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 TURNING POINTS 
 
 IN 
 
 TEACHING 
 
 
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Book_tlll 
 Copyright}!^ 
 
 COPyRrCHT DEPOSIT. 
 
Turning Points in 
 Teaching 
 
 or 
 
 Law Making and Law Breaking 
 in the Schoolroom 
 
 by 
 
 D. C. Murphy 
 
 Department of History and Didactics, State 
 Normal School, Slippery Rock, Pa. 
 
 A. FLANAGAN COMPANY 
 
 CHICAGO 
 

 Copyright 1901 
 
 BY 
 
 A. FLANAGAN COMPANY 
 
 Copyright 1909 
 
 BY 
 
 A. FLANAGAN COMPANY 
 
 lUBRWYofCONGRESSi 
 Two Ccoies Received 
 
 juN ly ^^^^ 
 
 Copyrient Entry 
 
 COP\ cs. 
 
Contents 
 
 I. Fitness for Teaching 7 
 
 II. First Day of School 22 
 
 III. Art of Questioning 33 
 
 IV. Interpreting the Actions of Pupils . 41 
 V. "Managing the Bad Boy" 56 
 
 VI. "Managing the Bad Girl" .... 78 
 
 Vll. Critical Moments in the Schoolroom . 92 
 
 VIII. Blue Monday 104 
 
 IX. What Makes A Teacher Valuable? . . 116 
 
 X. Practical Child Study 128 
 
 XL Schoolroom Humor 145 
 
 XII. Characteristic Pupils 160 
 
 XIII. Characteristic Teachers 172 
 
 XIV. Delights in Teaching 187 
 
 XV. Relation of Parent and Teacher . . 196 
 
1. 
 
 FITNESS FOR TEACHING. 
 
 The term " teacher " is hard to define, if in fact it 
 can be defined satisfactorily at all. If we say that a 
 teacher is a person who is a scholar, and naturally 
 adapted to the work of giving instruction ; one capable 
 of governing and leading others; one who has tact in 
 management, and quick to see the needs of pupils, etc. 
 — put all these things together, and yet we come far 
 short of a good definition of a real teacher, because 
 there is something in a capable teacher that is indefin- 
 able; for it does not make so much difference what a 
 child learns as from whom he learns it. " The world 
 is not starving for need of education half so much as 
 for a warm interest of soul for soul ; " for after all the' 
 lessons have been said, the effect that remains — that 
 which the child holds over from his school days — will 
 be the view he takes of life, and the way of thinking 
 which he has gained from the teacher. 
 
 As yet we have no accurate test of a teacher's apti- 
 tude for the work ; no way of measuring the teacher's 
 worth but by the results of her work in leading pupils 
 to be stronger in heart and intellect. Only those, 
 therefore, who realize to the fullest extent the magni- 
 tude of the teacher's work can ever expect to succeed. 
 
 It is not necessary that a person be a Samson in 
 physical strength, a Solomon in wisdom, a Job in pa- 
 tience, or an angel in goodness in order to teach school ; 
 yet she must have the qualifications found in these rep- 
 
 7 
 
8 FITNESS FOR TEACHING. 
 
 resentatives, although not in the same degree. This 
 is soon recognized when we remember that day by day 
 and year by year the profession of teaching is being 
 lifted to higher and nobler planes. Teachers are doing 
 better work; they are getting better pay for their 
 work because of its quality; teachers are being held 
 in higher esteem than ever before; school systems are 
 receiving more attention, and the results of the work 
 depend on how well it is performed. There is a 
 great future to the teacher's profession. Benjamin 
 Franklin's mother-in-law urged as an objection to 
 intrusting her daughter into Franklin's hands, that 
 there were " already two printing presses in Amer- 
 ica," and that there would be no support for the third 
 one — the one which the young, ambitious Franklin 
 was establishing. But could she have looked forward 
 to this time, when every town of five thousand inhab- 
 itants has one or more daily papers, the mother-in 
 law would have given her consent to the marriage, 
 saying, " The printing business is the one that has 
 a future to it." So the teaching profession has a 
 great future to it — we are educating, not only for 
 the present century, but for all centuries that are to 
 come. It is, indeed, a sublime thought that those en- 
 gaged in this great work may influence the minds of 
 future generations. 
 
 Scholarship. — The basis for " Fitness for Teach- 
 ing," so far as can be gained by study, is accurate, 
 well-defined scholarship. To teach well, the instructor 
 must be a scholar. We are so full of theories and 
 methods that we sometimes overlook the first great 
 element found in the successful teacher. There in no 
 
FITNESS FOR TEACHING. 9 
 
 substitute for this qualification, and the better educa- 
 tion the teacher acquires along with other qualifica- 
 tions, the easier and more congenial will be the work of 
 teaching. There is so much to learn, so much the 
 teacher should know, so much she wishes she knew, 
 as she stands before a class of bright pupils thirsting 
 and hungering for wisdom. 
 
 The less a teacher knows about a subject, the more 
 trouble that teacher will have with pupils, while the 
 teacher with a thorough knowledge of subjects has 
 better order and more respectful pupils. The pupil 
 who realizes that the teacher is competent to instruct, 
 has a much greater degree of confidence in her than 
 in one who pretends to be competent. 
 
 Scholarship does not mean a mind crammed full of 
 questions and answers; mental faculties are not devel- 
 oped in that way. By a scholar is meant a learner; 
 she knows some things well, and has the ability and 
 inclination to learn more ; she is earnest and faithful in 
 the pursuit of more knowledge; she recognizes her 
 need of more thorough training of her faculties. A 
 normal school alone can not do this work for the 
 teacher, neither can the college or university. 
 
 The person herself must do it; must grow con- 
 stantly. Better be a growing teacher of very moderate 
 attainments than one of finished growth with large 
 attainments. The teacher who has ceased to be a stu- 
 dent has lost the greatest power; for growing out of 
 indefinite knowledge comes indefinite teaching, and 
 this is one of the causes of many failures in the school- 
 room. Facts must be made clear; illustrations well 
 chosen; the language well fitted to the abilities of 
 
10 FITNESS FOR TEACHING. 
 
 those being instructed. Unless care is taken, there 
 will always be some in the school who will miss valu- 
 able points in the instruction. A little girl returned 
 from school one evening, and during a conversation 
 with her mother she said, " Our teacher asked us such 
 a queer question to-day." "What was it?" queried her 
 mother. " While we were in the music class, she was 
 drawing things on the board, — little round things, 
 with tails to them, — alid asked us, "" How many tur- 
 nips in a bushel? " " That," said the mother, " was a 
 strange question to ask in the music class. When I see 
 the teacher, I will ask her about it." When the mother 
 saw the teacher, a little while afterward, she said, " My 
 little girl did not know what you meant by asking the 
 class how many turnips were in a bushel." The 
 teacher looked surprised, and said, " I do not remem- 
 ber of asking that. I did ask, * How many beats in a 
 measure?' " Evidently the little girl meant all right, 
 but the question was indefinite to her, or she was 
 mixed on the terms, " bushel and measure." 
 
 It is not everyone who is well educated that pos- 
 sesses the power of either imparting knowledge or 
 training the minds of others. To say that one who is 
 well taught as a student will be able to teach well, is 
 equivalent to saying that one who has been well doc- 
 tored could begin the practice of medicine, or to say 
 that anyone who has felt the power of the law could 
 begin the practice of law. A good education is a val- 
 uable thing to acquire, and without a considerable 
 amount of knowledge a teacher can not be successful. 
 
 Thousands of young women pass excellent exami- 
 nations and graduate from these colleges as competent 
 
FITNESS FOR TEACHING. 11 
 
 teachers. They are undoubtedly well educated as far 
 as books are factors in education; but the man or 
 woman who intends to make teaching the young a pro- 
 fession needs many other qualities besides a knowledge 
 of books. There are special powers which belong to 
 the teacher that enables her to be master of the situa- 
 tion. One of these special powers found in the success- 
 ful teacher is tact — that peculiar faculty or power 
 which tells the teacher the best thing to do in accord- 
 ance with the circumstances. It is a kind of intuition, 
 or power of knowing what to do. The teacher who 
 possesses this faculty is able to manage a school prop- 
 erly from the very first. He is a born teacher who 
 goes into the schoolroom well equipped with tact. 
 This power is distributed in different degrees. Some 
 have received ten talents, some five, others only one. 
 A teacher of tact will be ready for all emergencies. 
 
 A Texas teacher walked into his schoolroom one 
 morning, and found v/ritten upon the blackboard this 
 sentence: " Our teacher is a mule." He said nothing, 
 but took a piece of chalk and wrote after the sentence 
 the one word, " driver." That was tact, and he found 
 nothing more after that on the board. Tact may not 
 mean to act at once, but includes the idea of delibera- 
 tion, for it is not best to act hastily. 
 
 There was a surgeon in the French army who was 
 called to the side of one of Napoleon's officers that had 
 been seriously wounded. An important artery had 
 been severed, and his life-blood was rapidly ebbing 
 away. The surgeon looked at the wounded officer, 
 and waited half a minute before doing anything to 
 stop the flow of blood. Those about him were violent 
 
'12 FITNESS FOR TEACHING. 
 
 in their denunciations of his stupidity because he did 
 not act, A half minute is a long time when a man's 
 life is trembling in the balance, and it seemed to the by- 
 standers that he had waited ten times as long as he 
 really had. At the end of the half minute he went to 
 work, and before another half minute had elapsed the 
 blood was stopped ; the operation had been successfully 
 performed, and the man's life saved. After the sur- 
 geon was through, an officer asked him why he waited 
 so long before performing an operation. His answer 
 is worthy of permanent record : " I took time to be 
 certain that what I did was the right thing to do. I 
 knew that the man had a minute to live, and I was 
 determined to take half that time to decide what was 
 the best thing for me to do." Had the surgeon acted 
 hastily, the officer would have died. 
 
 Many instances occur in the schoolroom where de- 
 liberation is necessary. The old mariner declared 
 that he had better wait a day in the docks to have the 
 machinery examined than to break down in midocean. 
 So the skillful teacher will always know that that 
 which he does is the best thing. Sometimes the best 
 thing to do comes like an inspiration, but more fre- 
 quently it is necessary to consider before acting. 
 
 The true teacher not only has a fair knowledge of 
 the branches to be taught, but his knowledge extends 
 to human thought and human action. There are cer- 
 tain underlying principles which must be studied and 
 understood in order to produce evident results. In 
 training children, nature must be followed. Schools 
 should be made the center of mind culture^ just as 
 gardens are the center of fruit culture. The success- 
 
FITNESS FOR TEACHING. 13 
 
 ful farmer studies the soil ere he plants the grain. 
 He knows he can not make all soils produce alike, and 
 the farmer who puts his corn and wheat and beans all 
 through the same process for food, we would think 
 did not know much about successful farming; yet 
 he knows vastly more about farming than the teacher 
 who attempts to educate and discipline all children in 
 the same manner. Children are not all alike; all can 
 not learn the same thing with equal facility. Some 
 have abilities in one direction, some in another, some 
 with no apparent special abilities; but this latter may 
 be because we do not know them well enough. There 
 are abilities all about us that are never touched, and 
 teachers are slow sometimes to detect the hidden 
 powers in children, and hence a free and full devel- 
 opment is hindered. Many of America's leading people 
 in politics, business, society, etc., were slow in school 
 work, and only needed opportunity to develop their 
 strongest powers. 
 
 A veteran railroad conductor tells that one morning 
 just before the Civil War, as his train had stopped at 
 a little station called Brandy, and was about to start 
 again, a boy of fifteen approached him, and said, "Are 
 you the clerk of the train?" The conductor looked 
 at the boy, who was dressed in a butternut suit and 
 home-made wool hat, and replied, I am the conductor ; 
 what do you want? " " I want ter go ter Washington 
 City," said the lad, in his peculiar vernacular. " Well, 
 get aboard," said the conductor, at the same time in- 
 dicating that the boy was to go up the steps into the 
 car. The lad climbed the steps, carrying an old-fash- 
 ioned carpet bag and a faded umbrella, set the bag 
 
14 FITNESS FOR TEACHING. 
 
 down, and rapped on the door. "When he rapped the 
 second time, a wag on the inside said, " Come in ! " 
 There were at least fifty passengers in the car. He 
 began at the front seat, shaking hands with every one 
 clear to the back end, and asking each, " How d'yr 
 do? " and then, " How's yer folks ? " It was great fun 
 for the passengers — a regular circus. The boy lived 
 forty miles back in the country, and had never seen 
 a train before. " When he stepped off the train at 
 Washington," said the conductor, " I felt sorry for 
 him; I could not see how a boy who knew so little 
 could ever get along in a city like Washington. But 
 — will you believe it ? — that greenhorn of a boy grew 
 to manhood, and is a leading merchant to-day in the 
 Capital city, and is worth $200,000. 
 
 The individuality of children ought to be recog- 
 nized; the hidden abilities ought to be sought out and 
 encouraged and cultivated. A boy in school was an 
 expert in arithmetic, but cared nothing for geography 
 and grammar. His teacher, in order to bring him to 
 take an interest in the two latter subjects^ took his 
 arithmetic from him, and declared that he should not 
 see it again until he could learn to take an equal inter- 
 est in the other subjects. With pain, amounting to 
 anguish, he saw his grade promoted to the next room, 
 while he was bound down to two branches of study 
 in which he could take no interest. Sickness followed, 
 and his parent took him from school. He was crip- 
 pled in his work, in his development; it was indeed 
 a calamity from which he never recovered. If a 
 young tree be bound down in such a way as to hinder 
 development and proper growth, but when older be 
 
FITNESS FOR TEACHING. 15 
 
 given full freedom, it could never be a perfect tree ; and 
 yet the tree is not to blame for its crookedness any 
 more than the boy that is thwarted in his progress by 
 some teacher or parent who has not a profound knowl- 
 edge of child nature. This is an age of specialties, 
 and children ought to be encouraged in their special 
 abilities. Child study is a branch which is yet in its 
 infancy. The power of natural instinct can not be 
 denied. " The tastes of the boy foreshadow the occu- 
 pation of the man," and the proclivities of men and 
 women are generally manifest in youth. A great 
 many people to-day make a living by their weak- 
 ness, and not by their strength, because their youth- 
 ful tendencies were not recognized or developed, or 
 else were smothered by their parents who desired their 
 child to be something else. 
 
 It is said of Dr. Watts that his father was deter- 
 minded to whip the tendency to write poetry out of the 
 boy. When the father raised the ferule to strike, 
 young Watts cried out : — 
 
 " O father, spare my skin from pain, 
 And I'll never make a rhyme again." 
 
 Lessing, in his poem, describes a man who will 
 always be an inferior workman because he was mis- 
 ?aken in his calling. He says of him : — • 
 
 " Thompkins forsook last and awl 
 For literary squabbles ; 
 Styles himself poet — his trade remains 
 The same — he cobbles." 
 
 Flexible Disposition. — There us an element that 
 enters into the make-up of a good teacher, and perhaps 
 
1 6 FITNESS FOR TEACHING. 
 
 has as great an influence in making one a power in- the 
 schoolroom as anything else, — a kind, flexible dispo- 
 sition. A cheerful disposition brings sunshine into the 
 schoolroom, and the children turn to such a quality as 
 the flower does to the sunlight. Smiles are powerful 
 agents in the schoolroom. On the other hand, one of 
 those staid, unbending creatures who never smiles, 
 lacks one of the chief elements to make a good teacher. 
 Someone tells of a teacher who opens his school every 
 morning by singing — 
 
 " Hark ! from the tombs of a doleful sound." 
 
 He cut out obituary notices from papers, and read 
 them to his pupils; he read only from Lamentations, 
 saying it was the only inspired book. Such a nature 
 could never help to develop in children any pleasing 
 qualities. 
 
 I have noticed that the teacher who is forever 
 preaching piety to his pupils, but who can not keep 
 order, which is " heaven's first law," is of all teachers 
 the most likely to drive pupils away from what is good 
 and right. There is an idea current among certain 
 classes of teachers that a dignified bearing and a sol- 
 emn tread are the indispensable props upon which their 
 reputations rest. To have a good, hearty laugh in the 
 schoolroom seems abhorrent to them; and while a 
 teacher should not be an acrobat or clown in the 
 schoolroom, yet there is power in the right kind of fun 
 connected with school work. Children naturally are 
 drawn to a kind, genial disposition. When a little girl 
 came to a street crossing where there were many teams 
 passing, she feared to cross, and turning to a crowd 
 
FITNESS FOR TEACHING. 1 7 
 
 o£ men who stood on the street corner, she looked at 
 each of them for a moment, and then approached a 
 sunshiny old gentleman, and putting up her arms 
 said, " Please carry me across the street." 
 
 The habit of good nature, if not inherent, can be 
 acquired, and should be cultivated especially by those 
 who teach children. If the teacher is cold and formal, 
 the pupils soon take on the same characteristics; but 
 if the teacher is cheerful and pleasant, then the glad 
 light of a happy heart is reflected in every face. 
 
 On the heights of the Andes is found Lake Titi- 
 caca ; about it are found a dozen or more smaller lakes, 
 whose waters rise and fall with those of Lake Titi- 
 caca. When this lake is full of water, every small 
 lake near is full of water also, the water in the smaller 
 lakes rising and falling with that of the large lake. So 
 in the schoolroom, the teacher controls the feelings 
 of the pupils by her manner. If she is dull, how soon 
 the same feeling takes possession of those whom she 
 instructs; and if she is cheerful, the same glad light of 
 a happy heart is reflected in every face under her in- 
 struction. 
 
 Confidence. — The element of confidence has much 
 to do with the work of teaching to make the work a 
 success. 
 
 Perhaps more failures in the schoolroom are due 
 to the lack of confidence than anything else. Confi- 
 dence helped Columbus discover America; it gave us 
 the Declaration of Independence and Independence 
 itself. It was confidence that made Henry Clay a 
 great statesman, Grant a great general, Beecher a 
 great minister, and thousands of people successful 
 
1 8 FITNESS FOR TEACHING. 
 
 in their chosen Hfework. Many persons who have 
 scholarship and other quahfications found in the true 
 teacher, are deficient in this important one. Confi- 
 dence can be acquired, and any teacher who lacks this 
 power in a strong degree should exercise any ability 
 in that direction, so as to grow stronger. A teacher 
 who lacks confidence in himself never does his best; 
 he is crippled in his instruction by a fear of not doing 
 things right, or with the fear that he is not doing the 
 best thing. 
 
 As the petals of the rosebud, under the guidance of 
 nature, expand and burst into the beautiful colors 
 of the rose, so the immortal minds with which teachers 
 have to deal, led in their natural way by those who are 
 confident of their own powers, can be developed into 
 the highest possibilities. 
 
 To-day, more that ever before, the fact must be 
 recognized that the teacher is the school. One might 
 have a Windsor Castle for a schoolhouse, lawns and 
 forests as beautiful as those on the Isle of Wight for 
 school grounds, with all the apparatus found in a 
 large city, and put ignorance behind the desk, and 
 there can be no school. Teaching to-day means ability, 
 scholarship, application, confidence, perseverance, and 
 development. Teaching is not all poetry, but the 
 teacher who labors as if the fate of the whole world 
 depended upon her efforts, and who watches the chil- 
 dren under her care develop into noble men and 
 women, experiences a delight peculiarly her own, and 
 will finally be rewarded. 
 
 With the greatest care, and after years of careful 
 training, some children will disappoint those who have 
 
FITNESS FOR TEACHING. 19 
 
 been their instructors. A fine statue was being hoisted 
 into its place on a lofty pedestal. It was a valuable 
 piece of sculpture, the fruit of patient and skillful work, 
 and an object of great interest. Careful, confident 
 men were employed to fix it in position; but just when 
 they had raised it to a level with the top of the shaft, 
 the chain broke, the statue fell, and the labor of years 
 was dashed to pieces in a moment. They examined the 
 chain. A single link had yielded. All else was sound, 
 but the crowning work of a lifetime had perished by 
 the breaking of the one link. The teacher's work in 
 some respects is akin to that of the sculptor. She seeks 
 to mold young character until it is fit to stand in an 
 honored place. Just as she has lifted a young life to 
 that point where it should take its permanent place, 
 a link in a child's training snaps, and the teacher's 
 labor is lost. But how often the teacher is delighted to 
 see her efforts rewarded by some of her pupils' ex- 
 celling in the higher walks of life — achieving suc- 
 cesses because of the careful training and useful 
 instruction she gave them while in school. 
 
 Self -Control. — Another element of the successful 
 teacher is self-control. At each moment of the 
 teacher's life she is either a queen or a slave. As day 
 by day she lives on in hopeless subjection to her 
 environments, she is a slave ; as day by day she masters 
 opposing elements within herself, and becomes master 
 of her surroundings, she is a queen, and is worthy to 
 be called a competent teacher. Self-control is partly 
 inborn, and comes partly from early training. Some 
 girls are inclined to give way to violent weeping 
 when something goes wrong; they are unable to con- 
 
20 FITNESS FOR TEACHING. 
 
 trol the emotional nature. Boys sometimes slam 
 doors, break into fits of temper, talk loud, act bois- 
 terously; in their weakness they become the creatures 
 of circumstances. These things come about because 
 of a lack of self-control in their early training. 
 According to a little girl's testimony, humanity is 
 improving along that line. 
 
 Two distinguished literary men were one day dis- 
 cussing certain peculiarities of our modern youth,' 
 when one of them remarked, " There is no more 
 emotion among children. Mine read books over which 
 I used, at their age, to weep; but they are apparently 
 unmoved." The twelve-year-old daughter of the 
 speaker sat near by, drinking in the discussion. At 
 this point she felt it necessary to defend her class. 
 
 " You are entirely mistaken, papa," she interpo- 
 lated, with some feeling. " It is not that emotion has 
 gone out; it is that self-control has come in." 
 
 No one needs to possess the power of self-control to 
 a greater degree than the teacher. When she begins 
 her school work, she must expect some criticism, for 
 no one in public life can escape it. The temptation to 
 use strong language is sometimes very great in view 
 of the suggestions she receives ; and yet it is far better 
 for the teacher to summon her self-control, and 
 answer by silence. If the teacher is to stand as an 
 exemplar of self-control, her pupils must witness in- 
 stances of it in her school work, especially in the 
 management of children. Not only must the teacher 
 control herself, but teach her pupils self-control. 
 Phases of school discipline are ever before the teacher. 
 A principal in a graded school said Miss S was 
 
FITNESS FOR TEACHING. 2i 
 
 a good driller, her pupils liked her and they passed 
 fair examinations; but in the twenty years they have 
 taught together she never sent a class to the principal 
 that he could trust, and it took a whole year's train- 
 ing to counteract the laxness shown when the pupils 
 came from her room. 
 
 No class is well-governed who will take advantage 
 of a teacher when her back is turned. It is not enough 
 to tell pupils they must be trusted. They must be 
 taught what honor means, and trained in things honor- 
 able. 
 
11. 
 
 FIRST DAY OF SCHOOL. 
 
 This is an age of teaching. Hundreds of young 
 people are anxious to teach school. During their 
 school days, they have seen the bright side of the 
 teacher's life; they have observed that the teacher's 
 work is pleasant, so far as they can understand it, 
 and to be associated with children day after day, 
 sornething desirable ; they have noticed that the teacher, 
 worthy the name, is foremost in society, in church 
 work, and in young people's meetings; and these facts 
 stimulate many of the young in the preparation for 
 teaching. A young person, ambitious to enter the 
 profession, attends an examination, passes it fairly 
 well, and receives a certificate to teach. This ordeal 
 over, there is no rest of mind or body until this 
 young person is elected to teach some particular 
 school. She supposes after obtaining a position she 
 would be happy, but awakens to the fact that now 
 she has something real to worry about. She worries, 
 fearing she will not be successful; her worries, how- 
 ever, are forebodings merely, founded on her own 
 imagination of difficulties that she may never meet. 
 This teacher begins to look forward to the first day of 
 school with many misgivings; she hopes to make a 
 good beginning. Experienced teachers have told her 
 that the success of the year depends largely upon what 
 is done the first few days; in fact, it has become an 
 2a 
 
FIRST DAY OF SCHOOL. , 23 
 
 axiom among teachers that the " first day of school " 
 is the most important of any single day during the 
 term. The impression the teacher makes upon the 
 children during the first hours of her acquaintance 
 will be lasting: if unfavorable, it will take months to 
 overcome the evil influence; if favorable, they will 
 be a continual blessing. The quick perception of chil- 
 dren leads them to detect a fault or virtue in the 
 teacher very quickly. 
 
 While young teachers, especially, look forward to 
 the first day with mingled feelings of fear and pleasure, 
 and with an enthusiasm that knows no bounds, they 
 very often fail to recognize the simple conditions which 
 are necessary to make the opening day a success. It 
 is the design of this chapter to designate in a simple 
 manner the essential work of the " opening day of 
 school." 
 
 Be Prompt. — The teacher should make it her duty 
 to be the first at the school building on the opening 
 day of the term. If she arrives late on the first morn- 
 ing, she will place herself at a serious disadvantage 
 with the children. They will come early expecting 
 to find the new teacher there to bid them a welcome. 
 A teacher who goes late to school even once a week 
 can not very well enforce the punctual attendance of 
 pupils. When the hour arrives for calling the school 
 together, the teacher should be prompt in that also. 
 Children are quick to notice any failure or readiness 
 to act on the part of the teacher. She who moves in 
 a hesitating or an uncertain manner, showing any in- 
 decision in action, will fail to secure the confidence and 
 admiration of pupils. On the other hand, children 
 
24 FIRST DAY OF SCHOOL. 
 
 admire the teacher who knows what to do, and does 
 it on time. 
 
 In recitations, the teacher must be ready and prompt 
 to assemble the class. The teaching should be ani- 
 mated and interesting. Nothing so completely de- 
 moralizes a school or makes a recitation so worthless 
 as the teacher who is dull and incompetent. 
 
 In dismissing for intermission, or for the day, the 
 same punctuality should be exercised. Some teachers 
 make a virtue of keeping their pupils beyond the 
 required hours; but if those teachers were punctual 
 in all duties of the day, there would be no necessity for 
 prolonging the time after the regular hour for dis- 
 missal. 
 
 Be Courteous. — This does not mean that the teacher 
 shall be effusive in her greetings of pupils, but pleasant 
 and affable. If the teacher can not act pleasantly the 
 first day of school, she had better remain away. All 
 teachers should enter the schoolroom with a bright, 
 happy face, — one that is worn when they meet a num- 
 ber of congenial friends, for that is just what the 
 children ought to be, and they should be greeted with 
 as much grace of manner as would be shown a number 
 of distinguished guests in a drawing-room. 
 
 The teacher should strive to create a home-feeling 
 in the schoolroom, and to be as courteous to pupils 
 as to nearest friends. Teachers should never make 
 an effort to become familiar with their pupils. Chil- 
 dren do not like sentiment, but enjoy being treated 
 kindly. Many teachers have failed because of famil- 
 iarity with pupils. There is an old saying that 
 " familiarity breeds contempt," and it is nowhere so 
 
FIRST DAY OF SCHOOL. 2$ 
 
 true as In the schoolroom. Within certain bounds the 
 teacher ought to be free with the pupils, but there is 
 a certain dignity belonging to the profession of teach- 
 ing which must be held sacred by the teacher. This 
 will not hinder the teacher from greeting the pupils 
 pleasantly. There is a courtesy of manner which 
 should characterize every true teacher. It does not 
 consist in bowing according to the most approved plan, 
 but is the exercise of real kindness. A spirit of polite- 
 ness helps the teacher to cultivate true courtesy in his 
 pupils. 
 
 Two teachers were walking along the street, when 
 they met a number of boys, who raised their hats and 
 caps to the young lady. " Who are these boys that 
 pay you such attention?" inquired the gentleman of 
 his companion. " They are my pupils," answered the 
 lady. " Your pupils," exclaimed the gentleman. 
 " How do you teach them to be so polite ? If my 
 pupils see me coming, and notice they are going to 
 meet me, they cross the street to avoid me." " I can 
 not tell," said the lady. " I never say anything to them 
 about being polite. I always bow to them, and they 
 are always ready to return the courtesy." 
 
 The whole secret of such actions on the part of 
 pupils grew out of the spirit of kindness the teacher 
 had shown her pupils in the classroom. By her sympa- 
 thetic, earnest manner she appealed to the best that 
 was in the boys under her care, and aroused their man- 
 liness. A gentle nature in the schoolroom is a potent 
 factor in school work. It will influence lives, and 
 develop bright characters; while on the other hand, 
 a crabbed, sour, dominating nature will hinder the 
 
26 FIRST DAY OF SCHOOL. 
 
 proper development and growth of the child's powers. 
 The sight of a gloomy countenance acts very unfavor- 
 ably on the nervous system, and consequently upon the 
 mental and moral development of children. When a 
 young lady was about to take up the work of teaching 
 for the first time, she asked what advice I would give 
 her. My answer was, " Be firm, but kind, and don't 
 get bossy." By this was meant that she was not to 
 become domineering. The young teacher did not 
 understand the significance of the advice at that time, 
 and possibly thought it uncalled for. During the year 
 I asked one of the young teacher's pupils how she liked 
 
 Miss B for a teacher, and her reply was good to 
 
 hear, and a monument to the teacher's name : " I like 
 her," said the pupil, " because she is never cross." 
 The child spoke as if it were an uncommon thing for a 
 teacher not to be cross. At the end of the year's work, 
 however, this teacher became conscious that she was 
 fast becoming less gentle and more domineering. 
 
 The living example of the teacher is more potent 
 than much learning, for it does not make so much 
 difference what a child learns as from whom he learns 
 it. True courtesy can be taught more efficiently by 
 example than by giving lectures on the subject. A 
 mother noticed a remarkable change in the conduct 
 of her seven-year-old son. From being rough, noisy, 
 and discourteous, he had suddenly become one of the 
 gentlest and most considerate little fellows in the 
 town. His mother naturally inferred that his school 
 life had something to do with the change in deport- 
 ment, — possibly due to his teacher's instruction; so 
 she said to him : " Miss Smith teaches you to be 
 
FIRST DAY OF SCHOOL. 27 
 
 polite, does she?" "No," said the boy, "she never 
 says a word about being polite." The mother was 
 puzzled, and all the more when further questioning 
 brought only more emphatic denials that the teacher 
 had ever given her pupils lessons in good manners. 
 
 " Well, then," the mother asked, finally, " if Miss 
 Smith does not say anything, what does she do?" 
 " She doesn't do anything," persisted the boy. " She 
 just walks around, and we feel polite." 
 
 That was enough. It was the effect of being rather 
 than doing. " The personal equation which must be 
 reckoned in estimating the molding force of any life," 
 is to the teacher what inspiration is to the inventor 
 and the scientist. 
 
 Be Active. — The opening exercises of the first day 
 of school should be simple, brief, and positive. A few 
 words of introduction should be spoken by the teacher. 
 Too much talK the first or any day will weaken the 
 teacher in the eyes of the pupils. The more a teacher 
 talks the less she is heeded. A young teacher asked 
 a friend who had been observing the work done, what 
 criticism she had to make, and the reply was, " You 
 talk too much. When you say a thing, you say it as 
 if you do not think it would be obeyed, and it is not." 
 The teacher who does not carefully study her words 
 is apt to say something that will bring upon her a just 
 rebuke. Too much talking is a real fault in a teacher. 
 Much of the trouble which teachers experience in the 
 schoolroom is brought about by not following Sol- 
 omon's advice to " bridle the tongue." 
 
 Those acute little readers of human nature before 
 the teacher, will find out any weakness very soon, and 
 
28 FIRST DAY OF SCHOOL. 
 
 will honor the teacher who does not attempt to tell all 
 she knows the first day. The attempt to bewilder 
 others by knowing too much is a weakness. A mer- 
 chant does not put all his goods in window or show 
 case. 
 
 The moment the opening exercises are over, both 
 teacher and pupils should begin work of some kind. 
 Pupils should not be given opportunity to sit eyeing 
 the teacher, who in turn will grow restless and uneasy. 
 It is the law of the child's nature to be active, and 
 especially in doing work that means something to 
 them. A bright little girl in a city went to school 
 for the first time with a happy heart. On returning 
 home at noon, when questioned as to how she liked 
 to go to school, she replied that she " didn't like it at 
 all, because the teacher kept her stringing little chunks 
 of wood all morning," referring to a kindergarten 
 exercise. Every careful observer of children knows 
 that their minds can not be kept very long on 
 one object. The skilled teacher knows that she must 
 often change the work. She must have a mind fertile 
 in resources; she also knows how far to drill on one 
 point in order to fix the thought in the child's mind, 
 and at the same time not tire him out. 
 
 The wise teacher will enlist the help of the pupils 
 in the details of the first day. Many a mischievous 
 boy and giggling girl have been disarmed because the 
 teacher called them into service the moment they were 
 expected to create a sensation. To illustrate : A young 
 lady was called to take a position in a school where 
 three teachers had resigned because of an absolute 
 failure to maintain order. This fourth teacher was 
 
FIRST DAY OF SCHOOL. 29 
 
 a slight little creature with a bright face. The principal 
 introduced her to the room, no doubt thinking that 
 she would soon go the way of her predecessors. When 
 the door closed behind him as he left the room, the 
 new teacher said to the forty children present that she 
 hoped to get acquainted with them at once. George 
 Walker, the leader in all the mischief in that room, 
 feeling that something was expected of him by his 
 schoolmates, said to the boy over by the stove, in a 
 voice that could be heard plainly in all parts of the 
 room, " I guess she'll get acquainted with us soon 
 enough." A laugh went round the room as usual, but 
 the young teacher did not seem to notice the interrup- 
 tion. Asking the children to write their names on 
 slips of paper which she had prepared, the teacher 
 walked leisurely around until she came to George 
 Walker's desk, and with a smile that would win any 
 girl or boy, said, " George, you may collect the slips 
 of paper for me." He begged off, but she insisted that 
 he must at least help her. The children were startled 
 when they saw George rise to help the teacher in col- 
 lecting the papers. The little teacher had conquered 
 the mischievous boy without his knowing it, and he 
 became the champion of good order in that room. 
 The good impression made on the children that day 
 was a great step in the teacher's work. By her gentle- 
 ness and ready sympathy in their child-life, the chil- 
 dren were convinced that she was a friend that could 
 lead them into a new world of language and history, 
 and do it easily and cheerfully. As every teacher 
 should do, this teacher went through the days looking 
 for the best in every pupil, and she found it. 
 
30 FIRST DAY OF SCHOOL. 
 
 Human activities and emotions are natural forces, 
 and can no more be destroyed than any physical force ; 
 and that teacher is greatest who makes the most of 
 the pupil's own particular genius. It is not the 
 province of the teacher to transform the pupil's mind 
 into anything unnatural, but it is her duty to train him 
 to be strong in his own powers. 
 
 Be Firm. — Many teachers fail in their government 
 ov\ring to an undecided, vacillating manner of proced- 
 ure. Children will grow to despise a teacher who 
 shows a weakness in government, while they yield 
 readily to a clear-headed, kind-hearted, resolute per- 
 son who knows what she wants, and takes proper steps 
 to secure it. The school government is best that shows 
 itself the least. Some schools are governed to death. 
 Order for the sake of order is against human nature. 
 Children will chafe under harsh government, and 
 would rebel if they dared. Good government should 
 be mild, but have plenty of strength behind it. The 
 teacher's personality must be felt. The commonest 
 form of poor government is largely owing to the teach- 
 er's feeble personal influence. The teacher's life has 
 a marked influence over her pupils' lives. " If she 
 meets the changes of the day bravely, she will soon 
 realize what power she may have over her pupils." 
 If she can be self-possessed and calm in time of dis- 
 order or trouble in the schoolroom, she will soon show 
 what a factor she is in school work. The storms that 
 strike the teacher in her school work are few; when 
 they do come, firmness is the greatest element in de- 
 stroying their force. The teacher must not become 
 disheartened and think that every day is full of trou- 
 
FIRST DAY OF SCHOOL. 31 
 
 ble, since another will dawn which may be entirely 
 different and full of interest and pleasure to pupils 
 and teacher. It is a sad experience for a teacher to 
 want to desert the post of duty before the term closes ; 
 for to enter upon a second term's work with a feeling 
 of disgust is not only dangerous to the reputation of 
 the teacher, but full of evil results to the children. 
 
