the average value of which by the ton, was $10.21, which would give 
 $6,085,160. During the season of 1898-99 the number of tons of cot- 
 tonseed was 778,000. Toward the close of the season this sold 
 as high as $14.00 a ton. At that rate the value of the total product 
 amounted to $10,892,000. Of course it was not all sold, some of it being 
 used as a fertilizer, and some as feed for stock. Yet the possibilities, as 
 shown by these figures, enable one to form some idea of the value to the 
 farmer of his cottonseed, which in ante-bellum days were considered of 
 no account. There is no doubt that cotton properly managed is the 
 greatest wealth-producing crop in the United States. 
 
 Any skilled farmer of the West and North, who, in the great grain 
 States, makes a success of farming, will find his opportunities for acquir- 
 
 10 ga 
 
196 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND IXDUSTRIAL. 
 
 ing wealth in his chosen occupation greatly enlarged by settling in Geor- 
 gia and adding to his assets the rich revenue, that comes from an intel- 
 ligent cultivation of tlie fleecy king. 
 
 EGYPTIAN COTTOX. 
 
 The experimnets in the Southern States on Egyi^tian Cotton have 
 heen very limited. The United States Department has several times 
 in the last decade sent out a few of these Egyptian seed for ex|)eriments, 
 but, although the results have not been very satisfactory, the Depart- 
 ment is convinced that the Egyptian cotton can be grown in favorable 
 localities in the South, especially in parts of South Carolina and Geor- 
 gia. It has been suggested that the Egv'ptian cotton should supply the 
 mills from our Southern cotton fields, and the idea is a good one. 
 
 The Jannovitch Egyptian cotton was gTOwn in South Carolina under 
 the direction of the Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology. 
 In common with other Egyptian varieties it shows a marked resistance 
 to root disease. It has many good qualities, chief among which are the 
 length and quality of the staple and fiber of the plants. It has disap- 
 pointed the planters, however, by its small bolls, making the cotton hard 
 to pick, besides the yield is not so large as that of upland cotton. It is 
 easier to pick than the Sea-Island cotton, and makes about as much to 
 the acre. This Egpj^ian cotton is inclined to nm to weed on rich, moist 
 soils, whereas it does not gi'ow large enough in the poor soils in the hilly 
 counties. Hence, the Egj'ptian cotton gTOAvs best in those parts of Geor- 
 gia,, Ilorida, Alabama, and South Caa-olina, where the Sea-Island cotton 
 is more or less established, not only because these soils will probably 
 prove to be best adapted to the Egyptian cotton, but because the planters 
 are accustomed to the planting and handling of long^taple cotton, and 
 have the roller gins necessary. "The importation of cotton from Egypt 
 steadily increased," say the Department at "Washington, "from less than 
 two himdred thousand pounds ini 1884 to more than forty-three million 
 pounds in 1896." The price of Egyptian cotton ranges from four to six 
 cents higher than the price of ordinary Amencan upland cotton. Tlie 
 annual import of cotton from Egypt for the last three years has averaged 
 in value nearly four millions of dollai*s. The Eg^'ptian cotton has a 
 very fine, silky fiber, generally shorter than that of Sea-Island, but 
 longer than that of upland varieties. It is used in the manufacture of 
 fine yams for the finer qualities of hosiery and knit goods. A number 
 of mills buy this Egjq^tian cotton to mix with avooI, since it is much 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. I97 
 
 harder to detect in wool than our American upland cotton. As has 
 been said before, some attempts have been made to gi-ow EgjiDtian cot- 
 ton in this countiy. In 1894 the Department imported and distributed 
 a stock of Egyptian seeds, and, while experiments with these have shown 
 favorable results, there is still need of further trial to determine the 
 exact conditions, under which this cotton can be grown to best advant- 
 age. The AgTicultural Department at Washington is of the opinion 
 that with proper management the Egj^tian cotton industry may be- 
 come well established in the United States. 
 
 In 1897 the United States imported of Egyptian cotton nearly six 
 thousand bales; in 1899 it had increased to more than sixty thousand 
 bales. One great cause of this importation is, that the Egyptians handle 
 their cotton with so much more care than the South does. Our countiy 
 now supplies about eighty per cent, of the cotton consumed by the mills 
 of Europe and America. 
 
 Egyptian cotton has a long, strong, silky staple from 1| to If inches 
 in length, while the staple of what is called our upland cotton ranges 
 from f to 1 inch, and of our Sea-Island cotton from 1^ to 2^ inches. It is 
 especially adapted for sewing thread, fine underwear, and hosiery, such 
 as balbriggan, and for other goods requiring a smooth finish or a high 
 lustre. It gives a fabric a sdft, silky-like finish, and this character, to- 
 gether vrith its lustre, makes it desii-able for mixing with silk in the 
 manufacture of various kinds of silk goods. Hence this Egyptian cotton 
 does not compete with either our shortrstaple or long-staple. It fills a 
 gap between the two. 
 
 Another reason for the increase of the Egyptian cotton importation is, 
 that many descriptions of goods are now made in this country which 
 were formerly made in Europe. 
 
 Xow we come to the question, can Georgia and the South raise these 
 60,000 bales of Egyptian cotton which our mills annually use? The 
 State Department of Agriculture is clearly of the opinion that this can 
 be done. Wherever long-staple cotton can be gro^^^l successfully the 
 Eg;\7>tian cotton can be grown. While we would not advise one to plant 
 his entire crop Avith the Egyptian variety, still we think it worthy of a 
 fair trial. 
 
 Corn. — ISText to cotton in rank as a staple crop of Georgia comes corn. 
 The yield of this important cereal, wherever the best methods are em- 
 ployed, is very large. As is the case with cotton, so also, in respect to 
 corn, the number of farms in everj' county tilled by unskilled methods 
 brings down Georgia's average yield to the acre. This is between eleven 
 
198 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 and twelve bushels, although it has been seen that some of our most 
 progi-essive farmers have produced as much as 125 bushels to the acre. 
 Of the cotton States, however, only two, Tennessee and Teass outrank 
 Georgia in the area devoted to com. Counting in the great grain States 
 of the northwest, which produce no cotton, Georgia, in 1890, came in as 
 the eleventh State in the number of acres devoted to corn, viz.: 2,592,- 
 316, which yielded 29,261,422 bushels. 
 
 By the census of 1900 Georgia's corn area was 3,411,953 acres and her 
 production, 34,119,530 bushels, valued at $19,448,132. On March 1, 
 1901 the stock on hand was 17,400,960 bushes, or 51 per cent, of the 
 crop. The number of bushels shipped out of the counties in which they 
 were grown was 2,047,172. 
 
 In the years of the civil war Georgia's production of corn was very 
 great, and the southwestern -part of the State was the granary of the 
 Confederacy. 
 
 Com is one of the most important products of the field, and every 
 farmer should seek to increase the capacity of his land to give him an 
 abundant yield. From the matured grain comes the meal, which con- 
 stitutes the chief source of the bread supply of thousands of people, while 
 the bran separated from the meal by bolting, forms an excellent feed 
 for stock. For this latter purpose the unground grain is also used, the 
 ration of com upon the cobb being part of the daily stock food in every 
 well-filled stall. The truck farms, or market gardens, which furnish 
 vegetables to neighboring or distant cities and to^\'ns, send to the market 
 thousands of juicy roasting ears, a favorite article of food in every 
 American community. 
 
 But when we have considered the acreage and production of com, 
 we have by no means exhausted the subject The leaves, or fodder, and 
 the shucks that are stripped from the ears constitute, when properly 
 cured, a forage highly prized on every farm. Sometimes while in a 
 green state, the stalk, fodder and shucks are cut up together, and being 
 deposited in a silo, constitute the corn ensilage, so useful as a food for 
 the milch-cow and other stock. 
 
 The old-time custom of pulling fodder is not so much in vogue now as 
 formerly. At the proper time, before the grain is fully ripe, the stalks, 
 with their leaves and com still on them, are cut and shocked like 
 wheat or other grain. Then, when the ears have been taken out of the 
 shucks, the shucks are shredded by means of a machine made for that 
 purpose, and the material then baled is ready for the market. Sometimes 
 a field of corn is purposely planted so closely as not to produce ears, and 
 
GEORGIA: , HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 201 
 
 the whole mass, at the proper stage of advancement, being cut down, af- 
 fords most excellent forage. 
 
 Further mention of the uses of com as a forage crop will be made 
 in the section on grasses and forage crops. 
 
 Wheat — Although Georgia, being a leading cotton State,, has never 
 ranked in wheat production with the ISTorth Central grain States, yet her 
 soil, when sowed in that important cereal, is capable of producing great 
 results. Before the days of low freight rates from the great west, wheat 
 cultivation was very remunerative in Georgia, and Georgia flouring 
 mills declared large dividends. But the grand trunk lines, with their low 
 rates of transportation, made it so difficult for Georgia millers to com- 
 pete with the west, that many of the leading mills abandoned the con- 
 test Then the farmers sowed but little more than enough for their 
 own use, and Georgia's acreage and production rapidly declined. At the 
 time of the census of 1890 her wheat area was 196,633 acres, with a pro- 
 duction of 1,096,312 bushels, or a little more than five and one-half 
 bushels to the acre. But the fact that they were raising cotton to such 
 an extent as to cause an over-production and consequent low prices, aided 
 by the constant and persistent efforts of the Department of Agriculture to 
 induce the farmers to pay more attention to wheat, oats, and other small 
 grains, brought about a wonderful revival of wheat culture. Articles 
 urging the planting of more wheat which from time to time went forth 
 from the department, were copied in many agricultural publications and 
 reprinted in agricultural monthlies having exteubive circulation among 
 the farmers. The result was the selection of some of the best lands for 
 wheat, and a great increase in the acreage from year to year. As the 
 farmers increased their production, the Georgia mills once more became 
 active. Old ones that had shut down started up again, and new ones 
 were built in different parts of the State. The revival of the wheat in- 
 dustry has been especially noteworthy in the last two years. The fall of 
 1899 saw a larger percentage of land in wheat than ever before. Geor- 
 gia, not satisfied with her record as one of the foremost cotton States-, 
 seems to be progressing to the point where she can take a proud stand 
 among the wheat growing States of the South. Her wheat area in 1899 
 was 297,239 acres and her production, 2,021,225 bushels, showing an in- 
 crease in area of 101,606 acres, and in production of 924,913 bushels. 
 The value of the wheat crop of 1899 was $1,980,800. The wheat crop 
 of 1900 was 5,011,133 bushels, valued at $4,760,576. This crop was 
 grown on 550,674 acres, and 501,113 bushels were shipped out of the 
 counties in which they were grown. The stock on hand March 1, 1901, 
 was 1,302,895 bushels. The splendid increase in acreage and production 
 
202 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 of wheat for 1900 is liiglily gi-atifying to tliose who are anxious to see 
 Georgia take her proper stand as a wheat-growing State. 
 
 Some farmers sow wheat as a forage crop, preferring it to oats, rye or 
 barlej for that purpose. What may be done with wheat in Georgia is 
 best seen, not from the general average, reduced by causes previously 
 mentioned, but from jvhat has been accomplished on some of the best 
 managed farms. The following yields of wheat are well authenticated: 
 from one farm in DeKalb county, sixty-five bushels to the acre; from 
 one in Carroll, forty bushels; twenty-eight bi^shels an acre from farms 
 located in Cherokee, Milton and Walton connties. Of these five counties 
 Dekalb, Carroll and Walton are on the northern border of the Middle 
 Georgia belt; Cherokee and Milton are higher north. In Oconee, a 
 Middle Georgia county, forty-eight and one-half bushels of wheat were 
 grown on one acre in 1900. 
 
 On the 11th of July, 1900, the third annual convention of the Wheat 
 Growers Association of Georgia was held at the Academy of Music in 
 Macon. Reports were made and prizes which had been offered by the 
 Telegraph, the leading journal of Macon, were bestowed for the best 
 yields of wheat. In each case the report was rendered by different com- 
 mittees, each consisting of three gentlemen, who measured the field re- 
 ported and the wheat as it was threshed, and supported their report by 
 sworn affidavits. The yields were as follows: from four acres in Spalding 
 county belonging to W. J. Bridges, an average of sixty-five bushels to 
 the acre; from four acres in Spalding county, belonging to W. D. 
 Walker, an average of fifty-nine and one-half bushels to the acre; from 
 four acres in Bibb county, belonging to Julian R. Lane, an average of 
 forty-one and one-fourth bushels to the acre; from four acres in Wash- 
 ington county, o\vned by T. H. Cox, an average of twenty-eight bushels 
 to the acre ; from four acres in Jones county, owned by W. F. White, an 
 average of twenty -four bushels to the acre; from four acres in Wilkin- 
 son county, owned by Z. T. Miller, an average of nineteen and three- 
 fourths bushels to the acre; from one acre in Bibb county, owned by J. S. 
 McGee, thirty-nine and three-sevenths bushels. The average of all these 
 reports from five counties of Middle and Southern Georgia is something 
 over thirty-nine and one-half bushels to the acre. 
 
 This is another proof of what Georgia can do, and another strong argu- 
 ment in behalf of wheat culture in this State. 
 
 Mr. Brid'ges, the successful competitor in the Avheat contest, in an in- 
 terview with a reporter of the Macon T'degrapli, said: "It has been said 
 by some that wheat should not be planted in the same place two con- 
 secutive years, or that it could not be made to yield satisfactorily if it was 
 
203 
 
 done. This, I find, is a mistake, as a portion of my land this year had 
 been planted in wheat for three consecutive years, and on sixteen acres I 
 harvested 711 bnshels, or an average of about forty-four and one-half 
 bushels to the acre. This was done on upland too, as I do not approve 
 
 of bottom land for wheat About four years ago I began to 
 
 manure my land with the idea of bringing it up to where the benefit to it 
 would be permanent, and by judicious use of stable manure and drop- 
 pings from cattle, used with fertilizers, I brought it up to where it 
 would make from one and a half to two bales of cotton to the acre. To 
 do this I gave it a very heavy coating of manure in the spring, and saw 
 that it was well broken up with a tw^o-horse plow. This should be done 
 in the spring ahvays. As to the land that I planted in wheat this year, 
 I gave it a very heavy coat of manure in the spring and then planted it 
 in cotton. After I had gathered the crop, I ripped out the stalks and 
 then turned the land over with a two-horse ploAV, following that with a 
 cutaway harrow, then rolling it with a heavy roller. My wheat was then 
 put in with a drill, using about four hundred pounds of a special high- 
 grade potash fertilizer at the same time. In planting the wheat, I put in 
 
 105 pounds, or one bushel and three pecks to the acre The 
 
 land upon which my crop was made is a gray, loamy top soil, ^\^th an 
 undersoil of stiff red clay that retains the moisture to feed the roots. I 
 consider that this is the best soil to be found for wheat, as it enables it to 
 withstand a drouth better, or to go through a rainy season better, than a 
 shallow gray soil or an all clay one. The variety of wheat that I sow is 
 the purple, or, as it is sometimes called ,the bluestem variety, which ha* 
 proved the best that I have kno^\Ti used. It should be soaked in blue- 
 stone to prevent smut, which is more to be dreaded than rust. To do this 
 successfully you should use about one pound of bluestone in enough 
 water to wet the wheat thoroughly and go right on sowing it. The blue- 
 stone should be dissolved in boiling water. It takes only about a gallon 
 of water to every two bushels of wheat. I have always followed tliis plan 
 and have never had the smut to appear in my wheat. "Wheat should 
 never be sown until after the first big frost in November, for then it 
 ^vill Avithstand more successfully the ravages of the fly, or small grub, 
 that begins at the root and saps the vigor from the young shoots, causing 
 them to grow up spindling, stalks that are short, with faulty heads. Tho 
 frost seems to have the effect of killing this fly if the wheat has not been 
 planted before and has come up to where it makes a nest for the fly and 
 its young. As for the other bane of the w^heat gi'owers, the cheat, I have 
 never had any trouble with that, and am not prepared to suggest any 
 method to get rid of it, though I think that if it were to make its ap- 
 
2Q4 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 pearance m my grain that I would take the pains to pull it out, each 
 stalk separately, if necessary. 
 
 "After harvesting my wheat I then begin and plant the entire acre- 
 age in peas, which really amounts to the same thing as beginning to get 
 your gi-ound in condition for wheat again, as there is no known crop, not 
 even clover, that under the same conditions will do your ground the 
 permanent good that peas will. From my peas I usually get from two 
 to three tons of pea hay per acre, and sometimes I expect the yield will 
 reach four tons. This year I have planted about 100 acres in peas and 
 am confident that with continued seasons a large portion of it will yield 
 fully three tons per acre. It cannot be beat as a forage for both horses 
 and cows, and is one of the easiest raised. The acreage that I raised my 
 sixty-five bushels per acre on will again be planted in wheat this fall 
 and has on it as fine a crop of peas as ever grew out of ground. I am 
 more than delighted with my success with wheat this year." 
 
 Mr. Thomas H. Cox, whose four acres averaged twenty-eight bushels 
 to the acre, in a letter to the Agricultural Department said: "The land 
 on which my wheat grew was a Kght gray. I sowed two bushels of the 
 bluestem variety per acre broadcast and plowed it as deep as I could 
 with single plows. I used as a fertilizer about seventy-five bushels of 
 cottonseed. I sowed this crop the middle of November, and gathered 
 the 20th of May. I really believe that if I had prepared my land and 
 had harrowed my grain in, I would have made more per acre by plowing 
 in deep. My wheat never came up regular. I notice that some was com- 
 ing up fully six weeks after the first had come up. My land was ele- 
 vated but well terraced." 
 
 Mr. W. F. White, who made an average of twenty-four bushels to 
 the acre, wrote to the department as follows: "I broke my land with a 
 one-horse Haimon stock, using a common 4-inch tumplow on what is 
 known as red land, clay subsoil; used twenty-five bushels of cottonseed 
 per acre, sowed one bushel of wheat per acre 15th of ISTovember, reaped 
 on the 18th of May. I sowed purple straw, known as bluestem, broad- 
 cast; plowed wheat in with 4-inch turner; ran over land with Thomas's 
 smoothing harrow. I soaked the wheat twenty-four hours in a solution 
 of one and one-half pounds of bluestone to five bushels of wheat, keep- 
 ing it well covered under water for time mentioned; I then rolled it in 
 slacked lime. You can then see where every grain falls." 
 
 Oats. — One of the most valuable of our crops is oats. To the raising 
 of this important product our farmers are paying more attention than 
 ever before. Under favorable conditions the yield is good and with com- 
 paratively little expense aids materially in making the farm self-sustain- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 207 
 
 ing; for, besides being one of the best forage crops, oats add greatly to 
 the fertility of land on which they are raised. 
 
 In 1890 the area devoted to oats in Georgia was 516,886 acres, and the 
 production was 4,767,821 bushels. There was a slight falling off in 
 acreage and production in 1899. In 1900 the area devoted to oats was 
 467,336 acres and the production was 7,010,040 bushels, valued at 
 $3,434,920. The stock on hand March 1, 1900, was 1,121,606 bushels. 
 There were 140,201 bushels shipped out of the counties in which they 
 were raised. 
 
 Among well-authenticated extraordinary yields of oats in Georgia are 
 the following: 137 bushels to the acre on a farm in "Wilkes county and 
 131 bushels in DeKalb, both of these counties being in Middle Georgia; 
 121 bushels in Floyd county, N'orthwest Georgia; 115 bushels in Coweta 
 county. Middle Georgia; 100 bushels in Schley county, Southwest Geor- 
 gia; 75 bushels in Brooks county in the extreme south of the State. Thus 
 we see there are lands well adapted to oats in every section of Georgia. 
 
 Rye. — This is one of our best green forage crops, but is not so ex- 
 tensively cultivated in Georgia as oats. In 1899 the area devoted to rye 
 was 15,805 acres and the yield was 94,830 bushels, a falling off in acre- 
 age, but an increase in yield over the crop of 1890, when 20,949 acres 
 produced 87,021 bushels. The area sown with rye in 1900 was 15,647 
 acres and the yield was 109,529 bushels valued at $112,815. 
 
 Barley. — Barley is by some valued more than rye, and is generally 
 sown about the same time; but in Georgia not much attention is given 
 its cultivation,, as may be seen by the fact that in 1890 the area given to 
 barley according to the United States Census was only 549 acres with a 
 yield of 6,053 bushels. In the Year Book of the United States Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture for 1900 Georgia is not credited with any barley, 
 though it is well known that several Georgia farmers did raise it. It 
 would pay our farmers to give more attention to both rye and barley. 
 
 Rice. — In China and India, the original homes of the rice plant, many 
 varieties are known. But in America the common distinctions are up- 
 land and lowland. Its introduction into South Carolina in 1700 is said 
 to have been acidental. It was carried also to Louisiana, which State 
 leads all others, with South Carolina second and Georgia third. In 1890 
 the acres devoted to rice culture in this State were 18,126 arid the pro- 
 duction was 14,556,432 pounds. There have been for several years past 
 fluctuations in these figures. One hindrance to its production has been 
 the lack of a sufficient number of mills for cleaning it. This is particu- 
 larly true of upland rice, to the cultivation of which much attention is 
 being given in Southwest and also in iJTortheast Georgia. Milling facili- 
 
208 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 ties have been greatly improved of late, wliich will lead to a considerable 
 growth of this industry. Improved modem machinery for use in its cul- 
 tivation may be expected to impart fresh impetus to the growth of this 
 important cereal. The planters of Louisiana have replaced the antique 
 implements of the hand laborer by the gang plow^, disk harrow, drill and 
 broadcast seeder. In the cultivation of the lowland rice where water is 
 needed, if there is not a sufficiency of water, this is secured by irrigation 
 canals. In the cutting of rice, the t^vine binder of the northern wheat 
 fields is a very useful implement. The average yield of rice to the acre 
 in Georgia is 800 pounds. Some well-authenticatel yields of upland rice 
 are: 100 bushels or 4,300 pounds to the acre in Hall and AVhite counties 
 of ISTortheast Georgia, Pike county of Middle Georgia, and Early county 
 of Southwest Georgia, The present production of rice in the United 
 States falls far below the needs of our people. In some seasons "the im- 
 ports are half as much again as we raise, sometimes they equal the do- 
 mestic crop, and sometimes are even greater. Inasmuch then as the 
 amount produced in this country falls below our own needs, there is room 
 for great increase in the cultivation of rice. To men of enterprise and 
 thrift wishing to embark in this business Georgia presents a promising 
 field. 
 
 In 1000 Georgia produced 7,500,000 pounds of rice, a decrease of 
 more than 50 per cent, since 1890. 
 
 Sugar-Cane. — Sugar-cane yields a handsome profit. A steadily in- 
 creasing demand for sugar and molasses in the United State makes it 
 certain that there will always be a ready sale for the product of the 
 sugar-cane. Over large areas of the United States sugar and various 
 syrups are being extracted from the beet cultivated for that purpose. 
 But no other knowm plant equals the sugar or ribhon-cane in its capacity 
 for supplying those two articles of universal consumption. When we 
 consider that from 1880 to 1895 the United States produced only one- 
 tenth of the sugar consumed in this country, and paid out $1,500,000,000 
 for imported sugar, it can be readily seen that there is no immediate dan- 
 ger of overstocking the market. The 20,000 acres in Georgia devoted to 
 the sugar-cane in 1890 produced 1,307,625 pounds of sugar and 3,223,- 
 194 gallons of molasses. Some of the best yields were: 700 gallons of 
 syrup to the acre in Bulloch county; 695 gallons in Thomas county; 600 
 gallons in Brooks county, and 480 gallons in Burke county. Of these 
 coirnties Burke and Bulloch are in the northern part of the Southern 
 Georgia belt, while Brooks and Thomas are in the extreme south on the 
 Florida line. In Eockdale county in Middle Georgia 600 gallons of cane 
 syrup were the product of one acre of the farm of Hon. W. L. Peek. 
 
1 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 209 
 
 The gi-owing oi sugar-cane and manufacture of sjrup in South. Georgia 
 has ch.Hibled in two years. Twenty-five thousand barrels of syrup have 
 been sold in one year from a small section of the extreme southern part 
 of Georgia. In the fall of 1899 a gentleman in Tennessee sold 150 bar- 
 rels of Georgia syrup in six days. A great deal of it has been sold to peo- 
 ple in Cleveland, Cincinnati and Boston, who, after mixing it with glu- 
 cose, put the blended article upon the market as Georgia White Syrup. 
 The plantei*s are finding out every year that no country on the face of 
 the globe can make as good syrup as Southwest Georgia, and are increas- 
 ing their acreage. Before many years this industry will equal that of 
 cotton. Pittsburg, Pa., is getting to be a strong market for Georgia 
 syrup. The present estimate is that the sales of Georgia syrup in Pitts- 
 burg for the year will amount to 10,000 barrels. A sample of Georgia 
 cane tested by Professor Wm. C. Stubbs of New Orleans, in 1899 showed 
 16^ per cent, sugar content and not quite one per cent, glucose, with a 
 purity coefiicient of nearly 90 per cent. Another sample contained 13 J 
 per cent, sucrose (cane sugar), and only 1 and four one-hundredths per 
 cent, of glucose, with a purity coefficient of 81 per cent. This means 
 more than 12 per cent, of sugar available in ordinary mills, and upon a 
 '75 per cent, extraction would be equivalent to 180 pounds of C. P. sugar 
 to the ton of cane, or nearly 200 pounds of commercial sugar as usually 
 made in Louisiana sugar-houses from firsts, seconds and thirds. The bet- 
 ter grade of lands with ordinary cultivation and fertilization will yield 
 from twenty to twenty-five tons to the acre, and the same land under 
 the best methods will yield from thirty-five to forty tons to the acre. 
 
 Professor Stubbs, already mentioned, is authority for the statement 
 that the price per ton of sugar-cane in Louisiana will average about 80 
 cents for each cent that prime yellow clarified sugar is worth on the 
 New Orleans market. 
 
 Hence, if prime yellow clarified sugar is worth five cents a pound, the 
 price for a ton of cane wall be five times eighty cents, or four dollars 
 a ton. 
 
 The number of gallons of syrup that can be obtained from a ton of 
 Louisiana cane will depend entirely upon the extraction of the mill and 
 density of juice. A mill getting as high as 75 per cent, extraction, or 
 fifteen hundred pounds of juice to a ton of cane, will give from twenty- 
 five to thirty-five gallons of syrup cooked to a density of 34 degrees 
 Baume. The variation is due to the ^'total solids" contained in the cane 
 juice. The same statement will apply to Georgia cane. 
 
 A complete plant for making syrup can be obtained at several places 
 in the United States. But probably the most improved machinery can 
 
210 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 be better obtained in 'New Orleans, where every manufacturer is famil- 
 iar with its practical use. For an up-to-date factory there is needed a 
 first-class mill with filter presses, clarifiers and evaporators. There are 
 also needed settling tanks, juice tanks and syrup tanks. 
 
 Any one who contemplatee embarking in the business of syrup-mak- 
 ing, should study the question of sterilization of syrup, which can now 
 be easily done. The syrup, after being sterilized, must be put into steril- 
 ized vessels, where it will keep indefinitely, if the work has been well 
 performed. 
 
 Soils adapted to cane are those naturally rich and fertile, though upon 
 soils of very moderate fertility, well prepared and fertilized, remunera- 
 tive crops can be grown. In cane culture climate, rainfall and manures 
 are more important factors than soils. In sandy soils without manures 
 the cane is small. Calcareous soils develop a superior cane, rich in sac- 
 charine matter. On rich alluvial soils, not properly drained, the canes 
 are poor in sugar produce, and though they yield a large quantity of 
 syrup, it is not a first-class article. 
 
 As to whether the entire cane should be planted or only that portion 
 which is the least fitted for making sugar Dr. W. C. Stubbs of Louisiana 
 says: "It can be positively asserted that the upper third of our canes can 
 be profitably used for planting our crop, and we can send the lower two 
 thirds of our entire crop to the sugar-house, thus increasing largely our 
 sugar yields and diminishing our heavy outlay annually for seed." 
 
 Before planting all soils should be well-prepared, properly fertilized, 
 and perfectly drained. It is best to break or flush the land, then bed into 
 rows from five to six feet wide; then open the bed and in this furrow 
 plant the cane. The part of the stalk selected for seed should be de- 
 posited in an open furrow and well covered. In the fall this covering 
 should be several inches thick. Remove the extra soil in early spring to 
 secure early germination. The cultivation best for com land is generally 
 good for sugar-cane. Let there be thorough and deep preparation of the 
 soil; then cultivate rapidly and as shallow as the soil will permit, and 
 "lay by" when canes shade the ground. 
 
 The fertilizers for cane should contain enough nitrogenous matter to 
 insure a large growth by September 1st. Phosphoric acid is very bene- 
 ficial to cane. Potash may be demanded upon light sandy soils. Experi- 
 ments have shown that the limits of prifit in the use of fertilizers are be- 
 tween forty and fifty pounds of nitrogen obtained from cottonseed-meal, 
 and from forty to eighty pounds of phosphoric acid. 
 
 If under favorable conditions the above formula is used on our best 
 
-^apl^ 
 
 >?i 7- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 213 
 
 cane lands in South Georgia, we should obtain from twenty to thirty tons 
 of cane to the acre. 
 
 It should be remembered that Georgia was the original cane-growing 
 State of the Union. In 1825 she gave to Louisiana the seed of the nb- 
 bon-cane, thus bequeathing to that State a mine of wealth. And now 
 the genial soil of Southern and Middle Georgia offers this same source 
 of wealth to her own people or to the stranger seeking a home within 
 her gates. 
 
 The establishing of sugar refineries will greatly promote the interests 
 of the cane growers. There will be no scarcity of capital for such enter- 
 prises if sufficient quantities of cane are grown. "We predict for the near 
 future the establishment of a number of sugar refineries in South Geor- 
 gia. 
 
 Syrup-making in Georgia commences about the last of October or the 
 first of l^ovember, and continues until Christmas. At this season the 
 traveler journeying on a country road will see on almost every farm the 
 smoke issuing from the syrup furnace, an invitation to either neighbor or 
 stranger to enter the home and share the hospitalities to which every one 
 is made to feel welcome in cane-grinding time. Here youths and maid- 
 ens, with those of riper years, engage in the sports of the holiday season, 
 or seated near the cheerful fire regale themselves with the healthful and 
 delightful beverage extracted from the sugar-cane. At this season of 
 cane-grinding and syrup-making, the sick and feeble recuperate and 
 often find their health again. The negroes, too, both young and old, 
 have their part in the good cheer, and even the stock upon the farm share 
 in the general glee. 
 
 The stalks of the cane shredded are worth more as forage than corn- 
 stalk or cottonseed-hulls. 
 
 The little, old-time sugar mill on each man's farm ought, in this pro- 
 gressive day, to give place to well equipped, up-to-date syrup mills and 
 sugar refineries. This would transfer the syrup-boiling and sugar-mak- 
 ing to the mill, just as cotton is taken to the factory, and not spun upon 
 each farm. 
 
 If the most improved methods are used, the cost of extracting the juice 
 from the stalks and converting it into syrup is a mere fraction of a cent 
 per gallon. 
 
 It has been estimated that the average fanner can coimt on getting 
 $120 gross to the acre for syrup, at a general average product of 600 gal- 
 lons to the acre. 
 
 In 1890 the area devoted to sugar-cane in Georgia was 20,238 acres, 
 
214 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 which produced 1,307,025 pounds of sugar and 3,223,194: gallons of 
 molasses. 
 
 In 1890 the area devoted to sorghum in Georgia was 22,089 acres, 
 which produced 1,342,803 gallons of molasses. 
 
 CASSAVA. 
 
 Recent experiments go to prove that cassava will make a profitable 
 crop for South Georgia. The species of this plant recommended for 
 Georgia, is the sweet cassava, which does not, like the bitter 
 cassava, require boiling to drive out poisonous juices, but can 
 be fed to stock in its natural state without risk of harm. It 
 also makes a very paltable table vegetable. But its chief excellence 
 consists in the fact that it yields abundance of the best starch. One acre 
 of South Georgia land planted in sweet cassava will yield 4,000 pounds 
 of starch, while the best corn or potato lands in Illinois or Michigan can 
 produce only 1,200 pounds of starch from these vegetables. 
 
 Cassava is easily propagated by cuttings of the stem and grows rapid- 
 ly, attaining maturity in six months. The production is at least sixteen 
 times that of wheat. 
 
 When the farmers of South Georgia become thoroughly convinced of 
 its worth and embark extensively in its cultivation, starch factories will 
 be started on every hand. It has been estimated that these will pay five 
 dollars a ton on the cars, at any station within one hundred miles of their 
 factory. 
 
 With sugar-cane and sugar refineries, cassava and starch factories, 
 South Georgia possesses grand opportunities for profitable farming. 
 
 GRASSES AND FORAGE CROPS. 
 
 If it be true that the farmer's only capital is his land, how important 
 it is for him not only to preserve his capital but to increase it year by 
 year. There is no surer or easier way to do this than by growing the 
 
 The value of the hay crop of the United States exceeds that of the 
 cotton crop by more than fift}^ million dollars. The present race of 
 planters grew up under a condition of things which looked to cotton as 
 the sole market crop and since grass was the deadliest enemey to cotton the 
 energy of the planter was directed to the, complete extirpation of all the 
 grasses of the field. But in recent years new light has dawned upon our 
 progressive farmers, and in every section of Georgia the grasses and for- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 215 
 
 age crops are receiving, to some extent, the attention ^yllicll they de- 
 serve. While we recognize cotton, when cultivated upon a true business 
 basis, as a great source of wealth to Georgia, yet we must remember that 
 its culture is attended with great expense, since it requires constant at- 
 tention and work from January to January. This labor largely con- 
 sumes the profits, whenever cotton sells below seven cents a pound. If 
 we look upon an agricultural map of the United State, we shall find that 
 lands sell. at the highest price in those States, or parts of States, where the 
 grasses and forage crops are cultivated with the greatest attention. On 
 the other hand we shall see that lands sell cheapest in these States or 
 parts of States, that raise all cotton and kill all grass. Hence we coor- 
 clude that the value of land increases in proportion to the attention given 
 to the grasses and forage crops. If we turn to Europe, we find a similar 
 state of affairs. 
 
 Spain grows practically no grass and has cheap lands, while Holland is 
 known as a vast grass meadow, and some of her farm lands sell at $800 
 or $1,000 an acre. 
 
 Therefore, every farmer who Avishes to enhance the value of his land 
 should give attention to the cultivation of the grasses and forage crops. 
 Georgia is rich in native grasses, and it has been fully demonstrated by 
 some of our intelligent, wide-awake farmers that the artificial or foreign 
 grasses also thrive well in Georgia soil. In fact, when we consider the 
 entire year, Georgia and other States of the South offer better advan- 
 tages for these crops than the l!^orth. While Georgia's acreage in hay i& 
 small compared to that of States which make it one of their principal 
 crops, yet she ranks high in her average yield to the acre. Georgia's 
 acreage in hay has not quite doubled since 1890, but her yield has more 
 than doubled. Her hay crop for 1900 amounts to 190,237 tons, being 
 an increase of 120,468 tons over that of 1890. 
 
 Alfalfa, or lucerne, is cultivated to some extent in Georgia, although 
 it has not received the attention that its merits should claim. Among 
 all the forage plants it stands unrivalled for abundant yield, longevity 
 and hardness. It flourishes under heat that would destroy any other spe- 
 cies of clover. Over the entire plant are scattered purple, pea-like 
 flowers, in long, loose clusters or racemes. It is not affected so much by 
 altitude as by the depth and warmth of the soil, and the depth of the 
 water-table beneath the surface. A rich, sandy loam, limy, with a por- 
 ous subsoil, suits it best. A considerable amount of sand in the soil is not 
 injurious to it. It will grow on favorable soils at almost any altitude, 
 from sea level to 7,000 feet above the sea. 
 
 Alfalfa, when young, is very delicate and requires much nursing. 'No 
 
216 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 crop requires more careful preparation to secui-e a good stand. But 
 when it is planted upon suitable soil, and a good stand is obtained, it 
 may yield luxuriant crops for thirty or more years. It rarely grows 
 tall enough the first year to be mowed for hay. It reaches its best growth 
 during the third year. "When properly managed up to that time the 
 number of cattle, which one acre of it will keep by soiling throughout 
 the whole season, is something wonderful. While this is a good grass for 
 hay, it is not good for pasturing. The trampling of stock compacts it so 
 much that the plants deteriorate. Hogs, however, do not injure it like 
 heavier stock. Hence it may be used as pasture for them, and one acre 
 will furnish abundant forage for from ten to twenty hogs throughout 
 a season. 
 
 Bermuda grass is perennial and is the most valuable for pasturage of 
 any grown in the Southern States. It can endure the greatest amount 
 of summer heat, and its growth is not arrested by droughts that threaten 
 the vitality of all other grasses. It does not propagate grass by seed, ex- 
 cept to a limited extent. The best means of propagating it is to cut pieces 
 of the turf and scatter it along shallow furrows, or sow it over the land 
 well prepai-ed by plowing and harrowing, and cover or compress the roots 
 into the soil with a roller or drag brush; or the plants can be gathered, 
 root and branch, from any patch of ground covered by them, and, after 
 being shaken free from earth, passed through a cutting-box, as though 
 being prepared for the stall. Then sow these little cuttings by hand 
 broadcast before the harrow in the spring of the year. Every joint will 
 germinate and bud. When Bermuda grass is once thoroughly rooted it 
 spreads rapidly and soon takes possession of a field. Being extremely 
 difficult to exterminate, it should not be planted on land intended for 
 tillage. But Eev. C. W. Howard, who was in his life-time a well-known 
 writer on grasses, thought it very doubtful whether any acre of land in 
 the South thoroughly set with Bermuda grass was not worth more than 
 with any other crop that might be grown upon it. 
 
 "A good Bermuda sod," says a writer in the Southern Farm Magazine, 
 "will yield an almost incredible amount of pasturage that cannot be 
 grazed out by the severest treatment in the hottest summer drought. 
 Bermuda is highly esteemed for hay, wherever it gTOws to a sufficient 
 height for mowing." It must be cut early and often to make good hay. 
 When left until the culms harden, it will not do for feeding. To make 
 good hay and make the largest yield, it should be mowed from three ta 
 five times every summer. 
 
 Under the Bermuda sod large numbers of earthworms may be found. 
 These add fertility to the soil, and when in summer hogs are turned inta 
 

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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 219 
 
 tLo pasture, the worms and grass combined make a fattening food which 
 they much enjoy. Bermuda grass will not bear dense shade, but thrives 
 best where most exposed to the sun. 
 
 On the same fields where cotton grows best Bermuda grass is most 
 thriving. A grass which affords such excellent pasturage for cattle i& 
 capable of carrying also large flocks of sheep. There is no reason why 
 the cheapest wool should not be produced on the same lands that produce 
 the cheapest cotton. It has been estimated that one acre of Bermuda 
 grass on soils entirely suited to its growth will, in many parts of the 
 South, maintain ten sheep for ten months of the year. Bermuda grass 
 pastures in Georgia, supplemented by pasture of winter grasses, suitable 
 for grazing sheep, would add to our people another source of untold 
 wealth. If Georgia should become a great wool-growing, as well as cot- 
 ton-growing State, who can measure the degree of her prosperity ? With 
 cotton and wool, two of the most important fibers for clothing that the 
 world produces and manufactures, our people would double their present 
 opportunities for acquiring wealth. Dr. Thomas P. Janes in his "Hand 
 Book of Georgia," in order to illustrate the fertilizing effects of a Ber- 
 muda grass sod of long standing, mentioned the following results ob- 
 tained by Colonel A. J. Lane in Hancock kcounty: "The first year after 
 breaking the Bermuda sod he harvested 1,800 pounds of seed cotton to 
 the acre, the second year 2,800 pounds. His third crop, corn, manured 
 with cottonseed in the usual way and quantity, yielded sixty-five bushels 
 to the acre. The fourth year he harvested forty-two bushels of wheat 
 to the acre. ITeither the cotton nor wheat was fertilized. On this same 
 land oats or wheat may be sown after the corn. If Bermuda sod is torn 
 up by the plow, and after harrowing, but before rolling, blue grass seed, 
 white clover and hairy vetch are sown, a pasture of the highest capacity 
 for both winter and summer will be obtained. As the Bermuda dies 
 down in the late fall, the blue grass and white clover appear, giving pas- 
 turage in the winter. As the summer approaches, the reverse of this 
 occurs. 
 
 It will be well to bear one thing in mind. The cultivation of artificial 
 grasses is accompanied with more or less expense. But Bermuda is with- 
 in easy reach of the poorest farmer. 
 
 The celebrated blue-grass of Kentucky and Tennessee is used in con- 
 siderable extent in Georgia for lawns and yards, and thrives very well in 
 some of the soils of the State. The Texas blue-grass, which, as its name 
 indicates, is a native of the Lone Star State, is a hardy perennial and has 
 a vigorous growth. Fertile soils, especially calcareous loams, will pro- 
 duce this grass in great luxuriance. It is an excellent pasture grass for 
 
 11 ga 
 
220 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 the extreme south, and remains green throughout the year, growing 
 tlirough the winter months and blooming in the latter part of April or 
 the first of May. It also is well adapted to Georgia. 
 ■. Meadow oat grass is excellent as a winter pasture grass. It will grow 
 on more sandy soil than most of the artificial grasses; but rich upland is 
 the proper soil for it. It is good not only for winter pasturage, but also 
 for hay. It matures so rapidly that seed sown in the spring will produce 
 seed in the fall. Since the seed becomes ripe, even while the stalk is 
 green, it can be saved by cutting oS the heads with a cradle and tying in 
 bundles, after which the rest can be mowed for hay. Cattle should not 
 graze upon it in summer and fall. Aiter Christmas they can feed upon it 
 until the latter part of February, or even later, until the other grasses 
 spring, unless it is designed to make hay of it. 
 
 Orchard-grass, so called because of its growing wild in orchards or in 
 thinned woodland, is next to the tall meadow oat-grass for winter pastur- 
 age or for hay. In order to be sweet and nutritious it should be cut as 
 soon as it blossoms. 
 
 , Crab-gass is indigenous. It is never sown, but, wherever cultivation 
 ceases, takes possession of the fields. It forms an excellent pasturage 
 through the summer and until late in the fall. It grows very rapidly 
 after oats, and if cut when in flower, gives a very large yield of hay, 
 and sometimes yields more forage than the oat crop that preceded it 
 This grass sends out numerous stems, branching at the base, but forms 
 no sod. 
 
 Crowfoot grass is confined to the lower and sandy part of Georgia. 
 Both this and crab-grass should be cut as soon as they are in blossom. 
 Crimson or scarlet clover is an annul, and grows to the height of three 
 feet on good soil. It should never be fed to stock after the crop has 
 ceased flowering, and the practice of feeding stock with the straw after 
 it has been raised and threshed as a seed crop should be avoided. It 
 makes excellent pasture during the fall months, when other green crops 
 have dried up. For green manuring it ranks high. Having made its 
 growth during the fall and winter months, it can be turned under in the 
 spring. It should always be sowed alone, as it needs all the land. It 
 is excellent food for milch-cows, since it causes a full flow of rich milk. 
 A rich clayey loam containing more or less carbonate of lime, and yet 
 not a calcareous loam, suits it best. After the clover has been cut in 
 the spring the same field may be planted in com. 
 
 Eed clover thrives on land of moderate fertility, such as will produce 
 remunerative crops of wheat or corn. With the right treatment red 
 clover will succeed in Georgia. It has been tested with successful results 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. £21 
 
 among the mountains in Middle Georgia, and on tlie coast, notably on 
 Hutchinson's Island, opposite Savannah. In all of these, localities there 
 have been fine cloverel fields. Though lucerne is superior to it in the 
 quantity and quality of its hay, yet red clover does make good hay and 
 in great abundance, with the additional advantage that it is splendid for 
 pasturing, while lucerne cannot be grazed, and cannot form part of an 
 ameliorating rotation of crops. The suitable soil for clover is one which 
 contains a large percentage of clay. Extremely sandy soils will not do. 
 But where the surface is sandy, if there is a clay subsoil, the clay may 
 be brought to the surface and manured. A good wheat soil is generally 
 a good clover soil. The subsoil for clover must be dry, because it will 
 not thrive on wet lands. But it will thrive on bottom lands that have 
 been thoroughly drained. Captain C. W. Howard, in his "Forage 
 Plants at the South," published in 1881, says: "Clover should be cut for 
 hay as soon as a portion of the heads begin to turn brown. Earlier than 
 
 this it is too watery, later it is too woody The great object is to 
 
 cure it as much as possible in the shade. The hay when cut at the proper 
 time, and cured, in this way, will be of a nice green color, with all the 
 
 leaves and blossoms attached 'No live stock should be turned 
 
 upon a clover field, until the clover is in blossom. The temptation to 
 violate this rule is very great. Clover springs so early and our live stock 
 is so hungry, that the inducement is very great to put them upon the 
 clover before the proper time. But it would be less costly to buy food 
 than to do this. By too early pasturing the clover is killed out, and it 
 is then said that clover will not succeed at the South. Precautions should 
 be taken in turning horses or cattle into a clover field. If they are hun- 
 gry at the time, they would overeat themselve and the result is an attack 
 of what is caUed hoven. The animal swells, and often in a short time 
 dies. To prevent this, live stock turned into a clover field should pre- 
 viously be fully fed; they should not have had access to salt within 
 twenty-four hours; they should not the first day remain more than half 
 an hour, and the dew should have been dissipated." 
 
 White clover in the South will grow tall enough to be cut by itself, 
 which is not the case in the ITorth. In the spring it affords excellent pas- 
 ture for hogs, sheep and cattle. It is also good for horses until the blos- 
 soms fall, when it salivates them. This is also true of the second crop of 
 red clover. In England white clover is much valued on account of its 
 manurial properties. 
 
 The fescue grasses are perennial and are strongly recommended for 
 worn-out soils and hill-sides. They grow well on dry, sandy soils, have a 
 creeping habit and make good turf. 
 
222 
 
 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Italian rye-grass is short-lived, having a duration of two or three years.. 
 It grows best on rich, moist alluvial lands and calcareous loams. It is 
 a very valuable grass when early forage is desired. Indifferent to climate 
 and texture of soil, it requires only dryness and richness. It grows suc- 
 cessfully in every part of Georgia, If sowed in August or September 
 it will be ready for grazing in February. Although it yields largely for 
 hay or winter grazing, it is doubtful whether it be more valuable than 
 barley or rye for these purposes. 
 
 Cow-pms and peavine hay have come into universal favor in all the 
 Southern States. Up to about thirty years ago their cultivation was con- 
 fined mainly to the cotton-growing States, but now they are a staple crop 
 even in the border Southern States. They have in many localities taken 
 the place of clover, and may appropriately be called the clover of the 
 South, The pea-vine is a leguminous plant and appropriates nitrogen 
 from the atmosphere, as do all other plants of the same family. The 
 vine and peas supply as much humus to the ground as clover, and can 
 be grown upon soils, in which clover would wither and die. The peas can 
 be sown in Georgia at any time between April 1st, and August 1st, and 
 the soil may be prepared by breaking it with a two-horse plow. About 
 one bushel and a half to the acre should be sown, after which the ground 
 should be well-harrowed. Some farmers prefer to drill the peas in rows, 
 from two and a half to three feet apart, placing the peas at intervals of 
 one or two inches in the row. After they have come up a cultivator 
 should be run between the rows. Peas furnish a large amount of feed 
 if planted between the corn rows at the second or last plowing of the 
 com. 
 
 The hay should be cut when the first pods begin to turn yellow, and 
 while the leaves are yet green and the stems tender. If cut after all the 
 peas have thoroughly ripened, the stalks will be hard and the leaves will 
 fall off. They should be cut in clear weather and after the dew is off. 
 There are many varieties of the pea. Those commonly used in Georgia 
 are the whippoorwill, the black clay, the red clay and the unknown. 
 There is no better soil renovator than the cow-pea. The most worn-out 
 soil can be brought to a condition of profitable production by planting a 
 succession of cow-peas upon it. 
 
 Valuable as is the pea-vine for food, its chief excellence is this property 
 of restoring exhausted soils. It surpasses, perhaps, all other leguminous 
 plants in producing maximum results in a minimum of time. In Geor- 
 gia cow-peas axe planted in the late spring or early and middle summer, 
 and the crops of vines are either harvested for hay or buried for fertil- 
 izmg in the early falV The more economical plan is to harvest the crop 
 
QEOBQI A: ^HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 225 
 
 for hay, tlien turn under the stubble and the roots, which axe said to 
 contain the greater part of the elements so essential for the renovation 
 of the soil. 
 
 The vetch is found in two varieties, the winter and summer vetch. 
 The latter is' of very little use to us in Georgia, because it will not for 
 summer soiling yield as large an amount of green forage as com. Since 
 the winter vetch is ready for the first cutting during the first warm spell 
 in February, it is very useful for soiling early in the spring. The seed 
 should be sown early in August, allowing one bushel to the acre. Where 
 land has been well manured, the vetch or tare yields a large amount of 
 early cut food, or it may be made into nutritious hay, or may be used aa 
 a winter pasture. 
 
 Eight varieties of millet have been cultivated in this countrv. It is 
 used for soiling purposes, for hay and for its seed. More than fifty bush- 
 els of seed to the acre have been raised on rich land. The hay made from 
 it is of good quality and large quantity. But Captain Howard says: "For 
 forage purposes it is not superior to oats and is inferior to the vetch. It 
 is an annual." 
 
 All the millet family requires a strong, rich, deep soil, sufficiently 
 clayey to retain a large amount of moisture; but at the same time the 
 land must be thoroughly drained. The most favorable conditions for the 
 growth of a large crop of millet are a clayey soil in a moist situation, en- 
 riched by the application of well-rotted stable manure, kept in good tilth 
 and thoroughly prepared by frequent plowings or harrowings. Hillet 
 must be cut as soon as it begins to head and before it blooms. 
 
 Gama or Sesame gruss is one of the largest and most beautiful per- 
 ennial grasses grown in Georgia. It is a native grass and is found 
 throughout the South from the mountains to the coast, reaching often a 
 height of seven feet. The seed break off from the stem as if in a joint, 
 a single seed at a time. The leaves are very much like those of com. 
 Horses and cattle are fond of the hay, which may be cut three or four 
 times during the season. 
 
 Herd'' s-Gr ass is the most permanent grass for aH soils. It is a universal 
 feeder and is therefore of special value to every farmer. It is a good 
 meadow grass and one of the best pasture grasses. When it has' been 
 •cut for hay, its aftermath makes excellent late summer and fall pastures. 
 It may be sown in the fall or in the spring. It may be sown alone, or 
 with wheat, barley, rye, or oats. It is often sown with other grasses, as 
 timothy and clover. This herd's-grass is known in Wew England as red- 
 top. 
 
226 
 
 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Timothy, sometimes called cat-tail, is also called herd's-grass. It is 
 useful only for hay. The well-drained rice land of the Georgia coast 
 will produce it in perfection, as will also the richest of bottom land that 
 is dry enough for wheat. It should be cut when in full bloom. 
 
 Brome, cheat and rescue grasses, belonging to the same family, make 
 a very good winter pasturage, but are liable to some objections. 
 
 Peanuts or ground-peas, which when parched, are so much relished by 
 young and old, and have such ready sale everywhere, are also fine forage 
 for cattle and hogs. The white peanut grows with spreading branches 
 that lie flat upon the ground; the red has an upright growth. Spanish 
 peanuts are earlier than other varieties and have an upright growth like 
 the red. This is the surest crop of the three. Those grown in the far 
 south are valuable for making peanut oil. The harvesting must always 
 take place before frost. The usual yield to the acre is from thirty to 
 fifty bushels, though sometimes as high as a hundred bushels are made. 
 When carefully harvested before frost the vine makes an excellent food 
 for cattle and sheep. Ewes in lambing time can have no better food 
 given them than well-cured peanut hay, because it increases the flow of 
 milk and adds richness to it. 
 
 Corn, when desired as a forage crop, is planted very close together, and 
 on rich and well-prepared soil, makes an enormous yield. The whole 
 crop is cut while yet green and tender, and properly cured. If desired 
 as ensilage it is cut up green and deposited in a silo pit. 
 
 Cane forage is prepared from the sorghum cane, grown in the same 
 way as the com forage, and gathered and cut up in the same manner. 
 
 The millets, or any of the grasses, including peavine and peanuts, may 
 be gathered green and stored in the silo. 
 
 The Soja bean ranks among our best crops, both as an improver of 
 soils and as food for stock, as will appear from an analysis taken from 
 the United States Agricultural Department: 
 
 AS A FOOD 
 
 SOJA BEANS 
 
 Protein 
 Per Gent 
 
 Fiber 
 Per Cent 
 
 N. Free 
 Extract 
 Per Cent 
 
 Fat 
 Per Cent 
 
 Green fodder 
 
 4.0 
 14.4 
 34.0 
 
 2 4 
 16.6 
 20.8 
 
 6.7 
 
 22.3 
 
 4.8 
 
 4.3 
 
 20.1 
 4.1 
 
 10.5 
 39.6 
 23.8 
 
 7.1 
 42.2 
 55.7 
 
 1 
 
 Dry fodder 
 
 5.2 
 
 Grain 
 
 16 9 
 
 cow PEAS 
 
 Green fodder 
 
 .4 
 
 Dry fodder 
 
 2.2 
 
 Grain 
 
 1.4 
 
227 
 
 
 AS A FERTILIZER 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nitrogen 
 Per Oent 
 
 P. Acid 
 Per Cent 
 
 Potash, 
 Per Cent 
 
 
 2.32 
 1.95 
 
 .07 
 1 05 
 
 1.08 
 .52 
 
 Cow peas 
 
 As you will understand protein furnishes tlie materials for lean flesh, 
 blood, muscles, hair, wool, albumen of milk, etc., and is a very important 
 ingredient of all feeding stauffs. Fiber is the framework of plants. The 
 coarse fodders, as hay straw, contain a large proportion of fiber, hence 
 less digestible. Nitrogen free extract includes the sugar, starch, etc., and 
 forms an important part of stock feed, especially the grains. Fat in- 
 cludes besides real fats, wax, the green coloring matter of plants, etc. 
 The culture of the Soja bean is very much like that of cotton. The rows 
 should be from three to five feet apart. 
 
 Arctic, or rescue grass thrives best in l^orth Georgia and is held in 
 high esteem by some of the farmers of that section. It will readily yield 
 from 1,500 to 3,000 pounds of hay to the acre. It can be sown in July 
 with peas, or in August, September and October. If sown then it makes 
 a fine winter pasturage, and cattle can be kept upon it until the first of 
 March without injury to the crop, which can be cut from May 15th to 
 June 15th. But the rescue grass (bromus inermis) must be carefully 
 distinguished from cheat (bromus seculinus). 
 
 To show what can be done with the grasses and forage crops in Geor- 
 gia, we give the following trustworthy reports of the work of some of 
 our best farmers : In Bibb county on the border of Middle and Southern 
 Georgia there were cut 8,046 pounds of crab-grass hay to the acre; in 
 Gordon county in I^Torthwest Georgia, 9,400 pounds of lucerne to the 
 acre; in Greene county in Middle Georgia, 13,953 pounds of Bermuda 
 grass hay to the acre; in Spalding county in Middle Georgia 10,T20 
 pounds of pea-vine hay; while of clover hay there were cut in Greene 
 county. Middle Georgia, 10,000 pounds to the acre; in Cobb county 
 6,575 pounds to the acre, and in DeKalb county 16,000 pounds to the 
 acre, both of these last two counties being in l^orthwest Georgia on or 
 near the northern line of the Middle Georgia belt. 
 
 Greene county reports a yield in corn forage of 27,130 pounds to the 
 acre. 
 
 The hay crop of Georgia in 1900 was 190,237 tons, valued at $2,425,- 
 522. The area devoted to this crop was 112,566 acres, and the average 
 yield per acre for the entire State is 1.69 tons, or 3,380 pounds. 
 
 Again we say there is no industry that will make so much money to the 
 
228 OEOROIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 farmer at such small outlay of expense and labor, as the cultivation of the 
 grass and forage crops. We give as an illustration of what can be done 
 on this line in Georgia, the case of Mr. IST. B. Moore, who lived in Au- 
 gusta and was a gentleman well-known through all his section of the 
 State. He was one of the pioneers who blazed the way to success in this 
 important field. Soon after the disastrous close of the civil war he de- 
 voted himseK to grass culture, planting nothing else on his* farm of one 
 hundred acres of Savannah river land, near Augusta. From these one 
 hundred acres he derived an income of from seven to ten thousand dol- 
 lars a year. When the season was propitious his land afforded three or 
 four cuttings. His bam held two hundred and fifty tons of hay. He 
 made it a rule that the grass cut at noon should be put up with horse 
 sulky rakes, in cocks, before sundown. Perhaps it is not inappropriate to; 
 say that he beKeved strongly in paint for the preservation of every tool, 
 and that after more than twenty years of use his wagons, carts and har- 
 rows were perfectly sound. The citizens of Augusta and Richmond 
 county, who knew of his wonderful success, were prepared to give con- 
 siderable credit to his expressed opinion that "farmers, as a class, to be 
 successful, require more brain than any of the so-called learned profes- 
 sions." 
 
 The success of other farmers who have embarked in grass culture has 
 been so wonderful that there can no longer be a doubt in the mind of 
 any one as to the adaptability of Georgia soil to this wealth-producing 
 industry. What is better evidence of a well-managed farm than exten- 
 sive fields of waving hay ready for the reaper, or the green carpeted 
 meadow on which are grazing herds of sleek cattle suggestive of rich 
 cream, milk and butter, or juicy steaks, and where the horses that en- 
 joy its bounteous feast will compare favorably with the best bloods of 
 Kentucky ? The well-mowed lawn, too, that skirts the gravel walk and 
 spreads out in front of the farmer's neat cottage or stately mansion, 
 and through his grass and forage crops not only fills his bams with 
 plenty, but also adds to his bank account the handsome profits that ac- 
 bears testimony to refinement, culture and good taste. 
 
 A farm and home like this are within the reach of the Georgia farmer 
 who, devoting only a part of his land to cotton, raises his own supplies, 
 <5me from the sale of the vast surplus remaining after all the needs of 
 himself and farm have been fully met. 
 
 POTATOES. 
 
 "The South is awakening to new industries, and broader fields of use- 
 fulness." The goodvjsvork is going on with increasing impetus in this 
 
I GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 231 
 
 year of grace, 1901. Georgia is progressing on all lines. In this chap- 
 ter, however, we are speaking of diversified farming. 
 
 The potato crop is another source of wealth to Georgia. Both Irish 
 and sweet potatoes make good yields; but the acreage and production of 
 the latter are much larger than of the former. 
 
 The Sweet Potato. — In sweet potatoes Georgia comes just behind 
 iNorth Carolina, which State ranks first in this product. The soil is 
 well adapted to their culture, and when the season is propitious the yield 
 is very abundant. Not only is this a favorite crop for home consumption, 
 but great quantities are exported to the northern States. In some sec- 
 tions they are used also for fattening hogs. The average yield is 78^ 
 bushels to the acre. Very large yields have been reported from some 
 of the best farms, viz. : 800 bushels to the acre in Berrien, Crawford and 
 Richmond counties; 500 bushels in Brooks coimty, and 400 bushels in 
 Fulton county. Of these counties Brooks is in the extreme southern part 
 of Georgia, Berrien just north of it, Crawford partly in southern, partly 
 in Middle Georgia, Richmond and Fulton in Middle Georgia, the last 
 on the edge of ]N"orthwest Georgia. By the census of 1890 the produc- 
 tion of sweet potatoes in Georgia was 5,616,317 bushels, worth $3,250,- 
 000, raised on 71,399 acres. 'No report has yet been received of the acre- 
 age and production of sweet potatoes in Georgia for 1900. 
 
 The Irish Potato. — At one time the Irish potato crop was entirely for 
 home consumption. The demand for early vegetables in the northern 
 markets is such that it has caused a great increase in the cultivation of 
 Irish potatoes, and the truck farmers of Georgia have not been slow to 
 take advantage of this fact. Ordinarily two crops are made in the year, 
 and there is one instance of a gentleman in Decatur, Georgia, who raised 
 three crops in one year. Taking the average of all lands, good and bad, 
 the yield is 74^ bushels to the acre, something less than the average of 
 sweet potatoes estimated in the same way. But as many as 420 bushels 
 to the acre have been raised in Wilkes county, Middle Georgia, and 109 
 bushels to the acre in Walker county, among the mountains of N'orth- 
 west Georgia. __ 
 
 There is no need to be apprehensive about an overproduction of Irish 
 potatoes in Georgia. Like all other crops of vegetables, berries and fruits 
 the Georgia products are so much earlier upon the market, that they 
 preclude all competition. Our Irish potatoes command the early and best 
 prices and the Georgia truck farmer cannot be forced out of the market 
 by his Western or Eastern neighbors. In April, 1895, a truck farmer 
 of South Georgia shipped to the Eastern markets one hundred and fifty 
 
232 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 barrels of potatoes, which brought him $7.50 a barrel or $1,125.00 The 
 production oi Irish potatoes in Georgia for 1900 was 391,816 bushels, 
 valued at $301,698. These were raised on 5,762 acres. This is a falling 
 off in acreage and production from 1890, when 431,008 bushels were 
 grown on 5,791 acres. 
 
 Tobacco has never been a staple crop of Georgia. Yet it can be grown 
 with great success. Many farmers have cultivated it for their own use, 
 and some have made a good profit by its cultivation and sale. Improved 
 facilities for harvesting, curing and marketing it will greatly increase its 
 production. The type of tobacco depends upon climate and soil. Eich 
 lands give one type of tobacco, while other lands, almost useless for 
 cereal crops, yield a tobacco very valuable for color and flavor. Of 
 •course the culture and curing of the plant have great influence on the 
 quality. The plant is first raised in seed beds and when large enough 
 transplanted like cabbage and tomato plants. The land used for the crop 
 must be well plowed and harrowed. Before seting out the plants, the 
 land must be marked three feet or more apart each way, and hills or 
 ridges must be made at the intersection of the marks, and in these in- 
 tersections the plants are set out as soon as warm weather is assured. 
 
 A German farmer in Dodge county who tried tobacco-raising reported 
 that he raised on one-twentieth of an acre 160 pounds of Sumatra leaf 
 tobacco. He was offered $80.00 for the crop, which would be at the 
 rate of $1,600 to the acre. In Decatur* county, about eight miles from 
 Bainbridge, is a tobacco farm of 600 acres, which yields the famous 
 Sumatra tobacco of the finest grade. 
 
 By the census of 1890 the area devoted to tobacco in Georgia was 
 800 acres, which produced 263,752 pounds, or 329.69 pounds per acre. 
 
 In 1900 Decatur county alone produced more than the whole State of 
 Georgia in 1890. 
 
 *See account of tobacco farm in Decatur county in the sketch of that 
 county. 
 
 AGEICULTURAL PRODUCTS OF GEORGIA IN 1900. 
 
 Bushels. Value. 
 
 Corn 34,119,530 $19,448,132 
 
 Wheat 5,011,133 4,760,567 
 
 Oats 7,010,040 3,434,920 
 
 Rye 109,529 112,815 
 
 Sweet potatoes 
 
 Irish potatoes 391,816 301,698 
 
 Hay 190,237 Tons 2,425,522 
 
 Cotton 1,345,699 Bales 48,024,822 
 
 By products of cotton 14,000,000 
 
 Rice 7,500,000 pounds 375,000 
 
 Sugar-cane No report received. 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 Peanuts 
 
 Apples 
 
 Peaches ':^ 
 
CHAPTER VIL 
 
 TRUCK - FARMING.— HORTICUI.TURE. 
 
 TRUCK-FARMING. 
 
 Truck-farming has long been one of the industries of Georgia. Before 
 the civil war there were in the neighborhood of our cities and large 
 towns market gardens, where vegetables were raised for sale in the mar- 
 kets and upon the streets, and it is well remembered by many that an im- 
 portant part of the cargoes of vessels sailing from Savannah were early 
 fruits and vegetables for Philadelphia, liTew York and Boston, which 
 were raised not only near Savannah, but all along the lines of railroad 
 that centered in Georgia's chief seaport. Augusta, even in those days 
 was one of the points from which melons, fruits and vegetables found 
 their way northward, either by rail or by steamer from Charleston and 
 Savannah. Immediately after the close of hostilities between the l^orth 
 and South, there wa sa great revival of this business, and new men en- 
 tered into this inviting field. From year to year there was a steady 
 growth, until at the present time, not only in the neighborhood of cities 
 and towns, but near even little railroad stations along all the great lines 
 of transportation that traverse all sections of our State, market gardens 
 have multiplied and trucking has reached those proportions, which en- 
 title it to rank among the leading industries of Georgia. The vicinity of 
 Savannah is stUl one of the chief centers of the trucking business. The 
 soil is well adapted to the raising of fruits and vegetables, and the cli- 
 mate is so mild that one crop or another can be grown almost every 
 month of the twelve. Major Garland M. Eyals, who moved from Vu*- 
 ginia to Savannah soon after the war, has accumulated a fortune in truck- 
 ing. From one acre he gathers 400 crates of cabbage, selling them at 
 $1.35 a crate or $540.00 for the product of one acre. After the cab- 
 bages have been gathered, he raises a crop of com which brings him 
 $30.00. Then he raises a fall crop of radishes, the sale of which, added 
 to the other amounts, will bring the total income of one acre to about 
 $700 in one year. Another farmer near Savannah gathered over 500 
 bushels of cucumbers from a single acre, which sold for a little more than 
 
 (233) 
 
•234 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 $540, bringing him an enormous profit. Another truck farmer sold from 
 one acre $400 worth of beets, a delicacy much in demand in the' northern 
 markets in the early spring. So mild is the season about Savannah, that 
 lettuce can be grown in midwinter with only Ught covering of leaves or 
 canvas during the cold spells. This product reaches the northern mar- 
 kets when most in demand. English peas constitute one of the most 
 profitable crops. They are ready for the table at Christmas time, and 
 being shipped to the eastern markets bring the highest price. One farm- 
 er reports a net profit from two acres of this crop of over $600.00 in on© 
 season. The crop of tomatoes is so planted as to come in just when the 
 northern supply is exhausted, and they always command good prices. 
 One small farmer west of Savannah made $250.00 net from less than one 
 acre of tomatoes. At Bloomingdale, Meldrim, Guyton, Egypt, Oliver, 
 Halcyondale, Dover and Rocky Ford, along the Central Railway, the 
 lands are specially suited for trucking, and many farmers of that section 
 have abandoned cotton for the more profitable truck crop. Mr. L. C. 
 Oliver of Bloomingdale, gives an estimate of cost and profit by the acre 
 on the Irish potato crop alone. His expense on one acre for fertilizing, 
 seed, planting and working, gathering and freight was $100.00. An acre 
 produced 60 barrels at $4.00 a barrel, amountting to $240.00, or a net 
 profit of $140.00 to one acre. Fertilizing was the heaviest item of ex- 
 pense; but by this means his land is becoming permanently enriched. 
 All truck farming enriches the land. In this famous trucking section 
 lands can be bought at from three to fifteen dollars an acre, according to 
 location in respect to towns and railways. Of course improved lands sell 
 at a much higher figure. 
 
 The value of the trucking business of Chatham county amounts to 
 $225,000 a year; of Richmond county, $85,000; of Bibb, $35,000; of 
 Muscogee, $30,000; of Fulton, $150,000. 
 
 These are the counties in which are the largest cities, viz. : Savannah, 
 Augusta, Macon, Columbus and Atlanta. Brunswick, the Georgia port 
 of the Southern and Plant systems of railway, is the center of a large 
 trucking business, which in that vicinity has taken a great bound for- 
 ward. All kinds of vegetables and early fruits do well there. The bot- 
 tom lands of the rivers of Southeastern Georgia are admirably suited, 
 after drainage, to celery, cabbage, potatoes, strawberries and other prod- 
 ucts. The sea-islands cannot be surpassed in healthfulness of climate, 
 and with the advantage of the fish and shell-fish, the market gardener 
 near Brunswick cannot fail to live well and prosper. With some vege- 
 tables as many as three crops can be raised on the same groimd in one 
 year. The value of the trucking business in the vicinity of Brunswick 
 is $50,000 a year. "" 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 237 
 
 Besides the more important centers already named are numerous 
 towns and stations along all the railway lines of Georgia. Some of the 
 counties with a large trucking business are: Houston and Burke, the 
 product of whose market gardens is $15,000 a year for each; Spalding 
 county, with a product of $16,000, and Macon county, with a product 
 of $12,000. While Eastern Georgia supplies the markets of the ISTorth 
 and East, Middle and N'orthwest Georgia should supply Louisville, Cin- 
 cinnati, Chicago and the northwest with early vegetables. 
 
 Men of intelligence and thrift here and there throughout Georgia have 
 shown the great capacity of our soil for high cultivation. What has 
 been done by some can be done by all with the same good skill and man- 
 agement. 
 
 Georgia is so famous for melons that this subject should not be closed 
 without reference to them. The Georgia watermelon stands unrivaled, 
 both in quality and quantity, and enjoys a national reputation. So ex- 
 tensive is its cultivation and so large its shipment and sales, that it ranks 
 as one of the money crops of the State. One hundred thousand acres are 
 devoted to its culture, and more than 10,000 cars are required to carry 
 this fruit to market. As many as 316,000 melons have been sold in or 
 shipped from Augusta alone in a single season. 
 
 Thousands of melons are consumed on the farms and in the cities and 
 towns of the State, vast numbers of which were carried to their various 
 markets in wagons and carts. So the shipments by rail or steamer do not 
 give a complete idea of the great numbers sold and consumed. Georgia 
 cantaloupes, too, get to the northern markets first, and like all other early 
 fruits command the first and highest prices. 
 
 We close this section on truck-farming with one more example of the 
 success which attends well-directed management. Mr. F. J. Merriam, 
 who runs a hill-side farm near Atlanta, says that in 1893 he broke ground 
 to meet the market demands in Atlanta. Though he only made $500,00 
 the first year, the receipt of $115.00 from 250 hills of cucumbers con- 
 vinced him that he was on the right track. The next year his sales went 
 to a little above $1,900, and from one acre of potatoes he received $500. 
 The receipts from his land continued to increase and the fourth year 
 his receipts were $5,068, of which $764.00 came from lettuce, $583.00 
 from turnip salad, and $404.00 from beets. In 1899, notwithstanding 
 the very bad season in the spring months, he had sold up to the 1st of 
 August $4,138.55 worth, $600.00 of which came from one acre planted 
 in cabbage. He estimated that he would, by the close of the year, re- 
 ceive a round $10,000 from his little farm. 
 
238 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 To the careful, intensive farmer, the land yields rich returns. Many 
 fai'm lands with just as good soil as those that have been cited as ex- 
 amples, yet unimproved, can be bought on very reasonable terms. 
 
 HOKTICULTUEE. 
 
 In the product of her orchards, Georgia stands in the front rank. It 
 has long been known that her soil was well adapted to the raising of cer- 
 tain kinds of fruit. But of recent years it has been shown through the 
 labors of the Georgia State Horticultural Society, that Geargia soil has a 
 capacity for the production of a great variety of fruits, especially of ap- 
 ples, apricots, cherries, peaches, pears, plums, prunes, grapes and straw- 
 berries. In the extreme southern section of the State we can add to this 
 list oranges, pineapples and bananas. 
 
 Peaches. — But the queen of all these fruits in Georgia is the peach, 
 and our State has as great a reputation for peaches as Florida has for 
 oranges. Her acreage in peaches has much more than doubled since 
 1890, and the capital invested in orchards of this delicious fruit has 
 greatly increased. From counties of the northern to those of the southern 
 section the development has been rapid. There is in all America no 
 peach of superior flavor to that of Georgia. 
 
 The land seems specially adapted to their production, and in this cli- 
 mate the crop can be marketed so early that it commands the highest 
 prices. With the great improvement in the transportation service and the 
 fine reputation of the Georgia peach the steady growth otf this business 
 is well assured. The country lying south of Macon is the best fruit- 
 growing country in the world. The fruit-grower ships his fruit to the 
 best market at express speed. South Georgia fruit being the first to 
 reach the market has the advantage of the first prices, which are, as be- 
 fore said, the highest. Some of the results of peach-growing in this sec- 
 tion seem almost fabulous. A few years ago Messrs. IST. Dietzen and 
 brother, near Fort Valley, cleared $24,000 from a 200-acre orchard, the 
 net profit being $120.00 to the acre. Mr. Ed. M. McKenzie, of Monte- 
 zuma, by his first year's shipment, cleared $2,000 above all expenses 
 from fifty acres of peach-trees. Mr. J. D. Howard, of Lorane, Ga., from 
 a five-acre orchard of three-year-old trees realized $1,200. Mr. S. M. 
 Mashburn of Bamesvillle, from thirty acres, sold $4,000 worth of fruit. 
 This was a net profit of $133.00 to the acre. Mr. S. H. Kumph, of 
 Marshallville, is probably the largest fruit-grower in the South. He was 
 the first to produce the famous Elberta peach. He has more than 160,000 
 bearing trees, and one orchard of Abundance plums of 20,000 trees. He 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 239 
 
 is also largely engaged in the nursery business, from which alone his an- 
 nual sales run as high as $70,000. Edgewood Farm, the property of the 
 Hale Georgia Orchard Company, at Fort Yalley, covers 1,000 acres of 
 the best fruit and nursery lands of the South, and is situated on a table- 
 land, 600 feet above the level of the sea. There are in the orchard 
 200,000 trees in full bearing from May to August. Four hundi-ed hands 
 are employed in these orchards. Every extensive peach-grower should 
 own and know how to operate a canning factory, as this would guarantee 
 the saving of his entire crop in any kind of weather. The two canning 
 factories of Eatonton offset in 1900 by canning a great deal 
 of what had been lost to Putnam county through the shipment of fruit 
 which had been so affected by the wet spells in June, that it reached the 
 market in an unsalable condition. During the peach season the canning 
 factories of Fort Valley are kept busy putting up thousands of the best 
 peaches, which are too ripe to bear shipment, and notwithstanding, are in 
 fine condition for immediate use. The steam evaporator for drying the 
 peaches has also been the means of saving much excellent fruit that other- 
 wise could not have been utilized. 
 
 In the neighborhood of Eastman a new peach region is rapidly de- 
 veloping. At Tifton, the junction of the Plant System of railways, and 
 the Georgia Southern and Florida Railroad, are large orchards produc- 
 ing the best varieties of peaches. This section is less liable to the effects 
 of late frosts, as is showa by the fact that in 1894 and again in 1899, 
 when peaches in other parts of the State were a total failure by reason 
 of late frosts in the spring, a considerable quantity was shipped from 
 Tifton and other points near by. Cobb county in the northwestern part 
 of the State, on the extreme northern border of the Middle Georgia belt, 
 is among the leading peach-growing counties. The number of peaches 
 shipped from Marietta, the county seat, was much larger during the sum- 
 mer of 1900 than in any previous year, because so many new orchards 
 were beginning to add their product. The largest shipper for the season 
 of 1900, Mr. W. R. Turner, shipped from his large packing house 
 more than 20,000 crates. The principal crop of the county is the 
 luscious Elberta. Mr. W. M. McKenzie, from his own orchard at the 
 foot of Kennesaw Mountain and those of Mr. J. G. Morris and United 
 States Senator Clay, shipped over 12,000 crates of some of the finest 
 fruit, both in size and color, that went from Marietta in the summer of 
 1900. The orchards of Judge George F. Gober in Cobb and adjoining 
 counties of Cherokee and Pickens, consit of 300,000 trees, most of 
 which were too young to bear in 1900.- Of these more than 100,000 
 are in Cobb county, Y5,000 in Cherokee and 125,000 m Pickens. 
 
240 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Mr. G. A. Moore has an orchard of 60,000 trees, most of which are 
 yet young. These details about Cobb county give some idea of how the 
 fruit industry is growing all over Georgia. The vicinity of Rome, close up 
 to the mountain region, and Dalton, among the mountains, is coming into 
 notice for orchards which produce the very best of peaches, and in all the 
 region between Dalton and Dallas new orchards are adding their pro- 
 ducts to swell Georgia's prosperity. Marietta, Austell, Eome, Summer- 
 ville, Adairsville, McHenry, Plainville, Calhoun and Dalton are com- 
 ing to the front among the great shipping points for Georgia fruits. 
 The bulk of the crop from this section gets into the northern market 
 after the rush from Middle and Southwest Georgia and before the Dela- 
 ware crop. The beauty and flavor of the fruit commands the highest 
 prices. 
 
 Nor should we forget Cornelia, located upon a ridge of IN'orth Georgia 
 hills, 1,600 feet above sea level, and commanding a splendid view of the 
 far-reaching Blue Ridge. This is the trading point for quite an exten- 
 sive farm neighborhood, and only eighteen miles distant from Kacoochee 
 valley. Here in the mountains some of the most successful orchards of 
 the State are located, which have escaped injury from frosts, even when 
 the peach crops of other sections have been damaged. The great 
 success attending the efforts of peach-growers here has led to the begin- 
 ning of new orchards. 
 
 In addition to the commercial orchards, almost every farm in Korth 
 and Middle Georgia, large or small, has its orchards of peach, apple, pear, 
 plum and cherry trees, its patches of watermelons and cantaloupes, ita 
 strawberry beds, dewberries and blackberries in abundance ; and some of 
 them have also their raspberry bushes. 
 
 Mr. J. H. Hale of Connecticut, who was in charge of the Horticultural 
 Department of the eleventh census, in a speech at Minneapolis at a meet- 
 ing of the American Association of Nurserymen, said, concerning the 
 great peach section of Georgia: "It is a magnificent soil, easy to work, 
 and the peach-trees going down into that red clay, it does produce fine 
 colored peaches, and they look better and taste better than those of Cali- 
 fornia." 
 
 The Boston Herald in an editorial pronounced the Georgia peach 
 superior to that of California and to all others. The Chicago Record 
 said :"The fanciest peach that comes to Chicago is the Georgia Elberta, 
 .... richer than a bowl of fresh cream." 
 
 The New York Tribune said: "They are larger than the peaches pro- 
 duced for this market on the Delaware peninsula and in New Jersey, and 
 by universal consen^jnuch more delicious than the northern fruit." In 
 
ELBERTA PEACH. 
 
 One of the largest and most esteemed of all yellow fleshed peaches ; tree vigorous and 
 productive ; a valuable acquisition. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 243 
 
 an editorial on "A iN'ation's Debt to Georgia," the 'New York World 
 said: "The more northern States of this country have long had a deep 
 sense of their obligation to the State of Georgia for its devotion to the 
 cultivation of the watermelon. This debt is now increased by the suc- 
 cess of the Georgia peach crop, which has this year been sufficient to 
 drive out of the Eastern market the beautiful but tasteless peach of Cali- 
 fornia." 
 
 The following is an extract from an article which appeared in the 
 Chicago Tribune of Thursday, March 7, 1901, regarding the peach crop 
 of the country : "While the bulk of the Georgia yield goes to New York 
 and other eastern markets, Chicago is favored annually with a steadily 
 increasing percentage, and fruit men agree in pronouncing the Georgia 
 peach as by all means the best in point of size, flavor and firmness that 
 comes to this market." 
 
 During the season of 1900 the number of car-loads of peaches from all 
 Georgia shipping points was 2,500, of which 1,400 were from stations 
 along the Central Railway, along the various lines of which road about 
 2,100,000 trees were at that time in bearing. 
 
 According to figures furnished by Professor W. M. Scott, the 
 State entomologist, there are this year (1901) 5,253,000 bearing peach- 
 trees located as follows: 
 On the Central of Georgia, including the former Chattanooga, 
 
 Rome and Southern 3,473,000 
 
 On the Plant System 300,000 
 
 On the Georgia Southern and Florida 200,000 
 
 On the Macon, Dublin and Savannah 200,000 
 
 On the Georgia Road 150,000 
 
 On the Seaboard Air Line 150,000 
 
 On the lines of the Southern Railway 1,250,000 
 
 On the Western and Atlantic 200,000 
 
 On the Atlanta, Knoxville and ISTorthem 180,000 
 
 On the Chattanooga Southern 100,000 
 
 On the Wrightsville and TenniUe . 50,000 
 
 If the bearing trees away from the railroads be counted the number in 
 Oeorgia will reach 6,000,000. At a moderate estimate there will be sold 
 from these trees 4,000,000 crates of peaches at a dollar a crate. 
 
 Last fall (1900), 2,000,000 new trees were set out, which, with those 
 put out in 1899, will give Georgia over 8,500,000 bearing trees in 1903. 
 
 Thus it is seen that the peach industry in Georgia is rapidly growing 
 in importance. 
 
 Apples. — The next largest fruit crop of Georgia is that of apples. 
 
 12 ga 
 
244 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 These have been grown successfully in all sections of Georgia. Those 
 raised in the northern part of the State are particularly fine. Large ship- 
 ments are made from Rome, Marietta, Cartersville and Dalton. This 
 section for early apples has the markets of the North and West. For 
 later apples it has the holiday and winter trade in all the cities of the 
 South, especially in the gulf region, where the best varieties cannot be 
 successfully grown. The charming city of Rome, so romantically sit- 
 uated on picturesque hills sloping to the water's edge, at the point where 
 the Etowah and Oostanaula join their streams to form the beautiful 
 Coosa, is the chief market for the receipt and shipment of apples for a 
 large fruit-growing section. We have no apple that will grow in South 
 Georgia of such size and flavor as to come in competition with the ap- 
 ples of the North, but may we not develop one ? If, when Europe had no 
 beet that would make sugar in paying quantities, scientific agriculture 
 could develop one, may not our horticulturists do the same for the Geor- 
 gia apple ? . ' 
 
 Judge Gober, who owns so many fine peach orchards in Northwest 
 Georgia, has also 3,000 apple trees, bearing fruit of excellent flavor, and 
 there are many thousands of apple trees all through North and Middle 
 Georgia. 
 
 Pears. — This fruit, too, receives considerable attention from the or- 
 chard meui of Georgia. Thirty-five varieties are mentioned with approval 
 by the Georgia State Horticultural Society. In Houston, the banner 
 peach county of Georgia, over 10,000 pear-trees are owned by Ohio com- 
 panies. There are also numbers of small orchards of from 1,000 to 5,000 
 trees. These net their owners anywhere from $500.00 to $10,000 dollars 
 a year. There is said to be a strip of land near Marshallville where the 
 fruit crop never fails. Near this town there is a mile of pear-trees flank- 
 ing the cotton fields. Here can be seen fruit and cotton ripening side 
 by side. One of the most noted points near Fort Valley is the Pear Drive 
 with its double row of trees lining the road, a favorite resort for Hous- 
 ton's belles and beaux. 
 
 Plums. — There are also in Georgia many varieties of plums. Many 
 grow wild, but considerable attention is given now to the culture of the 
 better kinds. In the two great peach counties of Houston and Macon, 
 the number of plum-trees exceeds that of pear-trees by several thousand. 
 Near Marshallville is a magnificent orchard, partly of pears and partly 
 of plums. 
 
 One of the prettiest views of the fruit lands of Georgia is the plum 
 orchard of James Beaty of Spalding county. The whole country around 
 Griffin is full of peaches, plums and grapes. On the line of the Central 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 245 
 
 Railroad are 200,000 plum trees bearing finer plums than tliose of Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 Grapes. — Georgia is rapidly coming to the front as a grape-growing 
 State. The average in vineyards has greatly increased of late years, and 
 their output has attracted the attention of the whole country. The eleventh 
 census reported that Georgia produced 107,666 gallons of wine and 3,- 
 876,000 pounds of table grapes. "The latter ripen early," said the census 
 report, "reaching the northern markets a month earlier than those grown 
 in Ohio or E'ew York, and consequently bring much higher prices than 
 the northern and western grapes." The report added that the Niagara 
 variety, a white grape, was hardy and ripened early, and for these reasons 
 was meeting with great success in the Southern States, but that the acme 
 of perfection was the Delaware. Grape culture is not confined to any one 
 section of Georgia. At Cornelia, in Habersham county, a number of 
 Swiss families settled a few years ago, planted vineyards and are now 
 turning out wines of the finest quality and in great quantity. In the 
 vicinity of Tallapoosa, in Haralson county, is a large grape and wine dis- 
 trict, where hundreds of acres of vine-covered trellis stretch before the 
 eye. In Tloyd county, Northwestern Georgia, much attention is also 
 paid to grapes. In Middle Georgia the yield of this fruit is very great. 
 Near Tennille, in Washington county, there is a large vineyard flanked 
 by an orchard of LeConte pears. One can easily surmise whence Vine- 
 yard in Spalding county gets its name. All along the lines of the rail- 
 way between Atlanta and Macon a traveler sees stretches of vines laden 
 in their proper season with luscious fruit. At Yisscher's vineyard, a 
 sunny, fertile spot in Houston county, not far from Tort Valley, all the 
 well-know varieties are found. Large quantities of grapes are shipped 
 each year from the prolific vineyards of this neighborhood. The raising, 
 boxing and shipment of gi-apes through the various belts of Georgia 
 promise to be as remunerative in the near future as is peach-growing now. 
 About thirty miles from Atlanta, in Coweta county, at Vina Vista, is a 
 large vineyard and winery. Here grapes of every variety and domestic 
 wines of the best quality are produced. To give some idea of what has 
 been done in Georgia we give a few statistics of crops and sales of the 
 fruit of the vine. 
 
 J. F. Wilson of Poulan, Georgia, made from 23,415 pounds of 
 grapes 1,361 gallons of wine, which he sold for $1.50 a gallon, or $1,- 
 941.50 for his wine. He also marketed 12,593 pounds of grapes. This 
 makes a total of 36,008 pounds raised on eight acres of land, or 2^ tons to 
 the acre in the first bearing year. Mr. O. A. Dunson of LaGrange, Geor- 
 gia, from a vineyard of about 25 acres of four-year-old vines, 600 to the 
 
246 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 acre, gathered 30 pounds of grapes to the vine, or 18,000 pounds to the 
 acre, equal to nine tons. The usual estimate is three tons to the acre. 
 
 Mr. J. C. Gerioux, of Tallapoosa, has a Worden vine which, in its. 
 fourth year, yielded by actual count 232 bunches, with an aggregate 
 weight of 75 pounds. In 1895 he sold his grapes at seven cents a pound, 
 and has never sold them for less than five cents a pound. Mr. George 
 M. Williams, of the same town, planted one acre which had formerly 
 been a baseball ground, setting out one-year-old roots. Two years later 
 his TOO bearing vines bore 8,500 pounds of fruit, which, if sold as low as 
 two cents a pound, would bring $170.00 as the money product of that 
 one acre. ]^or should we forget Judge Gober, a noted fruit king of 
 Northwest Georgia, who owns 15,000 grape vines of sixty varieties. 
 
 Other Fruits. — Many other fruits thrive well and make abundant 
 yields. Excellent cherries are produced in N'orthern and Middle Geor- 
 gia. Figs and pomegranates grow admirably in Midde and Southern 
 Georgia, needing no protection in winter, except in the upper part of 
 the middle belt. The olive succeeds well on the coast. In the south- 
 east Ogeechee limes are gathered in considerable numbers for preserving. 
 Quinces are raised for the same purpose in Middle and Northern Georgia. 
 Oranges, pine-apples, lemons and bananas are successfully grown in the 
 southern and coast tiers of counties. 
 
 A pecan grove of 1,000 trees now in bearing, is located in Dougherty, 
 county. Several small groves are located in Mitchell county in addition 
 to which 100 acres were planted last year in that county. The Tifton 
 section is well suited to pecan culture, and already several small groves 
 are in bearing. Nor is this industry confined to South Geargia; bearing 
 groves are located in Spalding and Hancock counties, and young trees 
 are in great demand for planting in North Georgia as well as further 
 south. Richmond county also has a few pecan-trees, which bear nuts of 
 fine quality. 
 
 Berries. — Georgia raises abundant crops of strawberries, for home con- 
 sumption and the northern markets. They reach New York and Boston 
 in the interval between the berries of Florida and those of the Middle 
 and New England States. Blackberries are abundant, both wild and cul- 
 tivated. Easpberries with proper attention make good yields. 
 
 Georgia has many advantages over California. It requires only two 
 or three days to transport fruit from this State to New York at a cost 
 of about $208.00 a car, while it takes nine days from California at a 
 cost of $360.00 a car. Besides, Georgia fruit being so much nearer to 
 the eastern markets, can be picked at a much more advanced stage of 
 maturity than the fmit of California. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 249 
 
 The eleventh census of the United States showed that no farmer coiild 
 make as much in any other agricultural pursuit as in truck raising and 
 fruit-growing, the average profit from which was $150.00 to the acre. 
 In making out this average the South stood the highest, which fact was 
 due not only to its great productiveness, but also to its cheap labor, and 
 the higher prices which result from the early seasons. Common laborers 
 can be hired at sixty to seventy-five cents a day of twelve working hours, 
 while a better class of laborers command from eighty cents to one dollar 
 a day. The laborers provide their own board and lodging. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 DAIKYING AND CEEAMEKIES. 
 
 Among the new industries that are claimmg more and more the atten- 
 tion of our people is that of dairying. Within the last decade encouraging 
 progress has been made and quite a number of dairy farms and creamer- 
 ies have been established. Much interest in the subject has been aroused 
 by the Georgia Dairymen's Association, which, in its report at the sixth 
 annual meeting, showed a membership of more than one hundred and 
 seventy. Of course no one will embark in any industry unless convinced 
 that it will pay. It can be easily demonstrated that Georgia is in every 
 respect well adapted to this business. First, climate is all that can be 
 desired. Even during the hottest summer months, July and August, the 
 thermometer rarely goes above ninety degrees, though it does sometimes 
 go as high as ninety-five degrees, and at long intervals, say once in five 
 or six years, may reach one hundred degrees. In winter it rarely falls 
 as low as fifteen degrees above zero, although it has occasionally fallen as 
 low as eight degrees above, and once in about fifteen or twenty years has 
 been known to gO' to zero. Snow is of very rare occurrence, 
 Middle and Southern Georgia being sometimes for several years in 
 succession entirely free of it. The dairyman is not compelled to incur the 
 expense of housing his cattle for months; for he needs only such sim- 
 ple shelter as will afford them protection for a few weeks. This is itself 
 a very important consideration, as dairymen of the North and West well 
 know. 
 
 In the section on grasses and forage crops we have already shown the 
 capacity of Georgia soil to produce the most nutritious forage and pas- 
 turage at the lowest cost. Not only are the so-called foreign grasses suc- 
 cessfully grown on Georgia soil, but the State is rich in its possession of 
 the hardy Bermuda, equal to the Timothy of the northwest. Even the 
 poorest soil is easily set with Bermuda, while an improved soil wiU pro- 
 duce it so abundantly that it can be mown two or three times during a 
 season. By sowing on the Bermuda sod in October several winter and 
 spring-growing plants, such as red, burr or crimson clover, hairy and 
 common vetch, either alone, or with each other, or with oats and rye, one 
 may secure good winter and spring pasturage imtil April. 
 ^ (250) 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 251 
 
 Tke cow-pea, besides being a great soil-restorer, is also the best haj and 
 ensilage crop of Georgia. In ninety days from sowing on wheat, or other 
 small grain stubble, it will make a full crop of vines. It will grow on 
 any sort of soil, although of course the better soils make the better yield. 
 "Wheat sown ISTovember 1st can be harvested by June 1st. Any time 
 from then until July 1st will do to sow the cow-pea, which is harvested 
 in September. It will make more hay in ninety days, if sown after 
 wheat or oats, than red clover will in a year. It is the salvation of our 
 lands and the delight of the milch-cow. Others of our native grasses are 
 rescue or arctice grass, crab-grass and crow-foot grass, which afford pas- 
 tpres new and ample, and with the adition of the various clovers, bar- 
 ley, rye, oats, sorghum-cane and corn forage give a great variety 
 of food for cattle. Our cotton seed, after the oil has been pressed out, 
 furnish the cakes, considered among the best of foods for cattle, as well 
 as the cheapest. A good milch-cow can be fed at a cost of seven cents 
 a day on cotton seed-meal cakes, cotton seed-hulls and a little wheat bran. 
 Corn ensilage, whose succulence and beneficial effects make it doubly val- 
 uable, is claimed by some to be the cheapest of all foods for cattle. All 
 the food necessary for stock can be grown right here cheaper than at 
 the N'orth. There is the greatest abundance of pure water supplied by 
 clear running streams. In healthfulness no land is more desirable. Our 
 markets are numerous and excellent. Atlanta, Augusta, Macon, Colum- 
 bus, Savannah and Brunswick, our large cities, as well as a great number 
 of large and flourishing towns, all thriving and steadily growing in 
 population and wealth, are heavy importers of butter and cheese, most of 
 which they obtain from the States of the North and "West and even from 
 Canada. Gladly would they use the product of our own farms. 
 
 The sweetmilk, buttermilk, cream and butter from the dairy farms 
 find a ready sale in all the cities and towns of Georgia. The butter, 
 which by most people, is preferred to the best imported article, falls far 
 short of supplying the demand. Good creameries, well located, are a 
 great help to the dairy farms. Creameries in Georgia pay about one 
 half more for milk than is paid in the North, and the home mraket for 
 butter and buttermilk insures them a good profit. At our creameries 
 whole milk is worth $1.^5 a hundredweight, and butter-fat brings 
 twenty cents a pound, which is equivalent to fourteen cents a gallon for 
 milk, a much better price than can be obtained North and West. A 
 fully up-to-date creamery is located at Griffin, between Macon and At- 
 lanta. There is also one at LaGrange, in Troup county, and another at 
 Sparta in Hancock county. 
 
 Another is to be located between Macon and Savannah. Thus dairy- 
 
252 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 men in a large section of country will enjoy creamery advantages, and 
 this will add much to the profits of their farms. The adaptation of the 
 ice machine to creamery purposes has given to dairying in Georgia ad- 
 vantages unsurpassed in any section of the Union. Creamery men know 
 the disadvantages attending this industry in new territory in the North. 
 Here the difficulties are lessened in many respects. A good market for 
 buttermilk, butter, etc., enables a creamery to start with a small supply 
 of milk. The profit to the dairymen soon builds up a sentiment favor- 
 able to the creamery. 
 
 Lumber for siloes, bams or other outbuildings will cost from $7.00 to 
 $9.00 a thousand, and dressed lumber from $10.00 to $14.00. Land can 
 be bought in Middle Georgia at from $4.00 to $15.00 to the acre, and 
 can be had on reasonable terms as to time. The rate of interest is 8^. 
 Land fully stocked can be rented on about the same terms as at the 
 !N"orth. Most of the lands that are for sale are under cultivation and 
 have more or less of the necessary buildings upon them. 
 
 The creamery industry, like that of the dairy farm, has now passed the 
 experimental stage in Georgia. The satisfactory results and handsome 
 profits realized by those who have experimented on these lines, prove the 
 correctness of the opinion of Prof. H. J. Wing, of the Georgia Experi- 
 ment Station, that in comparing Georgia with many other sections for the 
 production of milk, butter and cheese ,the "Empire State of the South 
 has nothing to fear." 
 
 Mr. R. J. Redding, director of the Georgia Experiment Station, says: 
 "I know of no soils that respond so promptly and gracefully to fertili- 
 zers and manure as the soils of Georgia. During each of the last three 
 years yields of twenty-five to forty bushels of wheat to the acre have 
 not been unusual. The same soils would produce 75 to 100 bushels of 
 
 oats, or 1| bales of cotton, or 50 bushels of corn The 
 
 common crab-grass, the inveterate foe of the old-time Georgia cotton 
 farmer, would be considered a very great boon in any northern State, if 
 it would spring up in the corn fields and small grain fields after har- 
 vesting and produce 1 to 1^ tons of good hay (much better than Tim- 
 othy), as it will do in any good soil in Georgia, without any expense ex- 
 cept the harvesting Cottonseed-meal and hulls afford an 
 
 unfailing resource for feeding and fattening, being especially and ad- 
 mirably adapted to beef -cattle. 
 
 Mr John "Wallace of Griffin, Georgia, to whose "Conclusions of a 
 Isrorthem Creameryman" we are indebted for some excellent points, de- 
 clares: "I have been extensively engaged in dairying in the ISTorth, es- 
 pecially in Northwest Iowa, where I operated several creameries and 
 
-r^ ~i ^, ; < w .... 
 
 .^^^~ 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 255 
 
 cheese factories, and have now been operating a creamery in Georgia for 
 the last six months, and am highly gratified with results. . . . Cheap 
 lands, climatic conditions, variety of grasses, etc., offer inducements to 
 young dairymen that can be found nowhere in the northwest." 
 
 Of course, after the questions of climate, soil, healthfulness, and food 
 for man and beast have been considered, the selection of the proper breed 
 of cattle for the dairy farm is of the highest importance. The question 
 is what kind of cattle will pay best, and how much attention should be 
 bestowed upon them. If milk is the object of the proprietor, special at- 
 tention should be given to providing suitable and abundant food, and 
 proper care should be bestowed upon the cattle themselves. Of course, 
 each individual must make his own choice of breed to suit his soil, cli- 
 mate and pasturage. At present in Georgia the Jerseys are the most 
 popular and fashionable. Mrs. B. W. Hunt of Eatonton, the wife of one 
 of the most successful farmers of Putnam county, in an article on "Ber- 
 muda grass and the Jersey Cow," gives a decided preference to tMs 
 particular breed, which she considers the queen of the milch-cows. 
 Though the scepter of the Jersey is disputed by the Guernsey and the 
 Holstein, she is undoubtedly the preference among the dairy farmers of 
 Georgia. 
 
 Skim-milk is a valuable by-product of the dairy, and many experi- 
 ments have been made in feeding it to pigs and calves at the dairy. These 
 experiments have shown that skim-milk in combination with grain 
 makes an excellent food for hogs at all periods of their growth, but es- 
 pecially during the earlier periods. N'ot only does this combination make 
 a much more economic ration for hogs than either milk alone or grain 
 alone, but also causes the animals so fed to make much more rapid gains 
 in flesh. 
 
 When the proportion of these two articles of diet is three pounds or 
 somewhat less of skim-milk to one of grain, the return for the skim- 
 milk is greater than when a larger proportion of it is used. 
 
 "When hogs are fed on milk alone they gain very slowly and do not 
 keep in good health, and young pigs fed on grain alone do not thrive as 
 those to whom milk and grain are fed in proper proportion. 
 
 If fed on either of these materials alone they do better pastured than 
 when kept in small pens. 
 
 Young calves up to S^ months of age require less of both milk and 
 dry matter to make a pound of gain than do hogs. "When they have 
 reached five or six months, they require more dry matter, half of which 
 at least should be hay. 
 
 Considering only the gain in live weight and quality of meat, whole 
 
256 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 milk is the best food for calves, but is too expensive a ration, and they 
 may be very profitably fed on skim-milk when properly used. 
 
 Calves whose rations are composed larkely of skim milk gain one 
 half of a pound less in a day than those fed on whole milk, but 
 require practically the same amount of dry matter for every pound of 
 gain. 
 
 When fed to calves, fully as large financial returns are obtained for 
 the skim-milk as when fed to hogs. 
 
 At creameries or cheese factories, it pays to feed their by-products near 
 these establishments. The proceeds from them can be divided among the 
 patrons according to the milk supplied by each, in the same way as the 
 butter and cheese made are divided. Under the very best conditions it 
 costs five hours of labor, or fifty cents, to look after 500 hogs for one day. 
 This is $50.00 for caring for 500 hogs for 100 days, or ten cents for one 
 hog for a hundred days, or for a gain of 100 pounds, which gives one- 
 tenth of a cent as the labor cost of producing one pound of live weight 
 of hog. If the value of the gain was reckoned at four cents a pound, the 
 labor cost of producing the pork was only 2^ per cent, of its selling price. 
 It is evident that when hogs are handled in large numbers, as they may 
 be at a creamery, the labor of growing them is a very small item. These 
 remarks on the labor-cost of feeding animals are just as applicable to the 
 feeding of calves as of hogs, though it would be more difficult to feed 
 a large number of the former than of the latter. On the farm the ex- 
 pense of feeding these animals would be greater than at the creamery. 
 The value of whey for feeding is generally estimated at one half that ot 
 skim-milk. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 STOCK-KAISING. 
 
 So soon as our farmers began to diversify their agi-icultural industries 
 and no longer to give their whole attention to the raising of cotton, a 
 demand was created for improvement in the breeds of cattle, and more 
 care than ever before was given to the raising of stock. Of course, even 
 under the old system every enterprising farmer was careful to secure 
 a full supply of good live stock for his plantation, and it was no unusual 
 thing to see pastures on which were grazing fine-looking cattle, or flocks 
 of sheep. Glossy-coated, well-groomed horses, champed in the stalls the 
 ripened grain or fed upon the nourishing grasses of the meadows. The 
 well-ordered plantation of the olden time was well-stocked also with fine 
 mules and well-fed hogs, and abundantly supplied with poultry of every 
 kind. But there were many farmers who did well with com and cotton, 
 whose stock was of such inferior sort, as to convey an idea of thriftlessness 
 and lack of enterprise. Of late years, with the great improvement in 
 methods of cultivation, have come advanced ideas on the breeding, 
 rearing and care of all kinds of stock needed on the farm. 
 
 CATTLE. 
 
 Cattle. — The industries of dairying and creameries comparatively new 
 in Georgia, have had much to do with the preference shown in this State 
 for the Jersey. Indeed the high favor in which they are held is not con- 
 fined to Georgia. Mr. Henry E. Alvord, chief of Dairy Division of the 
 Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, 
 says: "Jerseys have been so numerously imported, have increased so rap- 
 idly in America, have been so largely used for grading, and have proved 
 so remarkably well adapted to a wide range of climate, that the character- 
 istic markings of no other breed can be so frequently seen wherever dairy 
 cows are kept, from the Saint Lawrence to the Gulf, and from ocean to 
 ocean." They derive their name from the island in the English chan- 
 nel, known as Jersey, supposed to be a corruption of Cassarea, as the 
 Romans called it. Though there were importations of this breed, at that 
 time known as Aldemeys, to the United States prior to 1840, these im- 
 
 (259) 
 
260 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 portations did not become active until about 1860. Since that time 
 2,000 animals or more have been imported from the little home island 
 year after year, nearly all of them coming to this country. Jerseys are 
 the smallest in size of the noted dairy breeds, cows ranging from TOO to 
 1,000 pounds and the bulls from 1,200 to 1,800 pounds. But their 
 average weight in America is considerably above that attained in their 
 native island. Where effort has been made to build up a herd of larger 
 size, mature cows have easily attained an average of over 1,000 pounds. 
 For a time many persons imagined that a pure Jersey had to be of a 
 solid color. This was an error; for all the earliest importations were 
 broken in color. For a long time they were bred almost exclusively for 
 butter. In this country breeders have successfully striven to increase 
 the milk yield, while still maintaining its high quality. A Jersey cow is 
 essentially a machine for producing butter-making milk, and may be con- 
 sidered as worthless when she ceases to give milk. Sometimes a Jersey 
 steer or an occasional non-breeding female has been found to take on 
 flesh and make small beasts for the butcher. They then have a fine- 
 grained, high-flavored flesh, very rich in color. 
 
 Guernseys can be better compared with Jerseys than with any other 
 cattle. They are a size larger, stronger-boned, and a little coarser in 
 appearance. They are claimed by some to be hardier and larger milkers, 
 but both these points are strongly disputed. They are called after their 
 native home, the second in size of the channel islands and in common 
 with the Jerseys were long called Alderneys, both in America and Eng- 
 land, without regard to the island from which they came. They are light 
 in color, yellow and orange predominating, with considerable white, usu- 
 ally in large patches on the body and legs. On some cows darker shades, 
 approaching brown, occur, and these colors are quite common on bulls of 
 this breed. The cows, when properly handled, are very gentle, and the 
 aged bulls are more easily managed than Jerseys of like age. The 
 Guernsey cows give milk in large quantities, and of uncommon richness 
 in butter-fat and in natural color. Wherever quality secures a good 
 price their milk ranks high in market. They are noted for the richness 
 of their milk, combined with special economy in feeding. The grades, 
 offspring of a Guernsey bull and well-selected cows of no particular 
 breeding, usually make very satisfactory dairy stock. 
 
 On their native island their beef is highly prized and young animals 
 are said to fatten easily at a profit. The friends of the Guernsey in this 
 country lay no claims to its being a beef producer; yet when an animal 
 of this breed, if not too old, ceases to be profitable for the dairy, it can 
 be converted into beef without loss to the feeder. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 263 
 
 The Holstein-Friesians, whose native home was ISTorth Holland and 
 Friesland, constitute one of the most notable of the dairy breeds. Both 
 in England and America these cattle have been known by several differ- 
 ent names, viz. : "Holland cattle," "Korth Hollanders," "Dutch cattle," 
 "Holsteins," "Dutch Friesians," "N'etherland Cattle" and "Holstein- 
 Friesians." After sharp contention in this country the last name was 
 generally accepted; but, says Mr. Alvord, "It seems unfortunate that the 
 simpler and sufficiently deiscriptive and accurate name of "Dutch Cattle" 
 was not adopted. For it was in Holland, a land noted for a thousand 
 years for dairy products, that this celebrated breed of large bi-colored 
 cattle has slowly but surely developed its present dairy excellence. They 
 are distinguished by "their large frame, strong bone, abundance of flesh, 
 silken coat, extreme docility and enormous milk yield." The original 
 Dutch settlers of Wew York doubtless brought over with them their 
 favorite cattle (during the lYth century), and there are definite records of 
 not more than three or four importations previous to 1850. But in 1857 
 began the importations which have steadily increased in frequency and 
 numbers until they are now to be found in all parts of the Union. The 
 striking features of this breed are the color markings of black and white 
 and the large size of the animals of both sexes. They are the largest of 
 all the dairy breeds. Their large frames are usually well-filled out, with 
 the chest, abdomen and pelvic region fully developed. Care must be 
 taken to prevent the males from becoming too heavy for breeding ani- 
 mals, and the females, when not in milk, take on flesh quite rapidly. 
 They are large feeders, and must have abundance of rich food without 
 the necessity of much exertion to get it. The cows range in weight from 
 1,000 to 1,500 pounds, with a general average of about 1,250 pounds. 
 The bulls, when fully matured, often weigh above 2,500 pounds. The 
 cows are famous as enormous milk-producers. There are abimdant 
 records of cows giving an average above their own live weight in milk 
 monthly for ten or twelve consecutive months. There are numerous 
 well-authenticated instances of daily yields of 100 pounds or more for 
 several days in succession, and 20,000 to 30,000 pounds of milk in one 
 year. Cows giving from 40 to 60 pounds (or from 5 to 7 gallons) of milk 
 in a day are average animals, and from 7,500 to 8,000 pounds a year can 
 be depended on as a herd average. The milk of these large producers is 
 generally pretty thin, low in percentage of total solids and deficient in 
 fat. The cows are a favorite with dairymen doing a milk supply busi- 
 ness, but their product has in numerous cases been below the standard 
 fixed by State and municipal laws. Some families of Holsteins and some 
 single cows are, however, celebrated for rich milk and fine butter. In 
 
264 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 temperament these animals are quiet and docile, bulls as well as cows, the 
 bulls being exceptionally so. 
 
 The cattle which have been most famous both in England and 
 America, which have received the longest attention of breeders and im- 
 provers, and which have made the most general impression upon the live 
 stock of both countries during the nineteenth century are the Shorthorns 
 or Durhams. They are said to be descended from an old N'ortheast of 
 England breed, formed by crossing the aboriginal British cows with 
 large frame bulls imported from the continent. Immediately after the 
 American Revolution attention began to be given to the improvement of 
 cattle in America, Virginia taking the lead. During the last hundred 
 years the Shorthorn blood has been more generally distributed through 
 the United States than that of any other cattle. It has been the most ac- 
 ceptable basis for the improvement of the native stock, both for beef 
 and dairy purposes. 
 
 The Shorthorns are a beef -breed and have been so for generations. Yet 
 there have always been good dairy cows among them, and some families 
 among them have been kept distinct and are known as "milking Short- 
 horns." They are probably the largest among pure-breed cattle. Bulls 
 ordinarily weigh a ton or more, some running up to 3,000 pounds. 
 Fully matured cows range from 1,200 to 1,600 pounds, sometimes a little 
 below, sometimes a little in excess of these limits. The colors of this 
 breed have always been red and white, with various blendings of these 
 two. The red is especially fancied in this country. The Shorthorns are 
 generally quiet and gentle. Although they are to be generally classed as 
 beef-cattle, yet there are records of cows giving 6, 8 and 9 gallons of 
 milk a day, with no other food than grass. 
 
 Ayrshire cattle are among the youngest of well-established breeds. 
 Coming originally from the country of Ayrshire in the Southwest of Scot- 
 land, a region of moderate fertility, where natural pasturage is so sparse 
 that grazing animals must travel long distances in a day to satisfy their 
 himger, the small, unshapely foundation race has been built up within 
 the ninteenth century by the liberal use of blood from the cattle of Eng- 
 land, Holland and the Channel Islands, until they bear little resem- 
 blance to the cattle of Ayrshire described an 1825. The breed of the pres- 
 ent day bears strong resemblance to the Jersey in certain features. In 
 form, color and horn it is very similar to the wild white cattle of Chilling- 
 ham Park. "With the exception of the little Irish Kerry, there is no cow 
 which excels the Ayrshire in thriving on scanty pasturage and giving a 
 dairy profit upon the coarsest of forage. Yet she responds promptly and 
 profitably to liberal feeding. The Ayrshires are of medium size among 
 
^f *i % 
 
 sat i:>^^:vmK: -•-: yg: ,. cHi^iA 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 267 
 
 dairy cattle. The cows weigh from 900 to 1,100 pounds, averaging 
 probably 1,000 pounds in a well-cared-for herd. The bulls weigh from 
 1,400 to 1,800 pounds at maturity, sometimes more. This breed is short- 
 legged, fine-boned, and very active. The prevailing color of the body is 
 red and white in varied proportions; in spots, not mixed. The Ayrshire 
 cow yields a large supply of milk. Five thousand five hundred pounds 
 a year as an average for a cow, well cared for, is counted on and often 
 realized. The milk is not exceptionally rich, but somewhat above the 
 average. It is very uniform in character, the fat globules being small, 
 even in size, and not free to separate from the milk. The Ayrshire is 
 not, therefore, a good butter cow, but its milk is admirably suited for 
 town and city supply, being well above legal standards, capable of being 
 carried considerable distances and roughly handled without injury. Some 
 of the cows have been known to produce 8,578 pounds (about 1,000 
 gallons), in a year. 
 
 A good beef breed is the Durham. Some of the cows are good milkers, 
 but the breed is not sufficiently numerous and has not as yet been handled 
 much for dairy purposes. American breeders have succeeded in separat- 
 ing from the general Shorthorn stock a family having all the features of 
 that race, but with no horns at all. These are called Polled Durhams 
 and are now allowed a name and place as a distinct breed. 
 
 The Brown Swiss, as the name indicates, had its origin in Switzerland. 
 Among dairy breeds this may be placed in the second class as toi size. 
 They are fieshy and well proportioned, with straight, broad back, heavy 
 legs and neck, giving a general appearance of coarseness. But when ex- 
 amined closely they are found to be small-boned with a fine silky coat 
 and possessing many attractive dairy points. They are generally de- 
 scribed as brown in color, which runs, however, through various shades, 
 often into a mouse color and sometimes a brownifeh dun. Bulls and cows 
 are alike docile and easily managed. They weigh from 1,200 to 1,400 
 pounds on the average, bulls sometimes running up to 1,800 pounds, al- 
 though they are not so much heavier than the females as in most other 
 breeds. The cows, when developed as a dairy breed, give an average of 
 ten quarts of milk every day in the year. 
 
 These cattle, being almost always fat and easily kept so, are good for 
 beef as well as for milk. The flesh is said to be fine-grained, tender and 
 sweet. This breed is not well-known in Georgia. In their native coun- 
 try their ordinary food is nothing but hay, grass, or other green forage 
 throughout the year, but they respond promptly to more generous feed- 
 ing. 
 
 The Devons, so called from the elevated region in the north of Devon- 
 
268 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 shire, England, were among the very first cattle brought across the At- 
 lantic, reaching New England on the ship Charity in the year 1623. But 
 the first herd to be brought to this country and kept pure, so that breed- 
 ers can still trace it, was sent directly to Mr. Kobert Patterson of Mary- 
 land, in 1817. There have been many other importations, especially in 
 later years. They are noted for beauty, compactness, intelligence, do- 
 cility, aptitude to fatten and quality of milk. The horns of the females 
 are particularly elegant, sharp-pointed, black-tipped, and of medium 
 length with a creamy white color and curving upward. In the bull the 
 horns are shorter and straighter. Devons are of medium size. As a rule 
 they do not yield large quantities of milk, though some single animals 
 have given forty or fifty pounds a day. The milk is rich in quality, rank- 
 ing in that respect next to the Jersey and Guernsey in percentage of but- 
 ter-fats, total solids and high color. Those who hold this breed in high- 
 est esteem regard it as chiefly a beef -producer. Its flesh is fine-grained, 
 usually tender and well marbled, and the fat is of a deep yellow color 
 like milk fat. 
 
 The animals of the Dutch Belted breed are all jet-black, with a broad 
 band or belt of pure white encircling the body. The cows seem to give 
 good satisfaction as milkers, although their milk is not above the ave^ 
 age in quality. There are comparatively few of this breed in America. 
 
 The Red Polled cattle resemble the Devons, as closely as the Polled 
 Durhams resemble the Shorthorns. Yet the two races are probably not 
 closely related, the Devons coming from the southwestern part of Eng- 
 land, and the Red Polls having their origin on the eastern plain, north of 
 the river Thames, particularly in the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. 
 They are hornless cattle, red and other colors. They were amgng those 
 brought in the early days to the English colonies in America. The so- 
 called "muley" cows among our native cattle are probably their descend- 
 ants mixed with other strains. The animals of this breed give rather 
 more milk than the Devons, though not so rich in quality. They seem 
 to be better adapted to making meat than producing milk. Their ad- 
 mirers claim that they are good at both and strongly recommend them 
 as the general farm cow. Steers of this breed are special favorites as 
 working cattle. 
 
 Other breeds, especially distinguished as beef -producers, are the Here- 
 ford and Angus. 
 
 If beef breeds are wanted, their superiority is in proportion to 
 their tendency to mature early and to produce beef of high quality. The 
 thoroughbred animals make gains much more rapidly than those of in- 
 ferior blood, even though the feed be exactly the same in quantity and 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 271 
 
 quality. There has been considerable discu'ssion among breeders of 
 beef cattle as to whether the heifer and steer produce equally good beef, 
 •or whether that of the former is not preferable. To the latter view the 
 English meat dealers and many of the American are inclined. "A few 
 years ago," says the report of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture, "it 
 was the aim and purpose of both breeder . and feeder to produce cattle 
 of great weight and size, nor was the steer considered fit for slaughter 
 or market until he was four or five years old. . . . What a revolution 
 occurred in the early 80'&! Every progresssive breeder turned his atten- 
 tion at once to the production of perfectly matured cattle at three years 
 as an objective point. The governing law was a triune one^ — ^the cattle 
 must possess hardness of con'stitution, feeding quality and early maturing 
 ability." 
 
 The report of the superintendent of the Farmers' Institutes of the 
 Province of Ontario, after describing three well-selected animals of dif- 
 ferent breeds, an Angus heifer, a high-grade Shorthorn steer, and a high- 
 grade Hereford steer, says: "These animals, though representing differ- 
 ent breeds, present that compactness of form, thickness and substance, to- 
 gether with superior finish and quality, coupled with an inherent apti- 
 tude to lay on flesh thickly and evenly, that always characterizes the 
 beef animal of outstanding merit." It must be remembered that there 
 is a pronounced dairy type and an equally pronounced beef type. "There 
 are not a few cows of quite positive beef tendencies capable of making 
 very creditable dairy records, and a great many that combine milk and 
 beef to a profitable degree, but a good carcass of beef from a steer of a 
 pronounced dairy type or breed is rarely seen. So clearly and definitely 
 is this beef type established that to depart from it means to sacrifice beef 
 excellence."* Those who are engaged in stock-farming in Georgia will 
 •do well to bear it in mind, that for dairy purposes the best breed is the 
 Jersey, while for beef the best types are the Shorthorns, the Hereford 
 and Angus. 
 
 Long strides have been made of late years by the dairymen of Geor- 
 gia toward the supplying of our home markets with butter from their 
 own farms. Tliough the supply of good home butter is still far short 
 of the demand, yet, as our dairy farms increase, their butter product will 
 more and more supplant the imported article. Georgia, so well supplied, 
 as we have already seen, with abundance of the best grass and forage 
 crops, can also raise its own beef equal to the best, and keep at home the 
 money now paid to the great packing-houses of the North and West. 
 Let intelligent stockmen turn their attention this way with the full as- 
 
 <'Keport of the Superintendent of Farmers' Institute of the Province of Ontario. 
 IS ga 
 
272 OEOROIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 surance that large profits will attend here in Georgia their thrift and en- 
 terprise. 
 
 Some of our own people engaging in this business of raising beef for 
 the market would make a good profit for themselves and keep money in 
 Georgia that now goes to the West. 
 
 The experience of Mr. T. K. Sawtell of Atlanta, will give some idea of 
 the low price at which cattle can be fed. In a letter to ex-Governor 
 W. J. Northen, he said: 
 
 "Below you have the result of my experiment with the thirteen 
 months calf that I fed, exclusively on cotton-seed meal and cotton-seed 
 hulls. I bought the calf from Mr. M. A. Butler of INoah, Tenn., Decem- 
 ber 16, 1899. He was thirteen months old and weighed 899 pounds. I 
 paid 3^ cents per pound, making the cost $31.15. I took him to my 
 packing-house and fed him until June 16th on cotton-seed hulls and meal. 
 When slaughtered he weighed 1,320 pounds. He was sold at 5^ cents 
 per pound. 
 
 Bought 899 pounds at 3^ cents $31 15 
 
 Fed 180 days at 6 cents 10 80— $41 95 
 
 Sold 1,320 pounds at 5^ cents 72 60 
 
 IsTet $30 65 
 
 If this can be done by Mr. Sawtell, who makes it a business to supply 
 good beef to the people of Atlanta, would it not pay some of our enter- 
 prising citizens to select the best breeds and raise cattle for our markets ? 
 H the profit on buying and feeding one calf was $30.65, that on one 
 hundred calves would be $3,065.00. If these calves were raised on a 
 stock farm with abundance of pasturage, the cost of their rearing would 
 be less than where all the feed must be paid for at the regular market 
 prices. As has been said before, no State in the Union is richer in pas- 
 turage and in grass and forage crops than Georgia. Besides these Ave 
 have right here on our farms without any freight expense the cotton-seed 
 hulls and meal which make such excellent feed for cattle. If cattle in 
 Norway fed on cotton seed hulls and meal shipped from our country can 
 be sold at a profit in the markets of England, is it not to be supposed that 
 our farmers can raise cattle and sell them at a profit in our own markets ? 
 
 The most profitable course for the general farmer to pursue in im- 
 proving the quality of his live stock is to buy first-class thoroughbred 
 males. The calves of a mixed average lot of cows, sired by a thorough- 
 bred bull of any of the best breeds, will partake much of the nature of 
 the sire, and the females of this grade again bred to a thoroughbred will 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 275 
 
 give animals equal to the average thoroughbred for all practical purposes 
 except that of procreation. The same principle prevails as to sheep, 
 swine, poultry and all kinds of farm stock. But especially is it true as 
 to the best cattle. The Shorthorn, or Durham, is one of the best breeds 
 for the general farmer. It will give you a steer which, under proper 
 treatment, will at three years of age weigh from 1,500 to 1,800 pounds, 
 and a cow which, with like judicious management, will give from two to 
 four gallons of milk in a day. Be careful to remember one thing. The 
 best breeds will show no superiority over our native Georgia stock, if loft 
 to shift for themselves, as is too often done by the average farmer. 
 
 On the 1st of January, 1898, there were in Georgia 303,392 milch- 
 cows, valued at $6,629,115. At the same time there were of cattle other 
 than milch-cow 503,593, valued at $4,492,300. By the census of 1900 
 there were in Georgia 20,806 dairy cows kept in bams and inclosures. 
 
 As the attention of the breeders of cattle for the dairy and for beef is 
 more and more attracted to the advantages offered by Georgia, there will 
 be given a new impetus to an industry that will add greatly to the wealth 
 and prosperity of our noble State.* 
 
 For a more complete account of the breeds of dairy and beef cattle 
 see the pamphlet of Henry E. Alvord, C.E., chief of Dairy Division o£ 
 the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States Department of Ag- 
 riculture, to which we are indebted for much valuable information. See 
 also the other reports from which we have quoted in what has been said 
 about "Stock-raising." 
 
 Hogs. — The hog is used very extensively as an article of food both in 
 America and Europe. His flesh, in the various forms in which it is pre- 
 pared, furnishes the chief meat supply of a large class of our people. Es- 
 pecially is this true of the negroes who constitute in the South almost the 
 entire body of hands employed by our farmers in cultivating the land, 
 looking after the stock, or attending to the manifold labors of the house, 
 garden, field and orchard. Pork, sausage, spareribs, backbone, bacon 
 and ham, are among the most highly esteemed articles of diet in the 
 lowly huts of the poor and the lordly mansions of the rich. Just as every 
 farmer should raise his own wheat and corn for bread, so also should he 
 have his smoke-house well stored with bacon and hara of his own curing 
 
 *Organizations of Breeders of pure-bred Cattle and addresses of their Secretaries for the year 1899 : 
 Ayrshire Breeders' Association, C. M. Winston, Brandon, Vt. 
 Brown Swiss Breeders' Association, N. S. Fish, Groton, Conn. 
 American Devon Cattle Club, L. P. Sisson, Wheeling, W. Va. 
 Dutch Belted Association of America. H. B Richards, Easton, Pa. 
 American Guernsey Cattle Club. W. H, Caldwell, Peterboro, N. H. 
 Holstein-Friesian Association of America, F. L. Houijhton, Brattleboro, Vt. 
 American Tersev Cattle Clnb, J. J. Hemingway, No. 8 West 17th St., New York, N. Y, 
 American Polled Durham Breeders' Association, J. H. Miller, Mexico, Ind. 
 Red Polled Cattle Club of America, J. McLain Smith. Dayton, Ohio. 
 American Shorthorn Breeders' Association, J. H. Pickrell, Springfield, III. 
 
276 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 from hogs of bis 'own raising. Thus making on his own lands all his food 
 supplies, he can use the money obtained from bis crop of cotton or the 
 surplus of all the products of his fields for the purchase of those things 
 that add culture, refinement and adornment to the home, besides having 
 something to lay up for his own comfortable maintenance in old age, or 
 to add to the inben-itanc© of the children that shall come after him. Every 
 landowner has thus an opportunity, by economy, thrift and enterprise, 
 to acquire a competence and secure his freedom from the cares that tor- 
 ture him who borrows and through interest and mortgages becomes the 
 bond-slave of the lender. Every farmer can, by intelligent use of his re- 
 sources, live a prince upon his own estate. But the first step toward this 
 happy condition is the raising of his own supplies, so that he can be in- 
 dependent of the meat and granaries of the West. His beef, his mutton, 
 hogs and poultry demand some part of his attention. 
 
 The hog, though originally unknown in America, Australia or the 
 Polynesian group, was everywhere introduced by the early navigators, 
 and has propagated his species so rapidly that he is now abundant in all 
 these lands, both in confinement and in a state of nature. Though thriv- 
 ing best in a warm, genial climate, yet, like man, he becomes accustomed 
 to all climates and countries. Where left to roam wild he degenerates 
 into the razor-backed animal of the mountain or the pine land region. 
 Where properly cared for and developed by careful breeding, he be- 
 comes the sleek, fat porker of the well-kept farm. 
 
 From the wild boar, once so common in Europe and Asia, the domestic 
 hog, wherever found, has sprung. At what time breeding for the im- 
 provement of the wild animal began we do not know, although we are 
 told that the ancient Romans made it a study. 
 
 England seems to have taken the lead in this useful art. The swine- 
 raisers of her different provinces endeavored to improve their own breeds 
 by crossing the fine-boned hog of China with the larger breeds of Eng- 
 land and other countries. By tlieir selections., criossings, and re-crossings, 
 have arisen the varieties which take their names from the provinces 
 which first produced them, as the Berkshire, Suffolk, Essex, Chester, etc. 
 It is not our purpose to go into a description of these various breeds. 
 Most of the best breeds have been tested by the farmers of this country ; 
 and at one fair or another all the improved breeds have taken premiums. 
 The great object is to secure such as are hardy, and will make th^ great- 
 est supply of pork and lard with the least amount of feeding. If bacon 
 is the object desired, it is well to select the large and heavy variety. If 
 pork is the thing desired, choose the smaller varieties, such as arrive with 
 greatest rapidity at maturity and are likely to produce the most delicate 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 277 
 
 flesh. The keeper of the hog should be just as careful to see that the sty 
 or yard is kept clean, as to furnish him the food which experienced farm- 
 ers have found to be best suited to his needs. 
 
 Cleanliness and careful attention are very necessary to secure the best 
 results, both as to the healthfulness of tlie animal and the Consequent ex- 
 cellence of his flesh for food. Among the fine breeds the Berkshire is the 
 most generally distributed throughout Georgia. !N"ext in popularity 
 comes a breed which results from a crossing of the hog of Poland with 
 that of China. We have also the red Jersey hog, the white Chesfter, and 
 other valuable breeds. All of these do well in Georgia. Our farmers are, 
 of course, familiar with the various diseases to which hogs are liable, and 
 also with the remedies. Many of them, especially skin diseases, can, in 
 a great measure be prevented by keeping the pigsty or yard as clean as 
 possible, and by seeing that the hog gets wholesome and suitable food. 
 In the case of an animal that furnishes such a heavy per cent, of the meat 
 supply of our people, too great precautions cannot be taken in guarding 
 him against any of the causes that would tend to make his flesh unwhole- 
 some. 
 
 By the United States census of 1890 the number of swine in Georgia 
 was 1,396,362. By the Year Book of the Department of Agriculture 
 for 1899 we find the number to be 2,093,987, valued at $8,095,353. 
 The increase in the number of stwine from 1890 to 1899 was 697,625, a 
 gratifying exhibit, in that it shows, that the farmers of Georgia are rais- 
 ing more 'of their own supplies and depending less on the packing-houses 
 of the West. 
 
 Sheep. — In the section on grasses and forage crops the adaptability of 
 Georgia to sheep husbandl-y was incidentally referred to. In 1875 Hon. 
 Thomas P. Janes, then Commissioner of Agriculture, issued a pamphlet 
 on Sheep Husbandry in Georgia which met with such high favor not only 
 in this State, but also in the whole country, that in 1883 his successor, 
 Hon. J. T. Henderson, republished it, with such additions to the original 
 as were deemed necessary to give more fully a great amount of desirable 
 information en this subject. We deem it well to acknowledge in the out- 
 set our indebtedness to the aforesaid publication, for many facts herein 
 recited. According to the United States census of 1860 the number of 
 sheep in Georgia was 512,618. From that time to 1875 there was a 
 steady decrease, the number in the State being less by 193,295 than in 
 1860. Doubtless some of this loss was due to the ravages of war, some to 
 thieves during the disordered times that immediately followed the close 
 of hostilities, but the greater part to the ravages of dogs. Through the 
 persistent efforts of the friends of sheep industry the legislature was pre- 
 
278 
 
 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 vailed upon to pass a dog law allowing eack county to enact its provi- 
 sion's within its own borders, as it might see fit. The law has been adopted 
 in many counties with very beneficial results, and in those counties the in- 
 dustry of sheep-raising has taken on new life. Many more counties will 
 doubtless adopt it and then Georgia will resume her proper position as a 
 wool-producing State. In this industry, as in everything else, one must be 
 convinced that it will pay before he will put his money into it. The cli- 
 mate of Georgia corresponds with that of some of the best woll-growing 
 regions of the world. The southern part of Spain, a country once famous 
 for its merinos, is warmer than South Georgia. Australia, one of the chief 
 wool countries of the world, has a warmer climate than Georgia. In the 
 cost of keeping sheep warm climates have a decided advantage over 
 cold ones. In Southern, Middle and Northern Georgia sheep have been 
 kept with a profit to the owner far in excess of that derived from cotton, 
 notwithstanding the ravages of dogs. In Southwestern Georgia snow 
 never falls and the ground seldom freezes. The pine forests are car- 
 peted with native grass, affording rich pasturage all the year. Accord- 
 ing to a astatement of Mr. David Ayers of Camilla, Mitchell county, his 
 flock of 3,500 sheep cost him annually 14 cents a head and the average 
 yield a head was three pounds of unwashed wool, at 30 cents a pound. 
 Owing to its freedom from hay-seed and to the fact that our heavy spring 
 rains wash out the yolk and dirt, the unwashed wool of Georgia is as 
 clean as the brook-washed of Pennsylvania. He did not feed his sheep 
 at any time during the year, and used only what is known as the native 
 stock. Of course the cross of the Merino with this stock would have 
 given a greater quantity and better quality of wool. During the same 
 year a Mr. John McDowell of "Washington county, Pennsylvania, on 
 land that cost five times as much as that of Mr. Ayers, made only one 
 half of the profit on money invested in the best breeds of sheep. Thus it 
 seems that where sheep-husbandry is made a specialty Georgia has a de- 
 cided advantage over Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mr. Robert Humber, of Putnam county in Middle Georgia, kept 138 
 sheep of the cross between the Merino and the common stock. He said 
 that they cost nothing except the salt eaten by them and paid 100 per 
 cent, on the investment in mutton, lambs and wool. They ranged on 
 Bermuda grass in summer, and on the fields from which the crops had 
 been gathered, and on the cane bottoms in winter. Their only food was 
 that thus gathered by themselves. They yielded an average of three 
 pounds of wool to the head, which he sold at twenty-five cents, a pound. 
 
 Mr. Richard Peters, who kept sheep in Gordon county and had an ex- 
 perience of twenty-seven years, and had tested the Spanish and French 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 279 
 
 Merinos, Southdown, Oxfordshire-Down, Leicester, Asiatic Broad-tail, or 
 Tunisian, Improved Kentucky Cotswold and native sheep, said that a 
 cross of the Spanish Merino and natives had proved most profitable with 
 him. Every other Georgia correspondent agreed with him in this opin- 
 ion. The progeny of the native ewes and Spanish Merino bucks showed 
 "marked improvement, having constitution, fattening properties, thrifti- 
 ness and a compact, close fleece." While he raised only 70 lambs to 
 every hundred ewes of the pure Merinos, he raised a lamb for every ewe 
 of the cross-bred natives and Merinos. During mild vsdnters in Gordon 
 county his sheep had to be fed only 30 days; in cold, wet winters, twice 
 that long. In speaking of the value to land of sheep manure Mr. Peters 
 said: "I can only judge of its value by the compact sod of grass on my 
 sheep pasture, capable of sustaining ten head to one as compared to 
 twenty yeai-s ago." 
 
 The experience of Mr. Peters agreed with that of almost all the other 
 sheep-raisers in Georgia as to the breeds most suitable to this State. The 
 Merinos are better suited to our climate than the long-wooled Leicesters 
 and Ootswolds. 
 
 Every sheep-raiser should remember the maxim that increase of lambs 
 is increase of wool. Special attention should be employed to have the 
 lambs come at the best season. The period of gestation is 151 or 152 
 days. The best time for the coming of the lambs is, for Middle and Lower 
 Georgia, about the first of January; for 'North Georgia, either in Novem- 
 ber, or about the last of February and first of March. 
 
 During the short period in North Georgia when sheep must be fed 
 cotton seed afford a cheap and excellent food. These, with oats or rye 
 pastures sown in the early fall, will afford sufficient food to induce an 
 abundant flow of milk for the lambs, and at the same time will keep the 
 ewes in a healthy condition, and thus increase the clip of wool for the 
 next season. Quantity and quality of wool will be greatly improved, and 
 the health of the sheep be preserved, by keeping them in a uniformly 
 good condition throughout the year. Do not allow them to grow thin 
 during the winter. That part of the fiber grown during a poor condition 
 of a sheep will be weaker than that grown, when abundance of food is 
 supplied and all proper attention is given to the animal. Weak points 
 in the fiber injure its quality, and of course its sale. For this reason 
 wool grown in warm climates, where there is a continuous supply of 
 green food, is heavier and of better quality than that grown in colder 
 climates, where the sheep necessarily grow thin during severe winters. 
 There is among sheep-raisers a maxim that for sheep "change is more 
 important than range." In the extensive sheepwalks of the northern 
 
280 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 sections of Georgia or the wire-grass regions of the southern section, the 
 flock can find tlie necessary change by extending their walk. But when 
 they are kept within inclosures, in order to insure their health and vari- 
 ety of food, they must occasionally be changed to new pastures. 
 
 If they are to be grazed upon 100 acres, it is a good plan to divide this 
 land into two fields of 50 acres each, and let the flock alternate monthly 
 between them. They ought to have fresh shading ground during the 
 day and fresh beds at night. Where the sheepwalk is always the same, 
 certain pungent plants necessary for the health of the animal become ex- 
 hausted. During the summer sheep feed early in the morning and late 
 in the evening, spending the middle of the day in the shade. Since they 
 seek the same sheltering places from day to day, these resorts become 
 foul and hurtful to the health of the flock. If a change of pasturage 
 is not practicable, these places should be occasionally cleaned off, and 
 the manure from them should be saved. 
 
 All changes from pasture to pasture, or from pen to pen, should be 
 made in the cool of the evening or early morning (the latter being thf> 
 better), so as to avoid disturbing the flock in the heat of the day. 
 
 Salt should be constantly accessible to the sheep and in sufiicient quan- 
 tities to prevent scuflling and fighting over it. Or a good plan is to salt 
 them regularly t^vice a week, placing the salt in troughs or on clean 
 rocks. It is best to give the salt in the evening, because in this way too 
 free use of water after salt, which is not good for the sheep, will be 
 avoided. It will be found very conducive to health to dig traughs in or- 
 dinary pine poles and fill them with common tar sprinkled with salt. 
 These being arranged at a convenient point in the sheepwalk mil furnish 
 salt and at the same time induce a moderate consumption of tar, which 
 acts as a disinfectant and promotes health by checking the fly which 
 sometimes in the summer months deposits its eggs on the nostrils of the 
 sheep, thus producing worms in the head. 
 
 The sheep is exceedingly neat and even fasitidious about its food. 
 Hence it should have clean grass and clear, running water. Though they 
 do not use as much water as other animals and sometimes go days with- 
 out it, their comfort and health require that it should be accessible. 
 
 In spring and summer the flock should be closely watched for maggots 
 in the wool, whose presence will be indicated by a dingy, bluish appear- 
 ance. Spirits of turpentine should be promptly used on the infected 
 parts; for if the flesh become penetrated, serious injury, if not death, will 
 follow. 
 
 If not salted regularl^^ in wet spells, diarrhea is apt to follow, with a 
 fouling of the wool in the rear. These "tags" must be promptly removed 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 283 
 
 with the shears. If the disease is obstinate, the sheep should be fed for a 
 few days on meal with a little salt in it and other dry food, if the animal 
 can be induced to take it. 
 
 For the shearing of sheep clear, warm w^eather should be selected, not 
 so early as to risk the health of the sheep by cool spells coming after the 
 removal of its winter coat, not so late that this coat has become oppressive 
 or has commenced to waste and shed in order to make way for another. 
 
 In butchering the intestines should be removed at the earliest possible 
 moment after life is extinct, and before the removal of the pelt, if neces- 
 sary, so as to avoid the peculiar sheepy odor and taste sometimes found 
 in mutton, and erroneously supposed to be due to the contact of the wool 
 with the meat. 
 
 The same result may be accomplished by pouring a bucket of cold 
 water into the cavity as soon as opened and before the removal of the 
 bo\\Tls. With proper attention to the butchering of well fattened sheep, 
 all unpleasant odor or taste will be avoided, and the prejudice which 
 many people feel toward mutton will be removed. 
 
 Properly sensed, lamb or mutton furnishes a meat at once w^holesome 
 and much more delicate than the gross hog meat so universally consumed 
 in Georgia. 
 
 There are in Georgia nearly 10,000,000 acres of practically unoccu- 
 pied lands. Kearly all of these could be profitably used as sheepw^alks. 
 There is an extensive region, beginning in Southeastern Georgia and ex- 
 tending across the State from the Savannah to the Chattahoochee. This 
 section is made an ideal home for great flocks of sheep by the native wire- 
 grass and other herbage which, with their luxuriant growth, afford ex- 
 cellent summer pasturage, while the aftermath, remaining evergreen and 
 reinforced by healthful winter-growing weeds., gives ample feed for the 
 cold season. Besides, there is the Bermuda, most valupble of all spon- 
 taneous grasses, equal on good soil to the best blue-gi'ass of Kentucky, 
 and capable, even on land unprofitable for cultivation, of supporting five 
 sheep to the acre for nine mo-nths of the year. Where partially protected 
 by pine trees, it mil remain green throughout the winter, supplying pas- 
 turage for that season. Or from the summer pasturage the sheep may be 
 turned upon the pea fields from which the corn has been gathered, 
 care having first been taken to accustom them to the consumption of the 
 pea, as a guard against over-feeding. From the pea-field they can be 
 turned into the cotton-field, which in August or September had been 
 sown in rye or oats. These, together with the rutabaga turnip crop, 
 which was also sown in July and August, will afford ample gi-een pa's- 
 turage until the return of the spring vegetation. Or, if a harvest from 
 
284 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 the grain fields be desired, the turnips can be reserved for early- 
 spring feeding, since such a grain field should not be grazed upon 
 later than the first or last of February, according to latitude. Such is the 
 advantage of the climate of Middle and Southern Georgia, that small 
 grain can furnilsh green pasturage all winter, and a paying crop the next 
 summer. In the southern half of Georgia turnips need no protection, 
 and can be utilized with no more labor than is required to change a 
 movable fence as often as fresh pasturage is needed; or they maybe 
 banked like sweet potatoes, and in the spring be fed, after being reduced 
 by a pulping machine. Wherever the sheep are fed, either on extensive 
 "walks" or inclosed in narrower bounds, they heavily fertilize the soil. 
 
 One great economical consideration in Georgia's favor is, that in its 
 larger portion sheep do not need winter shelter. 
 
 Ey utilizing Bermuda and wire-grass for summer pasturage, and small 
 grain and turnips for winter, Georgia, without neglecting her cotton, 
 corn, grain or forage crops, and while increasing the number of her dairy 
 farms and creameries, her beef cattle and her swine, and extending her 
 factories of varied kinds, can build up another great industry of sheep 
 husbandry, supplying her own markets and those of other States with the 
 best of mutton and lamb, and deriving a large profit from the sale of mil- 
 lions of pounds of wool. Georgia can easily sustain 4,000,000 sheep and 
 at the same time largely increase her agricultural products by converting 
 much wasting vegetable matter into a superior fertilizer. 
 
 In the portions of Georgia where the sheep can have extensive range, 
 they, for the most part, take care of themselves without taxing either 
 the time or attention of their owners. It was in consideration of this 
 fact that Mr. Janes, Georgia's first Commissioner of Agriculture, spoke 
 of sheep as "the best, most quiet, peaceable, industrious and profitable 
 laborers, who nearly double their number annually, demand no wages, do 
 not steal or commit other crimes, labor assiduously throughout the year, 
 feed and clothe themselves and their masters, make no strikes, utter no 
 complaint, and never 'die in debt to man,' " 
 
 There are sections of Georgia which do not afi^ord such extensive sheep- 
 walks or ranges, and where those who prefer these sections for climatic 
 or otlier causes must, if they desire to engage in the business of sheep- 
 husbandry, grow their sheep upon inclosed farms and provide for them 
 shelter against the inclement winter. Let such remember that millions 
 of the best sheep in the world are raised upon inclosed pastures in Eng- 
 land, upon the continent of Europe (especially in France), and in 
 America. With on^jtithe of the care, attention, expense and worry be- 
 stowed upon cotton devoted to sheep-husbandry, the latter can be made 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 285 
 
 to quadruple the net profits of cotton culture on any given area of dry 
 and reasonably fertile land in Georgia. The fact that the native flocks 
 of sheep in the southern part of the State, without attention prove profit- 
 able to their owners, furnishes abundant evidence that under a more 
 rational system in which ewes and lambs, at least, would have the benefit 
 of small grain pastures, or other suitable feed during the winter months, 
 the profits would be much larger than under the present "let-alone" 
 plan. Our neighbors just to the north of us, Tennessee and Kentucky, 
 make enormous annual profits on early spring lambs shipped to IN'ew 
 York and Boston. "Georgia" says Mr. Henderson, "might anticipate 
 these sources of supply at least one month, by having the lambs dropped 
 in I^ovember and grown upon succulent pastures of small grain sown 
 for the purpose. If butchered beef can be profitably shipped from Chi- 
 cago to Georgia markets in refrigerator cars, why may not our early 
 lambs be shipped to Chicago in the returning cars ?" 
 
 The offspring of Cotswold bucks and native ewes would be little, if at 
 all, inferior to the thoroughbred for mutton. 
 
 ISTotwithstanding the risk of depredation by dogs, sheep-husbandry 
 can be made profitable in Georgia if proper attention is bestowed upon 
 the sheep. A single, faithful hired man can care for a thousand sheep, 
 except at shearing time, when extra labor will be needed. The annual 
 net income from the flock would exceed that from an area equal to the 
 sheep pastures planted in cotton. There are few farms in Georgia on 
 which it will not pay to pasture some sheep. Those inexperienced in 
 sheep-husbandry should begin with a small number, which may be in- 
 creased in proportion to their growth in experience and skill. To those 
 who have experience in this business we say: "There is room enough 
 and a hearty welcome in Georgia for you all." 
 
 To those of our own people, who depend upon agriculture for a liveli- 
 hood we commend the words of Charles L. Flint, for twenty-eight con- 
 secutive years secretary of the State Board of Agriculture of Massa- 
 chusetts, author of several valuable treatises on subjects pertaining to 
 the farm, and editor of others, especially of The American Farmer pub- 
 lished by Kalph H. Park & Co. of Hartford, Conn.: 
 
 "Unlike the culture of cotton and other textile materials, the cultiva- 
 tion of which is confined to certain localities of our country, wool-grow- 
 ing can be successfully practiced in every State in the Union and its ter- 
 ritories, being suited to all soils and climates. The South and West are 
 sections peculiarly adapted to this enterprise, while in New England it 
 must of necessity be limited, owing to the density of the population and 
 the small size of the farms in that section. In the south the season 
 
286 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 for winter feeding is much shorter than at the ISTorth, affording an op- 
 portunity to depend more upon pasturage in maintaining the flocks, while 
 the well-sheltered valleys afford protection from the severity of storms in 
 winter and induce an early growth of spring grasses. The infertile and 
 worn-out lands can by this means be reclaimed to cultivation and fertility. 
 By the more general recognition of sheep-husbandry as an adjunct of 
 southern agriculture, for a few years, a marked improvement in soil, gen- 
 eral agriculture and State wealth must of necessity follow. The remark- 
 able success attending wool-growing in ISTew South Wales, which is a 
 region of excessive heat, proves what can be accomplished." 
 
 In an article on "Wool Industry in our ISTational Economy" Hon. 
 John L. Hayes says: "The relations of domestic wool to domestic manu- 
 factures are equally conspicuous and important — the rule being that the 
 characteristic wo'ol manufactures of the leading nations have been deter- 
 mined by the abundance and peculiarities of their raw material." 
 
 After citing a's examples the carpets and rugs of Turkey, th© dress 
 fabrics of England, the fine broadcloths of Germany, and the infinite 
 variety of the luxurious dress-goods of France, and showing how all of 
 these great enterprises grew out of the sheep-husbandry of those coun- 
 tries, Mr. Hayes continues : "The woll manufacture of the United 
 States is dependent upon domestic wool production. The two branches 
 of wool industry have always stepped together. The more prominent 
 wool-growing States have woolen-mills. It is safe to say that not one 
 of these mills would have been established but for the contiguous flocks, 
 and if forced to seek imported wool, each one would stop." 
 
 But some one may say, what has the farmer to do with woolen-mills ? 
 How does their establishment concern him ? Much every way. Whatever 
 increases the demand for his products increases liis opportunities for 
 profitable business and the legitimate acquisition of wealth. The farm- 
 ers of those sections of Georgia adapted to sheep-raising, can, by an in- 
 telligent use of the resources within their reach, help to build up new 
 manufacturing industries, which, as they increase in number and in 
 financial strength, will amply reward the thrift and enterprise of those 
 on whose well-directed work tlieir o^\ti success depends. Thus agricul- 
 ture manufactures and commerce, going hand-in-hand, and mutually de- 
 pendent, will by their united energies place Georgia in the front rank of 
 the richest, greatest and most populous commonwealths that constitute 
 our grand American Union. 
 
 In 1890 there were in Georgia 440,459 sheep on farms, and their 
 wool-clip was 841,141 pounds. The census did not say whether the m^ooI 
 included washed and unwashed. According to the annual report of the 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 289 
 
 Bureau of Animal Industry published bj the United States Department 
 of Agriculture in 1899, there were in Georgia at that time 294,826 
 sheep, and their wool-clip was 1,218,612 pounds, washed and unwashed, 
 of which 731,167 pounds were reported as scoured wool. 
 
 The Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture for 1900 reports 
 271,534 sheep sheared ,their wool-clip being 1,086,136 pounds washed 
 and unwashed, and 651,682 pounds scoured wool. The sheep kept in 
 inclosures are reported by the census to be 5,745. 
 
 POULTRY. 
 
 There is scarcely any food more hig'hly appreciated by the great 
 majority of people than the flesh and eggs of the various kinids of 
 poultry to be found on almost any failm. Even the poor man, with but 
 a few acres owned or rented, can, with a little care, raise enough chick- 
 ens, turkeys, geese and ducks tto supply his own table with the whole- 
 some and palatable food which they afford. 
 
 Very few people keep any account of the expense and profit of poul- 
 try. If you were to ask them whether it pays, they could not tell; for 
 they keep no account of eggs or chickens used or sold, or of the cost of 
 the food consumed by them. The commonest fowls, that are left to shift 
 for themselves, at least pay their way. Take those same fowls and give 
 them the care and attention that aU poultry should have, and they will 
 bring in a handsome profit on the investment. 
 
 One of the secrets of the success of agriculture in France, is the at- 
 tention bestowed upon the small industries of the farm; and one reason 
 why many of our farmers fail to make as large profit as they might, is 
 their neglect of small things. With proper attention to shelter, feeding 
 and cleanliness of the fowls, the breeds commonly known throughout our 
 State will not only supply the f ai^mer's own table, but also prove a profit- 
 able part of his farm produce. There is always a good and unfailing 
 market in our cities and towns for poultry and eggs, and the demand for 
 these articles will increase with the growth of our municipal population. 
 In fact, there is nothing on which the small farmer can more securely 
 depend. Every true woman delights to be a helpmeet to her husband, 
 or her father, not only by economy and saving at every possible point, 
 but by the wise planning of her head and the diligent labor of her hands. 
 Nothing better suits the farmer's mfe or daughters than the care of the 
 poultry. And in this task there is abundant need and opportunity for the 
 employment of tact, skill and scientific knowlexige. 
 
 Let it be understood that the intelligent application of one's knowledge 
 or experience, even though that one be a person unlettered and un- 
 learned, is scientific. The female members of a household on a small 
 
290 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 farm, which affords but one or two milch-cows, a few hogs, a few bee- 
 hives, and some poultry, can, by thrift and economy, furnish a large pro- 
 portion of all the food consumed by the family, keeping the table sup- 
 plied with milk, butter, honey, chickens and eggs, looking after all the 
 wants of the home, while father or brothers drive the plow, or with their 
 single mule, perchance, carry to market the little surplus that remains 
 over and above the supply of their own needs. Many a thrifty house- 
 hold, in which each member lends a helping hand, has, by wise manage- 
 ment, been able to add from time to time a few acres to their possessions 
 until the small farm has become a large one, and their intelligent indus- 
 try has been rewarded by competence and ease. 
 
 The poultry has so often, like the hogs and sheep, been left to shift 
 for itself, that the profits derived from this industry, where well man- 
 aged, have in many instances been greatly underestimated or altogether 
 overlooked. 
 
 In considering this subject a very important question is: "What are 
 the best breeds for Georgia V 
 
 Of chickens the preponderance of evidence reported by correspondents 
 continues to favor the Plymouth Rock, if but one breed is to be kept. 
 'Next in favor for general purposes comes the Light Brahma. The Leg- 
 horn is the universal favorite for egg production, the Brown variety be- 
 ing generally preferred. In his "Manual on Poultry" published in 1883, 
 Mr. Henderson gave the testimony of some of the most experienced 
 breeders in Georgia. Mr. Edgar Eoss of Bibb county, after experiment- 
 ing with more than twenty varieties, said that the Brown Leghorn gave 
 the most satisfactory result as a combination fowl for eggs and table use. 
 "They are excellent egg-producers, summer and winter, and the chicks 
 mature rapidly, being ready for the table at ten weeks old — flesh of ex- 
 cellent quality." He pronounced the White Leghorns as good layers as 
 the Brown, but preferred the latter on account of their color. They be- 
 gin laying when five months old. 
 
 After making every conceivable cross with twenty odd varities ot 
 thoroughbreds and common stock, he considered the cross of the Leghorn 
 and Light Brahma the most satisfactory. Brahmas are excellent mothers 
 and good egg-producers. Leghorns are the best of layers, but are non- 
 sitters. The cross between them possesses both the qualities to perfection, 
 losing the clumsiness of the Brahma and inheriting the activity of the 
 Leghorn. 
 
 Mr. P. ]^. Wilder of Monroe county, who had bred the Light Brahma, 
 Dark Brahma, Brown Leghorn and Plymouth Rock, preferred the Light 
 Brahma as a combinationjowl, which he thought unsurpassed as a table 
 fowl. He fed his chickens regularly, and always had fresh water access- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 293 
 
 ible to them in clean earthen vessels, putting in a few drops of carbolic 
 acid twice a week. He kept their quarters clean and free from vermin, 
 and provided them with good dust baths into which a little sulphur was 
 occasionally poured. Occasionally he hauled a load of cinders from the 
 blasksmith's shop into their yards. 
 
 Messrs. J. T. Scott & Bro. of Crawfish Springs, in Walker county, 
 North Georgia, obtained satisfactory results from some breeds not ap- 
 proved by breeders farther south. They tried both the Dark and Light 
 Brahma, the Partridge, Buff and White Cochins, the Brown and White 
 Leghorns, Plymouth Eocks, Black Hamburgs, Golden-Spangled Ham- 
 burgs, Houdans, etc. 
 
 Mr. W. C. Tate of Overton P. O., Elbert county, one of the most suc- 
 cessful raisers of poultry in Georgia, raising annually from 300 to 500 
 chickens, after having tried the Langshans, Buff Cochins and many of 
 the other special breeds, in conversation last summer (1900), said that he 
 considered the Indian Game the best of all for general purposes, and that 
 he had for the last six years practically discarded all others. They are a 
 hardy, thrifty, compact, closely-built fowl, the hens weighing from four 
 to sis pounds, and the cocks from six to eight, making excellent meat for 
 the table. 
 
 The game is certainly the typical breed, most closely resembling the 
 wild parent, the Gallus Bankiva of Southeastern Asia. The hens are 
 good layers, superior sitters and unsurpassed mothers, too much disposed 
 to fight young chicks of other broods, but with great spirit defending 
 their own brood against all intruders. 
 
 Our common Black-red Game, nearest kin of all our domestic fowls to 
 the common ancestor of them all, the Jungle fowl or Gallus Bankiva, is 
 the variety from which so many sub-varieties have been bred by selec- 
 tion or crossing with others. 
 
 The Dominiques, in their plain homespun suits, were once a favorite 
 among the older American breeds. The Plymouth Rocks, now so high- 
 ly esteemed, are supposed to be a cross between the Black Java or Cochin 
 and the Dominique. Of the later breeds the Wyandottes and Sebrights 
 are growing in favor. 
 
 The variety to be grown should in a great measure depend upon the 
 extent of the range available. All of the smaller varieties require a 
 liberal range for maximum production. The larger breeds, such as 
 Cochins, Brahmas, etc., though thriving better with a tolerably wide 
 range, suffer less from close confinement than Leghorns, Games and other 
 small varieties. If the fowls must be confined to a small area, then the 
 breeder must supply by artificial means the conditions of the wider range. 
 
294 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Birds at liberty to roam find for their sustenance seeds of various kinds, 
 a variety of green vegetable matter and insects. If confined within nar- 
 row bounds, they must be supplied with what they desire and need, by 
 the foresight and provident care of the owner. Otherwise the fowls will 
 suifer privation and become unprofitable. If there is not an abundant 
 supply of perennial gTass to which the fowls have daily access, small 
 grain of some kind should be sown for thein as pasturage for fall, winter 
 and early spring. Breeders of poultry in Georgia do not need to con- 
 struct close houses for, their shelter. In our warm climate such houses 
 are sources of disease and death to the poor birds, by reason of the im- 
 pure air which they breathe. Mr. Henderson says: ''They may be used 
 during the winter months to advantage, if well ventilated, but the fowls 
 should be excluded from them from May 1st to October 1st, and required 
 to roost either in trees or open sheds. Thorough ventilation is absolutely 
 necessary, even in winter, to prevent disease." The ventilation should 
 be above the roost. The roof of the chicken-house should be close enough 
 to keep out the rain and all its sides, except the soiitli, should be close 
 enough to exclude the cold winds. 
 
 It is better to let the fowls roost 'on trees, where the whole body is ex- 
 posed alike to the cold than to be confined in a house, in which they are 
 exposed to draughts of cold air. The roosts should not be higher than 
 thirty inches from the floor of the house, or eighteen from its sides. If 
 too high, the larger breeds will be apt to injure themselves in getting up 
 or down. It is a good plan to place a shelf about two feet wide immedi- 
 ately under the roost and about eighteen inches from the floor. Over th© 
 sheTf should be sprinkled coal ashes or cottonseed to catch the droppings, 
 which should be collected and removed every two or three days. The 
 floor of the chicken-house, whether of dirt, planks or cement, should be 
 occasionally sprinkled with diluted sulphuric acid, which should be care- 
 fully handled, so as to avoid injury to the clothing or person of those 
 applying it. Thorough whitewashing twice a year helps to purify the 
 house and keep it clear from hurtful insects. Fumigation with tobacco 
 smoke is very benoficial. 
 
 It is better to make the nest upon the ground than upon planks. A 
 nest of green cotton seed hollowed into the form in which the hen pre- 
 pares it when left to herself, is in some way offensive to mites and other 
 injurious insects. The material of the nests that have been used by sit- 
 ting hens should be entirely removed and either burned or thrown into 
 the manure pile. 
 
 In the cl'imate of Georgia fowls are more healthy if required to roost 
 in the trees during tfe summer. Indeed, they would be healthier roost- 
 

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 1 
 
 
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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 297 
 
 ing on trees tlnoTighout tlie year; but will produce more eggs in winter 
 if kept in comfortable houses. 
 
 The appearance of disease among poultry is generally the result of neg- 
 lect. If contagious diseases appear, the best plan is to kill the diseased 
 fowls, and either bum or bury them at a distance from the run of the 
 balance of the flock. Then the premises should b© immediately disin- 
 fected by the use of sulphuric acid, all the well birds being kept from the 
 yard, if possible, until the disinfection is complete. 
 
 By universal consent the turkey is considered a native of the western 
 continent. All our domestic breeds of turkeys probably have a common 
 origin from some one of the original types of wild turkeys. The prin- 
 cipal varieties of domestic turkeys are the Bronze, the Cambridge, the 
 White Holland and the ]N'orfolk. 
 
 The Bronze in his plumage resembles very closely the common wild 
 turkey of our forest {Meleagris Americana), and seems to be the result 
 -of a cross of the wild gobbler upon the domestic hen. Turkeys of this 
 breed are very handsome and much larger at maturity than those of other 
 breeds, the gobblers sometimes weighing as much as forty pounds. 
 They retain more of the traits of the wild turkey and cannot be kept un- 
 less the farm affords them an abundant range. 
 
 Other breeds are more domestic, but are of smaller size and less hardy. 
 Many turkeys are of variegated colors, which results from the intermix- 
 ture of various breeds. 
 
 Very little attention has been paid to their breeding in comparison 
 with that given to chickens. The bronze variety is the result of greater 
 care in this respect. 
 
 The breeding of turkeys on a small scale is not apt to be profitable, but 
 on large farms, where they have the run of the stubble after grain has 
 been harvested, they can be raised with small cost and little trouble. 
 
 The hens begin to lay in early spring and lay from twelve to eighteen 
 eggs each. If allowed to do so, they will seek their nests in some se- 
 cluded spot, where they will not be disturbed by the gobbler who, by his 
 awkward attentions, sometimes damages the eggs. Some allow the tur- 
 key hens to have their liberty. Others take them to houses, as soon as 
 they show an inclination to brood, while others shut them up and compel 
 them to lay in the house, where they are to sit. If not disturbed, they 
 usually hatch well under any of these plans. 
 
 In the American Farmer a poultry-breeder gives his experience 
 thus : "All the first lot of eggs received I placed under hens for hatching, 
 and you will find that the turkeys will have finished their second lay* 
 ing a few days before the hens have finished hatching. I then take the 
 
 14 ga 
 
298 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 eggs from the hens and give them to the turkeys, and sometimes the 
 turkey has only to sit a few days, when she has her young. If I am 
 CKDmpelled to leave some of the eggs with the fowls to bring out, I deem it 
 an indispensable requisite to see to it that the hen is perfectly free from 
 lice, using pulverized sulphur, etc., freely. I regard it as next to impos- 
 sible for hens to raise young turkeys, for turkeys are exceedingly tender 
 when young, and above all things they must be kept free from the para- 
 sites that infest the common fowl. They must not even be allowed to re- 
 main over night about the same building, where the common chickens 
 are kept Do not be afraid of putting as many as forty or fifty young 
 turkeys with the old mother turkey, but keep them in a dry, warm place, 
 especially over night." 
 
 Young turkeys should be scrupulously protected from rain and not 
 allowed to run in grass, which is wet with dew or rain. The floor of their 
 pen must be kept dry and clean, and pure, fresh water must be con- 
 stantly within their reach. 
 
 Young turkeys do not need to eat at all, until two days old. The ut- 
 most care must be taken in feeding them. Hard boiled eggs, or curd 
 pressed every day, will prove the safest food for the first two weeks. 
 After this, bread, soaked in just enough milk to soften it, is a safe and 
 healthful food. The health of the chicks will be materially aided by 
 feeding to them the tender tops of onions, garden fennel, purslane or 
 dandelion, chopped fine and mixed with other food. 
 
 Young turkeys are delicate until the red begins to appear upon their 
 heads. From that time they are hardy, and, if allowed a liberal range, 
 will take care of themselves. 
 
 In rearing large, strong turkeys, much depends upon careful selection 
 of the breeding stock. The practice of sending to market, about the 
 time of Thanksgiving or Christmas, all the largest and heaviest birds, and 
 keeping only the late ones of inferior size for breeding purposes, is a bad 
 one. The turkey does not attain its full maturity until the third year. 
 Some of the largest should always be kept; for from matured parents 
 only can the largest and strongest chicks be secured. 
 
 Every year thousands of dressed chickens and turkeys are shipped 
 from Tennessee to ou.r Georgia cities and towns. Why cannot our own 
 farmers supply this demand and keep the money at home that now goes 
 beyond the limits of the State ? 
 
 All the varieties of guinea fowls are supposed to have originated in 
 Africa. Some have a peculiar bone-like helmet on the top of the head, 
 while others have in its place a crest of feathers. They are very useful 
 where there are manyvenemies to poultry, such as hawks, crows, rats, etc. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 299 
 
 Being ever on the alert, they give the danger alarm with a loud shrill 
 cry. An extensive poultry-keeper says of them: "To any one keeping 
 a large number of hens a pair of guineas is a good investment. I 
 
 know from experience that they will, and do, keep hawks away 
 
 We have for several years past lost but one chicken by the hawks." They 
 are prolific layers during the summer season. Their eggs are small, but 
 rich in flavor, and make up in numbers for what they lack in size. 
 
 A good plan is to let chicken hens raise the young guineas, as they 
 grow up more gentle and manageable than when reared by the guinea 
 hen. Their flesh is very palatable to those who like a gamy flavor and 
 dark meat. 
 
 The peafowl is an ornamental bird, and is peculiarly appropriate to 
 spacious grounds or lawns, but is not much desired by poultry-raisers. 
 
 Ducks and geese may be successfully raised under domestication^ 
 without more water than is afforded by an ordinary drinking trough; but 
 since in the wild state they live a great part of the time upon the water, 
 when domesticated, they will seek water, if it is in reach. The five prin- 
 cipal varieties of thoroughbred ducks are the Pekin, Aylesbury, Rouen, 
 Cayuga and Muscovy, each of which has its fanciers. The common duck 
 seems to be a degenerate descendant of the Eouen, which it strikingly re- 
 sembles in its plumage. 
 
 Geese, while not generally prolific, can be more cheaply raised than 
 any other domestic fowl, if supplied with abundant green pastures. Gos- 
 lings need feeding only a few weeks, during which time it is well to 
 give them soaked bread or boiled potatoes, mixed with meal, allowing 
 them also to run on the grass with the mother goose. If, after two 
 weeks, they have access to tender grass, they will thrive without other 
 food, if they have dry shelter in cool nights. 
 
 Artificial incubators of various patterns have been largely introduced. 
 When properly managed they prove very successful, and are useful in 
 that they produce a much greater number of broilers for the table than 
 can be obtained under ordinary methods. 
 
 By the Uunited States census reports of 1890 the number of domestic 
 fowls reported for Georgia was as follows: chickens, Y,357,934; turkeys, 
 14:8,797; geese, 291,676; ducks, 105,537. The number of eggs produced 
 was 11,522,788 dozen. The pounds of honey produced were 1,757,758, 
 and the pounds of wax, 49,935. 
 
 In France and some portions of England, it is customary for the 
 ladies of the household to take charge of the poultry. This custom pre- 
 vails on some of the farms in our State, and it would be well if it were 
 more universal. A writer quoted in the American Farmer has well said : 
 
300 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 "We can assure the ladies that in this specialty there is great scope 
 for the exercise of the esthetic perceptions. What can be more beauti- 
 ful, for instance, than the penciling of the gold and silver Hamburgs; 
 the exquisite harmony of color which the best-bred gray Dorking pullets 
 ■exhibit, and which, we think, come nearer the wild game birds of the 
 country in beauty of form and plumage than any other? Then there 
 •are the numerous strains of game fowls, the preux chevaliers of their 
 race, unexcelled in splendor of plumage and unequalled in grace of form 
 ;and carriage; the Houdans, helmeted like cuisassiers, and the plumed 
 K^revecoeurs, the black horse cavalry of the poultry yard; the La Fleche 
 with its branching antlers, and the Black Spanish and Leghorns with 
 battlemented combs of the brightest crimson, flaming above the raven 
 and snow of their plumage, entitle them to be considered the color guard 
 of the grand poultry army. Then there are the stately Brahmas and 
 Cochins, the giants of their race ; the Black Polands with their crfowns of 
 snow, and their golden and silver cousins beautifully marked; and last 
 come the sprightly little Bantams, whose pencilings have made immortal 
 the name of Sir John Sebright, and whose tints are almost as various as 
 the wild flowers of spring. Is there not a field here sufficient to tempt 
 the most esthetic taste?" 
 
 The Goat. — The much abused goat, the delight of the small boy, and 
 the butt of the wit, the animal whose destructive propensities and won- 
 derful digestive powers have furnished many a joke, has his good traits, 
 and with proper management becomes a useful member of the great so- 
 ciety of dumb laborers, who spend their days and lay down their lives in 
 the service of man. The farmer who keeps a little flock of them, shut 
 in upon a suitable range, will, when he wishes to make merry with his 
 friends, find no richer feast for them than the well-prepared flesh of a 
 tender kid. To those who keep even the common goat in large numbers, 
 there is a good source of profit in their skins. There is a steadily increasr 
 ing annual importation into the United States of goatskins for necessary 
 use in home manufactures. The invoice value of these imports was in 
 1898 $15,500,000, and the market value probably over $25,500,000. 
 The production in the United States is comparatively none. And yet 
 there are in all the States of the West and South large areas of unim- 
 proved land which could be well employed in the feeding of goats for a 
 profit. Through much of the area are mountain chains, and these are the 
 favorite pasture ranges of the goat. If all the goats in the United States 
 were kept with the single object of supplying skins for the market, they 
 would fail to supply a small fraction of the present demand, and at the 
 same time remain at their present number. Estimating four pounds to 
 

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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 303 
 
 the skin, which is about the average weight of dry skins, it would require 
 the slaughter of 16,261,621 goats and kids to yield the skins imported 
 during 1898. 
 
 A large proportion of our stock of common goats is kept in the suburbs 
 of cities. In the West many of them are kept with sheep as a protection 
 against dogs, wolves and coyotes; while the increasing flocks of Angoras 
 are kept chiefly for their yield of mohair. 
 
 The goat thrives in all climates outside of the polar regions. Hence 
 most of the area of the United States, with the possible ex- 
 ception of Alaska, is favorable to the goat family generally, 
 and much of the Pacific slope, the southwest and the south, is particularly 
 adapted to the long-fleeced varieties, such as the Angora. Mr. J. T. 
 Henderson, Commissioner of Agriculture of Georgia in 1885, in his an- 
 nual report for that year said: "Experiments in the raising and keeping 
 of the Angora goat in these mountain pastures are making a very favor- 
 able impression. It is thought with some reason, that this particular 
 branch of stock raising may be easily carried to a very large and impor- 
 tant development in our mountain counties. The adaptedness of this lo- 
 cality to the raising and support of the Angora has been so marked that 
 those accustomed to the care of this valuable animal are sanguine that we 
 shall see in the near future a very important source of profit in this 
 branch of industry. . . . It is hardly possible that the native habitat 
 of the Angora is better adapted to its keep and development than are the 
 mountain counties of this State." In 1878 Colonel Kichard Peters, of 
 Atlanta, wrote to Mr. John L. Hayes : 
 
 "In this connection I may say a few words about the Angora goat, 
 very improperly termed the 'Cashmere.' I have owned these animals 
 from six different importations, those brought over by Dr. J. B. Davis 
 in 1848, proving to be superior in many respects to any of the more re- 
 cent importations. One of the most valuable, interesting and remarkable 
 traits of the Angora is the rapidity with which fleece-bearing goats can 
 be obtained by using thoroughbred bucks to cross on the common short- 
 haired ewe goats of the country. 
 
 I have had great success with the Angoras and regard them as one of 
 the most valuable acquisitions to the resources of our husbandry. They 
 have yielded me more substantial pecuniary profit than any other of my 
 extended stock investments." 
 
 Mr. J. W. Watts of Laurens county, South Carolina, in a letter to 
 Mr. Hayes in December. 1 877, said: 
 
 "Even here, seven ty-f.s^e miles from the mountains, I have for six 
 years grown most successfully the Angora goat, Avhose flesh I regard as 
 
304 
 
 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 superior to any mutton, and whose fleece properly handled could there 
 (in the Blue Kidge Mountain region) be made more profitable than any 
 wool-growing. In a cross I have made with a pure Angora buck and a 
 Maltese ewe goat, I have raised a ewe goat that will give four quarts per 
 day of as good milk as any cow on my plantation. The feed of one of my 
 cows will keep twelve goats. My cows must have certain food or they 
 will not thrive. My goats will eat anything, almost, and do well; and 
 with this advantage also, that their milk and butter are not in any way 
 affected by their diet. 
 
 The ease with which they can be kept, feeding as they do on weeds, 
 briers and other coarse herbage, fits them for sections where sheep can- 
 not be raised to advantage. Their readiness and ability to defend them- 
 selves against dogs is greatly in their favor. A flock of valuable wool- 
 bearing goats can be raised in a few years by using thoroughbred bucks. 
 
 If it be desired to raise these animals for profit, much might be derived 
 from the sale of the skins, for which there is such heavy demand in the 
 United States. There is also a good market value for their flesh, tallow, 
 bones, hoofs and horns. The females, which always constitute the larger 
 portion of the flock, possess considerable value also in milk for household 
 uses, or which can be converted into the most salable cheese, similar and 
 equal to the Koquefort, Mont d'Or, Le Sassenage and Levroux, so high- 
 ly esteemed in France and Switzerland. 
 
 Herded goats, under suitable conditions, whether for skin, fleece or 
 by-products, will pay a good profit on the investment. 
 
 SPECIAL INFOEMATION COIsTCEKNIIsTG THE AKaOKA 
 
 GOAT. 
 
 In view of the many inquiries that have come to the Department of 
 Agriculture concerning Angora goats, it has been considered best to give 
 some special information 'on this subject. 
 
 The first importation of Angoras into the United States was from 
 Turkey in 1848, by Dr. James B. Davis of South Carolina, who two 
 years before had been appointed by President Polk to visit that country 
 in response to a request from the Turkish government for the president 
 to send a man to them who understood cotton culture. On the return 
 of Dr. Davis to the United States, he brought with him nine Angora 
 goats. Colonel Eichard Peters of Atlanta, Georgia, secured two pair 
 of these. By the year 1854 he had crossed his thoroughbred bucks and 
 the common does, and was so well pleased that he visited the farm of Dr. 
 Davis in South Carolina and purchased the remainder of the importa- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 305 
 
 tion with its increase. "These," says Mr. C. P. Bailey, the great Angora 
 farmer of California, "were the only Angoras imported into the United 
 States up to 1866." In that year Mr. W. W. Chenery of Boston, Massa- 
 chusetts, secured a shipment from Turkey and sent seven head to Cali- 
 fornia, one of which died on the way. Two of the remaining six were 
 purchased by Mr. C. P. Bailey of San Jose, California, at five hundred 
 dollars a head, and this was the first importation into California lof thor- 
 oughbred Angora goats. 
 
 By two subsequent importations in 1869, by Israel Diehl, United 
 States Minister to Turkey and Charles S. Brown of Ohio, and in 1876 
 by Messrs. Hall and Harris, Mr. Bailey has added to his original pur- 
 chase, and now from their descendants has a flock which runs up into 
 the thousands. His great success in the raising of Angoras makes him 
 authority on this subject, and we are glad to avail ourselves of his knowl- 
 edge and experience, as given in a little pamphlet on "California An- 
 goras." 
 
 One of the principal features of the Angora business is the Mohair, 
 whose handling and care is therefore of prime importance. 
 
 In the first place, special care must be given to the time and methods 
 of shearing. A general rule is to shear as early in the spring as is safe, 
 because the earlier the mohair can be taken off without tooi much risk 
 from storms, the better it is for the fleeces, as they rtj more oily and 
 lustrous before the animal begins to shed. Where there is any danger of 
 snows and storms late in the spring, the first of April is early enough for 
 the shearing, which should be done early enough to save the hair. 
 
 If inclement weather, with cold rains or sleet, should follow the shear- 
 ing, the animals must be carefully protected for a while. The ewes 
 especially must be sheltered, for, if they should become thoroughly 
 chilled, they would be liable to drop their young before the time. Sheds 
 should be provided for them for shelter during storms or cold nights. 
 These sheds need not be very elaborate, for, if left partially open, they 
 will dry quicker after a wet storm. 
 
 Mr. Bailey thinks it better to shear but once a year, since one long 
 fleece pays better than two short clips. However, it is the common prac- 
 tice to shear twice a year in California, the first of September and the 
 first of April. Care should be taken not to make two cuts in the hair, 
 the short or second cut being entirely worthless and very undesirable 
 at the mills. Start the shearing at the top of the neck where the hair 
 divides and continue down the side of the neck, keeping the fleece intact. 
 This will prevent the cutting in two of the long locks on the side of the 
 
306 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 neck. Eioiugh handling must be avoided, especially of the ewes, which, 
 are very tender at shearing time. 
 
 As soon as knives shall have been made that will shear Angoras as 
 well as thej do sheep, and will not clog with the mohair, machine shear- 
 ing will be as popular with the goat men as it is now with those who 
 handle sheep. The great advantage of machine shears over hand shears 
 is that they shear clean and smooth, without cutting the hair twice or 
 injuring the goat's skin. 
 
 After the fleece is entirely off and the wool on the face and legs 
 clipped, spread the hair out on the floor and cut of all tags. Then the 
 fleece should be turned with the outside out and tied with good sewing 
 twine — not the ordinary wool twine. 
 
 The kid hair should be kept separate, for it always brings the best 
 price. Care should be taken that there may be no straw or dirt in the 
 sack in which the wool is packed. The hair, after reaching the mills is 
 cleaned and made into various fabrics, being often mixed with wool or 
 cotton. 
 
 The most common articles of mohair manufacture are plushes, such as 
 are used for upholstering furniture, for ladies' dress goods, figured cloth, 
 braids, rugs, robes, and ornamental furnishings. American grown mo- 
 hair finds a ready market in ISTew York and Boston, and is manufactured 
 largely in Massachusetts and Maine. 
 
 The price of mohair depends upon its fineness and length. The purer- 
 bred the goat is, the finer its hair will be and the better price will it com- 
 mand. 
 
 The skin of the goat is also the basis for quite an industry. Leather 
 skins are obtained chiefly from the common goat. Large numbers of 
 common goat skins are imported into the United States annually, and 
 according to Mr. Barnes of the United States Department of Agricul- 
 ture the value of the importation for 1900 was $25,000,000. The Yici 
 kid, so popular for shoes, is made from the common goat skin, as is also 
 a fine grade of glove leather. 
 
 The skin of the Angora is used for rugs, robes and trimmings. It 
 must be taken off properly and stretched in the shade 'to dry, or else it 
 should be well salted. The skin should not be allowed to lap over on 
 the flesh side, because it is likely to heat. They should never be thrown 
 in a pile, for the hair will slip, if left for only a few hours, and then the 
 skins are worthless for robes. The hair. on the skin should be kept as 
 clean as possible. Shearing skins are classed with common goat skins, 
 and skins of very young kids are of no value. 
 
 The best time to take the skin is in the fall, when the goat is fat and 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 309 
 
 has seven or eight months growth of hair. Hair at this time will be 
 much more lustrous and will shake out more readily than after a longer 
 growth. 
 
 The meat of the Anoga resembles mutton so closely that it is sold in 
 the markets as mutton, though it is really more like venison. The fat 
 of the Angora is more evenly distributed through the meat than in mut- 
 ton. The goats usually slaughtered are wethers four years old and over. 
 
 In clearing brush land there is no more effective worker than the An- 
 gora, but he must not be allowed to get into your garden or your field. 
 
 A good fence, three feet high, is amply sufficient to hold goats. Three 
 boards, with two barb-mres, or a twenty-four-inch Page woven wire 
 fence, with three barb-wires above will keep them within bounds. 
 
 The kidding season is the busy time of the year on the goat ranch. If 
 the weather is good, the task of caring for the young is comparatively 
 easy; but when the weather is stormy and the lands muddy, considerable 
 attention must be given to them. With a bunch of from fifty to two 
 hundred and fifty, and a shed large enough for the entire lot, it is easy 
 to raise a large percentage of kids. 
 
 The kids must not be allowed to go out too young, and after birth the 
 kid must be kept with the mother goat long enough for her to know it. 
 If it be found that some of the kids are not being cared for, does, that 
 apparently are not suckling kids, should be caught and held until the 
 unnourished kids have been fed. After a kid gete a good start, he will 
 steal a living from different ewes, if necessary. 
 
 Large sized Angora skins are worth from one to two dollars, accord- 
 ing to size and condition. 
 
 Half breed goats scarcely yield enough hair to pay for the shearing; 
 three-quarters bred goats shear from one to one and a half pounds, worth 
 from 15 to 20 cents a pounds; seven-eighths bred goats shear from two to 
 three pounds, worth from 20 to 30 cents a pound; fifteen-sixteenths bred 
 goats shear from three to five pounds, worth from 30 to 45 cents. 
 
 Mr. Bailey adds: "the fourth cross, or fifteen-sixteenths, is the lowest 
 grade I would keep exclusively for mohair. The average fleece of pure- 
 bred goats is from four to six pounds; but, frequently, eight and ten 
 pounds have been obtained from choice, well-kept animals." 
 
 Goats require less care than sheep. 
 
 Shearing must be done as soon in the spring as the hair begins to shed. 
 Otherwise the oil in the hair goes into the body of the animal and loses 
 its life, lustre and weight. 
 
 Yioung Angora does produce the finest and heaviest fleeces. They are 
 in their prime at from two to six years old. 
 
310 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Will Angoras pay? Mr. Bailey answers the question thus: 
 
 Cost of 1,000 fifteen-sixteenth grade does $5,000 
 
 Cost of 20 thoroughbred bucks 500 
 
 $5,500 
 
 4,000 pounds of mohair will bring $1,200 
 
 800 kids 2,000 
 
 Total value received $3,200 
 
 Expenses — Herder, one year $420 
 
 Extra help at kidding 50 
 
 Shearing expenses 50 
 
 Taxes and incidentals 80 
 
 Total expenses — $630 
 
 Balance, net gain $2,570 
 
 This is over 46 per cent, on the investment." 
 
 In September, 1898, the number of Angora goats in the United States 
 was estimated at 247,000. Texas headed the list with 75,000. Of thirty- 
 two States Georgia came fourteenth with 750. Of common goats the 
 number is not given. The number of all kinds for the whole country was 
 estimated at 500,000. The whole number of goats of every kind in 
 Georgia, kept in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges was 2,045 
 accarding to the census of 1900. 
 
 THE HOKSE. 
 
 ISTo domestic animal is more intimately associated with man than the 
 horse. As far back as Ave have any record he has been man's willing, 
 faithful friend, sharing his perils in war, his toil and hardships in travel 
 long and weary, and his labors in all peaceful pursuits of life. 
 
 For whatever purpose a horse is to be used, there are certain character- 
 istics which he should possess, without which his usefulness is greatly im- 
 paired. These may be stated as a good disposition, strength, endurance 
 and activity. Beauty of form and color and gracefulness in motion are 
 very desirable, though not absolutely essential ; and yet it is better to pay 
 a little bit more for a horse that has an attractive appearance than to 
 purchase an ungainly animal, however useful it may be. 
 
 A horse with a bad disposition may, by kind treatment, be greatly 
 changed. Yet he isvnever safe, for it is impossible to tell when his bad 
 temper will crop out and cause him to do infinite mischief. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 311 
 
 There are also among horses, as among men, different degrees of in- 
 telligence, a due regard to which is very essential in the selection of a 
 good animal, whether for the saddle, carriage, or general purposes of the 
 farm. An intelligent horse is generally more docile, and is safer, be- 
 cause less liable to become frightened. 
 
 Strength and endurance are indispensable qualities, and these depend 
 more upon form and muscular development than upon size. Of course 
 these things being equal, the larger the horse is, the stronger the animal. 
 Regular hours for labor and rest will greatly increase the power of the 
 animal for endurance. 
 
 On farms where several horses are kept for work, and a special one 
 for the carriage, the heavier draft animal is better suited for the heavy 
 work. But the larger class of farmers can keep only one or two horses. 
 For such, an animal of meduium size is the more desirable. 
 
 We can not discuss here the points of a horse. Experienced dealers 
 know them well, and a man of little knowledge about these things 
 should, in purchasing, get the assistance of some one who understands 
 such matters. 
 
 The diseases of horses are nmnerous, and in many instances arise from 
 bad management — an improper system of feeding, ill-constructed or 
 poorly ventilated stables, injudicious driving or neglect of proper clean- 
 ing. When diseases do occur, quacks should be avoided. Dis- 
 eased horses should be treated by those who understand their 
 ailments and the remedies for them. Intelligent management will 
 tend greatly to prevent disease, if the animal comes of good, healthy 
 stock. 
 
 The number of horses in Georgia on January 1, 1900, was 109,905, 
 valued at $6,001,626. The number kept in bams and inclosures and not 
 on farms was 21,016, by the United States census of 1900. 
 
 This noble animal, the faithful servant of man, deserves at all times 
 the kindest consideration. Careful and sufficient feeding, protection 
 against inclement weather, rough treatment and overwork will increase 
 his usefulness and prolong his days. Georgia possesses every requisite 
 for the raising of the finest breeds of horses for the saddle, the carriage 
 or the work of the farm. 
 
 MULES. 
 
 For farm use and all kinds of heavy work the mule excels all 
 other animals. He is admirably adapted to work in hot weather, such 
 aa would be too severe for the horse or the ox. Therefore he is a favorite 
 in the Southern States. The mule is longer-lived and more hardy than 
 
312 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 the horse. He can work for a much longer period, and will thrive with 
 lees care, is not subject to aa many diseases and, when sick, is more easily 
 cured'. A well-bred mule will, with the same amount of attention, out- 
 last two horses. He is not so easily frightened and therefore not so apt 
 to run away as a horse. He is more steady in his draught and less likely 
 to waste his strength. Having a tough skin he is not so much annoyed 
 by flies. The expense of shoeing a mule is only about one third of that 
 required for shoeing a horse, becaiise his hoof is harder and more horny 
 and so slow in its growth, that shoes do not need removal, and will hold 
 on until worn out. 
 
 Although they will thrive on fare coarser and much less in quantity 
 than that of horses, yet it is economy in their case and in that of all stock 
 to give them plenty of good food without overfeeding them. 
 
 The largest, strongest and best mules are the offspring of improved 
 blooded mares, having, as their sire a jack, active and spirited and not leefe 
 than fifteen hands high. 
 
 Mules ar too often neglected and abused, and frequently become stub- 
 bom from mere self-defense. They are naturally affectionate and pa- 
 tient, and if treated kindly, will be docile and obedient. 
 
 The number of mules in Georgia on the first of January, 1900, was 
 157,008, valued at $10,826,032. The number kept in barns and in- 
 closures and not on farmB was Y,540, according to the census of 1900. 
 
mmT- 
 
 
 ■•-fe 
 
 ^'*lflP|#5?^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 B 
 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 FLORTICULTURE. 
 
 SEED FARMS, IERIGATIO]N", TERRACING. 
 
 While flowers and flowering plants have been cultivated in hot-houses 
 and in gardens from the colonial days until now, and while they have 
 been grown for sale to a limited extent for the last one hundred years, 
 the business of tht commercial florist in the United States has been de- 
 veloped only within the past thirty-five years and has made its 
 most rapid strides in the last twenty years. In the vicinity of great 
 cities the total value of florists' establishments runs up into the millions, 
 going as high as $9,254,873 in l^ew York State in 1890. ITew Jersey, 
 situated between the great cities of 'New York and Philadelphia, reported 
 for such establishments a valuation of over $3,600,000 in 1890, making 
 the best showing in this line of business of any State in the Union for its 
 size. 
 
 The trade in flowers and flowering plants in Georgia was valued at 
 $81,932 in 1890, showing that floriculture is beginning to be important 
 enough, to rank as one of the industries of our State. As our cities in- 
 crease in size, this beautiful business, so congenial to esthetic tastes, 
 will expand more and more. 
 
 Of the plants sold the demand for the various kinds varies in different 
 sections of the Union. In the South the favorites are roses, carnations, 
 chrysanthemums, geraniums, palms and pansies. There is also every- 
 where a growing demand for aquatic plants, and specialists are giving 
 marked attention to them. Regarding the sale of cut flowers the census 
 reports showed that roses were in greatest demand, and that close behind 
 them followed carnations. These two furnished 65 per cent, in value 
 of all cut flowers sold in the United States. Violets, chrysanthemums, 
 lilies, hyacinths, smilax, bouvardia, heliotropes, pansies and tulips in the 
 order named supplied 25 per cent, more, while the other 10 per cent, was 
 made up of orchids, tuberoses, mignonettes, primroses, camelias (or 
 japonicas), daffodils and many others, cultivated in a small way to supply 
 
 (315) 
 
316 OEOROIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 some special or local demand. For instance the beautiful camelia japon- 
 ica, which came in far down on the list in the United States census re- 
 ports, is decidedly the fall and winter favorite in Augusta and Savannah, 
 blooming in the open air in midwinter in the latter city. 
 
 In Georgia there were reported twenty-six florists' establishments, five 
 of which were owned and managed by women. The largest number of 
 square feet of glass reported for the hothouse of one establishment was 
 15,000 and the smallest 750. The total number of square feet of glass 
 reported in the whole State was 99,918. The number of acres in Geor- 
 gia devoted to this business in 1890 was 106. In the District of Colum- 
 bia, where the largest establishment reported 150,000 square feet of glass 
 and the smallest 1,440, with a valuation for all establishments of more 
 than a half million dollars, only 61 acres were cultivated. By far the 
 greatest growth of this business in Georgia was between 1880 and 1890. 
 
 SEED FAKMS. 
 
 In early times families saved the seed from their annual productions, 
 in most cases from whatever remained over from the farm. In some 
 cases careful selection was made, and purer and better seeds obtained, 
 which not only furnished the home supply, but were willingly given to 
 friends and neighbors, who, in return, supplied any seed of their own 
 that might be considered of superior quality. This same practice con- 
 tinues in many communities. The general growth of the country, the 
 rapid increase of population in cities and towns, which led to the estab- 
 lishment of market gardens, the demand for choice seeds and the diffi- 
 culty of procuring them led the market gardeners or truck farmers to 
 grow and save them, at first for their own use, and later to supply the 
 increasing demand, until finally some of them drifted into the production 
 and sale of seed as a distinct business. The first regular seed farm in 
 the United States, of which there is any report, was established in con- 
 nection with the nursery business in Philadelphia in 1787. This branch 
 of horticulture was not made a subject of census inquiry until 1890. Of 
 the 596 seed farms in the United States reported at that time, 258, or 
 nearly one-half, were in the I^orth Atlantic Division, the original center 
 of seed production. In the South Atlantic Division there were 89 seed 
 farms, of which 31 were in Georgia and 46 in Florida. The 31 seed 
 farms of Georgia embraced 2,627 acres with a total valuation for farms, 
 implements and buildings of $177,000, while the 46 seed farms of Florida 
 embraced only 760 acres, with a total valuation for farms, implements 
 and buildings of $62,333. Of those in Georgia which reported date of 
 
QEORQIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 317 
 
 establishment, twenty-two were established between 1880 and 1890. Of 
 those in the North Atlantic Division 13 dated back to the decade between 
 1830 and 1840, and five to even an earlier period. The first one re- 
 ported in Georgia was in the decade between 1870 and 1880. So as 
 far as our State is concerned, it is a decidedly new industry, which, be- 
 tween 1880 and 1890, showed a very rapid growth. It is believed that 
 the census report of 1900 will show a large increase in the number of 
 seed farms in Georgia. 
 
 The census report for 1890 said: "While this report shows the ex- 
 tent and production of the seed farms proper, the total amount of garden 
 seed produced in the United States is considerably in excess of the 
 
 amount here given Again, while the greater amount of seed 
 
 grains, cotton and tobacco used upon farms is of home production and 
 is freely exchanged for labor. or for other products, there are in nearly 
 every county successful farmers who, by a careful selection of seed stock 
 and by better methods, secure greater returns than their neighbors, and 
 are able to dispose of part of their production for seed purposes at ad- 
 vanced rates. These men cannot be classed as seed farmers, and would 
 hardly be able to estimate what proportion of their crops is sold for seed 
 purposes annually; but it is safe to assume that such farmers produce 
 one-third of all the small grains, com, potatoes, tobacco and cotton seed 
 planted." 
 
 IKEIGATION. 
 
 One of the most pressing needs of Georgia is irrigation, both surface 
 and underground. How many a time have the agricultural interests of 
 our State suffered from a drought, that has blasted the brightest prospects 
 of a once promising crop! How many a time has the farmer's heart 
 throbbed with anxiety as the sun scorched his fields, while he longed for 
 a favorable season and sighed for the rain that would not come ! Irriga- 
 tion is not only a preventive of drought, but enables the farmer to con- 
 trol the supply of water and to furnish it to the plant at the right time 
 and in the right quantity. This question concerns also the drainage of 
 the land and the preservation of the forests. 
 
 In the vast arid stretches which are found in the States west of the 
 Mississippi river, and where farming without irrigation is impossible, 
 men learn the business thoroughly. But this is intensive farming, a 
 method in which success can be attained only by thorough tilling and 
 careful attention to details. Although one man cannot look after so 
 much land as under the old method, yet he soon learns that he can make 
 
318 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 larger profits bj carefully tilling a small area than by diffusing his efforts 
 over a larger one. Where a small measure of success can be attained by 
 the careless tillage of many acres of moderate fertility, fanners are apt 
 to go on in the old way, trusting to the weather, getting a good crop if 
 the seasons are favorable, and in a year of drouth, hoping that the next 
 one will be better. Then, if disappointed again, they wonder why Provi- 
 dence is 90 unkind, forgetting that they have at their command an agent 
 that will enable them to overcome the ills of which they complain. In 
 some sections of Texas where th» rainfall is inadequate, it is customary 
 on irrigated fields to make at least a bale of cotton to the acre, while the 
 average on unirrigated lands of the same soil is hardly more than one- 
 fourth of a bale to the acre. A large part of Idaho is so deficient in rain- 
 fall, that the country looks like an arid waste. But right in the midst of 
 a desert, that appears to be fit for nothing, and looks as though it can 
 never be made to produce anything, the traveler will come to an orchard 
 of apples, prunes or peaches, each limb loaded almost to breaking with 
 luscious fruit. Perhaps only three years ago this noble orchard was part 
 of the all-surrounding sage-brush desert. What wrought the wondrous 
 change? Irrigation, a scientific expedient, of which for three thousand 
 years man's skill has made use to overcome the unequal distribution of 
 nature's gifts. Some mountain stream near the foothills has been 
 dammed, a great reservior built, and a huge ditch, carrying millions of 
 feet of water, has been led across the country and its water distributed at 
 the points where needed. The difiiculties in the way of successful irri- 
 gation are nothing like so great in Georgia. From our numerous creeks 
 and rivers, by proper machinery, the water can be conveyed and dis- 
 tributed wherever needed. Sometimes artesian wells can be used for 
 this purpose, irrigating the land through a system of ditches or storage 
 tanks. Windmills can also be used for pumping up water from wells 
 and distributing it over a garden or field. 
 
 TEEEACING. 
 
 The fertility of broken or rolling lands is greatly enhanced by strict 
 attention to levels or horizontals in their cultivation. As the population 
 of the State increases, the old system of large plantations, on 
 which exhausted lands could be turned out to rest, and new ones with 
 soil yet virgin brought under cultivation, becomes more and more im- 
 practicable. Smaller farms become a necessity, as more people come in 
 to take up the land, and the importance of devising plans, by which the 
 fertility of all lands may be preserved, becomes yearly more apparent. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 321 
 
 Especially in river bottoms the exhausting process takes from the ab- 
 sorbing capacity of the land and renders it more liable to overflow. In- 
 structed by repeated disasters in the bottom lands, and in those of the 
 Savannah river in particular, by which for three consecutive years tho 
 farmers of Georgia were sent West for their com, a few pioneers began 
 as far back as 1885 to put their land under a more or less perfect system 
 of level cultivation, and four years later the ten-ace reform began in earn- 
 est all over Middle Georgia. As to proper methods of terracing, complete 
 instructions, which meet all cases, cannot be given. To one who has never 
 tried it, but who wishes to adopt this system, a visit to some well-terraced 
 farm, with its unbroken horizontal lines well sodded in grass for the pur- 
 pose of conserving the rainfall, would be an object-lesson easily compre- 
 hended and worth more practically than the study, or blind follo^ving of 
 instructions that can be only general in their nature. If breaks occur 
 in any of the terraces, a good practical farmer who watches his fields and 
 soon discovers whatever may be needed, can take his hands to the spot 
 and with an hour or two's work, repair the damage. On land properly 
 terraced, after a heavy rainfall, each water furrow is covered with a fine 
 impalpable powder similar to the rich alluvial deposits found on bottom 
 lands from back water. 
 
 Commercial fertilizers are soluble and as a rule are put in near the 
 surface. Hence they are made more effective by being protected from 
 washing and leaching rainfalls; and such is the case on land properly ter- 
 raced. 
 
 There are in every country solid, substantial and successful fanners, 
 some of whom living on their ancestral domains, soon after the close of 
 the great civil war adjusted themselves to the new order of things, and 
 studying carefully the changed conditions and their requirements, went 
 diligently to work, and by intelligence, thrift and enterprise won back 
 fortunes that had been lost in the clash of arms. Others beginning with 
 scanty means, by careful cultivation of small farms, using the most ap- 
 proved methods, have, by the fruits of their industry, purchased the 
 worn-out lands of their neighbors, and under the best system of intensi- 
 fied fanning, have brought them back to life and fertility. These are 
 the men who set the pace for others less enterprising, and may be counted 
 on for irrigation, tenacing and any other advanced movement calculated 
 to promote the agricultural progi-ess of Georgia. 
 
 15 ga 
 
CHAPTER XL 
 
 FISH AND GAME. 
 
 In almost every county of Georgia are streams whose waters abound 
 in many kinds of fish. Its rivers, creeks, lagoons and ponds give yearly 
 contributions from the finny tribes to reward the labors of the profes- 
 sional fisherman with net or seine, or to repay the patience of the youth- 
 ful anglers who with rod and line, go forth on holidays to ensnare with 
 worm or fly the unsuspecting fish. In the mountain streams sport the 
 speckled trout. On the Savannah, the Ogeechee and the Altamaha, shad 
 are caught and sold in the markets of Augusta, Savannah and Brunswick. 
 The little town of Darien, near the mouth of the Altamaha, carries on a 
 considerable trade in shad. On the sounds and inlets that flow between 
 the mainland and the numerous islands that fringe the Georgia coast the 
 fishermen's boats are continually busy gathering for the home market or 
 for shipment several varieties of salt fish, besides oysters, shrimps, crabs, 
 and lobsters. In the waters of Okefinokee Swamp abound black bass,, 
 bream, perch and many other varieties. 
 
 In commercial fisheries Georgia did not rank high in the census of 
 1890, simply because the products of the fisheries had been almost en- 
 tirely consumed in supplying the home demand. By the census of 1890 
 the inland fisheries of Georgia were reported as employing 69 persons 
 with a total investment of $7,859 for boats and minor apparatus. The- 
 annual products were 93,480 pounds of fish, valued at $7,829. All these 
 figures were considerably below the reality. The fisheries along the 
 coast are classified in the United States census under the head of the 
 "Atlantic and Gulf Boat Fishery," and embrace the fishing along the 
 coast in boats. It is so called to distinguish it from that at sea, requiring 
 vessels large enough for registry, that is of five tons burden, or more. 
 The fish are generally sold at once to consumers with only enough of 
 care and labor to insure their delivery. A large proportion of the fisher- 
 men are negroes, who equip themselves in the most inexpensive manner, 
 their boats being often so simply made as to have a merely nominal 
 value. The census report declares that "there is such irregularity in 
 their employment, that the return of the number thus engaged is es- 
 
 (322) 
 
BLACK BASS. 
 From a painting by Hal :Morrisou of Atlanta, G: 
 
 By Per mission. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 325 
 
 peciallv unsatisfactory. Of the "Atlantic Boat Fishery," reports were 
 made of only ten of the States leading in this industry. Georgia was 
 not one of these. 
 
 Since 1893 there has been an immense increase in the fishery busi- 
 ness on- the Georgia coast. 
 
 From 1888 to 1891 several oyster canneries were started, but all failed 
 from lack of experience. In the winter of 1893 and 1894 Mr. August 
 Oemler reopened his canning establishment on Wilmington island. His 
 business has steadily grown, and for each of the last two winters his can- 
 nery has packed 1,400,000 cans. His establishment employs 24 sailing 
 crafts of from eight to thirty-two tons burden, also three tugs with seven 
 barges, besides numerous small crafts of from thirty to one hundred 
 bushels capacity. There are three other canneries in operation in the 
 vicinity of Savannah. These are: Yam & Byrd, Thunderbolt; George 
 W. Lowden, Thunderbolt; Rosedue Cannery Co., Coffee Bluff. These 
 three establishments put up during the winter of 1899-1900, 1,150,000 
 cans. Between, 1,500 and 2,000 persons in Chatham county are engaged 
 in this trade, which amounts to many thousand dollars annually. 
 
 Brunswick, in Glynn county, favorably located on Oglethorpe Bay, 
 and in importance the second seaport of Georgia, enjoys a fine reputa- 
 tion for oysters. Those shipped from that market are considered of su- 
 perior quality. One canning company puts up for a E'ew York whole- 
 sale house a special brand which is said to bring the highest price of any 
 oyster on the markket. There are in the vicinity of Brunswick not less 
 than 50,000 acres of natural beds, of which 25,000 have been taken up 
 and cultivated to some extent. These yield a large and fine oyster. 
 
 There are fine oyster-beds also contiguous to Darien and St Mary's. 
 
 Considerable interest has already been awakened throughout the 
 United States in regard to fish culture in private ponds. This culture 
 is attended with slight labor and expense. Almost every farm has some 
 stream or pond, that could be so utilized, or at least land of a swampy 
 nature, that could be made valuable by being transformed into a fish- 
 pond. In this country fish culture has until late years received compara- 
 tively little attention. The ai'tificial propagation of fish among the civil- 
 ized nations of the earth is a new science. Yet it has been long practiced 
 by some of the heathen nations, especially by China and Japan, who, for 
 thousands of years, have sustained, to a large extent, their dense popula- 
 tions upon fish, a large proportion of which was artificially propagated. 
 To France belongs the honor of originating fish culture in the manner 
 now practiced among civilized nations. With such marked results were 
 their effoils attended, that other European nations promptly followed 
 their example. 
 
326 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 On many Georgia farms the carp pond has been introduced as one of 
 the features. It would be well to introduce ponds stocked with these or 
 .other kinds of fish, wherever nature has not already supj)lied them. 
 
 There are many varieties of fish in the United States. It would be 
 well to stock our Georgia ponds and streams with them, wherever for 
 any cause the supply is running short. 
 
 We append the report of the Fish Commissioner for 1900. 
 
 EEPORT OF FISH COMMISSIONER. 
 
 Hon. 0. B. Stevens, Commissioner of Agriculture for Georgia: 
 
 Sir: — In conformity to your request, I have the honor to submit my 
 annual report as Superintendent of Fisheries for the State of Georgia, for 
 the fiscal year ending September 30, 1900. 
 
 During the period covered by this report there has been a marked im- 
 provement in the observance. of the laws pertaining to fish throughout the 
 State. The distribution of the booklet, "Georgia Fish Laws," over the 
 State and the work of the Fish Wardens, has resulted in the accomplish- 
 ment to a large measure of the end desired. During this year the viola- 
 tions of these laws have been less than any former year. This is especially 
 noticeable in the inland counties. The number of fish has noticeably in- 
 creased. The abundance has. been remarked on by citizens throughout 
 the State. More fish have been used and sold, both on the coast and in- 
 land, than for years past. 
 
 The following statistics taken from the latest authority are given to 
 show the amount involvel and interested in the fisheries : 
 
 "In 1897, 1,869 persons were engaged in the fisheries of Georgia — 
 159 in the vessel fisheries, 1,245 boat fishermen, and 465 shoresmen. 
 The investment in the fisheries amounted to $284,864. Fifty-one vessels 
 were employed, worth, with their outfit, $28,833, and 680 boats, valued 
 at $20,277. The apparatus of capture was valued at $17,898, while the 
 shore property and cash capital amounted to $217,856. 
 
 "The yield of the fisheries of this State was 4,995,100 pounds, worth 
 $170,605. The most important items in the fisheries of Georgia are 
 oysters, the yield being valued at $86,709, and shad, the value of which 
 was $46,705. The catch of teiTapin w-as valued at $11,254, and sturgeon 
 at $4,060. The value of products, when compared with that of 1890, 
 shows an increase of $47,042." 
 
 The Superintendent wishes especially to commend the work done by 
 the Fish Wardens throughout the State. They have shown interest and 
 activity, and have succeeded very effectually in enforcing the laws. The 
 compensation provided for these Wardens by the Code is "one-haK of 
 the fines and forfeitures imposed by the court and paid by the violators." 
 Under the construction which has been placed on these words, when they 
 have been construed, the Wardens get nothing when the defendant is 
 sent to^ the chain-gang in default of paying his fine. This works a mani- 
 fest injustice. I would recommend that these Wardens be paid the same 
 
7??/ Permission. 
 
 THE GEORGIA PARTRIDGE. 
 
 From a painting by Hal Morrison, of Atlanta, Ga. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 329 
 
 proportion of the amount realized from the hiring out of a defendant to 
 a chain-gang, where he does not pay the fine, as is given the Warden 
 when the fine is paid. The labor performed by these men in securing 
 the conviction of criminals and the enforcing of the laws makes this just. 
 And the provision should be the same, whether the money comes directly 
 from the payment of the fine or from the hiring out of the defendant. 
 , During this year I have distributed over the State more than one 
 thousand copies of the Georgia Fish Laws. The good which has already 
 resulted from the publishing of this booklet is great and will continue. 
 In many counties the wardens have reported to me that, with the distri- 
 bution of these laws, violations have practically ceased. An addendum 
 has been prepared giving the public and local laws enacted by the last 
 legislature. I will be glad to furnish upon request either this addendum 
 or the Fish Laws of those wishing. The large demand already made for 
 copies evidences the interest in and appreciation of the pulication. 
 
 Although no systematic effort has been made to investigate the vari- 
 ous streams and lakes stocked with new varieties of fish, this ofiice is in 
 constant receipt of information showing the result of their introduction. 
 The United States has established a fish cultural station at Cold Springs, 
 BuUochville, Ga., and there some of the fishes most suitable to the warm 
 waters of the South Atlantic and Gulf States will be propagated. The 
 results of this, I believe, will be most gratifying. 
 
 The expenses of this department from October 1st, 1899, to October 
 1st, 1900, have been $56.34, as shown by the attached itemized state- 
 ment. 
 
 (See Exhibit A.) Very Eespectfullv, 
 
 A. T. DALLIS, 
 Superintendent of Fisheries, State of Georgia. 
 
 GAME. 
 
 Game also abounds in almost every part of Georgia. In the mountains 
 and valleys, in fields or wood, lagoon or swamp, or mid the extensive 
 stretches of pine forests are found many kind of birds, the squirrel, hare 
 and opossum. In the proper season the echoes resound with the report 
 of the shotgun, the favorite weapon of those who seek the quail (or par- 
 tridge), the dove and field lark, or the rice bird of the swamps and 
 marshes. 
 
 In favored sections are found the snipe and woodcock, while in others 
 the wild turkey, a nobler game, falls a victim to the hunter's shotgun 
 or rifle. In E"orthem Georgia or in the woods of the southern portion 
 of the State, stalk the stately deer, which are especially numerous among 
 the islands of Okefinokee Swamp, where also dwell the bear, otter, wild- 
 cat and panther. To the sportsman who does not object to hunting in 
 water and muck, or to carrying his food and blankets on his back, Okefi- 
 nokee is a paradise of delights. But to him who prefers to hunt amid 
 
330 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 pleasanter surroundings, some of the older localities give ample scope 
 for the enjoyment of his favorite pastime. 
 
 In Chatham county, which was settled 168 years ago, the deer yet 
 roam the woods, and almost any winter day one can be started on the 
 edge of the Ogeechee swamps. A dozen or more of Savannah's hunters 
 each winter make a specialty of deer-shooting. Every now and then they 
 return from a hunt With a big buck or a fat doe strapped to their buggies. 
 Tor many generations have men been shooting them, and yet there are 
 many survivors who continue to afford the hunter "lots and loads of fim." 
 
 !N'ear Savannah regular hunters follow the dog for quail, or trail up 
 the creeks for duck, or on the islands of the river and along the edges of 
 the rice fields, bring down with unerring aim doves and partridges, snipe 
 and woodcock. In one of the large game preserves below Savannah 
 pheasants have been colonized. 
 
 Jekyl, one of the loveliest of Georgia's beautiful sea islands, belongs to 
 a club which has stocked its woods with game and has the exclusive 
 right to hunt on the island or fish in its waters. The owners of this island 
 enjoy beautiful scenery, ocean beaches and charming forest drives. 
 
CHAPTER XIL 
 
 ma:nufactukes. 
 
 Georgia stands in tlie front rank of the Southern States in the vaiiety, 
 extent and value of her manufacturing establishments, without consider- 
 ing the question of her leadership in any one particular line. Long be- 
 fore £he civil war the prominence of the State in railroad construction 
 and manufactures gained for her the proud title which she still worthily 
 bears, "Empire State of the South." Some of her leading manufacturing 
 enterprises began far back in the thirties and steadily grew in extent and 
 variety. Many of the small industries, such as shops for making brooms, 
 buckets and boxes, were early introduced. The larger ones, such as cot- 
 ton and woolen factories, iron works, tanneries, saw, flour and grist mills, 
 lumber and planing-mills for making doors, blinds, sashes and almost all 
 descriptions of carpentry, were found in many localities, especially in or 
 near the larger towns. Although agriculture was the leading pursuit, 
 many enterprising men were engaged in manufactures and their number 
 was steadily increasing. Georgia was no laggard in the march of progress, 
 suddenly aroused from long slumber by the rude shock of arms, and 
 taught in the school of adversity to turn her attention to other industries 
 besides those of planting. The thoughts of her wide-awake business 
 men had long been turned to manufactures and commerce, as important 
 colaborers with agriculture in the development of their beloved State, 
 and many of the most influential men of Georgia, some of them planters 
 of large means, were stockholders and directors of cotton and woolen 
 factories, flour, grist and saw-mills. The rattle of looms and whir of 
 spindles were heard in our growing cities and towns. Manufacturing 
 villages sprang up near good water-powers, in solitudes that had never 
 yet been pierced by the whistle of the locomotive. The same spirit, 
 which is making Georgia great to-day, was abroad in the land then. The 
 rapid growth of our cities had already commenced. We see the evidence 
 of this in White's "Historical Collections of Georgia," published in 
 1854, where we find the following reference to what is now our greatest 
 «ity: "Atlanta has had a growth unexampled in the history of the South. 
 It is the point at which the Western and Atlantic, the Macon and West- 
 em and the Georgia, railroads connect." Then Mr. White gives a state- 
 
 (331) 
 
332 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 ment from Jonathan ITorcross, Esq., a few extracts from whicli are here 
 given: "Population of Atlanta not precisely known, but placed by none 
 
 under 4,500 and still increasing There is in this city one 
 
 steam flouring-mill, investment $35,000, the operation of which may 
 be placed at $150,000 per annum. One iron foundry and machine shop 
 — cash operations $20,000 per annum. There are three carriage and 
 wheelwright shops, two large tanneries, one large shoemating establish- 
 ment, two large tanneries and shoe-establishments in course of construc- 
 tion. In addition to the Georgia Railroad and State machine shops, 
 which employ large nimabers of workmen, one car-shop is now going up 
 as a private enterprise — investment $30,000." 
 
 Mr. "White then goes on to enumerate "the Winship establishment for 
 making railroad cars, with a capital of $20,000; the Atlanta Tanning 
 company — proprietors, Alexander and Orme, with a capital of $20,000 — 
 hides handled by machinery, propelled by steam — connected with which 
 establishment were a grist-mill and patent circular saw-mill, lathe and 
 shingle machine; the Atlanta Machine Company turning out $12,000 
 worth of work per annum." 
 
 The railroads and manufactures which were then laying the foun- 
 dations of a great city in what a few years before was a wilderness, were 
 the fruits of Georgia enterprise. The same agencies were at that very 
 time putting new life into the older cities, Augusta, Macon, Columbus 
 and Athens. It may be news to some that the period of Atlanta's most 
 wonderful development and most rapid growth was between 1850 and 
 1860. The child of railroads and manufactures, she grew at a tremen- 
 dous pace, which no subsequent decade of her history has paralleled, and 
 was an important factor, as she is still, in winning for Georgia a reputa- 
 tion for energy, pluck and enterprise. 
 
 In the whole State there were in 1850 1,522 manufacturing establish- 
 ments, of which 35 were cotton-mills, several of these being also en- 
 gaged in the production of woolen fabrics for the sole manufacture of 
 which there were three mills. The other entablishments were divided 
 among the various manufactures which minister to the needs of every 
 civilized community. The total value of the products of all manufacto- 
 ries was $7,082,075. The total number of establishments at each suc- 
 ceeding decade is: in 1860, 1,890; in 1870, 3,836; in 1880, 3,593; in 
 1890, 4,283. 
 
 The total value of their products has shown a steady increase, being 
 for 1860, $16,925,564; for 1870, $31,196,115; for 1880, $36,440,948; 
 for 1890, $68,917,020. In 1880 the 24,875 laborers employed received 
 $5,266,152 in wages; in 1890 the 56,383 laborers were paid $17,312,126, 
 
HON. MARK A. COOPER, 
 A Pioneer in Georgia Maunfacturiug Enterprises and First Presi- 
 dent of tlie Georgia Agricultural Society, the influence of 
 which organization was largely instrumental in the 
 establishment of the State Department of Agri- 
 culture. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 335 
 
 The material consumed was valued as follows: $24,143,939 in 1880; 
 $35,774,480 in 1890. 
 
 If the ratio of increase between 1890 and 1900 was as great as that 
 between 1880 and 1890, we would have for the number of all manu- 
 facturing establishments in 1900, 5,113; the total value of their prod- 
 ucts, $139,509,926; the number of laborers, 187,000; their wages, 
 $58,801,228; and the value of the material consumed, $51,552,000. 
 
 If the official figiu*es for 1900 can be obtained in time, they will 
 appear in the Appendix; if not, thej will be published later. 
 
 The growth in the textile industries of the whole Union during the 
 last ten years is remarkable; but the most wonderful part of it is the 
 progress of the South in cotton manufacturing. 
 
 According to figures collected by the Boston Textile World, the !N'orth 
 had, in 1890, 12,721,341 spindles and the South 1,828,982. 'Now the 
 E"orth has 15,^42,554 spindles, while the South has 5,815,429. The 
 increase in the South for the last decade is therefore 217 per cent, and 
 for the ISTorth 19.8 per cent. South Carolina comes third in the Union, 
 right after Massachusetts and Khode Island, with 1,794,657 spindles. 
 ISTorth Carolina is fourth with 1,429,540 spindles; ISTew Hampshire fifth 
 with 1,343,923 and Georgia sixth with 1,218,504. Of the Southern 
 States Georgia ranks as third in number of spindles. 
 
 Cotton Mills. — In 1827 Augustin S. Clayton, Thomas Moore, Asbury p 
 Hull, James Johnson and W. A. Carr, began the erection of the first I 
 cotton-mill south of the Potomac, which was also among the first in the r$,^icMj 
 United States. In 1833 John White became superintendent of whaty^.sc 
 was then called the Georgia Factory, and to-day his descendants own^ 
 this mill, known as White's Factory. 
 
 By 1852 two mills, which long outranked all others in the State in 
 size and product, had been constructed. One was the Augusta Cotton 
 Factoi-y at Augusta, the other, the Eagle Mills of Columbus. The 
 former of these was first operated in 1847 and was located on the Augusta 
 Canal, which being completed the same year and greatly enlarged in 
 1875, gives to that city a magnificent water-power, and affords splendid 
 sites for factories and mills, of which the citizens of Augusta have not 
 been slow to avail themselves. For on the banks of the canal there are 
 now seven other factories. Yet not more than one half of the water- 
 power of the canal has been taken up. The Eagle Mills (now known as 
 the Eagle and Phoenix, with more than double their original capacity), 
 built in 1851, were first operated in 1852, and have always manufactured 
 both cotton and woolen goods. Many mills for the manufacture of both 
 these fabrics were built at many points in the State where good water- 
 
 .s ti La 
 
336 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 powers were available. The cotton and woolen mills at Eoswell, on the 
 Chattahoochee in Cobb county, were famous in the early fifties, their 
 goods being held in high esteem and finding a ready sale in Tennessee, 
 Alabama and Georgia. During the civil war the Eoswell factory sup- 
 plied good woolen cloth for suits for gentlemen and ladies. 
 
 In good locations with no available water-power, steam cotton-mills 
 ^ere erected, which paid good dividends to their stockholders. These 
 facts, with the additional knowledge that factories of many kinds were 
 in operation in Georgia, with their number and variety rapidly increas- 
 ing between 1850 and 1860, show conclusively that those are greatly in 
 error who imagine that Georgia's manufacturing enterprise is of post- 
 bellum birth. The four years' conflict of arms between the North and 
 South checked somewhat, though not entirely, enterprises of this kind. 
 In the wake of Sherman's army the mills at Roswell, Madison and Eaton- 
 ton were committed to the flames, as was nearly every other mill of any 
 kind along its desolating march. And yet in 1870, or five years after the 
 close of hostilities, Georgia had 34 cotton-mills in operation, one more 
 than in 1860, and 85,602 spindles, or 416 more than in 1860. By 1880 
 the number of cotton-mills in Georgia had increased to 40, with 198,656 
 spindles, and by 1890 to 53, with 445,452 spindles. The capital invested 
 in 1880 was $6,348,657, with a product valued at $6,481,894. In 1890 
 the capital had increased to $17,664,675 and the product to $12,635,629. 
 In 1880 the Georgia mills consumed 71,389 bales of cotton, and in 1890, 
 145,869. In 1880 the average number of employees was 6,215, who 
 received in wages $1,135,185, while in 1890 10,530 employees received 
 $2,366,086. By 1896 the total amount invested in Georgia in the manu- 
 facture of cotton textiles exceeded $25,000,000. In 1889 there were in 
 the United States 74 machines for printing cloth, of which 44 were in 
 Massachusetts. Only three were located in the South and they were in 
 Georgia. In the manufacture of higher grade cotton goods, Georgia 
 stood in the front of the States of the South, being the only one of them 
 that furnished any bleached yams. 
 
 Georgia and South Carolina were the only Southern States at that 
 time bleaching cloth. The total amount bleached was in South 
 Carolina, 2,438,468 square yards, and in Georgia 7,593,950 square yards. 
 Another fact to be noted is that, while ISTorth Carolina had 91 mills in 
 1890 and Georgia 53, the value of the product of ]!^orth Carolina's mills 
 was $9,563,443, of the Georgia mills $12,635,629, and of the South 
 Carolina mills $9,800,798. 
 
 According to a report on "Cotton Movement and Fluctuations," by 
 Latham, Alexander & Co., bankers and commission merchants of "New 
 York, in which the;^over the period from 1894 to 1899, Georgia had 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 337 
 
 for the season of 1898-9 a total of 67 cotton-mills, with 696,394 spindles. 
 These mills consumed 280,177 bales weighing 129,140,837 pounds. 
 The report says 
 
 "Southern cotton-mills have likewise enjoyed a more prosperous sea- 
 son than the previous one, especially since the first of January. They 
 were in better condition than IsTorthern spinners even during the last 
 quarter of 1898. But since 1899 began, their use of the raw material 
 has appreciably increased and the margin of profit has been wider. These 
 changes are the natural result of the more active consumption of goods. 
 In very many instances Southern mills have found it necessary to keep 
 in operation night as well as day to prevent a too rapid accumulation of 
 orders. There is as yet no sign of a check in this development. On the 
 contrary, it is the general opinion among Southern manufacturers with 
 whom we have been in correspondence, that the future outlook is ex- 
 tremely bright." 
 
 For the year from September 1, 1899, to September 1, 1900, the 
 growth of the cotton industry in Georgia was beyond all precedent. Many 
 new mills were put in operation and many others were in process of con- 
 struction on September 1, 1900. By January 1, 1900, there were in opera- 
 tion in Georgia 75 mills with 913,346 spindles, and 21,903 looms. The 
 value of these factories was $15,614,000. By September 1, 1900, there 
 had been completed 12 new factories and 24 others were approaching 
 completion. 
 
 The following factories were in operation on January 1, 1900: 
 
 LOCATION AND NAME OP COMPANY. 
 
 Equipment 
 Jan. 1, 1^00. 
 
 Alice — Harmony Mills 
 
 Aragon — Aragon Mills 
 
 Athens — Athens Manufacturing Company 
 
 Athens — Georgia Manufacturing Company 
 
 Athens — Martison Braided Cord Company 
 
 Athens— Princeton Manufacturing Company 
 
 Athens — Star Thread Company 
 
 Atlanta — Annestown Cotton Mills 
 
 Atlanta— Atlanta Cotton Mills 
 
 Atlanta— Exposition Cotton Mills 
 
 Atlanta— Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills 
 
 Atlanta— Whittier Mills (Chattahoochee) 
 
 Augusta — Augusta Factory 
 
 Augusta — Enterprise Manufacturing Company . . . . 
 
 Augusta — Globe Cotton Mills 
 
 Augusta— Isaetta Mills 
 
 Augusta — J. P. King Manufacturing Company 
 
 Augusta — Sibley Manufacturing Company 
 
 Augusta — Sutherland Mills 
 
 Augusta — Warwick Cotton Mills 
 
 Banning— Hutcheson Manufacturing Company 
 
 Barnesville — Barnesville Manufacturing Company. 
 Beverly— Pearl Cotton Mills 
 
 450 
 350 
 
 5 
 100 
 
 6 
 
 540 
 
 1433 
 
 1200 
 
 1000 
 928 
 114 
 150 
 1812 
 1409 
 
 224 
 
 800 
 
 200(10 
 
 10000 
 
 11648 
 
 2000 
 
 4000 
 
 6000 
 
 2300 
 
 18000 
 
 46000 
 
 45000 
 
 10000 
 
 35000 
 
 33000 
 
 1728 
 
 4100 
 
 60288 
 
 43200 
 
 8800 
 
 4100 
 
 5000 
 
 12416 
 
 7500 
 
 *$ 25,000 
 2()0,0f)0 
 125,000 
 
 * 250,000 
 
 40,000 
 100,000 
 150,000 
 
 * 50,000 
 300,000 
 500.000 
 250,000 
 150,000 
 600,000 
 750,000 
 
 25,000 
 25,000 
 1,000,000 
 900,000 
 35,000 
 25,000 
 
 * 90,000 
 
 * 120,000 
 
 * 40,000 
 
338 
 
 OEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 LOCATION AND NAME OF COMPANY. 
 
 Equipment 
 Jan, 1,19C0. 
 
 116 
 1754 
 210 
 450 
 423 
 
 350 
 
 60 
 174 
 
 593 
 
 430 
 
 236 
 
 150 
 
 156 
 
 101 
 
 150 
 
 160 
 
 121 
 
 212 
 
 354 
 
 75 
 
 25 
 
 1726 
 
 Oedartown— Cedartown Cotton Company 
 
 Columbus— Clegg Manufacturing Company 
 
 Columbus— Eagle and Phenix Mills 
 
 Columbus— Hamburg Cotton Mills 
 
 Columbus— Muscogee Manufacturing Company 
 
 Columbus— Swift Manufacturing Company 
 
 Cornelia — Porter Manufacturing Company 
 
 Commonwealth — Christian Commonwealth 
 
 Covington— Porterdale Mills 
 
 Dalton— Crown Cotton Mills 
 
 DeBruce — Phoenix Factory 
 
 Dennard— Plouston Factory 
 
 Elberton— Swift's Cotton Mill 
 
 Forsyth— Forsyth Manufacturing Company 
 
 Gainesville — Georgia Manufacturing Company 
 
 GrifRn— Griffin Manufacturing Company 
 
 Griffin— Kincaid Mill 
 
 Griffin— Spalding Cotton Mills 
 
 Griffin— Eushton Mills 
 
 Harmony Grove — Harmony Grove Mills 
 
 Hartwell— Witham Cotton Mills 
 
 High Shoals— High Shoals Manufacturing Company . . 
 
 Jackson — Pepperton Cotton Mills 
 
 Jewell's— Jewell Cotton Mills 
 
 Lafayette — Union Cotton Mills 
 
 LaGrange — Dixie Cotton Mills 
 
 LaGrange— LaGrange Mills 
 
 LaGrange — Park Mills 
 
 Lindale— Massachusetts Mills in Georgia 
 
 Macon— Bibb Manufacturing Company 
 
 Macon— Manchester Manufacturing Company 
 
 Macon— Payne Cotton Mills 
 
 Macon— Willingham Cotton Mills 
 
 Monroe — Monroe Cotton Mills 
 
 Newnan — Newnan Cotton Mills 
 
 Pahnetto— Palmetto Cotton Mills 
 
 Potterville — Taylor Manufacturing Company 
 
 Raccoon Mills— Raccoon Manufacturing Company. .. 
 
 Rome — Rome Cotton Factory 
 
 Roswell — Laurell Mills Manufacturing Company 
 
 Roswell — Roswell Manufacturing Company 
 
 Sargent — Wahoo Manufacturing Company 
 
 Savannah— Savannah Cotton Mills 
 
 Shoal Creek— Shoal Creek Mills 
 
 Toccoa— Toccoa Cotton Mills 
 
 Trion Factory — Trion Manufacturing Company 
 
 Union Point — Union Point Manufacturing Company . 
 
 Waleska— Little River Mills 
 
 Waymanville— Wayman Cotton Mills 
 
 West Point— Lanett Cotton Mills 
 
 Whitehall— Georgia Manufacturing Company 
 
 Whitehall— Whitehall Yarn Mills 
 
 Totals (47 towns, 75 mills) 22,289 927346 $15,914,000 
 
 * All Georgia capital. 
 
 The following new mills were completed or approaching completion on 
 September 1, 1900: 
 
 534 
 
 "87 
 
 "164 
 
 106 
 
 67 
 
 120 
 
 160 
 1422 
 
 76 
 1500 
 
 2360^ 
 
 47152 
 600^ 
 1300^ 
 1300^ 
 
 eoo*-' 
 
 'eooO 
 loooo 
 
 5100 
 2240 
 7040 
 
 6000 
 
 3300 
 
 loOOO 
 
 12552 
 
 9000 
 
 5000 
 
 4160 
 
 30.0 
 
 5000 
 
 5400 
 
 4000 
 
 67S0 
 
 20000 
 
 10000 
 
 1600 
 
 51264 
 
 25000 
 
 10000 
 
 3328 
 
 7500 
 
 5200 
 
 10000 
 
 6000 
 
 2300 
 
 3400 
 
 5136 
 
 12600 
 3000 
 7736 
 2200 
 5000 
 
 49936 
 
 400 
 
 640 
 
 3408 
 
 56000 
 
 12000 
 2500 
 
P' 
 
 ^s-; 
 
 Mfi 
 
QEORQIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 341 
 
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342 
 
 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 Mills in operation January 1, 1900. 
 Mills built 1899-1900 
 
 75 
 
 Total mills 
 
 111 
 
 Value of factories in operation $15,914,000 
 
 Value of factories building 4,775,000 
 
 Total value of factories $20,689,000 
 
 Spindles in operation January 1, 1900 927,346 
 
 Spindles installed in new mills 265,140 
 
 Total number of spindles 
 
 Looms in operation January 1, 1900 
 Looms installed in new mills 
 
 1,192,486 
 
 22,289 
 4,356 
 
 Total number of looms 
 
 Cities and towns with mills January 1, 1900. 
 Cities and towns with new mills 
 
 26,645 
 
 Total of cities and towns with mills 83 
 
 Capital of organized and proposed mills .$ 1,757,000 
 
 The Division of Statistics of the United States Department of Agri- 
 culture, after a more thorough and searching investigation than ever be- 
 fore in regard to the growth of cotton spinning in the South, published 
 in 1901 the following table prepared by Mr. John Hyde: 
 
 PROGRESS OF COTTON SPINNING IN THE COTTON STATES. 
 
 
 Kumber of Spindles. 
 
 No. of Mills in Operation. 
 
 New Mills, 1900. 
 
 States. 
 
 1890 
 
 1900 
 
 1890 
 
 1897- 
 1898 
 
 1898- 
 1899 
 
 1899- 
 1900 
 
 Com 
 
 pleied, 
 
 etc. 
 
 Pro- 
 jected. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Missouri 
 
 79,234 
 
 1 
 
 !- a 66,980 
 445,452 
 
 437,200 
 
 r 17,160 
 
 j 62,222 
 
 ) 15,744 
 
 I 60,876 
 
 969,364 
 
 2,000 
 
 68,730 
 
 88,584 
 
 1,264,509 
 
 1,693,649 
 
 155,997 
 
 165,452 
 
 13 
 1 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 
 53 
 
 37 
 2 
 3 
 8 
 4 
 
 77 
 
 38 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 
 5 
 79 
 
 44 
 4 
 5 
 4 
 6 
 
 86 
 
 10 
 10 
 190 
 93 
 32 
 15 
 
 5 
 ] 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 1 
 3 
 
 Texas 
 
 3 
 
 28 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 
 4l 
 
 Kansas 
 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 42,942 
 57,004 
 337,786 
 332,784 
 97,524 
 94,294 
 
 1,554,000 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 91 
 
 34 
 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 161 
 
 76 
 
 29 
 
 ' 15 
 
 11 
 
 169 
 80 
 29 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 North Carolina . . 
 South Carolina.. . 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Virginia 
 
 7 
 28 
 25 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 34 
 
 27 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 5,001,487 
 
 239 
 
 425 
 
 444 
 
 500 
 
 105 
 
 34 
 
 139 
 
 a Total for ArkanSiis, Louisiana, Missouri and Texas; details for each State not given in census 
 report of 1890. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 343- 
 
 The increase in the number of mills in each State from 1899 to 1900 
 is: Alabama 6, Arkansas 1, Georgia 7, Kansas 1, Louisiana 2, Mississippi 
 3, Missouri 1, North Carolina 21, South Carolina 13, Tennessee 3, and 
 Texas 1; total, 59. The records of the Department show, as is seen by 
 the above table, 105 new mills completed in 1900, of which number 
 Georgia is credited with 28. The report of the Division of Statistics says 
 moreover: "Thirty-four additional mills are projected, that is, companies 
 have actually been organized and are making preparations to build." Of 
 these 34 Georgia is credited with 13, or more than double the number in 
 any other State. 
 
 Of the next table taken from this same report the following state- 
 ment is made: "All the figures are based upon actual statements made 
 by the officials of the mills in operation, which include woolen as well as 
 cotton-mills, showing their monthly purchases during the season, their 
 statements having been revived at the close of the year. Of the 501 mills 
 not a single one failed to report, either to the Department directly or to 
 the Department's special agent detailed for this work." 
 
 COMPARATIVE MILL STATISTICS FOR 1898-99 AND 1899-1900. 
 [In commercial bales.] 
 
 
 Number of Mills 
 
 Bales Purchased 
 
 Per Cent, of In- 
 crease or Decrease 
 of Bales Purchased 
 
 STATES 
 
 1898-99 
 
 1899-1900 
 
 1898-99 
 
 1899-1900 
 
 Increase 
 
 Decrease 
 
 Alabama 
 
 38 
 3 
 
 79 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 169 
 
 80 
 
 29 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 44 
 
 4 
 86 
 10 
 
 5 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 190 
 
 93 
 
 32 
 
 6 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 121,128 
 
 3,288 
 
 281,527 
 
 25,447 
 
 18,749 
 
 21,650 
 
 3,017 
 
 374,891 
 
 466,181 
 
 36,358 
 
 17,156 
 
 44,502 
 
 34 
 
 154,841 
 
 2,394 
 
 318,302 
 
 26,008 
 
 15,695 
 
 21,440 
 
 3,720 
 
 442,508 
 
 489,559 
 
 34,882 
 
 16,868 
 
 44,595 
 
 186 
 
 27.8 
 
 "l3.l" 
 
 2.2 
 
 23.3' 
 
 18.0 
 
 5.0 
 
 ■■■0.2" 
 447.0 
 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 27,2 
 
 Georsjia 
 
 
 Kentucky . 
 
 
 
 16.3 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 1.0 
 
 Missouri 
 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 ■■■--■ 
 
 Texas 
 
 1.7 
 
 Virginia 
 
 
 Utah and Kansas 
 
 
 Total 
 
 445 
 
 501 
 
 1,413,928 
 
 1,570,998 
 
 11.1 
 
 
 The following table shows the cotton crop of each State for the season 
 of 1899-1900, the amount of cotton purchased by the mills of each State, 
 the amount taken by the mills of one State from the crop of another,. 
 etc: 
 
344 
 
 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 CROPS AND MILL CONSUMPTION, 1899-1900. 
 [Commercial bales.] 
 
 Crops 
 
 Total 
 mill con- 
 sumption 
 
 Taken 
 
 by mills 
 
 from other 
 
 States 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 of State's 
 production 
 taken by 
 mills with- 
 in the 
 State 
 
 Percent.of 
 mill con- 
 sumption 
 taken from 
 other 
 States 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Missouri 
 
 North Carolina. . 
 South Carolina. . 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Tesas 
 
 Utah and Kansas 
 Virginia 
 
 1,005, 
 
 669, 
 
 1,345, 
 
 699, 
 
 1,203, 
 
 17, 
 
 503, 
 
 830, 
 
 192, 
 
 2,438, 
 
 154,841 
 
 2,394 
 
 318,302 
 
 26,008 
 
 15,695 
 
 21,440 
 
 3,720 
 
 442,508 
 
 489,559 
 
 34,882 
 
 16,868 
 
 186 
 
 44,595 
 
 13,929 
 
 64 
 
 16,269 
 
 26,008 
 
 262 
 
 3,720 
 
 148,487 
 
 119,100 
 
 13,18 
 
 60 
 43,570 
 
 14.0 
 
 0.3 
 
 22.4 
 
 1.8 
 
 58,4 
 
 44.6 
 
 11.3 
 
 0.7 
 
 12.8 
 
 9.0 
 
 2.7 
 
 5.1 
 
 100.0 
 
 1.2 
 
 100.0 
 
 33.6 
 
 24.3 
 
 87.8 
 
 97.7 
 
 Woolen-Mills. — The woolen industry of Georgia has been subject to 
 considerable fluctuation. The first woolen factory in the State was re- 
 ported in 1840, The number increased to three in' 1850, eleven in 1860, 
 and 46 in 1870. The capital invested also showed a steady increase dur- 
 ing the same period, reaching the maximum of $936,585 in 1870. 
 
 With the decline of sheep-raising and wool-producing in Georgia, came 
 a falling off in the number of mills and the capital invested in them, 
 and in 1880 there were 32 mills with a capital of $180,733, and products 
 valued at $239,390. In 1890 the number of establishments engaged in 
 the manufacture of woolen goods in Georgia Avas 18, of which 4 were 
 equipped with machines for making hosiery and other knit goods, and 
 the rest with spindles and looms for the production of woolen cloth, such 
 as jeans, doeskins, kerseys, satinets, cassimeres, and cheviots. Though 
 the number of mills was less than in any other decade since 1860, the 
 capital invested, $420,033, was larger than that reported at any census 
 except that of 1879, and the value of the product, $340,095, is clear be- 
 yond that of 1880. 
 
 Labor. — By reason of her climate the cost of living in the South is 
 much less than at the North. In Georgia the laborer can live in comfort 
 for less money. Hence he can, without injustice to himself and family, 
 work for smaller wages. 
 
 According to the report of the United States Commissioner of Labor 
 in 1891, the average expenditures of each individual amounted in Geor- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 347 
 
 gia, to $94.26, and in Massaclmsetts to $177.93. The detailed statement 
 of the Commissioner as to the condition of families and their indnlgences 
 in the comforts of life proves that the difference in the cost of living was 
 not dne to the failure of the Georgia operative to provide healthful food 
 and the comforts of home. Neither does Georgia labor under any dis- 
 advantage from lack of ability on the part of the native Sonthem mill 
 operative. The factory hands employed in the cotton and woolen-mills 
 of Georgia are nearly all American, mostly natives of the Southern 
 States. They have up to this time shown great aptitude for their work, 
 and soon become skilled and proficient laborers. 
 
 Although of late years there has been a wonderful growth in Georgia 
 in the manufacture of higher grade fabrics, the improvement of the 
 native workman has kept pace with this gi'owth. The marvelous increase 
 of the number of mills and spindles in Georgia during the last two years 
 gives assurance that this State with unsurpassed advantages and induce- 
 ments will continue either to lead or to stand in the front rank of this 
 great and wonderful advancement. 
 
 "With the splendid advantages for sheep-husbandry offered by Georgia 
 there is no reason why there should not be raised in this State millions 
 of these wealth-producing animals, whose wool would build up a milling 
 industry rivaling in extent that of cotton, and increasing immensely the 
 prosperity of the people and the revenues of the State. 
 
 SilJc Factories. — An industry which in the last few years has growni 
 rapidly in the United States is the manufacture of silk. In 1890 there 
 were 718,360 spindles and 20,822 looms. In 1900 there were 1,426,245 
 spindles and 48,246 looms. It is mostly confined to the northern States; 
 but Virginia and E'orth Carolina have entered this field, each with 
 30,000 spindles, l^orth Carolina has also 1,455 looms, and Virginia 350. 
 Although Georgia was originally intended to be a silk-producing country, 
 at this time the State is taking no part in this business. Yet the found- 
 ers of the colony of Georgia thought that its chief industry would be 
 the production of raw silk. General Oglethorpe in speaking of the pos- 
 ■ibilities of the colony said: "It must be a weak hand indeed, that can- 
 iiot earn bread where silkwkorms and white mulberry-trees are so plenti- 
 ful." Perhaps at some future day Georgia will realize in this industry 
 the expectations of its founders. 
 
 Cotton seed Oil Mills. — The value of the cotton seed, as food for stock, 
 for oil and for fertilizing purposes, was long unknown. Wlien the farm- 
 er had gathered his cotton and ginned out the seed, he baled the lint and 
 sold it for the best price that it would bring, and thought that he had re- 
 ceived all the possible profit of his crop, l^o longer is this the case. 
 
348 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Among the farmer's profits now must be counted those derived from the 
 sale of his cotton seed, for which the rapidly increasing cotton seed-oil 
 mills have created a great demand. This by-product of the cotton is 
 worth to the farmers of Georgia millions of dollars annually. Not even 
 the cotton factory, whose coming to the fields, is hailed as a harbinger 
 of good to the planter, is more closely allied to the agricultural interests 
 of Georgia than the mills that untilize the seed, once held in such poor 
 esteem. They furnish to the farmer the meal, the cakes and hulls, a 
 cheap and wholesome food for all farm animals, supply him with an ex- 
 cellent fertilizer, and give him in the cotton seed-meal a material largely 
 used by the manufacturer of fertilizers to supply nitrogen in his chem- 
 ical fertilizer. This mealthe farmer can use upon his fields either alone 
 or in the compost heap, thus giving to them that most costly of all plant 
 foods, nitrogen. 
 
 The oil extracted at these mills has many uses. The crude oil, often 
 refined, is known as summer oil. A prime, siunmer, yellow oil, also called 
 butter oil, is used in making oleomargarine, butterine, cottolene, etc. A 
 selected yellow oil, subjected to cold pressure, becomes a salad oil, and ia 
 used in cooking. Bleached summer oil, also known as summer white oil, 
 is used for making compound lard and similar articles. When this same 
 oil has been cold pressed, it is called winter white oil, and is used in 
 miners' lamps and for making various medicinal compounds. The ordi- 
 nary summer yellow oil is used for tempering steel and other manufac- 
 turing purposes. 
 
 Cotton seed oil ranks next to speinn for purposes of illimiination. It is 
 however, in greatest demand as a food oil, and has to a considerable ex- 
 tent taken the place of olive oil. The stearine which is left on the 
 cloths in the filter press, when the oil is refined, is used in making butter, 
 lard and candles. 
 
 We can easily see that the cotton seed-oil mill is a very important in- 
 dustry in Georgia. The farmer has a sure market for all his seed not 
 needed in planting. As we have said in a previous chapter, for every 
 pound of lint cotton there are two pounds of cotton seed, which is sold at 
 $6, $11, and even $24 a ton. 
 
 In 1880 there were no cotton seed oil-mills in Georgia. By 1890 there 
 were 17, with a capital of $992,131, paying for material $1,298,421 and 
 giving a product valued at $1,670,196. By 1896 there were 20 of these 
 mills paying for seed $1,400,000 annually, and giving a product valued 
 at $1,800,000. In the year 1900, there were 52 active oil mills 
 with an approximate capital of $2,500,000, not counting money borrowed 
 on mortgages. These mills paid last year $5,000,000 for cotton seed 
 
'% 
 
 jr^i 
 
 -:%] 
 
 is^i -' 
 
 s- 1 
 
 -'^. m- ':^^ 
 
 ■^(L 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 35 1 
 
 alone, not counting other material necessary for manufacturing the raw 
 material into commercial products. The value of these products was for 
 last year $14,000,000 approximately. Six new mills are in process of 
 construction. 
 
 LIST OF GEORGIA OIL MILLS. 
 
 Americus Oil Co., Americus, Ga., M. S. Harper, Mgr. 
 
 Athens Oil & Fert. Co., Athens, Ga., J. A. Smith, Pres., Abbeville, 
 S. C. 
 
 Arlington Oil & Fert. Co., Arlington, Ga. 
 
 Blackshear Mfg. Co., Blackshear, Ga. 
 
 Co-operative Mfg. Co., Forsyth, Ga., P. B. Maynard & Co., Mgrs. 
 
 Carrollton Oil Mills, Carrollton, Ga., J. A. Aycock, Mgr. 
 
 Excelsior Mfg. Co., Washington, Ga., J. A. Benson, Pres. 
 
 Elberton Oil Mills, Elberton, Ga., A. E. Thornton, Pres., Atlanta, Ga. 
 
 Farmers Cotton Oil Mfg. Co., Locust Grove, Ga., A. G. Combs. 
 
 Fort Gaines Oil & Guano Co., Fort Gaines, Ga. 
 
 Griffin Oil & Fert. Co., Griffin, Ga., Walker Bros. 
 
 Gainesville Oil Co., Gainesville, Ga., J. D. Woodside, Pres. 
 
 Gate City Oil Co., Atlanta, Ga., John Oliver, Pres. 
 
 Georgia Cotton Oil Co., Atlanta, Ga., W. J. Montgomery, Y-Pres. 
 
 Georgia Cotton Oil Co., Macon, Ga., R. S. Patillo, Mgr. 
 
 Georgia Cotton Oil Co., Augusta, Ga., J. H. Taylor, Mgr. 
 
 Georgia Cotton Oil Co., Rome, Ga., W. M. Towers, Mgr. 
 
 Georgia Cotton Oil Co., Colimibus, Ga., J. A. Walker, Mgr. 
 
 Georgia Cotton Oil Co., Albany, Ga., J. R. Forrester, Mgr. 
 
 Georgia Farmers Oil & Fert. Co., Madison, Ga., B. A. Warlick, Mgr. 
 
 Grovania Oil Co., Grovania, Ga. 
 
 Hardman Oil Co., Harmony Grove, Ga., L. G. Hardman, Pres. 
 
 Interstate Cotton Oil Co., Augusta, Ga., J. D. Dawson, Mgr. 
 
 Jefferson Oil Mill, Jefferson, Ga., H. W. Bell, Pres. 
 
 Jackson Oil Mill, Jackson, Ga., H. M. Mallet, Pres. 
 
 Lathrop Oil Mills Co., Hawkinsville, Ga. 
 
 LaGrange Mills, La Grange, Ga., J. M. Barnard, Pres. 
 
 Lavonia Cotton Oil Co., Lavonia, Ga,, L. H. Meekin, Mgr. 
 
 Middle Ga. Oil & Fert. Co., Hogansville, Ga. 
 
 McBride Oil Co., Newnan, Ga., R. McBride & Co. 
 
 Macon Oil & Ice Co., Macon, Ga. 
 
 Milledgeville Oil Mills, Milledgeville, Ga., A. E. Thornton, Pres. 
 
 Monroe Guano Co., Monroe, Ga., T. C. Mobley, Secy. 
 
 McCaw Mfg. Co., Macon, Ga., W. E. McCaw, Pres. 
 
 Mutual Oil Co., Macon, Ga., Mr. Gray. 
 
 Pelham Oil Mill, Pelham, Ga., or Hand Trading Co. 
 
 Rockdale Oil & Fertilizer Co., Conyers, Ga. 
 
 Smithonia Cotton Oil Mills, Smith onia, Ga., J. M. Smith, Prop. 
 
 Southern Cotton Oil Co., Savannah, Ga., L. W. Haskell, Mgr. 
 
352 
 
 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Soutliern Cotton Oil Co., Atlanta, Ga., L. A. Ransom, Asst. Mgr. 
 
 Talbot Co. Oil Mills, Talbotton, Ga. 
 
 Valdosta Guano Co., Yaldosta, Ga. 
 
 West Point Oil Mills, West Point, Ga., D. H. Hickey, Mgr. 
 
 Wilkins & Jones, Waynesboro, Ga. 
 
 Waynesboro Oil Mill & Pert. Co., Waynesboro, Ga. 
 
 Cedartown Cotton Oil Co., Cedartown, Ga. 
 
 Conyers Oil Co., Conyers, Ga. 
 
 Dublin Oil Mills, Dublin, Ga. 
 
 Dawson Oil Mills, Dawson, Ga. 
 
 McBurney Oil & Pert. Co., Warrenton, Ga. 
 
 Walton Oil Co., Social Circle, Ga. 
 
 Washington Co. Oil Co., Tennille, Ga. 
 
 Cotton Ginning. — Of course every farmer must have recourse to a cot- 
 ton-gin in order to separate the lint from the seed. Cotton ginneries are 
 divided in the census reports into three general classes, viz.; those con- 
 ducted exclusively for the public; those conducted exclusively for the 
 plantation; those conducted for both the public and the plantation. 
 
 The following table gives the number and charecter of ginneries and 
 number of months operated for crop of 1899 by States and Territories: 
 number of months operated for crop of 1899-1900 by States and Terri- 
 tories : 
 
 
 NUMBER OF GINNERIES. 
 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 Operated for — 
 
 Averaeje 
 number 
 
 States and Territories. 
 
 The 
 public 
 only. 
 
 The 
 planta- 
 tion 
 only. 
 
 Both. 
 
 of 
 months 
 in opera- 
 tion for 
 crop of 
 1899. 
 
 Total 
 
 29,620 
 
 0,468 
 
 2,863 
 
 20,289 
 
 3 
 
 
 4,034 
 
 2,630 
 
 236 
 
 4,729 
 
 297 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2,14S 
 
 3,976 
 
 56 
 
 2,573 
 
 133 
 
 3,308 
 
 834 
 
 4,514 
 
 88 
 
 792 
 668 
 
 73 
 696 
 215 
 1 
 1 
 190 
 519 
 
 40 
 431 
 109 
 
 391 
 
 133 
 
 10 
 
 572 
 
 6 
 
 2,851 
 
 1 ,829 
 
 153 
 
 3,461 
 
 76 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1,597 
 
 2,877 
 
 16 
 
 1,864 
 
 24 
 
 2,689 
 
 534 
 
 2,249 
 
 67 
 
 3 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 3 
 
 Florida 
 
 3 
 
 rrPorcrifl . 
 
 4 
 
 Indian Territory 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 TTpntnflrv . . 
 
 
 1 
 
 Louisiana _ 
 
 361 
 580 
 
 278 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 3 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 3 
 
 Oklahoma 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 3 
 
 298 
 
 255 
 
 2,165 
 
 15 
 
 381 
 
 45 
 
 100 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 Tennessee . .... 
 
 3 
 
 Texas 
 
 4 
 
 Virginia 
 
 3 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 353 
 
 It will be seen that Georgia came first in 1899, in the total number 
 of ginneries, Texas second and Alabama third. 
 
 In 1879 a large percentage of the cotton crop of the United States was 
 handled by private ginneries, and their motive power consisted for the 
 most part of horses or mules, and their daily capacity Avas from three to 
 five bales. 
 
 The introduction of steam power has crowded out the primitive horse 
 ginneries to such an extent that they are now almo.st a thing of the past 
 
 Of the 29,620 cotton ginneries in the United States in 1899, only 
 2,863, or less than 10 per cent., are reported as ginning exclusively for 
 the plantation, and a very small percentage of these are of the old-fash- 
 ioned horse-power variety. 
 
 Fertilizer Manufactories. — Georgia consumes more chemical fertiliz- 
 ers than any other State in the Union. With all her advantages for di- 
 versity of manufactures she ought to- be the largest producer. She dees 
 outrank all the Southern States in this industry, and always produces 
 enough to supply the needs of our own people if the entire products were 
 consumed in the State. But some of the Georgia farmers purchase fertili- 
 zer goods manufactured in other States, while a large part of the Georgia 
 product is shipped abroad and sold outside our borders. This business is 
 closely allied to that of the cotton seed-oil mill ; for the cotton seed-meal 
 produced by the latter is extensively used for the purpose of supplying 
 nitrogen in the goods prepared by the fertilizer manufacturer. 
 
 In 1880 there were in Georgia only three fertilizer factories giving em- 
 ployment to 67 men who received $22,872 in wages, and produced goods 
 valued at $256,500. In 1890 there were 44 establishments with a total 
 capital of $5,501,881, in which 1,328 laborers were employed, whose 
 wages amounted to $484,889, and whose product amounted in vlaue to 
 $5,026,034. 
 
 In October, 1899, there were 110 fertilizer establishments of which 
 32 were also enlarged in the manufacture of cotton seed-oil. Besides those 
 were 30 establishments from other States, North and South, selling fer- 
 tilizers in Georgia. A special act of the legislature passed and approved 
 October 9, 1891, places all this business under the control of the com- 
 missioner of agriculture and protects the farmer from fraudulent fertili- 
 zers. 
 
 A special bill, approved July 22, 1896, also forbids the sale of any 
 cotton seed-meal that is shown by the official analysis to contain less than 
 7-| per cent, of ammonia, provided this shall not apply to long-staple 
 cotton, the analysis of which must show not less than 5| per cent, of 
 ammonia. 
 
354 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 A third bill approved December 21, 1897, prescribes the manner of 
 branding and grading commercial fertilizers. 
 
 In 1900 Georgia consumed 412,755 tons of fertilizers. The consump- 
 tion for 1901 amounted to about 478,000 tons, showing a considerable 
 increase. 
 
 Other Chemicals. — For the manufacture of other chemicals in Georgia 
 there were five other establishments in 1890 with a total product valued 
 at $680,497. Among the items enumerated were paints, varnishes, japans 
 and pharmaceutical preparations. This business has greatly increased in 
 every way within the last decade. 
 
 Lumber Manufacture. — This is one of the most extensive industries in 
 the State, and together with the tar and turpentine business has brought 
 into the cities of Savannah and Brunswick a vast quantity of material for 
 exportation, making the former of those cities the greatest lumber and 
 naval stores market in the world. The trade arising from these industries 
 adds much also to the prosperity of the smaller Georgia ports of Darien 
 and St. Marys. There were reported for the census of 1890 lumber 
 mills of all kinds in Georgia to the number of 516, whose total product 
 was placed at $9,855,067. Of these mills 434 were engaged in produc- 
 ing lumber and other mill products from logs or bolts, while 82 were 
 planing-mills, manufacturing sashes, doors, blinds, boxes, and other plan- 
 ing-mill products, such as wood turned and carved and all kinds of car- 
 pentiy material. The basis of this immense business is the far-famed 
 long-leaf pine of Southern Georgia, for which millions of feet of lumber 
 are annually marketed. Its durability and adaptability for every class of 
 building, interior decoration and many kinds of ornamental work, have 
 gained for it high esteem. In the Appalachian range through North 
 Georgia there are also extensive forests of hardwood trees, which are 
 comparatively undeveloped. In many of the counties there are bodies of 
 these trees from which the planing-mills gather material for the manu- 
 facture of furniture of all sorts. Between 1880 and 1890 there was a 
 very great increase in the planing-mill product. This increase was from 
 $737,200 to $3,548,972 within the decade. It has been estimated that 
 the valuation put upon the total lumber output of Georgia by the United 
 States census of 1890 was at least 50 per cent, short of the actual value. 
 Great difficulty attends the securing of exact reports. 
 
 Rosin and Turpentine. — This business depends on the long-leaf pine 
 of Southern Georgia, and is known as naval stores. The rosin is drawn 
 from the standing tree which, after the exhaustion of its sap, is cut down, 
 transported to the mill, and sawed into lumber. The increase in the out- 
 put of this business has kept pace with that of other industries of Geor- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 355 
 
 gia. The value of the entire product in 1880 was $1,455,739. Bj 1890 
 it had more than doubled and amounted to $4,242,255. 
 
 "When the trees have been removed there remains a cleared field well 
 suited to agricultural purposes, in some instances adapted to the raising 
 of the highest priced octton, the long-staple or sea-island variety, or other 
 staple crops. Especially are these fields fitted to the planting of market 
 gardens for raising fruits and vegetables, a business for which there is 
 an ever-increasing demand in the growing cities of our own State, or 
 those of the whole Atlantic coast from Brunswick, Georgia, to Boston, 
 in Massachusetts. 
 
 Considering the whole product of the pine forests together, there is 
 probably as much capital invested in it as in any other one interest, per- 
 haps more. An Atlanta capitalist purchased a tract of timber land in 
 South Georgia for which he paid $75,000. After having sold from it 
 enough lumber to pay for the property, he estimates that there remains 
 on it enough timber to bring him, when cut, $150,000. When the land 
 has been cleared at a big profit to himself he expects to use the tract for 
 f ruit-gro^vi'ng or for general fanning purposes. This is only one example 
 among many of the great possibilities of Southern Georgia. 
 
 Furniture Factories. — This is a large and profitable business in Geoi- 
 gia. According to the census of 1890 the capital invested in all lines 
 of this business amounted to $1,036,825, and the value of the products 
 for that year was $1,633,813. This industry has been greatly enlarged 
 during the last decade. The 13 establisments of the city of Atlanta 
 alone reported in 1897 an annual product worth $1,164,000. Much of 
 the furniture manufactured is of a high grade, and is largely sold in the 
 Eastern markets. This is especially true of Atlanta, whose furniture fac- 
 tories are always represented at the annual exhibit at Grand Rapids, 
 Michigan. The growth in this business in the last three years has been 
 very great. 
 
 Foundries. — Georgia has no great iron plants like those of Alabama 
 and Tennessee; and yet there is in the State a well developed iron indus- 
 try, in which a large capital is invested and from which large profits are 
 derived. The many foundries manufacture machinery, agricultural im- 
 plements, boilers, cotton-gins and castings. The census of 1890 showed 
 that there were in Georgia 52 iron foundries with a capital of $2,107,969 
 and an annual output valued at $2,272,653. 
 
 The cotton-gins and presses manufactured in Georgia are unrivaled. 
 Often the factories, working night and day, can hardly supply the de- 
 mand from every section of the South. 
 
 Ornamental Iron Wor'ks. — The business of making architectural and 
 
356 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 ornamental work from iron is of considerable importance and is on tlie 
 increase in Georgia. By the censns of 1890 there were in the State 
 three factories for turning out this kind of work. The capital invested 
 in them was $07,242 and their product was worth $110,075. 
 
 Iron and Steel. — One of the most notable features of the growth of 
 the iron and steel industry of the United States is the activity displayed 
 in the Southern States in the erection of iron-making plants. Steel- 
 making, though not wholly neglected, has not formed a prominent feat- 
 ure of this metallurgical development. Under the head of ''iron and 
 steel industry," tlie census of 1890 reported for Georgia five establish- 
 ments which had at that time a capital of $908,243 and a product valued 
 at $471,357. 
 
 Blast Furnaces. — In speaking of the pig-iron industry of the South- 
 ern States the United States census report of 1890 said: "This section 
 has long been noted for the excellent character of the charcoal pig-iron 
 produced within its borders; but prior to 1880 attention was not espe- 
 cially directed to its extensive and easily worked deposits of iron ore, nor 
 to the advantages which the close proximity of coking coal and limestone 
 to these deposits afforded for the produeiion of coke pig-iron at 
 low cost. During 1880 the Southern States produced 9.27 per cent, of the 
 aggregate pig-iron yield of the United States, but in 1890 the furnaces in 
 this section contributed 18.52 per cent, of the total output, the increase in 
 tonnage over 1880 being 423.52 per cent." According to the census of 
 1890 there were in the State of Georgia four blast furnaces with a capi- 
 ■ tal of $748,845, and an output valued at $339,422. "The pig-iron in- 
 dustry of Georgia," says the census report, "remained practically sta- 
 tionary during the decade from 1880 to 1890." The greater part of the 
 iron ere mined in Georgia is shipped beyond the State. 
 
 Carriage and Wagon Factories. — Under this heading are included 
 custom work and repairing. There were in 1890 as many as 129 of 
 these factories in Georgia, some of them doing the best grade of work. 
 The buggies manufactured at Baruesville enjoy a fine reputation. 
 
 The capital employed by these establishments in 1890 was $849,441 
 and their output was valued at $1,221,119. The number of establish- 
 ments, their capital and product have steadily increased in the last de- 
 cade. 
 
 In addition to these factories were several where carriage materials 
 were made. 
 
 The Blacl- smithing and Wheelwrigliting EstaUishments, which ten 
 years ago numbered 331, with an aggregate capital of $245,721, turned 
 out annually work worth $265,315. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 359 
 
 Car Shops. — Most of these are operated by the railway companies^ 
 and are for construction and repairs. At some of them excellent box- 
 cars for freight and handsome passenger coaches are made. The nnni- 
 ber reported in 1890 was eleven, with a capital of $450,512, and doing 
 work worth $842,010. The rapid increase of business on the railroad 
 lines, and the constant need for new cars' and for repairs to old ones, in- 
 sure constant employment for many hands in this kind of work. 
 
 Flour and Grist Mills. — The falling off in the cultivation of wheat 
 between 1880 and 1890 led to a corresponding decrease in the number 
 of mills, the capital invested, and the value of their products. During 
 that decade the numbers of mills decreased from 1,139 to 719, 
 their capital from $3,576,301 to $2,347,835, and their output showed a 
 corresponding decrease. A revival of v/lieat growing has commenced in 
 Georgia, and with it a revival of the milling industry. Many old mills 
 that had shut down have start^^d up again, and new ones have been built. 
 
 The Bread and Bakery products are always in demand, whether the 
 flour used be imported or made at home. Hence the rapid increase in 
 the population of Georgia between 1880 and 1890 caused almost a triple 
 increase in these products for the same periods. Twenty -six establish- 
 ments with a capital of $118,450 and a product worth $464,162 had in- 
 creased to 76 establishments with a capital of $394,356, and products 
 worth $1,241,349. 
 
 Bride and Tile Manufactories. — The presence of so much excellent 
 material for the manufacture of brick in Georgia has led to the erection 
 of many establishments devoted to this industry, in which Georgia takes 
 high rank among the States of the South, The brick and tile manufac- 
 tories showed between 1880 and 1890 a very gratifying increase. 
 
 Although the 76 establishments of 1880 had been reduced to 61, the 
 capital of $212,660 had increased to $950,263, and the product of $409,- 
 025 had grown to $1,201,542. With the growth of cities and towns this 
 business is sure to increase. 
 
 Clay and Pottery Products. — In addition to brick and tiles there are 
 other products of clay, such as pottery, drain and sewer pipes, etc. For 
 the manufacture of the various articles from clay (exclusive of brick and 
 tiles), there were in Georgia in 1890 seventeen establishments with an 
 aggregate capital of $229,269 and an annual output valued at $211,250. 
 There has been during the last decade a gratifying increase in this busi- 
 ness. 
 
 Oclier Mills and Paint Industry. — Ocher, the basis of paint, is one of 
 the mineral products of Georgia. The mining and shipment of yellow 
 ocher has become a considerable business in Bartow county. There are 
 
3(50 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 at Cartersville four mills for the handling of this material. The 
 shipment of ocher from this county for the year ending August 1, 
 1900, amounted to 4,500 tons, which, at the average price of $12.29 a 
 ton, amounted to $55,305. Superior natural advantages for the grind- 
 ing and mixing of ready mixed paints are enjoyed by the manufacturers 
 of these articles in Atlanta where the market for them is always good. 
 
 Ice Plants. — The factories for the manufacture of artificial ice, which 
 in 1890 numbered 16 with an aggregate capital of $487,534, have 
 greatly increased their capital and business and have with their much 
 cheaper products, run out of the markets of Georgia the imported natural 
 ice which in former years was sold at such high figures that, comparatively 
 few people could indulge in what was then an expensive luxuiy. 
 
 Electric Light Plants. — Although electric lighting had been intro- 
 duced into our large cities previous to 1890, no report of these plants 
 appeai-ed in the eleventh census. There are now 50 of them in Georgia 
 brilliantly illuminating all our large cities and many of the smaller ones, 
 including towns of less than 3,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Electric Motors. — The electric plants furnish the motor-power for 
 propelling cars on the streets of cities, and in several instances giving to 
 the large cities such frequent and rapid connection with neighboring 
 towns and all the intervening country as to make of them practically 
 one community. All the large cities of Georgia and some of the smaller 
 ones have excellent systems of electric railroads. 
 
 Gras for Illuminating and Heating. — Before the days of electric lights 
 and motors, gas was the great illuminating power, and was long the best 
 dispenser of light in darkness for cities and towns. Although surpassed 
 in brilliancy by electricity, its days of usefulness are not yet ended even 
 in buildings where electric lights are used. Its utility as a supplier of 
 heat for household purposes is appreciated wherever the gas-stove is used 
 for v/arming offices, or for avoiding in summer the excessive heat of wood 
 or coal by means of the neat and convenient gas-stove. The million and 
 a half dollars invested for gas illuminating and heating in Georgia cities 
 and towns in 1890, still finds reason for the increase of its capital, and 
 abundant demand for the bestowal of its benefits upon the people. 
 
 Printing and Publishing. — Nor is Georgia a laggard in printing and 
 publishing, especially of newspapers and periodicals. Her many hun- 
 dred establishment, with capital and product nmning up into the mil- 
 lions, show the high position which she holds in this respect. Some of her 
 leading newspapers rank among the first in America and are found on 
 sale in the chief cities of the TJmon. 
 
 Marble and Stone Worlc. — Georgia marble and stones for building and 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 361 
 
 for mormments, enjoy an enviable reputation throughout the whole 
 Union. In 1890 under the heading given to this paragraph the United 
 States census gave the total value of products as $375,520. According 
 to Dr. Day, of the United States Geological Survey, the value of the 
 marble production for 1899 was $742,554, and of granite $411,344. 
 This shows a wonderful and gratifying increase. 
 
 Ship-Building. — Georgia was also represented by this industry in the 
 census report of 1890, according to which four establishments with a 
 capital of $156,100 turned out work valued at $126,300 for the year in 
 which the report was made. 
 
 Paving and Paving Materials. — In the manufacture of paving ma- 
 terials and in paving the $67,000 invested in 1890 showed a product 
 valued at $513,648, showing a splendid profit on the investment This 
 business has also enjoyed a wonderful increase in the last decade. 
 
 Roofing, Etc. — Eoofing and roofing materials with a capital of $40,- 
 000 showed also a product of $180,960, while tin smithing, coppersmith- 
 ing and sheet iron working for an investment of $282,770 reported a 
 product worth $528,814. 
 
 Carpenter Worh. — This lis always in demand in town and country, and 
 the business is bound to increase with population and wealth. The value 
 of work runs up into the millions. 
 
 Other Industries. — Other industries that make a good showing in cen- 
 sus reports are factories for boots and shoes, brooms and brushes, cloth- 
 ing, coffins, burial cases and undertakers' goods, dentists' materials, drugs, 
 perfumes and cosmetics, confectionery, cooperage, dyeing and cleaning, 
 hand stamps, leather, tanned and curried, lime and cement, liquors, dis- 
 tilled and malt, lock and gunsmithing, looking-glass and picture frames, 
 masonry, brick and stone, mattresses and spring beds, musical instru- 
 ments, millinery, painting and paper hanging, paper and paper bags, 
 plastering and stucco work, photography, plumbing and gas fitting, sad- 
 dlery and harness, shirt manufacturers, the manufacture of chewing and 
 smoking tobacco and snuff, manufacture of trunks and valises, umbrel- 
 las and canes, vinegar and cider, watch, clock and jewelry repairing and 
 wooden ware. All these manufactures of Georgia here bunched to- 
 gether, but stated separately in the census report on manufactures, rep- 
 resent a combined capital and a value of products covering several 
 million dollars. Then the census enumerates a long string of small in- 
 dustries, some of which are baskets and willow ware, lithographing and 
 engraving, stereotyping, electrotyping, wire work, rope, cable, etc. To 
 name them all would require much space. They represent altogether a 
 capital of nearly $2,000,000 and a product of more than $3,000,000. 
 
362 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Canning Factories. — The canning and preserving of fruit made but 
 a small show in the census of 1890. But at the present time this has 
 become a great industry in the fruit sections of Georgia. The four can- 
 ning establishments of 1890 have increased to 10. 
 
 Creamei'ics. — This is an industry which does not appear at all in the 
 census of 1890. But the growth of dairy farms in Georgia has created 
 new wants, and creameries are the result. There are now three of these 
 establishments, v/hich purchase the products of the dairy farms and 
 manufacture butter and cheese. 
 
 The growth of the manufacturing interests of Georgia has been very- 
 rapid within the last twenty years. Many old establishments have been 
 greatly enlarged, many new enterprises giving employment to thousands 
 of laborers have been established, and manufactures of all kinds have 
 increased to such a point, that scarcely any industry lacks representation. 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 EDUCATION IN GEORGIA. 
 
 In the earliest clays of the colony of Georgia provision was made for 
 the education of the people. For this purpose the rents of certain lands 
 were set apart by the crown in every parish, as the counties were then 
 called, and .good schools were established at Savannah and Augusta. 
 When the Salzbnrgers settled at Ebenezer, the schoolmaster accompani- 
 ed the pastor, and education walked hand-in-hand with religion. Educa- 
 tion received the careful attention also of the Puritan colonists who settled 
 in St. John's Parish, afterward known as Liberty county. Immediately 
 after the conclusion of the war of the Revolution the Legislature of 
 Georgia began to provide ways and means for the promotion of this great 
 interest. 
 
 Previous to the great civil war there was no system of public schools 
 in the State. But under the conditions then existing they were not the 
 necessity that they now are. Pi'ivate schools and academies were numer- 
 ous, and were taught by excellent teachers who had to build up their 
 schools by their fidelity to duty and ability in their profession. The 
 greater part of the people were able to educate their children, and doing 
 so were careful to get their money's worth by patronizing teachers who 
 were thoroughly competent for the work undertaken. The instruction 
 of poor children was provided for by appropriations made by the legisla- 
 ture, and it was frequently so well managed that the pay pupil of a school 
 did not know who the beneficiaries were. In some of the cities there 
 were flourishing free schools, which were soinetimes presided over by 
 teachers of such ability that the children of well-to-do parents were en- 
 rolled among the pupils. 
 
 Just before the war between the States steps were being taken for the 
 establishment of a system of public schools. "What has been done in 
 Georgia on this line will be discussed farther on. 
 
 As far as the action of the State government is concerned the attempts 
 to promote the cause of education in Georgia began at the top and 
 worked downward. Immediately after the War of Independence (1784), 
 ile- legislature of Georgia took measures for establishing a State Univer- 
 sity. A charter for this purpose was granted on January 29, 1Y85. In 
 
 (30r>) 
 
366 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Kovember, 1801, the site was selected, and 630 acres of land, on which 
 the flourishing city of Athens is now principally located, were sold off 
 in lots for the benefit of the college. This land was the gift of Governor 
 John Milledge. The first commencement exercise took place in May, 
 1804, on the present college campus, under an arbor formed of the 
 branches of trees. At first the institution was partly sustained by the rent 
 of lands given to it by the State. As this plan did not work well, the 
 lands were all sold, and payment was made in the notes of the purchasers, 
 secured by mortgage. By act of the legislature of December 16, 1815, 
 the governor was authorized to advance to the trustees any amount not 
 exceeding two thirds of the sum called for by these notes, and to receive 
 the notes in lieu of the same. The amount agreed upon was $100,000, 
 but as the money was not paid, this sum was regarded as a debt due to 
 the Univei-sity by the State, and it was agreed that an annual interest of 8 
 per cent, should be paid upon the same. Accordingly the trustees of the 
 University have ever since received from the State the sum of $8,000 pea- 
 annum. Other amounts have been appropriated by the State for the 
 University as follows: 
 
 From 1830 to 1841 the amoumt of $6,000 per aiinum, to replace 
 losses by fir© in 1830; in 1875 tlie sum of $15,000 for furniture, 
 apparatus and general outfit of the State College of Agriculture 
 and the Mechanic Arts; a gift of $2,000 in 1881 for the purpose of 
 establishing free tuition, and another of $3,000 in 1883 for repairs. In 
 1854 Dr. Wm. Terrell, of Hancock county, bequeathed $20,000 to the 
 University; in 1873 the city of Athens presented it with $25,000 for the 
 erection of Moore College; in 1883 Senator Joseph E. Brown gave the 
 trustees $50,000, invested in 7 per cent, bonds of the State of Georgia, 
 the interest to be devoted to educating worthy young men unable to pay 
 their way. In 1866 the State of Georgia, by legislative enactment, ac- 
 cepted from the government of the United States the gift of 30,000 acres 
 of land for each senator and representative in Congress, and in 1872 
 Governor James M. Smith transferred the fund arising from the sale of 
 the lands to the trustees of the University of Georgia, who, in May of the 
 same year, opened and established the Georgia State College of Agricul- 
 ture and Mechanic Arts as an integral part of the University. In 1873 
 the Medical College of Augusta became one of the departments of the 
 State University. 
 
^ 
 
 ^■^IMI 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^^» 
 
 b 
 
 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, ATHENS, GA. 
 
 GIRLS' DOR:\nTORY. STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, ATHENS, GA. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 369 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, UNIVERSITY OF 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 The science of Agriculture and Horticulture is taught, with practical 
 illustration and experiment, in the School of Agriculture at the Uni- 
 versity of Georgia. This is one of the Departments of the State College 
 of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts, which is presided over by Dr. 
 H. C. White, and which, together with Franklin College, presided over 
 by Dean D. C. Barrow, composes the University at Athens, The De- 
 partment of Agriculture is in charge of Prof. H. N. Starnes, a native 
 Georgian, familiar with the agricultural situation in our State. He is 
 an alumnus of the University, and was formerly connected with the 
 Experiment Station at Griffin. 
 
 The Trustees have recently appropriated $5,000 to the Department 
 of Agriculture, and it is expected that with this liberal expenditure 
 there will be rapid development and growth in the Department 
 
 TWO COURSES. 
 
 Two courses are given in this Department; first, the full course, ex- 
 tending from the Freshman through the Senior year; second, the short 
 winter course, extending from January 1st to February 15 th of each 
 year. These two courses are fully described in the catalogues and in 
 circulars which will be sent on application to the office of the chancellor 
 of the University. 
 
 The following is a brief summary of the work done in the two courses : 
 
 THE FULL COURSE. 
 
 The study of the Freshman year is Botany, and is in the School of 
 Biology. Any student otherwise prepared to enter the Sophomore class 
 will be allowed to make up Botany in his Sophomore year. In the other 
 years the course covers the following topics: 
 
 (a) Plant production. 
 
 (b) Soils (classification and composition, etc.), tillage, drainage, etc., 
 fertilization, rotation of crops, etc. 
 
 (c) Farm crops, each in detail, with the parallel course in Agricul- 
 tural Chemistry, by Dr. H. C. White. 
 
 (d) Spraying. 
 
 (e) Animal Industry (breeding, feeding and care of live stock). 
 
 (f) Agricultural Technology (butter and cheese making, canning, 
 syrup making, etc.). 
 
370 GEORGIA: MISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 (g) Horticulture (small fruits, orchard fruits, pruning, grafting, 
 packing, shipping, etc.). 
 
 (h) Terracing, road, bridge and fence construction. 
 
 This course, in connection with other studies (see catalogue), leads 
 to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Agi-iculture. 
 
 THE SHORT WINTER COURSE. 
 
 This course, lasting for six weeks, and beginning January 1st, is in- 
 tended principally for farmers' sons and others who are unable to take 
 the full course. 
 
 ISTo fees of any sort are required. The time is fixed at the period 
 when such persons can best afford to be absent from the farm. 
 
 This course covers the most important topics of the full course. While 
 the selection of subjects is limited and the treatment necessarily brief, 
 it is believed that the students in this course will acquire the point of 
 view which will make all the difference between the empirical and the 
 scientific farmer. 
 
 Those who are interested in agricultural education in the State are 
 requested to send to the office of the chancellor of the University the 
 names of farmers' sons and others who might be interested in this course. 
 Catalogues and other information will be sent to them. 
 
 PRAOTIOAL APPLICATION OF TliE TEACHING. 
 
 The campus, the University farm and the Agricultural Museum 
 constitute the means for aiding the instruction, by means of illustration, 
 observation and experiment. 
 
 1. An area of about ten acres on the campus has been set apart to 
 the Department of Agriculture in order that the professor may have 
 close at hand a plat of ground sufficient to illustrate, in connection with 
 the lectures, all the processes of seed-growth, etc. 
 
 Dairying will be installed on this area on the campus, and Veterinary 
 Science will also be introduced. 
 
 2. The Philosophical Hall has been turaed over to the Department 
 of Agriculture for the lecture room and Agricultural Museum. A full 
 exhibit of fruits, of agricultural products, of fertilizers, of models, etc., 
 will be made. 
 
 3. The University farm, situated beyond the corporate limits of the 
 city of Athens, will be used to illustrate horticultural and agricultural 
 processes on a larger scale. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 EXPENSES FOR THE FULL COURSE. 
 
 373 
 
 "No tuition fee is charged residents of Georgia. 
 
 The following estimate of expenses includes all necessary items ex- 
 cept clothing and railroad fare : 
 
 Low. 
 
 Liberal 
 
 Very 
 Liberal. 
 
 $ 10 (10 
 
 5 00 
 2 00 
 
 72 00 
 13 00 
 
 8 00 
 
 6 00 
 
 9 00 
 
 $ 10 00 
 
 5 on 
 
 2 00 
 
 108 00 
 
 8, 00 
 
 10 00 
 
 $ 10 00 
 
 5 00 
 
 2 00 
 
 144 00 
 
 60 00 
 
 12 00 
 
 12 00 
 $ 184 00 
 
 14 00 
 
 $ 125 00 
 
 $ 247 00 
 
 Matriculaton fee 
 
 Library fee . 
 
 Initiation fee to Literary Society 
 
 Board 
 
 Fuel, room-rent, lights and attendance. 
 
 Books and stationery 
 
 Furnishing room in dormitory 
 
 Laundry 
 
 Each student, unless excused from drill because of physical disability, 
 is required to purchase a uniform. The cost of this is $16.00. 
 
 The figures above given are for the Freshman Class, which is more 
 expensive than subsequent years. They are based upon the actual ex- 
 perience of a large number of students. Expenses are frequently 
 brought under the lowest estimate by strict economy. Second-hand 
 books can be purchased at low rates, and it is often possible to purchase 
 at greatly reduced prices uniforms which have been used but little. In 
 this and other ways money can be saved, and cases are known to the 
 faculty where students have spent less than one hundred dollars during 
 the entire season. 
 
 EXPENSES FOR THE SHORT COURSE. 
 
 No matriculation or other fee is charged. Board can be had in the 
 ned Students' Boarding Hall, wliich is admirably conducted as a co- 
 operative students' enterprise, under the charge of Prof. C. M. Snelling, 
 at $7.50 to $8.00 per month. 
 
 FURTHER INFORMATION. 
 
 All persons interested are requested to write for catalogues or further 
 information to the chancellor of the University at Athens; also to send 
 the names of sons of farmers and others who may be interested in either 
 of the courses above outlined. Circulars, eto., will be sent to all those 
 whose names are thus supplied. Address 
 
 WALTEE B. HILL, Chancellor, 
 
 Athens, Ga. 
 
 17 ga 
 
374 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 The following institutions have been established by the State and made 
 branches of the University: The ISTorth Georgia Agricultural College at 
 Dahlonega, Georgia School of Technology at Atlanta, Georgia ^Normal 
 and Industrial School at Milledgeville, Georgia State ISTormal School at 
 Athens, Georgia State Industrial School for Colored Youths. 
 
 The North Georgia Agricultural College, which was opened in 1873, 
 is located at Dahlonega. There are no elementary students. There are 
 two sub-Freshman classes, which prepare students for the four college 
 classes at Dahlonega or for the University at Athens. 
 
 The Georgia School of Technology is located at Atlanta. It offers an 
 education of high grade, founded on Mathematics, the English Language, 
 the Physical Sciences and drawing. Degrees are offered in Mechanical, 
 Electrical, Civil and Textile Engineering. The workshop and the textile 
 building are important features of this school. 
 
 The Georgia Normal and Industrial College is situated in Milledge- 
 ville. Its purpose is to provide for the young women of Georgia an in- 
 stitution in which they may be prepared to do intelligent work as teach- 
 ers according to the best known methods, or to earn their own livelihood 
 by the practice of some one or another of those industrial arts suitable 
 for females to follow. It also gives a full classical education. 
 
 The Georgia State Normal School was first organized in Athens in 
 1892 as a summer school. It was permanently organized in April, 1895, 
 and is devoted entirely to preparing teachers for work in the common 
 schools of Georgia. It has eight departments: Civics, Latin, Elementary 
 Science, English, Mathematics, GeogTaphy and History, Pedagogy, Free- 
 hand Drawing and Penmanship, and a Model School for observation and 
 practice. 
 
 The Georgia State Industrial College for Colored Youths was estab- 
 lished by the State near the city of Savannah in 1890, for the purpose 
 of furnishing a liberal and industrial education to colored youths. It is 
 supported by an annual appropriation from the State and an appropria- 
 tion by Congress under the Morrill Act, approved 1890. Its location is 
 southwest of the city, about five miles from the courthouse and not far 
 from Thunderbolt. 
 
 The following institutions are affiliated with the university, but do not 
 now receive State funds: The South Georgia Military and Agricultural 
 College, Middle Georgia Military and Agi'icultural College, and West 
 Georgia Agricultural and Mechanical College. 
 
 The South Georgia Military and Agricultural College is located at 
 Thomasville, and was opened in 18Y9. 
 
 The Middle Georgia Military and Agricultural College is located at 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 377 
 
 Milledgeville. Tlie old State capitol buildings and grounds were gi-anted 
 to the trustees of the State University for the pui*pose of establishing this 
 college, which was opened in 1880. Military exercises form a part of 
 the course of instruction and cadets are required to wear a uniform. A 
 commercial course is provided for students desii-ing to fit themselves for 
 business life. 
 
 The West Georgia Agricultural and Mechanical College is located at 
 Hamilton, and was opened in 1882. The building is large and commo- 
 dious with large study rooms and a spacious chapel. 
 
 The basis on which the State University is built is Franklin College, 
 in its earliest yeai-s the only department of the university. It is still the 
 chief classical school of this great institution. Before the days of free 
 tuition it admitted "fifty meritorious young men of limited means" ^vith- 
 out charge, and also young men studying for the ministry of any denom- 
 ination who stood in need of such aid. There are in the university library 
 at Athens many thousand choice volumes, of which about 1,000 were the 
 gift of Hon. George R. Gilmer, for four years governor of the State- 
 There are also several thousand volumes in the libraries of the two liter- 
 ary societies of the University at Athens. Another department of the 
 University at Athens is the Law School, presided over by an able faculty. 
 
 OTHER NOTED COLLEGES. 
 
 Emory College at Oxford, in ]Sre^Ai:on comity, is the joint property 
 of the ]S[orth Georgia, South Georgia and Florida conferences of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, South. It was chartered December 29, 
 1836, and the first class was graduated in 1841. The college has from 
 time to time, received gifts of money, specimens for its mineral cabinet 
 and books for its library, which contains twenty thousand choice volumes. 
 Each of the two literary societies has about three thousand volumes in 
 its library. One of the early donations to the college was a fund of $5,- 
 000, given by Mr. George W. Williams, a Georgian, who moved to 
 Charleston, South Carolina, and became one of the prosperous merchants 
 of that city. During the presidency of Dr. Atticus G. Haygood Mr. 
 George I. Seney, of ITew York, made to Emory College a gift of $125,- 
 000, part of which was expended in the erection of the building known 
 as Seney Hall, and part added to the endowment of the college. Under 
 the presidency of Dr. W. A. Candler, the sum of $100,000 was added 
 to the endowment, of which Mr. W. P. Pattillo, of Atlanta, gave $25,- 
 000. The handsome new library building, known as Candler Hall, was 
 erected at a cost of $25,000. It has ample room for 75,000 volumes. 
 
378 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 The founder and first president of the college was Ignatius A. Few. 
 Three of its presidents, Drs. George F. Pierce, Atticus G. Haygood and 
 Warren A. Candler, were elected bishops of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, South. This institution bears a high reputation for its thorough 
 instruction, and for making higher education possible to young men of 
 limited means through its helping halls, loan fund and other agencies. 
 There is connected with the college a school of law, presided over by 
 Judge Capers Dickson. There is also a department of Pedagogy. The 
 mineral cabinet is very large, containing thousands of specimens collected 
 during the last fifty years. The museum contains an interesting col- 
 lection of objects of historical interest. 
 
 Mercer University, located at Macon, the "Central City" of Georgia, 
 is under the control of the Georgia Baptist Convention. At its organiza- 
 tion in the town of Penfield in 1838 it was called Mercer Institute. Its 
 curriculum was soon after extended and its name was changed to Mercer 
 University. In 1870 it was removed to Macon, new and handsome build- 
 ings were erected, and its entire equipment was greatly enlarged and im- 
 proved. The libraries of the university and of the two literary societies 
 contain many thousands of well-selected volumes. In addition to a regu- 
 lar collegiate course there is connected with this institution a school of 
 law, presided over by Judge Emory Speer. Important feeders of the 
 University are Mercer High School at Penfield and Crawford High 
 School at Dalton. The university has in all ten buildings. The main 
 building, which is four stories high, was erected at a cost of $100,000. In 
 this is the president's residence and ofiice, several lecture rooms, the 
 geological museum, chemical laboratories, apparatus rooms, the literary 
 society halls and their libraries. The chapel building, also four stories 
 high, has six large lecture-rooms, also the biological museum and labora- 
 tory. In the rear of this building and forming a part of it is the chapel, 
 capable of seating eight hundred people. In the rear of the chapel and 
 connected with it is the university library vdth a capacity of 20,000 vol- 
 umes. There is also the gymnasium, a large, new brick building. There 
 are two boarding halls and six frame dormitories for students. 
 
 There is a fund for the education of young ministers of limited means. 
 There is also a loan fund secured through a bequest of the late M. 
 Aquilla Cheney, supplemented by gifts of other friends of the college. 
 
 The Wesleyan Female College at Macon enjoys the high honor of 
 being the first college in the world chartered for the express purpose of 
 bestowing diplomas upon ladies. It is the property of the North and 
 South Georgia and Florida Conferences of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, South. It was chartered December 10, 1836, as the Georgia 
 
SENEY HALL, EMORY COLLEGE, OXFORD, GA. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 381 
 
 Female College, and was built by general subscription, Methodist minis- 
 ters acting as agents for the collection of the necessary funds. Its first 
 president was Dr. George F. Pierce, afterwards a bishop of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church, South. The first class was graduated in 1840. A 
 mortgage of ten thousand dollars against the college was paid off in 1845 
 by James A. Everett of Houston county, who then presented the prop- 
 erty to the Georgia Conference of the Methodist Episcopal church. South, 
 by whom its present name was conferred upon it. In 1881 Mr. George 
 I. Seney, of New York, donated to it $50,000 which he afterwards in- 
 creased to $125,000. Most of this donation was expended on the enlarge- 
 ment of the college building. About $35,000 of it forms a permanent 
 endowment of the college. This*^ enlargement of the college occurred 
 during the presidency of Dr. W. C. Bass, who was for more than thirty 
 years identified with the work of the college, first as a professor, and for 
 more than twenty years as president. The Seney gift was bestowed 
 through the influence of Dr. Atticus G. Haygood, at the time president 
 of Emory College and subsequently bishop of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, South. In 1894-95 a well-equipped chemical laboratory for 
 practice work was added through money raised by the efforts of Pro- 
 fessors Charles 0. Townsend and Joseph T. Derry. In 1900 a hand- 
 some brick building, four stories high and complete in all its appoint- 
 ments, was erected at a cost of $25,000 and named by the trustees 
 "Roberts Hall" in honor of Dr. J. W, Roberts, president of the college, 
 to whose management the Institution is largely indebted for its recent 
 rapid advancement. The lower floor is taken up by seven rooms for the 
 Science Department, which is up-to-date in all its appointments. Its 
 new chemical laboratory, physical apparatus and mineral cabinet have 
 been well arranged by the head of the Science Department, Professor 
 W. B. Bonnell. 
 
 The Shorter Female College at Rome was organized in 1873 as the 
 Cherokee Baptist Female College. In 1877 the property was purchased 
 by Colonel Alfred Shorter of Rome, who determined to use his money 
 for the equipment and endowment of a first-class college for young ladies. 
 He accordingly employed a skillful architect and erected three large 
 buildings, equipped them with the necessary aparatus, and liberally en- 
 dowed the institution. He then presented the property to the Baptists 
 of Georgia as a "gift to our daughters," to be used exclusively as a col- 
 lege for young ladies. This institution rightly bears the name of the 
 noble-hearted gentleman who was its greatest benefactor. In all the 
 South there are no more beautiful school edifices than the graceful 
 buildings crowning a lofty eminence in the city of Rome. The college 
 
332 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 possesses a fine equatorial telescope, and excellent cliemical and biological 
 apparatus. It also has a large and finely equipped gymnasium. 
 
 The Agnes Scott Institute at Decatur, eight miles east from the city 
 of Atlanta, began its career in a rented building, September, 1889, under 
 the auspices of the Decatur Presbyterian Church. In the following 
 spring Colonel George W. Scott, an elder of the church, purchased five 
 and a half acres and proposed to provide a permanent home for the school. 
 His first gift was $40,000, which, by the time the work was completed, 
 he had increased to $112,500. For this splendid property Colonel Scott 
 delivered deeds to the board of trustees, and in the presence of the Synod 
 of Georgia it was dedicated to the cause of the Christian education of 
 young women, ITovember 12, 1891. The trustees, in recognition of Colo- 
 nel Scott's noble gift, gave to the institution the name of his mother, 
 Agnes Scott. He has since given to this college $8,000 more, making 
 his total gift $120,000. 
 
 The Lucy Cohh Institute, located at Athens, was first opened to the 
 public in 1858. This flourishing ladies' college was founded through the 
 efforts of General Thomas E. K. Cobb. Just about the time of the open- 
 ing of the school, Lucy Cobb, eldest daughter of General Cobb died, and 
 the trustees unanimously decided to name the new college in honor of 
 her, the daughter of its founder. The main building is a convenient and 
 elegantly arranged home for young ladies. When the necessity arose 
 for a new college chapel, many contributions were made by friends in 
 Georgia and elsewhere, of from five to five hundred dollars. General 
 Henry E. Jackson, of Savannah, Georgia, was one of the most liberal 
 contributors. As more money was still needed, one of the young lady 
 pupils wrote a beautiful and girlish letter to Mr. George I. Seney, of 
 Kew York, whose gifts to Emory and Wesleyan Colleges had made his 
 name familiar in Georgia. He responded with a liberal gift, and Seney- 
 StovaJl chapel stands as a monument to the noble gentleman of New 
 York and fair daughter of Georgia. 
 
 The Southern Female College (Cox College) for young ladies is a 
 Baptist institution located at College Park, about eight miles southwest 
 from Atlanta. The buildings are elegant and are furnished with all 
 modem conveniences. They are also fully equipped with the apparatus 
 deemed necessary for a first-class college. 
 
 The Southern Female College at LaGrange is the property of the 
 Baptist denomination. It was organized in 1843, and has always enjoyed 
 a fine reputation. The old college buildings have been lately replaced 
 by elegant new ones of modem style and are well equipped for college 
 work. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 385 
 
 The LaOrange Female College began its existence as the LaGrange 
 Female Academy in 1833. In 1836 it was chartered as the LaGrange 
 Female Institute. In 1852 its charter was amended and it became La- 
 Grange Female College. It is the property of the ISTorth Georgia Con- 
 ference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, having been ten- 
 dered to the conference and accepted in December, 1867. It is among 
 the most noted of the educational institutions of Georgia. 
 
 Andrew Female College at Cuthbert, which is the property of the 
 South Georgia Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, 
 was established in 1853. It has ever since its foundation been doing a 
 good work for the young ladies of that section of the State. A large new 
 building will soon be added to the equipment of the college. 
 
 The Monroe Female College at Forsyth was chartered in 1849, and 
 in 1850 was opened to the public. It is held in high esteem, and its 
 handsome buildings are an ornament to the thriving and pretty town in 
 which it is located. This school is under the auspices of the Baptist de- 
 nomination. Two commodious buildings have been recently added to 
 the equipment of this institution. 
 
 Young Female College at Thomasville was established in 1868 by 
 Major E. E. Young, who donated for that purpose the sum of $30,000. 
 
 St. Stanislaus College was first organized under the name of Pio 
 iN'eno Colege, mainly by the efforts of Right Reverend William H. 
 Gross, Roman Catholic Bishop of the diocese of Georgia. It is located 
 at Vineville, near Macon, and is a training school for priests. 
 
 Young L. Harris Institute was founded through the liberality of 
 Mr. Young L. Harris of Athens, who presented the property to the 
 Methodists of Georgia. It is a college for young ladies and young men, 
 and is doing a noble work. 
 
 The Brenau Female College at Gainesville is the outcome of an in- 
 stitution founded by Dr. W. C. Wilkes and a board of trustees in 1878, 
 called at first the "Georgia Baptist Seminary for Young Ladies." In 
 1886 the property was bought by Prof. A. W. VanHoose who, in 1893, 
 foimed a partnership with Prof. H. J. Pearce of Columbus, Georgia. 
 These two gentlemen have built up a first-class college which was their 
 own property until 1900, when they sold an interest in it to Dr. M. M. 
 Riley of Greenville, S. C. The name of the college was changed soon 
 after Professor Van Hoose took charge of it to the Georgia Female 
 Seminary and Conservatory of Music. Brenau is the name just adopted 
 for this institution with its grealy enlarged facilities. 
 
 The Piedmont Institute at Rockmart, founded in 1889, is doing 
 
386 GEORGIA : HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 a fine work for the boys and girls of Northwest Georgia. It is the prop- 
 erty of the North Georgia Conference of the M. E. Church, South. 
 
 The South Georgia College at McKae, the property of the South 
 Georgia Conference of the M. E. Church, South, is also doing good ser- 
 vice in the cause of education. 
 
 For the Colored people of Georgia there are also several institutions. 
 
 The Atlanta University for the education of negroes was established 
 in 1867 by the Freedmen's Bureau and various Northern Aid Societies, 
 the chief of which was the American Missionary Association. 
 
 Clarh University at Atlanta was chartered in 1887 for the same pur- 
 
 The Georgia State Industrial College for Colored Youths at Savannah 
 has already been mentioned as a department of the State University, 
 supported by the State. 
 
 Payne Institute at Augusta, is a school for the colored people under 
 the auspices of the M. E. Church, South. 
 
 Other institutions for the education of the negroes are : 
 
 Spellman Seminary, Morris Brown College and Gammon University, 
 all in Atlanta. 
 
 In addition to the institutions of learning before mentioned, Georgia 
 has many schools enjoying a fine reputation. Two of the oldest schools 
 in the State are the Chatham Academy of Savannah and the Academy of 
 Richmond county, in Augusta, each dating back to old colonial days. 
 Both of these are now part of the public school systems of their respective 
 cities. 
 
 PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 
 
 Last, but not least, is the great public school system of Georgia. The 
 State Constitution of 1868 made provision for "a thorough system of 
 general education, to be forever free to all children of the State." At a 
 meeting of the Georgia Teachers' Association held in Atlanta in August, 
 1869, a committee was appointed to report upon a school system adapted 
 to the condition and wants of Georgia. The committee consisted of Pro- 
 fessor Gustavus J. Orr, for many years professor of Mathematics in 
 Emory College, chairman; Bernard Mallon, long the superintendent of 
 the public schools of Savannah, and afterwards of Atlanta; John M. Bon- 
 nell, then president of Wesleyan Female College at Macon; Martin V. 
 Calvin of Augusta, and David "W. Lewis, president of the North Georgia 
 Agricultural College at Dahlonega. By direction of the committee the 
 chairman prepared the report, which was then submittted to the exe- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 389 
 
 cutive committee composed of Rev. 11. H. Tucker, at one time president 
 of Mercer University and later of the State University; Prof. W. Leroy 
 Browne of the State University; Rev. Alexander Means, D.D., long a 
 professor in Emory College; Professor W. D. Williams, principal of the 
 Georgia Academy for the Blind; Professor Bernard Mallon, and Professor 
 Gustavus J. Orr. After nine hours spent in discussing the report, section 
 by section, it was adopted as written. At another meeting of the Georgia 
 Teachers' Association, held at Macon in November, 1869, the report 
 after being discussed for an entire day was unanimously adopted. 
 
 That report forms the main provisions of the first public school law, 
 approved October 13, 1870. Under this act an organization was effected, 
 and Governor R. B. Bullock appointed General J. R. Lewis State School 
 Commissioner. This office has since been held by Professor Gustavus J. 
 Orr, Hon. J. S. Hook, Professor S. D. Bradwell and Professor G. R. 
 Glenn. 
 
 It is appropriate to state in this connection that at a meeting of the 
 National Educational Association, a committee raised for the purpose of 
 faiiTning an ideal school system for a State, and composed of some of the 
 ablest educational men of the Union, with the school laws of all the 
 States before them, in their report followed to a remarkable extent the 
 public school law of Georgia. 
 
 The system of common schools, though organized in 1870, did not 
 really go into effect until 1873. There was a common school commis- 
 sioner, and a tax for the support of schools had been levied and collected. 
 Schools had been put into operation in some counties and teachers em- 
 ployed; but at the close of 1871 more than three hundred thousand dol- 
 lars was due to school officers and teachers for services rendered. There 
 was nothing with which to pay them; for, in violation of the Constitution 
 of the State, the fund of $327,000 had been appropriated to the payment 
 of legislative and other expenses of the government. In vain did teachers 
 and school officers clamor for their pay, for there was nothing to the 
 credit of the school fund in the treasury. 
 
 It was feared that the system had received a fatal blow in the very first 
 years of its existence. No schools were taught in 1872, and the com- 
 missioner devoted his attention to systematizing the work under the law 
 passed in August of that year. The legislature of 1872 provided for the 
 levying of a tax for the purpose of paying the claims of teachers and 
 school officials. Under the operation of this law the debts were finally 
 paid. In 1873 the schools were again put in operation, and have in- 
 creased in number and efficiency from that day to this. From the time 
 of Governor Smith's induction into office in 1871 to his retirement in 
 
390 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 1877, the amount of $1,271,368 was raised for the support of the public 
 school system, out of which the debts to teachers and school officers were 
 paid, besides meeting promptly the expenses of running the schools. 
 
 In 1871 the total attendance on the public schools of Georgia was 49,- 
 578, and in 1876 it was 179,405. For the year 1877 Professor Orr, the 
 State School Commissioner, reported the attendance on the public schools 
 to be in round numbers 200,000. 
 
 The report of Commissioner G. R. Glenn for the year 1899 showed a 
 total enrollment of 416,352 pupils in the public schools of Georgia. Of 
 this number 247,912 were white and 168,440 were colored. 
 
 The amount apportioned and paid for the support of the public schools 
 in Georgia for 1900 is $1,440,642. To this should be added $400,000 
 paid by local city and county appropriations. 
 
 By a school census taken by the State School Commissioner in 1893 
 it was ascertained that the number of children in Georgia between the 
 ages of ten and eighteen, who were unable to read and write, was 114,- 
 527. Of this number 35,638 were white, and 78,884 were colored. A 
 similar census in 1898 showed the number unable to read and write be- 
 tween the ages of ten and eighteen to be 83,616. Of this number 22,- 
 917 were white and 60,699 were colored. This shows a gi'atifying den 
 crease in the number of illiterates in Georgia. From the report of Com- 
 missioner Glenn rendered October 1, 1900, it appears that there were in 
 Georgia 5,866 white teachers and 3,113 colored, a total of 8,979. The 
 number of pupils enrolled during the year was 251,093 whites and 172,- 
 374 colored. The average daily attendance was 151,341 whites, about 
 60 per cent, of the enrollment; and 101,852 colored, or about 59 per cent, 
 of the enrollment. 
 
 Among other prominent schools of Georgia are: Douglasville College, 
 Douglasville; J. S. Green College, Demorest; Martin Institute, Jefferson; 
 "Wynton Male and Female College, Columbus; South Georgia Male 
 and Female College, Dawson; Gordon Institute, Barnesville; 
 Dalton Female College, Dal ton; Monroe Female College, Monroe; 
 South Georgia College for both sexes, McRae; Chappell Female Insti- 
 tute, Columbus; Georgia Military Academy, College Park; New Eben- 
 ezer College, Cochran; Hiawassee High School and the ISTorth Georgia 
 Baptist College, at Morganton. 
 
 The following tables give valuable information concerning schools of 
 all kinds in Georgia : 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 393 
 
 TABLE 1. 
 
 SCHOOLS BELONGING TO THE PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM OF GEORGIA. 
 
 NUMBER OF TEACHERS. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 COLORED. 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Grand 
 Total. 
 
 2851 
 
 3015 
 
 5866 
 
 1317 
 
 1796 
 
 3113 
 
 4168 
 
 4811 
 
 8979 
 
 GRADES OF TEACHERS. 
 
 FIRST GRADE. 
 
 SECOND GRADE. 
 
 THIRD GRADE. 
 
 White. 
 
 Colored. 
 
 Total. 
 
 White. 
 
 Colored. 
 
 Total. 
 
 White. 
 
 Colored. 
 
 Total. 
 
 2970 
 
 417 
 
 3387 
 
 1594 
 
 888 
 
 2480 
 
 983 
 
 1661 
 
 2644 
 
 Number of normal trained teachers— White, 1277; colored, 341 ; total, 1618. 
 Schools — Number of white schools, 5045; colored, 2710; total, 7755. 
 
 ENROLLMENT. 
 
 Number of pupils admitted during the year : 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 COLORED. 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Grand 
 Total. 
 
 129778 
 
 121315 
 
 251093 
 
 81486 
 
 90888 
 
 172374 
 
 211264 
 
 212203 423467 
 
 ATTENDANCE. 
 
 Average number of pupils in daily attendance : 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 COLORED. 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Grand 
 Total. 
 
 76067 
 
 75274 
 
 151341 
 
 47024 
 
 54828 
 
 101852 
 
 122463 
 
 130102 
 
 253193 
 
 Monthly Cost— Average monthly cost per pupil $1 13 
 
 Amount of average monthly cost paid by the State 96 
 
394 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 TABLE 1— Continued. 
 
 teachers' salaries. 
 Average monthly salaries paid teachers: 
 
 FIRST GRADE. 
 
 SECOND GRADE. 
 
 THIRD GRADE. 
 
 White. 
 
 Colored. 
 
 White. 
 
 Colored. 
 
 White. 
 
 Colored. 
 
 $ 35 31 
 
 $ 25 80 
 
 $ 26 30 
 
 $ 20 76 
 
 $ 20 70 
 
 $ 16 65 
 
 Number of visits made by the commissioners during the year 9,383 
 
 Number of schoolhouses in the State belonging to the county boards 
 
 of education, 5,779 ; value $1,430,288 43 
 
 Number of schoolhouses in cities and towns not belonging to the 
 
 county boards, 527 ; value 1,868,264 00 
 
 Financial Statement — Receipts for the year: 
 
 Balance in hand from 1898. 42,423 20 
 
 Amount treasurer's quarterly checks 1,268,885 30 
 
 Amount from any and all other sources, including supplemental I 
 
 checks 150,959 03 
 
 Total receipts 1,462,267 53 
 
 Expenditures : 
 
 Salary of county school commissioners 62,074 50 
 
 Salary of members of boards of education 10,827 41 
 
 Postage, printing and other incidentals. . ... 16,282 97 
 
 Amount expended in the purchase of school supplies and build- 
 ings 71 ,628 67 
 
 Amount paid to teachers 1,235 868 36 
 
 Total 1,396,681 91 
 
 Balance remaining on hand 65,^85 62 
 
 Total amount of salaries credited to teachers during the year, as 
 
 per itemized statements 1,318,512 25 
 
 Number of school libraries, 183; value, $32,802.31. 
 
 TABLE 2. 
 
 ENROLLMENT IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS UNDER LOCAL LAWS. 
 
 Pupils in Schools for Whites. 
 
 Pupils in Schools for Negroes. 
 
 Total. 
 
 35,856 
 
 23,340 
 
 59,196 
 
 From the total should be deducted 8,202 already counted in the 
 couuty schools. 
 
 TABLE 3. 
 PUPILS ENROLLED IN PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 
 
 In those for Whites. 
 
 In those for Negroes. 
 
 Total. 
 
 10,097 
 
 4,877 
 
 15,974 
 
 All these tables are made up from the report of the State School 
 Commissioner, G. R. Glenn, submitted on October 1, 1900. 
 
CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS OF GEORGIA. 
 
 "Not for themselves, but for others" was the motto of the founders 
 f Georgia, who gave their time and money for promoting the welfare 
 f those who needed help, expecting no other reward than that which 
 rises from the consciousness of duty well-performed. It is 
 lot strange, then, that the first benevolent institution of Geor- 
 ^a had its birth in the early days of the colony. This was "White- 
 ield's Orphan House at Bethesda, about nine miles from Savannah, 
 bunded in 1739. The building was erected by funds collected 
 hrough the untiring efforts of the distinguished minister in whose honor 
 t was named. Of this noble enterprise Mr. Whitefield said, "Some have 
 bought that the erecting such a building was only the product of my 
 >wn brain; but they are much mistaken; for it was first proposed to me 
 )y my dear friend, the Eev. Mr. Charles "Wesley, who, with his excel- 
 ency General Oglethorpe, had concerted a scheme for carrying on such 
 I design before I had any thoughts of going abroad myself." This giv- 
 ng of due credit to others adds to the honor of the founder and first 
 luperintendent of the Orphan House, which he called Bethesda, ^'he- 
 ?aus6," said Mr. Whitefield, 'T. hoped it would be a house of mercy to 
 many souls." And such it has been, and is still. It is a home for boys 
 md is conducted under the auspices of the Union Society, which last 
 year (1900) celebrated its 150th anniversary. 
 
 The State Lunatic Asylum, near Milledgeville, is one of the noblest 
 charities of the "Empire State." 
 
 In 1837 the Georgia legislature made an appropriation and appointed 
 a commission for the purpose of establishing a lunatic asylum. The com- 
 mission bought for a small price 40 acres of pine land two miles from 
 Milledgeville, located on a high hill commanding a fine view of the town 
 and the intervening country. In December, 1842, the building was 
 completed and the first patient was admitted. At first the counties had 
 to pay the expenses of their pauper patients, and the friends of patients 
 who were able to pay had to provide for their maintenance in the asylum. 
 This plan was changed to State care of the pauper insane about 1846. 
 Up to 1877 patients were received from other States. At that time, on ao- 
 
 (397) 
 
398 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 count of the overcrowded condition of the institution, the General As- 
 sembly was obliged to pass an act sending all patients not citizens of 
 Georgia to their respective States. During the same year an act was 
 passed making the asylum free to all bona fide citizens of Georgia. By 
 the same act it was provided that friends could deposit with the steward 
 funds for extras to be used by the patients individually, but no part of 
 this was to go to the support of the institution. The first superintendent 
 was Dr. David Cooper, elected lin 1843. Three years later Dr. Thomas 
 F. Green, a man of kindly nature, genial manner, and of great enterprise 
 and energy was elected. He succeeded in obtaining appropriations year 
 after year, in making improvements and in securing a suitable corps of 
 attendants. He remained in charge of the asylum until 1879 when in a 
 peaceful old age and still possessed of all his faculties, he suddenly ex- 
 pired. He was succeeded by Dr. T. 0. Powell who had been associated 
 with him for nearly twenty years. 
 
 In 1847 the legislature added another building to the original one, and 
 the female patients were jDlaced in the new building. White attendants 
 were also substituted for negroes, who had formerly discharged this 
 duty. In 1849 plans were approved by the legislature for greatly enlarg- 
 ing the asylum accommodations. The legislature appropriated $10,500, 
 and in 1851 added $24,500 for a large and handsome new building. To 
 this the original buildings were to be wings. Additional appropriations 
 were made as follows: $56,500 in 1853; $110,000 in 1855; $63,500 in 
 1857, and $30,000 in 1858, in which year the building was completed. 
 
 The building is supplied with every convenience for the co'mfort of 
 the patients and of the ofiicers and their families. In 1870 and 1871 
 another appropriation of $105,855 was voted for enlarging the main 
 building. In 1881, at the urgent solicitation of the board of trustees, the 
 legislature appropriated $165,000 for the erection of two separate build- 
 ings for white convalescents, one for males, the other for females. In 
 1883 an additional appropriation of $92,875 was made, and in 1893 the 
 legislature voted $100,000 more for the erection of additional buildings 
 for white and colored insane. 
 
 The emancipation of the negro population in 1865 necessi- 
 tated asylum accommodations for the insane of this race. In 
 1866 the legislature appropriated $11,000 for an insane asylum for 
 negroes. This building was enlarged in 1870 at an expense of $18,000. 
 In 1879 the legislature appropriated $25,000 more for the same purpose, 
 and in 1881 the sum of $82,166 for a new building and heating apparatus 
 for the insance of the colored race. , Of course^ the erection of all these large 
 buildings required much more land than was embraced in the original 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 401 
 
 purchase. The institution now has 3,000 acres in one body. The asjlum. 
 has its own water works, the water being furnished from a bold stream 
 on its own grounds. It has also a well 960 feet deep, much of it through 
 solid rock. With the exception of the capitol in Atlanta, the center 
 building of the asylum is the handsomest edifice in Georgia. About a 
 mile from the asylum proper is the hospital for the treatment of conta- 
 gious diseases. The total cost of the land and buildings is more than one 
 million dollars. 
 
 Georgia Institute for the Deaf and Duml). At the beautiful town of 
 Cave Spring, not far from the city of Rome, in a channing valle^^ betweeai 
 mountains and hills, stand the commodious and substantial buildings of 
 the Georgia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. N^o more appropriate 
 location for such an institution could be found. The legislature of the 
 State has at different times made liberal appropriations for the education 
 of the deaf and dumb. Before Georgia had an institution of her own for 
 this purpose a commissioner was appointed to receive application in be- 
 half of indigent deaf and dumb residents of the State, and to make all 
 necessary arrangements for conveying them to the Amerfican Asylum at 
 Hartford, Connecticut. For this purpose the sum of $3,000 was appro'- 
 priated. Later the State made an arrangement for educating deaf mutes 
 at the Heam Manual Labor School, at Cave Spring, in Floyd county, 
 Georgia. In 1847 the legislature passed an act authorizing the governor 
 to appoint five commissioners, whose duty it should be to make all neces- 
 sary arrangements for the erection of an asylum for the deaf and dmnb. 
 In 1849 the necessary buildings had been provided, and the institution 
 was opened for pupils in July. Here deaf and dumb children and some 
 of more advanced years have been taught by the most approved methods. 
 The first building, of brick, was erected in 1849. In 1850 an easterly 
 extension was added, and in 18Y5 another on the south. A shop two 
 stories high was also erected. Another brick building, known as the 
 storeroom was erected in 1878, and in 1882 the north extension to the 
 main building was added for the use of the principal and his family. 
 During this same year a department for negro deaf mutes was opened 
 in a building of brick, purchased for the purpose and located about 250 
 yards from the dormitory building for whites. In 1885 the present hand- 
 some school building was begun. It was completed and occupied in 
 1889. In 1887-88 the doi-mitory was enlarged by putting upon it a hand- 
 some mansard roof. In 1890 an engine-house and laundry were added 
 with all necessary appliances, also a 500-gallon steam pump. Six-inch 
 water mains were laid, with ten Ludlow fire plugs conveniently located ; 
 hose carriage and 700 feet of fire department hose were purchased and 
 
402 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 steel stair fire-escapes were erected where needed. In 1894 a new and 
 handsome building was erected for shop purposes. This building has 
 been equipped for a general line of wood-working; also a well-arranged 
 printing office; a shoe shop; a blacksmith shop and wood-carving depart- 
 ment. In 1897 the sum of $7,000 was spent in electric lighting and in 
 steam heating. There is also a well-equipped art studio in the school 
 building. The buildings are situated in the eastern part of the town of 
 Cave Spring and command a fine view of Van's Valley and its pictures- 
 que sceneary. 
 
 The Academy for the Blind is another of the institutions of Georgia 
 established and supported bj the State. It is located in the city of Macon 
 on College Hill. This institution was incorporated by act of the legis- 
 lature, January 2, 1852. It originated in a movement made by the citi- 
 zens of Macon at a meeting called for this purpose on April 15, 1851. 
 Mr. W. S. Fortescue was the first principal, and Miss Hannah Guillan 
 was assistant teacher. For the years 1852 and 1853 the legislature appro- 
 priated $5,000 per annum to aid in the support of the institution. On 
 February 18, 1854, the legislature appropriated $10,000 for the erection 
 of a suitable building. Further appropriations were made and in 1860 
 the main building facing Orange street was completed at a total cost of 
 $65,000. The average of the annual appropriations up to 1876 was about 
 $13,000. For the year ending October 1, 1899, the appropriation from 
 the State was $18,500. Additions were made to the main building in 
 1893, and a handsome boy's dormitory was added several years later. The 
 entrance to this is from College street. A two-story brick building in which 
 are the workshops faces Orange street. In 1882 a department for the col- 
 ored blind was opened and a large and comfortable brick building facing 
 Madison street was erected. This is under the same management as the 
 white department, but the two are on lots distant from each other. In 
 August, 1858, Professor W. D. Williams was elected principal and re- 
 tained this office until his death, December 20, 1898. His son, Dudley 
 Williams, was elected his successor, and upon his resignation in 1901 was 
 succeeded by Mr. T. U. Conner. 
 
 The Female Asylum at Savannah is one of the oldest of the benevolent 
 institutions of Georgia. On the 17th of September, 1801, several of the 
 prominent ladies of Savannah met for the purpose of organization, and 
 Mrs. Ann Clay was called to the chair. Fourteen lady managers were 
 elected, and the following officers of the asylum were chosen. Mrs. Eliza- 
 beth Smith, first directress; Mrs. Ann Clay, second directress; Mrs. Jane 
 Smith and Mrs. Sarah Lamb, secretaries; Mrs. Margaret Hunter, treas- 
 urer. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 405 
 
 This institution is supported by annual subscriptions and has received 
 many valuable bequests. Its business is managed by a board of directors 
 who meet once a month. A visiting committee is appointed to purchase 
 the necessary food, such as groceries, and clothing. The house is under 
 the direction of a matron, second matron and teacher. 
 
 The Augusta Orphan Asylum was incorporated in January, 1852. 
 In 1855 a house was rented and placed in charge of a matron, and four 
 orphans were admitted to the privileges of the asylum. Mr. Isaac S. 
 Tuttle, who died December 12, 1855, bequeathed his home on "Walker 
 Street and other property amounting to $50,000 for the use of the asso- 
 ciation. This gift, added to the annual income from 200 shares of Geor- 
 gia Kailroad stock, provided amply for the institution in its infancy. For 
 seventeen years the Tuttle House was occupied as an Oi'phan home. On 
 the 9th of January, 1859, Dr. George M. ISTewton, stepson of Mr. Tuttle, 
 died leaving to the asylum property valued at $200,000. In 1869 an 
 eligible site between Harper and Boundary streets, near the western 
 boundary of the city of Augusta, was selected, mainly through the in- 
 fluence of Dr. Lewis D. Ford, the second president of the association. 
 An elegant home was here built by Mr. "W. H. Goodrich after plans fur- 
 nished by Mr. D. B. Woodruff. It was begun in December, 18Y0, and 
 completed in December, 1873. In 1889 this building was destroyed by 
 fire, but was rebuilt by Mr. Charles B. Allen, after plans frunished by 
 Mr. Lewis F. Goodrich, the son of the builder of the old home. It was 
 reoccupied by the children in December, 1890. There are connected 
 with this institution a farm and dairy, which made for the year ending 
 Apa-il 1, 1900, a net profit of $2,636.77. More than $1,400 of this came 
 from the products of the dairy. These were. 
 
 5,023 gallons of milk at 20 cents a gallon $1,004 60 
 
 1,330^ pounds of butter at 30 cents a pound 399 15 
 
 G8 loads of compost from cow yards at 50 cents a load 34 00 
 
 Total dairy products $1,437 75 
 
 The farm supplied the following values at market prices: 
 
 Potatoes, com and other vegetables $503 25 
 
 578 watermelons at 5 cents each 28 90 
 
 1267 cantaloupes at 3 cents each 38 01 
 
 And the following field crops : 
 
 Oats, rye, vetch and green feed ', 98 00 
 
 25 tons of cured oats at $15 a ton 375 00 
 
 15 tons of peavine hay at $13 a ton 195 00 
 
 Corn and fodder 30 00 
 
 Total value of products $2,705 91 
 
 18 ga 
 
406 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Purchased during jear seven caws $234 00 
 
 Sold five cows $130 70 
 
 Butcliered four calves weighing 
 
 243 pounds at 12c. a pound 29 16 
 
 Sold one calf 5 00 — $164 86 
 
 Debit $ 69 14 
 Debit $ 69 14 
 
 $2,636 77 
 
 The larger boys of the home have their hours for school, for work on 
 the farm, and for recreation. The girls have their hours for school, for 
 work in the cutting, fitting and making department, and for recreation. 
 They also take their turn at cooking and general housework. 
 
 The Orphan Home of the North Georgia Conference of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church, South, is located at ^Decatur, in DeKalb county, about 
 eight miles from the city of Atlanta. It was founded in 1867. The 
 plan was originated by Rev. Jesse Boring, M.D., and D.D. The home has 
 no endowment and depends upon the voluntary contributions of the peo- 
 ple. Yet it is well maintained, and additions are constantly being made 
 to its equipment. The property consists of seven comfortable buildings, 
 prettily situated, and a farm which raises produce for sale in the market 
 after supplying the needs of the home. In addition to going to school 
 the boys work on the farm, while the girls learn tO' sew, cook, wash and 
 iron. 
 
 The Orphan Home of the South Georgia Conference of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church, South, is located in Vineville, a beautiful suburb of 
 the city of Macon. It was organized June 12, 1873. It has a dairy and 
 farm for the boys, and a cutting, fitting and making department for the 
 girls, who also take their turn at cooking and general housework. The 
 trustees intend adding other departments as they may be able. Of course 
 all the children attend the school of the home. This institution was first 
 founded as a private benevolent enterprise in 1857 by Mr. Maxwell of 
 Macon. In 1873 it passed into the hands of the South Georgia Confer- 
 
 The Appleton Orphan Home at Macon is the property of the Protest- 
 ant Episcopal Church, and was built through the liberality of Mr. Apple- 
 ton of New York. 
 
 The Baptist Orphans^ Home at Hapeville, eight miles from the city 
 of Atlanta, is beautifully located in full view of the Central Railroad. 
 There are three main buildings. The central one, known as the Admin- 
 istration Building, fronts the railroad. To the right with a front of 60 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 407 
 
 feet and a colonial piazza 40 feet in length, stands the Bojs' Cottage, a 
 brick building donated by Mr. F. S. Etheridge of Jackson, Georgia, in 
 honor of his mother. On the opposite side of the lawn stands a similar 
 cottage for the girls, costing the same money and modeled after the 
 same plan, a gift of Judge James R. Brown of Canton, Georgia, in 
 memory of his daughter, Sallie Rice Brown. 
 
 Besides attending school the girls are taught to cut and fit clothing, do 
 mending and repairing, housework, washing and ironing; and the boys 
 are taught to cultivate the fields, clean the premises, cut wood and make 
 fires. 
 
 "Within the past year $500 worth of produce of the farm has been sold, 
 this being the surplus left after supplying the wants of the orphanage. 
 
 The Hehreiu Orphan Home is located in the city of Atlanta, under the 
 auspices of the Hebrews of Georgia, and supported by their congrega- 
 tions in the State. The Abram's Home in Savannah, is one of their 
 most noted benevolent institutioniS. 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 
 EELIGIOUS DENOMIN'ATIONS OF GEORGIA. 
 
 When, on the 12th day of February, 1Y33, the first settlers under the 
 lead of James Edward Oglethorpe landed at Yamacraw Bluff, they were 
 accompanied by Dr. Henry Herbert, a clergyman of the Church of Eng- 
 land. In March of the next year a body of Salzburgers from Germany 
 landed at Savannah. At Ebenezer in Effingham county, they built the 
 first Lutheran Church in Georgia. Of this church the first pastor was 
 the Eev. John Martin Bolzius. In 1786 there were three Lutheran 
 churches in Georgia, one at Ebenezer, one at Goshen and one in Savan- 
 nah. 
 
 Rev. Henry Herbert, pastor of the Episcopal Church at Savannah, 
 was succeeded by Rev. Samuel Quincy, and he was followed by John 
 Wesley in 1736, and George Whitefield in 1738. Charles Wesley ac- 
 companied his brother John to Georgia. The two Wesleys and White- 
 field are renowned as the founders of the powerful and influential body 
 of Christians known as Methodists, though neither one of them ever sepa- 
 rated himself from the Church of England, in which the three were or- 
 dained ministers. When in 1755 the trustees surrendered their charter 
 to the crown and Georgia became a royal province, the Church of Eng- 
 land (Episcopal), was declared to be the established church of the colony. 
 Parishes were formed, in three of which were churches; one in Savannah, 
 one in Augusta and one in what is now Burke county. The three coun- 
 ties of Chatham, Richmond and Burke were at that time known as 
 Christ Church Parish, St. Paul's Parish and St. George's Parish. Part 
 of what 'is now Chatham county was known as St. Philip's Parish. Out- 
 side of Savannah, the churches were supplied with missionaries sent out 
 by the "Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts." The 
 Revolution caused a temporary abandonment of the field by the Church 
 of England and, as far as can be ascertained, there was no organized 
 Episcopal Church in Georgia for nearly twenty years after the establish- 
 ment of independence. The first bishop of this church who visited Geor- 
 gia was Bishop Dehon of South Carolina, who came in 1815, to conse- 
 crate the new building for Christ Church, where he confirmed a class of 
 sixty. This was the first confirmation ever held in Georgia. In 1840 
 the Rev. Stephen Elliott was elected the first bishop of the diocese, which 
 
 (408) 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 411 
 
 office he held until his death in 1866. He was succeeded by Rev. John 
 W . Beckwith in 1867, upon whose death the Rev. Cleland Kin- 
 loch Nelson was elected bishop. 
 
 As early as 1735 a colony of Scotch Presbyterians settled at IlTew 
 Inverness, now Darien, in Mcintosh county, at the mouth of the Alta- 
 maha river. Their pastor was Rev. John McLeod. The Independent 
 Presbyterian Church of Savannah was organized about the yean* 1765. 
 The first presbytery was held at Liberty Church in Wilkes county, 
 March 16, 1797. The names of the ministers constituting it were John 
 IN'ewton, John Springer, Robert M. Cunningham, Moses Waddell and 
 "William Montgomery. The Synod of Georgia now embraces five pres- 
 byteries, extending over all sections of the State. 
 
 It has already been mentioned that John Wesley, the founder of 
 Methodism came to Georgia, accompanied by his brother Charles in 
 1736, and that he was followed by George Whitefield in 1738. This 
 may properly be regarded as the introduction of Methodism into 
 America, although it was many years later when, the church of that 
 name was formally established on the Western Continent. Mr. Wesley 
 used to refer to the comine: of himself and brother and of Mr. White- 
 field to America as the "second rise of Methodism." Georgia in her in- 
 fancy had the ministry of John and Charles Wesley, Benjamin Ing- 
 ham, George Whitefield, Delamotte and Cornelius Winter, men whose 
 names are familiar in the early history of the Methodist movement. The 
 Methodist Episcopal Church of America was organized in Baltimore in 
 1784 on account of the separation of the colonies from Great Britain. 
 Mr. Wesley, acting in accordance with his views of church polity, or- 
 dained Dr. Thomas Coke as superintendent. He came to America and 
 set apart Rev. Francis Asbury as superintendent or bishop of the Meth- 
 odist societies in this country. In 1785 Methodist ministers entered 
 Georgia at Augusta, coming from North Carolina and Virginia. Soon 
 afterwards Georgia was included in the South Carolina Conference. The 
 first circuit extended from the city of Savannah to Wilkes county. 
 Among the most prominent pioneer preachers were James Poster, 
 Thomas Humphries, John Major, Hope Hull, John Garvin, Stith Mead 
 and Levi Garretson. As early as 1805 Dr. Lovick Pierce was an active 
 itinerant Methodist preacher in Georgia. His son George P. Pierce, one 
 of the most renowned pulpit orators of the world, became a bishop in 
 the Methodist Church. In 1830 the Georgia Conference was formed. 
 In 1840 the Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States divided 
 into two general conferences. The church in the Southern States has 
 since that time been known as the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. 
 
412 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 By 1866 the Georgia Conference had become too large and was divided 
 into the North and South G-eorgia Conferences. 
 
 The first Baptist in Georgia, of whom there is any account, was 
 N'icholas Begewood, in 1757. This gentleman was an agent of White- 
 field's Orphan House near Savannah. As far as has been ascertained, 
 the first Baptist Church organized in Georgia was in 1772, at Kiokee 
 Meeting-House, where Appling, in Columbia county, now stands, under 
 the ministry of Rev. Daniel Marshall, at that time the only ordained 
 Baptist minister in Georgia. In the year 1794 Messrs. Jonathan Clarke, 
 George Mosse, Thomas Polhill and David Adams proposed the erection 
 of a house of worship for the Baptists of Savannah, who at that time 
 numbered not more than eight or ten. They were encouraged to take 
 this step by Rev. Mr. Reese, a Baptist minister from Wales, who visited 
 Savannah. Accordingly by the help of their Christian brethren of other 
 denominations a Baptist Church was erected in 1795, under the superin- 
 tendence of Ebenezer Hills, John Millen, Thomas Polhill, John Hamil- 
 ton, Thomas Harrison and John R. Roberds, ais trustees. 
 
 In 1796, as they had no pastor, they rented their church to the Pres- 
 byterians whose house of worship had been destroyed by fire. The 
 Presbyterians occupied it for three years, when the Rev. Henry Hol- 
 combe became the pastor of the Baptist Church of Savannah. Under 
 his ministry the membership was greatly increased. The Georgia Bap- 
 tist Convention was organized in 1822 at Powelton, Hancock county. 
 Rev. Jesse Mercer was Moderator of the first meeting of the convention. 
 Other prominent ministers of this denomination of the early period 
 were Edmund Bottsford and Silas Mercer. 
 
 There is another denomination whose members, like the Baptists, hold 
 to immersion as the only method of Christian baptism, but who refuse 
 to be called by any other name than that of Christians or Disciples. 
 One of their founders was the pious and learned Alexander Campbell of 
 Kentucky. 
 
 The Congr^ationalists, though few in numbers, are zealous and enter- 
 prising. 
 
 The Unitarians are not yet very strong in Georgia; neither are the 
 Universalists. 
 
 The first Roman Catholic church established in Georgia was at Locust 
 Grove in Taliaferro county, seven miles from Crawfordville, by a colony 
 of Catholics from Maryland in 1794. Soon afterwards a number of 
 Catholics who were refugees from the terrible massacres of St. Domingo, 
 settled in Savannah and Augusta, and a priest, who came with them, 
 went to Locust Grove. He was, as far as the record goes, the first Roman 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 413 
 
 Catholic clergyman that ever officiated as pastor of a church in Georgia, 
 This State and the two Carolinas were subject to the See of Baltimore 
 until July 11, 1820. At that time these three States were raised to a 
 diocese by the appointment of Dr. John England, who was the first 
 Catholic bishop of Charleston. There was at that time but one Roman. 
 Catholic Church with regular services in Georgia. That one was in Au- 
 gusta — those at Locust Grove and Savannah being without pastors. 
 Georgia was made a distinct diocese November 10, 1850, and Rev. Dr. 
 Gartland was appointed the first bishop with residence at Savannah. He 
 was succeeded after his death by Bishops Barry, Yerot and Persico. On 
 April 27, 1873, Rev. William H. Gross was appointed bishop. 
 
 The following statistical table of the leading Christian denomina- 
 tions in Georgia for the year 1900 will prove interesting and instructive: 
 
 Baptist Church in Georgia 
 
 
 Church 
 Buildings 
 
 Value 
 
 Ordained 
 Preachers 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 Mem- 
 bers 
 
 Sunday 
 Schools 
 
 Number of 
 Pupils 
 
 Value of all 
 Church 
 Property. 
 
 White Baptists 2,086 
 
 Colored Baptists . . . 1,500 
 
 
 
 1,322 
 1,000 
 
 2,322 
 
 193,280 
 175,000 
 
 368,230 
 
 712 
 
 500 
 
 41,052 
 35,000 
 
 Over S3,000,000 
 About 900,000 
 
 Total 1 3,586 
 
 1.212 
 
 76,052 
 
 83,900.000 
 
 Methodists in Georgia 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, South. 
 
 Ordained 
 Preachers 
 
 o p. 
 
 rH O 
 
 North Georgia Conference 276 
 South Georgia Conference 199 
 
 Total. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 Church (called in Geor- 
 gia Northern M e t h o- 
 
 dists) 
 
 Colored M. E. (Church of 
 
 America (set off from the 
 
 M. B. Church, South): 
 
 North Georgia Conference 
 
 South Georgia Conference 
 
 African M. E. Church 
 
 Protestant Methodists (es- 
 timated) 
 
 Total 1298 1347 2645 271, 
 
 9,902 
 14,459 
 80,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 ,205 S 3,029,5 
 
 176$ 223,455 
 121 159,1 
 
 667,424 
 78,446 
 
 4,000 
 
 8,000 
 
 50,934 
 30,929 
 
 5,677 
 
 7,440 
 
 20,000 
 
 $ 487,235 81,345,870 1,857117,828 
 
 Presbyterian Church in Georgia 
 
 
 Ordained 
 Ministers. 
 
 Number of 
 Churches. 
 
 Total 
 Communicants. 
 
 Sunday-school 
 Scholars. 
 
 White . 
 
 110 
 23 
 
 211 
 26 
 
 16,1.38 
 1,892 
 
 10,346 
 2,253 
 
 Colored 
 
 Total 
 
 133 
 
 237 
 
 18,030 
 
 12,599 
 
414 
 
 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 The Presbyterians have much valuable Church property ; but the 
 exact figures were not available. The money raised by Methodists, 
 Baptists and Presbyterians for missions and for benevolent and educa- 
 tional purposes run up into the millions. 
 
 OONGREGATIONALIST ChURCH 
 
 
 a s 
 
 it 
 0^ 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 OSS' 
 
 , . 
 
 
 ■^r;:: 
 
 
 gtc 
 
 
 «,a 
 
 oa 
 
 Is 
 
 03 
 
 > 
 
 II 
 
 > 
 
 ^«£ 
 
 1^^ 
 
 66 
 
 4,714 
 
 65 
 
 $ 100,000 
 
 7 
 
 $ 6,500 
 
 $ 465,000 
 
 66 
 
 White and Colored , 
 
 Protestant Episcopal Chuhch in the Diocese of Georgia 
 
 Ordained 
 Preachers. 
 
 Number of 
 Members. 
 
 Number of 
 
 Church 
 Buildings. 
 
 Number of 
 Parsonages. 
 
 Number of 
 
 Sunday-.-chool 
 
 Pupils. 
 
 Value of all 
 Church 
 Property. 
 
 Bishops... 1 
 
 Priests 47 
 
 Deacons... 6 
 
 White 7,090 
 
 Colored 886 
 
 137 
 
 29 
 
 White 3,437 
 
 Colored .... 96H 
 
 $756,679 87 
 
 
 Total 54 
 
 Total 7,976 
 
 137 
 
 29 
 
 Total 4.406 
 
 8756,679 87 
 
 Capital invested for benevolent and educational objects, 8315,837.37. 
 
 Christian Church (or Disciples) 
 
 Number of 
 Preachers. 
 
 Number of 
 Members. 
 
 Church 
 Buildings. 
 
 Number of Sunday- 
 School Pupils. 
 
 Value of all Church 
 Property. 
 
 75 
 
 9,805 
 
 110 
 
 3,147 
 
 8146,200 
 
 Roman Catholic Church in the Diocese op Georgia. 
 
 Secular Priests... 15 
 Priests of Reli- 
 gious Orders 25 
 
 Number of 
 Members. 
 
 20,000 
 
 Church Edi 
 
 flees 26 
 
 Chapels 14 
 
 Value. 
 1500,000 
 
 Parsonages. 
 13 
 
 Value. 
 ,150,000 
 
 sunaay- 
 Schools. 
 
 10 
 
 Pupils. 
 2,500 
 
 Three Orphan Homes, valued at 8!20,000. 
 
 The Hebrews in Georgia constitute an enterprising law-abiding class 
 of the population, and are found in all the cities and important towns. 
 Thej number about 6,200, have handsome synagogues in all the large 
 cities and several benevolent institutions in the State. 
 
GOVERNOR ALLEN D. CANDLER. 
 
CHAPTER XV I. 
 
 STATE GOYEEISrME:N^T. 
 
 The government of Georgia, like that of all the other States of the 
 Union, is republican in form, and is divided into three departments, the 
 Executive, the Legislative and the Judicial. 
 
 The executive, or administrative branch of the government, is placed 
 in the hands of the Governor, Secretaiy of State, Comptroller-General, 
 Treasurer, Attorney-General, Commissioner of Agriculture and State 
 School Commissioner elected by the people. Principal Keeper of the Pen- 
 itentiary, a Eailroad Commission and a Pardon Board appointed by the 
 Governor. The Governor is vested with the veto power. 
 
 The legislative department consists of a Senate and House of Erepre- 
 sentatives, the members of both houses being elected by a direct vote of 
 the people. The State is divided into forty-four senatorial districts from 
 each of which one senator is elected. The membei's of the House of 
 Representatives are elected from the counties in proportion to popula- 
 tion, the more populous counties having three representatives. 
 
 The Judicial department consists of the Supreme Court with three 
 justices, the superior court, the court of ordinary, and the justice courts. 
 In addition to these, city and county courts are created by special act, 
 and vested with limited jurisdiction and powers. 
 
 The Supreme Court is the court of last resort and has no original juris- 
 diction. The superior court may be termed a court of general juris- 
 diction, though its jurisdiction does not extend to all cases. In certain cases 
 it has also appellate jurisdiction. The court of ordinary is the probate 
 court, with general powers relative to county matters. The justice courts 
 have jurisdiction in civil cases arising out of contract and damage to 
 personal property, provided the amount does not exceed $100. In crim- 
 inal cases it is a committing court. Under the conservation and safe ad- 
 ministration of the State's affairs for many consecutive years, aided by 
 wise enactments of the legislature, Georgia's finances have been brought 
 out of the chaos in which war and reconstruction left them, and now her 
 credit stands as high as that of any State in the Union. 
 
 The constitution of the State adopted in 187Y guards well the rights 
 of the people and prevents extravagant appropriations by the legislature. 
 
 (417) 
 
418 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 The laws enacted give proper protection to individual and corporate cap- 
 ital without any injustice to the laborer. There is no interference by the 
 legislature with the right of contract, except where humanity demands it. 
 In upholding and enforcing the law the courts and the governor have the 
 moral support of the community. ISTever, except in the case of a most 
 heinous, unmentionable crime, has the right of trial by jury been vio- 
 lated, and even then under the most exasperating circumstances no Geor- 
 gia mob has even been guilty of the excesses perpetrated by the Illinois 
 mobs in the spring of 1900, or the mob at Akron, Ohio, in August of the 
 same year. 
 
 Although the power of taxation is vested in the legislature, the abuse 
 of it is wisely guarded against by the State Constitution. No taxes can. 
 be levied by the legislature except for the support of the government 
 and public institutions, the payment of principal and interest of the pub- 
 lic debt, to suppress insurrections or repel invasion, to pension under cer- 
 tain restrictions Confederate soldiers and the widows of Conferedate 
 soldiers, and to provide a system of elementary education. The Consti- 
 tution provides that taxation shall be uniform on aU classes and ad 
 valorem on property. For educational purposes a poll-tax of one dollar 
 is provided. 
 
 Public property, colleges, schools, churches, cemeteries, literary asso- 
 ciations and public libraries, paintings and statuary not for sale, are ex- 
 empted from taxation. 
 
 County taxation is limited to public works, court expenses, prisons, 
 the debt existing at the time of the adoption of the Co-astitution, A two- 
 thirds vote is required to increase the debt of any county or municipality, 
 and the amount of the debt must not exceed seven per cent, of the assessed 
 value of property. Counties and municipalities are not allowed to be- 
 come stockholders in any corporation, and are forbidden to lend or give 
 except to charities and schools. All taxes must be collected under gen- 
 eral laws. The property, real or personal, of citizens of the United 
 States not residing in Georgia cannot be taxed higher than the property 
 of residents. 
 
 No foreign corporation is allowed to own more than 6,000 acres of 
 land without first becoming a corporation of the State under her laws. 
 
 Conveyances of real estate are made by deed, which must be signed by 
 the maker, attested by at least two witnesses, delivered to the purchaser 
 or some one for him, and founded on a valuable or good consideration. 
 No special form is required. It is sufficient, if it states clearly the trans- 
 action between the parties. A deed executed out of the State, in order 
 to be entitled to record, must be attested by a commissioner of deeds for 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 419 
 
 the State of Georgia, a counsel or vice-counsel of the United States, a 
 judge of a court of record, with the certificate under seal of the clerk 
 of the court to the genuineness of the signature of such judge. If the 
 deed is executed in the State, it cannot be recorded, until attested by a 
 judge of a court of record, or a justice of the peace, or a notary public, 
 or a clerk of the superior court. 
 
 In the case of the last named officers, the deed must be attested in the 
 county where- they hold office. If not so attested at the time of its exe- 
 cution, it may be acknowledged before any of these officers and the fact 
 certified on the deed. If it has not been so attested or acknowledged, it 
 may become entitled to record upon the affidavit of a subscribing wit- 
 ness before either of the officers testifying to the execution and attesta- 
 tion of the deed. If the witnesses are dead or incapacitated, the affi- 
 davit of a third party to the execution or genuineness of the signature of 
 the witness or witnesses will admit it to record. Deeds to evade the 
 usury law, or a part of a usurious contract, are void. 
 
 The legal rate of interest in Georgia is seven per cent, though by 
 special contract eight per cent, may be charged. Any rate above that is 
 considered usury, the penalty for which is the forfeiture of the excess of 
 interest. 
 
 By law certain liens are established. 
 
 1. State, counties, and municipal corporations for taxes. 
 
 2. Decrees and judgments of the courts. 
 
 3. Laborers' special lien on the products of their labor, and generally 
 on the property of their employer. 
 
 4. Special liens of landlord for any necessaries furnished to tenants , 
 for the purpose of making a crop or supporting their families, such lien 
 being upon crops made during the year in which such supplies were fur- 
 nished. They have also a general lien for rent. 
 
 5. Lien held by mechanics on property manufactured or repaired, for 
 material furnished or work done. 
 
 G- Innkeepers, carriers, stable-keepers, pawnees, and depositaries have 
 liens on special property in their possession. 
 
 7. Mechanics, contractors, material men, manufacturers, including 
 corporations, have liens on railroads, factories, houses, etc., for material 
 furnished or for work done. 
 
 The general rule is that liens must be enforced by suits within one 
 year. 
 
 The statutes of limitations fix certain limits on the time in which 
 actions must be brought, as follows : instruments under seal, twenty 
 3 ears; statutory rights, twenty years; promissory notes not under seal 
 
420 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 and other simple contracts in writing, six years; contracts not in writing 
 svd open accounts, four years; foreign judgments, five years; domestic 
 judgments, seven years without execution issued, with docketed seven 
 ;^tars from the last entry on the execution. Dormant judments may be 
 levived by scire facias within three years from dormancy; suits against 
 administrators, guardians, executors w trustees, except on their bonds, 
 ten years; suits to recover trust property, three years after the removal 
 of the disability; trespasses or damages to realty or personalty, four 
 years; personal injuries, two years; injuries to reputation, qui tarn ac- 
 tions of informers, and claims against a county, one year; against dis- 
 charged administrator by the heirs or distributees, five years. 
 
 The extreme penalty of the law for murder is death or imprisonment 
 for life. For capital offenses other than murder the limit of imprison- 
 ment is seven years; for all other felonies, four years; for misdemeanors, 
 two years. 
 
 All promises to answer in any way for the debts of others, in order to 
 be binding, must be in writing, signed by the party to be bounds or his 
 authorized agent. 
 
 The homestead laws differ materially from those of most States, being 
 somewhat in the nature of a trust estate in charge of the court for the 
 benefit of dependents, which becomes subject to debts when the con- 
 ditions and purposes for which it was created cease to exist. 
 
 Due precaution is taken to prevent fraud on the part of debtors in dis- 
 posing of and conceding their property. While statutory proceedings in 
 attachment and garnishment are allowed upon the usual grounds, the 
 wages of daily, weekly and monthly laborers are excepted from garnish- 
 ment. 
 
 The rights of creditors are favored by the courts and every facility for 
 the collection of debts has been made. 
 
 In the making of a will no particular form is required. All wills, ex- 
 cept nuncupative, must be in writing, signed by the maker, or in his 
 presence and by his direction. Every will must be attested by three com- 
 petent witnesses in the presence of the testator. All wills disposing of real 
 property in the State, in order to be entitled to pjobate, must be executed 
 with the same formality as if made in the State. Bequests to any kind 
 of institutions must be executed at least ninety days before the death of 
 the testator, and must not so dispose of more than a third of the estate, if 
 the testator has a wife, child, or descendants. If any bequest violates 
 this rule, it is null and void. 
 
 The legal age at which marriage may be contracted is seventeen in 
 males and fourteen in females. Under eighteen in females the consent 
 
DR. THOS. P. JANES, 
 First Commissioner of Agriculture. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 423 
 
 of the parents must be obtained. Marriage within the Levitical degrees 
 of affinity and consanguinity are forbidden. 
 
 Miscegenation, or marriage between the white and colored races, is 
 forbidden. 
 
 The divoa-ce laws are better than those of many States, in that they 
 make the sundering of the marriage tie no easy matter. 
 
 The property rights of the wife, both real and personal, are fully pro- 
 tected by the law. 
 
 Banking, insurance, railroad, canal, navigation, express, and telegraph 
 companies, formerly chartered by the General Assembly are now char- 
 tered by the Secretary of State upon petition, and are given by statute 
 the powers usually conferred upon such companies. Other corporations 
 are chartered by the superior court in the county where their principal 
 office is located. 
 
 The Comptroller-General is ex officio Insurance Commissioner, and a 
 license from him, granted only upon certain conditions, is required of all 
 companies, and to him statements of the assets and liabilities of the com- 
 panies must be made. ITo security is required of purely mutual life 
 companies. Fire insurance companies are required to make a deposit of 
 $25,000 in cash or approved bonds, and life insurance (stock) companies 
 must make a deposit of $100,000. 
 
 The State Treasurer is by law the State Bank Examiner, and is re- 
 quired to examine each bank at least once a year, and to him is made a 
 quarterly statement which is required to be published. The general 
 banking laws of Georgia furnish the depositors excellent protection 
 against fraudulent loss. One of these laws forbids their lending to their 
 officers without good collateral, and except on collateral no more than 
 ten per cent, of their capital can be loaned to any one person. Cash 
 assets must not be reduced below 25 per cent, of the deposits. Every 
 precaution is taken against any possibility of fraud. 
 
 Pure food laws protect tlie people of the State against adulterated and 
 unwholesome foods of any kind. 
 
 The propagation of fish is confided to the Commissioner of Agricul- 
 ture, who is authorized to employ a superintendent of fisheries, who, 
 under the direction of the commissioners, shall have charge of the prop- 
 agation of fish. 
 
 In all the rivers of Georgia, in which shad are caught, there is a 
 "closed time" of forty-eight hours each week, from sunrise on Saturday 
 to sunrise on the following Monday, during which no shad or other mi- 
 gratory fish are allowed to be caught by any means whatever ISTo 
 shad are allowed to be taken by any means whatever except between the 
 
424 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 first day of January and the twentieth day of April of each year, ex- 
 cept for spawning purposes. 
 
 The game laws protect birds and all othe game against hunters dur- 
 ing certain specified seasons. 
 
 The Commissioner of Agriculture is charged with the execution of the 
 quarantine laws for the protection of cattle against Texas fever and the 
 cattle tick. For a thorough understanding of this subject we publish the 
 bulletin on Cattle Quarantine Laws, published by the Department of 
 Agriculture. 
 
 AUTHORITY FOR MAKING RULES AND REGULATIOITS. 
 
 AN ACT. 
 
 To protect the cattle of this State from all contagious or infectious 
 diseases, to authorize and empower the Commissioner of Agriculture of 
 this State to establish, maintain and enforce quarantine lines, and make 
 such rules and regulation as he may deem proper and necessary for the 
 purpose of carrying into effect the provisions of this Act, to prohibit the 
 driving of diseased cattle through said State, or cattle calculated to spread 
 disease, to provide a penalty for violation of same, and for other pur- 
 poses. 
 
 COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTUEE'S DUTY. 
 
 Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the Stat© of 
 Georgia, and it is hereby enacted by authority of same, That the Com- 
 missioner of Agriculture of this State shall immediately upon the pas- 
 sage of this Act, and from time to time thereafter, ascertain in what 
 sections of this State cattle are free from contagious or infectious diseases 
 and splenetic fever. 
 
 QUARANTINE FOR CATTLE. 
 
 Sec. 2. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That where- 
 ver the cattle of any section of this State are found to be free from 
 contagious and infectious diseases and splenetic fever, said Commissioner 
 of Agriculture is hereby authorized, empowered and required to estab- 
 lish and maintain such quarantine lines, and to make and enforce such 
 rules and regulations as may be necessary for the protection of such 
 cattle. 
 
 CO-OPERATION WITH OTHER STATES. 
 
 Sec. 3. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That the said 
 Commissioner shall co-operate with the officials of other States, and with 
 the Secretary of Agriculture of the United States in establishing such 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 425 
 
 quarantine lines, rules and regulations as he shall deem proper and best 
 for the protection of the cattle of this State free from any of the diseases 
 referred to in the foregoing sections of this Act. 
 
 PENALTY. 
 
 Sec. 4. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That any 
 person or persons, company or corporation who shall violate any quaran- 
 tine provisions, rules or regulations established by the Commissioner of 
 Agriculture of this State, under the authority conferred by this Act, 
 shall be guilty of, and, upon conviction, punished as for a misdemeanor. 
 
 Sec. 5. Be it further enacted, That all laws and parts of laws in con- 
 flict with this Act be, and the same are, hereby repealed. 
 
 Approved December 20, 1899. 
 
 PEOCLAMATION OF THE EULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE CON- 
 TROL OF CONTAGIOUS OR INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE . 
 
 To Whom it May Concern: 
 
 In accordance with the authority and power conferred by the General 
 Assembly of Georgia in the Act l^o. 374, laws of 1899, entitled, "An 
 Act to protect the cattle of the State from all contagious or infectious 
 diseases, to authorize and empower the Commissioner of Agriculture of 
 this State to establish, maintain and enforce quarantine lines, and make 
 such rules and regulations as he may deem proper and necessary for the 
 purpose of carrying out the provisions of this Act, to provide penalties 
 for violation of the same, and for other purposes," I, O. B. Stevens, 
 Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia, after due inquiry 
 into the conditions of cattle-raising in this State and the prevalence of 
 communicable cattle diseases, do hereby set forth and declare the follow- 
 ing rules and regulations for the control of contagious or infectious dis- 
 eases of cattle in the State of Georgia. 
 
 April 30, 1901. 
 
 (Signed) O. B. STEVEN'S, 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture. 
 
 RULES AND REGULATIONS. 
 
 The term cattle used in these regulations shall include bulls, oxen, 
 steers, cows, heifers, yearlings and calves. 
 
 The terms "contagious" or "infectious diseases" shall include all dis- 
 eases of cattle which are communicable from animal to animal; for ex- 
 ample, contagious abortion, tuberculosis, (actinomycosis), anthrax, 
 rabies, or splenetic fever (including red water, bloody murrain, acclima- 
 tion disease, Texas cattle fever, tick fever, and other local names). 
 
426 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Section 1. Whenever any contagious or infections disease of cattle 
 shall exist in any portion of this State^ the infected cattle or infected 
 material which may convey disease, or both, or animals which may have 
 come in contact with such disease, shall be quarantined on the premises 
 or in lots or buildings in which they may be found, until such time as 
 danger from the spread of disease has passed, all necessary disinfection is 
 completed, and they are released by order of the Commissioner of Agri- 
 culture. 
 
 Sec. 2. The annual regulations and amendments thereof of the United 
 States Department of Agriculture concerning Interstate cattle transpor- 
 tation are hereby adopted as a portion of these regulations during such 
 time as said regulations are in force. 
 
 Sec. 3. ITo cattle shall be transported, driven or caused to be driven, 
 or allowed to stray from any place in the quarantine district in this 
 State, into the districts exempted from the Federal quarantine by the 
 United States Secretary of Agriculture between such dates as the Secre- 
 tary and the Commissioner of Agriculture shall determine upon; Pro- 
 vided, that this order shall not apply to cattle transported by rail, con- 
 signed through such exempted districts to other States, which are trans- 
 ported in accordance with the Federal regulations relating to Interstate 
 transportation of cattle. 
 
 Sec. 4. 'No cattle originating in the area of other States prescribed by 
 the Secretary of Agriculture of the United States as having a contagious 
 or infectious disease, known as splenetic or Southern fever, among its 
 cattle, shall be transported, driven or caused to be driven, or allowed to 
 stray at any time of the year across or into any portion of this State in 
 which cattle are declared by the said Secretary of Agriculture as being 
 exempted in whole or in part from the operations of the Federal regula- 
 tions concerning transportation of cattle originating in certain areas; 
 Provided, this section shall not apply to interstate traffic in cattle by rail 
 or by boat transacted in accordance with the Federal regulations relating 
 thereto, or to uninfected cattle exempted by special permit of the 
 United States Secretary of Agriculture; Provided further, that between 
 such dates and under such regulations as may be agreed upon by the said 
 Secretary of Agriculture and the Commissioner of Argiculture of this 
 State, cattle may be transported, driven, or caused to be driven, or al- 
 lowed to stray when found free of infection. 
 
 Sec. 5. "When cattle from the infected areas, as defined by the Secre- 
 tary of the United States Department of Agriculture in the annual regu- 
 lations concerning cattle transportation and the amendments thereof, 
 shall have moved or been moved in violation of these regulations or their 
 amendments, the feeding places, yards, and pasturages upon which the 
 said cattle have been moved shall become infected districts and subject 
 to the same regulations as other infected areas; the limits of said in- 
 fected area shall be defined by the extent of range allowed the animals 
 from the infected areas and by the efficiency of the exclusion of other 
 cattle from said infected districts. 
 
 Sec. 6. IN'otice is hereby given that cattle infested with the 'Boo- 
 
HON. JOHN T. HENDERSON, SECOND COMMISSIONER OF 
 AGRICULTURE. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 429 
 
 philus Bovis, or Southern cattle tick, disseminate the contagion of splen- 
 etic fever; therefore cattle which aa'e found in the exempted districts in- 
 fested with tick (Boophilus Bovis) shall be considered as infectious cat- 
 tle. 
 
 Sec. 7. Such infectious cattle, or cattle suspected of being infectious, 
 shall be kept in close quarantine and not admitted to the public road or 
 free range until such time as they are disinfected or proven to be unin- 
 fected, and permission is granted by the Commissioner of Agriculture 
 for their removal. 
 
 SPECIAL ORDER NO. 1. 
 
 "Whereas, the cattle owners of Gilmer, Fannin, Union, Towns and 
 Kabun counties have appealed to this Department for protection of their 
 cattle from splenetic fever and cattle ticks, and it appears that the cattle 
 of a greater portion of said counties are free from these pests, it is hereby 
 ordered: 
 
 Section 1. That no cattle shall be driven into the counties of Gilmer, 
 Fannin, Union, Towns and Rabun from any part of this State in which 
 the cattle are declared infected with splenetic fever infection by the 
 United States Secretary of Agriculture, or from any other State or por- 
 tion thereof in which the cattle are declared infected until such cattle 
 are exempted from the quarantine regulations by the said Secretary of 
 Agriculture. 
 
 Sec. 2. That all cattle within the aforesaid area which are infested 
 with cattle ticks, or which are suspected of being infected with such 
 ticks, shall be placed in close quarantine and not allowed on the public 
 roads or at large until such a time as shall be proven that they are not 
 so infested, and they shall be released by order of the Commissioner of 
 Agriculture. 
 
 The Commissioner will, upon application of the Ordinary or cattle 
 owners of any county, temporarily forbid the entrance of cattle from 
 any infected county or district until such time as danger of infection 
 from said county or district is past. This local quarantine will be pub- 
 lished in local newspapers and sufficient notices will be posted on the 
 public roads. 
 
 Georgia Department of Agi*iculture. 
 
 Federal Cattle Quarantine Line. 
 
 Special Regulation ITo. 1. 
 
 Authorized by Georgia Laws of 1899, l^o. 374, "Protection of cattle 
 against infectious diseases." 
 
 On and after this date no cattle (bulls, steers, oxen, cows, heifers, 
 yearlings or calves) shall be led, driven, or caused to be driven, allowed 
 to stray or can-ied in any manner into the counties of Gilmer, Fannin, 
 Union, Towns and Rabun. 
 
 Yiolation of the above is a misdemeanor. 
 
 By order of 0. B. STEVENS, 
 
 Commissioner. 
 Atlanta, Ga., April 30, 1901. 
 
 19 ga 
 
430 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 DUTIES OF CATTLE INSPECTORS. 
 
 1. To see that the Rules and Regulations this day issued by the 
 Commissioner of Agriculture of Georgia, found in another portion of 
 this bulletin, be strictly enforced and carried out. 
 
 2. To locate all territory in your division or district of this State 
 that may now or hereafter become infested with fever ticks. Take any 
 legal steps necessary to prevent the ticks from spreading therefrom to 
 any other territory in Georgia. 
 
 3. Place all infested cattle and pastures in quarantine, and report 
 same, giving location of infested areas to the State Commissioner of 
 Agriculture, Atlanta, Georgia. 
 
 4. Use all possible means to the end of exterminating the ticks on 
 such infested farms or areas. Urge the cattlemen to grease them and 
 care for their cattle, looking to the prevention of further propagation 
 of the tick. 
 
 5. Advise the burning over, both in fall or spring, of all infested 
 pastures or ranges with a view to the destruction of the cattle tick. 
 
 You will be held strictly to account for any trouble arising from the 
 neglect of these instructions. 
 
 This April 30th, 1901. 
 
 ISTote. — Cattle inspectors receive salary from the State department, 
 and cannot make any charges for inspecting cattle. 
 
 TEXAS FEVER AND CATTLE TICK. 
 
 N'o disease to which our cattle are susceptible has such an important 
 bearing upon the cattle interests of the Southern States as "Southern Cat- 
 tle Fever" or "Texas Fever." For this reason we have deemed it wise to 
 issue from this department a short bulletin giving the salient points of 
 the cause, history and present conditions, with a few common sense 
 suggestions as to the prevention of this dread disease, known as the 
 "Texas Fever." To a very large degree this disease prohibits the im- 
 portation into our Southern country of pure bred animals from areas 
 north of the United States' quarantine line of which we may be de- 
 sirous for the building up of our dairy and beef cattle interests. Be- 
 sides it has resulted in a barrier being placed by the Federal authori- 
 ties known as the "Federal Quarantine Line" for the protection of 
 ISTorthern cattle against the exportation of our Southern stock to ISTorth- 
 em markets, except these cattle be carried by rail or boat for immediate 
 slaughter, which cripples to a great degree the Southern cattle industry 
 on account of this cattle disease. It has been proved by experiment 
 that when ticks which have been living on the blood of our Southern 
 cattle are transported to latitudes north of the Federal Quarantine Line 
 and become attached to cattle in those sections, or when ISTorthern 
 cattle from above the quarantine line are brought South and subjected 
 to infection by ticks from our stock, the animals will contract this mal- 
 ady, which proves that the tick is the means through which the con- 
 tagion is conveyed. ISTow, what we are most interested in, is how to 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 431 
 
 jet rid of the tick, for when we destroy this pest we remove the source 
 f this dreadful disease, which is called by many names, to wit: "Murrain^ 
 31oody Murrain, Red Water, Yellow Water, Black Water, Acclimating 
 ^ever, etc., and according to the authorities all of these diseases are 
 lothing more nor less than the Texas or Southern Cattle Fever. Nearly 
 Jl authorities agree that this Bovine tick fever is a specific fever, com- 
 nunicated not in a direct manner from one animal to another, but indi- 
 •ectly through the medium of cattle from infected pastures, roads and 
 )ther places, and in an indirect manner conveying the disease to suscepti- 
 )le animals which are exposed to those infected surroundings. 
 
 When it is known that beef cattle above the Federal Quarantine 
 Line are worth from one to one and one-half cents per pound more 
 ban the same grade of cattle below the line, our people in Georgia 
 !an readily see the enormous profits they have lost for years past. By 
 drtue of the fact that most of the counties of our State are tick infested 
 hej will see the importance of energetic, systematic and judicious work 
 ooking to the suppression of this dreaded pest named by Dr. Cooper 
 Curtice the Boophilus Bovis. 
 
 WHEN AND WHEEE THE TICK IS FOUND. 
 
 The cattle tick is found in warm weather in most of the States that 
 ie south of the 35th parallel of latitude. During the heat of summer 
 :he ISTorthem distribution is sometimes extended into Northern markets, 
 3ut it is killed off in the fall or early winter months. In mild winters 
 ;he tick may be foimd at any time of the year in South Georgia, but 
 n some of the counties in extreme !North Georgia the tick is practically 
 exterminated by the frosts of winter and does not reappear until brought 
 3ack in the course of cattle traffic. In severe winters this extermination 
 extends further southward. 
 
 DIFFEEENOE BETWEEN TICKS. 
 
 Dr. Cooper Curtice gives the following description of ticks: 
 ''The fact that at least three species of ticks may be found on cattle 
 and that one is disease bearing and outlawed, would seem to complicate 
 matters. The existence of the other two species, however, enters very 
 little into the problem practically, for they are easily told apart and 
 are quite different in habits. 
 
 "All these ticks look alike, especially the large females, which are 
 those usually seen. They are often as large as a castor oil bean seed, 
 and usually leaden blue in color; have a soft, leathery body provided 
 with four pairs of little legs and a hard little head with movable 
 mouth parts. The three varieties can be distinguished by a glance at 
 their heads. In the cattle tick the color is solid chestnut brown. In 
 the variety that also pesters people, horses and dogs, the head has a little 
 bright, often golden, spot at its back edge, from which it has gained 
 the name 'lone star tick,' 'pass or spot tick.' The third variety, which 
 
432 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 is often found on deer, dogs and other animals, has the head nearly 
 white or with a white margin. It is commonly called 'deer tick/ 'dog 
 tick' or 'bear tick/ These characters will always serve to distinguish 
 the species. While the male, which is an inconspicuous little fellow^ 
 always accompanies the female, his presence is of no practical impor- 
 tance, since it is the female which attracts our attention and against 
 which all efforts must be made. Their resemblance, especially in the 
 head parts, to the females, and their association with females, enables 
 the observer to readily classify them. 
 
 "The lone star tick and the dog tick usually attach themselves to ani- 
 mals when the latter are going through the woods or in marshy places^ 
 while the cattle tick rarely gets on man, or other animals save possibly 
 horses, and is always found in pastures where cattle have spread them. 
 
 "The star tick and the dog tick usually get about the ears, dewlap 
 and sides of cattle, while cattle ticks are most numerous on the lower 
 edge of the dewlap, along the underparts and on the thighs of the cattle. 
 This is because the little ticks are the most numerous where the cows 
 rest and get on them from short grass. 
 
 "The lone star and the dog tick are most couimonly found from 
 June to August, and then seem to disappear. They are soon followed 
 by 'seed ticks,' which get upon one walking through the pastures and 
 sink their heads beneath the skin. Often at the same time the 'mid- 
 dling' or 'yearling,' an intermediate size between the seed and adult 
 tick, is encountered. These are but different stages of either of the above 
 ticks. Cattle ticks are not numerous in the spring, but rapidly increase 
 in numbers as the seasons wear, or until they are said to literally shingle, 
 the cows by their hosts. The same steps of growth occur as in the other 
 species, but they rarely if ever get uporn: people amd spend their whole 
 existence upon the cattle. It thus happens that the careful invcotigator 
 may find all the stages from the seed tick, which may be seen by very 
 close examination, up to the unsightly adult female." 
 
 LIFE OF THE CATTLE TICK. 
 
 Most authorities agree that all cattle ticks come from eggs laid by 
 other ticks, and can only reach maturity on cattle; that the tick drops 
 from the cow and remains passive a few days, then begins to lay eggs,, 
 and in two weeks she has laid some two thousand eggs to be hatched 
 out in from three to six weeks according to the temperature of the 
 weather. These eggs are generally deposited under a bunch of gr^ss,, 
 leaves or sticks, being sheltered from the direct rays of the sun. When 
 hatched the young ticks, or "seed ticks," spread out short distances, and 
 attach themselves to the nearest blade of grass or tmg and collect at 
 their tops, and there appear to merely exist in wait for their future host 
 — ^the cow. 1 . r 
 
 After arriving on tlie cattle they remain there from three to tour 
 weeks, when the females become mature, and fall from the cattle to 
 the ground wherever the cattle happen to be when the tick becomes 
 
HON. R. T. NESBITT, 
 Third Commissioner of Agriculture. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 435 
 
 mature. Hence the places most frequented by the cattle in the pasturage 
 are where you ^vill find the most infection, yet any place may become 
 infected provided the cattle pass over it and drop the tick at such a 
 place. ^ v.; 
 
 In summing up the life history of the tick Dr. Cooper Curtice says: 
 
 1. Ticks ai-e introduced on farms by cattle. 
 
 2. Seed ticks appear in from twenty-five days to six weeks. 
 
 3. Ticks grow to maturity in about four weeks after they attach 
 to cattle. 
 
 4. Ticks when mature fall to the ground to give rise to new multi- 
 tudes. ;5 ,.. J;i.v = .i;:tiJ 
 
 SOME REMEDIAL SUGGESTIONS. 
 
 If proper and judicious work be done, there is no good reason why 
 the farms and counties of North Georgia should remain infected longer 
 than twelve months. In point of fact many militia districts, as well 
 as almost entire counties, are practically free of the disease-carrying 
 tick. We would not advise the discrimination between ticks, as all ticks 
 are noxious and loathsome. Early spring is perhaps the best time to 
 begin work, for the destruction of a single tick in spring is often the 
 means of preventing thousands from coming into life. A female tick 
 which lays from two to twenty-five hundred eggs will likely produce 
 one thousand pairs of ticks. One tick in spring or summer will be suffi- 
 cient to stock a farm of ordinary size in one year. Fields used for 
 growing crops must be considered as uninfected, since frequent plowing 
 and turning over the soil destroys the tick to a large degree. Old fields 
 may be disinfected by burning off the dry grass in early spring and 
 during the fall; but we would advise that marshy places and comers 
 and small plots of woods that cannot be burned oil be fenced from the 
 <3attle, as they would furnish a sufficient number of ticks to reinfect the 
 whole pasture. If a large area now used for pasturing cattle be divided 
 by a fence and use only one-half of the pasture for cattle, not allowing 
 cattle to trespass upon the other half of the pasture, this method would 
 practically free the latter half of the pasture from ticks in twelve 
 months. If, however, the pasture be small and conditions are not suited 
 to the above method, then the cattle must be carefully and continuously 
 picked during the spi-ing and summer, using from time to time sulphur 
 and lard, or any grease that is most convenient. If this hand-picking 
 is continued daily a small farm can be cleaned of the ticks in a short 
 while. Oils and grease, however, have their uses on farms, and aid 
 materially in disinfection, and save labor in the hand-picking process. 
 A little tar mixed with the grease is advisable. The cattle should be 
 thoroughly rubbed from time to time vdth these ointments. But there 
 can be no successful extermination of the tick unless the county at 
 large- co-operates in this matter, to the extent that the highways and 
 market places and stock yards shall be kept free of infection. So, if 
 cattle men generally will carefully comply with the rules and regula- 
 
436 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AhD INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 tions and adopt the above suggestions, they will find that the extermina- 
 tion of the tick is but an easy matter, requiring patience and persever- 
 ance, with only a small expense. 
 
 SOME OF THE SYMPTOMS OF THE DISEASE. 
 
 Dr. Curtice says that experiment and observations show that the 
 majority of cases break out and die in from 10 to 21 days after infection. 
 Tor the first few days there is no fever or any indication of the disease, 
 but either on the fifth or sixth day a very high fever breaks out, which 
 often renders the animal delirious or stupid; their heads droop, their 
 ears lop, cud chewing is suspended, and other signs of ill health follow. 
 They usually die towards the end of the first week of fever, although 
 some last into the second week, while a small percentage survive. The 
 urine of diseased animals is usually deeply stained and appears even 
 dark or black red, resembling the color of coffee. The eyeballs and 
 other mucous membranes show a yellow cast. If the animals survive 
 the attack of fever they remain poor and recover very slowly. The 
 virulence of this disease varies at different seasons of the year, and in 
 different animals. All who may desire to study this question fully from 
 a scientific point we would advise to write to Dr. D. A. Salmon, Chief 
 of the Bureau of Animal Industry at Washington, D. C, for bul- 
 letins on Texas fever and cattle tick. If this little bulletin should create 
 an interest in the study of this disease and the remedies therefor, and 
 bring about co-operation of the people looking to the suppression of this 
 disease, its object will have been accomplished. Get rid of the tick and 
 you get rid of the disease. 
 
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 
 
 Much of the data given in this paper is taken from a bulletin from 
 the North Carolina Bureau of Agriculture by Dr. Cooper Curtice, who 
 was at the time of issue State Veterinarian of l^orth Carolina. 
 
 FEETILIZEE LAWS. 
 
 To prevent fraud and imposition in the sale of fertilizers, all fertilizers 
 and fertilizer material sold, or offered for sale in the State must be 
 registered, inspected and analyzed. Each bag, barrel or package must 
 have branded thereon, or attached thereto, the guaranteed analysis of 
 the manufacturer and dealer. In the event it does not come up to the 
 guarantee, failure of consideration can be plead. All complete fer- 
 tilizers must contain 2 per cent, of ammonia, actual or potential, with 
 r aum of not less than 8 per cent, of available phosphoric acid and pot- 
 f^h. Other fertilizers must contain 10 per cent, of available plant food. 
 k*ailure to come up to the standard of the State voids the sale. 
 
 Eor the convenience of both manufacturer and consumer, the law 
 regulating the sale of Commercial Fertilizers, passed and approved Oc- 
 tober 9th, 1891, is given in full below: 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 437 
 
 AN ACT. 
 
 To amend and consolidate the laws governing the inspection, analysis 
 and sale of commercial fertilizers, chemicals and cotton-seed meal 
 in the State of Georgia and to repeal all other laws and parts of 
 laws in conflict therewith, and for other purposes. 
 
 Section I. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of 
 Georgia, That all manufacturers of, or dealers in, commercial fertilizers 
 or chemicals, or cotton-seed meal, to be used in manufacturing the same, 
 who may desire to sell or offer for sale in the State of Georgia such 
 fertilizers, chemicals or cotton-seed meal, shall first file with the Com- 
 missioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia the name of each 
 brand of fertilizers or chemicals which he or they may desire to sell in 
 said State, either by themselves or their agents, together with the name 
 of the manufacturer, the place where manufactured, and also the guar- 
 anteed analysis thereof, and if the same fertilizer is sold under different 
 names, said fact shall be so stated, and the different brands that are 
 identical shall be named. 
 
 Sec. II. Be it further enacted, That all fertilizers, or chemicals for 
 manufacturing the same, and all cotton-seed meal -offered for sale or 
 distribution in this State, shall have branded upon, or attached to, each 
 bag, barrel or package the guaranteed analysis thereof, showing the 
 percentage of valuable elements or ingredients such fertilizers or chemi- 
 cals contain, embracing the following determinations: 
 
 Moisture at 212 deg. Fah per cent. 
 
 Insoluble phosphoric acid per cent. 
 
 Available phosphoric acid per cent. 
 
 Ammonia, actual and potential per cent. 
 
 Potash (K^G) per cent. 
 
 The analysis so placed upon, or attached to, said fertilizer or chemical 
 shall be a guarantee by the manufacturer, agent or person offering the 
 same for sale that it contains substantially the ingredients indicated 
 thereby, in the percentages name therein, and said guarantee shall be 
 binding on said manufacturer, agent or dealer, and may be pleaded in 
 any action or suit at law to show total or partial failure of consideration 
 in the contract for the sale of said fertilizer, chemical or cotton-seed 
 meal. 
 
 Sec. III. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the Com- 
 missioner of Agriculture to forbid the sale of either of the followinj»: 
 Any acid phosphate which contains less than ten per centum of avail- 
 able phosphoric acid; any acid phosphate with potash which contains a 
 sum total of less than ten per centTun of available phosphoric acid and 
 potash when the per cents, of the two are added together; any acid 
 phosphate with ammonia which contains a sum total of less than ten 
 per centum of available phosphoric acid and ammonia when the per 
 
438 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 cents, of the two are added together; any acid phosphate with ammonia 
 and potash which contains a sum total of less than ten per centum of 
 available phosphoric acid, ammonia and potash, when the per cents, of 
 the three are added together; that no brands shall be sold as ammoniated 
 superphosphates unless said brands contain 2 per cent, or more of am- 
 monia. And also to forbid the sale of all cotton-seed meal which is 
 shown by official analysis to contain less than 7 1-2 per cent, of am- 
 monia. JSTothing in this act shaU be consti'ued to nullify any of the 
 requirements of an act entitled an act to require the inspection and 
 analysis of cotton-seed meal. 
 
 Sec. IV. Be it further enacted. That all persons or firms who may 
 desire or intend to sell fertilizers, chemicals or ootton-seed meal in this 
 State, shall forward to the Commissioner of Agriculture a printed or a 
 plainly written request for tags therefor, stating the name of the brand, 
 the name of the manufacturer, the place where manufactured, the num- 
 ber of tons of each brand and the number of tags required, and the 
 person or persons to whom the same is consigned, the guaranteed analy- 
 sis, also the number of pounds contained in each bag, barrel or pack- 
 age in which said fertilizer, chemical or cotton-seed meal is put up, and 
 shall at the time of said request for tags forward directly to- the Com- 
 missioner of Agiiculture the sum of ten cents per ton as an inspection 
 fee; whereupon it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agricul- 
 ture to issue tags to parties so applying, who shall attach a tag to each 
 bag, barrel or package thereof, which, when attached to said bags, bar- 
 rel or package, shall be prima facie evidence that the seller has com- 
 plied with the requirements of this act. Any tags left in possession of 
 the manufacturers or dealers at the end of the season shall not be used 
 for another season, nor shall they be redeemable by the Department of 
 Agriculture. 
 
 Sec. V. Be it further enacted, That it shall not be lawful for any 
 person, firna or corporation, either by themselves or their agents, to sell 
 or offer for sale in this State any fertilizer, chemical or cotton-seed meal 
 without first registering the same with the Commissioner of Agricul- 
 ture, as required by this act, and the fact that the purchaser waives the 
 inspection and analysis thereof shall be no protection to said party so 
 selling or offering the same for sale. 
 
 Sec. VI. Be it further enacted, That the Commiseioner of Agricul- 
 ture shall appoint twelve inspectors of fertilizers, or so many inspectors 
 as in said Commissioner's judgment may be necessary, who shall hold 
 their offices for such terms as said Commissioner of Agriculture shall in 
 his judgment think best for carrying out the provisions of this act. The 
 greatest compensation that any one inspector of fertilizers shall receive 
 shall be at the rate of one hundred dollars per month and his actual 
 expenses while in the discharge of his duty as such inspector. It shall be 
 their duty to inspect all fertilizers, chemicals or cotton-seed meal that 
 may be found at any point within the limits of this State and go to any 
 point when so directed by the Commissioner of Agriculture, and shall 
 see that all fertilizers, chemicals or cotton-seed meal are properly tagged. 
 
HON. 0. B. STEVENS COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 44I 
 
 Sec. YII. Be it further enacted, That each inspector of fertilizers 
 shall be provided with bottles in which to place samples of fertilizers, 
 chemicals or cotton seed meal drawn by him, and shall also be pro- 
 vided with leaden tags, numbered in duplicate from one upward, and it 
 shall be the duty of each inspector of fertilizers to draw a sample of all 
 fertilizers, chemicals and cotton-seed meal that he may be requested to 
 inspect, or that he may find uninspected, and he shall fill two sample 
 bottles with each brand, and place one leaden tag of same number in 
 each sample bottle, and shall plainly wiite on a label on said bottles the 
 number corresponding to the number on said leaden tags in said bot- 
 tles, and shall also write on the label on one of said bottles the name 
 of the fertilizer, chemical or cotton-seed meal inspected, the name of 
 the manufacturer, the place where manufactured, the place where in- 
 spected, the date of inspection, and the nam© of the inspector, and shall 
 send or cause to be sent to the Commissioner of Agriculture the sample 
 so drawn by him annexed to a full report of said inspection, v^itten 
 on the form prescribed by said Commissioner of Agriculture, which 
 report must be numbered to correspond with the number on said sam- 
 ple bottles and number on the leaden tags placed therein; and it shall 
 also be the duty of said inspectors of fertilizers to keep a complete record 
 of all inspections made by them on forms prescribed by said Commis- 
 sioner of Agriculture. Before entering upon the discharge of their 
 duties they shall take and subscribe, before some officer authorized to 
 ■administer the same, an oath faithfully to discharge all the duties which 
 may be required of them in pursuance of this act. 
 
 Sec. VIII. Be it further enacted, That the Commissioner of Agri- 
 culture shall have the authority to establish such rules and regulations 
 in regard to the inspection, analysis and sale of fertilizers, chemicals 
 and cotton-seed meal not inconsistent with the provisions of this act, 
 as in his judgment will best carry out the requirements thereof. 
 
 Sec. IX. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the Com- 
 missioner of Agriculture to keep a correct account of all money received 
 from the inspection of fertilizers, and to pay the same into the treas- 
 ury, after paying out of said sum the expenses and salaries of inspectors, 
 and for the tags and bottles used in making such inspections. 
 
 Sec. X. Be it further enacted, That all contracts for the sale of fer- 
 tilizers or chemicals in the State of Georgia made in any other manner 
 than as required by this act, shall be absolutely void; provided, that 
 nothing in this act shall be construed to restrict or avoid sales of acid 
 phosphate, kainit or other fertilizer material in bulk to each other by 
 importers, manufacturers or manipulators who mix fertilizer material 
 for sale, or as preventing the free and unrestricted shipment of these 
 articles in bulk to manufacturers or manipulators who mix fertilizer 
 material for sale. 
 
 Sec. XL Be it further enacted. That any person selling or offering 
 for sale any fertilizers or chemicals without first having complied with 
 the provisions of this act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and on con- 
 
442 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 viction thereof shall be punished as prescribed in section 4310 of the 
 Code of Georgia. 
 
 Sec. XII. Be it further enacted, That all laws and parts of laws in 
 conflict with this act be, and the same are, hereby repealed. 
 
 FORMAL REQUEST FOR REGISTRATION. 
 
 To 0. B. Stevens, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta, Ga, : 
 
 You are hereby requested to register for sale and distribution in the 
 
 State of Georgia manufactured by 
 
 at 
 
 THE FOLLOWING IS THE GUARANTEED ANALYSIS OF THE BRAND. 
 
 Moisture at 212 deg. Fah per cent. 
 
 Insoluble phosphoric acid per cent. 
 
 Available phosphoric acid per cent. 
 
 Ammonia, actual and potential per cent. 
 
 Potash (K^O) per cent. 
 
 The ammonia is in the form of 
 
 Mtrate of soda has been used in the manufacture of this 
 
 brand. 
 
 The is put up in of 
 
 lbs. each 
 
 It is identical with 
 
 In consideration of being allowed to sell and distribute the above 
 
 brand before the official analysis thereof is made agree 
 
 and bind to cancel all sales thereof and forfeit 
 
 all claims for purchase money therefor, if, after the official analysis is 
 made, the Commissioner of Agriculture shall prohibit its sale in accord- 
 ance with the law. 
 
 2. Under section 4, relating to requests for tags, in order that no 
 delay may occur in shipments, the manufacturer or dealer need not 
 notify the Department at the time of the request for tags of the name 
 of the purchaser or consignee, but must notify the Commissioner in 
 writing of every sale or consignment on the day in which the same is 
 made. This notice must distinctly state the brand of the fertilizer or 
 the name of the chemical or fertilizer material and the number of tons, 
 together with the name of the purchaser or consignee and their places 
 of residence. It must request inspection and contain an agreement to 
 cancel all sales thereof, in the event the Commissioner shall prohibit 
 its sale in accordance with law. The following form may be used, sub- 
 stantial compliance with the above rule being regarded as sufficient: 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 443 
 
 NOTICE OF SALES AND CONSIGNMENTS, AND REQUEST FOR 
 INSPECTION. 
 
 190 
 
 To 0. B. Stevens, Cominissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta, Ga. : 
 
 You are hereby notified that have this day made the 
 
 following sales and consignments, and request that the same be in- 
 spected: 
 
 In consideration of being allowed to sell and distribute the above be- 
 fore the official analysis thereof is made agree 
 
 and bind. to cancel all sales thereof and forfeit all 
 
 claims for purchase money thereof, if, after the official analysis is made, 
 the Commissioner of Agriculture shall prohibit its sale in accordance 
 with law. 
 
 Manufacturers and dealers, by this rule, are not required to delay 
 shipment in order that the inspection may be made, but are required to 
 see that their goods are properly tagged, the inspection being made while 
 the fertilizer or fertilizer material is in the hands of the purchaser or 
 consignee. 
 
 3. All orders for tags must be sent direct to this department, and 
 the request must be accompanied with the fees for inspection at the 
 rate of ten cents per ton for the fertilizer or fertilizer material on which 
 they are to be used. 
 
 Manufacturers and dealers, or their agents, may request tags in such 
 quantities as they see fit, but each request must state distinctly the brand 
 or brands on which they are to be used, with the number of tons of the 
 brands, or of each of said brands. 
 
 It is not necessary that the fertilizer or fertilizer material be actually 
 on hand at the time the request is made, but manufacturers or dealers 
 can order such number of tags as they may need during the season, 
 bearing in mind that no tags carried over will be redeemed by the de- 
 partment. 
 
 In the event that more tags are ordered for any brand than it is ascer- 
 tained can be used on the sales and consignments of that brand, by 
 proper notice, with the consent of the Commissioner, the tags can be 
 used on another brand put up in packages or sacks of the same weight 
 and sold or consigned the same season. 
 
 4. If a fertilizer be offered for registration, inspection or sale branded 
 as either of the following: 
 
 "Ammoniated Superphosphate," 
 "Ammonia Dissolved Bone," 
 "Ammoniated Guano," 
 "Guano," 
 'Tertolizer." 
 
 or other words implying that the same is an ammoniated superyi}; 
 
 io?-Dhare 
 
444 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 the guaranteed analysis must claim that it contains not less than two 
 per cent, of ammonia (actual or potential). 
 
 6. That part of section 3 excepting from the operations of the act an 
 act to require the inspection and analysis of cotton-seed "meal" leaves 
 the inspection of that article under the Calvin bill, which requires that 
 all cotton-seed meal, for whatever purpose to be used, be inspected. It 
 is therefore necessary, and is required, that a request for inspction be 
 sent to the Commissioner, and that the inspection be made in tlie hands 
 of the manufacturer, dealer or their agent, or, if shipped in the State, 
 at -some convenient point, before the meal is sold or distributed. In all 
 cases fees will be sent direct to the Commissioner, who will immedi- 
 ately order the nearest inspector to make the inspection. 
 
 CALVIN BILL. 
 
 COTTON SEED MEAL. 
 
 A bill to be entitled an act to require all cotton-seed meal to be sub- 
 jected to analysis and inspection as a condition precedent to being 
 offered for sale, and to forbid the sale in this State of such cotton- 
 seed meal if it be shown by the official analysis that the same con- 
 tains less than 7 1-2 per centum of ammonia; to prescribe a penalty 
 for the violation of the provisions of this act, and for other pm-poses. 
 
 Section I. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia, and 
 it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, That from and after 
 the passage of this act it shall not be lawful for any person or persons 
 to offer for sale in this State any cotton-seed meal until the same shall 
 have been duly analyzed by the State Chemist and inspected as now 
 required by law in the matter of all fertilijzers and chemicals for manu- 
 facturing or composting purposes; nor shall it be lawful to offer such 
 cotton-seed meal for sale in this State if it be shown by the official analy- 
 sis that the same contains less than 7 1-2 per centum of ammonia; pro- 
 vided, that the provisions of this act as to the per centum mentioned in 
 this section shall not apply to meal manufactured from sea-island cotton- 
 seed ; but the Commissioner of Agriculture shall, upon the passage of this 
 act, fix and make public a minimum per centum, which shall control 
 as to the cotton seed meal referred to in this proviso; 'provided further, 
 that if any cotton-seed meal shall not analyze up to the required per 
 centum of ammonia, the same may be offered for sale as second-class 
 meal, provided the analysis be made known to the purchaser and stamped 
 on the sack. 
 
 Sec. II. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That there 
 shall be branded upon or attached to each sack, barrel or package of 
 cotton-seed meal offered for sale in this State the true analysis as de- 
 termined by the State Chemist, and the number of pounds net in each 
 sack, barrel or package. 
 
 Sec. III. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That it 
 
JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT. 
 
 1- T. J. SiMMoxs, Chief Justice. 
 
 2. Samuel Lumpkin, Associate Justice, 
 
 3. W. A. Little, 
 
 4. Wm. H. Fish, 
 
 5. Andrew J. GoBB, " " 
 
 6. H, T. Lewis, 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 447 
 
 shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to take all steps, 
 necessary to make effective the provisions of sections 1 and 2 of this- 
 act. 
 
 Sec. IV. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That any 
 person or persons violating the provisions of this act shall be deemed 
 guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction shall be punished as pre- 
 scribed in section 4310 of the Code of 1882. 
 
 Sec. Y. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That all 
 laws and parts of laws in conflict with this act be, and the same are,, 
 hereby repealed. 
 
 Approved July 22, 1891. 
 
 BLALOCK BILL. 
 
 COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS— HOW BRANDED AND GRADED. 
 
 ITo. 358. 
 
 An act to prescribe three grades of complete commercial fertilizers, for 
 the branding of same upon each sack or package of fertilizers, and for 
 other purposes. 
 
 Section I. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia, That 
 from and after the passage of this act it shall be unlawful to sell any 
 complete commercial fertiMzer in this State unless the grade of same is 
 branded upon each sack or package thereof in letters of not less than 
 one inch. 
 
 Sec. II. Be it further enacted. That the grades of such fertilizer 
 shall be divided into three, to wit: "High grade," which shall contain 
 not less than fourteen per cent, of plant food; "Standard grade," which 
 shall contain not less than twelve per cent, of plant food, and "Low 
 grade," which shall contain not less than ten per cent, of plant food; 
 provided, this act shall not go into effect until aftei* the firet day of 
 August, 1898. 
 
 Sec. III. Be it further enacted, That a failure to comply with the 
 requirements of this act shall subject the seller thereof to all the pains 
 and penalties now of force for failure toi have fertilizers properly in- 
 spected. 
 
 Sec. TV. Be it further enacted, That all laws and parts of laws in 
 conflict with this act be, and the same are, hereby repealed. 
 
 Approved December 21, 1897. 
 
 COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS, HOW BRAE^DED, ETC. 
 
 'No. 170. 
 
 An act to amend section 1 of an act entitled "an act to prescribe three 
 grades of complete commercial fertilizers, for the branding of the 
 same upon each sack or package of fertilizers, and for other pur- 
 
448 GEORGIA: HISTORIC AL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 poses"; so as to make it unlawful to sell any commercial fertilizers 
 in this State unless the grade of same is branded upon each sack or 
 package thereof in letters not less than one inch. 
 
 Section I. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia, That 
 from and after the passage of this act, the above recited section be, and 
 the same is, hereby amended by striking from the third line of said 
 section the word "complete," so that when amended, said section shall 
 read as follows: Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia, 
 That from and after the passage of this act,' it shall be unlawful to sell 
 any oommeroial fertilizers in this State unless the grade of same is 
 branded upon each sack or package thereof in letters not less than one 
 inch ; provided, that this act shall not be construed as applying to cotton 
 seed meal and German kainit and muriate of potash; and that said act 
 shall not go into effect until the first day of August, 1899. 
 
 Sec, II. Be it further enacted. That all laws and parts of laws in con- 
 flict with this act be, and the same are, hereby repealed. 
 
 Approved December 22, 1898. 
 
 ELLrnGTOI^ BILL. 
 ITo. 168. 
 
 An act to regulate the sale of fertilizers in this State; to fix a method 
 for determining the value of the same, and for other purposes. 
 
 Section I. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia, and 
 it is hereby enacted by authority of the same. That from and after the 
 passage of this act it shall be lawful for any purchaser of fertilizer from 
 any owner thereof, or agent of such owner, to require of the person 
 selling, and at the time of sale or delivery, to take from each lot of each 
 brand sold a sample of its contents. 
 
 Sec. II. Be it further enacted, That said sample so taken shall be 
 mixed together and placed in a bottle, jar or such other receptacle as 
 the purchaser may present. It shall then be the duty of such purchaser 
 and seller to deliver said package to the Ordinary of the county, who 
 shall label same with the names of the parties and of the fertilizers. 
 
 Sec. III. Be it further enacted. That said Ordinary shall safely keep 
 said package, allowing neither party access to the same, save as herein- 
 after provided. The Ordinary shall receive a fee of ten (10) cents from 
 the party depositing such sample for each sample so deposited. 
 
 Sec. IV. Be it further enacted, That should said purchaser, after 
 having used such fertilizers upon his crops, have reason to believe from 
 the yields thereof that said fertilizer was totally or partially worth- 
 less, he shall notify the seller and apply to the Ordinary to forward the 
 said sample deposited with him (or a sufficiency thereof to insure a fair 
 analysis) to the State Chemist, without stating the names of the parties, 
 the name of the fertilizer or giving its guaranteed analysis, the cost of 
 sending being prepaid by the purchaser. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 449 
 
 Sec. V. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of said State 
 Chemist to analyze and send a copy of the result to said Ordinary. 
 
 Sec. VI. Be it further enacted, That should said analysis show that 
 said fertilizer comes up to the guaranteed analysis upon which it is sold, 
 then the statement so sent by the State Chemist shall be conclusive evi- 
 dence against a plea of partial or total failure of consideration. But 
 should said analysis show that such fertilizer does not come up to the 
 guaranteed analysis, then the sale shall be illegal, null and void, and 
 when suit is brought, upon any evidence of indebtedness given for such 
 fertilizer, the statement of such State Chemist, so transmitted to the 
 Ordinary, shall be conclusive evidence of the facts, whether such evi- 
 dence of indebtedness is held by an innocent third party or not. 
 
 Sec. VII. Be it further enacted. That in lieu of the State Chemist, 
 should the parties to the contract agree upon some other chemist to 
 make said analysis, all the provisions of the act shall apply to his analysis 
 and report to the Ordinary. 
 
 Sec. VIII. Be it further enacted. That should the seller refuse to 
 take said sample when so requested by the purchaser, then upon proof 
 of this fact the purchaser shall be entitled to his plea of failure of con- 
 sideration and to support the same by proof of the want of effect and 
 benefit of said fertilizer upon his crops, which proof shall be sufficient 
 to authorize the jury to sustain defendant's plea within whole or in part, 
 whether said suit is brought by an innocent holder or not. 
 
 Sec. IX. Be it further enacted, That all laws and parts of laws in 
 conflict with this act be, and the same are, hereby repealed. 
 
 Approved December 27, 1890. 
 
 ILLUMINATING OILS. 
 
 All illuminating oils must be inspected by an officer appointed for 
 that purpose, and the Department of Agriculture is charged with the 
 supervision and enforcement of the inspection laws concerning fertilizers 
 and oils. 
 
 The following is the new Georgia oil law of 1899: 
 
 NEW GEORGIA OIL LAW. 
 
 To prescribe the method of testing illuminating oils in this State, and 
 the manner in which test shall be made, and to provide for the ap- 
 pointment of a General Inspector to aid in the inspection of such oils, 
 and for other purposes. 
 
 Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia, and 
 it is hereby enacted by authority of the same, That from and after the 
 passage of this act it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agricul- 
 ture of the State of Georgia to appoint a General Inspector of Oils of 
 
450 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL, 
 
 said State, whose duty it shall be to go from point to point about the 
 State at the direction of the Commissioner of Agriculture to inspect 
 such oils as may be desired, instruct the local inspectors in the art of 
 taking fair, correct and impartial samples of oils for illuminating pur- 
 poses, and to test the same under provisions of this act; to check up all 
 accounts and books of account of local oil inspectors, and to see that 
 said moneys due the State from fees paid for oil inspections are paid into 
 the State treasury, and to see that said local oil inspectors fairly, cor- 
 rectly and impartially dischal-ge the duties imposed upon them by this 
 act, and existing laws not in conflict herewith, and perform such other 
 duties as may be prescribed by the Commissioner of Agriculture. If any 
 dispute arises as to the test of any oils, then said General Inspector shall 
 take a fair sample of said oil and forward it to the State Chemist, who 
 shall make a final test and his decision shall control in all matters of 
 dispute. Said General Inspector shall be paid a salary not to exceed 
 ($100.00) one hundred dollars per month and actual and necessary 
 traveling expenses while in discharge of his duties, and said salary and 
 traveling expenses shall be paid out of the fees collected from oil, 
 inspections; provided, however, that this act shall not be in conflict with 
 sections 1579-1584 and other sections of the Code of Georgia providing 
 for the appointment and compensation of local oil inspectors. 
 
 Sec. 2. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That no per- 
 son shall manufacture, or have in his possession, or sell, or give away 
 for illuminating or heating purposes, in lamp or stoves within the State, 
 any oil or burning fluid wholly or partly composed of naptha, coal oil, 
 petroleum or products thereof, or of other substances or material emit- 
 ting an inflammable vapor, which will flash at a temperature below 100 
 degrees Fahrenheit, when tested in the closed oil tester, known as the 
 ISTew York State, or Elliott Oil Tester, according to the following for- 
 mula, to wit: Fill the water bath with fresh well or hydrant water up 
 to the lead mark on the inside; then immerse the oil cup in the water 
 and pour in oil, so as to fill the cup up to within one-eighth of an inch 
 of the flange. Take a piece of blotting paper, and remove all air bub- 
 bles from the surface of the oil by lightly touching them with the paper. 
 ISText, carefully, with a dry towel or cloth, vsdpe the upper inner parts 
 of the oil cup, so as to remove any drops of oil that might have spat- 
 tered on the upper part of the cup. Then put on the glass cover of the oil 
 cup, pass the thermometer through the hole in the cork to such a point 
 that the mercury bulb will just be covered by the surface of the oil. 
 "Next light the lamp and introduce it under the water bath. So adjust 
 the flame that the temperature will rise at the rate of two degrees a 
 minute. Wait until the temperature reaches ninety-nine degrees F. ; 
 then light a wooden toothpick and pass the flame through the semi- 
 circular opening in the glass plate at such an angle as to clear glass 
 cover and to a distance about half way between the oil and the cover. 
 The motion should be steady and uniform, rapid and without pause. 
 The appearance of a slight bluish flame shows that the flashing point has 
 been reached. If the oil flashes at this point it should be branded "State 
 
HON. CLARK HOWELL, PRESIDENT OF THE GEORGIA SENATE. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 453 
 
 of Georgia. Eejected." If it does not flash at this point it should be 
 branded ''State of Georgia. Approved." Naphtha and illuminating 
 products of petroleum which will not stand the Hash test required by 
 this section may be used for illuminating or heating puiposes only in the 
 following cases: 
 
 1st. In street lamps and open air receptacles, apart from any build- 
 ings, factory or inhabited houses in which the vapor is burned. 
 
 2d. In dwellings, factories or other places of business, when vapor- 
 ized in secure tanks or metal generators, made for the purpose, in which 
 the vapor so generated is used for lighting or heating. 
 
 3d. For use in the manufacture of illuminating gas in gas manufac- 
 tories situated apart from dwellings and other buildings. The inspector 
 shall provide at his own expense instruments for testing oil, and stencils 
 for branding packages to read thus: "State of Georgia. Approved," 
 with name of inspector and date of inspection. The inspector shall 
 brand all oils and fluids falling below 100 degrees flash test, in the 
 Elliott tester, "State of Georgia. Rejected," with name of inspector 
 and date of inspection. If the inspector shall find any illuminating oil 
 or fluid under the flash test required by law, or falsely branded, he shall 
 cause the offender to be prosecuted. 
 
 Sec. 3. And it is hereby made the duty of such General Inspector 
 of Oils to personally prosecute each and every offender under the pro- 
 visions of this act, and upon conviction such offender shall be punished 
 as prescribed in section 1039 of the Code of Georgia, and all fines aris- 
 ing from prosecution under this act shall be paid into and become a 
 part of the general educational fund of this State. 
 
 Sec. 4. Be it further enacted, That all laws and parts of laws in con- 
 flict with this act be, and the same are, hereby repealed. 
 
 Approved December 20, 1899. 
 
 The organic law of the State is its constitution, which we here ap- 
 pend: 
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA. 
 
 BILL OF RIGHTS. 
 
 PREAMBLE. 
 
 To perpetuate the principles of free government, insure justice to all, 
 preserve peace, promote the interest and happiness of the citizen, and 
 transmit to posterity the enjoyment of liberty, we, the people of Georgia, 
 relying up the protection and guidance of Almighty God, do ordain 
 and establish this Constitution: 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 Section I. 
 
 Paragraph I. All government, of right, originates with the people, 
 is founded upon their will only, and is instituted solely for the good 
 
 20 ga 
 
454 OEOBQIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 of the wbole. Public officers are tlie trustees and servants of the people, 
 and at all times amenable to them. 
 
 Par. II. Protection to person and property is the paramount duty 
 of government, and shall be impartial and complete. 
 
 Par. III. IsTo person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property, ex- 
 cept by due process of law. 
 
 Par. TV. 'No person shall be deprived of the right to prosecute or de- 
 fend his own cause in any of the courts of this State in person, by 
 attorney or both. 
 
 Par. V. Every person charged with an offense against the laws of this 
 State shall have the privilege and benefit of counsel ; shall be furnished, 
 on demand, with a copy of the accusation, and a list of the witnesses 
 on whose testimony the charge against him is founded; shall have com- 
 pulsory process to obtain the testimony of his own witnesses; shall be 
 confronted with the witnesses testifying against him, and shall have a 
 public and speedy trial by an impartial jury. 
 
 Par. VI. No person shall be compelled to give testimony tending in 
 any way to criminate himself. 
 
 Par. VII. JSTeither banishment beyond the limits of the State, nor 
 whipping, as a punishment for crime, shall be allowed. 
 
 Par. VIII. No person shall be put in jeopardy of life, or liberty, 
 more than once for the same offense save on his, or her, own motion for 
 a new trial after conviction, or in case of mistrial. 
 
 Par. IX. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines im- 
 posed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted; nor shall any person 
 be abused in being arrested, while under arrest or in prison. 
 
 Par. X. ISTo person shall be compelled to pay costs, except after con- 
 viction on final trial. 
 
 Par. XL The writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended. 
 
 Par. XII. All men have the natural and inalienable right to worship 
 God, each according to the dictates of his own conscience, and no human 
 authority should in any case, control or interfere with such right of con- 
 science. 
 
 Par. Xm. iN'o inhabitant of this State shall be molested in person or 
 property, or prohibited from holding any public office or trust, on ac- 
 count of his religious opinions; but the right of liberty of conscience 
 shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness, or justify 
 practices inconsistent with the peace and safety of the State. 
 
 Par. XIV. ISTo money shall ever be taken from the public treasury, 
 directly or indirectly, in aid of any church, sect or denomination of re- 
 ligionists, or of any sectarian institution. 
 
 Par. XV. 1^0 law shall ever be passed to curtail, or restrain, the lib- 
 erty of speech, or of the press ; any person may spealc, write and publish 
 his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that lib- 
 erty. 
 
 Par. XVI. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, 
 houses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures 
 shall not be violated; and no warrant shall issue except upon probable 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 455 
 
 cause, supported by oath, or affirmation, particularly describing the 
 place, or places, to be searched, and the person or things to be seized. 
 
 Par. XVII. There shall be within the State of Georgia neither 
 slavery nor involuntary servitude, save as a punishment for crime after 
 legal conviction thereof. 
 
 Par. XVIII. The social status of the citizen shall never be the sub- 
 ject of legislation. 
 
 Par. XIX. The civil authority shall be superior to the military, and 
 no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the 
 consent of the owner, nor in time of war, except by the civil magistrate, 
 in such manner as may be provided by law. 
 
 Par. XX. The power of the courts to punish for contempts shall be 
 limited by legislative acts. 
 
 Par. XXI. There shall be no imprisonment for debt. 
 
 Par. XXII. The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not 
 be infringed, but the General Assembly shall have power to prescribe 
 the manner in which arms may be borne. 
 
 Par. XXIII. The legislative, judicial and executive powers shall for- 
 ever remain separate and distinct, and no person discharging the duties 
 of one shall at the same time exercise the functions of either of the oth- 
 ers, except as herein provided. 
 
 Par. XXIV. The people have the right to assemble peaceably for 
 their common good, and to apply to those vested with the powers of 
 government for redress of grievances by petition or remonstrance. 
 
 Par. XXV. All citizens of the United States, resident in this State, 
 are hereby declared citizens of this State ; and it shall be the duty of the 
 General Assembly to enact such laws as will protect them in the full en- 
 joyment of the rights, privileges and immunities due to such citizen- 
 ship. 
 
 Section II. 
 
 Paragraph I. In all prosecutions or indictments for libel, the truth 
 may be given in evidence; and the jury in all criminal cases shall be 
 the judges of the law and the facts. The power of the judges to grant 
 new trials in case of conviction is preserved. 
 
 Par. II. Treason against the State of Georgia shall consist in levying 
 war against her, adhering to her enemies, giving them aid and comfort. 
 Ko person shall be convicted of treason except on the testimony of two 
 witnesses to the same overt act, or confession in open court. 
 
 Par. III. 'No conviction shall work corruption of blood, or forfeitui'e 
 of estate. 
 
 Par. IV. All lotteries, and the sale of lottery tickets, are hereby pro- 
 hibited; and this prohibition shall be enforced by penal laws. 
 
 Par. V. Lobbying is declared to be a crime, and the General Assem- 
 bly shall enforce this provision by suitable penalties. 
 
 Par. VI. The General Assembly shall have the power to provide fo" 
 the punishment of fraud; and shall provide, by law, for reaching prop- 
 erty of the debtor concealed from the creditor. 
 
456 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Section III. 
 
 Paragraph I. In cases of necessity, private ways may be granted upon 
 j'ust compensation being first paid by the applicant. Private property 
 shall not be taken, or damaged, for public purposes, wiithout just and 
 adequate compensation being first paid. 
 
 Par. n, No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, retroactive law or law 
 impairing the obligation of contracts or making irrevocable grants of 
 -.special pr'ivileges or immunities, shall be passed. 
 
 Par. III. No grant of special privileges or immunities shall be re- 
 voked, except in such manner as to work no injustice to the corporators 
 or creditors of the incorporation. 
 
 Section IV. 
 
 Paragraph 1. Laws of a general nature shall have uniform operation 
 throughout the State, and no special law shall be enacted in any case for 
 which provision has been made by an existing general law. No general 
 law affecting private rights shall be varied in any particular case by 
 special legislation, except with the free consent, in writing, of all per- 
 sons affected thereby; and no person under legal disability to contract 
 is capable of such consent. 
 
 Par. II. Legislative acts in violation of this constitution, or the con- 
 stitution of the United States, are void, and the judiciary shall so de- 
 clare them. 
 
 Section Y. 
 
 Paragraph I. The people of this State have the inherent, sole and ex- 
 clusive right of regulating their internal government, and the police 
 thereof, and of altering and abolishing their constitution whenever it 
 may be necessary to their safety and happiness. 
 
 Par. II. The enumeration of rights herein contained, as a part of this 
 constitution shall not be construed to deny to the people any inherent 
 rights which they may have hitherto enjoyed. 
 
 ARTICLE 11. 
 
 ELECTIVE ERANCHISE. 
 Section I. 
 
 Paragraph I. In all elections by the people the electors shall vote by 
 ballot. 
 
 Par. 11. Every male citizen of the United States (except as herein- 
 after provided), twenty-one years of age, who shall have resided in this 
 State one year next preceding the election, and shall have resided six 
 months in the county in which he offers to vote, and shall have paid 
 all taxes which may hereafter be required of him, and which he may 
 
HON. JOHN D. LITTLE, 
 Speaker of the House of Representative 
 
't-.i. 
 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 459 
 
 have had an opportunity of paying, agreeable to law, except for the year 
 of the election, shall be deemed an elector; provided, that no soldier, 
 sailor or marine in the military or naval service of the United States 
 shall acquire the rights of an elector by reason of being stationed on 
 duty in this State; and no person shall vote who, if challenged, shall 
 refuse to take the following oath or affirmation: "I do swear (or affirm) 
 that I am twenty-one years of age, have resided in this State one year 
 and in this county six months, next preceding this election. I have paid 
 all taxes which, since the adoption of the present constitution of this 
 State, have been required of me previous to this year, and which I have 
 had an opportunity to pay, and I have not voted at this election." 
 
 Section II. 
 
 Paragraph I. The General Assembly may provide, from time to time, 
 for the registration for all electors, but the following classes of persons 
 shall not be permitted to register, vote or hold any office, or appoint- 
 ment of honor or trust in this State, to wit: 1st. Those who shall have 
 been convicted, in any court of competent jurisdiction, of treason against 
 the State, or embezzlement of public funds, malef easance in office, brib- 
 ery or larceny, or of any crime involv<ing moral turpitude, punishable 
 by laws of this State with imprisonment in the penitentiary, unless such 
 person shall have been pardoned. 2d. Idiots and insane persons. 
 
 Section III. 
 
 Paragraph I. Electors shall, in all cases except for treason, felony, 
 larceny and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their 
 attendance on elections, and in going to and returning from the same. 
 
 Section IV. 
 
 Paragraph I. IN"© person who is the holder of any public money, con- 
 trary to law, shall be eligible to any office in this State until the same is 
 accounted for and paid into the treasury. 
 
 Par. II. ]S[o person who, after the adoption of this constitution, being 
 a resident of this State, shall have been convicted of fighting a duel in 
 this State, or convicted of sending or accepting a challenge, or convicted 
 of aiding or abetting such duel, shall hold office in this State, unless he 
 shall have been pardoned; and every such person shall also be subject 
 to such punishment as may be prescribed by law. 
 
 Section Y. 
 
 Paragraph I. The General Assembly shall, by law, forbid the sale, 
 distribution or furnishing of intoxicating drinks within two miles of 
 election precincts on days of election — State, county or municipal — and 
 prescribe punishment for any violation of the same. 
 
460 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Section YI. 
 
 Paragraph I. Eetiims of elections for all civil officers elected by the 
 people, who are to be commiissioned by the Governor, and also for the 
 members of the General Assembly, shall be made to the Secretary of 
 State, unless otherwise provided by law. 
 
 AETICLE ni. 
 LEGISLATIVE DEPAETMENT. 
 
 Section I. 
 
 Paragraph I. The legislative power of the State shall be vested in a 
 General Assembly, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Rep- 
 resentatives. 
 
 Section II. 
 
 Paragraph I. The Senate shall consist of forty-four members. There 
 shall be forty-four Senatorial districts as now arranged by counties. 
 Each district shall have one Senator. 
 
 The Eirst Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of 
 Chatham, Bryan and Effingham. 
 
 The Second Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of 
 Liberty, Tattnall and Mcintosh. 
 
 The Third Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of 
 Wayne, Pierce and Appling. 
 
 The Fourth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of 
 Glynn, Camden and Charlton. 
 
 The Eifth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of 
 Coffee, Ware and Clinch. 
 