 Be Yourself. — The teacher should endeavor to be 
 herself the first day of school. While to her it is one 
 of the most important days, — a critical period in her 
 life, — to the world it is only an ordinary day. She 
 should remember that the continuance of the gov- 
 ernment does not depend upon her success or failure. 
 "Be master of the situation;" do not try to act like 
 some one you have seen teach, or some one you have 
 read about. Avoid being fussy. Do not work in 
 a hurried manner, as if trying to catch up, but show 
 a calm, earnest spirit in the work. If a teacher stands 
 before a class, bewildered and obtuse, the pupils will 
 be quick to detect it and her power is soon destroyed. 
 The pupils watch the new teacher, and make mental 
 records of her ability to control herself; and if she 
 is ill prepared, and is easily disturbed, will be at 
 the mercy of her pupils. 
 
 The teacher must be at ease, and thus impress 
 upon the pupils something of the bearing and char- 
 acter of the position she occupies. This will create 
 in the minds of the pupils a favorable impression of 
 school and teacher. 
 
 The irrepressible Micawber, in Dickens, became a 
 hero and a philosopher, not from any marked achieve- 
 ments of talent, but purely from the man's supreme 
 
33 FIRST DAY OF SCHOOL. 
 
 ability to face the most unexpected reverses with the 
 same serene, unruffled countenance. Adopt no one's 
 method without having made it your own. " Bor- 
 rowed garments never fit well." The ability to give 
 live instruction by an original method is a source 
 of evident power. Friction in the schoolroom arises 
 when the teacher wants things done without having 
 made them attractive, or gives work that is too hard 
 for the average ability of his class. 
 
 Nothing so discourages the pupil as not to fully 
 understand what is being done in the classroom. On 
 the other hand, many a dull boy or girl, under the in- 
 spiration of a new teacher, has found himself in pos- 
 session of the most unsuspected gifts. 
 
III. 
 
 ART OF QUESTIONING. 
 
 The effect and success of teaching depends more 
 upon the skill and judgment with which a teacher asks 
 questions than on any other single thing. A teacher 
 may be scholarly, skillful in many ways, happy in the 
 choice of illustration, and yet be inefficient as teacher, 
 because unable to frame suitable and interesting ques- 
 tions. 
 
 The art of asking questions is not all that is im- 
 portant, but that the questions should be intelligent 
 ones, leading pupils out into fields of knowledge, and 
 inspiring them with greater activities in their work. 
 
 There are several kinds of questions which must 
 be recognized in school work : — 
 
 I. Preliminary questions, or those which lead up 
 to the lesson in hand. All knowledge acquired by 
 pupils must be gotten to a great extent through the 
 exercise of their own powers, and must rest upon 
 that which they already know as a foundation. Pre- 
 liminary questions are for the purpose of arousing 
 thought, and stirring up their former knowledge, and 
 preparing the mind to receive new truths. 
 
 II. Harmonizing questions follow closely after the 
 preliminary ones, and are for the purpose of finding 
 out how well pupils agree upon previous lessons; to 
 ascertain if any indefinite knowledge exists, and to 
 
 3 33 
 
34 ART OF QUESTIONING. 
 
 get all minds to working in the same channel of 
 thought. 
 
 III. Questions of examinations are those by which 
 the teacher tests the work of his pupils, by finding 
 out whether it has been thoroughly learned and under- 
 stood. Some teachers have erroneous ideas about 
 questions, and think this the only kind. 
 
 Socrates, an old Athenian philosopher, who was 
 possibly an expert in asking questions, and who lived 
 in the midst of a keen, cultivated people, used all these 
 forms of questions in his teaching. Some of his ques- 
 tions seemed foolish in themselves, but they were to 
 lead on to some truth. Socrates believed the great 
 impediment to possession of accurate knowledge to 
 be the indefinite information which his people had ac- 
 quired, and that the first thing to do was to prepare 
 the mind for the reception of truth by finding out 
 what the person already knew, as the foundation on 
 which to build. So in the teaching of to-day, the 
 teacher by some preliminary questions finds out what 
 the children already know, and whether that knowl- 
 edge is worthy of possession or whether it is a dry 
 bone. The pupils of a careless teacher will possess 
 much indefinite information, for a part of the class 
 will not catch all the lesson that is given. In the exam- 
 ination of teachers in history, the writer has found a 
 great percentage of teachers who could not state the 
 "Compromise of 1850" properly; on one occasion 
 fifty-two out of eighty-eight teachers who were being 
 examined got some part of the " Compromise " wrong. 
 
 Some children in each class, unless the teacher is 
 very watchful and careful, will miss getting all the 
 
ART OF QUESTIONING. 35 
 
 facts of the lesson. This leads us to the first deduc- 
 tion in questioning, that — 
 
 I. The Language Should Be Simple. — Teachers 
 should cultivate simplicity of language; it must be 
 adapted to the ability of children. A teacher coming 
 before her class of small children to give a lesson on 
 the human body, began by asking, " What does the 
 science of Physiology teach?" Naturally the only 
 result of such a question would be to bring forth on 
 the faces of the children a vacant stare. People com- 
 plain sometimes that children make terrible blunders. 
 A real bright lady called on Ethel's mother. She 
 rang the bell, and when Ethel came to the door, the 
 lady said : — 
 
 " Are your papa and mama at home ? " 
 
 " Yes, they are both at home," said Ethel, 
 
 " Are they engaged ? " asked the lady. 
 
 " Engaged," said Ethel, " why, yes ; they are mar- 
 ried, I'm their little girl." 
 
 When the lady got home, she laughed as she told 
 her children about Ethel's blunder — when that care- 
 less mother had done all the blundering herself. 
 
 Too frequently the teacher leads the pupil into 
 deep water, and is not able to help him out. It is 
 so easy to get beyond the child's comprehension, es- 
 pecially in the use of language. This is illustrated 
 by the Sunday-school teacher who could not adapt her 
 language to her pupils, and yet blamed the class for 
 not answering her questions. She said to a friend, 
 " They are a stupid lot ; they can't understand the 
 English language." 
 
 " Perhaps you don't say things that they can under- 
 stand," said the friend. 
 
36 ART OF QUESTIONING. 
 
 " Yes, I do; I talk plain English, and they just sit 
 and stare," said the teacher. 
 
 " I will go, and hear you teach next Sunday," said 
 the friend. 
 
 " Well," said the teacher, " you will be convinced 
 that they are the stupidest children the church ever 
 undertook to save." 
 
 The friend was present on the next Sunday, and 
 unnoticed, took notes of what transpired. The lesson 
 was about " Paul's Journey to Damascus and His 
 Conversion." 
 
 The pupils were eight to ten years of age, and ap- 
 peared ready and attentive at the beginning of the 
 lesson. 
 
 The teacher's first question was, " What was the 
 ostensible purpose of Paul's visit to Damascus? " No 
 answer ; she tried again. 
 
 " What was the obvious intention of Paul in ar- 
 ranging a journey to Damascus at this time?" Still 
 no response. Once more she tried, this time, empha- 
 sizing each word so they could not help but under- 
 stand. 
 
 " What relation, connection, coincidence, or corre- 
 spondence was there between Paul's visit to Damas- 
 cus and the remarkable impetus the Christian religion 
 received, acquired, and experienced soon after this 
 memorable visit? " 
 
 Her question was not answered. When she reached 
 home, she declared that she was " amazed, confounded, 
 and disgusted," saying further that she could never 
 understand why she is " invariably assigned to the 
 most unappreciative portion of the juvenile depart- 
 ment." 
 
ART OF QUESTIONING. 37 
 
 How often has the teacher to remember that she 
 is speaking to children, and should use language which 
 they can understand. 
 
 2. Avoid Indefinite Questions. — Indefinite ques- 
 tions lead to indefinite thoughts and knowledge. The 
 teacher may understand her own questions, but the 
 pupils may not understand them ; she asks such a ques- 
 tion, and then waits for an answer. The children 
 can not answer, for they do not understand it; they 
 are bewildered and silent. Some pupil, bolder than 
 the rest, makes a guess at the answer. If he happens 
 to answer correctly, he will try that plan again; if he 
 misses it, he is severely criticised. It is an easy mat- 
 ter for children to fall into the habit of guessing at 
 answers to questions which are indefinite. Such ques- 
 tions foster in the child a habit of not meeting a query 
 frankly. When a teacher finds her question is not 
 understood, she should change the form of it. One 
 form of questions grows monotonous. In a certain 
 school where there were several teachers employed, 
 one was called by the pupils, " What do you under- 
 stand? " This nickname was applied to him because 
 he used the phrase so much in his classes ; as, " Mary, 
 what do you understand by an adverb?" "John, 
 what do you understand by a preposition ? " etc. Any 
 teacher who is in the habit of using a set phrase like 
 this ought to break off from it, for it is aimless. Some 
 teachers could learn much from children in the line 
 of asking questions. The child is a born interroga- 
 tion point; a bundle of questions; and this infinite 
 questioning is the budding of knowledge. As the 
 mind unfolds, it searches more widely and eagerly 
 for truth, and is never satisfied. 
 
38 ART OF QUESTIONING. 
 
 3. Questions Requiring " Yes " and " No " for an 
 Answer Shoidd Seldom Be Asked. — If the teacher 
 desires to arouse thought, an effort on the part of the 
 pupil, she must ask questions that require full answers. 
 In a room visited by a critic teacher, this dialogue was 
 heard : — 
 
 " Well, James, have you finished your problem ? " 
 "Yes, ma'am;" "Did you get 4^2 for an answer?" 
 " Yes, ma'am; " " You reduced 6 2-3 to an improper 
 fraction, did you? " " Yes, ma'am; " " Then you re- 
 duced 2 1-6 to an improper fraction, did you? " " Yes, 
 ma'am;" "You then reduced the improper fractions 
 to a common denominator, did you?" "Yes, 
 ma'am ; " " Then you found the difference between 
 the fractions?" "Yes, ma'am." "And you all got 
 4>4 for a result, did you?" "Yes, ma'am." Every 
 question received the same answer. Such questions 
 elicit no thought, no effort, and all interest in class 
 would soon die out — two possible answers, " yes," 
 and " no," and they do not serve any useful purpose. 
 Such questions only require a repetition of the infor- 
 mation already given, and children soon tire of ques- 
 tions so near alike in form. 
 
 Every question asked ought to require, on the part 
 of the pupil, an effort of the memory or the imagina- 
 tion or judgment — possibly all these combined. 
 
 Another serious difficulty arising from asking ques- 
 tions which can be answered by " yes " and " no," is 
 that all will answer together, or in a simultaneous 
 manner. A group of children answering in this way 
 may appear very bright and intelligent, while the sep- 
 arate members may be careless and half interested. 
 There are times when all answering together in concert 
 
ART OF QUESTIONING. 39 
 
 is perfectly proper, but there is danger in the practice, 
 in that we are unable to test the individual pupil. 
 
 4. Questions Should Follow in Logical Order. — 
 Each question ought to, at least, seem to grow out 
 of the answer which preceded it. Much of the force 
 or value of the teacher's work is lost in loose, uncon- 
 nected lists of questions. 
 
 If facts are gathered in a way that will confuse the 
 learner, they will never be definitely fixed in the mind ; 
 so that question should be linked in such a way that 
 the answer given will be a sure development of the 
 subject in hand. In reading newspaper reports of tri- 
 als in court, people have wondered at the plain, 
 straightforward evidence given by witnesses. It 
 grows out of the fact that lawyers are shrewd ques- 
 tioners. The evidence would appear broken were it 
 not that the witnesses are asked questions in a logical 
 way, and therefore their evidence is logical, and seems 
 like a complete story. 
 
 The true questioner forms one unbroken chain of 
 inquiries, reaching from what the child knows to what 
 she wishes him to know; she has a definite place for 
 each question. Disorderly questioning should be 
 avoided : as the general plans a campaign, sees before 
 him the far-off end, then marshals all his powers to 
 reach that end, so the teacher must aim to see the 
 end of the recitation from the beginning. The logical 
 questioner has an interested class always, for she adds 
 to the logic of the questions, animation; so that the 
 interest does not die out as in those classes where the 
 questions are asked in a dull, heavy manner. The dull- 
 est child will become interested under the influence of 
 a spirited questioner. 
 
40 ART OF QUESTIONING. 
 
 5. Book Questions Should Be Avoided. — This state- 
 ment possibly needs some modification. The writer 
 means that teachers should not read the questions from 
 the book when hearing a recitation. Book questions 
 are good as models, but each teacher should formulate 
 her own questions, since they could be adapted to the 
 class and be more attractive. The teacher who reads 
 the questions from the book loses the effect of looking 
 into the eyes of her pupils. A sermon read may be 
 profound and logical, clothed in the choicest language, 
 but it will not have the effect upon an audience, nor 
 be as useful, as a much inferior effort when a sermon 
 is delivered without the manuscript. So in asking 
 questions. The questions in the book may be better 
 because studied, but the teacher's own questions seem 
 alive, and not a mass of dead material. 
 
 6. Questions Should Make Pupils Think. — That 
 is always the best question which stimulates the 
 mind to act. Many questions, therefore, ought to 
 begin with "why;" such questions arouse the minds 
 of children and leads them to reason and arrive at 
 conclusions. 
 
 The aim in asking questions should be to awaken 
 the intellects of the pupils, and the " mind of the child 
 is best opened by way of the mouth." At one time 
 in the history of school work the child committed to 
 memory all the lessons, and the teacher did little else 
 than hear the pupil recite the lesson as would a par- 
 rot : the later tendency and danger is that the teacher 
 recites the lesson, and the pupil becomes a passive lis- 
 tener. This is from one extreme to the other. If 
 we really want to arouse thought on the part of the 
 pupil, we must give him something to do and a chance 
 to tliink. 
 
IV. 
 
 INTERPRETING THE ACTIONS OF PUPILS. 
 
 In Oriental countries, in the times of the old proph- 
 ets, he was considered a wise person who could inter- 
 pret dreams and signs and other phenomena. Such 
 persons were held in great esteem by their fellowmen. 
 
 What was true of the skill of the Oriental peoples 
 is also true of the real interpreter in the schoolroom 
 to-day. To be able to explain to our own satisfaction 
 the actions of pupils under our care, and to be able 
 to do justice to all is a task which at times assumes 
 large proportions. We may in our short-sigh cedness 
 think an action to mean just the opposite from which 
 it was intended. Sometimes it is as hard for a teacher 
 to interpret an action of a child as it is for a child to 
 interpret the actions of an older person. A person 
 may be as easily mistaken in his interpretation of an 
 action as was the naughty boy who eluded punish-- 
 ment by creeping under the bed where his mother could 
 not reach him. Shortly after, his father came in, and 
 when told of the state of affairs, crawled on his hands 
 and knees under the bed in search of his son, to punish 
 him. To the father's astonishment he was greeted 
 with the inquiry, " Is she after you, too. Pap? " 
 
 A great many young people who enter the profes- 
 sion of teaching, expect to find difficulties all through 
 the term, and therefore they interpret every little look 
 or motion of children as something which means de- 
 
 41 
 
42 INTERPRETING THE ACTIONS OF PUPILS. 
 
 fiance or mockery; they make seeming troubles too 
 prominent; things which ought to be regarded as just 
 little incidents along the way, are taken as intentional 
 misdemeanors on the part of the pupils. I have read 
 of a Chinese official, who, sent on a special errand to 
 Europe, gave orders that a hundred and fifty pounds 
 of salt should be placed in his luggage, lest he should 
 find no salt in European countries. 
 
 There are multitudes of foreboding teachers who 
 have weighted themselves just as unwisely. Our 
 imaginations help us sometimes to magnify the ac- 
 tions of children under our charge, and unless we 
 are guarded in our judgment we will think many 
 times that pupils mean to be mischievous or to annoy 
 us, when really they are utterly ignorant of doing 
 anything wrong. Teachers worry over the actions of 
 children sometimes, whereas if they knew the real 
 motive of their actions, there would not be any worry 
 whatever. 
 
 A farmer living in Pennsylvania plowed around 
 a rock in one of his fields for five years. He had 
 broken a mowing-machine knife, a hay rake, and a 
 wagon wheel against it, besides losing his temper and 
 the use of the ground in which it lay, all because he 
 supposed it was such a large rock that it would take 
 too much time and labor to remove it. One year 
 when he began to plow the field for corn, and fear- 
 ing he might break his plow or cultivator against the 
 rock, he took a crowbar and poked around it to find 
 out its real size, and it was one of the surprises of his 
 life to find that it was little more than two feet long. 
 It was standing on one edge, and so light in weight 
 that he lifted it into the wagon without help. 
 
INTERPRETING THE ACTIONS OF PUPILS. 43 
 
 Imagine the farmer plowing around that stone for 
 five years, wondering all the while whether it was too 
 large a rock to move, only to learn that he could han- 
 dle it with ease. 
 
 Teachers shiver and shrink at something which 
 does not exist, until a seeming trouble becomes al- 
 most a real one. One half the terror would be gone 
 or disappear if the teacher had enough courage to in- 
 vestigate the matter. " The trouble which lies down 
 with us at night and confronts us on awakening in 
 the morning is not the trouble we have faced, but 
 the trouble whose proportions we do not know." I 
 have found in my own experience that the things which 
 have given me the most worry are the things which 
 never happened, but which my imagination led me to 
 believe would happen. I came very near making a 
 great mistake once during my second term of teach- 
 ing. It was in an ungraded school, and before I had 
 learned much of the language of interpretation. 
 !Among the pupils was a large girl, who was rather 
 hard to manage. She came to school one morning 
 with a long frock on — one that touched the floor all 
 around. I interpreted the act in this way : " Now she 
 wants to worry me because I kept her in at recess 
 yesterday, and she has worn her mother's dress this 
 morning in order to have some fun, and create a sen- 
 sation, which, in turn, will make me trouble." My 
 first thought was to send her home to put on her 
 own frock; my second was to send for a rod and use 
 it upon her for such insolence ; then I thought I would 
 wait until intermission, and speak to her about it; 
 but in the meantime kept my eye on her and watched 
 the other children. Sometimes the children in a school 
 
44 INTERPRETING THE ACTIONS OF PUPILS. 
 
 will help a teacher interpret the actions of others. 
 My pupils helped me out at that time. I discovered 
 one thing which was useful to me; it was that the 
 girl had not confided to any of the other children her 
 design in wearing the long frock, for they seemed 
 to embarrass her very much by watching her in her 
 new uniform. This was a useful discovery to me, and 
 led me to study the case more thoroughly. There 
 are some things that come to us like an inspiration, 
 and there flashed through my mind a thought of in- 
 valuable worth, and the truth dawned on me like a 
 flash; namely, " That there comes a period in a girl's 
 life when she changes the length of her skirts." How 
 thankful I was that I did not act upon my first im- 
 pulse or certain interpretation of her act, for I cer- 
 tainly was so much mistaken. I have often thought 
 about how much humiliated she would have been had 
 I criticised her publicly; how it might have changed 
 the whole course of her life, and she might never 
 have become the noted physician she now is. 
 
 There are times when we need to be very careful in 
 our interpretations of the acts of pupils. How much 
 judgment, skill, tact, and knowledge it takes to teach 
 school, and make no mistakes. A few years ago, a 
 teacher gave an Irish boy a sound thrashing for laugh- 
 ing outloud in school. The boy was sitting at his 
 desk at work on some lesson when suddenly he burst 
 into a laugh, astonishing the whole school. The teacher 
 asked him what he meant by such conduct. The boy 
 was very much ashamed of the act, and asked the 
 teacher's pardon, saying he was just thinking what a 
 mistake the author of the book had made in the read- 
 
INTERPRETING THE ACTIONS OF PUPILSf 45 
 
 / 
 ing lesson, which said that a man " jumped fr6m a 
 bridge and landed in the water." " I don't see," said 
 the boy " how a man could ' land in water.' " His 
 laughing was purely spontaneous, and a teacher of 
 judgment would have been proud of a boy so manly 
 as to apologize, and who had the Irish ability to see 
 the seeming contradiction in the statement. Our best 
 judgment and skill must be continually utilized if we 
 get clear conceptions of pupils' actions. 
 
 If we go into a garden and look for cobwebs, we 
 will find them; but if we look for flowers and fruit, 
 they are to be found also. If we go into the school- 
 room to look for good traits of character, we shall 
 find them ; but if we are looking for defects and trou- 
 ble continually, they can be found. 
 
 A Yankee pilot made an excellent reply to the owner 
 of a Mississippi river steamboat. The boat was ly- 
 ing at New Orleans, and the Yankee applied for the 
 vacant post of pilot, saying that he could give satisfac- 
 tion, provided they were looking for a man about his 
 size. 
 
 " Your size will do well enough," said the owner 
 of the boat as he looked at the rugged build of the 
 applicant, with some amusement, " but do you know 
 about the river — where the snags and rocks are ? " 
 
 " Well, I'm pretty well acquainted with the river," 
 said the Yankee, " but I don't know where the snags 
 are; it would take too much time and trouble to find 
 every rock and snag in the river." 
 
 " Don't know where the snags are ! " said the 
 owner, with surprise ; " then how do you expect to 
 get a position as pilot on this river? " 
 
45 INTERPRETING THE ACTIONS OF PUPILS. 
 
 " VVell," said the Yankee, " I don't know where 
 they are, but I know where they ain't, and that is 
 where I calculate to do my sailing." 
 
 What is true of the pilot is true of the teacher and 
 his work. Go where the snags are not found in the 
 work; find the deep water, it is the safest in school 
 work. There will be enough to do in the school- 
 room without hunting out the snags and running 
 against them just to find out their true nature. If 
 teachers expect to become true pilots of the young, 
 they must know where to guide them, and how to 
 take them through the depths of knowledge. 
 
 Good, definite teaching does more toward breaking 
 down the snags and obliterating obstructions in the 
 way than any other agent. Plain, definite teaching 
 is the one thing needful above all others. If pupils 
 do not understand much of the instruction, they will 
 not be interested. The principal told the janitor of 
 a certain school building that he would write any 
 directions on the blackboard before leaving in the 
 evenings. One evening the janitor found on the board, 
 "Empty the waste-baskets every day;" at another 
 time, " Be sure to get all chalk ofT the floor in pri- 
 mary room." For the second time the janitor found 
 this part of a sentence on the board, " Find greatest 
 common divisor — " " Is it possible," said the janitor, 
 " that that thing is lost again ? " 
 
 Sometimes children see teachers write things on 
 the blackboard which are not definite to them, and 
 they are as dumfounded as was the janitor. Children 
 hear teachers say things in the recitation which are 
 not intelligible to them, and they grow restless, im- 
 
INTERPRETING THE ACTIONS OF PUPILS. 47 
 
 patient, and sometimes even become troublesome. It 
 is not the pupil's fault always if they are restless and 
 noisy. If these conditions exist, the teacher should 
 stop teaching long enough to inquire of himself, " Why 
 is my school uninterested and noisy?" "Is it be- 
 cause of the natural tendencies of their minds to idle- 
 ness? " " Are the surrounding conditions unfavorable 
 for study, or am I not instructing in a clear, definite 
 mann,er ? " With all the facilities which our great 
 country gives us in the way of training schools, col- 
 leges, and normal schools, every teacher should be 
 prepared for the work before entering the schoolroom. 
 
 Since we have begun to study the child more, and 
 the book in a different way, trying to adapt our teach- 
 ing to the abilities and tendencies and environments, 
 we have made great advancement. 
 
 The successful teacher will soon recognize the child 
 of the forest, the child of the street, the child of the 
 farm, and the child of the shop, the undeveloped child, 
 the degenerate child, and the precocious child. He 
 will have all the phases of character, every form of 
 physical development, and all kinds of dispositions. 
 The interested teacher will study with peculiar interest 
 each class of children. Teachers are improving along 
 this line. Our methods are a great improvement over 
 old ones. Our dealings with children on a mental and 
 moral basis are superior to the old method of settling 
 everything on a physical basis. Teachers used to apply 
 remedies for mischief and bad conduct with about as 
 much judgment as the Hungarian who saw that Amer- 
 icans put Paris green on the potato vines to kill the 
 bugs. When he accidentally swallowed a potato bug, lie 
 
48 INTERPRETING THE ACTIONS OF PUPILS. 
 
 immediately ate a teaspoonful of Paris green to kill it. 
 The bug was killed, but Hungarian and bug were both 
 buried in the same cemetery. I have heard of teachers 
 who applied remedies for misbehavior which were 
 really worse than the offenses themselves. 
 
 Thoughtless, ill-tempered teachers subject pupils to 
 personal indignities that are positively barbaric. In 
 one school where pupils were detected chewing gum, 
 they were required to give up their gum. The pel- 
 lets were stuck together as fast as they were collected. 
 Afterward the gum chewers were required to break 
 off fragments taken from the mass, and chew it. In 
 several cases it caused nausea and vomiting. Children 
 in that school guilty of using improper language were 
 required to chew bits of soap, in order to wash out 
 the stains of impure language. It is enough to say 
 that no teacher can " employ these methods of punish- 
 ment without suffering degradation of character." 
 
 There are ways of trampling on a child's rights 
 other than by physical abuse. There is no more effi- 
 cient instrument of torture than a venomous tongue. 
 Ridicule and sarcasm leave deeper wounds than blows ; 
 they are invisible, but lasting, and may turn a life 
 into a wrong channel. A little girl said, " Our teacher 
 don't whip much, but oh! how she does scold. She 
 can say the awfullest things. I don't believe she ever 
 loved anything in her life." What teacher would be 
 proud of such a reputation ? The very life of a teacher 
 impresses itself upon the pupil, this being especially 
 noticeable in the changing of teachers where there is 
 a marked difference in discipline and methods. A 
 little girl's first teacher had been kind, and had gov- 
 
INTERPRETING THE ACTIONS OF PUPILS. 49 
 
 erned in that easy manner which characterizes the 
 natural teacher, but her second teacher ruled by force ; 
 she scolded, pulled, jerked, and punished the pupils 
 in many ways, and naturally had no control. The 
 effect produced on the little girl was soon noticeable. 
 In playing with her dolls, she scolded, jammed, jerked, 
 and slammed them until it was distressing. She never 
 had a kind word for one of them, carrying out in her 
 play the daily life at school. The next term she had 
 a gentle teacher, and there was no more scolding of 
 the dolls, but she rather overdid the work in caressing 
 them. Most children at some time in their lives need 
 punishment, but it should be graded just as well as 
 the number work or reading lesson, — it should never 
 be humiliating. 
 
 The misinterpretation of the actions of pupils is 
 a serious matter. There are children whose motions 
 and actions, if not understood, might be severely repri- 
 manded, and yet not deserve it. To teach a child self- 
 control is one of the highest aims of the teacher ; that 
 is a line of training which ought to be in the minds 
 of teachers continually. So many children have never 
 learned to control themselves, or even to depend upon 
 themselves for anything. 
 
 When General Shafter, the hero of Santiago, com- 
 manded the forces of that great battle, he had many 
 suggestions from his fellow commanders as to how 
 the city might be taken; he listened attentively to all 
 their suggestions, but finally decided to follow his own 
 ideas, which differed materially from the others; " for," 
 said he, " when I was a boy in school, less than a 
 dozen years old, I learned to depend upon myself. Our 
 4 
 
5o INTERPRETING THE ACTIONS OF PUPILS. 
 
 teacher called up the class in mental arithmetic, and 
 began putting questions, beginning with the pupil at 
 the head of the class, and going down toward the 
 foot until someone could give a correct answer. I 
 stood near the middle of the class, and next below me 
 was a boy who was three years older, and considerably 
 ahead of me in the various studies. ' How much are 
 13 and 9 and 8? ' the teacher asked. 
 
 " While one after another of the boys and girls 
 ahead of me guessed, and failed to get it right, I fig- 
 ured out what I thought the answer ought to be. The 
 question had almost reached me when I heard the big 
 boy just below me whisper, apparently to himself, but 
 loud enough for me to hear, * twenty-nine, twenty- 
 nine, twenty-nine.' 
 
 " Finally the pupil above me failed to answer cor- 
 rectly, and then it was my turn. 
 
 " ' Well, Willie,' said the teacher, * let's see if you 
 know the answer.' 
 
 " I raised my head proudly, cast a triumphant look 
 at those who had ' fallen ' on the problem, and said 
 so that everybody in the schoolroom could hear me : — 
 
 " ' Twenty-nine.' 
 
 " ' Next,' said the teacher, ' how many are 13 and 
 9 and 8?' 
 
 " * Aw,' said the big boy just below me, with a 
 look of supreme contempt at the rest of us, ' thirty! ' 
 
 " That was what I had figured it to be myself, and 
 when the teacher said * Correct,' I wanted to fight. 
 
 " I didn't assault him, but I made up my mind 
 then to depend on my own judgment in the future, and 
 ever since then when I have had anything to do, and 
 
INTERPRETING THE ACTIONS OF PUPILS. 5i 
 
 had figured out what I considered the best way to do 
 it, I have gone ahead, remembering, when people tried 
 to throw me off the track, how that big boy made a 
 fool of me in the arithmetic class." 
 
 Examinations. — During examinations there is dan- 
 ger on the part of the teachers to misinterpret the 
 actions of pupils. Sometimes children glance about 
 them, possibly unconsciously, and these glances may 
 mislead the teacher. One thing is certain; teachers 
 ought to avoid being suspicious. If there is any char- 
 acteristic which unfits a person to teach young people 
 and children, it is the pernicious habit of being sus- 
 picious. I can not see how any person who " regards 
 everyone a rascal until he proves himself otherwise " 
 can ever expect to instill any good traits into children 
 under his charge. I have noticed that the teacher who 
 " trusts no one, but is always suspecting something 
 wrong," will get but poor work from his pupils, and 
 create no enthusiasm. Such a one is apt to get a mer- 
 ited dose sometime. 
 
 A teacher of that class always reminds one of a 
 story told by Congressman John Allen, from Mis- 
 sissippi. Mr. Allen owned a dog, which persisted in 
 howling and moaning throughout the night. It was 
 all in vain that he tried to stop the animal from indulg- 
 ing in these outbreaks, and in sheer despair, he con- 
 sulted an old darkey of the neighborhood, asking his 
 opinion as to what ailed the dog. " When a dog keeps 
 on whinin' and moanin' and howlin' like that/' said 
 the darkey, " it means that he scents something he 
 can't locate." That is the way with suspicious teach- 
 ers ; they scent imaginary trouble, but can not locate it. 
 
52 INTERPRETING THE ACTIONS OF PUPILS. 
 
 A boy in one of the schools of our State had a 
 teacher who was always watching for notes on days 
 of examination, casting suspicious glances on every 
 side. One day this teacher gave an examination in 
 which he was particularly anxious that no copying be 
 done. Among the pupils was this boy, whom the 
 teacher had charged with trying to copy or to receive 
 help. On this occasion, the boy concluded he would 
 get even with the teacher. During the examination, 
 the teacher saw the boy take out his watch several 
 times and gaze at it. He grew suspicious of the boy 
 and his watch. He walked slowly down the aisle, and 
 stopping in front of the boy, said, " Let me see your 
 watch." " All right, sir," was the meek reply, as he 
 reluctantly handed his watch to the teacher, who 
 opened the front lid, and looked somewhat sheepish 
 as he read on a paper pasted on the inside of the lid, 
 the single word, " Fooled ! " But he was a shrewd 
 man, and was not to be thrown off the track or scent 
 so easily. He opened the other lid of the watch. Then 
 he was satisfied, for there he read, " Fooled again ! ! " 
 
 It has been found, by continued experience, that 
 one of the best methods for training children to obedi- 
 ence and honesty, is to trust them. 
 
 How miserable would be humanity, if no one 
 trusted another. How much business would a mer- 
 chant do if he were so suspicious of mankind that he 
 would trust no one who lives in his village? How 
 much power would a minister have over a people whom 
 he continually mistrusted ? There could be no progress 
 in humanity, education, or religion were it not for 
 that beautiful word " trust." Trust a child if you 
 
INTERPRETING THE ACTIONS OF PUPILS. 53 
 
 want to make anything of him. A child suspected 
 never does his best work any more than a reclaimed 
 criminal who is continually watched will ever become 
 a good man. 
 
 Children's Expressions. — Teachers sometimes mis- 
 interpret the expressions of children who occasionally 
 say things which may sound rude or impertinent, and 
 yet really are not intended to be such. Children do 
 not always study their expressions before uttering 
 them; they speak spontaneously the thoughts in their 
 minds, and although their words may seem harsh, yet 
 they are innocent of having done anything wrong. 
 
 A young man said : " I was teaching in a quiet 
 country place. The second morning of the term, I 
 had leisure to survey my surroundings, and among 
 the scanty furniture I espied a three-legged stool. ' Is 
 this the dunce-block ? ' I asked a little girl of five. 
 The curls nodded, and the lips rippled out, ' I suppose 
 so, the teacher always sits on it.' " The child was 
 innocent in her remarks, and possibly never dreamed 
 the truth she had spoken. 
 
 The teacher brought that answer upon himself by 
 asking the question, and the little girl was not far 
 wrong in her answer so far as this particular teacher 
 was concerned. Many teachers, under the pretense 
 of being excessively bright, get themselves into diffi- 
 culties, and bring righteous criticism from the pupils. 
 
 A certain schoolmaster used to compare the achieve- 
 ments of his pupils with the work of noted men in 
 their boyhood, much to the scholar's disadvantage. 
 
 " John, have you solved the problem ? " asked the 
 teacher. 
 
54 INTERPRETING THE ACTIONS OF PUPILS. 
 
 " No, sir," replied the boy. " I can't." 
 
 " How old are you, John? " 
 
 " Sixteen," was the answer. 
 
 " Sixteen," repeated the wise instructor. " Six- 
 teen, and can't solve a simple problem like that ! Why 
 sir, at your age George Washington was surveying 
 the estate of Lord Fairfax." 
 
 The pupil looked thoughtful, and said, " I don't 
 know about that, but when he was as old as our 
 teacher, he was President of the United States." 
 
 The teacher who talks to children in this way will 
 find those who will meet him halfway, and he must 
 expect to find a pupil occasionally, who, by nature, is 
 quick at repartee, or is able to give an answer to which 
 the teacher can not object. 
 
 Because of our misinterpretation of the motives of 
 children, we are apt to throw around them too many 
 prohibitory fences, so much so that some children 
 are afraid to speak or move, while others are apt to 
 resent the teacher's rules. They feel hedged in on 
 every side. There ought to be a freedom about school 
 work that children will enjoy; unless there is, they 
 will never have the free use of their faculties and 
 powers. 
 
 God has given to children inherent tendencies which 
 in large measure determine their growth. The child's 
 mind is not " inert clay, awaiting the potter's touch," 
 neither are their minds as wax — easily impressed, 
 and the impression readily removed; but they are like 
 the blossoms on the trees; under the favorable influ- 
 ences of the sunshine and warmth of kindly interest 
 they will develop into rich fruit, ready for the Mas- 
 
INTERPRETING THE ACTIONS OF PUPILS. 55 
 
 ter. The child is a living, self-determining creature; 
 keep everything out of its way which will retard 
 progress. 
 
 But someone may say, " You certainly would not 
 allow your pupils to do just as they please? Would 
 you not have trouble were you to allow children to 
 follow their own tendencies and inclinations ? " Now, 
 this sounds as if children's inclinations were all bad, 
 while, indeed, their inclinations need not be detri- 
 mental to good order or proper advancement in their 
 work. A part of the teacher's work is to train the 
 tendencies of children into proper ways of living, 
 which will lead to self-control. 
 
 Some schools are governed to death. Teachers 
 walk around on their tiptoes, peeping here and there, 
 looking for what ? — " Trouble ! " They are sure to 
 find it if they seek after it. It does not improve the 
 school any to be suspicious and all the time misin- 
 terpreting the actions of children. The boy contin- 
 ually watched will plan to play tricks on the teacher; 
 a girl continually criticised will never do much good 
 in school work. 
 
 Someone has said, " The reputation for having the 
 most orderly school in the district is a fine thing," 
 but if you gain that reputation by eternal nagging, 
 growing out of the misinterpretation of the actions 
 of children, it isn't worth the trouble. " The sar- 
 castic, unsympathetic teacher may rule her domain like 
 a Russian czar, but she will find after a while that 
 czars and nihilists go together." 
 
 The wise man said, " He that ruleth his spirit is 
 greater than he that taketh a city." 
 
V. 
 
 " MANAGING THE BAD BOY." 
 
 On a sultry August day a gentleman entered a 
 street car, and took a seat near a lady. As he sat 
 down, he said, referring to some children who were 
 making considerable noise near by, " Those bad boys, 
 those bad boys." " Yes," replied the lady, " and when 
 you say ' bad boys,' it means all boys ; for there are 
 no good ones." The gentleman took no exception to 
 the language whatever, merely remarking, " I sup- 
 pose it is natural for a boy to be bad." 
 
 Both these persons were well dressed, and had the 
 appearance of being well-educated and refined people, 
 but they certainly did not believe what they said, or 
 if they did, very few people believe as they do. Since 
 that time many similar remarks have been heard on 
 the streets, in the homes, wherever there are boys. For 
 twenty years I have been constantly associated with 
 boys and girls in school work, and it is my conviction 
 that boys are as good by nature as girls, and that 
 they would be as good in name if parents cared as 
 much for the good name of their sons as they do for 
 that of their daughters. In too many instances dis- 
 crimination is made against the boy. If a man has 
 a pup worth two dollars, he will look after it care- 
 fully, he will not let it run around town at night. If 
 it gets out of its kennel, one of the children discov- 
 ers the misfortune, and comes into the house, saying, 
 56 
 
" MANAGING THE BAD BOY." 57 
 
 " That pup has gotten out again." In a moment that 
 home is all excitement — the whole family start to 
 hunt him ; they look in the barn, under the porch ; they 
 whistle and call and shout, but he does not appear. 
 The wife going upstairs on an errand, finds the pup 
 asleep in the middle of the spare bed; it would be a 
 pity to disturb him, he looks so comfortable, so he is 
 left alone, and the family are all happy once more, 
 because the lost has been found. 
 
 But what about the boy that belongs to the family. 
 O, it is very different with him. He is turned loose 
 at an early age to go when he pleases, where he 
 pleases, do what he pleases, and come home when he 
 pleases; and then people wonder whence comes the 
 army of tramps and gamblers and drunkards. I have 
 no doubt that many boys go to the bad because it 
 seems the most desirable place to go. The monoto- 
 nous life that some boys lead drives them to the bad. 
 The boy ought to have an equal chance with the pup 
 at least. 
 
 I was entertained in what was designated as one of 
 the best families of a town of considerable size. After 
 supper, we went into the parlor ; that is, the husband, 
 wife, three daughters, and myself. 
 
 After a time the conversation turned on music, and 
 the daughters must all play for me. They did quite 
 well; they desired to perform very well. One of the 
 daughters looked at her mother in a longing manner, 
 and said, " Wish George could come in, he plays so 
 well; " the mother gave her daughter a knowing look, 
 and said, " If he comes in, then all the others will 
 have to come, and they are so rough; they will dirty 
 
58 "MANAGING THE BAD BOY." 
 
 the carpet and ruin the furniture," Is it any wonder 
 they were rough? What chance had they to become 
 refined ? 
 
 Home is the place above all others where boys may 
 learn to be refined and good. Boys, as well as the 
 girls, should have a place in the parlor; they ought to 
 associate with the company that comes, and be bene- 
 fited thereby; they should learn some of the real joys 
 of society in the home. If we admit that boys are bad, 
 still the law of ethics requires us, when under our care, 
 to teach them that the world expects something noble 
 of them. This is the underlying principle that has 
 developed all the real heroes of the past, and is pos- 
 sibly the greatest factor in preparing our boys for the 
 highest type of American citizenship. 
 
 Dr. Steele says : " The mind grows by what it feeds 
 on,^' If this be true, it is of vital importance that our 
 boys' minds be occupied with thoughts that will de- 
 velop truthfulness, honesty, self-respect, self-control, 
 and self-reliance. 
 
 But how can a boy grow up to be a truthful and 
 honest man when he is taught directly or indirectly 
 that he is naturally bad? How can a boy have any 
 self-respect when he is forced to the conclusion that 
 people expect all the mean things to be done by the 
 boys ? How is a boy to gain the power of self-control 
 while he is taught that " it is just like a boy to lose 
 his temper, and become perfectly furious;" and how 
 is a boy to become self-reliant while he feels that no 
 one has any confidence in his abihty to do anything 
 good? 
 
 Give the boy to understand that something good 
 
" MANAGING THE BAD BOY." 59 
 
 is expected of him, and he will not disappoint us. 
 Boys and girls are not insensible to the estimate that 
 is put upon them. A good-sized boy once said, " My 
 teacher does not expect anything good of me, and I 
 am too much of a gentleman to disappoint her." 
 
 If it be true that " beauty is not so much an inher- 
 ent quality in the object as in the delighted soul that 
 looks upon it," then it must follow that goodness and 
 meanness do not exist so much in boys and girls as in 
 the minds of those who judge them; and the bad boy 
 does not exist so much in persons as in the minds of 
 parent and teacher. No child is thoroughly bad. 
 Often it is mere bravado which teachers do not over- 
 come because of the rush of daily work. The teacher 
 sets a boy on the black list, punishes, scolds, and 
 antagonizes him, forgetting that to win him is worth 
 more than all the rest. 
 
 Children are naturally tender-hearted, and if prop- 
 erly trained, will avoid doing anything cruel. Chil- 
 dren are cruel sometimes, not so much from innate 
 wickedness as from ignorance of the injury done. If 
 you give a boy a hatchet, and he is not instructed how 
 to use it, he is as likely to try its edge on a valuable 
 cherry tree as on a stick of wood. Tradition tells of 
 George Washington's doing something of this nature. 
 
 In the same way boys and girls often are guilty of 
 acts of mischief and wrongdoing simply because they 
 do not realize the effect of their acts. 
 
 By " bad boys " we do not mean the vicious, but 
 the mischievous boys. Usually the " bad boy " is an 
 active fellow ; he is active or he would not be trouble- 
 some. He hides an orange that Mary had brought to 
 
6o " MANAGING THE BAD BOY." 
 
 school; he marks Ruth's copy book, which makes her 
 unhappy; he puts ink on the back of Edward's hand, 
 and while sitting behind Ella, he ties her apron strings 
 to the bench, and causes her to be embarrassed when 
 she tries to rise. His nature and temperament drive 
 him to activity, and his surroundings suggest things 
 for him to do. One or two such boys can annoy a 
 whole neighborhood, and yet not mean any harm. A 
 Kentucky farmer had two such boys. Seeing in the 
 weekly paper that an earthquake would occur in the 
 community, and fearing the evil effect it might have 
 on the nervous systems of his boys, he sent them into 
 Illinois to a friend, to remain until after the earth- 
 quake had passed. The day came, but no earthquake 
 appeared, but instead a letter came from the friend in 
 Illinois who had the boys in charge, saying ; " Come, 
 and get your boys, and send us the earthquake, as we 
 think it would be more easily managed than the boys." 
 One of the first essentials of success in any enter- 
 prise is a right beginning. Many a child has been 
 literally spoiled before entering the schoolroom. That 
 the boy is bad may not, therefore, be the fault of the 
 teacher, but that he should remain bad while under 
 her control is altogether another and very different 
 thing; for while it is true that parents ought rightly 
 to train their children, it is a fact that they do not,, 
 because of carelessness, lack of ability, or indifference; 
 consequently, the burden falls on the bad boy's teacher. 
 There was a boy who was called the worst boy in a 
 school of fifty. His teacher was called the best 
 teacher in the community. He was thirteen, she was 
 
" MANAGING THE BAD BOY." 6l 
 
 thirty years of age. Her manner was haughty, his 
 was likewise. She would have her own way if a will 
 had to be broken to pieces ; he was obstinate. 
 
 When but five years of age his mother tried to 
 make him say he was sorry for something he had done. 
 He would not, for he did not feel so. She whipped 
 him, and then asked him if he were sorry; his reply 
 was, " You can beat me because you are the biggest, 
 but I'll never say I'm sorry." The whipping was con- 
 tinued, then the question was repeated, " Will you say 
 you are sorry?" "No," replied the lad, "I'll never 
 say I'm sorry." The mother laid aside the stick. She 
 was defeated, and always after that he controlled her; 
 and now we find him in school with the best teacher 
 in the community. 
 
 When two such natures come together, unless great 
 wisdom is shown on the part of the teacher, there will 
 be trouble. If the teacher had used the best of judg- 
 ment, she might have turned the strong will in another 
 direction, instead of opposing it ; but the " best 
 teacher," who was his first teacher, did not make good 
 use of his strong will, and the scenes that followed 
 during the first months of their association are inde- 
 scribable. There are many such children turned over 
 to the teacher by parents. 
 
 I. Get Acquainted with " the Boy." — Too many 
 teachers meet pupils day after day without becoming 
 acquainted with them; many punishments are inflicted 
 when, if teachers were acquainted with the ones pun- 
 ished, they would not inflict the punishments. 
 
 A teacher had punished a boy in school again anH 
 
<52 " MANAGING THE BAD BOY." 
 
 again until she had begun to consider him in the light 
 of an enemy, and she felt that the boy's feeling for 
 her must be one of hatred. 
 
 So it was in the nature of a surprise when, in view 
 of the approaching holiday separation, other boys of 
 the school brought to her desk little gifts of remem- 
 brance, to have the " bad boy " approach with some 
 hesitation, and place a box of candy on her desk. 
 
 " But I don't think I can take it, Edward," she said. 
 " You have been too bad a boy ; you have seemed to do 
 everything you could to displease me." 
 
 " Oh, please take it. Miss Jones," said the bad boy 
 in entreating tones. " I worked after school hours 
 to get the money to buy it." 
 
 The teacher felt tears coming very near the surface 
 then, for the bad boy was a poor boy, and had not so 
 many pleasures in life that he could be expected to 
 sacrifice any of them for her. 
 
 Many acts of children are wrongly interpreted be- 
 cause the teacher is not well enough acquainted with 
 her pupils. If a better acquaintance with pupils were 
 experienced by the teacher, how much better fitted she 
 would be to train his powers, and help him develop 
 himself into a worthy boy, and later, a useful man, 
 
 II. Become Thoroughly Interested in the Boy. — 
 Our getting interested in him will evidently inter- 
 est him in us; and if that be true, we may have a 
 powerful influence over him. We ought not to try to 
 reform him entirely the first day ; the laws of evolution 
 work more slowly than that. Begin by inquiring why 
 the boy is bad. His actions, when rightly understood, 
 may not be actuated by an evil heart. Perhaps he 
 
"MANAGING THE BAD BOY." 63 
 
 entered the schoolroom intending to do right, but hav- 
 ing the reputation of being a had hoy, he is spoken to 
 sharply. What is the effect ? — Instantly the blood 
 mounts to his face, his good resolutions vanish, 
 anger takes the place of good intentions, and he feels 
 that everybody is against him and no one interested 
 in him. 
 
 Pupils should be commended when they do any- 
 thing worthy of commendation. There are times when 
 sharp words do more harm than good. Perhaps the 
 boy has done his best, and the only thing that will 
 incite him to a greater effort will be a kind word, 
 which costs but little, and yet its influence may last 
 a Hfetime. A word of praise is often the opening 
 wedge to the human heart. Parents and teachers 
 should take notice of the small efforts that children 
 make. 
 
 A father walked up to a map his little boy had 
 made, and pinned on the wall. He stood before it a 
 long time in silence, and in silence walked away. The 
 little fellow was sitting by the table with his books, 
 watching with eager eyes, waiting anxiously for a 
 word of approval from his father; as none came, his 
 little face fell unhappily. The father walked into the 
 next room, and said to his wife carelessly : — 
 
 " Robert has drawn a very clever little map in there. 
 Look at it when you go in." 
 
 " Did you tell Robert so ? " asked the wife, who 
 had already praised her son's good work. 
 
 " Why, no. I ought to have done so. I never 
 thought to mention it." 
 
 " Well you ought to be ashamed of yourself," was 
 
64 " MANAGING THE BAD BOY." 
 
 the deserved reply. " Go back now, and tell Robert 
 what you think of his work." 
 
 Often we ought to be ashamed of ourselves for like 
 sins of omission. 
 
 You may say, " Praise to face, open disgrace." I 
 do not believe it. The proverb is wrong, and the 
 opposite is very often true. Praise to the face is one 
 of the best things on earth, and there can be no dis- 
 grace in it, unless untruth enters, or the praise is not 
 deserved. 
 
 The teacher or parent can always find something 
 that is commendable in the child. Many a boy or 
 girl who sits before the teacher day after day, hears 
 but little praise at home, and possibly feels but little 
 kindness. The teacher with tact can put into the 
 child's nature a higher and purer feeling for some- 
 thing better than he has yet known. The habit of 
 seeking for something to commend in children will 
 bring sure reward. 
 
 Human nature can not bear to be ignored. " She 
 freezes us out," said a typical bad boy, who spoke of 
 his teacher. We should watch carefully this point. 
 Freeze out the bad in the children, but be watchful 
 that the frost does not fall upon one little bud of 
 goodness when it peeps out. Watch for the little 
 germs of goodness, that when they appear you may 
 pour sunshine upon them, and cause them to develop 
 into something of real value. Let the bad child know 
 that your sympathies are with him and that no dis- 
 tance intervenes between you, except that which he 
 makes himself; that the instant he is a good boy, he 
 stands on an equality with other children. 
 
" MANAGING THE BAD BOY." 65 
 
 There is a wonderful difference in the schools of 
 teachers who appeal to the Good and those who appeal 
 and bring into prominence the Evil. 
 
 A young teacher who had great success with a 
 class of rough boys in the worst quarter of a large 
 city, was asked at a teachers' meeting to tell some- 
 thing of the method by which she had transformed 
 the lawless street urchins into respectable little boys. 
 
 " I haven't any method, really," she said mod- 
 estly. " It is only because I have tried to become in- 
 tensely interested in the boys; I say 'don't' just as 
 seldom as I possibly can to them. These boys had 
 learned to lie and steal and fight, while truth, honesty, 
 and acts of courtesy were unknown terms to them. 
 So I began by telling them a story each morning about 
 persons who had done some brave or honest or kind 
 deed. I asked them to save up good things they had 
 seen or done to tell at our morning exercises. Their 
 eagerness about it, and their evident pride when I was 
 pleased with their little incidents, showed that they 
 were improving. There was just one boy who seemed 
 to be hopeless. He was apparently indifferent to every- 
 thing, and sat for weeks without showing any inter- 
 est, with a stolid expression on his face, and never 
 contributed anything to the conversation. I had begun 
 to be really discouraged about him, when one morn- 
 ing he raised his hand as soon as it was time to begin 
 the story telling. 
 
 " * Well, Jim, what is it you have to tell us ? ' I said 
 in the most pleasing way I could ; for I was so glad to 
 see that he was going to join in the exercises. 
 5 
 
66 " MANAGING THE BAD BOY." 
 
 " * Man's hat blew off this mornin', as I was comin' 
 to school, an' I ran an' got it for him.' 
 
 " ' And what did he say ? ' I asked, hoping that a 
 
 * thank you ' had rewarded his attempt in the right 
 direction. 
 
 " ' He said, " You young scamp, you'd made off 
 with my hat if I hadn't kept my eye on you," ' ex- 
 claimed Jim, in an excited way. 
 
 " ' And what did you do then, Jim ? ' I asked with 
 fear and trembling. 
 
 " * Didn't do nothin', just come along to school,' 
 said Jim. * I reckoned he didn't know any better, 
 and hadn't no good teachin' like I'm getting,' and 
 Jim lapsed into silence. 
 
 " This same boy became one of the interesting boys 
 after this. Some people tell me I ought to tell the 
 children how bad stealing and lying and fighting are, 
 and yet as long as they will listen to me while I say, 
 
 * Be honest, be truthful, and be kind,' I shall not keep 
 the other things before their minds." 
 
 The young teacher sat down as modestly as she had 
 risen, and it was unanimously agreed by the teachers 
 who heard her, that whatever might be said for other 
 methods, hers, which she did not even call a method, 
 had commended itself to every one. Hold up the good 
 before the children, and say very little about the bad; 
 speak of the pleasant things in life to children, they 
 will learn later about the unpleasant ones. 
 
 These lines were said of a teacher : — 
 
 " There was a little schoolma'am 
 Who had this curious way 
 Of drilling in subtraction 
 On every stormy day. 
 
" MANAGING THE BAD BOY." 6/ 
 
 " ' Let's all subtract the unpleasant things, 
 Like doleful dumps and pain, 
 And then/ said she, * you'll gladly see 
 That pleasant things remain.' " 
 
 IIL Kind Treatment. — How to treat the boy is an- 
 other essential thing. President Oilman, of Johns Hop- 
 kins University, in one of his valuable talks admits 
 that while it is possible to predict the speed that a 
 thoroughbred colt may achieve in time, or to antici- 
 pate the quality of a Durham calf, yet no one can dis- 
 cover in the nursery the coming statesman or scholar, 
 nor foretell the power in any one of a group of boys. 
 
 The childhood of Daniel Webster did not show the 
 man. He was a crying, weak, sickly boy, the puniest 
 child in the family; but at manhood he was so robust 
 that the coal-heavers paused in their work to stare 
 at him as he passed by; his first few years in school 
 did not reveal any extraordinary ability, but at man- 
 hood he was a " parliamentary Hercules." 
 
 If every boy differs from every other boy in char- 
 acter and temperament as he does in appearance, it fol- 
 lows that plans of education should be adopted as far 
 as practical to individual requirements. 
 
 Neither precocity nor dullness is a certain index of 
 the future of the boy. When we see a man, we can not 
 tell what kind of a boy he came from, and when we see 
 a boy, we can not tell what kind of a man he will make. 
 
 Many a man of influence in the world to-day had 
 a very poor beginning in life; parents have been mis- 
 taken so often even in the temperaments and dispo- 
 sitions of their own children. So many things are 
 mistaken for stubbornness, and sometimes children are 
 
68 " MANAGING THE BAD BOY." 
 
 treated for that when they really need some other 
 form of discipline. 
 
 A boy of twelve years of age was called " as stub- 
 born as a mule," when in fact he was only shy. He 
 suffered from extreme sensitiveness, and thoroughly 
 misunderstanding that quality, his family nearly 
 ruined his life. 
 
 A little girl of only eight years, otherwise beautiful 
 in character, was counted " contrary " and " stub- 
 born " by both her parents, when her conduct was 
 governed only by her vanity, and a desire to attract 
 attention. She was not stubborn, but by so treating 
 her weakness, her parents were fostering the very 
 spirit they wanted to eradicate. 
 
 " Real stubbornness must be carefully analyzed. If 
 it comes from indifference, interest must be aroused; 
 if hereditary, patience must be exercised; if a result 
 of criticism by teachers or schoolmates, it must be 
 met with extra kindness." 
 
 There is always a reason for the actions of chil- 
 dren, and it is a fact that our teaching, in too many 
 cases, is too little adapted to the individual members 
 of the school. 
 
 The great question in our modern pedagogics is to 
 destroy methods which prove to be hindrances rather 
 than helps to youthful development, and to substitute 
 for them the power of reaching and impressing indi- 
 viduals. Children of different ages and mental advan- 
 tages require different methods to produce the same 
 results. A certain teacher who had studied a par- 
 ticularly bad boy from every conceivable standpoint, 
 finally found the cause of his apparent wickedness. 
 
" MANAGING THE BAD BOY." 69 
 
 He had been especially annoying all day, and at the 
 close of school the teacher sat down by him, say- 
 ing, "John, what is the trouble, any way? Why 
 is it you find it so hard to behave in school? " Poor 
 John burst into tears, and said, " It's 'cause I'm so 
 blamed hungry all the time." Then the teacher knew 
 that the reformation must begin in the stomach. 
 
 In so many cases it is better to lead the stubborn 
 natures of children rather than drive them. It is a 
 good deal like fishing for trout. Do you know any- 
 thing about what it is to match one's skill against 
 the wily ways of a trout fighting for its life? The 
 line is cast near the edge of a stream where there is a 
 tuft of grass. The trout grabs the bait, and starts off 
 with it. Should the green fisherman now attempt to 
 land the trout, the chances are that the fish will escape. 
 
 There is too much resistance to overcome, the line 
 breaks, and the fish gets away, or if the line holds, 
 the fish tears himself loose, and the chance to catch 
 him is gone. 
 
 The experienced fisherman, on the contrary, offers 
 little resistance to the rush of the fish, keeping a tight 
 line, and biding his time when the fish wears itself out ; 
 then he draws it to the surface quietly, but being ready 
 at any time to give it more line, until at last the fish 
 is so tired that it no longer offers resistance, and is 
 pulled ashore. The only question is which will con- 
 quer, the firm will and skill of the fisherman or the 
 stubborn nature of the fish. By waiting, the fish- 
 erman wins. In many respects the stubborn boy is 
 like the fish. He is unreasonable, and draws away 
 from the teacher. If one attempts to force him, 
 
70 " MANAGING THE BAD BOY." 
 
 there is danger of a break between teacher and pu- 
 pil, whereas if the teacher, Hke the skillful fisher- 
 man, can wait a little until the boy is more tractable 
 and docile, he will be able to accomplish his end, and 
 the boy will be led to recognize the superior skill and 
 wisdom of the teacher. 
 
 Someone has wisely said, " There are times when 
 the most skillful work will fail, both in teaching and 
 in catching fish." 
 
 It depends largely upon how we treat our pupils 
 whether they become useful or not. A very bad- 
 appearing boy may have a tender heart beating under 
 his jacket. He would not let you see it if he could 
 help it, but he likes his teacher, and would do almost 
 anything for her. His mother could tell you how the 
 baby brother screams with delight when he comes into 
 the house, and how he will sit a whole day, when 
 any one of the family is sick, ready, if wanted to run 
 errands. There is great hope for such a boy. He may 
 be troublesome at times, but he is never mean or false 
 or cruel. What he needs is good influences. He has 
 the grit of stalwart manhood in him and the spirit of 
 a valiant soldier of the Cross. 
 
 IV. Trust the Boy. — We may conquer the bad boy 
 by trusting him. Some years ago a clergyman visiting 
 a school of ragged boys in London, asked a class of 
 bright, mischievous urchins, all of whom had been 
 gathered from the streets : — 
 
 " How many bad boys does it take to make a good 
 one?" A Httle fellow immediately replied, "One, 
 sir, if you trust him." 
 
 That boy revealed a secret, and like most secrets, 
 
"MANAGING THE BAD BOY." 7^ 
 
 it is very simple when once you know it. To treat 
 a boy well is to trust in the better side of his nature. 
 Suspicion hinders, but trust helps it to blossom into 
 flower and fragrance. " Trust a man, and you make 
 him trustworthy," is the saying of a wise man; and 
 he only put into other words the thought of the little 
 boy in the ragged school in London. 
 
 Experience proves over and over again that Trust is 
 the atmosphere in which the best qualities flourish. A 
 reclaimed thief, after being honest for some years, was 
 forced to steal, since he knew he was watched. The 
 doubtful look and keen supervision of a new master 
 who had been told about the man's record, drove him 
 down into the depths from which he had been lifted. 
 Trusting him would have saved him, and no doubt 
 trusting many a boy would save him. 
 
 An experiment was tried in one of our great cities 
 a few years ago. A hall was fitted up, and tables filled 
 with papers and magazines, and one especially fitted 
 up for innocent games. The boys and young men who 
 frequented the street corners and loafing places were 
 invited to spend their evenings in the hall. 
 
 The superintendent laid down but one rule, " that 
 the young men were to keep order." He trusted them. 
 At first they thought there was something behind this 
 faith in them, but as the weeks went by, their latent 
 manhood came to the surface, and they learned what 
 power they had for self-control. The young people 
 strove hard to become worthy of the trust and confi- 
 dence placed in them, and a moral revolution was 
 accomplished in that part of the city. Bad boys were 
 made good by trusting them. 
 
72 " MANAGING THE BAD BOY." 
 
 I have in mind a bright young teacher who had a 
 boy come into her grade from the next lower room. 
 He had the worst reputation of any boy in the school. 
 His behavior was so bad, and he was so disobedient, 
 that he had always been put in a seat directly in front 
 of the teacher's desk, where he could be conveniently 
 watched. While the boy's reputation had preceded 
 him, the new teacher had her own ideas as to how 
 mischievous boys should be treated. On the first day 
 she said, " Now, Joseph, they tell me you are a bad 
 boy, and need to be watched. I like your looks, and 
 I am going to trust you. Your seat will be at the 
 back of the room, end seat, fourth row from the wall." 
 That was all she said. Joseph went to the seat dum- 
 founded. He had never in his life been put upon 
 his honor before, and a new feeling came over him. 
 From the very first he proved himself worthy of his 
 new teacher's trust. She gave him a chance to reform, 
 and he did not disappoint her. She showed by her 
 treatment of him that she had faith in him, no matter 
 what evil reports she had heard about him. 
 
 She " managed him " without his suspecting it in 
 the least. On one occasion the teacher was called from 
 the room, and she asked Joseph to take his place at 
 her desk, and have charge of the room while she was 
 absent. When she returned ten minutes later, she 
 found the room in good order, and Joseph was compli- 
 mented by the teacher for having performed his duty 
 so well. 
 
 The preparation of the lessons in school is not the 
 chief thing. We must develop a higher and broader 
 
" MANAGING THE BAD BOY." 73 
 
 spirit of obedience. The making of a good man is of 
 far greater importance than the making of a good 
 reader, a good mathematician, or a brilliant scholar; 
 and the school which does not impart to its pupils the 
 elements of high character, and how to use their 
 powers in self-control, is unworthy of the American 
 people. 
 
 V. Keep the Boy Busy. — To manage the " bad 
 boy," we must give him something to do. We may ad- 
 mit that the " bad boy " is found in every school. He 
 is not bad in the sense of being vicious. He is not in 
 danger of even becoming a street loafer. His badness 
 is strictly compatible with industrious habits, but he 
 is bad in the school sense. 
 
 His conduct turns the hair of earnest parents and 
 teachers gray before its time. He is disgustingly 
 healthy, and does not seem to possess a nervous system 
 any more than does the blackboard; he is restless, 
 noisy, troublesome. Strong benches sometimes give 
 way under him, and door knobs will not keep their 
 places when he is about; even panes of glass have 
 a habit of snapping in his presence. 
 
 He is impenetrable to fogs, rain, and snow, while a 
 broiling June afternoon finds him the only cool and 
 wakeful person in the room. The scoldings which 
 he receives seem to nourish him, and the switch only 
 appears to arouse in him new ideas of tormenting his 
 teacher. When he has been punished severely a few 
 times in close succession, he will drop out of school 
 for a day or two; and even then he wonders how the 
 thing can run without his presence. He is a genuine 
 
74 " MANAGING THE BAD BOY." 
 
 boy, however, and soon forgets his punishment, and 
 returns to school, willing to overlook the teacher's 
 " wrongdoing." 
 
 Now this " bad boy " has one redeeming feature, 
 or quality; namely, a decided talent for wanting to 
 work. This reveals to us the secret of his activity; 
 and if we keep him busy, we solve the problem of his 
 discipline. 
 
 Children love activity ; they tire of stupid monotony, 
 like the boy who did not have enough to do, when 
 asked what he did in school, replied, " I wait for four 
 o'clock to come." 
 
 If we would save pupils from temptation, they must 
 be busy. The value of the farm life to boys is that 
 there is always something to be done. Give the chil- 
 dren work to do in the schoolroom, — not simply to 
 keep them busy, but work that will lead to usefulness. 
 
 A story is told of a boy who brought home his 
 arithmetic lesson, sat down, and began to try to solve 
 the problems according to directions given by his 
 teacher. After watching the boy struggle with his 
 arithmetic for awhile, his mother offered to help him. 
 
 " Oh, no," said he, " you can't do it to save you." 
 His mother was a college graduate, and naturally 
 felt her son's rebuke, and then insisted upon her ability 
 to solve the problems. She did so to her own satis-^ 
 faction, but the boy declared there was something 
 wrong, although he could not tell what it was. 
 
 " We'll leave it to papa," said the mother. " He 
 ought to know, for he took the honors of his class in 
 college in mathematics." 
 
 When the father returned from the office, he looked 
 
"MANAGING THE BAD BOY." 75 
 
 over the work, and declared the mother's solution cor- 
 rect, and indeed it was the only correct solution of the 
 problem. 
 
 The son, unconvinced, went to school the next 
 morning. At noon he came home triumphant. 
 
 " You were both wrong," said he to his parents,, 
 " and I knew it." 
 
 " What was the matter? " asked both parents. 
 
 " Well, you left out two * therefores ' and a 
 * hence.' " 
 
 A school like that, in which the teachers are more 
 careful about the " therefores " than of genuine ideas, 
 will never save the " bad boys ; " it will rather drive 
 them to do desperate things. A boy in one of our large 
 cities grew despondent over his low marks, and ended 
 his troubles by committing suicide. ""' ^3 sad story 
 leads us to inquire into the working of a system of 
 teaching and marking which may be responsible for 
 suicide. Our schools should cultivate the spirit of 
 joyousness rather than despondency. What is more 
 pitiable than a boy of ten or twelve with a prematurely 
 careworn expression, at the age which nature intended 
 to be filled with shouting and laughter and activity. 
 Many a " bad boy " has been saved by having aroused 
 in him an admiration for the way in which a 
 teacher gives instruction. A singular experience with 
 a hardened, almost criminal pupil, whose mind was en- 
 tirely unopened to the good or beautiful until he heard 
 his teacher giving instruction in geography, is told. 
 The pupil was notorious. When he entered the room 
 each morning, it was with an inaudible laugh upon his 
 face. His attendance was enforced, very frequently 
 
76 " MANAGING THE BAD BOY." 
 
 being brought to school by the truant officer. The 
 book might be opened upon his desk, but he never 
 read it. It was a clear case of incorrigibility. No 
 sane teacher would disturb the demon within by un- 
 gentle means. The boy had lost faith in teachers; he 
 had no intellectual appetite; his manner showed the 
 spirit of disobedience, and life in the schoolroom was 
 a burden to him. One day the teacher had about her 
 a group of children for a lesson in geography, the 
 topic being the products of a group of Southern States, 
 of which South Carolina was one. Much was said 
 about cotton and its culture. In the midst of the work, 
 and when the interest in the work was the greatest, 
 the teacher glanced over toward James, the notorious 
 boy. He had moved over toward the class in geog- 
 raphy, and a little later on as the lesson grew more 
 interesting, without permission, he left his seat, 
 crossed the room, and sat down near the teacher, and 
 listened intently to every word. The lesson closed, 
 and all pupils passed to their seats but James, who 
 said to the teacher in a half-shamed tone and manner, 
 " Where does it tell in my geography what you were 
 talking about to-day ? " That was the first interest 
 he had ever shown in school work. The teacher 
 grasped the opportunity, and she soon had him inter- 
 ested not only in geography but in history and arith- 
 metic, and later in language. Teachers should give 
 to the " bad boy " her sincerest sympathy, her best 
 thought, and greatest patience, not because he deserves 
 it, but because he may not be to blame for his v/ayward 
 tendencies and obstinate nature. 
 
 The " bay boy " may be the teacher's opportunity, 
 
" MANAGING THE BAD BOY." n 
 
 and she should train whatever is good in him. It is 
 encouraging to know that some of these troublesome 
 boys become, in after life, some of the most valuable 
 citizens. Indeed, there comes a turning point in the 
 lives of most of them when they begin to appreciate 
 the fact that there is a better life to live; and when a 
 reform does occur, the change is such as to make them 
 feel that they have a duty of more than ordinary im- 
 portance to perform. 
 
VI. 
 
 " MANAGING THE BAD GIRL." 
 
 One bright morning in September I stood at a little 
 way-station on one of our great trunk lines of railroad, 
 waiting for a train to carry me to a great city ten miles 
 away. Walking up and down the platform, a little 
 before eight o'clock, I saw several groups of children 
 pass by on their way to a school building, which stood 
 at the edge of the village near by. Then the great train 
 bore me away through the beautiful country. Every 
 highway along the valley seemed to be thronged with 
 children on their way to school. From the car win- 
 dows one could see them passing along by roads and 
 across green meadows with books and lunch baskets, 
 wending their way to the quiet little buildings located 
 in secluded spots where they spent many valuable hours 
 in school work. 
 
 While pondering over the scene, and as in imagina- 
 tion I saw children in all parts of the State and country 
 going to school, the great city came in sight, and I was 
 soon walking along crowded streets. Here, too, were 
 children with arms full of books hurrying along. In 
 this aggregation of children seen in country and city, 
 we find all phases of character, every form of physical 
 development, all kinds of dispositions and tempera- 
 ments — since nature never duplicates her creations. 
 Among these groups of children we find those with 
 various motives, purposes, and aspirations. The small 
 78 ^ 
 
" MANAGING THE BAD GIRL." 79 
 
 boy is present, for he loves to go to school, also the little 
 girl with her bright look and smiling countenance. 
 Among them is the older boy — having emerged from 
 the chrysalis state — with his cumulative force of char- 
 acter to be molded into the progressive man, or to be 
 neglected and dwindle into the headstrong, malicious 
 boy; the youthful girl also is present, full of life, with 
 brain capacity of sparkling thought and ready develop- 
 ment. 
 
 To study the mighty army of children in our schools 
 reveals characteristics and dispositions innumerable, 
 and because of this great variety of persons we should 
 expect them to act differently, even when circumstances 
 and environments are similar. I have read somewhere 
 that " girls jilted by their lovers reveal their nation- 
 ality. , A Spanish girl will hire an assassin to do away 
 with her faithless lover; the Italian girl will herself 
 use the stiletto; the German girl will weep and pine 
 away; the Irish girl will give her quondam lover a 
 piece of her mind; the French girl will toss her head, 
 saying, ' Just as good fish in the sea as ever was 
 caught; ' and the American girl will sue for damages." 
 
 Children as well as maidens differ because of the 
 differences of motives, mental ability, environments, 
 and power of control. This being the case, each pupil 
 needs a different method of discipline and instruction. 
 A mother being asked how she trained her seven girls, 
 replied that she had seven i lethods for training them 
 in right and wrong. If all homes would teach children 
 these two things, and train them in the practice of 
 obedience and self-control, school discipline would 
 be greatly simplified ; but all homes are not so ordered. 
 
8o " MANAGING THE BAD GIRL." 
 
 The deplorable fact is that many children, like 
 " Topsy " in " Uncle Tom's Cabin," just growed up. 
 So the school becomes a garden where weeds and 
 flowers are found, and the very first duty of the teacher 
 is to discover and distinguish between weeds and 
 flowers. Anyone, with ordinary intelligence, after a 
 month's observation can do this; it requires no great 
 psychological knowledge to do it. In general appear- 
 ance all may have much in common, and strange as it 
 may seem, some of the weeds will outshine the flow- 
 ers — but with a month's association with the chil- 
 dren the skillful teacher will know every weed and 
 flower, and she can then go to work to " transform 
 the weeds and nurture the flowers." 
 
 Among the great mass of children will be found 
 girls as well as boys who are difficult to manage, — not 
 because they are " bad," for that which we call had is 
 very often something else. It may be thoughtlessness, 
 or lack of judgment, or a largely developed faculty of 
 giddiness, or an ungovernable tendency to giggle, that 
 makes the girl act rude. We will all agree that it is a 
 very dangerous symptom in a school when a consider- 
 able number of pupils are always ready to manifest 
 their pleasure at the success of mischief or wrong. A 
 writer of note says : " I was present at an interview 
 between an assistant principal and a young girl, one of 
 her pupils. The girl said to her teacher in a petulant 
 manner, " I'd like to know what you have against me; 
 I haven't done anything." The teacher replied, " I'll 
 tell you what I have against you. You are always on 
 the side of wrong. When disorder occurs, or when 
 anything wrong is done in the school, you laugh and 
 
" MANAGING THE BAD GIRL." 8 1 
 
 show that you are pleased. I ought to find you on the 
 other side, — you should show displeasure when any- 
 thing wrong is done." The girl stood convicted. She 
 had learned a great lesson, and she accepted the rebuke 
 as coming from an estimable lady, and she grew to be 
 a teacher herself. The fault in that girl was a common 
 one; namely, to laugh and seem to be pleased at any 
 mischief that bolder pupils may perform; this espe- 
 cially when the teacher is baffled for the time. 
 
 This is illustrated in a case which occurred in Penn- 
 sylvania. There was an unruly boy in school, whose 
 chief delight was to create trouble. The teacher spoke 
 to the boy's father about him twice, and at the parent's 
 request the teacher punished the boy severely, but no 
 improvement grew out of the punishment. Finally the 
 boy's father concluded to send him to a reform school. 
 The morning before he was to be taken away the 
 teacher said to the children, " Fred Brown's father 
 has decided to send his boy to the reform school. 
 While I do not consider you all to blame in the matter 
 of Fred's bad conduct, I do feel that if he must go, 
 you girls have helped to send him. You have laughed 
 when he did bad things, and watched him when he 
 played in school, and tried to annoy his teacher. If, 
 instead, you had kept at work, and paid no attention to 
 him, and so made him understand that you did not 
 think such things were either bright or smart, he would 
 have been a better boy." The children looked as 
 though they were attending Fred's funeral. " Now," 
 said the teacher, " I ask, Do you wish to save him from 
 going to the reform school? " " Yes ! yes," they said. 
 "If I bring him back, what will you do?" They 
 
 6 
 
82 « MANAGING THE BAD GIRL." 
 
 promised neither to laugh at him nor to watch him, 
 but to ignore his bad actions until he should learn that 
 he had no friends in such matters. Fred's father was 
 told what had been done, and he promised to give the 
 boy one more chance. Soon Fred tried his old tricks, 
 but all in vain; his followers were in better business. 
 One look from the teacher effectually settled anyone 
 who seemed inclined to watch him. Fred was 
 naturally bright, as all such boys are, and when he 
 found that his conduct had the disapproval of all the 
 pupils as well as the teacher, he gave up " trying to be 
 smart," began to work, and finally became a model 
 pupil and the pride of his family. 
 