 The Sixth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of 
 Echols, Lowndes and Berrien. 
 
 The Seventh Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of 
 Brooks, Thomas and Colquitt. 
 
 The Eighth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of 
 Decatur, Mitchell and Miller. 
 
 The jN'inth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of 
 Early, Calhoun and Baker. 
 
 The Tenth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of 
 Dougherty, Lee and Worth. 
 
 The Eleventh Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of 
 Clay, Randolph and Terrell. 
 
 The Twelfth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of 
 Stewart, Webster and Quitman. 
 
 The Thirteenth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties 
 of Sumter, Schley and Macon. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 461 
 
 The Fourteenth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties 
 of Dooly, Wilcox, Pulaski and Dodge. 
 
 The Fifteenth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of 
 Montgomery, TeKair and Irwin. 
 
 The Sixteenth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of 
 Laurens, Emanuel and Johnson. 
 
 The Seventeenth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties 
 of Screven, Bulloch and Burke. 
 
 The Eighteenth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties 
 of Richmond, Glascock and Jefferson. 
 
 The Nineteenth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties 
 of Taliaferro, Greene and Warren. 
 
 The Twentieth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties 
 of Baldwin, Hancock and Washington. 
 
 The Twenty-first Senatorial District shall be composed of the coun- 
 ties of Twiggs, Wilkinson and Jones. 
 
 The Twenty-second Senatorial District shall be composed of the coun- 
 ties of Bibb, Monroe and Pike. 
 
 The Twenty-third Senatorial District shall be composed of the coun- 
 ties of Houston, Crawford and Taylor. 
 
 The Twenty-fourth Senatorial District shall be composed of the coun- 
 ties of Muscogee, Marion and Chattahoochee, 
 
 The Twenty-fifth Senatorial District shall be composed of the coun- 
 ties of Harris, Upson and Talbot. 
 
 The Twenty-six Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties 
 of Spalding, Butts and Fayette. 
 
 The Twenty-seventh Senatorial District shall be composed of the 
 counties of Newton, Walton, Clarke, Oconee and Rockdale. 
 
 The Twenty-eighth Senatorial District shall be composed of the coun- 
 ties of Jasper, Putnam and Morgan. 
 
 The Twenty-ninth Senatorial District shall be composed of the coun- 
 ties of Wilkes, Columbia, Lincoln and McDufiie. 
 
 The Thirtieth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of 
 Oglethorpe, Madison and Elbert. 
 
 The Thirty-first Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties 
 of Hart, Habersham and Franklin. 
 
 The Tliirty-second Senatorial District shall be composed of the coun- 
 ties of White, Dawson and Lumpkin. 
 
 The Thirty-third Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties 
 of Hall, Banks and Jackson, 
 
 The Thirty^fourth Senatorial District shall be composed of the coun- 
 ties of Gwinnett, DeKalb and Henry. 
 
 The Thirty-fifth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties 
 of Clayton, Cobb and Fulton, 
 
 The Thirty-sixth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties 
 of Cam-nbell, Coweta, Meriwether and Douglas, 
 
 The Thirty-seventh Senatorial District shall be composed of the coun- 
 ties of Carroll, Heard and Troup. 
 
462 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 The Thirty-eighth Senatorial District shall be composed of the coun- 
 ties of Haralson, Polk and Paulding. 
 
 The Thirty-ninth Senatorial District shall be composed of the coun- 
 ties of Milton, Cherokee and Porsyth. 
 
 The Fortieth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of 
 Union, Towns and Eabun. 
 
 The Forty-first Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties 
 of Pickens, Fannin and Gilmer. 
 
 The Forty-second Senatorial District shall be composed of the coun- 
 ties of Bartow, Floyd and Chattooga. 
 
 The Forty-third Senatorial District shall be composed of the coun- 
 ties of Murray, Gordon and Whitfield. 
 
 The Forty-fourth Senatorial District shall be composed of the coun- 
 ties of Walker, Dade and Catoosa. 
 
 Par. III. The General Assembly may change these districts after 
 each census of the United States; provided, that neither the number of 
 districts nor the number of Senators from each district shall be in- 
 creased. 
 
 Section III. 
 
 Paragraph I. The House of Representatives shall consist of one hun- 
 dred and seventy-five Representatives, apportioned among the several 
 counties as follows, to wit: To the six counties having the largest popu- 
 lation, viz. : Chatham, Richmond, Burke, Floyd, Bibb and Fulton, three 
 Representatives each; to the twenty-six counties having the next largest 
 population, viz.: Dooly, Bartow, Coweta, Decatur, Houston, Greene, 
 Gwinnett, Harris, Jefferson, Meriwether, Monroe, Muscogee, Pulaski, 
 DeKalb, Hall, Walton, Sumter, Thomas, Troup, Washington, Hancock, 
 Carroll, Cobb, Jackson, Oglethorpe and Wilkes, two Representatives 
 each ; and to the remaining one hundred and five counties one Represen- 
 tative each. 
 
 Par. 11. The above apportionment shall be changed by the General 
 Assembly at its first session after each census taken by the Uniteid States 
 Government, so as to give the six counties having the largest population 
 three Representatives each; and to the tweny-six counties having the 
 next largest population two Representatives each; but in no event shall 
 the aggregate number of Representatives be increased.* 
 
 * According to the provision of this paragraph the apportionment by the new- 
 census will be as follows: 
 
 Fulton, Chatham, Richmond, Bibb, Floyd, Thomas, three representatives each. 
 
 Burke, Muscogee, Decatur, Washineton, Carroll, Dooly, Sumter, Laurens, 
 Gwinnett, Coweta, Cobb, .Tackson, Troup, Meriwether, Houston. Bulloch, Eman- 
 uel, DeKalb. Walton, Wilkes, Bartow, Hall, Monroe, Tattnall, Lowndes, Elbert, 
 two representatives each. 
 
 The remaining one hundred and five counties, one representative. 
 
 The counties are here arranged in the order of population. 
 
GEORGIA WHEATFIELD. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 465 
 
 Section IV. 
 
 Paragraph I. The membei-s of the General Assembly shall be elected 
 for two years, and shall serve until their successors are elected. 
 
 Par. II. The first election for members of the General Assembly, 
 under this constitution, shall take place on the first AVednesday in De- 
 cember, 1877; the second election for the same shall be held on the 
 first Wednesday in October, 1880, and subsequent elections biennially 
 on that day, until the day of election is changed by law. 
 
 Par. in. The first meeting of the General Assembly, after the ratifi- 
 cation of this constitution, shall be on the fourth Wednesday in October, 
 1878, and annually thereafter, on the same day, until the day shall be 
 changed by law. But nothing herein contained shall be construed to 
 prevent the Governor from calling an extra session of the General As- 
 sembly before the first Wednesday in November, 1878, if, in his opin- 
 ion, the public good shall require it. 
 
 Par. IV. A majority of each House shall constitute a quoa-um to 
 transact business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day 
 and compel the presence of its absent members, as each House may pro- 
 vide. 
 
 Par. V. Each Senator and Eepresentative, before taking his seat, shall 
 take the following oath, or affirmation, to wit: "I will support the con- 
 stitution of this State, and of the United States; and on all questions 
 and measures which may come before me, I will so conduct myself as 
 will, in my judgment, be most conducive to the interests and prosperity 
 of this State." 
 
 Par. VI. !N"o session of the General Assembly shall continue longer 
 than fifty days; 'provided, that if an impeachment trial be pending at the 
 end of fifty days, the session may be prolonged till the completion of said 
 trial. 
 
 Par. VTI. Ko person holding a military commission or other appoint- 
 ment or office, having any emolument or compensation annexed thereto, 
 under this State, or the United States, or either of them, except justices 
 of the peace and officers of the militia, nor any defaulter for public 
 money, or for any legal taxes required of him, shall have a seat in either 
 House; nor shall any Senator or Representative, after his qualification 
 as such, be elected by the General Assembly, or appointed by the Gov- 
 ernor, either with or without the advice and consent of the Senate, to 
 any office or appointment having any emolument annexed thereto, dur- 
 ing the time for which he shall have been elected. 
 
 Par. VIII. The seat of a member of either House shall be vacated on 
 his removal from the district or county from which he was elected. 
 
 Section V. 
 
 Paragraph I. The Senators shall be citizens of the United States, who 
 have attained the age of twenty-five years, and who shall have been citi- 
 zens of this State for four years, and for one year residents of the dis- 
 trict from which elected. 
 
466 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Par. n. The presiding officer of the Senate shall be styled the Presi- 
 dent of the Senate, and shall be elected viva voce from the Senators. 
 
 Par. III. The Senate shall have the sole power to try impeachments. 
 
 Par. IV. When sitting for that purpose, the members shall be on oath 
 or affirmation, and shall be presided over by the Chief Justice or the 
 presiding Justice of the Supreme Court. Should the Chief Justice be 
 disqualified, the Senate shall elect the Judge of the Supreme Court to 
 preside. JSTo person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two- 
 thirds of the members present. 
 
 Par. Y. Judgments, in case of impeachment, shall not extend further 
 than removal from office and disqualification to hold and enjoy any 
 office of honor, trust or profit, within this State; but the party shall, 
 nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and 
 punishment according to law. 
 
 Section YI. 
 
 Paragraph I. The Representatives shall be citizens of the United 
 States, who have attained the age of twenty-one years, and who shall 
 have been citizens of this State for two years, and for one year residents 
 of the counties from which elected. 
 
 Par. II. The presiding officer of the House of Representatives shall 
 be styled the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and shall be 
 elected viva voce from the body. 
 
 Par. III. The House of Representatives shall have the sole power to 
 impeach all persons who shall have been, or may be, in office. 
 
 Section YII. 
 
 Paragraph I. Each House shall be the judge of the election, returns 
 and qualifications of its members, and shall have power to punish them 
 for disorderly behavior, or misconduct, by censure, fine, imprisonment, 
 or expulsion; but no member shall be expelled, except by a vote of two- 
 thirds of the House to which he belongs. 
 
 Par. II. Each House may punish by imprisonment, not extending 
 beyond the session, any person, not a member, who shall be guilty of a 
 contempt, by any disorderly behavior in its presence, or who shall rescue, 
 or attempt to rescue, any person arrested by order of either House. 
 
 Par. III. The members of both Houses shall be free from arrest during 
 their attendance on the General Assembly and in going thereto or re- 
 turning therefrom, except for treason, felony, larceny, or breach of the 
 peace; and no member shall be liable to answer in any other place for 
 anything spoken in debate in either House. 
 
 Par. lY. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and 
 publish it immediately after its adjournment. 
 
 Par. Y. The original journal shall be preserved, after publication, in 
 the office of Secretary of State, but there shall be no other record thereof. 
 
 Par. YI. The yeas and nays on any question shall, at the desire of 
 one-fifth of the members present, be entered on the journal. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 467 
 
 Par. VII. Every bill, before it sball pass, shall be read three times, 
 and on three separate days, in each House, unless in case of actual inva- 
 sion or insurrection. But the first and second reading of each local bill 
 and bank and railroad charters in each House shall consist of the read- 
 ing of the title only, unless said bill is ordered to be engrossed. 
 
 Par. Vin. 'No law or ordinance shall pass which refers to more than 
 one subject-matter, or contains matter different from what is expressed 
 in the title thereof. 
 
 Par. IX. The general appropriation bill shall embrace nothing except 
 appropriations fixed by previous laws, the ordinary expenses of the Ex- 
 ecutive, Legislative and Judicial Departments of the Government, pay- 
 ment of the public debt and interest thereon, and the support of the 
 public institutions and educational interests of the State. AH other ap- 
 propriations shall be made by separate bills, each embracing but one 
 subject. 
 
 Par. X. All bills for raising revenue or appropriating money shall 
 originate in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may propose 
 or concur in amendments as in other bills. 
 
 Par. XL No money shall be drawn from the treasury except by ap- 
 propriation made by law, and a regular statement and account of the 
 receipt and expenditure of all public money shall be published every 
 three months, and also with the laws passed by each session of the Gen- 
 eral Assembly. 
 
 Par. XII. No bill or resolution appropriating money shall become a 
 law, unless, upon its passage, the yeas and nays, in each House, are 
 recorded. 
 
 Par. XIII. All acts shall be signed by the President of the Senate 
 and the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and no bill, ordinance 
 or resolution, intended to have the effect of law, which shall have been 
 rejected by either House, shall be again proposed during the same ses- 
 sion, under the same or any other title, without the consent of two-thirds 
 of the House by which the same was rejected. 
 
 Par. XIV. ISTo bill shall become a law unless it shall receive a major- 
 ity of the votes of all the members elected to each House of the Gen- 
 eral Assembly, and it shall, in every instance, so appear on the journal. 
 
 Par. XV. (By an act approved September 24, 1885, an amendment 
 to the constitution was submitted to vote of the people in October, 1886, 
 and adopted, whereby the original of this paragraph was stricken from 
 this constitution.) 
 
 Par. XVI. N^o local or special bill shall be passed, unless notice of 
 the intention to apply therefor shall have been published in the locality 
 where the matter, or thing to be affected, may be situated, which notice 
 shall be given at least thirty days prior to the introduction of such bill 
 into the General Assembly and in the manner to be prescribed by law. 
 The evidence of such notice having been published shall be exhibited in 
 the General Assembly before such act shall be passed. 
 
468 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Par. XVII. No law, or section of the Code, shall be amended or re- 
 pealed by mere reference to its title, or to the number of the section of 
 the Code, but the amending or repealing act shall distinctly describe the 
 law to be amended or repealed, as well as the alteration to be made. 
 
 Par. XVIII. The General Assembly shall have no power to grant 
 coi-porate powers and privileges to private companies; nor to make or 
 change election precincts; nor to establish bridges or ferries; nor to 
 change names of legitimate children; but it shall prescribe by law the 
 manner in which such powers shall be exercised by the courts. All 
 corporate powers and privileges to banking, insurance, railroad, canal, 
 navigation, express and telegraph companies shall be issued and granted 
 by the Secretary of State, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. 
 
 Par. XIX. The General Assembly shall have no power to relieve 
 principals or securities upon forfeited recognizances, from the payment 
 thereof, either before or after judgment thereon, unless the principal in 
 the recognizance shall have been apprehended and placed in the custody 
 of the proper officer. 
 
 Par. XX. The General Assembly shall not authorize the construction 
 of any street passenger railway within the limits of any incorporated 
 town or city without the consent of the corporate authorities. 
 
 Par. XXI. Whenever the constitution requires a vote of two-thirds 
 of either or both Houses for the passage of an act or resolution, the yeas 
 and nays on the passage thereof shall be entered on the journal. 
 
 Par. XXII. The General Assembly shall have power to make all 
 laws and ordinances consistent with this constitution, and not repug- 
 nant to the constitution of the United States, which they shall deem 
 necessary and proper for the welfare of the State. 
 
 Par. XXIII. 'No provision in this constitution, for a two-thirds' vote 
 of both Houses of the General Assembly, shall be construed to waive the 
 necessity for the signature of the Governor, as in any other case, except 
 in the case of the two-thirds' vote required to override the veto, and in 
 case of prolongation of a session of the GeneralAssembly. 
 
 Par. XXIV. Neither House shall adjourn for more than three days, 
 or to any other place, without the consent of the other ; and in case of a 
 disagreement between the two Houses on a question of adjournment, the 
 Governor may adjourn either or both of them. 
 
 Section VIH. 
 
 Paragraph I. The officers of the two Houses, other than the Presi- 
 dent and Speaker, shall be a Secretary of the Senate and Clerk of the 
 House of Representatives, and such assistants as they may appoint; but 
 the clerical expenses of the Senate shall not exceed sixty dollars per day 
 for each session, nor those of the House of Representatives seventy dol- 
 lars per day for each session. The Secretary of the Senate and Clerk 
 of the House of Representatives shall be required to give bond and secu- 
 rity for the faithful discharge of their respective duties. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 47I 
 
 Section IX. 
 
 Paragrapli I. The per diem of members of the General Assembly shall 
 not exceed four dollars, and mileage shall not exceed ten cents for each 
 mile traveled, by the nearest practicable route in going to and returning 
 from the Capital; but the President of the Senate and the Speaker of 
 the House of Kepresentatives shall each receive not exceeding seven dol- 
 lars per day. 
 
 Section X. 
 
 Paragraph I. All elections by the General Assembly shall be viva 
 voce, and the vote shall appear on the journal of the House of Eepresen- 
 tativee. When the Senate and House of Representatives unite for the 
 purpose of elections, they shall meet in the Eepresentative Hall, and 
 the President of the Senate shall, in such cases, preside and declare the 
 result. 
 
 Section XL 
 
 Paragraph I. All property of the wife at the time of her marriage, 
 and all property given to, inherited or acquired by her, shall remain her 
 separate property, and not be liable for the debts of her husband. 
 
 Section XII. 
 
 Paragraph I. All life insurance companies now doing business in this 
 State, or which may desire to establish agencies and do business in the 
 State of Georgia, chartered by other States of the Union, or foreign 
 States, shall show that they have deposited with the Comptroller-Gen- 
 eral of the State in which they are chartered or of this State, the Insur- 
 ance Commissioners, or such other ofl&cer as may be authorized to re- 
 ceive it, not less than one hundred thousand dollars, in such securities 
 as may be deemed by such officer equivalent to cash, subject to his order, 
 as a guarantee fund for the security of policy-holders. 
 
 Par. II. When such showing is made to the Comptroller-General of 
 the State of Georgia by a proper certificate from the State official hav- 
 ing charge of the funds so deposited, the Comptroller-General of the 
 State of Georgia is authorized to issue to the company making such 
 showing a license to do business in the State, upon paying the fees re- 
 quired by law. 
 
 Par. III. All life insurance companies chartered by the State of 
 Georgia, or which may hereafter be chartered by the State, shall, before 
 doing business, deposit with the Comptroller-General of the State of 
 Georgia, or with some strong corporation, which may be approved by 
 said Comptroller-General, one hundred thousand dollars, in such securi- 
 ties as may be deemed by him equivalent to cash, to be subject to his 
 order, as a guarantee fund for the security of the policy-holders of the 
 company making such deposit, all interests and dividends arising from 
 such securities to be paid, when due, to the company so depositing. Any 
 
472 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 such securities as may be needed or desired by the company may be 
 taken from said department at any time by replacing them with other 
 securities equally acceptable to the Comptroller-General, whose certifi- 
 cate for the same shall be furnished to the company. 
 
 Par. IV. The General Assembly shall, from time to time enact laws 
 to compel all fire insurance companies doing business in this State, 
 whether chartered by this State or otherwise, to deposit reasonable se- 
 curities with the Treasurer of this State, to secure the people against loss 
 by the operations of said companies. 
 
 Par. V. The General Assembly shall compel all insurance companies 
 in this State, or doing business therein, under proper penalties, to make 
 semi-annual reports to the Governor, and print the same, at their own 
 expense, for the information and protection of the people. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 POWER OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OVER TAXATION. 
 
 Section I. 
 
 Paragraph I. The right of taxation is a sovereign right, inalieniable, 
 indestructible, is the life of the State, and rightfully belongs to the peo- 
 ple in all Republican governments, and neither the General Assembly, 
 nor any, nor all other departments of the Government established by 
 this constitution, shall ever have the authority to irrevocably give, 
 grant, limit or restrain this right; and all laws, grants, contracts and all 
 other acts whatsoever, by said Government, or any department thereof, 
 to effect any of these purposes, shall be, and are hereby, declared to be 
 null and void for every purpose whatsoever; and said right of taxation 
 shall always be under the complete control of, and revocable by the 
 State, notwithstanding any gift, grant or contract whatsoever by the 
 General Assembly. 
 
 Section II. 
 
 Paragraph I. The power and authority regulating railroad freights 
 and passenger tariffs, preventing unjust discriminations, and requiring 
 reasonable and just rates of freight and passenger tariff's, are hereby con- 
 ferred upon the General Assembly, whose duty it shall be to pass laws, 
 from time to time, to regulate freight and passenger tariffs, to prohibit 
 unjust discriminations on the various railroads of this State, and to pro- 
 hibit said roads from charging other than just and reasonable rates, and 
 enforce the same by adequate penalties. 
 
 Par. TI. The exercise of the right of eminent domain shall never be 
 abridged, nor so construed as to prevent the General Assembly from 
 taking the property and franchises of incorporated companies, and sub- 
 jecting them to public use, the snme as property of individiials: and the 
 exercise of the police power of the State shall never be abridged, nor so 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL, 473 
 
 construed as to permit corporations to conduct tkeir business in such a 
 manner as to infringe the equal rights of individuals, or the general well- 
 being of the State. 
 
 Par. III. The General Assembly shall not remit the forfeiture of the 
 charter of any corporation now existing, nor alter or amend the same, 
 nor pass any other general or special law for the benefit of said corpora- 
 tion, except upon the condition that said corporation shall thereafter 
 hold its charter subject to the provisions of this constitution; and every 
 amendment of any charter of any corporation in this State, or any spe- 
 cial law for its benefit, acepted thereby, shall operate as a novation of 
 said charter, and shall bring the same under the provisions of this con- 
 stitution ; provided, that this section shall not extend to any amend- 
 ment for the purpose of allowing any existing road to take stock in, or 
 aid in the building of any branch road. 
 
 Par. IV. The General Assembly of this State shall have no power to 
 authorize any corporation to buy shares, or stock, in any other corpor- 
 ation in this State, or elsewhere, or to make any contract or agreement 
 whatever, with any such corporation, which may have the effect, or be 
 intended to have the effect, to defeat or lessen competition in their re- 
 spective business, or to encourage monopoly; and all such contracts and 
 agreements shall be illegal and void. 
 
 Par. V. No railroad company shall give, or pay, any rebate, or lonus 
 in the nature thereof, directly or indirectly, or do any act to mislead 
 or deceive the public as to the real rates charged or received for freights 
 or passage; and any such payments shall be illegal and void, and these 
 prohibitions shall be enforced by suitable penalties. 
 
 Par. VI. "No provision of this article shall be deemed, held or taken 
 to impair the obligation of any contract heretofore made by the State 
 of Georgia. 
 
 Par. VII. The General Assembly shall enforce the provisions of this 
 article by appropriate legislation. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 EXECUTIVE DEPARTMEIv^T, 
 Section I. 
 
 Paragraph I. The officers of the Executive Department shall consist 
 of a Governor, Secretary of State, Comptroller-General and Treasurer. 
 
 Par. n. The executive power shall be vested in a Governor, who shall 
 hold his office during the tenn of two years, and until his successor shall 
 be chosen and qualified. He shall not be eligible to re-election, after 
 the expiration of a second term, for the period of four years. He shall 
 have a salary of three thousand dollars per annum (until otherwise pro- 
 vided by a law passed by a two-thirds vote of both branches of the Gen- 
 eral Assembly), which shall not be increased or diminished during the 
 period for which he shall have been elected; nor shall he receive within 
 
474 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 that time, any other emolument from the United States, or either of 
 them, or from any foreign power. But this reduction of salary shall not 
 apply to the present term of the present Governor. 
 
 Par. III. The first election for Governor, under this constitution, 
 shall be held on the first Wednesday in October, 1880, and the Gov- 
 ernor-elect shall be installed in office at the next session of the General 
 Assembly. An election shall take place biennially thereafter on said 
 day, until another date be fixed by the General Assembly. Said elec- 
 tion shall be held at the places of holding general elections in the sev- 
 eral counties of this State, in the manner prescribed for the election of 
 members of the General Assembly, and the electors shall be the same. 
 
 Par. IV. The returns for every election of Governor shall be sealed 
 up by the managers, separately from other returns, and directed to the 
 President of the Senate and Speaker of the House of Representatives, 
 and transmitted to the Secretary of State, who shall, without opening 
 said returns, cause the same to be laid before the Senate on the day 
 after the two Houses shall have been organized, and they shall be trans- 
 mitted by the Senate to the House of Representatives. 
 
 Par. V. The members of each branch of the General Assembly shall 
 convene in the Representative Hall, and the President of the Senate 
 and Speaker of the House of Representatives shall open and publish the 
 returns in the presence and under the direction of the General Assem- 
 bly; and the person having the majority of the whole number of votes 
 shall be declared duly elected Governor of this State; but if no person 
 shall have such majority, then from the two persons having the highest 
 number of votes, who shall be in life, and shall not decline an election 
 at the time appointed by the General Assembly to elect, the General 
 Assembly shall immediately elect a Governor viva voce; and in all cases 
 of election of a Governor by the General Assembly a majority of the 
 members present shall be necessary to a choice. 
 
 Par. VI. Contested elections shall be determined by both Houses of 
 the General Assembly in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. 
 
 Par. Vn. iN'o person shall be eligible to the office of Governor who 
 shall not have been a citizen of the United States fifteen years, and a 
 citizen of the State six years, and who shall not have attained the age of 
 thirty years. 
 
 Par. Vm. In case of the death, resignation or disability of the Gov- 
 ernor, the President of the Senate shall exercise the executive powers 
 of the government until such disability be removed, or a successor is 
 elected and qualified. And in case of the death, resignation or disabil- 
 ity of the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Repre- 
 sentatives shall exercise the executive powers of the government until 
 the removal of the disability, or the election and qualification of a Gov- 
 ernor. 
 
 Par. IX. The General Assembly shall have power to provide by law 
 for filling imexpired terms by special elections. 
 
 Par, X. The Governor shall, before he enters on the duties of his 
 office, take the following oath or affirmation: "I do solemnly swear 
 
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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. ^'J'J 
 
 (or affirm, as the case may be), that I will faithfully execute the office 
 of Governor of the State of Georgia, and will, to the best of my ability, 
 preserve, protect and defend the constitution thereof, and the constitu- 
 tion of the United States of America." 
 
 Par. XI. The Governor shall be Commander-in-Chief of the army 
 and navy of this State, and of the militia thereof. 
 
 Par. XII. He shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons, to 
 commute penalties, remove disabilities imposed by law, and to remit 
 any part of a sentence for offences against the State, after conviction, 
 except in cases of treason and impeachment, subject to such regulations 
 as may be provided by law relative to the manner of applying for par- 
 dons. Upon conviction for treason he may suspend the execution of 
 the sentence and report the case to the General Assembly at the next 
 meeting thereof, when the General Assemby shall either pardon, com- 
 mute the sentence, direct its execution or grant a further reprieve. He 
 shall, at each session of the General Assembly, communicate to that 
 body each case of reprieve, pardon or commutation granted, stating the 
 name of the convict, the offence for which he was convicted, the sen- 
 tence and its date, the date of the reprieve, pardon or commutation, and 
 the reasons for granting the same. He shall take care that the laws are 
 faithfully executed, and shall be a conservator of the peace throughout 
 the State. 
 
 Par. XIII. He shall issue writs of election to fill all vacancies that 
 may happen in the Senate or House of Kepresentatives, and shall give 
 the General Assembly, from time to time, information of the state of the 
 commonwealth, and recommend to their consideration such measures as 
 he may deem necessary or expedient. He shall have power to convoke 
 the General Assmbly on extraordinary occasions, but no law shall be 
 enacted at call sessions of the General Assembly except such as shall 
 relate to the object stated in his proclamation convening them. 
 
 Par. XIV. When any office shall become vacant, by death, resigna- 
 tion or otherwise, the Governor shall have power to fill such vacancy, 
 unless otherwise provided by law; and persons so appointed shall con- 
 tinue in office until a successor is commissioned, agreeably to the mode 
 pointed out in the constitution, or by law in pursuance thereof. 
 
 Par. XY. A person once rejected by the Senate shall not be reap- 
 pointed by the Governor to the same office during the same session or 
 the recess thereafter. 
 
 Par. XVI. The Governor shall have the revision of all bills passed 
 by the General Assembly, before the same shall become laws, but two- 
 thirds of each House may pass a law, notwithstanding his dissent; and 
 if any bill shall not be returned by the Governor within five days (Sun- 
 days excepted) after it has been presented to him, the same shall be a 
 law, unless the General Assembly, by their adjournment, shall prevent 
 its return. He may approve any appropriation, and disapprove any 
 other appropriation, in the same bill, and the latter shall not be effectual, 
 unless passed by two-thirds of each House. 
 
 Par. XVn. Every vote, resolution or order, to which the concur- 
 
 21 ga 
 
478 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 rence of both Houses may be necessary, except on a question of election 
 or adjournment, shall be presented to the Governor, and before it shall 
 take effect be approved by him, or being disapproved, shall be repassed 
 by two-thirds of each House. 
 
 Par. XVIII. He may require information, in writing, from the of- 
 ficers in the Executive Department on any subject relating to the duties 
 of their respective offices. It shall be the duty of the Governor, quar- 
 terly, and oftener if he deems it expedient, to examine, under oath, the 
 Treasurer and Comptroller-General of the State on all matters pertain- 
 ing to their respective offices, and to inspect and review their books and 
 accounts. The General Assembly shall have authority to provide by law 
 for the suspension of either of said officers from the discharge of the 
 duties of his office, and also for the appointment of a suitable person to 
 discharge the duties of the same. 
 
 Par. XIX. The Governor shall have power to appoint his own Sec- 
 retaries, not exceeding two in number, and to provide such other clerical 
 force as may be required in his office, but the total cost for Secretaries 
 and clerical force in his office shall not exceed six thousand doUars per 
 
 Section II. 
 
 Paragraph I. The Secretary of State, Comptroller-General and Treas- 
 urer shall be elected by the persons qualified to vote for members of the 
 General Assembly, at the same time and in the same manner as the 
 Governor. The provision of the constitution as to the transmission of 
 the returns of election, counting the votes, declaring the result, deciding 
 when there is no election and when there is a contested election, appli- 
 cable to the election of Governor, shall apply to the election of Secre- 
 tary of State, Comptroller-General and Treasurer; they shall be com- 
 missioned by the Governor and hold their office for the same time as the 
 Governor. 
 
 Par. II. The salary of the Treasurer shall not exceed two thousand 
 dollars per annum. The clerical expenses of his department shall not 
 exceed sixteen hundred dollars per annum. 
 
 Par. III. The salary of the Secretary of State shall not exceed two 
 thousand dollars per annum, and the clerical expenses of his department 
 shall not exceed one thousand dollars per annum. 
 
 Par. TV. The salary of the Comptroller-General shall not exceed two 
 thousand dollars per annum. The clerical expenses of his department 
 including the Insurance Department and Wild Land Clerk, shall not 
 exceed four thousand dollars per annum; and without said clerk, it shall 
 not exceed three thousand dollars per annum. 
 
 Par. V. The Treasurer shall not be allowed, directly or indirectly, to 
 receive any fee, interest or reward from any person, bank or corporation 
 for the deposit or use, in any manner of the public funds and the Gen- 
 eral Assembly shall enforce this provision by suitable penalties. 
 
 Par. VI. :N'o person shall be eligible to the office of Secretary of State, 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 479 
 
 Comptroller-General, or Treasurer, unless he shall have been a citizen 
 of the United States for ten years, and shall have resided in this State 
 for six years next preceding his election, and shall be twenty-five years 
 of age when elected. All of said officers shall give bond and security, 
 under regulations to be prescribed by law, for the faithful discharge of 
 their duties. 
 
 Par. VII. The Secretary of State, the Comptroller-General and the 
 Treasurer shall not be allowed any fees, perquisite or compensation 
 other than their salaries, as prescribed by law, except their necessary 
 expenses when absent from the seat of government on business for the 
 State. 
 
 Section III. 
 
 Paragraph I. The Great Seal of the State shall be deposited in the 
 office of the Secretary of State, and shall not be affixed to any instru- 
 ment of writing except b^ order of the Governor, or General Assembly, 
 and that now in use shall be the Great Seal of the State until otherwise, 
 provided by law. ..,,•,. 
 
 ARTICLE YI. ill,.' 
 
 JUDICIARY. : ' 
 
 Section I. '' ' ; 
 
 Paragraph I. The judicial powers of this State shall be vested in a 
 Supreme Court, Superior Courts, Courts of Ordinary, Justice of the 
 Peace, commissioned ITotaries Public, and other Courts, as have been 
 or may be established by law. 
 
 Section 11. 
 
 Paragraph I. The Supreme Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and 
 two Associate Justices. A majority of the Court shall constitute a quo- 
 rum. 
 
 Par. II. When one or more of the Judges are disqualified from de- 
 ciding any case, by interest or otherwise, the Governor shall designate a 
 Judge, or Judges, of the Superior Courts to preside in said case. 
 
 Par. m. "No Judge of any Court shall preside in any case where the 
 validity of any bond — Federal, State, corporation or municipal — is in- 
 volved, who holds in his own right, or as the representative of others, 
 any material interests in the class of bonds upon which the question to 
 be decided arises. 
 
 Par, lY. The Chief Justice and Associate Justices shall hold their 
 office for six years, and until their successors are qualified. A successor 
 to the incumbent whose term will soonest expire shall be elected by the 
 
480 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 General Assembly in 1880; a successor to the incumbent whose term of 
 office is next in duration shall be elected by the General Assembly in 
 1882; and a successor to the third incumbent shall be elected by the 
 General Assembly in 1884; but appointments to fill vacancies shall only 
 be for the unexpired term, or until such vacancies are filled by elections, 
 agreeably to the mode pointed out by this constitution. 
 
 Par. Y. The Supreme Court shall have no original jurisdiction, but 
 shall be a Court alone for the trial and correction of errors from the 
 Superior Courts, and from the City Courts of Atlanta and Savannah, 
 and such other like Courts as may be hereafter established in other 
 cities; and shall sit at the seat of government, at such time in each year 
 as shall be prescribed by lavs^, for the trial and determination of writ;s 
 of error from said Superior and City Courts. 
 
 Par. VI. The Supreme Court shall dispose of every case at the first 
 or second term after such writ of error is brought; and in case the 
 plaintiff in error shall not be prepared at the first term to prosecute the 
 case — unless prevented by providential cause — it shall be stricken from 
 the docket, and the judgment below shall stand affirmed. 
 
 Par. YII. In any case the Court may, in its discretion, withhold its 
 judgment until the next term after the same is argued. 
 
 Par. VIII. The Supreme Court shall hereafter consist of a Chief 
 Justice and five Associate Justices. The Court shall have power to hear 
 and determine cases when sitting, either in a hody or in two divisions of 
 three Judges each, under such regulations as may he prescribed by the 
 General Assembly. A majority of either division shall constitute a quo- 
 rum for that division. The Chief Justice and the Associate Justices of 
 the Supreme Court shall hereafter be elected by the people at the same 
 time and in the same manner as the Governor and the State house 
 officers are elected, except that the first election under this amendment 
 shall be held on the third Wednesday in December, 1896, at which 
 time one Associate Justice shall be elected for a full term of six years, 
 to fill the vacancy occurring on January 1st, 1897, by the expiration 
 of the term of one of the present incumbents, and three additional As- 
 sociate Justices shall be elected for terms expiring respectively, January 
 1st, 1899, January 1st, 1901, and January 1st, 1903. The persons 
 elected as additional Associate Justices shall among themselves deter- 
 mine by lot which of the three last mentioned terms each shall have, 
 and they shall be commissioned accordingly. 
 
 After said first election, all terms (except unexpired terms) shall be 
 for six years each. In case of any vacancy which causes an unexpired 
 term, the same shall be filled by executive appointment, and the person 
 appointed by the Governor sJiall hold his office until the next regular 
 ■ election, and until his successor for the balance of the unexpired term 
 shall have been elected and qualified. The returns of said special elec- 
 tion shall be made to the Secretary of State. 
 
 (Approved December 16, 1895.) 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 483 
 
 Section 111. 
 
 Paragraph I. There shall be a judge of the Superior Court for each 
 Judicial Circuit, whose term of office shall be four years, and until his 
 successor is qualified. He may act in other circuits when authorized 
 by law. 
 
 Par. II. The successors to the present incumbents shall be elected by 
 the General Assembly as follows : To the half (as near as may be) whose 
 commissions are the oldest, in the year 1878; and to the others in the 
 year 1880. All subsequent elections shall be at the session of the Gen- 
 eral Assembly next preceding the expiration of the terms of incumbents, 
 except elections to fill vacancies. The day of election may be fixed by 
 the General Assembly. 
 
 Par. III. The terms of the Judges to be elected under the constitu- 
 tion (except to fill vacancies) shall begin on the first day of January 
 after their elections. But if the time for the meeting of the General 
 Assembly shall be changed, the General Assembly may change the time 
 when the terms of Judges thereafter elected shall begin. 
 
 Section lY. 
 
 Paragraph I. The Superior Courts shall have exclusive jurisdiction 
 in cases of divorce; in criminal cases where the offender is subjected to 
 loss of life, or confinement in the penitentiary; in cases respecting titles 
 to land and equity cases. 
 
 Par. II. The General Assembly may confer upon the Courts of com- 
 mon law all the powers heretofore exercised by Courts of Equity in this 
 State. 
 
 Par. III. Said Courts shall have jurisdiction in all civil cases, except 
 as hereinafter provided. 
 
 Par. TV. They shall have appellate jurisdiction in all such cases as 
 may be provided by law. 
 
 Par. V. They shall have power to correct errors in inferior judica- 
 tories by writ of certiorari, which shall only issue on the sanction of 
 the Judge; and said Courts and the Judges thereof shall have power to 
 issue writs of mandamus, prohibition, scire facias, and all other writs 
 that may be necessary for carrying their powers fully into effect, and 
 shall have such other powers as are or may be conferred on them by 
 law. 
 
 Par. VI. The General Assembly may provide for an appeal from 
 one jury, in the Superior Courts and City, to another, and the said 
 Court may grant new trials on legal grounds. 
 
 Par. VII. The Court shall render judgment without the verdict of a 
 jury in all civil cases founded on unconditional contracts in writing, 
 where an issuable defense is not filed under oath or affirmation. 
 
 Par. VIII. The Superior Courts shall sit in each county not less than 
 twice in each year, at such times as have been or may be appointed by 
 law. 
 
434 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Par. IX. The General Assembly may provide by law for the ap- 
 pointment of some proper person to preside in cases where the presiding 
 Judge is, from any cause, disqualified. 
 
 Section Y. 
 
 Paragraph I. In any county within which there is, or hereafter may 
 be, a City Court, the Judge of said Court, and of the Superior Court, 
 may preside in the Courts of each other in cases where the Judge of 
 either Court is disqualified to preside. 
 
 Section VI. 
 
 Paragraph I. The powers of a Court of Ordinary, and of Probate, 
 shall be vested in an Ordinary for each county, from whose decision 
 there may be an appeal (or, by consent of parties, without a decision) 
 to the Superior Court, under regulations prescribed by law. 
 
 Par. II. The Courts of Ordinary shall have such powers in relation 
 to roads, bridges, ferries, public buildings, paupers, county officers, 
 county funds, county taxes, and other county matters as may be con- 
 ferred on them by law. 
 
 Par. III. The Ordinary shall hold his office for the term of four years, 
 and until his successor is elected and qualified. 
 
 Section YII. 
 
 Paragi-aph I. There shall be in each militia district one Justice of the 
 Peace, whose official term, except when elected to fill an unexpired 
 term, shall be four years. 
 
 Par. II. Justices of the Peace shall have jurisdiction in all civil cases, 
 arising ex contractu, and in cases of injury or damage to personal prop- 
 erty, when the principal sum does not exceed one hundred dollars, and 
 shall sit monthly at fixed times and places; but in all cases there may 
 be an appeal to a jury in said Court, or an appeal to the Superior Court, 
 under such regulations as may be prescribed by law. 
 
 Par. III. Justices of the Peace shall be elected by the legal voters in 
 their respective districts, and shall be commissioned by the Governor. 
 They shall be removable on conviction for malpractice in office. 
 
 Section VIII. 
 
 Paragraph I. Commissioned ISTotaries Public, not to exceed one for 
 each militia district, may be appointed by the Judge of the Superior 
 Courts, in their respective circuits, upon recommendation of the grand 
 juries of the several counties. They shall be commissioned by the Gov- 
 ernor for the term of four years, and shall be ex officio Justices of the 
 Peace, and shall be removable on conviction for malpractice in office. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 485 
 
 Section IX. 
 
 Paragraph I. The jurisdiction, powers, proceedings and practice of 
 all Courts or officers invested with judicial powers (except City Courts), 
 of the same grade or class, so far as regulated by law, and the force and 
 effect of the process, judgment and decree, by such Courts, severally, 
 shall be uniform. This uniformity must be established by the General 
 Assembly. 
 
 Section X. 
 
 Paragraph I. There shall be an Attorney-General of this State, who 
 shall be elected by the people at the same time, for the same term and 
 in the same manner as the Governor. 
 
 Par. n. It shall be the duty of the Solicitor-General to represent the 
 legal adviser of the Executive Department, to represent the State in the 
 Supreme Court in all capital felonies; and in all civil and criminal casea 
 in any Court when required by the Governor, and to perform such other 
 services as shall be required of him by law. 
 
 Section XI. 
 
 Paragraph I. There shall be a Solicitor-General for each judicial 
 circuit, whose official term, except when commissioned to fill an unex- 
 pired term, shall be four years. 
 
 Par. II. It shall be the duty of the Solicitor-General to represent the 
 State in all cases in the Superior Courts of his circuit, and in all casea 
 taken up from his circuit to the Supreme Court, and to perform such 
 other services as shall be required of him by law. 
 
 Section XII. 
 
 Paragraph I. The Judges of the Supreme and Superior Courts and 
 Solicitors-General shall be elected by the General Assembly, in joint ses- 
 sion, on such day or days as shall be fij^ed by joint resolution of both 
 Houses. At the session of the General Assembly which is held next 
 before the expiration of the terms of the present incumbents, as pro- 
 vided in this constitution, their successors shall be chosen; and the same 
 shall apply to the election of those who shall succeed them. Vacancies 
 occasioned by death, resignation or other cause shall be filled by ap- 
 pointment of the Governor, until the General Assembly shall convene, 
 when an election shall be held to fill the unexpired portion of the vacant 
 terms. 
 
 Section XIH. 
 
 Paragraph I. The Judges of the Supreme Court shall have, out of the 
 Treasury of the State, salaries not to exceed three thousand dollars per 
 annum; the Judges of the Superior Courts shall have salaries not to ex- 
 ceed two thousand dollars per annum; the Attorney-General shall have 
 
486 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 a salary not to exceed two thousand dollars per annum; and the yo- 
 licitors-General shall each have salaries not to exceed two hundred and 
 fifty dollars per annum; but the Attorney-General shall not have any 
 fee or perquisite in any cases arising after the adoption of this consti- 
 tution; but the provisions of this section shall not affect the salaries of 
 those now in office. 
 
 Par. II. The General Assembly may, at any time, by a two-thirds 
 vote of each branch, prescribe other and different salaries for any, or all, 
 of the above officers, but no such change shall affect the officers then in 
 commission. 
 
 Section XIY. 
 
 Paragraph I. "No person shall be Judge of the Supreme or Superior 
 Courts, or Attorney-General, unless, at the time of his election, he snail 
 have attained the age of thirty years, and shall have been a citizen of 
 the State three years, and have practiced law for seven years; and no 
 person shall be hereafter elected Solicitor-General, unless, at the time 
 of his election, he shall have attained twenty-five years of age, shall have 
 been a citizen of the State for three years, and shall have practiced law 
 for three years next preceding his election. 
 
 Section XV. 
 
 Paragraph I. N'o total divorce shall be granted, except on the con- 
 current verdicts of two juries at different terms of the Court. 
 
 Par. II. When a divorce is granted, the jury rendering the final ver- 
 dict shall determine the rights and disabilities of the parties. 
 
 Section XVI. 
 
 Paragraph I. Divorce cases shall be brought in the county where the 
 defendant resides, if a resident of this State; if the defendant be not a 
 resident of this State, then in the county in which the plaintiff resides. 
 
 Par. II. Cases respecting titles to land shall be tried in the county 
 where the land lies, except where a single tract is divided by a county 
 line, in which case the Superior Court of either county shall have juris- 
 diction. 
 
 Par. III. Equity cases shall be tried in the county where a defendant 
 resides against whom substantial relief is prayed. 
 
 Par. IV. Suits against joint obligors, joint promisors, copartners or 
 joint trespassers, residing in different counties, may be tried in either 
 county. 
 
 Par. V. Suits against the maker and indorser of promissory notes, or 
 drawer, acceptor and indorser of foreign or inland bills of exchange, or 
 like instruments, residing in different counties, shall be brought in the 
 coimty where the maker or acceptor resides. 
 
 Par. VI. All other civil cases shall be tried in the county where the 
 defendant resides, and all criminal cases shall be tried in the county 
 
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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 489 
 
 where tlie crime was committed, except cases in the Superior Courts 
 where the Judge is satisfied that an impartial jury cannot be obtained in 
 such county. 
 
 Section XVII. 
 
 Paragraph I. The power to change the venue in civil and criminal 
 cases shall be vested in the Superior Courts, to be exercised in such man- 
 ner as has been, or shall be, provided by law. 
 
 Section XVni. 
 
 Paragraph I. The right of trial by jury, except where it is otherwise 
 provided in this constitution, shall remain inviolate, but the General 
 Assembly may prescribe any number not less than five, to constitute 
 a trial or traverse jury in Courts other than the Superior and City 
 Courts. 
 
 Par. II. The General Assembly shall provide by law for the selection 
 of the most experienced, intelligent and upright men to serve as grand 
 jurors, and intelligent and upright men to serve as traverse jurors. Nev- 
 ertheless, the grand jurors shall be competent to serve as traverse jurors. 
 
 Par. III. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly, by general 
 laws, to prescribe the manner of fixing compensation of jurors in all 
 counties in this State. 
 
 Section XIX. 
 
 Paragraph I. The General Assembly shall have power to provide for 
 the creation of County Commissioners in such counties as may require 
 them, and to define their duties. 
 
 Section XX. 
 
 Paragraph I. All Courts not specially mentioned by name in the first 
 section of this article may be abolished in any county, at the discretion 
 of the General Assembly. 
 
 Section XXI. 
 
 Paragraph I. The costs in the Supreme Court shall not exceed ten 
 dollars, unless otherwise provided by law. Plaintiffs in error shall not 
 be required to pay costs in said Court when the usual pauper oath is filed 
 in the Court below. 
 
 AKTICLE VII. 
 
 FINANCE, TAXATION AND PUBLIC DEBT. 
 Section I. 
 
 Paragraph I. The powers of taxation over the whole State shall be 
 exercised by the General Assembly for the following purposes only: 
 
490 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 For the support of the State Government and the public institutions. 
 
 For educational purposes, in instructing children in the elementary 
 branches of an English education only. 
 
 To pay the interest on the public debt. 
 
 To pay the principal of the public debt. 
 
 To suppress insurrection, to repel invasion, and defend the State in 
 time of war. 
 
 To supply the soldiers Who lost a limb, or limbs, in the military ser- 
 vice of the Confederate States with substantial artificial limbs during 
 life; and to make suitable provisions for such Confederate soldiers asj 
 may have otherwise been disabled or permanently injured in such ser- 
 vice, or who by reason of age and poverty, or infirmity and poverty, or 
 blindness and poverty, are unable to provide a living for themselves; 
 and for the widows of such Confederate soldiers as may have died in 
 the service of the Confederate States, or since from wounds received 
 therein, or disease contracted in the service; provided, that the act shall 
 only apply to such widows as were married at the time of such service 
 and have remained unmarried since the death of such soldier husband. 
 
 Section II. 
 
 Paragraph I. All taxation shall be uniform upon the same class of 
 subjects, and ad valorem on all property subject to be taxed within the 
 territorial limits of the authority levying the tax, and shall be levied and 
 collected under general laws. The General Assembly may, however, 
 impose a tax on such domestic animals as, from their nature and habits, 
 are destructive of other property. 
 
 Par. 11. The General Assembly may, by law, exempt from taxation 
 all public property, places of religious worship or burial ; all institutions 
 of purely public charity; all buildings erected for and used as a college, 
 incorporated academy, or other seminary of learning; the real and per- 
 sonal estate of any public library, and that of any other literary asso- 
 ciation, used by or connected with such library; all books and philo- 
 sophical apparatus; and all paintings and statuary of any company or 
 association, kept in a public hall and not held as merchandise, or for 
 purpose of sale or gain; provided, the property so exempted be not 
 used for purposes of private or corporate profit or income. 
 
 Par. III. 'No poll tax shall be levied except for educational purposes, 
 and such tax shall not exceed one dollar annually upon each poll. 
 
 Par. lY. All laws exempting property from taxation, other than the 
 property herein enumerated, shall be void. 
 
 Par. Y. The power to tax corporations and corporate property shall 
 not be surrendered or suspended by any contract or grant to which the 
 State shall be a party. 
 
 Section III. 
 
 Paragraph I. ISTo debt shall be contracted by or on behalf of the State, 
 except to supply casual deficiences of revenue, to repel invasion, sup- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 491 
 
 press insurrection, and defend the State in time of war, or to pay tlie 
 existing public debt; but the debt created to supply deficiences in reve- 
 nue shall not exceed, in the aggregate, two hundred thousand dollars. 
 
 Section IV. 
 
 Paragraph I. All laws authorizing the borrowing of money by or on 
 behalf of the State shall specify the purposes for which the money is to 
 be used, and the money so obtained shall be used for the purposes spe- 
 cified, and for no other. 
 
 Section V. 
 
 Paragraph I. The credit of the State shall not be pledged or loaned 
 to any individual, company, corporation or association, and the State 
 shall not become a joint owner or stockholder in any company, associ- 
 ation or corporation. 
 
 Section VI. 
 
 Paragraph I. The General Assembly shall not authorize any county, 
 municipal corporation or political division of this State to become a 
 stockholder in any company, corporation or association or to appropri- 
 ate money for, or to loan its credit to any corporation, company, asso- 
 ciation, institution or individual, except for purely charitable purposes. 
 This restriction shall not operate to prevent the support of schools by 
 municipal corporations within their respective limits; provided, that if 
 any municipal corporation shall offer to the State any property for lo- 
 cating or building a capitol, and the State accepts such offer, the cor- 
 poration may comply with such offer. 
 
 Par. II. The General Assembly shall not have power to delegate to 
 any county the right to levy a tax for any purpose, except for educa- 
 tional purposes in instructing children in the elementary branches of an 
 English education only; to build and repair the public buildings and 
 bridges; to maintain and support prisoners; to pay jurors and coroners, 
 and for litigation, quarantine, roads and expenses of Courts; to support 
 paupers and pay debts heretofore existing. 
 
 Section VII. 
 
 Paragraph I. The debt hereafter incurred by any county, municipal 
 corporation or political division of this State, except as in this consti- 
 tution provided for, shall never exceed seven per centum of the assessed 
 value of all the taxable property therein; and no such county, munici- 
 pality or division shall incur any new debt, except for a temporary loan 
 or loans to supply casual deficiencies of revenue, not to exceed one-fifth 
 of one per centum of the assessed value of taxable property therein, 
 without the assent of two-thirds of the qualified voters thereof, at an 
 election for that purpose, to be held as may be prescribed by law; but 
 
492 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 any city, the debt of which does not exceed seven per centum of the 
 assessed value of the taxable property at the time of the adoption of 
 this constitution, may be authorized by law to increase, at any time, the 
 amount of said debt, three per centum upon such assessed valuation. 
 
 Par. II. Any county, municipal corporation or political division of 
 this State, which shall incur any bonded indebtedness under the provi- 
 sions of this constitution, shall, at or before the time of so doing, pro- 
 vide for the assessment and collection of an annual tax sufficient in 
 amount to pay the principal and interest of said debt within thirty years 
 from the date of the incurring of said indebtedness. 
 
 Section VIII. 
 
 Paragi-aph I. The State shall not assume the debt, nor any part there- 
 of, of any county, municipal corporation, or political division of the 
 State, unless such debt shall be contracted to enable the State to repel 
 invasion, suppress insurrection, or defend itself in time of war. 
 
 Section IX. 
 
 Paragraph I. The receiving, directly or indirectly, by any officer of 
 the State or county, or member or officer of the General Assembly, of 
 any interests, profits or perquisites arising from the use or loan of public 
 funds in his hands, or moneys to be raised through his agency for State 
 or county purposes, shall be deemed a felony, and punishable as may be 
 prescribed by law, a part of which punishment shall be a disqualifica- 
 tion from holding office. 
 
 Section X. 
 
 Paragraph I. Municipal corporations shall not incur any debt until 
 provision therefor shall have been made by the municipal government. 
 
 Section XI. 
 
 Paragraph I. The General Assembly shall have no authority to ap- 
 propriate money, either directly or indirectly, to pay the whole or any 
 part of the principal or interest of the bonds, or other obligations, 
 which have been pronounced illegal, null and void by the General As- 
 sembly, and the constitutional amendments ratified by a vote of the peo- 
 ple on the first day of May, 1877; nor shall the General Assembly have 
 authority to pay any of the obligations created by the State under laws 
 passed during the late war between the States, nor any of the bonds, 
 notes or obligations made and entered into during the existence of said 
 war, the time for the payment of which was fixed after the ratification 
 of a treaty of peace between the United States and the Confederate 
 States; nor shall the General Assembly pass any law, or the Governor, 
 or other State official enter into any contract or agreement, whereby 
 the State shall be made a party to any suit in any Court of this State, 
 or of the United States, instituted to test the validity of any such bonds 
 or obligations. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 493 
 
 Section XII. 
 
 Paragraph I. The bonded debt of the State shall never be increased, 
 except to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, or defend the State in 
 time of war. 
 
 Section XIII. 
 
 Paragraph I. The proceeds of the sale of the Western and Atlantic, 
 Macon and Brunswick, or other railroads, held by the State, and any 
 other property owned by the State, whenever the General Assembly 
 may authorize the sale of the whole or any part thereof, shall be ap- 
 plied to the payment of the bonded debt of the State, and shall not be 
 used for any other purpose whatever, so long as the State has any exist- 
 ing bonded debt; provided, that the proceeds of the sale of the Western 
 and Atlantic Railroad shall be applied to the payment of the bonds for 
 which said railroad has been mortgaged, in preference to all other bonds. 
 
 Section XIY. 
 
 Paragraph I. The General Assembly shall raise, by taxation, each 
 year, in addition to the sum required to pay the public expenses and 
 interest on the public debt, the sum of one hundred thousand dollars, 
 which shall be held as a sinking fund, to pay off and retire the bonds 
 of the State which have not yet matured, and shall be applied to no 
 other purpose whatever. If the bonds cannot at any time be purchased 
 at or below par, then the sinking fund, herein provided for, may be 
 loaned by the Governor and Treasurer of the State; provided, the secu- 
 rity which shall be demanded for said loan shall consist only of the valid 
 bonds of the State; but this section shall not take effect until the eight 
 per cent, currency bonds, issued under the act of February the 19th, 
 1873, shall have been paid. 
 
 Section XV. 
 
 Paragraph I. The Comptroller-General and Treasurer shall each make 
 to the Governor a quarterly report of the financial condition of the State, 
 which report shall include a statement of the assets, liabilities and in- 
 come of the State, and expenditures therefor, for three months pre- 
 ceding; and it shall be the duty of the Governor to carefully examine 
 the same by himself, or through competent persons connected with his 
 department, and cause an abstract thereof to be published for the in- 
 formation of the people, which abstract shall be indorsed by him as hav- 
 ing been examined. 
 
 Section XVI. 
 
 Paragraph I. The General Assembly shall not, by vote, resolution or 
 order, grant any donation, or gratuity, in favor of any person, corpora- 
 tion or association. 
 
494 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Par. II. The General Assembly shall not grant or authorize extra 
 compensation to any public officer, agent or contractor, after the service 
 has been rendered, or the contract entered into. 
 
 Section XVII. 
 
 Paragraph I. The office of the State Printer shall cease with the ex- 
 piration of the term of the present incumbent, and the General Assem- 
 bly shall provide, by law, for letting the public printing to the lowest 
 responsible bidder, or bidders, who shall give adequate and satisfactory 
 security for the faithful performance thereof. 'No member of the Gen- 
 eral Assembly, or other public officer, shall be interested, either directly 
 or indirectly, in any such contract. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. 
 
 EDUCATION 
 Section I. 
 
 Paragraph I. There shall be a thorough system of common schools 
 for the education of children in the elementary branches of an English 
 education only, as nearly uniform as practicable, the expenses of which 
 shall be provided for by taxation or otherwise. The schools shall be 
 free to all children of the State, but separate schools shall be provided 
 for the white and colored races. 
 
 Section II. 
 
 Paragraph I. There shall he a State School Commissioner elected hy 
 the people at the same time and manner as the Governor and State 
 house officers are elected, whose term of office shall le two years, and 
 until his successor is elected and qualified. His office shall he at the 
 seat of the government, and he shall he paid a salary not to exceed two 
 thousand dollars ($2,000) per annum. The General Assembly may sub- 
 stitute for the State School Commissioner such officer or officers as may 
 he deemed necessary to perfect the system of public education. 
 
 (Act approved December 18, 189If.) 
 
 Section III. 
 
 Paragraph I. The poll tax, any educational fund now belonging to 
 the State (except the endowment of, and debt due to, the University of 
 Georgia), a special tax on shows and exhibitions, and of the sale of spir- 
 ituous and malt liquors, which the General Assembly is hereby author- 
 ized to assess, and the proceeds of any commutation tax for military 
 service, and all taxes that may be assessed on such domestic animals as, 
 from their nature and habits, are destructive to other property, are 
 hereby set apart and devoted for the support of common schools. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 495 
 
 Section IV. 
 
 Paragraph I. Authority may be granted to counties, upon the recom- 
 mendation of two grand juries, and to municipal corporations upon the 
 recommendation of the corporate authority, to establish and maintain 
 public schools in their respective limits, by local taxation; but no such 
 local laws shall take effect until the same shall have been submitted to 
 a vote of the qualified voters in each county or municipal corporation, 
 and approved by a two-thirds vote of persons qualified to vote at such 
 election; and the General Assembly may prescribe who shall vote on 
 such question. 
 
 Section V. 
 
 Paragraph I. Existing local school systems shall not be affected by 
 this constitution. Nothing contained in section first of this article shall 
 be construed to deprive schools in this State, not common schools, from 
 participation in the educational fund of the State, as to all pupils there- 
 in taught in the elementary branches of an English education. 
 
 Section VI. 
 
 Paragraph I. The Trustees of the University of Georgia may accept 
 bequests, donations and grants of land, or other property, for the use 
 of said tlniversity. In addition to the payment of the annual interest 
 on the debt due by the State to the University, the General Assembly 
 may, from time to time, make such donations thereto as the condition 
 of the treasury will authorize. And the General Assembly may also, 
 from time to time, make such appropriations of money as the condition 
 of the treasury will authorize to any college or university (not exceed- 
 ing one in number) now established, or hereafter to be established, in 
 this State for the education of persons of color. 
 
 AKTICLE IX. 
 HOMESTEAD AND EXEMPTION. 
 
 Section I. 
 
 Paragraph I. There shall be exempt from levy and sale, by virtue 
 of any process whatever under the laws of this State, except as here- 
 inafter excepted, of the property of every head of a family, or guardian, 
 or trustee of a family of minor children, or every aged or infirm person, 
 or persons having the care and support of dependent females of any age, 
 who is not the head of a family, realty or personalty, or both, to the 
 value in the aggregate of sixteen hundred dollars. 
 
 Note— The above provision of the constitution was specially submitted to the 
 people and ratified, as a part thereof, by them, on December 5th, 1887. 
 
496 GEOJtGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Section II. 
 
 Paragraph. I. 'No Court or ministerial oflS.cer in this State shall ever 
 have jurisdiction or authority to enforce any judgment, execution or 
 decree against the property set apart for such purpose, including such 
 improvements as may be made thereon from time to time, except for 
 taxes, for the purchase money of the same, for labor done thereon, for 
 material furnished therefor, or for the removal of incumbrances thereon. 
 
 Section III. 
 
 Paragraph I. The debtor shall have power to waive or renounce in 
 ^vriting his right to the benefit of the exemption provided for in this 
 article, except as to wearing apparel, and not exceeding three hundred 
 dollars worth of household and kitchen furniture, and provisions to 
 be selected by himself and wife if any, and he shall not after it is set 
 apart, alienate or encumber the property so exempted, but it may be 
 sold by the debtor and his wife, if any, jointly, with the sanction of the 
 Judge of the Superior Court of the county where the debtor resides or 
 the land is situated, the proceeds to be reinvested upon the same uses. 
 
 Section lY. 
 
 Paragraph I. The General Assembly shall provide, by law, as early 
 as practicable, for the setting apart and valuation of said property. But 
 nothing in this article shall be construed to affect or repeal the existing 
 laws for exemption of property from sale contained in the present Code 
 of this State, in paragraphs 2040 to 2049 inclusive, and the act amenda- 
 tory thereto. It may be optional with the applicant to take either, but 
 not both, of such exemptions. 
 
 Section Y. 
 
 Paragraph I. The debtor shall have authority to waive or renounce 
 in writing his right to the benefit of the exemption provided for in sec- 
 tion four, except as is excepted in section three of this article. 
 
 Section YI. 
 
 Paragraph I. The applicant shall, at any time, have the right to sup- 
 plement his exemption by adding to an amount already set apart, which 
 is less than the whole amount of exemption herein allowed, a sufficiency 
 to make his exemption equal to the whole amount. 
 
 Section YH. 
 
 Paragraph I. Homestead and exemptions of personal property which 
 have been heretofore set apart by virtue of the provisions of the existing 
 
/ 
 
LEGEND 
 
 I 1 , ^ First or Greatest De.ree 
 
 L__l Long-Leaf Pine. f \ of Density. . 
 
 C ( 1 Short-Leaf Pine g^Second Degree of Densily. 
 
 ) ( I 1 Oaksand otber hard | I Third Degree of Density. 
 
 ' I I woods, with Short-Leaf -■ ' " • ■ 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 499 
 
 constitution of this State, and in accordance witli the laws for the en- 
 forcement thereof, or which may be hereafter so set apart, at any time, 
 shall be and remain valid as against all debts and liabilities existing at 
 the time of the adoption of this constitution, to the same extent that 
 they would have been had said existing constitution not been revised. 
 
 Section VIII. 
 
 Paragraph I. Rights which have become vested under previously ex- 
 isting laws shall not be affected by anything herein contained. In all 
 cases in which homesteads have been set apart under the constitution 
 of 1868, and the laws made in pursuance thereof, and a bona fide sale 
 of such property has been subsequently made, and the full purchase 
 price thereof paid, all right of exemption in such property by reason of 
 its having been so set apart, shall cease in so far as it affects the right 
 of the purchaser. In all such cases, where a part only of the purchase 
 price has been paid, such transactions shall be governed by the laws now 
 of force in this State, in so far as they affect the rights of the purchaser, 
 as though said property had not been set apart. 
 
 Section IX. 
 
 Paragraph I. Parties who have taken a homestead of realty under the 
 constitution of eighteen hundred and sixty-eight shall have the right to 
 sell said homestead and reinvest the same by order of the Judge of the 
 Superior Courts of this State. 
 
 ARTICLE X. 
 
 MILITIA. 
 
 Section I. 
 
 Paragraph I. A well regulated militia being essential to the peace 
 and security of the State, the General Assembly shall have authority to 
 provide by law how the militia of this State shall be organized, officered, 
 trained, armed and equipped, and of whom it shall consist. 
 
 Par. 11. The General Assembly shall have power to authorize the 
 formation of volunteer companies, and to provide for their organization 
 into battalions, regiments, brigades, divisions and corps, with such re- 
 strictions as may be prescribed by law, and shall have authority to arm 
 and equip the same. 
 
 Par. in. The officers and men of the militia and volunteer forces 
 shall not be entitled to receive any pay, rations or emoluments, when not 
 in active service by authority of the State. 
 
 22 ga 
 
500 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 AETICLEXI. 
 
 COUNTIES AND COUNTY OFFICEKS. 
 
 Section I. 
 
 Paragraph I. Each county shall be a body corporate, mth such pow- 
 ers and limitations as may be prescribed by law. All suits by or against 
 a county shall be in the name thereof; and the metes and bounds of the 
 several counties shall remain as now prescribed by law, unless changed 
 as hereinafter provided. 
 
 Par. II. No new county shall be created. 
 
 Par. III. County lines shall not be changed, unless under the opera- 
 tion of a general law for that purpose. 
 
 Par. IV. No county site shall be changed or removed, except by a 
 two-thirds vote of the qualified voters of the county, voting at an elec- 
 tion held for that purpose, and a two-thirds vote of the General As- 
 sembly. 
 
 Par. V. Any county may be dissolved and merged with contiguous 
 counties by a two-thirds vote of the qualified electors of such county 
 voting at an election held for that purpose. 
 
 Section II. 
 
 Paragraph I. The county officers shall be elected by the qualified 
 voters of their respective counties or districts, and shall hold their of- 
 fices for two years. They shall be removed on conviction for malpractice 
 in office, and no person shall be eligible to any of the offices referred 
 to in this paragraph unless he shall have been a resident of the county 
 for two years and is a qualified voter. 
 
 Section III. 
 
 Paragraph I. Whatever tribunal, or officers may hereafter be created 
 by the General Assembly for the transaction of comity matters, shall 
 be uniform throughout the State, and of the same name, jurisdiction 
 and remedies, except that the General Assembly may provide for the 
 appointment of commissioners of roads and revenue in any county. 
 
 ARTICLE XII. 
 
 THE LAWS OF GENERAL OPERATION IN FORCE IN THIS 
 
 STATE. 
 
 Section I. 
 
 Paragraph I. The laws of general operation in this State are, first, 
 as the supreme law: The constitution of the United States, the laws 
 of the United States in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made under 
 the authority of the United States. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 501 
 
 Par. II. Second. As next in authority thereto : this constitution. 
 
 Par. III. Third. In subordination to the foregoing: All laws now 
 of force in this State, not inconsistent with this constitution, and tlie 
 ordinances of this convention, shall remain of force until the same are 
 modified or repealed by the General Assembly. The tax acts and ap- 
 propriation acts passed by the General Assembly of 1877, and approved 
 by the Governor of the State, and not inconsistent with the constitu- 
 tion, are hereby continued in force until altered by law. 
 
 Par. rV. Local and private acts passed for the benefit of counties, 
 cities, towns, corporations and private persons, not inconsistent mth the 
 supreme law, nor with this constitution, and which have not expired 
 nor been repealed, shall have the force of statute law, subject to judicial 
 decision as to their validity when passed, and to any limitations imposed 
 by their own terms. 
 
 Par. V. All rights, privileges and immimities which may have vested 
 in, or accrued to, any person or persons, or corporations, in his, her or 
 their own right, or in any fiduciary capacity, under and in virtue of 
 any act of the General Assembly, or any judgment, decree or order,, 
 or other proceeding of any court of competent jurisdiction in this State> 
 heretofore rendered, shall be held inviolate by all courts before which; 
 they may be brought in question, unless attacked for fraud. 
 
 Par. VI. All judgments, decrees, orders and other proceedings of 
 the several courts of this State, heretofore made, within the limits of 
 their several jurisdictions, are hereby ratified and affirmed, subject only 
 to revision by motion for a new trial, appeal, bill of review, or other 
 proceeding, in conformity with the law of force when they were made. 
 
 Par. VII. The officers of the government now existing shall continue 
 in the exercise of their several functions until their successors are duly 
 elected or appointed and qualified, but nothing herein is to apply to 
 any officer whose office may be abolished by this constitution. 
 
 Par. Vm. The ordinances of this convention shall have the force 
 of laws until otherwise provided by the General Assembly, except the 
 ordinances in reference to submitting the homestead and capital ques- 
 tions to a vote of the people, which ordinances, after being voted on, 
 shall have the effect of constitutional provisions. 
 
 Note— Under the ordinance of the convention submitting the' question of the 
 location of the capital to the people, the city of Atlanta was chosen, December 
 5th, 1877. 
 
 ARTICLE Xm. 
 
 AMEKDMEi^TS TO THE CONSTITUTION 
 Section I. 
 
 Paragraph I. Any amendment, or amendments, to this constitution 
 may be proposed in the Senate or House of Representatives, and if the 
 same shall be agreed to by two-thirds of the members elected to each 
 of the two Houses, such proposed amendment, or amendments, shall be 
 
602 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 entered on their journals, with the yeas and nays taken thereon. And 
 the General Assembly shall cause such amendment, or amendments, to 
 be published in one or more papers in each Congressional district for 
 two months previous to the time of holding the next general election, 
 and shall also provide for a submission of such proposed amendment, 
 or amendments, to the people at said next general election, 
 and if the people shall ratify such amendment, or amendments, by a 
 majority of the electors qualified to vote for members of the General 
 Assembly, voting thereon, such amendment, or amendments, shall he^ 
 come a part of this constitution. When more than one amendment 
 is submitted at the same time, they shall be so submitted as to enable the 
 electors to vote on each amendment separately. 
 
 Par, II. 'No convention of the people shall be called by the General 
 Assembly to revise, amend or change this constitution, unless by the 
 concurrence of two-thirds of all the members of each House of the Gen- 
 eral Assembly. The representation in said convention shall be based on 
 population as near as practicable. 
 
 Section II. 
 
 Paragraph I. The constitution shall be submitted for ratification or 
 rejection to the voters of the State, at an election to be held on the first 
 Wednesday in December, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven 
 in the several election districts of this State, at which election every per- 
 son shall be entitled to vote who is entitled to vote for the members of 
 the General Assembly under the constitution and laws of foa-ce at the 
 date of such election; said election to be held and conducted as is now 
 provided by law for holding elections for members of the General As- 
 sembly. All persons voting at said election in favor of adopting the 
 constitution shall write or have printed on their ballots the words, ''For 
 Ratification/' and all persons opposed to the adoption of this constitu- 
 tion shall write or have printed on their ballots the words, "Against 
 Ratification.'" 
 
 Par. II. The votes cast at said election shall be consolidated in each 
 of the counties of the State as is now required by law in elections for 
 members of the General Assembly, and returns thereof made to the 
 Governor; and should a majority of all the votes cast at said election 
 be in favor of ratification, he shall declare the said constitution adopted, 
 and make proclamation of the result of said election by publication in 
 one or more newspapers in each Congressional district of the State; but 
 should a majority of the votes cast be against ratification, he shall in 
 the same manner proclaim the said constitution rejected. 
 
 OEDmANCES. 
 
 KN ORDIN"AN"CE. 
 
 Be it ordained hy the people of Georgia in Convention assemhled: 
 
 1st. That the question of the location of the capital of this State be 
 kept out of the constitution to be adopted by this convention. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 503 
 
 2d. That at the first general election hereafter held for members of 
 the General Assembly, every voter may indorse on his ballot "Atlanta" 
 or "Milledgeville," and the one of these places receiving the largest 
 number of votes shall be the capital of the State until changed by the 
 same authority and in the same way that may be provided for the alter- 
 ation of the constitution that may be adopted by the convention, 
 whether said constitution be ratified or rejected. And that every person 
 entitled to vote for members of the General Assembly, under the pres- 
 ent constitution and laws of this State, shall be entitled to vote under 
 this ordinance; and, in the event of the rejection of said constitution, 
 shall (should) a majority of votes cast be in favor of Milledgeville, then 
 this provision to operate and take effect as an amendment to the present 
 constitution. 
 
 AN ORDI^-ANCE. 
 
 Be it ordained by the people of Georgia in Convention assembled, and 
 it is hereby ordained by authority of the same: 
 
 1st. That the article adopted by this convention on the subject of 
 Homestead and Exemption shall not form a part of this Constitution. 
 except as hereinafter provided. 
 
 2d. At the election held for the ratification or rejection of this con- 
 stitution it shall be lawful for each voter to have written or printed on 
 his ballot the words, "Homestead of 1877," or the words, "Homestead of 
 1868." 
 
 3d. In the event that a majority of the ballots so cast have indorsed 
 upon them the words, "Homestead of 1877," then said article so adopt- 
 ed by this convention shall form a part of the constitution submitted, 
 if the same is ratified; but in the event that said constitution, so sub- 
 mitted, shall not be ratified, then the article on Homestead and Exemp- 
 tions, so adopted as aforesaid by this convention, shall supersede article 
 seven of the constitution of 1868 on the subject of Homestead and Ex- 
 emptions, and form a part of this constitution. 
 
 4th. If a majority of the ballots so cast as aforesaid shall have in- 
 dorsed upon them the words, "Homestead of 1868," then article seventh 
 of the constitution of 1868 shall supersede the article on Homestead 
 and Exemptions adopted by this convention, and shall be incoi-porated 
 in and form (a part) of the constitution so submitted and ratified. 
 
 Eead and adopted in convention August 22, 1877. 
 
 Attest: C. J. JENHINS, 
 
 President Constitutional Convention. 
 
 JAMES COOPER NISBET, Secretary. 
 
 AN ORDINANCE. 
 
 Whereas, A committee has been appointed by this convention to con- 
 sider and inquire into the ways and means by which the expenses of 
 this convention, over and above those provided for by the General As- 
 
504 
 
 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND lyOUSTRIAL. 
 
 sembly, can be defrayed; and, whereas, the committee are satisfied that 
 a sufficient sum of money for the same can be procured by an ordinance 
 of this convention; therefore, 
 
 Be it ordained hy the people of Oeorgia in Convention assemhUd, and 
 it is hereby ordained hy authority of the same: 
 
 That the President of this Convention shall be, and he is hereby, em- 
 powered, by authority of this convention, to negotiate a loan of a suffi- 
 cient sum of money, at seven per cent, per annum, to defray the residue 
 of the expenses of this convention not provided for by the act of the 
 General Assembly calling this convention. 
 
 Kead and adopted in convention August IS, 1ST7. 
 
 Attest: C. J. JENKINS, 
 
 President Constitutional Convention. 
 
 JAMES COOPER NISBET, Secretary. 
 
 AN ORDINANCE. 
 
 Be it ordained hy the people of Georgia in Convention assenihled: 
 
 1st. That the constitution as adopted and revised be enrolled and 
 signed by the officers and members of this convention. 
 
 2d. That the Governor shall issue his proclamation, ordering an elec- 
 tion for members of the General Assembly, and a vote upon the ratifi- 
 cation or rejection of this constitution, as therein provided, and a vote 
 upon the Capital and Homestead questions, as provided by the ordi- 
 nances of this convention. 
 
 Read and adopted in convention, August 25th, 1877. 
 
 Attest: C. J. JENKINS, 
 
 President Constitutional Convention. 
 
 JAMES COOPER NESBIT, Secretary. 
 
 AN ORDINANCE. 
 
 There shall be sixteen Judicial Circuits in this State, and it shall be 
 the duty of the General Assembly to organize and apportion the same 
 in such manner as to equalize the business and labor of the Judges in 
 said several circuits as far as may be practicable. But the General 
 Assembly shall have power hereafter to reorganize, increase or dimin- 
 ish the number of circuits; provided, however, that the cuircuits shall 
 remain as now organized until changed by law. 
 
 Read and adopted in convention Aui>-ust 23, 1877. 
 
 Attest: ^ C. J. JENKINS. 
 
 President Constitutional Convention. 
 
 JAMES COOPER Ni:SBIT, Secretary 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 505 
 
 AMENDMENTS TO CONSTITUTION. 
 
 Paragraph 15, of Section 7, Article 3, stricken out. 
 
 Paragraph 1, Section 1, Article 7, amended by adding at the end of 
 said paragraph the following words: ''And to make suitable provisions 
 for such Confederate soldiers as may have been permanently injured in 
 such service." 
 
 See Acts of 1884-1885. 
 
 Paragraph 1, Section 1, Article 7, also amended by adding at the end 
 of said paragraph the following words: "And to make suitable provi- 
 sion for such Confederate soldiers as may have otherwise been disabled 
 or permanently injured in such service; and for the widows of such Con- 
 federate soldiers as may have died in the service of the Confederate 
 States, or since from wounds received therein, or diseases contracted 
 therein." 
 
 Paragraph 3, Section 4, Article 2, amended by striking out "biennial- 
 ly" after the word "and" and before the word "thereafter," and sub- 
 stituting therefor the word "annually." 
 
 Paragraph 6, Section 4, Article 2, amended by striking out the words 
 "forty days, unless by a two-thirds vote of the whole number of each 
 House," and substituting therefor "fifty days." (These amendments 
 were construed to apply to Article 3, instead of Article 2.) 
 
 Paragraph 7, Section 7, Article 3, amended by adding thereto, "but 
 the first and second reading of each local bill and bank and railroad 
 charters in each House shall consist of the reading of the title only, 
 unless said bill is ordered to be engrossed." 
 
 Paragraph 18, Section 7, Article 3, amended by striking out, after 
 the word "companies," in the second line, the follo^ang words, viz.: 
 "Except banking, insurance, railroad, canal, navigation, express and 
 telegraph companies," and substituting therefor, at the end of said para- 
 graph, after the word "courts," the following, viz.: "All corporate pow- 
 ers and privileges to banking, insurance, railroad, canal, navigation, ex- 
 press and telegraph companies shall be issued and granted by the Sec- 
 retary of State in such manner as shall be prescribed by law." 
 
 See Acts of 1890-91, Vol. 1, pages 55 to 60, inclusive. 
 
 Paragraph 1, Section 1, of Article 7, by adding after the word service 
 in the thirteenth line of said paragraph, the following words, to wit : "Or 
 who, by reason of age and poverty, or infirmity and poverty, or blind- 
 ness and poverty, are unable to provide a living for themselves." 
 
 Act approved, December 19, 1893. Adopted by vote of the people 
 October, 1894. 
 
506 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 We call attention to the two following important acts relating to adul- 
 terated food or drinks: 
 
 TO PREVENT THE SALE OF ADULTERATED FOOD OR 
 DRLN"KS, EXCEPT ON CERTAIN CONDITIONS, ETC. 
 
 No. 329. 
 
 An Act to prohibit the sale or offering for sale in this State, any adul- 
 terated article of food or drink, except on certain conditions, and to 
 prescribe a penalty for so doing, and for other purposes. 
 
 Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia, That 
 from and after the passage of this Act, it shall not be laAvful for any per- 
 son, in his own right, or as an agent for another, to willfully and know- 
 ingly sell, or offer for sale, in this State, any adulterated article of food 
 or drink, unless the package or vessel containing the same has attached 
 thereto a true and correct analysis of the article or thing therein con- 
 tained, and notice thereof given to each and every purchaser, when 
 such article or thing may be offered for sale, that the article or thing is 
 adulterated. 
 
 Sec. II. And be it further enacted. That any person or persons vio- 
 lating the first section of this Act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, 
 on conviction, shall be punished as is prescribed in section 4310 of the 
 Code of 1882 of this State. 
 
 Sec. III. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of each and 
 every grand jury in the several counties of this State to diligently in- 
 quire into any violation of the first section of this Act, and true pre- 
 sentments make of all violations of the same, and it shall be the duty of 
 the judges of the superior courts in the State to bring this Act to the 
 attention of grand jurors at each term of the court in the several coun- 
 ties of this State for two (2) years next after the passage of this Act. 
 
 Sec. TV. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That all 
 laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act be, and the same are, 
 hereby repealed. 
 
 Approved September 26, 1883. 
 
 4 
 
 ARTICLE 16. 
 
 SALE OF ADULTERATED MILK, REGULATIONS AS TO 
 
 IMITATION BUTTER AND CHEESE, UNWHOLESOME 
 
 PROVISIONS, ETC. 
 
 Par, 456. Selling, offering for sale, or delivering, certain hinds of 
 milk, prohibited. No person, corporation or agent shall sell, or ex- 
 pose for sale, or deliver for domestic use, any unclean, impure, un- 
 wholesome, adulterated, or skimmed milk, or milk from which has been 
 
OEOROIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 507 
 
 held back, what is known as "strippings," or milk taken from an animal 
 having disease, ulcers, or abscesses, or from an animal within less than 
 fifteen days before, or less than five days after, parturition ; provided, that 
 this section shall not apply to the sale of buttermilk, or to skimmed milk, 
 when sold as such. Milk which is proven by any reliable test or analy- 
 sis to contain less than three and one half per centum of butter fat, 
 shall be regarded as skimmed or partially skimmed milk. 
 
 Par. 457. Imitation butter and ch-eese defined. Every article, sub- 
 stance, or compound, other than that produced from pure whole milk, 
 or cream from the same, made in the semblance of butter or of cheese, 
 and designed to be used as a substitute for butter or cheese made from, 
 pure milk or cream from the same, is imitation butter or imitation 
 cheese, as the case may be; provided, the use of salt, rennet and harm- 
 less coloring-matter for coloring the product of pure milk or cream 
 shall not be construed to render such product an imitation. 
 
 Par. 458. Making, selling, etc., imitation butter or cheese, prohibited. 
 No person shall, by himself or employee or agent, produce or manu- 
 facture or sell, or keep for sale, or offer for sale, any imitation butter 
 or imitation cheese made or compounded in violation of this Article, 
 whether such imitation shall have been made or produced in this State 
 or elsewhere; but nothing in this Article shall be construed to prohibit 
 the manufacture and sale of imitation butter or imitation cheese under 
 the regulations hereinafter provided, not manufactured or colored as 
 herein prohibited. 
 
 Par. 459. Sale under pretense of genuineness. ISo person, by him- 
 self or agent or employee, shall sell, or offer for sale, any imitation but- 
 ter or imitation cheese, under the pretense that it is genuine butter or 
 genuine cheese. And no person, his agent or employee, shall sell any 
 such imitation, unless he shall notify the purchaser distinctly at the 
 time of the sale that it is such imitation, and at the same time shall de- 
 liver to the purchaser a statement printed in black letters not smaller 
 than 4-line pica, in the English language, that the article is imitation 
 butter or imitation cheese, and give the name and address of its pro- 
 ducer, and contain no other words. 
 
 Par. 460. Use of imitations regulated. ISTo keeper or proprietor of 
 a bakery, hotel, boarding-house, saloon, restaurant, lunch-counter, or 
 other place of public entertainment, or any employee or other person 
 having charge thereof, or any person furnishing board for others than 
 his own family, shall keep, use, or serve therein or elsewhere, either as 
 food for his guests, boarders, patrons, customers or employees, or for 
 cooking purposes, any imitation butter or imitation cheese, unless such 
 keeper, proprietor, or other person in charge of such place of entertain- 
 ment shall keep constantly posted in a most conspicuous place in the 
 room or rooms, or other place where such imitations shall be served or 
 sold, so that the same may be easily seen and read by any person in such 
 room or place, a white card not less than ten by fourteen inches. in size, 
 on which shall be printed, in the English language, in plain, black 
 
508 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Eoman letters, not smaller than one inch in height and one-half inch 
 in width, the words, "Imitation butter used here," or "Imitation cheese 
 used here," as the case maj be, and said cards shall not contain any- 
 other words or expressions. 
 
 Par. 461. Use of coloring-matter to produce resemblance, prohibited. 
 'No person shall coat, powder, or color mth anatto or any coloring-mat- 
 ter whatever, anj substance designed to be used as a substitute for but- 
 ter or for cheese, whereby such substance or product shall be caused 
 to resemble butter of cheese, the product of pure milk or cream. 
 
 Par. 462. Combining substances to produce resemblances, prohibited. 
 No person shall combine any animal fat or vegetable oil, or other sub- 
 stance, with butter or cheese, or combine therewith or with animal fat, 
 or with vegetable oil, or with a combination of the two, or with either 
 one, or with any substance whatever, any anatto or any coloring-mat- 
 ter for the purpose or with the effect of imparting thereto a yellow 
 color, or any shade of yellow, so that such substance shall resemble 
 genuine yellow butter or cheese, nor introduce any such coloring-mat- 
 ter or any such substance into any of the ingredients of which such 
 substitute may be composed; provided, that nothing in this Article shall 
 be construed to prohibit the use of salt, rennet, or harmless coloring- 
 matter for coloring the products of pure milk or cream from the same. 
 
 Par. 463. Marking substitutes. Every person who lawfully manu- 
 factures any substance designed to be used as a substitute for butter or 
 for cheese, shall mark by branding, stamping, or stenciling upon the top 
 and side of each tub, box, or other vessel in which such substitute shall 
 be kept, or in which it shall be removed from the place where produced, 
 in a clear and durable manner, in the English language, the words 
 "Substitute for butter," or "Substitute for cheese," as the case may be, 
 in printed letters, in plain Eoman ij^Q, each of which shall be not less 
 than one inch in height and one-half inch in breadth. 
 
 Par. 464. Possession of substitute regulated. No person shall have 
 in his possession or control, except for the actual consumption of him- 
 self or family, any substance designed to be used as a substitute for 
 butter or cheese, unless the vessel containing it shall be marked as re- 
 quired in the preceding section. 
 
 Par. 465. Punishment. A violation of any of the foregoing provis- 
 ions of this Article shall be a misdemeanor. 
 
 Acts of 1895, page 60. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 509 
 
 STATE HOUSE OFFICEKS. 
 
 ALLEN D. CANDLER, W. M. SCOTT, 
 
 Governor. Entomologist. 
 
 JOS. M. TERRELL, GLASCOCK BARRETT, 
 
 Attorney-General. gtate Oil Inspector. 
 WM. A, WRIGHT, 
 
 Comptroller-General. W. S. YEATES, 
 
 Geologist. 
 ROBT. E. PARK, 
 
 Treasurer, JAS. E. BROWN, 
 
 PHILIP COOK. State Librarian. 
 
 Secretary of State. ^^^ ^ LINDSAY, 
 
 J. W. ROBERTSON, Pension Commissioner. 
 Adjutant-General. 
 
 G. R. GLENN, Prison Commission. 
 
 State School Commissioner. jOS. S. TURNER, Cliairman. 
 
 O. B. STEVENS, CLEMENT A. EVANS, 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture. THOMAS EASON. 
 
 ■r> Tfi WRICHT 
 
 Assistant Commissioner of Agricul- Railroad Commission. 
 
 ture. THOS. C. CRENSHAW, JR., Chmn. 
 
 JNO. M. McCANDLESS, SPENCER R. ATKINSON, 
 
 State Chemist. J. POPE BROWN. 
 
 SUPREME COURT. 
 
 T. J. SIMMONS, WM. H. FISH, 
 
 Chief Justice. Associate Justice. 
 
 SAMUEL LUMPKIN, H. T. LEWIS. 
 
 Presiding Justice. Associate Justice. 
 
 WM. A. LITTLE, A. J. COBB, 
 
 Associate Justice. Associate Justice. 
 
 SUPERIOR COURTS. 
 
 CIRCITITS. JUDGES. SOLICITORS. 
 
 Albany Circuit W. N. SPENCE W. E. Wooten. 
 
 Atlanta Circuit J. H. LUMPKIN C. D. Hill. 
 
 Atlantic Circuit PAUL E. SEABROOK. ..Livingston Kenan. 
 
 Augusta Circuit E. L. BRINSON J. S. Reynolds. 
 
 Blue Ridge Circuit GEO. F. GOBER Tliomas Hutcheson. 
 
 Brunswick Circuit JOS. W. BENNETT. !.. ..Jno. W. Bennett. 
 
 Chattahoochee Circuit ...W. B. BUTT S. P. Gilbert. 
 
 Cheroliee Circuit A. W. FITE Sam. P. Maddox. 
 
 Coweta Circuit S. W. HARRIS T. A. Atkinson. 
 
 Eastern Circuit ROBERT FALLIGANT. . W. W. Osborne. 
 
 Flint Circuit B. J. REAGAN O. H. B. Bloodworth. 
 
 Macon Circuit W. H. FELTON, Jr William Brunson. 
 
 Middle Circuit B. D, EVANS B. T. Rawlings. 
 
 Northeastern Circuit J. B. ESTES W. A. Charters. 
 
 Northern Circuit H. M. HOLDEN David W. Meadow. 
 
 Ocmulgee Circuit JNO. C. HART H. G. Lewis. 
 
 Oconee Circuit D. M. ROBERTS J. F. DeLacy. 
 
 Pataula Circuit H. C. SHEFFIELD J. A. Laing. 
 
 Rome Circuit W. M. HENRY Moses Wright. 
 
 Southern Circuit A. H. HANSELL W. E. Thomas. 
 
 Southwestern Circuit ....Z. A. LITTLE JOHN F. A. Hooper. 
 
 Stone Mountain Circuit. ..JNO. S. CANDLER W. T. Kimsey. 
 
 Tallapoosa Circuit CHAS. G. JANES W. T. Roberts. 
 
 Western Circuit R. B. RUSSELL C. H. Brand. 
 
510 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 THE GEOEGIA EXPERIMENT STATI0:NT. 
 
 In 1887 the Congress of the United States passed an Act appropriat- 
 ing $15,000 per annum, from the proceeds of the sale of public lands, 
 to each State and territory for the support and maintenance of an Agri- 
 cultural Experiment Station. Under this Act the Station was to be con- 
 ducted in connection with the Agricultural College in each State and 
 Territory. The Governor of Georgia, in behalf of the General Assembly, 
 accepted th.e tender of the appropriation, in June 1888, and preparations 
 were at once made to organize a Station at Athens, Ga. 
 
 In December, 1888, however, the General Assembly of Georgia passed 
 am Act taking the Station from the immediate control of tiie college au- 
 thorities and providing for a Board of Directors for its management, 
 consisting of one "practical and successful" farmer from each Congress- 
 ional district, the State Com m issioner of Agriculture, the Chancellor of 
 the University and one member of the faculty of the State Agricultural 
 College. The "farmer" members are appointed by the Governor for 
 terms of five years, and the member of the college faculty is annually 
 designated by the same authority. 
 
 Under authority of the State Act the Board of Directors, in May,, 
 1889, removed the Station from Athens and located it one and a half 
 miles north of the city of Griffin, the citizens of Spalding county having 
 donated a fine farm of 130 acres and $4,000 in cash. In a short time 
 the Station Staff was organized by the election of B. J. Bedding, direct- 
 or; Gustave Speth, horticulturalist and accountant, and James M. Kim- 
 brough, agriculturalist and dairyman. Active operations commenced 
 in September, 1889. 
 
 The Station is maintained exclusively by the fund received from^ 
 the United States Treasury ($15,000 per annum), together with the pro- 
 ceeds of the sale of farm products. The State provides nothing for its- 
 regular support, but has made three appropriations of $5,000 each, for 
 specific purposes, as shown in the! following statement: 
 
 1. Donations from Spalding county: 
 
 Earm of 130 acres, valued at $10,000 
 
 Cash for building puqDoses 4,000- 
 
 2. Appropriated by General Assembly: 
 
 In 1888 for establishing tiie Station (mainly expended 
 
 for buildings) $5,000 
 
 In 1891, for buildings 5,000 
 
 In 1892, for buildings and equipments 5,000 
 
!■ 
 
 wmm 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 513 
 
 The State pays the actual traveling expenses of the Board of Directors 
 in attending quarterly meetings, but provides no compensation for thedr 
 services. These expenses, amounting to about $500 per annum, consti- 
 tute the only regular charge on the State Treasury. 
 
 A quarterly report of all expenditures is made to the Governor, and 
 an annual and detailed report at the close of each year. 
 
 PRESENT ORGANIZATION^. 
 
 The organization of the Station at present (1901) is as follows: 
 
 R. J. Redding Director. 
 
 H. C. White Vice Director and Chemist. 
 
 A. L. Quaintance (resigned Aug. 1. '01) .Biologist and Horticulturalist. 
 
 J. M. Kimbrough Agriculturalist. 
 
 H. J. Wing Dairyman, 
 
 Miss Ruby R. Ritchie Stenographer and Accountant. 
 
 EQUIPMENT. 
 
 The Station buildings comiDrise residences for the Director, Horticul- 
 turalist, Agriculturalist and Dair^nnan, and six three-room cottages for 
 laborers ; a frame horse-and cattle-stable and bam, with annexes for car- 
 riage house; calf bam, silo and manure shed; dairy building; chemical 
 and biological laboratory with cellar and annex; propagating and green- 
 house; tobacco bam; ginnery and tool house; engine house and station- 
 ai-y engine; carpenter and blacksmith shop; complete system of water- 
 works; steam pump, hydraulic ram, hydrants, house service, etc. 
 
 The station owns four mules, 30 head of cattle (mostly registered Jer- 
 seys), and a small herd of fine Berkshire swine. 
 
 The farm covers 130 acres, 80 of which are under cultivation, 35 in 
 pasture and 15 in parks and lawns. In the above are included about 15 
 acres in orchards and vineyards. 
 
 The Station has a collection of about 2,500 named species of in- 
 sects, besides many not yet determined; 2,000 named specimens in the 
 herbarium, including economic fungi. 
 
 LINES OF WORK. 
 
 It has been the fixed policy of the Station to consult the immediate 
 waists of the farmers of the State. These are, primarily, instmction in 
 soil renovation, improved methods of preparation of soil and culture of 
 the staple crops, and diversified farming. The work of the Station in 
 the field has been fertilizer tests with different forms and sources and 
 
514 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 combinations of plant food ingredients; different methods of culture; 
 tests of varieties; improved methods of harvesting and (incidentally) 
 trials of new inventions and improvements in farm implements and ma- 
 chinery. 
 
 The work in the Dairy and Livestock department has be^n mainly il- 
 lustrative and demonstrative; the improvement of breeds and dissemina- 
 tion of young animials of the best strains among Georgia farmers. 
 
 SOME RESULTS. 
 
 The illustrative and demonstrative work of the Station has shown that 
 the natural conditions of soil and climate are admirably adapted to the 
 production of milk, butter and cheese of unexcelled quality, and the 
 dairying and live^^tock industry of the State has been thereby greatly en- 
 couraged. 
 
 The Station has discovered a method of sowing oats in the fall of the 
 year so that the danger of winter killing is reduced to a minimum, and 
 has thus gi-eatly encouraged and developed the culture of oats. This 
 method consists, essentially, in first thoroughly preparing the soil (com 
 stubble) by plowing and harrowing, and then drilling the selected seed 
 oats in open furrows, 16 to 18 inches apart, at the rate of 1| to 2 bushels 
 of seed per acre, applying at the same time a liberal amount of properly 
 balanced fertilizer. The seed oats, falling from the drill spot to the bot- 
 tom of the fresh furrow, are barely covered by the loose, falling soil 
 and the weight of the operating wheel of the drill machine. 
 
 The Station has shown by careful and repeated experiments that 
 com may be successfully harvested in Georgia as it has long been prac- 
 ticed in the ISTorth, by cutting down the entire stalk a little later than 
 the "pulling fodder' period and shucking the same, the whole (excepting 
 the ears) to be afterwards shredded; and that the shreded com stalks 
 make an excellent roughage for horses, mules and cattle. If the entire 
 crop of com of Georgia be thus harvested the saving of valuable food 
 that has heretofore been utterly neglected, would amoimt to 600,000 
 tons. 
 
 The Station has done valuable work along horticultural lines, and the 
 tests of varieties, the investigation of the insect enemies and fungous 
 diseases of fruits and vegetables and the means of combating them have 
 been of great value to the fruit-growers and truck-farmers of the State. 
 
 The Station publishes at least one Bulletin of results every three 
 months, or four to six Bulletins per annum. Some of these are profusely 
 illustrated. These Bulletins are absolutely free to any citizen who is 
 actively engaged in any branch of farming, including fruit and vege- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 515 
 
 table culture, dairying and stock-breeding, who will request the same to 
 be sent him. The law does not contemplate that they shall be sent at ran- 
 dom or as "sample copies," but only to such persons as shall request them 
 sent. Address "Georgia Experiment Station, Experiment, Ga." 
 
 Note — .The above sketch of the Experiment Station was contributed by R. J. 
 Redding, Director. 
 
 APPEOPRIATIONS TO THE mSTITUTIONS OF THE STATE. 
 
 At the last session of the legislature the following sums of money 
 were appropriated for and on account of the public institutions of the 
 State, for each of the fiscal years 1901 and 1902: 
 
 For support and maintenance of the Academy of the Blind and for 
 salaries of its officere, $18,000, or so much thereof as may be necessarj'. 
 
 For repairs of the Academy for the Blind, $4,000. 
 
 For support and maintenance of the school for the Deaf and Dumb, 
 and pay of its officers and attachees, $25,000, or so much thereof as may 
 be necessary. 
 
 For the support and maintenance of the Georgia State Sanitarium 
 (Asylum for the Insane), $290,000, or so much thereof as may be nec- 
 essary. 
 
 For the State University at Athens, the sum of $8,000. 
 
 For the State University for the support of the School of Technology, 
 $40,000. 
 
 For the University of Georgia for the use of the State Technological 
 School, for the purpose of erecting an electrical building, $10,000, and 
 for purchasing and providing equipment for the Textile Department 
 of the same school, these last two appropriations not to become available 
 until the trustees of the school shall have raised the sum of $25,000 
 additional in money or equipment, by private subscription for said pur- 
 
 For the State University for the support of the Georgia Noi-mal and 
 Industrial College for girls, at Milledgeville, $22,900;. 
 
 For the State University for the support of the North Georgia Agii- 
 cultural CoUege, a biianch of said University, $7,000. 
 
 For the State University for the support of the State Normal School 
 for teachers of both sexes, at the Rock College, at Athens, $22,500. 
 
 For the University for the colored people, $8,000. 
 
 For the support of the Common Schools, $800,000 in addition to the 
 school fund derived from taxation in the several counties. 
 
 For the State University at Athens the sum of $22,500, to be used 
 for its support and maintenance and for necessary repairs and buildings 
 and the furnishing and equipping thereof; also to the trustees of the 
 University, $5,000 to be used in building and furnishing a dormitory 
 
516 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 for girls at the Nortli Georgia Agricultural College at Dalilonega, and 
 for other purposes. 
 
 Also $150,000 for the Georgia Stat© Sanitarium at Milledgeville, to 
 be used in erecting buildings and for other purposes. 
 
 APPKOPRIATIONS FOR CONFEDERATE SOLDIERS AISTD 
 THEIR WIDOWS. 
 
 The State appropriates to maimed and disabled Confederate soldiers 
 $190,000, and to indigent soldiers, $300,000. 
 
 It also appropriates the sum of $200,000 to the widows of such Con- 
 federate soldiers as may have died in the service of the Confederate 
 States, or since from wounds received therein, or disease contracted in 
 the sendee of the Confederate States, and to indigent widows of de- 
 ceased Confederate soldiers who were the wives of such soldiers while 
 they were in service. 
 
 THE HOME FOR COOT^^EDERATE SOLDIERS. 
 
 This institution, under the patronage of the State, was opened in 
 July, 1901, and in a short while seventy- two veterans had been admit- 
 ted to its privileges. On September 30, 1901, the Home was destroyed 
 by fire. On the same day the Atlanta Journal rented a temporary home 
 for the soldiers. on Marietta Street, while the helpless were provided 
 for in the Presbyterian and Grady Hospitals. To the $21,500 insurance 
 on house and furniture, the people of Georgia are adding liberal sub- 
 scriptions, and a new Soldiers' Home will soon be erected and equipped 
 with every modem convenience. 
 
 I^EWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS. 
 
 Although this is a chapter on the State government of Georgia, such 
 is the influence of the Press in moulding the thoughts of the people and 
 shaping legislation, that it may be fittingly introduced in this connec- 
 tion. 
 
 The number and kind of newspapers and periodicals published in a 
 State afford some indication of the character of its people. Judged by 
 this standard the people of Georgia are entitled to rank among the most 
 progressive of the populations which compose the various commonwealths 
 of the American Union. The enterprise and ability of some of the 
 great daily and weekly journals of the State, both secular and religious, 
 have largely increased the influence of Georgia on political and relig- 
 ious lines, and combined with the ability of some of her representatives 
 in the national legislature, have given to our State high rank in the 
 councils of the republic. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 519 
 
 "We append here a list of newspapers and periodicals, giving the name 
 and character of each, the place of publication and whether daily or 
 weekly. 
 
 Name Character How Published Town and County. 
 
 Chronicle Democratic . Weekly Abbeville, Wilcox. 
 
 Post " ... " Acworth, Cobb. 
 
 Banner " Adairsville, Bartow. 
 
 News Democratic . " . . . Adel, Berrien. 
 
 Herald " . . Daily and WeeklyAlbany, Dougherty. 
 
 Dispatch Republican Weekly " " 
 
 Free Press Democratic. " Alpharetta, Milton. 
 
 Evening Herald " ...Daily Americus, Sumter. 
 
 Times-Recorder " .. .Daily and Weekly " '■ 
 
 Georgia Investigator. . .Republican .Weekly " " 
 
 Calhoun County CourierDemocratic . " Arlington, Calhoun. 
 
 Advance " ... " Ashburn, Worth. 
 
 South'nField&Fireside.Agricultural.Monthly Ashwood, Berrien. 
 
 Banner Democratic .D?\ily and WeeklyAthens, Clarke. 
 
 Clipper Negro, ixep. .Weekly " " 
 
 Sentinel Temperance. " " " 
 
 Southern Farmer Agricultural.Monthly " " 
 
 Woman's Work Household.. " '' " 
 
 Constitution Democratic .Daily, Weekly and 
 
 Semi-AVeekly and'Sun. Atlanta, Fulton. 
 
 Journal " ...Daily, and Semi- 
 
 AVeekly " " 
 
 American Advertiser. . .Independent. Weekly " " 
 
 Benevolent Ensign Negro " " " 
 
 Business Directory Business.... " " " 
 
 Christian Index Baptist " " " 
 
 Georgia Record " " " 
 
 Ga. Staats Nachrichten .German " " " 
 
 Jewish Sentiment Jewish " '' " 
 
 Journal of Labor Labor " " " 
 
 Mail & Expre.'^s " " " 
 
 Market Reporter and 
 
 Shippers Guide " " " 
 
 National Republican.. " " '' 
 
 Presbyterian Presbyterian " " " 
 
 Republican Leader Republican. " " " 
 
 Saturday Review Society. ... " " " 
 
 Southern Architect and 
 
 Contractor Architecture " " " 
 
 So. Christian Recorder. African M E. " " " 
 
 Southern Evangelist Undenominat'l " " " 
 
 Southern Star Prohibition.. " " " 
 
 Wesleyan Christian Ad-Methodist 
 
 vocate Episcopal, S. " " " 
 
 Southern Cultivator and 
 
 Dixie Farmer Agricultural. Semi-Monthly ... " " 
 
 Southern Home '' " " 
 
 Alkahest Literary ... .Monthly " '' 
 
 Church in Georgia Protestant 
 
 Episcopal '' " " 
 
 Cotton Cotton 
 
 Industry •' " " 
 
 Dixie , Mechanical. . " " " 
 
 Georgia Eclectic 
 
 Medical Journal Medical " " " 
 
 Georgia Education Educational. " " " 
 
 Ideas Literary .... " " " 
 
 Insurance Prospect Insurance. . . '' " " 
 
 Journal-Record of Med- 
 icine Medical " " " 
 
 23 ga 
 
520 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Name Character How Published Town and County. 
 
 Pythian Lodge Secret. .Knights of 
 
 Pythias Monthly Atlanta, Fulton. 
 
 Eailroad Herald Eailroads " " " 
 
 So'eastern Underwiters. Insurance. . . " " *' 
 
 So. Gongregationalist . .Gongreg'tionl'st " " " 
 
 So. Educational JournalEducational. Monthly " " 
 
 Southern Fancier Poultry " .... " " 
 
 So. Industrial News. . . .Textile and 
 
 Mechanical " " " 
 
 Southern Ruralist Agricultural. " " '* 
 
 State, Town & County " " " 
 
 Sunny South Literary " " " 
 
 Chronicle Democratic .Daily & Semi- 
 
 WeeklyAugusta, Richmond. 
 
 Herald Ind.-Dem. . .Daily and Weekly " " 
 
 Tribune Populist.... " " .. " " 
 
 Georgia Baptist Negro Weekly " " 
 
 Methodist Evangelist. .Methodist- 
 Episcopal.. *' " " 
 
 Voice of Labor Trades-^nion *' " " 
 
 Mission Field Negro Meth. 
 
 Episcopal .Semi-Monthly .. . " " 
 
 Dental Hints Dentistry .. Monthly " " 
 
 Democrat Democratic. Weekly Bainbridge Decatur. 
 
 Messenger Republican.. " " " 
 
 Searchlight Democratic. " " " 
 
 Mountain Gaucassian " Ball Ground. Cherokee. 
 
 Gazette '' . ■ ■ ■ " Barnesville, Pike. 
 
 Georgia Farmer Agricultural Semi-Monthly ... " '' 
 
 Banner Democratic .Weekly Baxley, Appling. 
 
 Times " .... " Blackshear, Pierce. 
 
 Herald '' " Blairsville, Union. 
 
 Early County News " " Blakely, Early. 
 
 Reporter " ... '' " " 
 
 Southern Pit Games Poultry Monthly " " 
 
 Post-Record Democratic .Weekly Blue Ridge, Fannin. 
 
 Southern-World " " " 
 
 Intelligence " Bowdon, Carroll. 
 
 Times Democratic .Daily Brunswick, Glynn. 
 
 Evening Call " " " 
 
 Herald Negro Weekly " " 
 
 Banner-Messenger " Buchanan, Haralson. 
 
 Tribune " " " 
 
 Marion County Patriot. Democratic . " Buena Vista, Marion. 
 
 Alliance Plow Boy Populist " Buford, Gwinnett. 
 
 Herald Democratic . " Butler, Taylor. 
 
 Times '* " Calhoun, Gordon. 
 
 Clarion " .... " Camilla, Mitchell. 
 
 American Union Republican.. " Canon, Franklin. 
 
 Herald Universalist. " " " 
 
 Advance! Democratic . '* Canton, Cherokee. 
 
 Advance " " Carnesville, Franklin. 
 
 Press Populist .... " " " 
 
 Free Press Democratic . " Carroll ton, Carroll. 
 
 People's Advocate Independent " " " 
 
 Times Democratic. " " " 
 
 Courant-American " .... " Cartersville, Bartow. 
 
 Eagle Republican.. " " " 
 
 News Democratic. " " " 
 
 Advance Courier " " Cedartown, Polk. 
 
 Standard '' .... " " " 
 
 Enterprise Independent " Chipley, Harris. 
 
 Advertiser Democratic . " Clarkesville, Habersham. 
 
 Press " .... " .Claxton, Tattnall. 
 
 Tribune. " .... " Clayton, Rabun. 
 
 Courier Independent " Cleveland, White. 
 
 Liberal Democratic . " Colquitt, Miller. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 521 
 
 Enquirer-Sun Democratic 
 
 Ledger . 
 
 So. Unionist Labor 
 
 Banner Weekly Democratic 
 
 Call 
 
 Sentinel " 
 
 Enterprise " 
 
 Star " 
 
 Advocate-Democrat " 
 
 Herald 
 
 Baptist Baptist 
 
 Leader Democratic 
 
 Liberal Enterprise " 
 
 Nugget Independent 
 
 Sign-al Populist . . . 
 
 New Era Democratic 
 
 Argus " 
 
 Citizen " 
 
 Herald Populist . . , 
 
 Music Teacher Musical 
 
 Argus Democratic 
 
 Monitor " 
 
 Gazette Independent 
 
 Spectator (Colored) .... " 
 
 News Democratic 
 
 Advertiser " 
 
 New Era " 
 
 Our Missionary Helper. Populist . . . 
 
 Standard Democratic 
 
 Advertiser " 
 
 Breeze " 
 
 New South " 
 
 Courier-Dispatch " 
 
 Times-Journal " 
 
 Plow Boy Independen 
 
 Messenger Democratic 
 
 Star " 
 
 Tribune •' 
 
 News " 
 
 Courier-Sentinel " 
 
 Times " 
 
 News " 
 
 News " 
 
 Citizen-Leader Republican 
 
 Enterprise Independent 
 
 Journal " 
 
 Advertiser Democratic 
 
 Chronicle " 
 
 Critic (Colored) Republican 
 
 Sentinel Democratic 
 
 Leader " 
 
 News and Banner " 
 
 Cracker " 
 
 Eagle " 
 
 Journal *' 
 
 Record " 
 
 News " 
 
 Herald Independent 
 
 Herald- Journal Democratic 
 
 Vindicator " 
 
 Call 
 
 How Published Town andJCounty 
 
 Daily (excpt.Mon)Oolumbus, Muscogee. 
 
 Sunday " " 
 
 Weekly " " 
 
 Daily(excpt Sat eve,) " " 
 
 Sunday " " 
 
 Weekly " " 
 
 Weekly Conyers, Rockdale. 
 
 Daily Cordele, Dooly. 
 
 Weekly " " 
 
 " Covington, Newton. 
 
 .Crawfordville, Taliaferro. 
 .Culloden, Monroe. 
 .Cumming, Forsyth. 
 .Cuthbert, Randolph. 
 
 .Dahlonega, Lumpkin. 
 
 .Dallas, Paulding. 
 .Dal ton, Whitfield.. 
 
 Danielsville, Madison.. 
 
 Darien, Mcintosh. 
 
 .Dawson, Terrell. 
 Dawsonville, Dawson. 
 .Decatur, DeKalb. 
 
 " Doe Run, Colquitt. 
 
 " Douglas, Coffee. 
 
 " Douglasville, Douglas. 
 
 Semi-weekly Dublin, Laurens. 
 
 Weekly Eastman, Dodge. 
 
 " East Point, Fulton. 
 
 " Eatonton, Putnam. 
 
 " Elberton, Elbert. 
 
 .Ellaville, Schley. 
 .Ellijay, Gilmer. 
 
 .Fairburn, Campbell. 
 .Fayetteville, Fayette. 
 .Fitzgerald, Irwin. 
 
 .Flowery Branch, Hall. 
 .Forsyth, Monroe. 
 
 .Fort Gaines, Clay. 
 .Fort Valley, Houston. 
 .Franklin, Heard. 
 .Gainesville, Hall. 
 
 " Georgetown, Quitman. 
 
 " Gibson, Glascock. 
 
 " Gray, Jones. 
 
 " Graymond, Emanuel. 
 
 " *. . . . .Greensboro, Greene. 
 
 " Greenville, Meriwether. 
 
 Daily Griffin, Spalding. 
 
622 
 
 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 .Guyton, Effingham. 
 .Hamilton, Harris. 
 .Harlem, Columbia. 
 
 .Harmony Grove, Jackson. 
 Hartwell, Hart. 
 .Hawkinsville, Pulaski. 
 
 Kame Character How Published Town and County- 
 Farmer Democratic . Weekly Griffin, i-"palding. 
 
 Echo (Colored) Republican. " " " 
 
 News and Sun Democratic .Daily '' " 
 
 " " " '' ... Weekly ... 
 
 News Independent " 
 
 Journal Democratic . " 
 
 People's Cause Independent " 
 
 Sentinel Democratic . " 
 
 Citizen " " 
 
 Sun " .... " 
 
 Dispatch and News . ... " .... " 
 Independent (Colored) .Republican .Bi-Weekly 
 
 Herald Democratic Weekly Hinesville, Liberty. 
 
 Headlight Independent " Hogansville, Troup. 
 
 Farmer and Dairyman . .Agricultural Semi-Monthly. . . .Holton, Bibb. 
 
 Journal . . , Democratic .Weekly Homer, Banks. 
 
 News " .... " Homerville, Clinch. 
 
 Bulletin " .... " Irwin ton, Wilkinson. 
 
 News Independent " Isabella, Worth. 
 
 Argus Democratic . " Jackson, Butts. 
 
 Record *' " " " 
 
 Progress " 
 
 Herald 
 
 Herald 
 
 News " 
 
 Sentinel Populist 
 
 Enterprise Democratic. " 
 
 News Populist . " 
 
 Correspondent Democratic . " 
 
 Messenger Independent " 
 
 Enterprise '• ... " 
 
 Graphic Democratic. " 
 
 Reporter " ... Daily . . 
 
 " " Weekly 
 
 Republican Rep'n(Col.). " 
 
 Standard Gauge Independent " 
 
 News Herald Democratic . " 
 
 Echo " .... " 
 
 Journal Populist .... " 
 
 Leader Democratic . " 
 
 News and Farmer " .... " 
 
 Advertiser " " 
 
 Independent " .... " 
 
 Weekly " .... " 
 
 Appeal (Colored) Republican. " 
 
 Georgia Planter Agricultural Monthly " 
 
 News Democratic .Daily " " 
 
 So. Dental Journal Dental Quarterly " " 
 
 Sunday Press Democratic .Weekly " " 
 
 Telegraph " ... Daily " " 
 
 " " ... Sunday " " 
 
 " " Semi-Weekly " " • 
 
 Enterprise " .... Weekly McRae, Telfair. 
 
 News Independent " " " 
 
 Adviser Democratic. " Madison, Morgan. 
 
 Gleaner (Colored) Republican . " " " 
 
 Madisonian Democratic. '' " " 
 
 Critic Independent Daily Marietta, Cobb. 
 
 Journal Democratic . Weekly 
 
 Guidon " .... " 
 
 Union-Recorder " .... " 
 
 Banner Independent " 
 
 News and Messenger. . .Democratic . " 
 
 Tribune Independent " 
 
 Keeord Democratic . " 
 
 Advocate " .... " 
 
 News " " 
 
 ..Jasper, Pickens. 
 .Jefferson, Jackson. 
 . Jeffersonville Twiggs. 
 .Jesup, Wayne. 
 
 .Jonesboro, Clayton. 
 
 . Knoxville, Crawford. 
 LaFayette, Walker. 
 .LaGrange, Troup. 
 
 Lavonia, Franklin. 
 
 Lawrenceville, Gwinnett. 
 Lexington, Oglethorpe. 
 Lincolnton. Lincoln. 
 Lindale, Floyd. 
 Louisville, Jefferson. 
 Lumpkin, Stewart. 
 (I i( 
 
 McDonough, Henry. 
 Macon, Bibb. 
 
 Meldrim, Effingham. 
 Milledgeville. Baldwin. 
 Mitchell, Glascock. 
 Monroe, Walton. 
 
 Montezuma, Macon. 
 Monticello, Jasper. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 523 
 
 Town and County 
 Moultrie, Colquitt. 
 
 Mount Airy, Habersham. 
 Mt. Vernon Montgomery. 
 Nashville, Berrien. 
 Newnan, Coweta. 
 
 Name Character How Published 
 
 Courier Independent " 
 
 Observer Democratic " 
 
 Protectionist Republican. " 
 
 Monitor Democratic . " 
 
 Georgian " .... " 
 
 Herald and Advertiser. " .... '•' 
 
 Nevifs " ...Daily " " 
 
 " " ....Weekly " 
 
 NevFS Independent " Nevrton, Baker. 
 
 Tribune Democratic . " Norcross, Gwinnett 
 
 Dispaich " .... " Ocilla, Irwin. 
 
 Citizen " ... .Semi-Weekly Oglethorpe, Macon 
 
 Emory College Phcenix. College Monthly Oxford, Newton. 
 
 Enterprise Democratic .Weekly Pembroke, Bryan. 
 
 Southern Informer Independent " " " 
 
 Home Journal Democratic 
 
 Advertiser " . . . . 
 
 Free Press " 
 
 Journal " 
 
 Banner Independent 
 
 New South Democratic . 
 
 Inquirer " . . . . 
 
 New Era " 
 
 Slate Independent 
 
 Cherokee Messenger . . .Missionary 
 Chronicle 
 
 Perry, Houston. 
 Quitman, Brooks. 
 
 . Independent Daily 
 
 " " . . .Sunday. 
 
 Commercial Argus Democratic .Daily 
 
 Southern Argus " ... .Weekly 
 
 Masonic Herald Masonic. . . .Monthly 
 
 Tribune Democratic .Daily 
 
 " ....Weekly 
 
 Herald " " 
 
 Progress " .... " 
 
 Baptist Truth Baptist " 
 
 Bulletin Democratic . " 
 
 Gazette (Colored) Republican . " 
 
 Journal of Medicine and 
 
 Surgery Medical Monthly 
 
 Musical Echo Musical " 
 
 News Democratic .Daily 
 
 " " .... Semi-Weekly 
 
 Press " Daily 
 
 South'n Drug and Paint 
 
 Review Pharmacy. . .Monthly 
 
 Spy Republican . Weekly 
 
 Tribune (Colored) " .... " 
 
 Enterprise-Gazette Democratic. " 
 
 Watchman Republican . " 
 
 Journal Democratic. " 
 
 Sentry " .... " 
 
 Ishmaelite " .... " 
 
 Jimplecute " .... " 
 
 Herald " .... " 
 
 Star Populist " 
 
 Times Democratic . " 
 
 News " .... " 
 
 Blade Independent " 
 
 Pine Forest Democratic. " 
 
 People's Press Populist .... " 
 
 Telephone Democratic . " 
 
 Local " .... " 
 
 New Era " .... " 
 
 Journal Independent " 
 
 Echo " ... " 
 
 News " . . .Semi-Weekly 
 
 Reidsville, Tattnall. 
 
 Richland, Stewart. 
 
 Ringgold Catoosa. 
 
 Riverdale, Clayton. 
 
 Rochelle Wilcox. 
 
 Rockmart, Polk. 
 
 Monthly Rome, Floyd. 
 
 .Sandersville, Washington. 
 .Savannah, Chatham. 
 
 .Senoia, Coweta. 
 Sharon, Taliaferro. 
 . Smithville, Lee. 
 .Social Circle, Walton. 
 . 8parta, Hancock. 
 .Spring Place, Murray. 
 .Statesboro, Bulloch. 
 
 .Summerville, Chattooga. 
 .Swainsboro, Emanuel. 
 
 .Sylvania, Screven. 
 
 . . . Sylvester, Worth, 
 . ..Talbotton, Talbot. 
 . . .Tallapoosa, Haralson. 
 . , .Tallulah Falls, Rabun. 
 . . .Tennille, Washington. 
 
524 
 
 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Name 
 
 Times. . 
 
 News 
 
 Times-Enterprise 
 
 Character 
 .Democratic 
 
 Journal 
 
 Gazette 
 
 Southern Record 
 
 News Independent 
 
 Herald Democratic 
 
 Passport " 
 
 Afro- Am. Mouthpiece. .(Colored).. . 
 
 Plaindealer " Rep' 
 
 Times Democratic 
 
 Progress 
 
 Hustler 
 
 Banner 
 
 Clipper 
 
 Chronicle 
 
 Gazette 
 
 Georgia Reporter 
 
 Enterprise Independen 
 
 Herald Democratic 
 
 Journal " 
 
 True Citizen " 
 
 News Independent 
 
 Democrat Democratic 
 
 Jackson Economist . . . .Populist . . . 
 
 Georgian Democratic 
 
 Messenger Independent 
 
 Headlight Democratic 
 
 Record Populist . . . 
 
 News Independen 
 
 Journal Democratic 
 
 Republican Republican 
 
 How Published Town and County 
 
 "Weekly Thomaston, Upson. 
 
 " Thomasville, Thomas. 
 
 Daily " " 
 
 Weekly " " 
 
 " Thomson, McDuffie. 
 
 " Tifton, Berrien. 
 
 " Toccoa, Habersham. 
 
 " Trenton, Dade. 
 
 " Trion Factory, Chattooga. 
 
 " Unadilla, Dooly. 
 
 " Valdosta, Lowndes. 
 
 (I (< t( 
 
 (( {( (< 
 
 " Vienna, Dooly. 
 
 Villa Rica, Carroll. 
 
 " Wadley, Jefferson. 
 
 " Warrenton, "Warren. 
 
 " "Washington, "Wilkes. 
 
 " Watkinsville, Oconee. 
 
 Daily Waycross, Ware. 
 
 Weekly 
 
 " Waynesboro, Burke. 
 
 West Point, Troup. 
 
 " Winder, Jackson. 
 
 " Woodbine, Camden. 
 
 " Woodbury, Meriwether. 
 
 " Wrightsville, Johnson. 
 
 " Young Harris, Towns. 
 
 " Zebulon, Pike. 
 
PART IL 
 
 SKETCHIES OF THE COUNTIES. 
 
 These sketches contain information, conoeniing the histoiy, soil, 
 productions, live stock, manufactures, population, etc. of each county in 
 the State. 
 
 In each instance the total population of the county is given, and also 
 the population by sex and color. The United States census for 1900 
 gives the population by sex and color for ©very place having 2,500 in- 
 habitants or more in its corporate limits. There are thirty-one such 
 places in Georgia, and tliis information is given concerning each of these 
 in the sketch of its county. 
 
 The live etock statistics are from the census of 1890, and in the Ap- 
 pendix %vill be found the live stock statistics for 1900, if they can be 
 obtained in time. If this information cannot be had, before this book 
 is issued from the press, a pamphlet containing this and other useful 
 knowledge will be sent to each one having a copy of this work. 
 
 The statistics of domestic animals not on farms or ranges, include all 
 domestic animals in cities, towns and villages; in stock-yards; all em- 
 ployed in manufacturing, lumbering and mining industries, and kindred 
 enterprises; and all used for pleasure or profit by individuals other than 
 farm proprietors. The number of live stock in cities containing over 
 25,000 inhabitants in their corporate limits is given separately. 
 
 There are three such cities in Georgia: Atlanta, Savannah and Au- 
 gusta. 
 
 Similar statistics have never before been collected in the United 
 States. The census authorities say: "It was deemed unwise to delay, 
 for several months, the publication of- these tables in order to include 
 the further statistics" on live stock on farms or ranges in each county in 
 1900. 
 
 The statistics for domestic animals in bams and inclosures for the 
 whole State June 1, 1900 show 29,713 inclosures. Of these there axe 
 17,355 inclosm-es reporting neat cattle, in which are 36,720 neat cattle, 
 including 8,393 calves under one year old, 1,614 steers one and under 
 two years old, 773 steers two and under three years, 1,624 steers three 
 
 (525) 
 
526 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 years and over, 465 bulls one year and over, 2,052 heifers one and under 
 two years, 20,806 dairy cows two years and over, 1,893 other cows two 
 years and over. There are 12,052 inclosures reporting horses, in which 
 are 21,016 horses, 117 colts under one year, 222 colts on© and under 
 two years, 20,677 horses two years old and over. The 2,395 inclosures 
 containing 7,54-0 mules, include 30 colts under one year, 106 colts under 
 two years, and 7,404 mules two years old and over. Sixty-eigh't inclos- 
 ures contain 126 donkeys. Ninety-seven inclosures report 5,745 sheep, of 
 which 1,147 are lambs under one year, 2,499 ewes of one year and over, 
 2,099 rams and wethers of one year and over. In 13,209 inclosures 
 there are 39,538 swine and in 608 inclosures are 2,045 goats. 
 
 The Appendix contains many valuable tables. 
 
 The native bom population of Georgia numbers 1,095,598 males and 
 1,108,330 females; the foreig-n bom, 7,603 males, and 4,800 females. 
 The total population is 2,216,331. 
 
 The native white with native parents number 573,447 males and 
 570,728 females. Of native white with foreign parents there are 12,309 
 males and 12,604 females. Of foreign white there are 7,283 males and 
 4,738 females. 
 
 The total white population is 1,181,109. Of these there are 593,039 
 males and 588,070 females. The total negro population of the State is 
 1,034,998, of whom there are 509,958 males and 525,040 females. 
 
 There are also 204 Chinese — 192 males and 12 females, 1 male Jap, 
 11 male aaid 8 female Indians. 
 
 APPLING COUNTY. 
 
 Appling County, in the southeastern part of the State, named after 
 Colonel Daniel Appling, of Columbia county, was laid out in 1818. 
 Part of it was added to Telfair in 1818, part to Ware in 1824 and part 
 again to Telfair in 1825. It is bounded by the following counties: 
 Montgomery and Tattnall on the north, Wayne on the east, Pierce and 
 Ware on the south and Coffee on the west. On the north are the Ocmul- 
 gee and Altamaha rivers, which streams and their tributaries, with the 
 headwaters of the Satilla river, viz.: Dougherty's and Carter's creeks. 
 Little Satilla river, Big Hurricane and Little Hurricane creeks, water the 
 coufity. 
 
 Appling county is in the great pine belt, and therefore the princi- 
 pal industries are turpentine and lumber. Large numbers of logs are 
 yearly rafted down the Altamaha river to Darien. 
 
 The lands are level and are especially adapted to long-staple or sea- 
 island cotton, and according to the United States census of 1900 the 
 cotton ginned in the county for the season of 1899 and 1900 was 4,046 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 527 
 
 bales, of which 3,778 bales were sea-island and 268 bales upland. Some 
 of the lands under proper cultivation can be made to yield to'the acre: sea- 
 island seed cotton, 500 to 1,000 pounds; corn, 15 to 25 bushels; oats, 20 
 to 30 bushels; rice, 10 bushels; Irish potatoes, 100 bushels; sweet pota- 
 toes, 200 bushels; field peas, 10 to 15 bushels; ground peas, 15 to 30 
 bushels; crab-grass and peavine hay, 2,000 to 3,000 pounds; corn fodder, 
 200 to 400 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 250 to 500 gallons. Pears and 
 grapes grow to perfection and many other fruits do well. 
 
 The wild native grasses aft'ord splendid pasturage for cattle and sheep, 
 which can be raised at very small expense. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1890 there were 11,583 
 sheep, with a wool clip of 23,081 pounds; 16,152 cattle, 4,254 milch 
 cows, 311 working oxen, 17,224 hogs, 40,027 poultry of all kinds, 819 
 horses, and 307 mules. The county produced 54,456 dozens of eggs, 
 8,544 pounds of honey, 11,084 poimds of butter, and 192,070 gallons 
 of milk. 
 
 The creeks and rivers abound in fish excellent for the table. The 
 climate is warm, but not oppressive, and the people are healthy. 
 
 The county is well supplied with churches and schools. Methodists 
 and Baptists predominate. Schools for whites number 60; for colored, 
 17. Average attendance in white schools 1,417, in colored 487. 
 
 There are no large towns in the county. Baxley, the county seat, on 
 the Southern Railway, is the most important. 
 
 There are postofiices at Baxley, Graham, Hazlehurst, Surrency, Blar- 
 ney, Peyton, Pitch, Medders, Spencer and Elma. 
 
 At Baxley a syrup refinery has been recently completed and incor- 
 porated. The proprietor of the refinery guarantees not less than 25 
 cents a gallon cash. With the same careful and scientific culture that 
 is bestowed by some planters upon the crop, 500 gallons of first-class 
 syrup can be produced to the acre on ordinarily fertile land, and with 
 one-half the labor required for the cultivation of cotton. The people 
 of Baxley are the proprietors of this refinery and expect great results 
 from it. The ponds in the neighborhood of the town, hitherto regarded 
 as of no practical benefit, will soon be in great demand. 
 
 Mr. C. W. Deen, who owns $1,600 worth of stock in the refinery, 
 proposes to plant this year (1901) 50 acres in sugar cane, and expects 
 to make a clear profit of $100 an acre. 
 
 The area of Appling county is 775 square miles, or 496,000 acres. 
 
 Population by the census of 1900 is 12,336. School fund, $7,993.41. 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are 382,828 acres 
 of improved land; of wild lands, 200,263; average value per acre of im- 
 proved land, $1.42; of wild land, $0.57; city and town property, $120,- 
 989; shares in bank, $10,000; money and solvent debts, $138,588; value 
 of merchandise, $73,505; capital invested in shipping and tonnage, $4,- 
 020; stocks and bonds, $1,350; cotton manufactodes, $11,475; capital 
 invested in mining, $525; value of household and kitchen furniture, 
 $88,260; farm and other animals, $244,092; plantation and mechanical 
 tools, $30,880; watches, jewelry and silver plate, $4,989; value of all 
 
528 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 other property, $97,493; real estate, $766,787; personal estate, $707,- 
 898; aggregate value of whole property, $1,474,687. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: Acres of land, 15,202; value 
 of land, $24,267; city or town property, $6,064; money and solvent 
 debts, $699; merchandise, $410; household and kitchen furniture, $6,- 
 376; watches, jewelry and silver plate, $162; farm and other animals, 
 $11,896; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,689; aggregate value of 
 all property, $52,844. 
 
 The population of Appling county in 1900 shows an increase of 3,660 
 over that of 1890. This is a gain of 42.1 per cent. 
 
 Population of Appling county by seix and color, according to census 
 of 1900: white males, 4,539; whit© females, 4,284; total white, 8,823; 
 colored males, 1,961; colored females, 1,552; total colored, 3,513. 
 
 Domestic animals kept in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 63 calves, 6 bulls, 8 steers, 118 dairy cows, 81 horses, 58 
 mules, 286 swine, 37 goats. 
 
 BAKER COUNTY. 
 
 Baker County was laid out from Early in 1825, and was named after 
 Colonel John Baker of Revolutionary fame. It is bounded on the north 
 by Calhoun and Dougherty counties, east and southeast by Mitchell, 
 south by Mitchell, Decatur and Miller, and west by Early and Miller. 
 JSTewton, on the west bank of the Flint river, is the county seat. Other 
 postoffices are Cheeverton, Hoggard's Mill, Mimsville and Milford. The 
 county is watered by the Flint river and its tributaries, the Coolewahee, 
 Ichawaynochaway and Chickasawhatchee creeks, all of which abound in 
 fish. The county has lands in which oak and hickory predominate, and 
 others in which the long-leaf pine is the prevailing growth. The former 
 lands are dark and much more productive than the latter, which are gray. 
 With the exception of the pine lands the county used to be considered 
 unhealthy. But the boring of artesian wells and the use of their water^ 
 instead of the rotten limestone, has brought about a great change for the 
 better. The face of the county is level. 
 
 Under the ordinary methods of cultivation the yield per acre is: Seed 
 cotton, 600 to 800 pounds; corn, 10 to 15 bushes; wheat, 15; oats, 20; 
 rye, 8 to 10; upland rice, 25 bushels; sugar-cane, 300 gallons; sorghum 
 cane, 50 to 75 gallons; Irish potatoes, 50 to 150 bushels; sweet pota- 
 toes, 100 to 250; sorghum forage, 10,000 pounds. All grasses and for- 
 age crops except clover do well. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in 
 the coimty for the season of 1899-1900 was 4,039 bales, all upland. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1890 there were 1,510 sheep, 
 with a wool-clip of 2,849 pounds; 7,859 cattle, 2,586 milch-cows, 675 
 working oxen, 9,809 hogs, 30,527 poultry of all kinds, 567 horses, 724 
 mules and 2 asses. Among the productions were 181,645 gallons of 
 milk, 25,285 pounds of butter, 83,172 dozens of eggs, and 1,660 pounds 
 of honey. 
 
(IKOlUilA lOXIIIlUT AT NASHVILLE, TENN. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 529 
 
 The people are beginning to pay considerable attention to th© raising 
 of beef cattle and improvement of the breed. Within the last five years 
 there have been imported into the county 5 Hereford, 4 Polled Angus 
 and 6 Shorthorn bulls. For dairy purposes the Jersey cow is preferred. 
 
 About 1,500 acres ai-e given to peach trees, 700 to plums, 110 to 
 cherries, 500 to quinces and 300 to apples. About 100 acres are given 
 to the raising of melons, and large watermelons of excellent flavor are 
 grown for the market. 
 
 The chief industries of the piney woods section of the county are 
 those connected with turpentine and lumber. Six sawmills are kept 
 busy preparing lumber, 5 turpentine distilleries turn out large quanti- 
 ties of naval stores and 5 gi-ist mills are kept in constant operation. 
 
 Though no railroads traverse the county, the Central of Georgia has a 
 branch road running near the county line on the north; a branch of 
 the Plant System runs close to the line from the northeast southward, 
 and the Georgia Pine Railroad passes close by the boundary on the west- 
 ern side. Lines of steamboats on the Flint river ply regularly between 
 J^ewton and Albany to the north, and Bainbridge to the south. The 
 county schools are in good condition. Churches are plentiful, especially 
 those of the Methodists and Baptists. 
 
 The area of Baker county is 366 square miles, or 234,240 acres. 
 
 Population by the census of 1900, 6,Y04; school fund, $4,515.94. 
 According to report of Comptroller-General for 1900 there are: Acres 
 of improved land, 189,150; of wild land, 15,405; average value per 
 acre of improved land, $1.75; of wild land, $1.00; city and town prop- 
 erty, $16,480; money and solvent debts, $21,960; value of merchan- 
 dise, $24,180; value of household and kitchen furniture, $18,296; farm 
 and other animals, $73,977; plantation and mechanical tools, $11,599; 
 watches, jewelry and silver plate, $1,110; value of all other property, 
 $27,644; real estate, $364,212; personal estate, $183,541; aggregate 
 value of whole property, $547,753. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: Acres of land, 6,898; value 
 of same, $12,629; money and solvent debts, $699; household and kitch- 
 en furniture, $4,579; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,168; farm 
 and other animals, $17,252; watches, jewelry and silver plate, $67; ag- 
 gregate value of all property, $38,317. 
 
 The schools belong to the public school system and number 15 for 
 white pupils and 17 for colored, with average attendance of 280 whites 
 and 430 negroes. 
 
 Population of Baker county by sex atnd color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 957;"^ white females, 977; total white, 1,934; 
 colored males, 2,377; colored females, 2,393; total colored, 4,770. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: :Nro report. 
 
530 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 BALDWIN COUNTY. 
 
 Baldwin County was first laid off by tke lottery act of 1803. Parts 
 were added from Washington, Wilkinson and Hancock in 1807; parts 
 again from Washington in 1812, and another part from the same county 
 in 1826. The county was organized in 1805 and named for Hon. Abra- 
 ham Baldwin, United States Senator, and one of the founders of Frank- 
 lin College, the oldest department of the University of Georgia. Bald- 
 win is bounded by the following counties: Putnam on the north, Han- 
 cock on the northeast and east, Washington on the east, Wilkinson on 
 the south and Jones on the west. 
 
 The Oconee river runs through the middle of the county, and into 
 this empty Town, Fishing and other creeks. Near ]\Iilledgeville are 
 shoals which can be cheaply utilized, and which would furnish im- 
 mense water-power, the gross available horse-power of the county being 
 about 2,859. The water is freestone. The upper portion of the county 
 belongs to the metamorphic region, and has red clay top-soil with a stiff 
 clay subsoil. The lower portions belong to the tertiary formation, and 
 have gray sandy lands. The gray lands give good returns for careful 
 culture. The red lands are fertile, when fresh, and, even when they 
 have been exhausted by careless farming, can be easily renovated and 
 restored to their former high state of cultivation. 
 
 The average yield to the acre of the various crops is: Corn, 10 
 bushels; oats, 13 bushels; wheat 9 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; ground- 
 peas, 15 bushels; Irish and sweet potatoes, 100 bushels each; seed cot- 
 ton, 600 pounds; crab-grass and bennuda hay, 2,500 pounds; sugar-cane 
 syrup, 150 gallons. On some of the best cultivated lands there are much 
 better yields, as for instance, corn, 20 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; wheat, 
 15 bushels; seed cotton, 800 pounds. According to the United States 
 census of 1900 the cotton ginned in this county of the crop of 1899 
 amounted to 10,119 bales, all upland. 
 
 There are in Baldwin county 33,528 peach trees and 3,039 apple trees. 
 
 Vegetables are raised in sufficient quantity for home use. The vege- 
 tables and fruits sold annually amount to between $7,000 and $8,000. 
 
 The timber products are small and are mainly hard woods in the 
 northern part of the county, such as oak, hickory, ash, maple, etc. In 
 some sections there still remains a little yellow pine. The annual out- 
 put of all the timbers is about $8,000 worth. 
 
 The especial mineral product of this county is pottery clay. Nine 
 miles south of Milledgeville on the Gordon and Covington branch of 
 the Central of Georgia Railroad is Stevens* Pottery, located on one of 
 the finest clay deposits in America, which extends from Augusta south- 
 westerly through Baldwin county, past Macon, in Bibb county, to Co- 
 lumbus, in Muscogee county. The clays of this belt are very pure, of a 
 beautiful white color and capable of standing a greater degree of heat 
 than any other clays of the United States. At Stevens' Pottery brick, 
 sewer-pipe, jars, vases and many kinds of ornamental work are turned 
 out in large quantities. 
 
GEORGIA.: HltiTOIUVAL AND INDUi^TRIAL. 533 
 
 The United States census of 1890 showed that there were in Baldwin 
 counry 263 sheep, vvitiba wooi-ciip oi iii-i pounas; rJ.iUii cattle, ox vvliicii 
 2U0 were working oxen and 1,384 milch cows; (5,364 hogs, 34,985 do- 
 mestic fowls of ail kinds, 507 horses, 1,205 mules and 1 donkey. Among 
 farm products were 262,179 gallons of milk, 59,(577 pounds of butter, 
 46,169 dozens of eggs and 6,296 pounds of honey. 
 
 Milledgeville, the county site, was the capital of Georgia from 1807, 
 when the legislature held its hrst session ihere, until 1868, when the 
 capital was moved to Atlanta by the reconstruction government. This 
 action was sustained by a vote of the State in 1877. Since then Mil- 
 legeville has become a great educational center. The old capitol, a 
 building in the gothic style of architecture, is now a well-equipped school 
 known as the Georgia Military and Agricultural College. The Georgia 
 Normal and Industrial College for young ladies is also located in Mil- 
 ledgeville, the building being a handsome structure well fitted up for 
 the best kind of work. 
 
 The Georgia and Central Railroads cross each other at Milledgeville, 
 the former running east and west, and the latter north and south through 
 the county, thus giving the very best of transportation facilities. Mil- 
 ledgeville, which, according to the United States census of 1900, has a, 
 population of 4,219, does a thriving commercial business and has sev- 
 eral manufactories, such as a fertilizer factory, oil-mill, grain mill, 
 repair shops and many small industries. All the manufactories of Bald- 
 win county number 41 and have an annual output of $242,942. Some 
 of the most important are at and near Milledgeville. This city is lighted 
 by electricity and has successful building and loan associations and bank- 
 ing institutions, with capital adequate for the business of the city. Be- 
 sides the educational institutions already named, Milledgeville has ex- 
 cellent schools belonging to the public school system of Georgia, and 
 some good private schools. 
 
 The Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians and Episcopalians have flour- 
 ishing churches. 
 
 About two miles from Milledgeville, at Midway, is the State Asylum 
 for the Insane, which has handsome and convenient buildings fitted up 
 with all modern appliances. The white and colored patients are kept 
 entirely separate in buildings apart from each other, but furnished with 
 equal conveniences. 
 
 At Midway, in ante-bellum days, stood Oglethorpe University, a col- 
 lege under the auspices of the Presbyterian church. Aftei- the civil 
 war the university was removed to Atlanta, but after a few years its 
 doors were closed, and its exercises have never been resumed. 
 
 Scottsborough, four miles south of Milledgeville, is a pleasant summer 
 residence. The village has never been incorporated, but the Scottsbor- 
 ough militia district contains 5,455 inhabitants. 
 
 The public schools of Baldwin county number 4G, In the 21 schools 
 for whites the average attendance is 635 out of a total enrollment of 
 
534 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 949 pupils, and in the 25 schools for colored there is an average at- 
 tendance of 827 out of a total enrollment of 1,479 pupils. In the col- 
 leges and private schools of Milledgeville there is an attendance of about 
 700 pupils. By the report of the State School Commissioner for 1900 
 the school fund of Baldwin county is $10,451.82. 
 
 The area of Baldwin county is 250 square miles, or 160,000 acres. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 the population of Bald- 
 win county is 17,768, or 3,160 more than in 1890. 
 
 The report of the Comptroller-General for 1900 is as follows: Acres 
 of improved land, 145,662; average value per acre, $3.47; value of city 
 or town property, $549,992; shares in bank, $90,000; gas and electric 
 lights, $7,500; money and solvent debts, $118,698; value of merchan- 
 dise, $108,912; stocks and bonds, $3,500; cotton manufactories, $6,680; 
 iron works, $4,300; household and kitchen furniture, $84,202; farm 
 and other animals, $82,762; plantation and mechanical tools, $21,254; 
 watches, jewelry, etc., $10,325; value of all other property, $72,872; 
 real estate, $1,056,893; personal estate, $660,198; aggregate value of 
 whole property, $1,717,091. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: ISTumber of acres of land, 
 5,980; value of the same, $24,664; value of city or town property, $45,- 
 770; merchandise, $700; household and kitchen furniture, $8,079; 
 watches, jewelry, etc., $154; farm and other animals, $16,046; planta- 
 tion and mechanical tools, $3,052; value of all other property, $1,075; 
 aggregate value of whole property, $100,041. 
 
 Population of Baldmn county by sex and color, according tO' the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 3,087; white females, 3,424; total white, 
 6,511; colored males, 5,400; colored females, 5,857; total colored, 
 11,257. 
 
 Population' of Milledgeville by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 697; white females, 858; total white, 1,555; 
 colored males, 1,138; colored females, 1,526; total colored, 2,664. 
 
 Total population of city, 4,219. 
 
 Domestice animals in Baldwin county, kept in bams and inclosures, 
 not on farmis or ranges, according to the census of 1900: 17 calves, 29 
 steers, 4 bulls, 99 dairy cows, 156 horses, 35 mules, 182 swine, 3 goats. 
 
 There are 5 j&our and grist-mills on the Oconee and its tributaries. 
 There are several saAvmills (the exact number not ascertained), and 
 a very extensive pottery establishment, 
 
 BANKS COUNTY. 
 
 Banks County was formed from Habersham and Franklin counties in 
 1858, and belongs to the northeast section of the State. It is bounded 
 by the following counties: Habersham on the north, Franklin on the 
 east, Madison on the south and Hall and Jackson on the west. It was 
 named in honor of Dr. Richard Banks, of Gainesville, who was a noted 
 surgeon. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL A.'D INDUSTRIAL. 535 
 
 The lands are rolling, rich on the water courses and moderately fertile 
 elsewhere. 
 
 The timber products are poplar, hickory, pine, maple, ash, walnut, 
 locust, white, post and mountain oak. 
 There is considerable granite in sections. 
 
 The Hudson flows from north to south through the county, and the 
 Middle Fork through its northeast corner. These two uniting with the 
 JSTorth Fork form J3road river, which Hows into the Savannah. The 
 Hudson and Middle Eork afford ample water-power for propelling ordi- 
 nary machinery for mills and factories. 
 
 The climate is healthy and invigorating. The water is pure freestone. 
 Two railroads belonging to the Southern System — one on the north- 
 western, the other on the southwestern border of the county — give fa- 
 cilities for travel and transportation. Bellton, at the junction of these 
 two lines, is partly in Banks and partly in Hall county. Alto and Bald- 
 win are pai'tly in Banks and partly in Habersham, and Maysville is 
 partly in Banks and partly in Jackson. Homer, five miles from the rail- 
 road, is the county seat. 
 
 The productions of Banks county are corn, cotton, w^heat, rye, oats, 
 peas, sweet and Irish potatoes, cabbages, onions and other vegetables. 
 
 Under ordinary methods of cultivation the average yield of the va- 
 rious crops to the acre is as follows: Seed cotton, 500 pounds; corn, 8 
 to 10 bushels; wheat, 8 to 10 bushels; oats, 12 bushels; rye, 10 bushels; 
 sorghum, 25 to 40 gallons of syrup; sorghum forage, 12,000 pounds to 
 the acre; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; hay, from 
 clover, bermuda grass or the vetches, 3,000 pounds. Under the beat 
 methods of cultivation there are much larger yields of corn and wheat. 
 
 The United States census of 1900 reported that 8,791 bales of upland 
 cotton were ginned in this county in 1899-1900. About 600 bales from 
 this county were used by cotton mills. 
 
 The principal forage crops are peavines and sorghum. As far as 
 known one farmer has a silo pit. Bermuda gi-ass is the favorite for sum- 
 mer pasturage. A common feed for stock is cotton-seed meal and hulls, 
 or isorghum, green corn, peas and vines. 
 
 There are in Banks county three dairy farms, making 540 pounds of 
 butter in a week, for which they find a ready sale. 
 
 The number of dairy and otheir milch-cows is 106, the Jei-sey being 
 preferred to all others. Renewed interest is being taken in the improve- 
 ment of the breeds of cattle, as is shown by the fact that Polled Angus 
 and Shorthorn bulk are being introduced into the county. 
 
 According to the report of the United States census there were in 
 1890 in Banks county 1,926 sheep, "vvith a wool-clip of 2,608 pounds; 
 3,680 cattle, 413 being working oxen and 1,254 being milch-cows; 5,053 
 hogs, 68,194 domestic fowls of all varieties, 442 horses, 836 mules and 
 1 donkey. Among the farm products were 369,991 gallons of milk, 
 128,457 pounds of butter, 16,568 pounds of honey and 62,849 dozens 
 of eggs. The average value of poultry and eggs over and above home 
 consumption is $15,000. 
 
536 a BORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Tlie acreage of fruits is as follows: 500 acres for peaches and about 
 the same for apples; 200 acres each for grapes and cherries, and 50 for 
 pears. 
 
 The game of the county is quail and hares (commonly called rabbits), 
 of which great numbers are shipped to Atlanta. 
 
 For the past few years a great deal of lumber has been cut and 
 shipped from Banks county, probably about 1,000 cars per annum. The 
 getting out of this lumber gives employment to 25 sawmills, run mostly 
 by steam. 
 
 The 15 or more grain mills of the county are run by water. 
 
 At Maysville, which is partly in Banks and partly in Jackson, a con- 
 siderable amount of cotton is shipped. Here there is a bank with a 
 capital of $20,000. The total population of this town is 453, of whom 
 309 live in Banks county. 
 
 A cotton mill is projected, to be built near Baldwin, on the border 
 of Banks and Habersham counties. 
 
 The Baptists, Methodists and Presbyterians are the leading Christian 
 denominations, each of them having flourishing churches. 
 
 Banks county has some good private schools, and a good system of 
 public schools, in which there is an average daily attendance of 1,750 
 pupils in the 35 schools for whites and 400 in the ten schools for negroes. 
 
 According to the report of the State School Commissioner for 1900 
 the public school fund of Banks county was $7,288.81. 
 
 By the United States census of 1900 the population of Banks county 
 was 10,545, an increase of 1,983 since 1890. 
 
 The land area of Banks county is 216 square miles, or 138,240 acres. 
 
 The following items are taken from the Comptroller-General's report 
 for 1900: Acres of improved land, 131,868, with an average value of 
 $4.73 per acre; acres of wild land, 202, with no value reported; value of 
 city or towu property, $54,113; money and solvent debts, $80,896; 
 value of merchandise, $22,300; value of household and kitchen furni- 
 ture, $45,266; vahie of farm and other animals, $113,725; of planta- 
 tion and mechanical tools, $28,539; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,686; value 
 of all other property, $19,712; real estate, $639,793; personal estate, 
 $322,821; aggregate value of whole property, $939,094. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: ITumber of acres of land, 
 3,544; value of lands, $11,294; city or town property, $575; money and 
 solvent debts, $185; household and kitchen furniture, $2,177; watches, 
 jewelry, etc., $19; farm and other animals, $6,089; plantation and me- 
 chanical tools, $1,010; value of all other property, $119; average value 
 of whole property, $21,468. 
 
 Population of Banks county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 4,216; white females, 4,232; total white, 8,448; 
 colored males, 1,075; colored females, 1,022; total colored, 2,097. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures not on farms or ranges, ac- 
 cording to the census of 1900: 25 calves, 5 steers, 51 dairy cows, 30 
 horses, 4 mules, 106 swine. 
 
 There are 25 sawmills, most of them small and run by steam. 
 
 There are about 15 flour and grist-mills, most of them run by water. 
 
BEN DAVIS. 
 (New York Pippin, Kentucky Red Streak, Etc.) 
 
 is is a very vigorous, hardy, and productive variety ; keeps late. Highly esteemed in the 
 West and Southwest. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 539 
 
 BARTOW COUNTY. 
 
 Bartow County was laid out from Cherokee in 1832, and was at that 
 time named Cass, in honor of Hon. Lewis Cass of Michigan. A part 
 was taken from Murray in 1834. During the war between the States 
 the name of the county was changed to Bartow, in honor of General 
 Francis S. Bartow of Savannah, who fell in the first battle of Manassas 
 at the head of a Georgia brigade (7th and 8th regiments). It is bounded 
 by the following counties: Gordon on the north, Cherokee on the east, 
 Cobb, Paulding and Polk on the south, and Floyd on the west. It is tra- 
 versed by the Etowah river, Stamp, Allatoona, Pumpkin Vine, Euhar- 
 lee, Eaccoon, Oothcalooga, Salacoa and Pettile creeks. There are im- 
 mense water-powers available, and many are now in use. There is prob- 
 ably no county in the State that presents a greater diversity of geology, 
 soil and vegetation than Bartow. It would be difficult to find one that is 
 more productive of all the staple crops, grasses and fruits. The forest 
 growth presents a great variety of hardwoods and some pine. The mineral 
 wealth is great, consisting of iron, manganese, ochre, bauxite and lime- 
 stone with active and successful operations in all. 
 
 The analysis of the soil of the county shows its great fertility. Thirty- 
 five per cent, is available for plant-food. Of this about one-fiith is solu- 
 ble silica insuring strength of stalk to all cereals. There is nearly one 
 per cent, of potash; nearly ^ of one per cent, of phosphoric acid; over 
 one per cent, of lime and magnesia; an aggregate of oxide of iron and 
 alumina of more than 11 per cent., which insures moisture by deep plow- 
 ing and a retentive soil. There is also 10 per cent, of organic matter 
 which renders the soil capable of years of cultivation without fertiliza- 
 tion. "With fair cultivation the lands will average to the acre as follows: 
 com, 20 to 35 bushels; wheat, 15 to 20 bushels; oats, 25 to 30 bushels; 
 Irish potatoes, 160 bushels; sweet potatoes, 125 bushels; field-peas, 20 
 bushels; peavine hay, 2,000 pounds; crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds; 
 clover hay, 6,000 pounds; fodder, 500 pounds; sorghum syrup, 150 
 gallons; seed cotton, 750 to 1,200 pounds. 
 
 Oothcalooga valley cannot be surpassed in the State on wheat, both as 
 to yield and quality. There are several planters who harvest from 
 3,000 to 4,000 bushels. The average, according to location and cul- 
 tivation, is from 25 to 40 bushels to the acre. Com yields from 25 to 
 60 bushels to the acre. 
 
 Peach-trees are taking every hill-top. During the season of 1900 
 more than 100,000 trees bore, and fruit growers realized from three to 
 five thousand dollars net. It is estimated that for the year 1901 with a 
 favorable season, a million trees will be bearing and by three years more, 
 two million. Grapes are raised for domestic use, but not yet in suffi- 
 cient quantities for the market. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in 
 the county of the crop of 1899 was 12,802 bales, all upland. 
 
 Considerable attention is paid to dairying, the Jersey cow being the 
 
 21 ga 
 
540 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 favorite. Acoording to the United States census of 1890 there were 
 1,875 sheep with a wool-clip of 3,342 pounds, 7,912 cattle, 3,090 milch- 
 cows, 515 working oxen, 12,474 hogs, 132,062 poultry of all kinds, 1,395 
 horses, 1,995 mules and 8 donkeys. Among the productions were 952,- 
 366 gallons of milk, 319,606 pounds of butter, 40 pounds of cheese, 26,- 
 936 pounds of honey, and 191,533 dozens of egg». 
 
 Bai-tow county enjoys the best of transportation facilities through the 
 Western and Atlantic, the Kome and Kingston and the East and West 
 Kailroads. On the Western and Atlantic is the thriving city of Carteiisr 
 ville, which is the terminus of the East and West Railroad, which runs 
 in a southwesterly direction into the State of Alabama. The Cartersville 
 militia district, which includes the city, contains 6,070 inhabitants, of 
 whom 3,135 live in the city, which possesses the conveniences of larger 
 places, such as gas and electric lights, water-works, an ice factory, two 
 banks with an aggregate capital of $75,000, and a fine system of public 
 schoiols. Cartersville has a wagon, carriage and buggy factory, a flour- 
 mill, a tannery, and in its vdcinity a stave and barrel factory. The Pitts- 
 burg and Georgia Mining Company for the manufacture of pig-iron and 
 steel has been lately organized. The Clifford Stone Company is another 
 new enterprise with a capital of $30,000. 
 
 Around Cai''tersville are fine cotton, com and wheat lands. In close 
 proximity there are beds of iron ore and manganese. Methodists, Baptists, 
 Presbyterians and Episcopalians have flourishing churches in Carters- 
 ville. Kingston, whence a branch railroad nms to Rome in Floyd coun- 
 ty, is a town of 512 inhabitants, while the whole Kingston district has 
 1,664 people. 
 
 Adairsville, also on the Western and Atlantic Railroad, has a bank, a 
 crate factory and the Veach Flouring-mill, one of the largest in Georgia, 
 and in close proximity rich veins of iron ore. The Adairsville district 
 contains 2,245 inhabitants^ 616 of whom live in the town. 
 
 At Emerson, on the same railroad is a factory for the manufacture of 
 hydraulic cement, a mill for the production of guano filler known as 
 the Southern Company's plaster works, and a large ochre dying estab- 
 lishment. The cement works have an output of 200 barrels a day and 
 the Southern Company's Plaster Works turn out 10,000 tons per an- 
 num, 'Near by Emerson are quantities of iron ore. At Cassville, which 
 was once the county town, there is a flourishing tannery, and at Alla- 
 toona is a gold stamping mill. There are twenty-six flour and grist-mills 
 in Bartow county, three of which are run by steam. There are five saw 
 or lumber mills. 
 
 Gold, iron, bauxite, limestone, manganese, ochre, graphite and sand- 
 stone are more or less extensively mined in Bartow county. From one 
 of the mines about 1,200 tons of iron were shipped last year. 
 
 In every community throughout the county are churches iof one or 
 more of the leading Christian denominations. 
 
 In the 57 schools for whites there is an average daily attendance of 
 

GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 543 
 
 1,700 pupils, and in the 18 for negroes an average daily attendance of 
 421. In 1900 the school fund of Bartow county was $13,977.09. 
 
 Tlie land area of Bartow county is 485 square miles, or 310,400 acres. 
 
 The population, according to the United State census of 1900 was 
 20,823. 
 
 The following items are taken from the Comptroller-General's report 
 for 1900: acres of improved laud, 267,923; of mid lands, 25,903; aver- 
 age value of improved land per acre, $6.55; of wild land, 83 cents; 
 value of city or to^vn property, $617,430; shares in bank, $82,000; sink- 
 ing-fund or surplus, $15,400; building and loan associations, $2,000; 
 m'oney and solvent debts, $386,354; value of merchandise, $129,920; 
 stocks and bonds, $8,490; cotton manufactories, $38,697; capital in- 
 vested in mining, $600; value of household and kitchen furniture, 
 $163,892; value of farm and other animals, $271,202; plantation and 
 mechanical tools, $81,871; watches, jewelry, etc., $15,297; value of all 
 other property, $80,044; real estate, $2,394,805; personal estate, $1,- 
 296,494; aggregate value of whole property $3,481,605. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of 
 land, 5,475; value of land, $19,437; city or to^vn property, $29,320;. 
 money and solvent debts, $1,588; merchandise, $750; household and 
 kitchen furniture, $8,492; watches, jewelry, etc., $291; farm and othei- 
 animals, $13,852; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,330; value of all 
 other property, $538; average value of whole property, $76,843. 
 
 Population of Bartow county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 7,i305; white females, 7,330; total white^ 
 14,635; ooloired males, 3,092; colored females, 3,096; total colored, 
 6,188. 
 
 Population, of Cartersville by sex and color: white males, 820; white 
 females, 860; total white, 1,680; colored males, 651; colored females, 
 804; total colored, 1,455. 
 
 Total population of Cartersville, 3,135. 
 
 Domestic animals in Bartow county, kept in barns and inclosures, not 
 on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 50 calves, 21 steers, 215 daiiy cows, 
 234 horses, 44 mules, 7 asses, 397 swine, 1 goat. 
 
 There are in the county 2 woolen-mills, 26 flour and grist-mills, 5 
 sawmills, a cement factory, a mill for the production of guano filler, 1 
 gold stamping mill, one large tannery, one ochre drying establishment, 
 one ice factory, one water-works plant and one electric light plant. 
 
 A more complete statement of the industries of the county will be 
 given when complete returns of the United States census for 1900 have 
 come in. 
 
 BEEKIEIT COUNTY. 
 
 Berrien County, in South Georgia, and one of the most progressive in 
 the wire-grass section, was named in honor of John McPherson Bei*rien, 
 who for many years represented Georgia in the United States Senate. 
 It is bounded by the following counties: Irwin on the north. Coffee and 
 
544 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Clincli on the east, Lowndes on the south, Worth and Colquitt on the 
 west. It is watered by the Allapaha, Withlacoochee and Little rivers,' 
 and Cat, Allapacoochee and other creeks. It is traversed by the fol- 
 lowing railroads: Brunswick and Western of the Plant System; Geor- 
 gia Southern and Florida; Tifton and Northeastern; Tifton, Thomaisville 
 and Gulf; and the Sparks, Moultrie and Gulf. The first four of these 
 cross each other at Tifton in the northwest corner of the county. This 
 is the most important town of the county, thriving and rapidly increas- 
 ing in population, which by the census of 1900 was 1,384 in the corpor- 
 ate limits and including the whole district, 3,145. Here are large saw- 
 mills, a canning establishment, foundry and machine works. Near the 
 town are several large vineyards, whose grapes are unsurpassed in flavor. 
 The Delaware grape grows to perfection, and matures earlier than in any 
 other locality where it is at this time (1901) cultivated. 
 
 Peach orchards are very successful, the fruit enjoying great exemption 
 from injury by frosts. 
 
 The forest growth of the county is the long-leaf pine, the immense 
 forests of which are furnishing great quantities of naval stores and tim- 
 ber. As the forest disappears, a fine agricultural and horticultural in- 
 terest is being built up. AU through the county the wire-grass grows 
 in profusion, affording splendid pasturage, on which sheep and cattle 
 can be fed at very little expense. 
 
 The face of the county is generally level. The soil is gray and sandy 
 in many parts, but in others is rich loamy and dark with a good clay sub- 
 soil. The lands will yield to the acre according to location and cul- 
 tivation, corn from 10 to 20 bushels; oats, 10 to 20 bushels; Irish pota- 
 toes, from 50 to 75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 to 200 bushels; field 
 peas, 10 to 15 bushels; ground-peas, 20 to 35 bushels; seed cotton (up- 
 land), 750 pounds and sea-island cotton, 500 pounds; hay from native 
 grasses, 2,000 pounds. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in 
 the county of the crop of 1899 was 6,086 bales, of which 1,142 were up- 
 land and 4,944 sea-island cotton. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1890 there were 13,699 
 sheep with a wool-clip of 28,161 pounds, 15,323 cattle, 3,928 milch- 
 cows, 347 working oxen, 21,323 hogs, 50,191 poultry of all kinds, 824 
 horses, 696 mules and 3 asses. Among the productions were 213,943 
 gallons of milk, 20,192 pounds of butter, 16,564 pounds of honey and 
 63,215 dozens of eggs. Fifty-three schools for whites have an average 
 attendance of 1,717 pupils, and 17 schools for colored have an average 
 attendance of 543. ' 
 
 According to the report of the State School Commissioner rendered 
 in 1900, the public school fund of Berrien county was $10,688.24. 
 
 Nashville, connected with the Georgia Southern and Florida Railroad 
 by the Nashville and Sparks, a short road 11-| miles long, is the county 
 seat. The district of the same name has 1,821 inhabitants, of whom 293 
 live in the town. 
 
 Sparks, Adel and Cecil are towns on the Georgia Southern and Flor- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 545 
 
 ida Eailway. The population of each is as follows: Sparks, 683 in the 
 corporate limits and in the entire district 2,170; Adel, 721 in the corpor- 
 ate limits, and in the entire district 1,799; Cecil, 394 in the corporate 
 limits, and in the entire district, 1,178. 
 
 The town of Allapaha, on the Brunswick and "Western Railroad of 
 the Plant System, has in the corporate limits a population of 429, and in 
 its entire district 1,986. 
 
 Thus we have in Berrien county five good towns, the largest of which, 
 Tifton, described in the beginning of this sketch, did not appear on the 
 census report of 1890, but in the last ten years has shown a rapid growth. 
 
 'Near Lenox on the Georgia Southern and Florida Railroad is a large 
 brickyard. 
 
 At Sparks a company has been organized for manufacturing brick 
 and building materials, and for operating gins and planing-mills. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 the population of Ber- 
 rien county was 19,440, a gain of 8,746 since 1890. The area of the 
 county is 810 square miles, or 518,400 acres. 
 
 The following items are taken from the Comptroller-General's report 
 for 1900: acres of improved land, 481,174; of wild land, 18,998; aver- 
 age value per acre of improved land, $2.11; of wild land, $1.00; city or 
 town property, $420,250; shares in bank, $23,150; money and solvent 
 debts, $379,544; value of merchandise, $183,388; stocks and bonds, 
 $3,430; cotton manufactories, $15,938; iron works, $50.00; capital in- 
 vested in mining, $650.00; value of household and kitchen furniture, 
 $185,653; value of farm and other animals, $339,397; plantation and 
 mechanical tools, $63,013; watches, jewelry, etc., $11,549; value of all 
 other property, $284,635; real estate, $1,458,659; personal estate, $1,- 
 496,759; aggregate value of whole property, $2,955,418. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayens: number of acres of land, 
 4,531; value of land, $10,233; city or town property, $10,522; 
 money and solvent debts, $161.00; merchandise, $225.00; household 
 and kitchen furniture, $11,646; watches, jewelry, etc., $377.00; 
 farm and other animals, $9,578; plantation and mechanical tools, 
 $2,007; value of all other property, $1,839; aggregate value of whole 
 property, $46,618. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of all property in the county 
 amounting to $307,781. 
 
 Population of Berrien county by sex and color, according to^ the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 6,908; white females, 6,586; total white, 
 13,494; colored males, 3,248; colored females, 2,698; total colored, 
 5,946. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, in 
 Berrien county, June 1, 1900: 223 calves, 90 steers, 22 bulls, 298 dairy 
 cows, 187 horses, 121 mules, 400 sheep, 829 swine, 8 goats. 
 
 A partial list of the Industries of Berrien county: sawmills and tur- 
 pentine distilleries (the exact number of neither being accurately ascer- 
 tained), one woolen-mill, two large brickyards, several gins, ten flour 
 and grist mills operated by water (the number by steam not ascertained), 
 a canning establishment and foundry and machine works. 
 
546 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 BIBB COUNTY. 
 
 Bibb County was oirgaiiized in 1822, being set off from Houston 
 county, and was named in honor of Dr. Wm. W. Bibb. A part oi 
 Twiggs county was added to it in 1833 and a part of Jones in 1834. It 
 is bounded by the following counties: Jones and Monroe on the north 
 and northwest, Jones and Twiggs on the east, Houston on the south and 
 Crawford on the west and southwest. It is watered by the Ocmulgee 
 river and by Tobesofkee, Echeconnee, Rock, Savage, Beaver Dam and 
 Walnut creeks. The Ocmulgee river has fine water-powers, those at 
 Park Shoals being estimated as 4,000 horse-powers, while the total un- 
 utilized powers near Macon are 11,070 hoo-se-powers. This river is navi- 
 gable to Macon for light draught steamboats. 
 
 The red clay soil of the northern part of the county belongs to the 
 metamorphic and the gray, sandy land of the southern section to the 
 tertiary formation. A ridge of sand hills runs diagonally through the 
 county from northeast to southwest. The lands along the Ocmulgee 
 river are especially productive. Including all kinds, the best and 
 poorest, the average yield to the acre of the various crops is : seed cotton, 
 600 to 800 pounds; com, 12 bushels; wheat, 15 bushels; oats, 25 bush- 
 els; barley, 40 bushels; rye, 13 bushels; crab-grass hay, 2,000 to 3,000 
 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 100 to 300 gallons; field peas, 10 bushels; 
 ground-peas, 25 bushels; sweet and Irish potatoes, 100 to 200 bushels. 
 Bermuda grass and clover do well in the northern part of the county. 
 On some of the lands 1,500 pounds of seed cotton are raised to the acre, 
 and in other isections from 900 to 1,200 pounds are easily produced. 
 The river bottom lands readily yield 60 bushels of corn toi the acre. On 
 some of these "bottom" lands 7,000 pounds of Bermuda hay and 8,000 
 of German millet have been cut to the acre. 
 
 The finest peaches, plums and pears can be raised in this county. 
 
 All the varieties of vegetables do well, and the truck sold in the 
 county averages yearly between $35,000 and $40,000. The county 
 raises 5,000 bushels of Irish potatoes, 66,000 bushels of sweet potatoes, 
 and 1,000 pounds of upland rice. 
 
 There are 32,000 peach-trees, 4,600 apple-trees and of plum and pear- 
 trees about 2,000 each. 
 
 There are 25 dairy farms well stocked with Jerseys and doing a thriv- 
 ing business. 
 
 About 20 per cent, of fertilizers used is produced on the farms. 
 Many farmers, especially those who have dairies, have silo pits and use 
 ensilage profitably. Bermuda grass furnishes good summer pasturage, 
 while clover, Texas blue-grass, barley, rye, oats and wheat are used for 
 winter pasturage. 
 
 More interest than formerly is being taken in the improvement of 
 beef cattle. The timber products are small, consisting mostly of oak, 
 hickory, cherry, walnut, etc., in the northern part. A little yellow pine 
 is still left. The principal game of Bibb county is quail and doves. 
 
WHITE PLYMOUTH ROCK COCK. 
 
 Fr<n„ lUil Xo. 2u. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 549 
 
 The Ocmulgee river and the numerous creeks furnish a considerable 
 quantity of fish. 
 
 Am'Oing the minerals are pottery clay (in abundance), 'some ochre, 
 granite and limestone. There are two granite quarries. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 the county in 1899 
 produced 6,568 bales of upland cotton. 
 
 According to the census of 1890 there were 343 sheep, with a wool- 
 clip of 834 pounds, 2,683 cattle, 1,137 milch-cows, 57 working oxen, 
 6,024 hogs, 27,124 poultry of all kinds, 482 horses and 1,324 mules. 
 These statistics do not include live stock in the city of Macon. 
 
 Among the farm products were 253,507 gallons of milk, 48,042 
 pounds of butter, 5,105 pounds of honey, and 41,192 dozens of eggs. 
 
 Macon, the county seat, named for Honorable iN^'athaniel Macon, is 
 appropriately called the "Central City," for it is very near, if not in the 
 exact geographical center of Georgia. In 1806 in what is now East 
 Macon, was established an Indian trading post and Fort Hawkins was 
 erected at this western outpost of civilization. Seventeen years later 
 (1823) a town had grown up, most of it on the west of the Ocmulgee, 
 which was incorporated as the town of Macon. The next year the first 
 Macon academy was built. Until the coming of the railroad Macon's 
 steamboat business was considerable. After the city became a railroad 
 center, steamboat navigation ceased, but in the last few years has been 
 resumed. 
 
 Macon is now a beautiful city with well-paved streets, lighted by 
 electricity, handsome public buddings, elegant private residences, pretty 
 parks, a first-class system of water-works, an up-to-date electric plant 
 system, two distinct lines of electric railway with tracks permeating 
 every section of the city and its suburbs. The population in the cor- 
 porate limits, according to the United State census of 1900, is 23,272, 
 in the suburban district of Yineville, 7,787, and of East Macon, outside 
 of the corporate limits, 5,078, making a total population of 36,137. 
 
 In the city and suburbs are 48 manufacturing establishments in 
 active operation, having an aggregate capital of $5,000,000, employing 
 4,500 operatives, paying out annually in Avages between $700,000 and 
 $800,000 with an annual output of ten or eleven million dollars. Among 
 these leading manufacturing establishments are: five cotton-mills for 
 spinning yams; three knitting-mills, one for making stockings and socks 
 and two for making underwear; three iron foundries, for iron castings 
 of every description; brass and bronze machinery, repairing of engines 
 and machinery; three cotton compresses; three establishments for mak- 
 ing cornices; three cotton-gin manufactories; six cotton press manufac- 
 tories; two large cotton-oil companies, one of them having a capital of 
 $500,000, employing 400 people with a weekly pay-roll of $1,000 and 
 an annual output of between $2,000,000 and $3,000,000; the other em- 
 ploying 100 hands with a weekly pay-roll of $700; a large fertilizer 
 factory with a capital of $145,000, a weekly pay-roll of about $500, and 
 an output woirth $300,000, There are also large sash, door and blind 
 factories, a large candy and cracker factory and a large and successful 
 
650 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 ice plant. There is also a barrel factory, one for making pants and one 
 for harness. 
 
 Counting every establishment engaged in any kind of manufacturing 
 there are 182 manufactories, with an annual output worth $6,485,767. 
 The Rutland Manufacturing Company operates a grist-mill, gin and 
 stave factory. 
 
 Macon's eight banks have an aggregate capital, surplus and undivided 
 profits of $2,063,500. 
 
 Among her commercial houses are some of the most extensive in 
 Georgia, reaching out for the trade of a very large section of the State. 
 
 The fire department is unsurpassed in efficiency. 
 
 The very best educational facilities are afforded by a splendid system 
 of public schools for city and county, and by private schools and col- 
 leges. The public schools number 31 for whites and 18 for negroes, 
 with an average attendance of 3,296 white pupils and 2,200 colored. 
 Mercer University for boys, Wesleyan Female College, the oldest col- 
 lege for ladies in the United States, and probably in the world, are first- 
 class institutions. St. Stanislaus (formerly called Pio ISTono), is a Eoman 
 Catholic college for priests, and the Mount de Sales Academy is a school 
 for girls under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church. There is 
 also a Normal school for ladies at the Alexander school building. The 
 Ballard Normal School is for colored pupils. 
 
 The Academy for the Blind is a State institution with two depart- 
 ments, one for whites and one for colored, under the same management 
 and superintendence, but located on separate lots in sections of the city 
 remote from each other. 
 
 In Macon is the Appleton Home, an orphan house under the auspicea 
 of the Episcopal Church, and in Vine\'ille and vicinity are two similar 
 institutions, the Orphan Home of the South Georgia Conference of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, and Mumford's Industrial Home. 
 
 Other charitable institutions are the City Hospital, on Pine Street, the 
 Julia Parkman Jones Home for indigent ladies, under the auspices 
 of the Episcopal Church, the Roff Home, with hospitals attached for 
 the poor of Bibb county, The Home for the Friendless, and the Door of 
 Hope, a place of refuge for fallen women who seek to be restoa-ed to a 
 life of purity. 
 
 Through the Central of Georgia Railroad Macon has connection with 
 Atlanta on the north and with Savannah and ocean transportation on 
 the south; through the Southern system with Brunswick and the ocean 
 on the south and with Atlanta and the cities of the north and west. The 
 southwestern branch of the Central of Georgia system gives direct com- 
 munication with Columbus, Americus, Albany, and all southwestern 
 Georgia. The Macon and Birmingham connecting with lines to the 
 west gives a direct route to Montgomery and New Orleans. The Geor- 
 gia Southern and Florida, passing through some of the richest sections 
 of the State, connects Macon with Tifton, Valdosta and the chief cities 
 of Florida. The Macon and Northern, another branch of the Central 
 of Georgia system, connects it with Athens; a branch of the Georgia 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 551 
 
 Railroad connects with Augusta, while the Macon and Dublin and its 
 connecting roads gives still another route to Savannah and the ocean. 
 
 The area of Bibb county is 254 square miles or 162,560 acres. By 
 the United States census of 1900 the population is 50,473, an increase 
 of 8,103 over that of 1890. According to the report of the Commissioner 
 of Education the school fund is $30,369.34. By the report of the 
 Comptroller-General for 1900 there were returned for taxation as fol- 
 lows: acres of improved land, 151,093; acres of wild land, 428; aver- 
 age value per acre of improved land, $20.73; of wild land, $1.40; 
 money invested in cotton factories, $1,321,725; city and town property, 
 $6,889,190; money and solvent debts, $834,433; merchandise, $1,162,^ 
 890; gas and electric lights, $566,652; building and loan, $105,000; 
 household furniture, $652,335; value of farm and other animals, $189,- 
 915; plantation and mechanical tools, $69,480; watches, jewelry, etc., 
 $76,810; stocks and bonds, $149,871; shipping and tonnage, $2,505; 
 real estate, $10,025,025; personal estate, $6,402,661; aggregate value 
 of property, $16,427,686. 
 
 Property returaed by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 
 4,084 valued at $387,345; city property, $214,070; money, etc., 
 $2,640; merchandise, $97,253; household furniture, $41,080; farm and 
 other animals, $25,290; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,045; 
 watches, jewelry, etc., $215.00; aggregate value of property, $683,990. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a total increase over 1900 of $339,764. 
 
 LIST OF COTTON-MILLS OF BIBB COmTTY. 
 
 . Capital. Spindles. 
 
 Bibb Mill :N^o. 1 $1,705,000 10,000 
 
 Bibb Mill Is^. 2. 
 
 Manchester Manufacturing Co. . . .$ 100,000 10,000 
 
 Payne Cotton-Mills 50,000 6,328 
 
 Willingham Cotton-Mills 100,000 8,200 
 
 All these mills manufacture yarns, warps and twines. 
 
 KNITTmO MILLS OF BIBB COUNTY. 
 
 Macon Knitting Company $200,000 350 
 
 Schofield Manufacturing Company . . . 35,000 26 
 
 The Macon Knitting Company manufactures seamless cotton hosiery, 
 while the Schofield Manufacturing Company makes men's ribbed under- 
 wear. The Manchester Manufacturing Company also makes hosiery. 
 
 The McCaw Manufacturing Company, with a capital of $500,000, 
 makes cotton seed oil soap, and several by-products from the manufacture 
 of the oil, among which is nitroglycerine. 
 
 The Central Ice Company has the largest ice plant and cold storage 
 ware-houses south of Cincinnati. 
 
 Population of Bibb county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 11,373; white females, 11,705; total white, 
 
552 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 23,078; colored males, 12,003; colored females, 14,952; total colored, 
 27,395. 
 
 Population of Macon by sex and color: white males, 5,771; whit© fe- 
 males, 5,940; total white, 11,711; colored males, 4,886; colored females, 
 6,675; total colored, 11,561. 
 
 Total population in the corporate limits of Macon, 23,272. 
 
 Domestic animals of Bibb county, kept in barns and inclosures, not on 
 farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 111 calves, 15 steers, 4 bulls, 679 dairy 
 cows, 1,105 horses, 301 mules, 5 donkeys, 2 sheep, 1,282 swine, 38 goats. 
 
 There are five cotton-mills, 3 iron foundries, 3 cotton compresses, 3 
 cornice making establishments, 3 cotton-gin manufactories, 6 cotton press 
 manufactories, 2 large cotton-oil companies, 1 large fertilizer factory, 1 
 large candy and cracker factory, 1 large ice plant, 1 barrel factory, 1 
 harness factory, 1 pants factory, 3 large lumber mills, including sash, 
 door and blind factories, besides 4 flour and grist-mills on the Ocmulgee 
 and tributaries. 
 
 BEOOKS COimTY. 
 
 Brooks County, named in honor of Preston S. Brooke of South Caro- 
 lina, was laid off from Thomas and Lowndes in 1858. It is bounded by 
 the following counties : Colquitt on the north, Lowndes on the east, and 
 Thomas on the west. It is bounded on the south by the State of Florida. 
 Little river runs along the east and falls into the Withlacoochee river, 
 which separates it from Lowndes to the Florida line. This river is a 
 branch of the Suwannee of Florida. Ocopilco creek, passing north 
 to isouth through the center of the county falls into Withlacoochee 
 river about twelve miles from the Florida line. Piscola creek, 
 flowing through the western part of the county, empties into the Ocilla 
 river of Florida. 
 
 Quitman, the county seat, named for General John A. Quitman of 
 Mississippi, a gallant soldier of the Mexican war, is located on the Sav- 
 annah, Florida and Western Railroad, the main line of the great Plant 
 System. It is a thriving, progressive tovm, the market for a prosperous 
 farming countiy, with two banks having an aggregate capital of $175,- 
 000, an ice factory, a water-works system, an electric light plant, good 
 schools and churches and an intelligent, moral and industrious popu- 
 lation of 2,281 people in the town and 5,286 in the entire district. There 
 is at Quitman a cotton-mill with a capital lof $75,000. The court-house 
 is valued at $30,000 and a jail at $10,000. The county enjoys ex- 
 cellent facilities for travel and transporiation through three railroads; 
 the Savannah, Florida and Western, the Georgia ITorthem completed 
 from near Boston to Carlisle, and the South Georgia from Quitman to 
 Heartpine. The riversi and creeks afford an abundant supply of fish. 
 The pine forests afford the best lumber for building purposes and abund- 
 ance of rosin and turpentine. On account of the mild climate and fine 
 grazing, cattle, hogs and sheep especially can be raised at very little 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 553 
 
 cost. The face of tlie country is level. The soil is in some parts sandy, 
 with red clay subsoil, and in some sections consists of hummock lands. 
 Each of these is productive and gives abundant crops of cotton, long-and 
 short-staple, rice, corn, wheat, oats, potatoes and sugar-cane. Superior 
 oranges, figs and melons are raised. 
 
 The average yield to the acre of the various crops is: seed cotton, 500 
 to 800 pounds of upland, and about 350 pounds of sea-island cotton; 
 com, 10 to 20 bushels; upland rice, 15 to 20 bushels; oats, 10 to 15 bush- 
 els;-rye, 8 to 10 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; sugar-cane, 300 
 to 600 gallons of syrup; field-peas, 10 to 15 bushels; ground-peas, 15 to 
 30 bushels. Careful and scientific cultivation will produce still better 
 yields. Crab-grass and peavine hay do well. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in 
 this county 8,731 bales of cotton, of which 6,396 were upland and 2,335 
 sea-island cotton. The receipts of the entire county for 1900 were 11,- 
 000 bales, of which Quitman received 9,500. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1890 there were 1,946 sheep 
 with a wool-clip of 3,488 pounds, 11,319 cattle, 3,072 milch-cowis, 257 
 working oxen, 22,766 hogs, 55,952 poultry of all kinds, 956 horses and 
 1,325 mules. 
 
 Among the productions of the county there were 284,937 gallons of 
 milk, 52,413 pounds of butter, 6,084 pounds of honey and 108,597 
 dozens of eggs. 
 
 The lumber trade is large with an annual output of 10,000,000 super- 
 ficial feet, valued at $10.00 a thousand feet. There are 10 turpentine 
 distilleries, with outputs valued at $10,000 each. There are also 12 saw- 
 mills and 40 grist mills. 
 
 Brooks is a healthful county, and during the winter months many 
 invalids from the North, as well as others, resort thither to breathe the 
 health-bestowing aroma of its piny woods. Artesian wells add to its 
 healthfulness. 
 
 Churches of the various Christian denominations abound, exerting 
 their saving influences in every community. 
 
 In addition to good private schools, the people are well provided with 
 educational advantages by the public school system of Georgia. The 
 public school fund of Brooks county was stated in the report of the State 
 School Commissioner published in 1900 to be $12,171.15. In the 40 
 schools for whites there is an average attendance of 1,139 pupils, and in 
 the 30 for negroes, 1,038. The area of Brooks county is 463 square miles 
 or 296,320 acres. 
 
 By the United States census of 1900 the population was 18,606, an 
 increase of 4,627 over that of 1890. 
 
 The following items are taken from the Comptroller-General's report 
 for 1900: acres of improved land, 298,159 (too high, if the report of the 
 census bureau at Washington is correct); acres of wild land, 5,655; aver- 
 age value per acre of improved land, $3.54; of wild land, $1.97; value 
 of city or town property, $359,973; merchandise, $145,783; money and 
 solvent debts, $261,158; value of shares in bank, $117,500; stocks and 
 
554 GEO ROT A: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 bonds, $64,812; cotton manufactories, $77,900; iron works, $1,500; 
 household and kitchen furniture, $145,718; farm and other animals, 
 $249,420; plantation and mechanical tools, $57,864; watches, jewelry, 
 etc., $9,047; value of all other property, $103,555; real estate, $1,416,- 
 780; personal estate, $1,295,070; aggregate value of whole property, 
 $2,711,850. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number %f acres of 
 land, 13,698; value of land, $54,651; city or town property, $15,479; 
 money and solvent debts, $2,071; household and kitchen furniture, $19,- 
 766; farm and other animals, $37,634; plantation and mechanical tools, 
 $6,612; value of all other property, $1,450; aggregate value of whole 
 property, $137,872. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property 
 over that of 1900 amounting to $206,545. 
 
 Population of Brooks coimty by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 3,794; white females, 3,908; total white, 7,702; 
 colored males, 5,515; colored females, 5,389; total colored, 10,904, 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosureis, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 99 calves, 28 steers, 3 bulls, 152 dairy cows, 130 horses, 35 
 mules, 12 donkeys, 435 swine, 44 goats. 
 
 Partial list of manufactories: 40 flour and grist-mills (about ten 
 operated by water), 12 sawmills, 10 turpentine distilleries, one cotton- 
 mill and one woolen-mill. 
 
 BEYA^ COUN"TY. 
 
 Bryan County was laid out in 1793, and named for Jonathan Bryan, 
 who came to Georgia in 1752, and was three years later commissioned 
 by the king judge of the general court, and in addition appointed one 
 of the royal counselors of the colony. During the Revolution he heartily 
 espoused the cause of American independence. 
 
 Bryan is bounded as follows: northwest by Bulloch county, northeast 
 by Effingham and Chatham, east and southeast by the Atlantic Ocean, 
 south and southwest by Liberty and Tattnall, and west by Tattnall. 
 
 The Ogeechee river runs along its northeastern border and turning 
 eastward empties into Ossabaw Sound. The Cannouchee river runs 
 along its western and southwestern border, and then flows easterly 
 across the county into the Ogeechee river. Ossabaw Island is separated 
 from it on the east by a navigable inlet. The lands along the rivers are 
 especially adapted to rice and are very productive. Cotton, both long- 
 and short staple, does well. The quantity of upland adapted to com and 
 cotton is very limited. Truck farmers have a great advantage in their 
 proximity to the Savannah market, where they find a ready sale for their 
 produce. 
 
 The streams supply the markets with large quantities of fish. 
 The people of Savannah who like hunting and fishing make the 
 southern part of the county a resort for their favorite sport. 
 
 The Georgia and Alabama Railroad, which is one of the main lines 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 555 
 
 of the Seaboard Air Line system, with a road from Cuyler, one of its 
 stations, to Dover on the Central, the Savannah, Florida and Western 
 of the Plant System, and the Florida, Central and Peninsular, give to 
 the county the best of facilities for travel and transportation. 
 
 There are no large towns in Bryan county. Clyde, near the Cannou- 
 chee river, is the county seat. The usual Christian denominations have 
 churches in every community, Methodists and Baptists predominating. 
 
 The average yield to the acre of the various crops is : seed cotton, 700 
 pounds of upland and 350 pounds of sea-island; com, 10 to 15 bushels; 
 sweet and Irish potatoes, 200 bushels; field-peas, 12 to 15 bushels; 
 ground-peas, 25 to 75 bushels; sugar-cane syrup, 200 gallons; rice 12 to 
 15 bushels. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in 
 the county for the season of 1899-1900 was 479 bales, of which 227 wero 
 upland and 252 sea-island. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1890 there were 3,685 sheep 
 vsdth a wool-clip of 6,865 pounds, 6,612 cattle, 1,939 milch-cows, 82 
 working oxen, 7,909 hogs, 22,199 poultiy of all kinds, 396 horses, 316 
 mules and 4 donkeys. 
 
 Among the productions were 82,710 gallons of milk, 8,301 pounds 
 of butter, 15,797 pounds of honey and 25,406 dozens of eggs. 
 
 The area of Bryan county is 472 square miles or 273,280 acres. 
 
 The population by the United States census of 1900 is 6,122, a gain of 
 602 since 1890. 
 
 According to the report of the State School Commissioner the school 
 fund is $4,669.87. The average daily attendance of pupils is 546 in the 
 27 schools for whites, and 450 in the 16 for negroes. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are in the county 
 187,518 acres of improved land; 12,196 acres of wild land. By the 
 same returns the following values are reported: city and town property, 
 $19,993; tonnage, $65.00; money and solvent debts, $64,373; merchan- 
 dise, $32,600; money invested in cotton factories, $150.00; household 
 furniture, $32,417; farm and other animals, $121,072; plantation and 
 mechanical tools, $15,657; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,474; real estate, 
 $330,025; personal estate, $325,404; aggregate of property, $655,429. 
 
 By the same report the property returned by colored taxpayers was as 
 follows: 11,691 acres of land, valued at $15,779; city or town property, 
 $702.00; money, etc., $152.00; household and kitchen furniture, $3,- 
 712; farm and other animals, $10,381; plantation and mechanical took, 
 $1,231; value of all other property, $1,377; aggregate value of whole 
 property, $33,855. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property 
 over 1900 amounting to $40,705. 
 
 Population of Bryan county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 1,517; white females, 1,452; total white, 2,969; 
 colored males, 1,643; colored females, 1,510; total colored, 3,153. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900; no report. 
 
556 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 BULLOCH COUNTY. 
 
 Bulloch County was laid out in 1796 and named for Archibald Bul- 
 loch, Governor of Georgia from January 20, 1776 to February 22, 1777, 
 and a devoted champion of the liberties of Amei-ica. This county runs 
 up into a point at the north. It is bounded by the following counties: 
 Screven on the northeast, Screven and Effingham on the east, Bryan on 
 the southeast, Tattnall on the southwest and west, and Emanuel on the 
 west and northwest. The river Ogeechee flows along its northeastern 
 and eastern borders, and the Cannouchee along its western and south- 
 western boundary. Several creeks flowing into these rivers traverse the 
 county. The most important are Belcher's Mill creek, Black creek, 
 Bird's Mill creek. Big Lett's and Little Lett's creeks. Sculls, Meril's, 
 Dry and Hound creeks. There is also near the Ogeechee river a lake 
 about ten miles long. Erom this and the rivers and creeks abundance of 
 fish are caught. The county is level and is composed of pine-gray up- 
 lands and hummock lands. About one-fifth of the soil is sandy and light 
 loam, one-fifth a stiff dark soil, and one half a red clay soil. The hum- 
 mock lands are veay productive, yielding cotton, long-and short-staple, 
 corn, wheat, oats, rye, sugar-cane, rice and potatoes. The climate is 
 healthy and pleasant. Many instances of longevity have been recorded. 
 In the records of the county are the names of several who lived more 
 than a hundred years. 
 
 Eeligion and education are represented by prosperous churches and 
 schoiols. 
 
 The pine and cypress timbers furnish lumber and shingles for the 
 markets. These are cut up by 20 lumber mills in different parts of the 
 county. There is a good business also in rosin and turpentine. There 
 are 15 turpentine distilleries. There are 25 flour and grist-mills. Rice 
 culture on the hummock" lands is profitable. 
 
 For travel and transportation the people have the advantage of the 
 following railroads: the Savannah and Statesboro, the former Dover and 
 Statesboro and Pineora roads, now a part of the Central of Georgia sys- 
 tem, and Foy. The county site is Statesboro at the junction of the Sa- 
 vannah and Statesboro Railroad with the Central. The court-house cost 
 $20,000 and the academy, $15,000. There are in this town a bank with 
 a capital of $50,000 and a blind and sash factory. A company has been 
 organized here to build a cotton factory. 
 
 The Statesboro district contains 3,706 inhabitants, of whom 1,197 live 
 in the town. Both the district and town have doubled in population 
 since 1890. 
 
 The Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians predominate, though other 
 Christian sects are represented. The schools belong to the public school 
 system of Georgia, and number 77 for whites and 42 for colored, with 
 an average attendance of 1,877 white and 1,133 colored pupils. 
 
 The average yield per acre of the various crops is: seed cotton, 350 to 
 500 pounds of sea-island and 500 to 850 pounds of upland; corn 10 to 
 14 bushels; oats, 10 to 20 bushels; Irish and sweet potatoes, 75 to 200 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 557 
 
 bushels; field-peas, 10 to 12 bushels; ground-peas, 25 bushels; sugar-cane 
 sjrup, 400 gallons. 
 
 The annual output of lumber is very great, and the average price per 
 thousand feet is from $8.00 to $15.00. , 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in 
 this county for the season of 1899-1900 was 9,792 bales, of which 1,924 
 were upland and 7,868 sea-island. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1890 there were 15,728 
 sheep, with a wool-clip of 31,135 pounds, 16,325 cattle, 4,543 milch- 
 cows, 141 worldng oxen, 27,913 hogs, 85,308 poultry of all kinds, 1,460 
 horses, 1,046 mules and 1 donkey. Among the productions were 261,- 
 175 gallonds (of milk, 39,221 pounds of butter, 19,751 pounds of honey 
 and 97,788 dozens of eggs. The Jersey is constantly growing in favor 
 as a cow for producing milk and butter. 
 
 Peaches, pears, plums, grapes, berries and melons yield good profits 
 to their owners. Abundance of good native gi-asses for hay and pastur- 
 age, the wide range and the mild winters enable the farmers to raise 
 sheep and cattle in great numbers at small expense and good profits. 
 
 The area of Bulloch county is 980 square miles or 627,200 acres. The 
 population by the United States census of 1900 was 21,377, an increase 
 of 7,665 since 1890. 
 
 By the laist report of the Commissioner of Education the school fund 
 was $12,357.60. 
 
 The report of the Comptroller-General for 1900 gives: 458,823 acres 
 of improved lands; 53,971 acres of wild lands; average value of im- 
 proved lands to the acre $2.35; of wild lands, $0.93; value of city and 
 town property, $185,860; shares in bank, $50,000; money and solvent 
 debts, $379,478; merchandise, $145,975; household furniture, $138,- 
 322; farm and other animals, $353,706; plantation and mechanical tools, 
 $72,240; watches, jeyelry, etc., $8,302; real estate, $1,308,375; personal 
 estate, $1,330,089; aggregate property, $2,638,460. 
 
 Property returned by colored tax-payers: 13,364 acres of land valued 
 at $28,209; city property, $2,245; money, $1,908; household furniture, 
 $11,878; watches, etc., $263.00; farm and other animals, $22,219; 
 plantation and mechanical tools, $4,039; aggregate property, $72,512. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property 
 over 1900, amounting to $265,013. 
 
 Population of Bulloch counuty by sex and color, according to the 
 census of 1900: white males, 6,395; white females, 5,818; total white, 
 12,213; colored males, 4,944; colored females, 4,224; total colored, 
 9,164. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and anclosures not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 79 calves, 24 steers, 4 bulls, 111 dairy cows, 127 horses, 
 119 mules, 1 donkey, 408 swine and 7 goats. 
 
 Partial list of manufactories : 1 sea-island gin factory, 1 sash and blind 
 factory, 25 flour and ginist-mills, 20 lumber and sawmills ,and 15 turpen- 
 tine distilleries. 
 
558 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 BUKKE COUNTY. 
 
 BurJce County was laid out in 1758 as St. George's Parisli. In 1777 
 it received its present name in honor of Edmund Burke, tlie great 
 champion of American liberty, a native of Dublin, Ireland, and a mem- 
 ber of the British parliament. In 1793 part of it v^as set off to Screven 
 county, and in 1798 a part to Jefferson. The Savannah river separates 
 it from South Carolina on the east and the Ogeechee from Emanuel 
 county. Eichmond county bounds it on the north, Screven on the south- 
 east, Emanuel on the south, and Jefferson on the west. Brier creek tra- 
 verses the county from northwest to southeast and is noted for the rich 
 lands along its borders. The county is also watered by Beaver Dam, 
 Brushy, Horse, Rock and Buckhead creeks. On Brushy and Brier creeks 
 and at Shell Bluff are beds of marl. Much of the subsoil iconsists of cal- 
 careous marl from many of the springs and in the banks of the streams. 
 At Shell Bluff is found an almost inexhaustible quantity of limestone 
 of the best quality for making lime. Buhrstone is also very abundant 
 in the county. Chalcedony and jasper have been found. The water of 
 the county is impregnated with rotten limestone. This adds to the 
 productiveness of the soil, but detracts from the taste of the water. The 
 introduction of artesian wells is proving a remedy for this. The artesian 
 well at Waynesboro fm-nishes to that town a large quantity of whole- 
 some, hard water, good not only for drinking, but also for general dom- 
 estic purposes. 
 
 Waynesboro, the county site, on the Central of Georgia Eailway, 
 named in honor of General Anthony Wayne of Revolutionary fame, is 
 a thriving town containing 2,030 inhabitants in its corporate limits. Ix 
 has good schools and churches of the denominations usually found in our 
 Georgia towns, Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians. The town has a 
 bank with a capital, of $50,000. It has two fertilizer factories and 'two 
 cottonseed-oil mills. 
 
 Burke county has good private schools and enjoys the advantages also 
 of the public schoiol system of Georgia. There are in the whole county 
 105 schools, 40 for whites and 65 for colored. The average daily at- 
 tendance, as reported by the State School Commissioner is 789 in the 
 schools for whites, and 2,419 in the schools for negroes. The school fund 
 for 1900 was $22,063.73. 
 
 The Centrail Railroad on the southern border and running through 
 the county to Augusta and a branch of the Southern running through 
 the northwest corner, give ample convenience for travel and transporta- 
 tion. The proximity of Augusta to the northern part of the county en- 
 courages the trucking business, the value of which amounts to nearly 
 $20,000 per annum. The triWtaries of the Ogeechee fumdsh water- 
 power which has been utilized by nine grist-mills; those of the 'Savannah 
 operate 8 mills. Long-leaf pine and wire-grass cover a large area; the 
 timber growth of the north and northwest portions of the county is of the 
 different hardwood varieties. The timber products are valued at $75,- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 559 
 
 000; nearly all yellow pine, also some naval stores. There are 10 or 12 
 steam sawmills and 3 turpentine distilleries. 
 
 According to the United States censuis of 1900 the cotton ginned in. 
 the county for the season of 1899-1900 was 46,152 bales, of which 45,- 
 977 were upland and 175 sea-island. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1890 there were 1,100 sheep 
 with a wool-clip of 3,609 pounds, 8,007 cattle, 2,661 milch-cows, 392 
 working oxen, 30,248 hogs, 95,732 poultry of all kinds, 1,633 horses, 
 3,665 mules and 5 donkeys. Among the productions were 438,533 gal- 
 lons of milk, 70,027 pounds of butter, 600 pounds of cheese, 15,444 
 pounds of honey and 177,034 dozens of eggs. The yields of the various 
 <5rops to the acre under ordinary cultivation average about as follows: 
 seed cotton, 800 pounds; corn, 20 bushels; oats, 30; wheat, 15; rye, 15; 
 sugar-cane, 150 gallons of syrup. The grasses are Bermuda, crab and 
 wire-grass. 
 
 The pea-vines also furnish hay. The production of hay is 2,500 
 pounds to the acre. In 1898 the production of Irish potatoes was 998 
 bushels; of sweet potatoes, 92,366 bushels. Fruit trees in the county: 
 4,853 apple-trees, 23,890 peach-trees. 
 
 The area of Burke county is 1,043 square miles, or 667,520 acres. 
 
 The following items are furnished by the report of the Comptroller- 
 General for 1900: acres of improved land, 589,198; average value pea* 
 acre of improved land, $2,53; city or town property, $361,876; value of 
 shares in bank, $75,000; sinking-fund, $6,000; money and solvent debts, 
 $147,396; cotton manufactories, $11,250; value of merchandise, $108,- 
 410; stocks and bonds, $3,000; household furniture, $113,119; farm and 
 other animals, 284,107; plantation and mechanical tools, $61,303; 
 watches, jewelry, etc., $11,666; value of all other property, $59,371; 
 real estate, $1,853,419; personal estate, $948,866; aggregate of all prop- 
 erty, $2,802,285. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number 'of acres of land 
 30,543; value, $77,660; city property, $21,811; money, etc., $770; 
 merchandise, $625; household furniture, $29,730; watches, jewelry, etc., 
 $963; farm and other animals, $90,146; plantation and mechanical tools, 
 $20,439; all other property, $6,925; aggregate, $276,274. 
 
 Burke has always been considered one of the finest agricultural cotm- 
 ties in the State. The tax returns of 1901 show a gain in the value of 
 all property over 1900 amounting to $286,036. 
 
 Burke jail is noted for a skirmish which took place in 1779, between 
 the British, led by Colonels Brown and McGirth, and the Americans 
 commanded. by Colonels Twiggs and Few, in which the Americans were 
 the victors. In this affair Captain Joshua Inman, an American officer, 
 killed three of the British with his own hand. 
 
 According to the Untied States census of 1900, Burke county had a 
 population of 30,165, a gain of 1,664 over that of 1890. 
 
 Population of Burke county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 2,869; white females, 2,653: total white, 5.522; 
 •colored males, 12,147; colored females, 12,496: total colored, 24,643. 
 25 ga 
 
560 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 54 calves, 20 steers, 10 bulls, 102 dairy cows, 119 horses, 
 14 muleis, 254 swine and 34 goats. 
 
 Partial list of manufactories: 2 cotton oil mills, 2 fertilizer factories, 
 1 cotton mill, 17 flour and grist-mills, about 12 sawmills, 4 turpentine 
 distilleries. 
 
 BUTTS COUNTY. 
 
 Butts 'County was laid off from Monroe and Henry in 1825, and was 
 named in honor of Captain Samuel Butts, who was killed in the battle 
 of Chalibbee (January 27, 1814), where the Georgia brigade of General 
 John j Floyd inflicted a severe defeat upon the Indians who, taking ad- 
 vantage of the war with Great Britain, had risen against the whites and 
 had committed many horrible atrocities in Alabama. This county is 
 bounded by the following counties: ISTewton on the northeast, Jasper on 
 the east, Monroe on the south, Spalding on the west and Henry on the 
 northwest. The Ocmulgee river runs along its northeastern and eastern 
 borders. A considerable stream called the Towaliga flows through the 
 southwestern, part of the county. Tussahaw, Yellow "Water and Sandy 
 creeks also water the county. 
 
 Jackson, the county site, on tone of the main trunks of the Southern 
 Kailway, has within the last few years groAvu rapidly in population, in 
 every line of business and in the character of its buildings. There is in 
 Jackson a flouring mill with patent roller process, and turning out the 
 best of flour. It has among its other industries a flourishing cotton-mill, 
 built by Georgia capital. The bank has a capital of $50,000. The court- 
 house is new and cost $30,000. The jail cost $6,000. The residences 
 bespeak the progressiveness of the town. In fact, throughout the county 
 the residences and all the outbuildings are above the average in appear- 
 ance and comfort. 
 
 Flovilla, a town of 523 inhabitants, on the Southern, is connected 
 by a short railroad with Indian Spring, a noted fashionable summer re- 
 sort, celebrated for the healing properties of its sulphur water. The 
 springs are situated in the forks of Sandy creek. Here in 1825 was made 
 the treaty between the whites and Indians which led to the murder of the 
 Indian chief, Mcintosh, by his own people. The climate is healthy, as 
 is proven by the advanced age attained by many of its iahabitants. Four 
 miles from Flovilla is the Lamar flour-mill with patent roller process. 
 This mill turns out flour of the best grade. 
 
 Besides the important points already named, other post-offices are Jen- 
 kinsburg, Cork, and Lofton's Store. Other places are Towaliga, Elgin, 
 Stark, Maystown and Worthville. Though there are hills in some sec- 
 tions, the general face of the county is level. The predominant soil is 
 gray, well adapted to cotton, the grasses, and the different grains. The 
 average yield per acre of the various crops is as follows: seed cotton, 600 
 to 700 pounds; com, 10 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; oats, 15 bushels; 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 561 
 
 field-peas, 10 bushels; sweet and Irish potatoes, 100 to 200 bushels. The 
 best lands yield to the acre 1,500 pounds of seed cotton; 40 bushels of 
 com and wheat and other crops in like proportion. On an island in the 
 Ocmulgee river there are 40 acres' which yield 40 bushels of oats and 6u 
 of corn to the acre without fertilizing. 
 
 According to the United States census 'of 1900 the cotton ginned in 
 Butts county for the season of 1899-1900 was 14,415 bales, all upland. 
 
 According to the United States census for 1890 there were 251 sheep 
 with a wool-clip of 381 pounds, 3,025 cattle, 1,308 milch-cows, 78 work- 
 ing oxen, 4,783 hogs, 54,338 poultry of all kinds, 651 horses, 1,225 
 mules and 3 donkeys. Some of the productions were: 382,962 gallons of 
 milk; 131,483 pounds of butter; 11,979 pounds of honey and 84,935 
 dozens of eggs. 
 
 The products !of the county are marketed chiefly at Jackson, the cot- 
 ton receipts and shipments from which place amount to 13,000 bales- 
 annually. The mills at Jackson use 3,500 bales. 
 
 Jackson and Pepperton are neighboring towns, the former contain- 
 ing by the census of 1900 a population of 1,487, and the latter 500 peo- 
 ple. The district of Jackson, embracing both these towns and the inter- 
 v^ening country, contains 3,663 inhabitants. The Indian Spring district 
 includes the towns of Tlovilla and Mcintosh, the former with 523 in- 
 habitants and the latter with 262. The whole district has 1,517. 
 
 The area of Butts county is 179 square miles, or 114,560 acres. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 the population of 
 Butts county was 12,805, a gain of 2,240 over that of 1890. 
 
 Every community is supplied with churches and schools. 
 
 The State School Commissioner reported in 1900 a total of 46 schools. 
 The daily average attendance was 960 in 23 schools for whites and 677 
 in 23 for negroes. The school fund was $8,314.28. 
 
 The following items are taken from the report of the Comptroller- 
 General for 1900: acres of improved land, 113,794; average value per 
 acre, $5.50; city or town property, $235,372; shares in bank, $35,000; 
 money and solvent debts, $147,089; value of merchandise, $81,795; 
 cotton manufactoriee, $60,940; household and kitchen furniture, $78,- 
 630; farm and other animals, $99,772; plantation and mechanical tools, 
 $34,468; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,151; real estate, $832,691; personal 
 estate, $616,371; value of all other property, $33,854; aggregate of 
 whole property, $1,446,062. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 1,- 
 204; value of land, $8,688; city or town property, $7,495; watches, 
 jewelry, etc., $145.00; household and kitchen furniture, $8,508; farm 
 and other animals, $13,044; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,251; 
 value of all other property, $481.00; aggregate value of whole property, 
 $45,441. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property 
 over 1900 amounting to $143,537. 
 
 Population of Butts county by sex and color, according to the census 
 
562 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 of 1900: white males, 2,937; white females, 3,061; total white, 5,998; 
 mloTCd males, 3,251; colored females, 3,556; total colored, 6,807. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 2 calves, 53 dairy cows, 92 horses, 18 mules, 19 swine, 7 
 goats. 
 
 Partial list of manufactures: 4 flour and grist-mills, and 1 sawmill, 
 operated by water, 2 large flour mills with patent roller process, 1 cotton 
 mill. 
 
 CALHOUN COUNTY. 
 
 Galhoun County was formed out of the northern part of Early in 
 1854, and was named for John C. Calhoun, the celebrated South Caro- 
 lina statesman. The counties which bound it are : Randolph and Terrell 
 on the north, Dougherty on the east. Baker and Early on the south, Clay 
 and Early on the west. Morgan, a small town, remote from any rail- 
 road, is the county site. A branch of the Central Railroad runs entirely 
 across the southern part of the county. Ichaway-nochaway creek is the 
 largest stream in the county. It runs centrally through it, being formed 
 by two streams, one coming from the northwest, the other from the north- 
 east. Along its eastern border is Chickasawhatchee creek. These streams 
 furnish abundance of fish. "Wild turkeys are the principal game. 
 
 The lands are generally level, having a gray soil, best adapted to 
 •c'^tton and corn. Out of 187,568 acres in the county, about 95,000 are 
 under cultivation. Of those cultivated 60,000 are upland, 30,000 low- 
 land; 5,000 bottom land. The best lands average from $5 to $6 an acre, 
 the wild lands from $1.28 to $3.00 to the acre. The average yield to the 
 acre for the several crops is: for cotton, 600 pounds; corn, 10 bushels; 
 wheat and oats, 8 bushels each; rye, 6 bushels; sugar-cane, 150 to 350 
 gallons of syrup; field-peas, 8 bushels; ground-peas, 12 bushels. Of vege- 
 tables only enough are raised for home consumption. A fine hay is cut 
 from crowfoot-grass. Bermuda grass also gives excellent pasturage. The 
 range for cattle, sheep and hogs is fairly good, and enables the farmers 
 to raise their own supply of meat at small cost. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in 
 this county for the season of 1899-1900 was 9,472 bales (upland). 
 
 According to the United States census of 1890 there were 248 sheep 
 with a wool-clip of 587 pounds, 4,154 cattle, 1,486 milch-cows, 178 work- 
 ing oxen, 10,233 hogs, 26,251 of all kinds of poultry, 546 horses, 1,412 
 mules, and 1 donkey. 
 
 Among the productions of the county there were 184,604 gallons of 
 milk, 24,644 pounds of butter, 109 pounds of cheese, 6,914 pounds of 
 honey and 52,489 dozens of eggs. 
 
 Two canneries at Morgan put up during the last season about 2,000 
 crates of fruit. Arlington and Leary on the railroad are growing well. 
 
 Of the original forests there are still standing in the county: of pine 
 50,000 acres, of oak and gum 20,000 acres, and of swamp timber 20,000 
 acres. There are eight sawmills in the county. The annual output of 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 563 
 
 lumber is about 1,000,000 superficial feet per annum. There are two 
 turpentine distilleries, one at Learj and one at Arlington. There is a 
 good water-power at Cordray's Mill. This is a flour and grist-mill and 
 is valued at $2,500. There is a cottonseed-oil mill at Arlington, valued 
 at $20,000. From the entire county there are shipped annually about 
 8,000 bales of cotton. 
 
 Arlington, the largest town, is at the junction of the Georgia Pine 
 Railway, with a branch of the Central, and lies partly in Calhoun and 
 partly in Early county. Of its 755 inhabitants 655 are citizens of Cal- 
 houn county. The militia district in which it is situated has a popula- 
 tion of 1,990. 
 
 Leary, on the Central of Georgia Hallway, has inside the corporation 
 396 inhabitants and in the whole district 1,962. 
 
 Morgan, the county site, is about 7 miles north of the Central Railway. 
 
 The area of Calhoun county is 276 square miles, or 176,640 acres. Its 
 population, by the United State census of 1900, was 9,274, a gain of 836 
 in the last decade. 
 
 Churches of one or more of the leading Christian denominations are 
 found in every community. 
 
 There are 37 school buildings belonging to the public school system 
 of Georgia. The daily average attendance is 421 pupils in the 15 schools 
 for whites and 823 in the 22 schools for negroes. The school fund is 
 $6,684.94. 
 
 The county is supplied in many sections with artesian wells which, 
 with good, pure water have added greatly to its healthfulness. 
 
 The Comptroller-General's report for 1900 contains the following 
 items: acres of improved lands 174,275; of wild lands, 1,560; average 
 value per acre of improved land, $2.66; of wild land, $1.12; value of 
 city or town property, $123,248; money and solvent debts, $61,301; 
 merchandise, $65,585; cotton manufactories, $12,125; iron works, 
 $2,200; value of household and kitchen furniture, $50,737; farm and 
 other animals, $108,696; plantation and mechanical tools, $23,575; 
 watches, jewelry, etc., $1,866; value of all other property, $24,675; real 
 estate, $589,994; personal estate, $353,183; aggregate value of whole 
 property, $943,177. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 
 7,242; value of land, $17,083; city or to^vn property, $10,250; money 
 and solvent debts, $423.00; household and kitchen furniture, $16,780; 
 farm and other animals, $20,691; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,- 
 237; value of all other property, $975.00; aggregate value of whole prop- 
 erty, $70,593. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain in the value of all property over 
 1900 amoimting to $83,286. 
 
 Population of Calhoun coimty by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 1,215; white females, 1,184; total white, 
 2,399; colored males, 3,425; colored females, 3,450; total colored, 6,875. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 59 calves, 16 steers, 4 bulls, 82 dairy cows, 72 horses, 14 
 mules, 3 donkeys, 310 swine. 
 
564 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 CAMDEN COUNTY. 
 
 Camden County was formerlj embraced in the parishes of St. Thomas 
 and St. Mary's. In 1777 these were formed into a county and 
 named in honor of the Earl of Camden who, in the British par- 
 liament, so boldly plead for the liberties of America. Part of it 
 was taken from Wayne in 1805, and a part added to Wayne in 
 1808. It is bounded on the north by Glynn and Wayne counties, on the 
 east by the Atlantic ocean, on the south by Florida, from which it is 
 separated by the St Mary's river, and on the west by Charlton county. 
 The Satilla (formerly called St. Ilia) river flows along its western bord- 
 er, then turning to the northeast flows almost centrally acroiss the county 
 and empties through St. Andrew's sound into the Atlantic ocean. Tho 
 Little Satilla, along its northeastern boundary, also empties into St. An- 
 drew's sound. The county is also watered by several creeks. 
 
 St. Mary's, the county seat, is beautifully situated on the river of the 
 same name, in full sight of the ocean, from which it is distant nine miles. 
 Its harbor is accessible to the largest vessels, and St. Mary's enjoys con- 
 siderable trade. The sawmills, constantly busy, impart to the place an 
 air of thrift. The streets are broad and adorned with shade-trees, among 
 which are orange-trees, laden in their season with golden fruit, and syca- 
 more and wild olive-trees, clad in a foliage of perpetual green. In the 
 winter season the town is thronged with Northern visitors seeking health 
 or pleasure. It is well supplied with churches of the different denom- 
 inations, Baptist, Methodist, Episcopalian, Presbyterian and Eoman 
 Catholics. St. Mary's besides its excellent harbor has easy access by the 
 river to the Elorida Central and Peninsular Railroad, which traverses the 
 county from north to south. The St. Mary's district has 1,291 inhabit- 
 ants, of whom 529 live in the town. 
 
 In Camden county are 26 white and 22 colored schools with an average 
 attendance of 219 white and 372 colored pupils. 
 
 The soils of Camden county are of different kinds; gray, yellow and 
 dark, and some blue clay bottom land. Only 50 acres were during the 
 last season planted in cotton, 5,000 acres were planted in corn, none in 
 wheat, 1,000 in barley, 3,000 in rice,, 100 in sugar-cane, 20 in sorghum, 
 100 in Irish potatoes, 1,000 in sweet potatoes, 1,000 in field-peas, 500 in 
 ground-peas, 200 in chufas and 1,000 in vegetables of every kind. The 
 average yield by the acre was: 600 pounds of seed cotton; 15 bushels of 
 corn; 20 bushels of oats; 30 to 35 bushels of rice; 160 bushels of Irish 
 potatoes; 230 bushels of sweet potatoes; 10 bushels of field-peas; 00 
 bushels of ground-peas; lYO bushels of chufas. The ribbon-cane aver- 
 ages from 130 to 200 gallons of syrup to the acre, and the sorghum 40 
 gallons. The rice acreage for 1901 was unusually large. 
 
 Though no attention is paid to the making of hay, the soil is well 
 adapted to all the grasses. The wooded lands, carpeted with grass, af- 
 ford pasturage all the year. Cattle require but little attention, and the 
 cost of raising a yearling calf is nothing. About 75 per ,cent. of the 
 fertilizers used is produced on the farm. Some improvement has been 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 565 
 
 made in the breeds of cattle, and more attention than formerly is being 
 paid to the raising of beef cattle. By the census of 1890 there were in 
 the county 407 horses, 49 mules, 2,354 sheep with a wool-clip of 3,972 
 pounds, 9,668 cattle, 969 being working oxen and 2,397 milch-cows; 
 17,411 of all kinds of poultry and 6,542 hogs. 
 
 Among the farm products were: 84,395 gallons of milk, 8,526 pounds 
 of butter, 21,577 dozens of eggs and 3,656 pounds of honey. 
 
 The fish are of all kinds, both salt-watea- and fresh. There is also an 
 abundance of shrimp, crabs, clams and oysters, though the demand for 
 the last-named by the canning factories has diminished greatly the sup- 
 ply in the oyster-beds. The county abounds in game, such as deer, wild 
 turkeys, quail (or partridge), doves and snipe. ' 
 
 In the gardens all the usual vegetables, and common varieties of ber- 
 ries are raised. Markets are found for them in Fernandina, Jackson- 
 ville, Brunswick and New York. Every farm has an orchard in which 
 are raised fruits for home consumption. In addition to peaches, plums, 
 cherries, etc., they produce oranges, lemons, figs, olives, pomegranates 
 and melons. Great quantities of grapes are also raised. 
 
 Camden county is well supplied with artesian wells, and has several 
 mineral springs. There are 3 grist-mills and the same number of saw- 
 mills, also 9 turpentine distilleries, and one buggy factory. The navig- 
 able rivers, Satilla and St. Mary's, and the railroad give good facilities 
 for travel and transportation, by steamboat and train. The lands along 
 the rivers are noted for their fertility in the production of rice and the 
 long and short staple cotton. 
 
 The area of Camden county is 718 square miles or 459,520 acres. Its 
 population by the census of 1900 was 7,669, a gain over 1890 of 1,491. 
 By the State School Commissioner's report of 1900 the school fund was 
 stated to be $4,864.99. 
 
 The report of the Comptroller-General for 1900 gives the following 
 items: acres of improved land, 18,555; of wild land, 298,272; average 
 value of improved land, $14.02; of wild land, $0.60; city and town prop- 
 erty, $67,592; money, etc., $103,319; capital invested in shipping, 
 $8,351; stocks and bonds, $12,250; merchandise, $50,004; cotton 
 factories, $6,500; household furniture, 543,554; farm and other animals, 
 $136,681; plantation and mechanical tools, $14,779, watches, jewelry, 
 etc, $3,568; value of all other property, $52,103; real estate, $506,564; 
 personal estate, $435,691. Aggregate, $942,255. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: acres of land, 4,643; value, 
 $37,589; city property, $11,457; money, $128.00; merchandise, 
 $300.00; household furniture, $13,172; farm and other animals, $33,- 
 937; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,568; value of all other property, 
 $3,138; aggregate propert-y, $103,495. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $334.00 in value of all 
 property over 1900. 
 
 There are several islands in the county, the most important of which 
 are Jekyl and Cumberland. The latter is eighteen miles long and one 
 half to three miles wide. The Indian name for it was Missoe. This 
 
566 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 name was changed wlien Oglethiorpe visited it, at tlie request of an In- 
 dian chief, who had received some kindness from the Duke of Cumber- 
 land, Dungeness, fo'rmerly the property of General Nathaniel Greene, is 
 on this island. It was on a visit to Mrs. Shaw, daughter of General Greene, 
 that General Henry Lee, the father of Kobert E. Lee, and familiarly 
 known as "Light Horse Harry," died, and from this hospitable home his 
 body was borne to its last resting place. 
 
 On the 11th of January, 1815, before news of the treaty of peace haA. 
 reached America, a force of about 1,500 British troops landed on Cum- 
 berland Island, where they had quite a sharp skirmish with something 
 less than one hundred Americans. 
 
 During this same month twenty-three barges, filled with British sold- 
 iers ascended St. Mary's river for the purpose of burning Major Clarke's 
 mills, whom they accused of breaking his parole. A detachment of 28 
 Americans under command of Captain William Cone, screening them- 
 selves behind the palmetto on both sides of the river, made it so hot for 
 the enemy that they retreated. The British reported a loss of over 300 
 men killed and wounded. 
 
 In Camden county lived and died General John Floyd who, at the 
 head of a Georgia brigade, won great distinction as an Indian fighter 
 during the second war with England. He was bom of Virginia parentage 
 in Beaufort district, South Carolina, October 3, 1769. About 1791 or 
 1792 both father and son moved to Georgia and settled in Camden 
 county on the Satilla river. After the close of the second war with Eng- 
 land General Floyd represented his county in the State Legislature, and 
 the State in the Federal Congress. He died June 24, 1824. 
 
 Among the ratifiers of the Constitution of the United States in the 
 convention which met in Augusta, January 2, 1788, were Henry 
 Osborne, James Seagrove and Jacob "Weed of Camden. 
 
 On Little Cumberland Island is a light-house sixty feet high, with a 
 revolving light which can be seen at sea a distance of 20 miles. 
 
 Population of Camden county by sex and color, according to^ the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 1,299; white females, 1,124; total white, 
 2,423; ooloa*ed males, 2,725; colored females, 2,521; total colored, 
 5,246. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges June 
 1, 1900: 61 calves, 83 steers, 3 bulls, 134 dairy cows, 67 horses, 37 mules, 
 21 sheep, 430 hogs, 9 goats. 
 
 CAMPBELL COUNTY. 
 
 Camphell County was laid out from Coweta, Carroll, DeKalb (that 
 part now called Fulton) and Fayette in 1828, and a part was added from 
 Cherokee in 1832. It is watered by the Chattahoochee river and the 
 creeks that flow into it and into the Flint. It is bounded by the f ollo^ving 
 counties: on the north by Douglas and Fulton, east by Clayton, south by 
 Fayette and Coweta, west by CaiToll, and northwest by Douglas. It was 
 named in honor of Duncan G. Campbell, a distinguished lawyer and 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 567 
 
 member of tlie Georgia Legislaturej a great advocate of the higher educa- 
 tion of females, a commissioner to treat with the Indians in 1823, and one 
 of the signers of the treaty with the Creek nation at Indian Spring in 
 1825. The original county site was Campbellton, situated upon a com- 
 manding eminence on the Chattahoochee river. The present county seat 
 is Fairburn, a prosperous little tio^vn on the West Point Eailroad about 22 
 miles from Atlanta. The Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians pre- 
 dominate throughout the county. The schools belong to the public 
 school system of Georgia and are in a prosperous condition. The 26 
 for whites have an average attendance of 978 pupils; the 16 for colored 
 have an average attendance of 625. 
 
 The soil is varied. On the rivers and creeks it is a black loamy soil, 
 suited for the raising of corn, cotton, wheat and oats. The red and gray 
 lands are productive of peas, potatoes, onions, cabbage, turnips, and 
 inany other vegetables. 
 
 Within easy reach of the two principal towns, Fairburn and Palmetto, 
 are inexhaustible supplies of granite, some of which is so fine-grained 
 and hard that it takes the highest polish. 
 
 The average yield per acre of the various crops is: seed cotton, from 
 600 to 800 pounds; corn, 12^ bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; oats, 18 bush- 
 els; Irish potatoes, 50 to 75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 75 to 150 bushels; 
 hay from native and other grasses, 2,500 to 3,000 pounds. Clover, wher- 
 ever tried, does well. Of fruits, apples and peaches make especially 
 fine yields. For fall and winter pasturage Bermuda is the great reliance 
 of the farmers. There are some 20 small dairy farms, and the Jersey is 
 the favorite milch-cow. Some of these dairies make fair profits on but- 
 ter shipped to Atlanta. 
 
 There are many market gardens from which cabbages, turnips and 
 watermelons are gathered and sold in Atlanta. There are some cultivated 
 strawberries, but for the most part they grow ^vild, and like the black- 
 berries, dewbenies and cherries, cost the sellers nothing but the picking. 
 
 There are about 500 acres devoted to the raising of melons for the mar- 
 ket, which bring an average net profit of $15.00 to the acre. About 1,000 
 acres are devoted to peaches, and very near the same number to apples. 
 
 There are about 20 vineyards containing 250 acres, and the value of 
 grapes sold in the county is about $500.00. 
 
 Campbell county has about 2,500 acres of forest land, mostly pine and 
 oak. The annual output of lumber is about 800,000 superficial feet, at 
 an average price of $10.00 per thousand feet. 
 
 At Palmetto is a cotton factory with a capital of $100,000, contain- 
 ing 5,500 spindles and 100 looms, using about 3,000 bales of cotton an- 
 nually, and producing material worth about $75,000.00. Here also are 
 extensive wood-working and blacksmith shops and a public ginnery. 
 This to-^m has a population of 620 in its corporate limits, and its en- 
 tire militia district has 1,478 inhabitants. 
 
 Fairburn, the county site, has a population of 761, but including the 
 Fairburn district the population is 2,461. Here is a large harness and 
 saddle factory which employs 60 hands, with a weekly pay-roll of 
 
568 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 $450.00, and through its traveling salesmen disposes of its annual product 
 of more than $150,000 in the States of Virginia, Kentucky, North and 
 South Carolina, Georgia, Florida and Alabama. 
 
 Keair Fairbum is the Trentham Spring, a lithia water helpful to kid- 
 ney and nervous troubles. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900, the cotton ginned in 
 the county for the season of 1899-1900 was 9,614 bales, all upland. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1890 there were 464 sheep 
 with a wool-clip of 883 pounds, 2,777 cattle, 1,133 milch-cows, 110 
 working oxen, 3,264 hogs, 58,614 poultry of all kinds, 390 horses, 1,057 
 mules and 2 donkeys. 
 
 Among the productions were 382,048 gallons of milk, 141,835 pounds 
 of butter, 13,039 pounds of honey, and 78,445 dozens of eggs. 
 
 The area of Campbell county is 205 square miles or 131,200 acres. 
 The population by the United States census of 1900 is 9,518. 
 
 According to the report of the Department of Education the school 
 fund is $7,501.28. 
 
 By the ComptroUer-Generars report for 1900 the taxable property re- 
 turned is as follows: acres of improved land, 130,141; average value per 
 acre, $5.94; city and town property, $148,989; money and solvent debts, 
 $213,569; merchandise, $41,125; stocks and bonds, $2,050; cotton 
 manufactories, $25,500; household and kitchen furniture, $62,076; 
 farm and other animals, $106,898; plantation and mechanical tools, $27,- 
 337; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,585; real estate, $922,469; personal 
 estate, $526,289; aggregate property, $1,433,496. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: 2,500 acres of land, valued 
 at $15,103; city or town property, $8,759; money, etc., $15.00; house- 
 hold and kitchen furniture, $5,388; watches, etc., $124; farm and other 
 animals, $8,816; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,775; aggregate 
 property, $40,322. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $47,807 in the value of 
 all property over the reported values of 1900. 
 
 Opposite the village of Campbellton on the western bank of the Chat- 
 tahoochee, in a tuft of trees, on a mound like those so common in Geor- 
 gia, rest the remains of Anawaqua, an Indian princess, once the pro- 
 prietor of the land in that neighborhood. This mound is in a meadow, in 
 a bend of the river, near the foot of a hill. Traces of ancient fortifica- 
 tions can be discerned all around the plain, from the river to the hill. 
 
 The towns of Fairburn and Palmetto are both situated on the divid- 
 ing ridge between the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers. Hence the rains 
 falling on the east side of these towns run into the Flint river and those 
 on the west side, into the Chattahoochee. 
 
 Population of Campbell county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 3,186; white females, 3,164; total white, 
 6,350; colored males, 1,619; colored females, 1,549; total colored, 3,168. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 
 1, 1900: 57 calves, 9 steers, 1 bull, 97 dairy cows, 36 horses, 7 mules, 21 
 sheep, 187 swine. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 569 
 
 CAEROLL COUKTY. 
 
 Carroll County was laid off in 1826, a part set off to Campbell in 1828; 
 and portions successively set off to Heard in 1830, 1831 and 1834. It 
 was organized in 1826 and named after Charles Carroll, a signer of the 
 Declaration of Independence from Maryland. It is bounded by the fol- 
 lowing counties: Paulding and Haralson on the north, Douglas, Camp- 
 bell and Coweta on the east, Coweta and Heard on the south, and the 
 State of Alabama on the west. A little strip of the northern part of the 
 county is bounded west by Haralson. 
 
 Carroll county is watered by the Chattahoochee and Little Tallapoosa 
 rivers and their tributaries, the largest of which are Big Indian and 
 Sweet Water oreeks. The soil is varied; rolling red and gray lands with 
 retentive clay subsoil. The lands are very fertile, especially along the 
 Chattahoochee, Little Tallapoosa and the bottoms along the creeks. The 
 average yield per acre of the various crops, taking all the lands, the best 
 and the poorest, is about as follows: corn, 15 and one-third bushels; oats, 
 10 bushels; wheat, 7 bushels; cotton, 700 or 800 pounds seed cotton; 
 sugar-cane, 20 pounds of sugar, and 122 gallons of syrup; hay, 2,260 
 pounds. The county also raises about 8,000 bushels of cowpeas, 1,219 
 bushels of peanuts, 2,800 bushels of Irish potatoes, 66,313 bushels of 
 sweet potatoes, and 3,000 pounds of tobacco. The truck sold is some- 
 where near $10,000 worth per annum. 
 
 Of fruit trees, about 33,000 are apple and 59,300 peach-trees. Fruits 
 and vegetables do well. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900, the cotton production 
 of the county for 1899 was 28,504 bales, all upland. 
 
 In 1890 there were in the county 1,276 horses, 2,407 mules, 11,903 
 swine, 159,548 of the various kinds of poultry, 9,055 cattle, 3,542 milch- 
 cows, 57 working oxen, 1,897 sheep with a wool-clip of 2,761 pounds. 
 There were produced 1,097,167 gallons of milk. The butter production 
 of the county was 401,138 pounds, the honey, 28,111 pounds, and the 
 eggs, 63,500 dozens. 
 
 The timber gi-owth is chiefly oak and hickory; on streams, ash, maple, 
 walnut, poplar and gum. The timber products amount to about $10,000 
 per annum. 
 
 Ninety-three manufactories have an annual output of $342,445. 
 Along the Little Tallapoosa and tributaries are 17 mills (flour and grist), 
 and along the tributaries of the Chattahoochee 16 mills. The water is 
 pure freestone. The climate is delightful. Gold, copper, iron, pyrites, 
 mica and asbestos are found, all in workable quantities. The gold of this 
 county is said to be very fine, !N'ear Villa Rica, in the northeastern part 
 of the county on the Southern Railway, there is an extent of country six 
 miles long and one mile wide in which are numerous mines yielding large 
 amounts of gold. Quartz and granite are also found. 
 
 There is no more healthful region anywhere. Among other attractions 
 to home seekers are good schools and churches. Baptists, Methodists and 
 Presbyterians are in the lead, the two former being the more numerous. 
 
570 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 There are 76 white schools and 16 colored, with an average attendance of 
 3,425 white and 929 colored pupils. 
 
 Carrollton, the county site, a thriving town of near 2,000 inhabitants, 
 has a good trade and is growing in business and population. Here the 
 Chattanooga, Rome and Southern and a branch of the Central Railroad 
 meet. Here is also a flourishing cotton factory with a capital of $100,- 
 000, and a cotton oil-mill. Carroll is one of the most prosperous counties 
 of Georgia. Area is 486 square miles or 311,040 acres. Population in 
 1900, 26,576; school fund, $17,903.34. By the Comptroller-General's 
 report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 282,181; of wild land, 
 6,775; average value per acre of improved, $5.12, and wild, $1.26; city 
 property, $378,574; value of shares in bank, $113,300; gas and electric 
 lights, $4,000; money, etc., $333,851; merchandise, $134,499; cotton 
 manufactories, $89,000; household furniture, $140,333; farm and other 
 animals, $270,555; plantation and mechanical tools, $71,578: jewelry, 
 $6,883; value of all other property, $35,805; real estate, $1,831,994; 
 personal estate, $1,214,296. Aggregate property, $3,046,290. 
 
 Property given in by colored taxpayers: 5,127 acres; value, $19,432; 
 city property, $5,449; household furniture, $1,066; farm and other ani- 
 mals, $8,789; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,773; value of all 
 other property, $191.00. Aggregate, $36,956. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of the value of all property 
 over 1900 amounting to $595,839. 
 
 In Carroll county lived General William Mcintosh, a half breed of the 
 Muscogee or Creek nation. He commanded a force of friendly Creeks 
 in the war of 1812-1815, and was greatly distinguished in the battles 
 of Autossee, the Horse-Shoe Bend, and later in the Florida campaign. 
 Chiefly through his agency was effected the treaty with the Georgians 
 at Indian Spring on the 12th of February, 1825, by which the Creeks 
 ceded to the whites the balance of the lands owned by them in Georgia. 
 The faction of the Creeks opposed to this treaty came in large force to 
 the house of General Mcintosh, set it on. fire and shot the general. They 
 also killed the son-in-law of Mcintosh, Colonel Samuel Hawkins, and 
 another one of the chiefs, Etommee Tustunnugge, who had signed the 
 treaty. Out of these troubles came the controversy between Georgia and 
 the general government, with regard to the Indian lands, in which Geor- 
 gia, through the firmness of Governor Troup, maintained successfully 
 her position. 
 
 There are several thriving towns in Carroll county. Carrollton, on the 
 Central of Georgia Railway, has a population of 1,998 in its corporate 
 limits, while the whole district has 5,934 inhabitants. A company has 
 recently been organized to put in an electric light plant. 
 
 The population of the other towns and their including districts is as 
 follows: 
 
 Villa Rica district, 2,535; Villa Rica town, 576; Temple district, 
 2,795; Temple town, 397; Whitesburg district, 1,156; Whitesburg town, 
 296; Bowdon district, 1,547; Bowdon town, 397; Roopville district, 
 1,309; Roopville town, 109. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 571 
 
 The population of the whole county, 25,576, shows a gain of 4,275 
 over that of 1890. 
 
 Population of Carroll county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 10,825; white females, 10,714; total white, 
 21,539; colored males, 2,573; colored females, 2,464; total colored, 
 5,037. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 169 calves, 45 steers, 5 bulls, 291 dairy cows, 207 horses, 
 57 mules, 24 sheep, 460 swine, 7 goats. 
 
 CATOOSA COUNTY. 
 
 Catoosa County in the northwestern part of the State was set off from 
 Walkea- and is bounded as follows : Tennessee on the north, Whitefield 
 county on the east and south, and Walker county on the south and west. 
 The soils are varied; the valley lands being gray and dark; the bottom 
 lands, black; the uplands, gray and gravelly, and red. 
 
 Of 96,000 acres in the county, about 24,000 are under cultivation, of 
 which 15,500 are upland, 6,000 valley (or lowland), and 2,500 bottom 
 land. About QQ per cent, is timber land. The uplands average about 
 $4.00 to the acre; the valley lands, $10.00; the bottom lands $20.00. 
 About 1,000 acres are planted in cotton, 6,000 in corn, 3,000 in wheat, 
 1,000 in oats, 500 in sorghum-cane, 500 in Irish potatoes, 300 in sweet 
 potatoes, 2,000 in field-peas and 5,000 in garden vegetables. 
 
 Under ordinary methods of cultivation cotton yields from 500 to 800 
 pounds of seed cotton to the acre; corn, 20 bushels; wheat, 15 bushels; 
 oats, 25 bushels; field-peas, 15 bushels; Irish potatoes 150 bushels; sweet 
 potatoes, 150 bushels. All vegetables give abundant yields. Timothy 
 Herd-grass and Orchard-grass, clover and German millet, do well and are 
 extensively raised. From 3,000 to 5,000 pounds of hay to the acre is 
 about the average; fodder about 300 pounds. Sorghum-cane yields about 
 250 gallons of syrup to the acre. From 100 acres, devoted to raising 
 melons for the market, the profit for last season amounted to $25.00 to 
 the acre. Large quantities of strawberries are raised. Most of the early 
 ones are shipped to Cincinnati, and the later ones to Atlanta. The prox- 
 imity of Chattanooga, Tennessee, has given rise to a large dairying and 
 trucking business, the value of the latter being about $15,000. Through 
 the instrumentality of the Trucker's Association, cold storage cars con- 
 vey vegetables, melons and berries to Cincinnati and other points in the 
 northwest. About 1,200 acres are devoted to peaches, the net value ot 
 which is about $3.00 a crate. 
 
 Facilities for travel and transportation are afforded by the Western 
 and Atlantic Railroad, which connects at Chattanooga with lines branch- 
 ing out in every direction. 
 
 Many fine deposits of building and other stones are found in this 
 county. The sand and limestones are of superior quality. Large works 
 have been in operation for years at Greysville, converting limestones into 
 carbonate of lime. There is abundance of iron ore in Taylor's Rido-e. 
 
572 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 In this county is located the noted health resort, famed for its varied 
 waters, the Catoosa Spring®, from which the county derives its name. 
 
 Kinggold, the county site, on the Western and Atlantic Railroad, car- 
 ries on a fine commercial business with the farmers of the vicinity. 
 
 Much attention is being given of late to the raising of beef cattle and 
 improvment of the breed. The cattle of the county numbered in 1890, 
 3,410. There were 1,312 milch-cows and 57 working oxen. The sum- 
 mer pasturage lasts about six months, from May to October. For four 
 months cattle must be fed. The chief food is cotton seed meal, hulls and 
 bran, with some rye and hay. It costs about $1.50 to raise a yearling 
 calf. Other farm animals in the county were in 1890, 644 horses, 722 
 mules, 1,914 isheep with a wool-clip of 3,335 pounds, 3,871 swine and 
 500 goats. Good crops and good ranges have improved all stock. The 
 cost of raising a three-year-old mule or horse is $20. The poultry in 1890 
 numbered 49,724 of all kinds. 
 
 There are in the county 21 donkeys. There is a production of 121,- 
 000 pounds of butter, 6,651 pounds of honey, and 64,000 dozens of 
 eggs. 
 
 Three-fourths of the acreage of the county is in forests, oaks, hickory, 
 poplar and pine. A great deal of the salable timber has been cut for 
 the mill at Chattanooga. 
 
 There are in Catoosa county five flour and grist-mills and six lumber 
 oa* sawmills, the former operated by water-power and the latter by steam. 
 
 Among the products of the county are 466,395 gallons of milk. 
 
 The county has good schools, and the Methodists, Baptists, and Presby- 
 terians have churches. There are 24 schools for whites and 4 for 
 negroes, having an average attendance of 695 whites and 91 colored 
 pupils. 
 
 The condition of roads is good. There are about 20 miles of macadam- 
 ized road built by the government. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton production 
 of the county for 1899, was 810 bales, all upland. 
 
 Ringgold, named for the gallant Marylander, Major Ringgold, who 
 fell mortally wounded at Palo Alto, the first battle of the Mexican war, 
 was the scene of a fierce conflict in N'ovember, 1863. As General Bragg 
 was retreating from Missionary Ridge after his disastrous defeat, General 
 Cleburne halted his division at a gap in Taylor's Ridge, and inflicted a 
 decisive repulse upon the pursuing Federal army under Hooker, thus 
 saving the artillery and trains of the Confederates. For this gallant battle 
 of Ringgold, General Cleburne received the thanks of the Confederate 
 Congress. 
 
 Area of the county is 171 square miles or 109,440 acres. 
 
 Population of Catoosa coimty in 1900, 5,823; school fund, $3,858.84. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900, there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 95,167; of wild land, 3,977; average value per acre of im- 
 proved land, $5.55; of wild land, $1.60; city property, $45,130; money, 
 etc., $70,835; merchandise, $14,165; mining, $375; household and 
 kitchen furniture, $36,766; farm and other animals, $109,918; planta- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 573 
 
 tion and mechanical tools, $27,613; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,167; value 
 of all other property, $10,053; real estate, $578,882; personal estate, 
 $273,458. Aggregate of all property, $853,340. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 676; 
 value, $1,780; city or town property, $1,682; household and kitchen 
 furniture, $760.00; farm and other animals, $2,976; plantation and 
 mechanical tools, $504.00; value of all other property, $33.00. Aggre- 
 gate of whole property, $7,734. 
 
 The tax returns of 1901 show a decrease of $354 in the value of all 
 property within the last year. 
 
 The county site is Einggold, which has a population of 437 in the 
 town and 1,221 in the whole Ringgold district. 
 
 Population of Catoosa county by sex and color, according toi the census 
 of 1900; white males, 2,767; white females, 2,574; total white, 5,341; 
 colored males, 280; colored females, 202; total coicred, 482. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 20 calves, 3 steers, 51 dairy cows, 35 horses, 10 mules, 
 1 donkey, 143 swine, 31 goats. 
 
 CHARLTON COUNTY. 
 
 Charlton County was laid off from Camden in 1856 and named for 
 Judge T. U. P. Charlton of Savannah. It is bounded by the 
 following counties: Wayne, Pierce and Ware on the north, Cam- 
 den on the east, and Ware on the west. The northeasteim 
 part of the county runs up between Camden on the east and 
 Pierce on the west. The southeastern part runs down in such a way 
 as to have Florida on three sides of it. For some distance along its east- 
 ern border runs the Satilla. The St. Mary's river rising in the southern 
 part of the county runs along the western, southern and eastern sides of 
 that part of it which projects into Florida. Okefinokee Swamp occupies 
 a large part of the county. 
 
 On the neck of land between Okefinokee Swamp and the Florida line 
 melons, potatoes, long-staple cotton, sugar-cane and tobacco give good 
 yields. Oranges and figs are plentiful. By far the greater portion of 
 lands in this county are wild lands and are devoted to stock-raising. 
 There is no section of the State better adapted to raising sheep, cattle and 
 hogs at small cost. 
 
 Travel and transportation of products are over the Plant System, the 
 Atlantic, Valdosta and Western. 
 
 Trader's Hill, about four miles from the Savannah, Florida and West- 
 ern Railway of the Plant System, and also on the St. Mary's river, is the 
 county site. The lumber business of this town is considerable. The 
 streams supply abundance of fish, and the wild lands afford game of every 
 sort, such as deer, bear, turkey, wood-cock, partridge, snipe, etc. 
 
 The people of Charlton do not raise much cotton, as is shown by the 
 statistics of the United States Department of Agriculture. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in 
 
574 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Charlton county for the season of 1899-1900, was 302 bales, all sea- 
 island. 
 
 By the census of 1890 there were 2,983 sheep with a wool-clip of 
 4,903 pounds, 9,255 cattle, 2,406 milch-cows, 831 working oxen, 7,094 
 hogs, 12,247 poultry of all kinds, 300 horses, 34 mules and 1 donkey. 
 
 Among the farm products were 63,017 gallon® of milk, 9,045 pounds 
 of butter, 5,556 pounds of honey, and 14,763 dozens of eggs. 
 
 The lumber business occupies the attention of many people in the 
 neighborhood of the great Okefinokee Swamp, where millions of feet of 
 yeiiow pine and cypress are to be obtained. Large sawmills are in opera- 
 tion near the edge of the Swamp. 
 
 This county has 24 schools for white and 4 for colored pupils, with 
 an average attendance of 467 white and 118 colored. 
 
 The school fund as stated in the report of the State School Commis- 
 sioner, rendered in 1900, was $2,902.95. 
 
 The area of Charlton county is 1,063 square miles, or 680,320 acres. 
 
 The population by the United States census of 1900 was 3,592, an 
 increase of 257 in the last decade. 
 
 The following items are taken from the Comptroller-General's report 
 for 1900: acres of improved land, 146,262; of wild land, 532,528; aver- 
 age value per acre of improved land, $0.68; of wild land, $0.14; city or 
 town property, $4,415; money and solvent debts, $32,087; merchandise, 
 $15,950; cotton manufactories, $6,000; household and kitchen furniture, 
 $20,816; farm and other animals, $98,057; plantation and mechanical 
 tools, $8,795; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,888; value of all other property, 
 $22,818; real estate, $179,368; personal estate, $207,446. Aggregate 
 value of whole property, $386,814. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 
 5,017; value of land, $4,502; household and kitchen furniture, $1,012; 
 farm and other animals, $3,262; plantation and mechanical tools, 
 $322.00; value of all other property, $190.00. Aggregate value of 
 whole property, $9,783. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $1,917 in the value of 
 all property over that of 1900, 
 
 Population of Charlton county by sex and color, according to the 
 census of 1900: white males, 1,468; white females, 1,381; total white, 
 2,849; colored males, 419; colored females, 324; total colored, 743. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inolosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 13 calves, 14 steers, 1 bull, 15 dairy cows, 6 horses, 10 
 mules, 86 swine. 
 
 CHATHAM COUNTY. 
 
 Chatham County is on the Georgia coast with the Savannah river 
 forming the boundary between it and the State of South Carolina. It is 
 a portion of what was once called Savannah county; for in 1741 by order 
 of the trustees the colony of Georgia, was divided intO' two counties, 
 one of which was called Savannah and embraced all the territory north 
 
WHITE PLYMOUTH ROCK HEN. 
 
 Jhil No. 2q, 
 r.n. All. liuL 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 575 
 
 of Darien. It was laid out in 1758 into St. Philip's and Christ Chui'ch 
 parishes. 
 
 When Georgia cast in her lot with the other colonies in the struggle 
 for independence, the new State government formed Christ Church and 
 a part of St. Philip's parishes into a county and named it Chatham in 
 honor of the noble earl who so bravely stood up for the rights of the 
 people of America. 
 
 Northwest of this county is Effingham, on the east and northeast the 
 State of South Carolina, on the east and southeast the Atlantic Ocean, on 
 the south and west the county of Bryan. The chief streams are the 
 Savannah, Big and Little Ogeechee rivers. The smaller are the St. Au- 
 gustine, Vernon, Pipemaker, etc. The face of the county is flat, inter- 
 spersed with many swamps. Along the Savannah river the bodies of 
 tide swamp lands are extensive and are considered among the best in 
 the State. 
 
 Savannah, the county site, is the great maritime mart of the South 
 Atlantic coast. It is the third cotton port in the Union, and is the chief 
 shipping point for naval stores in the world. Its population by the cen- 
 sus of 1900 is 54,244. It is situated on the southwest bank of the Sav- 
 annah river, on a bluff forty feet above low water mark, twelve miles by 
 a direct line from the ocean, and eighteen miles by the course of the 
 river. Five lines of ocean steamships connect it with the great seaport 
 cities of the !N^orth. Four lines of river steamers ply upon the Savannah, 
 and on the sounds and inlets that flow between the mainland and the 
 beautiful islands skirting the Georgia coast. Here also converge five 
 great railroad lines, the Plant System, the Georgia & Alabama of the 
 Seaboard Air Line System, the Florida Central and Peninsular of the 
 same system, the Southern System, and the Central of Georgia sys- 
 tem. The numerous arms of these great tiiink lines stretch out into all 
 sections of Georgia and Florida, and many parts of Alabama, also giving 
 through routes to the IN'orth and East and a continuous line to the "West. 
 The Central has the distinction of being the oldest railroad in Georgia. 
 All these grand highways of travel and commerce pour into the lap of 
 Savannah the rich products of Georgia, Alabama and Florida, which, by 
 great ocean steamers and sailing vessels, large and small, find their way to 
 American and foreign poi-ts. The commerce lof Savannah for the year 
 ending September 1, 1900, is valued at $165,Y75,000. In 1874 the 
 usual high water draft of vessels to the city was about fourteen and a half 
 feet. At that time the United States Engineering Department took 
 charge of the work of improving Savannah Harbor. In 1890 a naviga- 
 ble channel 22 feet deep at mean high tide from the city to the sea had 
 been secured. To-day (1901) Savannah has a clear depth of 26 feet. 
 The tonnage of the port, which in 1873 was 1,074,367 tons, had grown 
 by 1890 to 1,828,614 tons, and for the year 1899 was 2,797,626 
 tons. For 1900 the tonnage of the port was 2,958,718, an increase of 
 161,092 tons. Vessels of from 2,000 to 5,000 tons now enter the harbor 
 and load at the wharves of Savannah. It is expected that further im- 
 provement in the river and harbor will be accomplished through the 
 
 26 ga 
 
576 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 South channel, by which 26 to 28 feet at mean low water can be ob- 
 tained and maintained without jetties. This course would shorten the 
 distance by about three miles between the city and the sea. 
 
 For many years past the annual receipts of cotton at the port of Sav- 
 annah have been more than a million bales. For the season of 1899-1900 
 they were again more than a million, notwithstanding the great falling 
 off in cotton production and the deficit of 22 per cent, in general receipts, 
 "a high compliment," says the Savannah Board of Trade, "to the rail- 
 ways entering here, the persistent efforts of which \vith the cooperation 
 of the shipping agents of the port, have achieved this enviable preemin- 
 ence for Savannah." About 80 per cent, of the entire crop of sea-island 
 cotton is received at Savannah. 
 
 It is notable that during the past year there has been an increase 
 weekly of the cotton factory products of the different Southern mills 
 through Savannah to China and Japan. These products are sent by rail 
 to Savannah and from there by steamer to the Eastern ports, and are 
 there forv/arded direct to the above-named countries. 
 
 The average annual receipts of naval stores at Savannah for the four 
 years ending March 31, 1900, amount to 320,543 casks of spirits of tur- 
 pentine and 1,159,732 barrels of rosin. These products are carried from 
 Georgia's great port in vessels under every flag to leading markets on the 
 coaist of Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and South America, while 
 coastwise steamships and great railroad lines supply Baltimore, Phila- 
 delphia, New York, Boston, Montreal and commercial cities of the in- 
 terior. Wherever naval stores are needed for any purpose whatever. 
 Savannah supplies by far the largest per cent, of that need. 
 
 The shipments of lumber from Savannah have grown to immense pro- 
 portions. For the year ending March 31, 1890, the shipments were 107,- 
 371,082 feet, which in two years increased to 140,243,603. Something 
 over -| of this was shipped to foreign ports. The largest foreign ship- 
 ments were to Spain and the Argentine Confederation. The shipments 
 of lumber for the year ending September 1, 1900 were 167,000,000 feet. 
 The bank clearings of Savannah for the year ending September 1, 
 1900, ishow an increase of $65,730,295.51 over the previous year. The 
 clearings for the year made up a grand total of $200,270,626.63. The 
 revival of the sugar-cane industry in Georgia and Florida will soon give 
 to these States a companion money crop with cotton, that can be made 
 profitable even against free trade with Cuba and Porto Rico. This will 
 add to the commercial importance of Savannah. 
 
 The favorable year for the rice planters of Georgia increased the re- 
 ceipts of rice at Savannah, which were for 1900, 270,000 bushels. Theire 
 are at Savannah three large mills for cleaning rice, and the total output 
 of these mills is valued at $300,000. 
 
 The market gardens and truck farms of Chatham county add, of 
 course, to the prosperity of Savannah. A great deal of the best land of 
 the county is being used to grow vegetables, melons, and berries for the 
 ISTorthern markets. In 1900 the shipments amounted to 100,000 crates 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 577 
 
 and 50,000 barrels of the truck farms, bringing to the farmers a revenue 
 of $225,000. 
 
 The shipments of the market gardens and truck farms commence to 
 be forwarded by steamer from Savannah to the markets of the East be- 
 tween the first and middle of April each year. While many of these 
 products are shipped by rail, a large number go by water, as the steam- 
 ship lines have averaged a daily sailing fnom Savannah to the ports of 
 the East. The vessels of the Ocean Steamship Company often take 
 60,000 melons at one time to New York. 
 
 Under the liberal sanitary appropriation all garbage is disposed of by 
 cremation. The most improved plans for disinfecting purposes in mari- 
 time sanitation have been adopted, and the quarantine system is very 
 thorough. The care of the city government for the health of the people 
 has placed Savannah in the front rank of seaport towns in point of 
 healthfulness. Pure vs^ater is furnished by artesian wells, with which 
 Savannah is well supplied. 
 
 Of course Savannah and the county of Chatham have a fine system 
 of public schools. The average attendance is: of white pupils 3,595, of 
 colored pupils 2,914. Churches of every Christian denomination are 
 numerous and well attended and maintained. The city has all the mod- 
 em conveniences; electric lights, gas, ice factories, electric street rail- 
 roads, city and suburban, a splendid system of water-works, and a first- 
 class paid fire department. In manufacturing. Savannah has every ad- 
 vantage. The raw materials for the manufacture of cotton and woolen 
 goods are at her very doors. Among her manufacturing establishments 
 in successful operation are: a cotton yarn mill, a knitting mill, cotton 
 seed oil mills, works for making agricultural implements, ice factories, 
 boiler works, machine shops, brass foundry, brick manufactories, sash, 
 door, and blind factories, carriage works, flour and grist-mills, rice-mills, 
 fertilizer works, cigar manufactories, soap works, and planing-mills. The 
 Southern Rubber Manufacturing Company has been lately organized. 
 
 There are four oyster canning factories in Chatham county which, in 
 the season of 1899-1900, packed 2,550,000 cans. 
 
 IvTot only is Savannah a great commercial mart. It is also one of the 
 most attractive cities of the Union. "With its many beautiful parks and 
 neat residences it has an air of elegant refinement that charms the 
 stranger. The favorite promenade of the citizens is out Bull street to 
 Forsyth Park. From Bay Street out, one passes through five little parks, 
 or squares. In Johnson Square is a neat marble obelisk, erected in 1829 
 to the memory of General iN'athaniel Greene who, as second in rank 
 under Washington, commanded the department of the South and rescued 
 the Carolinas and Georgia from the grasp of the British invader. He 
 was bom in Ehode Island, but after the close of the war for independ- 
 ence settled in Georgia upon land granted him by the State. The plain, 
 unomamented style of this monument was meant to carry out the design 
 of a Eoman sword, which it was built to represent. The next monument 
 nn Bull street is one erected to the memoi*y of W. W. Gordon, a pioneen." 
 in railroad development in Georgia. In Madison Square stands the 
 
578 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 monument of another Revolutionary hero, Sergeant William Jasper. 
 This was im veiled in 1888 in the presence of President Cleveland and 
 party, and the local officials and dignitaries. In Monterey Square stands 
 another and very elegant monument to Oount Pulaski, the noble Pole, 
 who gave his life for American freedom on the 9 th of October, 1779, 
 when the combined French and American armies met a disastrous re- 
 pulse in their assault upon the British lines. In the extension of Forsyth 
 Park is yet another handsome monument erected to the memory of the 
 Confederate soldiers who fell in the Civil War, This park is the largest 
 of about thirty, which give comfort and beauty to Geo-rgia's lovely Forest 
 City. In its center stands a fountain modeled after that in the Place de 
 la Concorde at Paris. Some of the parks are ornamented with banana 
 trees, and several of the gardens with orange trees. Among the many 
 lovely flowers the most beautiful is the Camellia Japonica, which here 
 blooms in midwinter in the open air. 
 
 Savanliiah is well supplied with subiu-ban retreats. Tybee is reached 
 by one of the branches of the Central of Georgia Railway, eighteen miles 
 in length. The beach at Tybee is one of the best in the country, and the 
 hotel accommodations are excellent. An electric railway leads to Thun- 
 derbolt, a small, picturesque to^vn on Warsaw river, famous for fish and 
 oysters. On the same line of railway is Bonaventure, once a noble estate 
 of the Tattnall family, now a beautiful cemetery. Its avenues of great 
 live oaks, festooned with gray moss, give to the place an air of solemn 
 grandeur well befitting the silent resting place of the dead. The place 
 was first settled by Colonel John Mullryne, an Englishman. By the mar- 
 riage of his daughter Mary in 1761 to Josiah Tattnall of Charleston, it 
 came into the po!Ssession of the latter family. Tradition says that the 
 marriage was the occasion of planting these magnificent oaks so arranged 
 that the avenues by which they are lined would form the letters "M" and 
 "T," to typify the union of the two families. In 1847 the estate passed 
 into the hands of Captain P. Wiltberger, by whom it was adapted to its 
 present use. The electric cars also run to the Isle of Hope, another sum- 
 mer resort of the people of Savannah. About two miles from Savannah 
 is the Jasper Spring, the scene of a daring exploit of Sergeant Jasper, 
 when he and Sergeant ISTe^vton rescued from the British guard an 
 American prisoner who was being carried to Savannah for execution. 
 On the banks of the Ogeechee river are some of the largest rice planta- 
 tions in Georgia. A canal connects this river with Savannah. 
 
 The area of Chatham county is 400 square miles or 256,000 acres. 
 The population in 1900 was 71,239; school fund $37,306. 
 
 By the ComptrolleT>-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 189,026; value lof improved land per acre, $15.10; city 
 property, $19,037,370; money, etc., $2,057,990; gas and electric light 
 companies, $201,420; merchandise, $1,652,800; value of shares in bank, 
 $2,537,625; stocks and bonds, $859,275; building and loan associa- 
 tions, $489,110; household furniture, $574,110; farm and other 
 animals, $178,200; capital invested in shipping and tonnage, $568,- 
 950; plantation and mechanical tools, $100,855; watches, jewelry, 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 581 
 
 eixi., $50,125; cotton manufactories, $60,750; value of all other 
 property, $235,990; real estate, $21,881,803; personal estate, $9,449,- 
 690. Aggregate value of whole property, $31,331,493. 
 
 Property, returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land 
 5,899; value, $266,625; city or town property, $632,475; household fur- 
 niture, $2,785; merchandise, $2,625; farm and other animals, $9,810; 
 plantation and mechanical tools, no report. Aggregate value of whole 
 property, $914,320. 
 
 The tax returns of 1901 show a gain over 1900 of $328,319 in the 
 value of all property. 
 
 Yields of crops in Chatham to the acre with fair cultivation: com, 20 
 bushels; Irish potatoes, 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; crab- 
 grass hay, 4,000 pounds; ribbon-cane syrup, 350 gallons. The county 
 had in 1890 1,000 sheep with a wool-clip of 1,220 pounds; 3,866 cat- 
 tle, 1,499 milch-cows, 520 horses, 590 mules, 4 donkeys, 4,320 swine, 
 10,399 poultry. There was a production of 25,000 dozen eggs, 
 1,855 pounds of honey, 9,000 pounds of butter, and 167,762 gallons of 
 milk and 500 pounds of cheese These statistics do not include horses and 
 mules in Savannah. 
 
 In the brief historical sketch with which this work opens are men- 
 tioned several of the important events that have transpired in the history 
 of Savannah and Chatham county. Another event worth mentioning is 
 the fact that the first steamship that ever crossed the Atlantic sailed from 
 Savannah in 1819. It was owned in Savannah, though built in New 
 York. It made a successful voyage to Liverpool, England, and then to 
 St. Petersburg in Russia. 
 
 Savannah has always been among the most patriotic of American cities. 
 She bore her full share of the disasters and glories of the war for inde- 
 pendence, and during the great Civil War her sons were among the fore- 
 most in responding to call of their State. Port Pulaski, on Cockspur 
 Island, was in 1862 the scene of a brave but fruitless defence by a Sa- 
 vannah garrison, commanded by Colonel Olmstead, Fort McAllister, six- 
 teen miles from the city on the Ogeechee river, scored several victories 
 over Union fleets, and, when Sherman appeared before the city in 1864, 
 this fort was held by Major Geo. W, Anderson with 150 men. An assault 
 was made upon the fort by nine regiments numbering between 3,000 
 and 4,000 men, led by Brigadier-General Hazen. The greatest com- 
 pliment that could be paid the brave garrison is contained in the words 
 of the Federal general who made the assault. "We fought the garrison 
 through the port to their bomb-proofs, from which they still fought, and 
 only succumbed as each man was individually overpowered." The Fed- 
 erals in this affair lost 134 officers and men killed and wounded, and the 
 total loiss of the garrison was 48. 
 
 During the Spanish-American war the best families of Savannah were 
 represented in the Savannah Volunteer Battalion which enlisted in a 
 body and under its own officers. Savannah was made by the War De- 
 partment a port for embarkation and debarkation of troops. The result 
 greatly promoted the business interests of Savannah and advertised her 
 splendid advantages in an extraordinary manner. 
 
582 
 
 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
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684 
 
 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 IMPORTS. 
 
 Port of Savannaii, Ga., from September 1, 1899, to August 31^ 
 1900: 
 
 Merchandise. 
 
 Quantity. Value 
 
 Cement, pounds 
 
 Fertilizers, tons 
 
 Muriate of potash, pounds . . 
 
 Pyrites, tons 
 
 Nitrate of soda, tons 
 
 Jute bagging 
 
 Iron and steel manufactures 
 
 Brimstone, tons 
 
 Salt, pounds 
 
 China clay, tons 
 
 Sulphate of potash, pounds.. 
 Wines and liquors, gallons . . 
 
 Carbolineum 
 
 Mineral water, gallons 
 
 Cotton manufactures 
 
 Leather manufactures 
 
 Oranges 
 
 Aniline dye 
 
 Malt liquors 
 
 All other articles 
 
 36,147,449 
 
 15,438 
 
 4,j32,721 
 
 28,307 
 
 1,476 
 
 751 
 ,291,125 
 
 169,151 
 1,660 
 
 14, 
 
 Total 
 
 106,431 
 
 94.703 
 
 63;001 
 
 58,227 
 
 40,411 
 
 29,111 
 
 20,017 
 
 13,675 
 
 7,317 
 
 3,681 
 
 2,826 
 
 2,652 
 
 2,494 
 
 1,953 
 
 1 .285. 
 
 1,148 
 
 802 
 
 688 
 
 677 
 
 3,127 
 
 $ 461,67& 
 
 PopulatioQi of Chatham county by sex and color, according to the 
 census of 1900: white males, 15,223; white females, 14,707; total white*, 
 29,930; colored males, 19,559; colored females, 21,750; total colored, 
 41,309. 
 
 Population of Savannah by sex and color, according to the census of 
 1900: white males, 13,134; white females, 12,975; total white, 26,109; 
 colored males, 12,791; colored females, 15,344; total colored, 28,135. 
 
 Total population of Savannah, 54,244. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 172 calves, 156 steers, 16 bulls, 655 daiiy cows, 1,897 
 horses, 636 mules, 3 donkeys, 177 sheep, 669 swine, 112 goats. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures in the limits of the city of 
 Savannah, June 1, 1900 : 51 calves; 17 steers, 3 bulls, 343 daiiy cows 
 1,561 horses, 504 mules, 2 donkeys, 77 sheep, 1 hog, 80 goats. 
 
 CHATTAHOOCHEE COUl^TY. 
 
 Chattahoochee County was formed from Muscogee and Randolph in 
 1854, and was named for the river, whose waters wash its western border. 
 It is bounded on the north and northwest by Muscogee county, east by 
 Marion, south by Webster and Stewart, and west by the State of Ala- 
 bama. It contains 231 square miles and its mean elevation is 375 feet. 
 
 Cusseta, the county site, is a small town on a branch of the Georgia 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 5 {^5 
 
 and Alabama Railroad, now a part of the great Seaboard Air Line system. 
 A branch, of the Central of Georgia system also traverses the county, 
 bringing its people into close business relations with Columbus, Americus 
 and Albany, the three leading cities of Southwest Georgia. Besides the 
 two railroads the steamboats on the Chattahoochee river afford excellent 
 facilities for freight and travel. The face of the country is level. The 
 soil is entirely cretaceous, a gray, sandy loam with clay subsoil. The 
 average yield to the acre is: com, 10 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; oats, 
 15 bushels; cotton, 500 to 600 pounds; sugar-cane, 14 to 16 pounds of 
 sugar and 150 to 200 gallons of syrup. There are also raised annually 
 about 1,000 pounds of upland rice, 9,166 bushels of cow-peas, 1,485 bush- 
 els of peanuts, 250 bushels of Irish potatoes, 13,235 bushels of sweet po- 
 tatoes. There are 4,000 apple-trees, 17,126 peach-trees, 6,651 plum- 
 trees. Truck raised above home consumption and sold amounts to 
 $3,000. 
 
 The people are waking to the fact that it costs no more to raise a good 
 cow than a poor one, and are beginning to pay more attention to breed. 
 This is true of all other kinds of stock in the county. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in 
 this county for the season of 1899-1900 was 5,039 bales, all upland. 
 
 By the census of 1890 there were 22 sheep with a wool-clip of 250 
 pounds, 2,629 cattle, 870 milch-cows, 161 working oxen, 3,373 hogs, 
 16,005 poultiy of all kinds, 248 horses and 639 mules. 
 
 Among the farm products were 132,855 gallons of milk, 38,878 
 pounds of butter, 6,082 pounds of honey and 31,028 dozens of eggs. 
 
 The manufactories consist of flour and grist-mills, run by water and 
 sawmills run by steam. On the tributaries of the Chattahoochee river 
 there are seven mills (flour and grist), and there are good water-powers 
 on Woolfolk's branch and Oswichee creek. The growth is chiefly piney 
 woods. The timber products are not extensive. Some yellow pine and 
 hardwoods are lumbered, the annual output being worth about $8,000. 
 There are six sawmills run by steam. 
 
 The churches are mostly Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian. The 
 schools belong to the public school system of the State, and number 12 
 for whites and 15 for negroes, with an average attendance of 268 white 
 and 441 colored pupils. 
 
 Area of Chattahoochee county, 231 square miles, or 147,840 acres. 
 
 Population in 1900, 5,790; school fund, $4,155.95. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there were: acres of im- 
 proved land, 188,340; average value per acre of improved land, $2.28; 
 cotton manufactories, $1,600; value of city property, $14,553; money, 
 etc., $17,959; value of merchandise, $6,845; iron works, $400; value of 
 household and kitchen furniture, $24,280; mining, $411.00; fai-m 
 animals, $65,832; plantation and mechanical tools, $14,663; watches, 
 jewel'ry, etc., $6,405; value of all other property, $8,380; real 
 estate, $366,566; personal estate, $167,430. Aggregate, $533,996. 
 
 Returns of property by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 
 7,955; value of land, $14,399; city or town property, $75.00; merchan- 
 
586 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 dise, $300.00; househiold and kitchen fiu-niture, $5,207; farm and other 
 animals, $10,962; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,504; value of all 
 other property, $655.00. Aggregate value of all property, $34,163. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain over 1900 of $27,254 in the 
 value of all property. 
 
 The county seat is Cusseta, on the Seaboard Air Line Eailroad.. The 
 population of the Cusseta milita district in 1900 was 1,078, of which 301 
 lived in the town. 
 
 The population of the whole county (5,790) shows a gain of 888 over 
 that of 1890. 
 
 On the Seaboard Air Line to the northwest of Cusseta is the village of 
 Sulphur Springs, noted for its mineral waters. 
 
 Population of Chattahoochee county by sex and color, according to 
 the census of 1900: white males, 943; white females, 909; total white, 
 1,852; colored males, 1,922; colored females, 2,016; total colored, 
 3,938. 
 
 JSTo report of domestic animals in bams or inclosures June 1, 1900. 
 
 CHATTOOaA COUNTY. 
 
 Chattooga County was laid off from Walker and Floyd in 1838 and 
 derived its name from its principal river. The county is traversed by 
 mountains and ridges running northeast and southwest, and is inter- 
 gpersed with rich and beautiful valleys, the most noted being Broomtovm, 
 Chattooga and Armuchee. The mountains are Taylor's liidge, John's 
 Mountain and a high, solitary peak called Dirtseller Mountain, whose In- 
 dian name was Kunteesky. 
 
 Chattooga is bounded by the following counties: Walker on the north, 
 Gordon on the east, Floyd on the south and southeast. The State of Ala- 
 bama bounds it on the west. 
 
 The bottom and valley lands are very fertile, having a dark mulatto 
 soil, which produces cotton, corn, wheat, oats, rye, peas, potatoes, clover, 
 barley, tobacco and almost every kind of vegetable. Taking all the lands, 
 good and poor, the average yield of the various crops per acre is as fol- 
 lows: seed cotton, 750 pounds; corn, 20 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; oats, 
 15 bushels; field-peas, 15 bushels; Irish potatoes, 50 bushels; sweet pota- 
 toes, 200 bushels; crab-grass and clover, each 5,000 pounds of hay. 
 
 On some of the best lands 30 bushels of wheat to the acre are the or- 
 dinary yield. Those same lands produce 40 bushels of com to the acre 
 and in a few instances as high as 90 bushels have been raised on one acre 
 in especially good seasons. The people are beginning to realize the 
 profit in hay and are raising it for the market. The cotton ginned in this 
 county during the season of 1899-1900 was 7,079 bales, all upland. 
 
 The market gardens near the towns are doing well. The shipments of 
 strawberries during the seasons of 1900 and 1901 have demonstrated the 
 fact that Chattooga county is especially adapted to the production of this 
 luscious fruit. This year (1901) this county shipped 38 car-loads of ber- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 687 
 
 ries to northern markets, bringing in every instance a handsome profit to 
 the shippers. 
 
 The ridges, which, running in a northeasterly and southwesterly direc- 
 tion and parellel to Lookout Mountain, traverse the county, forai the 
 fruit lands of Chattooga. 'No finer peaches and strawberries are grown 
 than on these hills and ridges. Even now they are dotted by 600,000 
 peach-trees, and the number is being increased every year, and when all 
 these come into bearing it is estimated that Chattooga county alone will 
 send 2,000 car-loads of peaches to the northern markets annually. 
 
 There are also vineyards producing fine grapes. Upon the northwest- 
 ern border of the county is the famous Lookout Mountain, whose table- 
 land twelve miles wide and extending along its entire length, is unex- 
 celled in the growth of apples, and large apple orchards are being set out 
 now. 
 
 The table-lands of Lookout and of the parallel ridges furnish an almost 
 inexhaustible range for cattle which thrive without additional food foi 
 two-thirds of the year. 
 
 By the census of 1890 there were in Chattooga county 3,116 sheep 
 with a wool-clip of 5,558 pounds, 6,032 cattle, of which 478 were work- 
 ing oxen, and 2,159 milch-cows (175 of these being of improved breeds); 
 10,614 hogs, 92,996 domestic fowls of all kinds, 1,030 horses, 1,217 
 mules and 5 donkeys. 
 
 Among farm products were 739,177 gallons of milk, 242,897 pounds 
 of butter, 19,168 pounds of honey and 134,019 dozens of eggs. 
 
 More attention is being paid to beef cattle and several Devon bulls 
 have been imported from Tennessee and Kentucky. 
 
 About one half of the county is in original forest, pine and hardwoods, 
 all available for market, and giving employment to about 24 sawmills 
 which prepare timber for the local markets. Taylor's Ridge, which runs 
 from High Point in Chattooga to Ringgold in Catoosa county, a distance 
 of 40 miles, is well-wooded with white oak, chestnut, oak and poplar. 
 From the chestnut oak is obtained a tan bark that is always in demand, 
 and the poplar is used in the manufacture of fruit crates. The price of 
 the timber is from $8.00 to $10.00 a thousand feet. 
 
 Iron, bauxite, clay, limestone, manganese, coal, slate, talc and sand- 
 stone are found in large quantities. Iron is mined at Dirtseller Mount- 
 ain, near Lyerly; Shinbone ridge, near Menlo and Taylor's ridge near 
 Summer^^lle. All this iron is shipped to other points. Bauxite is 
 mined in the town of Summerville, and there are outcroppings of this 
 metal in ridges entirely through the county. Red iron ore is found in 
 great abundance in six different veins and is being mined in some locali- 
 ties. Mining property, though cheap, is steadily advancing. During the 
 last two years an immense amount of iron ore has been shipped from the 
 mines on Taylor's ridge. 
 
 Some of the manufactories of Chattooga county are : The Trion Manu- 
 facturing Company's mills, the Raccoon Mills, a chair factory at Lyerly, 
 6 flour-mills operated by water-power, 12 grist-mills, some by water and 
 
588 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 some by steam; 24 sawmills, about one lialf being operated by water and 
 half by steam; and 6 tanneries. 
 
 Summerville, the county site, on that part of the Central of Georgia 
 system, formerly known as the Chattanooga, Rome and Southern, is situ- 
 ated about half way between Rome and Chattanooga. The business 
 houses and residences are handsome in appearance, and the streets have 
 ^een put in fine condition by the free use of chert. The town is sur- 
 rounded by farms which are cultivated in a thoroughly scientific man- 
 ner. The region in its immediate vicinity is rich in hardwoods and iron 
 ore. During the spring of 1901 there were shipped from this point 157 
 cars of iron ore, 65 cars of logs and over 100 cars of chert. It is claimed 
 that within the last five years about 10,000 cars of chert have been ship- 
 ped from this neighborhood to various cities to be used in improving 
 their streets, and for roads and railways. 
 
 Although by the census of 1900 there were only 486 persons living in 
 the town of Summerville, the entire Summerville district has a popula- 
 tion of 2,261, and includes also Raccoon Mills, with 441 people, many 
 of whom are employed at the Raccoon Cotton Mills, which has 104 
 looms, 3,400 spindles and a capital of $164,700. 
 
 Lyerly, in the midst of the productive valley of the Chattooga river, 
 is also on the Central Railway, southwest of Summerville. Here there 
 is a chair factory whose products find a ready sale throughout this sec- 
 tion. The Lyerly district has 729 inhabitants, of whom 234 live in the 
 town. Lyerly has also a first-class grist-mill on the Chattooga river. 
 
 Trion is the largest town in Chattooga county, having in 1900, a popu- 
 lation of 1,926 in the town and in the entire Trion district, 3,020. Here 
 is the Trion Manufacturing Company's plant, consisting of three mills 
 with an aggregate of 1,422 looms, 50,016 spindles and a capital of more 
 than $600,000. The capital stock and surplus of the company approxi- 
 mate $1,000,000, and the yearly business amounts to $1,200,000. 
 These mills consume daily 20 tons of coal and use 60 bales of cotton. 
 They manufacture sea-island sheeting, shirting, drills and rope. 
 
 The first mill was built here in 1847 by Judge A. P. Allgood of 
 Walker county, and Judge Spencer Marsh of LaFayette, in partnership 
 with Colonel W. K. Briers, who began with a capital stock of $25,000, 
 This factory escaped destruction during the war but was destroyed by 
 fire in 1875. 
 
 In 1876 the Trion Manufacturing Company built number 1 of its 
 present plant and have been steadily adding to their property. The name 
 Trion was given to the factory and town from the ta^io of men, Allgood, 
 Marsh and Briers, who were the originators of this gi-eat enterprise, 
 built and operated by Georgia capital. 
 
 Menlo, on the Chattanooga Southern Railroad, about forty miles 
 from Chattanooga, Tennessee, and the same distance from Gadsden, Ala- 
 bama, is in the midst of a fine farming and fruit section. It has fine 
 mineral springs, possessing excellent medicinal properties. IsTear by are 
 also valuable iron ore deposits. 
 
 All these towns are provided with good schools and churches of the 
 
GEORGIA: HIISTVRICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 589 
 
 Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians. In fact, every section of the 
 county is well provided with educational and religious advantages. 
 
 In the 33 public schools for whites there is an average daily attend- 
 ance of 1,169 pupils and in the 12 schools for negroes a daily attend- 
 ance of 256 pupils. 
 
 The State School Commissioner, in his report published in 1900, gives 
 the public school fund of Chattooga county as $8,758.72. 
 
 The area of Chattooga county is 326 square miles or 208,640 acres. 
 Population of the county in 1900, 12,952; a gain of 1,750 since 1890. 
 By the ComptroUer-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 170,644; of wild land, 40,957; average value per acre of 
 improved land, $4.85; of wild land, $0.53; city or town property, $76,- 
 717; value of shares in bank, $18,650; money, etc., $234,512; merchan- 
 dise, $73,860; stocks and bonds, $30,640; cotton factories, $558,070; 
 capital invested in mining, $50.00; value of household and kitchen furni- 
 ture, $83,035; farm and other animals, $181,961; plantation and me- 
 chanical tools, $40,485; jewelry, $6,405; value of all other property, 
 $19,293; real estate, $916,069; personal estate, $1,252,675. Aggregate, 
 $2,168,744. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 
 3,919; value, $11,539; city or town property, $3,810; money, $573.00; 
 household furniture, $4,444; farm and other animals, $10,713; planta- 
 tion and mechanical tools, $1,415; value of all other property, $331.00. 
 Aggregate, $32,971. 
 
 The tax returns of 1901 show a gain over 1900 of $13,136 in the value 
 of all property. 
 
 Broomtown Valley is named from a little Indian settlement so called 
 from its chief, "The Broom," one of the signers of a treaty concluded be- 
 tween the Cherokees and Whites at Tellico, October 24, 1804. 
 
 Sequoia or George Guess, the inventor of the Cherokee alphabet, for- 
 merly resided in Chattooga county. Though in appearance a full Chero- 
 kee, his paternal grandfather was a white man. One day he heard some 
 Cherokee young men talking about the superior talents of the white peo- 
 ple, and expressing particular wonder at the fact that white men could 
 put a talk on paper and send it to any distance, and it would be under- 
 stood by those who received it. Mr. Guess determined that his people 
 should have an alphabet too. He had no knowledge of any language but 
 the Cherokee, and had to depend upon his own native resources. He first 
 tried to invent a sign for every word, but soon found that such an alpha/- 
 bet would be too cumbersome. He at length conceived the idea of divid- 
 ing the words into parts. He had not proceeded far on this plan before 
 he discovered to his great delight that the same characters would apply 
 in different words. He finally discovered all the syllables of the lang- 
 uage. After this he completed his system in about a month. In forming 
 his characters he used some of the English letters which he found in a 
 spelling-book. But he made his characters represent syllables, not letters 
 Hence they expressed in Cherokee very different sounds from what they 
 did in English. At last he succeeded after much opposition in getting a 
 
590 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 few of his people to learn the use of his syllabic alphabet. Finding that 
 it worked all right they were so delighted that in the course of a few 
 months the great majority of the Cherokees were able to read and write 
 in their own language. 
 
 Population of Chattooga county by sex and color, according to the 
 census of 1900: white males, 5,277, white females, 5,437; total white, 
 10,714; colored males, 1,14G; colored females, 1,092; total colored, 
 2,238. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 128 calves, 113 steers, 2 bulls, 220 dairy cows. 111 horses, 
 29 mules, 3 donkeys, 20 sheep, 451 swine, 2 goats. 
 CHEEOKEE COUNTY. 
 
 Cherokee County was laid out in 1832 and was named for the nation 
 of Indians who inhabited that section of Georgia and large portions of 
 North Carolina before the purchase of their lands by the whites and 
 their removal beyond the Mississippi river. 
 
 The word Cherokee is derived from Chera, fire, and the prophets of 
 the nation were called Cheralaghye, which signifies men of divine fire. 
 The following counties bound Cherokee: Pickens on the north, Dawson 
 and Porsyth on the east, Milton on the southeast, Cobb on the south and 
 Bartow on the west. The Etowah river flows almost through the center 
 of the county. Little river empties into the Etowah. The creeks are 
 Cooper's, Sandy and Chicken. 
 
 That part of the county west of the Etowah and south of Long Swamp 
 is very hilly, the part traversed by Little river and its tributaries is 
 undulating, while most of the county east of the Etowah is hilly, ex- 
 cept portions bordering on Forsyth county. Lands of excellent quality 
 are on the Etowah river and Long Swamp. In the northwestern part 
 of the coimty a peak, called Sharp Mountain, runs up like a sugar loaf. 
 
 The county abounds in fertile valleys. The soil of the bottom or low- 
 lands is generally a rich, black loam with a little sandy land close to the 
 water courses. That of the upland is partly red and mulatto, and partly 
 gray. The staple crops are cotton and the cereals. In the western part 
 of the county a high grade of chewing tobacco is grown, and upon this 
 product the people of that section largely depend for their money crop. 
 The number of acres planted in cotton last season was 20,000: in com, 
 35,000; in wheat, 10,000; in oats, 10,000; in rye, 2,000; in sorghum- 
 cane, 1,000; in Irish potatoes, 500; in sweet potatoes, 1,000. After the 
 wheat and oats had been cut off, 5,000 aores were planted in field-peas. 
 The average yield of these crops to the acre were: corn, 20 bushels; cot- 
 ton, 700 or 800 pounds seed cotton to the acre; wheat, 12 to 20 bushels; 
 oats, 20 bushels; rye, 10 bushels; sorghum, 200 gallons; Irish potatoes, 
 150 bushels; sweet potatoes, 125 bushels; field-peas 12 bushels; 
 crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds; clover hay, 5,000 pounds. Much 
 of the land is well adapted to clover, orchard and other grasses, but 
 very little attention has yet been given to them. "Where cultivated they 
 do well. For summer pasturage the native grasses chiefly are used. 
 This lasts about six months. Some of the farmers use rye for winter 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 591 
 
 pasturage. Very few use ensilage. Cotton seed meal, wheat bran and 
 peas are chiefly used as food for stock. Under the best systems of agri- 
 culture some of the best lands yield crops far ahead of the averages given 
 above. Some attention is paid to dairying, for which the Jersey cow is 
 preferred. There were in Cherokee county in 1890 7,600 cattle, 
 2,705 milch-cows, 806 horses, 1,609 mules, 3,362 sheep with a wool- 
 clip of 5,616 pounds, 13,242 hogs, 130,000 poultry. There is a produc- 
 tion of 174,000 dozens of egg&, 30,162 pounds of honey, 235,908 
 pounds of butter, 794,764 gallons of milk and 89 pounds of cheese. 
 
 Although the farmers sell some vegetables, berries and fruit, there 
 are no regular market gardens in the county. There is about 60 per cent, 
 of original forest timber still standing. The gTowth is hickory, oak, 
 pine, poplar, some beech and ash, and a variety of other kinds. There 
 are about si:^ little sawmills, four or five small flour-mills, and about 30 
 small grist-mills and two tanning establishments. 
 
 Canton, the county seat, on the Atlanta, Knoxville and ISTorthern Rail- 
 road, is beautifully situated on an eminence, around whose base flows 
 the Etowah river. It is a thriving little to^vn of 847 inhabitants, with a 
 flom-ishing bank and several manufacturing enterprises. One of the 
 most important of these is a marble mill for sawing and finishing marble 
 and for monumental work. Another of great importance is the new 
 cotton factory with a capital of $100,000. There is also a rope factory. 
 There is another cotton-mill at Toonigh, in the southern part of the 
 county. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900, the cotton ginned in 
 the season of 1899-1900 was 6,760 bales, all upland. 
 
 Woodstock, Holly Springs and Ball Ground, are thriving villages on 
 the railroad. From Ball Ground a little railroad, about eight or ten 
 miles long and owned by one of the marble companies, runs out to the 
 quarries. 
 
 At Waleska, eight miles west of Canton, is a fine school, known as 
 Eeinhardt Normal College. The public schools of the county are in 
 good condition. They number 65 for white and 6 for colored, with an 
 average daily attendance of 2,057 whites and 211 colored. There are 
 Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian Churches and one Univerealist. 
 
 In minerals this county is very rich. There are deposits of gold, cop- 
 per, iron, mica, talc, marble and other minerals. Cherokee is one of the 
 chief gold-mining counties of Georgia. 
 
 ISTear Canton is a spring, strongly impregnated with alum, and noted 
 for its great curative powers. 
 
 The area of Cherokee county is 434 square miles or 277,760 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 15,243; school fund, $10,627.53. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 255,457; of vnld land, 20,019; average value per acre of 
 improved lands, $4.01; of wild lands, $0.78; city or town property, 
 $148,913; shares in bank, $21,700; money, etc., "'$321,776; merchan- 
 dise, $81,485; stocks and bonds, $5,080; cotton manufactories, $6,050; 
 household furniture, $90,554; farm and other animals, $188,473; plant- 
 
592 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 ation aud mecliaiiical tools, $47,848; iron works, $7,500; mining, $1,- 
 400; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,617; value of all other property, $41,562; 
 real estate, $1,190,088; personal estate, $845,506. Aggregate value of 
 whole property, $2,035,544. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 
 3,405; value, $6,540; city property, $2,520; household furniture, $1,- 
 694; farm and other animals, $3,173; money, $1,150; plantation and 
 mechanical tools, $557.00; value of all other property, $153,00. Aggre- 
 gate value of whole propei-ty, $15,888. 
 
 The tax returns of 1901 show a gain over 1900 of $105,355 in the 
 value 'of all property. 
 
 Cherokee county in common with the greater part of ISTorthwest Geor- 
 gia, is beginning to pay great attention to fruit-growing. Judge Gober 
 of Cobb county, owns 75,000 peach-trees of the best variety in Cherokee 
 county, and besides these are many smaller orchards. There are also 
 many apple-trees. 
 
 The population of the leading to^vns and their including militia dis- 
 tricts by the United States census of 1900 was as follows: 
 
 Canton district, 1,827, of w^hom 847 live in the town of Canton; 
 Woiodstock district, 1,240, of whom 276 live in the town of Woodstock; 
 Harbin's district, 1,033, of whom 170 live in the town of Waleska; Ball 
 Ground district, 1,1^1, of whom 302 live in the town of Ball Ground. 
 
 Population of Cherokee county by sex and color, according to the 
 census of 1900: white males, 7,032; white females, 6,926; total white, 
 13,958; colored males, 645; colored females, 640; total colored, 1,285. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 87 calves, 21 steers, 8 bulls, 137 dairy cows, 106 horses^-. 
 49 mules, 3 donkeys, 293 sheep. 
 
 CLARKE COUNTY. 
 
 Clarhe County was laid out from Jackson in 1801. A part was takea 
 from Greene in 1802 and again in 1807. Part was set off to Madison ;_ 
 county in 1811, part to Oglethorpe county in 1813. Another part was 
 added to Madison county in 1829. Still later another part was taken 
 to help form the new county of Oconee. Clarke county is bounded ^ 
 the foUo^Ving counties: Madison on the north, Oglethorpe and Madia^ . 
 on the east, Oconee on the south and southwest, and Jackson on the- 
 northwest. 
 
 It was named in honor of General Elijah Clarke, the Marion t)f Geor- 
 gia. The principal streams flowing through the county are Oconee river, 
 Middle Oconee river, Sandy, Bear and Barber's creeks. 
 
 Athens, the county seat, is a flourishing city of 10,245 inhabitants 
 in the corporate limits, or, counting the whole Athens district, 11,018.'' 
 It is one of the chief seats of learning in Georg'ia. The founding of this 
 city was simultaneous Avith that of the University of Georgia. Here are 
 the main departments of the State University, the State l^ormal School, 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 593 
 
 and Lucy Cobb Institute, all of which are discussed fully in the chapter 
 on education. Besides these are the Home School, several other private 
 schools and the city public schools. 
 
 The Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Catholics and 
 Christians or Disciples, have flourishing churches. The two first named 
 are the most numerous, having more than half of the entire church mem- 
 bership of the county, occupying almost the entire field outside of the 
 city. 
 
 Athens is the commercial center for several counties, and enjoys a 
 large and growing trade. It has three banks \v*ith an aggregate capital 
 of $600,000. It is provided with gas and electric lights, electric street 
 cars, a paid fire department with electric fire alarm, a splendid system of 
 water-works, sewers and paved streets and sidewalks. Athens owns both 
 her electric light plant and water-works. Here center branches of the 
 Georgia Railroad and of the Central of Georgia and Southern Railway 
 systems, also of the Seaboard Aii- Line system. The commerce of the city 
 and county aggregate $13,000,000 annually. The cotton receipts at 
 Athens are from 65,000 to 90,000 bales per annum. From the entire 
 -county the shipments are about 100,000 bales a year. The cotton-mills 
 of the county use about 12,000 bales per annum. The manufactories of 
 every kind number about 100. There are five cotton-mills, in one of 
 which (the Athens Manufacturing Company), woolen cloth is also made, 
 one knitting mill, one bobbin mill, one cotton seed oil-mill, 
 two foundries, two sash, door atnd blind factories, two ice 
 plants, one establishment for the manufacture of fertilizers, and a 
 wagon and carriage factory. There are also in Clarke county 15 grist 
 and three flour-mills. The cotton mills have an annual output valued 
 at $1,500,000, and the product of the cotton seed oil-mill is worth about 
 $50,000. These are all run by water. There are in the county nine or 
 ten valuable water-powers, ranging from 100 to 3,000 horse-power. Two 
 of these, one 'of about 800, the other 3,000 horse-power, have been util- 
 ized since 1892. 
 
 There are some minerals, chiefly, graphite. Deposits of galena are 
 in the northern part of the county. A fine quality of granite is found. 
 About 25 per cent, of the original forests of the county are still stand- 
 ing. The timber products are small, the lumber output not amounting to 
 more than $2,000 annually. The growth is pine, oak, poplar, hickory, 
 birch, maple and ash. 
 
 The soil is principally a strong red clay, naturally fertile and retentive 
 of fertilizers, and with intelligent cultivation yields abundantly of all 
 staple crops and garden products. A belt of gray, sandy land, about three 
 miles wide passes through the center of the county. The soil of these 
 gray lands is about 16 inches deep with a yellowish or reddish clay sub- 
 soil, not so retentive of moisture as that of the red lands. This soil is bet- 
 ter adapted to cotton and oats, while corn, clover and wheat do best in 
 the red land. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in 
 the county for the season of 1899-1900 was 3,532 bales, all upland. 
 
594 OEOROIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 The average yield to the acre of the various crops is about as follows : 
 cotton, 600 to 800 pounds; corn, 15 bushels; wheat, 15 bushels; oats, 11 
 to 18 bushels; rje, 20 bushels; Irish potatoes, 100 bushels; sweet pota- 
 toes, 125 bushels; hay from, 2,000 to 3,000 pounds, cow-peas, 20 bush- 
 els; ground-peas, 50 bushels. 
 
 The Irish potatoes raised, amount to 3,774 bushels, and the sweet po- 
 tatoes to 18,422 bushels. On some of the lands under the best culture 
 the above yields are more than doubled. 
 
 The county had in 1890 149 sheep, with a wool-clip of 277 pounds, 
 1,600 cattle, 786 milch-cows, 473 horses, 627 mules, 1,743 swine, and 
 24,210 poultry of all kinds. These statistics did not include horses and 
 mules in the city of Athens. There are three dairy farms in prosperous 
 condition. The Jersey cow is preferred. Ensilage is used to some ex- 
 tent for winter food. Bermuda grass is depended on a great deal for 
 summer pasturage. Lucern and clover do* well and a great deal of home- 
 made hay is being marketed. A few farmers put it in bales which they 
 find to be a profitable way to handle it. Other productions in 1890 
 were 198,263 gallons of milk, 66,296 pounds of butter, 440 pounds of 
 cheese, 27,160 dozens of eggs, and 4,282 pounds of honey. 
 
 Truck sold amounts to $10,000 dollars, the products being vegetables, 
 berries and melons. There are in the orchards 2,679 apple-trees. 
 
 The public schools of Clarke county number 28. In the 11 schools 
 for whites the average daily attendance is 288 pupil's, and in the 17 for 
 negroes, 448. In the local schools for whites in the city of Athens there 
 are 871 pupils, and in those for negroes, 717. In the private schools for 
 whites including pupils in the State University, Lucy Cobb Institute, 
 Home School and others, there are 600 or more white pupils, and in two 
 schools for negroes 484 pupils. 
 
 The school fund for the county is $5,005.91 and for the Athens city 
 schools, $6,744.64. 
 
 The area of Clarke county is 159 square miles, or 101,760 acres. 
 
 By the United States census of 1900 the population was 17,708, an 
 increase of 2,522 since 1890. 
 
 The following are the towns in Clarke county besides the city of 
 Athens (already given), with their population and that of their including- 
 militia districts: Whitehall, 660, and in its entire district, known as 
 Georgia Factory, 1,098; Princeton, 244, and in its entire district of the 
 same name, 873, 
 
 The Comptroller-General's report for 1900 gives the following items: 
 acres of improved land, 70,016; average value per acre of improved 
 land, $10.37; value of city or town property, $2,752,670; shares in 
 bank, $460,000; money and solvent debte, $746,035; stocks and bonds, 
 $399,695; merchandise, $528,985; cotton manufactories, $305,000; 
 iron works, $15,000; household and kitchen furniture, $265,105; farm 
 and other animals, $100,750; plantation and mechanical tools, $27,980; 
 watches, jewelry, etc., $60,715; value of all other property, $43,425; 
 real estate, $3,472,495; personal estate, $2,945,252; aggregate value of 
 whole property, $6,418,020. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 595 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 
 5,258; value of land, $57,430; household and kitchen furniture, $24,- 
 360; farm and other animals, $12,490; city or town property, $165,005; 
 watches, jewelry, etc., $720.00; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,790; 
 value of all other property, $390.00. Aggregate value of whole prop- 
 erty, $263,795. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a falling off in the value of all property 
 amounting to $1,985 since the return of 1900. 
 
 In the city of Athens is a tree which has a peculiar history. A beauti- 
 ful oak was so admired by its owner that he made a deed to the tree itself 
 of the ground in which it grew, so that it might be secured from molesta- 
 tion so long as it lived. The tree is surrounded by a little fence to pro- 
 tect it from trespassers. 
 
 There are exclusive of the city of Athens more than twenty miles of 
 macadamized roads in Clarke county, to the extent of which constant ad- 
 ditions are being made. 
 
 Population of Clarke county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 3,878; Avhite females, 4,352; total white, 
 8,230; colored males, 4,387; colored females, 5,091; total colored, 9,478. 
 
 Population of the city of Athens by sex and color, according tO' the 
 census of 1900: white males, 2,387; white females, 2,666; total white, 
 5,053; colored males, 2,253; colored females, 2,939; total colored, 
 5,192. Total population of Athens, 10,245. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 in Clarke county, June 1, 1900: 120 calves, 17 steers, 5 bulls, 522 dairy 
 cows, 475 horses, 86 mules, 1 donkey, 715 sheep, 21 goats. 
 
 CLAY COUXTY. 
 
 Clay County was formed in 1854 from Early and Randolph, and was 
 named in honor of Henry Clay of Kentucky, one of the greatest states- 
 men and most eloquent orators of the nineteenth century. The follow- 
 ing counties bound it : Quitman on the north ; Randolph on the east and 
 also on the north of the lower section; Calhoun on the east of the lower 
 section, and Early on the south. On the western side is Alabama, from 
 which it is separated by the Chattahoochee river. Colomokee creek 
 forms part of the boundary between Clay and Early counties. Through 
 the northwest runs Pataula creek. Each of these creeks flow into the 
 Chattahoochee river. 
 
 This was one of the three counties in Southwestern Georgia laid oS 
 in 1854 and named in honor of America's immortal trio. Clay, Calhoun 
 and Webster. Clay county has two towns, Fort Gaines and Bluff ton, 
 the former having 1,305 inhabitants in its limits, and 2,775 in its entire 
 district, and the latter 312 in the corporation and 2,232 in its entire dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Fort Gaines is the county site and is beautifully situated on a bluff 
 of the Chattahoochee, 160 feet above common water mark. The name 
 
696 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 of the town is derived from a fort built here against the Indians in 
 1816, bj order of General Gaines. It is the terminus of a branch of the 
 Central of Georgia Railroad system. The Baptists and Methodists have 
 •churches in the town and county. The Presbyterians also have a church 
 in Fort Gaines. 
 
 The public schools are well attended. There are 15 for white and 14 
 for colored pupils with an average attendance of 410 white and 650 
 colored pupils. 
 
 The bank has a capital of $50,000. The court-house is valued at $20,- 
 *000. The value of the gas plant is $5,000. 
 
 The oountiy is comparatively level, and the most of it has an abundant 
 growth of long-leaf pine. Along the Chattahoochee and some creeks 
 the timber is oak and hickory. 
 
 The soil is gray in the uplands, and somewhat sandy on the lowlands. 
 Some of the pine lands have a red clay formation and produce cotton 
 finely. Under ordinary cultivation the average production to the acre 
 of these lands is: corn, 10 bushels; 600 or 800 pounds of seed cotton; 
 wheat, 12 bushels; oats, 15 bushels; rice 15 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 
 bushels; sugar-cane syrup, 250 gallons. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in 
 the county for 1899-1900 was 9,345 pounds, all upland. 
 
 Bermuda, Johnson and crab-gTass, sorghum forage and pea-vine hay, 
 furnish excellent food for stock. The people are paying more attention 
 to grasses, and the hay industry is growing every year. Ten per cent, of 
 the fertilizers used is produced on the farm, and 50 per cent, of the 
 cotton seed raised is returned to the land as a fertilizer, either in the 
 form of meal, or as green seed. There is one dairy farm having about 
 SO cows, which sells about 15 pounds of butter daily. The Jersey cow 
 is the favorite. The feed used in addition to the grasses is cotton seed 
 hulls and meal mixed with bran. 
 
 By the United States census of 1890 there were in the county 299 
 horses, 764 mules, 5,5Y6 swine, and 21,403 domestic fowls of all kinds. 
 The county produced in 1890 24,393 dozens of eggs, 1,101 pounds of 
 honey, and 52,161 pounds of butter, and 174,322 gallons of milk. 
 
 All the cattle numbered 2,337, of which 134 were working oxen and 
 786 were milch-cows. There were no sheep reported for this county. 
 
 Melons, peaches and grapes grow well and are profitable. All kinds 
 of vegetables and berries are raised successfully. 
 
 There are some good water-powers in the county. At Fort Gaines 
 there is an artesian well, and in the county are several mineral springs. 
 
 At Fort Gaines there is one cotton seed oil-mill and guano factory, 
 with a capital of $50,000. There are also in the county ten flour and 
 grist-mills, and five sawmills. 
 
 With the railroad running across the county and steamboats daily 
 passing up and down the river, the freight rates are very satisfactory. 
 
 Area of Clay county, 216 square miles, or 138,240 acres. Popula- 
 tion in 1900, 8,568, an increase of 751 since 1890; school fund. 
 $5,929.48. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 597 
 
 Bj the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there were: acres of im- 
 proved land, 132,608; average value per acre of improved land, $2.93; 
 city or town property, $127,172; bank stock,, $50,000; money, etc., 
 $61,998; merchandise, $54,080; stocks and bonds, $30,000; value of 
 household furniture, $57,030; farm and other animals, $83,875; planta- 
 tion and mechanical tools, $16,166; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,351; 
 value of all other property, $17,426; real estate, $515,860; personal 
 estate, $375,983. Aggregate, $891,843. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of laud, 
 6,442; value, $16,170; city or town property, $6,567; merchandise, 
 $350.00; household furniture, $8,194; farm and other animals, $13,496; 
 plantation and mechanical tools, $2,220; value of all other property, 
 $802. Aggregate value, $47,869. 
 
 The tax returns of 1901 show a gain of $115,998 in the value of all 
 property since the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Clay county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 1,405; white females, 1,460; total white, 2,865; 
 colored males, 2,675; colored females, 3,028; total colored, 5,703. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 56 calves, 4 steers, 4 bulls, 85 dairy cows, 120 horses, 15 
 mules, 2 donkeys, 816 swine, 7 goats. 
 
 CLAYTON COUNTY. 
 
 Clayton County was formed out of Fayette and Henry in 1858, and 
 was named for Hon. Augustine S. Clayton of Clarke county, judge of 
 the superior court, and in 1833 member of Congress. This gentleman, 
 was a student at the Academy of Richmond county in Augusta at the 
 time of a visit to that city by George Washington, president of the 
 United States in May, 1791. While in Augusta the president attended 
 an examination of the students of the academy. Young Clayton was 
 one of the several students appointed to speak upon that occasion. So 
 well pleased was the president that upon his return to the capital he sent 
 a book to each of the young orators, and the volume presented to Mr. 
 Clayton was a copy of Csesar's Commentaries. 
 
 Clayton county is bounded by the following counties: Fulton and De- 
 Kalb on the north; Henry ton the east and on the south of the eastern 
 section of the county and on the east of its western projection; Spalding 
 on the south of this western projection, and Fayette and Campbell on the 
 west. The soil belongs to the metamorphic formation, rolling red clay 
 lands with retentive clay subsoil, and some gray, gravelly lands. 
 
 The water is pure freestone. The timber growth is chiefly oak and 
 hickory, with ash, maple, walnut, poplar, gum and some second growth 
 pine. The water-powers utilized are furnished by the Flint river and its 
 tributaries. There are along these about 16 mills (flour and grist), using 
 228 horse^powers. 
 
 There are in the county about 13 manufacturing establishments of 
 
598 GEGUaiA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 various kinds, with an annual output of about $50,000. The timber 
 products have an output of about $6,000 annually. 
 
 Asbestos is found in Clayton county. 
 
 Jonesboro, the county seat, 23 miles south of Atlanta on the Central 
 of Georgia Kailroad, is a thriving town, doing a good business and well 
 supplied with churches and schools, and having a handsome court-house 
 valued at $25,000. 
 
 Love joy and Morrow are 6ach prosperous little villages on the same 
 railroad as Jonesboro. The Southern Railway also crosses the north- 
 western part of the county, while another branch of the same railroad 
 runs through its northeastern section. Thus by three distinct lines the 
 people of Clayton county are brought into close touch with the city of 
 Atlanta. Truck-farming should, for this reason, pay well. 
 
 ilex, on the Southern Railway, has an establishment which manu- 
 factures grain cradles, sash, blinds, wagons and other articles. 
 
 Some of the lands are very productive, especially on creeks and in 
 valleys. The average yield to the acre of the staple crops is: com, 13 
 bushels; seed cotton, 600 pounds; oats, 8 bushels; wheat, from 6 to 10 
 bushels. 
 
 It must be remembered that all these county averages include poor 
 as well as good farming. The first-class farmers produce results far 
 ahead of these figures. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned 
 in 1899, 9,345 bales of upland cotton. 
 
 Those who have paid attention to hay average more than 3,000 pounds 
 to the acre, while some go far beyond that. All the grasses, such as 
 Bermuda, crab, clover, orchard, red-top, timothy, blue and pea-vines, do 
 well. A recent report showed among other products of the county 
 nearly 7,000 bushels of cow-peas, 386 bushels of peanuts (ground-peas). 
 1,500 bushels of Irish potatoes, 26,600 bushels of sweet potatoes. There 
 were in 1890, 8,253 pounds of honey, 451,214 gallons of milk, 157,905 
 pounds of butter, 285 pounds of cheese, poultry to the number of 47,027, 
 and 76,281 dozens of eggs. 
 
 Of farm and other animals there were in 1890, 88 sheep, with a wool- 
 clip of 154 pounds, 2,860 cattle, 77 being oxen, and 1,238 milch-cows, 
 of which 317 are of improved breeds. There were also 352 horses, 1,064 
 mules, 4 donkeys and 2,688 swine. 
 
 The area of Clayton county is 142 square miles, or 90,880 acres. 
 Population in 1900 was 9,598, an increase of 1,303 since 1890; school 
 fund, $6,436.79. 
 
 From the Comptroller-Generals report for 1900 we gather the follow- 
 ing items: acres of improved land, 91,862; value per acre, $8.25; city or 
 town property, $132,915; money, etc., $92,963; merchandise, $42,365; 
 household furniture, $66,311; farm and other animals ,$96,356; planta- 
 tion and mechanical tools, $30,561; watches, jewelry, etc, $3,692; value 
 of all other property, $27,577; real estate, $887,963; personal estate, 
 $396,950. Aggregate of whole property, $1,284,913. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: acres of land, 1,624; value. 
 
QEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 599 
 
 $11,773; city or town property, $3,200; merchandise, $600.00; house- 
 hold and kitchen furniture, $5,023; farm and other animals, $7,375; 
 plantation and mechanical tools, $1,613; value of all other property, 
 $189.00. Aggregate of property, $30,021. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $103,052 in value of property 
 over the returns of 1900, 
 
 Peaches, apples, other fruits, berries, melons, and all kinds of garden 
 vegetables do well. There are in the county about 22,000 apple and 
 58,000 peach-trees. 
 
 The vicinity of Jonesboro was the scene of fierce battles August 31st 
 and September 1, 1864. Sherman, after trying in vain for more than 
 six weeks to force his way into Atlanta, marched with his main army to 
 the rear of the Confederates and threw a strong force across the Central 
 Eailroad, the last line of supply for Hood's army. General Wm, J. 
 Hardee, being sent to dislodge him, was unable to do so, but by a des- 
 perate fight against tremendous odds, secured Hood's safe retreat from 
 Atlanta. 
 
 In Clayton county the Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians and Dis- 
 ciples or Christians, have good churches in town and county, the two 
 first largely predominating. 
 
 There ai-e 50 public schools in this county. In the 34 for whites there 
 is an average daily attendance of 879, and in the 16 for negroes, an at- 
 tendance of 263. 
 
 Although Jonesboro, the chief town, has only 877 inhabitants, the 
 district of Jonesboro, which includes it, contains a population of 3,574. 
 
 Population of Clayton county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: w^hite males, 2,758; white females, 2,814; total white, 5,572; 
 colored males, 2,041; colored females, 1,985; total colored, 4,026. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 22 calves, 48 dairy cows, 30 horses, 3 mules, 59 swine. 
 
 CLINCH COUNTY. 
 
 Clinch County was laid off from Ware in 1852 and was named for 
 General Duncan L. Clinch, who in the war with the Seminole Indians 
 in Florida was distinguished for gallantry at the battle of Withlacoochee, 
 and was also a member of Congress from Georgia in 1843-45. Clinch 
 is bounded by the follomng counties: Coffee, on the north, ^Yare on 
 the east, Echols on the south, and Lowndes and Berrien on the west. 
 It is also bounded by Florida on the south. 
 
 The Allapaha river, a tributary of the Suwannee river, runs along its 
 western boundary. The county is watered by several large creeks: Su- 
 wanoochee and its east fork, and Jones, tributaries of the Suwannee 
 river; Eeed Bluff and its north fork, tributaries of the Satilla. 
 
 Two branches of the Plant System of Railroads, the Atlanta, Yal- 
 dosta and "Western and a short branch railroad give travel and trans- 
 portation facilities. Homerville, the county seat, located on the main 
 
600 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 stem of the Plant System, is a pleasant town of about 434 inhabitants, 
 Homerville district, which includes the town, contains a population of 
 1,039. Dupont district, including the town of that name, has a popu- 
 lation of 1,032. This place has a large sugar refinery just completed. 
 About five-sixths of this county is wooded, and the land is covered with 
 virgin forests of yellow pine, cypress and live oak. On one tract of 51,- 
 000 acres there are 150,000,000 feet of pine. Some of the trees will 
 afford 1,000 feet of lumber. The average cut of yellow pine varies from 
 2,000 to 30,000 feet to the acre. 
 
 Turpentine lands are generally leased for three years. Each tree will 
 produce on an average one gallon of spirits of turpentine a year, valued 
 at 40 cents a gallon, while the resin is valued at about the same. 
 
 After the timber has been cut off, there is no better crop for these 
 lands than sugar cane. Some of them will produce 2,400 gallons to 
 the acre, and they will average between 400 and 800 gallons to the acre. 
 
 The face of the country is level and the soil gray, well adapted to 
 the growth of cotton, corn, sugar-cane, tobacco and potatoes. The cotton 
 is of the long staple or sea-island variety and brings about double the 
 price of the upland cotton. One acre, under ordinary cultivation, will 
 produce 300 pounds of seed cotton (long-staple), which is worth double 
 the price of upland. Other crops will average: corn, from 10 to 25 bush- 
 els; sugar-cane, 800 gallons to the acre; tobacco, 400 pounds and pota- 
 toes, 150 bushels. 
 
 The large number of acres tof wild grass lands give splendid oppor- 
 tunities for raising, almost without cost, cattle, sheep and hogs for the 
 market. There were in 1890, 2,927 sheep, with a wool-clip of 5,537 
 pounds; 11,337 cattle, 3,011 milch cows, 163 working oxen, 344 horses, 
 261 mules, 10,796 swine, 24,835 of all kinds of poultry. There was a 
 product of 38,595 dozens of eggs, 20,584 pounds of honey, 140,858 gal- 
 lons of milk, 8,538 pounds of butter, and 100 pounds of cheese. Ac- 
 cording to the United States census 'of 1900 there were ginned in the 
 season of 1899-1900 only 592 bales of sea-island cotton. 
 
 The area of Clinch county is 1,077 square miles, or 689,280 acres. 
 The population in 1900, 8,732. The school fund is $4,992.90. 
 
 According to the Comptroller-General's report for 1900, there are: 
 acres of improved land, 297,656; of wild land, 584,650 (an error by sev- 
 eral thousand); value per acre of improved land, $0.91; of wild land, 
 19 cents; city property, $50,375; household furniture, $63,520; of farm 
 and other animals, $186,395; plantation and mechanical tools, $26,272; 
 watches, jewelry, etc., $4,7l7; money, etc., $56,776; merchandise, $55,- 
 405; value of all other property, $64,533; real estate, $438,252; per- 
 sonal estate, $458,927; aggregate of all property, $897,179. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land, 
 5,288; value of same, $6,692; city property, $2,250; money, etc., $122; 
 household furniture, $10,548; farm and other animals, $4,686; plan- 
 tation and mechanical tools, $925; value of all other property, $565; 
 aggregate, $20,000. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 601 
 
 Tlie tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $38,113 in the value 
 of all property over the returns of 1900. 
 
 The public schools of Clinch county number 37 for white and 9 for 
 colored pupils. The average attendance is 1,100 white and 375 colored 
 pupils. 
 
 The gi-owing of pecans would prove a profitable industry in this coun- 
 ty. There is one tree near Homerville which yields every year $30.00 
 to its owner. 
 
 Population of Clinch county by sex and color, acording to the census 
 of 1900: White males, 2,681; white females, 2,461; total whites, 
 5,142; colored males, 2,292; colored females, 1,298; total colored, 3,590. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900, only 5 horses and 14 mules reported. 
 
 COBB COUNTY. 
 
 Cohh County was laid out from Cherokee in 1832 and named after 
 Judge Thomas W. Cobb. The counties bounding it are: Bartow and 
 Cherokee on the north, Milton on the east, Fulton on the east and south- 
 east, a little edge of Campbell on the southeast, Douglas on the south, 
 and Paulding on the west. The Chattahoochee runs along its eastern 
 and southeastern border. The county is well watered by several creeks, 
 the most important of which are Sweetwater, Nickajack and Soap. The 
 very best of facilities are afforded by the following railroads: The West- 
 ern and Atlantic (State road), running almost through the center of the 
 county; two branches of the Southern System, traversing the southern 
 and southwestern parts of the county, and the Atlanta, Knoxville and 
 ISTorthern, running northeasterly from Marietta. 
 
 This is one of the most favorably located counties in the State. Just 
 north of Fulton county, it has both its o^vn thriving little city of Mari- 
 etta and the great city of Atlanta as home markets for the products of 
 its fields and gardens. Besides it has clcse at hand for its factories the 
 minerals and raw cotton of Bartow and Cherokee, and for its marble 
 yards and finishing plant the marble of the splendid quarries of Pickens 
 and Cherokee. 
 
 The soil is varied, being one of the types peculiar to the crystalline 
 belt. Some of it is gray with mulatto subsoil, and well adapted for small 
 grain. A large part is red land productive of cotton and com. Clover 
 and the grasses grow to perfection. Vegetables, fruits and berries are 
 produced with such ease that, after they have afforded an abundant home 
 supply, there is enough left for a good money crop. A dozen market 
 gardens are in successful operation. The average yield to the acre is: 
 Seed cotton, 750 to 1,200 pounds; corn, 15 to 30 bushels; oats, 25 to 
 30 bushels; wheat, 13 to 18 bushels; Irish and sweet potatoes, from 100 
 to 150 bushels; field peas, 18 to 25 bushels; sorghum syrup, 250 gallons; 
 crab grass hay, 5,000 pounds; clover hay, from 5,000 to 6,000 pounds; 
 peavine hay, from 2,000 to 3,000 pounds. Bermuda grass is used for 
 
(302 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUi^TRIAL. 
 
 pasturage during six months of the year, crab grass four or five months 
 and clover the year round. Of the fertilizers used 20 per cent, is pro- 
 duced on the farm, and one-half of the cotton seed raised is returned 
 to the land as a fertilizer, either in the form of green seed or cotton seed 
 meal. On some of the lands 50 bushels of corn and 40 of wheat to the 
 acre are a common yield. On the dairy farms, of vt^hich there are 5, 
 the favorite breeds are the Jersey and Shorthorn Durham, the latter be- 
 ing also one of the best beef breeds, to which some attention is being 
 given. In 1890 there were in Cobb county 997 horses, 1,862 mules, 5 
 donkeys, 8,302 swine, 467 sheep, with a wool clip of 962 pounds; about 
 7,000 cattle, 2,800 milch-cows, and of poultry of all kinds, 130,847, 
 producing about 181,592 dozen egg&. There were also produced 983,- 
 783 gallons of milk, 302,018 pounds of butter and 100 pounds of 
 cheese, and about 21,289 pounds of honey. Three hundred acres are 
 devoted to grapes and excellent wines are made. 
 
 Peach growing is becoming a great industry in Cobb county. Judge 
 Gober, of Marietta, who owns large orchards in Cherokee and Pickens 
 counties, has more than 100,000 peach trees in this county, besides ap- 
 ple-trees and many varieties of grapes. 
 
 The poultry industry of Georgia is being rapidly developed in this 
 State, and numerous large plants, as well as small breeders, are furnish- 
 ing a large amount of the very best food (poultry and eggs) to the 
 steadily increasing population of Georgia, besides shipping great quan- 
 tities to the Florida and Cuban markets. We see at all our county and 
 State f aire, as well as our large expositions, that the poultry department 
 is becoming one of the leading features. Liberal cash premiums are of- 
 fered at these shows, and during the Atlanta Exposition of 1900, over 
 four thousand birds were entered, and cash premiums aggregating $2,000 
 were paid out in this department. The premiums this year have been 
 increased, and we may expect a much larger show than last year. Every 
 city of note in Georgia has its amnual poultry show, which has done 
 much to educate and stimulate our people to one of America's gi*eatest 
 farm productions, it being exceeded by only one industry in actual value. 
 The cattle products stand first, and poultry and eggs come next. One 
 can be fully impressed with the possibilities in Georgia, and find out 
 something of its workings, by a visit to Belmont Farm, Smyrna, Cobb 
 county, Georgia, near Atlanta, where can be seen one of the most com- 
 plete plants in the world. This plant is incorporated under the laws of 
 Georgia mth a capital stock of $40,000 all paid in, $50,000 having al- 
 ready been expended on this farm of two hundred acres, where you will 
 find all the leading varieties of cliickens, ducks, turkeys, geese, pheasants, 
 pet stock Jersey cattle, and Berkshire hogs of the most noted American 
 and imported families. We see stock being developed here, that we 
 believe to be the equal of any in the United States. It is not only a 
 treat, but an object lesson, and every one interested in this should make 
 it a point to visit and study the workings of this plant and farm. Col. 
 Ed. L. Wight, member of the present House of Representatives, and one 
 of the most successful business men in Georgia, is president of this 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. G03 
 
 plant, with his son, Ed. L. Wight, Jr., vice-president and general manh 
 ager, and Mr. Loring Brown, one of Georgia's old poultry fanciers, gen- 
 eral snperintendent. On this plant can be seen thousands of the finest 
 thoroughbred fowls, and a large two-storj, six hundred-foot incubator 
 and nursery, where for twelve months of the year twenty of the largest 
 size Prairie State Incubators are constantly in operation, turning out 
 seven thousand little chicks every three weeks. After being hatched 
 they are systematically worked through seventy rooms — one room each 
 day, that are properly heated to the required degree of temperature. 
 They are fed on the best and most wholesome balanced ration, and with 
 plenty of warmth and proper food these thousands of little ones are 
 turned out a finished article, ready for market, at sixty to seventy 
 days from the time they leave the incubator. Another paying industry 
 of this plant is the large amount of fresh Leghorn eggs that are shipped 
 to market each day, every egg stamped and guaranteed fresh, for which 
 ai*6 received from five to ten cents over the highest market price for 
 every one they have been able to produce. Plymouth Rocks are prin- 
 cipally used for the broilers, as they have proven to be the quickest 
 growers and most profitable to turn food into money in the shortest 
 possible time. It is useless to say that this plant is a paying investment, 
 for we believe from what we have seen and can learn, that it will prove 
 to be one of the most profitable industries conducted in the State. TMs 
 is the largest plant of its kind in Georgia, but there are numerous other 
 smaller ones equally as profitable. 
 
 AVe especially invite the farmers and all interested to give this busi- 
 ness a more careful study and more attention, as we believe it to be one 
 of Georgia's most profitable resources. 
 
 On another page of this book will be found a cut representing a Berk- 
 shire boar, owned by Belmont Farm, near Smyrna, Georgia. This boar 
 represents a type of hogs that after years of experimenting by the best 
 breeders of the South, have proven to be by far the best sort for this 
 section of the country. They ai'e healthy, easily kept and good foragers; 
 and, when put in a pasture, they will make their own living and grow fat, 
 where other breeds will not thrive. To illustrate what can be done with 
 hogs in Georgia: the president of the company owning Belmont Farm 
 states that from twelve Berkshire sows he has this year sold over $2,000 
 worth of pigs, at an expense of not exceeding $500.00 for labor and 
 feed, leaving a net balance of about $1,500 in favor of the farm. Several 
 of the sows were imported from England and the balance are American 
 bred. Two of the former cost a little over $300.00 besides freight. 
 The raising of hogs is an industry that should receive more attention 
 from the farmers of the State than has been the case heretofore. The 
 price of meat is very high and likely to remain so for some years to come; 
 yet a farmer with a few Berkshire hogs could produce enough meat 
 at a very small cost to supply his own family and farm, thereby saving 
 the money obtained from other crops, that he would otherwise have to 
 use in buying his meat. 
 
 Georgia is a country in which Bermuda grass, burr clover, rye, sweet 
 
604 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 potatoes, peas and other crops can be produced at a comparatively small 
 cost, and eacK of these can be utilized in raising hogs. 
 
 This Department feels that there is no industry that the farmers of 
 the State can follow, that wall bring the same returns for the money in- 
 vested as the raising of hogs will. A visit to Belmont Farm will con- 
 vince the most sceptical that we are right in urging this upon our peo- 
 ple. They can see how easily it can be done and how profitably. 
 
 To illustrate the difference between the better breeds of hogs and those 
 that people generally raise: the manager of Belmont Farm stated that 
 about a year ago he had two pigs of practically the same age, one being 
 a pure bred Berlcshire and the other fairly good specimen of the com- 
 mon hog of the country ; he put them in the same pen, fed them precisely 
 alike, and at the end of several months, after they had become fat enough 
 to kill, they wei*e slaughtered and carefully weighed. The common hog 
 weighed 167 pounds, the other, 283 pounds, thus giving an advantage 
 to the thoroughbred hog of over 100 pounds, which was worth at least 
 from $7.00 to $8.00. This would mean that a man having twenty-five 
 hogs to kill would save $200.00. 
 
 The people of this State are fast realizing the necessity of diversifying 
 their crops and products, and, while doing so, they should secure the 
 very best stock, from which to produce the good results that they hope 
 for. 
 
 The beautiful city of Marietta, 1,100 feet above sea level, noted as a 
 health resort and for the excellent character of its population, is the 
 county site. It is blessed with pure water and a delightful climate. It 
 has a thrifty population, which in 1900 numbered 4,446 in the corporate 
 limits, and 7,814 in the entire Marietta district; does a fine business, pos- 
 sesses an excellent school system, good hotels, successful mercantile es- 
 tablishments, prosperous manufactories of various kinds, and adequate 
 banking facilities. It is lighted by electricity, has the largest chair fac- 
 tory and largest paper mill in the State, four marble yards and a large 
 plant for finishing marble. There is also a canning factory, a creamery 
 and a knitting mill, a foundry and machine shop. The court'hous© is 
 valued at $40,000. In the northeastern part of the county on a branch 
 of the Southern Eailway, is the manufacturing town of Roswell with 
 a population of 1,329. The water powers of the Chattahoochee are here 
 utilized in two large cotton factories, one of which uses steam also. The 
 Laurel Mills Manufacturing Company operate a woolen factory, run by 
 water, which makes jeans, cassimeres and tweeds. Here is also a wagon 
 and harness factory. 4~ i 
 
 At ISTickajack, in the southwestei-n part of the county, on the South- 
 em Railway, are the Concord "Woolen Mills, using both water and steam. 
 
 In the southwestern part of Cobb, on the Southern Railway, is the 
 town of Austell, with a population of 648. The entire Austell district 
 contains 1,017 inhabitants. On the same railway about five miles north- 
 west of Austell, is the town of Powder Springs, which derives its name 
 from its mineral springs, which are highly impregnated with sulphur 
 and magnesia. The Powder Springs district has 2,017 inhabitants, of 
 which 280 live in the towii. 
 
.' :/• >'^'- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 607 
 
 Acworth, a thriving to^vll of 937 inhabitants, is on the "Western and 
 Atlantic Railroad in the midst of a fine mineral and agricultural coun- 
 try. It has a large flouring mill, a chair factor;^ and variety works for 
 turning out mantels, wheelbarrows, etc. The whole Acworth district 
 has 2,294 people. 
 
 The other towns in the county are Kennesaw and Smyrna. The former 
 is located in the Big Shanty district and has in its corporation 320 of 
 the 1,399 people who live in the district. The latter is in the Smyrna 
 district and has in its corporate limits only 238 of the 1,185 people of 
 the district. Both these towns are on the Western and Atlantic Railway. 
 All the towns of Cobb county have good schools, and the leading Chris- 
 tian denominations supply them with churches. 
 
 In Marietta there is a large national cemetery, beautifully laid out 
 and well kept. In it lie buried 10,000 Federal soldiers, who lost their 
 lives south of the Etowah in the campaign between Sherman and John- 
 ston in 1864. In full view of Marietta stands double-peaked Kennesaw 
 Mountain, from whose summit there is spread out before the eye of the 
 beholder a comprehensive view of the country over which for six weeks 
 the Union and Confederate armies met in daily combat. On Pine Moun- 
 tain fell General Leonidas Polk, while he, with Generals Johnston and 
 Hood, were reconnoitering the enemy's position. Kennesaw Mountain 
 was itself the scene of constant skirmishing and minor combats until the 
 27th of June, when Sherman's grand assault met disastrous repulse at 
 every point. Of this battle General Sherman, the Federal commander, 
 said: "We failed, losing 3,000 men to the Confederate loss of 630." 
 
 About one-third of Cobb county is timber land. In its forests are 
 found yellow and white hickory, post and red oak, maple, ash and some 
 short-leaf pine. The average price of huuber is $8.00 a thousand feet. 
 
 Some gold and copper are found in Cobb county, the eastern portion 
 of the Carroll county gold belt, extending through its northwestern cor- 
 ner. Some of the veins are one and a half miles east of Acworth and 
 others seven miles south of the same town near Lost Mountain. 
 
 The streams are tolerably well supplied with fish. 
 
 The principal game of the county is quail and wild turkeys, of which 
 the former are very plentiful, the latter not as abundant as in former 
 years. 
 
 Nearly one-half the land under cultivation in Cobb county is devoted, 
 to cotton. By the United States census of 1900 there were ginned 14,- 
 979 bales, which approximates closely the production of the cotton. 
 
 The schools belonging to the excellent system established by the State 
 number 65 for white pupils, with an average attendance of 2,144, and 
 82 for colored pupils with an average attendance of 936. According to 
 the report of the State School Commissioner, the school fund for Cobb 
 county is $13,385.23. 
 
 The population, according to the United States census for 1900, was 
 24.664, an increase of 2,378 over that of 1890. The area is 341 square 
 miles, or 218,240 acres. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 the following are the 
 
608 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 returns made for taxation: Acres of improved land, 186,817; of wild 
 land, 921 acres; average value per acre of improved land, $9.32; of wild 
 land, $2.48; city or town property, $1,359,720; shares in bank, $70,250; 
 money and solvent debts, $5'-i,510; merchandise, $239,915; stocks and 
 bonds, $59,500; cotton factories, $207,315; iron works, $8,700; value 
 of household and kitchen furniture, $212,915; value of farm and other 
 animals, $227,980; plantation and mechanical tools, $70,850; watches, 
 jewelry, etc., $18,070; value of all other property, $75,600; real estate, 
 $3,104,795; personal estate, $1,734,955; aggregate value of whole prop- 
 erty, $4,823,765. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land, 
 6,602; value of the same, $49,270; city or town property, $71,410; 
 money and solvent debts, $500; merchandise, $800; household and kitch- 
 en furniture, $9,815; watches, jeyerly, etc., $230; farm and other ani- 
 mals, $12,985; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,660; value of all 
 other property, $280; aggregate value of all property, $147,950. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $164,505 in the value 
 of all property over the returns of 1900. 
 
 In addition to the regular passenger trains on the "Western and At- 
 lantic Railroad, an accommodation train between Marietta and Atlanta 
 brings the two places so close together that many citizens of Marietta go 
 daily to their business offices in Atlanta. 
 
 Population of Cobb county by sex and color, acording to the census 
 of 1900: White male^, 8,574; white females, 8,760; total white, 17,- 
 834; colored males, 3,599; colored females, 3,731; total colored, 7,330. 
 
 Population of the city of Marietta by sex and color, according to the 
 census of 1900: White males, 1,222; white females, 1,294; total whites, 
 2,516; colored males, 864; colored females, 1,066; total colored, 1,930. 
 
 Total population of city, 4,446. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosuree, not on farms or ranges, in 
 Cobb county, June 1, 1900: 134 calves, 35 steers, 4 bulls, 432 dairy 
 cows, 347 horses, 40 mules, 6 sheep, 603 swine, 3 goats. 
 
 COPFEE COUNTY. 
 
 Coffee County was laid off in 1854 out of Irwin, Telfair and Appling. 
 It was named for General John E. Coffee, who had served with great 
 credit in the war of 1812-15, and was afterwards a representative from 
 Georgia in the Congress of the United States (1833-1835). It is bound- 
 ed by the following counties : Telfair on the north, Appling and Ware 
 on the east. Clinch on the south and Berrien and Irwin on the west. It 
 is watered by the Satilla river and its tributaries. Seventeen Mile Creek, 
 H'og Creek, Big Hurricane and Little Hurricane Creeks. The Ocmul- 
 gee also runs along its northern border, and together with some of its 
 tributaries waters that part of the county. Fish are plentiful in the 
 streams. 
 
 One of the branches of the Plant System of Railways crosses the 
 southern part of the county. The Waycross Air Line connects Doug- 
 lass, the county site, with the growing oity of Waycross in Ware county. 
 
■ GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 609 
 
 A little to the north of this road the Brunswick and Birmingham Rail- 
 way crosses the county. Altogether there are about 90 miles of rail- 
 road in Coffee county and 30 miles of steamboat transportation on the 
 Ocmulgee river. The public roads are being worked under the system 
 provided by the State law. 
 
 The lands of this county are gray, except on the borders of the rivers. 
 The productions are cotton, corn, sugar-cane, potatoes and melons. With 
 proper attention peaches do well, and several small vineyards yield 
 grapes of the most luscious varieties. 
 
 With good cultivation the average yield per acre of the staple crops 
 ,is: Sea-island cotton, 1,000 pounds; corn, 30 to 40 bushels; sugar-cane, 
 400 gallons of syrup; Irish potatoes, 75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 200 
 bushels; crab grass and peavine hay, 4,000 pounds. The lands possess 
 great advantages for peach growing. Peans yield abundantly when not 
 affected by blight. 
 
 Market gardens can be run very profitably in this county, supplying 
 early vegetables, strawberries and melons of fine quality. 
 
 About one-third of the original yellow pine timber is still standing, 
 and unlimited quantities of hard wood timbers of various varieties in the 
 swamps have not yet been touched. Among these are hickory, gum, the 
 varieties of oak, cypress, etc. The annual output is 100,000,000 super- 
 ficial feet, selling on the average at $10 a thousand feet. The lumber 
 is being cut by six large sawmills, averaging 60,000 feet a day. A 
 dozen or more smaller mills saw about 10,000 feet a day. All these 
 mills are operated by steam. In close connection with the lumber busi- 
 ness are 36 turpentine distilleries. The county enjoys an extensive trade 
 in lumber, rosin and turpentine. 
 
 The great area still covered by the piney woods gives to the county 
 a good range for sheep, hogs and cattle, in the raising of which there is 
 little expense and much profit. Among the pure bred cattle that have 
 been introduced Jerseys and Holsteins are the favorite cows for butter 
 and milk. Of the 19,489 cattle reported in the census of 1890 there 
 were 509 working oxen and 4,622 milch-cow^s. By the same census 
 there were 31,212 sheep, with a wool-clip of 66,860 pounds; 52,327 do- 
 mestic fowls of all kinds, 24,357 swine, 645 horses, 878 mules and 2 don- 
 keys. Some of the farm products were 155,508 gallons of milk, 10,674 
 pounds of butter, 13,568 pounds of honey and 54,029 dozens of eggs. 
 
 There are numerous grist mills in Coffee county. 
 According to the census of 1900 there were ginned 3,350 bales of sea- 
 island and 19 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 1899. 
 
 There are three towns in Coffee county, Douglas, Willacoochee and 
 Pearson, each located in a militia district bearing the name of the town. 
 The population of each of these districts and towns is as follows: of 
 Douglas district, 2,367, and of the town, 617; of the Willacoochee dis- 
 trict, 2,754, and of the town, 471; of the Pearson district, 2,307, and of 
 the town, 336. 
 
 Douglas, the county site, on the Waycross Air Line Railroad, has a 
 new brick court-house valued at $20,000, and a new jail, also of brick. 
 
^10 GEORGIA : HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 which cost $8,000. It has a bank with a capital of $30,000, and the 
 new brick building of the Southern Normal Institute, erected at an ex- 
 pense of $(5,000, one of the best schools of its kind in Georgia. 
 
 Willacoochee and Pearson are both located on the Brunswick and 
 Western Kailroad, one of the lines belonging to the Plant System. 
 
 The Methodists and Baptists are the leading Christian denominations 
 and have live churches and flourishing Sunday schools in every town and 
 in nearly every neighborhood. 
 
 The schools of (JoJffee county belong to the public school system of 
 Georgia. There is an average attendance of 1,274 in the 61 schools for 
 whites and of 911 in the 26 schools for negroes. The report of the State 
 School Commissioner for 1900 gives the assessment of Coffee county for 
 school purposes as $8,843.27. 
 
 The population of the county by the United States census of 1900 
 was 16,169, a gain of 5,686 over that of 1890. The total land area is 
 1,123 square miles, or 718,720 acres. 
 
 In the report of the Comptroller-General for 1900 are given the fol- 
 lowing returns for taxation: Acres of improved land, 530,906; of wild 
 land, 173,324; average value per acre of improved land, $1.35; of wild 
 land, $0.40; value of city or town property, $84,596; shares in bank, 
 $19,675; money and solvent debts, $342,175; merchandise, $105,557; 
 tonnage, $200; cotton factories, $33,500; household and kitchen furni- 
 ture, $100,169; value of farm and other animals, $333,644; plantation 
 and mechanical tools, $44,349; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,378; value of 
 all other property, $419,617; real estate, $907,701; personal estate, $1,- 
 408,848; aggregate value of whole property, $2,316,549. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land, 
 27,656; value of land, $36,977; city or town property, $2,276; money 
 and solvent debts, $4,905; merchandise, $100; household and kitchen 
 furniture, $12,914; watches, jewelry, etc., $489; farm and other ani- 
 mals, $19,010; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,070; value of all 
 other property, $2,847; aggregate value of whole property, $82,588. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $154,026 in the value of aU 
 property over the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Coffee county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: White males, 4,988; white females, 4,570; total whites, 
 9,558; colored males, 3,657; colored females, 2,954; total colored, 6,611. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, in 
 Coffee county, June 1, 1900: 14 calves, 10 steers, 1 bull, 11 dairy cows, 
 22 horses, 5 mules, 56 swine. 
 
 COLQUITT COUNTY. 
 
 Colquitt County, created from Irwin and Thomas in 1856, was named 
 in honor of Walter T. Colquitt, a native of Virginia, who came with his 
 parents to Georgia and settled in Hancock county. He went to school 
 to Dr. Beman at Mount Zion Academy; then was at Princeton College 
 and later studied law at Milledgeville. He was elected judge of the 
 Chattahoochee circuit at the age of 27. He served Georgia in the Fed- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 611 
 
 6ral House of Representatives in 1838 and became United States Sena- 
 tor in 1842. He died in 1855. 
 
 Colquitt county is bounded by the foUoAving counties: Worth on the 
 north, jjerrieii on the east, Brooks and Thomas on tlie soiith, Thomas 
 and Mitchell on the west. Little River, a tributary of the Withlacoo- 
 chee, forms its eastern boundary. This and the numerous creeks which 
 water the county supply the people with iish. Moultrie, the county 
 site, is at the junction of three railroads, the Sparks, Moultrie and Gulf, 
 the Georgia Northern, the Tifton, Thomasville and Gulf. It is situated 
 between two creeks, the Ochlochnee and Ocopilco. Other streams in 
 the county are Tyty, Indian and Bridge Creeks. The face of the coun- 
 try is generally level. The soil is gray and in most places sandy, but 
 much of it is rich, loamy and dark, with clay foundation. According 
 to location and culture the lands will yield per acre: Corn 8 to 20 bush- 
 els; oats, 10 to 20 bushels; Irish potatoes, 50 bushels; sweet potatoes, 
 150 to 200 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 35 bushels; 
 upland seed cotton, 750 pounds; sea-island seed cotton, 500 pounds; corn 
 fodder, 300 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 250 to 300 gallons; about 1,500 
 tons, or 3,000,000 pounds of hay per annum are obtained from native 
 grasses. Melons and grapes do splendidly, and grape culture is being 
 largely introduced. There is one vineyard of 25 acres. Much of the 
 land will produce one bale of cotton to the acre. The timber is mostly 
 long-leaf pine. Hence there is considerable business in lumber, rosin 
 and turpentine, shipments of which are made to Savannah and Bruns- 
 wick. There are 20 steam sawmills, with an annual output of 40,000,- 
 000 superficial feet of lumber, averaging $7 a thousand. The large area 
 of wild lands, with their thick carpet of native grass, makes stock rais- 
 ing a profitable business. By the census of 1900 there were 15,407 
 sheep, with a wool-clip of 29,189 pounds; 10,009 cattle, 1,791 mdlcli- 
 cows, 177 working oxen, 28,000 swine, 200 goats, 26,000 poultry, 442 
 horses and 357 mules. There are in the county 5 donkeys. 
 There was a production of 42,000 dozens of eggs, 6,000 pounds of honey, 
 73,665 gallons of milk and 6,343 pounds of butter. There are three 
 dairy farms, whose products are disposed of in the town of Moultrie. 
 The Jei-sey is the favorite on these farms. All the butter and milk are 
 consumed in the county. This is also true of the poultry and eggs. 
 
 Considerable tobacco is grown in Colquitt county and the authorities 
 of the Tifton and Moultrie Railroad are making efforts, which they 
 think will be successful, to get the freight rates to various points in 
 Georgia, the Carolinas and Virginia reduced from $1.25 to 65 cents per 
 hundred-weight. 
 
 Mr. Robert Davis, a native of South Carolina, now a citizen of Col- 
 quitt county, during the season of 1901 raised on six acres of what is 
 considered poor land, between three and four thousand pounds of to- 
 bacco at an average of fourteen cents a pound. 
 
 Population in 1900, 13,636; school fund, $5,734.36. 
 
 Area of Colquitt county, 565 square miles, or 461,600 acres. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: Acres of 
 
612 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 improved land, 305,286; of wild land, 65,505; average value per acre 
 of improved land, $1.76; of wild land, $1,12; city or town property, 
 $223,671; shares in bank, $25,300; money, etc., $181,102; value of 
 merchandise, $119,864; stocks and bonds, $6,712; cotton manufactories, 
 $9,267; iron works, $500; household furniture, $87,521; farm and other 
 animals, $214,267; plantation and mechanical tools, $36,421; watches, 
 jewelry, etc., $6,467; value of all other property, $264,761; real estate, 
 $832,496; personal eistate, $955,444; aggregate of entire property, $1,- 
 787,940. 
 
 Property returned by colored tax-payers: l^umber of acres of land, 
 167; value, $490; city or town property, $1,152; money, etc., $150; 
 household and kitchen furniture, $2,657; watches, etc., $154; farm 
 animals, $1,140; plantation and mechanical tools, $164; value of all 
 other property, $316; aggregate, $6,223. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $645,631 in the value 
 of all property over the returns for 1900. 
 
 The people are provided with good schools, and with churches of the 
 leading Christian denominations. Colquitt county is blessed with a hos- 
 pitable, moral, temperate and industrious people. At Moultrie there is 
 a flourishing new cotton mill with a capital stock of $100,000. Other 
 manufactories are: An ice factory, water works and electric lights, 
 the two latter plants being owned by the city of Moultrie; one iron 
 foundry, worth $2,500; one railroad workshop, belonging to the Tifton, 
 Thomas ville and Gulf Kail way, employing about 50 men; one wagon 
 and buggy factory, valued at $4,000; one barrel factory, valued at $6,- 
 000, There are 20 turpentine distilleries in the county, employing 2,000 
 hands, shipping 20,000 casks of spirits of turpentine, each containing 
 50 gallons, and 75,000 barrels of rosin; 10 grist mills in the county for 
 home use, and the 20 steam sawmills previously mentioned. 
 
 The Blanchard Land and Lumber Manufacturing Company will build 
 during 1901 a eyrup and sugar mill and new sawmills. 
 
 The court-house at Moultrie is valued at $20,000, and the jail at 
 $5,000. 
 
 In addition to the railroads there are some 30 or 40 miles of tram- 
 ways for saw-mills. The county roads are in good condition. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned for 
 season of 1899-1900 was 1,785 bales of upland and 2,562 bales of sea- 
 island cotton. The receipts and shipments from the entire county are 
 about 4,500 bales, about two-thirds being sea-island. About 4,000 of 
 these were handled at Moultrie. Some of the products of the county 
 are marketed at Albany, Pelham and Thomasville, but most of them 
 at Moultrie. There are in Moultrie 3 banks with an aggregate capital 
 'of $70,000; several fine mercantile establishments and life and fire in- 
 surance agencies. The 38 schools for whites have an average attend- 
 ance of 1,198, and the 11 for colored have an average attendance of 
 289. 
 
 The population of Colquitt county, which in 1890 was 4,794, has, 
 according to the census of 1900, increased to 13,636, a gain in the last 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. (J 13 
 
 ten years of 8,842. The population of district 1151, including the town 
 of Moultrie, and known as Moultrie district, is 3,493. The population 
 of the town of Moultrie is 2,221. 
 
 Population of Colquitt county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 5,234; white females, 4,800; total white, 
 10,034; colored males, 2,046; colored females, 1,556; total colored, 
 3,602. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 2 calves, 20 steere, 4 daiiy cows, 8 horses 89 mules, 8 
 Bwine. 
 
 COLUMBIA COUNTY. 
 
 Columbia County was laid out from Eichmond in 1790, and was- 
 named for Christopher Columbus, the discoverer of America. It is 
 bounded by the following counties: Lincoln on the northwest, Eich- 
 mond on the southeast and McDuffie on the southwest. The State of 
 South Carolina bounds it on the northeast and is separated from it by 
 the Savannah river. Little Eiver separates it from Lincoln county. It 
 is watered by several creeks, among which the most important are Uchee, 
 Big and Little Kiokee, Greenbriar and Germany. 
 
 The climate is pleasant and healtliful. Several cases of longevity 
 might be given. One of them was a Mr. David Hodge, who at the age 
 of 102 married a Miss Elizabeth Bailey, aged 40 years. Captain Thomas 
 Cobb, a sucessful agriculturist, who managed his farm for nearly 90 
 years, was 110 years old at the time of his death. 
 
 Appling, the county site, is 23 miles from Augusta, and about 12 or 
 13 miles by wagon road from Harlem on the Georgia Eailroad. Two 
 and a half miles from Appling was located Carmel Academy, where Dr. 
 Moses Waddell, aftei'^vard president of the State University, assisted by 
 W. H. Crawford, in 1794 taught John C. Calhoun, the famous South' 
 Carolina Senator, and Thomas W. Cobb, afterwards Eepresentative and 
 Senator from Georgia. The town of Appling was named in honor of 
 Colonel Daniel Appling, a native of Columbia county, who at the age of 
 18 entered the army of the United States and was distinguished in sev- 
 eral engagements during the war of 1812-1815. He died in 1818, in 
 which year a new county was laid out and named for him. The most 
 thriving towns in the county are Harlem and Grovetown, on the Georgia 
 Eailroad, which have a population of 527 each, and eujoy a considerable 
 trade. Harlem has a flourishing manufacturing establishment where 
 doors, sashes, blinds, wagons and plowstocks are made. Other places on 
 the Georgia Eairoad are Forrest, Berzelia and Saw Dust. The county 
 has also water transportation by pole boats on the Savannah river to 
 Augusta. In the Savannah river great quantities of fish are caught for 
 the Augusta market. There are five flour and grist mills run by water- 
 power and six steam sawmills. Besides the Georgia Eailroad in the 
 southern part -of the county the Charleston and Western Carolina runs 
 
614 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 through the eastern section. The wagon roads are in good condition, 
 and are worked by the new road law. 
 
 The face of the country is broken. The inhabitants are intelligent 
 and hospitable, and before the civil war there was much wealth in the 
 county. The soil of two-thirds of the land is red clay. In the pine 
 lands of the southern part of the county the soil is sandy with clay sub- 
 soil. On the river the lands are fertile and produce good crops of cot- 
 ton, corn, sugar-cane, potatoes, melons and peas. Though some of the 
 lands are much worn from bad tillage, intelligent cultivation is in many 
 places restoring its fertility. The average yield per acre is: Seed cotr 
 ton, 600 pounds; corn, 14 bushels; wheat, 12 bushels; oats, 20 bushels; 
 rye and barley, 10 bushels each; peas, 10 bushels; Irish potatoes, 100 
 bushels; sweet potatoes, 150 bushels; sugar-cane, 300 gallons of syrup; 
 sorghum cane, 200 gallons of syrup. It is well suited to all the forage 
 crops. Red clover, lucern and vetches do well when properly put in in 
 the fall. These lands make fine peavine hay after wheat, oats and rye. 
 Velvet beans also make excellent forage and are very useful as renewers 
 of the soil. Peaches gTOw well, as do also an endless variety of vegeta- 
 bles. About 3,000 acres are devoted to raising melons for the market, 
 the net profit on which is about $25 an acre. According to the United 
 States census of 1900 the cotton ginned for the season of 1899-1900 
 was 9,354 bales of upland. 
 
 There are four dairy farms which make butter for the Augusta 
 market. Jerseys and Devons are the favorite cows. The butter pro- 
 ducts of the county amounted in 1890 to 63,174 pounds, and the milk 
 to 221,Y75 gallons. Other products were 12,345 pounds of honey and 
 67,249 dozens of eggs. By the census of 1890 there were 428 sheep, 
 with a wool-clip of 977 pounds; 2,856 cattle, 1,226 milch-cows, 100 
 working oxen, 615 horses, 1,033 mules and 5,364 swine, and 45,499 
 poultry of all kinds. 
 
 Much attention is paid to education. In every neighborhood are 
 Methodist and Baptist churches. There are also some Christians of other 
 denominations. 
 
 The area of Columbia county is 306 square miles, or 195,840 acres. 
 
 Population in 1900, 10,653, a loss of 628 since 1890; school fund, 
 $7,290.98. By the Comptroller-General's report there are: acres 
 of improved land, 180,199; average value, $3.05 an acre; city 
 or town property, $59,660; money, etc., $19,321; value of 
 merchatndise, $15,895; stocks and bonds, $25,500; household and 
 kitchen furniture, $29,787; farm and other animals, $75,769; planta- 
 tion and mechanical tools, $15,075; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,610; 
 value of all other property, $17,559; real estate, $611,547; personal 
 estate, $202,887; aggregate, $814,434. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: N'umber of acres, 6,119; 
 value of same, $18,825; city or town property, $575; household and 
 kitchen furniture, $3,042; farm and other animals, $17,463; plantation 
 and mechanical tools, $2,873; value of all other property, $1,042; ag- 
 gregate of all property, $43,875. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 6I5 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $71,884 in value of all 
 property since 1900. 
 
 There are 23 schools for white and 23 for colored pupils, the aver- 
 age attendance on the white schools being 531 and on the colored 911. 
 
 Population of Columbia oountj by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 1,482; white females, 1,418; total white, 
 2,900; colored males, 3,873; colored females, 3,860; total colored, 7,753. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 5 calves, 24 dairy cows, 13 horses, 4 mules, 2 donkeys, 
 24 swine. 
 
 COWETA COUNTY. 
 
 Coiueta County was laid out in 1826. A part was set off to Campbell 
 in 1828 and a part to Heard in 1836. It is bounded by the following 
 counties: Campbell on the north, Fayette on the east, Meriwether and 
 Troup on the south. Heard on the west and Carroll on the northwest. 
 It derives its name from an Indian tribe that once lived in that section 
 of the State. It is watered by the Chattahoochee river and its tribu- 
 taries and by tributaries of the Flint. The people are intelligent and 
 progressive, and are engaged in many lines of industry — farming, fruit 
 growing and manufacturing. All the leading Protestant denominations 
 are represented in the numerous churches in town and country. Be- 
 sides the public schools there are many private schools. 
 
 Newnan, the county seat, with a population of 3,654, one of the strong- 
 est of the smaller cities of Georgia, has all the conveniences of a modem 
 city — electric lights, an ice plant, water works, good sewerage, fire de- 
 partment, an excellent public school system, and elegant churches. Here 
 two railroads, the Central of Georgia and the Atlanta and West Point, 
 intersect, giving excellent passenger and freight service. With the use 
 of local capital alone Newnan has established factories which give em- 
 ployment to more than 1,000 people, and pay out annually several hun- 
 dred thousand dollars in wages. The Newnan Cotton Mill, established 
 in 1888 with a capital of $70,000, now represents $300,000 and employs 
 400 operatives. It has made annually 25 per cent, for the 
 past four years. Another enterprise of this sort is the Lodi 
 Cotton Mill, representing a capital of $50,000. The city has 
 also a large cotton seed oil-mill, a guano factory, an ice factory, 
 an iron foundry and railroad machine shops, a cigar factory, a wagon 
 and buggy factory, a tannery and harness shop, a canning factory and 
 a shoe factory. The R D. Cole Manufacturing Company makes en- 
 gines, boilers, sawmills, grist-mills, power-presses, shafting, etc. The 
 orders on this company for boilers alone aggregated in 1900 several hun- 
 dred thousand dollars. The annual product of the Coweta Fertilizer 
 Company averages 15,000 tons. The large flouring mill mns day and 
 night to satisfy the demand for its product. The two banks of I^ewnan 
 have an aggregate capital of $250,000. Fire and life insurance agencies 
 
616 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 do a large business at Kewnan and in the other towns of the county. 
 The district which includes the city of Newnan had 5,375 inhabitants 
 by the census of 1900. 
 
 The town of Grantville, which contains a population of 769, is on the 
 Atlanta and West Point Railroad and in the district of the same name 
 whose total population in 1900 was 1,884. In this town are two grist 
 mills, a public ginnery and a hosiery mill which employs 50 hands and 
 makes 2,000 dozen pairs of hose in a week. There are Methodist and 
 Baptist churches and good schools. 
 
 Senoia, on the Central of Georgia Railway, had in 1900 a population 
 of 782 in its corporate limits and in its entire district 2,290 people. There 
 are here a cotton factory, grist mill, a public ginnery, a bank with a cap- 
 ital of $25,000, good schools and churches of the Methodists and Bap- 
 tists. 
 
 Sharpsburg and Turin are other town* on the Central of Georgia 
 Railway, at each of which are a grist-mill and several ginneries. The 
 district, including Sharpsburg, contained 2,414 people in 1900, of whom 
 137 dwell in the corporate limits. The Turin district contains 879 peo- 
 ple, of whom 196 have their homes in the town. Both these towns are 
 supplied with schools and churches. 
 
 The second militia district of Coweta county, which in 1900 had 2,981 
 inhabitants, includes two towns, Moreland, with 229 people in it-s cor- 
 porate limits, and St. Charles, with 66. At Moreland there are a crate 
 and basket factory, two ginneries, a sawmill, a grist-mill and a general 
 repair shop for wood and iron work. St. Charles also has a public gin- 
 nery and good orchards near by. Of course there are churches and 
 schools at these towns. Moreland and St. Charles are a short distance 
 apart on the Atlanta and West Point Railroad. 
 
 The Sargent factory is to the northwest of ITewnan on the Central 
 of Georgia Railway. 
 
 At Powellsville, on the Atlanta and West Point Railroad, are two 
 churches, a good school, two flourishing stores, a public ginnery, where 
 1,200 bales of cotton are ginned annually, and within a radius of a mile 
 more than 40,000 grape vines are in bearing. Though Powellsville con- 
 tains only 79 people, the Cedar Creek district, which includes it and for 
 which it is a shipping point, had 1,150 inhabitants in 1900. 
 
 The fruit industry of Coweta county is steadily growing, and several 
 thousand acres are devoted to peaches, grapes and strawberries. The 
 largest fruit farms are in the districts in which are located IsTewnan, 
 Moreland, Senoia, Turin, Powellsville and Coweta. At the last named 
 place, nine miles east of Kewnan, a company of jN^ewnan gentlemen 
 have 125 acres planted in peaches and an equal number in grapes. Here 
 is located one of the most complete ^Wneries in the South, lvalo^vn as Vina 
 Yista, having a capacity of 100,000 gallons of wine in a season. Ex- 
 cellent fruit lands can be bought in this county at from $8 to $50 an 
 acre, according to degree of improvement or proximity to one of the 
 larger towns. 
 
 Coweta county has excellent mineral resources. Immense beds of 
 
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 H^^^l 
 
 
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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 617 
 
 granite of a superior quality are found in the vicinity of Newnan, and 
 near Grantville are mines from which gold is obtained in paying quan- 
 tities. Two miles from Grantville is the Wilkes gold mine, operated by 
 Boston capitalists, equipped with modem machinery and producing a 
 good output. 
 
 The character of the soil of Coweta county varies from a light loam 
 to a heavy clay. Taking all lands, good and bad, the average produc- 
 tion to the acre of the various crops is: Seed cotton, from 600 to 800 
 pounds; corn, 10 bushels; wheat, from 8 to 10 bushels; oats, 11 bush- 
 els; sugar cane, 100 gallons; sorghum cane, 200 gallons; Irish potatoes, 
 from 50 to 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, from 100 to 150 bushels. On 
 the best lands and under the best methods of culture, the production is 
 frequently 1,500 pounds of seed cotton (equivalent to 500 pounds of lint 
 or 'one bale) to the acre, 30 or more bushels of wheat to the acre and 
 other crops in like proportion. 
 
 The forage crops are peavine hay, sorghum, millet, common fodder 
 and shredded corn. Bermuda grass furnishes the principal hay crop, of 
 which the average is 3,000 pounds to the acre, though much more is pro- 
 duced on many farms. By the census of 1890 there were in Coweta 
 county 437 sheep, with a wool-clip of 684 pounds; 6,224 cattle, of which 
 307 were working oxen and 2,541 were milch-cows; 903 horses, 2,827 
 mules, 2 donkeys, 7,778 swine and 119,485 of all kinds 'of poultry. The 
 county produced, by the same census report, 175,060 dozens of eggs, 
 28,075 pounds of honey, 811,186 gallons of milk and 237,287 pounds 
 of butter. 
 
 Between 40,000 and 50,000 bales of cotton are shipped annually, the 
 largest proportion being from E'ewnan. According to the United States 
 census of 1900 the cottoni ginned in the county was 24,680 bales upland, 
 which represented very nearly its cotton production. 
 
 Magnificent water-powers are located on the Chattahoochee, eight 
 miles west of ISTewnan. Of the dozen or more sawmills of the county 
 the large majority are operated by steam. 
 
 The area of Coweta county is 443 square miles, or 283,520 acres. 
 
 The population in 1900 by the United States census was stated to be 
 24,980, a gain of 2,626 over that of 1890. 
 
 By the report of the State School Commissioner for 1900 the school 
 fund for the county was stated as $14,551.61, in addition to which for 
 the city of jSTewnan a special fund of $2,059.60 was assessed. 
 
 The following returns and valuations are given in the report of the 
 Comptroller-General for 1900: Acres of improved land, 266,937; av- 
 erage value of improved land, $5.68 an acre; value of city and town 
 property, $1,001,903; shares in bank, $206,675; money and solvent 
 debts, $640,137; merchandise, $189,132; stocks and bonds, $68,752; 
 cotton manufactories, $371,679; value of household and kitchen furni- 
 ture, $186,581; value of farai and other animals, $235,799; plantation 
 and mechanical tools, $66,216; watches, jewelry, etc., $16,343; all 
 other property, $62,918; real estate, $2,517,409; personal estate, $2,- 
 163,049; aggregate value of whole property, $4,498,346. 
 
6ly GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land^ 
 5,082, and value of same, $35,042; city or town property, $53,785; 
 money and solvent debts, $1,680; merchandise, $20; household and 
 kitchen furniture, $25,246; watches, jewelry, etc., $400; farm and other 
 animals, $33,743; plantation and mechanical tools, $7,527; value of all 
 other property, $2,572; aggregate value of whole property, $176,178. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $165,329 over the returns for 
 1900. 
 
 Of the public schools of Coweta county the 42 for whites have an 
 average attendance of 1,457 pupils and the 44 for colored have an aver- 
 age attendance of 1,738 pupils. 
 
 Population of Coweta county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 5,396; white females, 5,363; total white, 
 10,759; colored males, 7,016; colored females, 7,205; total colored, 
 14,221. 
 
 Population of the city of Newnan by sex and color, according to the 
 census of 1900: white males, 1,070; white females, 1,072; total white, 
 2,142; colored males, 681; colored females, 831; total colored, 1,512. 
 
 Total populatioTi of city, 3,654. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 107 calves, 2 steers, 4 bulls, 307 dairy cows, 232 horses, 
 61 mules, 589 swine, 2 goats. 
 
 CEAWrOKD COUNTY. 
 
 Crawford County was laid out in 1822 and named in honor of Hon. 
 William H. Crawford, for many years United States Senator from Geor- 
 gia. Part was set off to Upson in 1824; part was taken from Talbot and 
 Marion in 1827 and a part from Houston in 1830. The following coun- 
 ties bound it : Monroe on the north, Bibb on the northeast, Houston on 
 the southeast, Macon on the south, Taylor on the southwest and south 
 and Upson on the west. Along its southwestern border flows the Flint 
 river. It is also watered by Ulcohatchee, Spring, Walnut, Sweetwater, 
 Deep, Beaver and Echeconnee Creeks, the last named stream dividing it 
 from Bibb county. 
 
 The surface of the country is generally uneven. The northern part 
 of the county is productive and of a dark gray soil, adapted to cotton. 
 The bottom lands are fertile, but liable to overflow. In the pine sec- 
 tion, about seven miles southeast of Knoxville, there is an elevation of 
 about 300 feet above the surrounding country, embracing between 20 
 and 30 acres of rich mulatto soil, well wooded. On this elevation, known 
 as Rich Hill, is an inexhaustible supply of limestone. Here are seams 
 of fine-grained, plastic clay, which has been much used for the manu- 
 facture of common pottery, carried on in a primitive way. A company 
 is being organized for the establishment of a wall paper factory. This 
 would develop the clay beds of the county. 
 
 The county is traversed by a branch of the Southern Railway System, 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. QIQ 
 
 and for a few miles in the extreme south runs a branch of the Central 
 of Georgia System. The Macon and Birmingham Railroad also crosses 
 the northern part of the county. Knoxville, the county seat, on the 
 Southern Eailway, was, like the Tennessee city of that name, called after 
 General Henry Knox, of Revolutionary memory and a citizen of Mas- 
 sachusetts. It has a court-house costing $15,000. 
 
 The Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians have churches. The 
 county has good schools, there being 24 for whites, with an average at- 
 tendance of 715, and 19 for colored, with an average attendance of 503. 
 
 The average yield per acre of the various crops is as follows: Seed 
 cotton, 500 to 600 pounds; corn, 10 bushels; cow-peas, 15 bushels; 
 ground peas, 30 bushels; chufas, 25 bushels; oats, 25 to 50 bushels; rye, 
 12 bushels; wheat 10 to 30 bushels; rice, 20 bushels; Irish potatoes, 
 75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels. All the forage crops are cul- 
 tivated and do well. From 8 to 9 months of the year broom sedge, Ber- 
 muda and other grasses give abundant food to stock, which during the 
 three or four winter months are fed mostly on cane, rye and barley. 
 According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton g-inned for the 
 season of 1899-1900 was 7,158 bales (upland). While there are no 
 regular dairy farms, most families make butter and many of them send 
 it to market. The product of milk in 1890 was 288,668 gallons; of 
 butter, 96,186 pounds, and of honey more than 10,000 pounds. By the 
 census of 1890 there were 648 sheep, with a wool-clip of 619 pounds; 
 4,797 cattle, 6,374 milch-cows, 98 working oxen, 472 horses, 1,458 
 mules, 7,766 swine and 37,000 poultry, with a production of 44,000 
 dozens of eggs. It is estimated that there are 500 goats. 
 
 About 2,500 acres are devoted to peaches, 50 to plums, 25 to apples 
 and 10 to pears. 
 
 Fish are abundant and many of them are marketed. 
 
 There are qbout 500 acres devoted to peaches and 100 to plums. 
 There are about 20 vineyards raising fine varieties of grapes, from 75 
 per cent, of which wine is made, while 25 per cent, are sold in the 
 market. 
 
 The county has asbestos, sandstone, limestone and clay. 
 
 There are 2 flour, 1 flour and grist mill and 9 grist mills, 13 saw- 
 mills and 1 planing-mill. All the flour and ginst-mills except 2 are 
 operated by water; tlie sawmills by steam. There are also 3 turpentine 
 distilleries. 
 
 The cotton receipts from the entire county are 7,500 bales. 
 
 The area of Crawford county is 334 square miles, or 213,760 acres. 
 
 Population in 1900, 10,368, an increase of 1.053 since 1890; school 
 fund. $7,063.34. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: Acres of 
 improved land, 198,926; of wild land, 1,796; average value per acre of 
 improved land, $2.84; of wild land, $0.52; city or town property, $39,- 
 555; money and solvent debts, $39,535; value of merchandise, $26,115; 
 household and kitchen furniture, $48,315; farm and other animals, 
 $117,615; plantation and mechanical tools, $26,654; watches, jewelry. 
 
620 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 etc., $2,094; value of all other property, $21,459; real estate, $616,918; 
 personal estate, $285,630; aggregate value of whole property, $902,- 
 548. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: IsTumber of acres of land, 
 9,048; value of land, $26,321; city or town property, $595; money and 
 solvent debts, $300; household and kitchen furniture, $9,351; farm and 
 other animals, $23,984; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,117; value 
 of all other property, $1,862; aggregate value of whole property, $66,- 
 652. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $70,296 in the value of all 
 property over the returns of 1900. 
 
 There are two small towns in Crawford county, Knoxville and Ro- 
 berta, the former containing 300 and the latter 252 inhabitants. These 
 two towns are in the same militia district, which has a population of 
 2,408. 
 
 For many years there lived in this county Colonel Benjamin Haw- 
 kins, a native of ISTorth Carolina, an excellent French scholar, a member 
 of General Washington's military family, member of Congress from 
 ISTorth Carolina (1782-1783), and later superintendent of Indian affairs 
 in the south. 
 
 Population of Crawford ciounty by sex and color according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 2,333; white females, 2,217; total white, 
 4,550; colored males, 2,905; colored females, 2,913; total colored, 5,818. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, in 
 CraAvford county, June 1, 1900: 4 calves, 6 steers, 7 dairy cows, 10 
 horses, 13 mules, 37 swine. 
 
 DADE COUNTY. 
 
 Dade County was laid ^off from Walker in 1837. It was named in 
 honor of Major Francis Langhorne Dade of the United States Army, who 
 while on a march to Fort King, in Florida, was killed by the Seminole 
 Indians, December 23, 1835. AH but two of the detachment shared his 
 fate. 
 
 Dade county is triangular in shape, with its base on the Tennessee line 
 and its apex on the boundary between Georgia and Alabama, and a little 
 northwest of the line that divides Walker from Chattooga county. Ten- 
 nessee is on the north, Walker county on the east and southeast and Ala- 
 bama on the west. The principal stream is Lookout creek. The Ala- 
 bama Great Southern Railroad runs through Lookout valley from the 
 Tennessee to the Alabama line. On this road is Trenton, the county 
 seat, located on Town creek between Lookout and Raccoon Mountains. 
 Other towns on this road are Morganville, Rising Fawn, Clover Dale 
 and Smith. The county is well wooded with oak, hickory, cedar, poplar, 
 gum, pine, walnut, chestnut, locust and mountain birch. Sulphur and 
 chalybeate springs abound. 
 
 The lands in Lookout valley, which extends through the county, are 
 very fertile, producing the staple crops, grasses and clover, almost every 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 621 
 
 variety of vegetables, and such fruits as apples, peaches and grapes, all 
 of excellent flavor. The average yield of the different crops per acre is: 
 Seed cotton (upland), 600 to 700 pounds; wheat, 15 to 20 bushels; corn, 
 25 bushels; oats, 30 bushels; barley, 20 bushels; rye, 15 to 20 bushels; 
 crab grass hay, 4,000 pounds; clover, 6,000 pounds; com fodder, 600 
 pounds; sorghum syrup, 250 to 275 gallons; Irish potatoes, 150 bushels. 
 The mountains furnish fine summer range for stock. On them are 
 many acres of rich lands. In 1890 there were in this county 1,114 
 sheep, with a wool-clip of 1,359 pounds; 2,277 cattle, 755 milch-cows, 
 146 working oxen, 437 horses, 426 mules, 7 donkeys, 4,061 swine and 
 29,433 poultry of every kind. The county also produced 9,547 pounds 
 of honey, 60,223 dozen eggs, 258,662 gallons of milk, and 66,896 
 pounds of butter. 
 
 In the forests are found deer, wild turkeys and other game, and in 
 the creeks plenty of fish. 
 
 Bituminous coal, an excellent quality of iron ore and other valuable 
 minerals abound. The Dade coal mines, w^orked by convict labor, fur- 
 nish great quantities of coal and coke for factories, foundries and other 
 uses. 
 
 The climate of Dade is cold in winter, but delightful in the spring 
 and summer, bracing and healthful the 3'ear round. 
 
 The area of Dade county is 188 square miles, or 120,320 acres. 
 
 Population in 1900, 4,578, a loss of 1,229 since 1890; school fund, 
 $3,184.79. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: Acres of 
 improved land, 96,515; of wild land, 1,050; average value per acre of 
 improved land, $4.18; of wild land, $0.47; city property, $52,870; 
 money, etc., $73,794; merchandise, $23,620; stocks and bonds, $7,300; 
 cotton manufactories, $3,496; iron works, $10,000; capital invested in 
 mining, $12,000; household and kitchen furniture, $31,745; farm and 
 other animals, $69,620; plantation and mechanical tools, $13,356; 
 watches, jewelry, etc., $2,482; value of all other property, $6,302; real 
 estate, $509,273; personal estate, $258,461; aggregate value of whole 
 property, $767,734. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: ISTumber of acres of land, 
 472; value of land, $1,362; city or town property, $125; household and 
 kitchen furniture, $525; farm and other animals, $846; plantation and 
 mechanical tools, $67; value of all other property, $23; aggregate value 
 of whole property, $3,004. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a decrease in the value of all property 
 since 1900 amounting to $39,557. 
 
 The public school system embraces 23 schools for white and 1 for ne- 
 groes, with a daily average attendance of 700 in the white schools and 
 27 in the one for negi'oes. 
 
 There are 689 inhabitants in the Trenton district and 349 in the town 
 of Trenton. 
 
 The Eising Pawn district has 740 inhabitants, of whom 212 live in 
 the town of Eising Pawn. 
 
622 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 McMahon district contains 391 people, of whom 138 live in a village 
 called New England City. 
 
 Population of Dade county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 2,101; white females, 2,039; total white, 4,140; 
 colored males, 298; colored females, 140; total colored, 438. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 90 calves, 43 steers, 2 bulls, 131 dury cows, 48 horses, 40 
 mules, 1 donkey, 93 sheep, 518 swine, 102 goats. 
 
 DAWSON COUNTY. 
 
 Dawson County was formed from Lumpkin, Forsyth and Gilmer 
 counties in 1857, and was named in honor of Hon. William C. Dawson, 
 a representative from Georgia in the United States CongTess, later 
 United States Senator from his native State, and still later, judge of 
 the Ocmulgee circuit. The following counties bound it: Fannin and 
 Gilmer on the north, Lumpkin on the northeast and east. Hall on tti© 
 east, Forsyth on the south, Cherokee, Pickens and Gilmer on the west. 
 The Etowah river flows through the county, and into this empty several 
 tributary creeks, the largest of which, Amicalola, rises in the northwest- 
 ern part of the county and runs through it in a southeasterly direction. 
 It has a fall of several hundred feet. The appearance of the range of 
 mountains to the south and west, as viewed from the summit of the falls 
 is scarcely surpassed in grandeur. 
 
 Dawson county is in the heart of the gold region. On nearly every 
 branch on the north side of the Etowah river is a placer gold mine. From 
 the bed of the river itself large quantities of gold have been taken and 
 washed out with an iron pan, rewarding well the labor thus employed. 
 
 The forest growth is oak of the various kinds, hickory, cedar, poplar, 
 chestnut, locust, gum, walnut, mountain birch and pine. Thus there is 
 abundance of hardwoods for manufacturing purposes. 
 
 The bottom lands of the Etowah are rich and very productive. Tak- 
 ing all the lands of the county, the average yield per arce is: seed cotton, 
 600 pounds; com and rye, 20 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; wheat, 10 bush- 
 els; Irish potatoes, 50 bushels; sweet potatoes, 75 bushels; field-peas, 10 
 bushels, crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; corn fodder, 250 pounds; sor- 
 ghum syrup, 150 gallons. The best lands show yields far above these 
 averages. Tobacco also gives a remunerative yield. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900, during the season of 
 1899 and 1900, there were ginned 1,297 bales of upland cotton. 
 
 Vegetables of all kinds do well. So also do apples. 
 
 In 1890 there were in Dawson county 2,479 sheep, with a wool-clip of 
 3,G19 pounds; 3,122 cattle, of which 447 were working oxen, and 1,196 
 milch-cows, 365 horses, 606 mules, 14 donkeys, 6,510 swine and 47,467 
 domestic fowls of all kinds. Some of the farm products were 361,077 
 gallons of milk, 102,105 pounds of butter, 60,696 dozens of eggs, and 
 13,449 pounds of honey. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 623 
 
 There are 30 schools in the county belonging to the public school sys- 
 tem of Georgia. The average daily attendance is 780 in the 29 schools 
 for whites and 12 in the one for negroes. The school fund of the 
 county is $3,737.63. 
 
 There are no railroads in the county. 
 
 Dawsonville, the county site, is a small town of 217 inhabitants. The 
 Dawsonville district which includes the town has a population of 808. 
 
 The area of Dawsion county is 209 square miles, or 133,760 acres. Its 
 population by the census of 1900 was 5,442, a slight falling off from 
 1890 when it was 5,612. 
 
 The following returns are taken from the Comptroller-General's re- 
 port for 1900: Acres of improved land, 128,069; of wild land, 14,842 
 (these returns not agreeing with the United States government survey, 
 as seen above); average value per acre of improved land, $2.85; of wild 
 land, $0.48; city or tovm\ property, $10,700; money and solvent debts, 
 $46,697; merchandise, $13,344; invested in cotton manufactories, $1,- 
 200; invested in mining, $30.00; household and kitchen furniture, $25,- 
 262; farm and other animals, $70,984; plantation and mechanical tools, 
 $14,805; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,035; value of all other property, 
 $3,959; real estate, $384,226; personal estate, $180,358. Aggregate 
 value of whole property, $564,584. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land, 320; 
 value of land, $460.00; money and solvent debts, $15.00; household and 
 kitchen furniture, $250.00; watches, etc., $5.00; farm and other animals, 
 $911.00; plantation and mechanical tools, $146.00; value of all other 
 property, $32.00. Aggregate value of whole property, $1,819. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $3,767 in the value of all 
 property, over the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Dawson county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 2,531; white females, 2,740; total white, 5,271; 
 colored males, 91; colored females, 80; total colored, 171. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 2 calves, 2 steers, 11 dairy cows, 5 horses, 3 mules, 16 
 swine. 
 
 DECATUR COUNTY. 
 
 Decatur County was laid off from Early in 1825 and was named for 
 Commodore Stephen Decatur, of Maryland, an officer of the United 
 States Navy, distinguished in the war with the Barbary Powers, and 
 later in the second war with England (1812-1815). It is bounded by the 
 following counties: Early, Miller, Baker and Mitchell on the north, 
 and Thomas on the east. The State of Florida bounds it on the south 
 and west. The State of Alabama also bounds it on the west for a few 
 miles. The Flint river runs across the county and the Chattahoochee 
 all along its western boundary, the two streams uniting at the southwest 
 comer of the county to form the Apalachicola river. Two branches of 
 
g24 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 the Plant System and the Georgia Pine Railway traverse the county in 
 different directions. Thus the people have not only excellent railroad 
 advantages, but also splendid water transportation by its two great rivers. 
 Other streams are Musquito, Willacoochee, Spring, Swamp and Tired 
 creeks, and in the southeast corner Ochlockonee river. There are also 
 many small lakes and ponds. It would be difficult to find a better wa- 
 tered country. In all the streams fish abound. The climate is pleasant, 
 even the summer heat being greatly modified by breezes from the Gulf 
 of Mexico. 
 
 The soil of the eastern section is mostly red clay, with a good subsoil 
 and adapted to cotton, sugar-cane, tobacco, corn, fruit and potatoes. In 
 the western section the soil is generally sandy, and adapted to the same 
 crops, except tobacco. The average yield per acre under ordinary cul- 
 ture is: 10 bushels of com; seed cotton, 400 to 500 pounds; sweet pota- 
 toes, 50 to 75 bushels, etc. Under good culture the average per acre is 
 much higher, as for instance, com, 20 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; sweet 
 potatoes, 200 bushels; field peas, 15 bushels; ground peas, 25 bushels; 
 seed cotton, Y50 pounds; sea-island cotton, 400 pounds; sugar-cane sy- 
 rup, 350 gallons; Cuba and Sumarta cigar tobacco, 600 pounds. The 
 grasses and all the forage crops grow luxuriantly. There is such good 
 pasturage the year round that hay is not made in all parts of the county. 
 It does splendidly where it is cultivated. Vegetables of all kinds, 
 fruits and berries do well; 5,000 acres are devoted to peaches and 250 to 
 plums. There are 22 dairy farms, and the Jersey is the favorite cow. 
 During the short time in winter when cattle must be fed, the daily ra- 
 tion for each cow costs about 15 cents. 
 
 By the census of 1890 there were 10,363 sheep, with a wool-clip of 
 28,961 pounds; 22,247 cattle, 5,101 milch-cows, 1,835 working oxen, 
 2,188 horses, 589 mules, 25,204 swine, and 70,000 poultry of all kinds. 
 Among the farm products are 204,586 dozen eggs, 6,632 pounds of 
 honey, 413,248 gallons of milk, 75,000 pounds of butter and 60 pounds 
 of cheese. 
 
 Bainbridge, the county site, named for another gallant com- 
 modore of the early days of the republic, and a native of 
 ISTew Jersey, is located on the Flint river and at the junc- 
 tioTi of two railroads. It is a growing, prosperous town, vdth an 
 electric light plant, an ice factory and two banks, whose capital aggre- 
 gate $65,000. The Georgia Pine Railway has its shops here. This is a 
 good point for shipping goods by either steamboat or rail. The popula- 
 tion of Bainbridge by the census of 1900 was 2,641 in the corporate 
 limits, or, if the whole Bainbridge district is included, 3,669. 
 
 Climax is another thriving town at the junction of two branches of 
 the Plant System. 
 
 There are in Decatur county a buggy factory, novelty works, a barrel 
 factory, four large sa"wmills, eight smaller ones, and about 12 still small- 
 er scattered through the county; 21 turpentine stills, and nearly 100 grist 
 mills, large and small. 
 
 A company has been formed to build a cotton factory at Bainbridge. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 627 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned for 
 1899 was -±,551 bales of upland, and 340 of sea-island. 
 
 The shipments of cotton from this county and vicinity am'ount to near 
 YjOOO bales annually, about 3,000 of which are shipped from Bainbridge. 
 In the southern section of the county tobacco is coming to the front. 
 There are also heavy shipments of sugar-cane symp from Bainbridge 
 and Climax. This industry is rapidly coming to the foremost place in 
 Decatur and other counties of this part of Georgia. 
 
 The timbers of this county are pine, cypress and a variety of oaks. 
 Schools and churches abound in town and country. There is an aver- 
 age attendance of 1,967 pupils in the 78 white schools, and 1,821 in the 
 57 colored scho^ols. 
 
 The area of Decatur county is 1,010 square miles or 646,400 acrea 
 Population in 1900, 29,454, a gain of 9,505 since 1890; school fund, 
 $18,280.57. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: Acres of 
 improved land, 650,150; of wild land, 37,448; average value per acre 
 of improved land, $2.14; of wild land, $1.56; city property, $567,176; 
 gas and electric light, $10,260; money; etc., $436,309; value of mer- 
 chandise, $197,282; shipping and tonnage, $2,900; stocks and bonds, 
 $600; cotton manufactories, $80,000; household furniture, $219,835; 
 farm animals, $389,993; plantation and mechanical tools, $88,149; 
 watches, jewelry, etc., $20,055; value of all other property, $208,070; 
 real estate, $2,020,721; personal estate, $1,732,442; aggregate value of 
 whole, $3,753,663. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: Acres of land, 41,642; 
 value, $87,956; city property, $52,000; money, etc., $549; merchandise, 
 $625; household furniture, $31,190; watches, silver, etc., $829; farm 
 animals, $62,556; plantation and mechanical tools, $13,397; value of all 
 other property, $4,954; aggregate value of whole, $263,191. 
 
 The tax returns of 1901 show an icrease of $404,263 over the returns 
 of 1900. 
 
 The tobacco farm of A. Cohen & Co., in this county, is of extensive 
 proportions. This company owns 15,000 acres in the county and nearly 
 1,000 of these are planted in tobacco. In order to produce the rare 
 Sumatra tobacco which brings the highest price in the market nearly 
 1,000,000 yards of canvas are used to cover this area. Nearly 451,000 
 pounds of tobacco were taken from the farm last year, and the prices 
 obtained for it ranged between 25 cents and $4 a pound. The yield va- 
 ried from 800 to 1,400 pounds to the acre. 
 
 During the busy season 1,500 people are employed on this plantation 
 and 900 hands are regularly employed the year round; 2,000 people 
 live on the plantation. Three stores are 'Operated for them which sell 
 to none but those connected with the farm. The merchandise account 
 last year was $60,000. On the place are kept 1,260 cattle which largely 
 enrich the soil. 
 
 On this great plantation com, cotton and other crops are raised. 
 
628 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 The soil necessary for this special kind of tobacco is a light gray, free 
 from lime. The great canvas covering is spread at a height of nine feet 
 and remains over the plants during the entire time of their growth. Un- 
 der it is done all the plowing and other work. Only such sunlight aiS gets 
 through this canvas reaches the plants and the necessary water seeps 
 through it. 
 
 It has been proved by experiments that this method of covering the 
 crop makes the leaves a light yellow color, imparts to them a sufficient 
 degree of toughness and a light, thin texture, and makes the most highly 
 prized tobacco . It is used chiefly for wrappers for fine cigars. 
 
 The total population of Decatur county in 1900 has already been 
 stated as 29,454, an increase of 9,505 since 1890. 
 
 Population of Decatur county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 6,895; white females, 6,781; total white, 
 13,676; colored males, 7,869; colored females, 7,909; total colored, 
 15,778. 
 
 Population of Bainbridge City by race and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 598; white females, 572; total white, 1,170; 
 colored males, 656; colored females, 815; total colored, 1,471. 
 
 Total population of Bainbridge, 2,641. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 94 calves, 32 steers, 1 bull, 142 dairy cows, 207 horses, 
 29 mules, 22 donkeys, 218 swine, 26 goats. 
 
 DeKALB COUNTY. 
 
 DeKalh County was formed in 1822 and named for the Baron de 
 Kalb, who died for the liberties of America at the battle of Camden, 
 South Carolina, on the 19th of August, 1780. The following counties 
 bound it: Milton on the north, Gwinnett on the east and northeast, 
 Eockdale on the southeast, Rockdale, Henry and Clayton on the south, 
 and Fulton on the west. The Chattahoochee river runs along its north- 
 em boundary. South river and its tributaries water the central and 
 southern parts of the county and Yellow river runs across its eastern 
 angle. 
 
 The western border of the county is so close to the city of Atlanta that 
 the people of DeKalb enjoy all the benefits that accrue to those living 
 in the neighborhood of a gi'eat city. 
 
 Three great railroad lines, traversing the county in different directions, 
 center in Atlanta. All those living on the lines of these different roads 
 have superior advantages for trucking, fruit-growing and dairying. 
 
 Decatur, the county site, is only six miles from the union depot in At- 
 lanta. Three lines of electric railway and the Georgia railroad afford 
 constant and rapid communication between the town and city, and all 
 the intervening country is thickly settled. Many who have their homes 
 in Decatur or along the different lines running from that point into the 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 631 
 
 city, transact their business in Atlanta. The new court-house at De- 
 catur, just completed, is a handsome structure, built at a cost of $60,000. 
 The Agnes Scott Institute for young ladies, whose handsome building 
 shows to great advantage, is one of those excellent schools for girls, for 
 which Georgia is so noted. The North Georgia Orphans' Home is also 
 located at Decatur. 
 
 At Ingleside, a few miles from Decatur, is the cotton-mill of the 
 Sccttdale Manufacturing Company. Several fertilizer factories are 
 located in this county, and one of them is of mammoth proportions. 
 
 The Decatur militia district, which includes the town and the adjacent 
 thickly settled territory, cooitains, 4,360 inhabitants, of whom 1,418 live 
 in the town. 
 
 Stone Mountain, on the Georgia Railroad, about ten miles northeast 
 of Decatur, derives its name from the mountain of granite which rises to 
 about 1,500 feet above the level of the sea, and 900 feet above the sur- 
 rounding country. The Stone Mountain district has 1,556 inhabitants, 
 835 of whom live in the town. 
 
 Lithonia, in the southeastem pai-t of the county, is also on the Georgia 
 Railroad. There are in the Lithonia district 2,548 inhabitants, of whom 
 1,208 live in the town. 
 
 The quarries of granite and gneiss at and near Stone M'ountain and 
 Lithonia are sources of great profit to the people of this section of Geor- 
 gia- 
 
 The timbei's of DeKalb coiuity are the various hardwoods and some 
 pine, the same as in other counties of the crystalline belt of Georgia. 
 
 The average yield of the lands to the acre is: seed cotton, 600 to 700 
 pounds; corn, 10 to 12 bushels; oats, 20 bushels; wheat and rye, 10 
 bushels each; L-ish and sweet potatoes, 100 bushels each; crab-grass hay, 
 3,000 pounds. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900, during the season of 
 1899-1900, there were ginned 6,981 bales of upland cotton in DeKalb 
 county. 
 
 The public schools number 72, and have an enrollment of 2,750 pupils 
 in the 55 schools for whites and 1,500 in the 17 schools for negroes. 
 
 There are several fine dairy farms in DeKalb county, on which are 
 more thaai 300 milch-cows, the Jersey being the favorite. 
 
 By the census of 1890 there were in this county 290 sheep, with a 
 wool-clip of 482 pounds; 5,916 cattle, of which 170 were working oxen 
 and 2,841 milch-cows. Of the cows 195 were pure-bred, recorded, and 
 1,177 were graded as one half blood or higher. There were also 1,043 
 horses, 1,465 mules, 2 donkeys, 5,746 swine and 74,482 domestic fowls 
 of all kinds. Among the farm products were 1,167,319 gallons of milk, 
 331,022 pounds of butter, 167,848 dozens of eggs and 21,294 pounds of 
 honey. 
 
 The public school fund of DeKalb county is $11,256.25. 
 The area of the county is 271 square miles, or 173,440 acres. The 
 copulation, by the census lof 1900, was 21,112, a gain of 3,923 since 
 1890. 
 
 *" 29 ga "'" 
 
632 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 The Comptroller-General's report for 1900 gives the following returnfl 
 of property: Acres of improved land, 165,990; average value per acre^, 
 $1.73; value of city or town property, $844,574; merchandise, $136,615; 
 money and solvent debts, $428,247; household and kitchen furniture, 
 $215,017; farm and other animals, $215,533; plantation and mechanical 
 tools, $62,382; watches, jewelry, etc., $17,691; value of all other prop- 
 erty, $59,442; real estate, $3,773,088; personal estate, $1,231,101. Ag- 
 gregate value of whole property, $5,004,189. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers : number of acres of land, 
 1,979; value of land, $29,859; city or town property, $30,750; money 
 and solvent debts, $200.00; merchandise, $10.00; household and kitchen 
 furniture, $9,628; watches, jewelry, etc., $159.00; farm and other ani- 
 mals, $9,449; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,918; value of all other 
 property, $144.00. Aggregate value of whole property, $82,117. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $4,219 in the value of all 
 property over the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of DeKalb county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 6,991; white females, 7,077; total white, 
 14,068; colored males, 3,541; colored females, 3,503; total colored, 
 7,044. 1 ■--•;•>; .■.■.::^:.¥;-.^:^::i^ 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 105 calves, 15 steers, 8 bulls, 312 dairy cows, 198 horses, 
 83 mules, 3 donkeys, 6 sheep, 452 swine, 10 goats. 
 
 DODGE COUNTY. 
 
 Dodge County was cut off from Telfair, Pulaski and Montgomery in 
 1871, and named in honor of William E. Dodge of New York, who had 
 made very liberal investments in that section. It is bounded by the fol- 
 lowing counties: Pulaski on the north and northwest, Laurens on the 
 northeast, Montgomery and Telfair on the southeast and south, Wilcox 
 and Pulaski on the southwest and west. The Ocmulgee river runs along 
 its western and southwestern border. Little Ocmulgee, a tributary of the 
 Ocmulgee, runs through the county. The county is also watered by Cyp- 
 ress, Crooked, Sugar and Turnpike creeks. 
 
 Eastman, the county seat, is on the Southern Railway at a point which 
 was selected for a depot and station in 1871. It is a flourishing little 
 city containing 1,235 people, and is blessed with a splendid supply of pnre 
 water from Artesian wells. The water is distributed in mains on the 
 various streets and supplied to the houses just as in large cities. It also 
 boasts an ample fire department. Its export trade reaches $2,000,000. 
 These exports are 10,000 bales of cotton, 5,000 car-loads of lumber, pota- 
 toes, peas, peanuts, cane syrup, cattle, wool, chickens and vegetables. 
 
 Just outside of Eastman is a large saw and lumber mill, and ten miles 
 below it is another, which does most of its business through the banks 
 of Eastman, of which there are two, with an aggregate capital of $50,000. 
 
 Eastman has a splendid public school system, and churches of the 
 
GEORGIA.: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 633 
 
 leading denominations. The public schools of the county are flourishing. 
 In the 45 schools for whites there is an average attendance of 1,306, and 
 in the 26 for negroes, an average attendance of 932. It has also a large 
 furnitm-e factory, and at Cox, just below the city, is the Colville Crate 
 factory. 
 
 This enterprising little city was named in honor of of WiUiam Pitt 
 Eastman of New York, one of the most tireless promoters of its interests. 
 
 The lands along the Ocmulgee, Little Ocmulgee and their various 
 tributaries, are very productive. Their average yield per acre is: corn, 
 15 bushels; oats, 10 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels, rye, 10 bushels, sweet 
 potatoes, 100 bushels; field-peas, 8 to 10 bushels; ground-peas, 30 
 bushels; seed cotton, upland, from 500 to 1,100 pounds; sea-island, 
 350 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 to 3,000 pounds; corn forage, 2,000 
 pounds; German millet, 4,000 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 350 gallons. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900, the production of cot- 
 ton in 1899 was 10,729 bales (upland). 
 
 The lands of the county are especially valuable on account of the fine 
 timber which is sawed into lumber and sent to the markets. The naval 
 stores obtained from the same source are of great value. All the enter- 
 prises of the county are prosperous, and the population is increasing 
 rapidly. The winter climate is delightful. Eastman, though consider- 
 ably below the Middle Georgia belt, is 356 feet above sea level. The 
 thermometer in Dodge county has never been known to register 100, 
 and sunstrokes are unheard of here. 
 
 By the census of 1890 Dodge county had 11,500 sheep, with a wool- 
 clip of 24,634 pounds; Y,366 cattle, 434 working oxen, 2,525 milch-cows 
 with a production of 3,980 pounds of butter and 172,435 gallons of milk; 
 600 horses, 640 mules, 12,000 swine, 32,000 poultry producing 46,000 
 dozen eggs. The production of honey is small, only 550 pounds. 
 
 Area of Dodge county is 495 square miles, or 316,800 acres. Popula- 
 tion in 1900, 13,975; school fund, $10,083.52. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 233,234; of wild land, 112,828; average value per acre of 
 improved land, $2.66; of wild land, $1,23; city property, $208,663; 
 shares in bank, $44,718; gas and electric light companies, $10,000; 
 money, etc., $152,093; merchandise, $64,117; cotton manufactories, 
 $3,500; value of household furniture, $87,170; farm and other animals, 
 $193,118; plantation and mechamcal tools, $93,859; watches and jew- 
 elry, $5,366; value of all other property, $81,773; real estate, $967,601; 
 personal estate, $676,723. Aggregate value of whole property, $1,644,- 
 324. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 
 16,914; value of land, $45,017; city or town property, $6,668; value of 
 merchandise, $472.00; money and solvent debts, $779.00; household and 
 kitchen furniture, $9,405; watches, jewelry, etc., $274.00; farm and 
 other animals, $23,124; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,069; value 
 of all other property, $917.00, Aggi-egate value of whole property, 
 $90,824. 
 
634 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase over the returns of 1900, 
 amounting to $107,186 in the value of all property. 
 
 Population of Dodge county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 4,193; white females, 4,077; total white, 8,270; 
 colored males, 2,928; colored females, 2,777; total colored, 5,705. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 69 calves, 48 steers, 150 dairy cows, 67 horses, 27 mules, 
 296 sheep, 680 swine, 13 goats. 
 
 DOOLY COUNTY. 
 
 Dooly County was described in the lottery act of 1821. Part of it was 
 added to Pulaski in 1826, and a part to Lee in 1827. It was named in 
 honor of Colonel John Dooly, a gallant Georgia leader in the Revolution, 
 who was murdered by the Tories in his own house and in the presence 
 of his family in 1780. The following counties bound it; Houston and 
 Macon on the north, Pulaski and Wilcox on the east. Worth on the 
 south, Lee, Sumter and Macon on the west. The Flint river runs along 
 its western border. Hogscrawl, Lampkin's, Pennahatchee, Gum, Swift 
 and Cypress creeks also water the county. The river and creeks supply 
 abundance of fish. j 
 
 The soil is a sandy loam, but red in the upper part of the county. 
 With good culture these lands will yield by the acre: seed cotton, 800 
 pounds; corn, 20 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; Avheat, 10 bushels; Irish pota- 
 toes, 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 225 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; 
 ground-peas, 30 bushels; sugar-cane syrup, 250 gallons; crab-grass hay, 
 1,000 pounds; corn fodder, 300 pounds. 
 
 According to the census of 1900 this county ginned in 1899 the 
 amount of 18,573 bales of upland cotton. 
 
 ITot only are the pine lands fertile, but the timber is very valuable, 
 the annual output being about 150,000,000 feet, valued at $1,350,000. 
 There are six large sawmills with a total valuation of $400,000. 
 
 Vienna, the county site, is largely engaged in the lumber business. 
 So also is Cordele, where there is also a cotton factory with a capital of 
 $60,000 or $80,000. Both these thriving towns are located on the Geor- 
 gia Southern and Florida Pailroad. Through Cordele also passes the 
 Georgia Alabama Railroad of the Seaboard Air Line system. The 
 Albany and ISTorthern is another railroad connection of Cordele. This 
 town has a fine water-works system and an ice plant. The population of 
 Cordele by the census of 1900 is 3,473. 
 
 Doolv county has five banks, of which there are three at Cordele and 
 two at Vienna. It has two foundries, a sash, door and blind factory, six 
 turpentine distilleries, a large guano plant where acid phosphate is made, 
 several fire and life insurance agencies. All the manufactories of the 
 county have an aggregate capital of about $600,000. 
 
 There are Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian and Episcopal churches, 
 several private schools and a fine system of public schools, the latter hav- 
 ing 52 schools for whites, with an averaare attendance of 1,634 pupils,., 
 and 36 for colored, with an average attendance of 1,421. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL, 635 
 
 The cotton receipts and shipments for the entire county are 25,000 
 bales, of which Cordele handles about 20,000. 
 
 In 1890 there were in the county 8,619 sheep, with a wool-clip of 
 16,576 pounds, 8,498 cattle, 2,379 milch cows, 228 working oxen, 906 
 hoi-ses, 1,882 mules, 20,784 smne, 62,000 poultry of all kinds. 
 
 Among the products are 53,000 poimds of butter, 65,000 dozen 
 eggs, 6,000 pounds of honey, and large quantities of fine syrup made for 
 the market and for home consumption. There are four dairy farms. 
 Jerseys are preferred for butter and Holsteins for milk. 
 
 The area of Dooly county is 710 square miles, or 454,400 acres. 
 
 Population in 1900, 26,567, a gain of 8,421 since 1890; school fund, 
 $16,728.28. ^ ^ 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 343,618; of wild land, 91,950; value per acre of improved 
 land, $3.41; of wild land, $1.38; city property, $588,614; bank stock, 
 $80,000; money, etc., $407,221; value of merchandise, $204,192; 
 iron works, $12,700; household and kitchen furniture, $193,398; farm 
 .and other animals, $326,683; plantation and mechanical tools, $71,386; 
 watches, jewelry, etc., $10,965; value of all other property, $175,155; 
 real estate, $1,889,884; personal estate, $1,500,134. Aggregate value of 
 whole property, $3,390,018. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 
 10,573; value of land, $30,248; city or town property, $33,661; money 
 and solvent debts, $1,175; merchandise, $2,965; household and kitchen 
 furniture, $19,300; watches, jewelry, etc., $256.00; farm and other ani- 
 mals, $26,627; plantation and mechanical tools, $6,380; value of all other 
 property, $1,548. Aggregate value of whole property, $122,160. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property 
 over the returns for 1900, amounting to $311,572. 
 
 Population of Dooly county by sex and color, according tO' the census 
 of 1900: white males, 6,042; white females, 5,841; total white, 11,883; 
 colored males, 7,505; colored females, 7,179; total colored, 14,684. 
 
 Population of Cordele City by sex and color, according tio the census 
 of 1900: white males, 731; whit© females, 769; total white, 1,500; 
 colored males, 947; colored females, 1,026; total colored, 1,973. 
 
 Total population of Cordele 3,473. 
 
 Domestic animals of Dooly county in barns and inclosures, not on 
 farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 153 calves, 78 steers, 1 bull, 260 dairy 
 cows, 190 horses, 28 mules, 516 swine, 5 goats. 
 
 DOUGHERTY COUNTY. 
 
 Dougherty County was formed out of Baker in 1854, and was named 
 for Charles Dougherty of Athens, Georgia, one of the most noted men 
 of the State. It is bounded by the following counties: Terrell and Lee 
 on the north, Worth on the east, Baker and Mitchell on the south, and 
 Calhoun on the west. The Flint river flows through the eastern part 
 of the county, and into it in the northern part empties Kinchafoonee 
 
536 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 creek. Along its western border flows Chichasawliacliee creek. Tlieso 
 streams and their tributaries abound in fish. 
 
 The Brunswick and Western, and the Savannah, Florida and Western, 
 both of the Plant System, the Georgia Alabama of the Seaboard Air Line 
 system, the Central of Georgia and Albany and Northern, give to the 
 county abundant facilities for travel and freight, while the Flint river 
 gives a splendid water transportation. 
 
 Albany, the county site, situated on the west bank of the Flint river, 
 is at the intersection of all these railroads, and hence has the very best 
 of facilities for trade. It is a growing city, having in its corporate limits 
 4,606 inhabitajits, or, including its immediate suburbs, 8,139, 
 nearly double the population which appears in the census return. It has 
 four banks, gas and electric lights, an artesian water- works plant, two 
 good hotels, churches of the Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Episco- 
 palians and Koman Catholics, a Jewish synagogue, an excellent high 
 school, a fine public school system and a Normal school for negroes. 
 
 Steamers ply regularly between Albany and Bainbridge. 
 
 The public roads leading from every part of the county into Alban;)r 
 are well graded and in good condition. The wagon trade is large, the 
 receipts of cotton at the warehouses by this method of conveyance being 
 35,000 bales. The railroads bring 50,000. Albany has two large brick- 
 yards, two cotton compresses, two fertilizer factories, a cotton seed oil- 
 mill, valued at $40,000, a canning factory with a capacity of 10,000 
 cans a day, and this city claims the largest grocery house in Southwest 
 Georgia. The streets are wide and well-kept, lined with handsome stores 
 and pretty residences. The court-house cost $30,000. Few cities of its 
 size have so many symmetrical buildings. 
 
 The first house was built in 1836 by Colonel Nelson Tift. The site 
 of the city was at one time considered unhealthy and this retarded its 
 growth. But the introduction of artesian wells has made it a healthy 
 and desirable location. Hence its steady growth in recent years. The 
 rich agricultural and fruit section surrounding it give it great advantages. 
 
 Albany hay-day carnival has become an attractive occasion to the peo- 
 ple of city and country. The great abundance of good native grasses, es- 
 pecially of the crab and crowfoot varieties, afford opportunities for ex" 
 cellent hay, and the farmers of this section produce it in large quantities. 
 Egyptian corn, German millet and sorghum forage are cultivated with 
 great success. 
 
 Dougherty county has some of the most productive lands in Georgia. 
 Under skillful farming the lands will yield to the acre: seed cotton, 1,500 
 pounds; corn, 20 to 30 bushels; wheat, 30 to 40 bushels; oats, 30 to 40 
 bushels; upland rice, 50 bushels; Irish potatoes, 100 bushels; sweet pota- 
 toes, 200 bushels, and sugar-cane syrup, 300 to 600 gallons. There are 
 in the county three vineyards producing the best varieties of grapes. 
 
 Melons, peaches, pears, and all varieties of vegetables do well. 
 
 The county is well timbered and has an annual output of 1,000,000 
 superficial feet. There are three large sawmills valued at $40,000. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 Dougherty county 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 639 
 
 giimed in 1899, 12,493 bales of uplaaid and 342 bales of sea-island 
 cotton. 
 
 By the United States census of 1890 there were 2,672 cattle, 972 
 milch-cows, 146 working oxen, 4,110 hogs, 14,215 poultry of all kinds; 
 368 horses, 1,318 mules and 1 donkey. Among the farm productions ai-e 
 94,810 gallons of milk, 6,933 pounds of butter, 851 pounds of honey and 
 31,651 dozens of eggs. 
 
 The area of Dougherty county is 339 square miles, or 216,960 acres. 
 The population by the United States census of 1900 is 13,679, an in- 
 crease of 1,473 since 1890. According to the report of the Commission- 
 er of Education the school fund is $8,656.82. 
 
 In the 6 schools for whites there is an average attendance of 276 pupils, 
 while 24 schools for negroes show an average attendance of 1,110. 
 
 According to the report of the Comptroller-General for 1900 there 
 are: acres of improved land, 201,898; of wild land, 6,000; average value 
 per acre of improved land, $4.19; of wild land, $1.69; city or tovm prop- 
 erty, $1,317,582; shares in bank, $165,500; building and loan associa- 
 tions, $46,070; money and solvent debts, $382,439; value of merchan- 
 dise, $252,282; stocks and bonds, $4,600; household and kitchen furni- 
 ture, $176,812; farm and other animals, $100,597; plantation and me- 
 chanical tools, $21,483; watches, jewelry, etc., $28,582; value of all 
 other property, $234,849; real estate, $2,172,695; personal estate, 
 $1,532,186. Aggregate value of all property, $3,704,881. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 10,- 
 385; value of land, $64,871; city or town property, $53,945; money and 
 solvent debts, $2,412; value of merchandise, $5,677; household and 
 kitchen furniture, $45,043; watches, jewelry, etc., $485.00; farm and 
 other animals, $25,827; plantation and mechanical tools, $5,112; value 
 of all other property, $2,746. Aggregate value of whole property, 
 $239,393. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain in the value of all property ovef 
 the returns of 1900, amounting to $64,927. 
 
 Population of Dougherty county by sex and color, according to the 
 census of 1900; white males, 1,238; white females, 1,213; total white, 
 2,451; colored males, 5,437; colored females, 5,791; total colored, 
 11,228. 
 
 Population of Albany City by sex and color, according to the census 
 1900: white males, 841; white females, 862; total white, 1,703; colored 
 males, 1,268; colored females, 1,635; total colored, 2,903. 
 
 Total population of Albany, 4,606. 
 
 Domestic animals in Dougherty county in barns and inclosures, not 
 on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 21 calves, 114 dairy cows, 164 horses, 
 13 mules, 25 swine, 7 goats. 
 
640 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 DOUGLAS COUNTY. 
 
 Douglas County was named in honor of Stephen A. Douglas 
 of Illinois, United States Senator, and a zealous champion of the 
 constitutional rights of the Southern States. It is bounded by 
 the following counties: Cobb and Paulding on the north, Campbell 
 on the east and southeast, Carroll on the south and west. The 
 Chattahoochee river runs along its eastern and southeastern border and 
 together with some tributary creeks affords abundance of fish. 
 
 The Southern Railway traverses the northern section of the county. 
 On this is located Douglasville, the county site, a thriving town with a 
 State bank having a paid in capital of $25,000. Here is located a flour- 
 ishing school, knoAvn as the Douglasville College, connected with the 
 public school system of the county. Salt (or Lithia) Springs, on the same 
 road, noted for its health-bestowing waters, is a favorite resort, both 
 summer and winter. This is a healthy county with a good soil and an 
 industrious, moral and hospitable people. It is also blessed with good 
 schools and churches. 
 
 With fair tillage the land will produce to the acre 600 or 700 pounds 
 of seed cotton, 12 bushels of corn, 20 of oats, 10 of wheat, 10 of rye, 100 
 of Irish potatoes, 75 of sweet potatoes, 10 of field-peas, 15 of ground- 
 peas, 2,000 pounds of crab-grass hay, 300 pounds of com fodder and 150 
 gallons of sorghum syrup. According to the United States census of 
 1900 during the season of 1899-1900 there were ginned 8,091 bales of 
 upland cotton. 
 
 In 1890 there were 658 sheep, mth a wool-clip of 1,113 pounds, 3,452 
 cattle, 1,379 milch-cows, 232 working oxen, 308 horses, 922 mules, 1 
 donkey, 4,446 swine and 64,381 poultry of all kinds. 
 
 The comity produced 518,669 gallons of milk, 162,627 pounds of but- 
 ter, 93,299 dozens of eggs and 12,922 pounds of honey. 
 
 The forest growtli of Douglas county consists in the main of hard- 
 woods, such as the various kinds of oaks, hickory, chestnut, gum, birch, 
 maple and some pine. 
 
 The area of Douglas county is 212 square miles or 135,680 acres. 
 Its population in 1900 was 8,745, a gain of 951 since 1890. 
 
 The public school system of the county embraces 45 schools, with an 
 average daily attendance of 1,312 pupils in the 34 schools for whites and 
 338 in the 11 schools for negroes. The report of the State School Com- 
 missioner, issued in 1900, states the school fund of Douglas county to 
 be $6,035.71. 
 
 The report of the Comptroller-General for 1900 gives the following 
 items: acres of improved land, 121,499; of wild land, 1,323; average 
 value per acre of improved land, $5.66; of wild land, $1.60; value of 
 city or town property, $127,641; stocks and bonds, $2,289; money and 
 solvent debts, $62,283; value of merchandise, $18,925; invested in cot- 
 ton factories, $600.00; iron works, $200.00; household and kitchen fur- 
 niture, $45,632; farm and other animals, $89,366; plantation and me- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 641 
 
 <iliaiiical tools, $24,963; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,049; value of all other 
 property, $21,110; real estate, $816,022; personal estate, $276,074. 
 Aggregate value of whole property, $1,092,096. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 
 4,988; value of land, $20,395; city or town property, $4,491; money and 
 solvent debts, $94.00; household and kitchen furniture, $4,345; watches, 
 jewelry, etc., $136.00; farm and other animals, $7,970; plantation and 
 mechanical tools, $1,356; value of all other property, $253.00. Aggre- 
 gate value of whole property, $40,374. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain over the returns of 1900 in the 
 value of all property, amounting to $53,947. The Douglasville district 
 has 2,176 inhabitants, of whom 1,140 live in the town of Douglasville. 
 
 Salt Springs district contains a population of' 1,200, of whom 330 live 
 in the town of Lithia Springs. 
 
 Population of Douglas county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 3,269; white females, 3,321; total white, 
 6,590; colored males, 1,097; colored females, 1,058; total colored, 2,155. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 31 calves, 1 bull, 72 dairy cows, 29 horses, 8 mules, 71 
 swine, 1 goat. 
 
 EARLY COUI^TY. 
 
 Early County was laid out in 1818, a part set off to Decatur in 1823 
 and a part to Baker in 1825. In this latter year it was organized and 
 named after Governor Peter Early, who came from Virginia to Georgia 
 in 1795, and rose rapidly from one office to another until he became 
 Governor of the State in 1813. It is bounded on the north by Clay and 
 Calhoun counties, on the east by Baker and Miller, on the south by 
 Miller and Decatur, and west by the State of Alabama, from 
 which it is separated by the Chattahoochee river. It is watered 
 by Spring, Colomokee, Harrods, and Sowhatchee creeks. The 
 uplands are gray and sandy, with a yellow sand sub-«oil. On the streams 
 are rich hummock lands. The surface is level or slightly rolling. The 
 yield per acre is about as follows: in com, 15 bushels; oats, 15 bushels; 
 SAveet potatoes, 100 bushels, field-peas, 12 bushels; ground-peas, 50 bush- 
 els; upland seed cotton, 600 to 700 pounds; com fodder, 200 pounds; 
 sugar-cane syrup, 250 gallons; rice, 800 pounds. According to the 
 United States census of 1900, during the season of 1899-1900 there were 
 ginned 6,302 bales of upland cotton. 
 