 Another class of rude girls found in school are those 
 who are impudent. The tongue is an unruly member 
 which some girls as well as some boys have not learned 
 to control. A wise teacher had an impudent girl in her 
 school. One day when she had been especially trying, 
 the teacher asked the girl to remain after school., 
 When they were alone, she asked the girl what she 
 thought a lady-like girl ought to do when she had been 
 rude and impolite, but the girl was sullen and would 
 not answer. Oh, the silence of a girl who does not 
 want to talk. The teacher said, " Think now." The 
 girl still hung her head and remained obstinate. Fi- 
 nally she said, " Well, go home now, I am sorry you 
 can not think. I will go and see your parents about 
 your conduct." The girl then spoke, and gave the 
 teacher to understand that if she went to the girl's 
 home, her mother would give the teacher a piece of her 
 mind. It is not pleasant to meet an infuriated person 
 at any time, yet this wise teacher started off with ccur- 
 
"MANAGING THE BAD GIRL." 83 
 
 age from the school building to face the reception 
 promised by the girl. 
 
 Imagine, if you can, her relief when a sweet-faced, 
 lady-like matron welcomed her with a cordiality 
 wholly unaffected, and invited her into the parlor. 
 The mother was surprised, indeed, to learn that she had 
 been represented to the teacher as one who would 
 scold. She very sensibly promised to take her daughter 
 " in hand," and she did, and in a week's time the girl 
 was very different from what she had been. Thus by a 
 fifteen-minute call this teacher learned more about the 
 "impudent" girl's peculiarities and disposition than 
 she would otherwise ever have learned. When trouble 
 arises, go to the homes, see the parents; they are 
 the ones most interested in the good name and train- 
 ing of their daughters. Do not be downcast, if you 
 meet obstinacy and stubbornness and opposition in the 
 schoolroom. Rough seas and tempests make bold sail- 
 ors, and opposition is sometimes the soul of victory. 
 It takes no effort to sail down stream, and the teacher 
 who never meets obstacles in the schoolroom will not 
 be wholly developed and equipped for the work in all 
 places. 
 
 One of the most unreasonable persons we have to 
 deal with in the schoolroom is the vain girl who knows 
 it all. She is not a whit shy; but rather tries to attract 
 attention. When a question is asked, she raises her 
 hand and looks very bright. If called upon to re- 
 cite, she rises, looks about her, pauses, consumes time, 
 is seated ; for it is " not the question she thought it 
 was." She is very restless, and it seems very hard for 
 her to keep in one position for a single minute. To a 
 
84 " MANAGING THE BAD GIRL." 
 
 casual observer, she would appear to be greatly inter- 
 ested in her work, but to the one who studies the 
 pupils carefully, it Mall be seen that her mind is upon 
 herself rather than on her studies. She lives on praise 
 at home, but does nothing at school worthy of it. 
 When she, by vanity, offends in some way, and is 
 questioned, while she will not tell an untruth, she will 
 minify her part in the offense, or rather state her 
 part in an indefinite way, and will talk all around it. 
 Her vanity has led her to lead a life of " bluffing," 
 as we say, and she expects to make her way by a super- 
 ficial brightness. She grows up to her " teens," and 
 carries the same traits of pert forwardness 'with her. 
 Once in a while she gets a lesson which is better 
 than one taken from books. One Monday morning, 
 a short time ago, two of these supercilious girls with 
 their arms full of books, the contents of which they 
 knew but little, entered a street car, and found only 
 standing room. One of them whispered to the other, 
 " I am going to get a seat from one of these men. 
 You just watch me, now." 
 
 She selected a sedate-looking individual, sailed up 
 to him, and said, " My dear Mr. Green, how delighted 
 I am to see you! You are almost a stranger! Will 
 I accept a seat? Thank you." 
 
 The sedate-looking man, a perfect stranger, gave 
 her his seat, saying : " Sit down Jane, my girl, don't 
 often see you on wash day. You must be tired ! How 
 is your mistress ? " 
 
 The girl got the seat, but lost her vivacity, and 
 for once she realized that her " game of bluff " ex- 
 posed her audacity. 
 
"MANAGING THE BAD GIRL." 85 
 
 This is a difficult class of girls to manage; they 
 are not really teachable, and although they may be- 
 long to good families, yet they have been indulged 
 until they are a worry to all their teachers. Hoiw 
 often we see one with an exceptionally pretty face, 
 and we think she must be a charming person; our 
 fancies are dispelled, however, when she opens her 
 pretty mouth to speak. The English which proceeds 
 from it is something shocking. 
 
 Robert Nourse tells a story which illustrates the 
 point, of a young lady whom he met soon after coming 
 to America. 
 
 He was helping in a revival in one of the churches 
 of the Middle States. Night after night he noticed 
 a beautiful girl sitting near the front seat. He no- 
 ticed, too, that the ministers conversed personally with 
 everyone else in the house except this particular girl. 
 The more Mr. Nourse thought about her, the more 
 he wondered if she were a Christian, and why some- 
 one did not speak to her about it. He never before 
 had seen a girl so beautiful, as such beauty was rare 
 in England. 
 
 It would be too bad if her soul were lost because 
 of negligence to speak to her. Finally he made up 
 his mind to approach her himself. When the meeting 
 opened the next evening, she sat as before, in all her 
 beauty and loveliness. After the first part of the serv- 
 ices was over, and the ministers began to go among 
 the members and seekers, Mr. Nourse approached this 
 young girl, and taking a seat beside her, said : — 
 
 " Miss, are you a Christian ? " An English girl 
 would have said, " I hope so, sir; " but to his astonish- 
 
86 " MANAGING THE BAD GIRL." 
 
 ment, this beautiful girl began chewing her gum, and 
 said : — 
 
 '' You bet your hoots I am! " 
 
 Whose fault is it that girls grow up into such; 
 unnatural beings as the one described? It can not 
 be the fault of the schools, for they do not teach 
 "" slang " or vanity or even obstinacy ; it can not be the 
 fault of the church, for that was instituted to culti- 
 vate soul power; it can not be the fault of society,' 
 for such girls have not yet entered social circles. The 
 fault must then be in the homes. Foreigners are al- 
 ways talking about " spoiled American children," but 
 they do not blame the schools for this condition of 
 things. They say that in the American homes there) 
 is too much indifference about the children attending 
 school, that too much effort is being made to make 
 the road to learning easy, and that all the habits of 
 application and concentration are uncultivated. 
 
 A little girl ten years of age was missing from 
 school for several weeks; her teacher called at her 
 home to discover the cause of the child's absence. Her 
 mother did not know why her daughter had been 
 absent, but said she would call her and find out. 
 
 " Dearie," she said, as the child came into the room, 
 " Miss Jones says that you have been out of school 
 for several weeks, and she has called to see if you 
 have been ill." 
 
 " No, indeed," said dearie, " but don't you remem- 
 ber, mama, on Easter I said I wasn't going back to 
 school for six weeks? The time is up this week; I 
 have it marked on my calendar. I'll be there Monday, 
 Miss Jones, and I'll study real hard and catch up." 
 
" MANAGING THE BAD GIRL." 87 
 
 "Isn't she a funny child?" laughed the mother. 
 " I never know what she is going to say next." 
 
 Sure enough, Monday brought " dearie," and she 
 studied as hard as she could, but she could not make 
 up those lost weeks, and " there are no words to ex- 
 press the indignation of that mother with the principal 
 when, at the commencement exercises, * dearie ' was 
 the only child in the grade who did not receive a cer- 
 tificate of promotion." This girl belongs to the class 
 of girls that gives teachers trouble in their schools. 
 They grow up without proper home training, and 
 enter school with ideas of discipline which are detri- 
 mental to any well-organized institution. It is this 
 class of girls who grow sullen, obstinate, self-willed. 
 It takes a wise man to know how to control and 
 deal with a balky horse, and it takes a very wise! 
 teacher to know how to manage a stubborn girl. 
 Sometimes old prescriptions for balky horses fail, and 
 no general direction will fit every case of stubbornness. 
 However, the remedy which proved successful with 
 a certain horse may be applied with success to per- 
 sons. A crowd had gathered about a horse and wagon 
 in the middle of the street. The horse had balked. 
 People passing by stopped to tell the driver what to do. 
 
 " Tie a string around his ear," said one. " It'll 
 give him something to think about." A string was 
 produced, and wound tightly around one of the ani- 
 mal's ears. It had no effect. 
 
 " Blindfold him ! " suggested another. A bandage 
 was tied over his eyes, and an effort made to start 
 him. Same result. 
 
 " I have owned horses all my life," said a large 
 
88 " MANAGING THE BAD GIRL." 
 
 man, " and have had some bad ones, and the only 
 thing to do is to blow into his right ear," 
 
 It was done, but the horse stood still. By this 
 time fifty people had gathered. 
 
 " Try him with an ear of corn," said a new man, 
 arriving on the scene. That failed to move the animal, 
 
 " I'll try the * persuader ' on him," said the exas- 
 perated owner, and he whipped the beast until someone 
 threatened to send for the humane agent. 
 
 All in vain. Finally a benevolent-looking old man 
 forced his way through the crowd, and said, " I have 
 seen a great many balky horses started by building' 
 a fire under them," A boy was sent to a neighbor- 
 ing furniture-store for some shavings. He came back 
 with a huge armful, placed them on the ground under 
 the horse, and touched a match to them. When the 
 smoke curled up around the horse, he looked about 
 him, and took a calm survey of the place, unbent a 
 little, and when the shavings burst into a blaze, he 
 moved forward about six feet ; he seemed to be in full 
 possession of all his faculties. He stopped with the 
 buggy right over the blaze, and not until the vehicle 
 was damaged to the amount of twenty-five dollars 
 did anyone think to scatter the embers. 
 
 Just then an old colored man in a faded suit of 
 clothes and a hat with half the brim gone, went up, 
 spoke kindly to the animal, rubbed his nose, patted him 
 on the neck, climbed into the damaged buggy, picked 
 up the lines, and said, " Git along, sonny," and the 
 horse walked off as if nothing had happened out of 
 the ordinary. It is possible that the stubborn girl, 
 under the influence of a gentle-minded teacher, who 
 
" MANAGING THE BAD GIRL." 89 
 
 will strongly appeal to her deepest nature, — try to 
 strike a chord in the girl's heart that no one has previ- 
 ously awakened, — will grow less obstinate and more 
 courteous, more thoughtful, and perhaps become a 
 leader in her conimunity. 
 
 The Creator designed the human mind to grow 
 into beauty and strength, and the teacher is one of the 
 chief instruments in its proper development. " No 
 profession calls for more patience or forbearance than 
 that of teaching." Some men can drive a team of 
 horses so that they will go along willingly and easily ; 
 other men will wear a team out in short order by nag- 
 ging it. So with some pupils of high nervous tempera- 
 ments — they must be handled properly, or they grow 
 to dislike all school work, as we would dislike a prison 
 house because it has shut off our freedom. 
 
 Is it not possible that children's natures may be 
 transformed into something unnatural when they are 
 continually " nagged," and made to feel that whatever 
 they do will be wrong? 
 
 A girl who had no opportunities to attend school, 
 when quite young, on account of sickness, entered a< 
 graded school where she found a teacher noted for 
 her sarcasm and amount of venom she could empty 
 upon the heads of her pupils. The girl had learned 
 to draw during her sickness, and would unconsciously 
 sketch some picture while a recitation was in progress. 
 One day while her teacher was explaining a problem 
 in algebra to a few of the slower ones, the girl, for- 
 getful of algebra and her surroundings for the mo- 
 ment, began drawing some lines on her notebook. She 
 was aroused from h^r enraptured gazing at the draw- 
 
90 " MANAGING THE BAD GIRL." 
 
 ing, by a clear, cold, sarcastic voice, " Young ladies 
 and gentlemen, allow me to introduce to you, Miss 
 Jones, who can do two things at once — draw like 
 Michael Angelo and listen to an explanation in alge- 
 bra." There was a suppressed laugh, and all eyes were 
 turned on the poor, bewildered girl. She bowed her 
 head on her desk; she bit her lips to keep from cry- 
 ing; and, almost blind with mental agony, she asked 
 to leave the room. Permission being given, she stag- 
 gered to the cloak-room, where she was afterward 
 found writhing in physical and mental distress. The 
 girl lay many days in a darkened room before she 
 was well enough to again enter school. Her teacher 
 was a source of terror to her, but she endured it, say- 
 ing, " Next year, I will have a different teacher." Her 
 school life the rest of the year was miserable, except 
 for the few minutes, perhaps twice a week, when the 
 principal came in, and spoke words of commendation 
 and encouragement. The day came the next term 
 when she was his pupil. Her intellect awakened, her 
 imagination began to work; the principal's words of 
 praise inspired her to make rapid progress, and she 
 graduated from that school with honors. 
 
 The true teacher has faith in the children, in their 
 capabilities, in their desires. She wields a power whose 
 strength is magical; she gets outside of the books 
 and inspires pupils with higher ideas of life. Every 
 girl who goes out of school to-day will know enough 
 mentally to get along in the world, but we want to 
 be certain that they go out well equipped with right 
 views of life as well. 
 
 What is there admirable in the brilliant, vain, ao- 
 
"MANAGING THE BAD GIRL." 91 
 
 complished selfish girl? Oh, what noble acts can be 
 accomplished by the young lady of pure thoughts and 
 bold determinations! What power she can exert for 
 the uplifting of humanity! 
 
 The life of woman has undergone many changes 
 in the course of a century, and the way woman plays 
 her part in the busy public life of the present day 
 can not be ignored in testing any part of the girl's 
 education. 
 
VII. 
 
 CRITICAL MOMENTS. 
 
 Out of the testimony of many experienced teachers, 
 we learn that there are certain moments during each 
 day in the schoolroom that may be called " Critical 
 moments/' or those periods of the day when teachers 
 must have all the faculties and powers which they 
 possess in readiness for action. The success of the 
 teacher depends largely upon these moments, and the 
 purpose of this chapter is to point out the critical 
 periods of the day. 
 
 I. Opening the Doors. — From the time the school- 
 room door is opened in the morning until the school is 
 called to order for work is a critical period. As a 
 general thing, all will be quiet in the presence of 
 the new teacher the first morning. Most of the chil- 
 dren will enter quietly and select seats. After the first 
 morning, there will be some who will become bolder 
 and will try the mettle of the new teacher. This 
 one will talk loud, that one will be boisterous, two 
 boys will clinch for a wrestle over beyond the stove, 
 and two girls will chase each other around the benches, 
 unless the teacher is there for the purpose of direct- 
 ing things. 
 
 The teacher must be alert at these times. Usually 
 
 a look from her will silence the offenders — that is, 
 
 if the teacher's look means anything. The offender 
 
 may smile, and the young teacher may think he is 
 
 92 
 
IN THE SCHOOLROOM. 93 
 
 not silenced, but when he finds that the teacher means 
 something by the way she looks, he will soon get quiet. 
 I have seen children smile as if they did not care, 
 but that was not their feeling, for almost immediately 
 they would burst into tears. 
 
 If the morning is cold or wet, I should not object 
 to children standing by the stove, — a few at a time, — 
 until warm, and clothing dry, but children should 
 never be allowed to run at will around the room, or 
 to lean out the windows or act in a boisterous man- 
 ner. A few mornings of careful training will establish 
 the order for a whole term. Teachers can have this 
 just as they zvant it. A careless teacher will have a 
 disorderly school during these opening minutes, and 
 if disorderly then, disorderly all day. 
 
 I went to a school once to visit a teacher for the 
 purpose of gaining information about his work, that 
 I might recommend him to a better place which I 
 had been asked to fill with a good teacher. I arrived 
 before school time, for I was anxious to know how 
 he put in the time before recitations began. I went 
 to the door, which was open, stepped in and sat down 
 near the door. The children were making so much 
 noise, no one could have heard a rap on the door. 
 They were racing around the room, laughing and 
 screaming, and a cloud of dust filled the room. I 
 thought the teacher had not arrived yet, but at that 
 moment saw the top of his head beyond his desk at 
 the other end of the room. The children saw me 
 enter ; we greeted each other with smiles. The thought 
 uppermost in my mind was, " This is the children's 
 hour." (I found out later that each hour of the day 
 
94 CRITICAL MOMENTS 
 
 was the children's hour.) The children naturally set- 
 tled down and became quiet, as I watched them run- 
 ning and jumping until the room was filled with one 
 great cloud of dust. So quiet did they become that 
 the teacher felt the change, and looked around to see 
 the cause of such silence. He saw me, and came for- 
 ward, apologizing for not hearing me. How could 
 he hear me? He was down behind his desk, making 
 out his monthly report. The position which I went 
 to give him he never filled; it paid twenty dollars 
 more a month than he was getting, but I could not 
 afford to recommend him to the place. A great deal 
 depends upon those minutes just before opening the 
 school for regular recitations. The teacher should 
 spend that time in getting better acquainted with the 
 pupils. They will value all the little kind words and 
 attentions. It will not be long until even the shyest 
 of the children will want to scrape an acquaintance 
 with the teacher, who will begin to receive little pres- 
 ents from the pupils. This one will bring an apple, 
 and that one a flower, perhaps, and someone will bring 
 a picture. 
 
 I read of a little girl who noticed that other little 
 girls were bringing the teacher presents, and she be- 
 gan to look around the house at home to see what she 
 could take that would please the teacher and at the 
 same time be appropriate and useful. The next morn- 
 ing she stole quietly to the side of the teacher andl 
 slipped a neat little box into her hand, on which was 
 written, " To my dear teacher." As she deposited 
 the box in the teacher's hand, she said, " They hurt 
 mama, so she could not wear them." When the teacher 
 
IN THE SCHOOLROOM. 95 
 
 opened the box, she found a nice set of "false" 
 teeth. 
 
 I want to impress upon the teachers' minds the 
 importance of these few minutes in the morning, for 
 they are precious ones for teacher and pupils — a time 
 in which the teacher must have all her faculties at 
 her command, and, while courteous and affable, never 
 make an effort to become familiar with the pupils. 
 Many a teacher has failed because she became too 
 familiar with her pupils. The teacher ought to walk 
 among the children, be free and friendly, but preserve 
 the dignity of manhood or womanhood, and thus im- 
 press upon the pupils something of the character of 
 the position of the teacher. 
 
 II. Change of Classes. — Another critical moment 
 in the schoolroom is during the change of classes. One 
 class passing to their seats, and another passing to the 
 recitation bench. I have been in schools where you 
 could scarcely tell a change of classes was being made, 
 so quietly did the children move. I have been in other 
 schools when classes moved, and it reminded me of 
 Belgium's capital the night before the battle of Water- 
 loo. Byron describes it — 
 
 "Then and there was hurrying to and fro." 
 
 When classes change, there ought to be a few mo- 
 ments of relaxation, — give the children's minds time 
 and chance to unbend, — a minute or two of whisper- 
 ing or visiting. Jennie has something of importance 
 to say to Sadie ; Mary wants to tell Grace why she was 
 late and could not come with her to school; Euclid 
 wants to question Archimedes about a problem in cir- 
 
96 CRITICAL MOMENTS 
 
 cular measure; Socrates may desire to ask Plato a 
 question in ethics ; and Cole may want to know Black- 
 stone's opinion about the teacher's right to keep a fel- 
 low in at recess, who will thereby lose valuable time 
 on the playground. Give a minute or two for moving 
 across the floor for exchanging books. The teacher 
 will gain time by it. When the class is called, there 
 should be no hurry about beginning the recitation; 
 wait until the school is quiet before you begin the new 
 recitation. Teachers can have this just as they want 
 it. Children are ready to be just what the teacher 
 desires. The great difficulty about so many teachers 
 is that they have no definite idea just how they are 
 going to do things; they change their plans so often 
 that children can not keep with the changes, they 
 become bewildered and do not know just what the 
 teacher wants them to do. 
 
 Teachers should not get into a hurry about hear^ 
 ing recitations. So many teachers are anxious to 
 get in every moment of the time in reciting. It is 
 not the amount of time we put into a recitation that 
 counts, but the power we throw into it; it is the char- 
 acter of the recitation that counts. If all are awake 
 and full of animation, the time will be long enough. 
 Have it understood that there must be no interruptions 
 during recitation; this will enable teacher and pupils 
 to concentrate their powers upon the lesson and reci- 
 tation. 
 
 III. Intermission. — Another time in school work 
 which might be called a critical moment is at inter-- 
 mission, or when pupils go out at recess or noon. 
 The manner in which pupils are dismissed has a good 
 
IN THE SCHOOLROOM. 97 
 
 deal to do with the general conduct and discipline 
 of the school. Some teachers think they dismiss in 
 an orderly way when they get the pupils quiet — boys 
 with caps in hand, girls with wraps on — the door is 
 the objective point, and when the teacher says, " Re- 
 cess," the pupils make for the door, yeUing like Mo- 
 hawks when the latter give a war-whoop. I heard 
 a young teacher describe the way he dismissed his 
 pupils. He had them get ready, all hats and wraps 
 on, and feet set ready to run for the door. He held 
 a handkerchief in the air; when all was quiet, he let 
 it drop — this was the signal for all to go. 
 
 Teachers who want to preserve good discipline will 
 never dismiss children In that way, and yet such things 
 are being done by untrained teachers. There must 
 be an orderly, definite plan which children thoroughly 
 understand. They ought to march out in regular or- 
 der. You say, " What about in the country schools 
 where all children do not care to go out? " I would 
 have those who desire to go out at intermission to 
 march out, if there were only two. A teacher can 
 not afford to be careless for a single time, without 
 losing power. 
 
 Teachers will differ in their manner of having chil- 
 dren march out of the schoolroom, just as teachers 
 will differ in their manner of conducting recitations. 
 One will show a weakness, another will show power 
 and strength. Here are two teachers with their rooms 
 ready to be dismissed for the day. The first detects 
 some signs of mischief and disorder. There is a pe- 
 culiar restlessness among the boys. They like to try 
 the teacher's mettle, who has a kind of defiant look 
 7 
 
98 CRITICAL MOMENTS 
 
 in her eye. She gives orders to this one and com- 
 mands that one in a high, unnatural tone of voice. The 
 children detect a weakness in her manner, and see 
 plainly her anxiety; they venture to risk v^hat is in 
 their minds. The word march is given, and down 
 come the feet with a heaviness that makes the build- 
 ing tremble. " Boys, stand still," shouts the teacher 
 with a shriek. " If you can't go quietly, you will 
 not go at all! " " Now pass." A suppressed giggle 
 goes the length of the row, and when the door is 
 reached, those feet come down like so many bricks. 
 An exultant war-whoop shows that they have detected 
 a weakness in their teacher's ability to control. 
 
 Now we turn to another teacher who has her room 
 ready to be dismissed. There is not the slightest indi- 
 cation of anxiety in her expression, and perhaps none 
 in her soul. There are two or three leaders, who 
 would like to stamp their feet, but when the teacher 
 looks at them and says, " Hope you will enjoy your- 
 selves on the playground," their mischief fades away, 
 for such personal interest as this teacher shows makes 
 it impossible to stamp the feet. One boy, only, shows 
 signs of being noisy; he stands next to the head of 
 the line. All is ready; the teacher says in a quiet 
 way, " Pass," but as she does so, she removes the 
 intruder from the line quietly; it is done so gently. 
 As the children pass, each looks in a good humor at 
 the boy who is waiting to be put on the rear end of 
 the line. Not a word is said to him, but he has felt 
 his teacher's power, and hereafter he will know how 
 to act, for a wise boy, like a wise man, always learns 
 something when he makes a mistake. 
 
IN THE SCHOOLROOM. 99 
 
 IV. Punishments. — The moments in which pun- 
 ishments are to be meted out are critical ones in a 
 schoolroom, and I hesitate in advising on this point. 
 It depends largely upon the child, community, offense, 
 and teacher, what punishment shall be inflicted. In 
 some communities the people thrash their wheat to 
 get the good qualities out of it, and thrash their chil- 
 dren to get good qualities into them. When I asked 
 a parent if his children had a good teacher, he said : 
 " Yes, sir ; he makes them stand around, no f oolin' 
 this winter; scarcely a day passes that he doesn't whip 
 someone." The parent could have given no better 
 evidence that the teacher was a failure, if he must 
 punish every day; it indicated that something was 
 wrong. If the teacher must punish, let it be retrib- 
 utive punishment, — a punishment that pays back 
 for something done. This is the natural way, and 
 the child can see some justice in it. To illustrate : 
 A bright but very quick-tempered little boy became 
 so angry at being sent back to his room from the line 
 one day, that he threw his cap so forcibly at the teach- 
 er's desk as to upset an inkstand and sent the contents 
 over desk, chair, and floor. He had been talked to a 
 great deal about his lack of self-control, so his teacher 
 simply said, " I am sorry, Willie, but this must all 
 be cleaned up nicely before you can go home." She 
 provided water, broom, cloth, and soap, and Willie 
 worked faithfully one and one-half hours to repair 
 damages. He made no objections, but cried most of 
 the time truly repentant tears. 
 
 A good teacher does not need to punish much, 
 for he will avoid getting a reputation for liking to 
 
,<X) CRITICAL MOMENTS 
 
 punish. We ought to abhor it, and seek the minimum 
 amount of punishment. There may be some other 
 remedy that will answer better. When the Canada this- 
 tle made its appearance in Pennsylvania, the farmers 
 tried to crush it out of existence; different methods 
 were used in order to destroy it, but the more they 
 tried to root out the evil, the more it grew. At last 
 it was discovered that one crop of wheat was what"^ 
 was needed to entirely destroy the obnoxious plant.^ 
 How suggestive, the best of grain to destroy a great 
 evil. There is the greatest benefit arising from planting 
 good thoughts, good aspirations, and good resolutions 
 in the children. These will destroy the evil things in 
 the child nature. It is worth a great deal to a teacher 
 to know when it is necessary to punish and how to 
 punish. 
 
 A manufacturer in Lowell, Mass., employed two 
 thousand men. One day something got wrong with 
 the machinery, and it stopped. For his mill to stand 
 idle for a single hour meant a great loss of money to 
 the owner. 
 
 No one could detect the trouble in the machinery, 
 and it was hecessary to send to Boston for a maste,r 
 mechanic. When he arrived, he took a little hammer 
 and tapped along on the pipes and cylinders and boil- 
 ers until he found the difficulty. In ten minutes he 
 had it fixed and the machinery went on as before. It 
 was astonishing that such a little thing should stop 
 the whole works. When the owner came to pay the 
 man, he found his bill to be $50.50. " Now," said the 
 owner, '' I am willing to pay the bill or any bill you 
 demand, but tell me why you charge such a sum ? " 
 
IN THE SCHOOLROOM. lOi 
 
 The mechanic replied, " I charge fifty cents for the 
 work and fifty dollars for knowing how." There is 
 a good lesson in this reply for the teacher. The 
 knowing how is sometimes worth more to us than the 
 work itself. There are certain offenses that must be 
 looked after in the schoolroom, such as destroying 
 property, wasting time, tattling, quarreling, stubborn- 
 ness, etc. It may be necessary to punish for repe- 
 titions of these. If so, the teacher should not punish 
 the offender in the presence of other pupils. If she 
 does, she will be defeated in her purpose; a boy is 
 bolder in the presence of others, a girl will be more 
 stubborn, and she won't answer questions that are 
 asked her. Some children will have to be told many 
 times not to do certain things, others only once. John 
 Wesley was once listening to his wife giving their 
 son a lesson, and noticed that she had to tell him 
 over and over again. At last he said, impatiently, 
 " Why do you tell that stupid child the same thing 
 twenty times?" Because," said the patient mother, 
 " nineteen times is not enough." 
 
 Some of the readers of this chapter have read the 
 story of the Tyrolese minstrel who taught a bullfinch 
 to whistle the Marseillaise. The minstrel made a wan- 
 dering tour through France, and he wanted to make a 
 fortune by having his bird " trill the French National 
 air." 
 
 He took the bird into an inner chamber of a de- 
 serted castle where no sound from the outer world 
 could reach them. Taking his violin, he played the 
 " Marseillaise." One hundred times a day he played 
 the grand old tune without varying a note or pitch. 
 
I02 CRITICAL MOMENTS 
 
 For one hundred successive days he played the 
 tune, and one hundred times each day ; and after these 
 ten thousand repetitions of the tune, the bullfinch whis- 
 tled it instinctively. The tune had become a part of 
 the bird's nervous system. His very muscles and vocal 
 chords had grown into the rhythm of the tune. He 
 had formed the unconscious habit of breathing to the 
 tune, and when he opened his mouth, he could not 
 help whistling it. So you will find children undeT 
 your charge who will have to be told over and over 
 and over again to do some things and not to do other 
 things ; this will have to be done until they form habits 
 of attention and concentration. As to the character 
 of the punishments, the person, the place, the offense, 
 the existing circumstances will have to be considered, 
 and it depends largely upon the pupils and teacher. I 
 have often been asked what I thought of " keeping 
 in " at recess and after school as a punishment. It 
 is used because our forefathers punished in that way, 
 not because there is much good in it, but because it 
 is an easy way out of a difficulty. A little boy who 
 came late to school one morning gave a very good 
 excuse for his tardiness. He had been " kept in " the 
 evening before, and when the teacher said, " Sammie, 
 you are half hour late this morning," his reply was. 
 Yes, sir, I was half hour late getting home last 
 night." 
 
 Pupils sometimes remain in poorly ventilated 
 schoolrooms so long that their faculties become so 
 dull that they could scarcely tell their own names. 
 They blunder in their recitations and are required to 
 remain at recess, and study their lessons. What they 
 
IN THE SCHOOLROOM. 103 
 
 really need is to run and jump and yell and get 
 some fresh air and new life. A little skill in seating 
 pupils sometimes prevents many offenses. When a 
 teacher finds that pupils near each other will talk or 
 otherwise interrupt the work of the school, then those 
 pupils should be put farther apart. Private talks with 
 pupils is more effective than scolding and lecturing, 
 and teachers who punish the least will have the least 
 of it to do. 
 
 V. Closing Hour. — The last hour of the day is 
 usually the hardest time of the day, and is a critical 
 period. 
 
 Children become tired in mind and body and there- 
 fore restless, and it is a hard task to hold them at that 
 time, and give instruction from three to four o'clock, 
 and yet the teacher can not afford to be lax in these 
 closing hours. In towns and villages, and also in the 
 country on pleasant days, the little ones should be dis- 
 missed earlier in the day than the older pupils. This 
 will afford some relief to the teacher, and she can 
 throw more power into the last recitations. During 
 the last hours of each day teachers will find that on 
 the character of the final recitations depends the suc- 
 cess of the day. 
 
VIII. 
 
 BLUE MONDAY. 
 
 The reader may think this a pecuhar topic to treat, 
 but the writer wishes to treat of topics which lie very- 
 near to the teacher's work. Out of my own experi- 
 ence and from testimonies of scores of teachers, and 
 from the untold troubles of those to whom I have 
 never spoken on the subject, I recognize that there 
 is no day in the week that is more trying- to the teacher 
 than * Monday." The other days appear like hours 
 as compared with Monday, which sometimes seems to 
 be as a " thousand years," and to a great many teachers 
 it is Blue Monday. 
 
 Teachers will sometimes go to their schoolrooms 
 on that day in anything but a proper frame of mind 
 for the work. Since leaving the schoolroom on Fri- 
 day they have passed through a variety of experi- 
 ences — entertaining company, or perhaps being en- 
 tertained ; attending social meetings, shopping perhaps 
 on Saturday — seeing hundreds of articles, all of 
 which leave an impression upon the mind. Then 
 comes Sunday with all its duties in the church, in 
 the Sabbath-school and in the " Young People's meet- 
 ings " — Sunday is the day Americans feast the most, 
 and take the least exercise. These and numerous other 
 things which are perfectly legitimate, have been ex- 
 perienced since the children were dismissed from school 
 on Friday evening. Monday morning arrives. How 
 104 
 
BLUE MONDAY. 105 
 
 does it find the average teacher? Rested from the 
 former week's work? Blithe and gay? Are the men- 
 tal powers quickened and the faculties all alert? Are 
 these the conditions in which you find the average 
 teacher on Monday morning? Such conditions are 
 required on the other mornings of the week, if the 
 best work possible is done. 
 
 If the teacher enters the schoolroom on Monday 
 morning In a state of mind entirely different from 
 what it was the preceding Friday, it will be im- 
 possible to take up the thread of work where he left 
 off, even if it were a proper thing to do. Not only 
 the teacher but the pupils as well have been dissipat- 
 ing or attending to duties about home; their minds 
 have been occupied in other lines, so that when Mon- 
 day comes, the minds of teacher and pupils are in a 
 chaotic state. It takes some teachers all that day to 
 get into sympathy with their work, and they come 
 out in the evening after having had many a conflict. 
 
 Every teacher knows something of " dark days " 
 in the schoolroom — the spirit of evil seems to have 
 taken possession of the whole school ; everything goes 
 wrong; every sound is piercing; the door slams; the 
 ink spills; children laugh at nothing; visitors come 
 and drive the teacher wild by talking in an under- 
 tone to each other; slates drop from careless hands; 
 books have been forgotten and left at home ; the spirit 
 of misrule reigns triumphant. My suggestion to 
 young teachers especially, is, " Do not lose heart, and 
 conclude you are a failure as a teacher." Wait: an- 
 other day of a very different kind is coming. Tuesday 
 will be bright, and everybody will fall into line and 
 
io6 BLUE MONDAY. 
 
 the week will pass swiftly, and by Friday you say to 
 yourself, " Teaching is indeed a delightful task." 
 What was the difference? I'll tell you. — On Mon- 
 day, teachers are apt to notice every little transgres-" 
 sion, and sharply rebuke every child that seems to 
 be dull or frivolous or careless. A little fellow is 
 called to stand on the floor, or receive some other 
 punishment for a little misdemeanor, which on other 
 days would not be noticed. A boy fourteen years of 
 age said to his principal, to whom he had been sent one 
 Monday afternoon for punishment, " I can get along 
 all right in school every day except Monday, and I 
 think my teacher is to blame for a part of my trouble. 
 She lets her temper fly at me, and I fight back. If 
 she would be kind, I would be obedient. On Mon- 
 day she is always * nagging.' If we do the best we 
 can, she is always sorry we can't do better. She is 
 always noticing the zvrongs and never sees the rights 
 we do. Somebody is always kept in on Monday in 
 her room, so she will have some one to ' scold.' " 
 
 Now this possibly was a just criticism of the 
 teacher. If once pupils get the idea that the teacher 
 constantly finds fault, they will become hardened and 
 unfeeling, and talking will have no effect. Scolding on 
 the part of the teacher is weakness; it is lack of self- 
 control. As frost kills the premature buds and keeps 
 back the others, so scolding kills the tender emo- 
 tions, and represses the better impulses. There is no 
 enterprise in which investments yield so small a profit 
 as that of scolding. The teacher who indulges in 
 this business makes himself and all about him un- 
 happy, without the hope of alleviation. It is feared 
 
BLUE MONDAY. 107 
 
 that many children suffer in their moral feelings from 
 scoldings received at the hand of some teacher or 
 parent. A blacksmith who was accustomed to scold 
 his family quite freely and regularly, was, one day, 
 attempting to harden a piece of steel, but failing after 
 two or three attempts, his son, who had been observing 
 the trial, said, " Scold it, father, scold it ; if that don't 
 harden it nothing else will." 
 
 No other day in the week requires skill to such 
 an important degree as does Monday, and of all the 
 departments which the whole business of teaching 
 comprehends, that of self-control is the most impor- 
 tant. 
 
 The great need of our schools is to find teacher^ 
 behind the desks who have learned self-control. Teach- 
 ers will fill their pathway with the worst kind of 
 thorns, by being unguarded in their talk ; they threaten 
 when it is uncalled for, and they themselves get the 
 worst of it, while their authority is scattered to the 
 four winds. The teacher who frets over trifles shows 
 a great weakness. A principal said to one of his) 
 teachers, who always seemed so calm and serene, "You 
 never get angry, do you? " " Angry," said the young 
 lady, " You don't know what storms go on within 
 my nature." 
 