 By the census of 1890 there were 7,054 sheep, with a wool-clip of 
 14,493 pounds^ 8,353 cattle, 2,054 milch-cows, 375 working oxen, 894 
 horses, 751 mules, 13,090 swine and 15,760 of all kinds of poultry. 
 Some of the farm products were 8,760 pounds of honey, 197,710 gal- 
 lons of milk, 9,200 pounds of butter, and 34,705 dozens of eggs. 
 
 The streams abound in fish, and the woods in game, such as quail, tur- 
 keys, doves, squirrels, rabbits, raccoons and oppossums. 
 
 The timber products are extensive ; yellow pine lumber, cypress shing- 
 
642 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 lea and hardwoods, walnut and red cedar. There are 13 steam sawmills 
 with an output of about $60,000 annually. There are also seven grist- 
 mills run by water. There are two planing-mills making sashes, doors 
 and blinds, and five turpentine distilleries. There are good horse-powers 
 on the tributaries of the Chattahoochee and the Flint. 
 
 The usual public schools prevail, supplemented by some private schools. 
 Blakely Institute, run in connection with the public schools, is noted in 
 that section of the State. In the public school system are 26 schools for 
 whites, with an average attendance of 910 pupils, and 22 for colored 
 with an average attendance of 791. 
 
 The Methodists and Baptists have the greatest number of churches 
 and members. There are also some Presbyterians. 
 
 The Central and Georgia Pine Railroads give facilities for freight and 
 travel, as does also the Chattahoochee river, on which are several land- 
 ings, and whose steamboats carry on a considerable traffic summer and 
 winter. The home markets of the county are Arlington, Damascus, 
 Cedar Springs, Hilton and Blakely, the county site, which, from its po- 
 sition on the Central Railroad, does a thriving business. Here there is 
 a bank with a capital of $50,000. Of the 11,000 bales received and 
 shipped in the county during the season of 1899-1900, Blakely handled 
 7,000. The Blakely district has 3,274 inhabitants, 804 of whom live 
 in the town of Blakely. 
 
 This is a good county, and healthy, especially on the pine ridges. 
 Considerable attention is paid to fruit. There are 15,000 peach-trees, 
 2,000 pear-trees and 1,000 apple-trees. 
 
 Six miles north of Blakely on Little Colomokee creek are some In- 
 dian mounds. One of these is said to be the largest in America. It is 
 seventy feet in height and 600 feet in circumference. 
 
 Area of Early county, 503 square miles or 321,920 acres. Population 
 of Early county in 1900, 14,828; school fund, $9,066.57. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 318,998; of wild land, 3,362; average value per acre of im- 
 proved land, $2.61; of wild land, $1.82; city or town property, $182,- 
 980; shares in bank, $50,000; money, etc., $187,475; merchandise, 
 $70,660; cotton maufactories, $6,250; household and kitchen fur- 
 niture, $103,980; farm and other animals, $218,800; planta- 
 tion and mechanical tools, $40,290; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,690; 
 value of all other property, $174,340; real estate, $1,024,165; personal 
 estate, $890,515. Aggregate value of whole property, $1,914,680. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land. 
 19,144; value of land, $62,630; city or tovm property, $8,740; money 
 and solvent debts, $720.00; household and kitchen furniture, $24,420; 
 watches, jewelry, etc, $100.00; farm and other animals, $42,245; planta- 
 tion and mechanical tools, $8,035; value of all other property, $3,180. 
 Aggregate value of whole property, $150,070. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase over the returns of 1900 
 in the value of all property amounting to $204,670. 
 Populatiom of Early county by sex and color, according to the census 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 643 
 
 of 1900: white males, 2,938; white females, 2,925; total white, 5,863; 
 colored males, 4,564; colored females, 4,401; total colored, 8,965. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: no report. 
 
 ECHOLS COUNTY. 
 
 Echols County was laid out from Clinch and Lowndes in 1858, and 
 was named for Colonel Robert M. Echols of Walton county, president of 
 the Senate of Georgia, and afterwards Colonel of a Georgia regiment 
 in the war with Mexico, in which country he died. Echols is bounded 
 by Clinch and Lowndes counties on the north, by Clinch on the north- 
 east and east, by the State of Florida on the south, and by Lowndes 
 county on the west. The Suwannee river with its tributaries, Toms creek 
 and the east and west forks of Suwanoochee creek in the east, and the 
 Allapaha river, and tributary creeks in the center and west water the 
 county and give it an abundant supply of fish. 
 
 The county is well timbered and the sawmills do a good business pre- 
 paring the lumber for market. Rosin and turpentine are shipped in 
 large quantities. Game, such as quail and wild turkeys abound in the 
 weods. 
 
 Statenville, the county seat, is located on the Allapaha river. Staten- 
 ville station is on the Savannah, Florida and Western Railway. The 
 Atlantic, Valdoista and Western Railway also traverses this county. 
 
 According to the census of 1890 there were 893 sheep, with a wool- 
 clip of 1,455 pounds; 4,325 cattle, 43 working oxen, 1,600 milch-cows 
 with a product of 5,204 pounds of butter and 49,865 gallons of milk; 
 215 horses, 287 mules, 6,136 swine, 13,944 of all kinds of poultry, pro- 
 ducing 7,973 dozens of eggs. There were also produced 6,503 pounds 
 of honey and 374 pounds of cheese. 
 
 The lands, climate and soil are about the same as in adjoining counties. 
 The average yield per acre of the various crops is: seed cotton, 600 to 
 700 pounds; com, from 12 to 20 bushels; rice, 40 bushels; sugar-cane, 
 from 300 to 500 gallons of syrup. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900, during the season of 
 1899-1900 there were ginned in this county 795 bales of sea-island cot- 
 ton. 
 
 There are 13 public schools in Echols county, and the daily average 
 attendance is 209 pupils in the 10 schools for whites, and 53 in the 3 
 schools for negroes. According to the report of the State School Com- 
 missioner for 1900, the school fund for Echols is $1,998.89. 
 
 The area of Echols county is 365 square miles, or 233,600 acres. The 
 population by the census of 1900 is 3,209. 
 
 The report of the Comptroller-General for 1900 gives the following 
 items: acres of improved land, 119,665; of wild land, 318,538 (evidently 
 a mistake, if the statement of the United States Census Bureau about the 
 area of the county is correct) ; average value per acre of improved land, 
 $1.12; of wild land, $0.23; city or town property, $2,127; money and 
 
;644 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 solvent debts, $29,781; merchandise, $6,351; cotton manufactories, $30,- 
 800; household and kitchen furniture, $21,080; farm and other animals, 
 $74,887; plantation and mechanical tools, $12,694; watches, jewelry, 
 etc., $2>005; value of all other property, $31,975; real estate, $210,504; 
 personal estate, $209,273. Aersrresrate value of whole -groperty, 
 $419,777. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 
 2,930; value of land, $2,565; city or town property, $75.00; household 
 and kitchen furniture, $2,069; watches, jewelry, etc., $152.00; farm and 
 other animals, $3,654; plantation and mechanical tools, $557.00; value 
 of all other property, $318.00. Aggregate value of all property, 
 $9,413. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property 
 of $779 over the returns for 1900. 
 
 Population of Echols county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 1,190; white females, 1,028; total white, 2,218; 
 colored males, 604; colored females, 387; total colored, 991. 
 
 There is no report of the number of domestic animals in bams and in- 
 closures. 
 
 EFPn^GHAM COUNTY. 
 
 Effinglvam Oounty formerly constituted a part of the parishea of St. 
 Matthew and St. Philip, which were formed in 1758. In 1777, during 
 the war for American independence, it was laid off as a county and 
 named in honor of the Earl of Effingham, an ardent supporter of colonial 
 rights. A part of this county was added to Screven in 1793 and a part 
 to Bryan in 1794. It is bounded by Screven county on the north, the 
 State of South Carolina on the east, Chatham county on the south, ana 
 Bryan and Bulloch counties on the west. The Savannah river separates 
 it from South Carolina, and the Ogeechee is on its western border. These 
 rivers and the creeks that flow into them furnish to this county a plenti- 
 ful supply of fish, and in the proper season some of the finest shad found 
 in the Savannah market are fresh from these rivers. 
 
 Springfield, the county site, is situated in a healthy pine region about 
 27 miles from Savannah. 
 
 Pine and cypress lumber, obtained from the forests, find a convenient 
 market in Savannah. The annual output of lumber and naval stores 
 amounts to $150,000. 
 
 The productions of the county are cotton, com, peas, potatoes, rice, 
 melons, peaches, apples, pears, quinices and grapes. The average yield per 
 acre with good culitvatiion is about as follows: com, 12 to 15 bushels; oats, 
 10 to 15 bushels; cotton, 400 pounds long-staple and 800 pounds upland; 
 sugar-cane, 250 pounds of sugar and 250 to 500 gallons of synip. The 
 total number of Irish potatoes raised is 6,000 bushels, and of sweet pota- 
 toes 23,172 bushels. The apple-trees number 4,614, and the peach-trees 
 8,360. There are some truck farms whose aggregate sales amount to 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 645 
 
 $7,000. According to the United States census of 1900, during the sea- 
 son of 1899-1900, there were ginned 795 bales of upland cotton. 
 
 By the census of 1890 the county had 1,852 sheep, with a wool-clip 
 of 3,435 pounds; 6,300 cattle, 34 working oxen, 1,808 milch-cows, 572 
 horses, 377 mules, 10,492 swine and 16,364 poultry of various kinds. 
 There was a product of 91,598 gallons of milk, 7,122 pounds of butter, 
 6,724 pounds of honey and 24,325 dozens of eggs. 
 
 The land is generally level. The soil is varied; gray loam underlaid 
 by yellow tertiary sand; hummock land on streams. The water is 
 generally freestone, but in some places limestone. 
 
 The Central of Georgia Railroad runs through the western part of 
 the county, and the Florida Central and Peninsular through the eastern. 
 On the former are several towns and villages, of which the most import- 
 ant is Guyton. Other postoffices are Clio, Eden, Egypt, Marlow, Oaky, 
 Kinson and Tusculum. The Guyton diistrict has 2,379 inhabitants, of 
 whom 500 live in the town of Guyton. 
 
 Ebenezer, an old German settlement, founded by the Salzburgers in 
 1734, is about 25 miles from the city of Savannah. Some of the des- 
 cendants of these people still cultivate the silkworm. The Lutheran 
 church was used by the British as a hospital during that period of the 
 Revolution when they had possession of Savannah and the greater part 
 of the State. 
 
 There are in Effingham county 48 schools belonging to the public 
 school system. The average daily attendance of pupils is 680 in the 33 
 for whites, and 379 in the 15 for negi'oes. The school fund of Effing- 
 ham county was given in the report of the State School Commissioner 
 for 1900, as $5,018.92. The area of Effingham county is 419 square 
 miles, or 268,160 acres. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900, the population is 
 8,334 a gain of 2,735 since 1890. 
 
 The Comptroller-General reports for 1900 as follows: acres of im- 
 proved land, 250,287; of wild land, 24,515; average value per acre of 
 improved land, $1.78; of wild land, $0.54; city or town property, $146,- 
 315; shares in bank, $20,283; money and solvent debts, $143,239; mer- 
 chandise, $32,570; stocks and bonds, $17,536; cotton manufactories, 
 $16,800; household and kitchen furniture, $66,560; farm and other ani- 
 mals, $141,461; plantation and mechanical tools, $32,613; watches, 
 jewelry, etc., $9,129; value of all other property, $53,825; real estate, 
 $606,016; personal estate, $549,332. Aggregate value of whole prop- 
 erty, $1,035,531. 
 
 JProperty returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 
 12,273; value of land, $27,243; city or tO'^vn property, $815.00; money 
 and solvent debts, $1,052; household and kitchen furniture, $4,753; 
 farm and other animals, $8,630; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,- 
 467; watches, jewelry, etc., $209.00; value of all other property, $1,008. 
 Aggregate value of whole property, $48,472. 
 
 The tax returns of 1901 show a decrease of $2,107 in the value of 
 all property since 1900, 
 
646 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Population of Effingham county by sex and color, according to the 
 census of 1900: white males, 2,349; white females, 2,281; total white, 
 4,630; colored males, 1,917; colored famales, 1,787; total colored, 3,704. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 2 calves, 6 steers, 3 dairy cows, 6 horses, 80 mules, 107 
 swine. 
 
 ELBERT COUNTY. 
 
 Elbert County was laid out from "Wilkes in 1790. It is bounded on 
 the north by Hart county, on the northeast and east by the State of South 
 Carolina, from which it is separated by the Savannah river; on the south 
 by Lincoln, Wilkes and Oglethorpe, and on the west by Madison and 
 Oglethorpe. It was named in honor of Colonel Samuel Elbert, com- 
 mander of Georgia Continentals in the Revolution, and afterwards gov- 
 ernor of Georgia. 
 
 Broad river flows along its western and southern border and empties 
 into the Savannah river. Beaver Dam creek flows centrally through the 
 county from northwest toward the southeast and empties into the Sav- 
 annah river. Other streams are Bertram, Falling, Deep and Cold 
 Water creeks. Along each of the rivers the lands are rich and very pro- 
 ductive. Remote from them the lands are not so good, and yet with 
 proper cultivation, yield very remunerative crops. Although in some 
 sections, under ordinary methods, the lands do not yield more than 50G 
 pounds of seed cotton to the acre, 10 bushels of corn and 8 of wheat, 
 yet under rotation of crops and scientific cultivation the average yield 
 to the acre is: seed cotton, 800 to 1,000 pounds; com, 20 bushels; oats, 
 25 bushels; wheat, 15 bushels; rye, 15 bushels; barley, 25; Irish and 
 sweet potatoes, each 100 bushels; fleld-peas, 20 bushels; ground-peas, 
 50; Bermuda grass hay, 6,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 75 gallons. 
 Vegetables of every variety do well, and apples and peaches are of ex- 
 cellent flavor. The different kinds of berries grow and mature to per- 
 fection; but nearly all these products are for home consumption. Ac- 
 cording to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in Elbert 
 county for the season of 1899-1900, 14,945 bales of upland cotton. 
 
 There are 931 sheep, with a wool-clip of 1,227 pounds; 6,493 cattle, 
 420 working oxen, 2,564 milch-cows with a product of 590,205 gallons 
 of milk and 201,421 pounds of butter; 1,258 horses, 1,340 mules, 4 
 donkeys, 7,077 swine, 114,606 poultry of various kinds. Some of the 
 other products are 77,698 dozens of eggs and 18,808 pounds of honey. 
 
 The water-powers of the county are immense. There are two cotton- 
 mills, one at Elberton and the other at Beverly on Beaver Dam creek, 
 both built by Georgia capital. There are also a large cotton seed oil-mill, 
 3 small flour and grist-mills, several small sawmills, 3 guano factories and 
 a new $10,000 flouring-mill with patent roller process, having a capacity 
 of 100 barrels a day; 2 carriage factories, and 4 quarries of the best 
 granite for building purposes. 
 
 Elberton, the county site "wdth a population of 3,834, at the junction 
 
EARLY RICHMOND. 
 
 One of the hardiest of all cherries ; bears early and abundantly ; a most valuable market fruit ■ 
 
 excellent for cooking or drying ; desirable for the extreme North and popular 
 
 everywhere. May and June. Trees of this class, 5 feet. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 649 
 
 of the Seaboard Air Line and one of the numerous branches of the great 
 Southern system, is one of the best built and most progressive towns of 
 Georgia. It has electric lights and two banks with adequate capital to 
 give it excellent commercial advantages. A fine system of water-worka 
 is in process of construction. Here are located the majority of the manu- 
 factories of the county. The handsome court-house cost $35,000. Out 
 of 30,000 bales of cotton received and shipped from this county, Elber- 
 ton handles 23,000 bales. About 6,000 bales per annum are used by the 
 two cotton-mills. The population of the Elberton district by the census 
 of 1900 was 4,841. 
 
 Schools and churches are in every neighborhood. The average at- 
 tendance on the schools is 1,350 in the 47 for whites, and 1,217 in the 31 
 for colored. Methodists and Baptists predominate. 
 
 The area of Elbert county is 388 square miles, or 248,320 acres. Popu- 
 latoin of Elbert county in 1900, 19,729, an increase of 4,353 since 1890. 
 School fund $12,073.59. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 220,296; average value per acre, $4.07; city property, 
 $465,492; shares in bank, $55,000; money etc., $264,139; value of 
 merchandise, $94,633; stocks and bonds, $2,000; value of household 
 furniture, $109,490; farm and other animals, $144,645; plantation and 
 mechanical tools, $41,751; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,500; value of all 
 other property, $118,305; real estate, $1,363,042; personal estate, 
 $886,803. Aggregate value of whole property, $2,247,845. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 
 8,769; value, $35,353; city property, $16,630; merchandise, $55.00; 
 money, $682.00; household furniture, $8,938; farm and other animals, 
 $20,872; watches, silver, etc., $127.00; plantation and mechanical tools, 
 $628.00; value of all other property, $4,621. Aggregate value of whole 
 property, $87,906. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain over those of 1900 amounting to 
 $65,779. 
 
 Population of Elbert county by sex and color according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 4,981; white females, 4,955; total white, 9,936; 
 colored males, 4,994; colored females, 4,799; total colored, 9,793. 
 
 Population of Elberton City by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 1,104; white females, 1,120; total white, 2,224; 
 colored males, 769; colored females, 841; total colored, 1,610. 
 
 Total population of Elberton, 3,834. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges in 
 Elbert county, June 1, 1900: 5 calves, 2 bulls, 17 dairy cows, 57 horses, 
 25 mules, 61 swine, 1 goat. 
 
 Other postoffices besides Elberton are Bowman, Cold Water, Con- 
 cordia, Critic, Dewyrose, Dove's Creek, Flatwoods, Academy, Goss, 
 Heardmont, [N'ickville, Middletown, Hulmeville, Overton, Eockfield, 
 Euckersville, Stansell, Webster, Place, and Wych. 
 
 At the junction of of the Savannah and Broad rivers once stood tEe 
 town of Petersburg. It is now almost deserted. 
 
/c 
 
 650 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 About three miles above this place on the Rembert plantation now 
 (1000) owned by Mr. Tate, is a co'njical-^shaped mound 40 or 50 feet high, 
 the circumference of whose base is two or three hundred yards. This 
 mound is entire'ly composed of the loamy, rich earth of the low grounds. 
 The top or apex lof the mound is flat, a spiral path leading from the 
 ground to the top. There ai-e four niches or sentry boxes, exca\^ated 
 out of the sides of this mound, at different heights from the base, facing 
 the four cardinal points, which are entered from the winding path, and 
 appear to have beeai designed for look-outs or resting places. Bartram, 
 the celebrated botanist, who visited this mound, and from whose de- 
 scription the above is somewhat condensed, stated on the authority of 
 the owner of these lands, that the mound itself in one season yielded 
 more than 100 bushels of com. 
 
 In the period immediately following the Revolutionary War, the peo- 
 ple of this section of Georgia suffered much from the depredations of 
 the Indians. One day a party of savages attacked the home of Mr. 
 Richard Tyner on Goody's creek in the flat woods, when Mr. Tyner was 
 absent from his home. The red-skins killed Mrs. Tyner, dashed out the 
 brains of the youngest child against a treei, and scalping another little 
 one left it for dead. A little son of Mr. Tyner, named ISToah, amidst the 
 confusion escaped and hid in a hollow tree, which for many years after- 
 wards was called ISToah's Ark. Another son, fleeing to the Savannah 
 river, made his escape. Mary and Tamar Tyner were carried off by the 
 Indians to the Coweta to^vns. After many years a man named John 
 Manack, trading mth thei Indians purchased Mary, who returned with 
 him to Elbert county and became his wife.' He tried also to purchase 
 Tamar, but the Indians would not sell her. One day an old Indian 
 woman learning that her countrymen intended to burn Tamar alive on 
 account of a suspicion that she was planning her escape, helped the poor 
 white girl to escape down the Ghattahoochee river in a canoe. Tamar, 
 after many narrow escapes, finally reached Appalachicola Bay. From 
 thence she went by a vessel to Savannah from which city she made her 
 way back to Elbert county. There she afterwards mamed a Mr. Hunt. 
 
 Another remarkable incident was this: During one of the Indian at- 
 tacks upon the frontier settlements, the savages, after killing several per- 
 sons, carried off a little girl about 12 years old. A man by the name 'of 
 William Suttle determined to rescue the child or die in the attempt. In 
 the middle of the night he came upon the party and saw the little girl 
 seated upon the lap of a brawny Indian, who appeared delighted with 
 his prisoner. After a while the Indian arose and stood erect. Instantly 
 Suttle fired and shot the Indian through the heart. In the midst of the 
 alarm consequent upon this sudden attack, the little girl ran in the direc- 
 tion from which the gun was fired, and was received by Suttle, who, put- 
 ting her upon his horee and springing into his saddle, carried her back 
 safely to her friends. 
 
 • One of the most remarkable women that any country has ever pro- 
 duced resided in Elbert county. This was !N"ancy Hart, whose maiden 
 name was Morgan. Her husband was brother of Golonel Thomas 
 
/lla 
 
 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 653 
 
 Hart of Kentucky, who married a Miss Gray of Orange county, North 
 Carolina, and who was father-in-law of Henry Clay and maternal uncle of 
 the Hon. Thomas Hart Benton. Nancy Hart removed with her husband 
 to Georgia before the Revolution and settled on Broad river in Elbert 
 county. An apple orchard marks the spot where they dwelt. Near by 
 them was a creek emptying into Broad river which, during the war of 
 the Revolution, was called "War Woman's Creek," on account of the 
 !k many marvelous exploits of Nancy Hart. She was an ardent partiot in 
 l^vhose untutored bosom dwelt the heart of a hero. 
 
 One evening, as she and her children were seated around a log fire, on 
 which was boiling a pot of soap, one of the family discovered some one 
 peeping through the crevices of the chimney, and quietly informed 
 \^ Nancy of it. She talked on unconcernedly and stirred the soap, watch- 
 ing for the reappearance of the spy. Suddenly, like a flash, she 
 dashed a ladle of boiling soap into the face of the eavesdropper, 
 who, before he could recover, was seized by the dauntless woman and 
 ];)'0imd fast as a prisoner. 
 
 y On another occasion a party of Tories came to her house and ordered 
 ; her to cook dinner for them. She stormed and raged, but making a vir- 
 ' tue of necessity did as she was told. While they were seated at the table 
 Nancy, with the help of her little daughter, managed to secure their 
 guns. When they attempted to recover theii- arms she killed one, and 
 quickly seizing another gun wounded another. Thereupon the other 
 three Tories sun*endered at discretion, and were hanged by Mr. Hai-t 
 I and the neighbors who had just come in. The tree upon which they 
 were hanged was pointed out as late as 1838. ■ 
 
 /*1!5n one occasion when information was needed of what was transpiring ; 
 
 nn South Carolina, Nancy went to the Savannah river, procured two logs, / 
 
 i and tied them with a grape-vine, thus constructing a raft. Upon this she / 
 
 \ crossed the river, obtained the desired information and returning com- / 
 I municated it to the Georgia troops. 
 
 ,/ At another time she defended successfully a small fort against the 
 I attack of a band of Tories and savages. 
 
 f^ While Augusta was in the hands of the British, Nancy, assuming the 
 garments of a man, went into the British camp at that post and, pre- 
 tending to be crazy, obtained valuable information which she hastened 
 to lay before the commander of the Georgia troops, then in Wilk 
 county, Colonel Elijah Clarke. 
 
 EMANUEL COUNTY. 
 
 Emanuel County was laid out from Bulloch and Montgomery in 
 1812, and was named after the Hon. David Emanuel, who was a brother- 
 in-law of General John Twiggs, and fought bravely under him for the 
 liberty of his country. He was several times a member of the legislature 
 from Burke county and president of the Senate. 
 
 Emanuel county is bounded on the north by Burke and Jefferson 
 
654 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 counties, on the east by Screven and Bulloch, southeast by Bulloch and 
 Tattnall, southwest by Montgomery, west by Laurens and northwest by 
 Johnson county. The Ogeechee river separates the county from Burke. 
 The Cannouchee river flows through the center, the Ohoopee river 
 through the western part. Along its western and southwestern border 
 flows Pendleton's creek. Other streams are Yamgrandee, Sartain's and 
 Tump's creeks. The rivers and streams supply abundance of fiish. 
 
 The timbers are fine. The pine and cypress yield excellent lumber 
 and shingles, which, mth turpentine and rosin, are shipped in large 
 quantities to Savannah. There are five turpentine distilleries and 10 
 lumber mills. 
 
 The land is level and along the rivers and creeks is productive. The 
 average production per acre for the county is: corn, 12 bushels; oats, 10 
 to 20 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 200 bushels; sweet 
 potatoes, 150 bushels; seed cotton, upland, 500 pounds; sea-island cotton, 
 400 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 500 gallons. According to the United 
 States census of 1900 this county in 1899 produced 9,525 bales of up- 
 land and 4,062 of sea-island cotton. The summer range for cattle and 
 hogs is excellent. Fine hay is made from pea-vine and grass. The grists 
 mills number 10. 
 
 In 1890 Emanuel county had 19,Y21 sheep, with a wool-clip of 53,- 
 955 pounds; 17,222 cattle, 478 working oxen, 5,251 milch-cows, 1,473 
 horses, 1,264 mules, 31,025 swine, and 81,343 poultry of various 
 kinds. The number of goats is estimated at 200. There was 
 also a production of 76,638 dozens of eggs, 14,928 pounds of honey, 
 377,608 gallons of milk and 57,968 pounds of butter. Vegetables and 
 fruits are raised for home consumption. 
 
 The means of transportation and travel are by the Millen and South- 
 ern, Midville, Swainsboro and Red Bluff, Wadley and Mount Yernon, 
 Stillmore Air Line, and the Pineora (now a part of the Central) Rail- 
 roads, about 100 miles in all. The county roads are in good condition. 
 
 Swainsboro, the county site^ is at the junction of the^ Midville, Swains- 
 boro and Red Bluff Railroad, with the Stillmore Air Line. Here a 
 new company is organized for the erection of a cotton-mill. There is one 
 bank with a capital of $50,000, and a court-house worth $30,000. 
 
 Of the 15,000 bales of cotton shipped from the county, 5,000 are 
 handled at Swainsboro. 
 
 Area, 936 square miles, or 599,040 acres by the census of 1900. 
 Population of Emanuel county, 21,279; school fund, $12,973.31; school 
 fund of Adrian, $583.19. 
 
 By the Comptroller-Greneral's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 405,424; of wild land, 115,675; average value per acre of 
 improved land, $2.04; of wild land, $1,00; city property, $197,365; 
 money, etc., $305,859; value of merchandise, $117,286; stocks 
 and bonds, $3,035; cotton manufactories, $21,000; iron works, $500; 
 household furniture, $174,753; farm animals, $338,457; watches and 
 jewelry, $8,176; plantation and mechanical tools, $64,312; real estate, 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 655 
 
 $1,142,710; personal estate, $1,140,970. Aggregate value of whole 
 property, $2,283,680. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers : number of acres of land, 
 22,625; value, $43,117; city property, $6,476; money and solvent debts, 
 $2,469; merchandise, $200; household and kitchen furniture, $12,837; 
 watches, jewelry, etc., $295.00; fann and other animals, $27,142; plan- 
 tation and mechanical tools, $4,285; value of all other property, $1,399; 
 aggregate value of whole property, $103,480. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain in the value of all property over 
 the returns of 1900, amounting to $181,713. 
 
 There are 93 schools in the county belonging to the public school sys- 
 tem, and the average daily attendance is 1,757 pupils in the 62 schools. 
 for whites, and 1,167 in the 31 schools for negroes. 
 
 Population of Emanuel county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 6,598; white females, 6,275; total white,. 
 12,873; colored males, 4,468; colored females, 3,938; total colored^ 
 8,406. 
 
 The total population, 21,279, shows a gain of 6,576 over 1890. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 83 calves, 54 steers, 9 bulls, 111 dairy cows, 99 horses, 
 169 mules, 508 swine, 77 goats. 
 
 fanot:^' county. 
 
 Fannin County was laid off from Union and Gilmer counties in 1856, 
 and was named in honor of J. W. Fannin who, with his whole command, 
 were put to the sword at Goliad while fighting for the freedom of Texas. 
 It is bounded on the north by the States of North Carolina and Tennes- 
 see, east by Union county, southeast by Lumpkin, southwest and south 
 by Dawson and Gilmer counties and west by Murray. Toccoa river rises 
 in the southeastern part of the county and flows northward into Tennes- 
 see. 
 
 The Atlanta, Knoxville and North Georgia Kailroad traverses the 
 county dividing at Blue Ridge into two diverging branches, one going 
 into Tennessee, the other into North Carolina. Thus the peiople enjoy 
 facilities for travel and for shipping to market chickens, eggs, apples, 
 and such other products as they may have for sale. 
 
 The lands are hilly and mountainous, and contain such minerals as 
 gold and copper. 
 
 Blue Ridge is the county site, the court-house having been transferred 
 to that point from Morganton in 1899. 
 
 The lands produce well, and with proper cultivation will yield per 
 acre: com, 15 bushels; oats, 20 bushels; rye, 12 bushels; wheat, 10 bush- 
 els: Irish potatoes, 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 50 bushels; field-peas, 
 10 bushels; crab-grass hay, 1,500 pounds; clover, 1,200 pounds; com 
 fodder, 200 pounds; sorghum syrup, 75 gallons. The apples of this- 
 county are of superior flavor, and can be kept almost from one end of 
 the year to the other. 
 
656 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Bj the census of 1890 there were in this county 7,826 sheep, with a 
 wooi-clip of y,549 pounds; 6,949 cattle, 1,430 working oxen, 2,165 
 niiich-cows, producing 641,893 gallons of milk and 146,974 pounds of 
 butter, 71,897 poultry of all sorts with an egg production of 98,532 
 dozen. The county also produced 15,469 pounds of honey. There were 
 also 749 horses, 386 mules and 11 donkeys. 
 
 The people are kind, hospitable and hardy. They manufacture at 
 home most of their cloth, jeans and linsey, for winter wear, and live 
 chiefly on home supplies. 
 
 The forest growth is white oak, post oak^ hickory, ash, poplar, maple 
 and other hardwoods and some pine. 
 
 The area of Tannin county is 390 square miles, or 249,600 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 11,214; school fund, $6,957.11. 
 
 By the Oomptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 219,573; of wild land, 73,038; average value per acre of 
 improved land, $1.51; of wild land, $0.30; city or town property, 
 $77,173; money, etc., $72,625; value of merchandise, $31,092; cotton 
 manufactories, $1,283; mining, $60.00; household and kitchen furni- 
 ture, $39,066; farm and other animals, $115,960; plantation and me- 
 chanical tools, $15,256; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,167; value of all other 
 property, $8,807; real estate, $432,653; personal estate, $288,519. Ag- 
 gregate value of whole property, $721,172. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 168; 
 value, $105.00; city or to^vn property, $425.00; money, $1,200; house- 
 hold and kitchen furniture, $549.00; watches, silver, etc., $21.00; farm 
 and other animals, $482.00; plantation and mechanical tools, $40.00; 
 value of all other property, $12.00. Aggregate value of whole prop- 
 erty, $1,646. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property 
 over that reported in 1900, amounting t-o $86,858., 
 
 The public school system has 57 schools for whites, with an average at- 
 tendance of 1,684 pupils, and 2 for colored with an average attendance 
 of 48. 
 
 At Morganton, the former county site, is located the North Georgia 
 Baptist College, which is doing a splendid work in that section. They 
 and the Methodists are the leading denominations of the county. 
 
 The railroads have greatly developed the county in the last few years. 
 The town of Blue Ridge, which in 1890 had only 264 inhabitants, had 
 by the census of 1900 a population of 1,148, and the district of the same 
 name had grown from 868 in 1890 to 2,048 in 1900. 
 
 The population of the county, which was 8,724 in 1890, was in 1900 
 11,214, an increase of 2,490. 
 
 Population of Fannin county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 5,346; white females, 5,572; total white, 
 10,918; colored males, 143; colored females, 153; total colored, 296. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 34 calves, 12 steers, 4 bulls, 109 dairy cows, 47 horses, 19 
 nuiles, 2 donkeys, 6 sheep, 264 swine. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. ^57 
 
 FAYETTE COU:^rTY. 
 
 Fayette County is a portion of the territory acquired by the United 
 States for the use of the State of Georgia from the Creek Indians, by 
 a treaty made at the Indian Spring. It was organized in 1821 and named 
 in honor of the Marquis de la Fayette, the gallant French nobleman who 
 so heartily espoused the cause of American freedom during the long 
 struggle for independence. This county is bounded by the following 
 counties: Campbell on the north, Clayton on the east, Spalding on the 
 2ast and southeast, and Coweta on the west. Flint river divides it from 
 Clayton and Spalding counties and Line creek from Coweta. 
 
 The Southern Railway traverses it from north to south, and a branch 
 of the Central system crosses its southern part. 
 
 The face of the country is generally level. The soil is gray; the water 
 pure, cool freestone. 
 
 Lands in this county yield per acre, under fair cultivation: seed cot- 
 ton, from 800 to 1,200 pounds; corn, 20 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; rye, 
 8 bushels; barley, 10 bushels; wheat, 12 bushels; Irish potatoes, 250 
 bushels; sweet potatoes, 200 bushels; field-peas, 25 bushels; ground-peas, 
 60 bushels; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; com fodder, 350 pounds; sor- 
 ghum syrup, 150 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 250 gallons. But some of 
 the lands under a state of scientific cultivation make 60 bushels of corn 
 to the acre; 75 of oats; 30 of wheat; 1,500 pounds of seed cotton to tbe 
 acre, and 400 gallons of cane syrup. Scientific or intensive farming 
 will raise in like proportion the averages in every county in the State. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in the 
 county for 1899-1900 was 9,449 bales, all upland. 
 
 Peaches and apples do well in this county. The Yate3 and Shockley 
 apples, of which large quantities are raised, have proved very remunera- 
 tive. 
 
 The county possesses abundant water-power and a fine supply of tim- 
 ber for building and mechanical purposes. Consequently there ai-e 
 many grist and sawmills. 
 
 By the census of 1890 there were in the county 163 sheep, with a 
 wool-clip of 292 pounds; 2,843 cattle, 131 working oxen; 1,197 milch- 
 cows with a production of 355,093 gallons of miuk and 117,098 pounds 
 of butter; 425 horses, 1,245 mules, 3 donkeys, 4,151 swine, 54,991 poul- 
 try of various kinds with a production of 70,625 dozen eggs. The county 
 also produced 10,300 pounds of honey. 
 
 Fayetteville, the county site, is on a branch of the Southern Railway. 
 Brook's station, Inman, Lowry and Woolsey, are some of the other post- 
 offices. 
 
 The area of Fayette county is 215 square miles, or 137,600 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 10,114; school fund, $6,731.64. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 119,084; average value per acre, $5.12; city property, 
 $46,325; money, $37,309; merchandise, $31,694; stocks and bonds. 
 
g58 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 $500; cotton manufactories, $690; iron works, $110; household furni- 
 ture, $48,579; mining, $25; farm and other animals, $90,888; planta- 
 tion and mechanical tools, $25,362; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,127; real 
 estate, $656,085; personal estate, $264,737. Aggregate value of whole 
 property, $920,817. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 
 1,541; value, $7,964; city property, $550; money, etc., $767; 
 household furniture, $4,199; watches, silver, etc., $83; farm animals, 
 $6,128; plantation and mechanical tools, $908. Aggregate value of 
 whole property, $21,780. 
 
 There are about 25,000 acres of forest in the county, with such trees 
 as pine, oak, hickory, gum and poplar. About 20 small sawmills work 
 this timber and prepare it for the market. At Fayetteville there is a 
 small private bank, a court-house worth $15,000, 2 life and fire insur- 
 ance agencies and several successful stores. There are also 2 broom 
 factories. 
 
 There are 43 schools belonging to the public school system of Geor- 
 gia. The daily average attendance is 865 in the 27 schools for whites, 
 and 300 in the 16 for negroes. 
 
 Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians are the leading Christian de- 
 nominations. 
 
 The Fayetteville district contains a population of 2,265, of whom 430 
 live in the town. The population of the county, 10,114, is a gain of 
 1,386 since 1890. 
 
 Population of Fayette county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 3,254; white females, 3,299; total white 
 6,553; colored males, 1,788; colored females, 1,773; total colored, 3,561. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 63 calves, 33 dairy cows, 17 horses, 11 mules, 2 sheep, 
 74 swine. 
 
 FLOYD COUNTY. 
 
 Floyd County was laid out from Cherokee in 1832, and was named in 
 honor of General John Floyd of Camden county, who was greatly dis- 
 tinguished for his victories over the Indian allies of the British in the 
 war of 1812-1815. Floyd county is bounded on the north by Chattooga 
 and Gordon, east by Gordon and Bartow, south by Polk, west by the 
 State of Alabama and nothwest by Chattooga county. The Etowah and 
 Ostenaula rivers enter this county from different directions, and, uniting 
 at Rome in the east central portion, form the Coosa, which flows west^ 
 ward into Alabama. The Etowah river is not navigable, but is a swift 
 flowing mountain stream with immense water-powers that can be util- 
 ized for running factories and flour and grist mills. The Oostenaula 
 is navigable for 105 miles northward and northeastward from the city. 
 The Coosa is navigable for 250 miles below the city, and the United 
 States government is making large appropriations to open it to the Gulf 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 659 
 
 of Mexico. The steamboats on these two rivers bring to Rome the 
 productions of the Coosa Valley, consisting of lumber, iron, grain, cot- 
 ton, and all those of the Oostenaula Valley, including large quantities of 
 walnut, poplar and oak lumber. 
 
 Railroad transportation in the county is all that could be desired. The 
 great Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis system comes in by the old 
 Rome Railroad, now a branch of the Western and Atlantic (State road), 
 connecting Rome with Atlanta on the south and Chattanooga on the 
 north. The Southern Railroad, one of the greatest railway systems in the 
 Union, goes through Rome, giving a connection on the north to Chatta- 
 nooga and all points in the northwest, and through East Tennessee to all 
 points northeast, including l^ew York, Philadelphia and Washington 
 City. One division of this same system goes from Rome southward to 
 Atlanta, Macon, Bnmswick and Savannah, and all points in Florida. The 
 Alabama division of the Southern system connects Rome with lines at 
 Anniston, Alabama, to Montgomery and Mobile, and also to Selma, 
 Meridian, Vicksburg, ISTew Orleans and all points south and west. The 
 Rome and Decatur (Alabama), now operated by the Southern, runs 
 Ithrough the valley of the Coosa to Gadsden and Attalla, Alabama. The 
 old Chattanooga, Rome and Southern Railroad, now a part of the great 
 Central of Georgia system, gives another connection to Chattanooga and 
 the northwest, and also affords direct communication with Savannah and 
 all points in Georgia and Florida, All these great arteries of freight and 
 travel, meeting at Rome, make it one of the greatest railroad centers 
 of the South. The miles of splendid macadamized county roads give to 
 those citizens not living on any one of the numerous railroad lines easy 
 access to their own thriving, growing city. Besides all these advantages 
 an elegant electric street car system reaches out from the city to the 
 suburbs, extending along the cardinal points of the compass. 
 
 Rome is not only the commercial, but also the manufacturing center 
 of this part of the State. Among the important industries should be 
 mentioned: the Rome Rolling Mill, making merchant bar iron and manu- 
 facturing cotton ties ; Rome Foundry and Machine Works, Brick Works, 
 Standard Scale Company, Stove works. Cotton factory, Rome Hollow- 
 ware and Iron Factory, steam ginners, cotton compress, plow factory, gas 
 works, electric light plant, electric street railroad, cotton seed-oil mills, 
 ice factory, harness and saddle factories, 2 planing-mills, Garlock Rubber 
 Packing Factory, steam tannery, a furniture factoiry, excelsior works, 
 broom factory, mattress factory, carriage and wagon factory, acid phos- 
 phate works, and the Rome Charcoal Iron Furnace. 
 
 Besides the State public school system the city of Rome has an excel- 
 lent system of its own, and Shorter College for young ladies. 
 
 Rome has a population of 7,291 by the census of 1900; but Rome dis- 
 trict, which embraces the city and the towns of East Rome and ITorth 
 Rome with their respective suburbs, contains by the same census 14,035 
 inhabitants. 
 
 The soil of Floyd county is very productive, especially in the three 
 great river valleys, producing in abundance cotton, corn and the small 
 
660 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 grain and haj crops. Though the higher lands are less fertile, they are 
 better adapted to the growing of such fruits as peaches, pears, plums, 
 cherries and all varieties of berries. Apples flourish best on the lower 
 lands. Upon the mountain tops grapes grow in great perfection. 
 
 With fair cultivation the lands yield to the acre: seed cotton, 1,000 
 pounds; corn, 25 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; wheat, 20 bushels; rye, 15 
 bushels; Irish potatoes, 200 bushels; sweet potatoes, 200 bushels; field- 
 peas, 15 bushels; crab-grass and clover, each 5,000 pounds of hay; fod- 
 der, 600 pounds; sorghum syrup, 200 gallons. As in Bartow and Cobb, 
 there are lands which yield 50 bushels of com and 40 of wheat to the 
 acre. Stock-raising and the improvement of the breeds is attracting con- 
 siderable attention. There are excellent dairy farms in the county. 
 
 Bj the census of 1890 there were 3,623 sheep, with a wool-clip of 
 7,052 pounds; 10,352 cattle, 619 working oxen, 3,932 milch-cows with a 
 production of 1,266,971 gallons of milk, from which were made 381,573 
 pounds of butter and 1,270 pounds of cheese. There were by the same 
 ceusus 137,106 poultry of ail kinds with a product of 216,015 dozens of 
 egg&. The honey produced amounted to 24,785 pounds. There were 
 also in the county 1,519 horses, 2,118 mules, 11 donkeys, and 16,330 
 swine. Of the cattle 187 were pure bred and 909 were half blood and 
 higher. These statistics do not include live stock in the city of Rome. 
 
 in minerals Floyd is rich. The following have been found: brown 
 and red iron ores, manganese, bauxite, marble (variegated and black), 
 slate, limestone, cement rock, lithographic stone, brown stone kaolin, 
 ochre, brick clay, bituminous shale, extensive iron pyrite, gold, silver 
 and lead. 
 
 Besides Rome, East Rome and North Rome, there is in the southwest- 
 ern part of the county the grov^ing town of Cave Spring, on one of the 
 branches of the Southern Railway, 16 miles from Rome. It is situated 
 in Van's Valley, one of the most charming in all Georgia. In the south- 
 eastern end of the town is a large limestone cave in the side of a well- 
 wooded hill, from the foot of which is a spring of clear, mild limestone 
 water, from which the town derives its name. At Cave Spring are lo- 
 cated Hearn Institute, Hearn Female Seminary, Wesleyan Institute and 
 the Georgia Academy for the Deaf and Dumb. Though the town proper 
 had by the census of 1900 only 824 inhabitants, the Cave Spring dis- 
 trict, which includes the town, contains a population of 2,283. 
 
 The Southern Manganese and Steel Company has completed at this 
 town a $20,000 plant for treating manganese, of which it produces 50 
 tons a day. An electric light plant is also approaching completion. 
 
 In the Lindale district, having a population or 2,643, is the great Lin- 
 dale Cotton Factory, having 1,726 looms, 51,264 spindles and a capital 
 of $1,000,000. The proprietors have erected an elegant $15,000 school 
 building for the children of the operatives, and have fitted up a handsome 
 library and reading-room, lighted by electricity, for the benefit of their 
 employees. In the school building is a large, well-equipped lecture- 
 room, elegant in all its appointments, lighted by electricity and suited 
 to any kind of public entertainment. 
 
ROME BEAUTY. 
 
 A very handsome and valuable winter apple, ripening from mid-winter to late spring. 
 Tree hardy and productive. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL A^W INDUSTRIAL. 663 
 
 Floyd county abounds in churches of the Methodists, Baptists, Presby- 
 terians and Episcopalians. The Roman Catholics also are well repre- 
 sented. The Jews have a synagogue at Rome. 
 
 The area of Floyd county is 506 square miles, or 323,840 acres. The 
 population by the United States census of 1900 was 33,113, an increase 
 of 4,722 since 1890. 
 
 According to the report of the Department of Education the school 
 fund of the county is, $16,392.25; of the city of Rome $5,186.02; of 
 North Rome $1,042.80. 
 
 According to the report of the Comptroller-General for 1900 the prop- 
 erty returned for taxation is as follows: acres of improved land, 266,815; 
 acres of wild land, 17,847; average value per acre of improved land, 
 $7.26; of wild land, $0.80; city property, $2,716,909; shares in bank, 
 $441,325; money, etc, $815,427; merchandise, 513,115; tonnage, 
 $4,000; stocks and bonds, $39,800; cotton manufactories, $1,024,850; 
 household furniture, $306,542; iron works, $1,600; mining, $14,- 
 380; farm and other animals, $301,472; plantation and mechanical tools, 
 $91,032; watches, jewelry, etc., $39,144; value of all other property, 
 $60,293; real estate, $4,669,618; personal estate, $3,837,326. Aggre- 
 gate value of whole property, $8,506,944. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 
 12,884; value, $43,071; household furniture, $67,655; money, $185.00; 
 merchandise, $1,155; farm and other animals, $20,857; watches, silver, 
 etc., $238; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,345; value of all other 
 property, $1,121. Aggregate value of whole property, $168,057. 
 
 The tax retui-ns for 1901 show a decrease in the value of all property 
 of $200,975 since the returns of 1900. The apparent decrease was prob- 
 ably owing to an error in the compilation of the returns, for Floyd is on© 
 of the most progressive counties of Georgia. 
 
 Colonel A. J. Pickett, whose researches into the early history of Geor- 
 gia and Alabama are very interesting, came to the conclusion frona a 
 description written by one of De Soto's followers that Rome occupied 
 the site of the Indian town called Chiaha. Here De Soto on his wonder- 
 ful march from Florida across Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi, rested 
 for 30 days, while men and horses recuperated and recovered strength. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900, there were ginned 
 in Floyd county during the season of 1899-1900, 11,864 bales of upland 
 cotton. 
 
 In the public school system are 75 schools for whites and 33 for 
 colored. The average attendance on the former is 1,748 pupils, and on 
 the latter, 859. In the white schools of Rome are 997 pupils, and in the 
 colored schools, 536. 
 
 Population of Floyd county by sex and color, according to the census 
 
 of 1900: white male's, 10,900; white females, 10,733; total white, 21,- 
 
 633; colored males, 5,651; colored females, 5,829; total colored, 11,480. 
 
 Population of the city of Rome by sex and color, according to the 
 
 census of 1900: w^hite males, 2,147; white females, 2,310; total white. 
 
664 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 4,457; colored males, 1,243; colored females, 1,591; total colored, 2,834 
 
 Total population of Rome, 7,291. 
 
 Domestic animals in Floyd county, in barns and inclosures, not on 
 farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 276 calves, 122 steers, 749 dairy cows, 
 666 horses, 205 mules, 2 donkeys, 33 sheep, 812 swine, 19 goats. 
 
 FORSYTH COUNTY. 
 
 Forsyth County was laid out from Cherokee in 1834, and named after 
 the Hon. John Forsyth, a native of Virginia, who came with his father 
 to Georgia at four years of age, rose to prominence while a very young 
 man, became attorney-general of Georgia, then representative in Con- 
 gress, then senator, then Minister of the United States to 
 Spain, again representative in Congress, next Governor of Geor- 
 gia, then a second time its senator at "Washington, and finally 
 Secretary of State of the United States. This county is bounded 
 by the following counties: Dawson on the north. Hall on the east. Hall 
 and Gwinnett on the southeast, Milton on the south and Milton and 
 Cherokee on the west. The Etowah river flows through its northwestern 
 comer, ^Vhile the Chattahoochee and one of its branches borders the 
 county on the east and southeast. Tributaries of these rivers water the 
 western and northern sections of the county. The bottom lands of the 
 rivers are very fertile, and the valley lands also produce good crops of 
 cotton, com, wheat, rye, oats, tobacco, fruits and vegetables. The aver- 
 age production to the acre of the lands of this county under improved 
 methods is about 25 bushels of corn, 25 of oats, 15 of wheat, 15 of bar- 
 ley, 10 of rye, 200 bushels each of Irish and sweet potatoes, 10 to 15 
 bushels of field-peas; 50 bushels of ground-peas; 500 pounds of seed 
 cotton; 400 pounds of crab-grass hay, 1,000 to 1,500 pounds of Bermuda 
 grass hay, 6,000 pounds of clover, 500 pounds of corn fodder and 100 gal- 
 lons of sorghum syrup. The best hay made in the county is pea-vine mixed 
 with sorghum and crab-grass. Vegetables of every kind, apples, peaches, 
 plums and other fruits mature well and in great profusion. There are 
 no fruit farms, but nearly all the farmers have orchards and sometimes 
 carry a wagon load of apples to Atlanta. There are no dairy farms, but 
 almost every family has one, and some, two or more, milch-cows. The 
 Jersey i's regarded as the best milker. The Durham and the Devon are 
 preferred for beef. By the census of 1890 the cattle numbered, 4,985, 
 of which 403 were working oxen, and 2,133 were milch-cows, yielding 
 602,371 gallons of milk, from which were made 210,081 pounds of but- 
 ter and 75 pounds of cheese. The domestic fowls of all varieties aggre- 
 gated 98,297 and produced 107,427 dozens of eggs. The honey collected 
 amounted to 20,187 pounds. There are 820 horse's, 1,460 mules, 8 
 donkeys and 7,683 swine. The sheep, numbered 1,006, and yielded 1,293 
 pounds of wool. 
 
 For summer pasturage, Bermuda, crab-grass and broo-m sedge grasses 
 are used; for winter, rye chiefly. The feed for cattle i6 pea-vine hay 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 665 
 
 forage, fodder, shucks, ooitton seed, cotton seed-meal and com meal 
 bran. 
 
 The forest growth is chiefly second growth pine, hickory, and the 
 varieties of oak. There are two small sawmills run by water and nine 
 steam sawmills. Most of the mills are portable and saw by lots for those 
 who use lumber. There are nine flour and grist-mills, and twelve com 
 mills. There is also in Forsyth county one tannery. The Chattahoochee 
 river affords water-power sufficient for any number of factories. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 Forsyth county in 1899 
 ginned 7,449 bales of upland cotton. 
 
 Most of the products of the county are marketed at Buford, on the 
 Southern Railway; some in Atlanta. 
 
 The climate is healthy, the water clear and pure. The people are kind 
 and hospitable. There are public and private schools, and churches of 
 the Methodists and Baptists. The latter are the most numerous. High- 
 tower Institute is a Baptist school, and Hopewell Academy belongs to 
 the Methodists. 
 
 Although no railroads traverse the county, the Southern runs within a 
 few miles of its eastern boundary, the nearest point being at the south- 
 east corner. 
 
 Gumming, the county site, named in honor of Colonel William Cum- 
 ming of Augusta, is located on Vickery creek, 2^ miles from Sawnee 
 Mountain, which is said to be rich in gold. Some mines in the county 
 have yielded large amounts of gold. Some silver and copper have been 
 found. Three hundred thousand dollare in gold has been taken from 
 the Strickland mine, which is not now being worked. The Green mine 
 near Coal Mountain, is a rich placer. It is being daily operated by a 
 few men using primitive methods. 
 
 There is much beautiful scenery, especially in the vicinity of Cumming, 
 This town has a population of 239, but the Cumming district, which in- 
 cludes it has 1,808 people. 
 
 In the schools of the public school system the average attendance is 
 1,398 in the 48 schools for whites and 115 in the 7 for negroes. 
 
 The area of Forsyth county is 252 square miles, or 161,280 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 11,550, a gain of 395 since 1890; school fund, 
 $8,273.08. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 152,981; of wild land, 2,280; average value to the acre of 
 improved land, $4.03; of wild land, $0.66; city property, etc., $31,515; 
 money, $156,092; merchandise, $46,294; household furniture, $57,100; 
 farm animals, $141,237; plantation and mechanical tools, $36,- 
 545; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,863; value of all other property, $24,846; 
 real estate, $772,715; pei*gonal estate, $471,654. Aggregate value of 
 whole property, $1,244,369. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: acres of land, 1,991; value, 
 $6,320; money, $285.00; city property, $275.00; household furniture, 
 $1,469; watches, silver, etc., $22.00; farm animals, $3,482; planta- 
 
666 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 tion and mechanical tools, $554.00; value of all otlier property, $102.00. 
 Aggregate value of whole property, $12,509. 
 
 The tax returns of 1901 show a gain of $70,829 in the value of all 
 property over the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Forsyth county by race and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 5,161; white females, 5,306; total white, 
 10,467; colored males, 544; colored females, 539; total colored, 1,083. 
 
 No report of domestic animals in bams or inclosures, all being prob- 
 ably on farms or ranges. 
 
 FEANXLIlSr COmNTTY. 
 
 Franklin County is one of the oldest in the State, and from it several 
 counties have been formed. It was named in honor of Benjamin Frank- 
 lin, who was bom in Boston, Massachusetts, January 17, 1706. When 
 a young man he removed to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and soon rose 
 to prominence as a philosopher and a statesman. Through him was 
 brought about the treaty of alliance with France in 1778, and he was one 
 of the commissioners who negotiated with England the final treaty of 
 peace. 
 
 Franklin county is bounded on the northeast by South Carolina, from 
 which it is separated by the Tugaloo, a branch of the Savannah river; on 
 the east by Hart county, on the south by Madison county, on the west by 
 Banks county and northwest by Habersham. 
 
 On its southern border flows Hudson's Fork, commonly called Hudson 
 river, a tributary of Broad river, which empties into the Savannah on 
 the border of Elbert and Lincoln counties. North Fork and Middle 
 Fork, tributaries of Broad river, flow through tlie county. The lands 
 along the rivers and creeks are rich and produce abundant crops of cot- 
 ton, com and the small grains, as well as a great variety of vegetables. 
 The average yield to the acre under good cultivation is: seed cotton 600 
 to 800 pounds; com, 15 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; rye, 10; oats, 20 to 
 30; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 100; crab-grass hay, 2,000 
 pounds; Bermuda grass 4,000 pounds; shredded com, 4,000; sorghum 
 syrap, 75 to 100 gallons. 
 
 In 1890 there were in the county 1,669 sheep, with a wool-clip of 
 2,491 pounds, 5,940 cattle, of which there were 630 working oxen, 2,227 
 milch-cows, producing 730,701 gallons of milk, 232,615 pounds of but- 
 ter, and 25 pounds of cheese. There were also 108,222 of all kinds of 
 poultry, producing 72,307 dozens of eggs. The honey produced 
 amounted to 18,939 pounds. There were also 990 horses, 1,323 mules, 
 3 donkeys and 7,763 swine. 
 
 The forest growth is chiefly of hardwoods, viz. : the different varieties 
 of oaks, hickory, maple, ash, birch, gum and other trees common to this 
 section of the State. 
 
 The climate of Franklin county is pleasant and healthy. The peo- 
 ple are industrious, kind-hearted and hospitable. Methodists amd Baptists 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 667 
 
 are the most numerous of the Christian denominations, though there 
 ai'e also many I'resbyterians and a few of other sects. 
 
 There are some good private schools besides the excellent ones belong- 
 ing to the system provided by the State. In the 50 public schools for 
 whites there is an average attendance of 1,753 pupils, and in the 19 for 
 negroes au average attendance of 529. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in 
 this county 13,998 bales of upland cotton, representing very nearly the 
 entire production of the county for 1899. 
 
 Carnesville, named for Thomas B. Games, an eminent lawyer and 
 judge, is the county site, located about ten miles from one of the branch 
 roads of the Southern Railway system. It has, according to the United 
 States census of 1900, a population of 305 in the corporate limits, and 
 in the entire Carnesville district, 2,202. The Franklin Springs are about 
 9 miles southeast of Carnesville. 
 
 The largest town in the county is Lavonia, in Bryant district, which 
 contains a population of 2,093, while in the town there are 699 inhabit- 
 ants. It is on a branch of the Southern Railway between Toccoa and 
 Elberton, and being on a ridge leading from the base of the Blue Ridge, 
 has a delightful summer climate. On either side are fruitful plains yield- 
 ing cotton, corn, wheat, oats, peaches, etc., one plain stretching toward 
 the Tugalo'O river on the north, the other toward the Broad on the south. 
 
 The business portion is built of brick. There are several manufactur- 
 ing establishments: the Lavonia Oil Mill, with $25,000 capital; the La- 
 vonia Milling Company, a modern roller flouring mill with $10,000 
 capital; the Lavonia Gin Company with a capital of $10,000; Stevenson's 
 Brick Mills with an output of 50,000 first-class brick in a day; Mason, 
 Randall & Go's, lumber yard and sawmills with dressers and other mod- 
 em equipments, and the Lavonia Cotton Mill, with a capital of $65,000. 
 There are in the town 2 hotels; Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian 
 churches, the Lavonia Institute, a $4,000 brick building, well patronized 
 and the Bank of Lavonia, with a capital adequate to the needs of the 
 community. 
 
 Another town is Royston, on the Southern Railway, with 579 inhabit- 
 ants in the corporate limits, while in the Manley district, which includes 
 it, are 1,321 people. This town has four fertilizer establishments which 
 carry on a successful business. It is also well supplied with religious and 
 educational advantages. 
 
 Other post offices are Ashland, Avalon, Bold Spring, Mize, Cromer, 
 Eastonollee, Garlandville, Goodwill, Henry, Iron Rock, Martin, Red 
 Hill, Salubrity, Walnut Hill and West Boweraville. 
 
 The area of Franklin county is 344 square miles, or 220,160 acres. 
 
 By the United States census of 1900 the population was reported at 
 17,700, a gain of 3,030 over that of 1890. 
 
 According to the report of Hon. G. R. Glenn, State School Commis- 
 sioner, the school fund of Franklin county for 1900 was $11,919.66. 
 
 By the report of Hon. W. A. Wright, the Comptroller-General, the 
 following items were returned for taxation in 1900: acres of improved 
 
668 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 land, 195,179; average value per acre, $4.Yl; city or town property, 
 $132,503; shares in bank, $12,000; money and solvent debts, $180,074; 
 value of merchandise, $67,241; cotton manufactures, $15,000; house- 
 hold and kitchen furniture, $81,472; farm and other animals, $186,511; 
 plantation and mechanical tools, $46,616; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,151; 
 cotton, com, annual crop, etc., $9,255; value of 'all other property, $39,- 
 590; real estate, $1,090,075; personal estate, $641,372. Aggregate 
 value of whole property, $1,731,447. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 
 2,626; value of land, $9,539; city or town property, $1,263; money and 
 solvent debts, $157; merchandise, $208; household and kitchen furni- 
 ture, $4,740; watches, jewelry^, etc., $68.00; farm and other animals, 
 $10,894; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,071; value of all other 
 property, $1,492. Aggregate value of whole property $30,432. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $119,789 over the re- 
 turns of 1900. 
 
 One of the early settlers of this county was Captain James Terrell, 
 who died in the 77th year of his age. During the Revolutionary strug- 
 gles, though living in the midst of royalist neighbors, he was among the 
 first to embrace the cause of America, and served with distinction until 
 disabled by a musket ball which shattered his hip. 
 
 There are in Franklin county several Indian mounds. This section of 
 the State was long exposed to the ravages of the Indians. In almost 
 every part of it the settlers found it necessary to erect forts and block- 
 houses to protect theimselves agaiuvSt the savages who, w'henever opportun- 
 ity offered, inflicted upon helpless women and children cruelties, the very 
 record of which would chill the blood. The remembrance of these things 
 was still fresh, when in 1837 the Creek warriors in Alabama gathered 
 to do battle against the whites. One of the most gallant companies that 
 volunteered for this war was from Franklin county, and was commanded 
 by a Captain Morris. At the battle of Pea River Swamp in Alabama 
 (March 25, 1837), the Franklin Volunteers greatly distinguished them- 
 selves. One of their number, after the Indians had been routed, while 
 pursuing a fleeing savage, got into their camp when two Indian women 
 seized him. Disdaining to strike a woman, he made every effort to esr 
 cape, but finally when they were about to dispatch him with knives, he 
 drew his bowie, and killing them both made good his escape. 
 
 Population of Franklin county by sex and color, according to the 
 census of 1900: white males, 6,783; white females, 6,713; total white, 
 13,496; colored males, 2,146; colored females, 2,058; total colored, 
 4,204. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 40 calves, 14 steers, 1 bull, 123 dairy cows, 81 horses, 24 
 mules, 1 donkey, 7 sheep, 179 hogs. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 669 
 
 FULTON COUNTY. 
 
 Fulton County was set off from DeKalb in 1853 and was named in 
 honor of Robert Fulton, of New York, who first demonstrated the fact 
 that steam could be used in the propulsion of vessels large enough to 
 carry freight and passengers, (1807). This county is bounded on the 
 north by Milton and Cobb, on the east by DeKalb, on the south by Clay- 
 ton and Campbell and on the west by Campbell and Cobb. 
 
 The Chattahoochee river flows along its northern and western border. 
 South river, one of the headwaters of the Ocmulgee, rises in the south- 
 ern part of this county. Other streams are Peachtree, Clear, Woodall, 
 Shoal, Proctor's, Sugar and Utoy creeks. 
 
 The face of the country is rolling and broken. The soil is red clay, 
 interspersed with gray, gravelly ridges and bottoms. 
 
 The average yield of the various crops to the acre is: Seed cotton, 
 YOO to 800 pounds; com, 19 to 20 bushels; oats, 24 bushels; rye, 13 
 bushels; wheat, from 6 to 10 bushels; hay, 4,000 pounds. The grasses 
 from which hay is made, are clover, blue grass, Bermuda, crab, orchard, 
 red top, timothy and peavine. All these do well. There is an annual 
 product of about 7,000 bushels of cowpeas, 500 bushels of peanuts, 52,- 
 000 bushels of Irish potatoes, 124,000 bushels of sweet potatoes. The 
 proximity of Atlanta causes a great demand for vegetables, and the 
 amount of truck sold from the market gardens is valued at $150,000. 
 There are in Fulton county 47,000 peach-trees, 1,500 cherry-trees, 25,- 
 700 apple-trees, 1,700 pear-trees and 2,356 plum-trees. 
 
 The suburbs of Atlanta enjoy unrivalled advantages for profitable 
 dairying, bee-keeping, poultry farming and trucking, and there is a 
 steady growth all along these lines of industry. 
 
 By the census of 1890 there were 157 sheep, with a wool-clip of 487 
 pounds; 3,291 cattle, of which 72 were working oxen, and 1,839 were 
 malch-cows, producing 817,310 gallons of milk from which were made 
 201,435 pounds of butter. There were reported 649 horses, 1,112 
 mules, 4 donkeys, 3,617 swine, 56,969 poultry of all kinds, 146,074 
 dozens of eggs and 16,812 pounds of honey. Of the cattle 380 were 
 recorded as pure bred and 890 were graded as half blood or higher. 
 
 In these statistics horses and mules in the city of Atlanta were not re- 
 corded, but only those on farms. 
 
 Tlie minerals are some copper, iron pyrites, asbestos and gold. None 
 are being mined. The clays for making brick and terra cotta are profit- 
 ably worked. 
 
 The timber products are small; some oak and walnut, used in shops 
 which manufacture various articles of wood work. The output of lum- 
 ber, shingles, staves, etc., amounts to about $8,000 per annum. 
 
 The gross horse-powers of the Chattahoochee not utilized are 31,677. 
 The utilized water-powers are: On the Chattahooche 159, running 14 
 small grist-mills; on South river 33, running 3 small grist-mills. 
 
^70 GEORGIA: HIISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 In the city of Atlanta is one of "the largest steam flour mills in Geor- 
 gia, with patent roller process. 
 
 The county site and also the capital of Georgia is Atlanta, with a pop- 
 ulation in the city limits, according to the United States census of lyuu, 
 of »y,872, or in round numbers, 90,000. If we add to these tigures the 
 population of the immediate suburbs, we would have over 10^,000 peo- 
 ple whose living depends upon the various industries of the City of At- 
 lanta. Besides these, many of the business men of Atlanta have their 
 homes in the small cities, towns and villages scattered about within a 
 radius of 20 and more miles in every direction, going to their homes 
 every evening and returning in the morning, on numerous lines of steam 
 or electric railways. Although the youngest of all the great commercial 
 centers of Georgia, Atlanta is now the largest city between Washing- 
 ton, D. 0., and New Orleans, La. 
 
 In 1837 the southeastern terminus of the Western and Atlantic Kail- 
 road was established near where the union passenger depot now stands 
 (1901). It was chosen as being the best point for "the running of 
 branch roads to Athens, Madison, Milledgeville, Forsyth and Columbus." 
 Terminus was the name given to the site thus chosen. In 1843 the vil- 
 lage was called Marthasville, in compliment to the daughter of ex-Gov- 
 ernor Lumpkin, who had been distinguished by his deep interest in the 
 development of railroad enterprise in Georgia. In 1846 Atlanta, de- 
 rived from the word Atlantic, was suggested as an appropriate name for 
 the embryo city, by Mr. J. Edgar Thomson, chief engineer of the Geor- 
 gia Railroad, in a letter to Mr. Richard Peters, also an engineer of the 
 road. Mr. Peters and Mr. Gamett decided upon this name, and on the 
 29th of December, 1847, the Georgia legislature incorporated, as the 
 "City of Atlanta," the new town, which had begun to give evidence of 
 rapid growth. The population at that time numbered about 500. By 
 the census of 1850 the population was shown to be 2,572. Up to 1853 
 the people of Atlanta went to Decatur to transact their legal business; 
 but in that year the county of Fulton was formed with Atlanta as its 
 county site, and a city hall was erected where the State Capitol now 
 stands. It was about this time that Rev. George White was superin- 
 tending the publication of his "Historical Collections of Georgia," in 
 which appears a statement from Mr. Jonathan Norcross to the effect 
 that the population of Atlanta was not then precisely known, "but placed 
 by none under 4,500, and still increasing." When the census of 1860 
 was taken, Atlanta was shown to have 9,554, or in round numbers, 10,- 
 000 inhabitants. During the civil war Atlanta was the seat of impor- 
 tant industries, whose principal object was to sustain the military oper- 
 ations of the Confederate States. In July, 1864, Atlanta and vicinity 
 became the scene of a fierce struggle between opposing armies and the 
 battles of Peachtree Creek, Atlanta and Ezra Church were fought with- 
 out decisive results. On August 6th another fierce engagement occurred 
 between portions of each army at Utoy creek. From the 9th to the 
 25th of August the city was subjected to a furious bombardment, and 
 i^omen and children had to seek shelter in cellars night and day. But 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 671 
 
 the women and children had the spirit of heroes, to which General Hood 
 bore testimony in these words, "I can not recall one word from their lips 
 expressive of dissatisfaction or willingness to surrender." When all his 
 efforts to capture Atlanta bj direct attack had failed, General Sherman 
 moved the bulk of his army to Jonesboro, across the only line of supply 
 in possession of the Confederates. Then Hood, being unable to dislodge 
 him, was compelled to let go, and Sherman entered Atlanta on the 2d 
 of September, 1864. When he started on his march to the sea, Sher- 
 man ordered everything burned except the mere dwelling houses and 
 the churches. Only 450 houses, including some of the churches, es- 
 caped. All the stores, workshops, mills, depots and most of the dwell- 
 ings were reduced to ashes. The city just before its capture had 14,000 
 inhabitants. Before the close of hostilities, in the following spring, the 
 people began to return and prepared to rebuild the ruined city. By 
 1870, a little over five years from the time of its destruction, Atlanta 
 had arisen from her ashes and had a population of 22,000. In 1880 it 
 had increased to 37,000, and in 1890 to 65,533. This growth from 
 less than 3,000 in 1850 to 90,000 in 1900 has no parallel outside of the 
 Northwestern States. 
 
 Nearly 1,100 feet above sea level, Atlanta has a bracing atmosphere, 
 with breezes blowing over the foothills of the Blue Ridge. 
 
 The public buildings, whose cost aggregates nearly $8,000,000, are 
 imposing structures, and the business edifices compare favorably with 
 them. Few cities in any part of the United States can show more attrac- 
 tive residence streets or more beautiful homes; and by the United States 
 census Atlanta is accredited with a larger percentage of home owners 
 than any city of its size in the Southern States. The streets are well 
 paved, and macadamized roads extend far out from the city limits into 
 the country. 
 
 The city is supplied with water works, gas and electric light plants, 
 street and suburban electric railways, long distance telephones to the 
 leading cities and towns of the State, and other great cities in different 
 sections of the Union, and enjoys telegraphic communication with every 
 C[uarter of the globe. 
 
 With no advantage of water transportation Atlanta enjoys, through 
 her magnificent railroad connections, a great trade north, south, east 
 and west. In several specialties the trade of Atlanta extends throughout 
 the United States. This is particularly true of cotton and paper bags, 
 furniture and proprietary medicines. 
 
 Groceries and dry goods are the two largest items in Atlanta's whole- 
 sale trade. The sale of groceries for 1899 amounted to over $12,000,- 
 000 and those of dry goods to $10,000,000. 
 
 In Atlanta and vicinity there are 9 cotton mills, and the Atlanta 
 woolen mill, with an aggregate invested capital of $1,860,000; 13 iron 
 manufactories, making machinery, agricultural implements, boilers, gins 
 and castings, with a capital of $1,467,000; 12 manufactories of sash, 
 doors, blinds and interior finish, with a capital of $694,000; 5 establish- 
 ments working in sheet metal, producing cornices, wirework and tinware, 
 
 31 ga 
 
672 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 with a capital of $222,000; 8 making brick, tile and ten'a cotta, from 
 clay, witii a capital of $301,000;' 10 manufactories of commercial fer- 
 tilizers, with, a capital of $1,215,000 in operation and a new plant 
 approaching completion; 5 wagon and carriage factories, with a 
 capital of $126,000; 14 manufactories of proprietary medicines, 
 with a capital of $248,000; 13 furniture factories, with a capital of 
 $532,000; 7 candy and cracker factories, with a capital of $235,000; 
 10 tobacco factories, with a capital of $38,000; 3 cotitin factories, with a 
 capital of $260,000; 6 bottling and carbonating establishments, with a 
 capital of $53,000; 5 paper and paper bag factories, with a capital of 
 $480,000; 4 paint and oil manufactories, with a capital of $114,000; 4 
 of cotton seed oil and by-products, with a capital of $750,000; 1 ice fac- 
 tory, with a capital of $140,000; 26 miscellaneous establishments repre- 
 senting $718,000. The aggregate invested capital of all these estab- 
 lishments is $9,454,000. Besides these are nearly 400 small manufac- 
 tories of various articles not estimated. The manufactories above enum- 
 erated employ more than 10,000 operatives, with an annual payroll of 
 over $3,000,000. The value of the raw material consumed is more than 
 $10,000,000, and the product between $15,000,000 and $20,000,- 
 000. The factories of Atlanta take the cotton crop of four average 
 Georgia counties. 
 
 The lumber interest is the third largest in the south. The raw ma- 
 terial consumed by the lumber mills amounts to $500,000, and has a 
 market value, when manufactured, of $1,500,000. 
 
 The tanning industry is yet in its incipiency, but the quality of the 
 goods produced is of such a high standard, that they are always in det- 
 inand at high prices.. 
 
 There are in Atlanta 20 banking institutions, with a capital of more 
 than $3,000,000. 
 
 There are upwards of 20 building and loan associations representing 
 nearly $2,000,000 capital. 
 
 The hardware business of Atlanta amounts to something more than 
 $6,000,000 annually. 
 
 The largest wholesale and retail seed growing establishments in the 
 south are located in Atlanta. They grow their own seed and guarantee 
 them. 
 
 In fire insurance Atlanta has long led all other Southera cities. Here 
 is the home of the Southeastern Tariff Association, which is composed 
 of 60 of the leading fire companies doing business in the south. It has 
 in the last 15 years done a splendid work in equalizing rates, liberaliz- 
 ing policies, driving out irresponsible agents and wild cat companies and 
 improving building laws. Sixty companies through their Atlanta agen- 
 cies report Georgia business for the year ending April 30th, 1900, as 
 follows: New business written. $184,000,000; premiums received, $2,- 
 400,000; losses paid, over $2,000,000. The Georgia Insurance Com- 
 missioner's report shows that 28 accident, marine, guarantee and plate 
 glass companies, through thpir AHnnta aarents, report Georsria business 
 for the year ending April 30th, 1900, amounting to $75,000,000,' with 
 
v.m^ 
 
 BRIGHTON. 
 
 Our ten years' experience 
 this valuable variety warrai 
 in saying: that it ranks as best 
 the qualities of a number one 
 ily or market grape. It is eq 
 or better than the Delaware, c 
 g^er size, with less pulp, and 
 a week or ten days earlier, 
 vine is a strong grower; foliag 
 and glossy, and the many te 
 which it has been subjected 
 cat^ that it has no superior fo 
 or, hardiness, freedom from d 
 a/ad abundant crops of hand 
 luscious fruit. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 675 
 
 premium payments of $260,000, and losses paid $144,000. For the 
 same penutl ^6 old line life iiiburance companies, through their At- 
 lanta ottices, report new business written in Georgia $28,000,000; new 
 premiums collected, $800,000; total business now in force, $llii,000,- 
 000, with annual premiums of $3,163,000, and annual death claims of 
 $1,500,000. Assessment and fraternal companies add greatly to the 
 above amounts. All this immense business aggregates in Georgia $300,- 
 000,000, with annual premium pajnoaents of $(5,000,000 and annual losses 
 of $4,000,000. 
 
 The sanitary, police and fire departments of Atlanta are in first class 
 condition, and no city in the Union surpasses her in these respects. 
 
 The hotels are nmnerous and first-class in their appointments. 
 
 Atlanta's public school system is up to the highest mark. 
 
 The churches and religious organizations represent every Christian 
 denomination and Hebrews also. The churches number more than 100, 
 and have large memberships. 
 
 Atlanta is surrounded by springs of great medicinal value, some of 
 them in Fulton and some in adjacent counties. The Lithia waters of 
 Georgia are of a superior quality and are claimed by some to excel those 
 of any other State. They are sold in Atlanta at all soda fountains; they 
 are barrelled and bottled and shipped to all points. The springs all have 
 headquarters here. The waters have been found very beneficial, and a 
 great many citizens of Atlanta drink nothing but lithia water. 
 
 Atlanta has several business and medical colleges, a law college and 
 two dental colleges. 
 
 In addition to the day schools, public and private, there is a large 
 night school connected with the public school system, and one under the 
 auspices of the Young Men's Christian Association. The colleges of 
 Atlanta have already been mentioned in the chapter on education in 
 Georgia. 
 
 In 1870 the taxable property of Atlanta was returned at $9,500,000, 
 and in 1901 at $47,986,535. Of this amount the whites omi $47,097,- 
 550 and the negroes $888,985. 
 
 Atlanta's railroad facilities have already been referred to. The South- 
 ern, the Georgia, the Seaboard Air Line and the Central of Georgia 
 connect her with the Middle, Xoi-thpm and ISTew England State«. Tlie 
 Western and Atlantic, the Atlanta, Knoxville and ISTorthern, and that 
 branch of the Southern system fonnerly called the East Tennessee, Vir- 
 ginia and Georgia bring her into cloi=e communion wath the entire coun- 
 try between the Alleghany and Rockv Mountains, and the region of the 
 great lakes. That branch of the Southern, once known as the Georgia 
 Pacific, and the Atlanta and Wept Point, connect her with the great 
 Southern transcontinental lines to the Pacific and to Mexico. The Cen-- 
 tral of Genrffia, the Atlanta and We?=t Point and two branches of the 
 great Southern system connect her with the South Atlantic and Gulf 
 States. 
 
 Her miles of well-built business streets radiating in all directions, her 
 handsome residence streets, the be'iutiful parks in the suburbs, reached 
 
676 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 by the electric railways, make Atlanta a very attractive city, as well as 
 a great mart of trade. 
 
 Atlanta is not only the county site of Fulton county, but also the 
 capital of the State of Georgia. The capital was brought here from 
 Milledgeville when the city was barely out of the ashes of the war, and 
 in 1877 the people of Georgia voted to make Atlanta their permanent 
 seat of government. The handsome capitol was erected on a lot given 
 by the city during the incumbency of Governor McDaniel, and cost $1,- 
 000,000. It is one of the few public buildings erected in the United 
 States that came within the appropriation set apart by the legislature for 
 its construction. 
 
 The rapidly developing business and manufactures of Atlanta were 
 brought prominently before the whole country by the Cotton Exposition 
 of 1881, and the great development of the Southeastern States between 
 1880 and 1890 was splendidly illustrated in the great Cotton States 
 and International Exposition of 1895. 
 
 One of the new enterprises of Atlanta is a large plant for the manu- 
 facture of genuine all woven Smyrna rugs of imported material. The 
 Atlanta Rug Mill, though of recent origin, has already doubled its ca- 
 pacity and has additional machinery ordered to- still farther enlarge its 
 output. 
 
 East Ponit, six miles from Atlanta, has a wagon factory and a horse 
 collar factory. A little beyond East Point are two new cotton mills. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 during the season of 
 1899-1900 there were ginned in Eulton county 1,604 bales of upland 
 cotton. 
 
 The business of the county is mostly in manufactures and commerce 
 for the city, and in truck farming and dairying for the country. 
 
 The area of Fulton county is 174 square miles, or 111,360 acres. 
 
 Population of Fulton county in 1900, 117,363, an increase of 32,708 
 since 1890; school fund for county, $13,747.71; school fund for city of 
 Atlanta, $39,672.23; school fund for East Point, $778.31; school fund 
 of Hapeville, $325. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: Acres of im- 
 proved land, 95,537; average value per acre, $41.28; city and town prop- 
 erty, $32,621,690; gas and electric light company, $450,000; building 
 and loan associations, $211,410; money, etc., $3,924,828; shares in bank, 
 $1,149,150; stocks and bonds, $1,190,351; cotton manufactories, $461,- 
 346, which should be more than $1,000,000, a mistake arising from 
 more than $600,000 worth of factory stock having been reported under 
 the head of "all other property"; iron works, $49,955; mining, $735; 
 merchandise, $3,369,821; household furniture, $1,375,658; farm and 
 other animals, $201,394; plantation and mechanical tools, $99,313; 
 watches, jewelry, etc., $126,252; value of all other property, $982,523; 
 real estate, $36,564,688; personal estate, $14,926,354; aggregate value 
 of property, $51,491,042. 
 
 Propertv returaed by colored taxpayers: Acres of land, 1,037; value 
 of same, $93,618; city and town property, $787,875; money, etc., $1,- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 677 
 
 750; merchandise, $8,720; watches, jewehy, etc., $470; household fur- 
 niture, $31,620; farm and other animals, $7,635; plantation and me- 
 chanical tools, $1,954; value of all other property, $1,090; aggregate 
 value of property, $934,732. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase over those of 1900, in the 
 value of all property, amounting to $910,843. 
 
 The county public schools number 27 for whites, with an average at- 
 tendance of 1,550, and 10 for colored, with an average attendance of 
 525. In the public schools of Atlanta there is an average attendance of 
 6,900 in those for whites and 2,700 in those for colored. The enroll- 
 ment in Atlanta schools is 9,902 whites and 3,735 colored. 
 
 Besides Atlanta there are in Fulton county the following towns: 
 
 College Park, with a population of 517. 
 
 East Point, with a population of 1,315. 
 
 Hapeville, with a population of 430. 
 
 Oakland City, with a population of 823. 
 
 Of the immediate suburbs of Atlanta Cooks has 6,558 people, Black 
 Hall, including Oakland City, 3,226; Edgewood, 1,552, and Peachtree 
 2,217, or 13,553 in all. This gives for Atlanta and its immediate su- 
 burbs a population of 103,425. 
 
 Population of Fulton county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 35,334; white females, 36,257; total white, 
 71,591; colored males, 19,484; colored females, 25,924; total colored, 
 45,772. 
 
 Population of the city of Atlanta by race and color, accoi-ding to the 
 census of 1900 : white males, 26,434; white females, 27,471; total white, 
 53,905; colored males, 14,943; colored females, 21,024; total colored, 
 35,967. 
 
 Total population of Atlanta, 89,872. 
 
 Domestic animals in Fulton county in bams and inclosures, not on 
 farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 381 calves, 45 steers, 28 bulls, 2.800 dairy 
 cows, 2,797 horses, 982 mules, 3 donkeys, 2 sheep, 952 swine, 100 goats. 
 
 Domestic animals in the limits of the city of Atlanta in barns and 
 inclosures, June 1, 1900: 161 calves, 23 steers, 6 bulls, 1,132 daiiy 
 cows, 2,227 horses, 614 mules, 1 donkey, 2 sheep, 4 swine, 56 goats. 
 
 GILMEE COU^^TY. 
 
 Gilmer County was laid out from Cherokee in 1832, and was named 
 in honor of George R. Gilmer, Governor of Georgia from November, 
 1829, to November, 1831. It is bounded by the following counties: 
 Fannin on the north and northeast, Dawson on the southeast, Pickens 
 on the south, Gordon and Murray on the west. 
 
 The Cartecay and Ellijay rivers uniting at Ellijay in the center of the 
 county form the Coosawattee river, which flows across the county in a 
 southwesterly direction. It is also watered by Mountain Town creek, 
 Owltown creek and many smaller streams. 
 
 The face of the country is broken by moimtains, the principal of 
 
678 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 which are Cohutta, Frog, Coal, Bald, Long Swamp, Amicalola, Turnip 
 Town, Tallona and Shai-p Top. 
 
 In the valleys and along the water courses the lands are very rich, the 
 soil being a black sandy loam. The hilly uplands have a mulatto top 
 soil with red clay subsoil, and in some places a gray gravelly soil. The 
 mountain lands are very similar to the valley lands. The principal crops 
 are best shown by comparing the acreage of each, which is as follows: 
 Cotton, 100 acres; corn, 40,000 acres; wheat, 10,000; oats, 2,000; rye, 
 2,000; rice, 10 acres; 'sorghum, 100 acres; Irish potatoes, 500; sweet 
 potatoes, 100; field peas, 1,000; garden vegetables of every kind, 100. 
 
 The average yield of these crops to the acre is: Corn, 25 bushels; 
 oats, 12; wheat, 10 to 15; rye, 8 to 10; Irish potatoes, 100 to 150; sweet 
 potatoes, 100; field-peas, 10; 100 gallons of syrup. Ked top, timothy, 
 Bermuda, crab-grass, orchard, blue grass and clover do well. The pro- 
 duction of crab-grass hay is 2,000 pounds, of clover, 4,000 pounds, of 
 corn fodder 300 pounds. 
 
 By the census of 1890 there were in this county 8,446 sheep, with a 
 wool-clip of 13,277 pounds; 8,020 cattle, 1,708 working oxen; 2,389 
 milch-cows, with a butter production of 131,553 pounds, 'and a milk 
 production of 649,587 gallons; 75,000 of all kinds of poultry, with a 
 product of 150,000 dozens of eggs. There were also 10,000 hogs, and 
 other animals were 687 horses, 458 mules and 11,478 hogs. 
 
 The honey produced in Gilmer county amounted to 29,615 pounds. 
 Last year it was estimated that there were in this county 30 donkeys and 
 500 goats. 
 
 Small game is plentiful and the streams furnish the people with fish. 
 
 Vegetables of all kinds do well. This is also a good county for fruit. 
 Apples grow to perfection and have a ready and profitable sale. Peaches 
 do well, but do not have much of a market. Quinces, plums and cher- 
 ries are grown, but not to any great extent. Some farmers have small 
 vineyards that produce excellent grapes. The fruit business is in its 
 infancy, but intelligent people in the county believe that it will provo 
 very profitable. 
 
 The lumber, mostly oak and poplar, is being cut out in large quanti- 
 ties. It is estimated that the annual output of lumber is 10,000,000 
 superficial feet at an average price of $15 a thousand feet. 
 
 At Ellijay is a large new lumber mill run by water, using 400 horse- 
 power, and with a capital of $100,000 and a capacity of 50,000 feet per 
 diem. 
 
 There are in the county six flour and grist-mills run by water-power 
 with an aggregate invested capital of $10,000. There are also several 
 small portable sawmills. There is a wagon factory at RatclifP and two 
 tanneries at Ellijay. The streams afford fine water-powers, and those 
 Avithin a few miles of Ellijay are estimated at nearly 1,000 horse-powers. 
 
 Gold and iron are being mined to a considerable extent. 
 
 Beautiful marble, white and variegated, limestone, sandstone, mica, 
 slate and granite are found. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. (379 
 
 EUijay, on the Atlanta, Knoxville and Northern Railroad, is the coun- 
 ty site, it has a court-house which cost $10,000. The Eliijay district 
 lias a population of 2,472, of whom 581 live in the town. 
 
 Methodists and Baptists are the prevailing Christian denominations. 
 The schools are in good condition and well attended. The average at- 
 tendance on the public schools is: in the 51 white schools 1,210 and in 
 1 for colored 18. 
 
 By reason of its healthful climate, pure water and mineral and agri- 
 cultural resources this is a very attractive and inviting section of the 
 State. 
 
 The area of Gilmer county is 450 square miles, or 288,000 acres. 
 
 Populajtion in 1900, 10,198, a gain of 1,124 since 1890; school fund, 
 $6,974.45. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: improved 
 lands, 256,549 acres; wild lands, 41,786; average value of improved 
 lands per acre, $1.39; of wild lands, $0.51; city property, $61,019; 
 money, etc., $60,289; merchandise, $25,815; manufactures, $7,343; 
 household furniture, $34,935; farm and other animals, $113,752; planta- 
 tion and mechanical tools, $16,731; watches, etc., $2,664; value of all 
 other property, $11,752; real estate, $440,565; personal estate, $275,- 
 555; aggregate property, $716,120. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: Acres of land, 672; value, 
 $602; city property, $10; household and kitchen furniture, $70; watches, 
 etc., $15; farm and other animals, $321; plantation and mechanical 
 tools, $113; value of all other property, $25; aggTegate property, $1,- 
 156. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $11,475 in the value of 
 all property over the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Gilmer county by race and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 5,069; white females, 5,052; total white, 
 10,121; colored males, 37; colored females 40; total colored, 77. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on fanns or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: no report. 
 
 Ellija, an Indian town, formerly stood where Eliijay now stands. 
 White Path, a chief of this town, accompanied John Ross to "Washing- 
 ton in 1834. General Jackson invited him to dinner and presented him 
 with a silver watch, which he always kept as a precious treasure. On his 
 death his watch was sold and the proceeds appropriated to the erection 
 of a marble monument. 
 
 Talona was south of Ellija. It was sometimes called Sanderstown 
 after its principal chief, George Sanders, who kept a house of enter- 
 tainment on the Federal road. He also went on a visit to Washington 
 with John Ross. 
 
 This John Ross was the man after whom Ross's Landing (now Chat- 
 tanooga) was called. 
 
689 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 GLASCOCK COUNTY. 
 
 Glascock County was laid out from Warren county in 1858 and was 
 named for General Thomas Glascock, Speaker of the House of Repre- 
 sentatives of the State Legislature and Representative in Congress from 
 1835 to 1838. Glascock county is bounded by the following counties: 
 Warren on the northeast and northwest, on the southeast Jefferson, and 
 on the southwest Washington. 
 
 The north fork of the Ogeechee river runs along its southwestern 
 border, while Comfort, Rocky and other creeks coming from the north- 
 east and northwest flow centrally through the county, emptying into the 
 Ogeechee river. These streams afford a quantity of fish and sport to 
 those fond of the seine or hook and line. 
 
 The lands, with fairly good culture, will yield to the acre: seed cot- 
 ton, 750 to 800 pounds; com, 10 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; oats, 20 
 bushels; Irish potatoes, 50 to 75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 125 bushels; 
 field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 30 bushels; corn fodder, 200 pounds; 
 sugar-cane syrup, 250 to 300 gallons. 
 
 By the census of 1890 there were 478 sheep, with a wool-clip of 923 
 pounds; 1,667 cattle, of which there were 120 working oxen and 567 
 milch-cows. There was a production of 94,337 gallons of milk and 25,- 
 202 pounds of butter; 19,299 of all kinds of poultry, with a product of 
 20,653 dozens of eggs. The honey produced amounted to 8,662 pounds. 
 There were also 240 horses, 468 mules and 6,152 swine. 
 
 The timber growth is like that of this section of Georgia, oak, walnut, 
 pine, chestnut, hickory, maple and gum. 
 
 Facilities for travel and transportation are furnished by a branch of 
 the great Southern system, which brings Gibson, the county site, into 
 close connection with Augusta, the chief city of that section of Georgia. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 during the season of 
 1899-1900 there were ginned 3,902 bales of upland cotton. 
 
 The area of Glascock county is 85 square miles, or 60,800 acres.* 
 
 Population in 1900, 4,516, a gain of 796 since 1890; school fund, $2,- 
 952.81. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of 
 improved land, 81,771; of wild land, 1,326; average value per acre 
 of improved land, $2.96; of wild land, $0.89; city property, $38,415; 
 money, etc., $60,525; value of merchandise, $20,125; household furni- 
 ture, $26,095; farm and other animals, $55,018; plantation and me- 
 chanical tools, $20,815; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,363; value of all other 
 property, $1,600; real estate, $246,632; personal estate, $195,720; ag- 
 gregate property, $442,352. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: Acres of land, 435; value, 
 $1,202; city property, $1,110; amount of money, $29; household furni- 
 
 * There is an error in either the statement of the Census Bureau, or in the re- 
 oprt to the Comptroller-General, as to the acreage of Glascock county. 
 
POTATO FIELD IN MARCH IN THE SUBURBS OF BRUNSWICK, GA. 
 
 1 
 
 
 PECAN GROVE NEAR BRUNSWICK, GA. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 683 
 
 ture, $3,055; watches, etc., $6Q; farm and other animals, $3,221; plan- 
 tation and mechanical tools, $712; Aggregate property, $9,464. 
 
 In the public school system there are 13 schools for whites, with an 
 enrollment of 741 pupils, and 6 for colored, with an enrollment or 248. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $21,193 since the re- 
 turns of 1900. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: no report. 
 
 Population of Glascock county by sex and color, according to the 
 census of 1900: white males, 1,458; white females, 1,543; total white, 
 3,001; colored males, 713; colored females. 802; total colored, 1,515. 
 
 GLYKN COUNTY. 
 
 Glynn County was first laid out in 1765 into two parishes, St. Pat- 
 rick's and St. David's. Extensive settlements had been made here many 
 years before. In 1777, during the war for independence, the above named 
 parishes were formed into the county of Glynn, so named in honor of 
 John Glynn, Esq., distinguished for his unwavering fidelity to the cause 
 of American liberty. This county is bounded as follows: north by 
 Wayne county and northeast by Mcintosh, east by the Atlantic ocean, 
 south by Camden county and west by Wayne. 
 
 The principal streams are the Altamaha on the northeastern border, 
 the Little Satilla on the southwest, the Turtle river, on whose east bank 
 stands the city of Brunswick, the St. Simon's river, St. Simon's sound 
 and numerous inlets. There are also many creeks. There is consider- 
 able marsh lands. Wherever the marshes have been drained, the lands 
 are very productive. 
 
 There is a great variety of soil; stretches of sand, black hummock 
 lands and gray loam mixed with oyster shells. 
 
 The acreage of crops will show what things are chiefly cultivated in 
 this county. The number of acres planted in cotton are 10; in com, 
 2,000; in wheat, 5; in oats, 1,000; in rye, 25; in rice, 1,000; in sugar- 
 cane, 1,000; in Irish potatoes, 100; in sweet potatoes, 1,000; in field 
 peas, 1,000; in ground-peas, 300; in garden vegetables of every kind, 
 500. 
 
 The sea-island or long-staple cotton, though not planted much, pro- 
 duces about 1,200 pounds to the acre. The other average yields to the 
 acre are: Corn, 25 bushels; wheat, 5 bushels; oats, 20 to 35 bushels; 
 rice, 47 bushels; Irish potatoes, 80 to 200 bushels; sweet potatoes, from 
 200 to 400 bushels; field-peas, 20 bushels; ground-peas, 30 bushels; su- 
 gar-cane syrup, 300 to 630 gallons. 
 
 There is but little hay raised in the county; but Bermuda and crab 
 grass do exceptionally well. As many as 10,000 pounds of the latter 
 have been raised in one season. Eighty bushels to the acre of barley 
 and rye sown together have been raised in one season. 
 
 Market gardens or truck farms have a fine local market in the city of 
 
<684 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Brunswick. Some of the fanners ship Irish potatoes to northern and 
 •eastern markets in Maj and June. Some buyers from Boston cleared 
 $150 an aero on Irish potatoes in the spring of 19'00, Strawberries are 
 very profitable, as are also blackberries and whortleberries, which grow in 
 wild profusion. Five hundred acres were devoted to melons in 
 1900, the average net profit on which was $50 an acre. The mel- 
 ons of Glynn county are famous for size and flavor. The market gar- 
 dens are seven, with products averaging $7,000 each. 
 
 Fruit-raising is so far in the experimental stage. About 50 acres each 
 have been devoted to peaches, plums and pears and 5 to quinces. The 
 peaches bring a net value of $50 toi the acre, the plums $25, the pears 
 $20. On account of experiments made at Sterling, Ga., on the Southern 
 road, much attention will be given in future to fruit-raising. 
 
 There are also two florists' establishments, engaged in the cultivation 
 of flowers and flowering plants for the market, whose sales amount to 
 about $2,000 a year. 
 
 In 1890 there were in Glynn county about 258 sheep, with a wool- 
 clip of 222 pounds; 4,890 cattle, 264 being working oxen and 1,034 
 milch-cows, producing 69,110 gallons of milk; 9,276 poultry of various 
 kinds, producing 19,662 dozens of eggs; and 3,341 hogs. 
 
 The production of honey was small, 1,930 pounds. At the same time 
 there were reported 255 horses and 69 mules. But these did not in- 
 clude those in the city of Brunswick. According to a recent estimate 
 there are 300 goats in Glynn county. 
 
 Some little attention is being paid to the improvement of the breed 
 of l)eef cattle. Two Hereford bulls and one Shorthorn have been 
 lately imported into the county. 
 
 There are two dairy farms near Brunswick having about 75 cows, 
 and making a net profit of about $5,000. Most of the cows on these 
 farms are Jerseys. 
 
 Game is plentiful, especially ducks in the vdnter. Fish are abund- 
 ant the year round; oysters and clams in the winter. Probably $5,000 
 worth of fish are shipped in a year. It could easily be $100,000 worth. 
 
 Oyster beds are cultivated toi some extent. Choice Bnmswicks bring 
 the highest prices known in the markets. Crabs and shrimp abound in 
 the proper season. There are abou t^SOO pe ople in Glynn county who 
 make a livelihood_by_fisliing. One firm is engaged in supplying the in- 
 terior trade. The market so far is mostly local. 
 
 The timbers in the county available for market and manufacturing 
 purposes are about as follows: Cypress, 5,000,000 feet; sweet gum, 
 10,000,000; beech gum, 5,000,000; white oak, 3,000,000; ash, 3,000,- 
 000; post oak, 5,000,000; live oak, 5,000,000; hickory, 1,000,000; pine, 
 10,000,000. About 40,000,000 feet of lumber are exported from Bruns- 
 wick, and 20,000,000 are cut out by the county mills. Most of the lum- 
 her is carried down the river and sawed at Brunswick. Of 7 saw-mills 
 
 3 cut cypress logs and have a capacity of 100,000 feet in a day; and 
 
 4 that cut yellow pine have a capacity of 60,000 feet a day. All these 
 mills are operated by steam. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 686 
 
 There are two bai-rel factories, employing 200 hands, with 
 an annual output of 125,000 barrels, valued at $150,000. These bar- 
 rels are used for rosin and spirits of turpentine. 
 
 Brunswick, the county site, the second seaport in Georgia, with a pop- 
 ulation numbering 9,081, is beautifully situated on a bluff of white 
 sand, elevated from 8 to 12 feet above high water, and extends up and 
 down the river more than two miles. Its situation is suited for a city of 
 the largest extent. It has water-works, gas and electric lights, all under 
 the control of one company, valued at $200,000. It has also an ice fac- 
 tory making good profits, two banks with an aggregate capital of $200,- 
 OOO, three planing and variety mills and the large sawmills already men- 
 tioned. The Brunswick and Western division of the Plant System has 
 repair shops here which employ 100 hands. The Southern Railway also 
 employs several hands at its extensive yards. 
 
 Among the public buildings of Brunswick are a court-house, valued 
 at $20,000; a city hall, worth $35,000; two public school buildings, one 
 valued at $8,000 and the other at $5,000. In the public schools of the 
 city are enrolled 810 white pupils and 1,804 colored. 
 
 The commerce of the city has grown in value from $500,000 in 1884 
 to $38,000,000 in 1899. The Mallory line of freight and passenger 
 steamers runs from Brunswick to New York, and the Clyde line from 
 Brunswick to Boston. There are steamboat lines to Darien, St. Simon's 
 Island, to Cumberland Island and Femandina, Florida ; also a tri-weekly 
 line to points on the Satilla river. The cotton exports from Brunswick 
 for the past season were 25,000 bales. 
 
 Thirty miles of shell roads leading out from Brunswick and 50 miles 
 of salt water rivers and creeks, together with the railroads, make the 
 matter of marketing quite easy. The county convicts are kept busy all 
 the time repairing the roads. 
 
 Artesian wells supply pure water to the city and county, and also 
 furnish to tnick farmers easy means of irrigation. 
 
 The schools of the city and county are of the very best. In the 18 
 county schools for whites the average attendance is 650, and in the 19 
 for colored 1,274. 
 
 All the Christian denominations have good church edifices and large 
 memberships. The Jews also have a synagogue. 
 
 The shipments of lumber from Brunswick for 1900 were as follows: 
 
 Domestic. Foreign. 
 
 Lumber (feet) 143,084,000 25,286,000 
 
 Timber (feet) 353,000 11,484,000 
 
 Shingles (number) 9,017,100 917,000 
 
 Ties (number) 2,131,173 50.444 
 
 Staves (number) 500 60,000 
 
 Laths (bundles) 75,000 
 
 The area of Glynn county is 468 square miles, or 299,520 acres. 
 
 Population of Glynn county in 1900, 14,317, a gain of 897 since 
 1890; school fund, $9,797.19. 
 
686 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 69,712; of wild land, 120,131; average value of improved 
 laud, to the acre, $6.00; of wild land, $1.12; city property, $2,113,944; 
 shares in bank, $184,400; gas and electric lights, $62,540; building 
 and loan association, $85,912; money, etc., $155,712; merchandise, 
 $259,815; shipping, $2,850; cotton manufactories, $1,050; iron 
 works, $3,100; mining, $200; household furniture, $189,284; 
 fai*m and other animals, $79,151; plantation and mechanical 
 tools, $15,011; watches, jewelry, etc., $12,567; value of all other prop- 
 erty, $128,667; real estate, $2,666,521; personal estate, $1,193,875; ag- 
 gregate porperty, $3,862,396. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 
 14,791; value, $42,659; city property, $124,570; money, $900; mer- 
 chandise, $2,030; household furniture, $15,932; watches, etc., $190; 
 farm animals, etc., $17,186; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,668; 
 value of all other property, $965; aggregate property, $206,100. 
 
 The tax returns of 1901 show an increase of $112,859 since the returns 
 of 1900. 
 
 On the coast of Glynn county are several islands, the most impor- 
 tant of which are St. Simon's, Jekyl, Blythe, Colonel's, Crispine, Little 
 St. Simon's, Long Island, Rainbow, Hammock and Latham. 
 
 Frederica, on the west side of St. Simon's Island, was settled in 1739, 
 and was named for Frederick, Prince of Wales, only son of George the 
 Second. It was laid out by General Oglethorpe, with wide streets, cross- 
 ing each other at right angles, and planted with rows of orange trees. This 
 place, which was the residence of General Oglethorpe and figured much 
 in the early history of Georgia, is now in ruins. On St. Simon's Island 
 on July 7th, 1742, was fought a battle between Oglethorpe's regiment 
 and the Spaniards, in which the latter, though greatly outnumbering 
 the English, were defeated with such great loss that the scene of the 
 conflict is to this day known as the "Bloody Marsh." 
 
 In this section of the State a gallant exploit was performed by the 
 Americans. The particulars of this affair are given by Colonel Elbert 
 in a letter to Major-General Howe, who commanded the Americans at 
 Savannah. Colonel Samuel Elbert having learned that a British brig- 
 antine, a sloop and a prize brig were near Frederica, embarked at Darien 
 with 300 men and two pieces of artillery on three galleys and another 
 boat, and made so sudden and bold an attack that the British vessels 
 promptly surrendered. 
 
 In 1788 the Creek Indians overran the country from the Altamaha 
 to the St. Mary's. Captain John Burnett lived at this time at the head 
 of Turtle river with his family and slaves. All the neighbors had fled 
 from the mainland to the islands. Going out one day with his son John, 
 the captain discovered some Indians lying behind a log. The two 
 charged them, receiving the fire of ten Indians, who then went away. 
 The captain was wounded in several places. One of the wounds was in 
 the ear and finally proved fatal. "With the aid of his son and a black 
 boy he succeeded in getting to a house. About two weeks afterwards 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. g87 
 
 100 Indians in the dead of night killed a negro sentinel at the gate, and 
 approaching the house attempted to fire it and to break down 
 the door. For four hours the inmates kept the Indians back. The two 
 daughters of Captain Burnett loaded the muskets below and handed them 
 to their brothers above. About daylight 30 men from St. Simon's Island 
 came to their rescue and the savages fled. One negro in the house had 
 been killed and all the negroes outside had been carried away by the 
 Indians. Moses Burnett had received three wounds, none of which 
 proved fatal. 
 
 Population of Glynn county by race and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 2,760; white females, 2,440; total white, 
 5,200; colored males, 4,547; colored females, 4,570; total colored, 9,117. 
 
 Population of the city of Brunswick by sex and color, according to the 
 census of 1900: white males, 2,029; white females, 1,855; total white, 
 3,884; colored males, 2,466; colored females, 2,731; total colored, 5,197. 
 
 Total population of the city of Brunswick, 9,081. 
 
 Domestic animals in Glynn county in barns and inclosures, not on 
 farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 77 calves, 17 steers, 6 bulls, 206 dairy 
 cows, 348 horses, 46 mules, 81 swine. 
 
 GORDO]^ COUNTY. 
 
 Gordon County was laid out from Ployd and Cass (now Bartow) in 
 1850, and was named in honor of William "Washington Gordon, son of 
 Lieutenant Ambrose Gordon of Maryland, who served in the war for 
 independence under Colonel Wm. Washington, and upon the return of 
 peace settled in Augusta, where his son William was bom in 1796. Mr. 
 Gordon was one of the main promoters of railroad enterprise in Geor- 
 gia, and was president of the Central Railroad at the time of his death 
 in Savannah in 1842. 
 
 Gordon county is bounded by the following counties: Murray and 
 Whitfield on the north, Gilmer and Pickens on the east, Bartow and 
 Ployd on the south, and Floyd and Chattooga on the west. 
 
 It is watered by the Oostanaula, Coosawattee and the Connesauga 
 rivers, and by Oothcaloga, Sillacoa and Pine Log creeks. 
 
 The soil is similar to that of Floyd and Bartow. The average yield 
 to the acre, according to soil and cultivation, is: Seed cotton, 800 to 
 1,000 pounds; corn, 15 to 50 bushels; oats, 20 to 50 bushels; wheat, 10 
 to 25 bushels; Irish potatoes, 200 bushels; sweet potatoes, 150 bushels; 
 field-peas, 15 bushels; crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds; clover hay, 5,000 
 pounds; fodder, 400 pounds; sorghum syrup, 75 to 300 gallons. A di- 
 versified system of farming prevails. 
 
 By the census of 1890 there were in this county 3,581 sheep, with a 
 wool-clip of 6,807 pounds; 6,495 cattle, 421 working oxen, 2,416 milch- 
 cows, with a production of 752,158 gallons of milk, 212,000 pounds of 
 butter and 915 pounds of cheese; 114,449 of all kinds of poultry, pro- 
 ducing 187,725 dozens of eggs. This county also produced 13,175 pounds 
 
688 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 of lioney. There is one regular dairy farm producing milk and butter 
 for marKet. lliere were 1,o5d horses, 1,^^95 mules, li donkeys and 11,- 
 578 hogs. 
 
 The minerals of Gordon county are iron and limestone, but no mines 
 or quarries of these materials. 
 
 The bauxite deposits extend into this county and the limestone de- 
 posits are unusually high in carbonate of lime. There are black and 
 variegated marbles near Calhoun, but none are being mined. 
 
 The timber growth is mostly hardwood, with some pine. Thirty- 
 three per cent, of the original forest growth is still standing. Several 
 small sawmills find steady employment. 
 
 The county site is Calhoun, a pretty and thriving town on the West- 
 ern aiid Atlantic Ilailway. It has one bank, with a capital of $25,000; 
 a court-house valued at $25,000; good churches and schools, and about 
 20 commercial houses and 2 life insurance agencies, which all do a pros- 
 perous business. Corn, the small grain and peaches do exceptionally 
 well around Calhoun. Eesaca, tive miles north of Calhoun, and Lay's 
 Ferry were the scene of fierce combats during the Dalton-Atlanta cam- 
 paign in 1864. At Calhoun and Eesaca are large flour mills, and at 
 Callioun is a successful brick-yard. 
 
 Plumville, Sugar Yaliey and other thriving villages are on the line 
 of the Southern Railway. 
 
 This county is steadily growing in population and wealth. 
 
 The cotton receipts are from 5,000 to 6,000 bales for the county. 
 
 Most of the products of the county are marketed at Calhoun. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 during the season of 
 1899-1900 there were ginned 6,609 bales of upland cotton. 
 
 The area of Gordon county is 387 square miles, or 247,680 acres. 
 
 Population in 1900, 14,119, an increase of 1,361 since 1890; school 
 fund, $10,148.40. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of 
 improved land, 217,952; of wild land, 20,059; average value per acre 
 of improved land, $5.42; of wild land, $0.28; city property, $191,276; 
 shares in bank, $10,000; money, etc., $193,231; merchandise, $56,244; 
 cotton manufactories, $14,100; household furniture, $96,105; farm and 
 other animals, $212,941; mining, $100; plantation and mechanical tools, 
 $61,659; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,108; value of all other property, 
 $34,702; real estate, $1,378,243; personal estate, $726,606; aggregate 
 property, $2,104,849. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpa^^ers: number of acres of land, 
 2,511; value, $8,440; city property, $4,108; household furniture, $3,- 
 157; money, etc., $139; farm animals, $5,429; merchandise, $50; plan- 
 tation and mechanical tools, $889; watches, jewelry, etc., $93; value of 
 all other property, $260; as:gregate property, $23,121. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $6,270 in the value of all 
 propertv over the returns of 1900. 
 
 j^t New Echota, in the first r>art of the 19th century, lived several 
 distinguished Cherokee chiefs, Elijah Hix, Bondenot and Alexander Mc- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 689 
 
 Coy. In 1832 it had 300 inhabitants. Here what was known as the 
 Schermerhorn treaty was negotiated. 
 
 Oostanaula was a large Indian town in 1791, and its inhabitants were 
 very hostile to the Americans. 
 
 The average attendance on the public schools of Gordon county is 
 1,650 in the 53 schools for whites and 123 in the 6 schools for colored. 
 
 Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians have churches and other Chris- 
 tian sects are represented. 
 
 By the census of 1900 Calhoun, the largest town, had a population 
 of 851, and in the whole Calhoun district there were 2,484 inhabitants. 
 
 Population of Gordon county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 6,189; white females, 6,299; total white, 
 12,488; colored males, 850; colored females, 781; total colored, 1,631. 
 
 Domestic animals m Gordon county in barns and inclosures, not on 
 famis or ranges, June 1, 1900: 72 calves, 33 steers, 7 bulls, 137 dairy 
 cows, 86 horses, 15 mules, 1 donkey, 24 sheep, 314 swine. 
 
 GREENE COUNTY. 
 
 Greene Couniy was laid out from Washington county in 1786, and was 
 named in honor of General iSTathaniel Greene, Rhode Island's gallant 
 son, who, as commander of the Department of the South, was under the 
 blessing of heaven the greatest factor in the deliverance of the Carolinas 
 and Georgia from British rule, and who after the achievement of inde- 
 pendence lived and died in Georgia. A part of this county was set off 
 to Hancock in 1793, a part to Oglethorpe in 1794, a part to Clarke in 
 1802 and a part to Taliaferro in 1825. Greene county is bounded by the 
 following counties: Oconee and Oglethorpe on the north, Taliaferro on 
 the east, Taliaferro and Hancock on the southeast, Putnam on the south- 
 west and Putnam and Morgan on the west. 
 
 The Apalachee and Oconee rivers are in the western part of the 
 county, the former flowing into the latter on the western border. The 
 Ogeechee river rises in this county not far from Greenesboro. Other 
 streams are Beaver Dam, Richland and Fishing creeks. 
 
 Of 243,800 acres in the county 82,000 are under cultivation. The 
 uplands embrace 195,000 acres; the bottom lands, 48,800; the timber 
 lands, 120,000; the uncultivated lands, 161.800. The average value 
 per acre of the upland and timber lands is $7.00, of the bottom lands, 
 $4.00, and of the uncultivated lands, $2.50. 
 
 The soils are both gray and red clay. The 40,000 acres planted in 
 cotton yield on an average 500 pounds of seed cotton to the acre; the 
 20,000'in corn yield 10 bushels to the acre; the 8,000 in wheat. 8 bush- 
 els to the acre; the 4,000 in oats, 20 bushels; the 500 in barley, 25 bush- 
 els; the 500 in rye, 8 bushels; the 500 in sorghum, 30 gallons to the 
 acre; the 500 in Irish potatoes, 50 bushels; the 1,000 in sweet potatoes, 
 40 bushels to the acre; the 3,000 in neld-peas, 18 biishels to the acre; the 
 1,000 acres in ground-peas give 15 bushels to the acre. 
 
^90 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 The soils are well adapted to Bermuda, clover, pea-vines, German mil- 
 let and other grass and forage plants. Enough hay is made for home 
 consumption and some is marketed. The product of the county is about 
 500 tons or 1,000,000 pounds. Under careful culture there have been 
 in Greene county yields of 10,000 pounds of clover hay to the acre, 
 13,953 pounds of Bermuda-grass hay and 27,130 pounds of corn forager. 
 
 There are 12 dairy farms with 325 milch-cows. The Jersey is the 
 favorite. Nearly all other farms have milch-cows, many of them Jerseys, 
 and make butter for domestic use. The total number of cows in Greene 
 county in 1890 was, 2,322, producing 667,785 gallons of mlik and 
 195,220 pounds of butter. 
 
 A large quantity of beef cattle is raised in this county, and the ship- 
 ment amounts to about 50 per cent. Attention is being paid to the im- 
 provement of the breed, and within the last five years 5 pure-bred Here- 
 ford bulls have been imported into the county. The total number of cat- 
 tle of all kinds in the county in 1890 were 5,549, of which there were 
 463 working oxen. There were at that time 881 sheep, with a wool-clip 
 of nearly 2,581 pounds; 1,273 horses, 1,877 mules, 3 donkeys and 9,434 
 hogs. The goats in the county are estimated at 400. All the various 
 kinds of poultry aggregated 77,113 and their eggs amounted to 155,632 
 dozen. The county also produced 11,743 pounds of honey. 
 
 There is enough of fish and game in the county for sport, but not 
 enough for profit. 
 
 There are about 50 market gardens raising several varieties of veget- 
 ables for home consumption and for the Atlanta market. Many varie- 
 ties of fruits, berries, grapes and melons are raised, but only for home 
 consumption or the local markets in the towns of the county. 
 
 Pine and the various hardwoods are found in the forests. Yery little 
 lumber is shipped from the county. There are 12 sawmills, operated by 
 steam. There is a planing-mill at Union Point, a wagon factory at White 
 Plains, and a box factory at Siloam. Other manufactories are a cotton- 
 mill at Greenesboro, two knitting-mills, one at Union Point and one at 
 Penfield, an electric light plant at Union Point, and 12 flour and grist- 
 mills scattered through the county. There are fine water-powers, espe- 
 cially on the Oconee river. Some of the water-powers are Riley Shoals, 
 Lawi-ence Shoals, Park Mill Shoals and Scull Shoals. Many thousand 
 horse-powers are undeveloped. There is a copper and iron mine at 
 Union Point, but it is not worked. 
 
 Greenesboro, the county site, is located on the Georgia Railroad, be- 
 tween Richland and Beaver Dam creeks. It has 2 banks with an aggre- 
 gate capital of $100,000, and a court-house valued at $20,000. Its popu- 
 lation is 1,511, and that of the whole Greenesboro district is 2,402. 
 
 Other towns and villages in the county are Woodville, Union Point, 
 Siloam. White Plains, Greshamville, Liberty, Yeazey, Parsons and 
 Daniel Sr>ring3. 
 
 The Baptists, Methodists, Prsebyterians and Episcopalians have 
 churches in the county, in good condition and full membership. 
 
 The school privileges are excellent, both in town and country. In 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 691 
 
 the 29 schools for whites there is an average attendance of 665 pupils, 
 and in the 40 for colored there is a like attendance of 1,276. 
 
 The roads of the county are in fine condition and are worked by con- 
 victs. There are five hundred miles of public roads and 33 miles of rail- 
 road on which are 8 stations. Two branches of the Georgia Railroad 
 traverse the county, one from north to south, the other (the main 
 line) from east to west. 
 
 The products of the county are marketed in Augusta, Atlanta and 
 Athens, Georgia. 
 
 About 12,000 bales of cotton are received from the entire county, and 
 about 3,500 are shipped from Greenesboro. By the United States census 
 of 1900, during the season of 1899-1900, there were gmned 11,583 
 bales (upland). The mills of the county use 1,800 bales. 
 
 The area of Greene county is 400 square miles, or 256,000 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 16,542; school fund, $12,565.62. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 240,599; of wild land, none reported; average value per 
 acre of improved land, $3.34; city property, $246,533; money, 
 etc., $151,211; building and loan, $8,000; merchandise, $72,453; 
 stocks and bonds, $17,200; manufactories, $35,000; iron works, 
 $2,000; household furniture, $79,583; farm and other animals, $127,- 
 690; plantation and mechanical tools, $28,087; watches, jewelry, etc., 
 $4,788; value of all other property, $36,748; real estate, $1,052,362; 
 personal estate, $562,486. Aggregate, $1,614,848. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 
 7,057; value, $22,698; city property, $12,840; money, etc., $100; 
 household furniture, $14,461; farm and other animals, $23,509; watches, 
 etc., $57.00; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,748; value of all other 
 property, $336.00. Aggregate value of property, $77,749. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all prop- 
 erty over the returns of 1900, amounting to $82,877. 
 
 The total population of the county, 16,542, shows a loss of 509 since 
 1890. This loss is the result of a considerable emigration of uegroes from 
 the county. 
 
 Before the Indians were removed across the Mississippi river, they 
 used to commit many depredations in this county. At one time a party 
 of them burned the town of Greenesboro. 
 
 On the 31st of May, 1787, a party of the upper Creeks came to the 
 frontiers of Greene county, killed and scalped two men and carried off 
 a negro and fourteen horses. The militia pursuing them killed twelve. 
 The Indians of the lower towns claimed that these were their men and 
 demanded that an equal number of white men should be delivered up to 
 them. Governor Matthews replied: "We will deliver up none of our 
 people, and, if the Indians spill a drop of blood, we wil lay their towns 
 in ashes and sprinkle their land with blood." 
 
 In the month of April, 1793, the Indians perpetrated many outrages, 
 killing men, women and children. On one occasion a party of thirteen 
 attacked the home of Mr. Fielder, a celebrated scout, during his absence. 
 
 82 ga 
 
692 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Mrs. Fielder and a negro woman attempted to save the horses. The negro 
 woman being wounded in the thigh, her mistress dragged her into the 
 house, in which were four or five guns, which the two women handled 
 with such effect that the Indians were driven off. 
 
 Population of Greene county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 2,623; white females, 2,702; total white^ 
 5,325; colored males, 5,373; colored females, 5,8^4; total colored, 
 11,217. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,. 
 June 1, 1900: 77 calves, 12 steei-s, 3 bulls, 188 dairy cows, 107 horses, 
 1 donkey, 307 swine, 21 goats. 
 
 GWINNETT COUNTY. 
 
 Gwinnett County was laid out by the lottery act of 1818. A part was 
 taken from Jackson in 1818 and a part set off to DeKalb in 1822. It was- 
 named after the Hon. Button Gwinnett, one of the signers of the Dec- 
 laration of Independence from the State of Georgia. 
 
 The counties bounding it are: Hall and Jackson on the north and 
 northeast, Walton and Kockdale on the southeast, DeKalb on the south- 
 west, DeKalb, Milton and Forsyth on the west and northwest. 
 
 Along its whole northwestern boundary runs the Chattahoochee river. 
 The Ulcofauhachee and Yellow rivers, both branches of the Ocmulgee, 
 rise in this county, as does also the Apalachee, a branch of the Oconee. 
 
 The northern part of the county is hilly. A belt of red land of superior 
 quality enters the county at the east and runs south. The lands along 
 the rivers and creeks are productive. The uplands are mostly of a gray 
 soil. 
 
 The average production to the acre, under fair methods of cultivation 
 is: of com, 15 bushels; oats, 30; wheat, 10; rye, 5; barley, 10; Irish 
 potatoes, 50; sweet potatoes, 75; field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 20; seed 
 cotton, 750 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; clover, 2,000 pounds; 
 corn fodder, 250 pounds; sorghum syrup, 75 to 100 gallons. With the 
 best methods these yields are doubled on some of the best lands. 
 
 By the census of 1890 there were in Gwinnett 2,992 sheep, with a 
 wool-clip of 4,312 pounds; 9,168 cattle, 679 working oxen, 3,528 milch- 
 cows producing 1,070,368 gallons of milk, from which were made 346,- 
 562 pounds of butter and 115 pounds of cheese. There were 153,216 
 of all kinds of poultry, producing 203,623 dozens of eggs. There were 
 also 1,240 horses, 2,094 mules, 6 donkeys and 12,130 swine. The 
 county produces also 32,763 pounds of honey. 
 
 The native grasses give a fine range for sheep and cattle. 
 
 There are fine water-powers along the Chattahoochee river. 
 
 The timbers are the various kinds of oak, hickory, maple, poplar, gum 
 and some pine. 
 
 Lawrenceville, the county site, is situated on the Seaboard Air Line 
 Railroad. It has a branch road of this same system connecting it vtdth 
 Loganville, in Walton county, and another, the Lawrenceville road, con- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 693 
 
 ecting it with Suwannee, on the Southern Railway. Lawrenceville has 
 
 bank, and during the past year a cotton-mill with a capital stock of 
 60,000 has been put in operation. The Lawrenceville district has a pop- 
 lation of 2,535 of whom 853 live in the town. 
 
 Buford, on the Southern Railway, is a busy town, having two banks 
 dth an aggregate capital of $50,000; 4 tanneries, 3 large harness f ac- 
 mes and 1 small one employing 575 hands and turning out more than 
 00 dozen horse collars a day. The Sugar Hill district has a population 
 f 3,226, of whom 1,352 live in the town of Buford, and 211 in the town 
 £ West Buford. This is a prosperous and growing county with a fine 
 limate and a progressive people. 
 
 Granite of excellent quality is abundant. Iron, quartz and buhrstone 
 re found in considerable quantities. Some gold has been found in the 
 ihattahoochee river and in some other places. 
 
 The schools are in good condition, and churches are found in every 
 eighborhood. In the 84 schools for whites, the average attendance is 
 ,123, and in the 20 for colored there is an average attendance of 468. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 the number of bales of 
 >tton ginned in Gwinnett county for the season of 1899-1900, was 17,- 
 67 bales (upland). 
 
 The area of Gwinnett county is 510 square miles, or 326,400 acres, 
 'opulation in 1900, 25,585, an increase of 5,686 since 1890; school 
 md, $16,168.94. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 poved land, 286,490; average value per acre of improved land, $5.92; 
 ty property, $374,793; shares in bank, $32,000; money, etc. $385,378; 
 lerchandise, $125,299; cotton factories, $35,630; iron works, $300; 
 Dusehold furniture, $155,208; farm and other animals, $268,224; 
 lantation and mechanical tools, $74,709; watches, jewelry, etc., 
 8,311; value of all other property, $51,563; real estate, $2,073,139; 
 srsonal estate, $1,142,086. Aggregate property, $3,215,225. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 
 ,615; value, $4,998; city property, $4,375; money, etc., $787; house- 
 :>ld furniture, $5,122; farm and other animals, $10,562; watches, etc., 
 87; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,857; value of all other property, 
 131.00. Aggregate property, $37,919. 
 
 The tax returns of 1901 show a gain of $166,011 in the value of all 
 roperty, as compared with the returns of 1900. 
 
 In the court-house square at Lawrenceville stands a monument, on one 
 de of which is the following inscription: "This monument is erected by 
 leir friends to the memory of Captain James C. "Winn and Sergeant 
 .nthony Bates, Texan volunteers of this village, who were taken in 
 Dnorable combat at Goliad, Texas, and shot by order of the Mexican 
 )mmander, March 27, 1830." On the other side of the monument is 
 lother inscription which reads thus: "To the memory of Ensign Isaac 
 acy, Sergeant James C. Martin, and privates Wm. M. Sims, John A. Y. 
 ate, Robert T. Holland, James H. Holland, brothers ; Henry "W. Peden, 
 ames M. Allen, members of the Gwinnett company of Mounted Vol- 
 
694 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 unteers, under the command of Captain H. Garmany, who were slain 
 in battle with a party of Creek Indians at Shepherd's, in Stewart county, 
 June 9, 1836. Their remains rest beneath this monument." 
 
 Population of Gwinnett county by sex and color, according to the 
 census of 1900: white males, 10,735; white females, 10,707; total white, 
 21,442; colored males, 2,094; colored females, 2,049; total colored, 
 4,143. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,. 
 June 1, 1900: 132 calves, 21 steers, 18 bulls, 285 dairy cows, 151 horses, 
 19 mules, 525 swine, 6 goats. 
 
 HABERSHAM COUNTY. 
 
 Habersham County was laid out by the lottery act of 1818, and was 
 named for Joseph Habersham of Savannah, a distinguished patriot of 
 the Revolution, who was Postmaster-General under Washington and 
 Adams. This county is bounded on the north by Rabun, on the east (or 
 rather northeast) by the State of South Carolina, from which it is sepa- 
 rated by the Tugaloo river, on the southeast by Franklin county, on the 
 south by Banks, on the southwest by Hall, and on the west by White. 
 The Chattahoochee river is on the western boundary and the Soque is 
 one of its tributaries. Other streams are Hazel creek and Mud creek. 
 
 The surface of the county is broken. The lands along the TugaloO' 
 river are productive of corn, wheat, rye and oats. Some cotton is raised 
 in the southern part of the county. 
 
 Of 224,857 acres in the county, 74,779 are under cultivation, 114,- 
 286 are uplands, 61,408 lowland, 37,650 bottom land, 137,567 timber- 
 land and the number of acres uncultivated is 150,078. 
 
 The soils are varied and are adapted: the uplands, to fruit and the 
 vine; the lowlands to grain, root crops, peas and grasses; the bottom 
 lands to com, hay and melons. Vegetables and legumens do well on all 
 of these. 
 
 Two thousand one hundred and seventy acres in cotton produce 500 
 pounds of seed cotton to the acre; 44,200 in corn, 18 bushels to the acre; 
 11,214 in wheat, 15; 6,455 in oats, 12 bushels to the acre; 1,172 in rye, 
 15 bushels; 4,150 acres in sorghum give 100 gallons to the acre; 1,170 
 acres in Irish potatoes yield 200 bushels to the acre; 1,730 in sweet po- 
 tatoes give 80 bushels to the acre; 1,200 in field-peas, 40 bushels to the 
 acre. Some farmers have raised 30 bushels of corn to the acre and 40 of 
 oats. Garden vegetables do well, especially cabbage and Irish potatoes. 
 Berries, fruits of all kinds, and melons grow to perfection. Apples and 
 peaches bring good profits. 
 
 There is no soil or climate better suited to the growth of forage crops. 
 Clover, alfalfa, vetches, and all the hay grasses do well. They are little 
 raised, however, because the native grasses supply abundant pasture with- 
 out them. The cultivation of hay would be profitable in Habersham 
 county. Without any special effort 2,000 pounds of clover to the acre 
 are produced. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 695 
 
 While there are no dairy farms by the census of 1890, there were 
 5,188 cattle and 1,701 milch-cows (many of them Jerseys), producing 
 1:54,140 gallons of milk and 130,648 pounds of butter. 
 
 Ihe rearing of beef cattle as an industry is on the increase, and the 
 breed is improving rapidly. Two Polled Angus and 8 shorthorned bulls 
 lave lately been imported into the county. 
 
 Of all kinds of poultry there were in 1890 43,037, producing 89,876 
 iozens of eggs. This county produced also 14,562 pounds of honey. 
 
 There were 5,343 sheep, with a wool-clip of 8,823 pounds. There 
 tvere also 7,839 swine, 623 horses, 436 mules and 14 donkeys. During 
 the past five years stock of all kinds has improved 30 per cent. 
 
 There are 51 vineyards covering about 970 acres. The value of the 
 ^apes sold is $9,780, and the revenue derived from the sale of their wine 
 LS $71,720. 
 
 The timber of the county is white oak, post oak, maple, hickory, beech, 
 svalnut, cedar and pine. All these are available for manufacturing pur- 
 poses. There are six sawmills in the county operated by steam and 
 ralued at $8,000. 
 
 Near Cornelia are the cotton-mills of the Porter Manufacturing Com- 
 pany, with 6,000 spindles and a capital of $125,000, and at Toccoa are 
 the Toccoa Mills, with 5,000 spindles and a capital of $50,000. There 
 is a woolen-mill in connection with the Porter Manufacturing Company. 
 There are also 8 flour and grist-mills in Habersham county. There is a 
 5ash and blind factory at Cornelia and one at Toccoa. There are also a 
 tannery and a wagon factory at Cornelia. All the grist-mills and the 
 mills of the Porter Manufacturing Company at Cornelia use water- 
 power. The rest use steam. 
 
 All the manufactories of the county, taken together, employ 728 
 hands, and pay out in salaries $215,300. In addition to the manufac- 
 tories already mentioned, there are 5 registered brandy distilleries. 
 
 Clarkesville, the county site, is situated on the line of the Tallulah. 
 Falls Railway, near the Soque river, on a high ridge. Here the eye of the 
 tourist is delighted by the picturesque grandeur of the surrounding 
 country. The population of the district is 1,382, of whom 491 live in 
 the town. 
 
 Cornelia, on the Southern Railway, is a thriving town with several 
 manufacturing establishments and a bank with a capital of $25,000. In 
 the neighborhood of Cornelia some of the finest peaches of Georgia are 
 raised and its vineyards produce the most luscious grapes, from which 
 wines of the finest quality are made. The Cornelia district contains 1,058 
 inhabitants, of whom 467 live in the town. 
 
 Toccoa, already mentioned for its manufactories is a thriving town of 
 2,176 inhabitants on the Southern Railway, at the junction of the El- 
 berton branch with the main trunk line. Toccoa district contains 3,419 
 inhabitants. Within three miles of it are the lovely falls of Toccoa, al- 
 ready described in a previous chapter. 
 
 Demorest, on the Tallulah Falls Railway, is a pretty town with a good 
 trade and commanding from all sides a lovely view. The Demorest dis- 
 
696 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 trict, whicli is coextensive with, the town of that name, had a population 
 of 660 in 1900. 
 
 Tallulah Falls, just across the boundary of Habersham, in Rabim, 
 county, and known far and wide for their scenery in which grandeur 
 and beauty are so charmingly blended, were long claimed by Habersham, 
 but a decision of the Supreme Court of Georgia adjudged them to 
 Rabun. 
 
 Other towns are Mount Airy and Ayersville on the Southern, and 
 Turnerville, Anandale and Azalea on the Tallulah Falls Railway. 
 
 The products of the coimty are marketed at Toccoa, Cornelia, Mount 
 Airy, Turnerville, ClarkesviUe and Demorest, local markets, and at the 
 city of Atlanta, with which all this section is connected by the Southern 
 Railway. 
 
 The total cotton receipts and shipments from the entire county are 
 8,400 bales. The mills of the county use 3,200 bales. The cotton 
 ginned in the county for the season of 1899-1900, according to the 
 United States census for 1900, was 1,435 bales (upland). 
 
 The Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians and Episcopalians are all rep- 
 resented by the churches of this county. 
 
 There are good schools in the towns, villages and throughout the 
 county. The average attendance in the 47 schools for whites is 1,169, 
 and in the 7 for negroes, 154. In the schools of Toccoa are enrolled 296 
 whites and 130 colored. 
 
 There are several mountains in this county, of which Currahee is the 
 most noted. It rises in a conical form until it reaches an elevation of 
 nine hundred feet. On the east it descends to the usual level of the land, 
 but on the west, after descending many hundred feet, it blends with a 
 ridge that joins it to the chain of the Alleghanies. 
 
 Iron ore of superior quality is found in Habersham county. Granite 
 of the best quality and apparently inexhaustible is all over the county. 
 
 A mine of asbestos is being profitably worked. The capital invested 
 is $8,000, and the annual output is $22,000. 
 
 Gold, copper, manganese, ochre, marble, slate, graphite, mica, talc 
 and sandstone are found. Intelligent citizens claim that the county has 
 unlimited mineral resources that only need development to show some of 
 the richest mines in the Appalachian region. 
 
 The area of Habersham county is 372 square miles, or 238,080 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 13,604, an increase of 2,031 since 1890; school 
 fund, $9,087.75. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 213,680; of wild land, 12,085; average value per acre of 
 improved land, $2.51; of wild land, $0.47; city property, $273,719; 
 shares in bank, $50,000; money, etc., $125,783; merchandise, $76,594; 
 building and loan associations, $7,445; stocks and bonds, $9,800; cot- 
 ton manufactories, $131,781; iron works, $800; household furniture, 
 $85,290; farm and other animals, $107,645; plantation and mechanical 
 tools, $24,539; Avatches, jewelry, etc., $6,333; value of all other prop- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 697 
 
 erty, $15,054; real estate, $917,366; personal estate, $671,975. Aggre- 
 gate property, $1,589,341. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 
 2,445; value, $5,799; city property, $15,318; money, etc., $310; mer- 
 chandise, $95; household furniture, $3,209; farm and other animals, 
 $3,347; plantation and mechanical tools, $561; watches, etc., $84.00; 
 value of all other property, $273.00. Aggregate property, $32,354. 
 
 The tax returns of 1901 show an increase in the value of all property 
 over the returns of 1900, amounting to $68,722. 
 
 Population of Habersham county by sex and color, according to the 
 census of 1900: white males, 5,870; white females, 5,942; total white, 
 11,812; colored males, 869; colored females, 923; total colored, 1,792. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 91 calves, 46 steers, 2 bulls, 281 dairy cows, 203 hoi-ses, 
 40 mules, 1 donkey, 4 sheep, 498 swine, 3 goats. 
 
 HALL COUNTY. 
 
 Hall County was laid out by the lottery act of 1818, and was named 
 for Lyman Hall, a signer of the Declaration of Independence in behalf 
 of Georgia and governor of the State from January 9, 1783 to January 
 9, 1784. It is bounded by the following counties: White and Lumpkin 
 on the north, Habersham on the northeast. Banks on the east, Jackson on 
 the southeast, Gwinnett on the south and southwest, Forsyth and Daw- 
 son on the west and Lumpkin on the northwest. The principal rivers are 
 the Chattahoochee, OconeC', Chestatee, Walnut and Little. There are 
 also numerous creeks. On these streams the lands are very productive. 
 Almost every variety of soil is found in this county. 
 
 According to the soil and method of cultivation the lands of Hall 
 ■county will produce to the acre: from 750 to 1,500 pounds of seed cot- 
 ton; from 15 to 20 bushels of com; from 10 to 20 bushels of wheat; 
 from 20 to 40 bushels of oats; from 10 to 15 bushels of rye; 100 bush- 
 els of Irish potatoes; 200 bushels of sweet potatoes; 15 bushels of field- 
 peas and 25 of ground-peas; 250 gallons of sorghum syrup. All grasses 
 and forage crops do well and are raised to a considerable extent. The 
 average hay production is: crab-grass, Bermuda-grass and clover, two 
 tons, or 4,000 pounds each to the acre. 
 
 The people are very much interested in getting good milch-cows and 
 have a preference for the Jersey. Nearly every family in the country 
 and many in the towns and villages have at least one cow. Some atten- 
 tion also is paid to the rearing of beef cattle, and there have been a few 
 importations of full bred bulls. 
 
 In 1890 there were in Hall county 6,635 cattle, of which 2,429 were 
 milch-cows, producing 734,188 gallons of milk, 247,355 poimds of but- 
 ter, and 75 pounds of cheese. There were also 112,635 of all varieties of 
 poultry, producing 122,102 dozens of eggs. The county also produced 
 29,937 pounds of honey. Other animals were 823 horses, 1,437 mules, 
 
698 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 8 donkeys, 8,724 swine and 2,479 sheep, with, a wool-clip of 3,913 
 pounds. 
 
 There is some trucking in a small way to supply the home market. 
 Berries of all kinds and grapes are raised extensively. There are several 
 small vineyards of from 5 to 20 acres. Fine melons, peaches and apples 
 are raised. All fruits of every kind grow to perfection and the home 
 market is kept well supplied. The apples only are marketed to any con- 
 siderable extent outside of the county. 
 
 There are 2 florists engaged in raising flowers and flowering plants 
 for sale. 
 
 There is a great variety of minerals in the county. Some of the gold 
 mines are operated profitably. There are also iron, lead and silver in 
 small quantities. Large quantities of brick and lime are made. There 
 is also a large supply of building stone. The county has several valuable 
 water-powers amounting to about 6,000 horse-powers. Since 1892 there 
 has been some additional utilization of water-powers by several new flour- 
 ing and grist-mills. There are in all 35 of these mills, with an aggregate 
 value of $35,000. 
 
 About half the land of the county is timber, mostly white oak, post 
 oak, poplar, hickory, pine, maple, ash, walnut, mountain oak, and locust. 
 These fine timbers are utilized by 12 or more sawmills. 
 
 Gainesville, the county site, on the Southern Railway 53 miles from 
 Atlanta, is a growing city of 4,382 inhabitants. It has a court-house 
 valued at $75,000; three banks, whose capital aggregates nearly $200,- 
 000, and an electric light plant and water-works owned by the city. 
 There are located here many manufacturing establishments, viz. : a large 
 shoe factory, 4 tanneries, 4 planing-mills, 3 sash, blind and furniture es- 
 tablishments, 3 wagon and carriage and buggy factories, 1 ice factory, 1 
 furniture and chair factory, 1 steam laundry, 1 iron foundry and machine 
 shop, 5 brick works, limeworks, 1 paper box factory, 1 pottery, 1 cotton 
 seed oil-mill, the railroad shops of the Gainesville, Jefferson and South- 
 em and two cotton-mills. One of these now nearing completion repre- 
 sents a capital of $1,000,000. In all these manufactories between two 
 and three thousand hands are employed. The enterprising citizens of 
 this progressive town are projecting canneries, wool factories, electric 
 power-plant for street railways and a manufactory of cotton towels. Of 
 course life and fire insurance companies have their active agents in this 
 busy city. 
 
 In the Gainesville district, which includes the city, there are 5,820 
 inhabitants. 
 
 The Southern Eailway crosses the county from southwest to northeast, 
 and a branch of it running along its eastern boundary connects Belton, 
 on the main line, with the city of Athens, The Gainesville, Jefferson 
 and Southern connects Gainesville with Monroe and Social Circle in 
 Walton county, and, by another branch, with Jefferson, the county site 
 of Jackson county. The roads of Hall county are not macadamized, 
 though the streets of Gainesville are. 
 
 The county receipts of cotton are about 15,000 bales, about 10,000 of 
 
3UFF PLYMOUTH ROCK COCK, 
 
 From Dili. \o. 2,), 
 r. .V. ////. A„. fnd. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 699 
 
 which are handled at Gainesville. According to the United States cen- 
 sus of 1900 there were ginned 9,586 bales of upland cotton during the 
 season of 1899-1900. 
 
 The products of the county are marketed chiefly in Gainesville, but 
 Flowery Branch and Belton on the Southern Railway come in for a 
 share. 
 
 When the new cotton mill is completed, the mills will use more than 
 30,000 bales a year. 
 
 The Brenau College and Conservatory of Music is situated at Gaines- 
 ville. It has a large attendance of pupils. The public schools of the 
 city and county are in a good condition. The Georgia Military Insti- 
 tute for young men was completed in 1900. 
 
 The churches of the city and county are at convenient distances, and 
 are in easy reach of all the citizens. They represent Methodists, Bap- 
 tists, Presl3yterians and Episcopalians. 
 
 The average attendance in the public schools of the county is 1,995 
 in the 68 schools for whites, and 285 in the 15 for colored. In the 
 schools of Gainesville there are enrolled 615 whites and 214 colored 
 pupils. 
 
 The area of Hall county is 449 square miles, or 287,360 acres. Popu- 
 lation in 1900, 20,752, an increase of 2,705 since 1890; school fund, 
 $14,132.02. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900, there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 252,457; of wild land, 1,473; value per acre of improved 
 land, $4.98; of wild land, $0.65; city property, $1,059,850; shares in 
 bank, $103,000; money, etc., $433,857, merchandise, $229,685; 
 stocks and bonds, $7,000; cotton manufactories, $81,475; iron works, 
 $1,200; mining, $1,450; household furniture, $181,072; farm and other 
 animals, $221,538; plantation and mechanical tools, $52,897; watches, 
 jewelry, etc., $10,347; value of all other property, $50,277; real estate, 
 $2,317,827; personal estate, $1,512,718. Aggregate property, $3,830,- 
 545. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 
 3,754; value, $11,430; city property, $12,625; money, etc., $175; mer- 
 chandise, $20; household furniture, $6,698; farm and other animals, 
 $7,527; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,183; watches, etc., $115; 
 value of all other property, $704,00. Aggregate property, $46,082. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property 
 of $176,661 over the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Hall county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 8,655; white females, 8,825; total white, 17,480; 
 colored males, 1,627; colored females, 1,645; total colored, 3,272. 
 
 Population of Gainesville City by race and color, according to the 
 census of 1900: white males, 1,525; white females, 1,671; total white, 
 3,196; colored males, 536; colored females, 650; total colored, 1,186. 
 
 Total population of Gainesville, 4,382. 
 
 Domestic animals in Hall county in bams and inclosures, not on farms 
 or ranges, June 1, 1900: 108 calves, 21 steers, 1 bull, 329 dairy cows, 
 270 horses, 89 mules, 2 donkeys, 401 swine, 4 goats. 
 
700 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 HANCOCK COUNTY. 
 
 Hancock County was laid out in 1793, and received its name in honor 
 of John Hancock of Massachusetts, chairman of the Continental Con- 
 gress, in which position he performed duties now belonging to the Presi- 
 dent of the United States. By virtue of his position he was the tii-st man 
 to sign the Declaration of Independence. 
 
 The north fork of the Ogeechee river separates the county from War- 
 ren, and the Oconee from Putnam. It is bounded by the following 
 counties: Taliaferro on the north, Warren on the northeast, Glascock a 
 few miles on the east, Washington on the southeast, Baldwin on the 
 southwest, Putnam on the west, and Greene on the northwest. 
 
 The northern part of Hancock county is very hilly, with a red, alumin- 
 ous soil. The southern portion is flat pine woods, with silicious soil. 
 The best lands are said to be on Shoulderbone creek and its tributary 
 waters. Other streams in the county are Little Ogeechee river, Buffalo, 
 Keg and Town creeks. 
 
 The lands of the county under good cultivation will average per acre: 
 seed cotton, 1,200 pounds; com, 15 bushels; oats, 40 bushels; wheat, 10 
 to 20 bushels; rye, 10 bushels; barley, 15 bushels; Irish potatoes, 150 
 bushels; sweet potatoes, 200 bushels; field-peas, 25 bushels; ground-peas, 
 60 bushels; crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds; Bermuda grass hay, 5,000 
 pounds; clover, 4,000 pounds; com forage, 3,000 pounds; sorghum 
 syrup, 150 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 200 gallons. 
 
 Some of the best lands in the county, under careful cultivation, have 
 yielded as high as 2,800 pounds of seed cotton to the acre; 65 bushels of 
 corn and 42 bushels of wheat. According to the United States census 
 of 1900, during the season of 1899-1900, there were ginned 14,371 bales 
 of upland cotton in Hancock county. 
 
 Garden vegetables of all kinds do well in Hancock county. Melons 
 and berries of the best quality are among the products of fields and gar- 
 dens. Several farmers of the county have orchards containing from 
 2,000 to 12,000 peach-trees, from which great quantities are shipped to 
 market, and large quantities used for home consumption. 
 
 By the census of 1890 there were in the county, 6,390 cattle, of which 
 there were 606 working oxen and 2,366 milch-cows, producing 482,352 
 gallons of milk and 134,733 pounds of butter. The 72,985 domestic 
 fowls of all kinds produced 114,404 dozens of eggs, and from the bee- 
 hives were gathered 13,454 pounds of honey. There were also 1,253 
 horses, 1,735 mules, 2 donkeys and 12,920 swine. The 502 sheep gave 
 a wool-clip of 1,569 pounds. 
 
 The timbers are pine, oak, sweet-gum, maple, hickory and other hard- 
 woods. 
 
 Sparta, the county site, with a population of 1,150, is a beautiful town, 
 on that branch of the Georgia Eailroad which connects Augusta and 
 Macon. Its court-house is an imposing building valued at $50,000. A 
 company has been organized to build at Sparta a cotton-mill. At this 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 701 
 
 town is a creamery which receives 2,200 gallons of milk a day. Sparta 
 is partly in the 102d and 113th militia districts, the former having 
 3,116 inhabitants and the latter 2,442. 
 
 The people of this county have given much attention to education, 
 and are among the most intelligent and cultured in the State. The 
 schools of Sparta have a fine reputation, and at Mount Zion, seven miles 
 from Sparta, is the celebrated academy so many years presided over by 
 Dr. Beeman, and afterwards by Hon. W. J. Northen, subsequently 
 governor of Georgia for two terms. In this county also lived for many 
 years the eloquent divine, Dr. Lovick Pierce, and his gifted son. Bishop 
 George F. Pierce, one of the most eloquent pulpit orators that America 
 ever produced. 
 
 At Jewells on the north fork of the Ogeechee, is a cotton-mill with a 
 capital of $75,000. Other postoffices in the county are Carr's Station, 
 Cawthen, Culverton, Devereux Station, Linton, Mayfield, Powelton and 
 Shoulder. 
 
 Some valuable minerals have been found in this county: asbestos, 
 plumbago, kaolin, agate, etc. 
 
 There are some remarkable mounds. The principal one is 400 feet 
 north of the center prong of Shoulderbone creek. Its base is 20 feet 
 above the level of the creek. Around it are the remains of an entrench- 
 ment, containing about four acres. Near the mound is an inclosure. 
 Pluman bones to a large amount have been found. Shoulderbone creek 
 is memorable as the place where a treaty was made with the Creek In- 
 dians in 1786. 
 
 This is a county of churches and strong religious influence. All 
 Christian denominations are represented in membership. 
 
 The area of Hancock county is 523 square miles, or 334,720 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 18,277, an increase of 1,128 since 1890; school 
 fund, $14,157.88. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 276,282; average value per acre, $3.70; city property, 
 $186,695; money, etc., $203,879; merchandise, $88,730; stocks and 
 bonds, $31,950; cotton factories, $115; household furniture, $85,062; 
 farm and other animals, $159,105; plantation and mechanical tools, 
 $33,831; watches, jewelry, etc., $8,607; real estate, $1,219,291; per- 
 sonal estate, $686,832; value of all other property, $48,803. Aggre- 
 gate property, $1,906,123. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 19,703; 
 value, $89,555; city property, $10,760; money, $8,075; merchandise, 
 $1,515; household furniture, $12,350; farm and other animals, $37,202; 
 plantation and mechanical tools, $6,844; watches, etc., $286; value of all 
 other property, $6,550. Aggregate property, $173,803. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property 
 since the returns of 1900, amounting to $68,851. 
 
 There is an average attendance of 757 in the 29 schools for whites, and 
 1,191 in the 34 for colored pupils. 
 
 Population lof Hancock county by sex and color, according to the 
 
702 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 census of 1900: white males, 2,291; white females, 2,358; total white, 
 4,649; colored males, 6,615; colored females, 7,013; total colored 
 13,628. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 60 calves, 63 steers, 5 bulls, 125 dairy cows, 101 horses, 
 6 mules, 1 donkey, 16 sheep, 189 swine, 17 goats. 
 
 HARALSON COUNTY. 
 
 Haralson County was formed from Polk and Carroll in 1856, and 
 was named for Hon. Hugh A. Haralson of Troup county, who was a 
 member of Congress from 1845 to 1850. It is bounded as follows: Polk 
 county on the north, Paulding and Carroll on the east, Carroll on the 
 south and the State of Alabama on the west. The Tallapoosa river and 
 numerous branches water the county. 
 
 Of 180,480 acres in the county, about 75,000 are under cultivation. 
 This does not mean, however, that all the rest are wild lands. The acrea 
 of upland are about 125,000, of lowland 50,000, of bottom land 25,000. 
 The bottom lands bring in the market $20 an acre; the lowlands, $10; 
 the uplands, $5. There are 125,000 acres of timber land, more or less 
 cleared. These lands vary in price from $1 to $25. Considerable pine 
 of excellent quality is obtained. There are also several varieties of hard- 
 wood. 
 
 The face of the country is broken. The climate is cool and bracing and 
 pure water is abundant. The bottom lands on the watercourses and the 
 valley lands are rich and produce abundantly. The soil is for the most 
 part red with clay subsoil. The acreage of the various crops is : for cotton 
 and corn, 30,000 each; wheat, oats, rye, sorghum, Irish potatoes 
 and garden vegetables about 1,000 each, for sweet potatoes, 4,000; 
 and for field-peas, 5,000. The average yield to the acre 
 of all crops is: seed cotton, from 600 to 1,100 pounds; corn, 20 to 25 
 bushels; oats, 30 to 40; wheat, 15 to 25; rye, 20 to 30; Irish potatoes, 
 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; field-peas, 15; ground-peas, 70; 
 crab-grass hay, 6,000 pounds; clover, 8,000 pounds; corn fodder, 300 
 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons. 
 
 The above yields of hay have been made in the county, but of late 
 years very little attention has been paid to it. Too much time and labor 
 have been put upon cotton to the neglect of the other crops. The county 
 can raise its own hay and forage crops and be independent. The native 
 grasses give fine range for sheep and cattle. Though there are no dairy 
 farms, there were by the census of 1890 1,507 milch-cows producing 
 399,705 gallons of milk, from which were made 147,320 pounds of but- 
 ter. Some attention is being paid to the improvement of the breeds of 
 cattle, and many shorthorns, among them thoroughbred bulls, have been 
 introduced, and also many Jerseys, which here, as everywhere else in 
 the State, are the favorites for dairy purposes. 
 
 According to the census of 1890 the total number of cattle in the 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 703 
 
 county was about 4,501, of which 660 were working oxen. 57,536 
 domestic fowls of all kinds gave 103,510 dozens of eggs. This county pro- 
 duced 11,474 pounds of honey. There were 421 horses, 683 mules, 5 
 donkeys, 8,076 hogs, and 2,656 sheep, with a wool-clip of 4,841 pounds. 
 
 Apples, peaches, grapes, berries and a great variety of vegetables, 
 yield abundantly. About 1,000 acres are devoted to melons, with a profit 
 of $50 to the acre. About 500 acres each are devoted to apples and 
 peaches. There is one canning establishment which puts up 500 cans of 
 peaches and apples a day. The profits by the acre on these fruits in a 
 favorable season amount to $100. 
 
 This is a great county for vineyards, of which there are 500, covering 
 5,000 acres. Twenty-five per cent, of the grapes is the number marketed, 
 and from nearly all the balance wine is made. The value of the grapes 
 sold is stated as $50,000, and the revenue from the sale of the wine 
 is estimated at $100,000. There are two wineries, one of which manu- 
 factures unf ermented wine. 
 
 In addition to the pine the county abounds in oak, gum, maple, poplar 
 and other hardwoods of good quality. There are many small sawmills 
 preparing the lumber for planing mills and shingle machines. The 
 annual output of lumber is about 1,000,000 superficial feet, with an 
 average price of $8 a thousand feet. 
 
 Gold is being mined quite extensively. The Koyal Gold mine, at 
 Tallapoosa, has a plant which cost $200,000. There are other small 
 mines in operation. 
 
 There is in the county water-power sufficient for all needed purposes. 
 Among the manufactories may be mentioned a charcoal pig-iron fur- 
 nace and a glass factory, and several flour and grist-mills. 
 
 The old Chattanooga, Rome and Southern, now a part of the Central 
 of Georgia system, and the Georgia Pacific branch of the Southern sys- 
 tern, pass through the county, the first from north to south, the latter 
 from east to west. A short road from Alabama also touches the Southern 
 at Tallapoosa. 
 
 Tallapoosa is a thriving town of 2,128 inhabitants, with banking priv- 
 ileges and with a water-works plant valued at $50,000. Here there is a 
 railroad shop. The entire Tallapoosa district has a population of 3,005. 
 The county seat is Buchanan, named in honor of James Buchanan of 
 Pennsylvania, president of the United States from 1856 to 1860. It is 
 on the Chattanooga, Eome and Southern Railway near the headwaters of 
 the Tallapoosa river. The court-house is valued at $25,000. 
 
 All the Christian denominations are represented in this county, the 
 Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians being the most numerous. 
 
 The schools are in a flourishing condition. At Tallapoosa is a large 
 school building which cost $15,000. In the 40 white schools of the 
 county the average attendance is 958 and in the 4 colored schools, 90. 
 
 Tallapoosa handles about 2,000 bales of cotton annually. According 
 to the ITnited States census of 1900 there were ginned in this county 
 for the season 1899-1900 5,597 bales of upland cotton. 
 
 The area of Haralson county is 282 square miles, or 180,480 acres. 
 
704 OEOROIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Population in 1900, 11,922, an increase of 606 since 1890; school fund 
 $7,982.57. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 158,540; wild lands, 32,997; average value per 
 acre of improved land, $4.20; of wild, $1.15; city property, $351,- 
 628; money, etc., $131,151; value of merchandise, $61,783; 
 bonds, $600; cotton manufactures, $12,182; iron works, $1,750; 
 capital in mining, $212; household furniture, $84,533; farm 
 and other animals, $114,846; plantation and mechanical tools, $30,607; 
 watches, jewelry, etc., $4,925; value of all other property, $30,610; real 
 estate, $1,054,953; personal estate, $476,500. Aggregate, $1,531,453. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 1,604; 
 value, $6,567; city property, $3,594; money, $200; merchandise, $700; 
 household furniture, $2,577; farm and other animals, $3,057; planta- 
 tion and mechanical tools, $573; watches, etc, $73; value of 
 all other property, $158.00. Aggregate property, $17,499. 
 
 The tax returns of 1901 show a decrease of $13,320 in the value of 
 all property since the returns of 1900, but this apparent decrease arises 
 probably from some slight error in the returns. 
 
 Population of Haralson county by sex and color according to the 
 census of 1900: white males, 5,148; white females, 5,132; total white, 
 10,280; colored males, 808; colored females, 834; total colored, 1,642. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 103 calves, 132 steers, 4 bulls, 210 dairy cows, 130 
 horses, 64 mules, 3 donkeys, 191 sheep, 363 swine, 34 goats. 
 
 HARRIS COIIN'TT. 
 
 Harris County was laid out from Troup and Muscogee in 1827. A 
 part was given back to Muscogee in 1829. It was named in honor of 
 Charles Harris, Esq., an eminent jurist of Savannah. It is bounded on 
 the north by Troup and Meriwether counties, on the east by Talbot, 
 on the south by Muscogee, and on the west by the State of Alabama, 
 from which it is separated by the Chattahoochee river. It is 
 well watered by Mulberry, Sowhachee, Standing Boy, "West End, Elat 
 Shoals, Old House and Mountain creeks, all of which empty into the 
 Chattahoochee. 
 
 The face of the country is much varied, and so is the soil. The Pine 
 Mountains enter the county near its northeastern corner, and Oak 
 Mountain on the east. Above the Pine Mountains the country is level 
 with a light soil, productive when new, but not lasting. "West of the 
 center it is a broken, rich country, heavily timbered. In the valley be- 
 tween Oak and Pine Mountains the soil is gray, while the growth is 
 Spanish oak and hickory. South of the Oak Mountain all the way down 
 Mulberry creek to its union with the Chattahoochee river, the soil is 
 rich. "With lands so widely different in point of fertility, the averages of 
 production differ according to location of land as well as manner of culti- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 705 
 
 vation. The average production to the acre is: seed cotton, 600 to 900 
 pounds; com, 8 to 15 bushels; oats, 15 to 25 bushels; wheat, 8 to 10 
 bushels; rye, 5 to 8 bushels; barley, 20 to 50 bushels; sugar-cane, 75 to 
 300 gallons of syrup to the acre; Irish potatoes, 50 bushels; sweet pota- 
 toes, 50 to 100 bushels; field-peas, 5 to 10 bushels; ground-peas, 10 to 20 
 bushels; crab-grass hay, 2,500 pounds; corn fodder, 450 pounds. 
 
 There are no dairy farms, but most families have milch-cows. The 
 total number in 1890 was 2,847, with a production of 671,384 gallons 
 of milk and 200,661 pounds of butter. 
 
 A good deal of interest is manifested in the rearing of beef cattle, and 
 this has led to improvement of the breed. The total of all kinds of neat 
 cattle in 1890 was 6,962. Much attention is given to poultry, and the 
 domestic fowls of all kinds numbered 87,571, and produced 125,679 
 dozens of eggs. The product of the bee-hives amounted to 20,803 pounds. 
 Four hundred and forty-five sheep gave a wool-clip of 944 pounds. There 
 were 8,518 swine, 890 horses, 2,213 mules, 7 donkeys, and 313 oxen. 
 
 Vegetables of every kind are raised, and fruits of many varieties, but 
 almost exclusively for home use. 
 
 Pine and Oak Mountains afford large quantities of lumber which the 
 sawmills are getting ready for building or manufacturing purposes. The 
 sawmills are generally operated by steam. 
 
 The Chattahoochee river abounds in water-power for factories of all 
 kinds. Some of the citizens of West Point, just across the line in Troup 
 county, availing themselves of these water-powers, have established cot- 
 ton-mills on the river just below the town, extending into Harris county. 
 The citizens are anxious for cotton factories and cotton seed oil-mills. 
 
 Hamilton, the county site, with a population of 418, on a branch of the 
 Central Eailroad, is beautifully located between Pin© and Oak Moun- 
 tains. The court-house cost about $12,000. The Methodists and Baptists 
 have churches here. There are good schools, one for boys and one for 
 girls. The Hamilton district has 2,278 inhabitants. The whole county 
 is well supplied with schools and churches. Hamilton is 22-| miles from 
 each of the following cities and towns: Columbus, LaGrange, West 
 Point, Talbotton and Greenville. Hamilton has a canning factory, a 
 broom factory and a shoe factory. 
 
 Chipley, on the Central Eailroad, has a bank with a capital of $25,000 
 and two sawmills. On this same road are Summit and Cataula. Ellers- 
 lie, Waverly Hall and Shiloh are on the Southern. 
 
 There are altogether 66 miles of railroad in the county. The cotton 
 receipts and shipments from railroad stations in the county number 12,- 
 500 bales, and according to the United States census for 1900, for the 
 season of 1899-1900, there were ginned 22,852 bales of upland cotton 
 in Harris county. 
 
 The area of Harris county is 486 square miles, or 311,040 acres. Pop- 
 ulation in 1900, 18,009, an increase of 1,212 since 1890; school fund 
 $12,355.43. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 268,194; of wild land, $3,901; average value to the acre 
 
706 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 of improved land, $3.14; of wild land, $0.74; city property, $104,168; 
 money, $120,340; merchandise, $61,500; stocks and bonds, $11,280; 
 cotton manufactures, $92,100; mining, $800; value of household furni- 
 ture, $73,828; farm and other animals, $160,591; plantation and me- 
 chanical tools, $35,861; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,718; value of all other 
 property, $38,828; real estate, $958,733; personal estate, $641,985. 
 Aggregate property, $1,600,718. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 
 12,513; value, $34,962; city property, $2,885; merchandise, $150; 
 household furniture, $13,769; farm and other animals, $31,317; plant- 
 ation and mechanical tools, $6,960; value of all other property, $13,261. 
 Aggregate property, $116,084. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $90,044 in the value of 
 all property since 1900, 
 
 In the 39 schools for whites there is an average attendance of 939, and 
 in the 51 for colored the average attendance is 1,662. 
 
 Population of Harris county by sex and color, according the census 
 of 1900: white males, 2,884; white females, 2,939; total white, 5,823; 
 colored males, 5,999; colored females, 6,187; total colored, 12,186. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 21 calves, 11 steers, 19 dairy cows, 21 horses, 31 swine, 
 1 goat. 
 
 HAKT COUN-TY. 
 
 Hart County was formed from Franklin, Elbert and Madison counties 
 in 1856. It was named in honor of Mrs. Nancy Hart, a heroine of the 
 Revolution, who lived in Elbert county. A sketch of her appears in 
 the account of Elbert county. 
 
 Hart county is bounded as follows: On the north and east by the 
 State of South Carolina, from which it is divided by the Tugaloo and 
 Savannah rivers; on the southeast, south and southwest by Elbert and 
 Madison counties; on the west by Franklin. 
 
 Beaverdam, Log, Cedar and Shoal creeks flow through the county. 
 
 The soil of the uplands is gray and gravelly; that of the bottom lands 
 gray sandy with red clay subsoil. The chief crops are cotton and com, 
 but wheat, oats, rye and a little barley, garden vegetables, grasses, etc., 
 are raised. The lands along the Savannah and Tugaloo rivers are very 
 productive. 
 
 The climate and water are both conducive to health. 
 
 The average production to the acre is: seed cotton, from 500 to 800 
 pounds; corn, 15 bushels; wheat, 8 to 10; oats, 15 to 30; rye, 10; Irish 
 and sweet potatoes, 100 each; field-peas, 15; crab-grass hay, 2,000 
 pounds; Bermuda grass, 4,000 pounds; corn fodder with stalk (shredded 
 corn), 4,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 75 gallons, 
 
 Peavine, German and Cattail millets, sorghum and corn forage pro- 
 duce abundantly. : , Hill 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 'JQ'J 
 
 A little irrigation is practiced by turning small streams somewhat out 
 of their natural channels and causing them to go where needed. 
 
 From April to October broom sage, Japan clover, Bei-muda and mea- 
 dow grass are used for pasturage ; from January to May, rye, barley and 
 oats are used. 
 
 A cross between the Jersey and Holstein is preferred here for milk 
 and butter purposes. 
 
 In the rearing of beef cattle for the market the people are taking great 
 interest, and from nearly every farm beeves of fine quality are sold. A 
 few pure bred Hereford bulls have been imported into the county. In 
 1890 there were 5,054 cattle in the county, 1,915 of them milch-cows, 
 producing 555,440, gallons of milk and 199,274 pounds of butter. 
 The sheep numbered 1,511, with a wool-clip of 2,062 pounds. 
 There were 678 working oxen. There were 740 horses, 897 mules, 10 
 donkeys and 4,696 hogs. The domestic fowls of all kinds numbered 
 87,372 and produced 75,805 dozens of eggs. The honey product of the 
 county was 19,080 pounds. 
 
 There are 12 market gardens, the total value of whose products is 
 about $6,000, of which 40 per cent, is clear profit. About 25 acres are 
 devoted to melons, which bring a profit of $75 to the acre. 
 
 Fine apples and peaches are raised and have a ready sale. There are 
 also several vineyards, making good profits. 
 
 About 30 per cent, of the original forests are still standing. Very 
 little lumber is shipped from the county, but much pine, oak, poplar and 
 hickory are used by the sawmills of the county, which, large and small, 
 number about 25. The annual output of lumber in superficial feet is 
 estimated at 3,750,000 feet, valued at $7 to $7.50 a thousand. 
 
 The flour and grist-mills number about 25. 
 
 At Hartwell is the Witham cotton-mill, which has lately been enlarged 
 to double capacity. This is being operated by steam. 
 
 At Shoal creek is another cotton-mill operated by water. One de- 
 partment of this mill manufactures woolen goods. 
 
 Other manufactories are shingle and planing-mills, brick kilns and 
 the Hartwell Canning Company's factory and 4 cotton seed oil-mills, all 
 in successful operation. 
 
 Hartwell, the county site, is located on the Hartwell railroad, which 
 connects with one of the arms of the Southern Railway at Bowersville. 
 Hartwell's two banks, with an aggregate capital of nearly $100,000, give 
 to the citizens of the town and county good commercial advantages. The 
 court-house at Hartwell cost $10,000, the jail $20,000. Town district, 
 which includes Hartwell, has a population of 3,882, of whom 1,672 live 
 in Hartwell. 
 
 The Hartwell Collegiate Institute has an attendance of over 400. The 
 Bowersville and other high schools and lower grades of the public school 
 system are well attended. 
 
 The cotton receipts of the county amount to about 10,000 bales, and 
 the shipments, mostly from Hartwell, amount to between 5,000 and 
 6,000 bales. The mills of the county use about 2,500 bales. According 
 
 33 ga 
 
708 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 to the United States census of 1900, in this county in the season of 1899" 
 1900 there were ginned 12,519 bales of upland cotton. 
 
 The county roads are in good condition. They are worked by com- 
 mutation and property tax combined. The best improved machines are 
 used. 
 
 The area of Hart county is 257 square miles, or 164,480 acres. 
 
 Population in 1900, 14,492, an increase of 3,605 since 1890; school 
 fund, $9,138.12. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 153,116; average value per acre, $3.88; city property, 
 $188,001; shares in bank, $73,746; gas and electric light, $1,679; build- 
 ing and loan association, $3,500; money, etc., $160,265; merchandise, 
 $55,265; cotton manufactories, $49,500; household fm-niture, $73,746; 
 fami and other animals, $124,222; plantation and mechanical tools, $38,- 
 319; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,393; value of all other property, $15,320; 
 real estate, $782,343; personal estate, $603,016; aggregate property, 
 $1,385,359. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: N'umber of acres of land 
 2,532; value, $9,135; city property, $2,250; household furniture, $3,- 
 525; fann and other animals, $9,268; plantation and mechanical tools, 
 $2,350; value of all other property, $182; aggregate property, $26,805. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $76,174 in the value of 
 all property since 1900. 
 
 The average attendance in the 32 white schools is 1,438, and in the 
 15 for colored, 370. 
 
 Population of Hart county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 5,207; white females, 5,260; total white, 
 10,467; colored males, 2,044; colored females, 1,981; total colored, 
 4,025. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 41 calves, J.2 steers, 92 dairy cows, 80 horses, 17 mules, 2 
 .sheep, 164 swine, 1 goat. 
 
 HEARD COUJSTTY. 
 
 Heard County was laid out from Troup, Carroll and Coweta in 1830 
 and named after the Hon. Stephen Heard, who was Governor of Geor- ' 
 gia in 1781. 
 
 This county is bounded on the north by Carroll, east by Coweta, south 
 by Troup county and west by the State of Alabama. 
 
 It is well supplied with streams. The Chattahoochee flows through 
 the county, into which empty the numerous creeks. These streams 
 supply good sport for those fond of the rod and line, and afford valuable 
 water power for running manufactories of various kinds. The smaller 
 game birds are plentiful. 
 
 About one-third of the county consists of rich oak and hickory land, 
 while two-thirds are pine mixed with oak and hickory. These latter are 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 709 
 
 also very productive. The soil is gray sandy, with clay subsoil. Under 
 fair culture it will produce to the acre: seed cotton, 500 to 1,000 pounds; 
 com, 15 to 30 bushels; wheat and oats, 10 to 20 bushels each; Irish and 
 sweet potatoes, 75 to 100 bushels each; ground-peas, 20 bushels; crab 
 and Bermuda grass, 2,000 pounds each; sorghum syrup, 40 gallons; 
 sugar-cane syrup, 50 to 75 gallons. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in 
 the county 13,422 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899- 
 1900. 
 
 More attention is being paid to making hay, to the selection of good 
 miilch-cows and the raising of improved breeds of beef cattle. Jerseys 
 and Shorthorn Durhams are being imported into the county. In 1890 
 there were 4,229 cattle, 1,553 of which were milch-cows, with a pro- 
 duction of 261,364 gallons of milk, from which were made 68,437 
 pounds of butter and 20 pounds of cheese. There were in the county 
 345 oxen. 
 
 Poultry raising is not neglected and 62,396 domestic fowls of all kinds 
 in 1890 gave 54,840 dozens of eggs. The honey produced in the same 
 year amounted to 18,858 pounds. 
 
 The horses numbered 502, the mules 1,236, donkeys 2, hogs 7,065 
 and the sheep 1,386, Avith a wool-clip of 1,227 pounds. The breed of 
 horses is being improved as well as that of cattle. 
 
 Vegetables, fruits and melons are raised, but for the lack of railroad 
 facilities scarcely any are being marketed. 
 
 The forest trees are large and valuable for building and manufactur- 
 ing purposecs. ISTumerous sawmills, operated by steam, are utilizing 
 this timber. 
 
 There is an abundance of excellent granite. 
 There are several flour and grist-mills operated by water. 
 Franklin, the county site, located on the east bank of the Chattahoo- 
 <!hee river, has a court-house which cost $18,000 and a jail valued at $5,- 
 000. The Franklin Collegiate Institute and numerous other schools af- 
 ford good educational advantages. 
 
 The Methodists and Baptists have a large membership and many 
 churches in every part of the county. 
 
 The products of the county are marketed in LaGrange, ISTewnan, Car- 
 rollton and Hogansville. 
 
 The area of Heard county is 313 square miles, or 200,320 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 11,177, a gain of 1,620 since 1890; school fund, 
 $7,412.38. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 174,702; of wild land, 7,496; average value per acre of 
 improved lands, $3.33; of wild lands, $1.41; city property, $27,580; 
 money, $52,107; farm animals, $135,031; merchandise, $25,313; planta- 
 tion and mechanical tools, $29,177; jewelry, etc., $1,147; household 
 furniture, $50,665; value of all other property, $20,673; real estate, 
 $620,409; personal estate, $319,046; aggregate property, $939,455. 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: ]!^umber of acres of land. 
 
710 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 6,412; value of land, $19,204; citj or town property, $405; household 
 and kitchen furniture, $10,089; wat<ihes, jewelry, etc., $81; farm and 
 other animals, $18,523; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,324; value 
 of all other property, $1,302; aggregate value of whole property, $52,- 
 928. 
 
 The tax returns of 1901 show an increase of $33,510 in the value of 
 all property since 1900. 
 
 Population of Heard county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 3,580; white females, 3,583; total white, 7,163; 
 colored males, 2,020; colored females, 1,994; total colored, 4,014. 
 
 Dcinestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 42 calves, 81 steers, 31 dairy cows, 20 horses, 11 mules, 
 71 swine, 1 goat. 
 
 HEKRY COUNTY. 
 
 Henry County was named in honor of the renowned orator and pa- 
 triot, Patrick Henry, of Virginia. Its boundaries were defined by the 
 act of 1821. It is bounded on the north by DeKalb county, on the 
 northeast by Eockdale and ISTewton, on the southeast by Butts, on the 
 south by Spalding and on the west by Clayton. 
 
 It is well watered by South river, one of the branches of the Ocmul- 
 gee, and by Cotton river; also by Troublesome, Sandy, Towaliga, Indian, 
 Tussahaw, Little Walnut, Line and Reeves creeks. 
 
 The lands on these rivers and creeks are rich and produce fine crops. 
 The lands are light, sandy soil in some places, in others mul atto and stiff 
 red soil. 
 
 Under fair cultivation the lands of all sorts will average to the acre: 
 seed cotton, 600 to 750 pounds; corn, 15 bushels; oats, 20 bushels; wheat, 
 10 bushels; rye, 8; barley, 10; Irish potatoes, 50 to 75 bushels; sweet 
 potatoes, 75 to 100 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 20 bush- 
 els; crab-grass hay, 3,000 pounds; Bermuda grass hay, 2,500 pounds; 
 clover, 3,000 pounds; corn fodder, 450 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 
 gallons; sugar-cane, 150 gallons. 
 
 Henry county cotton ranks high in the market and is in great demand 
 with the eastern mills. Many of the lands will yield to the acre 1,500 
 pounds of seed cotton, 40 bushels of corn, 30 of wheat and other crops 
 in like proportion. 
 
 Although there are no regular dairy farms, there are from 1 to 5 cows 
 in almost every family. In 1890 the 1,981 milch-cows of the county 
 produced 500,541 gallons of milk and 221,059 pounds of butter. Among 
 the 4,929 cattle of the county are found many improved breeds. 
 There were 176 working oxen. Poulti-y raising is profitable and in 1890 
 there were 95,518 domestic fowls of all soi-ts, producing 111,735 dozens 
 of eggs. The bee-hives furnished 16,130 pounds of honey. 
 
 There were 397 sheep, producing about 535 pounds of wool; 795- 
 horses, 2,190 mules, 5 donkeys and 6,566 hogs. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 71 1 
 
 This is a fine county for all kinds of fruits, but they are raised almost 
 -entirely for home consumption. 
 
 The watercourses have many fine shoals which offer inducements to 
 erect factories and mills. At Island Shoals a good roller mill for flour 
 and com is being put in. There are several small country mills for 
 flour and com. These are run by water. There are no large saw-mills, 
 but several small "traveling" mills. At Hampton there is a new cotton- 
 mill, valued at $50,000. There is also a knitting mill at the same town, 
 valued at $18,000. Its capacity is now being doubled. At Locust Grove 
 there is a cotton seed oil-mill, valued at $25,000. 
 
 The people are anxious for manufactories of every kind, especially 
 cotton-mills, cotton seed oil-malls and canneries.. 
 
 McDonough, the county site, is a progressive town, increasing steadily 
 in population. It has two banks, a court-house worth $20,000, and a jail 
 which cost $5,000. It does a prosperous business. 
 
 Three railroads run through the county, the Central of Georgia, the 
 Southern and the Columbus division of the Southern, of which division 
 McDonough is the terminus. 
 
 The receipts and shipments of cotton for the county amount to 18,000 
 or 20,000 bales per annimi, of which 8,500 are handled in McDonough. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned 20,- 
 056 bales of upland cotton in this county during the season of 1899- 
 1900. 
 
 The products of the county are handled in McDonough, Hampton and 
 -Locust Grove. 
 
 The county is well supplied with good schools. 
 
 All Christian denominations have churches with good houses of wor- 
 ship and full membership. 
 
 The area of Henry county is 337 square miles, or 215,680 acres. 
 
 Population in 1900, 18,602, a gain of 2,382 since 1890; school fund, 
 $12,004.41. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 201,903; average value per acre, $6.17; city property, 
 ^198,855; shares in bank, $25,000; money, etc., $231,970; value of 
 merchandise, $101,085; cotton manufactories, $6,500; household fur- 
 niture, $114,538; farm and other animals, $202,546; plantation and me- 
 chanical tools, $61,629; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,599; value of all other 
 property, $56,181; real estate, $1,444,951; personal estate, $848,539; 
 aggregate property, $2,293,490. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: Kumber of acres of land, 
 3,883; value, $23,886; city property, $8,145; money, $200; household 
 furniture, $16,401; farm and other animals, $24,896; plantation and 
 mechanical tools, $513; watches, etc., $89; value of all other property, 
 $671; aggregate property, $79,702. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $104,633 in the value of 
 all property since 1900. 
 
712 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 In the 38 white schools the average attendance is 1,335, and in the 2G 
 colored schools 915. 
 
 McDonough district has a population of 2,725, of whom 683 live in 
 the town. 
 
 Hampton district has 2,360 inhabitants, of whom 468 live in the town. 
 
 Locust Grove district has 1,670 inhabitants, of whom 254 live in th& 
 town. 
 
 Population of Henry county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 4,695; white females, 4,518; total white, 9,213; 
 colored males, 4,699; colored females, 4,690; total colored, 9,389. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges^ 
 June 1, 1900 : 45 calves, 28 steers, 78 dairy cows, 60 horses, 4 mules, 1 
 donkey, 146 swine, 4 goats. 
 
 HOUSTON COmSTTY. 
 
 Houston County was organized in 1821 and was named in honor of 
 John Houston, of Chatham county, an ardent patriot of the Revolution 
 and Governor of Georgia in 1778. The Ocmulgee river flows along the 
 eastern border of the county and Echeconnee creek on the north. Other 
 streams are Mossy and Big Indian creeks. Houston county is bounded 
 on the north by Bibb and Twiggs, on the east and southeast by Twiggs 
 and Pulaski, on the south by Dooly, on the west by Macon county and 
 on the northwest by Crawford. 
 
 The soil is mainly of the tertiary formation with outcroppings of cre- 
 taceous formation in the northern part. The land is a level, sandy loam^ 
 mainly limestone, but with outcroppings of red freestone in places. The 
 soil is good, with a retentive clay subsoil; fertile and easily worked. 
 
 The land, according to location and culture, will give as an average^ 
 yield to the acre: seed cotton, 500 to 1,500 pounds; corn, 15 to 50 bush- 
 els; oats, 20 to 75; wheat, 10 to 50; rye, 5; Irish potatoes, 200; sweet 
 potatoes, 200; field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 50; crab-grass hay, 3,000 
 pounds; corn fodder, 100 pounds; sorghum syriip, 200 gallons; sugar- 
 cane, 150 gallons of syrup. For winter pasturage arctic grass, rye and 
 barley are used and the native grass for summer. 
 
 There are four dairy farms making fair profits. The total number 
 of milch-cows in the county in 1890 was 1,325, about 500 of which are 
 on the dairy farms. The butter produced in 1890 was 66,200 pounds, 
 but is now estimated at 79,400 pounds, and the milk at 275,000 gallons. 
 The county produced 7,483 pounds of honey in 1890. The total of all 
 kinds of poultry was 65,204, and the eggs numbered 103,801 dozens. 
 All the cattle of the county number 3,600. There were 848 horses, 
 2,984 mules, 4 donkeys, 15,143 hogs and 266 sheep, mth a wool-clip of 
 502 pounds. There were also 160 working oxen. There is great im- 
 provement in the breeds of cattle, both for the dairy and for beef. 
 
 Considerable attention is paid to trucking. About $15,000 worth of 
 vegetables and berries are sold from the gardens. About 2,500 acres were 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 715 
 
 devoted to melons during the past season, the average net profit on whicli 
 varied from $25 to $50 per acre. 
 
 Houston is the largest peach-growing county in the United States. 
 There were shipped from Fort Valley, during the season of 1898, 850 
 carloads of peaches, or about 450,000 crates. This at an average of 
 $2.25 a crate would mean more than $1,000,000. There are 3,000,000 
 peach trees in this county, 35,744 apple trees, 13,592 pear trees and 43,- 
 745 plum trees. There are 8 vineyards, covering in all 1,000 acres. 
 
 The timber products are small; a little yellow pine and some hard 
 wood sawed. There are 8 sawmills whose annual output is worth about 
 $10,000. The average price of timber is $8 a thousand feet. 
 
 The utilized water-powers are on the tributaries of the Ocmulgee, lim- 
 ning 14 mills altogether, some of them flour and grist-mills. 
 
 The mineral products are marl and limestone. There are some fine 
 kaolin beds. 
 
 Among the manufactories are : a cotton-mill, not in operation, 1 cotton 
 gin manufactory, 1 knitting mill, 1 crate and basket factory, 1 fertilizer 
 factory in operation, 1 plow handle factory, 1 iron foundry, 3 canning 
 factories and 3 turpentine distilleries. More than 200 hands are em- 
 ployed in these various factories. 
 
 The three canning factories at Fort Valley put up last season 500,000 
 cans of fruits and vegetables. In addition to these many of the farms 
 have canneries of their own. 
 
 At Grovania, on the Southern Railway, is the fertilizer f actoiy already 
 referred to. 
 
 ISTear Fort Valley is the Merchant Mill, run by water, with patent 
 roller process and having a capacity of 40 barrels of flour per day. Most 
 of the manufactories of the county are in Fort Valley and vicinity. 
 
 The knitting-mill, valued at $10,000, makes ladies' undenvear ex- 
 clusively. 
 
 Fort Valley has two banks, one having a capital of $50,000, and 
 the other of $25,000. 
 
 The population of Fort Valley in 1900 was 2,022. The entire dis- 
 trict, which includes the towTi, has 3,986 inhabitants. 
 
 Perry, the county site, is situated partly in Lower Town and partly 
 in Upper Town district, the former having a population of 1,592 and 
 the latter of 1,208, or 2,800 in the two districts. In Perry itself are 650 
 people. This to^^^l has a court-house and other public buildings valued 
 at $20,000, a bank with a capital of $25,000 and an oil-mill. 
 
 Three branches of the Central of Georgia Railroad go from Fort Val- 
 ley westward, southwest and southeast. Perry being the terminus of the 
 latter branch. 
 
 The county roads are all in good condition, and are worked by the 
 county chain-gang at an annual cost of $10,000. 
 
 The annuaf receipts of cotton are about 25,000 bales, of which 8,000 
 are shipped from Fort Valley, and 500 are used in the cotton mill when 
 in operation. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 there were 20,782 
 
716 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 bales of upland cotton ginned in Houston county during the season of 
 1899-1900. 
 
 Methodist and Baptist churches are found in every section of the 
 county, and other Christian denominations are also represented. 
 
 The schools of the county are in excellent condition and the average 
 daily attendance is 668 in the 26 schools for whites, and 1,690 in the 
 33 schools for negroes. In Fort Valley are 180 pupils in the white 
 schools and 350 in those for negroes. In 1900 the State School Com- 
 missioner reported the school fund of Houston county to be $14,701.20. 
 
 The area of Houston county is 591 square miles, or 378,240 acres. 
 
 The population in 1900 was 22,641, an increase of 1,028 since 1890. 
 
 The Comptroller-General reported the following returns for 1900: 
 Acres of improved land, 346,804; of wild land, 13,383; average value 
 per acre of improved land, $4.14; of wild land, $0.55; city or town prop- 
 erty, $355,115; shares in bank, $80,500; money and solvent debits, 
 $123,130; merchandise, $99,770; cotton factories, $15,000; iron works, 
 $10,900; household and kitchen furniture, $130,000; farm and other 
 animals, $212,240; plantation and mechanical tools, $52,595; watches, 
 jewelry, etc., $9,210; value of all other property, $72,670; real estate, 
 $1,810,353; personal estate, $810,580; aggregate value of whole prop- 
 erty, $2,620,933. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: ISTumber of acres of land, 
 14,410; value of land, $57,768; city or town property, $14,505; house- 
 hold and kitchen furniture, $32,370; farm and other animals, $42,320; 
 plantation and mechanical tools, $8,910; value of all other property, 
 $2,525; aggregate value of all property, $158,398. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $152,087 in the value of 
 all property since 1900. 
 
 Population of Houston county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 2,797;' white females, 2,838; total white, 
 5,635; colored males, 8,372; colored females, 8,634; total colored, 
 17,006. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 13 calves, 18 steers, 2 bulls, 82 dairy cows, 101 horses, 
 S3 mules, 192 swine, 2 goats. 
 
 IRWIN COUNTY. 
 
 Irwin County was laid out by the lottery act of 1818. A part was 
 set off to Thomas and part to Lo^vndeis in 1825. It received its name 
 from General Jared Irwin, who served his country faithfully in the 
 Revolution, and aftenvards in campaigns against the Indians; was a 
 member of the convention which revised the State Constitution in 1789; 
 as Governor in 1796 signed the act rescinding the Yazoo law; was pres- 
 ident of the constitutional convention of 1798, which inserted in the 
 State Constitution a clause forbidding the African slave trade as far as 
 Georgia was concerned; was again Governor from November 7th, 1806, 
 to November 9th, 1809; was several times president of the State Sen- 
 ate, holding that honored position at the time of his death in 1818. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 719 
 
 Irwin county is bounded by the following counties: North by Wil- 
 cox and Telfair, east and southeast by Coffee, south by Berrien and west 
 by Worth. 
 
 The Ocmulgee river flows along its northeastern boundary. The Al- 
 lapaha river flows from north to south through the center of the county, 
 and Little river is on its western side. Into these rivers numerous creeks 
 of this county empty, of which the principal are Willacoochee, Reed, 
 Lake and Hat. The creeks of the eastern part are among the headwaters 
 of the Satilla river. In these various streams fish are plentiful. In the 
 woods and fields are found quail, turkeys, deer and opossums. Many 
 quail are shipped from Irwin county, and some deer and turkeys. 
 
 The soils may be described as red, gray and black gravel, with clay 
 subsoil, the gray predominating. Under a good system of cultivation 
 the lands will produce to the acre: of upland seed cotton, 1,200 pounds; 
 of sea-island, 800 pounds; corn, 20 bushels; wheat, 15 to 20 bushels; 
 oats, 25 to 30 bushels; rye, 12 bushels; rice, from 20 to 100 bushels; 
 field-peas, 20 bushels; ground-peas, from 25 to 100 bushels; sugar-cane 
 syrup, from 200 to 500 gallons; sorghum syrup, 200 gallons; Irish po- 
 tatoes, from 100 to 150 bushels; sweet potatoes, from 250 to 300 bushels; 
 crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds; com fodder, 200 pounds. 
 
 The native farmers and the colonists at and near Fitzgerald are pay- 
 ing more attention to hay than ever before. Their testimony is that a 
 bountiful yield of good hay is made from Bermuda, crab and crowfoot 
 grasses, from peavines, cattail millet and velvet beans. For ten months 
 of the year the wiregrass affords excellent wild pastures, and the culti- 
 vated grasses are good for eight months. 
 
 In addition to a great number of common cattle there are many Jer- 
 sey cows and Shorthorn Durhams. Great attention is paid to the raising 
 of beef cattle for the market and to the improvement of the breed. 
 Within the last five years 35 Hereford and 3 Shoi-thom bulls have 
 been brought into the county. The whole number of cattle in the coun- 
 ty in 1890 was 11,152, of which 2,763 were milch-cows. Of these 
 many are Jerseys and Durhams; 190,895 gallons of milk and 14,597 
 pounds of butter were reported from this county. There were in the 
 county 366 working oxen. In 1890 there were in the county 14,764 
 sheep, with a wool-clip of 35,984 pounds. There were 501 horses, 539 
 mules, 5 donkeys (male), 12 jennets and 17,270 swine; 37,189 domes- 
 tic fowls supplied 45,021 dozens of eggs. The honey product was nearly 
 6,128 pounds. 
 
 Much attention is paid to truck farming, and every known vegetable 
 is raised in the market gardens, as are also berries of every kind. Mel- 
 ons and fruits also are extensively raised and the whole trucking business 
 of the county will not fall far short of $100,000. The markets for these 
 things are Savannah, Macon and Atlanta, Gra., and Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 There is one florist establishment at Fitzgerald. 
 
 The timbers of Irwin county are yellow pine, white oak, water oak, 
 tulip, juniper, cypress, black-gum, cedar, red oak, ash and hickory, all 
 found in paying quantities. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 The annual output of lumber is 113,800,000 superficial feet, at an 
 average price of $8 a thousand feet. Forty sawmills are employed cut- 
 ting up this timber, and 25 distilleries are engaged in the manufacture 
 of spirits of turpentine. 
 
 Sandstone and phosphate are found in this county. 
 Irwinville, the county site, is a little village on the Tifton and l^orth- 
 eastern Railroad. At the junction of this same railroad with a branch of 
 the Georgia and Alabama of the Seaboard Air Line system stands the new 
 and growing city of Fitzgerald, built by colonists from the northwestern 
 States. Another railroad, an offshoot of the Hawkinsville and Florida 
 Southern connects Fitzgerald with Davisville in Wilcox county. Fitz- 
 gerald has electric lights and water-works worth $45,000, all paid 
 for, and owned by the city, 2 banks with adequate capital, many pros- 
 perous mercantile establishments, 10 life and fire insurance agencies, 1 
 wagon factory and 3 sash and blind factories. All the stock has been 
 taken for a $60,000 cotton-mill at Fitzgerald, expected to be soon in 
 operation. The population of Fitzgerald is 1,817. The district, includ- 
 ing Fitzgerald, has 2,515 inhabitants. 
 
 The facilities in Irwin county for travel and transportation are excel- 
 lent. Besides 75 miles of railroad, 50 miles of public road have been 
 lately macadamized. The Ocmulgee river also furnishes water trans- 
 portation by steamboats to Savannah and Brunswick, and to Macon, as 
 soon as the government completes the dredging of the river. 
 
 Of the cotton receipts of the entire county 5,000 bales are handled at 
 Fitzgerald, 2,000 at Ocilla and 1,000 at Sycamore. According to the 
 United States census of 1900 1,891 bales of upland and 1,038 bales of 
 sca-ihland cotton were ginned in Irwin county for the season of 1899- 
 1900. 
 
 The public schools are in good condition. 
 
 Every Christian denomination is represented by churches in this coun- 
 ty, Methodists and Baptists being the most numerous. 
 
 The second largest town in the county is Ocilla, with a population of 
 805 and in the whole district 1,740. 
 
 At Cycloneta Station is a farm operated by the Georgia Southern and 
 Florida Railroad, which gives a practical demonstration of the capacity 
 of this county and section in every branch of husbandry. The fruits 
 raised here are especially fine. 
 
 The area of Irwin county is 686 square miles, or 439,040 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 13,645, an increase of 7,329 since 1890; school 
 fund, $7,590.16; school fund of Fitzgerald, $1,170.72. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 391,648; of wild land, 65,137; average value per acre of 
 improved land, $2.07; of wild land, $1.63; city property, $265,618; 
 shares in bank, $13,415; money, etc., $222,442; merchandise, $96,- 
 626; stocks and bonds, $793; cotton manufactories, $32,070; iron works, 
 $112.00; invested in mining, $302.00; household and kitchen furniture, 
 $95,620; farm and other animals, $235,779; plantation and mechanical 
 tools, $39,480; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,797; value of all other prop- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 721 
 
 ertv, $226,127; real estate, $1,183,535; personal estate, $973,364. Ag- 
 gregate value of whole property, $2,156,899. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land, 
 12,137; value, $21,113; city property, $3,190; money, etc., $465; mer- 
 chandise, $106; household furniture, $7,288; watches, etc., $194; farm 
 animals, $10,865; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,751; value of all 
 other property, $1,098; aggregate property, $46,770. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $134,259 in the value 
 of all property since the returns of 1900. 
 
 In the 61 white schools the average attendance is 1,065, and in the 
 22 colored schools it is 409. In the white schools of Fitzgerald are en- 
 rolled 496 pupils, and in the schools for negroes there are enrolled 127. 
 
 On the 13th of July, 1836, on the Allapaha river, near the plantation, 
 of Mr. Wm. H. Mitchell, Captain Levi J. Knight, commanding a com- 
 pany of 75 white men, attacked a party of Indians, and killed all but 
 five of them. Twenty-three guns and nineteen packs of plunder fell 
 into the hands of the whites. 
 
 Population of Ir\vin county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 4,721; white females, 4,239; total white, 8,960^ 
 colored males, 2,610; colored females, 2,075; total colored, 4,685. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges^ 
 June 1, 1900: 52 calves, 11 steers, 4 bulls, 114 dairy cows, 130 horses, 
 11 mules, 242 swine, 1 goat. 
 
 JACKSON COUNTY. 
 
 Jaclcson County was formed in 1796 and was named for General 
 James Jackson, of Savannah, one of the most gallant of Georgia's sol- 
 diers in the Kevolution, who aided in forming a constitution and gov- 
 ernment for the State, and was a member of the legislature, a Repre- 
 sentative and Senator in Congress, and Governor of the State. From- 
 part of this county was formed the county of Clarke. A part 
 of it helped to form Madison county in 1811, and part was added to> 
 Walton, Gwinnett and Hall in 1818. 
 
 Jackson county is bounded on the northeast by Banks county, on the 
 east by Madison, on the southeast by Clarke and Oconee, on the south- 
 west by Walton and Gwinnett and on the northwest by Hall. 
 
 Several branches of the Oconee river water this county. Big Sandy, 
 Mulberry, Barber's, Curry's and Beach creeks are some of the streams. 
 On all these streams the lands are very productive. The uplands are 
 not so fertile as the bottom lands, but with careful cultivation yield well. 
 The soils are red and gray. With proper culture they will average to the 
 acre: corn, 15 bushels; oats, 25; wheat, 12; rye, 10; barley, 15; Irish 
 potatoes, 60; sweet potatoes, 75; field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 30; seed 
 cotton, 600 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; com fodder, 200 
 pounds; sorghum syrup, 150 gallons. Some of the best lands produce to 
 the acre: 25 bushels of com, 100 bushels of Irish potatoes, 150 of sweet 
 potatoes and 1,500 pounds of seed cotton. When lands are well pre- 
 
722 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 pared thej produce well sorghum and corn forage, millet, red clover, 
 Bermuda, crab-grass and pea-vines. 
 
 Some ensilage is stored away in silos, especially by the two dairy 
 farms. Among the milch-cows are many Jerseys and Guernseys. More 
 attention than ever before is being given to the improvement of the 
 breeds of dairy and beef cattle. The total number of cattle in the coun- 
 ty in 1890 was 7,164. The milch-cows numbered 3,038 and produced 
 896,567 gallons of milk, 301,758 pounds of butter and 25 pounds of 
 ■cheese. There were 1,587 horses, 1,884 mules, 5 donkeys and 8,418 hogs. 
 The 1,709 sheep produced 2,466 pounds of wool. There were 134,490 
 domestic fowls of all kinds, whose production of eggs amounted to 167,- 
 834 dozens; 21,389 pounds of honey were produced in 1890. There were 
 also 378 working oxen. 
 
 Vegetables, fruits, berries and melons are used in abundance for home 
 consumption, but none for the markets. 
 
 There are 7 vineyards embracing 75 acres altogether. The revenue 
 derived from the wine amounts to about $4,000 annually. 
 
 The timber consists of pine, red oak, post oak, water oak, white oak, 
 hickory, poplar, dogwood, persimmon, beach, birch and ash. The an- 
 nual output of lumber in superficial feet is 300,000 at an average of $7 
 a thousand. This lumber is used in various manufactories that work in 
 wood. 
 
 There are in this county the following manufacturing establishments: 
 At Harmony Grove, one wagon and buggy factory, one harness factory, 
 one cotton-seed oil-mill, with a capital of $30,000, one mattress factory, 
 two potteries for manufacturing jugs, jars, etc., and one cotton mill with 
 a capital of $100,000; at Jefferson, one cotton mill with a capital of 
 $80,000, a cotton-seed oil-mill with a capital of $18,000, and a foundry; 
 at IVIaysville, a chair factory; at Hoschton, one tannery and harness and 
 saddle factory. There are also in Jackson county six sawmills and 20 
 flour and grisfmills. There is also a factory being organized at Winder, 
 a town of 1,145 inhabitants, the greater part of which is in Jackson 
 county, though a small part of it lies in Gwinnett and another small 
 part in Walton county. 
 
 There are 4 banks, 1 each at Harmony Grove, Winder, Jefferson and 
 Maysville. 
 
 About 15 life and fire insurance agencies are in the county. 
 
 The county abounds in granite and quartz, soapstone, asbestos and 
 tourmaline. There is also some iron ore, but it is not now being worked. 
 It was mined some during tlie civil war. 
 
 Jefferson, named for Thomas Jefferson, of Virgina, the author of the 
 declaration of independence, is the county site. It is situated on the 
 waters of the Oconee and was incorporated in 1812.. It contains 726 
 inhabitants, but, if we include the district of the same name, 2,107. 
 
 Harmony Grove is a thriving town of 1,454 inhabitants, and the dis- 
 trict of Minish, which includes the town, has a population of 3,487. 
 
 The Methodists and Baptists are the leading Christian denominations. 
 All sects are represented. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 723: 
 
 There are several fine schools, of which the Martin Institute at Jef- 
 ferson is the most noted. The average attendance on the public school* 
 is in the 80 white schools 2,452, and in the 24 colored schools 781. 
 
 There are three railroads in the county, the Southern, the Gainesville, 
 Jefferson and Southern and the Seaboard Air Line. 
 
 The county roads are in good condition, but not macadamized. 
 
 The cotton receipts from the entire county are about 50,000 bales, 
 of which 3,000 are shipped from Jefferson, 15,000 from Harmony Grove, 
 12,000 from Winder, 5,000 from Hoschton, 2,000 from Pendergrass, 
 3,000 from Maysville, 3,000 to Gainesville and 7,000 to Athens. The 
 cotton mills use about 3,000 bales. According to the United States cen- 
 sus of 1900 there were ginned in this county 22,866 bales of upland cot- 
 ton during the season of 1899-1900. 
 
 The area of Jackson county is 460 square miles, or 294,400 acres. 
 
 Population in 1900, 24,039, a gain of 4,863 since 1890; school fund, 
 $16,832.35. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 242,469; average value per acre, $5.95; city property, 
 $332,715; shares in bank, $110,000; money, $311,382; merchandise, 
 $140,034; iron works, $4,000; stocks and bonds, $11,750; cotton man- 
 ufactories, $142,460; household furniture, $121,056; farm and other 
 animals, $232,944; plantation and mechanical tools, $63,493; watches, 
 jewelry, etc., $6,157; value of all other property, $44,545; real estate, 
 $1,775,852; personal estate, $1,217,427. Aggregate property, $2,993,- 
 277. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land, 
 4,924; value, $25,400; city property, $3,190; money, $105; household 
 furniture, $6,313; farm and other animals, $15,068; plantation and 
 mechanical tools, $2,580; watches, jewelry, etc., $81; value of all other 
 property, $490; aggregate value of property, $51,587. 
 
 The tax returns of 1901 show an increase of $180,193 in the value 
 of all property since the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Jackson county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 8,223; white females, 8,210; total white, 16,433; 
 colored males, 3,808; colored females, 3,798; total colored, 7,606. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 57 calves, 7 steers, 1 bull, 151 dairy cows, 120 horses, 27 
 mules, 1 sheep, 313 swine, 4 goats. 
 
 JASPER COUNTY. 
 
 Jasper County was laid off by the name of Randolph in 1807, but the 
 name was changed to Jasper in 1812, in honor of Sergeant Jasper, so 
 renowned for his patriotic devotion in the war for independence. In 
 1815 a part of the county was set off to Morgan, and in 1821 a part to 
 Newton. The Ocmulgee river, which divides the county from Butts 
 and Monroe, is the principal stream. Other streams are. Rocky, Falling, 
 Cedar, Murder, Shoal, White Oak, Wolf and Panther creeks and Al- 
 covy river. 
 
724 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 This county is bounded on the northeast by Morgan county, on the 
 east by Putnam, south by Jones, southwest by Monroe, west by Butts, 
 and northwest by JSTewton. 
 
 The lands are generally rolling, especially in the eastern part, those 
 near the streams being rich. The southern part of the county has a gray 
 soil. The lands, properly cultivated, will give as an average yield to 
 the acre: seed cotton, 500 to 750 pounds; corn, 15 to 20 bushels; oats, 
 20; wheat 10 to 12; rye, 20; barley, 25; Irish potatoes, 125; sweet po- 
 tatoes, 200; field-peas, 20; ground-peas, 50; crab-grass, 4,000 pounds; 
 Bermuda grass, 4,000 to 6,000 pounds; cane syrup, from 200 to 300 
 gallons; sorghum, 150 gallons. Much hay is saved and marketed. 
 
 Considerable attention is paid to cattle for milk and butter, and the 
 Jersey is preferred. In 1890 the cattle of the county numbered 4,304, 
 of which 1,904 were milch-cows, producing 495,650 gallons of milk and 
 148,666 pounds of butter. There were also 105 working oxen. The 
 domestic fowls of all kinds numbered 68,035, and produced 65,463 
 dozens of eggs. From the bee-hives were obtained 15,555 pounds of 
 honey. There were 1,000 sheep, with a wool-clip of 1,404 pounds. The 
 county had also 733 horses, 2,006 mules, 3 donkeys, 6 jennets and 
 9,408 hogs. 
 
 Vegetables, fruits and melons are raised for home consumption. There 
 are 10,000 acres devoted to peaches, and 2,000 to apples. About 200 
 acres are devoted to gTapes. 
 
 The Ocmulgee and Alcovy rivers and Murder creek furnish immense 
 water-powers, some of which are used by 5 grist-mills. The few sawmills 
 of the county are operated by steam. 
 
 There are at Monticello a harness and collar factory and a bobbin fac- 
 tory. A company has been formed for the erection of a cotton-mill at 
 Monticello. This town, which is the county site, is on the Macon and 
 Northern Railroad, a branch of the Central of Georgia system. Another 
 branch of this same system runs across the northeastern section of the 
 county. Other gTOwing towns of the county are Hillsboro and Shady 
 Dale. 
 
 Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians are the leading Christian de- 
 nominations. 
 
 The county roads are in excellent condition, and the two railroads give 
 good facilities for travel and transportation. 
 
 The schools of the county are well maintained. The average attend- 
 ance is 855 in 30 white schools and 997 in the 25 colored schools. 
 
 The cotton receipts reach 15,000 bales, about 10,000 of which are 
 handled in Monticello, where the merchants have the advantage of two 
 good banks. According to the United States census of 1900 there were 
 ginned in Jasper county 15,320 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 
 1899-1900. Other towns at which products of the county are marketed 
 are Shady Dale, Machen and Hillsboro. 
 
 Monticello is the county site and contains 1,106 inhabitants. The en- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 725 
 
 tire Monticello district has a population of 2,297. There is a large har- 
 ness factory here. 
 
 The area of Jasper county is 410 square miles, or 262,400 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 15,033, a gain of 1,154 since 1890; school fund, 
 ^9,795.02. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 227,095; average value per acre, $3.37; city property, 
 $155,295; shares in bank, $47,295; money, etc., $124,811; merchan- 
 dise, $62,313; invested in shipping, $25; stocks and bonds, $2,000; cot- 
 ton manufactories, $3,372; iron works, $1,015; household furniture, 
 $72,194; farm and other animals, $126,488; plantation and mechanical 
 tools, $34,764; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,362; value of all other prop- 
 erty, $36,119; real estate, $921,891; personal estate, $564,819; aggre- 
 gate of all property, $1,486,710. 
 
 Property returned by colored tax-payers: Number of acres of land, 
 5,534; value, $20,454; city property, $6,334; money, etc., $135; house- 
 hold furniture, $11,379; farm and other animals, $25,666; plantation 
 ■ and mechanical tools, $5,857; value of all other property, $1,570; aggre- 
 gate of all property, $73,909. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $175,378 in the value of 
 all property since the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Jasper county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 2,767; white females, 2,621; total white, 5,388; 
 colored males, 4,644; colored females, 4,806; total colored, 9,645. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900 : 6 calves, 2 steers, 37 dairy cows, 39 horses, 22 mules, 30 
 swine. 
 
 JEFFEKSON C0U:N"TY. 
 
 Jefferson County was laid out from Burke and Warren in 1796, and 
 was named in honor of Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, author of the 
 declaration of independence and President of the United States from 
 March 4th, 1801, to March 4th, 1809. It is bounded on the north by 
 Eichmond and McDuffie counties, on the east by Burke county, on the 
 south by Emanuel and Johnson counties, on the west by Washington 
 county, and on the northwest by Glascock and Warren counties. 
 
 The Ogeechee river runs through the county, and before the building 
 of the Central Railway was the medium of traffic with Savannah. Other 
 streams are Rocky Comfort, Williamson's, Brier and Big creeks. 
 
 The soils vary from sandy to clay, being gray or red in different sec- 
 tions, and well adapted to the staple crops of Georgia and to forage crops 
 of all kinds. The best lands of the county are devoted to cotton and 
 corn, which are by many cultivated almost to the exclusion of other 
 crops. 
 
 The average yield to the acre, varying according to soil and cultiva- 
 tion, is: seed cotton, 450 to 750 pounds; corn, 10 to 25 bushels; wheat, 
 8 to 15 bushels; oats, from 12 to 30 bushels; rye, from 6 to 10 bushels; 
 Irish and sweet potatoes, from 100 to 300 bushels each; field peas, from 
 
726 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 
 
 6 to 10 bushels; ground-peas, 50 bushels; crab-grass hay. 4,000 pounds; 
 com fodder, stalk and blade (shredded corn), 4,000 pounds; sorghum 
 syrup, 300 gallons; ribbon-cane synip. 400 gallons. 
 
 Some lands in tlie county in the season of 1S99 by careful culture pro- 
 duced 1,500 pounds of seed cotton to the acre, and some of the best lands 
 average that much every year and produce other crops in like propor- 
 tion. Very little attention ha^ been paid to the grasses, but -wherever 
 tried, they have been grown -with great success. For summer pasturage 
 Bermuda and crab-grass are best^ and often afford abimdant feed from 
 the last of March to the 1st of December. In winter the cattle find 
 nourishing food in the cane which abounds in the branches, creeks and 
 swamps. Cotton seed meal and hulls are considerably used as food for 
 stock. Very little attention has been paid so far to the rearing of beef 
 cattle, but more than formerly. Those farmers who pay special atten- 
 tion to their milch-cows prefer the Jersey. 
 
 In 1S90 there were in Jefferson county 1,973 sheep, with a wool-clip 
 of 4.233 poimds; 5,490 cattle, 1,73S milch-cows, producing 257,710 
 gallons of milk and 43,355 pounds of butter. There were also 2S6 work- 
 ing oxen. 1,149 horses, 1.900 mules, 32 donkeys, 16,SS3 swine, and do- 
 mestic fowls of all kinds. 43,049, producing 86,604 dozens of eggs. The 
 honey produced was 13,645 pounds. 
 
 The truck marketed is valued at $7,000, and consists of vegetables, 
 fruits, berries and melons. There are 10,930 peach and 1,525 apple 
 trees. 
 
 The timber growth is mixed, long-leaf pine and hardwoods, with the 
 usual swamp growth on the warercom-ses. The annual output of all 
 timber sawed is about 750,000 superficial feet, at prices ranging from $6- 
 to $S a thousand feet. There are eight sawmills nearly aU operated by 
 steam. 
 
 ZS ine grist-mills along the Ogeechee river use 189 horse-powers. There 
 are two lai^e roller mills for flour operated by steam. 
 
 Shell marl and limestone are found in several localities. Buhrstone 
 of excellent quality is found near Louisville. Agate and chalcedony 
 have also been found. In some sections the water is freestone, in others 
 limestone. 
 
 There are in Jefferson county 12 artesian weUs and 3 mineral springs- 
 
 This is a fine old county, having been at one time very productive. 
 Lands that had been exhausted, have of late years been built up again 
 by judicious rotation of crops. In this process the cowpea has played a 
 prominent part. 
 
 Louisville, the county site, with a population of 1,009, in the corporate 
 Hmits and 1.574 in its entire district, is the terminus of the Louisville 
 and "Wadley Railroad, which connects it with "Wadley, a growing town 
 on the Central of Georgia. This latter railroad traverses the southern 
 part of Jefferson county. Across the northern part runs a branch of the 
 Southern Railway. 
 
 Louisville was the capital of Georgia from 1795 until 1S04, when 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 727 
 
 ^Mjlledgeville became the seat of government. The court-house, valued 
 at $10,000, is built of the materials which formerly composed the State 
 House. It was at Louisville that the Yazoo act was passed, and here Lv 
 the act of a subsequent legislature it was rescinded, and all the papere 
 and evidence connected with it were burned in front of the capitol in 
 the presence of the Governor and both houses of the legislature, and a 
 large concourse of people gathered from all the country around- 
 
 The schools of this county are in good condition. 
 
 Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians have each good churches and 
 a large membership, both in town and country. 
 
 In the public schools the average attendance is 997 in the 28 schools 
 for whites and &0& in the 18 schools for negroes. 
 
 Besides the excellent facilities afforded by the railroads, the county 
 roads are ia fine condition and well cared for imder the new road law of 
 Georgia. 
 
 The receipts and shipments of cotton in Jefferson county are about 
 25,000 bales. Of this number about 6,000 are handled at Louisville, 
 the rest at "^^'adley, Bartow, TVren's, Spread and Averay. According to 
 the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in this county 21,- 
 182 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900. 
 
 The second largest town in the county is Wadley, with a population 
 of 630 in the corporate limits and 2,815 in the entire district- 
 
 The area of Jefferson county is 6S6 square miles, or 439,04:0 acres. 
 
 The population in 1900 was 18,212, a gain of 999 since 1890; school 
 fund, $12,754.34. 
 
 The Comptroller-General gave the following returns for 1900: Acres 
 of improved land, 311,060; average value per acre, $3.08; city prop- 
 erty, $279,420; shares in bank, $22,500; money, etc., $286,380; mer- 
 chandise, $95,710; stocks and bonds, $3,900; household furniture, 8109,- 
 104; farm and other animals, $210,755; plantation and mechanical tools, 
 $50,834; watches, jewelry, etc., $8,475; value of all other property, 
 $42,501; real estate, $1,240,024; personal estate, $870,574; aggregate 
 property, $2,110,598. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: dumber of acres of land, 
 8,517; value of same, $24,859; city property, §10,405; money, etc., 
 8270; merchandise, 8105; household furniture, 822,081; farm and other 
 animals, $35,950; plantation and mechanical tools, $8,899; watches, 
 jewelry, etc., $250; value of all other property, $2,336; aggregate prop- 
 erty, $105,155. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain in the value of all property 
 over the returns of 1900 amounting to 884,891. 
 
 Population of Jefferson county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 3,377; white females, 3.257; total white, 
 -6,634; colored males, 5,628; colored females, 5,950; total colored, 
 11,578. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges. 
 June 1. 1900: 70 calves. 37 steers, 2 buUs, 130 dairy cows, 98 horsesri2 
 tnules, 475 swine, 24 goats. 
 
 34 ga 
 
728 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 JOHNSON COUNTY. 
 
 Johnson County was laid off from Laurens and Emanuel counties in 
 1858, and was named in honor of Herschel V. Johnson, a distinguished 
 son of Georgia, Governor of the State from 1853 to 1857, then judge of 
 the Ocmulgee circuit and in 1860 on the ticket for Vice-President with 
 Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois. 
 
 Johnson county is bounded by the following counties: Washington 
 on the north, Jefferson on the northeast, Emanuel on the east and south- 
 east, Laurens on the south and southwest, and Laurens and Wilkinson 
 on the west. 
 
 The Oconee river is on its western border and the Ohoopee flows 
 through the center. Other streams are Dry, Cedar and Yamgrandee 
 creeks. 
 
 Tlie face of the country is level. The lands are easily cultivated, and 
 under proper tillage produce to the acre the following averages: Seed 
 cotton, upland, 500 pounds; sea-island cotton, 300 pounds; com, 10 
 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; rye, 4 bushels; Irish po- 
 tatoes, 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 200 bushels; field-peas, 20 bushels; 
 ground-peas, 40 bushels; crab-grass hay, 2,500 pounds; com fodder, 150 
 pounds; sorghum symp, 200 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 250 gallons. The 
 hay crop of this county is made from crab-grass and the peavine. 
 
 Though very little attention is given to the rearing of beef cattle, yet 
 some care is taken in the improvement of the breed, and the Devon cow 
 is being brought in as a milker. Both Devon and Jersey bulb have 
 been introduced of late years. 
 
 The native grasses and the woods give a pretty good range for stock. 
 
 In 1890 there were in Johnson county 4,233 sheep, with a wool-clip 
 of 8,867 pounds; 3,224 cattle, 1,053 milch-cows, producing 89,562 
 gallons of milk, but only 2,81Y pounds of butter. The working oxen 
 numbered 165. The domestic fowls of all kinds numbered 24,248 and 
 produced 35,080 dozens of eggs. Of other live stock there were 593 
 horses, 504 mules, 3 donkeys and 7,706 hogs. The honey produced was 
 920 pounds. 
 
 Vegetables, fruits, berries and melons are raised in considerable quan- 
 tities, but only for home consumption. The same is true of grapes. 
 
 About 50 per cent, of the original forests, mostly pine, are still stand- 
 ing. A great quantity of lumber is cut and shipped to Savannah and 
 many sawmills are kept busy preparing it. Rosin and turpentine are 
 among the most remunerative products of this county. Two distilleries 
 are in constant operation preparing spirits of turpentine. 
 
 There are no mineral springs, but there are two artesian wells. 
 
 The Wrightsville and Tennille Railroad runs through the center of 
 the county, and through its eastern side runs the Wadley and Mount 
 Vernon, each connecting with the Central of Georgia Railroad. 
 
 Wrightsville, the county site, with a population of 1,127 in the cor- 
 porate limits and 3,614 in tlie district, has a court-house worth $20,000, 
 and a good school building, the Nannie Lou Worthen Institute, valued 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 729 
 
 at $8,000. The town has also several successful merchants and several 
 life and fire insurance agencies. About 15,000 bales of cotton are received 
 in this county and shipped from it. Of these 5,000 are handled at 
 "Wrightsville. According to the United States census of 1900 there were 
 ginned in this county 8,336 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 1899- 
 1900. 
 
 There has been much improvement in educational matters. The schools 
 belong for the most part to the public school system of Georgia, and the 
 average attendance is 844 in the 32 schools for whites and 364 in the 16 
 schools for colored pupils. 
 
 There are members of the various Christian denominations in this 
 county. The Methodists and Baptists predominate. 
 
 Besides Wrights\dlle there are other post-offices, as Ethel, Hodo, Kite, 
 Kittrell, E"asworthy, Regnant and Spann. 
 
 The area of Johnson county is 258 square miles, or 165,120 acres. 
 
 Population in 1900, 11,409, an increase of 5,280 since 1890; school 
 fund, $7,254.12. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 173,816; of wild land, 6,539; average value per acre of im- 
 proved land, $2.66; of wild land, $1.21; city property, $122,423; shares 
 in bank, $21,900; money, etc., $91,746; merchandise, $49,142; house- 
 hold furniture, $68,374; farm and other animals, $154,638; plantation 
 and mechanical tools, $34,756; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,048; value of 
 all other property, $42,327; real estate, $592,725; personal estate, $481,- 
 332; aggregate property, $1,074,057. 
 
 Returns of property by colored taxpayers: !N^umber of acres of land, 
 3,535; value, $8,276; city property, $2,020; money, etc., $125; house- 
 hold furniture, $6,402; farm and other animals, $12,361; plantation 
 and mechanical tools, $2,763; watches, jewelry, etc., $99; value of all 
 other property, $758; aggregate property, $32,819. 
 
 The tax returns of 1901 show an increase of $61,641, in the value o* 
 all property, over the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Johnson county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 3,487; white females, 3,391; total white, 
 6,878; colored males, 2,291; colored females, 2,240; total colored, 
 4,531. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 39 calves, 14 steers, 2 bulls, 77 dairy cows, 53 horses, 17 
 mules, 341 swine, 15 goats. 
 
 JONES COUNTY. 
 
 Jones County was laid out in 1807 and named for Hon. James Jones, 
 of Chatham county. A part was added to it from Putnam in 1810 and 
 a part was given to Bibb in 1822. 
 
 This county is bounded on the north by Jasper and Putnam, on the 
 east by Baldwin, on the south by Wilkinson, Twiggs and Bibb, on the 
 west by Bibb and Monroe. The Ocmulgee river runs along its western 
 border. There are in the county several creeks. 
 
730 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 'The general character of the soil is metamoi-phic. Gray surface soil 
 predominates. There is a belt of stiff red clay land north and south 
 -through the center of the county. An impervious red clay subsoil un- 
 derlies the whole formation. The surface is rolling and broken. The fine, 
 ^dark mulatto lands of this county were once regarded among the best ia 
 >the State. By injudicious cultivation they lost much of their fertihty; 
 but under improved methods they are being gradually brought back to 
 their former productiveness. With proper culture the average produc- 
 tion to the acre is: com, 15 to 20 bushels; oats, 25 to 30; wheat, 12 to 
 15; rye, 6 to 10; barley, 40 to 50; Irish and sweet potatoes, 100 each; 
 field-peas, 10 to 20; ground-peas, 40 to 50; seed cotton, 600 pounds; 
 crab-gi-ass, from 2,000 to 3,000 pounds; Bermuda grass, 4,000 pounds; 
 clover, 4,000 to 5,000 pounds; com fodder, stalk and blade, 4,000 to 
 6,000 pounds; sorghum syrup and sugar-cane syrup, 150 gallons each. 
 Considerable attention is paid to hay. 
 
 Vegetables, berries, fruits and melons are raised, mostly for home con- 
 sumption. Some are sold and the truck marketed brings about $4,000. 
 The peach trees number 28,291, and the apple trees 6,635. 
 
 In 1890 there were in Jones county 554 sheep, with a wool-clip of 
 1,118 pounds; 5,031 cattle, 108 working oxen, 1,982 milch-cows, pro- 
 ducing 450,147 gallons of milk, from which were made 115,252 pounds 
 of butter; 59,183 domestic fowls of all kinds, producing 59,638 dozens 
 of eggs, 11,591 hogs, 615 horses, 1,847 mules and 1 donkey. The coun- 
 ty also produced 11,581 pounds of honey. 
 
 According to the census of 1900 there were ginned in Jones county 
 11,130 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900. 
 
 The timber products are light; hardwoods and short-leaf pines, hick- 
 ory and oak. On streams poplar and white oak are sawed, employing 
 5 or 6 small sawmills. The value of the output is about $5,000. There 
 are on the tributaries of the Oconee 4 grist-mills, using 98 horse-powers. 
 
 All the manufactories of the county, about 9, have an annual output 
 worth $29,000. 
 
 There is in this county a fine vein of kaolin, which is being utilized. 
 
 The main trunk of the Central of Georgia Kailroad runs along the 
 southern border of this county, while a branch of the Central and one 
 of the Georgia Kailroad traverse its center, one running northwest, the 
 other northeast. 
 
 Clinton, the county site, is located not far from the branch of the Cen- 
 tral railway. 
 
 In the public school system there is in the 33 schools for whites an 
 average attendance of 607, and in the 30 for colored an average of 765. 
 
 Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians predominate among Christian 
 denominations. 
 
 The area of Jones county is 397 square miles, or 254,080 acres. 
 
 Population in 1900, 13,358, an increase of 649 since 1890; school 
 fund, $10,356.53. 
 
 By the Comptroller-Generars report for 1900 there are:^ acres of im- 
 proved land, 244,619; average value per acre, $2.97; city property, 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 731 
 
 $23,615; money, etc., $41,119; merchandise, $17,210; cotton manu- 
 factories, $66,000; household furniture, $45,794; farm animals, $119,- 
 078; plantation and mechanical tools, $22,935; watches, jewelry, etc., 
 $3,892; value of all other property, $24,881; real estate, $749,936; per- 
 sonal estate, $354,344; aggi-egate property, $1,104,280. 
 
 Property returned by colored tax-payers: Number of acres of land, 
 11,629; value, $35,212; city property, $2,407; money, etc., $44; mer- 
 chandise, $215; household furniture, ,$8,968; farm and other animals, 
 $26,513; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,171; watches, jewelry, etc., 
 $335; value of all other property, $1,050. Aggregate property, $88,628. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a decrease of $8,050 in the value of all 
 property, as compared with the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Jonee county by sex and color according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 1,956; white females, 1,952; total whites, 3,908; 
 colored males, 4,644; colored females, 4,806; total colored, 9,450. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 9 calves, 2 steers, 1 bull, 39 dairy cows, 26 horses, 2 mules, 
 80 swine. 
 
 LAUEENS COUN^TY. 
 
 Laurens County was laid out in 1807. Portions of it were added to 
 Pulaski in 1808 and 1809. It was named in honor of Lieutenant-Colo- 
 nel John Laiu-ens of South Carolina, who was bom in the city of 
 Charleston in 1755. He was aide-de-camp to General Washington and 
 was greatly distinguished at the battle of Brandywine, Germantown 
 and Monmouth. On the 27th of August, 1782, while serving under 
 General i'J'athaniel Greene, he was mortally wounded in a skirmish near 
 Combahee, South Carolina. Laurens county is bounded by the follow- 
 ing counties: Johnson and Wilkinson on the north, Johnson, Emanuel 
 and Montgomery on the east, Montgomery and Dodge on the south and 
 Dodge and Pulaski on the west. 
 
 The Oconee river and several of its tributary creeks, as Okeewalkee, 
 Palmetto, Turkey and others, run through the county, which is also 
 watered by Alligator creek, a tributary of the Little Ocmulgee, which 
 empties into the Ocmulgee river not far from its junction with the 
 Oconee. 
 
 The face of the country is rolling. The soil has a clay foundation with 
 sand and vegetable mould in the pine lands and lime in the oak lands. 
 The lands are very fertile, and under good cultivation give an average 
 yield to the acre as follows: seed cotton (upland), 800 pounds and sea- 
 island, 500; wheat, 15 to 20 bushels, com, 20 bushels; oats, 40 bushels; 
 rye, 15; barley, 25; Irish potatoes, 200; sweet potatoes, 300; field-peas, 
 50; ground-peas, 75; crab-grass hay, 6,000 pounds; Bermuda hay, 6,000 
 pounds; corn fodder, 300 pounds; sorghum syrup, 150 gallons, and' 
 sugar-cane symp, 300 gallons. Considerable attention is being paid to 
 the grasses and forage crops. Pea-vine hay, as elsewhere in the State, is 
 greatly prized. According to the census of 1900 there were ginned in 
 this county, 22,080 bales of upland cotton for the season of 1899-1900. 
 
732 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 All known varieties of vegetables of the best quality are grown in this 
 county. 
 
 Some attention is being paid to pure bred cattle and sheep. In 1890 
 the county had 13,100 sheep with a wool-clip of 9,050 pounds; 8,497 
 cattle, 619 working oxen, 2,815 milch-cows, with a production of 292,895 
 gallons of milk, but only 16,586 pounds of butter; 1,221 horses, 1,223 
 mules, 1 donkey, 20,461 swine, and 51,417 poultry, producing 77,876 
 dozens of eggs. The county also produced 7,034 pounds of honey. 
 The finest fruits are produced in gi*eat abundance. 
 
 The timbers are fine, and afford great quantities of lumber, rosin and 
 turpentine for export to Savannah. This timber is worked up by a large 
 number of sawmills, and the naval stores are prepared by 15 turpentine 
 distilleries. 
 
 The rivers and swamps afford abundance of fish and game. 
 
 Dublin, the county site, located a half mile from the Oconee river, at 
 the junction of the Macon, Dublin and Savannah Railroad, with the 
 Wrightsville and Tennille, is a thriving and rapidly growing town with 2 
 banks, several fine mercantile establishments, a new cotton-mill with a 
 capital of $100,000, a furniture factory, ice factory, variety works, brick 
 company, a foundry, shingle machine, stove factory, a cotton seed oil- 
 mill, a ham packing establishment, a nursery company and several small 
 industries. The population of Dublin by the census of 1900 is 2,987 
 in its corporate limits, and 6,298 in the entire district. The Methodistd 
 and Baptists have fine churches in the city and numerous church edifices 
 in the county. Presbyterians, Episcopalians, and other Christian sects 
 are represented. There are good schools in the city and county. The 
 average attendance is 2,689 in 84 white schools and 1,368 in 34 colored 
 schools. 
 
 In addition to the railroads already mentioned, are the "Wadley and 
 Mount Vernon, and the Pineora Railroads, the last-named being a stem 
 of the Central of Georgia system. 
 
 General David Blackshear, who was born in Jones county, ISTorth Caro- 
 lina, January 31, 1764, settled in this county in 1790. He was distin- 
 guished for valuable services in the campaign against the Creek Indians 
 during the second war with England. 
 
 Hon. George M. Troup, so distinguished in the annals of Georgia, was 
 a resident of this county. 
 
 The area of Laurens coimty is 791 square miles, or 506,240 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 25,908, a gain of 12,161 since 1890; school fund, 
 $17,504.43. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 432,516; of wild land, 85,356; average value to the acre of 
 improved land, $2.72; of wild land, $1,18; city property, $484,100; 
 bank stock, $92,700; money, etc., $443,110; merchandise, $163,393; 
 stocks and bonds, $3,600; cotton manufactories, $18,715; iron works, 
 $2,600; household furniture, $183,907; farm animals, $321,400; planta- 
 tion and mechanical tools, $66,606; watches, jewelry, etc., $10,460; 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 733 
 
 value of all otter property, $154,086; real estate, $1,771,088; personal 
 estate, $1,486,474. Aggregate value of whole property, $3,257,562. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 18,- 
 809; value, $54,079; city property, $10,196; money, etc., $2,046; mer- 
 chandise, $260; household furniture, $21,355; farm animals, $38,483; 
 watchee, jewelry, etc., $375; plantation and mechanical tools, $8,716; 
 value of all other property, $3,834. Aggregate value of whole property, 
 $139,410. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain in the value of all property over 
 the returns of 1900, amounting to $122,594. 
 
 Population of Laurens eoamty by sex and' color according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 7,478; white females, 7,091; total Avhite, 
 14,569; colored males, 5,711; colored females, 5,622; total colored, 
 11,339. 
 
 Population of Dublin city by sex and color according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 940; white females, 895; total white, 1,835; 
 coloired males, 531; colored females, 621; total colored, 1,152. 
 
 Total population of Dublin, 2,987. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900 : 44 calves, 119 steers, 10 bulls, 182 dairy cows, 215 horses, 
 198 mules, 8 donkeys, 834 swine, 19 goats. 
 
 LEE COUNTY. 
 
 Lee County was laid out in 1826, and was named in honor of Eichard 
 Henry Lee of Virginia, who, in his place in the Continental Congress on 
 the 7th of June, 1776, moved that the colonies declare themselves free 
 and independent. A part of this county was set off to Muscogee and 
 Marion in 1827, and at the same time a part was added to it from Dooly. 
 A part of it was given to Kandolph county in 1828, and a part to Sumter 
 in 1835. It is boimded by the following counties; Sumter on the niorih, 
 Dooly and Worth on the east, Dougherty on the south and Terrell on the 
 west. Plint river forms its eastern boundary. Kinchafoonee and Mucka- 
 lee creeks, flowing through the center of the county, unite in the northeni 
 part of Dougherty and fall into the Flint river just above the city of 
 Albany. 
 
 The soil consists of sandy, sandy loam and red clay lands, and those 
 along the streams are very rich and productive. According to the loca- 
 tion, culture and fertility these lands make an average yield to the acre 
 as follows: com, 8 to 20 bushels; oats, 12 to 30; wheat, 8 to 12; rye, 20 
 to 25; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 200 to 300; field-peas, 25 to 
 50; gi'ound^peas, 50 to 75; upland seed cotton, 500 to 1,000 
 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 200 to 300 gallons; crab-grass hay, 
 4,000 pounds; corn fodder, 400 pounds. Beraiuda and Crow- 
 foot grasses also do well, and pea-vines make splendid hay. For summer 
 pasturage the native grasses are used, and for winter pasturage rye — from 
 December 1st to April 1st. The rye pastures are supplemented by cot- 
 ton-^eed meal and pea-vine hay. 
 
734 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 While Lee county repoiis no dairy farms, it bad in 1890 2,286 cattle^ 
 136 working oxen, 930 milch-cows and a production of 147,865 gallons 
 of milk and 34,634 pounds of butter. There were 528 horses, 1,327 
 mules, 6,408 hogs and 26,398 domestic fowls of all varieties, producing 
 45,808 dozens of eggs. The honey gathered was 5,540 pounds. The 
 sheep numbered 161, with a wool-clip of 280 pounds. 
 
 Vegetables, fruits and melons are raised in great abundance for the 
 home market and some for shipping. The amount of truck sold in the 
 county amounts to between $9,000 and $10,000. There Ls a falling off 
 in the melon business, owing to freight and commission rates. 
 
 There is some yellow pine still left. Poplar, cypress, hickory, and 
 white oak are found along the streams. The lumber trade and naval 
 stores keep 4 steam sawmills and 2 turpentine distilleries in steady opera- 
 tion. The annual output of these industries is estimated at $25,000. On 
 tributaries of Flint river are four grist-mills, using 41 horse-powers. 
 
 The water of the county is limestone, but the advent of artesian wells 
 has given a better drinking water, and greatly increased the healthfulness 
 of the county. 
 
 Leesburg, the county seat, located on the Central of Georgia Eailway, 
 between Smithville and Albany, is a town having 413 inhabitants in its 
 coi-porate limits, and 1,949 in its whole district. It has a court-house 
 valued at $20,000. The sawmills at this point do a good business. 
 
 Smithville, having 597 people in its corporation and 1,954 in the 
 whole district, is at the junction of the Southwestern and the Americus 
 and Albany Railroads, both branches of the Central of Georgia. Here 
 are located two large sawmills, one turpentine distillery, a blacksmith 
 and a wood shop. A large grist-mill, grinding 600 bushels of com in a 
 day, though just across the line in Sumter, is owned by citizens of Smith- 
 Adlle. 
 
 Smithville is surrounded by orchards of LeConte and Keiffer pears 
 from which many thousand barrels are shipped in a season. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in 
 Lee county 8,654 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900. 
 
 The products of this county are marketed in Leesburg and Smithville, 
 and at Americus in Sumter county, and Albany in Dougherty. The re- 
 ceipts of cotton amount to 20,000 bales, of which 2,500 are handled at 
 Leesburg and 3,000 at Smithville. 
 
 The Methodists and Baptists are the two leading denominations of the 
 county, in every section of which their churches are found. There are 
 enrolled in the public schools 476 in the 12 white schools, and 1,250 in 
 23 colored schools. 
 
 The area of Lee county is 436 square miles, or 279,040 acres. Popu- 
 lation in 1900, 10,344, an increase of 1,270 since 1890; school fund, 
 $5,948.99. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 221,449; of wild land, 3,065; average value to the acre of 
 improved land, $3.02; of wild land, $0.85; city property, $87,564; 
 money, $33,606; merchandise, $33,907; stocks and bonds, $2,246; min- 
 
BARTLETT. 
 
 The most reliable early pear; buttery, very juicy and high flavored. Annual bearer. Superb 
 
 market variety. One of the best grown. Tree a strong grower, bearing 
 
 early and abundantly. August and September. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 737 
 
 ing, $400.00; cotton factories, 32; household and kitchen furni- 
 ture, $45,125; farm and other domestic animals, $119,158; plantation 
 and mechanical tools, $24,875; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,517; value of 
 all other property, $31,159; real estate, $765,723; personal estate, 
 $294,483. Aggregate value of whole property, $1,017,037. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 13,- 
 335; value, $43,945; city or town property, $12,154; money, etc., $350; 
 watches, silver, etc., $548; merchandise, $295; household and kitchen 
 furniture, $17,068; farm animals, $43,569; plantation and mechanical 
 tools, $943.00; value of all other property, $1,762. Aggregate value of 
 whole property, $129,121. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property 
 over the returns of 1900, amounting to $112,167. 
 
 Population of Lee county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 770; white females, 737; total white, 1,507; 
 colored males, 4,427; colored females, 4,410; total colored, 8,837. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 23 calves, 18 steers, 63 dairy cows, 41 horses, 6 mules, 147 
 swine, 11 goats. 
 
 LIBERTY COUNTY. 
 
 Liberty County was formed from the parishes of St. John, St. Andrew 
 and St. James in 1777. The determination of the inhabitants of St. 
 John's Parish to send delegates to the Continental Congress, before the 
 rest of the Province of Georgia had acquiesced in that measure, induced 
 the legislature, when the county was formed, to call it Liberty. On its 
 north and northeast is the county of Bryan; on the east is the Atlantic 
 ocean, and between St. Catherine's Island are inlets connecting the 
 watei-s of St. Catherine's and Sapelo Sounds; on the south of one section 
 of it and east of another is Mcintosh county; on the south of the main 
 body of it is Wayne county, and on the west and northwest is the county 
 of Tattnall. The Medway river flows along its northeastern border. On 
 the south side of this stream stands what is left of the old' town of Sun- 
 bury, founded in 1758. Its site is occupied by a few families. The Cau- 
 nouchee, a branch of the Ogeechee river, separates Liberty from Biyan 
 county on the north. The Altamaha river separates it from "Wayne 
 county on the south. Along the eastern mainland are extensive swamps. 
 South l^ewport river flows along the southern part of that section which 
 lies north of Mcintosh county. Between the Medway and South New- 
 port rivers flows North jSTewport river. Little Cannouchee river and 
 Taylor's creek uniting empty into the Cannouchee river, while Doctor's, 
 Jones and Beard's creeks are tributaries of the Altamaha. Thus, we see, 
 this is a well-watered county. While game is scarce, fish are plentiful. 
 Many persons are engaged in catching fish, crabs and some oysters, both 
 for home consumption and for the market at Savannah. 
 
 The soil of the uplands is a light gray with clay subsoil, from one to 
 four feet deep; that of the lowlands a blue clay. With good 
 cultivation these lands yield on an average to the acre: corn, from 
 
738 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 10 to 15 bushels; oats, the same; lowland rice from 40 to 50 bushel©; 
 Irish potatoes, 40 bushels; sweet potatoes, 200 to 300 bushels; field-peas, 
 6 to 8 bushels; ground-peas, 20 to 40 bushels; chufas, 25 bushels; sugar- 
 cane syrup, from 250 to 400 gallons; eea-island seed cotton, 600 to 900 
 pounds; corn fodder, 200 pounds. During the season of 1899-1900, ac- 
 cording to the United States census of 1900, there were ginned in this 
 county 30 bales of upland and 420 of sea-island cotton. 
 
 The native grasses, Bermuda, crab and crowfoot, grow well, and to 
 those who pay attention to it, make profitable hay crops. The range 
 supplies good' pa&turage for 10 months of the year. In 1890 Liberty 
 county had 8,055 sheep, with a wool-clip of 17,539 pounds. The 
 cattle numbered 18,654, of which there were 866 working oxen and 
 4,548 milch-cows. The milk produced was 172,337 gallons and the but- 
 ter 17,214 pounds. A few farmers have thoroughbred stock. There 
 were 1,318 horses, 285 mules, 3 donkeys, 15,457 hogs, 1,000 goats, and 
 of every variety of poultry 40,987, producing 66,524 dozens of eggs. 
 Another product of the county is 14,583 pounds of honey. 
 
 Vegetables of every kind, apples, peaches, grapes and melons, succeed 
 well. 
 
 It is estimated that about 50 per cent, of the original forest is still 
 standing. The timbers consist of yellow pine, oak, palmettO', gum, cy- 
 press, magnolia, poplar, maple and hickory. The annual output of lumber 
 in superficial feet is about 10,000,000 at from $12 to $15 a thousand feet. 
 Of the 15 or 20 sawmills some cut 4,000 and others 10,000 feet a day. 
 The lumber and naval stores are exported to Savannah. There are 12 
 turpentine stills and 25 grist-mills, some of them making flour. 
 
 Hinesville is the county seat, with a court-house valued at about 
 $10,000. 
 
 The county is traversed by three railroads : the Savannah, Florida and 
 "Western, of the Plant system; the Florida Central and Peninsular, of the 
 Seaboard Air Line system, and the Darien and Western. 
 
 The Methodists-, Baptists and Presbyterians have each several churches 
 with a full membership. 
 
 Great attention has always been paid to the morals and education of 
 the people of this county. There are many excellent schools belonging in 
 the main to the public school system of Georgia. The average attendance 
 is 741 in 33 white schools, and 807 in 33 colored schools. 
 
 The area of Liberty county is 976 square miles, or 624,640 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 13,093, a gain of 206 since 1890; school fund, 
 $9,224.84. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 340,843; of wild land, 188,841; average value per acre of 
 improved land, $1.50; of wild land, $0.44; city property, $46,835; 
 money, etc., $88,097; value of merchandise, $55,385; of shipping, $60; 
 cotton manufactories, $250; iron works, $83; mining, $37; household 
 furniture, $51,809 farm animals, $216,942; plantation and mechanical 
 tools, $33,276; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,542; value of all other prop- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 739 
 
 eirtj, $51,736; real estate, $644,131; personal estate, $529,003. Aggre- 
 gate value of whole property, $639,285. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 45,- 
 9(35; value, $78,094; city property, $935; mocney, etc., $125; merchan- 
 dise, $535; household furniture, $7,358; watches, jewelry, etc., $154; 
 farm animals, $45,900; plantation and mechanical tools, $7,035; value 
 of all other property, $2,460. Aggregate value of whole property, 
 $144,136. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property 
 over the returns of 1900, amounting to $121,668. 
 
 It has already been mentioned that Liberty county sent a delegate, 
 Lyman Hall, to the Continental Congress before Georgia had cast in her 
 lot with the other colonies. This gentleman was afterwards one of the 
 delegates from Georgia who signed the Declaration of Independence. 
 
 Early in Januaiy, 1779, the British General, Prevost, advancing from 
 Florida, captured Fort Mome at Sunbury after a gallant defense by 
 Colonel John Mcintosh who, when summoned to surrender the fort, re- 
 i:)lied: "Come and take it." 
 
 At the White House in the same year Major Baker defeated a party 
 of the British. 
 
 !N'ear a place called Hickory Hill, in June, 1779, a detachment of 
 Americans, under Major Cooper and Caj)tain Imnan, cut to pieces a party 
 of the British. In another fight during the same month Colonels Baker 
 and Twiggs, of the Georgia militia, defeated a party led by McGirth, the 
 noted Tory chief, near Medway church, and also defeated a reinforce- 
 ment of British troops, killing their leader, Captain Muller. 
 
 No portion of the State suffered more from the Indians than did 
 Liberty county by thieving and murderous raids of the savages from 1787 
 to 1793. 
 
 Population of Liberty county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 2,304; white females 2,175; total white, 
 4,479; colored males, 4,257; colored females, 4,357; total colored, 8,614. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 11 calves, 9 steers, 2 bulls, 9 dairy cows, 43 horses, 52 
 mules, 37 sheep. 
 
 LINCOLN COUNTY. 
 
 Lincoln County was laid out from Wilkes in 1796, and named in 
 honor of Major-General Benjamin Lincoln, of Massachusetts, who at one 
 time commanded the American forces in the Department of the South 
 during the fierce struggle for independence. 
 
 The Savannah river separates this county from South Carolina; one 
 of its tributaries, the Broad, from Elbert county, and another tributary, 
 called Little river, from Columbia county. Numerous creeks also water 
 the county. 
 
 Lincoln county is bounded on the north by Elbert county, on the north- 
 east and east by the State of South Carolina, on the south by Columbia 
 and McDufiie counties, and on the west by Wilkes county. 
 
740 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 The county is hilly and has in many places been worn into gullies. On 
 the rivers and creeks the lands are rich and productive. Under a system 
 of terracing and green soiling, the lands are steadily improving in fer- 
 tility and value, and exhausted soils are again becoming productive. The 
 proximity of its southeni section to the city of Augusta renders truck- 
 farming very remunerative. Hence vegetables, fruits, berries and melons 
 are raised in large quantities for that market. 
 
 The lands yield to the acre on the average: corn and oats, 15 bushels; 
 wheat and rye, 10 bushels; barley, 25; Irish and sweet potatoes, 100 
 bushels; field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 25; seed cotton, 700 pounds; crab- 
 grass hay, 3,000 pounds; Bermuda, 5,000; clover, 4,000; com fodder^ 
 stalk and blade, 4,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons; sugar-cane 
 syrup, 125 gallons. 
 
 In 1890 there were in Lincoln county 1,317 sheep, with a wool-clip of 
 2,370 pounds; 2,707 cattle, 118 working oxen, 1,042 milch-cows produc- 
 ing 270,951 gallons of milk and 74,008 pounds of butter; 565 horses, 
 711 mules, 4,329 hogs and 44,688 of every kind of poultry, with a pro- 
 duction of 59,325 dozens of eggs. The product of honey was 6,243 pounds. 
 According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in this 
 county 5,132 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900. 
 
 The timber of this county consists of many varieties of oak, hickory, 
 poplar, maple, dogwood and a considerable quantity of pine. A num- 
 ber of lumber mills get this ready for building and other manufacturing 
 purposes. 
 
 There are several grist and flour-mills. The county contains many 
 minerals. One gold mine is quite noted. 
 
 Lincolnton is the county seat. Other postoffices are Agnes, Amity, 
 Clay Hill, Double Branches, Goshen, Kenna, Leathei-sville, Leverett, 
 Lisbon and Lockhart. 
 
 The schools belong to the excellent public school system of Georgia, 
 and the average attendance is 475 in the 22 white schools, and 377 in the 
 14 colored. 
 
 Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians are the leading Christian sects. 
 The area of Lincoln county is 290 square miles, or 185,600 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 7,156, a gain of 1,010 since 1890; school fund, 
 $4,453.56. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 154,707; value per acre, $2.78; city property, $14,227; 
 money, etc., $30,464; cotton manufactories, $250; merchandise, $17,- 
 005; mining, $2,500; household furniture, $30,474; farm animals, $77,- 
 624; plantation and mechanical tools, $20,126; watches, jewelry, etc., 
 $1,027; value of all other property, $12,702; real estate, $445,023; per- 
 sonal estate, $194,262. Aggi-egate value of whole property, $639,285. 
 Property returned by colored taxpayei-s: number of acres, 3,733; 
 value, $10,372; amount of money, $350; household furniture, $5,751; 
 watches, jewelry, etc., $68; farm animals, $15,356; plantation and me- 
 chanical tools, $3,297; value of all other property, $862.00. Aggregate 
 value of whole property, $36,056. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 74I 
 
 Tke tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all prop- 
 erty over the returns of 1900, amounting to $56,353. 
 
 Population of Lincoln county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 1,492; white females, 1,391; total white, 
 2,883; colored males, 2,056; colored females, 2,217; total colored, 4,273. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: no return. 
 
 LOWNDES COUNTY. 
 
 Lowndes County was laid out from Irwin in 1825. A part was taken 
 from it and added to Thomas in 1826. It was named in honor of William 
 Jones Lowndes, who was bom in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1781; 
 represented his native State in Congress in 1812, and with the other 
 Southern delegates heartily supported the second war with England 
 and opposed the charter of the United States Bank in 1815. 
 
 Lowndes county is bounded on the north by Berrien, on the east by 
 Clinch and Echols, on the south by the State of Florida, and on the west 
 by Broioks county. A little strip of the northern section of the county has 
 Echols on the south. 
 
 The AUapaha river flows along a portion of its eastern boundary. Little 
 river separates it from Brooks county on the west to the point where it 
 empties into the Withlacoochee, which from this point forms its western 
 boundary to the Florida line. The county is also watered by creeks 
 tributary to the AUapaha and Withlacoochee rivers. Lowndes county 
 contains numerous open ponds, some covering six square miles, without a 
 tree or stump in them. In these ponds are found beautiful and rare 
 botanical specimenisi. The rivers, creeks and ponds abound in fish and 
 the woods are full of game. 
 
 The face of the country is level. Some of the lands are pine and some 
 hummock. Each of these produces abundant crops of all the staples, as 
 well as vegetables, fruits and berries of every variety, and melons of 
 superior quality. No lands in Georgia produce better than the hummock 
 lands of Lowndes county. Native grasses, crab and crowfoot furnish a 
 great quantity of fine hay, and pea-vine hay is abundantly produced. 
 Broom com does so well that its cultivation is steadily increasing. The 
 lands under a good system of cultivation give as an average yield to the 
 acre: com, from 20 to 40 bushels; oats and rye, 20 each; barley, 40; 
 Irish and sweet potatoes, 200 each; field-peas, 25; ground-peas, 40; up- 
 land seed cotton, 600 to 1,200 pounds; crab-grass hay, from 4,000 to 
 6,000 pounds; pea- vine hay, 6,000 to 8,000 pounds; sorghum symp, 205 
 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, from 300 to 400 gallons. Some of the best 
 Georgia-made syrup has been from this county. According to the United 
 States census of 1900, there were ginned in this county 114 bales of up- 
 land and 7,577 bales of sea-island cotton of the crop of 1899-1900. 
 
 There are 3 dairy farms, but these by no means represent all the dairy 
 products of the county. In 1890 the total number of cattle was 12,101, 
 of which 313 were working oxen. There were 3,496 milch-cows, produc- 
 ing 295,562 gallons of milk. The butter made on farms amounted to 
 
742 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 38,418 pounds, and the cheese to 55Y pounds. The sheep numbered 
 3,818, with a wool-clip of 7,924 pounds. The county produced 11,801 
 pounds of honey. All varieties of poultry together numbered 58,603 and 
 produced 85,788 dozens of eggs. There were 833 horses, 1,199 mules 
 and nearly 18,676 hogs. 
 
 The lumber business is very large, and 10 or more steam mills are kept 
 busy sawing lumber and shingles. The rosin and turpentine industry 
 is extensive and keeps 15 turpentine distilleries constantly at work. 
 
 Valdosta, the county site, is one of the growing cities of South Geor- 
 gia. It has an electric light plant, an ice factory and pork packing com- 
 pany, an iron foimdry, sash and blind factory, buggy and hack factory, 
 industrial variety works, cooperage company, guano works, cotton seed 
 oil-mill, telephone company, and a new cotton factory with 10,000 spin- 
 dles and a capital of $175,000. There are also tihre© banks, with an aggre- 
 gate capital of $300,000. The population of Valdosta proper is, accord- 
 ing to the census of 1900, 5,613, and including the district, 8,532. 
 
 The prevailing denominations in this county are Methodists, Baptists 
 and Presbyterians, though others are also represented. Churches are 
 numerous. 
 
 The public schools in city and county are excellent. The average at- 
 tendance in the 34 for whites is 1,050, and in the 27 for colored, 1,200. 
 In the schools of Valdosta there are enrolled 625 white pupils and 453 
 colored. 
 
 Railroad facilities are furnished by the Savannah, Florida and "West- 
 em of the Plant system ; the Georgia Southern and Florida, the Atlantic, 
 Valdosta and Western, and the Valdosta Southern, all meeting at Val- 
 dosta. This city handles 7,500 bales of cotton annually. 
 
 Troupville, the former county seat, is immediately in the fork made 
 by the confluence of the Withlacoochee and Little rivers. Within a few 
 miles of this place are the ruins of an old town. In front of the ruins 
 are straight rows of large live oaks, so regular in their distances that it is 
 scarcely probable that they are of spontaneous growth. Wide, straight 
 roads are also discernible. 
 
 The area of Lowndes county, 455 square miles, or 291,200 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 20,036, a gain of 4,934 since 1890; school fund, 
 $11,845.95. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 326,780; of wild land, 5,487; value per acre of improved! 
 land, $2.55; of wild land, $0.41; city property, $1,169,111; shares in 
 bank, $295,000; gas and electric light companies, $12,000; building and 
 loan associations, $15,685; money, etc., $508,162; merchandise, $269,- 
 975; stocks and bonds, $95,300; cotton manufactories, $9,320; iron 
 works, $5,015; household furniture, $175,936; farm animals, $233,726; 
 plantation and mechanical tools, $52,882; watches, jewelry, etc., $16,- 
 448; value of all other property, $287,837; real estate, $2,007,433; per- 
 sonal estate, $1,985,413. Aggregate value of whole property, $3,992,- 
 846. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 743 
 
 21,620; value, $61,478; city property, $48,236; money, etc., $690; mer- 
 chandise, $780; household furniture, $20,127; farm animals, $1,134; 
 plantation and mechanical tools, $32,951; value of all other property, 
 $3,395. Aggregate value of whole property, $174,824. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property, 
 over the returns of 1900, amoiunting to^ $421,113. 
 
 Population of Lo\\Tides county by sex and color, according tO' the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 4,751; white females, 4,596; total white, 
 9,347; colored males, 5,425; colored females, 5,264; total colored, 
 10,689. 
 
 Population of the city of Valdosta by sex and color, according tO' the 
 census of 1900: white males, 1,331; white females, 1,323; total white, 
 2,654; colored males, 1,419; colored' females, 1,540; total colored, 2,959. 
 
 Total population of city, 5,613. 
 
 Domestic animals in Lowndes county in bams and incly)sures, June 1, 
 1900: 91 calves, 15 steers, 4 bulls, 210 dairy cows, 328 hoi-ses, 97 mules, 
 286 swine, 23 goats. 
 
 LUMPKIN COimTY. 
 
 Lumpkin County was laid out from Cherokee and organized in 1832. 
 It was named after the Hon. Wilson Lumpkin. Its boundaries are as 
 follows: Union county on the north and northwest. White on the east, 
 Hall on the southeast, Dawson on the southwest, and Dawson and Fan- 
 nin on the west. 
 
 It is watered by the Etowah, Chestatee and Tesnatee rivers, and the 
 Amicolola, Yellow Shoal, Cain, Yah.oola and To^\ti creeks. The Blue 
 Ridge runs from northeast to southwest through the county. 
 
 Some fine bodies of lands are on the rivers and creeks. The soil is 
 dark with a clay subsoil, and easily cultivated. Those used for agricul- 
 tural purposes, under proper cultivation, will produce to the acre: com, 
 28 bushels; oats and rye, 18 each; wheat, 15; sweet potatoes, 45; Irish 
 potatoes, 165; field-peas, 15; crab-grass hay, 2,000 poundis; corn fodder, 
 300 pounds; sorghum syrup, 85 gallons. Only 75 bales of upland cotton 
 were ginned in the county in 1900. 
 
 Apples, pears, peaches and quinces grow well. Apples grow on the 
 rich hill-sides and are especially fine. 
 
 Some attention is paid to the grasses. But most of the farmers depend 
 on the wild pasturage for 8 months of the year. 
 
 In 1890 there were 3,607 sheep in the county, with a wool-clip of 
 6,205 pounds. There were 3,754 cattle, of which 829 were working 
 oxen, 1,184 cows producing 294,974 gallons of milk, from which were 
 made 70,667 pounds of butter and 110 pounds of cheese. Of all the 
 varieties of domestic fowls the aggregate was 39,453, with a production 
 of 57,651 dozens of eggs. There were 294 horses, 339 mules, 4 donkeys, 
 and 6,138 hogs. The honey product was 14,444 pounds. 
 
 Lumpkin county is in the gold belt of Georgia. Many millions of 
 dollars have been taken from its mines. Singleton mines, near Dah- 
 lonega, and the Calhoun mine on the Chestatee, have yielded great 
 
744 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 quantities of gold. Cain and Yahoola creeks are celebrated localities. 
 The famous lot, 1,052, which, in the '30's created such a sensation among 
 the gold speculators, is on Yahoola creek. The vicinity of Dahlonega has 
 for the last half century been the center of the most extensive gold min- 
 ing operations carried on within the limits of Georgia. Immediately east 
 of Dahlonega is a long line of high ridges and hills extending many miles 
 to the southwest. These ridges and hills form the axis of the gold belt, 
 and are everywhere covered with the prospecter^s pits, cuts and tunnels. 
 In many instances streams have been turned out of their original channel 
 to wash the alluvial and gravel in their beds for gold. There are 12 
 gold mills now in operation paying good dividends. 
 
 Dahlonega, the county site, with a population of 1,255 in the corpo- 
 rate limits and 1,623 in the entire district, is situated on a high hUl, com- 
 manding a good view of Walker's, Mossy creek and Yonah Mountains. 
 The name of the town is derived from the Indian word Tau-la.-ne-ca, 
 meaning yellow money. Here was established a branch of the United 
 States mint. Here is also a branch college of the University of Georgia, 
 In almost every portion of this county gold is found, and the evidence of 
 its existence everywhere meets the eye. 
 
 A railroad through the county would prove a great developer. 
 
 The area of Lumpkin is 282 miles, or 180,480 acres. Population in 
 1900, Y,433, a gain of 566 since 1890; school fund, $4,943. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 177,028; of wild land, 32,746; average value to the acre of 
 improved land, $2.53; of wild land, $0.51; city property, $127,200; 
 money, etc., $121,463; merchandise, $42,789; shipping and tonnage, 
 $2,400; household furniture, $42,758; farm animals, $69,875; planta- 
 tion and mechanical tools, $13,337; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,210; 
 value of all other property, $10,356; real estate, $593,366; personal 
 estate, $310,100. Aggi-egate value of whole property, $903,466. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 
 1,791; value, $2,505; city property, $3,225; money, etc., $42; merchan- 
 dise, $125; household furniture, $996; farm animals, $2,006; watches, 
 silver, etc., $26; plantation and mechanical tools, $212.00; value of all 
 other property, $95.00. Aggregate value of whole property, $9,232. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a decrease of $2,337 in the value of all 
 property since 1900. 
 
 The schools of the public school system and the branch of the State 
 University are in a prosperous condition. The average attendance is 739 
 in the 29 schools for whites and 49 in the 3 schools for colored pupils. 
 
 The churches of Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians are scattered 
 throughout the county. 
 
 Population of Lumpkin county by eex and' color, according to the 
 eensus of 1900: white males, 3,467; white females, 3,484; total white, 
 6,951; colored males, 247; colored females, 235; total colored, 482. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges^ 
 June 1, 1900: 49 calves, 5 steers, 118 dairy cows, 84 horses, 44 mules, 
 2 sheep, 80 swine, 10 goats. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 745 
 
 McDUFFIE COUNTY. 
 
 McDufJie County was laid out from the adjoining counties soon after 
 the close of the civil war, and was named in honor of Senator McDuffiei, 
 of South Carolina. It is bounded by the following counties : Lincoln and 
 Wilkes on the north, Columbia on the east, Richmond, Jefferson and 
 Warren on the south, and Warren and Wilkes on the west. 
 
 Little river, a tributary of the Savannah, runs along its northern and 
 northwestern boundary. Upton creek, running through the county, 
 empties into Little river. Briar creek runs along its southern borders. 
 There are other small streams. 
 
 The face of the country is undulating. The lands of the northern 
 section have good clay foundations and are more productive than the 
 gray, sandy soil of the southern part of the county. Some of the lands 
 have been exhausted from bad usage ; but in some places the farmers, by 
 a proper system of cultivation and rotation of crops, are bringing them 
 back to their former productiveness. 
 
 Taking all the lands, good and bad, the average production to the 
 acre is: corn, 8 bushels; oats, 10; wheat, 9; rye, 12; barley, 10; Irish and 
 sweet potatoes, 150 bushels each; field-peas, 6; gTOund-peas, 75; seed cot- 
 ton, 700 pounds; crab-grass hay, 3,000 pounds; corn fodder, 400 pounds; 
 sorghum syrup, 150 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 150 gallons. Of course the 
 best lands under scientific culture will yield far more than is above stated 
 as the average. 
 
 A good deal of attention is paid to vegetables, fruits, beiTies and 
 melons along the line of the Georgia Railroad. Some of the largest and 
 best flavored watermelons in the State are raised in McDuffie county and 
 sold in the Augusta market. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in 
 this county 8,635 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 1899-190U. 
 
 In 1890 there were in McDuffie county 897 sheep, with a wool-clip of 
 1,416 pounds of wool; 2,837 cattle, 140 working oxen, 1,073 milch-cows 
 producing 271,028 gallons of milk, from which were made 85,742 
 pounds of butter and 150 pounds of cheese. There were 653 horses, 790 
 mules, 1 donkey, 6,088 hogs and 41,031 of all kinds of poultry, whose 
 eggs numbered 56,503 dozens. The honey product of the county was 
 8,322 pounds. 
 
 The timbers are pine and the various hardwoods. Saw and planing- 
 niills cut up considerable quantities of it every year. 
 
 There are in McDuffie county three gold mines in successful operation. 
 These are the Talahu, Partu and Williams. 
 
 Thomson, the county site, is on the Georgia Railroad not far from the 
 center of the county. It is a growing town of 1,154 inhabitants in the 
 corporate limits, and 3,843 in the entire district, and has good schools and 
 churches. 
 
 Dearing and Boneville are also on the Georgia Railroad. Wrights- 
 boro is in the northern part of the county. Every neighborhood has its 
 
 35 ga 
 
746 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 sclnQol and church. Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians are the pre- 
 vailing denominations. 
 
 The average attendance of pupils in the county public schools is 605 in 
 the 21 schools for whites, and 843 in the 22 schools for colored. 
 
 The area of McDuffie county is 258 square miles, or 165,120 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 9,804, a gain of 1,015 over that of 1890; school 
 fund, $6,386.92. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 144,914; average value per acre, $3.22; city property, 
 $144,495; shares in bank, $19,000; money, etc., $73,Y04; merchandise, 
 $32,222; cotton factories, $1,122; iron works, $650; household furni- 
 ture, $51,883; farm and other animals, $91,194; plantation and me- 
 chanical tools, $20,539; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,272; value of all other 
 property, $25,806; real estate, $612,429; personal estate, $348,590. 
 Aggregate value of whole property, $961,019, 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 4,512; 
 value, $18,206; city or town property, $2,530; money, etc., $41.00; 
 household furniture, $5,706; farm animals, $13,925; watches, jewelry, 
 etc., $53; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,082; value- of all other 
 property, $446.00. Aggregate value of property, $38,994. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $336,920 in the value of all 
 property, as compared with the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of McDuffie county by sex and color, according to the 
 census of 1900: white males, 1,845; white females, 1,816; total white, 
 3,661; colored males, 3,026; colored females, 3,117; total colored, 6,143. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 7 calves, 58 dairy cows, 54 horses, 4 mules, 2 donkeys, 1 
 sheep, 110 swine and 2 goats. 
 
 McmTOSH COUIvrTY. 
 
 Mcintosh County was laid off from Liberty in 1793, and was named to 
 commemorate the services of the Mcintosh family. One of these was 
 Lachlan Mcintosh, who was bom in Scottland and emigrated to Georgia. 
 He was colonel of the first regiment in Georgia, was promoted to general 
 and was placed by Washington in command of an important western 
 post. Colonel John Mcintosh, who made the gallant defense of the post 
 at Sunbury, is another member of this distinguished family. Many years 
 after this county was formed. Colonel James S. Mcintosh, who was born 
 in the county of Liberty, and who had entered the army in 1812, lost his 
 life in the battle of Molino del Rey, near the city of Mexico. 
 
 Mcintosh county is bounded on the north by Liberty county, on the 
 east by the Atlantic ocean, on the south by Glynn county, on the south- 
 west by Glynn and Wayiie counties, and on the west by Liberty. 
 
 South Newport river divides it from Liberty on the north, the Altama- 
 ha from "Wayne on the Bouthwest and Glyun on the south. The islands 
 of Sapelo, Wolf, Doboy, Hinds, Blackbeard, Broughton, Butner's, 
 Wright's and Patterson's, skirt its coast and are separated from the main- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 747 
 
 land and each other by numerous inlets. These islands are favorite re- 
 sorts for the hunter and fisherman. 
 
 The lands along the Altamaha are very rich, producing great quan- 
 tities of rice and sugar-cane. With good cultivation the lands in Mc- 
 intosh county will yield to the acre: corn, 15 bushels; oats, 25; Irish 
 potatoes, 150; sweet potatoes, 250; field-peas, 20; ground-peas, 30; sea- 
 island seed cotton, 500 pounds; crab-grass hay, 6,000 pounds; corn fod- 
 der, 250 pounds; rice 40 pounds; sugar-cane synip, 300 gallons. 
 
 The splendid grazing adapts this county to sheep and cattle, and the 
 mild winters relieve the farmers almost entirely of the expense of hous- 
 ing and feeding them. In 1890 there were 1,132 sheep, with a wool- 
 clip of 1,691 pounds; 3,613 cattle, 249 working oxen, 1,469 milch-cows 
 producing 76,915 gallons of milk. Only 416 pounds of butter were 
 reported as made in this county in 1890. There were 364 horses, 84 
 mules, 1 donkey, 4,474 hogs and 7,427 domestic fowls of every kind, 
 producing 15,270 dozens of eggs. The honey produced was 19,332 
 pounds. 
 
 Darien, the county site, is situated on the north bank of the Altamaha 
 river, and is the shipping point for great quantities of shingles and lum- 
 ber. There is also a big trade at Darien in rosin and turpentine. This 
 city has 1,739 inhabitants, while the district of Darien, which includes 
 the city, contains a population of 3,129. 
 
 The Darien and Western Eailroad, the Altamaha river and the Atlan- 
 tic ocean give every facility for transportation. The Florida Central 
 and Peninsular also traverses the western part of the county. During 
 the year 1900 there were received at Darien and shipped from that port 
 1,000 barrels of rosin. 
 
 The area of Mcintosh county is 429 square miles, or 274,560 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 6,537, an increase of 67 since 1890; school fund, 
 $4,639.52. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 75,599; of wild land, 112,824; average price per acre of 
 improved land, $3.19; of wild land, $0.51; city property, $155,812; 
 shares in bank, 19,000; money, etc., $28,513; merchandise, $52,105; 
 invested in shipping, $40,000; cotton factories, $8,600; household furni- 
 ture, $32,957; farm animals, $54,599; plantation and mechanical tools, 
 $6,255; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,472; value of all other property, 
 $40,320; real estate, $454,796; personal estate, $288,849. Aggregate 
 value of property, $961,019. . 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 13,022; 
 value, $41,016; city property, $50,087; merchandise, $2,430; money, 
 $2,069; household furniture, $3,506; farm and other animals, $17,736; 
 plantation and mechanical tools, $1,807; value of all other property, 
 $1,844. Aggregate value of whole property, $123,151. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a decrease of $4,486 in the value of all 
 property since the returns of 1900. 
 
 The people enjoy good school and church privileges. The average at- 
 
748 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 tendance is 161 in the 9 schools for whites, and 564 in the 15 for colored 
 pupils. 
 
 The products of the county are marketed at Darien, Bi-unswick and 
 Savannah.. 
 
 Population of Mcintosh county by sex and color, according to the 
 census of 1900: white males, 767; white females, 689; total white, 
 1,456; colored males, 2,549; colored females, 2,532; total colored, 5,081. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,. 
 June 1, 1900: 213 calves, 125 steers, 10 bulls, 222 dairy cows, 162 
 horses, 83 mules, 25 sheep, 313 swine and 40 goats. 
 
 MACON COUNTY. 
 
 Macon County was named in honor of Hon. Nathaniel Macon, of 
 North Carolina, who served through the war of the Kevolution as a 
 private, refusing promotion ; served as a representative in the legislature 
 of his native State; next as a representative in Congress for three terms, 
 part of which time he was Speaker of the House; then a Senator in 
 Congress and president pro tem. of the Senate. 
 
 This county is bounded as follows: north by Taylor and Crawford^ 
 east by Houston, south by Dooly, Sumter and Schley, and west by Schley 
 and Taylor. 
 
 The Flint river flows through the county and has the following tribu- 
 taries: Beaver, Juniper, Horse, White Water, Buck's, Buck Head and 
 Spring. Considerable quantities of fish are taken from these streams. 
 
 The soil is of the tertiary formation, mainly a gray, sandy loam, with 
 "red level" outcrop in the eastern part. The lands, according to loca- 
 tion and cultivation, give as an average yield to the acre: corn, 7 to 10 
 bushels; wheat, 6 to 8; oats, 9 to 10; field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 15; 
 Irish and sweet potatoes, 50 to 75 bushels; seed cotton, 600 pounds; 
 sugar-cane syrup, 100 to 200 gallons; hay, 3,000 pounds. Vegetables 
 of all kinds, berries and melons are plentiful. The amount of truck sold 
 amounts to about $12,000 a year. 
 
 This is the second largest peach-growing county in the State, shipping 
 in one season from Marshall ville alone 450 car-loads or 240,000 crates. 
 At this town is the home of Mr. Samuel B. Eumph, the originator of the 
 celebrated Elberta peach. In easy sight of the veranda of his home are 
 80,000 peach trees. He also raises grapes and makes wine of fine quality. 
 The whole number of peach-trees in the county is 1,500,000. There are 
 also in Macon county 11,330 plum-trees, 9,800 apple-trees and 6,000 
 pear-trees. Macon county produces also large melons of excellent flavor. 
 
 Hay is made to only a small extent. Some farmers have thorough- 
 bred cattle, but the great majority have only the ordinary stock. 
 
 In 1890 there were in the county 173 sheep, with a wool-clip of 306 
 pounds; 3,624 cattle, 176 working oxen, 1,469 milch-cows producing 
 226,683 gallons of milk, from which were m.ade 51,152 pounds of butter. 
 The eggs from 31,236 poultry of all kinds amounted to 55,473 dozens. 
 The honey produced was 7,563 pounds. There were 572 horses, 1,512' 
 mules, 1 donkey and 11,280 swine. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 751 
 
 The timber products are slight, being a little long-leaf pine and some 
 hardwoods, mainly ui.ed in making crates and boxes for shipping fruit. 
 Six grist-mills on tributaries of the Flint utilize 132 horse-powers. 
 
 The output of all the manufactories of the county is about $70,000. 
 These are mostly canning and packing factories. 
 
 Six grist-mills on tributaries of the Flint river, utilize 132 horse- 
 powers. 
 
 Oglethorpe, the county seat, is located on the west side of the Flint 
 river. The court-house is valued at $20,000. 
 
 Montezuma, on the right side of the same river and only a few miles 
 from Oglethorpe, is the largest tovv-n. There is abundance of hardwood 
 ue?.r the town. 
 
 Marshallville, not far from the line which divides Macon and Houston 
 counties, is another prosperous town. At each of these towns is a well- 
 conducted bank. Each of them is located on one of the arms of the 
 Central of Georgia system. ISTo' other railroad passes through the county. 
 
 There is a high school at each of the above named places, and through- 
 out the county the public school system of Georgia prevails. The aver- 
 age attendance is 754 in 24 schools for whites, and 1,357 in the 28 
 schools for colored. In the Marshallville high school for whites there 
 are 95 pupils and in the schools of Montezuma are 162 in those for 
 whites, and 245 in those for colored. The Methodists and Baptists are 
 the leading Christian denominations. 
 
 Twenty thousand bales of cotton are shipped from this county, 12,- 
 000 of which go from Montezuma. According to the census of 1900 
 there were ginned in this county 16,713 bales of upland cotton of the 
 crop of 1899-1900. 
 
 The area of Macon county is 392 square miles, or 250,880 acres. Popu- 
 lation in 1900, 14,093, an increase of 910 since 1890; school fund, 
 $9,482.83. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved lands, 211,281; of wild land, 4,200; average value of improved 
 land per acre $4.01; of wild land, $1.13; city property, $340,340; 
 shares in bank, $1,400; money, etc., $244,532; merchandise, $109,445; 
 stocks and bonds, $10,200; shipping and tonnage, $2,400; cotton manu- 
 factories, $425; household furniture, $113,204; farm animals, $142,689; 
 plantation and mechanical tools, $34,366; watches, jewelry, etc., $7,252; 
 value of all other property, $34,009; real estate, $1,192,768; personal 
 estate, $709,029. Aggregate value of whole property, $1,901,797. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 7,016; 
 value, $20,856; city property, $25,151; money, etc., $875; merchan- 
 dise, $1,215; household furniture, $26,873; farm and other animals, 
 $2,116; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,396; value of all other prop- 
 erty, $2,532. Aggregate of whole property, $107,530. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $191,862 in the value of all 
 property since 1900. 
 
 The population of the districts containing the three largest towns, and 
 of their towns also, is as follows: 
 
752 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Montezuma district 4,643, Montezuma town 903; Marsliallville dis- 
 trict 2,288, Marshallville town 879; Oglethorpe district 2,174, Ogle- 
 thorpe town 545. 
 
 Population of Macon county by sex and coloa-, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 2,123; white females, 2,179; total white,, 
 4,302; colored males, 4,662; colored females; 5,129; total colored, 
 9,791. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 63 calves, 6 steers, 126 dairy cows, 131 horses, 17 mules, 
 1 donkey, 256 swine and 2 goats. 
 
 MADISOIT COUISTTY. 
 
 Madison County was laid out from Oglethorpe, Clarke, Jackson^ 
 Franklin and Elbert counties in 1811. Other parts were afterwards added, 
 to it as follows: from Clarke in 1813; from Elbert and Eranklin in 
 1819; from Franklin in 1823; from Clarke in 1829; and from Ogle- 
 thorpe in 1831. It received its name from James Madison, of Virginia, 
 fourth president of the United States, and often styled the "Father of 
 the Coinstitution." 
 
 The county is bounded by the following counties: Franklin and Banks 
 on the north. Hart on the northeast, Elbert on the east, Oglethorpe on 
 the south, Clarke on the southwest and Jackson on the west. The streams 
 are the ISTorth and South forks of Broad river. Mill Shoal, Brushy and 
 Holly creeks. The lands along these streams are fertile. 
 
 The average production to the acre is: corn, 18 bushels; wheat, 7; 
 rye, 8; oats, 10; Irish potatoes, 40; sweet potatoes, 50; field-peas, 10; 
 ground-peas, 20; seed cotton, upland, 400 to 600 pounds; crab-grass hay, 
 1,200 to 2,000 pounds; corn fodder, 150 pounds; sorghum syrup, 75 
 gallons. Tobacco, with proper attention, does well. So do vegetables, 
 fruits, berries and melons. According to the United States census of 
 1900, there were ginned in Madison county 11,443 bales of upland cot- 
 ton during the season of 1899-1900. 
 
 In 1890 there were 2,085 sheep, with a wool-clip of 2,830 pounds; 
 5,097 cattle, 349 working oxen, 1,878 milch-cows producing 507,385 gal- 
 lons of milk and 201,711 pounds of butter; 836 hoirses, 1,113 mules, 6 
 donkeys, 8,585 swine, 72,588 domestic fowls of all kinds, producing 
 77,671 dozens of eggs. This county produced also 16,616 pounds of 
 honey. 
 
 The timber growth is some short-leaf pine and the varieties of hard- 
 wood comm'On to that section. 
 
 The many natural shoals on the water courses afford ample power for 
 mills and factories. 
 
 The Seaboard Air Line Railroad passes through the southern part, of 
 the county. A part of the Smithonia, Danielsville and Carnesville Rail- 
 road is also completed. 
 
 Danielsville, named for General Allen Daniel, and located on a high, 
 uneven ridge, is the county site. The railroad, designed to connect this 
 tovm with the Seaboard Air Line and Georgia Railroads, is in process of 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 755 
 
 construction. When it is completed the county will have good facilities 
 for trade and travel. 
 
 Carlton, Medicus, Comer, Five Forks and Dowdy, are stations on the 
 Seaboard Air Line. 
 
 The schools belong to the common school system of the State. The 
 average attendance is 1,255 in the 40 schools for whites and 370 in tho 
 17 schools for colored. Methodists and Baptists are the prevailing de- 
 nominations of the county, and have good churches. 
 
 The area of Madison county is 278 square miles, or 177,920 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 13,224, an increase of 2,200 since 1890; school 
 fund, $8,834.60. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 170,243; value per acre, $3.64; city property, $67,655; 
 money, etc., $123,446; merchandise, $31,667; stocks and bonds, $4,200; 
 household furniture, $67,678; farm and other animals, $131,521; planta- 
 tion and mechanical tools, $35,931; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,971; value 
 of all other property, $27,630; real estate, $687,962; personal estate, 
 $432,430. Aggregate value of property, $1,120,392. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 3,214; 
 value, $9,860; city property, $775; money, etc., $53; household furni- 
 ture, $4,248; farm animals, $11,047; watches, etc., $52; plantation and 
 mechanical tools, $2,318; value of all other property, $269.00. Aggre- 
 gate value of whole property, $28,622. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a decrease of $8,176 in the value of all 
 property since 1900. 
 
 Some gold has been found on Broad river, and iron ore in considerable 
 quantities ; also a good article of granite and quartz. 
 
 Population of Madison county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 4,696; white females, 4,643; total white, 
 9,339; colored males, 1,945; colored females, 1,940; total colored, 
 3,885. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 53 calves, 8 steers, 3 bulls, 82 dairy cows, 74 horse:^, 9 
 mules, and 156 swine. 
 
 MAEIOE" COUNTY. 
 
 Marion County was laid out from Muscogee and Lee in 1827. Part 
 of it was given to Crawford in 1827 and part returned to Muscogee in 
 1829. It was named for General Francis Marion, of South Carolina, wlio, 
 because of his rendezvous in the swamps of the Pedee, from whicii he 
 sallied forth to his sudden attacks upon the British, received the title of 
 "Swamp Fox." 
 
 The counties bounding it are: Talbot on the north, Taylor, Schley and 
 Sumter on the east, Webster on the south and southwest, and Chatta- 
 hochee and Muscogee on the west. 
 
 There are no rivers in this county, but some large creeks, as Juniper 
 and Pine Knot, tributaries of the Chattahoochee, Muckalee and Kincha- 
 foonee, branches of the Flint. 
 
756 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND IND GST RIAL. 
 
 Tlie soil is cretaceous, tertiary in the southern portion. The land is 
 a gray, sandy loam; but, like most cretaceous soils, productive. The 
 southern part of the county was originally the best, but the lands have 
 been injured by injudicious cultivation. AVith scientific farming these 
 lands can be restored to their original fertility. Under proper cultiva- 
 tion there is no better farming land in Georgia. The pine belt of the 
 county is now attracting attention, and is being settled up very rapidly. 
 Lands in the pine belt sell for $1 an acre; in the middle and lower sec- 
 tion, on an average of $5.00 an acre. Cow-peas, sown after stubble, give 
 fine hay. Some of the farmers who prepare their stubble get in good 
 seasons an excellent yield of crab and crowfoot-grass hay. 
 
 According to location and culture the lands average to the acre: corn, 
 T to 10 bushels; oats, 8 to 25; wheat, 5 to 18; rye, 3 to 10; Irish pota- 
 toes, 50 to 110; sweet potatoes, 50 to 150; field-peas, 15; ground-peas, 
 25; upland seed cotton, 300 to 600 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; 
 com fodder, 450 pounds; sorghum syrup, 50 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 
 150 gallons. Vegetables, berries, fruits and melons are raised, but al- 
 most entirely for home use. The total truck sold will amount to about 
 $4,000. According to the United States census of 1900 there were 
 ginned in this county 9,681 bale® of upland cotton of the crop of 1899- 
 1900. 
 
 In 1890 there were 73 sheep, with a wool-clip of 195 pounds; 2,775 
 cattle, 149 working oxen, 889 milch-cows producing 149,962 gallons of 
 milk, and 42,319 pounds of butter. There were also 455 horses, 832 
 mules, 6,118 hogs, 25,355 domestic fowls of all kinds producing 34,072 
 dozens of eggs. The honey gathered amounted to 7,833 pounds. 
 
 The timber products are not extensive, but there is a little long-leaf 
 pine, and some good hardwoods are still uncut along the creeks. There 
 are two saw-mills operated by steam, and at Blueville there is one oper- 
 ated by water. The annual output of timber amounts to $4,000. 
 
 On the streams are two flour-mills and ten grist-mills. About 165 
 water-powers are used. There are also two grist-mills operated by steam. 
 
 There is a coffin factory at Juniper, just inside the county, and a 
 short distance from Juniper Station on a branch of the Central Railroad 
 in Talbot county. 
 
 Buena Yista,.the county seat, named for one of the famous battles of 
 the Mexican war, is a pleasant and prosperous town of 1,161 people, 
 located on an arm of the Central Railroad. The entire Buena Vista dis- 
 trict has 2,725 inhabitants. This town has one bank with a capital of 
 $38,000, and several good mercantile establishments. There are small 
 stores in every part of the county. There is in the neighborhood a white 
 kind of chalk. There are some remarkable Indian mounds on a planta- 
 tio-n formerly owned by Colonel Wm. M. Brown. 
 
 Methodists and Baptists are the strongest Christian denominations in 
 the county, and there are also many Presbyterians and Episcopalians. 
 
 The schools of the town and county belong to the public school sys- 
 tem of Georgia. The average attendance is 698 in the 28 schools for 
 whites, and 749 in the 22 schools for colored. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUflTRIAL. 757 
 
 The receipts of cotton from the entire county are about 10,000 bales, 
 •which are shipped from Buena Vista. 
 
 The area of Marion county is 344 square miles, or 220,160 acres. 
 
 Population in 1900, 10,080, an increase of 2,352 since 1890; school 
 fund, $6,157.12. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 216,755; of wild land, 13,056; average value per acre of 
 improved land, $2.58; of wild land, $0.27; city property, $102,020; 
 shares in bank, $30,000; money, etc., $57,839; merchandise, $34,641; 
 stocks and bonds, no report: household furniture, $65,855; farm animals, 
 $115,316; plantation and mechanical tools, $21,341; watches, jewelry, 
 etc., $2,878; value of all other property, $14,518; real estate, $666,644; 
 personal estate, $356,367; aggregate value of whole property, $1,023,- 
 011. 
 
 Property returaed by colored taxpayers: ISTumber of acres, 4,301; 
 value, $9,120; city property, $12,235; money, $125; household furni- 
 ture, $4,248; farm animals, $11,047; watches, etc., $52; plantation and 
 mechanical tools, $2,318; value of all other property, $376. Aggre- 
 gate value of property, $46,525. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $139,845 in the value 
 of all property since the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Marion county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 2,142; white females, 2,089; total white, 4,231; 
 colored males, 2,865; colored females, 2,984; total colored, 5,849. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 24 calves, 1 bull, 64 dairy cows, 34 horses, 8 mules, 143 
 swine, 13 goats. 
 
 MEKIWETTIEE COUNTY. 
 
 Meriwether County was laid out from Troup, and organized Decem- 
 ber, 1827. It was named in honor of General David Meriwether, who 
 -came from Virginia and settled in Wilkes county in 1785. It is bound- 
 ed by the following counties: Coweta on the north, Spalding, Pike and 
 Upson on the east, Talbot and Harris on the south, and Troup on the 
 west. 
 
 Line creek forms its eastern boundary for a few miles, and empties 
 into the Flint river, which flows along the balance of its eastern border. 
 Other streams are Ked Oak, White Oak, Pigeon, Cane, Walnut and 
 Bear creeks. The surface of the country is undulating. The Pine 
 Mountains rise in this county west of the Plint river and afford much 
 picturesque scenery. 
 
 The soil is metamorphic, with undulating red lands, interspersed -^dth 
 gray, gravelly strips, both with red clay subsoil. The water is pure free- 
 stone. 
 
 The lands will average to the acre: cora, 11 to 15 bushels; oats, 10 to 
 20; wheat, 6 to 8; rye, 10 to 25; Irish potatoes, 75; sweet potatoes, 100; 
 field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 25; seed cotton, 600 to 750 pounds; crab- 
 
758 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 grass hay, 5,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 75 gallons; sugar-cane syrup^, 
 250 gallons. 
 
 The figures for the yield of the various crops represent the average 
 production of all lands, rich and poor, under ordinary cultivation; but 
 the better lands under improved methods yield 1,500 pounds of seed 
 cotton to the acre, 28 bushels of wheat, and other crops in proportion. 
 
 Vegetables in great quantities, berries, fruits and melons are raised, 
 mostly for home use. Some of these products are marketed and bring 
 about $9,000 per annum. 
 
 Considerable hay is raised by 'Some farmers. The number of pure 
 bred cattle recorded is considerably above the average. 
 
 In 1890 there were 610 sheep, with a wool-clip of 1,307 pounds; 
 6,454 cattle, 278 working oxen, 2,720 milch-cows giving 690,401 gal- 
 lons of milk, from which were made 219,798 pounds of butter. There 
 were 1,021 horses, 2,640 mules, 10,476 hogs and 91,967 poultry, whose 
 eggs amounted to 157,334 dozens. The product of honey was 30,92S 
 pounds. 
 
 In the orchards there are 65,873 peach trees, 7,000 apple trees and 
 1,200 plum trees. 
 
 The timber products consist of considerable hardwoods on the water 
 courses. The output is small, about $6,000. 
 
 The water powers of the county are fine. On the Flint river and its 
 tributaries are 12 grist-mills, using 223 horse-powers. On a tributary 
 of the Chattahoochee is one mill using 11 horse-powers. On the Flint 
 river there are utilized 4,255 horse-powers, which are, however, partly 
 in Pike county. The 18 manufactories of the county have an output 
 valued at $40,741. 
 
 The mineral products are gold, iron, asbestos and granite. The gold 
 mines, with primitive methods, have yielded handsomely for forty years. 
 Under recent development, the result of northern capital, the mines have- 
 equalled if not surpassed any in the State. At Chalybeate Springs iron 
 ore is found in great quantities, which, when analyzed, is found to 
 equal the ores of Birmingham. Only capital is needed for their devel- 
 opment. The recently discovered asbestos deposits are found to be very 
 rich in their yield and easily worked. Meriwether granite is pronounced 
 equal to that of the famous Quincy granite of Massachusetts and is sus- 
 ceptible of very fine polish. The elegant church of St. Luke, in Co- 
 lumbus, Georgia, used this granite exclusively in all the granite work 
 and granite columns employed in its construction. Immense quantities 
 have been shipped to Savannah and other Atlantic ports. 
 
 The county is famous for its mineral springs. The Chalybeate, in the 
 eastern part of the county, is as strongly impregnated with iron as any 
 of the Spas of the world. The Warm Springs, six miles west of the 
 Chalybeate, afford the most delightful baths in all the South or tlie 
 Union. The temperature of the water is 92 degrees and the swimming 
 pool is most luxurious in its equipments and delights. The waters, form- 
 ing an immense stream, gush from a spur of the Pine Mountain and the 
 great hotel on the hill makes this one of the coolest summer resorts in 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 759 
 
 the State. One mile east of Warm Springs is the Cold Spring, Here 
 the United States fish commission has established a hatchery a few hun- 
 dred yards below the bold spring, which furnishes many thousand gal- 
 lons of water per minute. 
 
 Six miles west of Warm Springs are the White Sulphur Springs, an- 
 other popular summer resort. The water is very strongly impregnated 
 with sulphur, its analysis being the same as the Indian Spring in Butts 
 county. 
 
 The climate is delightful, the mean temperature being 63 degrees. 
 The extremes in temperature range from 20 to 98 degrees, these points 
 being rarely ever reached. 
 
 The county enjoys limited railroad facilities, but with those promised 
 a period of rich development may be anticipated, its mineral wealth and 
 other resources having then a rare chance of securing outside invest- 
 ment. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in 
 Meriwether county 22,452 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 1899- 
 1900. 
 
 Greenville, named in honor of General Nathaniel Greene, is the coun- 
 ty site. It is located on a high ridge near the center of the county, ou 
 a branch of the Central of Georgia Kailway. A company has beeu 
 formed to erect here a new cotton factory. The Methodists and Baptists 
 have churches and academies for male and female. Greenville has one 
 bank with a paid-up capital of $25,000. Its population is 815 in the 
 corporate limits, and including the district of the same name it is 2,630. 
 
 The county has good schools and churches of every denomination. Tlie 
 average attendance on the schools is 1,699 in the 52 for white pupils, and 
 1,604 in the 38 schools for colored pupils. 
 
 Woodbury, ten miles south of Greenville, where the Macon and Bir- 
 mingham Railroad crosses the Central, is a growing town. At Flat 
 Shoals, twelve miles from Greenville on the Flint river, are some of the 
 finest water powers in the State. Lutherville, Oakland, Gay, Raleigh, 
 Bullochville, Stinson, Odessa, St. Mark's, Oak Ridge and Rocky Mount 
 are flourishing business centers. 
 
 The area of Meriwether county is 544 square miles, or 348,160 acres. 
 
 Population in 1900, 23,339, a gain of 2,599 since 1890; school fund, 
 $22,427.16. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 295,396; of wild land, 6,306; average value per acre of 
 improved land, $3.75; of wild land, $0.40; city property, $167,413; 
 money, etc., $109,425; value of merchandise, $68,080; shares in bank, 
 $25,000; bank stock and bonds, $38,500; household furniture, 
 $87,114; farm animals, $174,763; plantation and mechanical 
 tools, $43,690; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,197; value of all other prop- 
 erty, $37,976; real estate, $1,277,774; personal estate, $594,560; ag- 
 gregate value of property, $1,872,334. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acr^, 5,413; 
 ralue, $20,258; city property, $4,362; household furniture, $14,834; 
 
7 GO GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 watches,, etc., $110;fann animals, $23,648; plantation and meclianical 
 tools, $4,427; value of all other property, $490; aggregate value of 
 property, $69,169. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $90,589 in the value of 
 all property since 1900. 
 
 Population of Meriw^ether county by sex and color, according to the 
 census of 1900: white males, 4,Y15; white females, 4,807; total white, 
 9,522; colored males, 6,858; colored females, 6,959; total colored, 
 13,817. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 32 calves, 10 steers, 12 bulls, 86 dairy cows, 78 horses, 13 
 mules, 205 swine, 6 goats. 
 
 MILLEE COUl^TY. 
 
 Miller County was formed in 1856 from Early and Baker, and was 
 named in honor of Andrew J. Miller, who had frequently served in the 
 State legislature, and as President of the Senate had been noted for his 
 ability and the fairness with which he treated each party. 
 
 Miller is bounded by the following counties: Baker and Early on the 
 north, Baker on the east, Decatur on the south and Early on the west. 
 
 Spring creek, running from north to south through the center of the 
 county, is the principal stream. It abounds in fish of the varieties gen- 
 erally found in Georgia streams. This creek has tributary creeks from 
 the east and west. 
 
 Almost the entire surface of the county is level. The soil is light with 
 a heavy growth of pine timber. 
 
 The lands yield to the acre: com, 15 bushels; oats, 10; sweet pota- 
 toes, 150; ground-peas, 15; seed cotton, 800 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 
 250 gallons. Vegetables and melons do well. 
 
 The fine pasturage afforded by the native grasses causes the farmers 
 to pay no attention to hay. Their stock seem to take care of themselves 
 entirely. 
 
 By the census of 1890 there were in this county 5,804 sheep, with a 
 wool-clip of 12,963 pounds; 8,776 cattle, 330 working oxen, 3,005 milch- 
 cows, but a production of only 144,730 gallons of milk and 1,770 pounds 
 of butter. There were also 727 horses, 311 mules, 2 donkeys, 12,938 
 swine and 24,583 of all kinds of domestic fowls. The production of eggs 
 was 50,028 dozens and of honey 820 pounds. 
 
 Rosin, turpentine and lumber are the chief articles of trade. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in 
 this county 2,025 bales of upland and 50 of sea-island cotton during the 
 season of 1899-1900. 
 
 Colquitt is the county site. It is on the Georgia Pine Railway which 
 connects Bainbridge, in Decatur county, on the Savannah, Florida and 
 Tv^estern of the Plant System with Arlington, in Calhoun county, on 
 one of the arms of the Central of Georgia system. 
 
 In the towns and county are churches of the leading Christian denom- 
 inations. Methodists and Baptists predominate. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 761 
 
 Other postoffices are Bait, Horn's Cross Eoads, Mayliaw, Pond Town, 
 Spooner and Twilight. 
 
 The schools of the county belong to the public school system of Geor- 
 gia and are in good condition. The average attendance is 510 in the 23 
 schools for white pupils, and 195 in the 11 schools for negroes. 
 
 The area of Miller county is 275 square miles, or 176,000 acres. 
 
 Population in 1900, 6,319, an increase of 2,044 since 1890; school 
 fund, $3,976.11. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 145,875; of wild land, 28,307; average value per acre of 
 improved land, $2.25; of wild land, $1.97; city property, $31,480; 
 money, etc., $81,693; value of merchandise, $31,870; stocks and bonds,. 
 $500; household furniture, $42,441; farm and other animals, $113,569; 
 plantation and mechanical tools, $20,346; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,056; 
 value af all other property, $67,043; real estate, $516,279; personal es- 
 tate, $351,697; aggregate value of property, $777,976. 
 
 Peturns of property by colored taxpayers: IsTumber of acres, 4,962; 
 value, $10,239; city property, $330; money, etc., $142; household fur- 
 niture, $4,982; watches, etc., $37; fann and other animals, $912; plan- 
 tation and mechanical tools, $1,688; value of all other property, $570; 
 aggregate value of property, $27,100. 
 
 The tax returns of 1901 show a gain in the value of all property over 
 the returns of 1900 amounting to $61,935. 
 
 Population of Miller county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 1,837; white females, 1,774; total white, 3,611; 
 colored majes, 1,436; colored females, 1,272; total colored, 2,708. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on fai-ms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 56 calves, 36 steers, 14 bulls, 92 dairy cows, 47 horses, 
 111 mules, 3,100 sheep, 660 swine. 
 
 inLTois" coimxY. 
 
 Milton County was formed in 1857 from Cherokee, Forsyth and Cobb, 
 and was named in honor of Colonel John Milton, Secretary of State for 
 Georgia in 1789. It is bounded by the following counties: Cherokee 
 on the north, Forsyth on the east and north, Gwinnett on the southeast 
 and south, DeKalb and Fulton on the south, Cobb on the west and 
 Cherokee on the w^est and northwest. 
 
 The Chattahoochee river flows along its entire southern boundary. 
 Creeks tributary to the Etowah and the Chattahoochee flow through the 
 county. The lands along the streams are productive. The people are 
 blessed with abundance of good water and a healthy climate. 
 
 The lands give as an average yield to the acre: com, 15 bushels; 
 wheat and oats, 10 bushels each; rye and barley, 8 bushels each; Irish 
 and sweet potatoes, 100 bushels each; field-peas, 15 bushels; ground- 
 peas, 50 bushels; seed cotton, 650 pounds; crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds; 
 clover hay, 6,000; corn fodder 400 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons. 
 It is a good county for hay. 
 
762 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 In 1890 there Vv^ere 394 sheep, with a wool-clip of 677 pounds; 3,329 
 cattle, 165 working oxen, 1,270 milch-cows giving 386,522 gallons of 
 milk, from which are made 138,112 pounds of butter. There were 381 
 horses, 778 mules, 2 donkeys, 3,826 hogs and 63,113 domestic fowls 
 of every kind, producing 81,372 dozens of eggs. There is one butter 
 and cheese factory. The honey production was 13,925 pounds in 1890. 
 
 There is no railway passing through the county, but the Southern 
 Railway runs close to the boundary line. 
 
 For building purposes there is abundance of timber and stone. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in 
 this county 6,407 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 1899-1900. 
 
 Alpharetta is the county site. The entire Alpharetta district contains 
 1,529 inhabitants, 310 of whom live in the town. Other postoffices are 
 Arnold, Coker, Dinsmore, Field's Cross Eoads, Freemansville, McClure, 
 Mazeppa, Ocee, Skelton, Stono, Warsaw and Webb. 
 
 Methodists and Baptists are the dominant religious sects. Their 
 churches are found in every part of the county. 
 
 The schools belong to the public school system of Georgia, and the 
 average attendance is 914 in the 30 schools for white pupils, and 83 in 
 the 4 schools for colored pupils. 
 
 The area of Milton county is 147 square miles, or 94,080 acres. 
 
 Population in 1900, 6,763, an increase of 555 since 1890; school fund, 
 $4,791.28. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 81,344; of wild land, 590; average value of improved land 
 to the acre, $6.22; of wild land, $2.25; city property, $25,620; money, 
 etc., $81,413; merchandise, $23,565; stocks and bonds, $17,500; 
 household furniture, $44,456; farm animals, $95,715; plantation 
 and mechanical tools, $26,419; watches and jewelry, $1,568; 
 value of all other property, $16,794; real estate, $532,965; personal es- 
 tate, $315,783; aggregate value of property, $848,748. 
 
 Propei-ty returned by colored taxpayers: Acres of land, 396; value, 
 $1,020; city property, $375; money, etc., $92; household furniture, $1,- 
 332; watches, etc., $40; farm animals, $2,240; plantation and mechani- 
 cal tools, $457; value of all other property, $102; aggregate value of 
 property, $5,560. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property 
 since the returns of 1900 amounting to $7,710. 
 
 Population of Milton county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 3,088; white females, 2,912; total white, 6,000; 
 colored males, 377; colored females, 386; total colored, 763. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 17 calves, 2 steers, 46 dairy cows, 36 horses, 17 mules, 70 
 sheep. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 763 
 
 MITCHELL COUNTY. 
 
 Mitchell County was laid out from Baker in 1857, and wag named 
 for Hon. David B. Mitchell, who was Governor of Georgia from 
 INovember 9, 1809, to ISTovember 9, 1813, and again from November 9, 
 1815, to March 4, 1817, when he resigned. The following counties 
 bound it: Dougherty on the north. Worth and Colquitt on the east, 
 Thomas and Decatur on the south. Baker on the west and northwest. 
 Flint river runs along its whole western boundary. Turkey, Walden's 
 and Tom's creeks, branches of the Ocklockonee river, water the east- 
 em side of the county. Other streams are Lost and Big creeks. In the 
 southern part is a pond or lake about 10 miles long; near the center is 
 another not quite so large. 
 
 A branch of the Savannah, Florida and "Western Railway of the Plant 
 System runs through the county, connecting Camilla with two growing 
 cities, Albany on the north and Thomasville on the south. 
 
 The pine lands of this county are very productive, those of some sec- 
 tions being more fertile, of course, than those of others. According to 
 location and cultivation they will produce to the acre: corn, 15 bushels; 
 oats, 12 to 25 bushels; rice, 25 bushels; Irish potatoes, 75 bushels; sweet 
 potatoes, 150 bushels; field-peas, 15 bushels; ground-peas, 30 bushels; 
 seed cotton, from 500 to 1,000 pounds; com fodder, 450 pounds; sugar- 
 cane syrup, 200 to 250 gallons. 
 
 Very little attention is paid to grasses, because the wild grasses afford 
 such abundant pasturage. Bermuda does fairly well. Crab-grass grows 
 luxuriantly, as do peavines and beggar weed. 
 
 There are 4 dairy farms. On them the Jersey cow is the favorite. 
 Yery little attention is paid to the breeding of beef cattle. 
 
 By the census of 1890 there were in Mitchell county 1,563 sheep, 
 with a wool-clip of 5,322 pounds, 11,588 cattle, 370 working oxen, 3,718 
 milch-cows yielding 277,573 gallons of milk, from which were made 52,- 
 097 pounds of butter and 125 pounds of cheese. There were at the same 
 time, 1,102 horses, 1,126 mules, 3 donkeys, 13,971 hogs and 49,182 
 domestic fowls of all kinds producing 60,826 dozens of eggs. The pro- 
 duction of honey was about 803 pounds. 
 
 Peaches, grapes and watermelons are marketed in large cities east and 
 west. The value of these products last year was about $20,000. The 
 melon business last year was almost abandoned on account of high 
 freights. A few years ago 1,500 carloads were shipped, last year only 100. 
 
 There are in the county 3 vineyards, covering in all 200 acres. About 
 50 per cent, of the grapes are sold in the markets, and from 30 per cent, 
 of them wine is made. The latter is for domestic use, for none was sold 
 in the markets. 
 
 About 20 per cent, of the forest area has standing timber suitable for 
 the market. About the same percentage in the turpentine belt is dying 
 from boxing. Smaller trees are not affected. The annual output of 
 lumber in superficial feet is about 18,000,000 at $8 a thousand feet. 
 
764 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 About 13 steam sawmills and 20 turpentine stills are kept actively em- 
 ployed. 
 
 At Camilla are the works of the Mitchell County Fertilizer Com- 
 pany; at Pelham are the Pelham Guano Works, the Pelham Cotton Seed 
 Oil-Mill and the Pelham Manufacturing Company, The latter is a cot- 
 ton-mill with 5,000 spindles, 160 looms and a capital stock of $100,000. 
 It will employ 100 hands. The annual consumption will be 3,000 bales, 
 ajid the value of the output $180,000. The cotton seed oil-mill is valued 
 at $30,000, and its annual output at $50,000. 
 
 Camilla and Pelham are each on the Savannah, Florida and Western 
 Railway, and in these two towns the products of the county are chiefly 
 marketed. The cotton receipts and shipments of the entire county are 
 about 10,000 bales of upland and 2,500 bales of sea-island cotton, of 
 which about 6,000 bales of upland and 2,000 of sea-island cotton are 
 handled at Pelham. Some of the products of the western part of the 
 county are shipped by steamboats on the Flint river. According to the 
 United States census of 1900 there were ginned in this county Y,863 
 bales of upland cotton and 2,180 bales of sea-island cotton of the crop of 
 1899-1900. 
 
 At Camilla, the county seat, is a bank with a capital of $25,000. The 
 court-house is estimated at $30,000. There are in the county 12 grist- 
 mills and 1 small flour-mill at Pelham. All except 2 or 3 gTist-mills are 
 operated by steam. 
 
 Other postoffices are Apex, Baconton, Dewitt, Faircloth, Flint, Mag- 
 nolia, Kaiford, Stubbs and Tuton. 
 
 The district including Camilla has 4,668 inhabitants, while the popu- 
 lation of Camilla is 1,051. The Pelham district has 2,836 inhabitants, 
 of which 945 are in the town of Pelham. 
 
 The schools belong to the public school system of Georgia. Every 
 neighborhood of the county has its school and church. Methodists and 
 Baptists are the leading denominations, but there are also Episcopalians, 
 Presbyterians, Roman Catholics and others. 
 
 The area of Mitchell county is 542 square miles, or 346,880 acres. 
 
 Population in 1900, 14,767, a gain of 3,861 since 1890; school fund, 
 $10,677.40. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 291,481; of wild land, 25,123; average value per acre of 
 improved land, $3.05; of wild land, $1.88; city property, $207,441; 
 shares in bank, $7,000; money, etc., $264,509; value of merchandise, 
 $75,232; stocks and bonds, $17,075; cotton manufactories, $102,000; 
 household furniture, $108,176; farm and other animals, $257,923; 
 plantation and mechanical tools, $48,761; watches, jewelry, etc., $8,- 
 844; value of all other property, $43,548; real estate, $1,145,613; per- 
 sonal estate, $941,802; aggregate value of property, $2,087,415. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: l^umber of acres of land, 
 17,264; value, $50,033; city property, $8,619; money, etc., $210; mer- 
 chandise, $230; household furniture, $16,713; watches, etc., $433; farm 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 765 
 
 and other animals, $35,411; plantation and mechanical tools, $7,291; 
 value of all other property, $3,018; aggregate value of property, $122,- 
 078. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $255,119 in the value of 
 all property in the county since 1900. 
 
 The average attendance on the public schools of Mitchell county is 
 1,138 in the 41 schools for white, and 932 in the 30 for negroes. 
 
 Population of Mitchell county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 3,442; white females, 3,336; total white, 6,778; 
 colored males, 4,011; colored females, 3,987; total colored, 7,989. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900; 32 horses, 1 mule, 943 sheep, 15 swine. 
 
 MONEOE COUNTY. 
 
 Monroe County was laid out by the lottery act of 1821, and a part set 
 off to Butts in 1825. It was named after James Monroe, of Virginia, 
 the fifth President of the United States. It is bounded by the following 
 counties: Butts on the north, Jasper and Jones on the east, Bibb on the 
 southeast, Crawford on the south, Upson and Pike on the west. Spald- 
 ing also touches the western border for a mile or more in the extreme 
 northwest. The Ocmulgee river forms its eastern boundary. There axe 
 also several creeks: Tobesofkee, Echeconnee, Phillipi, Beaverdam, Deer, 
 Bum, Cook's, Walker, Eight Mile, Beach, Shoal and Crooked. The 
 Towaliga river, or creek as it is sometimes called, running across the 
 northern section, empties into the Ocmulgee river. The soil on the nu- 
 merous water courses is of a dark chocolate color, well adapted to the 
 production of com, wheat and oats, while the mulatto and gray lands 
 are best for all the small grains and grasses, and for all varieties of veg- 
 etables. Peaches, apples, melons and all kinds of berries do well. The 
 products of the county find a ready market in Forsyth and Macon, 
 
 The lands of Monroe county, under a good system of culture, will 
 yield by the acre : corn, rye and barley, 20 bushels each; wheat, 10 to 40 
 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; Irish potatoes, 50 to 100 bushels; sweet pota- 
 tons, 100 to 250 bushels; field-peas, 15 bushels; ground-peas, 30 bushels; 
 seed cotton, 800 pounds; crab-grass hay, 3,000 pounds; com fodder, 600 
 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 150 gallons. 
 According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in this 
 county 18,724 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900. 
 
 There is considerable improvement from year to year in the breeds of 
 stock, and in the attention given to the care of milch-cows. In 1890 
 there were in Monroe county 341 sheep, with a wool clip of 647 pounds; 
 5,538 cattle, 194 working oxen, 2,389 milch-cows producing 655,541 
 gallons of milk, from which 194,827 pounds of butter and 246 pounds 
 of cheese were made. There were also 84,348 domestic fowls of all 
 kiiids. producing 137,109 dozens of eggs. The honey produced was 24,- 
 887 pounds. There were 1,164 horses, 2,705 mules, 1 donkey and 11,- 
 699 hogs. 
 
766 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 A traveler on the Central Railroad, viewing the beautiful town of 
 Forsyth and its immediate vicinity, receives the impression that this is a 
 progressive county. In fact all the large towns on the railroad froim 
 Macon to Atlanta make the same favorable impression. 
 
 Both the Ocmulgee and Towaliga have water falls with fine locatioBs 
 for factories and mills. 
 
 At Forsyth, the county site, a town of 1,172 inhabitants, is the cotton 
 mill of the Forsyth Manufacturing Company with 6,000 spindles and a 
 home capital of $50,000. It is operated by steam. A company has been 
 organized to build another factory. There is also at this town a cotton 
 seed oil-mill and guano factory. Forsyth has two banks, with an aggre- 
 gate capital of $130,000. The district of Forsyth, which includes the 
 town, contains 2,429 inhabitants. 
 
 At Glover's, near Juliette, is a grist mill, and near by a cotton fac- 
 tory. 
 
 There are excellent schools at Forsyth. On the right of the railroad 
 going toward Atlanta are the handsome buildin'gs of the Monroe Fe- 
 male College, the property of the Baptists of Georgia. The Methodists 
 also have a good school at this point. This is a town of good schools and 
 pretty church edifices. 
 
 Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians are the leading denominations 
 of the county. Every neighborhood has its school and a church of one 
 or more of these denominations. 
 
 In the public schools the enrollment is 1,648 in the 40 schools for 
 white pupils and 3,326 in the 41 for colored. 
 
 The area of Monroe county is 480 square miles, or 307,200 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 20,682, a gain of 1,545 since 1890; school fund, 
 $13,942.40. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 294,557; average value per acre, $4.30; city property, 
 $269,754; shares in bank, $47,800; money, etc., $160,487; merchan- 
 dise, $100,525; stocks and bonds, $600; cotton factories, $80,500; min- 
 ing, $100; household furniture, $128,105; farm and other animals, 
 $179,883; plantation and mechanical tools, $52,327; watches, jewelry, 
 etc., $8,003; value of all other property, $57,499; real estate, $1,537,- 
 817; personal estate, $851,068; aggi^egate value of property, $2,388,885. 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres, 12,408; 
 value, $62,580; city property, $10,532; money, etc., $65; merchandise, 
 $310; household furniture, $22,859; watches, etc., $192; farm and other 
 animals, $36,325; plantation and mechanical tools, $10,833; value of all 
 other property, $57,499; aggregate value of property, $150,726. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $103,910 in the value 
 of all property since the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Monroe county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 3,372; white females, 3,445; total whites, 
 6,817; colored males, 6,717; colored females, 7,148; total colored, 
 13,865. , I 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 7g7 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 26 calves, 11 steers, 1 bull, 124 dairy cows, 105 horses, 
 18 mules, 196 swine, 5 goats. 
 
 MOiTTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Montgomery County was laid out from Washington in 1Y93, and 
 named in honor of General Eichard Montgomery, who on the 31st of 
 December, 1775, at the head of troops from New York and New Eng- 
 land, was killed in an attack upon the fortifications of Quebec. Part of 
 the county was set off to Tattnall in 1801. In 1811, while a part was 
 added to Laurens, other parts were taken from Telfair and Tattnall. In 
 1812 a part was set off tO' Emanuel. A part was added to it from Tatt- 
 nall in 1814. A part was added to it from Telfair in 1820, and another 
 part in 1833. Thus it is seen that the boundaries of Montgomery county 
 have undergone many changes. 
 
 It is bounded by the following counties: Emanuel on the northeast, 
 Tattnall on the southeast, Appling on the south, Telfair on the south- 
 west. Dodge on the west, and Laurens on the northwest and west. 
 
 The Oconee river flows through the center of the county. The Little 
 Ocmulgee flowing along its southwestern boundary empties into the 
 Ocmulgee, which continues along the southern border until it unites 
 with the Oconee to form the Altamaha river. This latter stream con- 
 tinues a few miles more on the southern border. There are also many 
 creeks, Lott's, Limestone, Flat, Cypress, Red Bluff, Alligator, Tiger, Lit- 
 tle, Okewalkee, Pendleton and Swift. 
 
 The soil is a sandy loam, and under proper tillage will yield to the 
 acre: com, 15 bushels; oats, 20 bushels; Irish and sweet potatoes, 100 
 bushels each; field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 30 bushels; seed cot- 
 ton, 500 to 800 pounds; com fodder, 300 pounds; rice, 10 bushels; 
 sugar-cane syrup, 250 gallons. Good hay can be made, but the wild 
 grasses afford such excellent pasturage that little attention is paid to it. 
 
 In 1890 the county had 11,479 sheep, from which 29,185 pounds of 
 wool were clipped. The cattle numbered 13,195, of which 3,806 were 
 milch-cows, giving 280,282 gallons of milk, from which were made 46,- 
 304 pounds of butter; 38,055 domestic fowls of every kind gave 47,529 
 dozens of eggs. There were 668 horses, 615 mules and 17,340 hogs. 
 The honey produced was 2,106 pounds. There were in the county 575 
 working oxen. 
 
 The usual vegetables, fruits, berries, grapes and melons are raised, but 
 only for home consumption. 
 
 A large per cent, of the original forest is still standing. It consists of 
 long-leaf pine, cypress, oak, hickory and ash. The annual output of 
 lumber in superficial feet is 150,000,000, at an average price of $7 a 
 thousand feet. This keeps in active operation 50 sawmills, and 12 tur- 
 pentine distilleries prepare naval stores for the market. 
 
 The Oconee river furnishes water transportation and the Georgia and 
 Alabama Railroad, of the Seaboard Air Line system, affords transpor- 
 tation and travel by land. 
 
768 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Fifty grist-mills supply the needs of tlie citizens and the hands em- 
 ployed in the numerous lumber mills. 
 
 Mount Vernon, on the Georgia and Alabama Eailroad, is the county 
 site. There are about 25 other postofEces. 
 
 Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians have many churches and a 
 large membership. 
 
 The schools are in good condition and belong to the public school 
 system of the State. The average attendance is 1,305 in the 56 schools 
 for whites, and 811 in the 28 for colored. 
 
 The products of the county are marketed in Savannah. 
 
 Five thousand bales of cotton are shipped from this county; 500 from 
 Mount Vernon. According to the United States census of 1900 there 
 were ginned in this county 4,858 bales of upland and 534 bales of sea- 
 island cotton during the season of 1899-1900. 
 
 The area of Montgomery county is 744 square miles, or 4Y6,160 acres. 
 
 Population in 1900, 16,359, a gain of 7,111 since 1890; school fund, 
 $9,772.85. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved lands, 405,693; of wild lands, 56,823; average value per acre of 
 improved lands, $2.24; of wild lands, $1.98; city property, $97,580; 
 money, etc., $217,009; merchandise, $93,529; iron works, $4,000; ship- 
 ping and tonnage, $1,000; stocks and bonds, $550; cotton manufacto- 
 ries, $250; household furniture, $106,601; farm and other animals, 
 $269,887; plantation and mechanical tools, $38,892; watches, jewelry, 
 etc., $5,149; value of all other property, $240,529; real estate, $1,120,- 
 917; personal estate, $1,007,116; aggregate value of property, $2,128,- 
 033. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: ISTumber of acres, 13,090; 
 value, $36,590; city property, $2,515; money, etc., $1,543; merchan- 
 dise, $15; watches, etc., $428; household furniture, $13,516; farm and 
 other animals, $2,317; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,971; value 
 of all other property, $2,310; aggregate value of. property, $84,018. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $84,646 in the value of 
 all property since the returns of 1900. 
 
 The largest towns of the connty are Mount Vernon and Vidalia. 
 
 The Mount Vernon district includes the towns of Mount Vernon and 
 Alley and has 2,205 inhabitants, of whom 573 live in Mount Vernon 
 and 271 in Alley. 
 
 The Vidalia district has 2,342 inhabitants, of whom 503 live in the 
 town of Vidalia. 
 
 Popnlation of Montgomery connty by sex and color, according to the 
 census of 1900: white males, 5,055; wdiite females, 4,598; total whites, 
 9,653; colored males, 3,547; colored females, 3,159; total colored, 6,706. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1901: 181 calves, 156 steers, 19 bulls, 285 dairy cows, 123 
 horses, 168 mules, 21 sheep, 1,330 swine, 49 goats. 
 
I GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 759 
 
 morgajst county. 
 
 Morgan County was laid out from Baldwin in 1807, and was named 
 in honor of General Daniel Morgan, who was born in New Jersey, but 
 became a citizen of Virginia, commanding a regiment of riflemen from 
 that State in the campaign of Saratoga, and afterwards as a general un- 
 der Nathaniel Greene distinguished for his brilliant victory at the battle 
 of Cowpens in South Carolina, January I7th, 1781. 
 
 Morgan is bounded by the following counties: Oconee and Greene 
 on the northeast, Greene on the east, Putnam on the south, Jasper on the 
 southwest, Newton and Walton on the northwest. The Appalachee river 
 runs along its whole northeastern border and empties into the Oconee, 
 which from this point runs down the eastern boundary. Other tribu- 
 taries of the Oconee are Hard Labor, Indian and Sugar creeks and Little 
 (or Little Oconee) river. 
 
 The general character of the soil is metamorphic, undulating red clay 
 and mulatto lands, interspersed with gravelly formations and alluvial 
 bottoms. This, though one of the oldest, is one of the best agricultural 
 counties of Georgia. A large percentage of the land is under good cul- 
 tivation, and their average production to the acre is: corn, 15 bushels; 
 oats, 25; wheat, 8 to 10; rye, 7; barley, 20; Irish potatoes, 200; sweet 
 potatoes, 150; field peas, 10; ground peas, 50; seed cotton,, 1,000 
 pounds; crab-grass hay, 3,000; Bermuda grass hay, 4,000; com fodder, 
 stalk and blade, 6,000; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 
 105 gallons. In some sections of the county com produces 30 bushels 
 to the acre, wheat 25 and oats 40. The land is strong and easily worked. 
 Much of it is permanently set in Bermuda grass. Hay is made from 
 orchard grass, red top, Bermuda, crab, cowpeas and clover. Three mil- 
 lion pounds of hay are made in Morgan county. 
 
 Of the milch-cows nearly one-third are of improved breeds. In 1890 
 the county had 3,844 cattle, 157 working oxen, 1,714 milch-cows yield- 
 ing 426,124 gallons of milk, from which were made 138,419 pounds of 
 butter and 3,000 pounds of cheese. There are several dairy farms near 
 Madison. The various kinds of poultry aggregated in 1890 60,115 and 
 produced 110,258 dozens of eggs. The honey gathered was 17,18'? 
 pounds. There were 507 sheep, yielding 942 pounds of wool. There 
 were 687 horses, 2,008 mules, 4 donkeys and 6,555 hogs. Much atten- 
 tion is now being paid to the rearing of beef cattle. 
 
 Vegetables of all kinds, berries and melons are raised. The tmck sold 
 amounts to about $8,000. The county has 2,500 apple trees and 29,758 
 peach trees. The largest orchard in the. county has 3,000 trees. There 
 is a canning factory where many farmers can their peaches. 
 
 Timber products are small. There are no original forests left. Along 
 the streams second growth pine and hardwoods are found. The com- 
 mon growth is mostly old-field pine. Hence the lumber output from a 
 few portable savnnills is small. 
 
 On tributaries of the Oconee are ten grist-mills. 
 
77# OEOROIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 The Georgia Eailroad and the Macon and ISTorthern branch of the 
 Central traverse the county, the former from east to west, the latter from 
 north to south. They cross each other at Madison, the county site, one 
 of the most beautiful small cities of Georgia, with a population of 1,992 
 in the corporate limits and 2,888 in its entire district, located on the ridge 
 which divides the waters of Sugar and Hard Labor creeks. The city has 
 electric lights and water works. The ladies of Madison are noted for 
 the taste displayed by them in the cultivation of the flower gardens which 
 adorn so many of their charming homes. The court-house and jail to- 
 gether are valued at $50,000. A company has been formed to build 
 a cotton factory, and $50,000 has been raised for that purpose. Other 
 manufactories are: a fertilizer factory, a cotton seed oil-mill valued at 
 $40,000, a cotton compress, a soap factory, a spoke and handle factory 
 valued at $10,000, and a variety works establishment for furniture, 
 chairs, etc., valued at $10,000. 
 
 The Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians have each good church 
 buildings and good schools. There are a Masonic lodge and a Sons of 
 Temperance organization. 
 
 All the schools of the county are either wholly or in part connected 
 with the public school system of Georgia. They are in every militia dis- 
 trict for white and colored separately. 
 
 At Madison are two banks with an aggregate capital of $100,000. 
 Besides Madison the postoffices are Appalachee, Austin, Bostwick, Buck- 
 head, Cowan, Fair Play, Godfrey, Mallory, Maple, Nolan, Pennington, 
 Keese, Rehoboth and Rulledge, at which latter place the sum of $50,000 
 has been raised to erect a factory. There are several life and fire insur- 
 ance agencies. 
 
 The cotton receipts and shipments from the entire county amount to 
 25,000 bales, of which the greater portion is handled at Madison. Ac- 
 cording to the census of 1900 there were ginned in this county 16,453 
 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900. 
 
 The area of Morgan county is 346 square miles, or 221,440 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 15,813, a decrease of 228 since 1890; school 
 fund, $11,197.72; school fund of Madison City, $1,391.85. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 218,839; average value per acre, $5.19; city property, 
 $499,435; shares in bank, $145,798; cotton manufactories, $157,760; 
 money, etc., $233,770; merchandise, $103,450; stocks and bonds, $3,- 
 200; iron works, $35,384; household furniture, $82,704; farm and other 
 animals, $137,406; plantation and mechanical tools, $34,546; watches, 
 jewelry, etc., $7,366; value of all other property, $9,282; real estate, 
 $1,637,000; personal estate, $976,698; aggregate value of property, $2,- 
 613,689. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: ISTumber of acres, 5,855; 
 value, $23,208; city property, $27,295; money, etc., $220; household 
 furniture, $8,832; watches, etc., $47; farm and other animals, $19,601; 
 plantation and mechanical tools, $3,346; value of all other property, 
 $4; aggregate value of property, $92,553. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 7f 1 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $149,893 in the value 
 of all property since 1900. 
 
 In the public schools of Morgan county the average attendance is 603 
 in the 24 schools for white pupils, and 984 in the 26 for colored. In 
 "die white schools of the city of Madison there are enrolled 260 pupils, 
 and in the colored schools 137. 
 
 Population of Morgan county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 2,620; white females, 2,587; total white, 
 5,207; colored males, 5,261; colored females, 5,345; total colored, 
 10,606. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 50 calves, 74 steers, 179 dairy cows, 122 horses, 24 mules, 
 344 swine, 18 goats. 
 
 MUKEAY COUNTY. 
 
 Murray County was laid out from Cherokee and organized in 1832. 
 It was named for Hon. Thomas W. Murray. 
 
 Part of the county was set off to Walker in 1833 and a part to Cass 
 (now Bartow) count j' in 1834. It is bounded on the north by the State 
 of Tennessee, on the east by Fannin and Gilmer counties, on the south 
 by Gordon, and on the west by Whitfield county. It is watered by the 
 Connesauga and Coosawattee rivers with their numerous tributary 
 creeks. The former of these rivers flows along the entire western bound- 
 ary, while the latter crosses the southeastern part of the county. Their 
 united waters form the Oostenaula, which joins with the Etowah at 
 Rome to form the Coosa. The Coosawattee being navigable nearly all 
 the year furnishes water transportation to Rome, the leading market of 
 N'orthwest Georgia, l^o railroad traverses the county, but the Western 
 and Atlantic runs close to its southwestern border. Dalton, in Whit- 
 fi.eld county, where this road crosses the Southern Railway, is the chief 
 market for a large part of Murray county. 
 
 The land is fertile and has fine pasturage for sheep and cattle. The 
 average yield of crops to the acre is: corn, 25 bushels; oats, 35; wheat, 
 25; rye, 30; Irish potatoes, 150; sweet potatoes, 200; cotton, 600 pounds; 
 erab-gTass hay, 3,200; clover, 4,000; fodder, 600; sorghum syrup, 150 
 gallons. According to the United States census of 1900 there were 
 ginned in this county 2,586 bales of upland cotton in the season of 1899- 
 1900. 
 
 In 1890 there were 2,506 sheep in the county yielding 4,557 pounds 
 of wool. There were 5,656 cattle, 378 working oxen, 1,941 milch-cows, 
 which produce 513,110 gallons of milk, from which were made 135,139 
 pounds of butter and 97 pounds of cheese. The domestic fowls of all 
 varieties aggregated 68,021 and produced 83,146 dozens of eggs. The 
 honey gathered amounted to 17,755 pounds. There were 1,026 horses, 
 840 mules, 17 donkeys and 8,511 hogs. 
 
 This county is rich in minerals. The Cohutta Mountain range crosses 
 its eastern section. On these mountains profitable mining has been done. 
 In sheltered orchards along this famous range some of the most luscious 
 fruit is grown. 
 
772 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Spring Place, once a missionary station among the Cherokees, now a 
 thriving little town, is the county site. It is situated in the midst of 
 charming scenery with the Cohutta Mountains in full view. This town 
 has a handsome court-house, good schools and churches. The whole 
 county is well provided with schools, and churches of the Baptists and 
 Methodists are in every section. The average attendance of pupils in 
 the public schools is 1,005 in the 38 schools for whites, and 120 in the 5 
 schools for colored pupils. 
 
 The area of Murray county is 352 square miles, or 225,280 acres. 
 
 Population in 1900, 8,623, an increase of 162 since 1890; school 
 fund, $6,499.66. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 188,267; of wild land, 40,165; average value per acre of 
 improved land, $3.60; of wild land, $0.29; city property, $14,400; 
 money, etc., $89,0YY; merchandise, $1T,330; household furniture, $43,- 
 846; farm and other animals, $153,523; plantation and mechanical tools, 
 $38,950; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,293; value of all other property, 
 $17,178; real estate, $704,316; personal estate, $368,595; aggregate 
 value property, $1,072,911. 
 
 Property retunied by colored taxpayers: ISTumber of acres of land, 
 350; value, $635; household furniture, $753; farm and other animals, 
 $2,712; plantation and mechanical tools, $450; value of all other prop- 
 erty, $76; aggregate value of property, $4,975. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $7,009 in the value of 
 all property since the returns of 1900. 
 
 Cohutta Springs are 10 miles from Spring Place on the waters of 
 Sumac creek. The water is said to possess splendid medicinal properties. 
 There are fine springs in almost evei*y section of the county. 
 
 On the Cohutta Mountains are the remains of an ancient fort, for 
 what purpose erected none can tell. 
 
 Population of Murray county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 4,075; white females, 4,027; total white, 
 8,102; colored males, 258; colored females, 263; total colored, 521. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900 : 1 calf, 4 dairy cows, 3 horses, 2 mules, 12 swine. 
 
 MUSCOGEE COUNTY. 
 Muscog&e County was laid out in 1826, and named for an Indian 
 tribe which once inhabited that part of the State. In 1827 parts were. 
 sot off to Harris, Talbot and Marion counties, and in 1829 parts were 
 taken from Marion and Harris. It is bounded by the following coun- 
 ties: Harris and Talbot on the north, Talbot and Marion on the east, 
 and Chattahoochee on the south. The State of Alabama, from which it 
 is separated by the Chattahoochee river, bounds it on the west. The 
 Chattahoochee affords steamboat navigation from the city of Columbus 
 to the Gulf of Mexico. The smaller streams, all tributaries of this river, 
 are TTpatoi, Eandall's, Wocheefaloochee, Bull, Standing Boy, Jumper 
 and "West End creeks. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 773 
 
 The soil is very much mixed. Half of the county is in the cretaceous 
 and half in the metamorphic region. In the northern section are rolling, 
 red clay lands; in the southern, sandy loams; on the Chattahoochee river 
 hummock lands; through the center of the coimty, a mulatto strip. The 
 timber growth is just as varied; from yellow pine and hummock to oak 
 and chestnut. The water is both limestone and freestone. A great deal 
 of the land along the Chattahoochee river is unsurpassed any^vhere in 
 fertility. In the portion subject to overflows so great is the yield that if 
 only one crop in every three should succeed, the river lands prove very 
 profitable to the owners. 
 
 Taking the average of all lands in the county the yield to the acre is: 
 corn, 10 to 12 bushels; oats, 11 bushels; seed cotton, 520 pounds; hay, 
 3,600; sugar-cane syrup, 100 gallons. The hay is chiefly made from 
 crab and Johnson grasses. On the best lands the yield to the acre is: 
 corn, 50 bushels; oats, 40 bushels; seed cotton, 1,000 pounds. 
 
 Fruits, melons, berries and vegetables of every description are raised, 
 especially in the vicinity of Columbus, for marketing purposes, and are 
 very remunerative to those engaged in this industry. Watermelons and 
 cantaloupes are very fine and bring good profits in the Columbus market. 
 There are 25 market gardens, large and small, and the value of truck 
 sold amounts to more than $30,000. There are in this county 127,980 
 acres of farm lands, cleared and uncleared, divided into farms averaging 
 about 600 acres each, every one of which is abundantly supplied with 
 water flowing from bold springs. Irrigation is practiced to some extent 
 
 There are 25 dairy farms, whose capacity is 600 gallons of milk and 
 500 pounds of butter per diem. The Jersey is the favorite cow. The 
 foods preferred as giving the best results are wheat bran, cotton seed 
 meal, corn meal, ensilage and hay from the peavine and from crab and 
 Johnson grasses. 
 
 The rearing of beef cattle for the market is attracting more attention 
 than ever before. It is estimated that the interest this year — 1900 — has 
 increased 50 per cent. In 1890 there were in Muscogee county 3,605 
 cattle, 155 working oxen, 1,484 milch-cows yielding 375,664 gallons of 
 milk, from which were produced 96,604 pounds of butter. There were 
 27,710 domestic fowls, producing 61,155 dozens of eggs. The consump- 
 tion of poultry is about five times as' much as are raised. This is prob- 
 ably true also of butter and eggs, all of which are brought in fi-om sur- 
 rounding counties. The honey produced in the county amounted in 
 1890 to"8,559 pounds. 
 
 There were also reported in 1890 148 sheep, with a wool-clip of 290 
 pounds; 463 horses, 972 mules, 2 donkeys and 3,338 swine. These sta- 
 tistics do not include the live stock in the city of Columbus. 
 
 Many fish are caught in the river and creeks, and many are brought 
 in from other points. Game is plentiful. 
 
 Yery little of the original timber is left in the county, not more than 
 20 per cent. About 40 per cent, of the county is under cultivation and 
 40 per cent, of what was once cultivated is covered with a second growth 
 of timber. Pine predominates, but in the northern part of the county 
 
774 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 there is considerable oak, hickory, poplar, chestnut and dogwood. The 
 products are slight. Some shingle®, staves, etc., are sawed, perhaps $8,- 
 
 000 worth in all. 
 
 Farm lands in Muscogee county can be bought at from $5 to $40 an 
 acre. 
 
 There are in Muscogee county five florists' establishments doing a 
 good business. 
 
 Columbus, the fifth city of the State in population, is the second in the 
 south in the manufacture of cotton goods, Augusta alone exceeding it. 
 Columbus has for 49 years been a cotton and woolen manufacturing 
 point, and there is here an abundance of skilled white labor, the only 
 kind used in the cotton and woolen mills of Georgia. The Eagle and 
 Phoenix Manufacturing Company has three mills with an aggregate of 
 1,492 looms and 50,000 spindles. Their mills use 18,000 bales of cotton 
 per annum. The Muscogee Mills have 450 looms and 16,000 spindles, 
 and use 7,500 bales of cotton. The Swift Mills have 400 looms and 
 13,000 spindles, and use 5,200 bales of cotton. The Hamburger Mills 
 have 210 looms and 6,000 spindles, and use 2,800 bales. The Columbus 
 Manufacturing Company's mill has 800 looms and 25,000 spindles, and 
 uses 6,500 bales of cotton. The grand total is 3,352 looms, 110,000 
 spindles and 40,000 bales of cotton. The Bibb Manufacturing Com- 
 pany, of Macon, is putting up a new mill which will have 600 looms and 
 20,000 spindles. Some of the mills of Columbus gin the cotton received 
 from the farm and then save the cost of baling. The total receipts of 
 cotton at warehouses and compresses are 150,000 bales a year. The 
 warehouse receipts alone are 60,000 bales. 
 
 Other manufactories at Columbus are : a sugar refinery, 2 compresses, 
 2 cotton seed oil-mills, 2 flour and grist-mills, 4 lumber and planing 
 mill, 2 foundries valued at $200,000, 1 plow and 1 gin factory, 1 barrel 
 factory, 3 sash and blind factories, 1 furniture factory, 1 box factory, 1 
 showcase manufactory, 1 ice factory, wagon, broom and pants factories, 
 
 1 guano factory, cider and vinegar works, marble yards and brick yards, 
 and one canning factory with a capacity of 8,000 cans daily. The num- 
 ber of hands employed in all these manufactories is 3,000, receiving 
 wages amounting to $15,300 a week. 
 
 Five cotton, 1 woolen and 1 flour-mill are operated by water-power. 
 There are two falls within the corporate limits of the city, and in this 
 county are 17,000 horse-powers yet undeveloped. Immediately contigu- 
 ous to the city and extending for forty miles north is an inexhaustible 
 supply of water power yet to be developed. 
 
 Corporations of any respectable magnitude, wishing to locate in Co- 
 lumbus, can obtain free and ample mill sites, well located for steam 
 mill plants with railroad front. 
 
 Columbus enjoys a fine wholesale trade, and the present jobbing 
 trade of the city reaches eleven Southern States. 
 
 There are five banks in the city with a combined capital of $550,000. 
 
 About 80 life and fire insurance companies are representel by 20 agen- 
 cies. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 77g 
 
 The city has gas and electric lights, water works, an electric street rail- 
 road and two power houses. 
 
 Seven railroads center here, and two of them have shops at this point. 
 
 Four lines of steamboats, plying on the river, give competition ia 
 freight by water. The court-house cost $105,000, the hospital, engine- 
 kouse and market $40,000, the United States postoffice $125,000. Tw@ 
 bridges spanning the Chattahoochee cost $25,000. 
 
 There are 18 churches for whites, valued at $265,000, and 11 for 
 colored, valued at $48,000. All denominations are represented. 
 
 Cohimbus was the first city in the south to adopt the gTaded public 
 school system. There are 6 city public schools for white and 4 for col- 
 ored children. The whole county is well provided with schools and 
 churches. 
 
 The average attendance of pupils in the public schools of Muscogee 
 county outside of the city of Columbus is 400 in the 18 schools for 
 whites, and 678 in the 19 for colored pupils. In the city schools of Co- 
 lumbus, which also belong to the public school system of Georgia, there 
 are enrolled 1,222 in the schools for whites, and 1,368 in the schools 
 for colored. Besides these there are 323 pupils in private institutions 
 for whites, and 160 in the industrial school for colored pupils. 
 
 In this connection the important work done by the Eagle and Phoenix 
 Manufacturing Company for its operatives, through the agency of its 
 president, G. Gunby Jordan, is worthy of all praise. The Eagle and 
 Phoenix Club was instituted for the exclusive benefit of the 1,800 oper- 
 atives of that great corporation. It has a large, bell-built brick building, 
 which embraces an auditorium capable of seating about 800 people, a 
 gymnasium and a free circulating library of over a thousand volumes. 
 Each member of the club is allowed to take home two copies from this 
 library at one time, and thus his family gets as much benefit from it as 
 he does himself. A physical instructor is constantly employed who meets 
 classes in gymnastics and athletics three times a week. At the auditorium 
 a lyceum course, embracing twelve numbers, is regularly given during 
 the winter months. These evening entertainments are of the best and 
 include illustrated lectures of travel, dramatic entertainments of a high 
 order, experiments in electricity, chemistry and liquid air. In addition 
 to these are concerts given by the individual members of the club or 
 tlieir friends. A musical class is taught by capable professors. In the 
 library much of the current literature of the day can be obtained. 
 
 Other manufacturing establishments in Georgia have adopted similar 
 arrangements for the benefit of their operatives. 
 
 According to the census of 1900 the population in the corporate limits 
 of Columbus was 1Y,61Y, but, including suburban resorts, it amounts to 
 about 25,000. 
 
 In 1900 there were ginned in Muscogee county Y,042 bales of upland 
 cotton, which amount represents nearly the production of the county. 
 
 The area of Muscogee county is 255 square miles, or 163,200 acres. 
 The population in 1900 was 29,836, a gain of 2,075 since 1890. The 
 school fund for the county was, by the report of the Commissioner of 
 
776 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Education, $7,646.63 for 1900, and to this should be added the special 
 assessment for the local system of Columbus, amounting to $9,515.35. 
 
 The report of the Comptroller-General for 1900 gives the property 
 returned for taxation as follows: Acres of improved land, 139,597; 
 value per acre, $9.39; city and town property, $6,046,665; gas and elec- 
 tric lights, $92,600; shares in bank, $516,015; money and solvent debts, 
 $1,077,920; building and loan associations, $216,190; merchandise, 
 $989,095; shipping and mining, $24,000; stocks and bonds, $453,790; 
 <;otton manufactories, $943,530; iron works, $158,100; household furni- 
 ture, $544,735; farm and other animals, $119,875; plantation and me- 
 chanical tools, $42,455; watches, jewelry, etc., $51,030; value of all 
 other property, $138,205; real estate, $7,457,615; personal estate, $5,- 
 497,540; aggregate value of whole property, $12,206,545. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land, 
 5,448; value, $91,175; city or tovm property, $153,735; money and sol- 
 vent debts, $1,815; merchandise, $695; household furniture, $68,930; 
 watches, etc., $405; farm and other animals, $12,580; plantation and 
 mechanical tools $1,990; value of all other property, $315; aggregate 
 value of all property, $331,640. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $1,043,285 in the value of 
 all property since the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Muscogee county by sex and color, according to the 
 census of 1900: white males, 6,813; white females, 7,416; total white, 
 14,229; colored males, 7,026; colored females, 8,581: total colored, 
 15,607. 
 
 Population of the city of Columbus by sex and color, accoi-ding to the 
 census of 1900: white males, 4,881; white females, 5,456; total white, 
 10,337; colored males, 3,009; colored females, 4,268; total colored, 
 7,277. 
 
 The population of Columbus, 17,614. 
 
 Domestic animals in Muscogee county in bams and inclosures, not on 
 farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 109 calves, 8 steers, 5 bulls, 383 dairy 
 ccws, 550 horses, 181 mules, 620 swine, 46 goats. 
 
 NEWTON COUNTY. 
 
 Newton County was laid out from Jasper, "Walton and Henry in 1821. 
 Part of it was given back to Jasper in 1822 and again in 1834. A part 
 was given to DeKalb in 1826. 
 
 This county was named in honor of Sergeant John Newton, a com- 
 panion of Sergeant Jasper, and a sharer with his friend in the brilliant 
 rescue of an American prisoner from a British guard, consisting of a 
 sergeant and eight men, at a spring two miles from Savannah, just within 
 the edge of a forest of oaks and gums. 
 
 Newton county is bounded as follows: Walton county on the north- 
 east, Morgan and Jasper on the southeast, Butts and Henry on the south- 
 west, and Eockdale on the northwest. Terminating in a point both at 
 the north and south Newton county has no strictly northern or southern 
 boundary. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 777 
 
 The streams are the South, Yellow and Alcovy rivers, all tributaries 
 of the Ocmulgee, which bounds it for a short distance on the extreme 
 south. 
 
 The soil belongs to the metamorphic formation. The surface is roll- 
 ing, and broken in the southern and southeastern parts of the county. 
 The soil is a stiff red clay, with some gray land in the eastern and north- 
 em portions. The lands under proper cultivation will yield per acre ac- 
 cording to location on uplands or bottom lands: com, 12 to 20 bush- 
 els; wheat, 7 to 10 bushels; oats, 10 to 30 bushels; rye, 8 to 10 bushels; 
 barley, 20 bushels; Irish potatoes, 125 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bush- 
 els; field-peas, 8 to 10 bushels; ground-peas, 30 bushels; seed cotton, 500 
 to 700 pounds; crab-grass, 2,500 pounds; Bermuda, 2,000 pounds; com 
 fodder, blade and stalk, 4,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 75 gallons; sugar- 
 cane syrup, 100 gallons. 
 
 The farmers are beginning to pay considerable attention to hay from 
 the cow-pea vines and such grasses as Bermuda,, crab, clover, and red-top. 
 All forage crops do well. 
 
 Attention is being paid to the improvement of dairy cattle and the 
 Jersey is the favorite. There is one dairy farm with a capacity of 50 
 gallons of milk a day. There are cows owned by the majority of farm- 
 ers, and butter is made on every farm. In 1890 there were in Newton 
 county 3,888 cattle, of which 1,568 were milch-cows producing 404,505 
 gallons of milk, from which were made 110,332 pounds of butter and 108 
 pounds of cheese. The domestic fowls of all kinds numbered 70,064 
 and produced 100,826 dozens of eggs. There was also a product of 14,- 
 840 pounds of honey. There were 299 sheep, with a wool-clip of 482 
 pounds, 686 horses, 1,596 mules, 5 donkeys and 5,080 hogs. 
 
 Vegetables, berries, melons and fruits are raised in sufficient quantities 
 for home consumption. The truck sold amounts to $8,000. There are 
 39,672 peach-trees, 6,678 apple-trees, 4,100 plum-trees, 1,730 pear-trees, 
 and 750 cherry trees. 
 
 The hardwood forest growth, except in the southwestern and south- 
 eastern section of the county, is almost destroyed. It has been mainly 
 succeeded by a second growth of short-leaf pine. The timber products 
 are inconsiderable, perhaps $4,500 worth annually in "old-field" pine 
 lumber and some oak and poplar. 
 
 The water-powers utilized are: on South river, 3 mills, 47 horse-pow- 
 eiis; on Yellow river, 8 mills, 267 horse-powers; on Alcovy river, 4 mills, 
 93 horse-powers. The water-powers not utilized are: On Ocmulgee river, 
 1,614 gross horse-power; on South river, 1,418 gross horse-power; on 
 Yellow river, 4,395 gross horse-power; on Alcovy river, 531 gross horse- 
 power. 
 
 Covington, the county seat, named for General Covington, is located 
 on a ridge 3^ miles east of Yellow river and 3 miles west of the Alcovy. 
 It has a court-house worth $35,000. A street railway connects the busi- 
 ness portion of the city with the railroad station. The Georgia railroad 
 connects it with Atlanta and Augusta, and a branch of the Central of 
 Georgia, with Macon and Savannah. It has for whites 3 Methodist 
 
778 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 churches, 1 Presbyterian and one Baptist, and for colored people 2 Bap- 
 tist and 2 Methodist churches. Churches for white and colored are in 
 every village in the county. Covington has a fine system of publie 
 schools. It has a successful bank with a paid up capital of $80,000. A 
 new cotton-mill to manufacture sheetings is approaching completion. It 
 will have 320 looms and 5,000 spindles. The capital invested is $100,- 
 000. Connected with Covington by a short railroad is the Porterdale 
 Mill, belonging to the Bibb Manufacturing Company of Macon. This 
 mill has in operation 80 looms and 6,000 spindles, and a capital of $125,- 
 000. There are altogether in Newton county 10 sawmills. Several grist- 
 mills on the water courses have already been mentioned. The manu- 
 factories of every sort in Newton county are 31, with an annual output 
 of $193,472. This will be greatly increased when the new cotton-mill 
 gets into operation. The mill at Porterdale uses 12,000 bales of cotton 
 annually. 
 
 The cotton receipts and shipments of Covington are about 15,000 
 bales. The population of this city is 2,062, and of the whole district, 
 3,083. According to the United States census of 1900 there were 
 ginned in Newton county 14,373 bales of upland cotton during the sea- 
 son of 1899-1900. 
 
 About two milee to the northwest of Covington is Oxford, a town of 
 800 inhabitants, the seat of Emory College, which is one of the foremost 
 educational institutions in the South, and the property of the North and 
 South Georgia and Florida conferences of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, South. The population of the whole district of Oxford is 1,149. 
 This town is connected with Covington by a street railway. Other post- 
 offices are Almand, Cora, King, Sequin, Newborn, Newton Factory, 
 Snapping Shoals, Sarrsville, Stewart and Winston. 
 
 Newton is one of the best counties in Middle Georgia with a cultured 
 and refined population, enjoying the best religious and educational ad- 
 vantages. 
 
 This county has brick clay and granite of excellent quality. One gran- 
 ite quarry is in operation. 
 
 The area of Newton county is 259 square miles, or 165,Y60 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 16,734, a gain of 2,424 since 1890; school fund, 
 $9,773.34; Covington city school fund, $1,266.11. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 166,673; average value per acre, $5.88; city property, $45,- 
 241; shares in bank, $50,000; money, etc., $326,385; merchandise, 
 $115,520; stocks and bonds, $2,350; cotton manufactories, $549,270 
 household furniture, $116,015; farm and other animals, $155,261 
 plantation and mechanical tools, $48,000; watches, jewelry, etc., $9,514 
 value of all other property, $38,400; real estate, $1,428,636; personal 
 estate, $1,459,665. Aggregate value of whole property, $2,865,063. 
 
 Property retumed by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 
 4,074; value, $24,303; city property, $65,585; money, $1,385; merchan- 
 dise, $100; household furniture, $12,239; watches, etc., $313; farm and 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 779 
 
 other animals, $21,253; plantation and mechanical tools, $5,338; value 
 of all other property, $773.00. Aggregate value of property, $104,693. 
 
 The tax returns of 1901 show a gain of $136,845 in the value of all 
 property since 1900. 
 
 The average attendance of pupils in the public schools is 920 in the 
 28 schools for whites, and 689 in the 27 schools for colored pupils. The 
 city of Covington has an enrollment of 233 in the white schools, and 250 
 in the colored schools. 
 
 Population of Newton county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 4,348; white females, 4,241; total white, 
 8,589; colored males, 3,955; colored females, 4,190; total colored, 8,145. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 92 calves, 34 steers, 3 bulls, 141 dairy cows, 106 horses, 
 21 mules, 33 sheep, 279 swine and 2 goats. 
 
 OCONEE COUNTY. 
 
 Ocojvee County was laid out from Clarke, and derived its name 
 from the Oconee river. It is bounded by the following counties : Clarke 
 on the northeast, Oglethorpe on the east, Greene on the south, Morgan 
 and Walton on the southwest, and Walton and Jackson on the northwest. 
 The Oconee river is on its eastern boundary, the Appalachee on the south- 
 west boundary. Barber creek, running a short distance on its north- 
 eastern border, empties into the Oconee river. 
 
 The surface of the country is broken and hilly. The soil is meta- 
 morphic, with red and gray lands. According to culture and location the 
 lands will yield: com, 10 to 15 bushels; oats, 10 to 20; wheat, 6 to 12; 
 rye, 7 to 9; barley, 20 to 30; Irish potatoes, 100 to 175; sweet potatoes, 
 125 to 150; field-peas, 8 to 15; ground-peas, 20 to 40; seed cotton, 500 
 to 600 pounds; crab-grass hay, 3,000 to 4,000 pounds; clover, 3,750 to 
 5,000 pounds; Bermuda grass hay, 4,500 to 6,000 pounds; corn fodder, 
 250 pounds; sorghum syrup, 120 to 150 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 75 to 
 100 gallons. According to the United State census of 1900, there were 
 ginned in this county, 7,349 bales of upland cotton of the season of 1899- 
 1900. 
 
 Some attention is paid to the improvement of dairy cattle. The whole 
 number of cattle in the county in 1890 was 3,102. There were 1,218 
 milch-cows yielding 339,490 gallons of milk and 120,915 pounds of but- 
 ter. All kinds of poultry aggregated 51,851, and yielded 52,056 dozens 
 of eggs. The production of honey was 11,043 pounds. There were 595 
 sheep, with a wool-clip of 894 pounds, 589 horses, 756 mules, 3 donkeyi? 
 and 4,409 hogs. 
 
 In addition to vegetables, berries and melons consumed on the farms 
 about $3,000 worth are sold annually. The peach-trees number 17,521, 
 and the apple-trees, 5,993. 
 
 Along the streams for the most part the forest growth consists of syca- 
 more, poplar, maple, ash and gum. Other sections have oak, hickory, 
 chestnut and walnut. There is also some short-leaf pine. The output of 
 the sawmills is about $5,000 worth. 
 
780 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 The mineral products consist of some mica, feldspar, hornblende and 
 gneiss. The water is pure freeistone. 
 
 On the Oconee and tributaries 4 grist-mills employ 360 horse-powers. 
 The gross unutilized horse-powers of the Oconee river are 4,923. There 
 are altogether 14 manufactories with an output valued at $46,836. At 
 High Shoals, on the Appalachee river, is a cotton factory with 150 looms, 
 5,000 spindles and a capital of $150,000. 
 
 Watkinsville, the county site, is located within a belt of red lands 
 which run across the county from the upper portion of Clarke southward 
 into Morgan county. It is on the Macon and northern branch of the 
 Central of Georgia Railroad, which traverses the county from north to 
 south. The Seaboard Air Line Railroad runs acrosB the northeast cor- 
 ner of Oconee county. The Watkinsville district contains, 1,535 inhabit- 
 ants, of whom 351 live in the town. 
 
 This county has 22 schools for whites, and 16 for colored, and the 
 average attendance is 621 whites and 739 colored. Churches for both 
 races are found in every section of the county. The Baptists and Method- 
 ists are the leading denominations. 
 
 The area of Oconee county is 184 square miles, or 117,760 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 8,602, a gain of 889 since 1890; school fund, 
 $6,102.92. 
 
 By the report of the Comptroller-General for 1900 there are: acres of 
 improved land, 112,614; average value to^ the acre, $5.95; city property, 
 $18,980; gas and electric light companies, $596; money, $57,389; mer- 
 chandise, $17,095; cotton manufactories, $65,000; value of household 
 furniture, $57,851; farm and other animals, $101,587; plantation and 
 mechanical tools, $31,817; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,619; value of all 
 other property, $20,118; real estate, $688,992; personal estate, $360,- 
 253. Aggregate value of property, $1,049,245. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 2,667; 
 value, $17,045; merchandise, $50; money, $375; household furniture, 
 $10,650; farm and other animals, $15,546; plantation and mechanical 
 tools, $4,097; value of all other property, $1,193. Aggregate value of 
 whole property, $48,979. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $26,890 in the value of all 
 property since the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Oconee county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 2,083;' white femalesi, 2,106; total white, 
 4,189; colored males, 2,199; colored females, 2,214; total colored, 4,413. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 16 calves, 1 steer, 38 dairy cows, 20 horses, 3 mules, 41 
 swine. 
 
 OGLETHORPE COIIN"TY. 
 
 Oglethorpe County was laid out in 1793. A part was taken ''^om 
 Greene in 1794. The boundaries were somewhat changed in 1799. when 
 parts of Oglethorpe were added to Greene, and parts of Greene to '^'^le- 
 thorpe. A part was set off to Madison county in 1811, and a portion was 
 
WICKSON. 
 
 This plum stands pre-eminent among all plums in its rare combination of good qualities, 
 color of the fruit is dark crimson upon a yellow ground. Ripens just after Burbank. 
 Will keep two weeks or more after ripening. Don't fail to try Wickson. 
 
 The 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 781 
 
 taken from Clarke in 1813. Another part was set off to Taliaferro in 
 1825, and a part added to Madison county in 1831. This county was 
 named for General James Edward Oglethorpe, one of the founders and 
 the first governor of Georgia. It is bounded on the north by Madison 
 county, northeast by Elbert, on the east by Wilkes, on the southeast by 
 Wilkes and Taliaferro, south by Greene and west by Clarke and Oconee. 
 Broad river separates the county from Elbert, and the Oconee river 
 forms a part of its western boundary. Little river is in the southeastern 
 part of the county. Other streams are: Long, Clouds, Dry Fork, Big, 
 Buffalo, Indian, Beaver Dam and Ealling creeks. 
 
 Although there are so many streams, the fish have nearly all been 
 caught out of them, and most of the game has been destroyed by the 
 negroes. 
 
 The face of the country is hilly. The soil is varied. In the western 
 part it is red or mulatto, in the central portion gray sandy, and in the 
 eastern a mixture of both. The soils result from decomposition of gran- 
 ite, gneiss, slates and hornblendic slates. According to location and 
 mode of cultivation the lands yield to the acre: corn, 10 to 15 bushels; 
 wheat, 8 to 15 bushels; oats, 12 to 15 bushels; rye, 10 to 15 bushels; 
 barley, 20 to 25 bushels; Irish potatoes, 80 to 100; sweet potatoes, 50 to 
 100 bushels; field-peas, 10 to 15 bushels; ground-peas, 25 to 50 bushels; 
 seed cotton, 500 to YOO pounds; crab-grass hay, 3,000 pound's; Bermuda 
 and clover, each 4,000 pounds; corn fodder, 500 pounds; sorghum syrup, 
 100 gallons. According to the United States census of 1900, there were 
 ginned in this county 19,276 bales of upland cotton of the season of 
 1899-1900. 
 
 This county is well adapted to the grass and forage crops. Those who 
 make hay find it very remunerative. There are two dairy fanns with 
 100 or more pure bred cattle. Some other farmers in the county have 
 pure bred and mixed cattle. There is also improvement in the breed of 
 beef cattle. The dairy cows preferred are Jerseys, Holsteins and Red 
 Poll. 
 
 In 1890 there were in all 7,181 cattle. Of these there were 2,581 
 milch-cows producing 640,333 gallons of milk, from which are made 
 194,134 pounds of butter. There are in the county, by a recent count, 
 6 Polled Angus bulls. 
 
 In 1890 there were in this county 1,301 horses, 1,924 mules, 7 
 donkeys, 8,497 hogs and 1,000 goats. The sheep, numbering 1,350, 
 gave a wool-clip of 2,087 pounds. The domestic fowls of all kinds num- 
 bered 84,593, and produced 88,970 dozens of eggs. The honey gathered 
 amounted to 20,736 pounds. 
 
 Vegetables, berries, melons and fruits are raised for home consumption 
 exclusively. No section produces finer fruits and melons. 
 
 The forest growth consists of the various kinds of oak, pine, hickory, 
 poplar, birch, ash, maple, sweet-gum, black-gum, dogwood and cedar. 
 The annual output of timber is 1,000,000 superficial feet, at an avernire 
 price of $5.00 a thousand feet. About 20 sawmills are engaged in this 
 business. 
 
 37 ga 
 
782 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 The mineral products are gold, granite, graphite and ochre. The gold 
 is now being mined and two gold mills are beginning operations with 
 .good chances of success. About $30,000 is invested in this business. 
 There is abundance of trap rock for road material, and granite of the 
 finest quality is plentiful. 
 
 There are valuable water-powers at Watson's and Andrews Shoals. 
 There are in the county 20 grist-mills, valued at $20,000. 
 
 Smithonia has a large guano and cotton seed oil manufactory, and is 
 the terminus of a short road known as the Smithonia and Dunlap. A 
 mew road is being built from this point to Danielsville and Carnesville, 
 the county sites of Madison and Franklin counties. 
 
 Lexington, the county seat of Oglethorpe, is the terminus of a branch 
 road which runs to Crawford, on the Athens branch of the Georgia Rail- 
 road. It has a court-house, valued at $35,000; a bank with a capital of 
 $15,000, and several prosperous commercial establishments. The Lexing- 
 ton district has a population of 1,960, of whom 635 live in the town. 
 This town has been noted for its refined and cultured society. Here 
 some of the most distinguished men of Georgia have resided^ — Wm. H. 
 Crawford, Thomas W. Cobb, Stephen Upson, George R. Gilmer and the 
 Lumpkins. Wm, H. Crawford was born in Virginia in 1772, and came 
 to Georgia with his father in 1783. As a young man he taught school 
 in Columbia county and then in Augusta. In 1799 he began the practice 
 of law in Lexington. For four years he represented the county of Ogle- 
 thorpe in the Georgia Legislature. In 1806 he was elected United States 
 Senator and again in 1811. He was afterwards American Minister to 
 Paris, then Secretary of the United States Treasury, and in 1825 re- 
 ceived a flattering vote for the ofiice of President of the United States. 
 In 1827, upon the death of Judge Dooly, he was appointed judge of the 
 northern circuit. This office he held until his death, September 15, 
 1834. 
 
 This county is well provided with churches and schools. There are 
 nine Baptist and eight Methodist churches for whites. There are also 
 many for colored people. There are a few members of other denomina- 
 tions. There is a Disciples' (Christian) church. There are 72 schools, 33 
 for whites, with an attendance of 1,030, and 39 for colored with an at- 
 tendance of 1,047. 
 
 The area of Oglethorpe county is 575 square miles, or 368,000 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 17,881, a gain of 930 since 1890; school fund, 
 $11,457.88. 
 
 By the report of the Comptroller-General for 1900, there are: acres of 
 improved land, 272,887; average value per acre, $3.48; city property, 
 $83,870; shares in bank, $12,000; money, etc., $196,235; merchandise, 
 $44,890; stocks and bonds, $18,050; cotton factories, $5,075; mining, 
 $400; household furniture, $59,352; farm and other animals, $133,503; 
 plantation and mechanical tools ,$32,890; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,786; 
 value of all other property, $32,819; real estate, $1,032,661; personal 
 estate, $545,390. Aggregate value of whole property, $1,578,051. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 9,036; 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 783 
 
 value, $30,579; city property, $2,850; money, etc., $457; household 
 furniture, $4,312; watches, etc., $55; farm and other animals, $17,567; 
 plantation and mechanical tools, $3,303; value of all other property, 
 $273.00. Aggregate value of whole property, $59,396. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $39,127 in the value of all 
 property since the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Oglethorpe county by sex and color, according to the 
 census of 1900: white males, 2,826; white females, 2,812; total white, 
 5,638; colored males, 6,184; colored females, 6,059; total colored, 
 12,243. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 8 calves, 12 steers, 19 dairy cows, 11 horses, 30 swine, 1 
 goat 
 
 The model farm of Mr. James M. Smith in Oglethorpe county, is a 
 good illustration of what can be accomplished on the average lands of 
 Georgia. 
 
 Returning from his service in the Confederate army at the close of 
 hostilities in 1865, Mr. Smith began operations on a few acres of poor 
 land, with one mule to aid him in his work, and himself holding the 
 plow handles. After "laying by" his crop, he peddled tinware during 
 the summer, driving that same mule. 
 
 A wealthy neighbor, to w^hom he displayed his wares, not only refused 
 to purchase, but with a mistaken idea that he had ingloriously abandoned 
 the field of agriculture, reproached him with leaving a noble calling for 
 the inglorious life of a peddler. , 
 
 "Give me time," replied Mr. Smith, "and I will own a calf pasture as 
 large as your entire farm." 
 
 About twenty years later Mr. Smith gave a dining to his neighbors, and 
 among his guests was his former critic. In the afternoon the assembled 
 friends walked with him over his farm, looked at his fields with their 
 promise of plenty, admired his dairy herd and stopped in front of his 
 calf pasture. Thming to his friend who had once so misunderstood his 
 purpose, he said: "I believe you return so many acres." "Yes," answered 
 the friend. "That is just the size of my calf pasture," replied Mr. 
 Smith. 
 
 These wonderful results had been accomplished by diligent labor in- 
 telligently applied. 
 
 A man of education, he had not disdained to study writers on agricul- 
 ture and to follow their advice, wherever it appeared suited to his con- 
 ditions. By studying the nature of his soil, supplying it with the neces- 
 sary plant-food, and diversifying his crops, using his brains as well as 
 his hands, and superintending everything himself, he has year by year 
 added to his possessions, until his one-mule farm has become one of the 
 largest in Georgia, covering 30 square miles of land, and giving employ- 
 ment to 1,250 men, women and children. 
 
 For years he has made an average of 25 bushels of com to the acre; 
 15 bushels of wheat and 1,000 pounds of seed cotton. 
 
784 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 For a number of years he has kept on hand 500 head of cattle, whicli 
 he pastures in the summer, and feeds in the winter on cotton-seed hulls 
 and meal together with forage. His milch-cows number from 75 to 100 
 and are Jerseys, Devons and Holsteins, some of pure blood and some 
 mixed. These cows have produced each year about 20,000 pounds of 
 butter, bringing from 18 to 25 cents a pound, wholesale. He has been 
 able to sell about 100 head of cattle a year without diminishing his herd. 
 
 The cattle are kept in an inclosure of fifteen acres, being moved oc- 
 casionally to another lot, and eveiy month or so the ground is turned. 
 
 Thus he has made rich, several hundred acres of land, on some of 
 which he has made from 30 to 35 bushels of wheat to the acre; on other 
 portions, two bales of cotton to the acre, and on some, 65 bushels of com 
 to the acre. 
 
 All this land, which at first was not worth more than $10.00 an acre 
 he considers cheap at $50.00 an acre. 
 
 "With agriculture Mr. Smith combines manufacturing, and the raw ma- 
 terial produced from the soil is turned into a valuable manufactured ar- 
 ticle by means of the steam ginnery, oil mill and fertilizer factory. 
 
 Mr. Smith hires negro laborers, and by his care for their comfort, and 
 skillful direction of their toil, combined with the guardianship which he 
 exercises over their affairs, wisely mingling kindness and firmness, has 
 won their esteem and secured their loyal service. 
 
 On his large estate, a sawmill cuts the lumber for his various houses,, 
 a brick-yard turns out the brick and his wagons are made in his own 
 shop. The carpentry work is done by men who learned their trade on 
 the estate. 
 
 Besides all these, his own railroad, lY miles long, hauls material to his 
 factories and takes his marketable products to the outside world. 
 
 Of three divisions of the farm, one is worked by convicts, one by wage 
 laborers, and one by tenants and croppers, the best results being derived 
 from free labor working for wages. Of 400 adult male laborers usually 
 T5 or 100 have been convicts, whom he did not use previous to 1880. 
 
 The average annual product of his farm is 2,200 bales of cotton; 120,- 
 000 gallons of cotton seed-oil; 3,000 tons of fertilizer; 20,000 bushels of 
 corn; 10,000 bushels of wheat; 1,000 of rye; 5,000 of oats; 6,000 ot 
 peas; 20,000 pounds of butter; 100,000 pounds of fat cattle; 50 pounds 
 of bacon and hams, besides such crops as sweet and Irish potatoes, water- 
 melons, ground-peas, sorghum, etc. 
 
 PAULDING COUNTY. 
 
 Paulding County and nine others were laid out from Cherokee and 
 organized in 1832. It was named in honor of John Paulding, of New 
 York, one of the captors of Major Andre. It is bounded by the follow- 
 ing counties: Bartow on the north, Cobb on the east, Douglas and Car- 
 roll on the south, Haralson and Polk on the west. A section of the 
 county on the middle of the western boundary projects in such a manner 
 as to have Polk on both the northern and western sides. There is a simi- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUaTRIAL. 785 
 
 lar, though, much shorter projection into Cobb county on the eastern 
 side. 
 
 The Tallapoosa river has its source in this county. Pumpkin Vine 
 creek flows northward into the Etowah river, and Sweetwater creek east- 
 ward and southward into the Chattahoochee. Other creeks are Little 
 Cedar, Day, Floyd, Hill's Camp, Euharlee and Raccoon. 
 
 In the month of May, 1864, the Union and Confederate armies faced 
 ©ach other along the line of Pumpkin Vine creek from Dallas to Alla- 
 toona. For ten days (May 25th to June 4th) there was incessant fight- 
 ing, and during this time three pitched battles were fought, viz.: 'R&w 
 Hope Church (May 25), Pickett's Mill (May 27), and Dallas (May 28). 
 The first two were favorable to the Confederates, the last, to the Feder- 
 als. The whole series of battles and skirmishes to June 4th are classed as 
 one engagement by both Johnston and Sherman, and styled by each the 
 battle of ^ew Hope Church. Sherman pronounced it a drawn battle with 
 decisive success to neither. 
 
 There are some fine bodies of land in this county, especially on the 
 creeks and in the valleys. The lands, from the best to the poorest, under 
 fair cultivation, give a yield to the acre as follows: corn, 20 bushels; oats, 
 15; wheat, 12 to 15; rye, 10; barley, 12; Irish potatoes, 75; sweet pota- 
 toes, 50; field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 15; seed cotton, 700 pounds; sor- 
 ghum syrup, 75 gallons. Some of the best lands yield double these 
 amounts of wheat and oats. A large part of the county is hilly with 
 some ridges that rise almost to the dignity of mountains. 
 
 Oak and hickory, pine, gum and maple furnish fine timber. There is 
 any quantity of building stone. Gold has been found in some places, and 
 in considerable quantities near Burnt Hickory. 
 
 There are good water-powers on some of the streams, and some of them 
 are utilized by grist-mills. Good freestone water abounds, and the cli- 
 mate is healthful. 
 
 In farm products this county shows up well. In 1890 there were 
 1,289 sheep, with a wool-clip of 2,016 pounds. Of the 6,025 cattle there 
 were 652 working oxen and 2,581 milch-cows. These 2,581 milch-cows 
 yielded 673,388 gallons of milk,from which were made 213,806 pounds 
 of butter. The 90,733 domestic fowls of every variety produced 192,- 
 367 dozens of eggs. From the hives were gathered 22,103 pounds of 
 honey. There were 594 horses, 1,267 mules, 4 donkeys and 8,644 
 swine. 
 
 Dallas, the county site, on a branch of the Southern Eailway, waa 
 named in honor of George M. Dallas of Pennsylvania, vice-president 
 under James K. Polk. The first county site was Van Wert, named for 
 a companion of John Paulding, who shared with him and David Wil- 
 liams the honor of capturing Andre and thereby discovering the treason 
 of Benedict Arnold. Dallas has a good court-house and a bank. It has 
 also a cotton-mill with 70 looms, 3,500 spindles, and a capital of $75,000. 
 The Dallas district has 1,866 inhabitants, of whom 644 live in the town. 
 
786 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900, there were ginned in. 
 this county 9,154 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900. 
 
 Methodists and Baptists are the prevailing denominations. 
 
 The schools belong to the public school system of Georgia. The aver- 
 age attendance is 1,161 in 47 schools for whites and 146 in 8 schools for 
 colored. 
 
 The area of Paulding county is 329 square miles, or 210,560 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 12,969, an increase of 1,021 since 1890; school 
 fund, $8,539.75. 
 
 By the Comptroller-Generars report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 134,593 ; of wild land, 21,006 ; average value per acre of im- 
 proved land, $4.31; of wild land, $0.68; city property, $72,699; money,, 
 etc., $118,101; merchandise, 42,845; stocks and bonds, $130; household 
 furniture, $68,736; farm and other animals, $168,602; plantation and 
 mechanical tools, $39,340; watches, jewelry, ete., $2,726; value of all 
 other property, $35,793; real estate, $883,208; personal estate, $524,791. 
 Aggregate value of whole property, $1,407,999. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 
 3,189; value, $13,372; city property, $1,380; money, etc., $207; house- 
 hold furniture, $3,156; watehes, etc., $87; farm and other animals, 
 $6,517; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,165; value of all other prop- 
 erty, $105.00. Aggregate value of whole property, $27,169. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $79,047 in the value of all 
 property since the returns of 1900. 
 
 Populatiom of Paulding county by sex and color, according to' the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 5,846; white females, 5,778; total white, 
 11,624; colored males, 729; colored females, 616; total colored, 1,345. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 44 calves, 38 steers, 1 bull, 80 dairy cows, 21 horses, 17 
 mules, 4 donkeys, 4 sheep, 181 swine, 2 goats. 
 
 PICKENS COUNTY. 
 
 Pickens County was formed out of Gilmer and Cherokee in 1853, and 
 was named for General Andrew Pickens, of South Carolina. It is 
 bounded by the following counties : Gilmer on the north, Dawson on the 
 east, Cherokee on the south, and Gordon on the west. 
 
 Mountain creek runs southward into the Etowah river, Talking Rock, 
 northward into the Coosawattee. There is abundance of cool freestone 
 water and the climate is bracing and healthy. 
 
 Along tJie watercourses and in the valleys the soil is fertile. The lands 
 under good cultivation will yield to the acre: corn, 15 bushels; wheat, 12 
 bushels; oats, 15 bushels; rye, 10 bushels; barley, 8 bushels; Irish pota- 
 toes, 125 bushels; field-peas, 15 bushels; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; 
 corn fodder, 300 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons. Tobacco grows 
 luxuriantly and to perfection, but not much acreage has so far been de- 
 voted to its cultivation. The finest cabbages and turnips are raised. This 
 is true of every variety of vegetables. Apples do well, and the growing 
 of the best varieties of peaches is becoming one of its great industries. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 787 
 
 The largest orchards are those of Judge Gober, who has 126,000 peach- 
 trees in this county. 
 
 In 1890 there were 2,527 sheep, from which were clipped 4,024 
 pounds of wool. Of the 3,760 cattle, 692 were working oxen and 1,254 
 were milch-cows producing 335,979 gallons of milk. The butter made 
 on the farms amounted to 95,563 pounds, and the cheese to 50 pounds. 
 Fifty-three thousand nine hundred and ten domestic fowls of all kinds 
 gave 83,781 dozens of eggs. Sixteen thousand eight hundred and thirty- 
 eight pounds of honey were gathered from the hives. There were 428 
 horses, 512 mulea, 5 donkeys and 7,327 swine. 
 
 This county raised in 1899 1,851 bales of upland cotton. 
 Pickens county is noted for its great abundance of the finest marble, of 
 which vast quantities are blocked out in the quarries and conveyed to 
 Marietta over the Atlanta, Knoxville and JSTorthern Railroad. Here it 
 is put into shape and made ready for the market. 
 
 Jasper, the county site, so named to honor the memory of the cele- 
 brated Sergeant Jasper, is located on the Atlanta, Knoxville and South- 
 ern Railroad. 
 
 Other postoffices are Alice, Blaine, Burnt Mountain, Hinton, Jerusa- 
 lem, Jockey, Ludville, McDaniel, Marble Hill, Mineral Springs, ISTelson, 
 Scare Com, Talking Rock and Tate. At and near Tate are some 
 of the richest marble quarries to be found in the United States. 
 
 At Alice is a cotton factory, the Harmony Mills, with 800 spindles 
 and a capital of $25,000. 
 
 The timber growth is that peculiar to this section of Georgia, viz.: 
 the various kinds of oak, ash, poplar, hickory, chestnut and short-leaf 
 pine. 
 
 The Methodists and Baptists have churches throughout the county. 
 Other Christian denominations are represented, but not in as large num- 
 bers. 
 
 The schools belong to the public school system of Georgia, and num- 
 ber 32 for whites, with an average attendance of 939 pupils, and 3 for 
 negroes with an average attendance of 66 pupils. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in 
 this county in 1899 was 1,851 bales (upland). 
 
 The area of Pickens county is 219 square miles, or 140,160 acres. 
 The population in 1900 was 8,641, an increase of 459 over that of 1890. 
 
 The school fund, according to the report of the Commiseioner of 
 Education, was $6,109.32 in 1900. 
 
 The Comptroller-General's report for 1900 gives the following valu- 
 ations: acres of improved land, 145,267; of wild land, 14,120; average 
 price per acre of improved land, $2.44; of wild land, $0.32; city prop- 
 erty, $47,555; money and solvent debts, $143,633; merchandise, $36,- 
 484; cotton manufactories, $10,010; iron works, $6,690; amount in- 
 vested in mining by citizens of the county, $50.00; value of household 
 furniture, $42,669; farm and other alimals, $81,742; plantation and 
 mechanical tools, $17,964; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,255; value of all 
 
788 GEORGIA : HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Other property, $85,586; real estate, $406,737; personal estate, $433,- 
 691. Aggregate value of all property, $840,428. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 992; value, 
 $1,986; city property, $255; money, etc., $1,268; household furniture, 
 $983; farm and other animals, $968.00; plantation and mechanical 
 tools, $134.00; value of all other property, $62.00. Aggregate value 
 of whole property returned by colored taxpayers, $5,608. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a decrease in the value of all property 
 since the returns of 1900, amounting to $21,222. 
 
 Population of Pickens coimty by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males;; 4,058; white females, 4,168; total white, 
 8,226; colored males, 197; colored females, 218; total colored, 415. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 90 calves, 13 steers, 4 bulls, 176 dairy cows, 108 horses, 
 30 mules, 448 swine, 6 goats. 
 
 PIEKCE COUN"TY. 
 
 Pierce County was formed from Appling and Ware counties in 1857, 
 and was named for Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, the fourteenth 
 president of the United States. The counties bounding it are: Appling 
 on the north, Wayne and Charlton on the east, Charlton on the south. 
 Ware on the west and Appling for a very short distance on the north- 
 west comer. Little Satilla river flows along the northern and half of 
 the eastern boundary. Big and Little Hurricane creeks, uniting their 
 waters, empty into the Satilla, which flows from west to east through the 
 county. It is a well watered county and the soil, under careful cul- 
 ture, can make per acre: corn, 25 bushels; oats, 20; Irish and sweet 
 potatoes, 100 bushels each; field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 50; seed cotton, 
 sea-island, 1,000 pounds; crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds; com fodder, 
 400 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 500 gallons. 
 
 The soil is especially adapted to the sugar-cane. Crab-grass produces 
 good hay and can be made to produce far more than the average given 
 above. As there is hardly amy need for housing stock in the winter the 
 grass is mostly used for pasturage. In 1890 the 5,772 sheep of this 
 county gave a wool-clip of 10,202 pounds. Of 10,863 cattle, 3,115 
 milch-cows yielded 149,837 gallons of milk. The amount of butter 
 made on farms was small, being only 13,124 pounds. There was of all 
 varieties of poultry an aggregate of 33,733, and their eggs numbered 
 53,150 dbzens. The production of honey was 17,723 pounds. There 
 were 819 horses, 274 working oxen, 140 mules and 13,162 hogs in 
 Pierce county. 
 
 There is an abundant supply of peaches, pears and tomatoes to give 
 employment to the canning factory. There is a guano factory, a cotton 
 seed oil-mill and a. lumber manufacturing company, which finds a plenti- 
 ful supply of material to work upon in the abundant forest growth of 
 the county. Rosin, turpentine and lumber are shipped from this county 
 to Savannah in great quantities every year. The annual output of sawn 
 
GEORGIA : HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 789 
 
 lumber averages 15,000,000 feet, and the turpentine farms produce 
 15,000 barrels of naval stores. While the supply of hardwoods is by 
 no means so great as that of yellow pine, yet there is a considerable 
 quantity of hickory, oak, black-gum, cypress, poplar and maple. 
 
 Blackshear, the county site, on the Alabah, the middle branch of 
 Satilla river, is located on that branch of the Savannah, Florida and 
 Western (of the Plant system), which runs in an air line from Waycross 
 to Savannah. Another branch of the same road runs across the middle 
 of the county to Brunswick, while another branch of the same system 
 runs through the southern section in a southeasterly direction to Jack- 
 sonville, Florida. Thus the people of Pierce county are well provided 
 with facilities for freight and travel. Blackkshear has several flourish- 
 ing mercantile establishments and good banking facilities. The entire 
 Blackshear district has a population of 2,802, of whom 876 live in the 
 town. Other postoffices are Avant, Coffee, Exeter, Hoboken, Offerman, 
 Mudge, Patterson and Schlatterville. 
 
 At Offerman the Southern Pine Company operates a circular saw- 
 mill which turns out 50,000 feet of merchantable lumber in a day. The 
 company has a short railroad of its own. 
 
 j±t Patterson there is 'i large cotton ginnery. Though but a small 
 town, it sometimes ships 1,000 bales of sea-island or long-staple cotton, 
 of which the county has fine crops. 
 
 At Blackshear there are the most complete cotton ginnery in the 
 State, a large fertilizer manufactory and a sea-island cotton seed oil-mill. 
 
 Truck-farming is carried on in a very satisfactory manner. Two and 
 three crops are gathered from the same land in a single year. The 
 easy railroad connection with the seaports of Savannah, Brunswick and 
 Jacksonville, make it possible to ship vegetables, fruits, melons and 
 berries with perfect safety. 
 
 As an illustration of what can be done in Pierce county in the truck- 
 ing business may be mentioned the case of Mr. Elijah Aspinwall, who 
 cleared from one and a quarter acres $151.95 in twelve months. On 
 February 5th he planted Irish potatoes, using four barrels of seed. 
 After paying for these, for fertilizers, for labor, cultivating and harvest- 
 ing and cost of barrels, he gathered 52 barrels of first-class potatoes and 
 five barrels of culls, making on his potatoes a net profit of $93.85. On 
 May 3d he planted corn and gathered 50 bushels, clearing $39.60. Then 
 on the same land he planted pea-vines and from them and the grass hay 
 cleared $18.50, a total on 1^ acres $151.95. 
 
 The schools belong to the public school system of Georgia. Method- 
 ists and Baptists are the leading denominations among both white and 
 colored. 
 
 The area of Pierce county is 518 square miles, or 331,520 acres. 
 Population of Pierce county in 1900, 8,100, an increase of 1,721 since 
 1890; school fund, $6,406.99. 
 
 By the Comptroller-Generars report for 1900 there are: acres of 
 improved land, 273,706; of wild land, 131,229; average value per acre 
 of improved land, $1.64; of wild land, $0.49; city property, $160,085; 
 
790 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 shares in bank, $25,000; money, etc., $188,854; merchandise, $67,1YS; 
 household furniture, $76,392; farm and other animals, $193,125; planta- 
 tion and mechanical tools, $24,559; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,495; value 
 of all other property, $89,009; real estate, $699,105; personal estate, 
 $674,686. Aggregate value of whole property, $1,343,791. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 
 6,878; value, $23,011; city property, $5,575; money, etc., $170; mer- 
 chandise, $53; household furniture, $6,205; watches, etc., $221; farm 
 and other animals, $7,234; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,234; 
 value of all other property, $520.00. Aggregate value of whole prop- 
 erty, $45,319. 
 
 In Pierce county, according to the United States census of 1900, there 
 were ginned 3,657 bales of sea-island cotton during the season of 1899- 
 1900. 
 
 The average attendance in the public schools is 1,025 in the 39 
 ischools for whites, and 164 in the 7 schools for colored pupils. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $232,860 in the value of al^ 
 property since the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Pierce county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 3,058; white females, 2,858; total white, 5,916; 
 colored males, 1,232; colored females, 952; total colored, 2,184. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 9 calves, 31 steers, 5 bulls, 25 dairy cows, 13 horses, 5 
 mules, 184 swine, 18 goats. 
 
 PIKE COUNTY. 
 
 Pike County was laid out in 1822 and received ilB name in honor 
 of General Zebulon M. Pike, of New Jersey, who, in a victorious assault 
 upon York (now Toronto) in Canada, on the 25th of April, 1813, was 
 mortally wounded by the explosion of a British mine. 
 
 Pike county has Spalding county on the north, Monroe on the east, 
 Upson on the south, and Meriwether on the west. The Flint river runs 
 along its whole western border. Big Potato creek, coming down from 
 Spalding county, rums from north to south through the eastern part of 
 Pike, and entering Upson empties into Flint river on the southern 
 boi'der of the last named county. Other streams are Elkins, Birch, Flat 
 Gap, Honey Bee, Sunday, Wasp, Fly and Rose creeks. 
 
 The general character of the soil is metamorphic, with rolling red 
 clay lands, interspersed with a gray, gravelly soil. Taking all the lands 
 of the county, the average production to the acre under ordinary meth- 
 ods of cultivation is: com, 10 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; oats, 12 bush- 
 els; Irish and sweet potatoes, 75 bushels each; rye, 10 bushels; field- 
 peas, 7 bushels; sugar-cane, 100 gallons; sorghum, 75 gallons; crab- 
 grass hay, 2,000 pounds; seed cotton, 700 pounds. But amojig those 
 who use the better systems of cultivation the average production to the 
 acre is: corn, 20 bushels; oats, 30; wheat, 15; rye, 12; field-peas, 15; 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 791 
 
 ground-peas, 40; Irish and sweet potatoes, 125 each; seed cotton, 1,000 
 pounds; crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 350 gallons; 
 sorghum syrup, 100 gallons. Some individual farms go ahead of these 
 results. The soil is well adapted to Bermuda and crab-grass, to pea- 
 vines, to all varieties of millets, and swamp grasses. Bermuda and 
 swamp grasses are used for summer pasturage, and cane for winter. 
 
 In addition to milk and butter produced on the ordinary farms are 
 the products of two successful dairy cows. Jerseys and a mixed breed 
 of the Jersey and the common stock are much used in this county. Cot- 
 ton seed meal and hulls with native forage are regarded as foods pro- 
 ducing the best results. Much more attention than formerly is being 
 paid by the people of Pike county to the rearing of beef cattle and im- 
 provement of the breed, and their stock is remarkably free from 
 disease. 
 
 In 1890 there were in Pike county 123 sheep, with a wool-clip of 502 
 pounds; 4,555 cattle, 183 working oxen, 1,781 milch-cows, 732 horses, 
 1,975 mules, 2 donkeys, 6,958 swine and 72,320 of all the varieties of 
 poultry. Among the farm products are 521,807 gallons of milk, 172,- 
 197 pounds of butter, 114 pounds of cheese, 104,074 dozens of eggs, 
 and 24,281 pounds of honey. Of course, there are the usual garden 
 products, and of these some $6,000 worth are sold over and above the 
 home consumption. There are 67,120 peach-trees and 7,203 apple- 
 tmes. About 500 acres were devoted in 1900 to the raising of melons, 
 but the people complain that their profits were much reduced by high 
 freight rates. There are 500 vineyards, covering in all 2,000 acres. 
 Twenty-five per cent, of the grapes are sold, and from 40 per cent, of 
 them wine is made. 
 
 The timber products are the usual hardwood growths and some short- 
 leaf pine. About 8 steam sawmills are busy cutting out the timber and 
 preparing it for use in building and general woodwork. The annual 
 output of the timber products is about $6,000. From the Pine Mount- 
 ains in the southern part of the county have come great quantities of 
 lumber and shingles. 
 
 There are good water-powers on tributaries of the Flint and Ocmulgee 
 rivers. On the former 288 horse-powers are used by flour and grist- 
 mills, and on the latter 56 horse-powers are utilized. Four thousand 
 two hundred and fifty-five gross unutilized horse-powers of the Flint 
 river are shared by Pike and Meriwether counties. There are altogether 
 7 flour-mills and about 25 grist-mills for corn. Some three or four 
 use steam. 
 
 There are located at Bamesville three firms manufacturing wagons 
 and buggies, and turning out 75 or more vehicles every month, selling 
 even as far west as Arizona and New Mexico; one cotton-mill for spin- 
 ning yarns, having 12,416 spindles and capital of $120,000; 4 knitting- 
 mills; 1 door, sash and blind factory and planing-mill, valued at about 
 $10,000; one shoe manufacturing company, and one Georgia Medicine 
 Company. The knitting-mills make cotton and silk underwear of fine 
 quality. At Williamson there is a cotton seed oil-mill. 
 
792 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL A2fD INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Zebulon, the county site, is on a branch of the Southern Eailway, 
 running from Fort Valley to Atlanta. It has a court-house and jail, a 
 hotel, 2 churches, Baptist and Methodist; a good high school and several 
 stores. 
 
 Barnesville, with a population of 3,036 in the corporate limits, or 
 4,9 lY in the whole district, is one of the most progressive of the many 
 thriving small cities of Georgia, located on the main line of the Central 
 of Georgia, between Macon and Atlanta. It has a good hotel, 2 banks 
 with a capital of $60,000, many successful mercantile establishments 
 and Gordon Institute, one of the best high schools for boys and girls in 
 the State. Tor the boys the military feature is added, and the Gordon 
 Institute cadets have won many prizes for their good drill and soldierly 
 appearance. The Methodists and Baptists have good churches with 
 full membership. A branch of the Central connects Barnesville with 
 Thomaston in Upson county. 
 
 "Williamson is at the point where two divisions of the Southern Rail- 
 way cross each other, the one running from Fort Valley to Atlanta, the 
 other from Columbus to McDonough and thence to Atlanta. 
 
 At Molena, in the southwestern part, of the county on the branch of 
 the Southern, running between Columbus and McDonough, is a bank 
 with a capital of $25,000. Other postoffices are Milner, Liberty Hill, 
 Concord, Jordan's Store, Lifsey and Hollonville. 
 
 The products of the county are marketed at Barnesville, Milner, 
 Williamson, Concord, Molena, 'NesH, Meansville, and Zebulon, each 
 located on one of the three lines of railroad traversing the county. 
 About 20,000 bales of cotton are shipped from this county, the receipts 
 and shipments being divided between these different points. So well 
 supplied is the county with the very best railroad facilities, that little 
 attention is paid to the county roads except in the immediate vicinity 
 of Barnesville and some of the larger villages. 
 
 Pure freestone water is abundant, the climate delightful and the 
 county healthy. 
 
 Public schools number 55. Schools for white and colored are sepa- 
 rate, as is the case in every county of Georgia. The average attend- 
 ance is 1,371 in the 33 schools for whites, and 879 in the 20 schools for 
 colored pupils. Church pirivileges throughout the county are unsur- 
 passed. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in 
 this county 14,281 bales ai upland cotton during the season of 1899- 
 1900. 
 
 The area of Pike county is 294 square miles, or 188,160 acres. Popu- 
 lation in 1900, 18,761, a gain of 2,461 dnce 1890; school fund, 
 $11,624.81. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 182,371; of wild land, 795; average value per acre of im- 
 proved land, $5.49; of wild land, $0.72; city property, $422,382; 
 shares in bank, $37,150; building and loan associations, $600; money, 
 etc., $146,102; merchandise, $95,540; stocks and bonds, $6,000; cot- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 793 
 
 ton manufacturing, $208,050; iron works, $70; household furniture, 
 $127,394; farm and other animals, $166,312; plantation and mechan- 
 ical tools, $49,747; watcheis, jewelry, etc., $8,338; value of all other 
 property, $51,217; real estate, $1,525,589; personal estate, $820,736. 
 Aggregate value of whole property, $2,346,325. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 3,421; 
 value, $19,256; city property, $18,486; watches, etc., $141; household 
 furniture, $12,504; farm and other animals, $19,588; plantation and 
 mechanical tools, $39,116; value of all other property, $1,100. Aggre- 
 gate value of whole property, $76,508. 
 
 The tax returns of 1901 show a gain of $125,794 in the value of all 
 property since the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Pike county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of. 1900: white males, 4,551; white females, 4,607; total whites, 9,158; 
 colored males, 4,765; colored females, 4,838; total colored, 9,603. 
 
 Population of the city of Bamesville by sex and color, according to 
 the census of 1900: white males, 738; white females, 857; total white, 
 1,595; colored males, 680; colored females, 761; total colored, 1,441. 
 
 Total population of Bamesville, 3,036. 
 
 Domestic animals in Pike county in bams and inclosures, not on 
 farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 91 calves, 9 steers, 1 bull, 189 dairy 
 cows, 229 horses, 56 mules, 404 swine and 38 goats. 
 
 POLK COimTY. 
 
 Polh County was formed in 1851, chiefly from Paulding, and was 
 named for James K. Polk of Tennessee, the eleventh president of the 
 United States. Its boundaries are as follows: Bartow and Floyd coun- 
 ties on the north, Paulding on the east and also south of a little comer 
 of it, Haralson on the south, and the State of Alabama on the west. 
 Euharlee, Cedar, Raccoon and Sweetwater creeks flow through the 
 county, and the lands along their courses are very productive. The 
 lands in Cedar valley, through which runs Cedar creek, are equal to the 
 celebrated blue-grass lands of Kentucky. In many places this valley 
 has the appearance of a river bottom. 
 
 The lands of Polk county, well cultivated, will yield to the acre: com, 
 20 bushels; oats, 30; wheat, 15; rye, 10; barley, 25; Irish potatoes, 
 100; sweet potatoes, 50; field-peas, 15; ground-peas, 20; seed cotton, 
 800 pounds; crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds; Bermuda grass hay, 4,000 
 pounds; com fodder, 450 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons; 
 sugar-cane syrup, 50 gallons. Some of the lands in Cedar Valley wiU 
 double many of these products and more than double others. They 
 are sufficiently level for all practical purposes and are well watered by 
 springs and running streams. Even some of the hill-sides are equal to 
 the valley lands in the production of clover and the cereals. 
 
 This is a good county for all farm stock. In 1890 there were 1,499 
 sheep producing 2,848 pounds of wool. Of 4,998 cattle there were 
 1,958 milch-cows yielding 562,836 gallons of milk, from which 
 were made 194,870 pounds of butter. The domestic fowls of all 
 
794 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 kinds were 78,476 in nimiber, producing 127,534 dozens of eggs, and 
 from the hives were collected 19,730 pounds of honey. There were 
 S30 horses, 1,167 mules, 6 donkeys and 7,914 hogs. The working oxen 
 numbered 378. 
 
 The forest growth is chiefly of the hardwoods peculiar to this section 
 and some short-leaf pine. 
 
 Cedartown, the county site, is so named on account of the extent of 
 the cedar growth in its vicinity. It is a gi-owing little city, which nearly 
 doubled in population between 1880 and 1890, and has, by the census 
 of 1900, 2,823 inhabitants. The Cedartown district, which includes the 
 city, contains 6,478 inhabitants. It is on the former Chattanooga, 
 Kome and Southern Railway, now a branch of the Central of Geor- 
 gia system, at the point where it is crossed by the East and West Rail- 
 road. The city has 'graded schools and good church buildings. The 
 Methodists and Baptists are the leading denominations. 
 
 There are two cotton factories at Cedartown: the Cedartown Cotton 
 Company, with 23,600 spindles, and a capital of $350,000, and the 
 Standard Cotton Mills with 10,000 spindles and a capital of $100,000. 
 
 There are also the Josephine Mills, knitting and spinnig, with 3,000 
 spindles, and the Juanita "Knitting Mills, employing 60 operatives. The 
 sum total of these mills is 36,662 spindles, 1,070 operatives and a weekly 
 pay-roll of $4,650. A new company has been establiehed vdth $175,- 
 000 in hand for the erection of a new mill of 10,000 spindles. There 
 are besides, a cotton seed oil-mill, an electric power cotton-gin, and an 
 iron furnace, which pays out annually $200,000 for ore, wages and 
 everything needed for mining it. 
 
 Other postoffices in the county are Bussy, Daniels, Davittes, Esom 
 Hill, Etna, Fish, FuUwood Springs, Grady, Greenway, Hamlet, Lake 
 Creek, Oreville, Pasco, Priors, Eockmart., Seney, Young and Walthall. 
 
 The slate quarry near Rockmart yields an apparently inexhaustible 
 supply of excellent slate for roofing. There is at Rockmart the Pied- 
 mont Institute, which is doing a splendid work for the boys and girls of 
 that section of Georgia. The Rockmart district has 3,474 inhabitants, 
 of whom 575 live in the town. 
 
 The public schools of the county have an average attendance of 1,094 
 in the 31 schools for whites, and 531 in the 17 schools for colored pupils. 
 In the white schools of Cedartown are 350 pupils, and in the colored' 
 schools 35. 
 
 According to the census of 1900 there were ginned in Polk county 
 8,852 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900. 
 
 The area of Polk county is 292 square miles, or 186,880 acres. Popu- 
 lation in 1900, 17,856, an increase of 2,911 since 1890; school fund, 
 $10,408.56. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 178,317; of wild land, 52,683; average price per acre of 
 improved land, $6.49; of wild land, $0.75; city property, $549,532; 
 shares in bank, $38,500; money, etc., $219,688; stocks and bonds, $300; 
 merchandise, $101,418; cotton manufactories, $228,050; iron works, 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 795 
 
 $30,500; in mining, $14,100; household furniture, $112,762; farm and 
 otlier animals, $170,355; plantation and mechanical tools, $46,699; 
 watches, jewelry, etc., $9,735; value of all other property, $53,810; real 
 estate, $1,746,584; personal estate, $1,240,147. Aggregate value of 
 whole property, $2,986,731. 
 
 Property owned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 9,152; 
 value, $31,804; city property, $10,722; money, etc., $296; merchan- 
 dise, $10; household furniture, $8,402; watches, etc., $207; farm and 
 other animals, $15,762; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,138; value 
 of all other property, $988.00. Aggregate value of whole property 
 $71,023. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $463,630 in the value of all 
 property since 1900. 
 
 Population of Polk county, by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 6,642; white females, 6,295; total white, 12,937; 
 colored males, 2,556; colored females, 2,363; total colored, 4,919. 
 
 Population of Cedartown by sex and color, according to the census of 
 1900: white males, 1,044; white females, 1,023; total white, 2,067; 
 colored males, 362; colored females, 395; total colored, 756. 
 
 Total population of Cedartown, 2,823. 
 
 Domestic animals in Polk county in barns and inclosures, not on 
 farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 111 calves, 57 steers, 2 bulls, 275 dairy 
 cows, 184 horses, 2 donkeys, 392 swine, 225 goats. 
 
 PULASKI COUNTY. 
 
 Pulaski County was laid out from Laurens in 1808, and named in 
 honor of Count Pulaski, a Polish nobleman who lost his life fighting 
 for American liberty at Savannah on the 9th of October, 1779. This 
 county is so shaped that it cannot be bounded in the usual way. The 
 Ocmulgee river, entering on the western side, flows in a southeasterly 
 direction, dividing the county into a northeastern and a southern sec- 
 tion. The following counties bound it: Laurens on the northeast, and 
 Twiggs on the northwest, Dodge on thfe southeast and east, Wilcox on 
 the south, Dooly on the weet, and Houston partly west and partly north- 
 west. The lower part of the county is generally level; the upper or 
 northeastern part, rolling. 
 
 About ^ of the soil is red clay, the remainder a sandy loam. Those 
 lands to the northeast of the Ocmulgee river are generally the best. 
 
 Under ordinary methods the average production to the acre for the 
 county is: corn, 10 bushels; wheat, 8; oats, 15; field-peas, 8; ground- 
 peas, 50; Irish and sweet potatoes, 100 bushels each; upland seed cotton, 
 500 pounds. But under improved methods of cultivation the produc- 
 tion per acre will average: corn and oats, 20 bushels each; wheat, 12; 
 rye, 6; Irish and sweet potatoes, 150 iDushels each; field-peas, 15; 
 ground-peas, 75; upland seed cotton, 600 pounds; crab-grasis hay, 4,000 
 pounds; corn fodder, 200 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons; sugar- 
 cane syrup, 300 gallons. 
 
 A considerable amount of hay is raised from native grasses, crab, 
 
796 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 crowfoot and Bermuda, and from the pea-vine and German millet. Tlie 
 native grasses are used for summer pasturage and rye for winter. Milk 
 and butter are produced on all the farms, and there is one special daiiy 
 farm. Hitherto the improvement in beef cattle has been very limited, but 
 more interest is now being manifested. Considerable improvement in 
 stock is reported. 
 
 In 1890 there were in this county 928 sheep, yielding 1,918 pounds 
 of wool; 6,146 cattle, 1,954 of these being milch-cows giving 2 57, TOY 
 gallons of milk. The production of butter was 5Y,727 pounds. Of all 
 kinds of poultry the sum was 60,026, and they produced 86,938 dozens 
 of eggs. The honey produced was 5,860 pounds. There were 950 
 horses, 1,594 mules, 1 donkey, 337 working oxen and 17,405 hogs. 
 
 There is a good supply of such game as quail and wild turkeys. 
 
 Several tributaries of the Ocmulgee, viz. : Little Ocmulgee river, Big 
 and Reedy creeks water the county. They are well stocked with fish 
 and afford good water-powers. In the neighborhood of Hawkinsville 
 are about 260 horse-powers, some of which are utilized by grist-mills. 
 
 There are some 25,000 acres of original pine, and 20,000 acres in 
 swamp lands, abounding in hardwoods suitable for manufacturing pur- 
 poses. The annual output of lumber is 35,000,000 superficial feet at an. 
 average price of $8 a thousand feet. 
 
 There is abundance of clay suitable for making brick. There is also 
 limestone, but neither is being worked to any great extent. 
 
 There are in Pulaski county several manufacturing establishments, 
 some in operation, and others in process of construction. In Cochran 
 are two variety works, and at Hawkinsville one barrel factory, with a 
 capacity of 400 barrels a day, one carriage factory and one cotton seed 
 oil-mill. There is one flour-mill, valued at $3,000, also 12 grist-mills 
 with an aggregate value of $20,000; 13 sawmills with a total valua- 
 tion of $35,000. All these are operated by steam, with the exception 
 of 4 grist-mills. There are also 2 turpentine distilleries. There are 2 
 cotton-mills, 1 at Hawkinsville, the other at Cochran, with 5,000 spin- 
 dles and a capital of $100,000 each; also a cotton seed-oil milU in Coch- 
 ran, l^ear Hawkinsville is a vineyard of 30 acres, producing very fine 
 grapes, which are used for the manufacture of wine. Twelve artesian 
 wells add greatly to the healthfulness of Pulaski county. 
 
 On the dividing ridge between the piney woods to the south and 
 the oak and hickory lands to the north, is Hawkinsville, the county site, 
 with a population of 2,103, located on the southwest side of the Ocmul- 
 gee river. The Hawkinsville district, which includes the town, has 
 4,104 inhabitants. A short branch railroad of the Southern Eailway 
 connects it with Cochran on the main line of that system, running be- 
 tween Macon and Brunswick. The Wrightsville and Tennille Railroad 
 gives Hawkinsville a connection at Tennille with the Central of Geor- 
 gia to Savannah, and with another branch of the Southern to Augusta. 
 Still another road connects Hawkinsville with the Georgia Southern 
 and Florida at Worth. Hawkinsville has besides, a line of steamboats 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 797 
 
 on the Ocmulgee and Altamaha rivers to Darien and thence to Bruns- 
 wick. There are at Hawkinsville two banks with a capital of $50,000 
 each, a court-house worth $30,000; six life and fire insurance agencies, 
 an ice factory and an electric light plant in full operation. There are 
 in Hawkinsville Methodist, Baptist and Episcopal churches. The 
 Presbyterians also are well represented. Throughout the county Meth- 
 odists and Baptists predominate. Public and private schools abound 
 in town and country. The average attendance in the public schools is 
 812 in the 36 Jschools for whites and 776 in the 21 for colored. In the 
 white schools of Hawkinsville are enrolled 250 pupils, and in the col- 
 ored schools 150. 
 
 Cochran has a bank with a capital of $25,000 and three life and fire 
 insurance agencies. The Cochran district contains 2,385 inhabitants, 
 1,531 of this number are in the corporate limits of the town. 
 
 The products of Pulaski county are marketed in Hawkinsville, Coch- 
 ran and Macon. Of the 25,000 bales of cotton received and shipped 
 from the county 11,000 are handled at Hawkinsville. According to 
 the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in Pulaski county 
 16,431 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900. 
 
 The area of Pulaski county is 477 square miles, or 305,280 acres. 
 
 Population in 1900, 18,489, an increase of 1,930 since 1890; school 
 fund, $11,368.99. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 281,949; of wild land, 11,199; average price per acre of 
 improved land, $3.12; of wild land, $1.87; city property, $434,443; 
 shares in bank, $100,000; money, etc., $178,517; merchandise, $135,- 
 847; stocks and bonds, $6,000; shipping and tonnage, $1,025; cotton 
 manufactories, $8,200; household furniture, $133,477; farm and other 
 animals, $202,733; plantation and mechanical tools, $48,183; watches, 
 jewelry, etc., $9,563; real estate, $1,335,514; personal estate, $991,- 
 743; value of all other property, $52,952; aggregate value of property, 
 $2,227,257. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: l^umber of acres of land, 
 13,205; value, $45,321; city property, $28,306; money, etc., $762; 
 merchandise, $222; household furniture, $24,027; watches, etc., $387; 
 farm and other animals, $30,291; plantation and mechanical tools, $6,- 
 991; value of all other property, $2,493; aggregate value of property, 
 $138,800. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $151,726 in the value of all 
 property since the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Pulaski county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 3,758; white females, 3,702; total white, 7,460; 
 colored males, 5,489; colored females, 5,540; total colored, 11,029. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 91 calves, 45 steers, 1 bull, 166 dairy cows, 163 horses, 
 •94 mules, 1 donkey, 439 swine, 8 goats. ', 
 
 38 ga 
 
798 UEORGIA: lilSTOlilCAL AND INDU;STRIAL. 
 
 PUTNAM COUis^TY. 
 
 Putnam County was laid out in 1807, and named for General Israel 
 Putnam, of Massachusetts, one of the New England Revolutionary 
 heroes. It is bounded on the north by Morgan county, on the north- 
 east by Greene, on the southeast by Hancock, on the south by Baldwin 
 and Jones, and on the west by Jasper. Along its whole eastern border 
 flows the Oconee river, and through the western part of the county and 
 along several miles of its southern boundary flows Little (or Little 
 Oconee) river. Several creeks empty into these streams, viz.: Indian, 
 Murder, Cedar, Roody, Crooked, Sugar and Lick creeks. 
 
 The character of the soil is metamorphic, red clay, rolling land, much 
 of it mulatto or chocolate, underlaid by stiff, red clay subsoil. Some of 
 it is a gray sandy loam. These lands, under good cultivation, will pro- 
 duce to the acre: com, 20 bushels; oats, 25; wheat, 12; rye, 6; barley, 
 20; Irish potatoes, 75; sweet potatoes, 100; field peas, 10; ground peas, 
 25; seed cotton, 800 pounds; crab-grass and Bermuda grass hay, 4,000" 
 pounds each; sorghum syrup, 60 gallons; sugar cane syrup, 100 gallons. 
 Under ordinary methods the yields of all crops are not so good as the 
 above. More attention is paid each succeeding year to forage crops and 
 the grasses. 
 
 Bermuda and the native grasses furnish grazing until mid-winter,, 
 and, if that season does not prove severe, until spring. 
 
 Not as much attention as formerly is given to the raising of beef cat>- 
 tle. The introduction of the Jersey has turned the attention of the 
 farmei-s to dairy cattle. There are ten dairy farms which sell 50,000 
 pounds of butter annually with a profit of $15,000. In 1890 there were 
 in the county 4,793 cattle, 2,123 being milch-cows, of which about 300 
 were Jerseys and over 1,000 half breed and higher. There was a pro- 
 duction on all farms of 610,247 gallons of milk and 181,111 pounds of 
 butter. The honey gathered from hives amounted to 13,927 pounds. 
 There were 46,031 domestic fowls and their eggs numbered 104,954 
 dozens. There were 864 sheep, with a wool-clip of 1,928 pounds; 645 
 horses, 1,975 mules, 2 donkeys, 117 working oxen and 7,935 swine. By 
 a recent estimate there are 500 goats in the county. 
 
 The vegetables and melons raised are for home consumption, because 
 other crops, being considered more profitable, receive the attention of the 
 farmers. 
 
 Peaches and plums are raised for the markets, also some apples. The 
 peach-trees number 36,670, the apple-trees 3,815. The plum and pear- 
 trees number each about 3,000. There are two canning factories put- 
 ting up each 100 cases a day. 
 
 There are ten vineyards aggregating 100 acres. About 20 per cent, 
 of the grapeis are sold in the markets and from 50 per cent, of them 
 wine is made. 
 
 There remain in the county about 25,000 acres of original forest, the 
 growth of which is short leaf pine, oak, hickory, gum, poplar and ash. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORIC AL AND INDUSTRIAL. 799 
 
 In many places the oaks are dying from bugs or worms boring into the 
 trees near the roots. The annual output of timber products does not 
 exceed $4,000. 
 
 There are several varieties of granite, pronounced by competent au- 
 thorities to be as good as any in the State. 
 
 Twelve miles from Eatonton are the Oconee Springs, the mineral 
 properties of which are iron, magnesia and arsenic, considered very 
 fine for stomach and other troubles. 
 
 On the Oconee and tributaries are 9 grist-mills, using 433 horse-pow- 
 ers. The gross horse-powers of the Oconee ai'e 726; of the Little river, 
 237. There is one grist-mill operated by steam. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in 
 Putnam county 9,609 bales of upland cotton for the season of 1899- 
 1900. 
 
 Eatonton, the county site, is a beautiful little city of 1,823 inhabi- 
 tants, with pretty groves and nicely shaded streets. The Eatonton dis- 
 trict, which includes the city, contains a population of 2,491. It has 
 a court-house valued at $20,000, two banks with a capital of $60,000 
 each, a good hotel, several prosperous mercantile establishments, five life 
 and fire insurance agencies, good church buildings of Methodists, Bap- 
 tists and Presbyterians, graded schools and an elegant public school 
 building, and water works owned by the city. There is at Eatonton a 
 shoe factory with a capacity of 500 pairs of shoes in a day. There are- 
 now being constructed in the vicinity of Eatonton three cotton-mills: 
 The Middle Georgia, valued at $125,000; the Electric Cotton Mill, val- 
 ued at $65,000; the Quintet Cotton Mill, valued at $25,000. When- 
 these mills are completed, they will consume 6,500 bales of cotton an- 
 nually. The cotton receipts and shipments from Putnam county amounH? 
 to about 15,000 bales, of which Eatonton handles 12,000. 
 
 There are in Putnam county 16 schoolhouses for whites, with an 
 average attendance of 546 pupils, and 25 for colored, with an average 
 attendance of 608 pupils. 
 
 The churches of the county for the whites are 10 Methodist, 10 Bap- 
 tist, 1 Presbyterian. There are 5 for colored Methodists and 7 for col- 
 ored Baptists. 
 
 A branch of the Central of Georgia Pailroad passes through Eaton- 
 ton, connecting that place with Atlanta, Macon, Covington, Milledge- 
 ville and Savannah. The public roads of Putnam county are among 
 the best in all that section of Georgia. 
 
 Eatonton was named for General Wm. Eaton, of Connecticut, who 
 was greatly distinguished in the war with the Tripolitan pirates in 1805. 
 
 Other postoffices in the county are: Clopton, I'J'ona, Note, Spivey, 
 Stanfordville and Willard. 
 
 The area of Putnam county is 348 square miles, or 222,720 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 13,436, a loss of 1,406 since 1890; school fund, 
 $11,368.99. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 207,767; average value, $4.51; city property, $279,270;; 
 
goo OEOROIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 shares in bank, $109,800; money, etc., $202,106; value of merchan- 
 dise, $61,395; stocks and bonds, $1,800; household furniture, $60,562; 
 farm and other animals, $121,794; plantation and mechanical tools, 
 -$37,005; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,958; value of all other property, 
 -$3,178; real estate, $1,214,483; personal estate, $605,428; aggregate 
 property, $1,819,911. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number' of acres, 5,446; 
 value, $24,590; city property, $16,670; money, etc., $500; merchan- 
 dise, $65; household furniture, $5,310; farm and other animals, $23,- 
 338; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,055; aggregate value of prop- 
 ■werty, $74,528. 
 
 Six miles southwest of Eatonton is a mound composed of quartz rock 
 of different varieties. Upon it there is a vestige of an ancient wall 
 nearly circular and embracing 110 feet. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $51,206 in the value of all 
 property since the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Putnam county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 1,726; white females, 1,653; total white, 
 S,379; colored males, 4,834; colored females, 5,223; total colored, 
 10,057. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 80 calves, 10 steers, 59 dairy cows, 42 horses, 5 muleis, 
 116 swine, 1 goat. 
 
 QUIT]y:AN COUNTY. 
 
 (Quitman County was formed from Kandolph and Stewart in 1858, 
 ;aind was named for General John A. Quitman, of Mississippi, who waa 
 •distinguished in the war with Mexico. It is bounded on the north by 
 Stewart and a comer of Eandolph, on the east by Stewart and Ran- 
 dolph, on the south by Clay and a comer of Randolph, and on the west 
 by the State of Alabama, from which it is separated by the Chatta- 
 hoochee river. T'wo large creeks. Big Potato and Houchookee and 
 several smaller ones empty into the Chattahoochee. 
 