 Guard against any extra directions on Monday, 
 yea, I would say guard against extra directions any 
 day in the week. A county superintendent said: 
 " What a foolish remark I made one Monday to my 
 pupils. It had rained on Saturday, and on Sunday 
 it had turned to snow and had frozen very hard all 
 day and night. 
 
io8 BLUE MONDAY. 
 
 " My schoolhouse stood on a hillside, and just be- 
 low was a large field and a little lake at the bottom 
 of the hill. The sledding was fine below the school- 
 house. The pupils would go down the hill and out 
 onto the little lake. I said, just before dismissing at 
 noon, ' The boy or girl who slides down the hilt 
 after the bell rings I will whip.' When I went to 
 the door to ring the bell, fifteen of the largest boys 
 and girls were sitting on their sleds ready to go, 
 just as they started I rang the bell, and away they 
 went down the hill and across the lake, while the 
 echoes of the bell died away in the distance. Oh, 
 what a blunder I made, and what an afternoon of 
 whipping, all on account of two mistakes I made. 
 First, saying they must not ride down after the bell 
 rang, and second blunder was in ringing the bell when 
 they were just ready to start down the hill." 
 
 Obedience in the schoolroom is essential, but it 
 does not come by threats and commands, and that 
 teacher who tries to control by such tactics will find 
 a hard road to travel. Three fourths of all the woes 
 and trouble the teacher experiences, he brings upon 
 himself by something he says. Many teachers ar^ 
 surprised at their own failures, and yet do not know 
 or learn the fact that they pave their way to failure 
 by untimely remarks. What shall be done on Blue 
 Monday to make it a success ? 
 
 Review! Review ! ! REVIEW ! ! ! Never Assign 
 an Advanced Lesson for Monday. — If you do, many 
 of the pupils will forget where the lessons are, and 
 come unprepared to recitation, and the day will drag. 
 But what an opportunity for reviewing, — orally, or, 
 
BLUE MONDAY. 109 
 
 perhaps, partly written ; reviewing that which has been 
 passed over in the branches. Thoughtful repetition 
 alone can insure a thorough knowledge of the sub- 
 jects. Not a merely mechanical repetition of exactly 
 the same thing, however; but repetition with a meas- 
 ure of thought in it which at each new doing or say- 
 ing insures a clearer insight into the subject. One 
 great fault in our teaching is that we go too fast 
 over the branches. We are apt to think that chil- 
 dren's minds grasp subjects as easily as do ours, and 
 when we understand a subject, we are so apt to think 
 the pupils do also. But they do not. There are al- 
 ways some in the class who need things made very 
 plain, and that is a good quality. There are many 
 things in the New Testament which would not have 
 been made so plain to us had it not been for Andrew, 
 one of the apostles. He was always asking questions 
 of the Saviour, and while Christ made things plainer 
 to Andrew and the other disciples, he also made them 
 plain for us. Many truths were made richer because of 
 Andrew's questions. So in every school there are 
 Andrews who must have things thoroughly explained 
 before they can understand the subject, and this is not 
 a loss of time. Very frequently there arc members of 
 classes found who acknowledge that they understand 
 subjects, when in reality they are not clear to many 
 of the pupils. 
 
 How, then, shall we begin the work on Monday ? — 
 With music; with singing: that is the way the sum- 
 mer birds begin their daily life, and with a song they 
 seek their food. If you are near a forest in the very 
 early twilight, you will hear a chirp from some tall 
 
no BLUE MONDAY. 
 
 tree where the first rays of the morning light strike, 
 |hen a twitter among the lower branches, until in a 
 few minutes all the birds in the woods are aroused^ 
 and a whole orchestra of song greets your hearing.. 
 As the daybreak brightens into morning the songs 
 grow stronger and sweeter. Begin the morning with 
 a song, especially on Monday morning have plenty 
 of music. It prepares the mind for receiving truth. 
 The better emotions of the being are quickened by 
 beautiful songs. You say, " you can't sing," and 
 would not dare try to lead the school in a song. Every 
 school has one or more boys and girls who can sing 
 well enough to pitch the tunes; they will be glad to 
 do it, and the others will enjoy joining in the songs. 
 "What will you sing?" Sing what the children 
 know. Sing " America; " if all children who can sing 
 at all can't sing " America," they have been wonder- 
 fully neglected, and it is time they were taught the 
 national hymn. Every neighborhood has musical se- 
 lections which everybody knows ; sing those — sing a 
 great deal on Monday. 
 
 "What else shall be vlone on Monday?" Review 
 the class in arithmetic, and the classes in number 
 work. Have you a cla^s in fractions, give the class 
 questions not found in your text-book in use, but 
 problems similar to those and from some other text- 
 book, or some you make yourself, which will be better 
 still. This is the day in which to test the pupils, but 
 that is not all. It is the day to test your own work, 
 to see if the instruction you have given during the 
 past week has been thoroagh and clear to the pupils.. 
 
 The period for Arithmetic may be used and not 
 
BLUE MONDAY. m 
 
 squandered in reviewing part of arithmetic passed 
 over. It is a good plan to have pupils make problems 
 for each other; this will add a double interest in the 
 work. With those in number work the exercises can 
 be varied — problems being given that seem to have 
 life in them; viz., "If Mary (naming some one in 
 school) goes to a store in town (name one) with 25 
 cents, and buys hair-pins for 5 cents, ribbon for 5 
 cents, a thimble for 3 cents, pencil for 2 cents, how 
 many cents will she have left? " 
 
 Then, abstractedly, draw a square with a circle 
 in the center. Place figure 4 or any other in it, and 
 other figures around the square. Children will add 
 4 and 3; 4 and 8; 4 and 2, etc. Then the process of 
 subtraction may be practiced, as 10 less 4; 7 less 4; 4 
 less 2, etc., and so with other processes. The figure in 
 the circle may be changed a number of times. Children 
 will be delighted with this kind of work. It develops 
 the powers for thinking and observation. This work 
 can be done by the individual pupil, or in concert, or 
 both. The seat work, or busy work, as we call it in 
 modern terms, may be put on the board, and the pupils' 
 work on slate or paper. No discipline is needed when 
 children have intelligent, busy work before them. 
 Better to prevent disorder in a schoolroom by work 
 than to cure cases of disorder arising from idleness. 
 Preventing is more benevolent than curing. 
 
 Thousands would have died of smallpox had not 
 Jenner dicovered the virtues of vaccination. Pasteur 
 won great honors by his discovery of a remedy for 
 hydrophobia ; his discoveries for the prevention of dis- 
 ease among domestic animals and among silkworms 
 
112 BLUE MONDAY. 
 
 have saved millions of dollars for France; his name 
 v^ill be written among the greatest benefactors of the 
 human race. To prevent a boy from becoming a 
 criminal is far better than shooting or hanging him 
 after he has become a criminal. The teacher becomes 
 master of the situation on Monday, because he pre- 
 vents disorder and idleness by giving plenty of at- 
 tractive v^ork. Busy children are happy children, and 
 Monday may be made the happiest day of the week 
 for them. 
 
 What shall be done in geography on Monday? 
 We will suppose the lesson for the past week ha^ 
 been on " Pennsylvania," or any other state. One 
 day you had the soil for the lessons; another day the 
 rivers; another, the minerals; and still another, the 
 animals or vegetation. Certainly the thoughtful, prac- 
 tical teacher would find the review of these topics 
 exceedingly valuable. Have pupils write on black- 
 board or paper or slate, using such topics as coal, iron, 
 salt, wheat, cotton, a city, or a river. It gives the 
 pupil a chance to sum up what he knows, and noth- 
 ing can please him more than to find out he has learned 
 so much. The scope of the geography review on Mon- 
 day is really unlimited in extent, and the most profit- 
 able day's work of the week may be experienced by 
 teacher and pupils. 
 
 How about the review in history? Here is a rich 
 field for review. Have you been dealing with early 
 explorers and discoveries? Then you have much that 
 needs to be repeated and reviewed in order that pu- 
 pils may remember it. Monday is the day on which 
 
BLUE MONDAY, Ii3 
 
 to do this work. Give one the topic " De Leon " to 
 write on ; another, " Balboa ; " let another draw a 
 map showing the voyages of Columbus, marking the 
 routes with dotted lines and his landing-places with 
 crosses. Let one trace on the map De Soto's line 
 of wandering through Florida and the other states 
 to the Mississippi. 
 
 Have the lessons of the past week been on one 
 or more of the Colonies? Then spend Monday re- 
 telling the stories of the settlements of Jamestown 
 and Plymouth. Do you know some story found out- 
 side of your text-book about these colonies; tell it 
 to the class on Monday. Let someone read or re- 
 cite, " Landing of the Pilgrims," by Felicia Hemans; 
 or the poem, "Jamestown," by Paulding; or Mrs. 
 Sigourney's " Pocahontas." What a field for review 
 in the literature of the colonies. 
 
 Spend a part of one Monday in the review of 
 "dates in history,"— 1492, 1502, 1512, 1541, 1565, 
 1607, 161 3, 1620, 1634, 1643, etc. Let pupils write a 
 statement about each of these dates, or as many as they 
 can, or let the pupils select their own dates, and write 
 about them. Children are not expected to memorize 
 dates by the quantity any more than they are to memo- 
 rize the words of any text-book — either would be in- 
 jurious to the mind. Children learn dates incidently 
 and in the repetition of facts. In history, dates cling 
 to the mind as steel filings cling to the magnet. I 
 have frequently tested classes on this, and found them 
 very apt in recalling scores of dates in history. In a 
 wardrobe we have hooks and pegs upon which we 
 8 
 
1 14 BLUE MONDAY. 
 
 hang our clothes; in history we use dates as pegs and 
 hooks on which we may hang the facts of history. 
 Dates are as important in history as bones to the hu- 
 man body; indeed, we might say that dates form the 
 bony structure of history and are important only in 
 connection with facts. Monday is the day for re- 
 viewing the campaigns, settlements, wars, acquisition 
 of territory, etc. Great, indeed, is the field for re- 
 viewing in the subject of history. ^ 
 
 Then the physiology, and spelling, and reading, and 
 other branches. If our time is all used in some such 
 way as has been indicated, Monday will not be " Blue 
 Monday," but, instead, it will be a red-letter day to 
 your school. More work will be done on that day 
 than any other, the time will pass rapidly, and one 
 of the great bugbears of the teacher's profession will 
 be removed. 
 
 I have read of a teacher who never tried to adapt 
 himself to the conditions which confront every teacher 
 on Monday, and to him that day was a continual 
 conflict. He could not sleep Sunday nights for think- 
 ing of the morrow, and then he could not sleep Mon- 
 •day night for thinking over the campaigns and battles 
 of the day, and then on other nights he taught school 
 all night in his dreams, and arose in the morning 
 unfit for the work of the day. 
 
 Troubles which never come are the ones which 
 give us the greatest uneasiness; borrowed troubles 
 are the ones which worry us the most; and in hear- 
 ing some of the troubles of teachers rehearsed, one 
 is sure to recall the old fable of the man and the 
 foggy morning, which runs as follows : "As I was 
 
BLUE MONDAY. 1 1 5 
 
 walking up a mountain, very early, one foggy morn- 
 ing, I saw something on the mountainside so strange 
 looking I was afraid; it looked like some huge mon- 
 ster. When I came nearer to it, I found it to be a 
 man, and, behold when I came very near the man, 
 I found it was my brother." 
 
 So with teachers; sometimes they see dangers in 
 every shadow that passes ; they try to cross the bridges 
 before reaching them; they become frightened at 
 things that have no existence, nor ever can have. 
 If, instead of such worry, the teacher would spend 
 more time in planning the work to keep children busy, 
 how much it would promote the cause of education? 
 Monday, usually so dull and gloomy, with machinery 
 hard to move, can be transformed into a day of de- 
 lightful instruction. 
 
IX. 
 
 WHAT MAKES A TEACHER VALUABLE? 
 
 I. What He Knows. — To the question: What 
 makes a teacher valuable ? a great many answers could 
 be given, all of which might be true, and yet it is best 
 to try again and again to attempt to answer the ques- 
 tion. Some one says, " It is what a teacher knows, 
 that makes him valuable." 
 
 It is unquestionably true that the person intend- 
 ing to teach can not know too much; no one has ever 
 failed for this reason, though I have read of a 
 man who explained his failure in the high school 
 work by claiming that it was because he was so weli 
 fitted for college work; I have also heard of a lawyer 
 who was invariably beaten in justice courts because 
 he said he had prepared himself with such complete- 
 ness for supreme court practice. Allowing such per- 
 sons all the credit due them, I still believe that no one 
 was ever injured for good work in the schoolroom by 
 having too good a preparation. 
 
 But many have a thorough knowledge of almost^ 
 all branches and yet have not been considered valuable 
 teachers. The knowledge of the subjects to be taught 
 alone, will never secure success to any one. A 
 teacher's knowledge of the subjects taught, and his 
 general information regarding other branches of study, 
 help to make a teacher valuable, but to know human 
 nature is of more value. 
 
 Ii6 "^ 
 
WHAT MAKES A TEACHER VALUABLE? Ii7 
 
 There are successful lawyers whose eminence in 
 the court room is based less upon their knowledge of 
 the law than their thorough knowledge of human 
 nature. The merchant studies his customers and soon 
 learns their likes and dislikes. A skillful clerk will 
 make a thorough study of human nature. To illus- 
 trate: There is in a large city a merchant who is a 
 very pious man, and has scripture reading and prayer 
 with his clerks before going to business in the morn- 
 ings. He has this as a standing rule in his store : 
 " Never make two prices for the same article. " One 
 day a lady came to buy a shawl. A number of shawls 
 were laid on the counter, but they were not expensive 
 enough. " We have other shawls," said the clerk. 
 He brought other shawls just like the first ones, and 
 doubled the price on them. The woman was delighted 
 and took one. The owner of the establishment stand- 
 ing by saw the whole transaction, and said to the clerk, 
 " Young man, you have broken our standing rule, and 
 made two prices for the same article." " Yes," said 
 the skillful clerk, * I acted on the principle of the 
 scripture you read this morning,'"'' She was a stranger 
 and I took her in." 
 
 The successful teacher must know the character- 
 istics of the individual pupil under her charge. " In- 
 stead of forty children acting like one child, she will 
 find more likely each child acting like forty children." 
 And to treat a class of forty pupils as though each 
 of the forty were an exact mental, moral, and physical 
 facsimile of the other thirty-nine, will turn out to be 
 a wrong view of human nature. Children can not 
 hide their natures, and the observing teacher will soon 
 learn the bent of each individual mind. 
 
Ii8 WHAT MAKES A TEACHER VALUABLE? 
 
 The teacher makes a mistake who tries to suppress 
 natural tendencies instead of guiding and directing 
 them. 
 
 Human activities and emotions are natural forces, 
 and can no more be destroyed than any of the phys- 
 ical forces, and that teacher is best who makes the 
 most of the pupil's own particular genius, who lends 
 his personal influence in directing the activities of the 
 mind in proper channels. In the ordinary school an 
 artificial course of procedure is followed, and a pupil 
 may follow it and the teacher not know whether he is 
 morally good or bad. Brandt, the terrible Indian 
 chief who led the attack on Wyoming, was a graduate 
 of Oxford, and it was said of him that in the prepar-- 
 atory school and college he gave no sign of the wicked 
 nature that was in him. It is sometimes a matter of 
 remark that the best scholar is the worst one, morally 
 measured. In Yale college it was proposed some years 
 age to make moral character an element to be consid- 
 ered in the distribution of rewards; this, while much 
 discussed, was not done, however. The occasion of 
 it was a young man who carried off the highest honors, 
 and yet was known to be thoroughly bad. 
 
 It is not the province of the teacher to transform 
 the pupil into anything unnatural, but his duty to 
 make the character under his control self-reliant and 
 strong in its own powers. Many a child who is cele- 
 brated for dangerous fits of temper at home becomes 
 entirely transformed under the influence of a kindly 
 teacher who knows something of human nature. It 
 is well, when the pupil disobeys, for the teacher not to 
 be troubled, or to show to be disconcerted in the least. 
 
WHAT MAKES A TEACHER VALUABLE? 1 19 
 
 A teacher had a boy who was rude and troublesome; 
 she called him to her desk; he came, and while stand- 
 ing about a yard away she looked him steadily in the 
 eye, then she said, coolly and slowly, " You may take 
 your seat." That boy felt his teacher's mental force; 
 it troubled him. After school he came up, and said, 
 " I don't see what you called me up for ; I haven't done 
 anything." Now for the tact. She looked him coolly 
 in the eye again, and said, " Come here again to-mor- 
 row; I have nothing further to say at present." At 
 that time she had him in a state of mind where good 
 judgment made him a helpful friend, and when he 
 appeared the next day he came trembling before that 
 teacher. He felt her power. This and the teacher's 
 influence must be supreme. A mother who met the 
 children's teacher, said, " How do you get along so 
 well with Jennie in school? She has never minded 
 me well, and I have so much trouble with her, but I 
 never hear any trouble with her at school. I wish you 
 would tell me how you manage her." Hear an ideal 
 teacher's answer. " I always expect Jennie to obey 
 me, and she does." " But," said her mother, " don't 
 she refuse to do her work when you give it to her?" 
 " I take for granted," said the teacher, " that my chil- 
 dren are going to do what I ask them. Time enough 
 to watch them when they fail to do the work. But 
 they do not fail. I should not want to be watched and 
 suspected if I were in their place, and so I let them see 
 that I believe in them." The mother went away puz- 
 zled but feeling certain that if this teacher should ask 
 her to do anything with that bright, confident way 
 of hers she should certainly do it. 
 
I20 WHAT MAKES A TEACHER VALUABLE? 
 
 There is a constant force in that teacher who stud- 
 ies her pupils. Often the smallest act on the part of 
 a child will stand as a key to the child's whole nature, 
 and by it the teacher can judge what is best for the 
 child, and on that lay the foundation for a most valu- 
 able life. 
 
 IL What He Can Do. — Some persons affirm that 
 " a teacher's value is determined by what he can do." 
 Mr. Browning's estimate of a man or woman lay in, 
 " not what they refrain from, but what each can do,"' 
 This is also the Bible judgment. The man with the 
 one talent began to make excuses, but the master criti- 
 cised him for what he had not done to make the world 
 better. 
 
 There is a great difference between knowing a 
 thing and being able to do it. This applies with 
 peculiar force to teaching and other professions. A 
 physician who can not set a broken bone or cure a 
 case of simple sore throat will not inspire much con- 
 fidence in patients. The physician in Robner'^s 
 Satires could always tell at once the Greek name of a 
 disease, but was never able to suggest a remedy or a 
 cure. If a teacher can not give satisfaction in the most 
 elementary phases of his work, what guarantee is there 
 that he is doing wonderful things in matters too elus- 
 ive for any human tests. 
 
 The great masterpieces in painting, sculpture, arch- 
 itecture, and music reveal perfection in the smallest 
 and least essential elements. It is right that teachers 
 should be asked to produce certain evidence of certain 
 results, and to be able to give certain reasons for the 
 things they do. To arouse and develop the moral 
 
WHAT MAKES A TEACHER VALUABLE? I2l 
 
 elements, to get into sympathy with the children, to 
 get a strong hold on their inner life and strengthen 
 the character so that it becomes self -controlled, is far 
 more than ability to give good lessons, and when the 
 teacher puts her actual self into the task, it is no longer 
 a task but a j oy. 
 
 " He is a good teacher, but can not control his 
 school," is a criticism we hear so often. Can a teacher 
 be valuable and lack the power to govern? More 
 complaints are lodged against teachers for being un- 
 able to govern their schools than all other causes! 
 combined. The patient, cautious, just teacher has no 
 trouble in governing children. They yield readily to 
 a clearheaded, kindhearted, resolute person who knows 
 what he wants, and takes proper steps to secure it. 
 And the first step toward becoming a good disciplin- 
 arian is to have a proper idea of what to do. A teacher 
 without a purpose is like a ship without a rudder, — 
 simply drifts with the tide. 
 
 How great is the work of the teacher! Who can 
 measure its effects upon the children, upon commun- 
 ities, or upon states? 
 
 Not many years ago a young man was called to 
 be principal of a school in a village. He was a bright 
 young man, and was capable of something higher, and 
 people wondered that he should bury himself in such 
 an isolated place, since there was no intellectual life 
 ,or movement in that community. The town boys had 
 been content to get a little learning, and then drift off 
 into any work that offered. The people felt that 
 " schooling " at the academy was enough for theit 
 children. No one had gone to college from that place 
 
122 WHAT MAKES A TEACHER VALUABLE? . 
 
 for years, and all inspiration to do work of a high 
 grade was lacking. But in two years' time the young 
 teacher had worked a revolution among the people and 
 the pupils. The whole community was aroused at the 
 success of the school. Pupils flocked in from thd 
 country, and the school grew so large that two assist- 
 ants were necessary. The teacher had effected an 
 " educational revival." But the crowning triumph in 
 the eyes of this earnest, devoted teacher, was the desire 
 for a higher education that he had aroused in three 
 boys who prepared themselves for college under hisi 
 instruction. This was but the beginning, for other 
 boys, fired by the example of the three who went away 
 to college, desired the higher education. The whole 
 community seemed to acquire a thirst for knowledge, 
 and right on that point we are lead to say that too 
 many young people finish their school life without" 
 having acquired any thirst for advanced educational 
 advantages. In the broad fields of knowledge they 
 seem to see nothing they care to obtain, and they go 
 out into the world with no serious thought that the 
 school is only the ante-room of education. 
 
 The teacher, therefore, who does the greatest work 
 is the one who inspires, by his presence and useful 
 knowledge, others to acquire higher ideals and broader 
 views of life as well as the best, practical education. 
 
 ///. What He Is. — Someone affirms that " IVhaf 
 a teacher is " makes him valuable, — what he is intel- 
 lectually, physically, morally, and socially, to which 
 might be added, his training as a teacher. Someone 
 has also said that a teacher should be " affable, benevo- 
 lent, courteous, deserving, exacting, firm, genteel, 
 
WHAT MAKES A TEACHER VALUABLE? 123 
 
 humorous, industrious, judicious, kind, lenient, 
 modest, noble, observing, prompt, quick, robust, 
 skillful, true, unfailing, vigilant, warm-hearted, youth- 
 ful, and zealous ; but to this definition, long as it may 
 be, should be added that a teacher should be a gentle- 
 man or lady in the broadest sense, — a person may 
 have all the characteristics I have named and yet be 
 unfit to teach. The teacher may lack the most of them 
 and yet be a great power in the schoolroom. The 
 living example of the teacher is more potent sometimes 
 than much learning, for it does not make so much dif- 
 ference what a child learns as from whom he learns it. 
 We can not estimate the influence of the surroundings 
 upon children. We know that in the plant life, that 
 without rich soil, pure air, the heat and light of the 
 sun, and the moisture of dew and rain, no plant will 
 live. We know that if we throw a pebble into a lake, 
 although the waves it creates may be small, yet they 
 will exert an influence until they reach the shores. 
 They may be met by other waves and be modified, yet 
 the effect is entirely obliterated. " A cloud arose in 
 the west, the wind directed it eastward and blew 
 down an acorn, the cloud poured it rain down on the 
 earth, the acorn received a drop; it in turn quenched 
 the thirst of a little bird; it in turn plumed its wings 
 and flew upon a little limb beside a window and' 
 poured forth its tender and joyous carol, and thus 
 gave inspiration to the poet to indite a joyous chant 
 that has cheered and comforted thousands of human 
 beings." The mountain dweller does not know that it 
 is nature that has made him a lover of liberty and of 
 home, yet observant historians say this is the work of 
 
124 WHAT MAKES A TEACHER VALUABLE? 
 
 nature. But personal influence is much greater than 
 the influence of nature Lipon mankind, for it is as wide 
 as the infinite itself. And so in the schoolroom, the 
 garden of human plants, there should be found all the 
 elements which will develop strong and beautiful char- 
 acters. We partake more or less of our surroundings. 
 None of us are responsible for our early surroundings. 
 One child is born and reared in a good home, where it 
 breathes an atmosphere of purity and refinement. An- 
 other child is born in a hovel, in the midst of vice. 
 
 The responsibility is very different in these places, 
 because of the different environments. The teacher 
 has nothing to do but recognize the difference, accept 
 what comes, and mold the best character possible out 
 of the material. Nourish the good, and through the 
 influence of the teacher shape and control the thoughts 
 and feelings of those who enter the schoolroom. The 
 schoolroom must cultivate the whole nature of the 
 child; not only the intellectual but the aesthetic and 
 moral as well. Whenever a boy has learned to be con- 
 scientious in the matter of clean hands, hair combed, 
 and polished boots, then the teacher has a boy who has 
 laid a good foundation for gentlemanly manners. His 
 surroundings have begun to be felt, and he is building 
 in a manner that will be felt in later years. 
 
 A gentleman advertised for a boy to assist him in 
 the office, and nearly fifty applicants presented them- 
 selves before him. Out of the whole number he 
 selected one, and dismissed the rest. 
 
 " I should like to know," said a friend, " on what 
 ground you selected that boy, without a single recom- 
 mendation?" "You are mistaken," said the gentle- 
 
WHAT MAKES A TEACHER VALUABLE? 125 
 
 man " he has a great many. His manner is worth 
 a hundred thousand dollars to him. He wiped his feet 
 when he came in, and closed the door after him, show- 
 ing that he was careful ; gave up his seat to that lame 
 old man, showing that he was thoughtful and kind; 
 he took o£f his hat when he came in, answered my 
 questions respectfully, showing that he was polite; 
 he picked up a book I had purposely laid upon the 
 floor, and replaced it upon the table, while all the 
 others stepped over it or pushed it aside ; and he waited 
 quietly for his turn, instead of pushing or crowding,! 
 showing that he was honest and orderly. When I 
 talked with him, I noticed that his clothes, while not 
 made of costly material, had been carefully brushed,? 
 his hair in nice order, and his face clean. When he 
 wrote his name, I noticed that his hands were clean, 
 and not dirty, like that handsome little fellow's in the 
 blue jacket. 
 
 " Don't you call those things letters of recommen- 
 dation ? I do ; and I would give more for what I can 
 tell of a boy by using my eyes ten minutes than all the 
 letters of recommendation he could bring me, and 
 I repeat that this boy whom I have chosen has man^ 
 ners that are worth more than a hundred thousand 
 dollars to him." That boy had inherited good quali- 
 ties, and those nourished by the influence of some 
 valuable teacher had made him first in the list of 
 applicants. " What a teacher is makes him valuable." 
 The sentiment is a good one. A school is likely to be 
 shaped by what the teacher is more than by any other 
 influence. To train up a child in the way he should 
 go, it requires that the teacher-trainer should walk in 
 
126 WHAT MAKES A TEACHER VALUABLE? 
 
 it himself. The teacher's influence over children is 
 greater than that of the parent, since it comes from a 
 wider field, and hence more powerful and more contin- 
 uous, like the influence of the sun upon the earth ; it is 
 greater than the minister's, for he deals with those 
 whose habits are formed, while the teacher deals with 
 those who are in the formative period, and if the 
 teacher is endowed with good judgment, a kind dispo- 
 sition, a good mind, and crowned with a good char- 
 acter, he will be able to acomplish wonders. His life is 
 an open book, — a guide for those under his care. He 
 is a born teacher, and loves the work because he sees 
 those under his care growing into real men and 
 women. I believe in the young person 'who is proud 
 of the profession, and works as if the fate of the whole 
 world depends upon him, and not be ashamed to teach, 
 as did a couple of prominent ladies, who, when they 
 went to spend a season at Atlantic City, asked the 
 proprietor of the hotel that the fact be kept a pro^ 
 found secret. How often do teachers speak dis- 
 paragingly of their own profession. 
 
 There is no discredit in being a shoemaker, but there 
 is in making a bad shoe. It is not the labor that 
 dignifies the person, but the person who dignifies the 
 work. After Epaminondas, a Grecian general, who 
 led the " Sacred Band " in the battle of Leuctra which 
 placed Thebes at the head of Greece, had gained the 
 great victory, his enemies, who were in the majority, 
 elected him the public scavenger of the city. The noble- 
 spirited man accepted the office, saying, " The place 
 does not confer dignity upon the man, but the man 
 on the place." ^ 
 
WHAT MAKES A TEACHER VALUABLE? 127 
 
 I have read that those who heard the speeches of the 
 great Lord Chatham always felt there was something 
 finer in the man than in anything he said, and there are 
 teachers whose very presence does more for the chil- 
 dren than the instruction of many a brilliant educator. 
 Without this personal influence and power, the general 
 upon the field of battle, the lawyer before the jury, 
 the minister in the pulpit, and the teacher in the school- 
 room, must expect defeat.- A lady teacher, when 
 asked what she considered the happiest moment of her 
 life as a teacher, replied, " When a young man about 
 to enter the minstry said to me, ' You made me what 
 I am ! It was not so much what you said or what you 
 did, but what you are that gave me new ideas of life 
 and life's work.' ' The example of many teachers is 
 no doubt the chief element in shaping many destinies. 
 The benedictions of many good teachers have fallen 
 like the mantle of a prophet on thoughtful children, 
 and as long as that influence lives they will have a 
 foretaste of the life which is to come. " You made 
 me what I am " — was that not a tribute worth recall- 
 ing? Such a teacher saw beyond the text-book; she 
 was an unconscious worker, and her vision was not 
 limited by the horizon of the subjects she taught, but 
 in her work she builded three tabernacles, — one for the 
 pupils, one for the teacher, and one for Him that is 
 a friend of all children and Teacher of all teachers. 
 
X 
 
 PRACTICAL CHILD STUDY. 
 
 What Richard III said of himself on a memor- 
 able occasion may be said of us all, namely, that 
 " we come into the world half made up." Among 
 other things we lack are teeth, the power to walk, 
 and the power to talk. The colt or the calf, when 
 a day old, can frisk about, and it apparently knows 
 more about the world at that age than the child after 
 he has dwelt upon the earth for a year. 
 
 During the first years of a child's life impressions 
 are being made; "it doth not yet appear what he 
 shall be," but we know that the perception is devel- 
 oping, and he is able to distinguish persons, to meas- 
 ure height and weight, and to take delight in color 
 and sound; he perceives that he is not so tall as his 
 little brother, that a red apple is more pleasant to 
 the eye than a green one, and that there is something in 
 music that thrills his soul; and yet he may not be 
 able to tell how he knows any of these things. At 
 first confused images were presented, but as they grow 
 clearer, he begins to compare and discriminate. By 
 his observation of the big world about him, he begins 
 to feel other powers developing in him ; he remembers 
 the dog's name, he knows a book from a box, he 
 chooses the biggest piece of cake on the plate. This 
 shows that discrimination begins at a very early age. 
 It is astonishing also how early the individual traits 
 and peculiarities of dispositions begin to show them- 
 128 
 
PRACTICAL CHILD STUDY. 129 
 
 selves, and his temper to be apparent, — whether he 
 will be ill-tempered or mild, obedient or obstinate. 
 During the first years he is accumulating experience, 
 and a multitude of sensations are being stored in his 
 little memory. He discovers that the fire burns, that 
 the wind blows, that the sun shines, that It grows 
 dark at night, that he gets hungry, that over-eating 
 causes distress, and often leads his parents to give him 
 disagreeable medicine. He soon becomes a marvelous 
 reader of human nature, he learns how to move his 
 mother and how to persuade his father. The child 
 that does not know, when it is two years of age, which 
 of its parents is most easily imposed upon, will never 
 amount to much. 
 
 Maurice and Harry had been rude to their mama. 
 She put them to bed earlier than usual, and then com- 
 plained to their papa about them. He started up the 
 stairway. They he^rd him coming. " Here comes 
 papa," said Maurice, " I shall pretend to be asleep." 
 " I shan't," said Harry, " I shall get up and put some- 
 thing on." 
 
 At a very early age the child studies the cause 
 and effect of things, and sits in judgment on the ac- 
 tions of others. 
 
 Little Charley had been very naughty, and was im- 
 prisoned for an hour in the kitchen wood-box. He 
 speedily began to amuse himself with chips and splin- 
 ters, and was playing quite busily and happily, when 
 a neighbor entered the house by the way of the kitchen. 
 "Charley," she cried, "what are you doing there?" 
 " Nothing," said Charley, " mama's just been having 
 
 9 
 
I30 PRACTICAL CHILD STUDY. 
 
 one of her bad spells." His father said to him on 
 one occasion, " Now, Charley, I have whipped you 
 only for your own good. I believe I have only done 
 my duty. Tell me, what do you think, yourself?" 
 " If I should tell you," said Charley, " you'd give 
 me another whipping." With all his faults, this Char- 
 ley had a vein of sympathy in his nature which mani- 
 fested itself often. For instance: one day he and 
 his younger brother, Arthur, had been seated at the 
 dinner table, when Charley saw but one orange on 
 the table, and immediately burst into a wail that 
 brought his mother to the scene. " Why, child," said 
 his mother, " what are you crying for ? " " Because 
 there ain't any orange for Arthur," said Charley. 
 
 How early in life, children learn the art of imi- 
 tation. This is shown in speech, in manner of walk- 
 ing, in the tone of voice, in the expression of the eye, 
 or by a single gesture. Sometimes this imitation be- 
 comes ludicrous. A little boy who had attended class- 
 meetings a number of times at the Methodist church, 
 gathered a lot of his associates about him for the 
 purpose of holding class-meetings under a shade tree. 
 He was only five years old, and gave the first testi- 
 mony thus : " Brethren and sisters, I have been a 
 humble follower of the Lord nigh unto thirty-five 
 years, and regret that I did not start in the good 
 way sooner. Pray for me." Is this not an echo of 
 a testimony of some good Christian you have heard? 
 
 We are prone in our mature self-conceit to think 
 of the children as the embodiment of ignorance, and 
 yet if we listen to their words, we will often be struck 
 with the clearness of their insight. They sometimes 
 
PRACTICAL CHILD STUDY. 13 1 
 
 touch upon the deepest problems of human experience 
 and of our relations to the divine. A little girl, when 
 she heard the minister say in his sermon that *' Satan 
 was the wicked one running around to destroy the 
 good," and then heard him say in the same sermon that 
 " God could do all things," asked her mamma, " Why 
 don't God kill the devil and then there would be 
 no evil one?" The most real longing and need of 
 the soul was expressed by the same little girl, when 
 in her prayer she said, " Lord, love me when I am 
 naughty." 
 
 Children are very human; they don't conceive that 
 it is necessary for them to be cautious to avoid giv- 
 ing offense ; they haven't learned the conventionalities 
 of society ; they have not learned to say, " I am de- 
 lighted," when they have been bored to death; to say 
 they love books and their teachers, and to sit quiet 
 and unprotesting when their parents make statements 
 about them that the children know are not quite 
 straight. The child sees things just as they are, 
 and even their faults are frequently our faults re- 
 peated. 
 
 Being very human, children speak out what is in 
 their minds and hearts. " Why don't you sing 
 louder," said the teacher to a boy. They were sing- 
 ing, " I want to be an angel, and with the angels 
 stay." The truthful boy replied, " I am singing as 
 loud as I feel." He was a hale, hearty, ruddy-faced 
 boy wrapped up in marbles, shinny, and baseball, and 
 he had no longing for an angelhood, and so he was 
 singing as loud as he felt. 
 
 There is a sort of complacency found in children, 
 
132 PRACTICAL CHILD STUDY. 
 
 however, which is inseparable from ignorance. A lit- 
 tle four-year-old said, " Aunt Fannie, is God very 
 good ? " " Yes, very good," said Aunt Fannie. A 
 pause, then the four-year-old asked, " Is he gooder 
 than me?" "Yes, better than anybody in the whole 
 world." After pausing for a moment, the child said : 
 " Maybe, Aunt Fannie, you don't know how good 
 I am." A grown person would never have said that. 
 Big people only talk about the sins they feel them- 
 selves free from, hoping to be credited With an extraor- 
 dinary degree of Christian humility. People would 
 be disappointed and become angry if taken at their 
 word. I wonder how Paul would have felt if some- 
 one had said, " Yes, Brother Paul, we have known all 
 along that you were the chief of sinners." 
 
 When we are commanded to " become as little chil- 
 dren, it does not mean in every respect, for chil- 
 dren are selfish and wayward. The essential virtue 
 in children which we are to imitate is trust." The 
 child believes implicitly in what we say. If you tell 
 him there is a pot of gold at the end of the rain- 
 bow, he believes -you, and is ready to set out for 
 the prize. It is this trait of trust that we are to imi- 
 tate. A little girl heard that the church people were 
 going to meet together to pray for rain during a long 
 drought. She was the only one who carried an um- 
 brella to church, and she was the only one that es- 
 caped a drenching. She set an example of faith and 
 trust that people were to follow. We do childhood 
 a wrong when we think or say that they must lose 
 all their trust when they grow larger and wander 
 away from their childish faith. 
 
PRACTICAL CHILD STUDY. 133 
 
 It should be recognized that children are morally 
 undeveloped just as they are physically or mentally 
 undeveloped. Because a child lies, It does not follow 
 that he will lie when he gets his moral growth. I 
 remember the child at the age of five who was a moral 
 monstrosity. He would deliberately kick or strike 
 another with whom he was playing, and apparently 
 without any cause. His parents did not take the mat- 
 ter seriously; they looked upon these little acts as 
 Incidental to his life, since with them he was lovable 
 and obedient. To-day that child is a well-grown boy, 
 who is teachable, and there is no trace of criminal 
 tendency In him. We should no more expect a child 
 to be fully developed in his conscience and affections 
 than In his body or his mind. It Is not to be for- 
 gotten that good has been Inherited with the evil, 
 and to foster the good is the burden the parent takes 
 up and ought never to lay down. The tremendous 
 responsibility resting upon parents and teachers can 
 not be expressed In words. Ages ago the birds pick- 
 ing up their food by the river bank left their tracks 
 in the soft mud. To-day we can see those tracks 
 In the solid rock. So it Is with the child. The Im- 
 pressions made now will remain as clearly and as 
 permanently defined as the tracks in the rock; for, 
 as someone has said, " The child's mind is wax to 
 receive, but marble to retain." A child is apt to show 
 more temper than a grown person, and we are as- 
 tonished at times to see what little things will anger 
 it. A little three-year-old said, angrily, " Opy the 
 door," and accompanied the command with a kick 
 against the door. It was opened, when she said, as 
 
134 PRACTICAL CHILD STUDY. 
 
 she entered in an angry mood, " When I say, ' Opy 
 the door, Opy the door.' " In this act was shown 
 that domineering spirit which is as natural as Satan 
 himself. But then we must not conclude that the 
 child will be satanic when fully developed. 
 
 When the child by his evil nature is led to com- 
 mit his first theft by taking an apple or cake, the 
 parent must not think that this is a sign that he 
 will be a thief and a robber when he is grown. I 
 know there is an old saying so oft repeated, "As 
 the twig is bent, the tree's inclined," and people try 
 to twist the saying into the indications of the man 
 as found in the child; but if the child has been care- 
 fully studied and directed by the parent, he need not 
 grow into a monstrosity. 
 
 The will power is early developed, and hence for 
 a time the training of children proceeds just as it 
 would with the lower animals. Some great philoso- 
 pher says, " You can not cure a dog of committing 
 depredations in the cellar by punishing him in the 
 barn." So in the line of punishments as an end to 
 training, there must always be some relation to the 
 offense; in other words, the punished child should al- 
 ways know for what he is being punished. He is not 
 a mere " Jack-in-the-box " to be pushed aside and to 
 be played upon by all sorts of whims. His interests 
 are as many sided as the civilization into which he 
 is born. 
 
 To watch the different powers develop in the child 
 is one of the interesting things of life. The powers 
 are not strong at first, but by exercise, they gain 
 strength daily, just as a physical power is developed. 
 
PRACTICAL CHILD STUDY. I33 
 
 If one of the arms were fastened to the side and not 
 allowed to move, while the other was given full ex- 
 ercisej the free one would grow to full size, while the 
 one held fast would gradually shrink and perish; it 
 is the same where a faculty is neglected or any emotion 
 of the child is stifled. It becomes the duty of every 
 parent, therefore, to give the child's powers the great- 
 est liberty compatible with proper training. Children 
 will become self-willed, disobedient, and unreasonable, 
 unless they are properly trained ; and there are parents 
 and teachers in the world who are as unfit to train 
 children as a cannibal is to teach morality. This 
 has been the case since the early ages. Old Eli, of 
 the Bible, was a good man, but he allowed his two 
 sons, Hophni and Phineas, to do just as they pleased, 
 and " they made themselves vile." David was a good 
 man, but he allowed Absalom to run the household 
 so long, that, after he became a handsome man, he 
 wanted to rule the whole kingdom, and died in the 
 attempt; and there are parents in this day who allow 
 juvenile inclinations to predominate, and their chil- 
 dren go to the bad. There are children who, indeed, 
 are to be pitied, because they have never had any 
 restraints placed about them. Someone said of Mr. 
 Skinner, the congressman, that " he is very careful 
 about his children." " Yes," said a neighbor, " he 
 is trying to bring them up in the way he should have 
 gone himself." Poor children ! if untrained, they soon 
 lose all sense of inborn obligations and care little for 
 anyone but self. 
 
 Among the passengers on a Pullman train was a 
 woman much overdressed, accompanied by a bright- 
 
13^ PRACTICAL CHILD STUDY. 
 
 looking nurse girl and a self-willed boy three years 
 old. The boy aroused the indignation of the pas- 
 sengers by his continual shrieks and screams and 
 vicious actions toward the nurse girl. He tore her 
 hat, scratched her hands, struck her in the face, — all 
 this without any remonstrance from his mother. When 
 the nurse girl manifested any firmness, the mother 
 scolded sharply. Finally the mother laid her head 
 against the back of the seat and went to sleep. About 
 that time a wasp came sailing along and flew against 
 the window where the boy and nurse sat. He tried 
 to catch the wasp. The nurse caught his hand, say- 
 ing, in a motherly way, " Harry mustn't touch it ; 
 will hurt Harry." He screamed and began to kick 
 and strike the girl. The mother, without opening her 
 eyes, said, " Mary, let him have what he wants." 
 
 " But ma'am " said the girl. " Let him have it 
 
 at once." Thus encouraged the boy clutched at 
 the wasp and caught it. The screams that followed 
 brought tears of joy to the eyes of the passengers who 
 had been watching the little episode. The mother 
 raised her head, and said, " Mary, let him have what 
 he wants, at once," and Mary said, hurriedly, " He's 
 got it, ma'am." How many children there are spoiled 
 by parents who are unfit to be called parents. But 
 all mothers are not like the one described, or our 
 race would soon be one of desperadoes. Indeed, I 
 hope she is an exceptional one. 
 
 A short time ago I had occasion to travel over 
 the Pennsylvania Central Railroad. In the same car 
 in which I rode, I noticed a party consisting of a 
 lady and a gentleman, with a little child and its nurse. 
 
PRACTICAL CHILD STUDY. 137 
 
 They were evidently a good family, and of such ap- 
 pearance as to attract attention. I naturally wondered 
 who they were, but never found out, but 1 saw evi- 
 dence of a sensible mother. The nurse and child were 
 seated directly in front of the parents. After trav- 
 eling for several hours, the mother reached over and 
 took hold of the child, lifted it over the seat onto 
 her lap, put the child's arm around her neck, and 
 its face up against her own, placing her arm around 
 the child and holding it close in her embrace. 
 
 Not thinking where we were on the road and what 
 was before us, I wondered why such attentions, just 
 at that moment. While thus musing, we shot into the 
 long tunnel at Gallitzin. Darkness covered us for a 
 while and then light flashed out of darkness, and I 
 understood it all. The mother, with good maternal 
 sense, knew the train was approaching the tunnel, and 
 feared that her child might be frightened, and so took 
 her into her arms while in the darkness. Nor did the 
 child, by a single sound or movement, show that she 
 felt alarm. The warm embrace of the good mother 
 killed all chance of fear in the child. If all mothers 
 were like this latter one described, we would soon 
 have a race of the greatest, and most intelligent people 
 on the earth. 
 
 One of the most singular hallucinations of a vast 
 number of parents is that they should try to bring 
 up their children according to certain theories, even 
 when the theories do not fit the children. Look among 
 your friends and see if you don't know of mothers 
 practicing methods which have come down several 
 generations, or a method they have gotten from a 
 
138 PRACTICAL CHILD STUDY. 
 
 book. One mother who did not know the difference 
 between a book baby and a real one, who was amused 
 with the fun in " Helen's Babies," gave her children all 
 the cake and other dainties they wanted, just as 
 " Budge and Toddy " had them in the book. She 
 did not pause in this until she had buried two little 
 ones and the third one was seriously ill. " Now," 
 said her husband, " we must begin to take care of 
 the child's diet. We always thought children should 
 eat just what they wanted, but the doctor said our 
 children would not have succumbed to the scarlet 
 fever, if their digestive system had had g^reater re- 
 serve force." 
 
 A few years ago, one of the leading journals de- 
 scribed the life of a boy not yet four 3^ears old, — the 
 son of a wealthy widow. According to the descrip- 
 tion, the boy had a nurse who cared for his body, 
 another person who attended entirely to his clothing, 
 still another who was his governess. He had a rid- 
 ing master to drill him in athletics, and the best phy- 
 sician of the city came to see him once a week. The 
 wealthy mother was determined that her boy should 
 have all the advantages of a well-trained body. She 
 spent her time in going from one reception to an- 
 other, and saw her child only at long intervals, and 
 never at night. The boy, with all his training, de- 
 veloped into a self-willed, ungrateful boy, strong in 
 body, but with emotions undeveloped. Oh, how much 
 better it would have been if he could have felt deeply 
 a mother's love and a mother's care. If hourly, he 
 could have laid his face against that of his mother 
 without reserve or hesitation, how much innocence he 
 
PRACTICAL CHILD STUDY. 139 
 
 would have developed, and how much strength of 
 character he would have gained ! It seems a pity that 
 any child should be separated from the love and trust 
 and confidence which God implants in his very nature. 
 
 Too many mothers leave to servants these signifi- 
 cant moments of their children's lives, lovely to moth- 
 ers if they will enjoy them, and priceless to the grow- 
 ing character of their receptive powers, if taken ad- 
 vantage of. 
 
 If we wish to know how to treat a plant, we must 
 know the conditions of its healthy growth : what 
 soil it needs; what culture at first, and all along dur- 
 ing its growth. And how much we need to study the 
 child, his characteristics, as well as his mind and his 
 environments. How much we need to give him some 
 of our time. A boy went to a neighbor for advice 
 about spending a dollar which he had for Christmas. 
 
 The man said, " Why don't you ask your father 
 for advice?" The boy stammered, and said, "I — I 
 — I — am not very well acquainted with him." Doc- 
 tor Palter tells of a young man who stood at the bar 
 of justice to be sentenced for forgery. The judge 
 had known him from childhood, for his father had 
 been a famous lawyer, and had written the most ex- 
 haustive treatise on " Trusts " that was in existence. 
 
 " Do you remember your father, whom you have 
 disgraced? " asked the judge, sternly. " Yes, sir," said 
 the young man, " I remember him very well. When 
 I used to go to him for companionship and advice, 
 he would say, ' Run away, I am busy.' He was writ- 
 ing a book. He finished the book, but neglected me." 
 
 Having looked at some of the early traits and char- 
 
HO PRACTICAL CHILD STUDY. 
 
 acteristics, I come now to speak of what we should 
 do for these powers and dispositions. 
 
 There are many parents who teach their children, 
 but do no training, for training is not only teaching 
 children, but following this by practice. 
 
 When Oliver Wendell Holmes was asked when 
 the training of the child should begin, he said : " One 
 hundred years before he is born." If that be true, 
 then we are training a race which will do good or 
 evil a hundred years to come, and we live not only 
 in this century but in the centuries yet to come. When 
 Napoleon drew up his army under the shadow of the 
 pyramids of Egypt, he said : " Remember, soldiers, 
 that from yonder heights forty centuries look down 
 upon you," and from the pyramids of opportunity we 
 look down on the ages to come. Our part in the des- 
 tinies of the unborn millions is a sublime one. 
 
 Who is to do the traininsr and when shall it be 
 done? Certainly you would say, the parent and the 
 teacher. No opportunity should be lost to train the 
 children under our care. At the table is a good place 
 to study the child and train it. We regret that busi- 
 ness necessities and family cares so often make the 
 breakfast a hurried meal. In too many families the 
 breakfast table is like a lunch counter at a railroad 
 station, where everyone eats and runs. The secret 
 of the parents' power is to have companionship with 
 the children at the table. If there is no one to direct 
 the children at the table, how can we expect them to 
 be mannerly and well-behaved? How many embar- 
 
PRACTICAL CHILD STUDY. Hi 
 
 rassments could be prevented if parents would take 
 a little more time for training children in table eti- 
 quette. It is the small boy who tells things which 
 turn parents' hair white, and the table is the fa- 
 vorite theater of his activity. Not long since, in the 
 presence of distinguished company, a bright little boy 
 peered over into a dish at the head of the table, and 
 exclaimed, " What a little bit of a chicken for so 
 many people to eat." The company smiled, the parents 
 tried to quiet him, but like Banquo's ghost, " he would 
 not down," and exclaimed, " I wonder if that is the 
 one that was sick?" 
 
 A boy who has not been properly trained is an 
 uncertain quantity in the presence of company. Even 
 in the best of families, where children have had proper 
 training, someone will at some time embarrass the 
 parents. A story is told of a minister who was tak- 
 ing " tea " with one of his parishioners, a widow 
 who was a worthy member. At the table was the 
 minister, her small boy, and herself. She said to the 
 pastor, " Will you have a piece of pie? " " Not any," 
 said he. Then she turned to her little boy, and said 
 "Will you have a piece, Robbie?" "No, mamma," 
 said Robbie. " Why," said the minister, " I thought 
 all little boys liked pie." " I do," said Robbie. " I 
 could eat the whole of it; but mamma said if you did 
 not take any, for me not to, and then we would have 
 a whole pie when her dear friend, Mr. Jones, comes 
 to-morrow." 
 
 Obedience. — In the study and in the training of 
 
142 PRACTICAL CHILD STUDY. 
 
 the child we shall find that it is better to train the 
 child's will than almost any other power. He may- 
 alter his mind as he grows older, but his will power 
 will not be changed, hence the importance of teaching 
 and training a child in obedience. Everything in na- 
 ture that amounts to anything obeys certain laws of 
 growth and development. Everything in art obeys. 
 Coaxing and hiring a child is not governing him; he 
 must be conscious of authority, if he ever amounts 
 to anything. The hardest and at the same time the 
 most valuable lesson the child ever learns is to obey. 
 One of the first things we are told about Jesus is 
 that " he was subject to his parents." And then the 
 narrative afterward goes on to say that " he grew 
 in wisdom and in favor with God and men." Obedi- 
 ence is the kernel of consecrated life ; it is greater than 
 geography, and reaches higher than arithmetic, and is 
 a thing the child must learn at the beginning of life. 
 The future study of the child will deal more par- 
 ticulary with his moral nature. In order to do this 
 properly, the home and the school must be brought 
 into closer relationship. Parents and teachers should 
 be well acquainted. The child is the one to be bene- 
 fited by the acquaintance, and the study of the child 
 by both parent and teacher is the one thing needed 
 to-day to make our educational work of the greatest 
 value. Study the child and adapt the training, and 
 this great nation shall be led by the child. Christ 
 said, " Suffer the little children." " The more we 
 think of children, the more we are like the Di- 
 
PRACTICAL CHILD STUDY. 143 
 
 vine; the less we think of children, the more we are 
 like savages," A star led wise men to the Child in 
 the manger, and a child will lead wise men to Christ. 
 
 We talk about the possibilities of a grain of wheat ; 
 about the possibilities of science and art, and the pos- 
 sibilities of human discoveries of all kinds, but nothing 
 compares with a child in its infinite possibilities. 
 
 The child is the most valuable thing in all this 
 world, because of its possibilities. " Only a child ! " 
 One might as well say, "Only a little blue egg;" 
 but within that frail shell sleeps the robin. " Only a 
 trickling stream ; " but other trickling streams v/ill 
 flow into this one, and with tremendous force, turn- 
 ing wheels and spindles, it will rush on to the sea. 
 
 It might have been said of John the Baptist, " Only 
 a child;" but that child presently, as herald of the 
 King of kings, would stir a nation, calling it to re- 
 pentance and righteousness. It might have been said 
 of Abraham Lincoln, " Only a child," but that child 
 soon, by a master stroke, would break the chains of 
 slavery, and set a downtrodden race free. " Only 
 a child," but the child is the man of the future. Alex- 
 ander and Caesar, in 'all the proud possession of 
 unlimited regal sway and in the pomp and splend 
 of their unequaled power, were as incapable of self- 
 protection as they were incapable of obtaining their 
 very life's food. Napoleon, Gladstone, and Lincoln, 
 with all their might, intellect, and force of character, 
 were once helpless babes; and Morse, Franklin, Ful- 
 ton, and Edison were once carried in the arms of a 
 
144 PRACTICAL CHILD STUDY. 
 
 mother, as helpless as wax dolls, and yet see what 
 they have done, the miracles they have wrought, and 
 the achievements they have won. How much of this 
 success and subsequent glory depended upon the lov- 
 ing, tender care of the parent when they were just 
 entering the long plane of life! Every teacher who 
 to-day looks into the faces of children, may be gazing 
 into the windows of a mind that will one day startle 
 the world. A thought may be aroused which will 
 develop into an idea, and that into an achievement that 
 will shake to its very foundations the whole fabric of 
 intellectual power. 
 
XI 
 
 SCHOOLROOM HUMOR 
 
 To the majority of people, perhaps, a school- 
 teacher's life appears dull and monotonous and un- 
 eventful, but to one who is apt to look upon all sides 
 of life this is far from being a fact. The teacher who 
 spends some of her time in studying the humorous 
 element in children will develop characteristics which 
 will be a power to her. In no place is a greater vari- 
 ety of dispositions, temperaments, and human char- 
 acter found than in the schoolroom, ' 
 
 Most boys whom the teacher meets are careless, 
 irresponsible creatures, but there is a fund of genuine 
 humor in the average boy. 
 
 The majority of girls are careful, modest beings, 
 who are m.ore serious in their school work, and yet 
 enjoy the wit and humor of the schoolroom as much 
 as do the boys. 
 
 n you consider the list of your friends, it will not 
 take you long to discover that the ones you like best 
 are those with a sense of humor wrapped up in their 
 natures. If you are getting up a picnic or party, the 
 one who possesses the greatest sense' of humor is the 
 one you first think of inviting, for that one will help 
 entertain the whole company. Whether it rains or 
 shines, or if anybody else is cross, you are sure there 
 will be one who can and will extract fun out of the 
 dreariest proposition, and the first thing you know 
 
 145 
 
146 SCHOOLROOM HUMOR 
 
 she has set everybody else laughing at her droll say- 
 ings. If that person is a teacher she will see enough 
 of the ludicrous in her daily school life to make her 
 work a pleasure. There are teachers who look so sad 
 and sour that their pupils feel as if they were attend- 
 ing- a funeral instead of school. Such teachers wall 
 themselves in from all feeling; they never unbend, 
 but school themselves to withstand every sign of feel- 
 ing, and seem to labor to inject gloom and wretched- 
 ness into their work. A few teachers are like the 
 Puritans, who required their children to sit in the 
 corner all the Sabbath day, not allowing them to talk 
 or laugh. Often, no doubt, the little bodies were 
 aching from inactivity and longed to be out to enjoy 
 the beauties of the world, but that was against the 
 Puritan law of the home and they must sit and 
 meditate. 
 
 The thought of the Puritanic ways and methods 
 reminds one of the fish-peddler who was urging a 
 hungry-looking old horse along the street with heavy 
 blows from a large club and all the time crying out : 
 "Herrin' ! Herrin' ! Get your fresh herrin' ! ! A man, 
 seeing him, took pity on the old horse. "Here, man!" 
 he called to the peddler, "have you no mercy?" 
 "Nope," was the answer, "nothin' but herrin' !" 
 
 A teacher who never allows her pupils any recre- 
 ation or relaxation from hard work, but tries to make 
 childrens' lives one "grave yard of dead hopes" is out 
 of place in the schoolroom. Every school should have 
 a few minutes for the opening exercises in which a 
 variety of subjects may be discussed. It is a good 
 thing for the teacher to be searching continually for 
 
SCHOOLROOM HUMOR 147 
 
 that which will interest children. This may be along 
 the line of nature study, such subjects as the different 
 grains, fruits, wood, minerals, or animals being chosen 
 and full and free discussion being allowed. Here is 
 a field of work for a term if the teacher is a learner 
 and investigator. The advantage of discussion is that 
 it awakens thought and cultivates a spirit of investiga- 
 tion. Children will develop a power for conversation 
 through the morning exercises. A little girl who was 
 too ill to go to school was grieving because she would 
 miss the nature study lesson. In order to comfort 
 her her mother said, "I will tell you a story." The 
 little girl listened, but did not enjoy the story. 
 "Mama," she said, "you tell me what you have read 
 about things, but Miss Margaret tells us what she 
 knows about things." 
 
 Children are queer beings, after all, and sometimes 
 will surprise the teacher in charge by some precocious 
 remark, or by showing the densest ignorance. Occa- 
 sionally a child taken off his guard will give a ridi- 
 culous answer. This fact was demonstrated when a 
 teacher was instructing her pupils in the beauties of 
 nature. "Children," she said, "look out of the win- 
 dow, see the beautiful world — the sunshine, and blos- 
 soms and fields and trees; everything decked with 
 beauty. Now, this little boy in the front seat — he 
 hasn't been here before. Can you tell me who made 
 all these beautiful things that we see?" "No, ma'am!" 
 said the little stranger. "I don't know; we've just 
 moved here !" 
 
 Morning Exercises. — One teacher's particular fad 
 for the morning exercises was Scripture quotations. 
 
148 SCHOOLROOM HUMOR 
 
 Some she wrote on the boards, and to those children 
 who could not read she taught them orally. Among 
 her children was a little black, curly-headed picka- 
 ninny, who after many attempts and failures had 
 learned to recite those words of the Master, "It is I, 
 be not afraid." When the little fellow arose to give 
 his verse one morning, he turned an ashy color with 
 stage fright and, his voice full of tears and trembling, 
 he said, " 'Tain't nobody but me, don' git skeered." 
 
 This teacher said to her school one day, 'T wish 
 each of you to learn to-night a quotation which you 
 can repeat to me to-morrow morning. It may be 
 from the Bible or from any other books, so long as it 
 is good." One pupil who had not been out in the 
 world much, but had grown up rapidly until she was 
 the largest girl in school, while she swung herself 
 about, said : 'T love them that love me and they that 
 seek me early shall find me." 
 
 To vary the exercises some teachers have children 
 sing solos. To those who can sing well this is a valu- 
 able exercise, but frequently children who cannot sing 
 well, but who do not know it, volunteer to sing. In 
 a school in a country district, a little girl asked permis- 
 sion to sing a new song, saying she knew it "perfect." 
 The teacher granted her permission and the next 
 morning she sang. The exercise created much mer- 
 riment among the children, for 
 
 When Bessie rose to sing lier song, 
 
 All in her finest dress, 
 Two things that went a trifle wrong 
 
 Debarred complete success. 
 
 Her hands were clean, her face was fair, 
 Her voice was like a bird 's, 
 
SCHOOLROOM HUMOR 149 
 
 But filie didn 't really know the air, 
 And she quite forgot the words. 
 
 All Work; No Play. — Some teachers have nothing 
 in their schools but sad countenances bent on heavy 
 labor. No wonder a little fellow who felt the 
 pressure of his teacher's frown wished to move to a 
 city where someone had told him there were not 
 enough schoolrooms to accommodate the children! 
 Walking in my garden in the springtime I observe 
 that the stalks of corn have their cups turned upward 
 to catch the dew and refreshing rains. Children have 
 their faces upturned, ready to receive words and 
 smiles of approval, but instead their lives are dwarfed 
 by frowns and words of condemnation. 
 
 At the mouth of the Gulf of Mexico are two cur- 
 rents — one great warm current that sweeps across the 
 Atlantic and bathes the shores of Europe and carries 
 the fig, the olive, and the grape wherever it goes; the 
 other, the Arctic current flowing down from the 
 North, chilling everything in its course. Do you as 
 a teacher touch the children's lives to bless or to chill 
 them? Have you a little fellow in school who smiles 
 every time you look at him, and have you interpreted 
 his smile to mean that he is making fun of you, or 
 showing a spirit of braggadocio, or that he is not car- 
 ing how school goes? You may be very much mis- 
 taken. There are children who think everything of 
 the teacher. Some show it in their faces, while others 
 are too shy or sensitive even to allow the teacher to 
 find out how much they really think of her. In the 
 second room of a graded school ^vas a boy who was 
 mischievous, though not bad, and who always had a 
 
150 SCHOOLROOM HUMOR 
 
 pleasant smile on his face which the teacher inter- 
 preted in a wrong way. She thought he was teasing 
 her and smiled to torment her. She was assured by 
 the principal that the boy meant no harm ; that it was 
 only his nature and good disposition that shone out 
 through his countenance; that he had been in school 
 two years and had never given any trouble. Still, that 
 steady smile of his seemed to trouble his teacher con- 
 tinually. Finally he broke his arm and was out of 
 school several days. His teacher went to see him. 
 He was delighted to see her, and said : "I am glad to 
 see you. Miss Kime. I've been watching out the win- 
 dow for you every day, and as you go past my arm 
 stops hurting while I can see you, and I always watch 
 you out of sight. I wish you could stay here all the 
 time; then my arm would not hurt." That teacher 
 went to the principal and with eyes filled with tears 
 said : "How could I have misjudged that little boy, 
 when he thought so ipuch of me?" Now, what was 
 true of this boy is true of the majority of children. 
 They usually hold the teacher in mind as the highest 
 type of womanhood, and they worship her when they 
 feel themselves growing under her power. 
 
 'Advantages of Humor. — The sense of humor is 
 one of the most precious gifts that can be possessed by 
 a human being. "He is not a better child for having 
 this gift, but he is a happier one" ; it enables him to en- 
 joy his surroundings. The teacher who succeeds best 
 is one who makes use of the wit and attainments of 
 children. She will avoid formalism and coldness in 
 her teaching and if anything occurs which is really 
 funny, will make use of the incident by allowing the 
 
SCHOOLROOM HUMOR 151 
 
 children to laugh and relax. "Oh, but," says the sour, 
 emotionless teacher, "if I should allow the children 
 to laugh I could never get them quiet again." Per- 
 haps she could not, but a teacher who has feelings 
 akin to those of the children will have no trouble in 
 gaining quiet and the attention of all. The answers 
 given in school sometimes are very original. If they 
 are witty, teacher and pupils should laugh at them. 
 "Laughter in the schoolroom act like medicine to a 
 susceptible person." Children sometimes get things 
 mixed and yet their answers show that they read and 
 think. A little boy who did not understand the revo- 
 lution of the earth was asked how the sun got back to 
 the east in the morning. After a moment's reflection 
 he said, "I suppose it slips back at night when we are 
 all asleep." 
 
 Different kinds of incentives must be used to se- 
 cure the attention and interest of the younger chil- 
 dren. A desire to be promoted from grade to grade is 
 seen in some children ; others do not seem to care for 
 promotion. A teacher in one of the primary grades 
 of a public school had noticed a friendship that ex- 
 isted between Tommy and little Mary, two of her 
 pupils. Tommy was a bright enough youngster, but 
 he was not disposed to prosecute his studies with much 
 ardor, and his teacher saw that unless he mended his 
 ways before the end of the year he would not be pro- 
 moted. "You must study harder. Tommy," she told 
 him, "or else you won't pass. How would you like to 
 stay in this grade another year and have little Mary 
 go ahead of you?" "Aw," said Tommy, "I guess 
 there'll be other little Marys." 
 
152 SCHOOLROOM HUMOR 
 
 The child who has lately entered school experiences 
 a pleasant feeling of growth, and many children real- 
 ize that they are really growing in knowledge. A 
 little girl was telling her mother what she had learned 
 the first week, and then asked innocently, "Mamma, 
 do I know as much now as I don't know?" 
 
 Children may not understand words or distinguish 
 carefully between them, and they will jump at conclu- 
 sions, as was shown in a Kansas school. A little boy 
 ran into a schoolroom and asked the teacher why the 
 flag was up. "I really can't say," she answered. In 
 the principal's room was a large card on which were 
 marked the days in commemoration of which the flag 
 was to be run up over the schoolhouse ; so the teacher 
 said to the boy, "You may go to the principal's room 
 and look at the card and then tell me why the flag is 
 up." In a few minutes he returned and said, "It is to 
 celebrate somebody's wedding." "No, Johnny, that 
 can't be," said the teacher. "Well, it's got something 
 to do with a wedding," the boy insisted. The teacher, 
 thoroughly interested, went to the principal's room 
 to see for herself why the flag was flying and found 
 under that date these words : ''The engagement of 
 the Monitor and the Merrimac." 
 
 Sometimes pictures may mislead pupils. In the 
 spelling lesson appeared the word furlough. The 
 teacher inquired of the class what it meant. A bright, 
 observing little girl replied, "It means a mule." "Oh, 
 no," replied the teacher, "it doesn't mean a mule. 
 What made you think that?" "I have a book in my 
 desk that says so," answered the child. She was re- 
 quested to bring the book, and when the teacher opened 
 
SCHOOLROOM HUMOR 153 
 
 it she found the picture of a soldier standing by a 
 mule. Below the picture were the words : "Going 
 home on his furlough." We could not blame the 
 child for placing such an interpretation on the word 
 when it seemed so evident to her. Children learn 
 many things by association, either in seeing or hear- 
 ing. This is illustrated in a Kansas school, where a 
 pupil was asked to tell the story of a boy who owned 
 a little hatchet. The cherry-tree story apparently was 
 not familiar to him, but, remembering certain conver- 
 sations to which he had listened in his home, he said, 
 "I don't know anything about a boy and a hatchet, 
 but I can tell you something about a woman and a 
 hatchet." 
 
 Composition Work. — There is another source of 
 humor that helps the teacher on in her life work 
 which comes from the reading of compositions writ- 
 ten by the children. The queer ways they have of ex- 
 pressing themselves and the interpretation they put 
 upon a teacher's advice and directions about writing 
 compositions often are very amusing. They will 
 always find some way to say a thing, like the little 
 child who ran many errands for her mamma. One 
 day her mamma gave her a large bottle, telling her to 
 take it down to the store and get her some vinegar. 
 Now, vinegar was a word which the little girl could 
 not pronounce, always calling it winger, and she knew 
 the clerk would laugh at her way of saying it. Her 
 mother insisted that she must go. After crying a little 
 while, the child seemed to have a bright idea, and she 
 took the bottle, ran to the store and said to the clerk, 
 as she removed the cork and handed him the bottle, 
 "Smell that and give me a quart." 
 
154 SCHOOLROOM HUMOR 
 
 "Children," said a teacher, "in writing this com- 
 position, don't attempt any flights of fancy, but be 
 yourselves and write what is in you." When she 
 reached Johnny Wise's paper she enjoyed it, for he 
 had followed her directions as closely as he could. 
 She read : "We should not attempt any iiites of fancy 
 but rite what is in us. In me there is my heart, my 
 liver, two apples and one stick of lemon candy." 
 
 Sometimes a teacher's directions to a class of chil- 
 dren, or those of a professor to a class of teachers, 
 are as unintelligible as Greek is to a Hottentot, or as 
 a girl's letter was to her parents when she wrote 
 home from a boarding school that she had fallen in 
 love with "ping pong." Her father, not knowing 
 what she meant, but guessing at it, wrote immediately, 
 "Give up that fellow. No Chinaman shall marry one 
 of my daughters." 
 
 Excuses. — Another source of humor for the teacher 
 is found in the excuses given by children or those sent 
 by parents. There are many reasons for children be- 
 ing late or absent, and frequently these reasons are 
 very funny, or stated in a funny way. 
 
 A boy in the Butler schools was absent several 
 times. One Tuesday the teacher said, "I wish you 
 could all be here on Thursday and Friday of this 
 week, so that we might have our reviews those days." 
 The boy in question raised his hand and said, "I don't 
 know whether I can be here or not, Miss Breed, for 
 last night I hit my sister, and my mother said if I did 
 that again she would knock me into the middle of next 
 zveek, and if she does, I'll miss two or three days." 
 It was some time before order was restored, but the 
 
SCHOOLROOM HUMOR 155 
 
 laugh was worth more than the time consumed, and 
 the teacher was the last one to stop laughing. Were 
 it not for such incidents, teachers would grow cold 
 and morose, if they did not give up the work. I do 
 not believe in a teacher being a clown, but periods of 
 relaxation are as necessary as periods of close study. 
 From among an interesting collection of letters of 
 complaint and excuses written by parents, two are 
 given here. A new family moved into town. Three 
 days afterward the principal received this complaint : 
 
 Mr. M. don 't let the boys tare tlie close off of my children 'a 
 backs. This is the worst town I ever seen for children to fight 
 in. I never had no trouble with my children nowhere else. 
 
 Another letter reads : 
 
 Miss Brown, you must stop teach my Lizzie flsical torture she 
 needs readin and figors mit sums more as that, if I want her to 
 do jumpin I kin make her jump. 
 
 Sympathetic Hearts. — A man or a woman without 
 a kind heart has no place in the schoolroom. The 
 strongest element in the true teacher is sympathy. 
 
 The province of the teacher is not to repress self- 
 activity and freeze out buds of wit and humor, but 
 to cultivate all those elements which constitute a good, 
 flexible disposition in the child. 
 
 It is easy to keep school, but to be a true teacher 
 one must be a skilled workman. 
 
 A mother looked anxious when she said to a neigh- 
 bor: "Harry seems to be growing more and more 
 fretful and peevish every day. I wonder if his new 
 teacher has anything to do with it. He was very 
 happy in school last year, but I shall be sorry he was 
 promoted if his disposition is to be spoiled by it." 
 
156 SCHOOLROOM HUMOR 
 
 She had been a teacher herself and she knew how to 
 look below the surface of things for hidden causes. 
 She spent a part of the next forenoon in her boy's 
 schoolroom and came home in despair. She said to 
 her husband when they were alone : "Why, I couldn't 
 be in the room one week with that teacher without 
 being driven wild. Her manner and words and the 
 tones of her voice are one continual complaint. 
 Nothing that the children did was quite right, and 
 she did not utter a single word of commendation while 
 I was present. Her voice was something awful; it 
 was pitched high and was full of needles. What shall 
 we do with Harry?" Not a word of this was said 
 to Harry; the mother was too wise for that; but she 
 foresaw more harm done to the heart and soul of her 
 child in the coming year than all the good he would 
 get from that year of grade work could possibly coun- 
 terbalance. But what could she do? This case is not 
 an unusual one, although the causes are not often 
 trace,d to their source. How often are children sub- 
 jected to influences in the schoolroom that older per- 
 sons would run away from and try to evade ! 
 
 Echoes from Foreign Possessions. — During the 
 Spanish-American war this nation "went up with the 
 Maine and came down everywhere." So that we are 
 beginning to get some stories from the Porto Rico and 
 Philippine schools and learning the difference between 
 a fagged-out Spanish civilization and what is found 
 in America. 
 
 A teacher writing from the Philippines is enjoying 
 even the ignorance of the natives and the children. 
 One of his native assistants had never seen a map; it 
 
SCHOOLROOM HUMOR 157 
 
 was a great puzzle to him; he could not point out a 
 single country, nor could he find the Philippine Islands 
 on it. The young assistant was more interested in his 
 tan shoes and new white cotton suit and long finger 
 nails than in his own education. 
 
 The teacher gave a little memory gem to the chil- 
 dren and then tried to find out how much of its hid- 
 den meaning the Filipino children could detect. The 
 gem was not a classical one, but one very familiar to 
 Americans : 
 
 There was a crooked man 
 
 Who walked a crooked mile 
 He found a crooked sixpence 
 
 Against a crooked stile. 
 
 "I wonder," said the teacher, "if anyone can tell 
 what is meant by a sixpence." It was evident that the 
 gem was not a familiar one, but one child, Jacob by 
 name, said, "I know. It's nine little Indian clubs, and 
 you roll a ball at them and they all fall down." The 
 teacher helped Jacob distinguish between ninepins and 
 sixpence. What does stile mean?" asked the teacher. 
 Again there was silence, until a pupil stated : "It's a 
 big hat and tan shoes and white pants. My big 
 brother has it on Sundays." 
 
 A teacher in an Indian school says : "It is very in- 
 teresting to study the Indian children, especially those 
 of different tribes. They all seem to have a sense of 
 humor." 
 