 The soil belongs to the tertiary formation, and is in the main a gray, 
 sandy loam and clay subsoil, with some mulatto, and some stiff black 
 bottom and hummock land on the river and creeks. It is varied in 
 character and productiveness. The average yield by the acre is: corn, 
 10 bushels; wheat, 10; oats, 12; rye, 8; Irish and sweet potatoes, 100 
 each; field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 50; chufas, 50; rice, 50; seed cotton, 
 540 pounds; hay from crab, Bermuda or Johnson grass, 5,000 pounds; 
 sugar-cane syrup, 186 gallons. But some of the best lands report yielda 
 as foUowts: Com, 40 to 60 bushels to the acre; wheat, anywhere from 
 20 to 75 bushels; oats, 40 bushels; rye, 50 bushels; field-peas, 15 bush- 
 els; ground-peas and chufas, 100 bushels each; rice, 60 bushels; Irish 
 and sweet potatoes, 200 bushels; seed cotton, 1,000 pounds; hay from 
 «crab, Bermuda or Johnson grass on river and creek bottoms, 14,000 to 
 16,000 pounds; sugar-cane symp, 315 gallons. Some report the largest 
 ^yield of sweet potatoes as high as 300 bushels to the acre. Although 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 801 
 
 hay does well, it is reported that only a few raise it. !N'otwithstand- 
 ing the great possibilities of the soil, many of the farmei's raise all cotton 
 and buy their com. But others diversify their crops and find it much 
 the better plan. Some, who raise cattle on a large scale, find it very 
 profitable. 
 
 By the census of 1890 there were in Quitman county 1,889 cattle^ 
 including 576 milch-cows, over half of the cows being improved breeds, 
 and a fair percentage of pure breed. There was a production of 131,- 
 493 gallons of milk, 39,094 pounds of butter and 30 pounds of cheese. 
 The production of honey was 9,535 pounds. The number of all kinds 
 of poultry was 19,280, and their eggs numbered 37,049 dozens. 
 
 There were 270 sheep, with a wool-clip of 380 pounds, 265 horses, 
 557 mules, 4 donkeys, 131 oxen and 2,881 swine. By a recent estimate 
 there were 50 goats in the county. 
 
 There is very little game in the county, but very good fishing in the 
 river and creeks. 
 
 The timber products are not extensive; about one-fourth of the orig- 
 inal forest still standing. There is about 2 per cent, of yellow pine, 
 the rest being the various kinds of oak, hickory, chestnut, beech, gum, 
 etc. Of the 4 small sawmills 2 are run by water and 2 by steam. The 
 total value of the timber products is about $5,000 a year. There are 
 two small flour-mills and four grist-mills in this county. The total of 
 all manufactories is 10, with an annual output of about $40,000. The 
 unutilized water-powers of the Chattahoochee river and tributaries are 
 117 horse-powers. 
 
 Vegetables, berries, fruits and meloois are raised for home consump- 
 tion. Not more than $1,000 worth are sold annually. 
 
 The county site is Georgetown on a branch of the Central of Geor- 
 gia Kailroad, which connects it with Cuthbert, Dawson, Albany and 
 Americus. The Chattahoochee river affords water transportation, and 
 steamboats run all the year from Columbus to Apalachicola, on the Gulf 
 of Mexico. 
 
 The county roads are in good condition. The products of the county 
 are marketed in Georgetown, Ga., and in Eufaula, Ala. Of about 7,000' 
 bales of cotton from the county over 5,000 are handled at Georgetown. 
 According to the United States census of 1900, there were ginned in 
 this county 6,243 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899- 
 1900. 
 
 Other stations on the railroad are Hatcher and Morris, each doing a 
 fair share of business. 
 
 There are some 20 schools in the county. The average attendance 
 is 150 in 9 schools for whites, and 281 in 11 schools for colored. 
 
 Baptists and Methodists are the prevailing religious denominations. 
 
 The area of Quitman county is 152 square miles, or 97,280 acres. 
 
 Population in 1900, 4,701, a gain of 230 since 1890; school fund, 
 $2,963.65. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 
302 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 proved land, 98,229; value per acre, $3.12; city property, $21,315; 
 money, etc., $36,940; merckandise, $11,115; household furniture, $26,- 
 733; farm and other animals, $54,898; plantation and mechanical tools, 
 $9,028; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,664; value of all other property, $8,- 
 818; real estate, $327,747; personal estate, $153,541; aggregate value 
 of property, $481,288. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: l^umber of acres, 1,907; 
 value, $6,304; city property, $880; household furniture, $1,547; 
 watches, etc., $42; farm and other animals, $7,505; plantation and me- 
 chanical tools, $1,462; value of all other property, $370; aggregate prop- 
 erty, $21,110. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $23,490 in the value of all 
 property since the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Quitman county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 601; white females, 653; total white, 
 1,254; colored males, 1,689; colored females, 1,758; total colored, 3,447. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900 : 19 calves, 12 steers, 40 dairy cows, 7 horses, 12 mules, 
 55 swine. 
 
 RABUN COUNTY. 
 
 Rabun County was laid out in 1819, and was named in honor of 
 William Rabun, Governor of Georgia from November, 1817, to Oc- 
 tober 25th, 1819, when he died. A part of Habersham was added to 
 it in 1828. It is bounded on the north by the State of 
 North Carolina, east and southeast by the State of South 
 Carolina, south by Habersham county, and west by Towns county. The 
 Chattooga river separates it from the State of South Carolina. The 
 Little Tennessee, one of the headwaters of the great river of that name, 
 rises among the mountains in the central part of the county and flows 
 northward into North Carolina. The Tallulah river rises in the north- 
 west of the county, flows southward, then turns for a while toward 
 the west, then to the southeast until it unites with the Chattooga to form 
 the Tugaloo, one of the headwaters of the Savannah river. 
 
 About ten miles above the junction of the Tallulah with the Chat- 
 tooga are the noted Falls of Tallulah, a description of which can be 
 found in the general sketch. The Tallulah river runs for a short dis- 
 tance along the southern boundary of Rabun county. Other streams 
 are War Woman, Tigertail, Wild Cat, Stecoa, Persimmon and Mud 
 creeks. This is a county of mountains, and from every direction there 
 are presented to the eye ridges of mountains, one behind the other. 
 Some of the peaks are Bald Mountain, Screamer, Pinnacle and Tallu- 
 lah. On the mountains are found wild turkeys, deer and some bears. 
 The streams abound in mountain trout. There are several valleys, Ten- 
 nessee, War Woman, Persimmon, Tigertail and Simpson. On all the 
 water courses are bodies of fine lands, but so hemmed in that one trav- 
 eling in a vehicle can reach them only by circuitous routes. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 803 
 
 The soils are varied, black loam, chocolate and alluvial, all producing 
 good crops except of cotton. The average yield per acre of the various 
 crops is: corn, 20 bushels; oats and rye, 15 each; wheat, 10; rice, 15; 
 field-peas and ground-peas, each 15; Irish potatoes, 200; sweet potatoes, 
 150; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons. Clover, Bermuda and all grasses 
 do well, and afford good pasturage for about five months of the year. 
 All kinds of vegetables do well. White head cabbages grow to enor- 
 mous size, and from them is made fine sauerkraut. The apples of this 
 county are very fine, and keep through the entire winter. 
 
 More interest is taken in the improvement of stock than at any pre- 
 vious time. Within the last year a number of breeded stock have been 
 imported, but there are no data by which to determine the number. 
 
 By the census of 1890 there were in the county 5,671 sheep, with a 
 wool-clip of 9,209 pounds; 4,633 cattle, 785 working oxen, 1,368 milch- 
 cows, 474 horses, 435 mules, 9 donkeys and 7,717 swine. It is esti- 
 mated that there are in the county 100 goats. o 
 
 Among the farm products were 300,029 gallons of milk, 69,992 pounds 
 of butter, 110 pounds of cheese, 12,357 pounds of honey, 36,489 do- 
 mestic fowls of every kind and 48,892 dozens of eggs. 
 
 There are over 200,000 acres of original forest, hardwoods of all 
 varieties and pine, but 75 per cent, cannot be profitably marketed at 
 present for lack of good shipping facilities. There are 5 sawmills, but 
 the output of timber is small. 
 
 The county has 25 flour and grist-mills. The water-powers are ex- 
 tensive, but exact data not attainable. 
 
 The mineral products are gold, copper, mica, asbestos and sandstone. 
 Iron, carbonate of iron and alum are found. On Persimmon creek 
 Powell, Stoneciphers and Smith mines have been operated with con- 
 siderable profit. There are now (1900) 5 mines and quarries in ope- 
 ration, employing about 200 hands. 
 
 Clayton, situated in about the center of the county at the foot of the 
 Blue Eidge, is the county site. It was named in honor of Judge A. S. 
 Clayton. 
 
 There are 9 Methodist and 20 Baptist churches in the county. 
 
 The public schools number 39 and have an average attendance of 
 1,101 in 37 schools for whites, and 30 in the 2 schools for colored. 
 
 There is one establishment for the manufacture of telephone and tel- 
 egraph pine. 
 
 The products of this county are marketed at Tallulah Palls, Clayton 
 and Atlanta. There is only one-half of a mile of railroad in this coun- 
 ty, the Tallulah Falls Kailroad, which runs through Habersham 
 county to Cornelia on the Southern Railway. 
 
 The area of Rabun county is 344 square miles, or 220,160 acres. 
 
 Population in 1900, 6,285, an increase of 679 since 1890; school 
 fund, $4,453.07. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 202,513; of wild land, 59,688; average price per acre of 
 improved land, $1.25; of wild land, $0.22; city property, $33,510; 
 
804 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 money, etc., $55,684; merchandise, $10,965; cotton manufactories,. 
 $300; household furniture, $23,637; farm and other animals, $81,530; 
 plantation and mechanical tools, $10,220; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,020; 
 value of all other property, $14,945; real estate, $300,490; personal es- 
 tate, $201,849; aggregate of property, $502,339. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: I^Tumber of acres, 914;: 
 value, $930; money, etc., $350; household furniture, $253; farm and 
 other animals, $766; plantation and mechanical tools, $109; value of all 
 other property, $35; aggregate property, $2,449. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $8,287 in the value of all 
 property since the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Kabun county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 3,036; white females, 3,068; total white, 6,104^ 
 colored males, 87; colored females, 94; total colored, 181. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges^ 
 June 1, 1900: 3 calves, 1 steer, 9 dairy cows, 4 horses, 18 swine, 8 
 goats. 
 
 RANDOLPH COimTY. 
 
 Bandolph County was laid off from Lee in 1828. A part of it was 
 given to Stewart in 1830. It was named in honor of John Randolph, of 
 Virginia, for many years a Representative in Congress and then Sena- 
 tor from his native State. It is bounded on the north by Stewart and 
 "Webster counties. An eastern projection has Terrell on the north,, 
 while a western projection has Quitman on the north. Terrell county 
 is on all the rest of its eastern border, while Clay and Quitman counties 
 bound it on the west. It is bounded on the south by Calhoun and Clay 
 counties. 
 
 It is watered by creeks tributary to the Chattahoochee and the Plint. 
 The chief one flowing into the Chattahoochee is Pataula. The Pachitla 
 and Fushachee flow south from the Ichawaynochaway, which emp- 
 ties into the Flint river. 
 
 This is an excellent county. The people give a great deal of atten- 
 tion to fruit. Vegetables of every variety are raised, and between $7,000 
 and $8,000 worth are marketed annually. Almost every family raises 
 them for home consumption. Very fine melons are raised, almost ex- 
 clusively for home use. Only a few farmers pay any atten- 
 tion to the cultivation of hay, but those who do, find it very profitable. 
 They generally raise the crowfoot and crab grasses with peas and har- 
 vest them together. 
 
 The soil belongs to the tertiary formation. It is generally gray with 
 a red clay subsoil. There are outcroppings of red surface subsoil in the 
 northern and eastern parts of the county. It is an elevated region, with 
 lands for the most part slightly rolling. The average production to the 
 acre on these lands is: corn, 10 bushels; oats, 12 bushel's; wheat, 8 bush- 
 els; rye, 6 bushels; Irish potatoes, 60 bushels; sweet potatoes, 200 bush- 
 els; cow-peas, 5 bushels; ground-peas, 10 bushels; rice, 40 bushels (up- 
 land); sugar-cane syrup, 300 gallons; seed cotton, 600 pounds; hay from 
 
ABUNDANCE. 
 
 Equaling m thrift and beauty any known fruit tree ; an early and profuse bearer ; flesh light 
 yellow, tender and juicy,' with a rich sweetness, ripening early in the season. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 807 
 
 crowfoot and crab-grass and peavines, harvested together, 3,000 pounds. 
 Under the best methods of cultivation the average of nearly all these 
 crops is greatly increased. 
 
 There are in Randolph county 85,000 peach-trees, 6,000 plum-trees 
 and 1,200 apple-trees. 
 
 More attention than ever before is being paid to the improvement of 
 the breeds of both dairy and beef cattle. In 1890 the county had 4,829 
 cattle, of which 1,860 were milch-cows. About one-fifth of the cows 
 were of improved breeds, a fair percentage being of pure blood. There 
 were 258 working oxen, 992 horses, 1,492 mules, 13 donkeys, 14,425 
 swine and 57,467 domestic fowls of all varieties. 
 
 Among the farm products are 317,045 gallons of milk, 75,472 
 pounds of butter, 180 pounds of cheese, 107,667 dozens of eggs and 
 28,623 pounds of honey; 185 sheep gave 194 pounds of wool. 
 
 About 60,000 acres of original forest trees are still standing. These 
 embrace ash, maple, poplar and yellow pine, all available for the mar- 
 ket. Some of these are being sawed every year, and the annual output 
 is about $6,000 worth, or 1,000,000 superficial feet at $6 a thousand 
 feet. 
 
 On tributaries of the Flint river are 6 grist-mills using 84 horse-pow- 
 ers, and on a tributary of the Chattahoochee (Pataula creek) is 1 mill 
 using 8 horse-powers. The unutilized gross horse-powers are on Roaring 
 Branch, 14; on Wakefortsee creek, 5. 
 
 The total output of all manufactories in the county is $24,860. 
 Two establishments are engaged in cultivating flowers and flowering 
 plants for the market. 
 
 Cuthbert, the county site, was named for Hon. J. A. Cuthbert, who 
 had represented Georgia in the United States Senate, and who died in 
 Mobile, Ala., at a very advanced age. This is a live little city at an 
 elevation of 446 feet above sea level, having a population of 2,641. The 
 Cuthbert district, Avhich includes the town, has 4,461 inhabitants. It is 
 located on a branch of the Central of Georgia Railroad running between 
 Smithville and Georgetown. A short distance from Cuthbert is the 
 junction of this road with another branch of the same system, running 
 to Fort Gaines. The Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians have good 
 church buildings and a full membership at Cuthbert. There is here a 
 good system of schools, and the Methodists have a fine institution for 
 the education of young ladies, Andrew Female College. An excellent 
 Baptist school is also here, Bethel Male College, 
 
 Shellman, on the same railroad, has also good schools and church 
 buildings. There are also many Episcopalians in Randolph county. 
 
 The public schools in Randolph county number 27 for whites and 24 
 for colored pupils. The average attendance of white children is 1,000, 
 of colored 990. 
 
 Cuthbert has one bank mth a capital of $50,000. Shellman has two 
 banks with a combined capital of $85,000. 
 
 The court-house at Cuthbert was built in 1885 at a cost of $23,000. 
 
808 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Cuthbert has a good system oi water works, also electric lights, two 
 grist-mills and two gins. 
 
 Other postoffices are Coleman, Springvale and Benevolence. 
 
 The products of the coimtj are marketed at Cuthbert, Shellman and 
 Coleman. 
 
 The total receipts and shipments of cotton are 22,000 bales, of which 
 Cuthbert handles from 12,000 to 15,000 bales annually, Shellman about 
 8,000 and Coleman 2,000. According to the census of 1900 there were 
 ginned in Kandolph county 18,558 bales of upland cotton during the 
 season of 1899-1900. 
 
 Among the industries of Cuthbert there are: the Eandolph Cotton 
 Mills, a carriage factory, machine works, ice factory and factories for 
 making spokes, hoops, handles, barrels, buckets, brooms and soap. 
 
 In Shellman and neighborhood are three sawmills, and the town has 
 a good retail business. 
 
 The area of Eandolph county is 476 square miles, or 304,640 acres. 
 
 Population of Kandolph county in 1900, 16,847, a gain of 1,580 since 
 1890; school fund, $12,963.80. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 261,253; of wild land, 202; average value per acre of im- 
 proved land, $3.55; of wild land, $0.25; city property, $349,185; shares 
 in bank, $39,500; money, etc., $178,475; merchandise, $94,305; 
 iron works, $1,200; household furniture, $97,165; farm and other ani- 
 male, $170,380; plantation and mechanical tools, $40,090; watches, jew- 
 elry, etc., $6,940; value of all other property, $40,720; real estate, $1,- 
 277,830; personal estate, $680,405; aggregate value of property, $1,- 
 958,235. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: J^umber of acres, 8,777; 
 value, $30,955; city property, $28,810; money, etc., $40; merchandise, 
 $310; household furniture, $42,300; watches, etc., $210; farm and 
 other animals, $16,985; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,355; value 
 of all other property, $1,045; aggregate property, $95,010. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $61,480 in the value of all 
 property since the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Randolph coimty by sex and color, according to the 
 census of 1900: white males, 2,699; white females, 2,851; total white, 
 5,550; colored males, 5,458; colored females, 5,839; total colored 
 11,297. 
 
 Population of the city of Cuthbert, by sex and color, according to 
 the census of 1900: white males, 410; white females, 460; total white, 
 870; colored males, 811; colored females, 960; total colored, 1,771. 
 
 Total population of Cuthbert, 2,641. 
 
 Domestic animals in Randolph county in bams and inclosures, not 
 on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 37 calves, 7 steers, 1 bull, 81 dairy 
 cows, 116 horses, 26 mules, 260 swine, 1 goat. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL A\D lyDlJUTRIAL. 809 
 
 EICHMO]S"D COUNTY. 
 
 Richmond County was known in tlie old colonial dajB as St. Paul's 
 Parish. The first settlement was at Augusta, which was named by Ogle- 
 thorpe in honor of one of the royal princesses. It was laid out in 1735 
 by the trustees of the then infant colony of Georgia, and gaiTisoned in 
 1736. Several warehouses were built here for the Indian trade. The 
 Savannah river furnished water transportation, the best known in that 
 day. As steamboats w^ere unknown at that time, long boats propelled 
 by poles made four or five voyages a year to Savannah, from whence 
 their contents were transferred to vessels that carried them to Charles- 
 ton. In 1777, while the newly proclaimed States were fighting for in- 
 dependence, St. Paul's Parish was made the county of Richmond, being 
 so called in honor of the Duke of Richmond, who in Parliament and on 
 all occasions championed the cause of American independence. In 1790 
 a part of Richmond county was set off to Columbia. 
 
 Richmond county is bounded on the northeast and east by the State 
 of South Carolina^ on the south by Burke and Jefferson counties, on 
 the western side along a straight line running from northeast to south- 
 west by Columbia and McDuffie counties. The Savannah river separates 
 it from the State of South Carolina. Brier creek runs across the south- 
 western part of the county, and after flowing through Burke and Screven 
 empties into the Savannah. Butler's creek, about seven miles below 
 Augusta, empties into the Savannah river. Other streams tributary to 
 the Savannah are: McBean's, Spirit and Rae's creeks. 
 
 The soil over three-fourths of the county belongs to the tertiary for- 
 mation, and is of a light sandy loam, easily worked and well adapted 
 to truck farming. Along the streams the soil consists of alluvial and 
 hummock land. In the western part of the county it is dry and sandy, 
 unproductive and covered with a growth of "black jack," oak and yellow 
 pine. The northern part of the county is high and rolling, with red clay 
 and gravelly soil, covered with hardwood growth and short-leaf and 
 yellow pine. The alluvial lands of the Savannah river are of unsur- 
 passed fertility, and are especially adapted to corn, hay and the small 
 grains. 
 
 The average production to the acre of the lands in this county is: 
 corn, 11 bushels; oats, 17 bushels; wheat, 6 bushels; field-peas, 10 bush- 
 els; ground-peas, 15 bushels; seed cotton, 576 pounds to the acre; hay, 
 made from Bermuda, crab and Guinea grasses, peavines and vetch, 2,800 
 pounds; sugar cane syrup, 70 gallons; Irish potatoes, 180 bushels; sweet 
 potatoes, 300 bushels. On some of the lands there are yields far ahead 
 of these averages. There have been produced as high as 800 bushels of 
 sweet potatoes to the acre by some of the truck farmers. There can be 
 grown 60 bushels of com and 8,000 pounds of hay to the acre on the 
 alluvial lands. 
 
 The truck sold in the county amounts to $85,000, 
 
 The melons are celebrated for their size and quality. 
 
 Augusta is one of the most noted melon markets in the United States. 
 
810 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 This county has 38,607 peach-trees, 8,617 apple-trees, 5,032 plum- 
 trees, 2,622 pear-trees and 1,343 cherrry-trees. Pecansi of superior 
 quality grow in Eichmond county. 
 
 The timber products are light. Perhaps the annual output amounts to 
 $8,000. 
 
 The 388 manufactories of this county have an output worth $10,069,- 
 750. 
 
 The total ma:ximum available horse-power of the Savannah river and 
 the Augusta canal is 34,090; the total developed is 14,000, and that in 
 actual use is 11,000. On the tributaries of the Savannah river 504 horse- 
 powers are utilized by 21 mills. 
 
 The mineral products are sandstone and some kaolin, brick and pot- 
 tery clay, all of excellent quality. 
 
 Eichmond county had on farms in 1890: 277 sheep, with a wool-clip 
 of 278 pounds; 1,806 cattle, of which 93 were working oxen and 912 
 milch-cows; 625 horses, 678 mules, 4 donkeys, 27,227 of all kinds of 
 domestic fowls and 5,094 swine. Among farm products were 165,992 
 gallons of milk, 18,923 pounds of butter, 25 pounds of cheese, 47,74& 
 dozens of eggs and 7,930 pounds of honey. These statistics do not in- 
 clude live stock in Augusta and other towns. 
 
 Augusta, the county site, is located on the Savannah river at the head 
 of steamboat navigation. By the census of 1900 the population of the 
 city was 39,441, an increase of 6,141 over that of 1890. If we add to- 
 this the population of the immediate suburbs, we have over 45,000 peo- 
 ple. Augusta is the third city in size in Georgia, and ranks first in the 
 south in the manufacture of textile goods. Appropriately has it been 
 called the "Lowell of the South" and "Fall Eiver of the South." The 
 great water power canal, nine miles long and 150 feet wide, o\\Tied by 
 the city, develops 14,000 horse-powers, of which 11,000 are now in use. 
 This immense power is available 12 months of the year and rents for only 
 $5.50 a horse-power per annum. The water of the canal is taken from 
 the Savannah river at a point seven miles above the city, where a lock 
 and dam of solid masonry are constructed. 
 
 There are mills belonging to nine different companies, having 6,188 
 looms and 220,166 spindles, which consume over 70,000 bales of cotton 
 annually. Several large cotton-mills located across the river in South 
 Carolina, though really a part of the city's industries and operated by 
 its capital, are not here included. If they were, as has been done by 
 persons estimating the factories of Augusta, the aggregate of mills, 
 spindles, looms and capital would be greatly increased. But we must 
 confine our estimate to mills situated in Eichmond county. Two of 
 these mills have a capital of $1,000,000 each. Their products are sold 
 in America, Europe, Asia and Africa in successful competition with 
 spinners from England and New England. 
 
 The folloAving is a list of the Augusta cotton-mills, with their capital, 
 number of looms and number of spindles; also Eichmond Factory in 
 Richmond county: 
 
OEOROIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. gH 
 
 Name of Mill. Capital. -Looms. Spindles. 
 
 Augusta $ 600,000 1,000 33,264 
 
 Enterprise 750,000 928 33,000 
 
 Globe 25,000 114 1,728 
 
 Isaetta 25,000 150 4,410 
 
 John P. King 1,000,000 1,812 60,384 
 
 Siblej 1,000,000 1,409 43,200 
 
 Sutherland 35,000 9,152 
 
 Warwick 25,000 224 4,100 
 
 Riverside (Batting Mill) ... 150,000 
 Richmond Factory (not running). 
 
 $3,610,000 5,637 189,238 
 
 The mills of Augusta manufacture brown goods, shirting, sheeting, 
 checks, cheviots, plaids, drills, duck, yarns, waste and batting. All use 
 water-power except the Riverside JVIill. 
 
 Augusta capital is also largely invested in the following South Caro- 
 lina mills: 
 
 Name of Mill. Capital. Looms. Spindles. 
 
 Aiken $ 400,000 766 27,500 
 
 Graniteville 600,000 1,106 34,990 
 
 Warren 500,000 1,000 35,000 
 
 Langley 700,000 1,300 43,000 
 
 $2,200,000 4,172 140,490 
 
 The Clear Water Bleachery and Manufacturing Company, whose 
 plant is at Clear Water, S. C, three and one-half miles from Augusta 
 and largely under the control of the manufacturers of that city, was or- 
 ganized in 1900 mth Mr. Thomas Barrett, Jr., as president, and Arthur 
 C. Freeman as superintendent. Here the manufactured goods of Au- 
 gusta and vicinity can be bleached. This company will also print cali- 
 cos, shirting, etc. 
 
 Among the manufactories of Augusta and vicinity are fertilizer and 
 cotton seed-oil factories, planing and lumber mills, brick yards, terra 
 cotta works, foundries, machine manufactories, wagon, buggy and car- 
 riage factories, broom factories and hay presses, shirt factories and 
 manufactories of medicines, clothing and minor articles. 
 
 Cotton is one of the greatset factors in the business of the city. 
 
 The annual receipts of cotton are from 200,000 to 275,000 bales. Of 
 this large amount of cotton only 3,764 bales (upland) were ginned in 
 Richmond county during the season of 1899-1900. 
 
 Augusta has railroad connection with five seaports and water trans- 
 portation to Savannah besides. The great trunk lines centering there are 
 the Southern, Georgia and Central systems in Georgia, and the South 
 Carolina and Charleston and Western Railways of Carolina. The lively 
 competition gives to the city great advantages in freights. A line of 
 
812 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 steamboats to Savannah also helps to secure lower freight charges to the 
 sea. 
 
 The trade transactions of all kinds amount to $65,000,000 a year. 
 The life and fire insurance agencies do an immense business. 
 
 The banking capital of Augusta amounts to $1,846,186. The total 
 bank clearances of Augusta in 1900 were $68,142,465.04, an increase 
 of $20,056,946.12 over those of 1899. 
 
 Few cities present a more attractive appearance than Augusta. Broad- 
 way, the principal business thoroughfare, is about three miles long and 
 180 feet wide. It is paved with asphalt and has a double track electric 
 railway in the center. The upper and lower portions have four rows of 
 magnificent shade trees with a carriage way on each side of the two 
 middle rows, while the space between these two rows forms a beautiful 
 promenade in front of each man's door. There is a similar arrangement 
 throughout the whole length of Greene street, which is about two and 
 one-half miles long and 180 feet broad. On Broadway, formerly called 
 Broad street, is one of the handsomest Confederate monuments in the 
 whole south, and on Greene street is a cenotaph erected to the Confed- 
 erate dead of Augusta and Richmond county, on which are engraved 
 the names of all the soldiers from the city and county who died from 
 disease or wounds while serving in the Confederate army. A monu- 
 ment of granite stands in front of the city hall erected to the memory 
 of Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall and George Walton, signers of the 
 declaration of independence on behalf of the State of Georgia. The 
 city hall is a handsome building which cost $100,000, and the postoffice 
 is another elegant structure. 
 
 Beautiful churches of all the Christian denominations adorn the city. 
 The school buildings also are commodious and elegant. The Academy 
 of Richmond County, on Telfair street, dates back to the colonial days. 
 On the adjoining lot is the Augusta Medical College, a department of the 
 State University. 
 
 On the Augusta canal stands the Confederate Obelisk, the tall chim- 
 ney of the great powder mill that stood there during the war between 
 the States. An electric railway connects the city with the beautiful town 
 of Summerville, where stands the large United States arsenal, one of 
 the most conspicuous buildings of which is the armory built by the Con- 
 federate government. Summerville contains in its corporate limits a 
 population of 3,245. 
 
 Another line of electric railway connects the city with Lake Olmstead, 
 a favorite evening resort of the citizens of Augusta. And yet another 
 line over a handsome bridge across the Savannah river leads to ISTorth 
 Augusta, a beautiful suburb on the Carolina hills. 
 
 The sanitary condition of the city is unexcelled by reason of its splen- 
 did sewerage and excellent system of water works. There is not a more 
 charming scene in the State than that of Augusta at night with its my- 
 riad electric lights, as viewed from the Bon Air hotel at Summerville, 
 or from Schultz's Hill and the heights of ITorth Augusta on the Caro- 
 line side of the Savannah river. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 8I3 
 
 In the public school system of Kichmond county, which includes the 
 schools of Augusta, there is an average attendance of 4,786 in the 36 
 schools for whites, and 3,499 in the 24 schools for colored pupils. Every 
 county district and city ward enjoys the privilege of a nine-months' 
 school term. 
 
 The area of Eichmond county is 272 square miles, or 174,080 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 53,735, an increase of 8,541 since 1890; school 
 fund, $36,671.72. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 192,850; average value per acre, $14.28; city property, 
 $10,290,895; shares in bank, $1,014,280; merchandise, $1,276,936; gas 
 and electric light companies, $183,350; invested in shipping, $1,510; 
 stocks and bonds, $483,090; building and loan associations, $474,556; 
 cotton manufactories, $3,093,737; money, etc., $2,071,531; house- 
 hold furniture, $809,110; farm and other animals, $206,172; plan- 
 tation and mechanical tools, $97,880; watches, jewelry, etc., 
 $76,030; value of all other property, $247,553; real estate, $13,042,- 
 765; personal estate, $10,712,070; aggregate value of property, $23,- 
 754,835. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres, 6,739; 
 value, $160,940; city property, $566,990; stocks and bonds, $300; 
 money, etc., $10,750; merchandise, $8,275; household furniture, $123,- 
 185; farm and other animals, $16,120; watches, etc., $230; plantation 
 and mechanical tools, $4,730; value of all other property, $1,825; ag- 
 gregate of all property, $1,046,760. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an apparent decrease of $751,720 in the 
 value of all property in Richmond coimty since the returns of 1900. 
 This is plainly an error, for there has been no cause for a decrease, but 
 for an increase in values. 
 
 Population of Richmond county by sex and color, according to the 
 census of 1900: white males, 13,280; white females, 14,159; total white, 
 27,439; colored males, 11,949; colored females, 14,347; total colored, 
 26,296. 
 
 Population of the city of Augusta by sex and color, according to the 
 census of 1900: white males, 10,066; white females, 10,847; total white, 
 20,913; colored males, 8,159; colored females, 10,369; total colored, 
 18,528. 
 
 Total population of Augusta, 39,441. 
 
 Population of Summerville town, by sex and color, according to the 
 census of 1900: white males, 916; white females, 1,025; total white, 
 1,941; colored males, 585; colored females, 719; total colored, 1,304. 
 
 Total population of Summerville, 3,245. 
 
 Domestic animals in Richmond county in barns and mclosures, not 
 on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 37 calves, 21 steers, 4 bulls, 764 dairy 
 cows 1 409 horses, 309 mules, 6 donkeys, 12 sheep, 148 swme, 47 goats. 
 
 Domestic animals in the city of Augusta in barns and inclosures, June 
 1, 1900: 30 calves, 16 steers, 4 bulls, 618 dairy cows, 1,197 horses, 294 
 mules, 6 donkeys, 10 sheep, 4 swine, 31 goats. 
 
814 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 SOME DISTINGUISHED CITIZENS OF RICHMOND COUNTY. 
 
 John Forsyth, one of the most distinguished Americans, and the man 
 who conducted the negotiations with Spain for the cession of Florida 
 to the United States; Governor George W. Crawford; Governor John 
 Milledge; George Walton, one of the signers of the declaration of in- 
 dependence; Governor Charles J. Jenkins; Richard Henry "Wilde, a 
 native of Ireland, a famous writer of prose and verse; Hon. Alfred 
 Gumming, at one time Governor of Utah; Judge Augustus B. Long- 
 street, author of Georgia Scenes ; General Joseph Wheeler, the celebrated 
 Confederate cavalry leader and subsequently in the Spanish- American 
 war commander of the cavalry division of the United States army in the 
 campaign of Santiago, Cuba, and who was bom at the Wheeler place, 
 on Rae's creek; General W. H. T. Walker, who fell in defense of his na- 
 tive State at the battle of Atlanta (July 22nd, 1864,), and who was 
 buried in the United States arsenal cemetery at Summerville; General 
 Thomas Floumoy, a hero of the war of 1812. Madame Octavia Walton 
 LeYert long resided at Summerville. 
 
 Camp McKenzie, where 8,000 troops were stationed during the Span- 
 ish-American war, extended from Monte Sano, on the outskirts of Sum- 
 merville, to Wheeless Station on the Georgia Railroad. 
 HISTORICAL INCIDENTS. 
 
 After the fall of Charleston, S. C, in May, 1780, the British overran 
 South Carolina and Georgia, and a British garrison, under Colonel 
 Thomas Browne, occupied Augusta. This Colonel Browne had been 
 very roughly handled by the patriots at Augusta in 1774, and the desire 
 for revenge prompted him to many acts of cruelty. 
 
 In September, 1780, Colonel Elijah Clarke, the great Georgia par- 
 tisan leader, laid siege to Augusta, and was on the point of effecting its 
 capture, when the arrival of reinforcements to the enemy caused Clarke 
 to raise the siege and retire. Colonel Henry Lee, familiarly known as 
 "Light Horse Harry," and the father of General Robert E. Lee, says in 
 his memoirs that Clarke's expedition against Augusta was the primary 
 cause of the assembling of the mountain riflemen of ISTorth Carolina 
 and Kentucky (the latter State being at that time the western district of 
 Virginia), who, assisted by some South Carolina and Georgia militia, 
 attacked and defeated the British and Tories under Ferguson at King's 
 Mountain, thereby checking the tide of British conquest in the south. 
 
 In the spring of 1781 Colonel Elijah Clarke again attacked the Brit- 
 ish at Augusta, where he was soon joined by the South Carolinians un- 
 der General A-ndrew Pickens. Being soon after reinforced by Colonel 
 Henry Lee with his legion of Continentals from Greene's army, the 
 Americans, by the 15th of May, had the British completely shut in, and, 
 on the 5th of June, received the surrender of the British forts and gar- 
 risons. This splendid victory was soon followed by the recovery of all 
 Georgia from the enemy, with the exception of Savannah, which was 
 finally surrendered to the Americans July 11th, 1782. 
 
 St. Paul's Episcopal church stands on part of the ground occupied by 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 815 
 
 Fort Cornwallis, where the British garrison made its stout, but unavail- 
 ing defense. 
 
 In 1791 Augusta, at that time the capital of Georgia, was visited by 
 President Washington, who was met five miles down the Savannah road 
 by Governor Edward Telfair and a military escort. He was entertained 
 at Meadow Garden by Chief Justice George Walton. 
 
 The first bridge across the Savannah at Augusta was built by Wade 
 Hampton, father of General Wade Hampton, the gallant Confederate. 
 Being washed away by the Yazoo freshet of 1796, another was com- 
 menced in 1812, and completed in 1815, on the day Vhen the news 
 reached Augusta of the victory of General Andrew Jackson at New 
 Orleans, in honor of which event the new bridge was decorated and at 
 night brilliantly illuminated. 
 
 The first steamboat on the Savannah river, called the Enterprise, ap- 
 peared at Augusta in 1817, on which occasion the stores were closed and 
 hundreds from the city and surrounding country flocked to see it. It 
 is said that many paid a dollar for the privilege of inspecting its works. 
 
 In 1825 Augusta was honored by a visit from the Marquis de La 
 Fayette. 
 
 It is claimed that Eli Whitney perfected his cotton gin on the plan- 
 tation of the widow of General Nathaniel Greene, in Richmond county, 
 subsequently owned by Mr. John Phinizy. Whitney received his patent 
 from the State of Georgia in 1793. The first gin practically operated 
 was owned by Patrick Moore, and was located on the west side of Wash- 
 ing-ton street, between Greene and Telfair streets. By a strange coinci- 
 dence, Mr. Joseph Eve, father of the celebrated physician of that name, 
 and grandfather of Judge W. F. Eve, of Eichmond county, wrote a 
 letter from Nassau, dated November 24th, 1794, in which he stated that 
 he had invented a machine for separating the seed from the cotton which 
 had been for several years used in the Bahama Islands, and for which he 
 requested a patent. It is not known what principle was involved in his 
 device. 
 As early as 1834 the Richmond Factory was built on Spirit creek. 
 During the four years of the civil war thirty companies were raised in 
 Augusta and Richmond county, and not less than 2,000 men out of a 
 total white population of about 10,000 people enlisted in the Confederate 
 army. Of these 292 were killed or died in service. The following gen- 
 eral ofiicers of the Confederate army lived in Augusta, or vicinity in 
 Richmond county, at one time or another: Lieutenant-Generals James 
 A. Longstreet and Joseph Wheeler; Major-Generals W. H. T. Walker, 
 A. R. Wright and LaFavette McLaws; Brigadier-Generals Montgomery 
 Gardner, M. A. Stovall, John K. Jackson, Goode Bryan and Alfred 
 Cumming. 
 
 When Sherman was marching through Georgia in December, 1864, 
 and acain when in the spring of 1865 he was making his advance 
 througli South Carolina, General Joseph Wheeler, by the defeat of the 
 Federal cavalry under Kilpatrick, saved Augusta from the fate which 
 befell Atlanta 'and Columbia. 
 
516 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 KOCKDALE COUNTY. 
 
 HockdaU County received its name on account of the immense ledge 
 •of rock running through it. The following counties bound it: Walton 
 on the northeast, Newton on the southeast, Henry on the southwest, De- 
 Kalb and Gwinnett on the northwest. DeKalb also lies north of a nar- 
 row projection of Rockdale county in the southwest. This county is 
 nearly rectangular in shape, the general direction of its two longest sides 
 being from northeast to southwest. 
 
 It is watered by Yellow and South rivers, both tributaries of the Oc- 
 mulgee. There are also several smaller streams in the county. There 
 are natural falls sufficient for operating mills or factories, some of them 
 possessing 100 horse-powers. The aggregate water-power of the county 
 is about 1,000 horse-powers. 
 
 The lands on the ridges are gray; on the rivers and creeks, dark and 
 very productive. Under ordinary cultivation the average production to 
 the acre is: com, 10 bushels; wheat, 8 bushels; oats, 15 bushels; rye, 5 
 bushels; Irish potatoes, 75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 60 bushels; field 
 peas, 5 bushels; ground-peas, 10 bushels; seed cotton, 500 pounds; crab- 
 grass hay, 1,000 pounds; corn fodder hay, 200 pounds; sorghum syrup, 
 100 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, Y5 gallons. Under improved methods, 
 much better results are recorded, as for instance : corn and oats, 20 
 bushels each; wheat, 10 bushels; rye, 8 bushels; barley, 20 bushels; 
 sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 20 
 bushels; seed cotton, 800 pounds; crab-grass and Bermuda grass hay, 
 2,000 to 3,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 200 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 
 300 gallons. Mr. W. L. Peek made 600 gallons of syrup from one acre 
 of sugar-cane. Bermuda grass is extensively cultivated and is becoming 
 quite popular. All kinds of forage, such as sorghum, peavine and the 
 different species of millet, do well and are being cultivated more and 
 more. 
 
 Much more attention is being paid than ever before to the improve- 
 ment of the breeds of milch-cows and beef cattle. There is one dairy 
 farm, but all farmers keep cows and have milk and butter for home use, 
 and many of them have a surplus for sale. In 1890 there were 2,141 
 cattle, of which there were 72 working oxen and 973 milch-cows. The 
 production of milk amounted to 315,791 gallons, and of butter to 119,- 
 437 pounds. The poultry amounted to 45,417 of all kinds and their 
 eggs numbered 65,402 dozens. There were also gathered 7,337 pounds 
 of honey. 
 
 Rockdale county had 353 horses, 691 mules and 2,727 swine; also 78 
 sheep, yielding 15 pounds of wool. 
 
 There is abundance of game in the county, but fish are scarce. 
 
 Vegetables, berries, fruits and melons are raised for home consump- 
 tion. About 1,500 acres are devoted to peaches, 100 each to cherries 
 and apples. 
 
 There are still about 10,000 acres of forest timber. Most of the large 
 trees have been cut off. A few steam sawmills are in operation. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. gl? 
 
 Granite is found in this county in great quantities. There are four 
 quarries kept busy in preparing the granite for paving and building ma- 
 terial. 
 
 _ The manufactories of the county are: one paper mill, one cotton seed 
 oil-mill, one fertilizer manufactory, one roller Hour-mill, one furniture 
 factory and_ five flour and grist-mills. The paper mill and four of the 
 flour and grist-mills are operated by water, the rest by steam. There are 
 10 cotton gins in the county. 
 
 Conyers, the county site, with a population of 1,605 people, is located 
 in the center of the county, on the Georgia Kailroad. In the district in 
 which it is situated there are 3,880 people. The court-house cost about 
 $5,000 and the jail about $3,000. It contains most of the manufactur- 
 ing establishments mentioned above, a bank with a capital of $100,000, 
 several fine mercantile establishments, good schools, and churches of the 
 Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian and Bible Christian denominations. 
 The public schools of the whole county number 34, and churches are 
 •convenient to every neighborhood. 
 
 The annual shipments of cotton, mostly from Conyers, amount to 
 about 10,000 bales. According to the United States census of 1900 
 there were ginned in this county 7,368 bales of upland cotton of the 
 crop of 1899-1900. 
 
 The proximity of this county to the great city of Atlanta adds to its 
 advantages. It has for a market not only its home town, Conyers, but 
 in Atlanta there will always be a ready sale for all the products that it 
 can raise above home consumption. 
 
 The area of Rockdale county is 121 square miles, or 77,440 acres. 
 
 Population in 1900, 7,515, a gain of 702 since 1890; school fund, 
 $2,933.30; school fund of Conyers, $982.10. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 83,696; average value per acre, $6,44; city property, $231,- 
 129; money, etc., $199,521; merchandise, $42,469; cotton manu- 
 rfactories, $50; household furniture, $70,454; farm and other 
 animals, $85,236; plantation and mechanical tools, $28,246; watches, 
 jewelry-, etc., $4,862; value of all other property, $19,240; real 
 estate, $812,537; personal estate, $458,671; aggregate value of prop- 
 erty, $1,271,208. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres, 2,373; 
 value, $15,621; city property, $9,447; merchandise, $112; house- 
 bold furniture, $6,869; farm and other animals, $9,821; planta- 
 tion and mechanical tools, $2,368; watches, etc., $81; value of 
 all other property, $416; aggregate value of property, $42,139. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $41,000 in the value of all 
 property since 1900. 
 
 There is an average attendance of 486 pupils in the 19 schools for 
 whites, and 550 in the 15 schools for colored pupils. 
 
 Population of Rockdale county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 2,183; white females, 2,236; total white, 
 4,419; colored males, 1,570; colored females, 1,526; total colored, 3,096. 
 
818 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges^ 
 June 1, 1900: 39 calves, 4 steers, 1 bull, 56 dairy cows, 81 horses, 4 
 mules, 86 swine, 1 goat. 
 
 SCHLEY COUl^TY. 
 
 Schley County was formed out of Macon, Marion and Sumter in 1857. 
 It was named for Hon. William Schley, Governor of Georgia from 1835 
 to 1837. It is bounded by the following counties: Taylor on the north, 
 Macon and Sumter on the east, Sumter on the south, and Marion on the 
 west. Macon county is also on the north of the southeastern projection 
 of this county. 
 
 Buck creek runs across the county from west to east and Muckalee 
 creek runs across the southv/estern section, its course being southeast- 
 erly. 
 
 The soil belongs mostly to the tertiary formation, with a cretaceous 
 belt in the extreme northern portion of the county. The land in this 
 section is level, sometimes rolling, its soil being a gray, sandy loam. 
 In the southern part there is an outcrop of red clay. The water is both 
 freestone and limestone. 
 
 The lands average to the acre: com, 9| bushels; oats, 9 bushels; Irish 
 potatoes, 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 200 bushels; field-peas, 12 bushels; 
 gi'ound-peas, 40 bushels; seed cotton 500 pounds; com fodder, 200 
 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 150 gallons. Some of the lands under the 
 best system of culture produce 15 bushels of corn, 20 of oats, and 700 
 pounds of seed cotton to the acre. 
 
 The forest growth consists of long-leaf pine, oak, hickory, ash, maple 
 and the usual swamp growth on the creeks. The annual output of tim- 
 ber products is about $8,000. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in 
 this county 5,760 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899- 
 1900. 
 
 Seventy horse-powers on tributaries of the Flint are utilized by six 
 grist-mills, which supply the farmers with meal ground near their 
 homes. There are five manufactories in the county with an annual out- 
 put worth about $18,000. 
 
 A few vegetables and fruits are raised over and above home consump- 
 tion. The tmck sold amounts to about $2,500. The county has Y,670 
 peach-trees and 600 apple-trees. There are also some pears, plums and 
 cherries. 
 
 According to the census of 1890 there were in Schley county 2,386 
 cattle, of which 164 were working oxen and 829 milch-cows. The pro- 
 duction of milk was 195,160 gallons, and of butter 59,480 pounds. The 
 sheep numbered 78 and yielded 154 pounds of wool. Of domestic fowls 
 there were 28,152 and their eggs numbered 44,065 dozens. There were 
 387 horses, 731 mules, 1 donkey and 6,734 swine. The production of 
 honey in the county was 2,937 pounds. 
 
 The farmers are beginning to improve their cattle by the introduc- 
 tion of the higher grades, especially of dairy cows. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 319 
 
 Ellaville, the county site, is located on a branch of the Central of 
 Georgia Railroad, 21 miles northwest of Americus. Its population is 
 474, but Town district, which includes Ellaville, contains 2,300 inhabi- 
 tants. 
 
 Other po'stoffices in the comity are LaCrosse, Murray's Cross Roads, 
 Poindexter, Schley and Stewart's Mill. 
 
 There are good churches and schools in every part of the county. 
 There are 20 public schools, half for white and half for colored. The 
 attendance is 291 white and 357 colored. 
 
 The area of Schley county is 188 square miles, or 120,320 acres. 
 
 Population in 1900, 5,499, a gain of 56 since 1890: school fund, $3,- 
 551.18. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 83,696; average value per acre, $6.94; city property, $58,- 
 370; money, $51,838; merchandise, $33,659; household furniture, $42,- 
 455; farm and other animals, $76,556; plantation and mechanical tools, 
 $16,330; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,662; value of all other property, $10,- 
 932; real estate, $479,218; personal estate, $241,834; aggi-egate value of 
 property, $721,052. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: l^umber of acres, 3,037; 
 value, $8,749; city property, $2,430; money, etc., $629; household furni- 
 ture, $9,464; watches, etc., $91; fann and other animals, $9,920; plan- 
 tation and mechanical tools, $1,977; value of all other property, $434; 
 aggregate value of property, $34,717. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $62,681 in the value of 
 all property since the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Schley county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 952; white females, 964; total white, 1,916; col- 
 ored males, 1,716; colored females, 1,867; total colored 3,583. 
 
 Domestic animals in Schley county in bams and inclosures, not on 
 farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 4 calves, 1 steer, 1 bull, 16 dairy cows, 
 19 horses, 3 mules, 32 swine. 
 
 SCREVEN COUNTY. 
 
 Screven County wsls formed from Burke and Effiugham in 1793, and 
 a part was set off to Bulloch in 1796. It was named for General James 
 Screven. 
 
 The boundaries are as follows: Burke county on the northwest, the 
 State of South Carolina on the northeast and east, Effingham county on 
 the southeast and Bulloch and Emanuel counties on the southwest. 
 The Savannah river separates it from South Carolina^ and the Ogeechee 
 river from Bulloch and Emanuel counties. 
 
 Brier and Beaverdam creeks enter the county from the northwest and 
 uniting a little above the center, flow eastward under the name of the 
 former and empty into the Savannah river. Horse creek and Little 
 Ogeechee river empty into the Ogeechee on the southwest. 
 
 The soil is siliceous. The uplands are gray and sandy, with hummock 
 land along the streams. In places there are outcrops of red clay and marl 
 
820 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 beds. The average yield to the acre of the various crops varies in different 
 sections, but taking the average of four different reports we have: com, 
 12^ bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; oats, 15^ bushels; rye, 11 bushels; rice, 
 27^ bushels; field-peas, 8 bushels; ground-peas; 25 bushels; chufas, 50 
 bushels; Irish potatoes, 65 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; seed 
 cotton, 676 pounds; sorghum syrup, 200 gallons; sugar-cane synip, 240 
 gallons. No report of average yield of hay, but sorghum forage is high- 
 ly esteemed for stock. Field-peas are sowed after oats, and being cut 
 with the crab-grass make fine hay. One report gives the amount of hay 
 for the county as 262 tons, or 524,000 pounds. 
 
 The introduction of better cattle has greatly increased during the last 
 ten years, but very little attention has been paid to the rearing of beef 
 cattle. All the farmers keep cows, but there is only one dairy farm 
 and this has a capacity of 25 pounds of butter a day. In 1890 there were 
 12,091 cattle in the county, 228 of these being working oxen. The 
 milch-cows, which numbered 3,657, produced 326,779 gallons of milk. 
 The butter made on farms was 24,979 pounds. From the hives were 
 gathered 12,936 pounds of honey. The poultry numbered 70,122. The 
 production of eggs amounted to 113,382 dozens. There were 5,970 
 sheep, yielding 11,773 pounds of wool. There were 978 horses, 1,431 
 mules, 5 donkeys, 22,193 swine and (by a more recent estimate) 500 
 
 The best yield reported for seed cotton is 800 pounds to the acre; for 
 oats, 25 bushels; for sweet potatoes, 150 bushels; for Irish potatoes, 100 
 busels; for rice, 40 bushels. 
 
 The rivers and creeks are very well stocked with fish, but game is 
 rather scarce. 
 
 Vegetables, berries and fruits are raised, mostly for home consump- 
 tion. A great many melons are raised, and the profits on them vary 
 from $5 to $15 an acre, according to size, quality and difficulty of trans- 
 poration. The county has 29,495 peach and 11,867 apple-trees. The 
 truck sold is worth about $3,500. 
 
 A very large per cent, of original forest is still standing, consisting of 
 long leaf pine and cypress, and along the streams white oak, ash, maple 
 and poplar. The annual output of lumber is about 1,000,000 superficial 
 feet at from $6 to $10 a thousand feet. The total output of all timber 
 products is about $50,000. 
 
 There is considerable clay in the county useful for manufacturing 
 purposes. Buhrstone of splendid quality is found. 
 
 On the Ogeechee river two small mills use about 20 horse-powers. 
 There are in the county 1 flour-mill, 20 or more small grist-mills, and a 
 dozen sawmills. A new cotton factory at Millen, having 5,000 spin- 
 dles and a capital of $80,000, is rapidly approaching completimi. There 
 are also 12 turpentine distilleries. 
 
 Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians and Lutherans con- 
 stitute the religious denominations. Churches are conveniently located 
 for the people. The public schools are 86 in all. The average attend- 
 ance is 1,063 in the 48 white schools and 1,294 in the 38 colored schools.. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 32 1 
 
 The facilities for travel and transportation are the Central of Geor- 
 gia and a branch road running from Eockyford on the Central to Syl- 
 vania. There is also the Savannah river, on which there are lines of 
 steamboats plying between Augusta and Savannah, and touching at land- 
 ings in the county. 
 
 Sylvania, the comity site, is conveniently located, and has a court- 
 house and jail worth $20,000. The Sylvania district has a population of 
 3,135, of whom 545 live in the town. 
 
 Millen, on the Central of Georgia Railroad, is a growing town with 
 several successful mercantile establishments, and has a bank with a capi- 
 tal of $100,000. The Millen district has 2,491 people, of whom 411 
 live in the town. The merchants of this town handle about 10,000 of 
 the 40,000 bales of cotton shipped from this county. The products of 
 this county are marketed in Savannah and Augusta. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in 
 this county 17,666 bales of upland and 297 of sea-island cotton during 
 the season of 1899-1900. 
 
 Millen has a cotton and yam mill with 5,000 spindles. 
 
 The area of Screven county is 734 square miles, or 467,760 acres. 
 
 Population of Screven county in 1900, 19,252, a gain of 4,828 since 
 1890; school fund, $13,051.36. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 404,080; of wild land, 19,145; average value per acre of 
 improved land, $1.29; of wild land, $0.37; city property, $108,357; 
 money, etc., $168,636; merchandise, $112,242; stocks and bonds, $33,- 
 826; cotton manufactories, $1,000; household furniture, $80,989; iron 
 works, $3,430; farm and other animals, $221,680; plantation and me- 
 chanical tools, $47,379; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,613; value of all other 
 property, $79,758; real estate, $639,295; personal estate, $784,157; 
 Aggregate value of property, $1,423,452. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 14,552; 
 value, $18,763; city property, $2,360; money, etc., $1,028; merchandise, 
 $550; household furniture, $11,453; watches, etc., $527; farm and other 
 animals, $34,221; plantation and mechanical tools, $6,635; value of all 
 other property, $2,004. Aggregate value of property, $78,645. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $166,186 in the value of 
 all property since the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Screven county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 4,269; white females, 4,03 r, total white, 
 8,306; colored males, 5,582; colored females, 5,364; total colored, 
 
 10,946. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges 
 June 1, 1900: 59 calves, 39 steers, 4 bulls, 86 dairy cows, 69 horses, 38 
 mules, 328 swine, 47 goats. 
 
822 OEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 SPALDING COUNTY. 
 
 Spalding, County was formed in 1851 from the counties of Pike and 
 Henry. It was named for Hon. Thomas Spalding, of St. Simon's Island, 
 Gljnn county, a member of the Georgia Legislature and a representa- 
 tive in Congress. The following counties bound it: Clayton and Henry 
 on the north, Henry on the northeast, Butts and Monroe on the east, 
 Pike on the south, Fayette on the northwest, Fayette, Coweta and Meri- 
 wether on the west. The Flint river flows along its northwestern border 
 and then through the western section of the county. Line creek runs 
 along part of its western boundary and empties into the Flint river at its 
 southwestern point. Towaliga creek (or river, as it is sometimes called), 
 after dividing part of the northeastern section of Spalding from Henry 
 county, runs through Butts and Monroe counties and empties into the 
 Ocmulgee river. Big Potato creek, rising near the center of the county, 
 flows southward through Pike and Upson counties and empties into the 
 Flint river. Other streams are Cabin, Grape and Head's creeks. The 
 lands on and adjoining all these streams are generally rich. The char- 
 acter of the soil is metamoi-phic; red clay or mulatto lands in the east- 
 em part; gray, gravelly lands in the western. The average yield of the 
 various crops varies of course according to location and favorableness 
 of season. Two reports made in different years show averages to the acre 
 as follows: corn, from 10 to 14 bushels; oats, from 10^ to 20 bushels; 
 wheat, 10 bushels; sweet and Irish potatoes, 300 bushels each; sugar- 
 cane syrup, 169 to 300 gallons; seed cotton, 428 to 714 pounds; hay, 
 2,816 to 4,000 pounds. The best farmers in the county have proved 
 that with proper cultivation the lands can be made to produce from 30 
 to 60 bushels of wheat to the acre. In 1900 Mr. W. J. Bridges, on four 
 acres of ground, raised 65 bushels of wheat to the acre, and on the same 
 number of acres Mr. W. D. Walker raised 59^ bushels to the acre. 
 Each of these gentlemen received a prize at the convention of the Wheat 
 Grower's Association of Georgia, held in Macon, July 11, 1900. Some 
 years ago Mr. Solomon W. Bloodworth gathered 137 bushels of coa-n 
 from one acre near Griffin, and received the first premium at the State 
 Agricultural Fair. Another well-authenticated yield is 10,720 pounds 
 of pea-vine hay to the acre. These things show what can be done by 
 scientific culture in Spalding county. Bennuda is considered the best 
 pasture for cattle, since it comes in early in the spring and lasts until 
 late in the fall. Clover and vetches, pea-vine hay, sorghum and millet 
 are cultivated for forage crops. The cane bottoms afford good winter 
 pasturage. The breeds of dairy cattle have been much improved, the 
 Jersey being the favorite. All the farmers have milk and butter. There 
 are 10 dairy farms with from 10 to 60 cows each, which make good 
 profits on the investment. More interest is being taken in beef cattle 
 and better breeds are being brought in. 
 
 In 1890 there were in Spalding county 2,711 cattle, of which 1,190 
 were milch-cows producing 425,370 gallons of milk, from which 124,- 
 721 pounds of butter were made. One thousand and two hundred 
 
IE CHOICE NEW EARLY 
 WHITE GRAPE 
 
 moore's Diamond/' 
 
 From seed of Concord, fertilized 
 lona, by Jacob Moore, Esq., of B 
 ton NY., (the well-known origii 
 of the ■'Brighton" Grape and other 
 fruits), who considers this the 
 valuable variety he has ever prodi 
 In vigor of growth, color and tex 
 foliage and hardiness of vine, itpar 
 of the nature of its parent, Con. 
 while in quality the fruit is eqi 
 many ol the best tender sorts, 
 ripens from two to four weeks e 
 than Concord. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. §23 
 
 pounds of cheese were made in 1900. The working oxen of the county 
 numbered 97. They are being rapidly supplanted by horses and mules. 
 The creamery at Griffin has a capacity of 10,000 pounds of milk a day. 
 The present output of the creamery (1900) is 1,000 to 1,200 pounds of 
 milk, and 50 pounds of butter a day. More milk is needed to work the 
 creamery to its full capacity. 
 
 The domestic fowls (poultry) of all kinds in the county in 1890, num- 
 bered 20,475, and produced 69,939 dozens of eggs. Tlie production of 
 honey was 8,906 pounds. This county had 514 horses, 1,288 mules, 1 
 donkey and 3,924 swine. In 1890 the sheep numbered 287 and yielded 
 723 pounds of wool. 
 
 The supply of fish from the streams is not so abundant as formerly. 
 The principal game birds are quail and doves. 
 
 There are 12 market gardens raising all varieties of vegetables. Ber- 
 ries and plums are also extensively raised. Melons of the best quality 
 are raised. The value of truck sold is about $16,000 annually, most of 
 it for home consumption. 
 
 Of the acreage given to fruits, far the greater portion is devoted to 
 peaches. There are in the county 134,924 peach, 19,390 pear and 
 3,152 plum-trees. 
 
 The vineyards of the county are not as numerous as formerly, be- 
 cause attention has been directed to other products. 
 
 The timber products are small: short-leaf pine and hardwoods; some 
 ash, maple and poplar. The output is about $8,000 worth. There are 
 four sawmills. » 
 
 There is one flour and grist-mill in the limits of Griffin, and one in 
 the Mount Zion district. The mills are operated by water-power. 
 
 Griffin, the county site, is situated near the center of Spalding 
 county at the junction of two^ branches of the Central of Georgia Rail- 
 road, and that branch of the Southern Railway connecting Columbus 
 with McDonough. Its population by the census of 1900 is 6,857. ihat 
 its location is one of the best agricultural and horticultural sections o± 
 Georgia is evidenced by the fact that the State of Georgia and the 
 United States government unanimously selected the vicmity ol Gnttin 
 as the site for the Experiment Station. ^ 
 
 Within the last decade Griffin has become a factory center, having 
 built four cotton-mills, representing almost entirely a home capital ot 
 $1,000,000. We give a list of these mills and the class of goods manu- 
 factured by them. . r^OKAAAri or,/^ 
 
 The Griffin Manufacturing Company has a capital of $350,000, ana 
 contains 15,000 spindles and 593 looms. It manufactures cottonades 
 ticking, duck, cheviots, skirts, hickory shirting domestic shirting It 
 spins 450 bales of cotton a month, employs 550 hands, has a pay-roll of 
 $8,500 a month and an annual output of $600,000. ,._.„„„ ^. 
 
 The Kincaid Manufacturing Company has a capital of $250,000, and 
 contains 12,500 spindles and 430 looms. It manufactures Turkish 
 towels, table damask, a fine grade of ginghams, ticking and 
 
824 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 crashes. It spins 350 bales of cotton a month, employing 425 hands, 
 has a pay-roll of $7,000 a month and an annual output of $500,000. 
 
 The Spalding Cotton Mills have a capital of $200,000, and contain 
 9,000 spindles and 236 looms. They spin 208 bales of cotton a month 
 and manufacture sheeting and cotton diaper. The hands employed num- 
 ber 175, the pay-roll is $2,000 a month and the value of the annual out- 
 put is $300,000. 
 
 The Rushton Mills have a capital of $100,000, and contain 5,000 
 spindles and 150 looms. They spin 125 bales of cotton a month and 
 manufacture sheeting. The hands employed number 136, the pay-roll is 
 $2,000 a month, and the value of the annual output is $150,000. 
 
 The Griffin Knitting Mill has a capital of $20,000; manufactures 
 men's ribbed underwear, employs 40 hands, and has an annual output 
 of $50,000. 
 
 The Griffin Creamery has been already described. There is also a 
 cotton seed oil-mill, with an output of 160,000 gallons of oil and 1,450 
 tons of cotton seed-oil meal. There are also an ice factory, a pants fac- 
 tory, a sash, blind and chair factory, a small foundry, and various smaller 
 enterprises. There is one establishment which cultivates flowers and 
 flowering plants for sale. 
 
 Griffin has four banks with a combined capital of $500,000. It has 
 a system of graded schools and some of the finest public buildings of the 
 State. The value of the court-house is $35,000. Its extensive system of 
 water-works gives complete protection against fire and furnishes water 
 everywhere. By its electric plant the streets are brilliantly lighted. 
 .The water-works and electric plant are owned by the city. Griffin has 
 good church buildings of the Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Episco- 
 palians and Bible Christians. 
 
 The union depot of Griffin is the highest point between Macon and Alr 
 lanta. 
 
 The public roads of Spalding county are worked by convict labor, and 
 the 600 miles of roadway are kept in first-class condition. 
 
 In addition to the three railroads mentioned as crossing each other at 
 Griffin, there is another branch of the Southern Railway from Atlanta 
 to Fort Valley, running through the western section of the county. 
 
 Griffin is the shipping point and market for the county. The number 
 of cotton bales received is 18,500, of which 5,000 bales are exported and 
 13,500 are used by the cotton-mills of the county. 
 
 By the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in this county 
 11,390 bales (upland) of the cotton crop of 1899-1900. 
 
 The public schools of the county are 22 for the whites and 20 for the 
 colored with an average attendance of 723 white pupils and 529 colored. 
 In the Griffin white schools are 542 pupils and in the colored schools 119. 
 With unsurpassed advantages of climate, soil and various enterprises 
 Spalding county and the city of Griffin offer great inducements and a 
 hearty welcome to new citizens. 
 
 Other postoffices are Sunnyside, Pomona, Vineyard, Orchard Hill, 
 Experiment, Drewryville, Rover, Zetella and Strickland. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. §25 
 
 Sunnjside was for years the home of Colonel John Mcintosh Kell, 
 once first officer of the Confederate cruiser Alabama. 
 
 The area of Spalding county is 203 square miles, or 129,420 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 17,619, an increase of 4,502 since 1890; school 
 fund, $6,519.17; school fund of Griffin, $3,065.55. 
 
 By the Comptroller-Generars report for 1900, there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 116,287; average value per acre, $7.97; city property, 
 $879,347; shares in bank, $250,500; money, etc., $160,395; value of 
 merchandise, $124,360; stocks and bonds, $7,300; cotton manufactories, 
 $718,150; invested in iron works, $9,000; household furniture, $150,- 
 938; farm and other animals, $121,301; plantation and mechanical tools, 
 $41,460; watches, jewelry, etc., $10,467; value of all other property, 
 $58,569; real estate, $1,806,409; personal estate, $1,695,407. Aggi-e- 
 gate value of property, $3,501,816. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayei's: number of acres, 3,891; 
 value, $40,251; city property, $75,705; money, etc., $100; merchandise, 
 $1,245; household furniture, $16,675; watches, etc., $104; fann and 
 other animals, $18,325; plantation and mechanical tools, $5,348; value 
 of all other property, $425.00. Agglregate value of whole property, 
 $159,310. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $233,957 in the value 
 of all property since the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Spalding county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 4,152; white females, 4,313; total white, 
 8,465; colored males, 3,396; colored females, 4,758; total colored, 
 9,154. 
 
 Population of the city of Griffin by sex and color, according to the 
 census of 1900: white males, 1,688; white females, 1,911; total white, 
 3,599; colored males, 1,449; colored females, 1,809; total colored, 
 3,258. 
 
 Totial population of Griffiin, 6,857. 
 
 Domestic animals in Spalding county in bams and inclosures, not on 
 farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 122 calves, 34 steei-s, 370 dairy cowsy 
 272 horses, 57 mules, 2 sheep, 328 swine, l.goat. 
 
 STEWAET COUNTY. 
 
 Stewart County was formed from Randolph county in 1830, and 
 was named for General Daniel Stewart, who was bom in Liberty county 
 in 1762; joined the American army at the age of fifteen and served 
 under Generals Sumter and Marion and Colonel W. R Harden, proving 
 himself under all circumstances a brave and faithful soldier. 
 
 Stewart county is bounded on the north by Chattahoochee county, on 
 the east by Webster county, on the south by Randolph and Quitman 
 counties, and on the west by the State of Alabama, from which it is 
 separated by the Chattahoochee river. Pataula and Hodchodkee 
 creeks flow southward from near the center of the county. Hanna- 
 hatchee creek flows from east to west across the county, a little north 
 
826 UEORUIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 of the center. These streams are tributaries of the Chattahoochee river. 
 Other streams are Hitehite and Grass creeks. 
 
 The soil is for the most part a gray sandy, mixed with gravel. There 
 is some red land in the eastern portion. The soil is well adapted to cot- 
 ton, the cereals, sugar-cane, fruits, especially peaches and melons, and 
 to crab, Bermuda, Johnson and crowfoot-gi-asses. The average yield 
 to the acre of the various crops is: corn, 10 bushels; wheat, 8 bushels; 
 oats, 25 bushels; rye, 8 bushels; sweet potatoes, 75 bushels; field-peas, 
 9 bushels; ground-peas, 15 bushels; seed cotton, 500 pounds; hay, 
 2,000 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 180 gallons. Bermuda grass is used 
 for summer pasturage, lasting 7 months, and rye for winter pasturage. 
 Corn and field-peas ground together are used a great deal as feed for 
 cattle. The best lands under the best culture can be made to yield 
 as much as 20 bushels of com to the acre; 200 of potatoes, 800 pounds 
 of seed cotton, 4,000 pounds of hay and 300 gallons of syrup. 
 
 All farmers have cows for the production of milk and butter, and in 
 the vicinity of Lumpkin there is one regular dairy farm. Some farmers 
 are making a business of raising beef cattle and of improving the breed 
 of both beef and dairy cattle. In 1890 there were in Stewart county 
 4,630 cattle, of which there were 295 working oxen and 1,543 milch- 
 cows. There was a production of 315,400 gallons of milk and 107,456 
 pounds of butter. The domestic fowls of all kinds numbered 55,732 
 and produced 140,663 dozens of eggs. The honey collected from the 
 hives was 12,607 pounds. Stewart county had in 1890 on farms, 693 
 horses, 1,976 mules, 4 donkeys and 8,149 swine. The sheep numbered 
 331, and produced 520 pounds of wool. 
 
 The productions of the gardens and orchards are for the most part 
 consumed at home. About 500 acres are devoted to peaches, 25 to 
 plums, 20 to apples and 10 to pears. 
 
 The manufactures of the county are: one wagon and buggy factory 
 and one guano factory at Richland; a large brick kiln at Omaha; 4 
 flour and 12 grist-mills, and 10 steam sawmills. There is a bank at 
 Richland and one at Lumpkin, each having a capital $50,000. Rich- 
 land, on the eastern side of the county, is at the junction of two branches 
 of the Georgia and Alabama Railroad of the Seaboard Air Line system. 
 
 Lumpkin, the county site, is on the main stem of the Georgia and 
 Alabama Railroad. This town is beautifully located. The court-house 
 is valued at $22,000 and the jail at $8,000. 
 
 There are 52 mercantile establishments in the county, and 6 life and 
 fire insurance agencies. 
 
 Fitzgerald's mill, on Hannahatchee creek, has a side track running 
 to the mill. It has two runners, a cotton gin and sawmill. Within a 
 • few yards of the railway on the same creek there is a fine mill site. 
 
 In addition to the two railroads running through the county, the 
 Chattahoochee river furnishes fine water transportation. 
 
 The products of Stewart county are marketed in Lumpkin and Rich- 
 land, of that county; in Americus and Columbus, Georgia, and Mont- 
 gomery, Alabama. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 827 
 
 Methodists Baptists and Presbyterians are the prevailing religious 
 sects. Church buildings are found at convenient distances throughout 
 the county. 
 
 There are two high schools and many schools of lower grades through 
 the county. There are 23 schools for whites and 33 for colored, with 
 an average attendance of 733 white pupils and 1,130 colored. 
 
 The area of Stewart county is 440 square miles, or 281,600 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 15,856, a gain of 174 since 1890; school fund, $11.^ 
 986.87. ' 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 283,323; average value per acre, $3.06; city property, 
 $234,015; shares in bank, $93,900; money, etc., $123,020; merchan- 
 dise, $88,645; stocks and bonds, $2,850; household furniture, $86,745; 
 farm and other animals, $148,170; plantation and mechanical tools, 
 $25,065; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,773; value of all other property, 
 $36,670; real estate, $1,103,285; personal estate, $619,055. AggTe- 
 gate value of whole property, $1,688,235. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 10,704; 
 value, $26,760; city property, $12,135; money, etc., $475; merchan- 
 dise, $200; household furniture, $22,175; watches, etc., $100; farm 
 and other animals, $31,690; value of all other property, $6,940. Aggre- 
 gate of whole property, $100,475. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $99,280 in the value of all 
 property since the returns of 1900. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900, there were ginned in 
 Stewart county 17,875 bales of upland cotton during the season of 
 1899-1900. 
 
 The town of Lumpkin contains, 1,470 inhabitants, while the district 
 in which it is included has a population of 3,563, 
 
 The town of Richland has more than doubled in the last decade, and 
 has a population of 1,014, while the whole district of Richland includ- 
 ing the town contains 2,746 inhabitants. 
 
 N'ear Omaha town are some mineral springs, from which the district 
 of Mineral Springs derives its name. 
 
 Population of Stewart county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 2,018; white females, 2,001; total white, 
 4,019; colored males, 5,759; colored females, 6,078; total colored, 
 11,837. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 24 calves, 67 dairy cows, 63 horses, 7 mules, 1 sheep, 
 177 swine, 2 goats. 
 
 SUMTER COUATTY. 
 Sumter County was formed from Lee in 1831, and was named for 
 General Thomas Sumter, who was bom in Virginia in 1734, and settled 
 in South Carolina. He was a distinguished commander of South Caro- 
 lina troops in the Revolution, and on account of his dashing leadership 
 was styled the "game cock." , -r^ i v j 
 
 Schley and Macon counties bound Sumter on the north, Dooly bounds 
 
828 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 it on the east, Lee and Terrell on the south, Webster, Marion and Schley 
 on the west. The Flint river forms its eastern boundary. The streams 
 of the county are the Muckalee, Muckaloochee and Ivinchafoonee 
 creeks. 
 
 The soil belongs to the tertiary formation and is a gray, sandy loam 
 with red outcrops in places. The lands are either level or gently rolling. 
 The water is mainly freestone, though there is some limestone. The 
 production of the lands to the acre averages: corn, 11 bushels; oats, 
 12; wheat, 5| bushels; rye, 7 bushels; Irish potatoes, 100 bush- 
 els; sweet potatoes, 250 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 20 
 bushels; seed cotton, 576 pounds; crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds; com 
 fodder, 450 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 250 gallons. 
 
 Some farmers under careful culture, make much larger yields of 
 some of these items, as for instance: com, 20 bushels; wheat, 10 bush- 
 els; oats, 25; rye, 10 bushels; field-peas, 15 bushels; ground-peas, 30 
 bushels; seed cotton, 800 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 300 gallons. Many 
 use Bermuda grass for summer pasturage and maiden cane for winter. 
 Others, after cutting the grain, use the grain field in summer, and in 
 winter the com and pea fields, with the various grasses and swamp 
 eane. All the farmers keep cows, many of which are pure breed or one 
 half and more pure breed. 
 
 In 1890 there were 4,796 cattle, of which 266 were working oxen. 
 The milch-cows numbered 1,782 and produced 352,825 gallons of milk 
 from which were made 79,233 pounds of butter. There are now two 
 dairy farms doing a good business. The domestic fowls of the county 
 numbered 51,972 and produced 99,606 dozens of eggs. The amount 
 of honey gathered was 18,760 pounds in 1890. There were 726 
 horses, 2,361 mules, 5 donkeys and 16,072 swine. 
 
 In addition to the fact that most farmers raise vegetables, berries and 
 melons in quantities sufiicient for home consumption, there are four mar- 
 ket gardens raising these things for sale. Two hundred acres are devoted 
 to melons and the average net profit to the acre is $10.00. The truck 
 sold amounts to $20,000. Sumter county has 54,691 peach-trees, 5,904 
 apple-trees, 2,000 pear-trees and 1,594 plum-trees. There are two small 
 vineyards raising grapes mostly for home consumption. 
 
 There are also 2 small establishments raising flowers and flowering 
 plants for the market. 
 
 The forests of the county have been badly cut over; but there is still 
 considerable yellow pine, of which the annual output is worth about 
 $20,000. There are 7 sawmills in the county. 
 
 There is one flour-mill operated by water, and there are 14 grist-mills, 
 11 of which use water. Other manufactories of the county are a guano 
 factory, cotton seed oil-mill, variety works, sash and blind factory, the 
 Seaboard Air Line Railroad shops, a horse collar factory, an iron 
 foundry, two wagon and buggy factories, all the above being located 
 at Americus; one boot and shoe factory at Plains, and five smaller ones 
 at Americus; one tannery at Plains, and one factory for repairing gins. 
 
 About 300 hands are employed at the Seaboard Air Line shops, and 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. g29 
 
 100 in other industries of the city of Americus. This is a fine location 
 for cotton-mills and canning, and men of enterprise and push are heart- 
 ily welcomed by the cultured and refined society of this thriving South- 
 west Georgia city. 
 
 Americus is the county site and has a population of 7,647, 
 or, including its surrounding district, 10,552. It has a fine sys- 
 tem of public schools, a handsome court-house worth $35,000, 
 a jail valued at $15,000, a postoffice three stories high with a marble 
 front, a building containing a bank and several offices valued at $50,- 
 000, two hotels, one valued at $130,000, the other at $25,000, water, 
 gas, and electric works, worth $50,000, four banks with a capital of 
 $300,000, an opera house and many elegant private residences, a hand- 
 some passenger depot, belonging to the Central of Georgia and Sea- 
 board Air Line systems, and railroad shops valued at $75,000. There 
 are in the city 10 churches of the usual Christian denominations. Three 
 lines of railroad center here: the Central of Georgia from Macon to Al- 
 bany; another branch of the Central from Americus to Columbus, Geor- 
 gia, and the Seaboard Air Line from Savannah, Georgia, to Montgomery, 
 Alabama. 
 
 There are in Americus several prosperous business firms: five life 
 and 4 fire insurance companies. 
 
 There are several places of resort near the city: Magnolia Dell, 
 j^iyrtle Springs, Pavilion Bathing Pools, Holley Springs Bathing Pool, 
 Schute Pavilion and Magnolia Mineral Springs. 
 
 Plains, on the Seaboard Air Line Kailroad 10 miles west from Ameri- 
 cus, is a good business point with a population of 346 in its corporate 
 limits, while in the district which includes it are 2,521 inhabitants. It 
 has fine schools and churches. 
 
 DeSoto, on the same railroad, 13 miles east of Americus, with 250 
 inhabitants in its corporate limits, does a good business and is well sup- 
 plied with churches and schools. 
 
 Leslie, a place of 213 people, has similar advantages. The district in- 
 cluding these two towns has 3,131 inhabitants. 
 
 Andersonville, 13 miles north of Americus, on the Central of Geor- 
 gia Railway is noted as the point where a large Federal prison camp 
 was located during the civil war. Here there is a well-kept Federal 
 cemetery. It contains a population of 245 in its corporate limits, or 
 1,386 in its entire district. 
 
 Sumter is one of the best counties of Southwest Georgia. It has ex- 
 cellent facilities for travel and transportation, several busy little tovms 
 and the growing city of Americus. Its schools and churches are first- 
 class; its people refined and cultivated. The sale of spirituous liquors is 
 prohibited through the county; hence Americus and the other towns 
 are quiet and orderly. 
 
 The excellent character of the schools of Americus has led many peo- 
 ple to settle there on account of the superior educational advantages of 
 
 that city. ., „ . . ^-- 
 
 The area of Sumter county is 534 square miles, or 341,760 acres. 
 
830 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Population in 1900, 26,212, a gain of 4,105 since 1890; school fund, 
 $12,112.61; Americus, $4,452.74. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 294,768; of wild land, 283; average value per acre of im- 
 proved land, $5.11; of wild land, $1.24; city property, $1,529,380; 
 shares in bank, $187,665; money, etc., $260,366; value of merchandise, 
 $343,026; stocks and bonds, $2,298; cotton manufactories, $29,730; iron 
 works, $2,600; household furniture, $260,201; farm and other animals, 
 $250,638; plantation and mechanical tools, $64,439; watches, jewelry, 
 etc., $26,313; value of all other property, $68,935; real estate, $3,036,. 
 066; personal estate, $1,667,252. Aggregate value of whole property, 
 $4,703,318. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 
 13,639; value, $90,902; stocks and bonds, $8.00; city property, $190,- 
 058; money, $1,960; merchandise, $3,945; household furniture, $48,- 
 252; watches, etc., $854; farm and other animals, $47,902; plantation 
 and mechanical tools, $10,755; value of all other property, $4,060. 
 Aggregate value of whole property, $464,463. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $236,144 in the value of all 
 property since the returns of 1900. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned 
 in Sumter county 25,164 bales of upland cotton during the season of 
 1899-1900. 
 
 The public schools of the county number 23 for white pupils and 33 
 for colored, with an average attendance of 750 white pupils and 1,410 
 colored. 
 
 Population, of Sumter county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 3,716; white females, 3,683; total wdiite, 
 7,399; colored males, 9,249; colored females, 9,564; total colored, 
 18,813. 
 
 Population of Americus City by sex and color by the census of 1900: 
 whit© males, 1,490; white females, 1,523; total white, 3,013; colored 
 males, 2,117; colored females, 2,544; total colored, 4,661. 
 
 Total population of Americus, 7,674. 
 
 Domestic animals in Sumter county in barns and inclosures, not on 
 farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 82 calves, 14 steers, 2 bulls, 238 dairy 
 cows, 326 horses, 86 mules, 11 sheep, 558 swine, 7 goats. 
 
 TALBOT COUNTY. 
 
 Talbot County was laid out in 1827 and named for Hon. Matthew 
 Talbot, who represented Oglethorpe county in the legislature for many 
 years, and being president of the Senate at the time of the death of 
 Governor Eabun on October 25, 1819, succeeded him in the guber- 
 natorial chair until the election of John Clark, in JSTovember, 1819. 
 
 Talbot county is bounded on the north by Meriwether, on the north- 
 east by Upson, on the east by Taylor, on the south by Marion and Mus- 
 cogee, and on the west by Harris and Muscogee. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 831 
 
 The Flint river flows along its northeastern boundary. Other streams 
 are Patisliga, Hachasofkee and Lazer creeks. The Oak Mountains are 
 in the northern section of the county. 
 
 The soil belongs to the metamorphic formation in the northern part, 
 and to the cretaceous in the southern section. The face of the counti-y 
 is broken. There are brown and mulatto lands with red clay subsoil, 
 hardwood growth and freestone water throughout the first division; 
 gray, sandy or gravelly soil, with long-leaf pine and limestone water 
 throughout the second division. 
 
 Counting all lands, the average production is as follows: corn, 11 
 bushels; oats, 9 bushels; rye, 7 bushels: barley, 10 bushels; wheat, 7 
 bushels; Irish potatoes, 75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; field- 
 peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 15 bushels; seed cotton, 500 pounds; com 
 fodder, 250 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,200 pounds; sorghum syrup, 50 
 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 200 gallons. But with careful cultivation 
 these same lands produce 20 bushels each of com and oats; 15 bushels 
 of field-peas and 25 of ground-peas, and 600 pounds of seed cotton. 
 
 After supplying the home demand for vegetables, berries, fruits and 
 melons, there is enough surplus to make the truck sales amount to $4,- 
 500. There are in Talbot county 39,246 peach-trees, 5,896 apple-trees, 
 2,640 plum-trees, 1,452 pear-trees and 450 cherry-trees. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1890 Talbot county had 
 453 sheep with a wool-clip of 1,232 pounds, 5,414 cattle, of which 204 
 were working oxen and 1,946 milch-cows, 596 horses, 1,684 mules, 4 
 donkeys and 8,138 swine. Among the farm products were 60,373 
 domestic fowls, 86,016 dozens of eggs, 370,462 gallons of milk, 88,012 
 pounds of butter and 23,151 pounds of honey. 
 
 The timber products are small, with an annual output worth about 
 $4,000. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in 
 Talbot county 8,893 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 1899-1900. 
 
 On tributaries of the Chattahochee 90 horse-powers are utilized by 
 4 gi'ist-mills, while on the tributaries of the Flint river 9 mills utilize 
 169 horse-powers. 
 
 All the manufactories of the county number 14 and have an out- 
 put worth $32,474. 
 
 The largest town is Talbotton, with a population of 1,131 in its cor- 
 porate limits, and 1,963 in the entire district, which includes it. This 
 town is the county seat, and is located on Lazer creek. It has a high 
 situation with invigorating air and good, cool water. Talbotton has a 
 bank with a capital of $28,000; a court-house worth $20,000; 2 good 
 schools, the Collinsworth Institute and Le Vert College; good church 
 buildings of the Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians, and a Masonic 
 hall. It is connected by a branch railroad with the Southwestern 
 branch of the Central of Georgia Eailroad. It handles 6,000 bales of 
 cotton annually. The county has 54 schools belonging to the public 
 school system of Georgia, and is well provided with houses of worship, 
 belonging to the leading Christian denominations. 
 
 40 ga 
 
832 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Geneva, on the Central of Georgia Railway, has three sawmills and 
 does a good mercantile business. 
 
 The area of Talbot county is 407 square miles, or 260,480 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 12,197, a loss of 1,061 since 1890; school fund, 
 $10,042.17. 
 
 By the Comptroller-Generars report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 229,990; of wild land, 5,859; average value per acre of 
 improved land, $2.69; of wild land, $0.78; city property, $106,520; 
 shares in bank, $17,065; money, etc., $53,721; merchandise, $40,760; 
 stocks and bonds, $75; cotton manufactories, $11,000; value of household 
 furniture, $51,166; farm and other animals, $93,338; plantation and 
 mechanical tools, $24,343; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,002; value of all 
 other property, $18,284; real estate, $729,194; personal estate, $314,269. 
 Aggregate value of whole property, $1,043,463. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 8,441; 
 value, $19,980; city property, $6,305; merchandise, $175; household 
 furniture, $9,925; watches, etc., $133; farm and other animals, $18,- 
 204; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,402; value of all other prop- 
 erty, $2,023. Aggregate value of whole property, $60,147. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $53,533 in the value of 
 all property since the returns of 1900. 
 
 Of the 54 schools 25 are for white pupils and 27 for colored, and the 
 average attendance is 737 white pupils and 1,467 colored. 
 
 Population of Talbot county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 1,765; white females, 1,893; total white, 
 3,658; colored males, 4,152; coloured females, 4,378; total colored, 
 8,539. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,, 
 June 1, 1900: 38 calves, 5 steers, 78 dairy cows, 51 horses, 15 mules^ 
 176 swine, 5 goats. 
 
 TALIAFERRO COUNTY. 
 
 Taliaferro County was formed in 1825 from Wilkes, Warren, Han- 
 cock, Greene and Oglethorpe. An additional part was then taken from 
 Hancock in 1828, and parts were taken from Wilkes in 1828 and 1835. 
 It was named for Colonel Benjamin Taliaferro, who was bom in Vir- 
 ginia, joined the Continental army when a mere youth, rose to captain 
 and then to colonel, winning great distinction, and in 1785 settled in 
 Georgia. He was a tmstee of Franklin College (then the nucleus of 
 the State University), president of the State Senate, and, though not a 
 lawyer, was elected by the legislature one of the judges of the Superior 
 Court, the only instance of the kind in the history of Georgia. 
 
 Taliaferro county is bounded by the following counties: Wilkes on 
 northeast and north, Warren on the east and southeast, Hancock on the 
 south, Greene on the west and southwest, and Oglethorpe on the north- 
 west. Little river runs through a northwestem projection of the county 
 and then along the north border, after which, turning to the east and 
 northeast and flowing along the boundaries of five counties, it enters into 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 333 
 
 the Savannah river. Two branches, the North and South Forks of the 
 Ogeechee river, cross the southern part of this county, running in a 
 southeasterly direction. The lands on the streams, and especially on Lit- 
 tle river, are excellent. The soHs are partly red, partly gray, sandy and 
 in some places a mixture of both. 
 
 With careful cultivation the lands in Taliafen-o produce to the acre: 
 com, 15 bushels; oats and barley, each, 20 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; 
 rye, 5 bushels; Irish potatoes, 75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 80 bushels; 
 field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 25 bushels; seed cotton, 750 
 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; corn fodder, 300 pounds; sor- 
 ghum syrup, 60 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 75 gallons. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in 
 this county 6,487 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 1899-1900. 
 The usual garden vegetables, berries, melons and fruits yield well. 
 According to the United States census of 1890 there were in Talia- 
 ferro county 313 sheep, with a wool-clip of 557 pounds; 2,668 cattle, 
 of which 193 were working oxen and 1,117 milch-cows; 682 horses, 618. 
 mules, 3 donkeys and 4,785 swine. Some of the farm products w^ere 35,- 
 529 domestic fowls, 35,281 dozens of eggs, 7,703 pounds of honey, 249,- 
 604 gallons of milk, 72,935 pounds of butter and 130 pounds of cheese. 
 
 The public schools number 30, one half for white pupils, the other- 
 half for colored. Of the white pupils the average attendance is 363, and. 
 of the colored pupils 503. 
 
 The prevailing religious sects are Baptists, Methodists and Presby- 
 terians. Churches for white and colored at convenient distances are 
 scattered over the county, which is also well provided with schools. 
 
 Crawfordville, the county seat, near the center of the county on the 
 Georgia Kailroad, has a population of 597 in the town, and 900 in the 
 entire district. It is noted as having been the home of Hon. Alexander 
 H. Stephens, who was bom about 2^ miles from this town. His grand- 
 father, Alexander Stephens, emigrated from England in 1750 and was 
 present at Braddock's defeat. He took an early and active part on the 
 patriot side in the war of the Kevolution, and removing to Georgia in 
 1789 or 1790, settled on the plantation afterwards owned by his son, 
 Andrew B. Stephens, and his grandson, Alexander Hamilton Stephens. 
 Mr. Stephens' mother was Margaret 'Grier, sister of Robert Grier, the 
 celebrated almanac maker in Georgia, and a distant relative of Ju^ice 
 Grier, one of the present judges of the Supreme Court of the United 
 States. Liberty Hall, the home of Mr. Stephens, is in full view of the 
 Georgia Railroad. 
 
 Other postoffices in the county are Hillman, Lyneville, Robinson and 
 Sharon. 
 
 The area of Taliaferro county is 198 square miles, or 126,720 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 7,912, a gain of 621 since 1890; school fund, 
 
 $5,255.23. , , . 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres o± im- 
 proved land, 115,872; average value per acre, $3.02; city property, 
 $70,205; shares in bank, $15,010; money, etc., $40,796; value of mer- 
 
834 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 chandise, $28,985; stocks and bonds, $7,353; cotton manufactories, 
 $150; household furniture, $31,474; farm and other animals, $70,154; 
 plantation and mechanical tools, $17,650; watehes, jewelry, etc., $2,- 
 970; value of all other property, $20,523; real estate, $420,920; per- 
 sonal estate, $245,913. Aggregate value of whole property, $666,833. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 7,099; 
 value, $22,009; city property, $4,205; money, $483; stocks and bonds, 
 $10; merchandise, $528; household furniture, $6,000; watches, $110; 
 farm and other animals, $18,131; plantation and mechanical tools, 
 $3,875; value of all other property, $841.00. Aggregate value of 
 whole property, $56,192. 
 
 The tax returns of 1901 show an increase of $2,975 in the value of 
 all property since the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Taliaferro county by sex and color, according to the 
 census of 1900: white males, 1,179; white females, 1,212; total white, 
 2,391; colored males, 2,707; colored females, 2,814; total colored, 
 5,521. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 21 calves, 53 dairy cows, 19 horses, 1 mule, 76 swine, 11 
 goats. 
 
 TATTNALL COUNTY. 
 
 Tattnall County was formed from Montgomery county in 1801. 
 Portions were given back to Montgomery county in 1812. It was named 
 in honor of Josiah Tattnall, a man very influential in Georgia; a senator 
 from Chatham county when the bill rescinding the Yazoo Act was 
 passed; was elected to Congress and chosen governor in 1801, which 
 office he resigned in 1802 on account of failing health. 
 
 Tattnall is bounded by the following counties: Bulloch and Bryan 
 on the northeast, Liberty on the east and southeast, Wayne and Appling 
 on the south, Montgomery and Emanuel on the west. The whole west- 
 em border has an inclination northward. The Cannouchee river runs 
 along the whole northeastern border. The Ohoopee river, a tributary 
 of the Altamaha, runs from north to south almost through the center of 
 the county. The Altamaha flows along the whole southern border. 
 Among other streams are Hound and Dry creeks, tributaries of the Can- 
 nouchee, itself a tributary of the Ogeechee; Pendleton's, Rocky and 
 Battle creeks, tributaries of the Ohoopee; Cobb's and Beard's creeka 
 which empty into the Altamaha. 
 
 The upper part of the county is hilly, the lower part level. The soil 
 is sandy, except along the streams, where it is thick. 
 
 Under good cultivation the average production to the acre is: corn, 
 20 bushels; oats, 15 bushels; sweet potatoes, 200 bushels; field-peas, 20 
 bushels; ground-peas, 100 bushels; seed cotton, 1,200 pounds; sea- 
 island seed cotton, 700 pounds; com fodder, 400 pounds; sugar-cane 
 symp, 200 gallons. Melons and every variety of vegetables are pro- 
 duced. 
 
 According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 335 
 
 Tattnall county 952 bales of upland and 6,357 bales of sea-island cotton 
 during the season of 1899-1900. 
 
 In 1890 Tattnall county had 13,885 sheep, with a wool-clip of 28,156 
 pounds; 19,642 cattle, 305 being working oxen, and 5,529 milch-cows, 
 956 horses, 778 mules and 23,437 swine. Some of the farm products 
 were 54,263 domestic fowls, 73,398 dozens of eggs, 315,886 gallons of 
 milk, 11,167 pounds of butter, 140 pounds of cheese, and 8,231 pounds 
 of honey. 
 
 Lumber, rosin and turpentine give occupation to many of the people, 
 who get their products into the markets of Darien and Savannah over 
 the Seaboard Air Line. 
 
 The public school buildings number 68 for white pupils and 21 for 
 the colored, with an average attendance of 1,976 white pupils and 621 
 colored. 
 
 Reidsville, situated on a high, sandy hill, four miles from the Ohoopee 
 river, is the county site. The Collins and Reidsville Railroad connects 
 it with the Seaboard Air Line, while the Stillmore Air Line connects it 
 with Stillmore in Emanuel county. Reidsville town has 257 inhabit- 
 ants, but the population of the entire Reidsville district is 2,446. 
 
 Claxton town has 533 inhabitants, while the district including it con- 
 tains a population of 3,085, The district which includes Glenville town 
 has 2,423 inhabitants, 269 of whom are in the town. 
 
 The Lyons district has a population of 1,098, of whom 534 are in the 
 town of that name. 
 
 Tattnall is considered one of the healthiest counties in Georgia. 
 
 The area of Tattnall county is 1,102 square mile^, or 705,280 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 20,419, "'an increase of 10,166 since 1890; school 
 fund, $12,043.24. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 509,964; of wild land, 36,603; average price per acre of 
 improved land, $2.02; of wild land, $1,08; city property, $220,629; 
 monev, etc., $556,069; merchandise, $166,888; household furniture, 
 $202,351; farm and other animals, $436,517; plantation and mechanical 
 tools, $87,523; watches, jewelry, etc., $12,920; value of all other prop- 
 erty, $322,103; real estate, $1,750,481; personal estate, $1,860,469. 
 Aggregate value of whole property, $3,610,950. 
 
 Property returned bv colored taxpayers: number of acres, 7,516; 
 value, $59,810; citv property, $7,510; money, etc., $2,926; merchan- 
 dise, $215; household furniture, $17,609; watches, etc., $418; farm and 
 other animals, $31,230: plantation and mechanical tools, $4,620; value 
 of all other property, $9,715. Aggregate value of whole property, 
 
 $143,229. ^ . , 1 r l^ 
 
 The tax returns show an increase of $101,79o m the value of all prop- 
 
 ertv over the returns of 1900. ,...•. 
 
 Population of Tattnall county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 6,917; white females, 6,389; tot^l white, 
 13.306; colored males, 3,921; colored females, 3,192; total colored, 
 T,113. ' 
 
836 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 122 calves, 58 steers, 6 bulls, 168 dairy cows, 156 horses', 
 272 mules, 822 swine, 26 goats. 
 
 TAYLOR COUNTY. 
 
 Taylor County was formed from Talbot, Crawford, Macon, Monroe 
 and Mai-ion in 1852, and was named in honor of General Zachary 
 Taylor, of Louisiana, a distinguished soldier of the Mexican war, and 
 twelfth president of the United States. It is bounded by the following 
 counties: Upson and Crawford on the northeast, Macon on the east, 
 southeast and south, Schley on the south, Marion and Talbot on the 
 west and Talbot on the northwest. 
 
 The Flint river flows along its whole northeastern boundary. Into 
 the Flint river empties Parchelagee creek, after traversing the northern 
 section of the county. White Water creek, after flowing in a south- 
 easterly course, turns to the east for a few miles and then making an- 
 other turn flows due south into Royal Cedar creek, which latter sepa- 
 rates Taylor on the south from Macon and Schley counties. 
 
 The soil of Taylor county is in the main cretaceous, with irregular 
 areas of the tertiary formation extending into the southern portion of 
 the county, while the northern portion is metamorphic with red clay 
 soil. Vegetation is consequently varied — hardwoods, yellow pine and 
 swamp growth prevailing, according to location. In some sections the 
 water is freestone, in others limestone. 
 
 These lands produce an average to the acre of 12 bushels of com, 20 of 
 oats, 6 of wheat, 5 of rye, 75 of Irish potatoes, 100 of sweet potatoes, 
 10 of field-peas, 30 of ground-peas, from 535 to 700 pounds of seed cot- 
 ton, 4,000 pounds of crab-grass hay, 300 of com fodder and 200 gallons 
 of sugar-cane syrup. 
 
 The gardens and orchards produce well. Above home consumption 
 there are sold about $2,500 worth of truck annually. There are 37,320 
 peach-trees, 6,607 apple-trees, 1,610 plum-trees, and 1,203 pear-trees. 
 While the peach crop is not so large as that of some of the neighboring 
 counties, the fruit is especially fine and brings fancy prices in the north- 
 ern and eastern markets. 
 
 While there are no dairy farms, the farmers own a great many cattle, 
 among them some very fine cows. In 1890 the cattle numbered 4,686, 
 the working oxen 355, and the milch-cows, 1,356. The yield of milk was 
 198,922 gallons, and the butter made on farms was 59,228 pounds, and 
 the cheese, 100 pounds. All kinds of poultry aggi'egated 38,582, and 
 the number of their eg;f!;B, was 65,249 dozens. The honey gathered was 
 16,691 pounds. In 1890 Taylor county had 578 sheep, with a wool- 
 clip of 2,018 pounds; 484 horses, 925 mules, 2 donkeys and 8,830 swine. 
 According to the census of 1900 there were ginned in Taylor county 
 8,371 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 1899-1900. 
 
 The timber products are small, amounting to $6,000 annually. 
 On the tributaries of the Flint river 17 grist-mills utilize 264 horse- 
 powers. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 837 
 
 There are 10 other manufactories in the county, with an annual output 
 of $97,078. The new cotton-mill at Eeynolds will add materially to this. 
 
 The public school buildings number 26 for white pupils and 16 for 
 colored, and have an average attendance of 680 white pupils and 543 
 colored. 
 
 The Methodists and Baptists with numerous churches supply the peo- 
 ple with religious advantages. 
 
 Butler, with a population of 707, on a branch of the Central of Geor- 
 gia Railroad, is the county site. The Butler district, which includes 
 the town, contains 3,083 inhabitants. 
 
 Eeynolds, on the same railroad, is in the eastern section of the county. 
 The Reynolds district contains a population of 2,199, of whom 436 are 
 in the town. 
 
 The area of Taylor county is 338 square miles, or 216,320 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 9,846, an increase of 1,180 since 1890; school 
 fund, $6,451.96. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved lands, 216,384; of wild lands, 17,943; average price per acre of 
 improved land, $2.08; of wild land, $0.52; city property, $72,730; 
 shares in bank, $16,000; money, etc., $50,242; value of merchandise, 
 $36,020; stocks and bonds, $1,100; cotton manufactories, $90,000; 
 household furniture, $55,780; farm and other animals, $93,212; planta- 
 tion and mechanical tools, $21,116; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,488; real 
 estate, $532,148; personal estate, $398,268. Aggregate value of whole 
 property, $930,416. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 7,385; 
 value, $12,074; city property, $2,790; money, et<;., $144; merchandise, 
 $40; household furniture, $7,162; watches, etc., $54; farm and other 
 animals, $8,949; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,833; value of all 
 other property, $344.00. Aggregate value of whole property, $35,525. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $13,765 in the value of 
 all property over the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Taylor county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 2,386; white females, 2,434; total white, 4,820; 
 colored males, 2,428; colored females, 2,598; total colored, 5,026. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 13 calves, 3 steers, 1 bull, 13 dairy cows, 28 horses, 6 
 mules, 2 sheep, 136 swine, 13 goats. 
 
 TELFAIR COUNTY. 
 
 Telfair County was laid out in 1807. A part of it was added to 
 Montgomery in 1812 and other parts to Montgomery m 1820. A part 
 was taken from Appling and added to Telfair in 1819, and m 1854 a 
 part of Telfair was given to help form Coffee county. The county of 
 Telfair was named in honor of Hon. Edward Telfair, a native of Scot- 
 land, who emigrated to Virginia and then to Georgia, engaging m com- 
 mercial pursuits at Savannah. He was conspicuous throughout the Revo- 
 
838 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 lution bj his patriotic zeal; represented Georgia in the Continental 
 Congress, and in behalf of his State signed the ratification of the 
 Articles of Confederation; after the war was one of the commissioners 
 appointed by the governor to make a treaty with the Cherokee chiefs; 
 was governor of Georgia from the 9th of January, 1786, to the 9th of 
 January, 1787; and again from the 9th of November, 1790, to the 7th 
 of ]S[ovember, 1793. While governor the second time he entertained 
 General Washington at the Grove, his family residence near Augusta, on 
 the occasion of the visit of his Excellency to Georgia. 
 
 Telfair county is bounded by the following counties: Montgomery 
 on the northeast, Coffee on the southeast, Coffee and Irwin on the south, 
 Wilcox on the southwest and Dodge on the northwest. Little Ocmulgee 
 river separates it from Montgomery county, the Ocmulgee from Coffee^ 
 Irwin and Wilcox counties, Sugar, Turnpike and Cedar creeks all flow 
 across the county and empty into the Ocmulgee river. 
 
 The face of the country is level. The soil is sandy, with clay subsoiL 
 Under ordinary methods of cultivation the average yield of the various 
 crops to the acre is: com, 15 bushels; oats, 15; rye, 10; Irish potatoes, 
 75; sweet potatoes, 200; field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 15; chufas, 30; rice^ 
 10; millet,. 10; seed cotton, 500 pounds; crab-grass hay, 1,500 pounds; 
 sugar-cane syrup, 200 gallons. The best lands with good cultivation will 
 produce to the acre: corn, 25 bushels, oats, 30; rye, 20; Irish potatoes, 
 100; sweet potatoes, 250; field-peas, 15; ground-peas, 25; chufas, 50; 
 rice, 20; millet, 200; upland seed cotton, 1,500 pounds; sea-island seed 
 cotton, 800 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; corn fodder, 500 
 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 375 gallons. 
 
 Crab, crowfoot and wire-grasses furnish good hay and also ample 
 pasturage for stock. Wheat bran, cotton seed meal and peas are also 
 used for feeding stock. Fifty per cent, of the fertilizers used is produced 
 on the farm, while 80 per cent, of the cotton seed raised is returned to 
 the land as a fertilizer, either in the form of cotton seed meal or as 
 green seed. 
 
 There is considerable improvement in the breeds of cattle, and yet 
 only a few beef cattle are raised, except on the range. In 1890 Telfair 
 county had 14,873 sheep, with a wool-clip of 9,704 pounds, 5,349 cat- 
 tle, 428 being working oxen and 1,468 milch-cows; 355 horses, 267 
 mules, 1 donkey, 7,659 swine, 14,343 domestic fowls, and by a later 
 estimate, 500 goats. Some of the products of the farms were 86,305 gal- 
 lons of milk, 4,978 pounds of butter, 985 pounds of honey and 21,007 
 dozens of eggs. 
 
 There are about 25 market gardens in the county selling about 
 $3,000 worth of truck above home consumption. About 500 acres are 
 devoted to melons, the net profit on which is $15 to the acre. The 
 principal fruits are peaches, apples, plums and pears. 
 
 There is a large business in rosin, turpentine, lumber, shingles, etc. 
 The annual output of lumber is about 100,000,000 superficial feet, at 
 $10 a thousand feet. About 15 sawmills and ten turpentine distilleries 
 are in operation. There are 20 grist-mills, 3 operated by water and 17 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 839" 
 
 by steam. There is an ice faetx>ry at McRae, also a wagon and buggy 
 factory. There are also two box and barrel factories. 
 
 The county site is McKae, a flourishing little town on the Southern 
 Eailway. McRae district has a population of 1,678, of whom 1,020 
 are in the corporate limits of the town. Here is the South Georgia Col- 
 lege, under the auspices of the South Georgia Conference of the M. E. 
 Church (South), a flourishing institution with about 300 pupils. There 
 are altogether in the county about 100 schools, public and private. The 
 public schools number 38 for white pupils and 13 for colored, with an 
 average attendance of 653 in the white and 600 in the colored schools. 
 
 There are several small towns and postoffices in the county: Clayville^ 
 China Hill, Cobbville, Elmina, Fentress, Helena, Jacksonville, Lumber 
 City, Milan, N'eily, Oswald, Poplar Hill, Scotland, Temperance Town 
 and Wootten's Mill. 
 
 Lumber City district has 1,326 inhabitants, of whom 760 Kve in the 
 town. Helena district has 975 inhabitants, 604 of whom are in the 
 town. 
 
 About 5,000 cotton bales are shipped from the entire county, which 
 enjoys both railroad and water transportation. According to the United 
 States census of 1900, there were ginned in Telfair county 2,324 bales 
 of upland and 217 of sea-island cotton of the crop of 1899-1900. 
 
 The area of Telfair county is 412 square miles, or 263,680 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 10,083, a gain of 4,406 since 1890; school fund, 
 $6,213.15. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 143,525; acres of wild land, 136,258; average price to the 
 acre of improved land, $2.16; of wild land, $1.15; city property, $204,- 
 002; money, etc., $67,973; merchandise, $78,180; capital invested in 
 shipping, $7,002; iron works, $915; household furniture, $64,726; farm 
 and other animals, $111,107; plantation and mechanical tools, $14,632; 
 watches, jewelry, etc., $5,420; value of other property, $37,250; real 
 estate, $673,318; personal estate, $403,105. Aggregate value of whole 
 property, $1,076,423. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 10,401, 
 value, $20,286; city property, $7,889; money, etc., $200; merchandise, 
 $65; household furniture, $5,760; watches, jeweby, etc., $117; farm and 
 other animals, $9,662; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,132; value 
 of all other property, $1,483;. Aggregate value of whole property, 
 $46,594. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $200,934 in the value 
 of all property over the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Telfair county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 ms of 1900: white males, 3,054; white females, 2,903; total whites, 
 5,957; colored males, 2,138; colored females, 1,988; total colored, 
 4,126. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 257 calves, 167 steers, 6 bulls, 331 dairy cows, 110 horses, 
 91 mules. 1 donkey, 74 sheep, 928 swine and 40 goats. 
 
840 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 TERRELL COUNTY. 
 
 Terrell County was formed from Lee and Randolph in 1856, and 
 was named for Dr. Wm. Terrell of Hancock county, who at one time 
 represented his county in the legislature and was a member from Geor- 
 gia of the House of Representatives at Washington from 1817 to 1821. 
 It is bounded by the following counties: Webster and Sumter on the 
 north, Lee on the east, Dougherty and Calhoun on the south and Ran- 
 dolph on the west. Kinchafoonee creek forms a part of its northeastern 
 and eastern boundary, and Ichawaynochaway creek part of the western 
 boundary. Other streams are Chickasawhatchee, Turkey and Chenubee 
 creeks. The water is in some parts freestone, in others, limestone. 
 
 The soil belongs to the tertiary formation, and is a gray, sandy loam 
 with red outcrops in places. TTie face of the couiitry is level or slightly 
 undulating. The forest growth is yellow pine on gray lands; oak and 
 hickory on red lands, with the usual swamp growth; white oak, ash, 
 maple, sycamore, poplar, gum and magnolia on streams. 
 
 The average yield of the various crops to the acre under ordinary 
 methods of production is; com, 10 bushels; oats, 13 bushels; wheat and 
 rye, 8 bushels each; Irish and sweet potatoes, 100 bushels each; sugar- 
 cane syrup, 206 gallons; sorghum forage, 4,000 pounds; seed cotton, 
 650 pounds. But many of the farmers under more scientific culture make 
 as an average to the acre: com, 15 bushels; oats, 35 bushels; wheat, 
 13 bushels; sugar-cane synip, 300 gallons; seed cotton, 800 pounds. 
 Crab-grass and peavines are the chief reliance for hay, and frequently 
 make 4,000 pounds to the acre. Amber cane is extensively used for a 
 forage crop. Bermuda grass also does well, and so does the velvet bean, 
 though it is not planted to any great extent. Crab-grass makes good 
 pasturage for seven months of the year and bennuda grass for nine. 
 The Jersey is the favorite milch-cow. Near Dawson is a successful 
 dairy farm. 
 
 In 1890 there were in the county 4,208 cattle, of which 134 were 
 working oxen, and 1,304 were milch-cows, which yielded 187,767 gal- 
 lons of milk, from which were made 64,944 pounds of butter. The 
 domestic fowls of every variety numbered 54,641, and produced 103,- 
 281 dozens of eggs. The honey collected amounted to 17,100 pounds. 
 In 1890 there were in Terrell county 365 sheep, with a wool-clip of 
 459 pounds, 438 horses, 1,634 mules, and 12,405 swine. 
 
 There are no regular market gardens, but some of the farmers make 
 a business of selling vegetables, berries and small fruits. The amount 
 of truck sold amounts to about $5,000 worth. 
 
 Fine melons are raised. The acreage for the past season was aibouit 
 200 acres. The net profit to the acre was $35.00. 
 
 The peach crop pays well. Other fruits are not produced in suffi- 
 cient quantities to warrant a statement of what they can do. There are 
 in the county 11,250 peach-treies amd 500 apple-trees. Not many grapes 
 are raised for tlie market. The Concord and other varieties do well. The 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 841 
 
 Scuppemong is indigenous to Terrell, as well as to many other counties 
 of Georgia. 
 
 There are about 50,000 acres of yellow pine, but most of it has been 
 sawed over. There is an annual output of 7 or 8 million superficial feet 
 at about $9.00 a thousand feet. 
 
 There is some sandstone, but none of it is being quarried. 
 There are in Terrell county 12 grist-mills, 5 operated by water and 
 T by steam. All of the 9 sawmills use steam. Other manufactories are : 
 three of builder's supplies, two of coffins, one of carriages and buggies, 
 one tui-pentine distillery, and one cotton seed oil-mill. The annual out- 
 put of all these manufactories is $200,000. The tributaries of 
 Flint river funiish 56 horse-powers utilized by 5 grist-mills. 
 
 Dawson, the county site, is a growing city of 2,926 inhabitants, with 
 excellent schools and churches of the Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians 
 and Lutherans. It has two banks with a combined capital of $113,000; 
 a good system of water-works, and electric light plant; a paid fire de- 
 partment; a coui't-house and other public buildings worth $54,000; sev- 
 eral flourishing mercantile establishments, life and fire insurance agen- 
 cies and four of the manufacturing establishments mentioned above. At 
 Dawson two lines of railway, one a branch of the Central of Greorgia, 
 the other of the Seaboaii-d Air Line system, cross each other, the former 
 traversing the county from northeast to southwest, the latter from north- 
 west to southeast. Li the district which includes the town there are 
 6,036 inhabitants. The public roads of the county are in fine condition. 
 Its products are marketed principally at Dawson, but a small percentage 
 goes to Parrott, Bronwood and Sasser. 
 
 Other post-offices and towns besides those already mentioned are: Cot- 
 tondale, Herod, Duvall and Graves Station. There is a free mail de- 
 liver}^ all over the county. 
 
 The entire receipts and shipments of cotton from the county are 26,- 
 000 bales. Of these Dawson handles 17,000 bales. According to 
 the United States census of 1900, there were ginned in Terrell county 
 25,719 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 1899-1900. 
 
 The area of Terrell county is 340 square miles, or 217,600 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 19,023, a gain of 4,520 since 1890; school fund, 
 $12,215.35. 
 
 By the Comptrolldi'-General's report for 1900 tliere are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 206,617; of wild land, 202; average price per acre of im- 
 proved land, $4.80; of wild land, $0.40; city property, $417,892; shares 
 in bank, $67,500; money, etc., $279,684; merchandise, $107,658; 
 stocks and bonds, $250; cotton manufactories, $1,738; iron works, 
 $100; household furniture, $127,859; farm and other animals, $191,- 
 852; plantation and mechanical tools, $45,547; watches, jewelry, etc., 
 $8,507; value of all other property, $78,623; real estate, $1,425,170; 
 personal estate, $924,818. Aggregate value of whole property, $2,394,- 
 
 988 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 10,518; 
 
842 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 value, $45,468; citj property, $18,082; money, $50; merchandise, $275; 
 iiousehold furniture, $30,624; watches, etc., $404; farm and other ani- 
 mals, $32,040; plantation and mechanical tools, $7,051; value of all 
 other property, $2,439. Aggregate value of whole property, $136,433. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $245,853 in the value of 
 all property since 1900. 
 
 The public schools of Terrell county number 24 for white pupils, and 
 24 for colored, with am average attendance of 689 white pupils and 851 
 colored. 
 
 Population of Terrell county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 2,913; white females, 2,761; total white, 
 5,674; colored males, 6,536; colored females, 6,813; total colored, 
 13,349. 
 
 Population of the city of Dawson by sex and color, according to the 
 census of 1900: white 'males, 615; white females, 609; total white, 
 1,224; colored males, 778; colored females, 924; total colored, 1,702. 
 
 Total population of Dawson, 2,926. 
 
 Domestic animals in Terrell county in bams and inclosures, not on 
 farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 12 calves, 7 steers, 2 bulls, 204 dairy 
 cows^l47 horses, 40 mules, 235 swine, 5 goats. 
 
 THOMAS COUNTY. 
 
 Thomas County was formed from Decatur and Irwin in 1825, and 
 a part of Lowndes was added to it in 1826. It was named in honor of 
 Jett Thomas, who was captain of artillery in the army of General Floyd 
 at the battles of Antossee and Chalibbee. He was bom in Virginia in 
 1777, and died in Milledgeville, Georgia, of cancer in 1815. 
 
 Thomas county is bounded on the north by Mitchell and Colquitt, 
 east by Brooks county, south by the State of Florida, and west by De- 
 catur county. The Ocklockonee river, from the northeast to the southwest 
 corner is the principal stream. The county lies on the backbone of an 
 elevated ridge, which extends across the State from northeast to south- 
 west. It slopes eastward and westward and from the watershed thus 
 formed flow numerous creeks and smaller, limpid streams. From tlie hill- 
 sides burst numerous springs, from which flow branches of clear water. 
 In every part of the county wells of good freestone water are easily dug. 
 In many sections the surface is level, in others undulating. Some parts 
 of the county are rather hilly. The soil varies greatly and some close 
 observers say that no fifty acres are exactly alike. The greater part of 
 it is a gray, sandy loam, with a red clay subsoil, while some of it is of a 
 yellow, sandy clay formation. There are lands of black muck, very 
 fertile, as well as lands of pure sand, that are nearly useless for agricul- 
 tural purposes. The prices vary from $2 to $10 an acre, according to 
 location, quality and improvements. An average farm can be purchased 
 at from $5 to $6 am acre. The principal crops are cotton, both long and 
 short-staple, sugar-cane, sweet and Irish potatoes, peas of every variety, 
 all the common vegetables, and many kinds of grasses. Crab is almost 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 845 
 
 the only grass cultivated in Thomas county for hay, being cut after 
 other crops, especially after melons. When cultivated for hay exclu- 
 sively it produces from 4,000 to 8,000 pounds to the acre. On some lands 
 the yield to the acre under ordinary methods of cultivation is as follows: 
 corn, 9 bushels; oate, 10 to 12 bushels; rye, 10 bushels; sorghum-syrup, 
 100 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 300 gallons; Irish potatoes 100 bushels; 
 sweet potatoes, 150 bushels; seed cotton, 400 pounds. On other lands 
 under a proper system of cultivation the yield to the acre is as follows: 
 com, 20 to 30 bushels; oats, 20 bushels; rye, 20 bushels; barley, 40 
 bushels; Irish and sweet potatoes, 200 bushels each; field-peas, 25 bush- 
 els; ground-peas, 40 bushels; upland seed cotton, 600 pounds; sorghum 
 syrup, 250 gallons; sugar-cane cyrup, 400 gallons. 
 
 The native grasses (wire and sedge), burned off in spring and growing 
 up luxuriantly form the principal summer pasturage, which is supple- 
 mented by the cane brakes. In winter the preferred food for cattle con- 
 sists of cotton seed meal and hulls with hay made from the native grass- 
 es. Some attention is given to the improvement of beef cattle. The 
 improvement in milch-cows is marked, the Jersey predominating. There 
 are 4 daiiy farms with a capacity of 200 gallons of milk a day. 
 
 In 1890 there were in Thomas county 16,354 cattle, of which there 
 were 694 working oxen and 4,584 milch-cows. Of the cows, 672 were 
 of improved breeds. The milk produced amounted to 442,092 gallons, 
 the butter to 79,252 pounds, and the cheese to 1,018 pounds. The sheep 
 numbered 3,511 and yielded 7,545 pounds of wool. There were 84,309 
 domestic fowls producing 138,793 dozens of eggs. The honey gathered 
 amounted to 7,139 pounds. There were 1,916 horses, 1,482 mules, 8 
 donkeys and 25,720 swine. 
 
 The county has wild turkeys and quail for those who fancy hunting, 
 and the many streams furnish black bass and perch to reward the labors 
 of the fisherman. 
 
 The fruits consist principally of pears, peaches, apples, plums, straw- 
 benies, figs, grapes and watermelons. 
 
 The vegetables are all the varieties common to this country. The 
 products of the market gardens over and above home consumption 
 amount to somewhere near $3,000 worth. About 200 acres are devoted 
 to grapes cultivated for home use. 
 
 A good portion of the county is still covered with original^ forest 
 growth and consists mainly of yellow pine, various kinds of oak, hickory, 
 poplar, magnolia, gum, beech and others. About 35 lumber and saw- 
 mills, all run by steam, are employed in sawing the timber and prepar- 
 ing it for manufacturing purposes. 
 
 There are in Thomasville railroad shops of the Plant System, 3 shops 
 for repairing vehicles, 2 sash and blind factories, and one foundry. ^ In 
 Thomasville and other towns are 10 or 12 shops where shoes are repaired 
 and made. In the county are 12 turpentine distilleries. There are 3 
 grist-mills and ginneries run by water-power. , . r 
 
 Thomasville, the county site, is a flourishing city with a population ol 
 5,322, or, including the district, 9,172. It has three banks with an ag- 
 
846 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 gregate capital of $250,000; fii-slrclass hotels, a fine system of public 
 schools, two colleges, and churches of the Methodist, Baptist, Presby- 
 terian, Episcopalian, Bible Christian and Eoman Catholic denomina- 
 tions. It is well lighted by gas and electricity and has water-works and 
 a system of sewerage. The natural drainage is perfect, the water run- 
 ning off in every direction. The streets are broad, well-kept, and in 
 many places shaded with native trees. It is noted for its beautiful flow- 
 ers which bloom every month of the year. There are 2 florists establish- 
 ments, each with an annual sale of $1,000 worth of flowers and flower- 
 ing plants. Two branches of the Plant System cross each other at 
 Thomasville. The Tifton, Thomasville and Gulf Kailroad also has its 
 southern terminus here. 
 
 Other growing towns of the county are: Boston, with a bank which 
 has a capital of $25,000; Cairo, also having a bank with a capital of 
 $25,000; Ocklockonee, Metcalf, .Meigs, Pavo and Pidcock. 
 
 The district of Boston has 3,663 inhabitants, of whom 722 reside in 
 the town. Cairo district has 4,400 people, of whom 690 are in the town. 
 The Meigs district contains 1,252 people, of whom 617 are residents of 
 the town. 
 
 The public roads of the county are in good condition, and there are 
 beautiful drives in and around Thomasville. 
 
 Thomas and Decatur counties are extensively engaged in the manu- 
 facture of syrup from the sugar-cane. 
 
 Cairo has become the center of the syrup trade of Georgia, shipping in 
 one year 10,000 barrels, valued at something over $100,000. The leaders 
 in this industry are Mr. J. Byron Wight and his two brothers. While the 
 syrup industry was still in its infancy Mr. Wight, at that time a school- 
 teiachcT, was forced by ill health to seek employment in the open air. 
 He began to study the best methods of syrup making and was aided in 
 his efforts by his two brothers, who were merchants. The result has 
 been a vast improvement in Georgia syrup, for which there^ is a rapidly 
 increasing demand. The improvements introduced have led to the in- 
 tention of establishing firs1>class sugar refineries, which would bring 
 Georgia to the front as a syrup and sugar-producing State. 
 
 Major Purse of Savannah, is one of the most zealous promoters of 
 this great industry. He and Colonel James, with Mr. Wight and others, 
 have made trips to Louisiana for the purpose of obtaining information. 
 The great railway lines, the Central of Georgia, the Southern and the 
 Plant Systems, are taking a lively interest in the promotion of cane- 
 gi'owing. 
 
 Many of the best farmers of this section think 600 gallons of good 
 syrup to the acre, under proper care and cultivation, a conservative esti- 
 mate, while some have made as high as 750 gallons to the acre at a time 
 when there was no market for it. 
 
 A large, thoroughly up-to-date sugar refinery would insure an enor- 
 mous increase in cane culture with an accompanying prosperity such as 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 347 
 
 Georgia has never known before. During the winter of 1900-1901 there 
 were shipped from this section through New Orleans to Texas, 1,500 
 barrels of Georgia syrup. 
 
 The products of the county are marketed at Thomasville, Boston, 
 Cairo, Ocklockonee, Metcalf and Meigs. Of 15,000 bales of cotton ship- 
 ped from the county, 2,500 are handled at Thomasville. 
 
 According to the census of 1900 there were ginned in Thomas county 
 10,923 bales of upland and 1,550 of sea-island cotton in the season of 
 1899-1900. 
 
 The whole coimty is well supplied with churches and schools. Of 
 110 public school buildings 63 are for white and 47 for colored, and the 
 average attendance is 1,956 white pupils, and 1,980 colored. 
 
 The area of Thomas county is 713 square miles, or 456,320 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 31,076, a gain of 4,922 since 1890; school fund, 
 $19,923.92. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 444,471; of wild land, 1,550; average value of impi-oved 
 land per acre, $2.66; of wild land, $1.00; city property, $1,335,146; 
 shares in bank, $92,500; gas and electric lights, $13,000; building and 
 loan association, $30,000; money, etc., $277,081; merchandise, $284,- 
 995; stocks and bonds, $7,000; cotton manufactories, $3,442; household 
 furniture, $282,937; farm and other animals, $302,448; plantation and 
 mechanical tools, $75,597; watches, jewelry, etc., $18,770; value of all 
 other property, $116,047; real estate, $2,521,871; personal estate, 
 $1,635,728. Aggregate value of whole property, $4,157,599. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 24,620; 
 value, $65,754; city property, $77,366; money, etc., $5,890; merchan- 
 dise, $1,830; household furniture, $31,323; watches, etc., $558; farm 
 and other animals, $42,883; plantation and mechanical tools, $9,326; 
 value of all other property, $5,357. Aggi-egate value of whole prop- 
 erty, $240,317. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $313,384 in the value 
 of all property since 1900. 
 
 Population of Thomas county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 6,823; white females, 6,803; total white, 
 13,626; colored males, 8,300; colored females, 9,150; total colored, 
 1T,450. 
 
 Population of the city of Thomasville by sex and color, accordmg to 
 the census of 1900: white males, 958; white females, 1,068; total white, 
 2,026; colored males, 1,349; colored females, 1,947; total colored, 
 3,296. 
 
 Total population of Thomasville, 5,322. 
 
 Domestic animals in Thomas county in bams and mclosures not on 
 farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 252 calves, 206 steers, 16 bulls, 453 
 dairy cows, 3^82 horses, 252 mules, 10 sheep, 572 swme, 43 goats. 
 
S48 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 TOWNS COUNTY. 
 
 Towns County was formed out of Union and Kabun counties in 1856, 
 and was named in honor of G. W. Towns, who represented Georgia in 
 Congi-ess in 1834, and was governor from 1847 to 1849. He died in 
 the city of Macon in 1854, at the age of 54 years. 
 
 Towns county is bounded on the north by the Stat© of North Carolina, 
 on the east and southeast by Rabun and Habersham coimties, on the 
 south by White county, on the west and southwest by Union county. 
 Hiawasse© river flows from north to south through the center of the 
 county. Other streams are Hightower, Fodder's, Bell and Brasstown 
 creeks. 
 
 This is a mountainous country, but on the river and creeks are some 
 very rich lands. 
 
 The climate is cool and bracing; the water, freestone, clear and cold. 
 The loamy black soil along the mountain streams is well adapted to 
 com, rye, oats, fruits and vegetables. The clay, mulatto soil of the up- 
 lands is well adapted to all crops. Clover, though not extensively raised, 
 gives fine yields on good land. Red top is best adapted to this county. 
 The natural grasses that grow about the lowlands are the chief reliance 
 for hay. Peavines, wherever planted, give an abundance of hay. 
 
 The average yield to the acre of the various crops under ordinary 
 methods of cultivation is: com, 25 bushels; oats, 30 bushels; wheat, 12 
 bushels; rye, 10 bushels; Irish potatoes, 60 bushels; sweet potatoes, 50 
 bushels; field-peas, 20 bushels; ground-peas, 20 bushels; crab-gi^ass hay, 
 4,000 pounds; com fodder, 1,000 pounds; sorghum symp, 100 gallons. 
 With scientific farming the lands do even better. Towns county pro- 
 duces the very best quality of ca|)bages, with heads firm and white, 
 large as a peck measure, and weighing 15 or 20 pounds. Turnips of im- 
 mense size and excellent flavor are raised in great quantities. Fruits, 
 melons and berries do well, but remoteness from the railroad prevents 
 the raising of more than enough for home consumption. Apples are an 
 exception, however. Large numbers of them are sold and at good profits. 
 Nearly every farmer has plenty of peaches for home use. Most of the 
 chestnuts found in the markets of our Georgia cities and towns in the 
 fall of th© year come from Towns and other counties of this section. 
 
 At Osbom there is a small vineyard producing the best varieties 
 of grapes. 
 
 There are no dairy farais in the county, but there is a considerable 
 amount of butter made on the farms. The people raise some cattle for 
 beef, and there is considerable improvement in the breeds of both 
 dairy and beef cattle. Some pur© breeds, especially bulls, have been 
 lately brought into th© county. Th© poultry and egg industry is de- 
 cidedly on the increase. 
 
 The stubble fields and meadows give excellent pasturage, and there 
 is good mountain rang© for cattl©, sheep and horses, and a fair supply 
 of mast for hogs, which grow fat on acoms, hickory-nuts and chestnuts. 
 In 1890 Towns county had 4,242 sheep with a wool-clip of Y,093 pounds, 
 2,998 cattle, 504 working oxen, 980 milch-cows, 406 horses, 292 mules, 6 
 
YELLOW TRANSPARENT. 
 
 Of Russian origin, but now largely planted East. West. North and South, and succeeds 
 
 everywhere as a very hardy, early ripening, excellent variety. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 849 
 
 donkeys, 4,731 swino and 37,374 domestic fowls of vaiious kinds. 
 Among tlie producte were 268,033 gallons of milk, 01,673 pounds of 
 butter, 29,914 dozens of eggs and 9,590 pounds of honey. There is 
 abundance of mountain trout in the streams, and in the mountains some 
 game, such as bear, deer, turkey, wolves and panthers. 
 
 There are about 75,000 acres of forest land, mostly in hardwoods. 
 The most valuable species are oak, hickory,, poplar, walnut, chestnut, 
 cherry, Lynn birch, maple, ash and locust. The Bnce of the timber is 
 from $8 to $10 a thousand feet. There an-e 3 sawmills getting out tim- 
 ber for the home supply. 
 
 The mountain streams afford abundance of water-power, varying at 
 different points from 1 to 1,000 horse-powers. 
 
 There are some few small flour-mills and grist-mills scattered through 
 the county, grinding for the county custom, probably about 30, all but 
 3 of which are operated by water. 
 
 There is one tannery. The people are anxious for manufactories, es- 
 pecially such as will work up their hai-dwoods, which are very valuable. 
 
 There is abundance of granite and serpentine gneiss for building and 
 other uses. Gold is mined to some extent. Iron, chrome and magnetite, 
 manganese, asbestos, talc, ochre, yellow and red plumbago, bulir, some 
 gems and plenty of corundum are found. A very large plant is now 
 being constructed at a cost of $100,000 at Tate City, in the eastern part 
 of the county for mining corundum. 
 
 Hiawaissee, the county site, has several successful mercantile establish- 
 ments. A new court-house is being built at a cost of $8,000, 
 
 Other post-offices are Mountain Scene, Osbom, Visage, Welch and 
 Young Harris. At this latter place is a fine school endowed by Young 
 L. G. Harris, of Athens, Georgia, and under the control of the North 
 Georgia Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Here 
 young men and young ladies of limited means can obtain an education 
 at the least possible expense. There is also at Hiawassee a good school 
 under the patronage of the Baptists. Methodists and Baptists are the 
 leading Christian sects. Their churches are scattered at convenient dis- 
 tances throughout the county. There are some 26 schools of the public 
 school system, with an enrollment of 1,350 pupils. Of these 23 are for 
 whites and one for colored. The average attendance is 790 white pupils 
 and 14 colored. 
 
 Murphy, North Carolina, is the nearest railroad to-\vn. In this and 
 several Georgia towns the products of the county are marketed. 
 
 The area of Towns county is 168 square miles, or 107,520 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 4,748, a gain of 684 since 1890; school fund, 
 $3,210.80. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 91,712; of wild land, 23,241; average value of improved 
 lands to the acre, $1.91; of wild lands, $0.45; city property, $20,095; 
 money, etc., $40,815; merchandise, $16,450; capital invested in mining, 
 $210; household and kitchen furniture, $19,140; farm and other ani- 
 mals, $61, 099; plantation and mechanical tools, $9,641; watches, jew- 
 
 41 ga 
 
850 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 elry, etc., $716; value of all other property, $4,716; real estate, $219,- 
 339; personal estate, $163,754. Aggregate value of whole property, 
 
 Property returned by colored ta^xpayers: number of acres of land, 
 360; value, $125.00; money, $60.00; household furniture, $55.00; 
 fai-m and other animals, $169.00; plantation and mechanical tools, 
 $5.00; value of all other property, $4.00. Aggregate value of whole 
 property, $424.00. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a decrease of $23,379 in the value oi 
 .all property since 1900. 
 
 Population of Towns county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 2,341; white females, 2,336; total white, 4,677^ 
 colored males, 38; colored females, 33; total colored, 71. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 1 dairy cow, 14 horses, 11 mules. 
 
 TROUP COUITTY. 
 
 Troup County was laid out in 1826. A part was set off to Harris in 
 1827, and a part to Heard in 1830. It was named for Hon. George M. 
 Troup, who was bom at Mcintosh's Bluff on the Tombigbee, in what 
 was at that time a part of Georgia, but is now within the litmits of the 
 State of Alabama. He attended school in Mcintosh county, Georgia, 
 and then in Savannah, later still at a celebrated academy on Long Island, 
 ISTew York, was graduated at Princeton College, ]^ew Jersey, and re- 
 turning to Savannah studied law in that city. He held many important 
 offices, viz. : in the legislature, in Congress as representative and senator, 
 and as governor of Georgia. It was in this latter capacity that he suc- 
 cessfully maintained the rights and honor of Georgia in a controversy 
 with the general government concerning the Creek lands, 
 
 Troup county is bounded on the north by Coweta county, and on the 
 northwest by Heard, on the east by Meriwether, on the south by Harris, 
 and on the west by the State of Alabama. The Chattahoochee river, 
 entering the county on the northwest, flows toward its southwest comer, 
 from which point it becomes the boundary line between Alabama and 
 Georgia. There are also numerous creeks, tributaries of the Chatta- 
 hoochee, among the chief of which are Yellow Jacket and Wehadka. 
 
 The land is rolling, well-watered and productive, embracing the varie- 
 ties of soil peculiar to most of the counties of the Middle Georgia belt. 
 "With proper tillage much of it will yield to the acre: com, 15 bushels; 
 oats, 20; wheat, from 10 to 15 bushels; rye, 12 bushels; barley, 20 
 bushels; Irish potatoes, 100, and sweet potatoes, 125 bushels; field-peas, 
 20 bushels; ground-peas, 25 bushels ;' seed cotton, 1,000 pounds; hay 
 made from bermuda, or crab-grass, or clover, 3,000 pounds; com fodder, 
 300 pounds; shredded com, 3,000 pounds; sorghum forage, about the 
 same; sorghum syrup, 200 gallons. The red lands of the county are fer- 
 tile, producing, besides all the crops named above, a great variety of gar- 
 den vegetables. Melons and berries are plentiful and of the best quality. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. J^51 
 
 Luscious grapes are raised for home consumption. The lauds are also 
 well adapted to peach-growing and to peaa«, plums and cherries. 
 
 Considerable attention is paid to the improvement of the breads of 
 cattle, both for the dairy and for beef. Nearly one-fourth of the cows 
 belong to the higher grades. In 1890 Troup county had 5,077 cattle, 
 of which 196 were working oxen and 2,306 were milch^ows, producing 
 695,265 gallons of milk, from which were made 224,192 pounds of but- 
 ter. The domestic fowls numbered 70,773, and produced, 162,055 
 dozens of eggs. From the bee-hives were collected 20,539 pounds of 
 honey. The county had 879 horses, 2,152 mules, 4 donkeys, and 
 8,526 swine. There were 223 sheep yielding 462 pounds of wool. 
 
 There is excellent timber available for manufacturing purposes, such 
 .as yellow pine, oak, maple, hickory, sweet-gum, poplar, etc. 
 
 LaGrange, the county site, is a growing city seventy-one miles south- 
 west of Atlanta. The LaGrange district, which includes the city, con- 
 tains 6,297 inhabitants, and in the corporate limits the city has a popula- 
 tion of 4,274. At a height of 850 feet above sea level and with a natural 
 drainage that insures freedom from malaria, LaGrange enjoys an ex- 
 cellent reputation for healthfulness. Beautiful flower gardens are found 
 in all portions of the city, among the most noted being "The Terraces" 
 or Ferrell Garden, at its western limit. The streets are wide and beau- 
 tifully shaded with water oaks and elms. It is a place of great culture 
 and refinement, the seat of two noted colleges for ladies; the Southern 
 Female (Baptist) College and the LeGramge Female College, owned 
 by the North Georgia Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 South; also of the Park High school for boys, and several other private 
 schools. It has also an excellent public school system. 
 
 There are two Methodist, two Baptist, one Episcopalian and two Pres- 
 byterian churches. 
 
 "^ An excellent system of water-works furnishes abundance of water for 
 .all purposes. The streets are lighted by electricity. There are two 
 banks with a combined capital aud surplus of $300,000. 
 
 There are three cotton-mills owned and operated by home people, 
 Avith an aggi-egate of 454 looms, 31,600 spindles and a combined capital 
 of $532,400. They manufacture sheeting, shirting, didlls, osnaburgs, 
 duck, and a variety of white cotton goods. These factories are the La- 
 Grange Mills, the Dixie Mill and the Troup Factory. 
 
 Other manufactories are: a cotton oil-mill, of large capacity, a gin- 
 nery, a guano factory, a foundry and machine shop, two planmg-mills 
 and variety workshops, two buggy and wagon factories, a gnst-mill and 
 a successful creamery and cheese factory. .^^^^n .-. 
 
 Through the work of the creamery there are now (1901) more than 
 300 Jersey cows in the vicinity of LaGrange. More than fifty farmers 
 fm-nish milk to this creamery and some of them make as inuch as 
 $165.00 a month. The butter from this creamery took the Worlds 
 Fair prize at the Paris exposition of 1900, and won the Biltmore pnze 
 at the dairy exposition held the same year m Atlanta. 
 
 Surrounding LaGrange are many elegant suburban homes, stock 
 
852 OEOROIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 farms, dairy farms, orchards and vineyards. The fanns are well sup- 
 plied with wood and water. 
 
 Bermuda grass furnishes pasturage for nine months of the year, and 
 on some of the farms yields from three to six tons to the acre. Well 
 located farm lands can be purchased at from $10 to $20 per acre. 
 
 Good manufacturing sites aire abundant. 
 
 The second largest place in Troup County is the thriving city of West 
 Point, 87 miles from Atlanta, with a population of 1,797 in its coi^orate 
 limits and in the whole West Point district, 3,086. The city owns its 
 water-works and electric light plant, and has an excellent public school 
 system. It is well supplied with churches of the Methodist, Baptist and 
 Presbyterians. It has three cotton-mills with an aggi-egate of 1,180 
 looms and 44,000 spindles, and a monthly pay-Q-oll of $20,000. They 
 manufacture duck, sateens, sheetings, drills and osmaburgs. West Point 
 has also a cotton oil-mill, a brick plant, a tanneiy, an iron foundi-y and 
 machine shops. 
 
 The tOAvn of Hogansville, with a population of 893 in the corporate 
 limits, or 2,663 in the Hogansville district, which includes the town, has 
 a cotton factory, a cotton oil-mill, a brick plant, a gnano factoiy, a har- 
 ness factory, gristrmill and ginnery. There are good schools and Method- 
 ist'. Baptist and Presbyterian churches. 
 
 Other postoffices in Troup county are Antioch, Long Cane, Asbury, 
 Troup Factory, Vernon and Mountville. 
 
 The Mountville district has 1,918 inhabitants, of whom 224 live in 
 the town of Mountville. 
 
 All Troup county is well supplied Avith churches and schools. 
 
 In the 36 public schools for white children there is an average attend- 
 ance of 1,009 pupils, and in the 40 for colored, 1,314 pupils. 
 
 The two colleges in LaGrange and the Park High school are for whites 
 exclusively. 
 
 The white and colored races in every county of Georgia attend sepa- 
 rate schools. 
 
 The county is traversed from northeast to southwest by the Atlanta 
 and West Point Railroad, and from east to west by the Macon and 
 Birmingham Railroad. These two roads Cross each other at LaGrange. 
 
 On the first named are Hogansville and West Point, on the latter, 
 Mountville. 
 
 According to the United States census for 1900 there were ginned in 
 Troup county 21,550 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899- 
 1900. 
 
 The area of Troup county is 434 square miles, or 277,760 acres. 
 The population by the census of 1900 was 24,002, a gain of 3,279 over 
 1890. According to the report of the Commissioner of Education for 
 1900, the school fund was $15,672.47. 
 
 By the Comptrollei-General's report for 1900 the property returned 
 was: acres of improved land, 268,983; average value per acre, 
 $4.06; city property, $922,459; shares in bank, $275,000; money 
 and solvent debts, $268,800; merchandise, $237,071; stocks and 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 853 
 
 bonds, $105,965; cotton manufactories, $329,800; household and kitch- 
 en furniture, $151,535; farm and other animals, $178,240; plantation 
 and mechanical tools, $46,997; watches, jewehy, etc., $14,131; value of 
 all other property, $146,817; real estate, $2,013,788; personal estate, 
 $1,894,328. Aggregate value of whole property, $3,908,116. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayei^: number of ' acres, 8,659; 
 value of land, $35,491; city property, $38,996; money, ete., $865; mer- 
 chandise, $280; household and kitchen furniture, $15,129; watches, 
 jewelry, etc., $301; farm and other animals, $29,108; plantation and 
 mechanical tools, $6,255; value of all other property, $1,401. Aggre- 
 gate value of whole property, $131,871. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $273,980 in the value of 
 all property as compared with the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Troup county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 4,267; wliite females, 4,401; total white, 
 8,668; colored males, 7,445; colored females, 7,889; total colored, 
 15,334. 
 
 Population of the city of LaGrange by sex and color, according to the 
 census of 1900: white males, 1,179; white females, 1,368; total white, 
 2,547; colored males, 767; colored females, 960; total colored, 1,727. 
 Total population of LaGrange, 4,274. 
 
 Domestic animals in Troup county in barns and inclosures, not on 
 fanns or ranges, June 1, 1900: 116 calves, 8 steers, 2 bulls, 298 dairy 
 cows, 324 horses, 33 mules, 3 donkeys, 6 sheep, 567 swine, 10 goats. 
 
 About six or eight miles west of LaGrange, on the west bank of the 
 Chattahoochee river, where the Wehadka creek empties into that 
 stream, there once stood a village belonging to the Muscogees, a tribe 
 of the Creek Indians. This was the meeting point where the marauding 
 parties met to plan some murdei-ous foray upon the unprotected settlers 
 of the frontier. It was after one of these predatory excursions that the 
 wannors of the nation had assembled to celebrate the Green Com Dance 
 preparatory to another bloody raid. 
 
 A few hundred mem under the command of Major Adams, who had 
 volunteered to strike. a blow at the savages, had arrived one evening in 
 .1793, within a few miles of the river. 
 
 While thev were in waiting for night, so that under cover of the dark- 
 ness, they might surprise the enemy, Major Adams, accompanied by a 
 private soldier named Hill, started to swim the Chattahoochee in order 
 to reconnoiter the position of the enemy. Hill, who came near being 
 drowned, was rescued by the Major, who then, after encountering many 
 perils, gained the desired information and returned to his command. 
 Leading his men across the river at a favorable point, he completely sur- 
 prised the Indians, of whom scarcely a warrior escaped As far as 
 possible the women and children were spared. The Indian town 
 was completely destroyed. For many years posts still standing m 
 the midst of the saplings that had grown up among the ruins pointed 
 out to the traveler the place where formeriy stood the Burnt A illage. 
 
854 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 TWIGGS COimTY. 
 
 Twiggs County was formed from Wilkinson in 1809, and a part of it 
 was added to- Bibb in 1833. It was named in honor of Colonel John 
 Twiggs, who during the Kevolutionary war won distinction in battles 
 with the British, and subsequently with the Indians. It is bounded by 
 the following counties: Bibb and Jones on the north and northwest. 
 Wilkinson on the east, Pulaski on the south, Houston and Bibb on the 
 west. The Ocmulgee river is on its western boundary. Into it empty 
 Shellstone, Crooked, Flat and Savage creeks. The northern part of the 
 comity is generally broken, with gi-ay soil. The lands on Ocmulgee river 
 and Turkey creek are about the best, having a good clay soil. 
 
 Taking the general average of all the lands in the county, the yield to 
 the acre under ordinary methods of culture is: corn, 9 bushels; wheat, 
 from 8 to 10 bushels; oats, 12 bushels; rye, 5 bushels; peas, 8 bushels; 
 ground-peas, 30 bushels; Irish and sweet potatoes, each about 100 bush- 
 els; seed cotton, 500 pounds. There are many acres of the best land 
 which greatly exceed most of the above yields, giving as an average 
 production to the acre: com, 20 bushels; oats, 25; wheat, 12; rye, 7; 
 field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 40; sweet potatoes, 125; seed cotton, 800 
 pounds; bermuda and crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds each; corn fodvler, 
 450 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 300 gallons. 
 
 Vegetables of great variety and excellent quality are raised in great 
 abundance. Fruits, melons and berries do well. 
 
 There is a growing interest in the improvement of the breeds of cat- 
 tle. Jerseys and Holsteins are favorite cows for milk. Steps are being 
 taken to raise more beef cattle and from better breeds. In 1890 T^\aggs 
 county had 2,766 cattle, 204 of which were working oxen, and 903 
 milch-cows, 464 horses, 1,163 mules, 8,960 s^vine and 42,034 domestic 
 fowls. Among its products were 150,744 gallons of milk, 38,243 
 pounds of butter, 63,237 dozens of eggs and 4,986 pounds of honey. 
 There were also 55 sheep, with a wool-clip of 152 pounds. 
 
 There are still standing about 40,000 acres of pine, hickory, oak and 
 poplar. The annual output of lumber is about 250,000 superficial feet, 
 valued at $8.00 a thousand feet. 
 
 Bluestone of good quality is found. There are good veins of pottery 
 clay, which is being worked by a small plant valued at about $2,000. 
 
 The Ocmulgee river and its tributaries abound in fish. The game con- 
 sists chiefly of quails and rabbits (or hares). 
 
 There are in Twiggs county 8 grist-mills and one sawmill. About half 
 the grist-mills are operated by water, and the rest by steam. 
 
 The Southern Railway traverses the western part of the county, and 
 the Macon, Dublin and Savannah the eastern section. Jefferson ville on 
 the latter road is the county site. Other postoffices are Big Sandy, Bill- 
 iards, Burns and Fitzpatrick. 
 
 The cotton receipts and shipments amount to 7,000 bales. Most of 
 the products of the county are marketed in Macon. According to the 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 855 
 
 United States census of 1900, there were ginned in this county, 9,484 
 bales of upland cotton in the season of 1899-1900. 
 
 Tmggs county has about 36 public schools, 19 for whites and 17 for 
 negroes. The average attendance is: whites 401, colored, 539. 
 
 Churches of the Methodist and Baptist denominations ai-e in every sec- 
 tion of the county. 
 
 The ai-ea of Twiggs county is 423 square miles, or 270,720 acres. 
 Population of Twiggs county in 1900, 8,716; a gain of 521 since 1890; 
 school fund, $6,840.33. 
 
 By the Comptroller-Generars report for 1900, there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 216,089; of wild laud, 9,709; average value per acre of im- 
 proved land, $1.95; of wild land, $0.60; city property, $19,944; money, 
 etc., $24,666; merchandise, $11,825; houeshold furniture, $30,556; 
 farm and other animals, $83,487; plantation and mechanical tools, $17,- 
 766; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,582; value of all other property, $30,801; 
 real estate, $447,440; personal estate, $219,288. Aggregate value of 
 whole property, $666,728. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of laud, 
 6,917; value, $14,150; city property, $525; household furniture, $7,- 
 755; watches, etc., $144; farm and other animals, $22,316; plantation 
 and mechanical tools, $4,217; value of all other property, $849.00. Ag- 
 gregate value of whole property, $56,238. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $77,704 in the value of 
 all property since 1900. 
 
 Population of Twiggs county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 1,435; white females, 1,476; total white, 
 2,911; colored males, 2,912; colored females, 2,893; total colored, 
 5,805. 
 
 Domestic animals in Twiggs county in barns and inclosures, not on 
 farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: N"o report. 
 
 UNION COUNTY. 
 
 Union County was laid out from Cherokee and organized in 1832. 
 At the time of its organization there was a great deal of discussion m 
 Georgia over Union and States' rights. John Thomas, who had been 
 chosen by the people a representative from the new county, being asked 
 by the legislature to suggest a name for it replied, "Union ! for none 
 but Union men live in the county." The legislature was strongly of 
 the same sentiment and accepted the name. 
 
 This county is bounded as follows: on the north by North Carolina, 
 on the northeast and east by Towns county, on the southeast by White 
 and Lumpkin, on the south by Lumpkin, and on the west by Jbannin 
 
 Notley creek and Teccoa river are the principal streams. 1^ rom them 
 are caught mountain trout and horny-heads. The pleasant summer cli- 
 mate, bracing atmosphere and cold, freestone water, render this a 
 healthy and delightful section of the State. ^ ^ ^^ _. ^. , . , 
 
 The southeim part of the county is ti-aversed by the Blue Ridge with 
 
856 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 many peaks, among the most noted of which are Ivy Log, Cooper's, 
 Creek Blood, Track Kock, Ball and Round Top Mountain. Track 
 Eock, which is seven miles east of Blairsville, is in a gap of the En- 
 chanted Mountain. This rock is so called, because, at the headwaters of 
 Brass Town creek, where it is a species of soapstone, it is marked by 
 tracks of turkeys, deer, horses, bears, and by what are supposed to be 
 the footprints of Indians. 
 
 On Notely river, or creek, as it is also called, about one and a half 
 miles from Blairsville, there once occurred a battle between the Chero- 
 kee and Creek Indians over some disputed territory, and these images 
 are said to be hieroglyphics made to commemorate the event. 
 
 The oak and hickory table-lands are good, and those of the creeks and 
 river bottoms are excellent. The chief productions are corn, wheat, rye, 
 oats, tobacco, potatoes, cabbage of the finest kind, turnips, peaches and 
 apples. 
 
 The average yield to the acre of the various crops is: corn, 20 bushels; 
 oats, from 15 to 30 bushels, according to location; wheat, from 6 to 12 
 bushels; rye from 5, on ordinary lands, to 15 bushels, and more on the 
 best soils; Irish potatoes, 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, from 100 to 200 
 bushels; peas, 25 bushels; ground-peas, 50 bushels; hay from crab and 
 herds-grass, 1.500 pounds, and from clover, between 2,000 and 3,000 
 pounds; corn fodder, 450 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons. 
 
 With proper attention this is a great country for grass. Red top and 
 clover do well, and can be made to yield abundantly. Cattle and sheep 
 run in the woods in summer and thrive on the pasturage aiforded by the 
 native grasses. In winter they are fed on com fodder, hay, cotton seed 
 meal, hulls and bran. 
 
 Beef cattle constitute the chief reliance of the people for money, and 
 renewed interest is being shown in the improvement of breeds. In 1890 
 Union county had 720 horses, 606 mules, 9 donkeys, 8,623 smne, 5,796 
 cattle, 1,074 of which were working oxen, 1,830 were milch-cows, 8,984 
 sheep, with a wool-clip of 12,253 pounds, and 67,843 domestic fowls. 
 Some of the productions of the county were 420,397 gallons of milk, 
 91,880 pounds of butter, 20 pounds of cheese, 15,541 pounds of honey, 
 and 68,512 dozens of eggs. 
 
 In the western part of the county are found iron ore, alum, sulphate 
 of iron and granite quartz. There are large quarries of millstone of ex- 
 cellent quality on Ivy Log and Brass Town creeks, on which same 
 streams and on Coosa creek gold has been found. There is in this same 
 section of the county variegated marble. 
 
 Blaii-sville, the county site, was named for James Blair of Habersham, 
 which county he represented in the legislature for many years. It has a 
 new court-house just completed which cost $14,000. 
 
 The forest timbers which cover about 100,000 acres, are oak of vari- 
 ous kinds, hickory, poplar, white and spruce pine, gum, walnut, black 
 locust, maple and laurel. A few sawmills are engaged in cutting out 
 lumber, but the output is small. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 857 
 
 The religious denominations are Baptist, Methodist and Pi-esbyterian, 
 and their churches ai^e scattered throughout the county. 
 
 There are 45 schools belonging to the State public school system. Of 
 these 44 are for white and 1 for colored. The average attendance is 
 1,128 wMte and 22 colored. 
 
 The products of the county are marketed for the most part in Gaine&- 
 ville and Atlanta. 
 
 The area of Union county is 325 square miles, or 208,000 acres. 
 Population by census of 1900, 8,481, a gain of 732 since 1890; school 
 fund,' $5,777.72. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 202,356; of wild land, 33,573; average value per acre of 
 improved land, $1.44; of wild land, $0.26; city property, $12,800; 
 money, etc., $65,999; merchandise, $16,416; household furniture, $27,- 
 043; fai-m and other animals, $102,046; plantation and mechanical tools, 
 $14,571; watches, jewelry, etc., $874; value of all other property, $9,- 
 159; real estate, $314,961; personal estate, $238,943. Aggregate value 
 of property, $553,904. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 157; value, 
 $325; household furniture, $196; farm and other animals, $292.00; 
 plantation tools, $24.00; value of all other property, $5.00. Aggregate 
 value of whole property, $842.00. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a decrease of $5,803 in the value of 
 all property since 1900. 
 
 Population of Union county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 4,130; white females, 4,223; total white, 8,353; 
 colored males, 66; colored females, 62; total colored, 128. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: ^o report. 
 
 UPSON com^TY. 
 
 Upson County was laid out from Crawford and Pike in 1824. A 
 part was taken from it an4 added to Pike in 1825. It was named in 
 honor of Stephen Upson, a prominent lawyer of Oglethorpe county. 
 The following counties bound it: Pike on the north, Monroe and Craw- 
 ford on the east, Taylor and Talbot on the south and southwest, and 
 Meriwether on the west. 
 
 The Thomaston branch of the Central Eailroad runs from the north- 
 east southward to the center of the county. The Macon and Binning- 
 ham Eailroad enters the county about the middle of the eastern bound- 
 ary, and runs northwestward, crossing the Central at Thomaston. One 
 of the main lines of the Southern system from Atlanta to Fort Valley 
 runs across the northeastern section of the county, while another branch 
 from McDonough to Columbus passes for a few miles through the north- 
 west comer. Thus this county enjoys the very best railroad facilities 
 
 The best lands are in the southeastern part of the county on the J^lmt 
 river and on Potato and Noble's creeks. The soil belongs to the meta- 
 
858 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 morphic formation, having red, undulating lands, intersi3ersed witk gray 
 gravel, both underlaid with an impervious red clay subsoil. There is 
 abundance of freestone water. 
 
 While the average yield per acre of all classes of land is 12 bushels 
 of com, 8 of oats, 7 of wheat and 550 pounds of seed cotton, the better 
 lands, with good culture, produce per acre: corn, 20 bushels; oats, 30; 
 barley, 40; wheat, 12; rye, 10; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 150; 
 field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 20; seed cotton, 700 pounds; crab-grass hay, 
 8,000 pounds; bermuda grass hay, 4,000 pounds; corn fodder, mth 
 stalks, 4,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 150 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 100 
 gallons. 
 
 In the gardens are raised all the vaiieties of vegetables, berries and 
 melons. Over and above home consumption there is sold about $4,000 
 worth of truck annually. There are 81,151 peach-trees, and 4,241 ap- 
 ple-trees. The fruit trees bear abundantly on the lighter soils, which are 
 not so well suited to cotton, cotu, wheat, etc. 
 
 The native grasses give such good feed for stock that dairying pay? 
 well. The total number of cattle in Upson county in 1890 was 4,220, 
 of which 154 were working oxen, and 1,702 were milch-cows, many of 
 them being of improved breeds. There was a production of 358,403 
 gallons of milk and 103,683 pounds of butter. The county had 487 
 horses, 1,525 mules, 2 donkeys, 8,045 swine, and 54,154 domestic fowls 
 of all kinds. There were 139 sheep, with a wool-clip of 215 pounds. 
 There was also a product of 17,482 pounds of honey and 80,292 dozens 
 of eggs. ^ 
 
 The timber products are small, but there is yet on hand a consider- 
 able amount of swamp timber and hardwoods, among the latter the most 
 prominent being oak, hickory and elm. The total value of these prod- 
 ucts is about $9,000. 
 
 The utilized water-powers are: on tributaries of the Flint river, 595 
 horse-powers running 23 mills; on Big Potato creek, 60 horse-powers 
 operating 2 mills. This creek is estimated to have 2,550 horse-powers, 
 imused as yet. Some of the mills are sawmills, the majority grist-mills, 
 
 The various manufactories of all other kinds number 18, and have an 
 annual output worth $146,813. 
 
 Thomaston, the county seat, is a place of 1,714 inhabitants, or, 
 including the entire district, 3,098. It has good church buildings, be- 
 longing to the Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians. It also has ex- 
 cellent schools. The Thomaston cotton-mill has 175 looms and 6,600 
 spindles and a capital of $100,000. By the census of 1900 there were 
 ginned in Upson county 9,765 bales of upland cotton in the season of 
 1899-1900. 
 
 Other postoffices are Waynmanville, Swifton and the Rock. At 
 Waynmanville is a cotton factory having 76 looms, 3,408 spindles, and 
 a capital of $63,000. 
 
 The whole county is well supplied with churches, and has 47 public 
 schools, 28 for white pupils, and 19 for colored. The average attend- 
 ance is 990 in the schools for whites and 893 in those for colored. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 859 
 
 The Flint river runs along the whole western boundary. On the east 
 side of this river begins the Pine Mountain, the highest summits of 
 which are 800 feet above the river. Among these are some fine springs, 
 and upon the highest point is an Indian mound. 
 
 The area of Upson county is 310 squai-e miles, or 198,400 acres. 
 Population of Upson county by the census of 1900, 13,670, a gain of 
 1,482 since 1890; school fund, $10,184.77. 
 
 By the Comptroller-Generars report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved lands, 173,538; of wild lands, 3,G28; value of improved lands per 
 acre, $3.06; of wild lands, $0.79; city property, $236,841; shares in 
 bank, $31,000; money, etc., $179,947; value of merchandise, $84,- 
 726; stocks and bonds, $11,000; cotton factories, $73,229; household 
 furniture, $67,826; farm and other animals, $107,708; plantation and 
 mechanical tools, $31,526; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,270; value of all 
 other property, $28,548; real estate, $876,860; personal estate, $623,- 
 700. Aggregate value of whole, $1,500,560. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 
 8,690; value of same, $26,854; city property, $9,746; money, $55; 
 merchandise, $80; household furniture, $5,635; watches, etc., $131; 
 faim and other animals, $12,111; plantation and mechanical tools, 
 $2,903 ; value of all other property, $349.00. Aggregate value of whole, 
 $57,894. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $230,189 in the value of all 
 property over the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Upson county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 3,146; white females, 3,043; total white, 6,189; 
 colored males, 3,689; colored females, 3,792; total colored, 7,481. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or range-s, 
 June 1, 1900: 12 calves, 11 steers, 3 bulls, 83 dairy cows, 109 hoii-ses, 
 24 mules, 2 sheep, 109 swine, 1 goat. 
 
 WALKER COUNTY. 
 
 Walker County was laid out from Murray and organized in 1833. It 
 was named in honor of Major Freeman Walker of Richmond county, 
 for many years a member of the Georgia legislature and a representative 
 in Congress. It is bounded on the north by the State of Tennessee, 
 Catoosa and Whitefield counties, east by Catoosa and Whitefield coun- 
 ties, south by Chattooga county, west by Dade county and the State of 
 Alabama. 
 
 The Chickamauga creek (or river, as it is often called), is the largest 
 stream in the county. Other water courses are: Chattooga river, Pea- 
 vine, Duck, Rocky and Snake creeks. The dark, chocolate lands along 
 the rivers produce abundantly of corn, wheat, r>'e, oats, bariey, clover 
 and potatoes, while the dark and gray soils of the valleys and table-lands 
 yield fine crops of cotton. McLemore's Cove, Peavine, Annuchee and 
 Chickamauga Valleys, cannot be surpassed in fertility by any lands m 
 the State. "With proper cultivation the lands of Walker coimty will 
 
860 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 ^-ield to the acre: corn, wheat and rve, 20 bushels each; barlev, 30 bush- 
 ek; Irish potatoes, 200 bushels; sweet potatoes, 50 bushels; field-peas, 
 15 bushels; ground-peas, 25 bushels; seed cotton, 1,000 pounds; crab- 
 grass hay, 4,000 pounds; clover, 6,000 pounds; com fodder, 700 pounds; 
 sorghum syrup, 250 gallons. Clover does splendidly in this county. So 
 do all the grasses, which furnish good summer pasturage. The vacant 
 lands and woods afford excellent range for cattle and sheep. There is 
 improvement in the breeds of cattle, for either beef or the dairy. The 
 Jersey and Durham ai-e the preferred types. During four or five months 
 the cattle must be fed in order to give the best results. Cotton seed 
 meal and htdls are used extensively for feeding stock. The most ex- 
 tensive sheep ranges of Georgia are found in the extreme northern and 
 southern sections of the State. 
 
 In 1S90 Walker coimty had 5.116 sheep, with a wool-clip of 10,074 
 pounds; 8,511 cattle, of which 251 were working oxen, and 2,692 were 
 mileh-eows with a fair proportion of improved breeds; 1,658 horses, 
 1,519 mules, 12,519 swine, and 115,819 domestic fowls of all sorts. 
 Among the productions were 912,098 gallons of milk, 219.919 pounds of 
 butter, 325 pounds of cheese, 19,922 poimds of honey and 185,288 
 dozens of eggs. Among the garden vegetables are fine specimens of cab- 
 bages. Strawberries, raspberries, blackberries and whortleberries 
 abound. Some 200 acres are devoted to the raising of melons for the 
 markets. There are 1,500 acres of peach and 1,600 of apple-trees. 
 
 There are extensive mines of iron and bituminous coal, employing 
 some 700 hands, and representing a capital of $100,000. Granite, mar- 
 ble and limestone of superior quality abound. There is also a good 
 supply of fine timber, mostly hardwoods. The timber lands are worth 
 about $1.50 an acre, the uplands, $10.00, and the lowlands or bottom 
 lands from $20.00 to $50.00 an acre. 
 
 On Chickamauga creek and Chattooga river are excellent water- 
 powers, some of which are utilized in operating a number of flour and 
 grist-mills. The largest of these, known as Lee and Gordon's mills, re- 
 ceived frequent mention in the reports of the battle of Chickamauga, 
 fought on the 19th and 20th of September, 1863. 
 
 About 20 sawmills in the county are employed in utilizing its tim- 
 ber products. 
 
 At Lafayette is a cotton factory, known as the Union Cotton Mills, 
 with a capital of more than $100,000, having 212 looms and near 7,000 
 spindles. Walker county has also a woolen mill, valued at $6,000, a 
 tannery valued at $100,000 and another establishment known as the 
 Chickamauga Manufacturing Company. In this county, according to 
 the United States census of 1900, there were ginned 3,631 bales of up- 
 land cotton of the crop of 1899-1900. 
 
 LaFayette, the county site, named in honor of General LaFayette, is 
 beautifully situated on the former Chattanooga, Eome and Southern, 
 now a branch of the Central of Georgia Railway. It has a court-house, 
 valued at $10,000; a bank with a capital of $20,000, several flourishing 
 mercantile establishments, and fire and life insurance agencies. The 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 
 
 861 
 
 population of this town is 491, and of the entu-e district of LaFavette, 
 
 In Walker coimtv, as already mentioned was fought the great battle 
 of Chiekaniauga, The United States government has made of this bat- 
 tle-field a great national pai-k, in which the positions of the various com- 
 mands of the opposing armies are marked by monuments and tablets 
 with appropriate inscriptions. The positions* of the opposing batteries 
 are marked by cannons arranged as if in action. The Georgia monu- 
 ment is among the most imposing on this historic field. Besides the 
 steam railroads, an electric car line connects Chickamauga park with 
 Chattanooga, Tennessee. 
 
 Xear LaTayette is Wilson's Cave, a curiosity worth visiting, with its 
 flight of natural staii^ and spacious apartments, in which an almost in- 
 finite number of stalactites, formed from the drippings of water, re- 
 semble in size and appearance various animals and also inanimate objects 
 such as cones, pyramids, altars, tables, candle-stands, etc. 
 
 Crawfish Spring, fifteen feet deep and two hundred feet wide, will 
 well repay the curiosity of the visitor. 
 
 Round Pond, whose waters never become stagnant, is a beautiful ex- 
 panse of water of a sea-green color, forty eight feet deep and embracing 
 four or five acres. It has no visible outlet Like most of the other 
 streams of the county, it contains excellent fish. 
 
 The greater part of the products of Walker cotmty are marketed in 
 Chattanooga, Tennessee. 
 
 Two railroads, the Chattanooga Southern, and the Chattanooga, Rome 
 and Southern, a branch of the Centi-al, traverse the county from north 
 to south. There are So miles of railroad and 60 miles of macada mi zed 
 road. Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians and some other denominations 
 have churches scattered all over the county. There are 64 schools for 
 white pupils, with an average attendance of 2,096, and 9 for colored, 
 with an average attendance of 593. 
 
 The area of Walker county is 433 square miles, or 277,120 acres. 
 Population by the census of 1900, 15,661, a gain of 2,379 since 1S90; 
 school fund, $9,650.12. 
 
 Bv the Comptroller-General's report for 1900, there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 243,764: of wild land, 32,442: average value per acre of 
 improved land, $4.94: of wHd land, $0.93: city property, $77,9S1; 
 shaa-es in bank, $20,000: money, etc, $259,710: merehiindise, $69,012; 
 cotton manufactories, $167,800; household furniture, $11S,6SS; farm 
 and other animals,' $173,763: plantation and mechanical tools, 
 $50,670; watches, jewelrv, etc., $6,800: value of all other property, 
 $31,235; real estate, $1,313,621: pergonal estate, $1,306,196. Aggre- 
 gate value of whole property, $2,319,937. , i , 
 " Propertv returned bv colored taxpayer: number of acres of land, 
 ''>936- value of &ime, '$8,150: city property, $1,695: money, $1^3: 
 household furniture, $2,620: watches, etc., $61: farm and other ani- 
 mals, $7,704: phmtation and mechanical tools, $1,154_: value of all other 
 property, $289.00. Aggregate value of whole, $21,856. 
 
862 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $91,557 in value of all 
 property since 1900. 
 
 Population of Walker county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 6,838; white females, 6,359; total white, 
 13,197; colored males, 1,445; colored females, 1,019; total colored, 
 2,464. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 90 calves, 154 steers, 1 bull, 205 dairy cows, 136 horses, 
 29 mules, 2 donkeys, 51 sheep, 526 swine, 137 goats. 
 
 WALTON COUNTY. 
 
 Walton County was laid out by the lottery act of 1818, a part being 
 taken from Jackson in that year. A portion of the county was added to 
 Jasper in 1820. A part was given to Newton county in 1821, and dur- 
 ing the same year a part was added to, and taken from Henry county. 
 It was named in honor of George Walton, one of the signers of the Dec- 
 laration of Independence, and afterwards Governor of Georgia. 
 
 Walton county is bounded as follows : Jackson and Oconee counties on 
 the northeast, Morgan county on the southeast, Newton and Rockdale 
 counties on the southwest, and Gwinnett county on the northwest. 
 
 The principal streams are the Appalachee, Alcovey and Yellow rivers. 
 The creeks are Hard Labor, Jack's and Flat. Along these streams the 
 lands are productive. 
 
 The face of the country is undulating. The larger part of the soil is 
 gray. There is also considerable red and some black soil, which last 
 two give the largest yields. The productions are cotton, corn, wheat, 
 rye, oats, potatoes, vegetables, fruits and forage crops, which latter in- 
 clude crab-grass hay, fodder and peavines. It is the habit of the farm- 
 ers to plant peas and cut hay and peavines on wheat fields after the 
 wheat is harvested. Com land is extensively planted in peas. The 
 average yield to the acre, taking all lands together, is: corn, 12 bushels; 
 wheat, 10 bushels; rye, 6 bushels; field-peas, 10 bvishels; ground-peas, 
 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 75 bushels; Irish potatoes, 80 bushels; seed 
 cotton, 600 pounds; surghum syrup, 75 gallons. 
 
 But taking the best lands and those most carefully cultivated, there is 
 a great advance on some of these figures in the average yields to the acre, 
 viz.: corn and oats, 20 bushels; rye, 15 bushels; Irish potatoes, 208 bush- 
 els; sweet potatoes, 200 bushels; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons, sugar- 
 cane syrup, 150 gallons; bermuda or crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds; com 
 fodder, 450 pounds; shredded com, 4,000 pounds; seed cotton, 900 
 pounds. Vegetables, apples, peaches, melons and strawberries do well, 
 as do also plums, chemes and blackberries. Some of these are sold m 
 the markets of the county towns. The game and fish are hardly sufii- 
 cient to supply the home demand. 
 
 Grass for summer pasturage is abundant. For winter cattle food 
 cotton seed meal and hulls, and hay from grass, peavines and soi- 
 ghum forage are used. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 863 
 
 In 1890 Walton county had 830 sheep, with a wool-clip of 1,221 
 pounds, 6,202 cattle, of which 414 were working oxen and 2,568 milch- 
 cows, of which many were improved breeds, 1,269 horees, 2,157 mules, 
 3 donkeys, 12,858 swine and 95,708 domestic fowls. There are four 
 dairy farms, all doing well. The Jei-sey is the preferred dairy breed. 
 
 Among the farm products were 789,559 gallons of milk, 276,703 
 pounds of butter, 12,542 pounds of honey and 90,767 dozens of eggs. 
 
 More attention than fomierly is being paid to the raising of beef 
 cattle. 
 
 The Bethlehem Cider Company manufactures about 15,000 or 20,- 
 000 gallons of grape cider eveiy season, making from $5,000 to $10,- 
 000 clear on the investment. 
 
 Of original forests there remain about 5,000 acres; of second growth 
 pines, about 25,000 acres. About five sawmills work this timber and 
 prepare it for the market. It sells at an average of $8.00 a thousand 
 feet. 
 
 There are two cotton-mills in the county, one at High Shoals, oppo- 
 site the town of that name in Oconee county, having 150 looms and 
 5,000 spindles; the other at Monroe, with 534 looms and 5,200 spindles. 
 Each has a capital of over $100,000. Two other cotton factories are 
 being built in the county. There are 20 flour and gTist-mills, of which 
 one half are operated by water. There are two cotton seed oil-mills, one 
 at Monroe, the other at Social Circle. In the Social Circle district are 
 2,879 people, of whotn 1,229 are in the town of Social Circle. 
 
 The county has three banks: one at Felker with a capital of $50,000; 
 the Bank of Social Circle, with a capital of $55,125; the Bank of Mon- 
 roe, with a capital of $81,500. 
 
 Monroe, the county site, has a population of 1,846 in its corporate 
 limits, or 3,241 including Monroe district. It is on an elevated location 
 with a fine view of Stone Mountain in the distance, and has public build- 
 ings valued at $40,000. These include court-house, jail and halls. 
 
 In the towns already named are successful mercantile establishments, 
 fire and life insurance agencies and some small manufactories. This 
 county is credited by the United States census of 1900 with having 
 ginned 19,665 bales of upland cotton in the season of 1899-1900. 
 
 Eeligious and educational advantages are excellent. There are 61 
 church edifices in the county belonging to Baptists, Methodists and Pres- 
 byterians. 
 
 There are 66 public schools, 42 for white and 24 for negroes, with 
 an average attendance of 1,973 white and 1,047 colored. 
 
 The public roads are for the most part good. 
 
 The Gainesville, Jefferson and Southern Eailroad nms from north to 
 south through the county. On it are the towns of Monroe and Social 
 Circle. Through this latter town also passes the Georgia Eailroad. Just 
 across the northern border of the county nms the Seaboard Air Line, a 
 branch of which also connects Loganville with Lawrenceville in Gwin- 
 nett county. , . • 
 
 There is good granite near Loganville, but it is not being quarried. 
 
864 GEORGIA : HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 The area of Walton county is 366 square miles, or 234,240 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 20,942, a gain of 3,475 since 1890; school fund, 
 $13,773.30. 
 
 Bj the Comptroller-General's report for 1900, there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 229,548; average value per acre, $5.02; shares in bank, 
 $175,500; gas and electric light companies, $1,000; city pa-operty, $311,- 
 560; money, $291,707; merchandise, $124,821; stocks and bonds, 
 $3,000; cotton manufactories, $251,000; household furniture, $118,- 
 668; farm and other animals, $173,763; plantation and mechanical 
 tools, $50,670; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,651; value of all other prop- 
 erty, $79,291; real estate, $1,466,716; personal estate, $1,306,196. 
 Aggregate value of whole;, $2,772,912. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 
 5,143; value of same, $22,780; city property, $7,860; money, etc., $358; 
 household furniture, $9,934; farm and other animals, $15,039; watches, 
 etc., $75; plantation aind mechanical tools, $3,292; value of all other 
 property, $731.00. aggregate value of whole property, $60,075. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $91,557 in the value 
 of all property since 1900. 
 
 Population of Walton county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 6,261; white females, 6,340; total white, 
 12,601; colored males, 4,149; colored females, 4,192; total colored, 
 8,341. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 53 calves, 5 bulls, 99 dairy cows, 136 horses, 16 mules, 1 
 sheep, 246 swine, 4 goats. 
 
 Jack's creek in Walton county is noted for a battle with the Indians 
 fought by Greneral Elijah Clarke at the head of 130 men on ihe 21st of 
 September, 1787. 
 
 The Indians had committed several murders in numerous predatory 
 raids. General Clarke, distinguished as Georgia's great partisan leader 
 in the war for independence, gathered a party of volunteers and in the 
 fight at Jack's creek gave the savages a salutary lesson, which greatly pro- 
 moted the future security of the county. 
 
 WAKE COUNTY. 
 
 Ware County was laid out from Irwin in 1824, and was named in 
 honor of Hon. Nicholas Ware of Richmond county, who had served in 
 the Georgia Legislature, was elected United States Senator in 1821, and 
 died in New York in 1824. It is bounded by the following counties: 
 Appling on the north. Pierce en the east, Charlton on the south and 
 also on the east for some distance; Florida on the south. 
 Clinch on the southwest and Coffee on the west. It is a 
 well-watered county. Several miles north of the center Satilla 
 river crosses it from west to east and into it flow from north to 
 south several creeks. Long and Deep creeks traverse its cen- 
 tral section from northwest to southeast, where they mingle their 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 865 
 
 waters with Okefinokee Swamp, which covers the greater part of the ex- 
 treme Eouthern section. The lands are level and interspersed mth many 
 swamps. The soil is light but productive in sugar-<5ane, cotton, com, 
 potatoes, tobacco, peaches, melons, figs and oranges. All the fruits here 
 mentioned, grow well. 
 
 It is a splendid county for stock-raising. Cattle and sheep have a 
 fine range over the uncultivated lands, where the grass affords excellent 
 grazing the year round. The mild winters make shelter unnecessary. 
 "With the exception of sheep-shearing and milking the cows almost no 
 attention beyond marking and branding is required. 
 
 The pine and cypress timber is very valuable, and rosin, turpentine 
 and lumber are obtained in large quantities. The annual output of lum- 
 ber is 50,000,000 superficial feet at an average price of $10.00 a thou- 
 sand feet. Seven steam sawmills are kept busy getting it ready for 
 market. There are ten turpentine distilleries. A sash, door and blind 
 factory, worth $20,000 and two manufactories of iron, worth $10,000, . 
 are among the industries. The shops of the Plant System are valued at.. 
 $100,000 and employ a great many hands. 
 
 Three dairy farms are evidence of the advance being made by the 
 county in the line of improved milk breeds, and much interest is being 
 manifested now in the rearing of beef cattle. The United States census 
 for 1900 reports 344 dairy cows kept in barns and inclosures. 
 
 With careful cultivation the lands will produce to the acre: com, 15 
 bushels; oats, 20; rice, 10; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 200; 
 field-peas, 15; ground-peas, 30; sea-island cotton, 800 pounds; crab- 
 grass hay, 2,000 pounds; com fodder, 200 pounds; sugar-cane syrup 
 from 300 to 400 gallons. 
 
 In 1890 Ware county had 3,098 sheep, with a wool-clip of 4,85& 
 pounds; 7,721 cattle, 137 being working oxen, and 2,056 cows, 364 
 horses, 131 mules, 1 donkey, 7,482 swine and 16,176 fowls. 
 
 Among the products were 142,905 gallons of milk, 710 pounds of 
 butter, 7,297 pounds of honey and 31,232 dozens of eggs. Accord- 
 ing to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned for the sea- 
 son of 1899-1900, only 1-23 bales of sea-island cotton. 
 
 Game and fish are plentiful. Deer and wild turkeys afford fine sport 
 to the huntsman. 
 
 Three branches of the Plant System and the Waycross Air Line give 
 ample railroad facilities. All these center at Waycross, the county site, 
 a rapidly growing town with electric plant, for lighting and street rail- 
 way, valued at $15,000, gas and water-works worth $30,000, a court- 
 house which cost $30,000, seven white and nine colored churches, and 
 a good public school system. It has three banks with an aggregate cap- 
 ital of $175,000. Waycross had in 1880 a population of 628; in 1890 
 a population of 3,364, and, by the census of 1900, a population of 5,919. 
 The district which includes^ Waycross contains 7,771 inhabitants. 
 
 Waresboro, the former county site, is the next town of importance, 
 but has only' 269 inhabitants. The whole Waresboro district contains 
 1,239 people. 
 
 42 ga 
 
866 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 The county is well supplied with schools and with churches of the 
 Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians. There are 32 schools for whites 
 and 8 for colored, belonging to the public school system. The average 
 attendance is 933 white and 600 colored pupils. 
 
 There are several small pecan groves in Ware county, and some 
 very fine trees are at Waycross. The nuts are mostly of the paper shell 
 ^variety. Many of them have been shipped to Jacksonville, Florida, 
 where there is a good demand for them. 
 
 The land area of Ware county is 676 square miles, or 432,640 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 13,761, a gain of 4,950 since 1890; school fund, 
 ■$5,008.08; school fund for Waycross, $2,668.80. 
 
 According to the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: 
 acres of improved lands, 182,937; wild lands, 588,966; average value of 
 improved lands per acre, $1.86; of wild lands, $0.18; city property, 
 $942,494; shares in bank, $89,000; gas and electric light companies, 
 $3,000; money, etc., $36,131; merchandise, $244,813; cotton manufact- 
 ories, $2,720; iron works, $400; household furniture, $180,108; farm 
 and other animals, $190,211; plantation and mechanical tools, $30,898; 
 watches, jewelry, etc., $13,880; value of all other property, $113,448; 
 real estate, $1,379,332; personal estate, $1,625,996. Aggregate value 
 of whole property, $2,605,328. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: numiber of acres of land, 
 5,802; value of same, $14,110; city property, $53,269; money, etc., 
 $90; household furniture, $13,036; watches, $635; farm and other ani- 
 mals, $8,510; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,805; value of all otheaj 
 property, $767.00. Aggregate value of whole property, $98,222. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $278,841 in the value of all 
 property over the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Ware county by sex and color, according to the censua 
 of 1900: white males, 4,485; white females, 4,167; total white-, 8,652; 
 colored males, 2,715; colored females, 2,394; total colored, 5,109. 
 
 Population of Waycross by sex and color, according to the census of 
 1900: white males, 1,539; white females, 1,481; total white, 3,020; 
 colored males, 1,448; colored females, 1,451; total colored, 2,899. 
 
 Total population of Waycross, 5,919. 
 
 Domestic animals in. Ware county in bams and inclosures, not on 
 farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 214 calves, 121 steers, 18 bulls, 344 dairy 
 cows, 190 horses, 167 mules, 12 sheep, 752 swine, 86 goats. 
 
 WAEEEN COUNTY. 
 
 Warren County was laid out in 1793 and named in honor of Major 
 General Joseph Warren of Massachusetts, who fell at the battle of 
 Bunker or Breed's Hill, near Boston, on the l7th of June, 1775.^ Por- 
 tions of this county were set off to Jefferson in 1796, and to Taliaferro 
 in 1825. It has the following counties on its borders: Wilkes and Talia- 
 ferro on the north, McDuffie on the east (or slightly northeast), Gla&- 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 867 
 
 cock and Jefferson on the south, Hancock and Taliafen-o on the west, 
 and TaliafeiTo on the northwest. 
 
 The North Fork of the Ogeechee is on the western boundary. Brier 
 creek rises on the southeastern border, runs southeast for 100 miles 
 through other counties, and empties into the Savannah river. Long 
 and Rocky creeks flow from the center of the county southward into 
 the Ogeechee river, which abounds in fish. 
 
 The best lands of the county are those where oak and hickory are 
 the prevailing growth. These are well adapted to com and cotton. 
 Other lands containing some oak and hickory, but with pine predomi- 
 nating, are suited to the small grains, vegetables, potatoes, melons and 
 fruits. Some hay is made from crab and bermuda grasses, which also 
 give good pasturage for stock. 
 
 The average production of all the lands to the acre is: Com, 10 
 bushels; oats, 12; wheat, 9 bushels; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 
 75; field-peas, 8; ground-peas, 50; seed cotton, 600 pounds; com fodder, 
 200 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 200 gallons; 
 sugar-cane syrup, 100 gallons. Some of the best lands make 20 bushels 
 of corn and oats to the acre, wheat, 12 bushels, and 10 to 12 bushels of 
 peas. Peavines are used extensively for hay. 
 
 In 1890 Warren county had 770 sheep, with a wool-clip of 1,562 
 pounds; 4,022 cattle, 333 being working oxen; and 1,425 milch-cows; 
 975 horses, 1,041 mules, 5 donkeys, 51,486 domestic fowls, and 9,615 
 hogs. In 1890 there were 101 dairy cows kept in bams or inclosures. 
 Among the farm products, according to the census of 1890, were 333,315 
 gallons of milk, 98, 786 pounds of butter, 9,589 pounds of honey, and 
 55,909 dozens of eggs. 
 
 Vegetables, fruits and melons are raised on farms and in gardens in 
 the towns and villages. The products of the county are marketed at 
 Warrenton, Camack and Barnett. 
 
 The Georgia railroad from Augusta to Atlanta, entering the county 
 on the east, crosses it, turning a little to the northwest. Another 
 branch of this road turns off at Camak, and going through Warrenton, 
 turning to the southwest, traverses the central section on its course to 
 Macon. Another road runs from Barnett to Washington, in Wilkes 
 county. Thus Warren county enjoys excellent railroad facilities. 
 
 Every section of the county has good educational and religious advan- 
 tages. The prevailing sects are Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians. 
 Warrenton, the county site, is a pretty town, with a cultured^ and 
 moral population of 1,115 inhabitants, while the district in which it is in- 
 cluded, has a population of 2,842. A company has been organized to 
 build a cotton factory at Warrenton. Other towns are Camak, Bar- 
 nett, l^orwood and Mesena. 
 
 Warren county is credited by the United States census of 1900 as 
 having ginned 9,659 bales of upland cotton in the season of 1899-1900. 
 Gold has been found in the upper part of the county. 
 
 There are in the county 27 schools for white and 24 for col- 
 ored pupils, with an avea-age attendance of 632 white pupils and 815 
 
868 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 colored. The area of Warren county is 298 square miles, (A- 190,720' 
 acres. Population in 1900, 11,463, a gain of 506 since 1890. School 
 fund, $8,108.32. According to the report of the Comptroller-General 
 for 1900 there are 176,246 acres of improved land; average value per 
 acre, $3.80; city property, $147,974; shares in bank, $27,700; money, 
 etc., $132,206; merchandise, $53,510; stocks and bonds, $125; cotton 
 manufactories, $32,725; household furniture, $75,863; farm and other 
 animals, $128,514; plantation and mechanical tools, $27,829; 
 watches, jewelry, etc., $4,651; value of all other property, $27,456; rea\ 
 estate, $818,469; personal estate, $527,835; aggregate value of whole 
 property, $1,346,304 
 
 Property returned by colored tax payers: number of acres of land, 
 2,254; value of same, $8,065; city property, $14,260; money, etc., $200; 
 merchandise, $2,015; household furniture, $13,948; watches, etc., $231; 
 farm and other animals, $18,927; plantation and mechanical tools, 
 $4,881; value of all other property, $960.00; aggregate value of whole 
 property, $63,487. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a decrease of $25,612 in the value of 
 all property since 1900. 
 
 Population of Warren county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 1,918; white females, 1,924; total white, 
 3,842; colored males, 3,613; colored females, 4,008; total colored^ 
 7,621. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900, 70 calves, 100 steers, 2 bulls, 92 dairy cows, 104 horses,. 
 2 mules, 308 swine, 3 goats. 
 
 WASHINGTON COUNTY. 
 
 Washington County was established in 1784, and named in honor of 
 George Washington. It at that time included all the territory '"from the 
 Cherokee corner north, extending from the Ogeechee to the Oconee 
 south to Liberty county." In 1786 a portion of it was added to Greene 
 county; in 1793, a part to Hancock; in 1807, a part to Baldwin; and in 
 1826 another part to Baldwin. It is bounded by the following coun- 
 ties: Glascock and Jefferson on the northeast, Jefferson on the east, John- 
 son on the South, Wilkinson on the southwest, Wilkinson and Baldwin 
 on the west, and Hancock on the northwest. 
 
 The Ogeechee river is on its northeastern boundary, the Oconee on its 
 western and southwestern border, the Ohoopee river and its tributary. 
 Dyer creek in the south central portion. Swamp creek, rising in the 
 north, flows in a southeasterly direction, finally emptying into the Ogee- 
 chee river at the southeastern edge of Jefferson county. Buffalo and 
 Keg creeks, entering the county on the northwest, unite their waters 
 near the west-central section and turning southwest, enter the Oconee on 
 the southwest border. Town creek forais part of the western boundary 
 between Washington and Baldwin counties. This is, therefore, a well- 
 watered county. The water is mainly freestone. 
 
 The face of the county is for the most part level, but in some places. 
 
GREENVILLE. 
 
 The berry is of large size, good qualit3^ very productive ; season, medium to late ; color 
 very fine ; plants vigorous and free from rust. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. ggg 
 
 gently rolling. The soil is of the tertiary formation, having gray, 
 sandy lands with red outcroppings in places. It is also mixed ^vith 
 lime in some parts of the county. 
 
 The productions are the same as in most of the counties of the mid- 
 dle Georgia belt. The native grasses furnish excellent grazing. Crab- 
 grass, sorghum and peavines constitute the principal hay crop. Taking 
 all the lands of the county together, the average production to the acre 
 is: com, 10 bushels; oats, 12 bushels; wheat, 6 bushels; Irish potatoes, 
 50 bushels; sweet potatoes, 120 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; ground- 
 peas, 15 bushels; seed-cotton, 600 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; 
 sugar-cane syrup, 150 gallons. But the better class of lands, with skillful 
 cultivation, will produce to the acre: corn, 20 bushels; oats, 35; rye, 10; 
 wheat 12; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 200; field-peas, 20 bushels; 
 ground-peas, 25 to 30 bushels; seed-cotton, 800 pounds, and with inten- 
 sive farming on the best lands, 3,000 pounds; crab-grass hay, 4,000 
 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 350 gallons. 
 
 By the census of 1890 Washington county had 2,920 sheep, with a 
 Avool-clip of 6,603 pounds; 8,531 cattle, 571 being working oxen, and 
 2,892 milch-cows, 1,527 hoi-ses, 2,418 mules, 1 donkey, 26,563 hogs, 
 and 117,307 domestic fowls. There are 188 dairy cows kept in barns or 
 inclosures. Among the farm products are 502,920 gallons of milk, 
 101,092 pounds of butter, 50 pounds of cheese, 28,645 pounds of honey, 
 and 172,583 dozens of eggs. 
 
 Washington exports about 800 head of cattle annually. 
 
 The timber products are valued at about $18,000 annually, and are 
 obtained from the yellow pine and hard-woods, the latter including white 
 oak and other swamp timber on streams. On the tributaries of the 
 Ogeechee river about 33 horse-powers are utilized, and 58 horse-powers 
 on the tributaries of the Oconee. 
 
 The value of truck sold in the county amounts to $12,000 annually. 
 
 The output of the manufactories of Washington county is valued at 
 $252,969. 
 
 Potter's clay, sandstone, and buhrstone abound. Opal, homstone, 
 jasper, chalcedony and agate have been found. Js^ear Sandersvijle ai-e 
 sinks or caves m which are gathered fossil teeth, and a great variety of 
 ribs and shells. Bare mussels are found in the streams. Brick and ]ug 
 ware are among the clay products. i , n -n *. 
 
 At Sandersville are Lang's machine works, and Jordan s flour-mill; at 
 Tennille, a cotton factory with 4,000 spindles and a capital of $60 OpO, 
 a cotton oil-mill, and Smith's mineral works; at Chalker, Robert s bnck 
 works; at Warthen, Warthen's flour-mill; at Thena, Walkers 
 flour-mill. The flour and gi-ist-mills of the county number 10, of which 
 four use water power. There are two banks at Sandersville and two at 
 Tertinille. At these places are several prosperous mercantile establish- 
 ments, and life and fire insurance agencies. 
 
 At Tennille there are also a hard-wood factory, a novelty factory, ma- 
 chine works and an electric light plant. By the census of 1900 the cotton 
 ginned in Washington county in 1899-1900 was 29,544 bales (upland). 
 
870 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Saaadersville, the county site has a court-house valued at $40,000, and 
 a jail worth $20,000. This town is situated on a ridge between the 
 Oconee and Ogeechee rivers, 480 feet above tide water. It has a pop- 
 ulation of 2,023, according to the census of 1900, while its whole dis- 
 trict contains 3,013 people. It is on a branch of the Southern railway, 
 three miles north of Tennille, where the Southern meets the Central of 
 Georgia railway, and which is the terminus of the Wrightsville and Ten- 
 nille railroad. Tennille, with a population of 1,121, is the second most 
 important town of the county. The whole Tennille district contains 
 3,195 people. 
 
 Methodists and Baptists are the prevailing denominations. There 
 are 47 public schools for w^hite pupils in the county, and 37 for colored, 
 with an average attendance of 1,576 whites and 1,421 colored. 
 
 The area of Washington county is 680 square miles, or 435,200 acres. 
 
 The population in 1900 was 28,227, a gain of 2,900 since 1890. 
 The school fund is $18,850.76. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved lands, 407,375; of wild lands, 1,450; average value per acre of 
 improved lands, $4.29; city property, $495,362; shares in bank, $20,500; 
 money, etc., $399,324; merchandise, $181,044; stocks and bonds, $27,- 
 905; cotton manufactories, $500; mining, $100; iron works, $5,900; 
 household furniture, $178,159; farm and other animals, $295,213; plan- 
 tation and mechanical tools, $68,513; watches, jewelry, etc., $12,763; 
 value of all other property, $105,962; real estate, $2,241,217; personal 
 estate, $1,370,893; aggregate value of whole property, $3,481,014. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 
 10,462; value of same, $42,928; city property, $13,901; money, etc., 
 $770; merchandise, $25; household furniture, $25,565; watches, etc., 
 $455; farm and other animals, $43,686; plantation and mechanical tools, 
 $11,243; value of all other property, $34,624; agg)i'egate value of whole 
 property, $207,899. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $125,419 in the value of 
 all propea'ty over the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Washington county by sex and color, according to the 
 census of 1900: white males, 5,485; white females, 5,320; total white, 
 10,805; colored males, 8,526; colored females, 8,896; total colored, 
 17,422. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 
 1, 1900: 82 calves, 38 steers, 2 bulls, 174 dairy cows, 167 horees, 56 
 mules, 1 donkey, 22 sheep, 548 swine, 9 goats. 
 
 WAYNE COUNTY. 
 
 Wayne County, which was laid out by the lottery act of 1803, was 
 organized in 1805, and named in honor of Major-General Anthony 
 Wayne, one of the most distinguished among the heroes of the Amer- 
 ican revolution. Part, was taken from it in 1805 and given to Camden. 
 Parts were added to it from Camden in 1808 and 1812. A part was 
 added to it from Glynn in 1820, and a part was added to Glynn in 1822. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 871 
 
 Wayne county is bounded on the northeast by Tattnall, Liberty and 
 Mcintosh counties; on the east by Glynn county, which is also south of 
 a small portion of it, on the south by Camden, Charlton and Pierce, and 
 on the west by Pierce and Appling. Along the whole northeastern border 
 runs the Altamaha river. The Satilla river, after forming part of its 
 western border, turns to the southeast, and passing through the loweir 
 section of the county, enters Camden at about the center of the south- 
 em boundary. Each of these rivers abounds in fish. The central por- 
 tions of the county are wateE-ed by tributaries of the Altamaha and Sa- 
 tilla, the most important of which is the PinohoUoway, or Phennohal- 
 oway river (an Indian name meaning turkey), which flows northeast- 
 ward into the Altamaha. 
 
 The soil, when fertilized, is productive of sugar-cane, potatoes, rice, 
 com, a variety of vegetables, melons and long-staple cotton. A great 
 part of the county is wild land, which, being covered with grass, affords 
 a splendid range for cattle, sheep and hogs. The mild winter saves the 
 expense of housing, and but little outlay is required to carry them 
 through the cold season. In the spring they are marked and branded, and 
 in the fall are in good condition for the market, which is in the main a 
 home one. 
 
 By the census of 1890 Wayne county had 3,642 sheep, with a wool- 
 clip of 8,762 pounds; 10,667 cattle, 396 being working oxen, and 2,794 
 milch-cows; 690 horses, 104 mules, 1 donkey, 12,858 hogs and 24,102 
 domestic fowls. 
 
 Among the fafi-m products were 108,632 gallons of milk, 36,035 doz- 
 ens of eggs, 4,754 pounds of honey, and 2,638 pounds of butter. 
 
 The land, with proper fertilization and culture, will produce to the 
 acre: com, 15 bushels; oats, 20 bushels; Irish potatoes, 75; sweet-pota- 
 toes, 200; field peas, 16; ground-peas, 30; sea-island cotton, 500 pounds; 
 crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; com fodder, 250 pounds; sugar-cane 
 syrup, 200 gallons. 
 
 The county is traversed by the Southern railway, and the Savannah, 
 Plorida and Westem, of the Plant System. The Florida, Central and 
 Peninsular, of the Seaboard Air Line system, touches a comer of the 
 county on the east. The Altamaha and Satilla rivers also fumish watear 
 transportation. 
 
 Jesup, the county site, is a growing town at the point where the Plant 
 and Southecm railway lines cross each other. 
 
 The timbers are pine and cypress. There is a large trade in rosin, 
 turpentine and lumber. There are many sawmills and turpentine dis- 
 tilleries. 
 
 On lands that have been cleaa-ed, enterprising men have found profit 
 in raising sugar-cane, vegetables, peaches and grapes. A few years ago 
 Mr. Alexander Hum, an Englishman, came to Georgia, and at Gardi, on 
 the line of the Southem railway, planted a vineyai-d, and also engaged 
 in peach culture with gratifying results. His vineyaird is one of the most 
 attractive sights on the line of the Southem railway in Wayne county. 
 In response to a request from Colonel Wade, of the Southem, Mr. 
 
872 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Hum planted one acre in cassava, and he reports great success. The 
 result of many other recent experiments go to show that this new crop is 
 destined to be a great source of profit to the farmers of Southern Georgia. 
 
 Wayne county is reported in the United States census of 1900 to have 
 ginned 110 bales of upland cotton and 855 of sea-island cotton, in the 
 season of 1899-1900. 
 
 The Jesup district, including the to^vn, contains 1,713 inhabitants, 
 and in the town proper are 805 people. 
 . The area of Wayne county is 766 square miles, or 490,240 acres. 
 
 The population in 1900 was 9,449, a gain of 1,964 since 1890. 
 
 We are indebted to the report of the Comptroller-General for 1900 
 for the following items: Acres of improved land, 270,147; of wild land, 
 267,531; average value per acre of improved land, $1.39; of wild land, 
 $0.57; city property, $144,593; shares in bank, $5,000; money, etc., 
 $178,633; merchandise, $61,216; cotton manufactories, $20,000; house- 
 hold furniture, $69,068; farm and other aminals, $198,504; plantation 
 and mechanical tools, $22,863; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,239; value of 
 all other property, $64,878; real estate, $675,419; personal estate, $622,- 
 733; aggTegate value of whole property, $1,298,152. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: Acres of land, 11,179; value 
 ■of same, $13,465; city property, $12,320; money, etc., $120; merchan- 
 dise, $225; household furniture, $4,501; watches, etc., $241; farm and 
 other animals, $6,954; plantation and mechanical tools, $820.00; value 
 of all other property, $1,896; aggregate value of whole property, 
 $41,105. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $213,036 in the value of all 
 property over the returns of 1900. 
 
 The public school system has 59 schools for white, and 13 for colored, 
 with an average attendance of 1,258 white pupils, and 318 colored. 
 
 Population of Wayne county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 3,670; white females, 3,552; total white, 
 7,222; colored males, 1,176; colored females, 1,051; total colored, 2,227. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on faims or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 30 calves, 31 steers, 5 bulls, 65 dairy cows, 26 horses, 
 14 mules, 240 swine. 
 
 WEBSTER COUNTY. 
 
 Webster County was laid out in 1854, and named in honor of Daniel 
 Webster, a native of New Hampshire, and for many years a United 
 States Senator from Massachusetts. This county is bounded, north by 
 Marion and Chattahoochee, east by Marion and Sumter, south by Terrell 
 and Randolph, and west by Stewart. 
 
 The principal streams in Webster county are Kinchafoonee, Choctaw- 
 hatchee, Tanahapee, Ichawaynochaway, Bear and Slaughter creeks. 
 
 Webster county is traversed by two branches of the Seaboard Air 
 Line system of railways, one of which passes from east to west through 
 the center, the other passing from southeast to northwest through the 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 873 
 
 southwestern section of the county. On the former of these is Preston, 
 the county site. 
 
 The surface of the county is generally level, having a gray, sandy top- 
 soil, with red clay subsoil. Under the ordinary methods of cultivation 
 the average yield of the various crops to the acre is: corn, 8 bushels; 
 wheat, 7 bushels; oats, 14 bushels; rye, 5 bushels; Irish potatoes, 100 
 bushels; sweet potatoes, 150 bushels; field-peas, 5 bushels; ground-peas 
 and chufas, 25 bushels, each; crab-grass or crow-foot hay, 3,000 pounds; 
 seed-cotton, 400 pounds. But under improved methods the yields to the 
 acre are greatly increased in several of these crops, as for instance: com, 
 15 bushels; oats, 20 bushels; wheat, 12 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; 
 ground-peas, 30 bushels; hay from crow-foot or crab-grass, 6,000 pounds. 
 The sugar-cane syrup averages 200 gallons to the acre. 
 
 The native grasses already mentioned are the chief reliance for hay 
 and pasturage. These, with smut and swamp-grass, give good grazing 
 for eight months of the year. For four months, at least, cattle should 
 be carefully tended and fed on bran, cotton-seed meal and hulls, with a 
 fair mixture of hay. 
 
 While there are no dairy farms in the county, several Jerseys are found 
 on farms. Of pure breeds and those of half grade or higher there are 
 about 200. Very little attention has so far beeni paid to .the improve- 
 ment of beef cattle. 
 
 In 1890 Webster county had 239 sheep, with a wool-clip of 471 
 pounds; 2,492 cattle, 143 being working oxen, and 838 milch-cows; 308 
 horses, 794 mules, 1 donkey, 7,972 hogs, 28,480 domestic fowls. Some 
 of the farm products were 139,035 gallons of milk, 36,444 pounds of 
 butter, 58,569 dozens of eggs, and 12,879 pounds of honey. 
 
 Fish are plentiful in the streams. There are also a few private ponds. 
 Vegetables, melons and fruits are produced in sufiicient quantities for 
 home consumption and for sale in the towns of the county. 
 
 About 300 acres are devoted to peach-trees, 150 to apples, 100 each 
 to pears and plums, and 10 to cherries. About 71 acres are devoted to 
 grapes, of which choice varieties are raised in large quantities. 
 
 The forest growth consists of pine, poplar, ash, birch, tupelo, s\veet 
 and black gum, hickory, black-jack, red, white and Spanish oaks. The 
 standing timber is worth $7.00 per acre for soft-wood, and $8.00 to 
 $10.00 per acre for hard-wood. The annual output of lumber in super- 
 ficial feet is 800,000, averaging $7.50 per 1,000 feet at the mill. There 
 are two sawmills operated by steam, worth in the aggregate $3,800. 
 
 The streams already mentioned afford considerable water-power, some 
 of which is utilized in the running of five flour and grist-mills, worth 
 
 $6,500 in all. • . r • i 
 
 The mineral products are inconsiderable, consistmg ol iron _ clay, 
 limestone, manganese and mica in small quantities, none of which is 
 
 mined or quarried. , -.^ i vn- x 4.i 
 
 The products of the county are marketed at Preston and Weston the 
 former of which is the county site. The receipts and shipments of cot- 
 ton for the entire county are 5,260 bales. The cotton gmned for the 
 
874 GEORGIA : HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 season of 1899-1900 is stated bj the United States census repoirt for 
 1900 to be 4,116 bales (upland). 
 
 The leading denominations in the county are Baptists, Methodists and 
 Presbyterians, the two former being the more numerous. 
 
 There are in the county 14 schools for whites, and 17 for colored. Th© 
 average daily attendance of the former is 390; of the latter, 448. 
 