 This teacher explained to the children that when 
 she tapped the little bell on her desk they were 
 to rise, and when she touched it the second time they 
 were to march out, the girls going first and the boys 
 following. All went well until the bell was tapped 
 
158 SCHOOLROOM HUMOR 
 
 for them to march out. The girls went, but the boys 
 all sat down. When the teacher asked for an explana- 
 tion, one of the larger boys said, "Miss, you have 
 struck at one of our Indian customs." "How is 
 that?" asked the teacher. "It is the custom for the 
 man to go first, carrying his dignity, and for the 
 woman to follow, carrying everything else." 
 
 Happiness. — To be happy is the supreme duty of 
 the teacher. The warm, genial summer sun is in- 
 finitely more conducive to proper growth than the cold 
 sparkle of the iceberg. As a little girl was eating her 
 breakfast the sun shone through the window and 
 dashed its light upon her spoon just as she put it into 
 her mouth. "Oh, mother!" she exclaimed, "I have 
 eaten a spoonful of sunshine!" How much good it 
 would do some teachers if they would swallow a little 
 sunshine occasionally! "The teacher regulates the 
 emotions of her pupils; the mercury rises and falls 
 with her smile or frown." A good old preacher used 
 to say that he would not give a fig for family religion 
 that did not make the cat happier; and the teacher who 
 shows a happy spirit will have happy pupils, and then 
 school will not be a burden but a delight. A gentle- 
 man who has an intimate knowledge of the require- 
 ments of the schoolroom recommended a young teacher 
 for a certain position. He mentioned a qualification 
 which is frequently overlooked when he said, "More- 
 over, he has a saving sense of humor, without in any 
 way attempting to be funny." Many a teacher would 
 pass through the petty trials of the day without mak- 
 ing a mountain out of a molehill if she only possessed 
 this saving sense of humor. "It was awfully funny, 
 
SCHOOLROOM HUMOR 159 
 
 but I was determined not to laugh before my school ; 
 I would not sacrifice my dignity," said a young lady 
 who had not taught long enough to know the value of 
 humor. Such dignity as she possessed should be 
 wrapped carefully in a napkin and put in some dark 
 place which the sunshine never penetrates. 
 
 It has never been enjoined upon teachers to culti- 
 vate the sense of humor. And why not ? It not only 
 eases the jolts of life, but creates a bond between 
 teacher and pupil which is pleasant and everlasting. 
 To be able to see the funny side of things is a gift. 
 
 Someone said of a veteran teacher: "She has such 
 happy wrinkles about her eyes. They always seem 
 ready to laugh." That teacher had never lost her 
 geniality in a lifetime of service. 
 
 There is a youthfulness of the spirit that is not 
 described by that ghostly phrase, "well preserved." 
 A mummy may be well preserved, or a specimen in 
 alcohol, but the term is too suggestive of death to 
 apply to an active school teacher. 
 
 The teacher who has passed beyond the desire or 
 the power to keep genial in spirit should not wait to 
 be asked to resign. She has passed the day of her 
 usefulness and ought to recognize the fact. Now and 
 then one meets teachers with silver-threaded hair who 
 are as responsive to brightness and good cheer as any 
 young girl graduate. These are the teachers who are 
 natural and have long since learned that a profes- 
 sional dignity which has to be nursed and guarded 
 is not genuine, and fails to win and hold respect. 
 
XII. 
 
 CHARACTERISTIC PUPILS 
 
 The mechanic, to be successful, not only must 
 have good, sharp tools with which to do his work, 
 but must know something of the peculiar qualities of 
 the material on which he works. For instance, by the 
 senses of touch, sight, or smell the cabinetmaker can 
 distinguish the pine, the oak, the walnut and the beech. 
 His observations give him some knowledge of the 
 texture of each kind of wood. He soon learns that 
 one kind will take a higher polish than another; that 
 strength is the characteristic of still another, and that 
 in the manufacture of articles the grain of each kind 
 must be carefully studied and tested in order that the 
 material be not spoiled. He does not attempt impossi- 
 bilities ; he carves with the grain, not against it. 
 
 In dealing with children the teacher may take a 
 lesson from the mechanic and utilize it, for if he 
 would carve noble human character from the material 
 found in the schoolroom, he must have accurate 
 knowledge of the abilities with which he has to deal. 
 His skill must be shown in dealing with the different 
 varieties of disposition that come under his charge. 
 While a large percentage of children in our public 
 schools show only a medium ability and equable tem- 
 peraments, there are individual pupils who have strik- 
 ing characteristics, some of which are hard to analyze. 
 
 The Precocious Pupil. — Every school has its pre- 
 
 160 
 
CHARACTERISTIC PUPILS 161 
 
 cocious pupil. This individual seems to know things 
 without much study. The brain of this child is like 
 the sensitive plate of a photographer and retains all 
 that passes before it; likewise, it has marked power 
 in recalling easily the impressions made. 
 
 Usually this child is delicate in appearance and 
 quick of motion. The teacher has to exercise great 
 care and judgment lest too much be exacted of it, and 
 its health shattered. Once in a while an unwise, 
 thoughtless teacher is found who will hold the bright 
 pupil up before the class as a model, after which the 
 others may pattern. This bad practice creates jeal- 
 ousies among the mass of children, and the bright, 
 quick pupil is exposed to some ugly experiences. 
 There are two kinds of precocious children. There 
 are those who do not realize that they are brighter 
 and quicker than other children and whose modesty 
 is always in evidence. The other kind are those who 
 like to show brightness; they wish to answer all the 
 questions and to do all the reciting, and show their 
 scorn and contempt for those who are slow and dull. 
 Such children become unpopular with classmates. Par- 
 ents who are proud of a child's ability sometimes do 
 it harm by allowing it to study too many hours, or 
 even urge it "to be the best in the class." 
 
 Many a child has filled an early grave because a 
 frail body has had its vitality eaten away by an over- 
 worked brain. Teachers who have the precocious 
 child to deal with have a double duty to perform — to 
 guard the child against overwork and to keep it from 
 becoming discouraged by the slow progress of other 
 pupils in the class. 
 
162 CHARACTERISTIC PUPILS 
 
 Precocity is not always an indication that the child 
 showing it will continue to grow in mental power, for 
 it may reach a stage of abnormal development and 
 come to a standstill, or deadline beyond which it can- 
 not go, while those who seemed to be less bright excel 
 in the end. 
 
 The Dull Pupil. — One of the difficult school prob- 
 lems the teacher has to face is to classify the dull 
 pupil. He is not a new product of civilization, nor 
 is he peculiar to this age, nor does he belong to a 
 certain climate. He is found everywhere and in all 
 schools. A committee appointed by the British gov- 
 ernment to investigate the condition of one hundred 
 thousand children in English schools reported seven 
 per cent of them as being dull. A test of ten thousand 
 children in California showed ten per cent dull, while 
 tests in large cities of other states showed an equal 
 percentage of dullness among children. There are 
 discouraging things about managing this class of chil- 
 dren. The teacher must try so to plan the work that 
 the bright ones shall not lose interest while lessons are 
 being repeated again and again for the benefit of the 
 dull ones. The latter must be pushed along and gotten 
 ready for the next grade if possible. Sometimes it is 
 better to transfer children to the next grade, even if 
 they do not seem to measure up to the adopted stand- 
 ard of promotion. New surroundings, a new teacher, 
 other branches, different associations — all these may 
 act as a wonderful stimulus to the dull pupil, causing 
 much of his stupidity to vanish. 
 
 However dull boys and girls may be as to grasping 
 facts, one thing is certain : their feelings are not dull. 
 
CHARACTERISTIC PUPILS 163 
 
 A schoolroom may become a place of bondage to them, 
 and the word dummy, used by a thoughtless teacher, 
 may amount to cruelty. There are many causes for 
 dullness in children. It may be a lack of brain power 
 caused by want of nutrition. It may be arrested devel- 
 opment as the result of disease. It is not within the 
 province of the teacher to discuss the cause so much 
 as to decide what shall be done with the pupil in a 
 class of ordinary children. The child may not be to 
 blame in the least for being behind those of his own 
 age. Irregular attendance may have been the cause. 
 If so, who is to blame? Whatever the cause, it should 
 be removed and the child given a chance to receive an 
 education. Pupils below the grade to which their 
 age entitles them should have the closest attention 
 paid them. Many a backward child in a grade has 
 been quickened in his efforts by sympathy shown him 
 by the teacher. Indeed, sympathy is the only real 
 remedy. Scolding will do no good. No dull child 
 was ever transformed into a bright, energetic pupil 
 by the use of sarcasm. On the other hand, when the 
 teacher has shown great interest in the dull child, the 
 latter is apt to respond with greater efforts. Strange 
 to say, dull children who are encouraged will some- 
 times outstrip the bright ones. 
 
 Occasionally a child who seems to be hopelessly 
 slow will be awakened by some lesson which touches 
 knowledge already in his possession. A teacher tells 
 of a pale-faced, blue-eyed, white-haired boy who came 
 to her school. For several days nothing seemed to 
 interest him, even the thrilling stories told in the his- 
 tory class, over which the other pupils were wild with 
 
164 CHARACTERISTIC PUPILS 
 
 excitement. The stirring songs which were sung had 
 no charms for him. He sat and gazed out of the 
 windows. He could not understand arithmetic, he 
 stumbled through his reading, and could spell but very 
 few words correctly. The discouraged teacher was on 
 the point of giving him up, when a single lesson 
 wrought a great change. The reading lesson that day 
 was about animals. She asked the class if any of 
 them had ever watched animals build their homes. 
 With one exception, none had ever done so. The dull 
 boy now awakened to the fact that something was 
 going on in school. The dullness in his eyes disap- 
 peared and he was soon relating with the deepest 
 interest how a swallow builds her nest. It was really 
 necessary to reserve a part of the description for the 
 next time, and the teacher did not fail to compliment 
 the dull boy for his part in the recitation. At last 
 she had found the key to his mind. Everything in 
 child nature has its keynote. It only remains for the 
 teacher to find it. 
 
 The Disagreeable Pupil. — Almost every school in 
 the land has its disagreeable pupil. In one school it 
 is a boy; in another, a girl. No matter how smoothly 
 everything moves along;, the disagreeable pupil will 
 have a grievance. Often it is impossible to convince 
 the parent of such a child that the stories he has told 
 them about the school are exaggerated. It is hard for 
 the teacher to decide whether it is better to consider 
 the complaints of this one pupil or to treat them with 
 silence and pay more attention to the pupils who seem 
 to be satisfied. This boy enters school with the idea 
 that he is better than most children, but when he finds 
 
CHARACTERISTIC PUPILS 165 
 
 that he passes for just what he is worth, he frets and 
 fusses until his parents come to think there is some- 
 thing wrong with the school which he is attending. 
 The world looks bright to the disagreeable child every- 
 where save in the schoolroom. So he sets up his com- 
 plaints — that he is slighted; that others receive more 
 help than he does; that privileges which others enjoy 
 he is refused ; that favors are divided among the pupils 
 but none come to him. Occasionally he falls out with 
 his studies and he berates them. It is the same old 
 grammar, which he never did like ; the same old arith- 
 metic, which he never did understand; the same old 
 history, half of which he never did believe, and what 
 good will it do a fellow to learn to spell? If he has 
 no real grievance, he will make one. 
 
 But this is only one phase of the disagreeable boy's 
 actions. He has a saucy tongue in his head, but being 
 a diplomat, he hides that fact under the cover of 
 being smart and saying smart things. When a group 
 of children gathered around a teacher's desk the first 
 morning of school, the largest boy wore a large hat 
 on the side of his head. After greeting the pupils 
 the teacher said to the boy : "Why do you wear your 
 hat, Robert?" Quick as thought he replied: "To 
 keep my head warm." This was said to bring forth 
 the usual laugh from the children and to give the new 
 teacher to understand that he was smart. "Such 
 would be a good reason," said the teacher, "if you 
 were out-of-doors." Then the other pupils felt that 
 Robert's answer was not so funny as they thought it 
 was. When this teacher got into the school work she 
 found others ready to be smart, but her cool, sensible 
 
166 CHARACTERISTIC PUPILS 
 
 manner soon taught the pupils a lesson. It requires 
 tact to deal with pupils who are "smart Alexanders," 
 but if little attention is paid to their remarks, their 
 smartness soon disappears. If this kind of a disagree- 
 able child finds that no one is laughing at his sayings, 
 he will abandon them for fear of losing his popularity. 
 The disagreeable child is not always so from choice. 
 His disposition may be inherited and hard to over- 
 come, while his better qualities may never have been 
 developed. To remind a child constantly of his faults 
 will only make him more disagreeable. At the life 
 station at Hatteras the men do not stand on the bank 
 and command drowning persons to come to the shore ; 
 they go into the water after them; and the teacher 
 who sits at the desk and commands the children to 
 be good will fail utterly in training character, A rash, 
 quick-tempered child must be met in a way that will 
 soothe rather than ruffle his feelings. Most quick- 
 tempered children are exceedingly affectionate by na- 
 ture, and if the teacher will pour oil rather than vine- 
 gar into her management she will create a love rather 
 than a hatred for school and school work. If she 
 works herself into the life of the disagreeable pupil 
 she will be able to eliminate some of the worst ten- 
 dencies of his nature. His every effort to master him- 
 self should be encouraged. Many a child is the prod- 
 uct of the teacher's own making. Some teachers 
 search for faults in children ; others seek out the good 
 and commend it. The teacher who chills the child 
 nature will develop but few lovable traits of character, 
 if any, while the teacher who touches the children's 
 lives with a kindly influence will bless them and de- 
 velop in them marvelous powers. 
 
CHARACTERISTIC PUPILS 161 
 
 The Troublesome Pupil. — The really troublesome 
 pupils in a school are very few. Most homes have 
 good, wholesome government, but from those homes 
 where the children know no restraint will come pupils 
 to give the teacher uneasy moments. The troublesome 
 child is not always bad, but at times he enjoys the dis- 
 comfort of others. He knocks from Albert's hand an 
 apple he is eating, not to get it, but "just for fun"; 
 he trips Lizzie and causes her to fall, not that he dis- 
 likes her, but "just to see her get mad" ; he hides 
 Harry's cap, and scribbles in Charley's tablet; he en- 
 ters into all kinds of "primary hazing" and seems to 
 delight in it. He has been kept in at recess repeatedly ; 
 has been stood on the floor, scolded, threatened; no 
 punishment deters him from repeating his tricks or 
 using new ones. When he is spoken to about his con- 
 duct he promises to do better, and he really means 
 what he says, and the teacher feels encouraged, for 
 she expects no more trouble from him. But he is 
 thoughtless and forgetful, and some afternoon when 
 everything seems to be moving in the best way pos- 
 sible and the teacher thinks that school teaching is the 
 next best thing to living in Paradise, a boy sitting by 
 the troublesome one springs into the air, screams, and 
 asserts that he has been pinched or stuck with a pin. 
 The look on the face of the troublesome boy shows the 
 guilty party. 
 
 What is to be done? Some young teachers who 
 read this have made up their minds what they would 
 do. Those who have taught several years would hesi- 
 tate about inflicting punishment, and those with many 
 
168 CHARACTERISTIC PUPILS 
 
 years o£ experience would be unable to meet the case 
 without serious thought, for they have come to the 
 place in their teaching experience when to save the 
 child by putting new motives within reach of his 
 thinking is more worthy their position than to satisfy 
 their own anger by inflicting punishments. 
 
 A child that is bubbling over with life is liable to 
 do some things which his surroundings suggest, though 
 they may not be on the regular school program. He 
 means no harm. He needs change of work or action. 
 
 A teacher relates that she had a small boy who 
 would become restless and create considerable disturb- 
 ance about him. She inquired of him what the trouble 
 was. He replied: "Oh, Miss Hall, I feel sometimes 
 as if I would just fly to pieces and I can't be still." 
 Miss Hall said: "Do you see that large tree down 
 the road, yonder? When you feel like 'flying to 
 pieces' hold up one finger; I shall understand. Then 
 go out and run to that tree, touch it, and run back as 
 fast as you can." The next day, glancing toward a 
 
 part of the room where there was much shuffling, she 
 saw the small boy smiling, with one finger raised. 
 She nodded her head. He left the room and she saw 
 him run at full speed down the road, touch the tree, 
 and run back again. He entered the schoolroom rosy 
 and breathless. There was no further disturbance in 
 his part of the room that day. This was repeated 
 whenever the small boy felt the "spells" coming on 
 him. Certainly a remedy that is so simple and ef- 
 fective might be utilized by someone who reads this. 
 
 The troublesome pupil always has life and energy, 
 and if that can be directed into proper channels of 
 
CHARACTERISTIC PUPILS 169 
 
 thought and action until the child is old enough to 
 understand the proper use of time, the teacher may 
 some day refer with pride to the fact that at one 
 time she had him under her charge. 
 
 The Incorrigible Pupil. — "This is the pupil we need 
 not define." Most teachers meet him some time in 
 their career. He wears the nerves of a sympathetic 
 teacher to shreds. He hates school; will not study; 
 disobeys rules; plays truant; defies authority, acts as 
 if mildly insane. 
 
 Corporeal punishment used to be the treatment 
 everywhere for this pupil. In olden times whipping 
 was not a debatable question ; it was considered one of 
 the necessary adjuncts to an education. "Spare the 
 rod and spoil the child" was an adage which was 
 thought to hold good for all time; but of late years 
 a great change has taken place in public sentiment with 
 regard to the use of the rod. Not only do school 
 boards discourage it, but teachers generally recognize 
 the fact that the best results cannot be obtained by it, 
 while many cities have abolished it entirely. There 
 are thousands of teachers in this country who never 
 strike a child, because the regulations of their schools 
 do not permit them to do so. 
 
 Observation has taught that punishment in schools 
 as a means of reformation is as much out of date as 
 bleeding for croup and quinsy. The American youth 
 knows no fear. In fact, fear and danger, which once 
 deterred many children from doing things, are now 
 fascinations. This fact is very plainly demonstrated 
 by the game of football, where getting bruised and 
 hurt seems only to intensify the pleasure of the game. 
 
170 CHARACTERISTIC PUPILS 
 
 In some schools no incorrigible pupils are found; 
 in others there should be none. Their absence often 
 depends upon the personality of the teacher. She is 
 the key to the situation. If she possesses that mag- 
 netic power which controls without effort, the incor- 
 rigible pupil disappears, but such a teacher is rare and 
 is a genius. 
 
 What to do with the incorrigible pupil has been 
 the basis of much meditation, worry and argument. 
 It is evident that whatever will be best for the school 
 and most beneficial to the pupil should be done. If 
 he is left to drift along in the hope that he will be- 
 come no worse, his influence may lead others to be 
 like him and his kind multiplied. Suspension throws 
 him out of school, perhaps onto the street, where he 
 will grow no better. If we really wish to change his 
 conduct, we shall first have to change his purpose, 
 and this is frequently a difficult problem, requiring a 
 diff'erent solution for each pupil. 
 
 Judge Lindsay's greatest hold on incorrigible chil- 
 dren in Colorado is his habit of planning things for 
 them to do which anyone else might think they could 
 not be trusted to do. He sends a boy to the reform 
 school, two hundred miles away, without police pro- 
 tection. He allowed every boy in the State Industrial 
 School to go to Denver to attend the Grand Army 
 reunion for a day, and that without escorts. The 
 time was designated when they should return, and 
 every boy came back at the time set. 
 
 In school work, as in great campaigns — political, 
 religious and military — there are crises to be met. 
 When a teacher has done all she can ; used all the meth- 
 
CHARACTERISTIC PUPILS 171 
 
 ods she can muster; tried all the suggestions made by 
 the superintendent ; worked in harmony with the prin- 
 cipal in an attempt to manage the incorrigible pupil, 
 and it all counts for nothing, so distinctive an element 
 should be without hesitation eliminated from the 
 school. 
 
XIII. 
 
 CHARACTERISTIC TEACHERS 
 
 In studying analogies an educator found that the 
 "orders of birds" were represented among teachers. 
 Each "order" has its definite and striking character- 
 istics, which distinguish it from all others. There 
 may be exceptions, as there are in other things, yet 
 the special quality is always noticeable. 
 
 Birds of Prey. — I have seen small birds cower and 
 keep silent, and small chickens hide, when a hawk was 
 about. In like manner, I have seen children afraid to 
 move or look off the book in the presence of some 
 teacher who was called a good disciplinarian. The 
 words order and discipline are sacred to such teachers, 
 but to the average person such words sound much like 
 military terms and about the last thing to be con- 
 nected with school work. 
 
 If you recommend a teacher to any body of men 
 they invariably ask you whether or not she is a "good 
 disciplanarian." The question comes from the teach- 
 ers' bureau, from the superintendent, and from the 
 board of education. The trouble about answering the 
 query is that people seldom reason from the same 
 basis. What one calls "good order" in a schoolroom 
 might distress someone else, and what one denounces 
 may be the redeeming feature in the eyes of another. 
 Some persons call a teacher a good disciplinarian 
 when she is not inclined to stir up things, but moves 
 
 172 
 
CHARACTERISTIC TEACHERS 173 
 
 along smoothly; others speak of a teacher as being 
 good in discipline when she absolutely forbids whis- 
 pering, requires pupils to cross the floor on tiptoe, and 
 punishes daily. 
 
 The most important subject connected with school 
 work is that of discipline, for without the power to 
 control a person would be out of place in the school- 
 room. No one can teach a class or conduct a school 
 who has not gained full control of it, and when once 
 it is reported that the teacher cannot govern the school 
 her reputation in the public eye begins to decline. 
 
 But to be a good disciplinarian does not mean that 
 the teacher must be a czar, a cruel despot, an uncom- 
 promising ruler, who governs by main strength. 
 Obedience that is dragged out of a child after a war 
 of words and waste of time is almost as bad as dis- 
 obedience. Some of the best conducted schools show 
 but little discipline, and few words about obedience 
 are spoken; in fact, the school is governed best which 
 shows the least effort at discipline. One of the most 
 noted educators of our country used to say that 
 nothing gave him greater pleasure than to go into a 
 schoolroom and find every pupil busily working, while 
 the teacher looked peacefully on, carefully refraining 
 from doing anything to disturb the quiet of the room. 
 The busy school needs no discipline and work is a 
 sure cure for disorder. Many teachers have no prob- 
 lems of discipline to work out, for their personality, 
 sympathetic manner and pleasant speech bring them 
 success. There are teachers, however, who pride 
 themselves on their rigid discipline, and keep order for 
 their own advantage. Their piteous pleas for order — 
 
174 CHARACTERISTIC TEACHERS 
 
 "I cannot stand your noise," 'T must have order,'' 
 "You will drive me mad," "You cannot think much of 
 your teacher, or you would not act so" — all indicate 
 that they take for granted the pupils are restless from 
 pure wickedness. One thing that makes teaching hard 
 for these "birds of prey" is that they do not allow 
 themselves to be natural. They cherish a false ideal 
 of schoolroom decorum and keep their nerves at a 
 tension all day long. 
 
 A schoolroom in which "you can hear a pin drop" 
 and where the pupils are all sitting bolt upright, fac- 
 ing the teacher's desk, is the ideal of these teachers. 
 It furnishes an exhibition of "perfect order," but it 
 is not natural. "Study your lessons" is the constant 
 command, which means for the children to look in- 
 tently at their books and go to sleep mentally if not 
 physically. If one would undertake to reason with 
 one of these "birds of prey" he would get the worst 
 of it. She would set herself like a stone wall against 
 all modification or changes of her iron-bound rules. 
 Her opinions cannot be modified by the superintendent 
 or anyone else; her regulations are like the "laws of 
 the Medes and Persians, which altereth not." Failing 
 to eliminate the element of strain and conscious effort, 
 and refusing to cultivate the power which comes 
 through calmness of action and sympathy for child- 
 hood, these "birds of prey" soon benefit mankind by 
 dropping out of the profession of teaching. 
 
 2. Perchers. — Among this order of teachers one 
 finds the purely mechanical worker, who is prone to 
 do what is the least trouble now, regardless of future 
 consequences. The "percher" finds one way of teach- 
 
CHARACTERISTIC TEACHERS 175 
 
 ing a branch and keeps right on doing it that way, 
 day after day and month after month. Its famiUarity 
 makes it easy, and regardless of the abihties and tem- 
 peraments of her pupils, she does not change her 
 methods, nor adapt her work. A score of avenues 
 stand open for her, but she teaches in the same old 
 way. She has gone as far in the profession as she 
 will ever get. 
 
 Two boys were riding a very big mule along a 
 highway, relates an educator. They were barefooted 
 and in their shirtsleeves, and the mule was bare- 
 backed. The educator asked the elder boy, "How 
 old is the mule?" "Four, last spring," came the 
 prompt reply. To the inquiry, "Will he ever grow 
 any bigger?" the answer came: "No, sir; he is as 
 big now as he will ever be, and a blamed sight big- 
 ger!" This incident is apropos of the subject of effi- 
 cient service in public school work. A large percent- 
 age of persons who intentionally or accidentally drop 
 into the schoolroom as teachers attain their full 
 growth in a few years and never render any better 
 service thereafter. They stand still after that, and 
 then their services begin to depreciate. A town that 
 is finished has begun to decay, and the teacher who 
 has ceased to grow intellectually and is unwilling to 
 leave her "perch" for higher ground in the work of 
 teaching will soon cease to be numbered with the great 
 army who are keeping step with the progress of the 
 ages. Great problems in education are yet to be 
 solved ; nothing has been done that may not be better 
 done; there is no effort that may not be exceeded. 
 Great avenues stand open to willing, earnest teachers, 
 
176 CHARACTERISTIC TEACHERS 
 
 and the work and learning of a thousand years are 
 waiting to be mastered. 
 
 3. Climbers. — In answer to an inquiry made by a 
 superintendent concerning a young man's abihty to 
 manage and teach a school, I wrote : "He will climb 
 to the highest place in the profession if given an op- 
 portunity, and if he is not given the opportunity, he 
 will create one." Recently a letter from the superin- 
 tendent said : "You took the correct measurement of 
 the young man. He is a 'climber' and has just been 
 elected principal of our high school at a good salary." 
 
 This teacher, like many others, realized that he 
 faced great responsibilities, although he began in a 
 little school with a dozen pupils, twenty miles from the 
 city in which he now teaches. He might have said, 
 "It doesn't matter very much about the work of a 
 teacher away out here in the country. My work will 
 never be noticed, for the boys and girls are all alike; 
 so I'll take things easy." But he knew better and 
 often stood amazed at the great opportunities before 
 him. He knew that many of our great men and 
 women had been reared in just such communities as 
 that in which he was teaching, and when they were 
 children could not have been different from those 
 under his charge, so he taught as if the human race 
 depended upon his work. Not only that, but he was 
 a person of gentle manners and his pupils, many of 
 whom came from uncouth homes, were impressed 
 with his good breeding and imbibed his spirit. Many 
 teachers have beauty of character, but it often fails of 
 effect because of some unpleasant mannerism, an im- 
 patient disposition, or a sharp tongue. The teacher 
 
CHARACTERISTIC TEACHERS 177 
 
 who is a "climber" is never guilty of sarcasm or dis- 
 courtesies. I had a teacher once who had a compara- 
 tively small acquaintance with books. Her pupils 
 probably owed very little of their success in life to 
 her so far as an education went, but she left with 
 them one grace they have always remembered, or 
 rather felt, and that was the grace of gentle manners. 
 She did not teach ethics from any book, but her per- 
 fect courtesy, her gentle and kindly manner toward 
 everyone, even at times when it was necessary to be 
 severe, were lessons which helped to fashion many 
 lives. 
 
 An educator relates that once when visiting a 
 school he witnessed something that raised the teacher 
 in charge away up in his estimation. A boy had been 
 struggling over a problem till he had become nervous. 
 His teacher permitted him to come and speak to her. 
 He told his trouble; she asked him one searchlight 
 question which illumined the darkness. He saw light 
 and rushed to his seat, but on his way hit a hanging 
 map that fell on a boy's head — the kind of boy who ^ 
 cries "Ouch !" The nervous boy and the teacher ex- 
 changed one look and it was all right. His look 
 meant "I'm sorry, teacher," and hers replied, "I know 
 you are ; never mind." She removed the map silently, 
 the "ouch" boy subsided, and the school moved on. 
 Now supposing a stranger had entered the schoolroom 
 at the critical moment. One can hear him say, "Bad 
 order!" He would not have been able to see the con- 
 fidence between teacher and boy, the perfect faith 
 teacher and pupil had in each other, and might have 
 failed to realize that the boy's rush to his seat under 
 
178 CHARACTERISTIC TEACHERS 
 
 the inspiration of the teacher's key idea was the cause 
 of the map tumbhng down. Mortal eyes cannot see 
 the touch of humanity in the schoolroom, nor the bond 
 of sympathy that binds teacher and pupil in one 
 thought and feeling. 
 
 There is no better place to begin to "climb" than 
 in the rural schools, for there teachers will find many 
 problems in discipline which not only are peculiar to 
 the place, but, if properly handled, will develop power 
 in themselves. In the first place, the traditions of the 
 district may secretly uphold unruly conduct. Parents 
 will smile when they learn that the teacher is having 
 a hard time, and thus her work is made doubly hard, 
 for the children in such a community are little better 
 than a lot of anarchists. In the second place, the 
 rural teacher has to depend wholly upon her own 
 resources. There is no superintendent or principal 
 to whom an unruly pupil may be sent. She must 
 manage him herself. The country gives opportunities 
 for offenses which are not found in the city, such as 
 stoning animals, robbing orchards, trespassing on for- 
 bidden territory. The surroundings suggest things 
 to do, and without any thought as to the outcome, 
 pupils frequently commit offenses. It is difficult some- 
 times for the teacher to convince children that they 
 have really done that which requires punishment. No 
 wonder, then, in view of all the tests to which the 
 rural teacher is put, that so many of them, after sev- 
 eral years' experience in rural schools, are able to take 
 positions of responsibility, whence they climb to the 
 very highest rounds in the profession. 
 
 4. Runners. — The next order of teachers is that 
 
CHARACTERISTIC TEACHERS 179 
 
 of the "runners." They are always on the jump; one 
 never knows where to find them. Every fad that 
 comes along must be tried. They give whip and rein 
 to every change in their work. They hail with delight 
 everything that is new. They attend all educational 
 meetings, hoping to hear of something novel in the 
 line of managing children or of giving instruction in 
 some particular branch. They search libraries for 
 works on teaching, no matter how ancient, just so the 
 methods described are different. They try every new 
 method of teaching or of discipline of which they 
 hear, regardless of environment and necessities. They 
 "buttonhole" instructors in the institute and tell them 
 what they have done and what they expect to do, and 
 then ask for advice upon every detail of their work. 
 While there are some admirable things about the 
 energy shown by the "order of Runners," there is 
 danger of dissipating the powers of the children by 
 frequent changes of methods. A change in the daily 
 routine of exercises is a good thing occasionally. It 
 makes a break in the grinding process and gives more 
 freedom of thought; it loosens the tension on certain 
 faculties, and gives vent to surplus energy. 
 
 An old farm horse turned into the pasture at the 
 end of a hard day's plowing will caper about and kick 
 up his heels just to show that he is not exhausted. 
 A change of program gives relief from a sense of 
 monotony, but if the change is made frequently, the 
 pupils become bewildered and in their confusion fail 
 in their work. Although there is danger in the dead- 
 ening influence of the complacent teachers who are 
 satisfied with commonplace standards, yet as much, 
 
180 CHARACTERISTIC TEACHERS 
 
 if not more, to be feared, is the result of constant 
 change in methods, regulation, working systems and 
 examinations. We need stability and heroism in our 
 teaching — not the heroism that has been the theme of 
 poets and novelists since the world began, nor yet that 
 quality which Napoleon and Washington possessed, 
 but we need that heroism which bends to duty ; that 
 heroism which endures and waits. It is the quality 
 which will purchase for the true teacher all there is 
 of glory in the teacher's life. 
 
 5. Waders. — A member of the faculty of a certain 
 school, speaking about a young lady student and her 
 work, remarked, "She is a wader." That last word 
 sounded like the name given some bird I had read 
 about. I looked up the verb wader and found that it 
 meant "to move forward." I then said to the teacher, 
 ."You mean the girl is making great progress and is 
 moving forward." "Oh, no, no!" he said, "I mean 
 just the opposite." Consulting Webster again, I 
 found that to wade in the sense of "to move forward" 
 is obsolete, and that its present meaning is "to move 
 with difficulty; to sink at each step." 
 
 The "Wader" is anxious about every detail of 
 school work, lest it will not come out all right. Even 
 the question of devotional exercises troubles her. She 
 sees a lack of reverence during the reading of the 
 Bible. This part of the day's work is to be gotten 
 through with, and the "wading" teacher draws a long 
 breath when it is over. A teacher said on one occa- 
 sion, "I had trouble with my school during the time 
 I read the Scriptures. I had taken the Psalms because 
 they were in short chapters, and I wished to get 
 
CHARACTERISTIC TEACHERS 181 
 
 through with the exercise as soon as possible; but no 
 matter. how short the chapter, there was always some 
 confusion. One Monday morning I tried a new plan 
 and read from the New Testament about the .behead- 
 ing of John the Baptist. When partly through with 
 the story, the consciousness of a tenseness in the room 
 made me lock around. Every face was fixed on mine, 
 and not a word I read was being missed. I was con- 
 vinced by the way the children listened that I had hit 
 upon a plan to make our opening exercises interesting. 
 Since that I have read them Bible stories. Oral com- 
 ment is not necessary, for the stories speak for them- 
 selves. They find their way to the hearts of the 
 children, who apply the meaning themselves. One 
 of the worst m.ischiefmakers used to ask me once a 
 week to read about the plagues of Egypt. One eve- 
 ning when I was about to punish him for the error of 
 his way, he said, Tf you will let me off this time, Miss 
 Taylor, I won't do it again.' 'That is what you said 
 the last tim.e, Harry.' He sat without speaking for a 
 few moments, with such a curious expression on his 
 face that I asked him what he was thinking about. 
 T was thinking about old Pharoah,' he said. T guess 
 I'm just like him. He was always promising he would 
 do right, and then when the plagues let up he forgot 
 all about it. I think old Pharoah was a mean scamp, 
 and I am not going to be like him,' and while Harry 
 was not entirely reformed, the story did do him 
 good." 
 
 The "wader" thinks of nothing but her school, and 
 worries all day for fear everything will not go right, 
 and then goes home and worries all night because 
 
182 CHARACTERISTIC TEACHERS 
 
 everything did not suit her. She is like the little child 
 who is constantly digging up the seeds to see whether 
 or not they have sprouted. She becomes nervous and 
 fretful and keeps the children in a constant state of 
 unrest. In relating her experiences she tells of her 
 best efforts to train the little folks; that she knows 
 every shading of their various temperaments and ten- 
 dencies to go wrong; that she came to the school 
 filled with hopes and methods, expecting to find a 
 splendid company of well-behaved children, but in- 
 stead found forty wiggly, mischievous children in 
 need of forty teachers instead of one. She worries 
 the other teachers with accounts of the difficulties she 
 has with her "forty indifferent urchins." She reaches 
 a condition of mind that causes her to magnify every 
 little trouble into a mountain. She looks upon energy 
 as the principal element in the school work, and when 
 pupils seem slow and indifferent she "flies to pieces." 
 She not only wears herself out by her oversensitive- 
 ness, but keeps her pupils in a state of nervous excite- 
 ment. Pupils under her charge must sometimes feel 
 like a sufferer in a certain hospital at the time of the 
 Spanish-American War. An amateur nurse had found 
 in this hospital ample scope for her enthusiasm and 
 abilities, but her zeal abated after one morning visit to 
 her ward, when a suffering hero was discovered lying 
 with a coverlet pulled over his head and a placard 
 pinned to the outside which read : 
 
 "Too sick to he nursed to-day." 
 
 The "wader" should secure a divorce from the pro- 
 fession before she wrecks any more nervous systems. 
 
 6. Swimmers. — The happiest, most cheerful and 
 
CHARACTERISTIC TEACHERS 183 
 
 most animated class of teachers we meet correspond 
 to the order of birds called "Swimmers." 
 
 On a street car one day, in a city, I met a former 
 student of mine. She was the same bright, cheerful 
 girl she had been in my classes nearly a decade before. 
 I inquired how she was succeeding in teaching, and 
 her answer came quickly: "Swimmingly." The term 
 was a new one to apply to teaching, I thought, but 
 I afterward found that the word she had used meant 
 "in an easy, gliding manner; smoothly, successfully." 
 The best thing about that young girl was that she 
 knew she was succeeding. It is always refreshing to 
 find persons who know some things definitely and well. 
 I like the blind man's testimony after his eyes were 
 opened at the pool of Siloam : "One thing I know, 
 that whereas I was blind, I now see." 
 
 It is a source of pleasure to meet a teacher who is 
 succeeding and knows it, and is not afraid to acknowl- 
 edge it. That positive nature which inspires a teacher 
 to say, "I am getting along swimmingly" is bound 
 to succeed. It is not a question of comparison, meas- 
 uring one's ability and success with another's; it is 
 a positive, definite knowledge that one is succeeding; 
 that is the standard by which the young lady was 
 prospering. She did not look as if she had in her 
 mind even the shadow of a doubt as to her success, 
 and when she left the car my wish was that every 
 child in America might have so positive a teacher. 
 
 But one may say, "Possibly the young lady was 
 'bluffing' ; that she was overconfident." Her manner 
 was evidence enough. To be doubly sure, I inquired 
 of her superintendent, whom I met shortly afterward, 
 
184 CHARACTERISTIC TEACHERS 
 
 and he said : "The dread of my Hfe is that some other 
 superintendent will take that teacher from me. No 
 salary is too great for her." "Wherein does her power 
 lie?" was the next inquiry. "Everywhere and in every- 
 thing; teaching is a business with her; it is her life; 
 she is master of herself and her surroundings; she 
 has wonderful foresight and forethought ; she does not 
 allow any circumstance to arise which she cannot con- 
 trol or master; she completes everything she begins; 
 she does not rule, but she governs; her methods are 
 her own; she is the product of her own energies. If 
 children do not learn under her instruction, they are 
 imbeciles." Then the superintendent was told what 
 she had acknowledged, about getting along "swim- 
 mingly." "That's it," he said ; "that expresses it ex- 
 actly. Not the shadow of the shadow of a doubt ever 
 enters her mind about her work." 
 
 But another says, "You have described a model 
 teacher, a very superior person, one who has had 
 great opportunities, who has had large salaries and was 
 therefore able to advance in matters educational." 
 That is hardly likely. She was receiving a smaller 
 salary than many do ; she was no better qualified as 
 to scholarship than many others, but she had faith, 
 and energy, and skill, and confidence, and she used 
 every power she possessed — not all at once, perhaps, 
 but some time. And while she was a "Swimmer," 
 she did not swim in the sea of generalities, which is 
 shoreless, nor among the whirlpools of confused ideas, 
 nor yet over the rapids of false methods, but she 
 studied carefully every movement before she launched 
 out into the depths of her work. I have no doubt that 
 
CHARACTERISTIC TEACHERS 185 
 
 in describing this young girl and her work I have de- 
 scribed more than one teacher who reads this, and if 
 I have, those persons are sure of success and they 
 know it. 
 
 Teachers with faith in themselves are advancing 
 the cause of education. Learning and opportunity will 
 not insure success. Thousands have these and yet fail 
 in life. It is the solid faith in one's mission that leads 
 men and women to the steeps of excellence. 
 
 7. Scratchers. — This is a busy, energetic and use- 
 ful class. Sometimes they stir up a little more dust 
 than seems necessary, but they are thoroughly reliable. 
 In this order we find the born teacher, young enough 
 to be progressive and old enough to have had 
 experience. 
 
 I was being entertained by a churchman on one 
 occasion and learned, among other facts concerning 
 him, that he was an enthusiast on chicken raising. He 
 had a very choice flock of chickens and talked so much 
 about them that I had a curiosity to see them, and did 
 so. He seemed to know every one of the flock, and 
 called each by name with the same familiarity that he 
 spoke the names of his children. They were very 
 ordinary looking chickens, but to him they were as 
 good as gold. Pointing to one of the number, he 
 remarked : "There is the most selfish chicken I have, 
 but she can't help it. She drives the others around 
 just because she can. That pretty one with a striped 
 neck and m.ottled back is one of the best ones I have, 
 but she makes me much trouble, for she is a scratcher. 
 She will dig up a whole garden if let alone, but she 
 raised the best flock of chickens last year of any of 
 
186 CHARACTERISTIC TEACHERS 
 
 them. No danger of her chickens starving; no dan- 
 ger of anything taking them, for she watches every 
 movement they make; the hawk that would try to 
 take one of her chickens would have trouble." And 
 so the man went on, pointing out each. He seemed 
 to know all about them. 
 
 While the man found fault with the "scratcher," 
 he pronounced the greatest eulogy upon her. "What 
 does he mean by a 'scratcher'?" Consulting Webster, 
 I found that a scratcher is that which "digs out a 
 place to stand, or levels down the earth." The great 
 body of teachers who have made a success of teach- 
 ing are those who have a genuine love for the work. 
 They recognize opportunities for serving the coming 
 generations. By setting before them high ideals of 
 character, such teachers make the pupils feel the dig- 
 nity and grandeur of life. The reward of this class 
 of teachers is not to be measured by the positions they 
 hold, nor by the amount of salary they receive, nor by 
 their popularity in the community, but by the grand 
 results of their labors, by preparing those under their 
 charge to fill places of honor. 
 
XIV. 
 
 DELIGHTS IN TEACHING 
 
 An educator once undertook to trace the teacher s 
 work from the beginning of time, and he discovered 
 some very interesting traditions and facts. Tradition 
 says that after the flood Shem kept a school. The 
 records do not say anything about his qualifications, 
 but the supply of teachers was not so great then as 
 now, and it is evident that the examinations as to 
 fitness were not so rigid as at present. In later years 
 one of the qualifications of the Jewish teacher was 
 that he should be a married man. 
 
 What the incentives were which drew men into 
 the teacher's profession then, tradition does not reveal, 
 but probably they were similar to those that exist 
 to-day. When we search to find evidences of the suc- 
 cess of the first teachers we are left in the dark. There 
 is no doubt, however, that many of the methods used 
 in these days and called "modern methods" had their 
 inception in the days of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. 
 
 Occasionally we hear people say, "Oh, the good 
 old days of teaching. Those were the days when if 
 a man was found who was not good enough to be a 
 preacher, not shrewd enough to be a lawyer, not 
 learned enough to be a doctor, and too lazy to learn a 
 trade, that man was set to teaching the district school. 
 In some communities teaching was regarded as "low 
 business." Schools were looked upon as "necessary 
 
 187 
 
188 DELIGHTS IN TEACHING 
 
 evils," and a young man might teach for a few months 
 until he could find something useful to do, but the 
 capacity of a man who would deliberately make teach- 
 ing the business of his life must be very small, his 
 opportunities very limited. In those "old days" the 
 teacher's place was reserved for unfortunates who were 
 incapacitated by age or infirmities for "useful pur- 
 suits." Among the quaint poetry of village lore there 
 is mentioned an aged dame who, because of her in- 
 firmities being no longer able to tend the village geese, 
 was as a measure of economy given charge of the vil- 
 lage school. In those days the schoolhouse was a weath- 
 erbeaten prison ; the teacher, a man with a book in one 
 hand and a ferrule in the other, and the lessons hard, 
 abstract tasks, and there were no discussions as to the 
 end of education, for the belief was general that the 
 pupil to whom the ferule was applied oftenest had the 
 brightest future. Our methods of education are chang- 
 ing as rapidly as the scope of our knowledge is widen- 
 ing. In the days of the "three R's" there was the 
 fourth that was mightier than them all — the "R" with 
 which rod begins. Washington Irving whimsically 
 expressed the standard of his day when he declared 
 that the quickest and surest way of imparting infor- 
 mation to children was by pounding it into them. 
 
 Those "old days" have passed away. The world — 
 grown rich, intelligent, and practical in all things — 
 recognizes the teacher as a power; knows that the 
 results of her work are absolutely necessary to the 
 progress of the human race. Many teachers, however, 
 do not fully realize their position in the school work, 
 where so much is expected of them. As the nursery- 
 
DELIGHTS IN TEACHING 189 
 
 man plants a tree, protects it from the heat of summer 
 and cold of winter, and provides it with suitable nour- 
 ishment, so the teacher who works in the moral and 
 mental vineyard must guard her pupils against evil 
 influences, feed their minds with proper food, and 
 inspire them to be somebody in the world. The hopes 
 and expectations of our country are centered in the 
 youth who are daily under the care and instruction 
 of the public school teachers. The future of our coun- 
 try depends not so much upon who will be the next 
 President of the United States, or which political 
 party will rule for the next four or forty years, as 
 upon who shall teach and govern our children. 
 
 It is a well-known fact that the teacher is not so 
 highly thought of in some places as she should be ; that 
 she is not appreciated in her work. Men and women 
 in their mad rush for gold, pleasure, and notoriety, 
 depreciate the value of the efforts of those in the 
 schoolroom who are outlining the maps of existence 
 for the children who will be the men and women of 
 tomorrow. 
 
 The Esaus are not all dead, and "swine in their 
 mad rush for the refuse of the kitchen will trample 
 under their feet the costliest pearls." 
 
 There are two sources of the teacher's "delight" — 
 first, the pleasure of imparting instruction; secondly, 
 the interest she takes in those she instructs. The tend- 
 ency to teach is a characteristic of human nature. 
 Nothing pleases the little child more than to be able to 
 teach some one younger. During the school months, 
 when a number of children are together, invariably 
 one of the games they play is "school," and if one 
 
190 • DELIGHTS IN TEACHING 
 
 listens to them he will find the "teacher" imitating the 
 voice and manner of some real teacher. 
 
 Pleasure in the Work. — While teaching is a pleas- 
 ant and attractive occupation, it is not all poetry; yet 
 there are many bright spots in the teacher's life that 
 the outside world cannot know. She who labors dili- 
 gently and watches the children under her guidance 
 developing into noble characters, experiences a delight 
 peculiarly her own. 
 
 You see a competent teacher at work with a com- 
 pany of children. She seems to possess magic power; 
 her very presence is an inspiration, and you ask, 
 "What is the secret of so much earnestness and de- 
 light?" The teacher will tell you that to her teaching 
 is the grandest work on earth. You take your stand 
 at the schoolroom door and watch the children come 
 up by twos and threes and you think of the possibilities 
 in every form; and it may be that the teacher will 
 speak the very words that day which will make the 
 future of some of those children grand and noble. 
 
 "What is the average child worth?" is a question 
 the teacher contemplates ! "Governments will spring 
 into existence, flourish, and decay; the little acorn in 
 the forest will become a stately oak, live a cycle of 
 years, and return to the earth from whence it came; 
 generation after generation will come upon the earth ; 
 the sun itself will cease to shine, but after all these 
 triumphs of physical law, the soul of the child will 
 live." Put all the wealth of the Vanderbilts, Goulds 
 and Astors into one pan of the scales and a little child 
 in the other and the child will outweigh it all. 
 
 Every teacher, experienced or inexperienced, needs 
 
DELIGHTS IN TEACHING 191 
 
 to have a profound knowledge of the child whom she 
 teaches. It is a delight to the teacher to regard the in- 
 fluences she sets afloat. They will not be limited by 
 the circle of the horizon, but will reach to the remotest 
 parts of the earth. The influence of the teacher as he 
 once was amounted to but very little. He was a man 
 of rules and acted as if he had never been a child him- 
 self. One of these, taking charge of a school, seized a 
 rod and holding it up over his head, exclaimed : "Do 
 you see this rod ? The first one who breaks one of the 
 forty-nine rules I have read, will feel its weight." If 
 the lessons were well recited to this man, their excel- 
 lence was taken as a matter to be expected ; if not, then 
 the pupil was reprimanded, put on the dunce block, or 
 denounced as an ignoramus. 
 
 Dr. Arnold destroyed the cardboards on which were 
 written the multitude of rules of his predecessors and 
 in their place gave one rule which all could remember : 
 "Do right." Rules, generally, are a sort of challenge. 
 The modern school has no rules. Children are allowed 
 to think and act naturally. The impulses of childhood 
 are not thwarted. The facts in the children's minds 
 which have been in a chaotic mass are put into shape 
 by the teacher. If it were not for such persons as are 
 found in the teacher's profession, the hungry gallows 
 would have many more victims than they now have. 
 The teacher is an artist in the highest degree, and far 
 more fortunate than those who work in metal. "The 
 Greek sculptor embodied his highest ideals in marble 
 and the Roman conqueror dashed them to pieces. The 
 painter puts his noblest thoughts on canvas, hangs 
 them in the most sacred places, but time throws a veil 
 
192 DELIGHTS IN TEACHING 
 
 over their beauty. The monument erected to honor the 
 hero will stand for centuries, but will moulder to dust, 
 but the teacher deals with indestructible material; her 
 carving cannot be subject to decay, the pictures she 
 paints smoke of time cannot injure, the poems she 
 writes sing on forever." 
 
 The great need of our schools is for teachers who 
 delight in the work of teaching, for these give evidence 
 that they are fitted in at least one respect for the pro- 
 fession. Teachers whose hearts are in the work do 
 not follow the profession for the glory of gain, but as 
 the throbbing sea follows the moon, drawn to it by 
 an irresistible power, so the conscientious teacher, 
 filled with love of the work, is drawn to it by an unseen 
 power. 
 
 There is a certain class of teachers who cannot find 
 any delight in teaching because they are always bor- 
 rowing trouble. They look over into the next day of 
 school and see great billows of trouble to try them. 
 One teacher said she could not sleep at night because 
 she was always having trouble with her pupils, even in 
 her sleep. If such teachers would spend less time in 
 worrying about that which never occurs and spend 
 more time in planning something to keep the children 
 busy, it would promote the cause of education to a 
 wonderful degree. 
 
 So many of the monster troubles which teachers 
 see in the distance are frequently converted into pleas- 
 ant surprises as they are approached. Necessary trou- 
 bles, or burdens rather, are not those which break men 
 and women down. The burdens of the schoolroom 
 which are apt to crush teachers are those which they 
 
DELIGHTS IN TEACHING 193 
 
 have no call to bear. A little girl was looking at the 
 picture of the fabled Atlas on the cover of her school 
 geography. The apparent struggle of the man under 
 the heavy weight of the huge globe on his shoulders 
 excited her sympathy and she said to her father, "Why 
 does that man not lay the thing down?" "Because," 
 said the father, "that man, like a great many other 
 people in the world, thinks that he has to carry the 
 world on his shoulders." So with many teachers : they 
 carry burdens which really do not exist, and that takes 
 away all the delight of the schoolroom. 
 
 2. The Interest Taken in Those Taught. — The 
 worth of every occupation and profession is largely 
 estimated by the world as to its value in dollars and 
 dimes. In the social world, position and mammon 
 are the heavy weights; in the political world money 
 gains more victories than patriotism. Not so in the 
 teacher's world. But to win success in this profession 
 it is necessary to give several dollars' worth of work 
 for each dollar received. All honor to the calling which 
 is beyond any money value ! Compensation is not all in 
 money. Money could not buy the friendships which 
 are formed in the schoolroom — friendships which will 
 last through all time. Although the worthy teacher 
 leaves the neighborhood in which she has been faithful, 
 yet her work and worth will live in that community 
 for a century to come. Teachers do not always honor 
 the profession which brings about such lasting friend- 
 ships. Two young men who were passing along the 
 street met one of the instructors in a county institute. 
 They had been introduced to him in the hall, but as he 
 passed them on the street he did not speak to them. 
 
194 DELIGHTS IN TEACHING 
 
 One of the teachers said, "He doesn't seem to know 
 us." "Well," replied the other, "who are we but a 
 couple of poorly paid school-teachers?" To give voice 
 to such a sentiment was not honoring the profession. 
 
 Two young ladies went to the seashore, to a fash- 
 ionable summer resort, and were much ashamed when 
 it was found out that they were teachers. All honor 
 to the young man and young woman, who are proud 
 of the teachers' profession and who work in it as if 
 the fate of the world depended upon their efforts ! "It 
 is not the work that dignifies the person, but the person 
 who dignifies the work." Louis Agassiz asked that but 
 one word be placed on his tombstone, and that word 
 was Teacher. When the teacher grows discouraged 
 in her work and feels that her profession is not so 
 honorable as some other one, she ought once more to 
 read the Grecian legend which tells how Jupiter called 
 the people together on Mount Olympus to give a 
 reward to the one who had accomplished the greatest 
 good for mankind. 
 
 First came the priest, who interpreted the words of 
 the Delphic Oracle. He told of the years he had stood 
 at the shrine of Apollo and benefited the nations by 
 giving divine direction to all great enterprises. 
 
 The second to claim the reward was the physician, 
 who told of the suffering he had relieved, of the lives 
 saved for the state and the wounded he had nursed 
 back to life that they might again defend their land. 
 
 Jupiter turned to the next, a man of striking ap- 
 pearance, attired in the legal toga. This man pleaded 
 that he had been the dispenser of justice ; that the land 
 had peace because of the laws he had made and exe- 
 cuted for the good of the people. 
 
DELIGHTS IN TEACHING 195 
 
 The fourth to plead his own cause was the historian, 
 who claimed that he brought out of the recesses of 
 the past the story of nations ; that he, like a great sheaf- 
 binder, gathered from them truths and sent forth their 
 story to inspire the youth of the land. 
 
 The poet came next. He offered the plea that his 
 triumphal odes brought to the Grecian mind and heart 
 the greatest pleasures ; that his martial airs stirred the 
 patriotism of the nation and made many a battlefield 
 glorious in victory. 
 
 The last one to claim the reward was the sculptor. 
 He argued that his models portrayed the grace of form 
 and calmness found in the Hellenic people; that the 
 warlike virtues were exalted in his statues; that the 
 temples were adorned by his work, and that Apollo, 
 Athena, and Jupiter were glorified by his representa- 
 tions of them. 
 
 Jupiter would have placed the reward in the hands 
 of the sculptor and the olive wreath on his brow, but 
 seeing an old man bent with age standing by, he said 
 to him : "What is thy plea, O man of years ?" 
 
 "I make no plea; I claim no reward. These who 
 have pleaded so eloquently were all my pupils." Then 
 Jupiter, rising from his throne, said to Athena, the 
 goddess of Wisdom, "This is the man to whom the 
 reward is due. Crown the Teacher/' 
 
XV. 
 
 RELATION OF PARENT AND TEACHER 
 
 IF we were to travel over our great country and 
 visit its hundreds of thousands of schools, we should 
 find some doing excellent work, and we should find 
 those which were getting along miserably. The pur- 
 pose of this chapter is to discover the secret of the 
 difference in the schools. It is so much more difficult 
 to define a school as it is now conducted than as it was 
 taught years ago. Times have changed. The old 
 schoolmaster and the long winter terms are fast becom- 
 ing a tradition. The teacher taught but few branches 
 and those very imperfectly. At present the work is so 
 much more complicated and the duties of the teacher 
 so numerous that he does more work in a month than 
 the old schoolmaster did in a whole term, and there is 
 more power developed in the child in a term than was 
 once developed in a lifetime. 
 
 Relation of Parent to the School. — Some people 
 have an idea that a school is just a place in which to 
 have children taken care of and beyond that they take 
 but little interest in the school or its teacher. This, 
 however, is a wrong conception. The parent's work 
 is not finished when he clothes and feeds his children 
 and keeps their bodies in a healthy condition ; neither 
 is it completed when he keeps them in school regularly. 
 If parents wish their children to succeed and to have 
 
RELATION OF PARENT AND TEACHER 197 
 
 the best schooling possible they must use every effort in 
 their power to bring such conditions about. 
 
 There are opportunities in America for every child 
 to receive an education. In this country there are no 
 fixed conditions, but thought and action are as free 
 as the mountain air. Ours is a land where a parent 
 may plan his child's life, or where even the child may 
 be the architect of his own future; a land where the 
 possibilities of childhood are unlimited and are not 
 smothered by an unchangeable destiny. 
 
 Yet with all the beautiful school-grounds, and pal- 
 ace-like buildings, well furnished and filled with the 
 most modern apparatus, the real school can be found 
 only where there are an intelligent teacher behind the 
 desk and sympathetic parents in the homes. The child 
 between these two agencies is the object of importance. 
 He must not be looked upon as something to be stuffed 
 full of facts as a doll is filled with sawdust. He is a 
 being to be developed in body, mind, and soul, and 
 the public school should be an institution where teacher 
 and parent work together in perfect harmony to de- 
 velop the child, and where the greatest liberty is exer- 
 cised in training his highest faculties. But men in 
 their mad rush of business sometimes depreciate the 
 true value of the school, or the efforts of those instruct- 
 ing their children. Too frequently the parent does not 
 know the teacher personally and makes no effort to 
 become acquainted with the one who is having more 
 influence upon his children than anyone else. People 
 are sometimes too busy to take any part in their chil- 
 dren's education. All the members of Esau's family 
 are not dead. Some are found in every community 
 who think only of money. The work of the best 
 
198 RELATION OF PARENT AND TEACHER 
 
 teacher will count for little if not encouraged and sus- 
 tained in the home, and in the case of a community 
 that secures a teacher who takes no interest in the 
 children beyond the schoolroom, it were better that 
 he had never seen that community. The teacher's 
 interest must follow the children home and there be 
 supplemented by the parent's influence. Many a teacher 
 has failed to handle a pupil successfully through igno- 
 rance of some of his qualities, which might easily have 
 been learned from his parents. In too many places 
 the relation existing between parents and teacher is 
 one of armed neutrality. Teachers wonder what kind 
 of people they can be who send such untrained children 
 to school, and parents wonder what teachers are for if 
 it is not to transform boys and girls who are hard to 
 control at home into obedient, intelligent children. 
 And this miracle is sometimes performed. If there 
 is any decadence in American life, as it has been fre- 
 quently charged, the loss arises from a lack of moral 
 courage in the home, because the schools have in- 
 creased their efficiency in a multitude of ways. 
 
 In Florence, one of the treasures of art admired by 
 thousands of visitors is Michael Angelo's representa- 
 tion in marble of the young David. The shepherd 
 boy stands with firm foothold, the stone grasped tightly 
 in his hand, ready to be sped on its holy errand. When 
 the statue was unveiled nearly four centuries ago it 
 caused an unparalleled sensation among lovers of art. 
 It is, indeed, a marvelous piece of sculpture, but the 
 strangely winning thing in the story of the statue is 
 that it was the marble's second chance. A sculptor be- 
 gan work on a noble piece of marble, but lacking skill, 
 
RELATION OF PARENT AND TEACHER 199 
 
 he only hacked and marred the block. It was then 
 abandoned as spoiled and worthless and cast aside. 
 For years it lay in a back yard, soiled and blackened 
 and half hidden among the rubbish. At last Michael 
 Angelo saw it and at once perceived its possibilities. 
 Under his skilled hand the stone assumed the fair and 
 wondrous beauty which appears in the statue of David. 
 In a like manner, when a boy has been spoiled by un- 
 skilled or unscrupulous hands, so that it seems as if all 
 were lost, then the skilled teacher will take the marred, 
 disfigured block, soiled from contact with the world's 
 rubbish, and from it carve a marvel of beauty in 
 character and person. 
 
 2. Parents' Ideas of Teachers. — Parents differ 
 widely in their opinions as to what constitutes a good 
 teacher. They remind one of the legend of the two 
 knights who met on the highway where there was an 
 overhanging shield. One asserted that the shield was 
 gold, the other said that it was silver. The dispute 
 ended in a fight. They fought a long time, but being 
 equally matched, neither prevailed. At length both 
 fell to the ground, exhausted; when a third knight 
 appeared upon the scene and they appealed to him 
 to decide which was right. Upon examining it he 
 found one side of the shield to be gold, the other silver. 
 Some parents who are ignorant as to the value of 
 discipline look upon the rod as the only scepter of 
 power possessed by the teacher. "If my boy does any- 
 thing wrong, I want you to whip him good," said an 
 enthusiastic but misguided father once to a teacher. 
 "I hope I shan't have to do that," said the teacher, and 
 forever lost place in that father's estimation. Later 
 
200 RELATION OF PARENT AND TEACHER 
 
 the boy gave the teacher considerable trouble and he 
 went to the father, laid the whole matter before him 
 and asked leave to deal with the boy as he thought 
 best. The father, however, insisted on the use of the 
 rod. 
 
 Punishments of some kind will be necessary as long 
 as time lasts and school keeps, because the reins of 
 discipline in some families in every community are 
 thrown or tossed on to the necks of the children ; they 
 rule the household and sometimes wish to manage the 
 schools. 
 
 There are children who are to be pitied because they 
 do not know what home restraint means, and if it were 
 not for our public schools, where discipline is enforced 
 and self-control developed, the gallows and the electric 
 chair would claim a score of victims where they now 
 get one. It is necessary sometimes to punish children 
 in school for things which they have never been taught 
 are wrong, such as swearing and lying. Occasionally 
 their behavior is only a reflection of the home life. 
 Asked his age by a conductor on a train, a boy who 
 was small for his years, replied innocently, "Eleven 
 when I am on the train and thirteen when at home." 
 The boy may not have originated the idea of having 
 two ages. There are children who lie naturally and 
 every one who has had the care of children has been 
 confronted by the perplexing problem how to over- 
 come the tendency. The child's lies may be the result 
 of unbridled speech of the parent, however. 
 
 A little boy had been promised a buggy ride on a 
 certain afternoon and the promise and date were duly 
 registered in his brain. When the time came for the 
 
RELATION OF PARENT AND TEACHER 201 
 
 drive he was told that mamma was too busy to go out 
 that afternoon. An hour later, as he was playing in 
 front of the house, his parents drove rapidly by in the 
 buggy. He stopped playing, looked at them, then 
 thrust his hands into his pockets and shouted, "There 
 goes two of the biggest liars in town." 
 
 Parents must be what they wish their children to be. 
 The child-mind is keen and penetrating and pierces a 
 sham as a pin does a soap bubble. 
 
 Children must be punished in school for evading 
 questions, or for exhibitions of temper, or for "talking 
 back," or for protracted absence. Those guilty of the 
 last offense are the children of inconsiderate parents 
 who are always wishing their boys and girls to do 
 something that breaks in on their school work. "Please 
 excuse Lucy at two o'clock to-day. I wish to take 
 her out driving," writes a mother who does not study 
 the effect of half a day lost in school. "I did not send 
 George to school yesterday," writes another, "as I un- 
 derstood you were only having oral reviews." These 
 are some of the things the teacher meets. In the first 
 instance the pupil must be excused on written request ; 
 in the second, the teacher does not know the reason 
 of George's absence until it is too late to remonstrate. 
 
 3. Classes of Parents. — Som.eone has said that all 
 parents may be divided into two classes, the reason- 
 able and the unreasonable. The terms do not quite 
 express a fact, but they convey a pretty adequate idea 
 of the truth. The former class is much larger than 
 the latter, but the latter makes all the trouble. Among 
 the unreasonable we find parents who have an old 
 moth-eaten idea that the teacher "must treat all chil- 
 
202 RELATION OF PARENT AND TEACHER 
 
 dren alike." This idea years ago was proved as un- 
 sound as it was ancient. Teachers know that if such 
 a doctrine were followed "it would be ruinous to chil- 
 dren and destroy all power of instruction." It is not 
 possible to treat all children alike in a family of several 
 children, much less in the schoolroom, but all children 
 may be given just treatment. "All children are not 
 alike," and it would be wrong to treat them all alike. 
 All soils do not produce alike. Some are good for 
 wheat; some for rice; some for potatoes; some for 
 corn; and some are good for nothing. The farmer 
 who would try to make all soils produce alike would 
 be a failure. The teacher has a great variety of natures 
 with which to deal; some require no discipline; some 
 are easily disciplined, and others need all the forms of 
 discipline the teacher has for enforcement. A physician 
 who gave the same kind of medicine to all patients 
 would cure some and kill some. Rarely are two cases 
 of the same disease treated alike, because no two sys- 
 tems are constituted exactly alike. The medicines 
 must be adapted to the patients. I have read some- 
 where of a physician who had two cases of fever. One 
 was that of a Dutchman, the other that of an Irishman. 
 When the Dutchman began to recover, the doctor gave 
 him ham and eggs to eat and he was soon well. Ham 
 and eggs were prescribed for the Irishman when he 
 began to recover, but the diet killed him. So the physi- 
 cian, in making notes of the results of his practice, 
 wrote, "Ham and eggs cure a Dutchman of fever, but 
 kill an Irishman." 
 
 4. Parents' Lack of Interest. — How greatly par- 
 ents could assist in the making of a good school i£ 
 
RELATION OF PARENT AND TEACHER 203 
 
 they would become interested to the extent of having 
 their children spend at least a part of every evening 
 in study! Some parents are so very indifferent about 
 their children's education, which is really the best 
 legacy they could give them. One of the evils of our 
 great country is the habit of loafing. Hours of idle- 
 ness are spent about stores, engine roomiS, blacksmith 
 shops — anywhere that is not too hot in summer nor 
 too cold in the winter. I have envied men the time 
 they seem to have over and above that which they can 
 use. They seem to spend whole evenings just talking. 
 I am told that great questions are settled in some little 
 grocery stores — questions that the .Supreme Court of 
 the United ^States has struggled with for years. Loaf- 
 ers sometimes discuss theological questions and many 
 of the disputants do not know the difference between 
 orthodox and burdocks. 
 
 In no other way can parents assist the teacher in 
 her work so much as by guarding their children during 
 the hours out of school — seeing that they do not fall 
 into the loafing habit; that they keep in proper com- 
 pany and that nothing seriously detracts from school 
 work for five days in the week. 
 
 A young schoolgirl with a mind as pure as gold 
 and as impressionable as the sensitive plate of a photog- 
 rapher's camera was taken by her bachelor uncle to a 
 play which he knew nothing about. The girl sat 
 breathless as she listened to the appeals of a lover to a 
 married woman to elope with him. She thought it 
 must be all right to hear such things or Uncle Jim 
 would not have taken her there. Just then her Uncle 
 Jim said, "I declare, had I known what kind of a play 
 
204 RELATION OF PARENT AND TEACHER 
 
 this is I never would have brought you here." But the 
 niece, all excited and with face flushed, said, "Oh, 
 Uncle Jim, it's delightful; but don't tell mother what 
 it is like !" These words declare a simple story — the 
 girl's first desire to deceive her mother. Parents 
 should not allow brothers home from college and 
 bachelor uncles to buy tickets for their daughters and 
 take them to plays that are of questionable character. 
 
 5. Indifferent Parents. — Parents who are indiffer- 
 ent about their children being in school regularly are 
 the greatest obstruction to the work of the teacher. 
 Some parents never show much interest in their chil- 
 dren until one of them is punished, or some other child 
 is promoted and not theirs, when they waken up ; and 
 many a child who sits in our public schools receives 
 but little help or encouragement at home. Parents 
 seem to say to the teacher, "We furnish the child ; you 
 do the rest." Occasionally one will find a parent who 
 is surprised to learn that his child, who is unruly at 
 home, gives no trouble in school. 
 
 , When a girl behaved well the first month of school 
 and then became impertinent and almost unmanage- 
 able, the teacher asked her friend and seatmate, "What 
 has come over Anna that makes her act so?" The 
 reply was, "Nothing; that's the way she acts at home." 
 The weakness of the home discipline is too often a 
 pathetic truth. It is often the artificial boy or girl 
 that the teacher deals with in the schoolroom. 
 
 6. Criticisms by Parents. — Another annoyance to 
 a teacher is the ready criticism of parents before the 
 children. One man says, "I do not like the way that 
 teacher gives instruction in arithmetic. I never was 
 
RELATION OF PARENT AND TEACHER 205 
 
 taught that way." His boy keeps the saying in mind 
 because his father uttered it and he rather enjoys the 
 fact that a fault is found with the teacher. He goes to 
 school with his father's words ringing in his ears, and 
 during the recitation in arithmetic he is skeptical about 
 the teacher's methods of solving problems. Had the 
 parent been wise he might have known better and said, 
 "The methods are different from those I used, but 
 possibly better, for everything is an improvement over 
 old methods of teaching." Then the child would have 
 gone to school with the thought that his teacher was 
 doing better work than that which was done in his 
 father's schooldays. There are parents who do not 
 wish their children to have any higher education than 
 they themselves have had, and ask to have their chil- 
 dren excused from studying branches which they did 
 not have in their limited course of study. It is very 
 hard to make a parent of that class understand the 
 value of something which he does not know and does 
 not care to know. 
 
 Again, a child does something that requires correc- 
 tion in school. He goes home and tells of the punish- 
 ment, minifying his misconduct as much as it will bear. 
 The parent, hearing but the one side of the story, thinks 
 the teacher was wrong and unfortunately says so be- 
 fore the child. The child goes back to school in a 
 rebellious state of mind, commits a more serious of- 
 fense than before, and is severely punished. Then there 
 is not only weeping in the schoolroom, but gnashing of 
 teeth in the home. If there were many such instances 
 the schools might as well close, but fortunately there 
 are not, for the majority of parents are kindly dis- 
 
206 RELATION OF PARENT AND TEACHER 
 
 posed toward law and order and toward the teacher 
 and school. 
 
 The old-time home of our fathers recognized its 
 share of responsibility in the education of the children. 
 The home was rare indeed in which the will of the 
 children gave direction to household affairs. Com- 
 plaints against teachers were never entertained or 
 allowed. When the boy misbehaved in school and was 
 punished, he seldom mentioned it at home or thought 
 of excusing himself because "other boys were just as 
 bad and were not punished." If the father heard of 
 it, his feeling was one of shame that his boy had dis- 
 graced him in school, and whether he heard of it 
 on the same day or a month afterwards he reinforced 
 the teacher with the proper moral support by admin- 
 istering to the young hopeful a liberal dose of the 
 essence of Solomon's wisdom. People thought that 
 when a man got sick the doctor was the only one to 
 cure him; that if he fell from grace the minister was 
 the one to restore him ; that if his boy was whipped in 
 school the action of the schoolmaster was justifiable. 
 
 7. Friendship and Visitation. — There should be a 
 close, friendly relation existing between teacher and 
 parents, and when there is not, something is wrong 
 with teacher or parent, or both, and they should secure 
 a divorce at once. 
 
 To the majority of parents, in too many communi- 
 ties, the teacher is an unknown person. In some places 
 the teacher never is called upon by a parent who does 
 not come to complain. No notice is taken of her work 
 except when things go wrong. The good influence 
 exerted by her is taken as a matter of course ; she never 
 
RELATION OF PARENT AND TEACHER 207 
 
 receives a word of praise for it; but let her make a 
 mistake and the chorus of condemnation is loud and 
 deep. 
 
 Parents should make themselves acquainted v^rith 
 the teacher by visiting the school early in the session ; 
 and if the parents do not visit the school, then the 
 teacher should visit the home. The teacher vi^ho makes 
 periodical visits into the homes of her pupils gains 
 an advantage from two standpoints : First, she is the 
 better acquainted with each individual and can assist 
 him where assistance is most needed. She will also 
 be the better able to form her judgments and more 
 equitable in her discipline. Secondly, by becoming 
 acquainted with the parents she will cultivate their 
 friendship and increase her influence. 
 
 8. Employment of Teachers. — Boards of educa- 
 tion which are made up of parents are expected to 
 secure the best teachers possible for the amount of 
 money the people are willing to pay. Too frequently 
 people try to get cheap teaching. They are misled by 
 false aims. The true aim is to get good teaching. The 
 development of the public school system has reached 
 so advanced a stage that the selection of teachers has 
 come to need a far more searching inquiry than ever 
 before. 
 
 Do you think the president of a railroad would say 
 to those about him, "Here are a lot of men I have 
 gathered up. They will engineer, brake and conduct 
 the train. They do not know much about it, but they 
 will learn by experience." But someone says, "The 
 case is different; the lives of passengers would be in 
 danger with men in charge of a train who had never 
 
208 RELATION OF PARENT AND TEACHER 
 
 run one." Every teacher has charge of train after 
 train of precious hves and if parents throw obstruc- 
 tions on the track over which the children must be 
 taken there is danger of wreck and ruin. 
 
 This is an age of learning. Never before have we 
 had such excellent schools ; never before have teachers 
 been so well prepared and trained for the work ; never 
 before has more money been appropriated to the cause 
 of education ; never before have people taken so much 
 interest in matters concerning education as at present. 
 
 More and more will the work of the schools be 
 along the line of moral as well as intellectual training, 
 but the end in view cannot be accomplished until the 
 home and school comes closer together. The child is 
 the one to be benefited by a close relationship existing 
 between teacher and parent. When Christ was asked, 
 "Who is the greatest in the kingdom of heaven," he 
 took a little child and set him in the midst of the disci- 
 ples to illustrate his reply. He, himself, was never 
 spoken of as a great carpenter, nor as a great lawyer, 
 though he gave us the greatest law the world has ever 
 known, but he is called the Great Teacher, and in this 
 capacity he recognized that the child with all of its 
 possibilities was superior to all methods of instruction. 
 
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
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