 The area of Webster county is 227 square miles or 145,280 acres. 
 
 Population in 1900, 6,618, a gain of 923 since 1890; school fund 
 $4,695.88. According to the report of the Comptroller-General for 
 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 125,844; value of improved land 
 per acre, about $3.16; city and town property, $19,504; money and sol- 
 vent debts, $54,552; merchandise, $16,640; stocks and bonds, $1,242; 
 household furniture, $39,075; value of farm and other animals, $85,670; 
 plantation and mechanical tools, $20,328; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,772; 
 value of all other property, $20,578; real estate, $415,250; personal esr 
 tate, $242,709; aggregate value of whole, $657,959. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: acres of land, 5,048; value 
 of land, $14,068; city or town property, $595; household and kitchen 
 furniture, $8,648; watches, jewelry, etc., $130; fann and other animals, 
 $13,156; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,704; value of all other 
 property, $805.00; aggregate value of whole property $40,116. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $66,478 in the value of 
 all property since 1900. 
 
 Population of "Webster county by sex and color, according to census 
 of 1900: white males, 1,244; white females, 1,260; total white, 2,504; 
 colored males, 2,086; colored females, 2,028; total colored, 4,114, 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: no report. 
 
 WHITE COUNTY. 
 
 White County was formed from Lumpkin and Habersham in 1857, 
 and was named in honor of Colonel John White, of Chatham county, 
 who, as an officer of the Georgia line distinguished himself during the, 
 siege of Savannah by the Americans and French in October, 1779, by a 
 stratagem, by wMch with only seven men he captured Captain French 
 and one hundred and eleven British soldiers, and five vessels on the Ogee- 
 chee river. He did this by building large fires in the forest around their 
 camp, thus causing them to suppose that they were surrounded by a 
 greatly superior f oroe. 
 
 White county is bounded by the following counties: Towns on the 
 north, Habersham on the east and southeast. Hall on the south, Lumpkin 
 on the west, and Union on the northwest. 
 
 It is watered by the Chattahoochee and Tesentee rivers, and by 
 Duke's, Smith's, Sautee, Shoal, Blue and Mossy oreeks. The face of the 
 country is generally hilly and in many places mountainous. The Blue 
 Ridge mountains traveree the northern section. The most noted peaks 
 are Tray and Yonah. From the summit of the latter Stone Mountain 
 can be distinctly seen with the naked eye. 
 
GEORGIA: , HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 875 
 
 The lands suitable for cultivation are generally in the valleys. When 
 skillfully cultivated they will yield to the acre: com, 25 bushels; oats, 
 20 bushels; wheat and rye, 15 bushels; Irish potatoes, 150 bushels; 
 sweet, or Spanish potatoes, 150; field-peas, 30 bushels; ground-peas, 60 
 bushels; rice, 75 bushels; seed-cotton, 600 pounds; crab-grass hay, 1,500 
 pounds; bermuda grass and clover hay, each 2,000 pounds; herd's-grass 
 hay, 3,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons. 
 
 All the above named grasses do well, and so do orchard-grass, blue- 
 grass and millet. 
 
 The various grasses give an abundance of the best summer pastureage. 
 There is much improvement in all kinds of stock. In 1890 White 
 county had 2,830 sheep, with a wool-clip of 5,696 ponnds; 3,517 cattle, 
 594 being working oxen, and 1,151 milch-cows; 465 horses, 460 mules, 
 7 donkeys, 5,197 hogs, and 47,796 of all kinds of domestic fowls. It is 
 estimated that there are 200 goats in the county. 
 
 Among the farm products in 1890, were 281,301 gallons of milk, 
 85,063 pounds of butter, 105 pounds of cheese, 10,329 pounds of honey, 
 and 55,662 dozens of eggs. 
 
 In this county there are 500 acres devoted to apples, 200 to peaches, 
 100 to pears, and 40 to plums and cherries. Some fine grapes are raised. 
 About 10 per cent, of these are sold in the markets and from 20 per 
 cent, wine is made. 
 
 Many vegetables are raised. In mid-winter there are shipped from 
 this county large white, crisp cabbage heads, barrels of sauerki'aut, and 
 many wagon loads of luscious apples. 
 
 isTacoochee Valley, which has already been described in the general 
 sketch, is about eight miles long, and from one-fourth to threo-fourths of 
 a mile wide. 
 
 Of original forests about 100,000 acres remain, on which the timbers 
 are pine, white, red, Spanish and post-oak, chestnut, hickory, chen-y and 
 walnut. Four sawmills are employed in getting out lumber. 
 
 The water powers of the county are utilized to some extent in op- 
 erating 15 grist-mills. In a few of these flour also is made. 
 
 In this county the first gold mines in Georgia were discovered. Gold 
 and asbestos are still mined to a considerable extent. There are five suc- 
 cessful gold mills and several placefi- mines. There are some 20 mines 
 and quarries employing 150 hands at wages of 80 cents a day. 
 
 The Baptists and'^Methodists are very numerous, and their churches are 
 scattered over the county. 
 
 There are 25 schools for whites, and 3 for colored, with an av- 
 erage attendance of 591 whites and 65 colored. 
 
 Most of the products are marketed at Gainesville an Hall county. 
 
 According to the report of the United States census of 1900 there 
 were ginned in this county in the season of 1899-1900, only 150 bales of 
 upland cotton. . . 
 
 Cleveland, the county site, was named for Hon. Benjamin Cleveland, 
 for many years a represetative in the Georgia Legislature. 
 
 In 1834 a subterranean village was discovered in Nachoochee Valley 
 by some miners. It was covered to a depth of from 7 to 9 feet. Some 
 
876 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 of the houses were embedded in a stratum of auriferous gravel. They 
 are 34 in number, built of logs six to ten inches in diameter, and from 
 ten to twelve feet long. In the rooms were found cane baskets, fragments 
 of earthenware, and specimens of curious workmanship, such as crucibles 
 and mortars. 
 
 The area of White county is 243 square miles, or 155,520 acres. 
 
 Population of White county in 1900, 5,912, a decrease of ^39 since 
 1890. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there were: acres of 
 improved land, 142,915; acres of wild land, 29,439; average value of 
 improved land, $2.79; of wild land, $0.17; school fund, $4,160.39; city 
 and town property, $10,565; money and solvent debts, $66,210; value of 
 merchandise, $14,077; cotton manufactories, $600; capital invested in 
 mining, $10; value of household and kitchen furniture, $21,124; farm 
 and other animals, $63,382; plantation and mechanical tools,, $13,309; 
 watches, jewelry, etc., $1,544; value of all other property, $6,012; real 
 estate, $415,055; personal estate, $190,479; aggregate value of whole 
 property, $605,534. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: acres of land, 835; value of 
 land, $1,995; city or town property, $100.00; money and solvent debts, 
 $155.00; household and kitchen furniture, $797.00; watches, jewelry, 
 etc., $55.00; farm and other animals, $2,602; plantation and mechanical 
 tools, $416.00; value of all other property, $107.00; aggregate value of 
 whole pwperty, $6,227. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $15,535 in the value of all 
 property over the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of White county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 2,626; white females, 2,686; total white, 5,312; 
 colored males, 304; colored females, 296; total colored, 600. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June 
 1, 1900: 2 calves, 6 dairy cows, 5 horses, 10 mules, 3 swine. 
 
 WHITFIELD COUNTY. 
 
 Whitfi-eld County was laid out from Murray in 1851, and named in 
 honor of the celebrated George Whitefield, the most renowned pulpit 
 orator of his day, a companion of the Wesleys, and founder of the Beth- 
 esda Orphan Home near Savannah. He was a man of unbounded influence 
 for good, both in England and America. 
 
 Whitfield county is bounded on the north by the State of Tennessee, 
 on the east by Murray county, on the south by Gordon county, on- the 
 west by Catoosa and Walker counties, the latter of which also bounds a 
 portion of it on the south. 
 
 The Connesauga river divides it from Murray county on the east. 
 Other streams are Cliickamauga, Sugar, Swamp, McCoy, Tiger, Cooa- 
 hulla and Mill creeks. 
 
 Two great railway systems traverse the county, crossing each other di- 
 agonally at Dalton. These are the Southern and the Louisville and Nash- 
 ville, through the latter's control of the Western and Atlantic, or State 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 877 
 
 road. The soils are varied. Agriculture is much diversified, and ex- 
 cellent opportunities are afforded for the marketing of fruits and vegeta- 
 bles. 
 
 The average yield of the various crops to the acre under fair cultiva- 
 tion is: corn, 20 bushels; oats, 30 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; rye, 12 bush- 
 els; Irish potatoes, 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 50 bushels; field-peas, 
 15 bushels; seed-cotton, 550 poimds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; clo- 
 ver hay, 2,500 pounds; fodder, 1,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gal- 
 lons. Some of the best lands yield 30 bushels of wheat to the acre and 
 from 3,000 to 6,000 pounds of hay from clover, the various grasses and 
 peavines. 
 
 The summer pasturage is excellent and the best of cattle feed is sup- 
 plied by cotton-seed meal, hulls, peas, and the nourishing hay from the 
 grasses already named. 
 
 The 12 dairy farms of the county have about 200 Jersey cows and 100 
 more of improved breeds. People are also taking great interest in im- 
 proving the breeds of the cattle. In 1890 there were in Whitfield 
 county 6,061 cattle, 222 being working oxen, and 2,343 milch-cows; 
 1,417 horses, 980 mules, 11 donkeys, 8,047 hogs, 76,023 domestic fowls 
 and 3,846 sheep, with a wool-clip of 6,155 pounds. 
 
 Among the farm products were 724,048 gallons of milk, 236,412 
 pounds of butter, 161,932 dozens of eggs, and 12,719 pounds of honey. 
 
 Game and fish are both on the increase. 
 
 There are many market gardens supplying every kind of vegetable, 
 melons, berries, grapes and plums. 
 
 There are 1,000 acres devoted to peaches, 500 to apples, 100 to plums, 
 50 to cherries and pears, and 10 to quinces. To grapes 100 acres are der 
 voted. About one-fourth of those raised are sold in the markets. Wine 
 is made from about 75 per cent, of the remainder. 
 
 There is near Dalton one florist establishment. 
 
 The forest growth is pine, the various kinds of oak, maple, cherry, pop- 
 lar, etc. The average price is about $10 a thousand feet. 
 
 There is a considerable quantity of iron, banjiite, manganese, silica, 
 marble, sandstone, limestone and clay. 
 
 The county has good water-powere, of which about 130 horse-powers 
 are utilized. 
 
 Dalton, the county site, a city of 4,315 inhabitants, is situated in a 
 fertile valley and surrounded by mountain ranges. It has a handsome 
 conrt-honse, valued at $33,000, 2 banks with a capital of $165,000, a 
 gas plant valued at $15,000, and w-ater-works at $50,000, many flomish- 
 ing commercial and manufacturing establishments, houses of worship be- 
 longing to the Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians and Koman Catholics, 
 a Methodist female college, a high school and public schools of lower 
 grades for white and colored. 
 
 At the Cro^vn Cotton Mills, built by home capital, and wdiose capacity 
 has been doubled in the last two yea:-is, are 20,000 spindles and 500 
 looms. Their capital is valued at $500,000, and they consume annually 
 13,000 bales of cotton. The three flouring-mills turn out about 500 bar- 
 rels of flour in a day during the busy season. These mills have an ag- 
 
S7S GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 gregat© value of $100,000. There are two lumber and machine facto- 
 ries, two foundries, on© canning factory, and a sausage factory with cold- 
 storage for summer slaughtering. 
 
 There is also at Dalton the Showalter Publishing Company, one of the 
 best establishments of the kind in the State of Georgia. 
 
 The Dalton district, which includes the cdty, has a population of 
 6,400 
 
 There are in the whole county some 40 lumber or sawmills. Most of 
 these are operated by steam. 
 
 Besides the 13,000 bales of cotton used by the mills of Dalton, 8,000 
 bales are shipped from that enterprising little city. 1,947 bales of up- 
 land cotton were ginned in this county during the season of 1899-1900. 
 
 In Whitfield county there are 42 schools for whites, and six for col- 
 ored belonging to the public school system of the State. The total av- 
 erage attendance is 1,148 white pupils, and 129 colored. 
 
 The smaller towns in Whitfield county are Tilton, Tunnel Hill and 
 Cohutta. 
 
 The area of Whitfield county is 285 square miles, or 182,400 acres. 
 
 Population in 1900, 14,509, a gain of 1,593 since 1890; school fimd, 
 $9,441.64. 
 
 By the report of the Comptroller-General for 1900 there are: acres of 
 improved land, 167,580; of wild land, 7,708; average value per acre of 
 improved land, $2.15; of wild land, $1.09; city and town property, 
 $767,784; shares in bank, $50,000; sinking fund or surplus, $26,000; 
 gas company, $15,000; building and loan association, $12,000; money 
 and solvent debts, $365,970; merchandise, $177,803; cotton manufacto- 
 ries, $338,892; iron works, $13,800; household and kitchen furniture, 
 $159,071; farm and other animals, $194,076; plantation and mechan- 
 ical tools, $55,117; watches, jewelry, etc., $11,066; value of all other 
 property, $91,498; real estate, $1,552,258; pei-sonal estate, $1,540,664. 
 Aggregate value of whole propeaty, $3,092,922. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: acres of land, 2,572; value 
 of same, $7,511; city or town property, $31,505; money and solvent 
 debts, $464; household and kitchen furniture, $5,945; watches, 
 jewelry, etc., $54; farm and other animals, $6,377; plantation and me- 
 chanical tools, $1,159; value of all other property, $840.00. Aggre- 
 gate value of whole property, $56,897. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $89,675 in the value 
 of all property over the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Whitfield county by sex and color, according to the 
 census of 1900: white males, 6,257; whit© females, 6,426; total white, 
 12,683; colored males, 878; colored females, 948; total colored, 1,826. 
 
 Population of the city of Dalton by sex and color, according to the 
 census of 1900: white males, 1,583; white females, 1,773; total white, 
 3,356; colored males, 434; colored females, 525; total colored, 959. 
 
 Total population of Dalton, 4,315. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and iinclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 54 calves, 17 steers, 1 bull, 290 dairy cows, 227 horses, 
 41 mules, 5 donkeys, 402 swine, 2 goate. 
 
GEORGIA: ^HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. g79 
 
 WILCOX COUNTY. 
 
 Wilcox County was formed from Doolj, Irwin and Pulaski in 1857, 
 and named for General Mark Wilcox, of Telfair county, who was for 
 many years a representative in the State Legislature. It is bounded 
 north by Pulaski, east by Dodge and Telfair, south by Irwin and west 
 by Dooly. 
 
 The Ocmulgee river runs along its whole ©astern boundary, the Alla- 
 paha river as on the southwest. It is also watered by Bluff, Cedar, 
 House and Otter creeks, all tributaries of the Ocmulgee, and in the 
 southwest are two tributaries of the Allapaha. 
 
 The Ocmulgee gives river transportation. On its western bank is 
 Abbeville, the county site, which is also furnished with railroad facili- 
 ties by two branches of the Georgia and Alabama Railroad, itself a 
 part of the Seaboard Air Line system. Two branches of the Hawkins- 
 ville and Florida Southern conmectiing with this system, give railroad 
 advantages to the western side of the county. The Abbeville district 
 has a population of 2,090, of which 1,152 are in the to^vn. 
 
 The face of the country is generally level. The soil is mostly 
 gray in the piny woods; on the bottom lands along the creeks 
 and rivers, dark, alluvial and more productive The average yield 
 to the acre with good cultuii-e and favorable seasons is: corn, 15 
 bushels; oats, 20 bushels; wheat, 7 bushels; i-ye, 5 bushels; Irish pota- 
 toes, 75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; 
 ground-peas, 40 bushels; upland seed cotton, 800 pounds; crab-grass 
 hay, 2,000 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 250 gallons. 
 
 In 1890 Wilcox county had 7,498 sheep, with a wool-clip of 12,110 
 pounds; 5,103 cattle, 375 being working oxen, and 1,659 milch-cows 
 with a fair number of pure breeds recorded; 525 horses, 329 mules, 2 
 donkeys, 11,390 hogs and 24,552 domestic fowls. Among the farm 
 products ai-e 109,152 gallons of milk, 14,438 pounds of butter, 18,081 
 dozens of eggs and 722 pounds of honey. 
 
 Vegetables of all kinds do well. This county is in one of the finest 
 peach and grape sections of the south, and the people are showing com- 
 mendable energy in utilizing these advantages. ^ Lands and labor are 
 cheap and capital well invested will pay fine dividends. 
 
 The rivers and creeks afford fine fish and such game as quail and 
 doves are plentiful. 
 
 Rosin, lumber and turpentine give steady and profitable employ- 
 ment to many of the citizens. 
 
 This county is growing steadily in population. 
 
 Abbeville, the county site, which, in 1880, had 61 inhabitants, had in 
 1890 a population of 657, which had increased by 1900 to 1,152, while 
 the whole Abbeville district contained 2,090 inhabitants. . , ... 
 
 Seville, on the western side of the county and connected with Abbe- 
 ville by rail, has a population of 1,277, while Rochelle, half way be- 
 tween them, has 793 iahabitants, and the whole district of Rochelle 
 has 1,960 people. 
 
880 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 There are 36 white schools and 11 colored. The average atteTidance 
 is 829 white pupils and 357 colored. 
 
 Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians are the leading denominations. 
 Churches are located in every section of the county. 
 
 Area of Wilcox county 544 square miles, or 348,160 acres. Popula- 
 tion in 1900, 11,097, a gain of 3,117 since 1890; school fund $6,931.09. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900, there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 252,210; of wild land, 80,370; average value to the acre 
 of improved land, $2.15; of wild land, $1.09; city and town property, 
 $145,364; money and solvent debts, $92,048; merchandise, $55,781; 
 capital invested in shipping and tonnage, $25; household and kitchen 
 furniture, $84,731; farm and other animals, $165,143; plantation and 
 mechanical tools, $30,213; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,388; value of all 
 other property, $113,859; real estate, $778,695; personal estate, $548,- 
 771. Aggregate value of whole property, $1,327,466. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: acres of land, 8,730; value 
 of same, $16,756; city and town property, $4,591; money, etc., $357; 
 merchandise, $100; household and kitchen furniture, $8,000; watches, 
 jewelry, etc., $221; farm and other animals, $9,189; plantation and me- 
 chanical tools, $1,298; value of all other property, $1,963. Aggregate 
 value of whole property, $42,475. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $124,600 in the value of all 
 property since 1900, 
 
 By the census of 1900 the cotton ginned in this county in the season 
 of 1899-1900, was 3,820 bales of upland and 65 of sea-island cotton. 
 
 Population of Wilcox county by sex and color, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 3,568; white females, 3,325; total white, 
 6,893; colored males, 2,272; colored females, 1,932; total colored, 4,204. 
 
 Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 134 calves, 74 steers, 16 bulls, 186 dairy cows, 49 horses, 
 45 mules, 879 swine, 54 goats. 
 
 WILKES COUNTY. 
 
 WilTces County was laid out in 1777, and named in honor of John 
 AYilkes, the great champion of American liberty. In 1790 a part of it 
 was set off to Elbert county; part to Warren in 1793; a part to Lincoln 
 in 1796; part to Greene in 1802, and other parts to Teliaferro in 1825 
 and 1828. It is bounded by the following counties: Elbert on the north, 
 Lincoln on the east, McDuffie, Warren and Taliaferro on the south, 
 Taliaferro on the southwest, Oglethorpe on the west and northwest. 
 
 Broad river is on its northern and Little river on its southern border. 
 The creeks are Beaverdam, Fishing and Kettle creeks. 
 
 The surface of the country in undulating and the soil varied. The 
 light sandy lands produce well for a few years. By careful cultivation 
 and judicious fertilizing they can be built up and enabled to retain 
 their productiveness. The best lands are on Broad and Little rivers 
 and their tributaiy creeks. The average yield to the acre is, according 
 to location and culture, as follows: corn, 15 to 25 bushels; oats, 20 to 30; 
 
MILLER RASPBERRY. 
 
 Canes of strong growth with heavy rich fohage. Very prohfic and so hardy as to have 
 
 endured a temperature of 25 degrees below zero unharmed Berries large, very 
 
 bright in color, of excellent flavor and the firmest of all Raspberries. 
 
 It never fails to produce a heavy crop and picks for a long season. 
 
GEORGIA : HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 881 
 
 wheat, 10 to 15; rye, 10 to 12; Imh potatoes, 50 to 75; sweet potatoes, 
 80 to 120; field-peas, 12; ground-peas, 50; seed cotton, 800 pounds; corn 
 fodder, 400 pounds; crab and bermuda grass hay, 3,000 pounds each; 
 sorghum syrup, 80 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 90 gallons. Nearly every 
 part of the county is well adapted to the grasses and clover. Ber 
 muda and crab-grass furnish good pasturage for six month of the year; 
 for the other six, rye, clover, barley and the stubble fields, aided by 
 swamp cane. 
 
 Dairying is carried on to some extent, and more attention is being 
 given to beef cattle. In 1890 Wilkes county had 5,525 cattle, 282 being 
 working oxen, and 2,369 milch-cows; 1,153 horses, 1,977 mules, 2 don- 
 keys, 7,906 hogs, 85,815 domestic fowls, 1,578 sheep, with a wool-clip 
 of 3,186 pounds. Among the farm products were 512,912 gallons of 
 milk, 131,905 pounds of butter, 60 pounds of cheese, 77,025 dozens of 
 eggs and 13,685 pounds of honey. 
 
 Vegetables, melons, berries and small fruits are raised in quantities 
 sufficient for home consumption. The area given to peaches is 6,000 
 acres; to apples, 5,000; to cherries, 200. 
 
 There are about 50,000 acres of original forest still standing, tne 
 timbers being hickory, white oak, maple, dogwood, gum, post oak and 
 ash. 
 
 There are fine water-powers in the county, those at Anchovy Shoals 
 being 75,000 horse-powers. 
 
 Granite, quartz, and some iron, gold and soapstone, are found. 
 
 In July, 1901, the presence of gold on the farm of Hon. L. W. Lati- 
 mer, in the northern portion of Wilkes, was proven by the collection 
 of a thousand pounds of dirt, which was sent to the stamping machines at 
 the Columbia gold mines in an adjoining county. The 1,000 pounds 
 yielded a lump of gold which vras estimated to be worth from $1,500 to 
 $1,750. 
 
 On the southern border of the county the Seminole Mining Com- 
 pany, backed by western capital, have just sunk a new shaft at the Ma- 
 gnider mines with satisfactory results. 
 
 The Columbia Mining Company, also on the southern border, is a 
 well-paying piece of property, claiming to be worth, $300,000. 
 
 The manufacturing establishments are a knitting-mill, a stove factory, 
 a cotton seed oil-mill worth $50,000, ten flour and grist-mills whose 
 aggregate value is $20,000; six lumber and sawmills, one wagon, car- 
 riage and buggy factory, one plow and cotton-gin factory, two box 
 and barrel factories. 
 
 The cotton ginned in Wilkes county during the season of 1899-1900 
 is given in the United States census report for 1900 as 17,405 bales 
 (upland). 
 
 Washington, the county site, is one of the most beautiful towns in 
 the State. It has a population of 3,300 in the corporate limits, and 
 4,436, counting the whole Washington district; a court-house worth 
 $40,000, two banks with an aggregate capital of $100,000, about 30 
 mercantile establishments, fom* life and fire insurance agencies, a watecr^ 
 
 43 ga 
 
882 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 works plant, amd diurcfces of tlhe Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, 
 Episcopalians, Roman Catholics and Christian Scientists. The two first 
 named are in the lead. 
 
 There are also good schools in Washington and dn the county. There 
 are 42 schools foirt whites and 30 for colored pupils. The average at- 
 tendance is 916 white and 861 colored. 
 
 Wilkes county has been the home of many of the most distinguished 
 m'eru of Georgia. Among them are General Elijah Clarke, a native of 
 North Carolina,, who settled in Wilkes county and for his services to 
 Georgia and the cause of freedom deserves as high a niche in the temple 
 of fame as do Marion and Sumter for similar but not greater service 
 in South Caroliaa; Colonel John- Dooly, who with his friend Elijah 
 Clarke and with General Andrew Pickens, of South Carolina, won great 
 praise by the magnificent victory over the Tories at Kettlei creek in 
 Wilkes county, and who, after the fall of Augusta in 1780, was murdered 
 in the presence of his family by a marauding band of Tories; Peter 
 Early and Matthew Talbot, each a governor of Georgia and both natives 
 of Virginia; Benjamin Taliaferro, a gallant soldier of the Yirgiaia line 
 during the Revolution, who moved to Georgia in 1785 and became a 
 trustee of Franklin College, President of the Georgia Senate', and one 
 of the judges of the Superior Court, being elected to that position by 
 the Legislature, the only man in the history of the State- to be^ elected 
 to such a position without being a lawyer; Stepheai Heard, who came 
 from Virginia to Georgia before the Revolution, was one of tlie govern- 
 ors of the State during that stormy period, and for a while had his cap- 
 ital at Heard's Fort, in Wilkes county; Duncan G. Campbell, a distin- 
 guished lawyer and great friend of female education, who for several 
 yeaiis represented Wilkes county in the legislature; John A. Campbell, 
 Justice of the United States Supreme Court, and later one of the Con- 
 federate Commissioners to the Peace Conference at Fortress Monroe, in 
 1865; Rev. Jesse Mercer, who was bom in Halifax county. North Caro- 
 lina December 16, 1769, was ordained a minister of the Baptist Church 
 before he was 20 years of age, removed to Georgia, was a member of 
 the convention which framed the Constitution of 1798, and at his death 
 in 1841, was buried in Penfield, at that time the site of Mercer Uni- 
 versity; Robert Toombs, who was bom in Wilkes county, July 2, 1810, 
 was one of the grandest oratom that America ever produced, represented 
 Georgia for many years in the United States Senate, was the first secre- 
 tary of State of the Confederate States, went to the field as a brigadier- 
 general, was distinguished in Georgia politics after the war and died in 
 Washington in his native county December 15, 1885. 
 
 In this county lived Mrs. Hannah Clarke, wife of General Elijah 
 Clarke, and one of tlie noted heroines of the Revolution, who died on 
 the 26th of August, 1827, aged, 90 years. 
 
 In the town of Washington lived Mrs. Hillhouse, widow of David 
 Hillhouse, who took charge of and conducted a newspaper, styled the 
 Monitor and Observer, wrote editorials, set type, did the State printing, 
 raised and educated her three children, and at her death left to each a 
 legacy of ten thousand dollars. While John Milledge was governor of 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 333 
 
 Georgia he gave to this noble woman, as far as he could, the patronage of 
 the State. 
 
 Colonel John Graves, a native of Virginia, distinguished in the ai-mies 
 of Washington and Greene, who settled in Georgia after the war of the 
 Revolution, was another distinguished citizen of Wilkes, as was also 
 Colonel Nicholas Long, distinguished for his services in the war for in- 
 dependence and in the second war with Great Britain. 
 
 The area of Wilkes county is 501 square miles, or 320,G40 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 20,866, a gain of 2,785 since 1890; school fimd, 
 $11,550.10. 
 
 By the report of the Comptroller-Gene'ral there are: acres of improved 
 land, 294,796; average value per acre, $2.84; city and tovra property, 
 561,045; shai'es in bank, $124,380; money and solvent debts, $285,410; 
 merchandise, $124,520; stocks and bonds, $51,875; cotton manufacto- 
 ries, $36,400; capital invested in mining, $400; household and kitchen 
 furniture, $111,445; farm and other animals, $172,720; plantation and 
 mechanical tools, $45,095; watches, jewelry, etc., $8,960; value of all 
 other property, $47,008; real estate, $1,664,754; personal estate, $1,- 
 037,533. Aggregate value of whole property, $2,702,287. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: acres of land, 13,621; value 
 of land, $52,040; city and town property, $58,315; money, etc., $935; 
 merchandise, $600; household and kitchen furniture, $16,185; watches, 
 jewelry, etc., $115; farm and other animals, $37,430; plantation and 
 mechanical tools, $7,075; value of all other property, $3,105. Aggre^- 
 gate value of whole property, $179,430. 
 
 Population of Wilkes county by sex and color, according to the census 
 of 1900: white males, 3,218; white females, 3,205; total white, 6,423; 
 colored males, 7,074; colored females, 7,369; total colored, 14,443. 
 
 Population of the town of Washington by sex and color, according 
 to the census of 1900; white males, 528; white females, 608; total white, 
 1,136; colored males, 1,000; colored females, 1,164; total colored, 2,164. 
 
 Total population of Washington, 3,300. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 30 calves, 12 steers, 4 bulls, 105 dairy cows, 142 horses, 
 27 mules, 1 donkey, 156 swine. 
 
 WILKINSON COUNTY. 
 
 Wilhinson County was laid out by the lottery act of 1803, and organ- 
 ized in 1805. A part of it was added to Baldwin in 1807, and a part 
 set off to Twiggs in 1809. It was named for Gciieral Jamw AVilbnson, 
 an active participant in the war of the Revolution, and aftenvards m 
 that of 1812. It is bounded by the follo^\'ing counties: Bald\\nn on the 
 north, Baldmn, Washington and Johnson on the northeast, Laurens on 
 the southeast, Tiviggs on the southwest, and Jones on the northwest. 
 
 The Oconee liver flows along the northeastern boundary, /t ^s also 
 watered by Big Sandy and Commissioner's creeks, tributaries of the Oco- 
 nee. The streams abound in fish. There is a considerable pond or small 
 lake in the northeastern section of the county. 
 
884 OEOROIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 The main line of tlie Central of Greorgia Railway ti'averses the county, 
 while a branch road of the same great system, starting from the town 
 of Gordon and passing through Milledgeville and Eatonton, terminates 
 at Covington on the Georgia Railroad. 
 
 The soil belongs to the tertiary formation, and consists of gray, sandy 
 lands, level or slightly rolling with red outcrops in the central portion 
 of the county. The lands on an average make the following yield to 
 the acre: com, 9 bushels; oats, 8 2-3 bushels; wheat, 4 bushels; Irish 
 potatoes, 50 bushels; sweet potatoes, 75 bushels; field-peas, 12 bushels; 
 ground-peas, 30 bushels; seed cotton, 550 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 
 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 250 gallons. But the best lands go far ahead 
 of these figures on com, oats and wheat, averaging as follows: corn, 15 
 bushels to the acre; oats, 25 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels. 
 
 In 1890 Wilkinson county had 881 sheep, with a wool-clip of 1,483 
 pounds, 4,952 cattle, 363 being working oxen and 1,757 milch-cows; 
 754 horses, 1,246 mules, 9 donkeys, 16,780 hogs and 50,474 domestic 
 fowls. Among the fann products were 251,209 gallons of milk, 64,239 
 pounds of butter, 18,717 pounds of honey and 95,355 dozens of eggs. 
 
 Vegetables, berries, melons and fruits are raised for home consump- 
 tion. The amount of truck sold is less than $1,500 worth. 
 
 Rotten limestone abounds in this county. Near Irwinton is a quarry 
 of the soft kind, which, upon exposure to the air, becomes hard. It has 
 been found useful in the construction of chimneys. 
 
 On the tributaries of the Oconee are 21 grist-mills, using 246 horse- 
 powers. 
 
 The forest growth is long-leaf pin© on gray lands, oak and hickory on 
 red lands and swamp timber along the creeks. The timber products axe 
 considerable, the annual output being about $30,000. 
 
 Of all manufactories in the county the annual output is about $91,310. 
 
 Irwinton, the county seat, has a population of 227, though Irwinton 
 district contains, 1,993 people. 
 
 The largest town in the county is Gordon, with 509 inhabitants in 
 the town, while the whole of Ramah district, which includes Gordon, 
 contains 1,597 people. 
 
 Baptists and Methodists are the leading denominations. 
 
 There are in the county 41 schools for whites and 23 for colored. The 
 average attendance for the former is 830, for the latter 848. 
 
 The area of Wilkinson county is 431 square miles, or 275,840 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 11,440, a gain of 659 since 1890; school fund, 
 $7,319.16. 
 
 According to the Comptroller-General's report for 1900, there are: 
 acres of improved land, 275,464; average value per acre, $2.13; city 
 and town property, $44,677; building and loan association, $10; money 
 and solvent debts, $116,576; merchandise, $27,614; stocks and bonds, 
 $9,350; cotton manufactories, $1,255; household and kitchen furniture, 
 $76,535; farm and other animals, $154,152; plantation and mechanical 
 tools, $36,551; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,223; value of all other prop- 
 erty, $38,015; real estate, $631^179; personal estate, $498,008. Aggre- 
 gate value of whole property, $1,128,187. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. ggS 
 
 Property reftumed by colored taxpayers: acres of land, 7,508; value 
 of land, $18,196; city and town property, $2,895; money, etc., $317; 
 merchandise, $120; household and kitchen furniture, $15,689; watches, 
 jeweliy, etc., $438; farm and other animals, $25,672; plantation and 
 mechanical tools, $6,012; value of all other property, $4,249. Aggro- 
 gate value of whole property, $78,663. 
 
 According to the report of the United States census for 1900 there 
 were ginned in Wilkinson county 11,037 bales of upland cotton during 
 the season of 1899-1900. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $13,401 in the value of all 
 property over the returns of 1900. 
 
 Population of Wilkinson county by sex and color, according to the 
 census of 1900: white males, 2,726; white females, 2,683; total white, 
 5,409; colored males, 2,981; colored females, 3,050; total colored, 
 6,031. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, 
 June 1, 1900: 15 calves, 5 steers, 3 bulls, 36 dairy cows, 26 horses, 9 
 mules, 125 swine. 
 
 WOKTH COimTY. 
 
 Worth County was laid out in 1856 from Irwin and Dooly, and was 
 named in honor of General William Worth, of New York, a son-in-law 
 of General Zachary Taylor, who distinguished himself in the Mexican 
 war, while fighting under Taylor in northern Mexico, and lateir under 
 Scott in the valley of the city of Mexico. This county is bounded 
 by the following counties: Dooly on the north, Irwin and Berrien 
 on the east, Colquitt on the south, Mitchell, Dougherty and Lee on the 
 west, and Lee on the northwest. 
 
 The Flint river flows along its northwestern border, and Little river 
 on the eastern side. On its northeastern side is Swift creek, and a little 
 south of that, Jones creek. Other streams are Indian, Warrior, Ty Ty, 
 Abram's and Mill creeks. 
 
 The county is traversed by the Brunswick and Western Kailway of 
 the Plant System and by the Tifton, Thomasville and Gulf Railway. 
 The Georgia Northern penetrates the county as far as Carlisle on the 
 southwest. 
 
 The face of the country is level, having a light, sandy soil with clay 
 subsoil. On the creek bottoms the soil is alluvial and very productive. 
 
 The cultivating of grass for hay is yet in its incipiency; but experi- 
 ments have proved very satisfactory. Crab-grass, which grows to per- 
 fection, is harvested with a mixture of peavine after oats. About 4,000 
 acres have given a yield of 5 tons (10,000 pounds) to the acre of this 
 mixed hay. 
 
 The average yield to the acre for the whole county, according to loca- 
 tion and culture, is: com, 10 to 18 bushels to the acre; oats, 10 to 25 
 bushels; rye and wheat, 10 bushels each; upland rice, 10 bushels; Irish 
 and sweet potatoes from 125 to 300 bushels each; field-peas, from 10 to 
 20 bushels; ground-peas, from 10 to 60 bushels; chufas, 20 bushels; 
 
386 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 ■upland seed cotton, from. Y50 to 1,000 pounds; sea-island cotton, 800 
 pounds; crab-grass hay, 5,000 pounds, but 10,000 on the best lands; sor- 
 ghum forage, 10,000 pounds; com fodder, 200 pounds; sugar-cane 
 syrup, 250 to 300 gallons. 
 
 There is an increased interest in beef cattle and in better milk breeds, 
 the Jersey being the favorite milch-cow. The pasturage is excellent, 
 besides which, cattle are fed on hay, bran and cotton seed meal. 
 
 In 1890 Worth county had 15,026 cattle, 269 being working oxen 
 and 3,897 milch-cows, of which there were 115 from pure breed to one 
 half bred and higher. The production of milk was 313,918 gallons, 
 and of butter, 68,184 pounds. The 14,294 sheep gave a wool-clip of 
 32,629 pounds. There were 703 horses, 1,118 mules, 20,557 hogs and 
 51,310 domestic fowls of all varieties. The production of eggs was 79,219 
 dozens, and of honey, 3,899 pounds. 
 
 Quail and doves constitute the game of the county. 
 
 Vegetables, berries and melons in sufficient quantities for home con- 
 sumption are rmsed. The people raised fewer melons than usual in 
 1900, alleging as a reason the freight rates, which ate up all the profits. 
 
 The acreage devoted to peaches is 1,000; to apples, 200; to pears, 400; 
 to plums and cherries, 50 each. There are 4 vineyards, embracing in 
 all 150 acii-es. About half of the grapes are sold in the markets, and 
 from 25 per cent, of the whole number raised wine is made. From 
 Poulan, thousands of grapes are shipped. 
 
 About 5,000 acres of woodland consist of pine, and 5,000 of cypress, 
 hickory and gum. The annual output of lumber is 6,000,000 superficial 
 feet, selling at an average price of $8.00 a thousand feet. 
 
 The minerals are clay, limestone and sandstone, but none of them are 
 at this time being mined. 
 
 There are excellent water-powers in the county. Two hundred horse- 
 powers are used by Mercer's flour and grist-mill. At Sylvester aj-e two 
 such mills, of which Haine's Mill is operated by water and Welch's by 
 steam. At Willingham there is a large limiber and shinglei mill; also 
 large planing-mills with a di-ying capacity of 20,000 feet a day. At 
 Ashbum are mills with a capacity of 50,000 feet of rough lumber and 
 60,000 shingles a day; also planing-mills with a capacity of 25,000 to 30,- 
 000 feet in a day. There are in the county several smaller mills with a 
 capacity of from 5,000 to 6,000 feet a day. 
 
 There are in operation 12 turpentine stills. There is a fertiMzea* manu- 
 factory in course of construction at Sylvester, and a cotton factory being 
 built at Poulan. 
 
 There are in the county two wagon and carriage factories, valued at 
 $1,000 each. 
 
 Isabella, the county seat, has a court-house worth $20,000. There are 
 in the county tliree banks, one at Sylvester with a capital of $15,000, one 
 at Poulan, $15,000, and one at Ashbum, $20,000. There are 2 life and 
 fire insurance agencies at Sylvester, one at Ty Ty, and 2 at Ashburn. In 
 each of these towns are several successful mercantile establishmen'ts. 
 
 Ashbum, with a population of 1,301, is the largest town in the county. 
 The district including Ashbum has 3,025 inhabitants. Next is Sylvester, 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 337 
 
 witn 552 inliabitaiits. The whole distiiuct which includes it has a popu- 
 lation of 1,612. 
 
 The recedpts and shipments of cotton from the entire comity are 7,500 
 bales. Of these 3,000 are handled at Sylvester. By the census report of 
 1900 there were ginned in this county 9,296 bales of upland and 1,189 
 bales of sea-island cotton during the season of 1899-1900. 
 
 Baptists and Methodists are the leading denominations, and their 
 churches are scattered all over the county. 
 
 Worth county has 51 schools for white pupils and 23 for colored, 
 with an' average attendance in the white schools of 1,544 and in the 
 colored schools of 762. 
 
 The area of Worth county is 778 square miles, or 497,920 acres. 
 Population in 1900, 18,664, an increase of 8,616 since 1890; school 
 fund, $10,421.57. 
 
 By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im- 
 proved land, 372,328; of wild land, 80,351; average value per acre of 
 improved land, $2.53; of wild land, $1.29; city and town property, $175,- 
 131; shares in bank, $18,261; money and solvent debts, $198,347; mer- 
 chandise, $110,879; stocks and bonds, $1,718; cotton manufactories, 
 $7,162; iron works, $5,025; mining, $135; household and kitchen furni- 
 ture, $134,151; farai and other animals, $274,382; plantation and me^ 
 chanical tools, $52,862; watches, jewelry, etc., $7,610; value of all other 
 property, $183,512; real estate, $1,197,840; personal estate, $998,943. 
 Aggregate value of whole property, $2,196,783. 
 
 Property returned by colored taxpayers: acres of land, 10,806; value 
 of same, $26,210; city and town property, $6,499; merchandise, $717; 
 money and solvent debts, $900; household and kitchen furniture, $18,- 
 409; watches, jewelry, etc., $287; farm and other animals, $26,312; 
 plantation and mechanical tools, $5,627; value of all other property, 
 $1,395. Aggregate value of whole property, $86,356. 
 
 The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $240,561 in the value 
 of all property, as compared with the returns for 1900. 
 
 Population of Worth County by sex and color, accocding to the cen- 
 sus of 1900: white males, 5,286; white females, 4,966; total white, 
 10,252; colored males, 4,584; colored females, 3,828; total colored, 
 8,412. 
 
 Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farm or ranges, J un« 
 1, 1900: 221 calves, 204 steers, 11 bulls, 260 dairy cows, 163 horses, 275 
 mules, 1,601 swine, 12 sroats. 
 
888 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 From the Comptroller-General's report for 1901 we take the follow- 
 ing : 
 
 STATEMENT SHOWING THE ASSESSED VALUE OF THE WHOLE TAX- 
 ABLE PROPERTY OF THE STATE AND THE STATE TAX 
 LEVY FOR EA( H OF THE YEARS, BEGIN- 
 NING WITH 1879. 
 
 Property 
 on Digest. 
 
 Railroad 
 Property. 
 
 State Tax 
 Rate. 
 
 ]879 
 1880. 
 1881. 
 1882. 
 18>3. 
 1884. 
 18S5 
 1886 
 1887. 
 1888, 
 1889 
 1890 
 1891 
 1S92 
 1893 
 1894 
 lh95 
 1896 
 1897 
 1898 
 1899 
 1900 
 1901 
 
 $ 225,993,419 
 238,934,126 
 254,252,630 
 268,519,976 
 284,881,951 
 294,885.370 
 299,146,798 
 306,507,578 
 316,605,328 
 327,863,331 
 845,938,837 
 377,366,784 
 402,586,' 
 421,149,509 
 410,644,753 
 388,428,748 
 87(t,739,521 
 870,526,1 
 370,034,912 
 869,118,403 
 372,9:^7,07 
 388,154,413 
 404,792,13 
 
 9,866,129$ 
 12,490,525 
 16,741,258 
 18,729,427 
 22,030,404 
 22,188,901 
 22,548,818 
 22,981,927 
 24,899,592 
 29,304,127 
 84,250,477 
 38,462,161 
 42,383,287 
 42.604,025 
 42,000,154 
 40,584,775 
 39.952,572 
 42,780,835 
 42,286,457 
 42,695,508 
 43,933,411 
 46,181,721 
 51,554,897 
 
 234,959,548 
 251,424,651 
 270,993,888 
 287,249,408 
 306,921,855 
 317,074,271 
 321,695,616 
 329,489,655 
 341,504,021 
 357,167,458 
 380,189,314 
 415,828,945 
 444,969,755 
 463,753,534 
 452,644,907 
 429,012,923 
 410.692,093 
 413.307,473 
 412,321,369 
 411,813,911 
 414,860,488 
 434,33*5,134 
 456,347,034 
 
 3}4 mills. 
 
 S'A " 
 
 3 " 
 3 
 
 2 A " 
 3 
 
 3.77 " 
 
 8.56 " 
 
 4 *' 
 3.96 " 
 5.08 " 
 4.85 " 
 4.61 " 
 4.37 " 
 4.56 " 
 4.56 " 
 5.21 " 
 6.21 " 
 5.36 " 
 5.20 " 
 5.44 " 
 
 To the railroad assessments must be added the estimated value of the 
 property of the roads having charter exemptions from ad valorem taxa- 
 tion, which, at a conservative valuation, is worth $20,000,000, which 
 would make the total value of this property $71,554,897. 
 
 In order to show in detail to what extent some of the chief classes of 
 our property have increased, the following interesting statement is 
 taken from the Comptroller-Geoaeral's report: 
 
 1879 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 City and town real estate 
 
 Lands 
 
 Livestock 
 
 Farm implements 
 
 Household furniture 
 
 Merchandise 
 
 Money, etc 
 
 Cotton factories 
 
 Iron works, etc 
 
 Bank capital 
 
 Railroad property 
 
 $49,007,286 
 
 90,493,822 
 
 21,017,634 
 
 2,971,372 
 
 9,156,404 
 
 12,012.755 
 
 25,113,005 
 
 1,640,000 
 
 295,640 
 
 4,667,567 
 
 9,866,129 
 
 116,258,563 
 119.152,188 
 19^968,359 
 4,903,739 
 15,534,560 
 19,211,726 
 33,198,332 
 11,359,993 
 566,064 
 18,389,612 
 43,933,411 
 
 116,945,650 
 
 120,602,283 
 
 22,418,392 
 
 5,204,719 
 
 16,296,369 
 
 20,425,362 
 
 34,730,595 
 
 13,217,736 
 
 440,655 
 
 13,892,281 
 
 46,181,721 
 
 119,042,742 
 
 124,425,643 
 
 25,241,891 
 
 6,730 743 
 
 18,666,166 
 
 23,879,854 
 
 34,380,514 
 
 18,999,984 
 
 938,629 
 
 14,264,306 
 
 61,554,897 
 
j GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. ^gQ 
 
 From the same report is taken the subjoined 
 
 STATEMENT OF PROPERTY RETURNED BY COLORED TAX-PAYERS 
 FROM 1879 TO 1901. 
 
 1879 1 5,182,398 
 
 1880 5,764,293 
 
 18B1 6,478,951 
 
 1882 6,589 876 
 
 1883 7,582,395 
 
 1884 8,021 .5'J5 
 
 1885 8,153,390 
 
 1886 8,655,298 
 
 1887 8,936,479 
 
 1888 9,631,271 
 
 1889 10 415,330 
 
 1890 12,322,003 
 
 1891 14,196,735 
 
 1892 14,869,575 
 
 1893 14,960,675 
 
 1894 14.387,730 
 
 1895 12,9-11,230 
 
 1896 13,292,816 
 
 1897 13,619,690 
 
 1898 13,719,200 
 
 1899 13,560,179 
 
 1900 14. 1 18,720 
 
 1901 15,629,811 
 
 The following is the school fund estimate, 1901 : 
 
 Direct levy $ 800,000 
 
 Poll tax 250,014 
 
 Half rental W. and A. railroad 210,206 
 
 Liquor tax 132,343 
 
 Hire of convicts (net) 81 ,297 
 
 Fees from fertilizers (net) 16,592 
 
 Oil fees (net) 8,193 
 
 Show tax 4,636 
 
 Dividends from Georgia railroad stock 2,046 
 
 $ 1,505,127 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 IMPORTANT INFORMATION FROM THE UNITED STATES 
 CENSUS OF 1900. 
 
 The total area of Georgia is 59,475 square miles. Of this area the 
 water surface embraces 495 square miles, leaving a land surface of 58,- 
 980 square miles. 
 
 The tables of population were prepared hj Mr. Wm. C. Hunt, chief 
 statistican for population. The director of the United States cen- 
 sus is Hon. William R. Merriam. 
 
 The population of the State in 1900 is 2,216,331 as against 1,837,353 
 in 1890, representing an increase since 1890 of 378,978, or 20.6 per cent. 
 This rate of increase is only a little more than that for the decade from 
 1880 to 1890, when it was 19.1 per cent, and is a little more than two- 
 thirds that for the decade from 1870 to 1880, when it was 30.2 per cent. 
 Georgia had a population at the first census, ia 1790, of 82,548, but it 
 increased by 1830 to 516,823, and by 1860 to 1,057,286, having more 
 than doubled during the 30 years from 1830 to 1860. Since 1860 its 
 population has again more than doubled, and is now considerably in ex- 
 cess of two millions. 
 
 The population of Georgia in 1900 is very nearly twenty-seven times 
 as large as the population given for 1790, when it was only 82,548. 
 
 The total land surface of Georgia is, approximately, 58,980 square 
 miles, the avet-age number of persons to the square mile at the censuses 
 of 1890 and 1900 being as follows: 1890, 31.1; 1900, 37.5. Table 1 
 shows the land area of each of the counties of Georgia in square miles. 
 
 Table 2 shows the population of Georgia at each census from 1790 to 
 1900, inclusive, while table 3, which immediately follows, shows the 
 population of each county during the same period. 
 
 There have been no territorial changes in the counties of Georgia 
 since 1890. 
 
 Of the 137 counties in the State all but 9 have increased ia popula- 
 tion during the decade, the counties showing the largest percentages of 
 increase being Colquitt, 184.4 per cent.; Irwin, 116.0 per cent; Tattnall, 
 99.1 per cent; Laurens, 88.4 per cent.; Johnson, 86.1 per cent; Worth, 
 85.7 per cent; Telfair, 84.0. pec cent.; Berrien, 81.7 per cent; and 
 Montgomery, 76.8 per cent. 
 
 The 9 counties showing a decrease in population a'l-e Cherokee, Colum- 
 bia, Dade, Dawson, Greene, Morgan, Putnam, Talbot, and White. ^ 
 
 Of the 372 incorporated places there are 40 that have a population in 
 1900 of more than 2,000, and of these 13 have a population in excess of 
 5,000. 
 
 (891) 
 
892 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Atlanta, Augusta, and Savannah, are the only cities in Georgia that 
 have a population in 1900 of more than 25,000, and for these cities a 
 summary is presented in table 4, showing the population of each from 
 the first year in which it is separately stated in the census report, to 
 1900, inclusive, together with the increase by number and per cent, dur- 
 ing each of the ten-year periods. 
 
 As shown by this summary, Atlanta, the largest city in the State, has 
 a population in 1900 of 89,872 as compared with a population of only 
 2,572 in 1850; in 1890 it had a population of 65,533, representing au 
 increase duiing the past ten years of 24,339, or 37.1 per cent., as com- 
 pared with an increase of 75.1 per cent, during the preceding ten years. 
 Savannah, the second largest city in the State, shows an increase of 25.5 
 per cent, from 1890 to 1900, its present population being, 54,244 m 
 against 43,189 in 1890; it had a population of 5,166 in 1800, or less than 
 one-tenth of its population in 1900. Augusta, the third largest city in 
 the State, has a population in 1900 of 39,441, showing an increase of 
 6,141, or 18.4 per cent., since 1890 as compared with an increase of 52.1 
 per cent, from 1880 to 1890. 
 
 Mr. Daniel C. Roper, who made the report on the quantity of cotton 
 ginned in the United States in 1899, says: "As the statistics of this bul- 
 letin are based exclusively upon the report secured from cotton ginners, 
 it may be that in some counties the amount of cotton reported as ginned 
 will vary slightly from the amount of cotton repoTted as grown, and tab- 
 ulated by the Agricultural Division of this office. This condition will 
 certainly occur where large and important ginneries, located near State 
 or county lines, attract cotton from an adjoining county, or where cotton 
 is grown only to a limited extent in one county and its entire production 
 is ginned and reported in a neighboring county." 
 
 Mr. Eoper gives the following interesting bit of history, showing the 
 immense influence of the cotton gin upon cotton production in the United 
 States: 
 
 "Prior to the invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1794, 
 the separation of the seed from the lint cotton was so difficult as to limit 
 the cultivation of cotton. This separation of the seed from the lint had 
 to be done by hand, a task being 4 pounds of lint cotton per week for 
 each head of a family, working at night, in addition to the usual field 
 work. Thus it would take one person two years to turn out the quantity 
 of cotton contained in one average standard bale. One machine will gin 
 from three to fifteen 500-pound bales per day, dependent upon its power 
 and saw capacity. 
 
 Possibly no invention has ever caused so rapid development of the 
 industry with which it was associated as that brought through this saw- 
 cotton gin. In 1793, the exportation of cotton from the United States 
 was 487,500 pounds, or 975 bales of an average weight of 500 pounds. 
 In 1794, the year in which the Whitney gin was patented, the number 
 of pounds of cotton exported from the United State was 1,600,000, 
 equivalent to 3,200 bales of a 500-pound standard. This large produc- 
 tion so frightened the cotton farmers, in anticipation of an over produc- 
 tion of the crop, as to cause them- to pledge themselves to desist from 
 
OEOBQIA: HISTORIC AL AND INDUSTRIAL. 893 
 
 its production. One of these farmera, looking upon his crop fathered 
 for that year^ exclaimed, "I have done with the cultivation of cotton; 
 There is enough in that ginhouse to make stockings for all the people 
 in America.' And yet within one hundred years, 1800 to 1900, the 
 production of cotton in the United States has increased from 80,000, 
 approximately, to 9,345,391 bales, 500-pound standard, and the crop of 
 1899 is generally admitted by the ginners, in their reports to this office, 
 to have been small compared with that of 1898." 
 
 Table 5 gives the quantity of cotton ginned in Georgia by counties in 
 1899, the average weight of bales, and the average cost per bale for gin- 
 ning and baling the crop. ^.j i 
 
894 
 
 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL^ 
 
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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 895 
 
 Table 2.— POPULATION OF GEORGIA : 1790 TO 1900. 
 
 
 Population. 
 
 INCEEASE. 
 
 
 Number. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 1900 
 
 2,216,331 
 
 1.837,-353 
 
 1,542,180 
 
 1,184,109 
 
 ] ,057,286 
 
 906,185 
 
 691,392 
 
 516,823 
 
 340,985 
 
 252,433 
 
 162,686 
 
 82,548 
 
 378,978 
 295,173 
 358,071 
 126,823 
 151,101 
 214,793 
 174,569 
 175,838 
 88,552 
 89.747 
 
 OQ tj 
 
 1890 
 
 19 1 
 
 1880 .... 
 
 30 ** 
 
 1870 
 
 11 9 
 
 I860 
 
 16 6 
 
 1850 
 
 31 
 
 1840 
 
 33 7 
 
 1830 
 
 51 5 
 
 1820 
 
 35 
 
 1810 . . . .... 
 
 ."S,^ 1 
 
 1800 
 
 80,138 97.0 
 
 1790 
 
 
 
 
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GEORGIA: UWTORirAL AND INDUSSTRIAL. 
 
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 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 
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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 899 
 
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 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
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GEORGIA.: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. fj07 
 
 TEXTILE MILLS IN GEOKGIA. 
 
 Those not designated as woolen, knitting, carding or rug, are cotton 
 mills. 
 
 Aberdeen Mills, Poulan, Ga. (projected), J. H. Bromley, President 
 
 Almand & Dyson Knitting Mill, Washington, Ga., D. Hall, Superin- 
 tendent. 
 
 *Anchor Duck Mills, Rome, Ga. 
 
 Annestown Cotton Mills, Stone Mountain, Ga., C. J. Haden, Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 Aragon Mills, Aragon, Ga., W. S. Walcott, President; J. P. Camp- 
 bell and F. C. Walcott, Managers. 
 
 Athens Manufacturing Co., Athens, Ga. (cotton and wool), W. S. 
 Dootson, Superintendent; J. H. Dootson, Agent. 
 
 Atlanta Cotton Mills, Atlanta, Ga., R. B. Smith (N. Y.), President; 
 H. E. Fisher, Agent. 
 
 Atlanta Hosiery Mills, Atlanta, Ga., S. A. Magill, Proprietor. 
 
 Atlanta Knitting Mills, Atlanta, Ga., Jerome Silvey, President. 
 
 Atlanta Rug Mills, Atlanta, Ga. 
 
 Atlanta Woolen Mills, Atlanta, Ga., W. M. Nixon, President and 
 Manager. 
 
 Atlantic & Gulf Mills, Quitman, Ga., J. F. Spain, President; J. W. 
 Spain, Superintendent. 
 
 Augusta Factory, Augusta, Ga., Stewart Phinizy, President; A. S. 
 Morris, Secretary and Treasurer. 
 
 Baldwin Cotton Mills, Baldwin, Ga. (projected), W. A. Shore, Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 Bamesville Manufacturing Company, Bamesville, Ga., J. W. Rogers, 
 President; J. W. Hanson, Agent. 
 
 Battle Manufacturing Company (knitting), Warrenton, Ga., J. F. 
 Allen, President; W. F. Wilhoit, Secretary. 
 
 Bibb Manufacturing Company, Colimibus, Ga., J. F. Hanson, Presi- 
 dent; J. R. White, Secretary. 
 
 Bibb Manufacturing Company, Porterdale, near Covington, Ga., 
 J. F. Hanson, President; 0. S. Porter, Agent; John A. Porter, Superin- 
 tendent. 
 
 Bibb Manufacturing Company, Macon, Ga., J. F. Hanson, President; 
 J. R. White, Secretary. 
 
 Bibb Manufacturing Company, Pottersville, Ga., J. F. Hanson, Presi- 
 dent; J. R. White, Secretary. 
 
 Bo wen, Jewell & Company's Mill, Jewells, Ga., Bowen, Jewell & Co. 
 
 Brooks Underwear Manufacturing Company (knitting), Molena, Ga. 
 
 Bulloch County Cotton Mill, Statesboro, Ga., F. B. Green, President 
 (not running). 
 
 *Canton Cotton Mills, Canton, Ga., R. T. Jones, President; W. T. 
 Brown, Superintendent. 
 
 Capps Cotton Mill, Toccoa, Ga., T. A. Capps, President. 
 
 * New Mills. « 
 
908 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 ^Carlton Manufacturing Company, Carlton, Ga. 
 
 Cedartown Cotton Mills, Cedartown, Gra., Daniel Baugh. (Phila.), 
 President; J. H. Hines, Manager. 
 
 Clegg Manufacturing Company, Columbus, Ga,, J. F. Clegg, Treas- 
 urer (not in operation). 
 
 *Cochran Cotton Mills Company, Cochran, Ga., J. J. Taylor, Presi- 
 dent; D. E. Duggan, Superintendent. 
 
 Columbus Manufacturing Company, Columbus, Ga., F. B. Gordon, 
 President; Charles H. Gordon, Superintendent. 
 
 Columbus Wadding Mills, Columbus, Ga., E. P. Dismukes, President. 
 
 Community Cotton Mills, Geneva, Ga. (projected). 
 
 Concord Woolen Mill, ISTicajack, Ga., J. W. Rice, Manager; T. S. 
 Hudlow, Superintendent. 
 
 *Cordele Cotton Mills Company, Cordele, Ga., J. T. Westbrook, 
 President; R. L. Wilson, Agent. 
 
 Cornelia Cotton Mills, Cornelia, Ga. (projected). 
 
 Covington Cotton Mills, Covington, Ga., T. C. Swann, President; 
 W. C. Clark, Secretary and Treasurer. 
 
 Crown Cotton Mills, Dalton, Ga., George W. Hamilton, President; 
 J. W. Brown, Superintendent. 
 
 Dixie Cotton Mills, LaGrange, Ga., O. A. Dunson, President and 
 Manager. 
 
 ^Dublin Cotton Mills, Dublin, Ga., Wm. Pritchett, President; J. 
 Wheeler Mears, Superintendent. 
 
 Eagle & Phcenix Manufacturing Company (cotton and wool), Colum- 
 bus, Ga., G. Gunby Jordan, President; W. H. Rankin, Superintendent, 
 
 Eastman Cotton Mills, Eastman, Ga. 
 
 Eatonton Electric Company, Eatonton, Ga,, J. W. Preston, Presi- 
 dent; A. S. Reid, Secretary. 
 
 Elizabeth Cotton Mills, six miles from Atlanta, Ga., F. I. Stone, 
 President. 
 
 Enterprise Manufacturing Company, Augusta, Ga., J. P. Yerdery, 
 President; Otis G. Lynch, Superintendent. 
 
 Exchange Cotton Mill, Macon, Ga. (projected), J. W. Cabaniss, Presi- 
 dent; C. E. Hams, Superintendent. 
 
 Exposition Cotton Mills, Atlanta, Ga., J. D. Turner, President; G. P. 
 Jeter, Superintendent, 
 
 Fincher Cotton Mill, Toonigh, Ga,, E. A. Fincher, Proprietor. 
 
 Forsyth Manufacturing Company, Forsyth, Ga., J. M. Ponder, Presi- 
 dent; J. C. Kennett, Superintendent. 
 
 Fulton Bag & Cotton Mills, Atlanta, Ga., Jacob Elsas, President; 
 J. R. Pearce, Superintendent. 
 
 Gainesville Cotton Mills, Gainesville, Ga. 
 
 Gate City Hosiery Mills (knitting), Atlanta, Ga., J. C. Greenfield, 
 President. 
 
 Gate City Manufacturing Company (knitting), East Point, Ga,, 
 Samuel A. Carter, President 
 
 * New Mills. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 909 
 
 Georgia Manufacturing Company (cotton and knitting), Columbus, 
 Ga., C. L. Perkins, President; J. W. Boyd, Superintendent. 
 
 Georgia Manufacturing Company, Gainesville, Ga., Dr. R. E. Green, 
 President; R. E. Green, Jr., Secretary. 
 
 Georgia Manufacturing Company, Whitehall, Ga., J. R. White, 
 President; Charles F. Smith, Superintendent. 
 
 Georgia Underwear Company (knitting mill), Bamesville, Ga., J. J. 
 Rogers, President; Floyd M. Murphey, Superintendent. 
 
 Globe Cotton Mills, Augusta, Ga., J. A. A. W. Clark, President; 
 J. C. F. Clarke, Superintendent. 
 
 Glover Manufacturing Company, Juliette, Ga., J. N. Birch, Presi- 
 dent; E. Duggan, Superintendent 
 
 Grantville Hosiery Mills (knitting), Grantville, Ga., N. 0. Banks, 
 President; J. P. Brasche, Superintendent. 
 
 Griffin Knitting Mills, Griffin, Ga., Douglas Boyd, President. 
 
 Griffin Manufacturing Company, Griffin, Ga., W. J. Kincaid, Presi- 
 dent; Charles Wheeler, Superintendent. 
 
 *Gwinnett Cotton Mills, Lawrenceville, Ga., M. S. Comett, President; 
 J. H. Duggan, Secretary. 
 
 Hamburger Cotton Mills, Columbus, Ga., Louis Hamburger, Presi- 
 dent; Charles Hancock, Superinteindent. 
 
 Hampton Cotton Mills, Hampton, Ga., A. J. Henderson, President; 
 W. M. Harris, Secretary. 
 
 Hanson Crawley Company's Knitting Mill, Bamesville, Ga., J. L. 
 Kennedy, President. 
 
 Harmony Mills, Alice, Ga., P. M. Tate, Proprietor; J. A. Winter- 
 bottom, Superintendent. 
 
 Harmony Grove Mills, Harmony Grove, Ga., L. G. Hardman, Presi- 
 dent; M. R. Chrystal, Superintendent. 
 
 Hawkinsville Cotton Mills, Hawkinsville, Ga., T. H. Grace, President. 
 
 Henderson Manufacturing Co. (knitting mill), Hampton, Ga., A. J. 
 Henderson, President; A. D. Henderson, Manager. 
 
 High Shoals Manufacturing Company, High Shoals, Ga,, J. W. Hin- 
 ton, President; A. J. Baxter, Superintendent. 
 
 Hogansville Manufacturing Company, Hogansville, Ga., R. J. Grif- 
 fin, President; G. W. Murphy, Manager. 
 
 Houston Factory, Dennard, Ga., Dennard & Hughes (not running). 
 
 Hutcheson Manufacturing Company, Banning, Ga., C. S. Reid, Presi- 
 dent; W. H. Thomas, Superintendent. 
 
 *Irwin Manufacturing Company, Fitzgerald, Ga., W. R. Bowen, 
 President (projected). 
 
 Isaetta Mills, Augusta, Ga., James Brotherton, President; H. Ware, 
 Superintendent. 
 
 Iverson and Sterne Manufacturing Company, Milner, Ga., Iverson 
 & Sterne, Proprietors. 
 
 Jackson & Brother's Carding Mill, Lawrenceville, Ga., E. P. Jackson 
 and Brother, Proprietors. 
 * New Mills. 
 
910 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 *Jasper Cotton Mills, Monticello, Ga. (projected), L. 0. Benton, 
 President. 
 
 Jefferson Cotton Mills, Jefferson, Ga., H. W. Bell, President; J. C. 
 Turner, Manager. 
 
 Jewells Mills, Jewells, Ga., George Bradley, Superintendent. 
 
 Josephine Mills (knitting), Cedartown, Ga., Daniel Baugh, Presi- 
 dent; L. D. Wade, Superintendent. 
 
 Kincaid Manufacturing Company, Griffin, Ga., "W. J. Kincaid, Presi- 
 dent; Charles Wheeler, Superintendent. 
 
 King, J. P.J Manufacturing Company, Augusta, Ga., Charles Estes, 
 President; Joel Smith, Superintendent. 
 
 LaGrange Mills, LaGrange, Ga., J. M. Barnard, President; G. W. 
 Carpenter, Superintendent. 
 
 Lanett Cotton Mills, West Point, Ga., L. Lanier, President; E. Lang, 
 Superintendent. 
 
 Laurel Mills Manufacturing Company (woolen), Eos well, Ga., S. 
 Crowley, President; W. E. McGregor, Superintendent. 
 
 *Lavonia Cotton Mills, Lavonia, Ga., M. Crawford, President. 
 
 Little Eiver Mill, Waleska, Ga. 
 
 Louisville Cotton Mills, Louisville, Ga., W. W. Abbott, President. 
 
 Macon Knitting Company, Macon, Ga., D. H. Howes, Agent; Joseph 
 Benner, Superintendent. 
 
 *McEae Cotton Mill Company, McEae, Ga. (projected). 
 
 Mallison Braided Cord Company, Athens, Ga., L. F, Edwards, Presi- 
 dent; W. A. Fowler, Superintendent. 
 
 Manchester Manufacturing Company, Macon, Ga., W. A. Crutch- 
 field, President; J. D. Hough, General Manager. 
 
 Mandeville Cotton Mills, Carrollton, Ga., L. C. Mandeville, Presi- 
 dent; E. Montgomery, Superintendent. 
 
 Marietta Knitting Company, Marietta, Ga., E. H. ISTorthcutt, Presi- 
 dent; J. H. Barnes, Superintendent. 
 
 Marietta Paper Manufacturing Company (cotton batting and waste, 
 32 cards), Marietta, Ga. 
 
 Mary Leila Cotton Mills, Greensboro, Ga., E. A. Copeland, President; 
 S. T. Buchanan, Superintendent 
 
 Massachusetts Mills in Georgia, Lindale, Ga., Augustus Lowell, Presi- 
 dent; Wm. Audley Marshall, Superintendent. 
 
 Middle Georgia Cotton Mills, Eatonton, Ga., B. W. Hunt, President; 
 E. B. Ezell, Superintendent, 
 
 Millen Cotton Mills, Millen, Ga., J. H. Daniel, President; E. G. 
 Daniel, Secretary and Treasurer. 
 
 Monroe Cotton Mills, Monroe, Ga., B. S. Walker, President; J. 
 Wheeler Mears, Superintendent. 
 
 Moultrie Cotton Mills, Moultrie, Ga., W. C. Yerreen, President; 
 Z. H. Clark, Secretary. 
 
 Muscogee Manufacturing Company, Columbus, Ga., E. W. Swift, 
 President; Jesse Paine, Superintendent. 
 
 * New Mills. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 9U 
 
 *New Century Cotton Mills, Douglasville, Ga., J. D. James, Presi- 
 dent; Samuel Hale, Superintendent (not running). 
 
 Newnan Cotton Mills, Newnan, Ga., R. D. Cole, Sr., President; Jolin 
 Plorence, Superiinteudent 
 
 Oxford Knitting Mills, Bamesville, Ga., J. C. Collier, President; 
 S. H. Langham, Superintendent. 
 
 Pacolet Manufacturing Company, New Holland, near Gainesville, 
 Ga- 
 
 Palmetto Cotton Mills, Palmetto, Ga., J. K. P. Carlton, President; 
 W. S. Harbin, Superintendent. 
 
 Park Mills, LaGrange, Ga., L. M. Park & Sons, Proprietor; L. M. 
 Park, President; Wm. Houston, Superintendent. 
 
 Park Woolen Mills, Rossville, Ga., "W. A. Campbell, President; 
 C. A. Taylor, Superintendent, 
 
 Paulding County Manufacturing Company, Dallas, Ga., E. Davis, 
 President; E. P. Gann, Secretary. 
 
 Payne Cotton Mills, Macon, Ga., W. S. Payne, President; J. H. 
 Kane, Superintendent. 
 
 Pearle Cotton Mills, Elberton, Ga., T. M. Swift, President; R. A. 
 Field, Superintendent. 
 
 Pelham Manufacturing Company, Pelbam, Ga., J. L. Hand,Presi- 
 dent; B. W. Curry, Treasurer. 
 
 Penfield Hosiery Mill (knitting), Penfield, Ga., T. W. Woodham, 
 Superintendent. 
 
 Pepperton Cotton Mills, Jackson, Ga., J. R. Wriglit, President; J. L. 
 Asbel, Superintendent. 
 
 Phoenix Cotton Factory, ten miles from Aug-usta, Ga., M. B. Hatcher, 
 President; W. W. Hack, Superintendent. 
 
 Piedmont Cotton Mills, Atlanta, Ga., B. L. WHlingham, President; 
 Baynard Willingham, Superintendent. 
 
 Porterdale Mills, Covington, Ga., O. S. Porter, Agent. 
 Porter Manufacturing Company (cotton and wool), Bert, Ga., T. L. 
 Langston, President; S. Crowley, General Manager. 
 
 Princeton Manufacturing Company, Athens, Ga., James White, Pro- 
 prietor; W. W. Duncan, Superintendent. a -d • i 
 Quintette Manufacturing Company, Eatonton, Ga., Robert A. Reul, 
 President; E. M. Brown, Treasurer. t i, c m 
 
 Raccoon Manufacturing Company, Raccoon Mills, Ga., John b. L.ieg- 
 hom, President; R. S. White, Superintendent. ^ ^ ^ ^. ^ , 
 Richmond Hosiery Mills (knitting), Rossville, Ga., E. G. Richmond, 
 President; Gamett Andrews, Jr., Manager. -r» ., 
 
 Riverdale Cotton Mills, West Point, Ga., James Pierce, President; 
 Wm. Brown, Superintendent. -r> -j . 
 
 Riverside Cotton Mills, Augusta, Ga., George K. Stearns, President; 
 John Vivian, Superintendent. , . , * . -»r-n jr 
 
 Riverside Mills, Marietta, Ga. (branch of the Augusta Mdl of same 
 
 name). 
 
 * New Mills. 
 
912 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Rome Cotton Factory, Eome, Ga., Henry Harvey, President; C. E. 
 McLin, Superintendent. 
 
 Roswell Manufacturing Company, Roswell, Ga., S. Y. Stribling, 
 President. 
 
 Rush ton Cotton Mills, Griffin, Ga., B. R. Blakely, President; George 
 H. Peckham, Superintendent. 
 
 Russell Manufacturing Company, Winder, Ga. 
 
 Savannah Cotton Mills, Savannah, Ga., Walteir iN". Brown, Superin- 
 tendent. 
 
 Schofield Manufacturing Company (knitting), Macon, Ga., T'. O. 
 Schofield, President; W. P. McQuillin, Superintendent. 
 
 Scottdale Mills, near Atlanta, Ga., George W. Scott, President; C. M. 
 Candler, Treasurer. 
 
 Shoal Creek Cottoai Mills, Shoal Creek, Ga., J. M. Edwards, Pro- 
 prietor; A. B. Edwards, Superintendent. 
 
 Sibley Manufacturing Company, Augusta., Ga., John W. Chafee, 
 President; James C. Piatt, Superintendent. 
 
 Smith Manufacturing Company, Thomson, Ga., John E. Smith, 
 President; Mr. Fielding, Superintendent. 
 
 Social Circle Cotton Mills, Social Circle, Ga., J. B. Robinson, Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 Soque Mills (cotton and wool), Bert, 8 miles from Cornelia, Ga., 
 T. L. Langston, President; F. W. Eamshaw, Superintendent. 
 
 Southern Shoddy Mills, Rossville, Ga., G. A. Rinker, Manager; H. 
 Sheard, Superintendent. 
 
 Spalding Cotton Mills, Griffin, Ga., W. J. Kincaid, President; Allen 
 Little, Superintendent. 
 
 Sparta Cotton Mills, Spai-ta, Ga,, D. P. Ferguson, Proprietor (not 
 running). 
 
 Standard Cotton Mills, Cedartowm, Ga., M. O. Berry, President; Wm. 
 Parker, Manager. 
 
 Standard Manufacturing Company (knitting mill), Athens, Ga., 
 Wm. and J. H. Dootson and A. H. Hodgson, Proprietors. 
 
 Star Thread Mills, Barnett Shoals, 10 Miles from Athens, Ga., J. W. 
 Morton, Agent; J. C. Bone, Superintendent. 
 
 Strickland Cotton Mills, Yaldosta, Ga., B. F. Strickland, President; 
 E. W. Lane, Secretary. 
 
 ^Strickland Mills, Concord, Ga., G. W Strickland, Proprietor (in- 
 corporated, 1900, but not yet running). 
 
 Sutherland Manufacturing Company, Augusta, Ga., Wmu T. David- 
 son, President; John M. Head, Superintendent. 
 
 Swift's Cotton Mills, Elberton, Ga,, T. M. Swift, President; R. A. 
 Field, Superintendent. 
 
 Swift Manufacturing Company, Columbus, Ga., Louis Hamburger, 
 President; John T. Abney, Superintendent. 
 
 Taylor Manufacturing Company, 4 mil^ from Reynolds, Ga., Bibb 
 
 * New Mills. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 913 
 
 Manufacturing Company of Macon, Ga,, Proprietors; W. K. Rodgers 
 Superintendent. 
 
 *Tennille Cotton Mills, Tennille, Ga., J. W. Smith, President; J 
 Boshinski, Secretary. 
 
 Thomaston Cotton Mills, Thomaston, Ga., R. A. Matthews, Presi 
 dent; 0. S. Causey, Superintendent. 
 
 *Tifton Cotton MUls, Tifton, Ga., H. H. Tift, President; L. G 
 Manard, Secretary. 
 
 Tillman Manufacturing Company (knittiag mills), Yaldosta, Ga. (In 
 corporated 1900; mill not yet built). 
 
 Toccoa Cotton Mills, Toccoa, Ga., W. R Bruce, Treasurer and 
 Manager; J. W. Goodroe, Superintendent. 
 
 Trio Manufacturing Company, Forsyth, Ga., R. P. Brooks, Presi- 
 dent; C. A. Ensign, Secretary. 
 
 Trion Manufacturing Company, Trion, Ga., A. S. Hamilton, Presi- 
 dent; Z. T. McKinney, Superintendent. 
 
 Union Cotton Mills, LaFayette, Ga., A. R. Steele, President and 
 Manager; John R. Steele, Superintendent. 
 
 Union Manufacturing Company (knitting mill), Union Point, Ga., 
 Harold Lamb, President; H. S. Lovem, Secretary. 
 
 *Unity Cotton Mills, LaGrange, Ga. (incorporated 1900, not com- 
 plete). 
 
 Upson Knitting Mills, Steed, Ga., T. S. Yates, President. 
 
 Yaldosta Cotton Manufacturing Company, Yaldosta, Ga. (projected). 
 
 Wahneta Mills (knitting), Cedartown, Ga., E. S. Mumford, Presi- 
 dent; G. H. Wade, Secretaiy and Treasurer. 
 
 Wahoo Manufacturing Company, Sargents, Ga., H. C. Amall, 
 President; J. A. Smith, Superintendent. 
 
 Walton Cotton Mill Company, Monroe, Ga. (projected), C. T. Mob- 
 ley, President; J. Wheeler Mears, Superintendent. 
 
 WarAvick Cotton Mills, Augusta, Ga., Frank R. Claxk, President; 
 W. B. Kitchings, Superintendent. 
 
 Waynman Cotton Mills, Waynmanville, Ga., T. M. Matthews, Presi- 
 dent; C. H. Robertson, Manager. 
 
 West Point Manufacturing Company, West Point, Ga., L. Lanier, 
 President; T. Lang, Superintendent. 
 
 Weatherly and Lambdin Wool Carding Mill, Red Clay, Ga. 
 
 Whitehall Yam Mill, Whitehall, Ga., John R. White, Proprietor. 
 
 Wliittier Cotton Mills, Chattahoochee, Ga., Helen A. Whittier, 
 President; W. R. B. Whittier, Agent; Henry W. Salmon, Superintend- 
 ent. 
 
 Wilkes Cotton Mill Company, Washington, Ga., chartered 1900, 
 incomplete. 
 
 Willingham Cotton Mills, Macon, Ga., C. B. Willingham, President; 
 G. T. Kennett, Superintendent. 
 
 Winder Cotton MOls, Winder, Ga., W. B. Cants, President; R. L. 
 Rogers, Secretary and Treasurer. 
 
 * New Mills. 
 45 ga 
 
914 OEOBGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 Winn Wool Carding Mill, Bowman, Ga., D. J. Winn^ & Co., Pro- 
 prietors. 
 
 Witham Cotton Mills, Hartwell, Ga., W. S. Witham, President; 
 H. L. Witham, Superintendent. 
 
 Woodside Cotton Mills, Gainesville, Ga. (projected), J. D. Wood- 
 side, President. 
 
 Woodstock Cotton Mills, Toonigh, Ga., E. A. Finclier, Proprietor. 
 
 FERTILIZEK FACTOEIES IK GEORGIA. 
 
 Abbott & Stone Louisville, Georgia. 
 
 Adair, A. D. & McCarty Bros Atlanta, Georgia. 
 
 Alford, D. C. & Co Hartwell, Georgia. 
 
 American Fertilizer Co Macon, Georgia. 
 
 Andrew, Glenn & Co Carlton, Georgia. 
 
 Arlington Oil and Fertilizer Co Arlington, Georgia. 
 
 Armour Fertilizer Co Atlanta, Georgia. 
 
 Arnold & Co Elberton, Georgia. 
 
 Arnold & Reynolds Washington, Georgia. 
 
 Askew, J. F Hogansville, Georgia. 
 
 Augusta Guano Co Augusta,, Georgia. 
 
 Baker, D. A Royston, Georgia. 
 
 Bale, F. S Rome, Georgia. 
 
 Blackshear Manufacturing Co Blackshear, Georgia. 
 
 Blanchard & Humber Columbus, Georgia. 
 
 Bowker Fertilizer Co Savannah, Georgia. 
 
 Brooks & Tabor Lavonia, Georgia. 
 
 Brown Brothers Elberton, Georgia. 
 
 Busha, S. J Buford, Georgia. 
 
 Butler, Heath & Butler Camilla, Georgia. 
 
 Cannon, J. W Lavonia, Georgia. 
 
 Cooper, W. W Flowery Branch, Georgia. 
 
 Coweta Fertilizer Co Kewnan, Georgia. 
 
 Daniel Sons & Palmer Co Millen, Georgia. 
 
 Davis Fertilizer Co Quitman, Georgia. 
 
 Ellis, Charles Savannah, Georgia. 
 
 Excelsior Manufacturing Co Washington, Georgia. 
 
 Farmers Cotton Oil & Manufacturing Co Locust Grove, Georgia. 
 
 Fort Gaines Oil & Guano Co Fort Gaines, Georgia. 
 
 Fowler Bros. & Co Marietta, Georgia. 
 
 Furman Farm & Improvement Co Atlanta, Georgia. 
 
 Georgia Chemical Works Augusta, Georgia. 
 
 Georgia Farmers' Oil & Fertilizer Co Madison, Georgia. 
 
 Gibbs, L. Y. Sons & Co Savannah, Georgia. 
 
 Grovania Oil & Fertilizer Co Grovania, Georgia. 
 
 Hand Trading Co Pelham, Georgia. 
 
 Harper & Hewell Dewy Rose, Georgia. 
 
 Hays, A. N Covington, Georgia. 
 
 Hodgson Fertilizer Co Athens, Georgia. 
 
OEOROIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 9 15 
 
 Hogansville Fertilizer Co Hogansville, Georgia. 
 
 Home Mixture Guano Co Columbus, Georgia. 
 
 Jackson Fertilizer Co Jackson, Georgia. 
 
 Jefferson Manufacturing Co Jefferson, Georgia. 
 
 Jones, W. O. & Co Elberton, Georgia. 
 
 Kennesaw Guano Co Atlanta, Georgia- 
 Kramer, Mandeville & Co Carrollton, Georgia. 
 
 Lowe, T. J Mabelton, Georgia. 
 
 McBride, Kobert & Co Newnan, Georgia. 
 
 McBuraej Oil & Fertilizer Co Warrenton, Georgia. 
 
 McCaw Manufacturing Co Macon, Georgia. 
 
 McKenzie Oil & Fertilizer Co Atlanta, Georgia. 
 
 Mallet & ISTutt Jackson, Georgia. 
 
 Manning, W. J Powder Springs, Georgia. 
 
 Marietta Guano Co Atlanta, Georgia. 
 
 Maynard, P. B. & Co Forsyth, Georgia. 
 
 Middle Georgia Oil & Fertilizer Co Hogansville, Georgia. 
 
 Mitchell County Fertilizer Co Camilla, Georgia. 
 
 Monroe Guano Co Monroe, Georgia. 
 
 Napier Bros Macon, Georgia. 
 
 ]^eely, R. C. C Waynesboro, Georgia. 
 
 Old Dominion Guano Co Atlanta, Georgia- 
 Peoples & Lane Valdosta, Georgia, 
 
 Pioneer Guano Co Albany, Georgia. 
 
 Pittard, John T Winterville, Georgia. 
 
 Putney Fertilizer Co Putney, Georgia. 
 
 Ramspeek, G. A Decatur, Georgia. 
 
 Richland Guano Co Richland, Georgia. 
 
 Savannah Guano Co Savannah, Georgia. 
 
 Skinner, C. "W Waynesboro, Georgia. 
 
 Smith, J. M Smithonia, Georgia. 
 
 Smith, T. K & J. W Tennille, Georgia. 
 
 Stevens, Martin & Co Carlton, Georgia. 
 
 Strickland, A. J. Manufacturing Works Valdosta, Georgia. 
 
 Suwannee Fertilizer Co Savannah, Georgia. 
 
 Swift Fertilizer Works Atlanta, Georgia. 
 
 Tabor & Almond Elberton, Georgia. 
 
 Thomas, ISI". P Waynesboro, Georgia. 
 
 Tumipseed, J. W. & Sons Hampton, Georgia. 
 
 Union Fertilizer Co Atlanta, Georgia. 
 
 Valdosta Guano Co Valdosta, Georgia. 
 
 Virginia-Carolina Chemical Co Atlanta, Georgia. 
 
 Walker Bros Griffin, Georgia. 
 
 Wilcox, Ives & Co Savannah, Georgia. 
 
 Wilkins & Jones Waynesboro, Georgia. 
 
 Willingham, C. B Macon, Georgia. 
 
 Worth County Fertilizer & Manufacturing Co Sylvester, Georgia. 
 
 Wright, Carter & Co Jackson, Georgia, 
 
916 GEORGIA: HISTOJilCAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 GEORGIA BANKS. 
 
 TOWN COUNTY NAME OF BANK WHEN ESTABLISHED 
 
 Abbeville Wilcox C'itizeus' B luk a 1900 
 
 Acworth Cobb S. Lemou Bankiag Co. 6 1853 
 
 Adairsville .. Bartow Bank of Adairsville a lM99 
 
 Adel.. Berrien Bank .f Adel a 1^99 
 
 Albany Dougherty . . Albany National Bank 1x95 
 
 " " . . Comniercial Bank of Albany a 1S88 
 
 *' ♦' ...Exchange Bank of Albany a 1893 
 
 " " ...First National Bank 1«K8 
 
 Americus Sumter Bank of Commerce a 1891 
 
 *' " Jiank of Southwestern Georgia a. . 1887 
 
 " " People's Bank a 1899 
 
 " " Planters' Bank a ....1892 
 
 Arlington Calhoun Bank of Arlington a 1899 
 
 Ashburn Worth Ash burn Bank a 1900 
 
 Athens Clarke Ath* ns Savings Bank a 1^H7 
 
 " " Bank of the University a 1873 
 
 " National Bank of Athens 1866 
 
 Atlanta Fulton Atlanta National Bank 1865 
 
 ♦' " Bank of Commerce a 1899 
 
 «' " Capital City National Bank 1900 
 
 *' .... " Coker Banking Company 6 1873 
 
 '« " Fourth National Bank 1896 
 
 " " James' Bank b I860 
 
 *« " Lowry National Bank 1861 
 
 .... " Maddox-Rucker Banking Co 1880 
 
 '» .... " Neal Loan & Banking Co. a J887 
 
 " " Third National Bank 1H96 
 
 •" " Atlanta Bankinir & Savings Co. a 1886 
 
 ■*' " Atlanta Savings Bank a 1890 
 
 " " Capital City Trust Co a 19^0 
 
 ^' " Farmers' and Traders' Bank 1900 
 
 " " Georgia Savings Bank & Trust Co. a 1899 
 
 «' " Germania Loan & Banking Co. a 1887 
 
 *' " Southern Banking <t Trust Co. a 1889 
 
 «' " Trust Company oi Georgia a 1890 
 
 " " Darwin G. Jones b 1881 
 
 •• "....... " Georges May 6 1867 
 
 " " Weyman & < onnors, Bankers 6 1891 
 
 Augusta Richmond: Augusta Savings Bank a 1^79 
 
 " " ... Commercial Bank a 1863 
 
 *• " ... .Georgia Railroad Bank a 
 
 " " National Bank of Augusta 1865 
 
 '« " National Exchange Bauk 1871 
 
 " " ... Planters' Loan & Savings Bank a 1870 
 
 »' ♦' Union Savings bank a 1892 
 
 Bainbridge . . .Decatur Bainbridge State Bank a 1891 
 
 " ... " Peoples' Bank a 1900 
 
 Barnesville . . .Pike Barnesville Savings Bank a 1873 
 
 " . . . '' New South Savings Bank ce 1891 
 
 Baxley !. Appling Baxley Banking Co. 6 1897 
 
 Blackshear . . Pierce Blackshear Bank a 1892 
 
 Blakely Early Bank of Biakely a 1893 
 
 Blue Ridge... Fannin Blue Ridge Bank 6 .1900 
 
 Boston Thomas M. R. Mallette b 1889 
 
 Brunswick Glynn Brunswick Bank Sz Trust Co. a 1890 
 
 '« " National Bank of Brunswick 1894 
 
 Buena Vista . .Marion Buena Vista Loan & Savings Bank a 1889 
 
 Buford Gwinnett Bank of Buford a 1893 
 
 Butler Taylor Bank of Butler b 1900 
 
 Cairo Thomas Cairo Banking Co. 6 1900 
 
 Calhoun Gordon Bank of Calhoun a 1891 
 
 Camilla Mitchell Bauk of Camilla a 1890 
 
 • State, ti Private. 1 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 91 7 
 
 TOWN COUNTY NAME OF BANK AVHEN ESTABLISHED 
 
 Cauton Cherokee Bank of Cunton a 1892 
 
 Oarrollton . . . .Carroll Oarrollton Bank a 1891 
 
 First National Bank 1900 
 
 Cartersville . .Bartow Bank of Cartersville a 1895 
 
 " .. " First National Bank 1889 
 
 Cedartown. . . .Polk Commercial Bank a 1889 
 
 Chipley Hnrris Bank of Chipley a .!!!!!l899 
 
 Coclirau Pulaski Oocbran Banking Co. 6 ..1892 
 
 Columbus . . . .Muscogee . . . Columbus Savings Bank a .1888 
 
 " Fourth National Bank .'...'.'.'..... 1»91 
 
 " ... .Mercliants' and Mechanics' Bank a 1872 
 
 " ... National Bank of Columbus 1876 
 
 •' '' Third National Bank 1888 
 
 Comer Madison Comer Bank a 1900 
 
 Couyers Rockdale John H. Almand 6 .1892 
 
 Cordele Dooly Bank of Wight & Weslosky Co. 6 ^1888 
 
 " " Citizens' Bank a 1899 
 
 " " Peoples' Bank a 1898 
 
 Cornelia Habersham . Cornelia Bank a 1900 
 
 Covington .... Newton Clark Banking Co. a 1891 
 
 Crawfordville. Taliaferro . . . Bank of Crawfordville a 1898 
 
 Cullodeu Monro<- Bank of Culloden a 1897 
 
 < uthl)ert Rnndolph ... Bank of Cuthbert 1890 
 
 Dallas Paulding Bank of Dallas 1899 
 
 Daltou Whitfield First National Bank 1888 
 
 " ... C. L. Hardwick & Co. 6 1873 
 
 Darien Mcintosh Darien Bank a 1889 
 
 Dawson Terrell Dawson National Bank 18S9 
 
 " First State Bank a 1887 
 
 Demorest Habersham. . Savings Bank of Demorest b 1898 
 
 Douglas . ..('ottee Union Banking Co. a 1899 
 
 Douglasville . Douglas ... Douglasville Banking Co. a 1891 
 
 Dunlin Laurens Dublin Banking Co. a 1892 
 
 " " Laurens Banking Co. a 1898 
 
 Eastman Dodge Citizens' Banking Co a 1891 
 
 '' '' Merchants' & Farmers' Bank 6 1896 
 
 Eatonton Putnam Middle Georgia Bank a 1891 
 
 " .... " Putnam County Banking Co. a 1891 
 
 Elberton Elbert Bank of Elbertona 1893 
 
 '' Elberton Loan & Savings Bank a 1888 
 
 Ellaville Schley Ellaville Agency Bank of Southwestern 
 
 Georgia 6. 1897 
 
 Fairburn Campbell ...W. T. Roberts 6 1899 
 
 Fayetteville . Fayette Bank of Fayetteville b 1898 
 
 Fit'zarerald Irwin . Merchants' & Planters' Bank a 1900 
 
 Flovilla Butts W. B. Dozier 6 1895 
 
 Forsyth Monroe Bank of Forsyth a 1895 
 
 " W. H. Had Banking Co. 6 1874 
 
 ... " W. T Maynard & Co. 6 1887 
 
 Fort Gaines.. .Clay Bank of Fort Gaines a 1890 
 
 Fort Valley.. .Houston Dow Law Bank a 1895 
 
 " . " Exchange Bank a 1889 
 
 Gainesville. . . Hall First National Bank 1889 
 
 " State Banking Co. a 1889 
 
 .... •' J. H. Hunt b 1^93 
 
 Greensboro . . .Greene Armor Brothers b 1898 
 
 .... " E A Copelan b 1889 
 
 Greenville . .Meriwether . Greenville Banking Co. a 1891 
 
 Grilfin Spalding City National Bank 18/3 
 
 Griffin Banking Co. a 1870 
 
 " " Merchants' & Planters' Bank 1889 
 
 Savings Bank of Griffin 1889 
 
 Harmony ^ ,0-- 
 
 Grove. . .Jackson Northeastern Banking Co. a 1892 
 
 Hartwell . . . Hart Farmers' & Merchants Bank a 1899 
 
 a State, b Private. 
 
918 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 TOWN COUNTY NAME OF BANK WHEN ESTABLISHED 
 
 Hartwell Hart Hartwell Bank a 1899 
 
 Ha wkinsville. Pulaski Hawkinsville Bank & Trust Co. a 1872 
 
 . " Planters' Bank a Is96 
 
 Hazlehurst ... A ppling J, G. Pace b 1897 
 
 Hogansville . Troup Merchants' & Farmers' Bank a 1889 
 
 Jackson Butts Jackson Banking Co. a 1888 
 
 Jefferson Jackson Jefferson Banking Co. a 1892 
 
 Jesup Wayne Merchants' & Fanners' Savings Bank 6 1891 
 
 LaFayette . . .Walker Bank of LaFayette a 1899 
 
 LaGrange . . . .Troup Bank of LaGrange a 1890 
 
 " La Grange Banking & Trust Co. a 1871 
 
 Lavonia Franklin Bank of Lavonia a 1898 
 
 Lawrenceville Gwinnett . . . .Bank of Lawrencevillea 1895 
 
 Lexington Oglethorpe. . . .Bark of Lexington b 1896 
 
 Louisville . . . Jefferson Bank of Louisville a 1896 
 
 Lumpkin Stewart Bank of Stewart County a 1891 
 
 Macon Bibb American National Bank 
 
 " '' Central Georgia Bank a 1869 
 
 " '' Commercial & Savings Bank a . 1895 
 
 " " Exchange Bank a. 1871 
 
 " " First National Bank. 1865 
 
 '' " Macon Savings Bank a 1875 
 
 " L C. Plant's yon 6 1868 
 
 " " Georgia Loan & Trust Co. a 1883 
 
 " " Security Loan and Abstract Co. a. . . 1892 
 
 " " Southern Loan & Trust Co. a 1893 
 
 " Union Savings Bank & Trust Co. a. 1890 
 
 Madison Morgan Bank of Madison a 1890 
 
 " " Morgan County Bank a 1899 
 
 Marietta Cobb First National Bank 1888 
 
 " Marietta Trust & Banking Co. a 1892 
 
 Marshallville .Macon MS. Ware b 1888 
 
 Maysville. .. Jackson H. and T. E Atkins 6 1891 
 
 McDonough . Henry Bank of Henry County a 1896 
 
 McRae Tel air Merchants' Bank a 1894 
 
 Milledgeville Baldwin Merchants' & Farmers' Bank a 1898 
 
 .. " Milledgeville Banking Co 1884 
 
 Millen Screven Bank of Millen a 1893 
 
 Molena Pike Bank of Molena a 1899 
 
 Monroe Walton Bank of Monroe a 1891 
 
 " George W. Felker 6 1892 
 
 Montezuma. . Macon John F. Lewis & Son b 1871 
 
 Monticello Jasper Bank of Monticello a 1892 
 
 '' .... " Jasper County Bank a. 1898 
 
 Morgan Calhoun J J. Beck b 1887 
 
 Moultrie Colquit Moultrie Banking ' o. a 1896 
 
 Newnan Coweta First National Bank 1871 
 
 '' " Newnan Banking Co. a 1894 
 
 Ocilla Irwin Bank of Ocilla b 1899 
 
 Oglethorpe . . .Macon Bank of Oglethorpe a l!^99 
 
 p. Iham Mitchell Hand Trading Co a 1876 
 
 Perry Houston . . . Perry Loan & Savings Bank a 1889 
 
 Poulan Worth Bank of Poulan b 1899 
 
 Quitman Brooks Bank of Quitman a 1889 
 
 " " Merchants' & Farmers' Bank a 1891 
 
 Reynolds Taylor Merchants' Back b 1890 
 
 '" " Reynolds Banking Co. a 1897 
 
 Richland Stewart Bank of Richland a 1890 
 
 Rochelle Wilcox Bank of Rochelle b 1898 
 
 Rome Floyd Exchange Bank of Rome a 1896 
 
 " "' First National Bank 1877 
 
 Rutledge Morgan Bank of Rutledge a 1898 
 
 Sandersville . .Washington. . Banking House of Louis Cohen b 1890 
 
 '' ' .. " . .Warthen and Irwin 6 1895 
 
 Savannah . . Chatham Chatham Bank a 1889 
 
 a State. 6 Private. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 919 
 
 TOWN COUNTY NAME OF BANK WHEN ESTABLISHED 
 
 Savannah Chatham., Citizens' Bank a 1888 
 
 " " Germania Bank a 1890 
 
 " " Merchants' National Bank 1866 
 
 '* " National Bank of Savannah 1885 
 
 " " Savannah Bank & Trust Co. a 1869 
 
 '' " Southern Bank of the State of Georgia a 1870 
 
 " " Oglethorp Savings & Trust Co. a 1887 
 
 " " Hull & Lathrop 6 1890 
 
 Senoia Coweta Farmers' & Merchants' Bank a 1892 
 
 Sharon Taliaferro ... J. A. Kendrick's Bank b 1899 
 
 Shellman Randolph . . . People's Bank a 1900 
 
 *' '* ... Shellman Banking Co. 6 189o 
 
 Social Circle. .Walton Bank of Social Circle a 1892 
 
 Sparta Hancock Bank of R. A. Graves b 1887 
 
 Statesboro . . . Bulloch BauK of Statesboro a 1894 
 
 Summerville. Chattooga Bank of Commerce a 1891 
 
 Swainsboro. . .Emanuel Bank of Swainsboro a 1896 
 
 Sylvester "Worth. . . Sylvester Banking Co. a 1897 
 
 Talbotton . . . .Talbot P'^^oples' Bank 1890 
 
 Tallapoosa. . . .Haralson Citizens' Bank b 1897 
 
 Tennille Washington . Farmers' & Merchants' Bank a 1894 
 
 " " . Tennille Banking Co. a. 1900 
 
 Thomaston . . .Upson Farmers' & Merchants' Bank a 1892 
 
 " ... " Upson Banking & Trust Co 1900 
 
 Thomasville .Thomas Bank of Thomasvillea 1888 
 
 Citizens' Banking & Trust Co. a 1891 
 
 Thomasville National Bank 1887 
 
 " Oglethorpe Savings & Trust Co. a 1887 
 
 Thomson McDufHe Bank of Thomson a 1891 
 
 Tifton Berrien Bankof Tifton a 1895 
 
 Toccoa Habersham . . Toccoa Banking Co. a 1 890 
 
 Unadilla. . . . Dooly Bank of Unadilla b 1897 
 
 Union Point .Greene Bank of Union Points 19<i0 
 
 Valdosta Lowndes Citizens' Bank of Valdosta a 1891 
 
 " " First National Bank 1890 
 
 " " Merchants' Bank of Valdosta a 1874 
 
 Vienna Dooly Bank of Vienna a 1889 
 
 .. " . .JP Heard & Sons 6 1899 
 
 Villa Rica . . . Carroll Bank of Villa Rica a 1899 
 
 Warrenton .. .Warren Bank of Warrenton o 1892 
 
 Washington . .Wilkes Washington Exchange Bank a 1889 
 
 .. " Washington Loan & Banking Co. a 1895 
 
 Waycross . . . . Ware Bank of Waycross a 1894 
 
 Citizens' Bank a "-^00 
 
 " .. " First National Bank 1894 
 
 Waynesboro . .Burke Bank of Waynesboro a 1891 
 
 '' '' Citizens' Bank a iw« 
 
 West Point. . '. ^Troup '. '. Bank of West Point a 1897 
 
 Winder Jackson Bank of Winder a 1895 
 
 " . <' Winder Banking Co, a 1899 
 
 Wrightsviiie . .Johnson Bank of Wrightsville a 1896 
 
 a state. 6 Private. 
 
 The Banks Incorporated during the year 1901 by Hon. Philip Cook, Secre- 
 tary of State, are: 
 
 Bank of Nashville, Rockmart Bank, Citizens' Bank of Swainsboro, Citizens' 
 Bank of Moultrie, Bank of Willacoochee, Mount Vernon Bank, Sea Wand Bank 
 of Statesboro. Citizens' Bank of VidaJia, Bank of Graymont, Bank of Grant- 
 ville, Bank of Covington. Bowen Banking Company, Bank of Randolph, San- 
 dersville Bank, Citizens' Bank of Elberton, People's Bank of Lyons, Bank of 
 Molena, Crawford County Bank, Bank of Swainsboro, Bank of Arlington, 
 Shadburn Banking Company. Bainbridge State Bank, Bank of Oglethorpe, 
 Screven County Bank and Roswell Bank. 
 
920 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 
 
 The following are the railroads incorporated by the Secretary of State 
 during the fiscal year just closed : 
 
 Statesboro and Register Railroad Conipany ; Brunswick and Birmingham 
 Railway Company ; East and West Railroad of Georgia ; Jacksonville, St. 
 Mary's and Jesup Railroad Company ; Dalton and Alaculsy Railroad Company; 
 Gainesville and Dahlonega Electric Railroad Company; Atlanta and Birming- 
 ham Air Line Railway Company ; Columbus and Arlington Railway Com- 
 pany ; Flint River and Gulf Railway Company ; North and South Macon Street 
 Railway Company. 
 
 The Railroads also had their charters amended. 
 
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 921 
 
 GEORGIA MANUFACTURES. 
 
 It was hoped that all the reports of the United States Census Bureau 
 for 1900 concerning manufactures and agricultural products of each 
 county would be completed in time to appear in the appendix to this 
 volume, but such is not the case. 
 
 The following information, however, has been issued by the Census 
 Bureau on Georgia Manufactures in 1900 : 
 
 Per Cent, 
 of Increase 
 
 Number of establishments, 7,504 ^^""^ 75\ 
 
 Capital, $8,789,656 ...............['. 57!7 
 
 Wage earners, average number, 83,842 60 3 
 
 Total wages, $20,344,071 '/, 3^1 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses, $r>.3-x.3oa *. 32 4 
 
 Cost of materials used, $53,232,203 .....'......." 02.8 
 
 Value of products, including custom work and repairing, $106,648,677 54.7 
 
 ATLANTA. 
 
 Number of establishments, 395 (1) 3.7 
 
 Capital, $16,085,114 69.2 
 
 Wage earners, average number, 9,368 17.7 
 
 Total wages, $3,106,039 (1) 3.1 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses, $1,352,721 37.0 
 
 Value of products, including custom work and repairing, $16,721,899 27.9 
 
 AUGUSTA. 
 
 Number of establishments, 388 (1) 11-8 
 
 Capital, $9,016,619 10.0 
 
 Wage earners, average number, 7,138 24.9 
 
 Total wages, $1,815,779 7.4 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses, $618,938 17.5 
 
 Cost of materials used, $6,244,286 15.0 
 
 Value of products, including custom work and repairing, $10,069,750 8.9 
 
 MACON. 
 
 Number of establishments, 182 (1) J2| 
 
 Capital, $5,076,005 ^L% 
 
 Wage earners, average number, 3,700 • • ■^'•- 
 
 Total wages, $1,047,607 ^^> ^"^ 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses, $445,078 j.f\% 
 
 Cost of materials used, $3,751,167 ■•■"■■.•:•■■-• -/oV -«; Vk'l 
 
 Value of products, including custom work and repainng, $b,48o,(b7 ^0.4 
 
 SAVANNAH. 
 
 Number of establishments, 155 g3 
 
 Capital, $5,716,491 • . - • .■.■.■.■.■.'.*. '. 18.6 
 
 Wage earners, average number, AOi^ ^-^q 
 
 Total wages, $1,176,150 • " :{^ 30 
 
 Miscellaneous expenses, $469,918 ^^^ 
 
 Cost of materials used, $3,915,884 /'ILVi* VorioiVin'p-* * S6 461*816 2.3 
 
 Value of products, including custom work and repairing, $6.4bl,»ib 
 
 Figure (1) In percentage denotes decrease. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A 
 
 Abbeville, town 879 
 
 Abram's Creek ......................[]......... 885 
 
 Abram's Home, Savannah 4q7 
 
 Academy for the Blind, Macon, Ga ...'.....,*., .402, 550 
 
 Acworth '. . . . . .' 607 
 
 Adairsville 540 
 
 Adams, David 412 
 
 Adams, John Quincy 22 
 
 Adel, town 545 
 
 African Methodist Episcopal Church 413 
 
 Agate 720, 809 
 
 Agnes Scott Institute 382, 631 
 
 Agriculture 191, 232 
 
 Agriculture, Commissioners 34 
 
 Agricultural Department 34 
 
 Air Currents 43 
 
 Alabah River 789 
 
 Alabama Great Southern Railroad 620 
 
 Alabama River 21 
 
 Alabama State 17, 21 
 
 Albany and Northern Railroad 634, 636 
 
 Albany, city 636, 639 
 
 Alcovy River 724, 777, 862 
 
 Alderney Cattle 259 
 
 Alexander Normal School for Ladies 550 
 
 Alfalfa, or Lucerne 215, 216 
 
 Alice, town 787 
 
 Allapacoochee Creek 544 
 
 Allapaha River 544, 599, 643, 741, 87& 
 
 Allapaha, towu 545, 719 
 
 Allatoona Creek 539 
 
 Allatoona Station ''^^ 
 
 Alleghany System 39 
 
 Allgood, A. P 588 
 
 Alligator Creek 767 
 
 Alpharetta '''^'^ 
 
 Altamaha Basia 105, 115 
 
 Altamaha River 17, 526, 682, 737, 746, 767, 834, 781 
 
 j^liQ 535 
 
 Alum".".''.''*!'"!!'""*'"''! 803, 856 
 
 Aluminum. .40, see Bauxite. 
 
 Alvord, Henry E, (quoted) 000 oAa 
 
 American Farmer by Flint (quoted) -jy. ;^"" 
 
 Americus, city ^-^' ^^O 
 
 Amethyst poV 740 
 
 Amicalola Creek ^— - '^^ 
 
 Anawaqua, an Indian Princess »^° 
 
 Anchovy Shoals °^l 
 
 Andersonville „~_ 
 
 Andre, Major W«V «n? 
 
 Andrew Female College •^*^' °"' 
 
 Andrews' Shoals ,...•• VnQ 4in 
 
 Angora Goats 304-310; price of fleece *5"y. <5iu 
 
 (923) 
 
924 INDEX. 
 
 Angus Cattle 2G8, 269, 535 
 
 Apalachicola Basin 84, 100 
 
 Appalachee River 689, 692, 769, 779, 789, 862 
 
 Appalachian System 36, 39 
 
 Apples 43, 150, 154, 243, 244, 587, 786, 848 
 
 Appleton Orphan Home, Macon 406, 550 
 
 Appling County 526-528 
 
 Appling, Colonel Daniel 526, 613 
 
 Appling, town 613 
 
 Appropriations to the Instiutions of the State 515, 516 
 
 Arctic (or rescue) grass 227 
 
 Area of Georgia (including land and water) 36, 891 
 
 Land area of the several counties 526-887 
 
 Also Table 1 Appendix 894 
 
 Arlington 562-563 
 
 Armuchee Valley 586, 859 
 
 Arnold, Benedict 785 
 
 Artesian Wells 72, 528, 558, 563, 565, 577, 596, 632, 636, 685, 728, 754 
 
 Asbestos 41, 65, 133, 147, 569, 598, 619, 696, 758, 803, 849 
 
 Asbury, Francis 411 
 
 Ash 150, 161 
 
 Ashburn, town 886 
 
 Ashe, General 18 
 
 Aspinwall, Elijah 789 
 
 Athens, city 365, 382, 592, 593, 595 
 
 Atkinson, W. Y 33 
 
 Atlanta 23, 33, 331, 332, 669-677, 901 
 
 Atlanta Constitution 53 
 
 Atlanta Journal 53 
 
 Atlanta, Knoxville and Northern Railroad 184, 601, 655 
 
 Atlanta and West Point Railroad 185, 615, 852 
 
 Atlanta University 386 
 
 Atlantic Ocean 575 
 
 Atlantic, Valdosta and Western 573. 599, 643 
 
 Augusta 16, 17, 18, 810-813, 901 
 
 Augusta Chronicle 53 
 
 Augusta Orphan Asylum 405, 406 
 
 Austell 604 
 
 Ayres, David 278 
 
 Ayrshire Cattle 264, 267 
 
 B 
 
 Bailey, C. P., of California (information concerning the Angoi-a condensed from 
 
 pamphlet issued by him 304-310 
 
 Bailev. Samuel 155 
 
 Bainbridge, city 624, 627, 628 
 
 Bainbridge, Commodore Wm 624 
 
 Baker County 528, 529 
 
 Baker, Colonel John 528 
 
 Bakerier 359 
 
 Bald Mountain 802 
 
 Baldwin County 530-534 
 
 Baldwin, Adraham 530 
 
 Baldwin, town 535 
 
 Ballard Normal School for Colored Pupils 550 
 
 Ball Ground .591 
 
 Bananas 43, 246 
 
 Banks County 534-536 
 
 Banks, Dr. Richard 534 
 
 Banks in Georgia— list of, see Appendix 
 
 Baptist Church in Georgia 412, 413, 414. (See sketches 
 
 of the several counties) 526-887 
 
 Baptist Orphans' Home at Hapeville 406-407 
 
 Barber Creek 592, 779 
 
 Barite (orBaryta), Sulphate of 40, 66 
 
INDEX. 925 
 
 Barley ^-^ ^ 
 
 Barnes, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. .'.'. ' *" ' ^nfi 
 
 Baruesville, city " / 791 * 79V 700 
 
 Barnett, town, ..!. .........'..■. ! 8G7 
 
 Barry, Bishop of Roma^ Catholic Church in Georgia 413 
 
 Bartow County '. V.V;.V;;;;40,' 539-543 
 
 Bartow, General Francis S 53y 
 
 Baryta^ (or barite) '. .v.v.v.v;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;:46; m 
 
 Bass, W. C • 3gj^ 
 
 Battle Creek 834 
 
 Bauxite 40, 63, 132, 133, 147," 539,' 540," 587, "cGO," 'gSS, "877 
 
 Baxley, town 527 
 
 Bay Trees ".'.*.".'.".'.*.".". Si", "isoi "16I 
 
 Beach Creek , 7(35 
 
 Bear Creek ".".".592, 757", "872 
 
 Beard's Creek 834 
 
 Bears 51, 573, 802 
 
 Beaver Creek 018, 748 
 
 Beaver Dam Creek 54G, 558, G4G, 7G5, 781, 819i 880 
 
 Beaufort, S. C 15 
 
 Becker, G. F 59 
 
 Beckwlth, John W.. Protestant Episcopal Bishop ot Georgia 411 
 
 Beech Trees 150, 161 
 
 Beef Cattle 154 
 
 Begewood, Nicholas 412 
 
 Belcher's Mill Creek 556 
 
 Bell Creek 848 
 
 Bellton 535 
 
 Belmont Farm 602. 603 
 
 Beman, Dr. Carlisle P 701 
 
 Bermuda Grass 150, 171, 216. 219 
 
 Berrien County 543-545 
 
 Berrien, John McPherson 543 
 
 Berries 43, 150, 154. (See sketches of the several counties 526-887 
 
 Bertram Creek 646 
 
 Beryl 66 
 
 Bethel Male College 807 
 
 Eethesda 16, 397 
 
 Bethesda Orphan Home 16, 397 
 
 Beverlv 646 
 
 Bibb County 546-552 
 
 Bibb, Dr. W. W A'-'^t^ 
 
 Big Creek "^Sl. '^6 
 
 Big Hurricane Creek 526, 608, t^88 
 
 Big Indian Creek &69, <12 
 
 Big Kiokee Creek X-« 
 
 Big Lott's Creek • • • • • • • • ••_•„• -^2^ 
 
 Big Potato Creek '^0, 800, 8o(, 808 
 
 Big Sandy Creek ^ 
 
 Billy Bowlegs ^\ 
 
 Billy's Island "Xi 
 
 Birch Creek |X{ 
 
 Birch trees --« 
 
 Bird's Mill Creek ggj 
 
 Bituminous Shale 52 
 
 Black Bass 74g 
 
 Blackbeard Island 55(j 
 
 Black Creek .■.V.V;;.V.'.".'4"3," "154", " 246 
 
 Blackberries -^^^q 
 
 Black Gum Trees j54 
 
 Black Jack Trees .789 
 
 Blackshear * [735 
 
 Blackshear, General David .S^Q 
 
 Blacksmithing *.'.'.'.'.!*.!! ^642 
 
 Blakely [ .....!!!. .356 
 
 Blast Furnaces ' 
 
926 INDEX. 
 
 Bloodworth, Solomon W 882 
 
 Bloody Marsh 16, 686 
 
 Blue Creek 874 
 
 Blue Grass 219, 220 
 
 Blue Ridge 36, 59, 154, 743, 855, 856, 874 
 
 Blue Ridge, town 655, 656 
 
 Bluff Creek 879 
 
 Bluffton 595 
 
 Bolzius, John Martin 408 
 
 Bonaventure 578 
 
 Bonnell, W. B 381 
 
 Boophilus Bovis (cow tick) 34 
 
 Born, W. J 155, 156 
 
 Bosom worth 17 
 
 Boston Herald (quoted) 240 
 
 Boston, Massachusetts 17 
 
 Boston, town in Thomas county 846 
 
 Bottsword, Edmund 412 
 
 Bawdon 570 
 
 Bowen, Commodore 17 
 
 Boyuton, James L 33 
 
 Brawell, S. D 389 
 
 Brahma Chickens 290, 291 
 
 Brasstown Creek 848, 856 
 
 Bream (fish) 28 
 
 Breeders of Pure Bred Cattle. (Foot note) 275 
 
 Brenau Female College 385, 699 
 
 Brick Manufactories 359, 545 
 
 Bridge Creek 611 
 
 Bridges, W. J 203-204, 822 
 
 Brier Creek 18, 558, 745, 809, 819, 867 
 
 Briers, Colonel W. K 588 
 
 Broad River 535, 646, 649, 666, 739, 752, 755, 781, 880 
 
 Brome 226 
 
 Brooks County 552-554 
 
 Brooks, Preston S 552 
 
 Broomtown Valley 39, 586 
 
 Broughton Island 746 
 
 Brown Iron Ore (limonite) 61, 127, 128 
 
 Brown, Joseph E 30 
 
 Brown, Loring 603 
 
 Browne, W. Leroy 389 
 
 Browne, Colonel Thomas 814 
 
 Brownson, Nathan 18, 29 
 
 Brown Swiss Cattle 267 
 
 Brunswick and Birmingham Railway 609 
 
 Brunswick and Western Railway 544, 610, 636, 885 
 
 Brunswick •• . . . .40, 325, 683-687 
 
 Brushy Creek 558, 752 
 
 Bryan County 554, 555 
 
 Bryan, General Goode 815 
 
 Bryan, Jonathan 554 
 
 Buchanan 703 
 
 Buck Creek 818 
 
 Buckhead Creek 558, 748 
 
 Buckwheat 150, 154 
 
 Buena Vista, town ". 756 
 
 Buffalo Creek 781, 868 
 
 Buford 693 
 
 Buhrstone 558, 693, 726, 819, 849, 869 
 
 Buliding Stones 133, 136, 147, 698 
 
 Bull, Colonel 17 
 
 Bull Creek 772 
 
 Bulloch, Archibald 28, 5.56 
 
 Bulloch County 556, 557 
 
 Bullochville 758 
 
Il^DEX. 927 
 
 Bullock, Ruf us B 30 359 
 
 Bulls. (See Cattle.) '. _ , . 
 
 Burke Couuty 18, 558-5g6 
 
 Burke, Edmund 553 
 
 Burke Jail 559 
 
 Burnett, Capt. John; His Adventure with the Indians 686, 687 
 
 Burnt Villag:e 853 
 
 Burton, J. Q 34 
 
 Butler's Creek 809 
 
 Butler, town 837 
 
 Butner's Island 746 
 
 Butter 53, 154 
 
 (For production of Butter, see sketches of the several counties, 52G-887.) 
 
 Butts County 560-562 
 
 Butts, Captain Samuel 560 
 
 Cabbage, Palmetto 166 
 
 Cabbages 875 
 
 Cabin Creek 822 
 
 Cain Creek 743, 744 
 
 Cairo, town 846 
 
 Calhoun County 562, 563 
 
 Calhoun, John C 562, 613 
 
 Calhoun, town 688 
 
 Calvin, Martin V 386 
 
 Camack, town 867 
 
 Cambrian • Formation 55 
 
 Camden County 18, 564-566 
 
 Camden, Earl of 564 
 
 Camilla 763, 764 
 
 Campbell County 566-568 
 
 Campbell, Duncan G 566, 567, 882 
 
 Campbell, John A 882 
 
 Campbellton 567 
 
 Candler, Allen D 33 
 
 Candler, Warren A 378 
 
 Cane Creek '^57 
 
 Cane Forage 226, 54.5 
 
 Canning Factories 362, 562, 604, 636, 703, 707, 798, 878 
 
 Cannouchee River 554, 556, 654, 737, 834 
 
 Cantaloupes \V ^'^ 
 
 Canton 41, 591 
 
 Carbonate of Iron 
 
 Carbonate of Lime 
 
 Carboniferous Formation 
 
 Carmel Academy ^^„ 
 
 Carnesville ^t 
 
 Carpenter Work ^ij. 
 
 Carriage Factories • • • • • • • Vfiq'-Sl 
 
 569 
 
 .571 
 ..55 
 
 Carroll County 
 
 Carroll, Charles g'^Q 
 
 Carrollton, town g^^j^ 
 
 Car Shops gY7 
 
 Cartecay River 5^,^ 
 
 Carter's Creek :;;::. ■;:.■.■.*.'. 540, "543 
 
 Cartersville, city ^09 
 
 Cass. Honorable Lewis Cass 214 ' 87'> 
 
 Cassava • • ; • • ;' ;' •///gg; 571.573 
 
 Catoosa County 5Y2 
 
 Catoosa Springs ' * ' * '544 
 
 Cat Creek 226 
 
 Cat-tail Grass ;:;■.;■.;■.■.■. ."34,' 53." ■259-275 
 
 cattle (^^^^'•g--:-.--j^ se;' sketches of the several counties, 526-887. 
 
928 INDEX. 
 
 Cave Spring 39, 401, 660 
 
 Ceqil. town 545 
 
 Cedar Creek 728, 793, 798, 838, 879 
 
 Cedartown, city 794^ 795 
 
 Cedar trees '. . 150 
 
 Cedar Valley 39,' '793 
 
 Cement 70, 92, 136, 147, 660 
 
 Central of Georgia Railway 174, 177, 550, 562, 575, 593, 598, 615 
 
 645, 657, 715, 730, 766, 794, 799, 823 
 829, 831, 832, 837, 840, 846, 884 
 
 Cession of Western lands by Georgia 21 
 
 Clialcedony 558, 726, 869 
 
 Cbalibee Battle 560 
 
 Chalybeate Springs 758 
 
 Cliapultepec, Mexico 6 
 
 Cliarleston and Western Carolina Railroad 613 
 
 Charleston, S. C 15, 18 
 
 Charlton County 573, 574 
 
 Charlton, Judge T. U. P 573 
 
 Charter Oak 30 
 
 Chatham County 18, 574-584 
 
 Chatham, Earl of 575 
 
 Chattahoochee County 584-586 
 
 Chattahoochee Ridge 42 
 
 Chattahoochee River 21, 566, 569, 584, 585, 595, 601, 615, 623, 628 
 
 641, 642, 664, 665, 669, 692, 697, 704, 708, 761 
 772, 773, 785, 800, 825, 826, 831, 850, 874 
 
 Cha tta nooga. Creek 46 
 
 Chattanooga, Rome and Southern Railroad 570, 659, 784, 861 
 
 Chattanooga Southern 861 
 
 Chatooga County 39, 40, 586-590 
 
 Chattooga River 586, 802, 859, 860 
 
 Chattooga Valley 586 
 
 Cheat 226 
 
 Cheese 53, 562, 742, 769, 822, 823, 845, 851, 856, 868 
 
 Cheney, M. Aquila 378 
 
 Chenubee Creek 840 
 
 Cherokee Baptist Female College 381 
 
 Cherokee County 40, 590-592 
 
 Cherokees 16, 39, 40 
 
 Cherries 43, 150, 154 
 
 Cherry, wild 150 
 
 Cherts 31 
 
 Chestatee River 697, 743 
 
 Chestnut Trees 150, 154 
 
 Chestnuts. (See Towns Co.) 848 
 
 Chiaha, Indian town on present site of Rome, Ga 663 
 
 Chicago Record (quoted) 240 
 
 Chickamauga battle 23 
 
 Chickamauga Creek 39, 859, 860, 876 
 
 Chickamauga Park 861 
 
 Chickamauga river and valley 859 
 
 Chickasawhatchee Creek 528, 562, 636, 840 
 
 Chicken Creek 590 
 
 Chickens 53, 154, 299 
 
 China Ware 69 
 
 Chincapin 166 
 
 Chipley 705 
 
 Chlorlnation process 60 
 
 Choctawhatcuee Creek 872 
 
 Choctaws 16, 39. 40 
 
 Christ Church Parish 575 
 
 Christian, or Disciples', Church 412, 414 
 
 Christmas. Robert , 18 
 
 Chrome 849 
 
 Chufas 43 
 
INDEX. 92y 
 
 Clark, John oo «Qr» 
 
 Clark University "'^' oo^ 
 
 Clarke County *.'.*.".'.'.'.*. 59V595 
 
 Clarke, General Elijah 18,* 592! 814,' 804"; 882 
 
 Clarke, Mrs. Han,nah oc.^ 
 
 Clarke, Jonathan 412 
 
 Clarkesville 695 
 
 Claxton, town ......'.....,...... 835 
 
 Clay, Alexander S., United States Senator from Georgia! 039, 
 
 Clay County ■/.■.■. ■.■.595-597 
 
 Clay. [Henry 595. 
 
 Clays 69, 13G, Hi,' ■l*46,'226,' 22l',35& 
 
 530, 549, 587, 618, 619. 660, 778 
 796, 810, 820, 854, 869, 873, 877 
 
 Clayton, Augustine 597 
 
 Clayton County .597-599 
 
 Cleburne, General Patrick 572 
 
 Cleveland, town ..'.'.'. .875 
 
 Climate Belts .43,* 44,' 45 
 
 Climax, town 624,' 627 
 
 Clinch County 599-601 
 
 Clinch, General Duncan L 599 
 
 Clinton, town 730- 
 
 Clouds Creek 781 
 
 Clover 150, 220, 221, 546, 590, 593, 614 
 
 Clover Dale 620 
 
 Clyde, town 555 
 
 Coal 40, 66, 69, 129, 130, 147, 587, 860 
 
 Coastal Plain 55, 56, 124 
 
 Coast Region 165 
 
 Coast Tide, Swamp Lands 166 
 
 Cobb County 601-608 
 
 Cobb, Lucy 382 
 
 Cobb, J. R. R 382 
 
 Cobb, Thomas W 613, 782 
 
 Cobb's Creek 834 
 
 Cochins (fowls) 293. 
 
 Cochran, town 796, 797 
 
 Cockspur Island 581 
 
 CofEee Bluff 325 
 
 Coffee County 608-610 
 
 Coffee, General John E 22, 608 
 
 Cohutta Range 36, 771, 772 
 
 Cohutta Springs 'i'"2 
 
 Coke, Thomas 411 
 
 Cold Water Creek G46 
 
 College Park ^"1 
 
 Collins & Reidsville Railroad 83a 
 
 CoUinsworth Institute •_• -^^l 
 
 Colomokee Creek ^^^' ^"^l 
 
 Colored Methodist Episcopal Church of America A'"*oo 
 
 Colquitt, Alfred H -30- 33 
 
 Colquitt County ^ ^J^ 
 
 Colquitt, town 'Y? 
 
 Colquitt, Walter T ^; Vpi - 
 
 Columbia County • : • •^i^''iif. 
 
 Columbus, city 42, <i4-.<b 
 
 Columbus Enquirer '^'^ 
 
 "Commonwealth of Georgia," by J. T. Henderson --"l 
 
 Confederate Soldiers' Home • " • -^jl? 
 
 Gongregationalist Church 4^-' ^j! 
 
 Conley, Benjamiu :^o 
 
 Conner, T. U cq-' V-'V "^76 
 
 Connesauga River 10 oc ^V 4-A 
 
 Constitution of Georgia l\ ^fi, 66, '^.^.i 
 
 Constitution of the United States ^* 
 
 46 ga 
 
930 INDEX. 
 
 Conyers, town 817 
 
 CooahuUa Creek 876 
 
 Cook's Creek 765 
 
 Coolewahee Creek 528 
 
 Cooper, David 398 
 
 Cooper, Mark A 333 
 
 Cooper's Creek 590 
 
 •Coosa Creek 856 
 
 Coosa River 21, 658, 659, 771 
 
 Coosa Valley 150, 659 
 
 Coosawattee River 677, 687, 771, 786 
 
 Copper 40, 65, 140, 569, 607, 655, 696, 803 
 
 Cordele, city 634, 635 
 
 •Corn 150, 154, 197-201, 155, 168 
 
 (See also sketches of the several counties, 526-887.) 
 
 Cornelia 695 
 
 -Com Forage 171 
 
 Cornwallis, Charles (Earl Corn,wallis) 18 
 
 Corundum 40, 63, 64, 133, 849 
 
 Cotton 33, 52, 53, 150, 154, 155, 168, 191, 197 
 
 See also sketches of the several counties, 526-887. 
 
 Cotton Gin 21, 352, 353 
 
 (For cotton ginned in the several counties, see appendix, table 5, pages 902-906.) 
 
 Cotton Mills 335-344 
 
 (List of, 337-341. See also appendix, 907-914.) 
 
 Cotton River 716 
 
 Cotton Seed 195 
 
 Cotton Seed Oil Mills 347-352 
 
 Cotton Wood 161 
 
 Covington, city 777, 778 
 
 Coweta County 42, 615-618 
 
 Coweta Indians 616 
 
 Cow-peas 150, 222, 225 
 
 See also sketches of the several counties. 526-887. 
 
 Cowpens, battle of 18, 769 
 
 Cow Tick (Boophilus Bovis) 34 
 
 Cows, (see Cattle.) 53, 259-275 
 
 Cox College (Southern Female) 382 
 
 Cox, T. H 202, 204 
 
 Crab Grass 150, 171, 220 
 
 Crawfish Springs 39, 861 
 
 Crawford County So?? 
 
 Crawford, George W rio"Ri« 7S9 
 
 Crawford, Wm. H 613, 618, 782 
 
 Crawford High School 3<8 
 
 Crawfordville • • • • -"^^ 
 
 Creameries 34, 250-256, 604, 701, 824, 851 
 
 Creek Bottom and Hummock Lands Vp"'''?? 
 
 Creeks ^^' JJ 
 
 Cretaledis Rocks •°'J 
 
 Crowfoot Grass "^-^ 
 
 Crystaline Area • • 1 • • -^^ 
 
 Cuthbert, city : • • • • r;«l' ^rr 
 
 Cumberland Island (called by the Indian Missoe) Sbo, 5bb 
 
 Cumming q.. 
 
 Gumming, Governor Alfred ^j* 
 
 Cumming, General Alfred °^^ 
 
 Lnimming. Colonel Wm J°^ 
 
 Cunningham. Robert M p^^ 
 
 Currahee Mountain ^g^" * ^g^ 
 
 Cusseta ' -j-oq 
 
 cCe°r ^''"'^ .V.V.V.V51V556: 627V6ii: 642,' hu, 654,'734: ■767V865: sVl/sSG 
 Cp?ess Creek'. :..... l....'...: 632,634,684,685,767 
 
INDEX. 
 
 931 
 
 Dade Coal Mines. 
 
 .621 
 
 Dade County 39^ 40 620-622 
 
 Dade, Major Francis L 620 
 
 Dahlonega .'.'.*!!'..'.*.'.'.'.'.*.*.*.*.'.' .40 ' * 744 
 
 Dairy Farms 539, 546, 567,' "594,* 596* 602," 614, 624 
 
 631, 635, 660, 684, 763, 773, 777, 781 
 791, 798, 822, 840, 845, 851, 852, 865 
 
 Dairying and Creameries 250-256, 604, 701, 824, 851, 881 
 
 Dairyman's Association 34 
 
 Dallas 785, 786 
 
 DaJljas. George Ml 785 
 
 Dalton 378, 771, 877, 878 
 
 Daniel, General Allen 752 
 
 Daniell, Thomas 18 
 
 Danielsville 752 
 
 Darien (at first called New Inverness) 16, 325, 411, 747 
 
 Davis, Dr. James B 304 
 
 Davis, Jenkin 18 
 
 Davis, Robert 611 
 
 Dawson city 840, 841, 842 
 
 Dawson County 622, 623 
 
 Dawson, Wm. C 622 
 
 Dawsonville 623 
 
 Day Creek 785 
 
 Day, Dr 70 
 
 Dearing 745 
 
 Death rate in Georgia as compared with other States 46 
 
 Decatur County 623-628 
 
 Decatur, Commodore Stephen 623 
 
 Decatur, town 382, 628, 631 
 
 Declaration of Independence -17 
 
 Deen C W "^ ' 
 
 Depn'creek 618,646,765,864 
 
 dS ... .'.'.■.'.'.■ .'.V.'.V.V.V.V.' 52, 154, 573, 621, 719, 802, 865 
 
 Dehon. Protestant Episcopal Bishop of South Carolina ::'Wn'o'ion 
 
 DeKalb County 41, 628-632 
 
 DeKalb, Baron John J^° 
 
 Deiamotte, Rev ;::;;;::::695:l96 
 
 Demorest A oqi 
 
 Derry, J. T ^' ^g 
 
 DeSoto g29 
 
 Desoto, town :::::::::::'.:'.'.':::::.2^','2G8 
 
 Devon Cattle 55 
 
 Devonian Formation ^^ 
 
 Dewberries .GQ 
 
 Diamonds 378 
 
 Dickson, Judge Capers ^238 
 
 Dietzen, N 586 
 
 EiSmerLlor"Turpentlne; -i^^y^^^^^l^^^ ''^' ™' ''''' '''' 
 734, 738, 742, 764, 767, 796, 838, 841, 845, 865, 871, 886. ^^^ 
 
 Doboy Island ' ' ' '.'.V..G32.634 
 
 Dodge County 632 
 
 Dodge, Wm. E [..[.[........ 150 
 
 Dogwood • * 
 
 Domestic Animals. (See Live Stock.) .'.'.'.*.*.".!!'.".'.'..".".... .293 
 
 Dominiques 53 
 
 Donkeys .634, 635 
 
 Dooley County .18, 634, 882 
 
 Dooley, Colonel John ' * 55O 
 
 Door of Hope 035-639 
 
 Dougherty County ' ' 635 
 
 Dougherty, Charles 526 
 
 Dougherty's Creek 
 
932 INDEX. 
 
 Douglas County 40, G40, G41 
 
 Douglas, Stephen A (34q, 
 
 Douglas, town .'.608,* 609, 610 
 
 Douglasville (340 
 
 Douglasville College 640 
 
 Dover and Statesboro Railroad 556 
 
 Dover 546, 641 
 
 Drainage System 73 
 
 Dry Creek 556, 834 
 
 Dry Fork Creek 7S1 
 
 Dublin, city 732, 733 
 
 Duck Creek 850 
 
 Ducks 53, 299 
 
 Ducktown 40 
 
 Dugover Mountain 39 
 
 Duke's Creek 874 
 
 Dunson, O. A 245 
 
 Durham or Shorthorn Cattle 264, 267 
 
 Dutch Belted Cattle 26a 
 
 Dyer Creek 868 
 
 E 
 
 Early County 641- 643 
 
 Early, Peter 29, 641, 882 
 
 East and West Railroad 540, 794 
 
 East Point 677 
 
 Eastman, city 632, 633 
 
 Eastman. Wm. Pitt 633 
 
 Eaton, General Wm 799 
 
 Eatonton, city 799 
 
 Ebenezer 16, 408, 645 
 
 Echeconnee Creek 546, 618, 712, 765 
 
 Echols County 643, 644 
 
 Echols, Robert M 643 
 
 Economic Geology and Mineralogy 55 
 
 Edgewood Farm 2.39 
 
 Education in Georgia • 365 
 
 Effingham County 18, 644-646 
 
 Effingham. Earl of 644 
 
 Eggs, 43, 154; Number produced in Georgia 299 
 
 Egyptian Cotton 196, 197 
 
 Eight Mile Creek 'J'65 
 
 Elberta Peach 240, 242, 748 
 
 Elbert County 646- 6o3 
 
 Elbert, Colonel Samuel 29, 646, 686 
 
 Elberton, city 646, 649 
 
 33 
 
 360 
 360 
 790 
 819 
 677 
 678 
 18 
 
 Electric Cars 
 
 Electric Light Plants 
 
 Electric Motors 
 
 Elkin's Creelv 
 
 Ellaville, town I 
 
 Ellijay River 
 
 Ellijay, town 
 
 Elliott, John 
 
 Elliott, Stephen, Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Georgia 408 
 
 Ellis, Henry -^ 
 
 ■gj™ loO 
 
 Emanuel County 6.53- Gao 
 
 Emanuel, David ^ ^40 
 
 Emerson, town ^J^ 
 
 Emery • • • • -_■■ tl 
 
 Emory College 3« ^ o(b, < <6 
 
 Enameled Brick 
 England, John 
 
 69 
 413 
 
 Enterprise, Frst Steamboat on the Savannah River 815 
 
INDEX. 933 
 
 Eocene, age gg 
 
 Etowah River 150, 539, 590, 622,' 65*8', '664,' 743, Hi ' TSs' 786 
 
 Euharlee Creek 539,' 785! 793 
 
 Eve, Joseph ' ' Ajg 
 
 Everett, James A •.................,.,,/ 38i 
 
 Ewen, Win [\\ 28 
 
 Experiment Station .'...'.'.'.".'.'".*.'.■ .'34,' 's'l'o'-s'is" 823 
 
 Ezra Church q-q 
 
 Fairburn, 507, 568 
 
 Falling Creek 646, 781 
 
 ^all Line 56, 73 
 
 Fannin County 40, 655, 656 
 
 Fannin, Colonel J. W 655 
 
 Fayette County 657, 658 
 
 Fayette, Marquis de la 657 
 
 Fayetteville 657, 658 
 
 Feldspar 154, 780 
 
 Female Asylum at Savannah 402, 405 
 
 Fertilizer Factories, 853, 354. List of, see Appendix. 
 
 Fescue Grasses 221 
 
 Few, Iganitus A 378 
 
 Few, Wm 18, 559 
 
 Fielder, Mrs— her adventure with the Indians 169, 692 
 
 Field Peas 150, 154, 222, 224. For average production to the acre, see 
 
 sketch of the several counties 526-887 
 
 Figs :43, 246, 565 
 
 Pinoholloway (or Phennohaloway) Creek 871 
 
 Fire Clay 41 
 
 Fish 322, 325, 326, 329 
 
 Fishing Creek 530, 880 
 
 Fitzgerald 720 
 
 Flat Creek 767, 790, 854, 826 
 
 Flatwood Lands I-IO, 150 
 
 Flint, Charles L., Editor of the American Farm (quoted) 285 
 
 Flint River 528, 529, 566, 597, 615, 618, 623, 634, 635, 642, 657, 733 
 
 748, 757, 763, 790, 791, 822, 828, 831, 836, 858, 859, 885 
 
 Floriculture 315, 316 
 
 Florida and Western Railroad ^2^ 
 
 Florida Central and Peninsular Railroad 185, 555, 564, 575, 054, 871 
 
 Florida Cession ■•• „~ 
 
 Flour Mills 359. See sketches of the several counties o26-887 
 
 Flournoy, General Thomas ^If^ 
 
 Flovilla ^^^ 
 
 Flower Gardens • • • ;.•_•• ^^T 
 
 Floyd County ■*^' ^'"^' ?S 
 
 Floyd Creek ^.; • _• • ' '^ 
 
 Floyd, General John — •'^'^' ^^n 
 
 Fly Creek ^g 
 
 Fodder's Creek ; ' l^n ooV 
 
 Forestry.. 50, 51, 150, 154. See sketches of the several counties, 526-887.^^^ 
 
 Also map ^gg 
 
 Forsyth, city ;.■;.■;;.■;.■.■.■.'.■ .'io,' 6i5'4'- 666 
 
 Forsyth County 3^ 664,814 
 
 Forsyth, John gj5 
 
 Fort Cornwallis " ' 402 
 
 Fortescue, W. S YJL5 
 
 Fort Valley .'. '.'.'. '.'.'. '.595, 596 
 
 Fort Gaines 58X 
 
 Fort McAllister ".'.'....".!!... 581 
 
 Fort Pulaski 411 
 
 Foster, James '.'.'.'.'.'.355, 545 
 
 Foundries 
 
934 mDEX. 
 
 Fountains 154 
 
 France 21 
 
 Franklin, Benjamin 666 
 
 Franklin College 377 
 
 Frankilu County 666- 668 
 
 Frederica 16, 686 
 
 French .' ig 
 
 Fulton County 40, 355, 669- 677 
 
 Fulton, Robert 669 
 
 Gaines, General , . 596 
 
 Gainesville ".'.'.".',".*.'.*.". '.698, 699 
 
 Gainesville, Jefferson & Southern Railway 698, 863 
 
 Galena '593 
 
 Gallberry Bushes 159 
 
 Gama, or Sesame Grass 225 
 
 Game 329, 330 
 
 Game Chickens 293 
 
 Gammon University at Atlanta 386 
 
 Gardner, General Montgomery 815 
 
 Garmany, Capt. H 693, 694 
 
 Garretson, Levi 411 
 
 Gartland, Rev. Dr 413 
 
 Garvin, John 411 
 
 Gas for illuminating and heating 360 
 
 Geneva 832 
 
 Geological Department 35 
 
 Geology 55 
 
 George II., King of England 15 
 
 "Georgia and Her Resources," by R. T. Nesbitt 5 
 
 Georgia: origin of name, 15; colonial days, 16, 17; in the Revolution, 17, 18; 
 in second war with England, 21, 22; a mother of States, 21; controversy 
 with General Government about Indian lands, 22; in the Mexican war, 
 22; in the war between the States, 22, 23. After the war, 23; in the war 
 with Spain and in the Philippines, 27, 28; industrial progress, 33. 35; 
 increase in population, 35; Governors of, 28-33; descriptive sketch of.. 36-54 
 
 Georgia and Alabama Railroad 184, 554, 585, 634 
 
 Georgia Academy for the Blind at Macon 402, 550 
 
 Georgia Experiment Station 570-575 
 
 Georgia Factory 594 
 
 Georgia Institute for the Deaf and Dumb at Cave Spring 401, 402, 660 
 
 Georgia Normal and Industrial College at Milledgeville 374, 533 
 
 Georgia Northern Railroad 552, 611 
 
 Georgia Pine Railroad 529, 624, 642, 760 
 
 Georgia Railroad 179, 550, 593, 613, 628, 691, 730, 752 770, 780, 833, 863, 867 
 
 Georgia School of Technology 374 
 
 Georgia Southern & Florida Railroad 179, 180, 544, 550, 634 
 
 Georgia State Industrial College for Colored Youths 374, 386 
 
 Georgia State Normal School at Athens 374 
 
 Georgia University 365-374, 592, 593, 744 
 
 Gerioux, J. C 246 
 
 Germany Creek 613 
 
 Gibson 680 
 
 Gilmer County 40, 677-679 
 
 Gilmer, George R 30, 40, 677, 782 
 
 Gins and Ginning 21, 352, 353 
 
 Glascock County 680, 683 
 
 Glascock, General Thomas 680 
 
 Glenn, G. R 389 
 
 Glover's 766 
 
 Glynn County 18. 683-687 
 
 Glynn, John 683 
 
 Gneiss 42, 71, 135, 631, 780, 849 
 
INDEX. 935 
 
 Goats 300-310; Angora Goats, 304-310; price of fleece or mohair, 309 310 
 
 i^ or common goats see sketches of the several counties ' 5'>6-887 
 
 Gober, George, F -. 239,244,592,602,787 
 
 ^°'^ 40, 56-61, 139, 140, 147, 540, 569, 607, 617 
 
 622, 655, 660, 665, 678, 693, 696, 698, 703, 740 
 ^ ,^ ^^ . ,,.„ '^43, 744, 745, 755, 758, 782, 849, 856. 875. 881 
 
 Gold Stamping Mills 540 744 732 
 
 Gooseberries ' ' jg^ 
 
 Gordon County 
 
 .ti87- 
 
 Gordon, John B 33 51 
 
 Gordon, W. W '.*.'.'.*.'.".".*.'.'.*.'.'.'.'.'.".'.'.".".".".'.".'!!'. .577,' 687 
 
 Gordon Institute .' 792 
 
 Gordon, town 884 
 
 Goshen 
 
 408 
 
 Gi'anite 41, 42, 71, 134, 135, 147, 154, 549, 567 
 
 593, 631, 678, 693, 696, 709, 755, 758 
 778, 782, 7y9, 817, 849, 856, 863, 881 
 
 Granite Lands I53 
 
 Grantville .616, 617 
 
 Grape Creek 822 
 
 Grapes 43, 150, 154, 245, 246, 527, 539,' '557,' 587, 603 
 
 609, 611, 636, 748, 791, 871, 873, 876, 886 
 
 Graphite 65, 143, 147, 540, 593, 696, 782 
 
 Grass Creek 826 
 
 Grasses 150, 154, 214-228 
 
 Graves, Colonel John 883 
 
 Graves Mountain 42 
 
 Gray Gravelly Lands 149, 153 
 
 Graysville 42 
 
 Great Britain— the Mother Country, 15-17; Wars with— the Recolution, 17-18; 
 
 The war of 1812-15 21, 22 
 
 Green, Dr. Thomas F 398 
 
 Greenbriar Creek 613 
 
 Greene County 40, 689-692 
 
 Greene. General Nathaniel 21, 577, 689, 769, 814, 815, 883 
 
 Greeneboro 690 
 
 Greenville 758 
 
 Greysville ^''''^ 
 
 Griffin, city 823-825 
 
 Grist Mills 359. See sketches of the several counties 526-887 
 
 Griggs, Hon. J. M 6 
 
 Gross, Wm. H., Roman Catholic Bishop of Georgia 413 
 
 Ground Peas 43, 226. See sketches of the several counties 526-887 
 
 Grovania '^^^ 
 
 Grovetown ^^^ 
 
 Guernseys ^^^ 
 
 Guillan, Hannah • • • ^02 
 
 Guinea Fowls ^^S. 299 
 
 Gum Creek ^f 
 
 «"yton •--• ^4o 
 
 Gwinnett, Button In' roo S 
 
 Gwinnett County 40, 602-694 
 
 H 
 
 Habersham County 40, 694-697 
 
 Habersham, James • ' " ' V ^q^ 
 
 Habersham, Joseph ^'' ^*' 240 
 
 Hale, J. H. .'.■.'.'.'.'.".'.'.'.".'697-699 
 
 Ha County „ 09,^97 
 
 Hall, Lyman ' 293 
 
 Hamburgs (chickens) .^2 
 
 Hamilton, John -^ 
 
 Hamilton, town y, ^ 
 
 Hampton, town <,^ - 
 
 Hampton, Wade 
 
"936 INDEX. 
 
 Hancock County 100-702 
 
 Hancock, John 700 
 
 "Hand Book of Georgia," by Dr. Thomas P. Janes 5 
 
 Handley, George 18, 29 
 
 Hannahatchee Creek 825, 826 
 
 Hapeville .' 677 
 
 Harlem 613 
 
 Harak:5n County 40, 702-704 
 
 Haralson, Hugh A 702 
 
 Hardin's Cave 39 
 
 Hard Labor Creek 769, 770, 862 
 
 Hard Ore 87 
 
 Hares (commonly called rabbits in Georgia) 536 
 
 Harmony Grove 722 
 
 Harris County 20, 704-706 
 
 Harris, Charles 704 
 
 Harris, Young L. G. 849 
 
 Harrison, Thomas 412 
 
 Harrod's Creek 641 
 
 Hart County 706-708 
 
 Hart, Nancy 650, 653, 706 
 
 Hartwell * 707 
 
 Hawkins, Colonel Benjamin 620 
 
 Hawkins, Colonel Samuel 570 
 
 Hawkinsville 796, 797 
 
 Hay 150, 155, 171, 227. See sketches of the several counties 526-887 
 
 Hayes, John L. (quoted) 286 
 
 Haygood, Atticus G 378 
 
 Head Creek 822 
 
 Heard County 42, 708, 710 
 
 Heard, Stephen 29, 708, 882 
 
 Hearn Female Seminary 660 
 
 Hearn Institute 660 
 
 Hearn Manual Labor School 401 
 
 Hebrew Orphan, Home, Atlanta 407 
 
 Hebrews, or Jews 414 
 
 Hematite (red iron ores) 61, 128, 129 
 
 Henderson, John T 5, 34, 277, 285, 294 
 
 Henderson Wood, or White Holly 51 
 
 Henry County 710-712 
 
 Henry, Patrick 710 
 
 Herbert, Dr. Henry 408 
 
 Herd's Grass 225 
 
 Hereford Cattle 268, 271 
 
 Hiawassee River 848 
 
 Hiawassee, town S49 
 
 Hickory Hill 739 
 
 Hickory Trees 150, 161 
 
 High Point 39 
 
 High Shoals 780 
 
 Hightower Creek 848 
 
 Hill, Walter B., Chancellor of University of Georgia 373 
 
 Hillary, Christopher IS 
 
 Hillhouse, Mrs 882, 883 
 
 Hill's Camp Creek 785 
 
 Hills, Ebenezer 412 
 
 Hillsboro 724 
 
 Hinds Island 746 
 
 Hinesville 738 
 
 Historic Trees 578, 595, 650 
 
 Historical Collections of Georgia, by Rev. Geo. White 5 
 
 Hog Creek 608 
 
 Hogansville, town 852 
 
 Hogs 275, 277, 602, 603. See sketches of the several counties N4N4526-887 
 
 Hogscrawl Creek 634 
 
 Holcombe, Henry 412 
 
INDEX. 937 
 
 Holly 161 
 
 Holly Creek Y52 
 
 Holly Springs ! 591 
 
 Holly-white or Henderson wood '. '. '. '. '. , 51 
 
 Holstein— Friesian Cattle V. . . . . . . . . 263] 264 
 
 Home for Confederate Soldiers " ' 516 
 
 Home for the Friendless V... 55O 
 
 Homer ...............,.!!.,......! 535 
 
 Homerville .509, 6CM) 
 
 Honey, 53, 154, 299. See sketches of the several counties 526-887 
 
 Honey Bee Creek 790 
 
 Hornblende 780 
 
 Hornstone 869 
 
 Hook, J. S .'...'.'.'.'.".'!.'.' 389 
 
 Horse Creek 748, 819 
 
 Horses 53, 310, 311. See sketches of the several counties 526-887 
 
 Horse-shoe Bend (Tohopeka) 22 
 
 Rorticulture 238-249 
 
 Houchookee Creek 800, 825 
 
 Houdans (chickens) 293 
 
 Hound Creek 556 
 
 House Creek ? 879 
 
 Houston County 712-716 
 
 Houston, John 28, 712 
 
 Howard, Rev. Charles Wallace (quoted) 216, 221 
 
 Howard, J. D 238 
 
 Howley, Richard 29 
 
 Hudson River 154, 535, 666 
 
 Hull. Hope 411 
 
 Humber, Robert 268 
 
 Hummock, or second bottoms 160, 165 
 
 Humphries, Thomas 411 
 
 Hunt. Mrs. B. W. (quoted) 255 
 
 Hurn, Alexander 871, 872 
 
 Hydraulic Cement Rock 70 
 
 I 
 
 Ice Plants 360 
 
 Ichawaynochaway Creek 502, 840, 872 
 
 Indian Creek 611, 769, 781, 798, 885 
 
 Indian Mounds 642, 650, 668, 701 
 
 Indians 15' ^"^ 
 
 Indian Spring 560, 561 
 
 Indigenous grasses 150 
 
 Infusorial Earth "^^ 
 
 Ingleside 9^1 
 
 Inman, Captain Joshua ^^2 
 
 Irish potatoes 168, 228-232. See sketches of the several counties. . . .i>26-88. 
 
 Iron Ores 40, 61, 62, 127-129, 539, 540, 509, 587, 660, 678, 693 
 
 698, 755, 758, 794, 803, 849, 856, 860, 873, 877, 881 
 Iron Wood ^5? 
 
 Iron Works 
 
 356 
 
 Mgation Tlkrl^ 
 
 Ii-win County Vs'oq 716 
 
 Irwin, Jared ^^- -*^' ii, 
 
 Irwinton 
 
 Irwinville 
 
 Isabella 
 
 Isle of Hope 
 
 Italian Rye Grass 
 
 Ivy Log Creek 
 
 884 
 720 
 886 
 578 
 222 
 856 
 
938 INDEX. 
 
 J 
 
 Jack's Creek 864 
 
 Jackson, Andrew 22 
 
 Jackson County 721-723 
 
 Jackson, Henry 51 
 
 Jackson, Henry R 382 
 
 Jackson, James 21, 29, 721 
 
 Jackson, General John K 815 
 
 Jackson, town 560, 561 
 
 James, Colonel T. J 846 
 
 Janes, Dr. Thomas P 5, 34, 219, 277 
 
 Jasper County 723, 725 
 
 Jasper, Sergeant Wm 578, 723 
 
 Jasper Spring 578 
 
 Jasper (stone) 558 
 
 Jefferson County 725, 727 
 
 Jefferson, Thomas 725 
 
 Jefferson, town in Jackson County 722 
 
 Jeffersonville 854 
 
 Jekyl Island 566 
 
 Jenkins, Charles J 30, 814 
 
 Jersey Cattle 259, 260, 701 
 
 Jews, or Hebrews 414 
 
 Jewell's 701 
 
 John's Mountain 586 
 
 Johnson, Andrew 30 
 
 Johnson County 728, 729 
 
 Johnson Grass 150 
 
 Johnson Herschel V 30. 728 
 
 Johnson, James . . 30 
 
 Johnson, Robert 15 
 
 Jonesboro 23, 598, 599 
 
 Jones County 729-731 
 
 Jones Creek 599, 885 
 
 Jones, James 729 
 
 Jones, Professor S. P. 5; Paper by, on Economic Geology and Mineralogy. .55-127 
 
 Jordan, G. Gunby 775 
 
 Julia Parkman Jones Home 550- 
 
 Juniper Creek 748, 755, 772 
 
 K 
 
 Kansas State Board of Agriculture (quoted) 271 
 
 Kaolin 660, 715, 730, 810 
 
 Keg Creek 868 
 
 Kell, John Mcintosh 825 
 
 Kennesaw Mountain 23, 42, 607 
 
 Kennesaw Quarry 41 
 
 Kennesaw, town 607 
 
 Kettle Creek 17, 18, 880 
 
 Kids 154 
 
 Kinchafoonee Creek 635, 646, 733, 755, 828, 840. 872 
 
 King, Francis P 5, 64 
 
 King, John 18 
 
 King's Mountain 18 
 
 Kingston 39, 540 
 
 Knox Dolomite 61 
 
 Knox, General Henry 619^ 
 
 Knoxville, town 618, 619, 620 
 
 L 
 
 Labor, 344-347 
 
 Ladd, George E. (quoted) 69 
 
 LaFayette, Marquis de 657, 815, 860, 861 
 
 LaFayette, town • • -^60, 861 
 
INDEX. 
 
 939 
 
 La Grange, city 851-853 
 
 La Grange Female College .385 851 
 
 Lakes (artificial) .154 
 
 Lambs 154 
 
 Lampkin's Creek !g34 
 
 Land Area of the Counties of Georgia, Appendix " is91 
 
 Lane, A.J ! ! 219 
 
 Lane, James R iilO 
 
 Laurens County .731-733 
 
 Laurens, Colonel John 731 
 
 Lavonia ] _6(j7 
 
 Lawrenceville 692 093 
 
 Lazer Creek ,'. _ .' .831 
 
 Lead 40, 660! 698 
 
 Leary 562, 5(33 
 
 Lee County 733-7.37 
 
 Lee, Henry (styled "Light Horse Harry") 18, 5Gt> 
 
 Lee, Richard Henry 733, 814 
 
 Lee, Robert E ! . .18,' oGG 
 
 Leghorn (chickens) .290 
 
 Leslie, town 829 
 
 Lemons 43, 246, 565 
 
 Le Vert College 831 
 
 Le Vert, Madame Octavia 814 
 
 Lewis, David W 389 
 
 Lewis, General J. R 389 
 
 Lexington, town 782 
 
 Liberty County 18, 737-739 
 
 Lick Creek 798 
 
 Lime 70, 135, 136, 137, 154, 698 
 
 Lime-Sink Region 161 
 
 Limestone 40, 70, 135, 136, 147, 539, 540, 549, 571, 587, 660, 678, 688, 715. 
 
 726, 796, 873, 877, 884 
 
 Limestone Creek 767 
 
 Limonite (Brown Iron Ore) 61, 127, 12S 
 
 Lincoln, Benjamin 40, 739 
 
 Lincoln County '..'..' '. . ." 40, 739-741 
 
 Lindale 660 
 
 Line Creek 657, 757 
 
 Lithia (Salt) Springs 640, 641, 67o 
 
 Lithonia, town "^1 
 
 Little Cedar Creek ■■■■ ■••■ -^^^ 
 
 Little Hurricane Creek 526, b08, <S^ 
 
 Little Kiokee Creek ::* • -^^li 
 
 Little Lott's Creek »^"' i^' 
 
 il?.llSn^^m?^;^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^•:;:::::::::::::::::■■/;m•™8:] 
 
 Little Satilla River ^^6, 683, ^8.8 
 
 Little Tallapoosa River ^pJ " ^g^ 
 
 Live Oak Lands 53 54 2.59-312 
 
 Sersketehes" of "the 'several counties for full detei^si which see' also for domes^ 
 
 tic animals in inclosures, and not on farms or ranges -^-y-*^! 
 
 Locust Grove "" [gc;^ 
 
 Logansville " Ygl ' geV, "867 
 
 Long Creek • §83 
 
 Long, Colonel Nicholas !528 
 
 Long Leaf Pine • • • • • ]l61 
 
 Long Leaf Pine and Wire Grass Section ^^^ 
 
 Longstreet, Judge Augustus B • .815 
 
 Longstreet, Lieutenant General James A '.'.'.'.'.['.'.'.'.'.'.'... .590 
 
 Long Swamp 620 
 
 Lookout Creek 39, 620 
 
 Lookout Mountain 
 
940 INDEX. 
 
 Lovejoy, town 598 
 
 Louisiana Purchase 21 
 
 Louisville, town T26, 727 
 
 Louisville and Nashville Railway 876 
 
 Lowden, George W 325 
 
 Lowlands of the Central Belt 160 
 
 Lowndes County 741-743 
 
 liowndes, William Jones 741 
 
 Lucerne (or Alfalfa) 171, 215, 216 
 
 Lucy Cobb Institute 382, 593 
 
 Lula Lake 39 
 
 Lumber.. 50, 51, 354, 526 529, 556, 611, 634, 636, 641, 642, 643, 644, 654, 672, 678, 
 684, 685, 688, 705, 719, 720, 722, 732, 734, 738, 742, 747, 760, 763, 764, 
 767, 768, 781, 788, 789, 791, 796, 835, 838, 871, 879, 886. 
 
 Lumber City 839 
 
 Lumpkin County 40, 743-744 
 
 Lumpkin, Wm 30, 743, 782 
 
 Lumpkin, town 826, 827 
 
 Lutheran Church 408 
 
 Lyerly 587, 588 
 
 Lyons 835 
 
 Mc 
 
 McAdamized Roads 173 
 
 McBean's Creek 809 
 
 McCallie, S. W., 5, 35, 60, 69, 72 ; his paper on Mineral Resources 127-147 
 
 McCandless, John M 34, 52 
 
 McCoy Creek 876 
 
 :\IcDaniel, H. D 33 
 
 McDonald, Charles J 30 
 
 McDonough 711 
 
 McDowell, John 278 
 
 McDuffie County 745, 746 
 
 McDuffie, George 745 
 
 McGee, J. S 202 
 
 Mcintosh County 411, 746-748 
 
 ■Mcintosh, Colonel James S 22, 746 
 
 Mcintosh, Colonel John 746 
 
 IMcIntosh, Colonel Lachlan 17, 746 
 
 Mcintosh, General Wm 560, 570 
 
 McKenzie, Ed. M 238 
 
 McKenzie, W. M 239 
 
 McLaws, General LaFayette 815 
 
 INIcLemore's Cove 859 
 
 ]\IcLeod, Rev. John 411 
 
 McMahon 622 
 
 :^.IcNeil, James 18 
 
 McRae, town 839 
 
 M 
 
 Macon 42, 549-552 
 
 Macon and Birmingham Railroad 184, 550, 852 
 
 Macon and Dublin Railroad 550, 854 
 
 Macon and Northern Railroad 550, 770 
 
 :\Iacon County 748-752 
 
 :Macon. Nathaniel 549, 748 
 
 Macon Telegraph 53, 202 
 
 Madison, city '^'^^ 
 
 Madison County 'i'52, 753 
 
 Madison, James "^5- 
 
 Magnetite (an iron ore possessing polarity) 61, 840 
 
 Mallon, Professor Bernard 386 
 
 Manganese 40, 62, 63, 130, 147, 539, 540, 587, 060, 696, 849, 873, 877 
 
INDEX. g^^ 
 
 Manufactures ^'i-t -tao 
 
 See sketches of the several counties, especially Bibb. ChathamV Floyd " Fulton 
 Muscogee, Richmond and Spalding, 
 
 Maple Trees 
 
 Marble •••.••...41, 70, 71, 133, 134, 147,' SoV, Goi'eeb; WsVgSS,' GO^'isi," 8^^^^^^ 
 
 JMarDl© vvorKS Qrn "ict 
 
 Marietta city V/Z/Z/Z/Z/ii; 6oY,"g62: GoilOT. 608 
 
 Marion County ' „^l ^.^ 
 
 Marion, General Francis V//.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.['.'/.'.[[['.',', 755 ss' 
 
 Market (truck) Gardens. See sketches of the several ' counties 5'>G-887 
 
 Marls 69, 70, 143, 144, 147,*715, 72G 
 
 Marsh, Judge Spencer roo 
 
 Marshall, Daniel 4^0 
 
 Marshallville .■■■.■ .■.■.■.■.■.■ .■748; 749, '750 
 
 Mashbum, S. M 238 
 
 Matthews, George 18 ' 29 691 
 
 Maxwell, James ' ' jg 
 
 Maysville '.'.'.'.".'.'.'.",'.'.'. '.'.535,* 536 
 
 Meade, General George G 30 
 
 Mean Annual Temperature .44, 45 
 
 Means, Rev. Alexander 389 
 
 Medway 737 
 
 Medway River 737 
 
 Meigs, town 846 
 
 Melons. (See sketches of the several counties 526-887 
 
 Menlo 588 
 
 Mercer High School 378 
 
 Mercer, .Tesse 412, 882 
 
 Mercer, Silas 412 
 
 Mercer University 378, 5.50 
 
 Meril's Creek 55G 
 
 Meriwether County 42, 757-760 
 
 Meriwether, General David 757 
 
 Merriam, F. J 237 
 
 Methodists in Georgia, 16; Methodist Episcopal Church (known in Georgia as 
 the Northern Methodist) 411, 413; Methodist Episcopal Church, South, 411. 
 412, 413; African Methodist Episcopal Church, 411, 413; Colored Methodist 
 Episcopal Church in America, 411, 413; Protestant Methodists, 413. For 
 
 Methodists in Georgia see also sketches of the several counties 526-887 
 
 Mexico 22 
 
 Mexico, Gulf of 1*^ 
 
 Mica 40, 66, 143, 161, 569, 678, 696, 780, 803, 873 
 
 Middle Georgia Military and Agricultural College 374, 377, 533 
 
 Middle Georgia Region 154 
 
 Middle Oconee River 59- 
 
 Middle River, Valley Lands of 1»4 
 
 Middleton, R. 
 
 18 
 
 Midway ^^ 
 
 Milch Cows. (See Cattle.) • ;-o;>'oo- 
 
 Milk 53. See sketches of the several counties c-p 00- 
 
 TVrni Creek ^ ' • °'^'^ 
 
 M ledge John ... 29,306,814.882,883 
 
 Sdleviile. ::... 21, 530, 5.3.3 
 
 Millen "r^ 
 
 Milieu, John ^p- 
 
 Miller, Andrew J Vao'-rcJ 
 
 Miller County ooo 
 
 Miller, Z. T '-.-Y 'oo^ 
 
 Millet ■ ' ;;,o 
 
 Mill Shoal Creek ^j,; 
 
 Milner ■■■■■.'.■.■.'.'.'.'.".'.'.'.■'.'. .701-762 
 
 Milton County 58 
 
 Milton, J 7P,^ 
 
 Milton, Colonel John Syi^ 
 
 Mineralogy 40 "139' 140,'i47,' 545, 'sGO," 607,'77i,' 755,"782 
 
 Minerals ' ' 
 
942 INDEX. 
 
 Mineral Springs, or Waters 72,1 44, 147, 565, 572, 591, 596, 
 
 '640, 675, 758, 772, 799, 827 
 
 Miocene Age 56 
 
 Miscellaneous Industries 361 
 
 Mississippi River 17^ 21 
 
 Mississippi, State ' 17 
 
 Missouri Compromise 23 
 
 Missouri, State 22 
 
 Mitchell County 763-765 
 
 Mitchell, David B 29, 763 
 
 Mobile Basin 74-83 
 
 Mobile River 21 
 
 Mohair, price of 309, 310 
 
 Molena 792 
 
 Molino del Rey 22 
 
 Monroe County 765-767 
 
 Monroe Female College 385, 766 
 
 Monroe, James 765 
 
 Monroe, town 863 
 
 Montezuma 751, 752 
 
 Monticello 724 
 
 Montgomery County 767, 768 
 
 Montgomery, General Richard 767 
 
 Montgomery, Wm 411 
 
 Moonstones 66 
 
 Moore, G. A 240 
 
 Moore, N. B 229 
 
 Moore, Patrick 815 
 
 Jiloreland 616 
 
 Morgan County 769-771 
 
 Morgan, Daniel 769 
 
 Morgan 562, 563 
 
 Morganton 656 
 
 Morganville 620 
 
 Morris Brown College, Atlanta 386 
 
 Morris, J. G 239 
 
 Morrow ^^ 
 
 Mosse, George 412 
 
 Mossy Creeli 712, 874 
 
 Moultrie 611 
 
 Mountain Creek 786 
 
 Mount Vernon ^68 
 
 Mountville °^2 
 
 Mount Zion Academy • • • • • • • •701 
 
 Muckalee Creek '33, 755, 828 
 
 Mud Creek 802 
 
 Mulberry -^ 
 
 Mulberry Trees lUw},^}^ 
 
 Mules 53, 311, 312. See sketches of the several counties 526-887 
 
 Mullryne, Colonel John ^78 
 
 Mumford's Industrial Home o^O 
 
 Murder Creek Vo " tW 772 
 
 Murray County 4^- ' 'i' 'j^^ 
 
 Murray, Thomas W Vr" ' V79 77Q 
 
 Muscogee County ^^' ' ' i^ 
 
 Musgrove, Mary -^^ 
 
 Musquito Creek ^^* 
 
 N 
 
 Nacoochee valley 39,40,154,180,875 
 
 Nancy Hart ;.••.;•••;.••••; iSq Sq 
 
 Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railroad system l»y, b5y 
 
 Nashville, the county site of Berrien • . • • •••,••••• -^4* 
 
 Naval Stores 576, 644, <20, <32, tSi, 16H, 7b7 
 
 Neil, the Statistician ^^ 
 
INDEX. 943 
 
 Nelson, Cleland Kinloch, Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Georeia 41 1 
 
 Nelson, town * ^^ 
 
 Nesbitt, R. T '.'.*.*.'.*.'.'.".'.'.".*.'" '5 "34 
 
 New Hope Church og 735 
 
 New Inverness (now Darien) " ' 411 
 
 ^'e^^an .'..".'.'.*.'.'.■ .■.■.' .'tiis," 616V 618 
 
 Newspapers 510-524 
 
 Newton County 776-779 
 
 Newton, Rev. John ..." ........... 411 
 
 Newton, Sergeant John ...578,776 
 
 Newton, town ...........'. .529 
 
 New York Tribune 240, 243 
 
 Nickajack Creek ' 601 
 
 Noble's Creek 857 
 
 Nochefaloochee Creek 772 
 
 North Carolina -. 18 
 
 Northen, W. J 272, 701 
 
 North Georgia Baptist College 656 
 
 North Newport River 737 
 
 Norwood, town 867 
 
 Notley Creek 855 
 
 Oak 150, 154 
 
 Oak, Hickory and Long Leaf Pine Hills 159, 160 
 
 Oakland City 677 
 
 Oak Mountain 704, 705, 831 
 
 Oats. . . .150, 154, 168, 204, 207. See sketches of the several counties. . . .526-887 
 
 Ocapilco or Okapilco Creek 552, 611 
 
 Ocher or Ochre 40, 62, 132, 147, 539, 540, 549, 696, 782, 849 
 
 Ocher Mills 359, 360 
 
 Ocilla River 552 
 
 Ockolockonee Basin 123 
 
 Ocklockonee Creek 611 
 
 Ocklockonee River 024, 763, 842 
 
 Ocmulgee River 526, 546, 549, 608, 632, 633, 669, 689, 692, 697, 700, 712 
 
 721, 728, 731, 765, 766, 767, 791, 795, 838, 854, 879 
 
 Oconee County 779-780 
 
 Oconee River 530, 592, 731, 767, 779, 780, 798, 799, 868, 883 
 
 Ocone Springs 799 
 
 Oemler August 325 
 
 Offerman Station 789 
 
 Ogeechee Basin 116 
 
 Ogeechee Limes '^^46 
 
 Ogeechee River 554, 558, 575, 643, 644, 654, 689, 700, 737, 833, 867, 868 
 
 Oglethorpe County 780, 784 
 
 Oglethorpe, General James Edward 15, 16, 28, 397, 781 
 
 Oglethorpe, town 751, 752 
 
 Oglethorpe University 533 
 
 Ohoopee River "28, 834, 868 
 
 Oil Mills ' -351, 352 
 
 Okapilco Creek. See Ocapilco Creek 
 
 Okeewalkee Creek 731, 767 
 
 Okefinokee Swamp 51, 52, 573, 574, 865 
 
 Oliver, L. C ^34 
 
 Olives 246, 565 
 
 Olmstead, Colonel Charles 581 
 
 Ontario— report of the Superintendent of Farmer's Institutes (quoted) 271 
 
 Oostanaula River 36,150,658,659,687,771 
 
 , Oothcalooga Creek 539, 687 
 
 Oothcalooga Valley 5.39 
 
 Opal .■ • • ^ -'^ 
 
 Opossums ^^^' '^^^ 
 
944 INDEX. 
 
 Oranges 43, 246, 5G5 
 
 Orchard grass 220 
 
 Ornamental Iron Works 355, 356 
 
 Orphan Home of the North Georgia Conference, Decatur 406 
 
 Orphan Home of the South Georgia Conference, Maco^ 406, 550 
 
 Orr, Professor Gustavus J 386, 389 
 
 Osborne, Henry 18, 566 
 
 Ossabaw Sound 554 
 
 Otter 52 
 
 Otter Creek 879 
 
 Oxen 29, See cattle. See sketches of the several counties 526-887 
 
 Oxford 377, 778 
 
 Oyster Canneries, near Savannah and Brunswick 325 
 
 Oysters 684 
 
 Pachitia Creek 804 
 
 Paint Industry 359, 360 
 
 Paleozoic Area 55 
 
 Palmetto 567, 568 
 
 Panthers 52 
 
 Parchelagee Creek 836 
 
 Parker, Henry 28 
 
 Park Shoals 546 
 
 Partridges or Quails 28, 373 
 
 Paspalum 150 
 
 Pataula Creek, 595, 800 (where by an error it is called Big Potato Creek). 
 
 804, 825 
 
 Patterson 789 
 
 Patterson's Island 746 
 
 Paulding County 40, 784-786 
 
 Paulding, John 784, 785 
 
 Paving and Paving Material 361 
 
 Payne Institute, Augusta 386 
 
 Peaches 43, 150, 154, 238, 243, 539, 557, 587, 592, 602, 715, 748, 787, 778, 789 
 
 Peachtree Creek 23, 669, 670 
 
 Peafowls 299 
 
 Peanuts 226 
 
 Pears 43, 150, 154, 527, 557 
 
 Pearson, town 609, 610 
 
 Peas. See Field-peas and Ground-peas 150, 154, 222, 244 
 
 Peavine Creek 859 
 
 Peavine Hay 171, 222 
 
 Peavine Valley 8.59 
 
 Pecans 43, 246, 601, 866 
 
 Peek, W. L 208 
 
 Pelham 764 
 
 Pendleton Creek 767, 834 
 
 Penfield 378 
 
 Penn, Wm 16 
 
 Pennahatchee Creek 634 
 
 Pensions for Confederate Veterans and the Widows of Confederate Soldiers. 516 
 
 Pepperton 561 
 
 Perch 25 
 
 Periodicals 516-524 
 
 Perry 715 
 
 Persico, Roman Catholic Bishop 413 
 
 Persimmon Creek 802 
 
 Persimmons 150 
 
 Persimmon Valley 802 
 
 Peters. Richard 278, 279, 304 
 
 Petersburg 649 
 
 Pettile Creek 539 
 
ixYDSX. 945 
 
 Pbennohaloway (or FinohoUoway) river 871 
 
 Philippi Creek 765 
 
 Philippine War 28 
 
 Phinizy, Jolin '. 815 
 
 Ptiospliates 69, 70 
 
 Picliens, General Andrew 17, 18, 786, 814, 882 
 
 Picliens County 41, 786-788 
 
 Pickett, Colonel A. J 663 
 
 Pickett's Mill 785 
 
 Piedmont Institute, Rockmart 385, 386. 794 
 
 Piedmont Plain 56 
 
 Pierce County ^ 778, 790 
 
 Pierce, Franklin . , 788 
 
 Pierce, George F 378, 381, 411,701 
 
 Pierce, Lovick 411, 701 
 
 Pigeon Creek 757 
 
 Pigeon Mountain 39 
 
 Pike County 790-793 
 
 Pike, General Zebulon M 790 
 
 Pine and Palmetto Flats 162, 165 
 
 Pine Apples 246 
 
 Pine Hills Belt 156, 159 
 
 Pine-knot Creek 755 
 
 Pine Mountains 704, 705, 757, 791 
 
 Pineora Railroad 556 
 
 Pine Trees— Long Leaf 50, 51. 558 
 
 Pine-Short Leaf 51. 150 
 
 Pine— White 51 
 
 Piney Woods Section 161 
 
 Pipemaker Creek 575 
 
 Piscola Creek 552 
 
 Plains «29 
 
 Plant System of Railways 179, 544, 552, 55.5, 573, 575, 599, 608, 610 
 
 624, 636, 789, 845, 846, 865, 871, 885 
 
 Plumbago 849 
 
 Plums 43, 150, 154, 244, 557 
 
 Plymouth Rock Chickens 290 
 
 Polhill, Thomas 412 
 
 Polk County 40, 793-795 
 
 Polk, James K 785, 793 
 
 Pomegranates 43, 565 
 
 Ponds (or Pools) for fish 154 
 
 Population of Georgia. See sketches of the several counties, 526-877. Also 
 
 Appendix, Tables 2 and 3 36, 526 
 
 Powder Springs ^^4 
 
 Potash 154 
 
 Potatoes— Irish. For average production per acre, see sketches of the several 
 
 counties. 526-887 168,228-232 
 
 Potatoes— Sweet. For average production per acre, see sketches of the sev- 
 eral counties, 526-887 168, 228-231 
 
 Potomac Group • • • • • • ' " „^^ 
 
 Potteries 359, 530,549 
 
 Powell, James 1^ 
 
 Powell, Dr. T. O %^f. 
 
 Poulan 
 
 Poultry, 289-300, 602. See sketches of the several counties 526-887 
 
 Precious Stones ', ' V ". " i " 1," * ^^ 
 
 Presbyterian Church. For Presbyterians in Georgia, see sketches of the 
 
 various counties, 526-887 411, 413, 414 
 
 Preston, town ° '^ 
 
 Princeton ^^ 
 
 Printing and Publishing ^"^^ 
 
 47 ga 
 
946 INDEX. 
 
 Property returned by colored tax-payers. See the sketches of the counties, 
 526-887, and the summary for the entire State at the conclusion of these 
 articles 
 
 Protestant Episcopal Church (Church of England) 408, 414 
 
 Public Roads 172-190 
 
 Public Schools of Georgia. See the sketches of the several counties, 528-887 
 
 386-394 
 
 Pulaski, Count John Cassimer 578, 795 
 
 Pulaski County 795-797 
 
 Pumpkin Vine Creek 539, 785 
 
 Purse, Major D. G 846 
 
 Putnam County 798-800 
 
 Putnam, General Israel 798 
 
 Pyrites 40, 64, 65, 140, 143, 569, 660 
 
 Quail 536, 546, 607, 641, 796, 823, 845, 886 
 
 Quarantine line for cattle 34 
 
 Quartz 569, 693, 755, 881 
 
 Quartzites (Weisner quartzite) 55 
 
 Quinces 43 
 
 Quitman County 800-802 
 
 Quitman, General John A 552, 800 
 
 Quitman, town, 552; 
 
 Rabbits (the common name for hares in Georgia) 536, 641 
 
 Rabun County 40, 802-804 
 
 Rabun, Wm 802 
 
 Raccoon Creek 539, 785 
 
 Raccoon Mills 588 
 
 Raccoon Mountain 620 
 
 Raccoons 641 
 
 Rae Creek 809 
 
 Railroad Mileage and List of Railroads 186, 189 
 
 Railroads 172-189 
 
 Rainfall, 45. See also Rain map 488 
 
 Randall's Creek 772 
 
 Randolph County 804-808 
 
 Randolph, John 804 
 
 Raspberries 43, 154, 246 
 
 Red Bluff Creek 767 
 
 Redbud 150 
 
 Red Clover 220-221 
 
 Redding, R. J., 34, 252. His report of the Experiment Station 510-515 
 
 Red Hills 133, 159 
 
 Red Iron Ores (hematite) 61, 62, 128, 129 
 
 Red Oak Creek 757 
 
 Red Oaks 166 
 
 Red Polled Cattle 268 
 
 Red Top 150 
 
 Reed Bluff Creek 599 
 
 Reedy Creek 796 
 
 Reese, Rev 412 
 
 Reidsville 835 
 
 Reinhardt Normal College 591 
 
 Religious Denominations of Georgia 408-414 
 
 Resaca 23, 688 
 
 Rescue Grass 226, 227 
 
 Resin, or Rosin. See Rosin 
 
 Revolutionary War 17, 18 
 
 Reynolds, town 837 
 
INDEX. 
 
 947 
 
 Bex gyy 
 
 Reynolds, John, ..." iV 28 
 
 Ribbon Cane 
 
 5M 
 
 ?!^® • •.• • 25, 168, 207, 208, 57U 
 
 Rice Mills ' ..... 570 
 
 Richland, town ', gVo* y<)7 
 
 Richmond County .'.'.".'.'".."."!!.'.*!.*!!! I!!'.'. '.18,* 809-815 
 
 Richmond, Duke of gO<j 
 
 Ringgold ; ; ; ; ! ' " ^v." " " ^" ■.".■.'.572; 573 
 
 Rising Fawn (j2o, 621 
 
 Road Materials ll-i, 147 
 
 Roads, public [ /,[ 172] 173 
 
 Roberds, John R .T. 412 
 
 Roberta, town 620 
 
 Roberts, Dr. J. W 381 
 
 Rochelle, town 870 
 
 Rock Creek 39, 54(1 
 
 Rockdale County 816-818 
 
 Roekmart 40, 704 
 
 Rocky Creek 834, 867 
 
 Rocky Face Ridge 30 
 
 RofiE Home 550 
 
 Roman Catholic Church 412, 413, 414 
 
 Rome, city 381, 659, 660, 663, 604 
 
 Rome and Decatur Railroad 659 
 
 Rome and Kinsgton Railroad 540, 652 
 
 RoOdy Creek 798 
 
 Roofing 361 
 
 Roopville 570 
 
 Rose Creek 790 
 
 Rosedue Cannery 325 
 
 Rosin or Resin 29, 50, 354, 355, 552, 556, 609, 611, 643, 654, 728 
 
 732, 742, 747, 760, 788, 789, 835, 838, 871, 879 
 
 Ross, Edgar 290 
 
 Round Mountain 30 
 
 Round Pond 861 
 
 Royal Cedar Creek 836 
 
 Royston 667 
 
 Rubies 66 
 
 Ruger, Thomas H '. 30 
 
 Rum— prohibited in Georgia 16; prohibition removed, 16. 
 
 Rum Creek 765 
 
 Rumph, S. H 238,748 
 
 Rutherford, John 18 
 
 Rutledge J ' ^ 
 
 Ryals, Major Garland M -232 
 
 Rye, 150, 207. See also sketches of the several counties 526-887 
 
 s 
 
 Saint Andrew's Sound ^ 
 
 Saint Augustine Creek. '' 
 
 Saint Catherine's Island • " 
 
 Saint Catherine's Sound • • " " * ' >„ ' 
 
 Saint Mary's River • -f*' ^^^' ^^ 
 
 Saint Mary's, town ^"' '*-^' ^J7. 
 
 St. Paul's Parish 5^X 
 
 Saint Philip's Parish " jj. 
 
 Saint Simon's Island q^ 
 
 Saint Simon's River ^^ 
 
 Saint Simon's Sound • • VoV rro 
 
 Saint Stanislaus College, Vineville, near Macon .■;;;.; 539 
 
 Salacoa Creek W/q qai 
 
 Salt (Lithia) Springs ' 
 
948 INDEX. 
 
 Salzburgers 15, 16, 645 
 
 Sand 144, 147 
 
 Sand and Pine Hills Belt 156, 159 
 
 Sandersville, city 869, 870 
 
 Sand Mountain . ; 39 
 
 Sandstone ... .40, 41, 55, 71, 72, 135, 147, 540, 587, 619, 678, 696, 810, 841, 8G9, 877 
 
 Sandy Creek 560, 590, 592 
 
 Sandy Wire-grass Region 161 
 
 Sapelo Island 746 
 
 Sapelo Sound 737 
 
 Sapphires 66 
 
 Saratoga 769 
 
 Sassafras 150 
 
 Satilla Basin 45 
 
 Satilla River 564, 599, 788, 864, 781 
 
 Sautee Creek 874 
 
 Sautee Valley 39, 40 
 
 Savage Creek 546, 854 
 
 Savannah and Statesboro Railroad 556 
 
 Savannah Basin 117-123 
 
 Savannah, city 15, 16, 17, 18, 325, 575-584, 901 
 
 Savannah, Florida and Western Railroad 522, 573, 643, 789, 871 
 
 Savannah Morning Nevrs 53 
 
 Savannah River 15, 16, 17, 558, 575, 613, 644, 649, 666, 706, 739, 745, 809, 819 
 
 Savannah— name of a steamship 22, 581 
 
 Savannah Volunteer Battalion 581 
 
 Sav7-Mills See sketches of the various counties 526-887 
 
 Sawtell, T. R 272 
 
 Schley County 818, 819 
 
 Schley, Wm 30, 818 
 
 School Fund 34 
 
 Scott, George T 382 
 
 Scott, J. T 293 
 
 Scott, W. m:. State Entomologist 35, 243 
 
 Scottsborough 533 
 
 Screamer Mountain 802 
 
 Screve^ County 819, 821 
 
 Screven, General James 819 
 
 Scull's Creek 556 
 
 Seaboard Air Line Railway System.. 184, 185, 555, 575, 585, 593, 634, 636, 649 
 
 752, 780, 826, 828, 829, 835, 840, 871, 872 
 
 Seagrove, James 566 
 
 Sea Islands 166 
 
 Sebrights (chickens) 293 
 
 Seed Farms 316 317 
 
 Seney, George S 377, 381, 382 
 
 Seney-Stovall Chapel 382 
 
 Senoia 616 
 
 Sequoia (George Guess) 589, 590 
 
 Serpentine 135 
 
 Sesame or Gama Grass 225 
 
 Seventeen Mile Creek 608 
 
 Seville, town 879 
 
 Sewer Pipe 69 
 
 Shales 55 
 
 Sharpsburg 616 
 
 Sheep. .See sketches of the several counties, 526-887 53, 54, 277-289 
 
 Shell Bluff 558 
 
 Shellman, town 807, 808 
 
 Shellstone Creek 854 
 
 Ship Building 361 
 
 Shoal Creek 765, 874 
 
 Shockley Apples 657 
 
 Shorter, Alfred 381, 382 
 
INDEX. 949 
 
 Shorter Female College, Rome 381 ^^-, 
 
 Shorthorns or Durham Cattle ,]]] ' '. ] ' '. '. * " '. ", * [ 204' 535 
 
 Silica ' 877 
 
 Silk Factories 347 
 
 Silurian Formation ..'......"......,......!]'. 55 
 
 Silver .'.'.".'.'.'46,' 660, 698 
 
 Simpson Valley 802 
 
 Slate 40, 70, 136, 147, 587, 6G0, 678, 696, 794 
 
 Slaughter Creek 87:2 
 
 Slavery— prohibited at first, 16; introduced, 16; disputes, about .22, 23 
 
 Slaves during the Civil War 24^ 2T 
 
 Smith, Dr. George G ' 5 
 
 Smith, Governor James M 30 
 
 Smith, James M., successful farmer 783', 784 
 
 Smithonia 752,' 782 
 
 Smith's Creek .' 874 
 
 Smith, town (j-7(j 
 
 Smithville ! 734 
 
 Smyrna, Cobb County 602, 603 
 
 Snake Creek 859 
 
 Snipe 52, 573 
 
 Soap Creek 001 
 
 Soapstone or Talc 65, m, 147, 881 
 
 Social Circle 863 
 
 Soils of Georgia 148, 166 
 
 Soja Beans 226, 227 
 
 Soque River and Valley Lands of 154, 694 
 
 Sorghum— See sketches of the counties, 526-827 43, 162 
 
 South Carolina 15 
 
 Southern Female (Cox) College, College Park, near Atlanta 382 
 
 Southern Female College (LaGrange 382, 851 
 
 South Georgia College, McRae 386 
 
 South Georgia Military and Agricultural College, Milledgeville 374 
 
 South Georgia Railroad 552 
 
 Southern Oak, Hickory and Pine Region 160 
 
 Southern Railway 177-179. 575, 593, 598, 601, 640, 657, 659 
 
 665, 680, 698, 823, 839, 846, 854, 871. 876 
 
 South Georgia College 839 
 
 South Newport River 737, 746 
 
 South River 028, 710, 777, 816 
 
 Sowhatchee Creek 641 
 
 Spain 21 
 
 Spalding County 822-825 
 
 Spalding, Thomas -j ^-'i 
 
 Spaniards ^2' ^^ 
 
 Spanish-Amercian War 27, 28 
 
 Sparks, Moultire, & Gulf Railroad 544, 611 
 
 Sparks, town 545 
 
 Sparta "^00, 701 
 
 Speer, Judge Emory 3(8 
 
 Spellman Seminary 386 
 
 Spirit Creek ^f^ 
 
 Sprin Creek 618,624,641,748,760 
 
 Springer, John ,/■ 
 
 Springfield ^^'tf^ 
 
 Spring Place ' J-; 
 
 Springs— Alineral. See Mineral Springs '- 
 
 Squirrels *^^}. 
 
 Stamp Creek it:\ 
 
 Standing Boy Creek ViW 4ip 
 
 State Appropriations ^j^- ft^^ 
 
 State Experiment Station 5io, oio 
 
 State Geological Survey ^k 1I7 
 
 State Geology ^^'^^' 
 
950 INDEX. 
 
 state Government 417-516 
 
 State House Officers, etc., list of 509 
 
 Statenville 643 
 
 State Sanitarium (Lunatic Asylum) 397-401 
 
 Statesboro „ 556 
 
 Steamboat Lines 189, 190, 529, 585, 609, 624, 636, 642, 658 
 
 659, 764, 772, 775, 796, 797, 801, 812 
 
 Stecoa Creek 802 
 
 Steel 356 
 
 Stephens, Alexander H 33, 833 
 
 Stephens, Wm 18, 28 
 
 Stevens, O. B., Commissioner of Agriculture 6, 34 
 
 Steven's Pottery 530 
 
 Stewart County 825-827 
 
 Stewart, General Daniel 825 
 
 Stillmore Air Line Railroad 835 
 
 Stock-raising ^5^ 
 
 Stone Mountain 40, 41 
 
 Stone Moun,tain, town 631 
 
 Stone Work 360, 361 
 
 "Story of Georgia and the Georpia People," by Dr. George G. Smith 5 
 
 Stovall, General Marcellus A 815 
 
 Strawberries 43, 154, 155, 246 
 
 Stubbs, Wm. C ^09 
 
 Sub-carboniferous Brown Loam Lands 148, 149 
 
 Subterranean Village 875, 876 
 
 Sugar Cane 43, 51, 52, 168 171. 208-214, 573, 627 
 
 Sugar Cane Syrup— For average production to the acre, see sketches of the 
 
 several couuties, 526-887 527, 627, 635, 636, 657, 846, 847 
 
 Sugar Creek 632 769, 770, 798, 838, 876 
 
 Sugar Refineries 527, 601, 846, 847 
 
 Sullivan, Florence 18 
 
 Sumac Creek , 772 
 
 Summer Houses 154 
 
 Summerville, Chattooga County 588 
 
 Summerville, Richmond County 812, 813 
 
 Sumter County 827, 830 
 
 Sumter, General Thomas 827, 882 
 
 Sunbury 739 
 
 Sunday Creek 790 
 
 Superior Court— List of Circuits, Judges and Solicitors 509 
 
 Supreme Court Judges, list of 509 
 
 Suttle Wm.— His rescue of a child from the Indians 650 
 
 Suwannee Basin 123 
 
 Suwannee Canal Co 51 
 
 Suwannee River 51, 552, 599, 643 
 
 Suwannoochee Creek 599, 643 
 
 Swainsboro 654 
 
 Swamp Creek 624, 868, 876 
 
 Sweet Gum-trees 166 
 
 Sweet Potatoes— For average production per acre, see sketches of the sever- 
 al counties , 526-887 231 
 
 Sweet Water Creek 569, 601, 618, 785, 793 
 
 Swift Creek 634, 767, 885 
 
 Sycamore Trees 150, 161 
 
 Sylvania 821 
 
 Sylvester 886 
 
 Syrup from Sugar Cane— See sketches of the several counties of Middle and 
 
 Southern Georgia, 526-887. .168, 171, 209, 210, 527, 627, 635, 636, 657, 846, 847 
 
 Table Lands 149 
 
 Talbot County 830 
 
 Talbot, Matthew 29, 830, 882 
 
INDEX. 951 
 
 Talc or Soapstone 40, 65, 66, 143, 147, 587, 696, 849 
 
 Taliaferro County 88-^-834 
 
 Talliaf erro. Colonel Benjamin 83- ~ 88" 
 
 Talking Rock Creek .*.'.*..'.'..'..*.".,'.'.'...*........ .7 786 
 
 Tallapoosa River 702 
 
 Tallapoosa, town *..*.*.".'. '. . ................ '. '. '. '. '. '. 703 
 
 Tallulah Falls and River ' ,....,*.*.'.,. .40 802 803 
 
 Tallulah Mountain ..!!..'..!!!..............'..,.".' 802 
 
 Tallulah Falls Railway ..,.'..........!...,.!.. 695 
 
 Tan Bark 
 
 587 
 
 Tanahappee Creek 872 
 
 Tanneries ' 848 
 
 Tate v.". 41, 787 
 
 Tate, W. C 293 
 
 Tattnall County 834, 836 
 
 Tattnall, Josiah 29 
 
 Tattnall, Josiah, son of the former 578, 834 
 
 Tax Returns of Georgia. See sketches of the several counties 526-887 
 
 Taylor County 836, 837 
 
 Taylor, General Zackary 836 
 
 Taylor's Ridge 39, 571, 572, 586 
 
 Telegraph 33 
 
 Telephone 33 
 
 Telfair County 837- 839 
 
 Telfair, Edward 18, 29, 815, 837, 838 
 
 Temple 570 
 
 Tennessee Basin 74 
 
 Tennessee River 21 
 
 Tennessee State 22 
 
 Tennessee Valley in Rabun County 154 
 
 Teunille, town 869, 870 
 
 Terracing 318, 321 
 
 Terrell County 840, 842 
 
 Terrell, Capt. James t)68 
 
 Terrell, Dr. Wm 840 
 
 Tesnatee River 743 
 
 Tesentee River 874 
 
 Texas Blue Grass 546 
 
 Texas Valley 39 
 
 Textile Mills in Georgia— List of 907-914 
 
 Thomas County 43, 842-847 
 
 Thomas, General Jett 43, 842 
 
 Thomaston ^58 
 
 Thomasville & Gulf Railroad 544 
 
 Thomson ''^^ 
 
 Thornton, A. E. 
 
 51 
 
 Thunderbolt ^-^ 
 
 Tide Swamp Land ^l^ 
 
 Tift, Colonel Nelson ^^ 
 
 Tifton and Northeastern Railroad • • • • 544 
 
 Tifton, Thomasville & Gulf Railroad 611, 84(j, 880 
 
 Tifton, town Eir „!« 
 
 Tiger Creek ' «no 
 
 Tigertail Creek °"; 
 
 Tigertail Valley *'^- 
 
 Timber Bays ; • • • ; • • / ^^ 
 
 Timber Lands and Forest Growth, 49, 50, 51. Also in sketches of each 
 
 County ^^-^f 
 
 timothy l-^O- -I 
 
 ?^S^!'^:::::::::::::::::::"":::'''--i5i:23i'56^57i'^ 
 
 Tobesofkee Creek ^^^' ^g 
 
 Toccoa, city .^ 
 
 Toccoa Falls 
 
952 INDEX. 
 
 Toccoa River (555 
 
 Todd, H 18 
 
 Tohopeka, or the Horse-Shoe Bend 22 
 
 Tomochichi 15 
 
 Tom's Creek 763 
 
 Toombs, Robert 8S2 
 
 Toonigh - 591 
 
 Towaliga River (also called creek) 500, 765, 7GG, S22 
 
 Town Creek 808 
 
 Towns County 40, 848-850 
 
 Towns, George W 30, 848 
 
 Townsend, Charles 381 
 
 Track Rock 850 
 
 Trader's Hill 573 
 
 Trenton 620, 621 
 
 Treutlen, John Adam 28 
 
 Trion 588 
 
 Tripoli 40, 144, 147 
 
 Troup County 850-853 
 
 Troup, George M 22, 29, 732, 850 
 
 Troupville 742 
 
 Truck Farming 233-238, 78'J 
 
 Trustees of Georgia Colony 15-17 
 
 Tucker, Rev, H. H 389 
 
 Tugaloo River and Valley Lands of 40, 154, 666, 694, 706, 802 
 
 Turin 616 
 
 Turkey Creek 763, 845, 840 
 
 Turkeys 52, 297, 298, 299, 573, 607, 621, 641, 719, 796 802, 845, 865 
 
 Turner, W. R 239 
 
 Turnpike Creek 632, 838 
 
 Turpentine 354, 355, 526, 529, 552, 553, 556, 600, 609, 611, 612, 624 
 
 643, 654, 720, 728, 732, 734, 738, 742, 747, 760, 764 
 767, 788, 789, 796, 835, 838, 841, 845, 871, 879, 886 
 
 Turtle River 083 
 
 Tustunnugee, Etommee 570 
 
 Tussahaw Creek 560 
 
 Twiggs County 854, 855 
 
 Twiggs, General John 854 
 
 Tybee, Capture of British A^essel at 17 
 
 Tybee Island 578 
 
 Tyner, Richard, Adventuhes of his family with the Indians 050 
 
 Tyty Creek 611, 885 
 
 Tyty, town 886 
 
 u 
 
 Ulcofauhachee River 692 
 
 Ulcohatchee Creek 618 
 
 Unaka Range 36 
 
 Union County 40, 855-857 
 
 Union Point 690 
 
 Unitarian Church 412 
 
 Universalist Church 412 
 
 University of Georgia 365-374, 592, 593, 744 
 
 Upatoie Creek 772 
 
 Upland Rice 168 
 
 Upson County 857-859 
 
 Upson, Stephen 782, 857 
 
 Upton Creek 745 
 
 Utoy Creek 669. 670 
 
INDEX. 953 
 
 V 
 
 Valdosta 742, 743 
 
 Valley Lands loo' 154 
 
 Vann's Valley 39, 6(50 
 
 Van Wert, town 785 
 
 Van Wert, one of the captors of Andre 785 
 
 Veal 154 
 
 Vernon Creek 575 
 
 Verot, Roman Catholic Bishop 413 
 
 Verazzani, John 4<) 
 
 Vetch 225 
 
 Vidalia 7(58 
 
 Vienna G34 
 
 Villa Rica 569, 570 
 
 Vina Vista 245, 610 
 
 Vineyards 245, 587, 609, 611, 616, 636, 695, 703, 748, 791, 823, 852, 871, 872 
 
 Virginia 18 
 
 Virginians 21 
 
 Visscher's 245 
 
 w 
 
 Waddell, Moses 411, 613 
 
 Wadley 726, 727 
 
 Wadley and Mount Vernon Railroad 728 
 
 Wagon Factories 356 
 
 Walden's Creek '<'^3 
 
 Waleske 591 
 
 Walker County 40, 41, 859-802 
 
 Walker Creek 765 
 
 Walker, Major Freeman 859 
 
 Walker, W. D. 202, 822 
 
 Walker, General W. H. T 22, 814, 815 
 
 Wallace, John 252 
 
 Walnut Creek 546, 618, 757 
 
 Walnut River 697 
 
 Walnuts 161 
 
 Walton County 862-864 
 
 Walton, George 17, 29, 814, 815, 862 
 
 Ware County 864-866 
 
 Ware, Nicholas ^64 
 
 Waresboro, town ^65 
 
 Warhoo 1^^ 
 
 Warm Springs '^sJr srU 
 
 Warren County '^"^"^'^^ 
 
 Warren, General Joseph ^\)* 
 
 Warrenton, town °'^3 
 
 Warrior Creek 
 
 War Woman Creek. 
 
 802 
 
 War Woman Valley oeo c-n 
 
 Washington County • • • • • • • • • f^°%^ 
 
 Washington, General George 597, »1D, »o», »sd 
 
 Washington, town ^^o^ 
 
 Wasp Creek ikV 9?7 
 
 Watermelons i^^' f^/. 
 
 AVater Oaks V * V • VoV -V-^ om 
 
 Water Powers ^^' '3-123, <77, 801 
 
 Water Transportation Ib9, 190, 529, 585, 609, 624. 636, 658, 659, 764 
 
 771, 772, 796, 797, 801, 809, 811, 826, 871, 879 
 Watkinsville '*^ 
 
:954 INDEX. \ 1 
 
 AVaycross Air Line Railroad 608, 865 
 
 Waycross, city 865, 866 
 
 AVayne, General Anthony 870 
 
 Wayne County 870-872 
 
 AVaynesboro 558 
 
 Webster County 872-874 
 
 AVebster, Daniel 872 
 
 AVeed, Jacob! 18, 366 
 
 AVeliadlsa Creek 850, 853 
 
 AA'ereat, John 18, 29 
 
 AVesley, Cliarles 16, 397, 408, 411 
 
 AA-esley, John 16, 408-411 
 
 AA^esleyan Female College 378, 381, 550 
 
 AVesleyan Institute 660 
 
 AA'est End Creek 772 
 
 AA' estern & Atlantic Railroad 180-183, 540, 571, 601, 659, 771, 876 
 
 AVest Georgia Agricultural and Mechanical College 377 
 
 AA^eston, town 873 
 
 West Point, city 852 
 
 AVheat 52, 150, 155, 168, 201-204. (See also sketches of the several coun- 
 ties) 526-887 
 
 AA'heat Growers' Association 202 
 
 Wheeler .General Joseph 28, 814, 815 
 
 AVhite Clover 221 
 
 AA^iite County 40, 874-876 
 
 AVhite, Rev. George, quoted 331, 332 
 
 AVhite, Colonel John 874 
 
 AVhite Oak Creek 757 
 
 AVhite, W. F 202, 204 
 
 AVhitefield (now almost universally written Whitfield) County 39, 876-878 
 
 Whitefield, Rev. George 16, 397, 411, 876 
 
 AA'hitehall 594 
 
 AVhite Oak Mountain 39 
 
 AVhitesburg 570 
 
 AA'hite Sulphur Springs 758 
 
 AVhite Water Creek 784, 836 
 
 AVhitney, Eli 21, 815, 836 
 
 AVight, Ed. L 602, 603 
 
 AVight, J. Byron 846 
 
 AVilcox County 879, 880 
 
 Wilcox, General Mark 879 
 
 Wild Cat 52 
 
 Wild Cat Creek 802 
 
 AVilde, Richard Henry 814 
 
 AVilder, F. N 290 
 
 AVilkes County 18, 880 
 
 AVilkes Gold Mine 617 
 
 Wilkes, John 880 
 
 AVilkinson County 883-885 
 
 Wilkinson, General James 883 
 
 Willacoochee Creek 624, 719 
 
 AVillacoochee, town 609, 610 
 
 AA^illiams, David, one of the captors of Andre 785 
 
 AVilliams, George M 34 
 
 Williams, R. G 34 
 
 AVilliams, W. D 389, 402 
 
 Williams, Dudley 402 
 
 AVilliamson 791, 792 
 
 Wilmington Island 325 
 
 Wilson, J. F 245 
 
 AAlIson's Cave 861 
 
 AA' iltberger. Captain 578 
 
 AAlnder 722 
 
 AVinter, Cornelius 411 
 
Winter, Delamotte 411 
 
 Withlacoocliee River 544^ 552 611 741 742 
 
 Wolf Island '.....' 746 
 
 Women of the South *.*.............',', 24 
 
 Woodcock '. . .V.'.V.V.'si, 573 
 
 Woodstock 591 
 
 Woodville 690 
 
 Wool 53, 54, 286, 287 
 
 Wool of the Angora Goat 305-310 
 
 Woolen Mills 344 
 
 Worth County 885-887 
 
 Worth, General Wm. J 885 
 
 Wright, General Ambrose R 815 
 
 Wright, James 28 
 
 Wright, R. F., Assistant Commissioner of Agriculture 6, 34 
 
 Wright, W. A., Comptroller General (quoted throughout all the sketches of 
 
 the Counties for tax returns) 526-887 
 
 Wright's Island 746 
 
 Wrightsville &, Tennille Railroad 728, 796 
 
 Wrightsville, town 728, 729 
 
 Y 
 
 Yahoola Creek 743, 744 
 
 Yamacraw BlufiE 15 
 
 Yamacraws 15 
 
 Yamgrandee Creek 654, 728 
 
 Yates Apples 657 
 
 Yazoo Act 21, 716, 727 
 
 Yeates, Professor W. S., State Geologist 5, 35, 60, 72 
 
 Yellow Jacket Creek 850 
 
 Yellow Loam Region 159, 160 
 
 Yellow River 628, 692, 777, 816, 862 
 
 Yellow Water Creek 560 
 
 Yonah Mountain 39, 40, 744 
 
 Yorktown 18 
 
 Y'oung Female College, Thomasville 385 
 
 Young, L., Harris Institute 385, 849 
 
 z 
 
 Zebulon 
 
 792 
 
id - 8 ft 4 
 
 ^ 
 

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