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THE 
 
 GAME OF BILLIAKDS, 
 
 BY 
 
 V 
 
 MICHAEL PHEL AN. 
 
 EIGHTH EDITION. 
 REVISED, ENLARGED, AND RICHLY EMBELLISHED WITH ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 ^ NEW YORK: 
 
 DICK & FITZGERALD, PUBLISHERS. 
 
Q.V-5 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1858, by 
 
 H. W. COLLENDER 
 
 tn the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for tie 
 
 Soutnern District of New York 
 
INTRODUCTION TO THE EIGHTH EDITION. 
 
 Since the first appearance of this work, the number of 
 devotees of the polite art of Billiards has increased a 
 hundredfold on this continent; and in the past few years 
 the tastes of American players have undergone a marked 
 change. Up to 1855, the hazard or pocket game — 
 " spot ball," as it was sometimes termed — was the favorite 
 mode of play with our people. Now, the more artistic, 
 more versatile, and decidedly more beautiful carom game 
 is in vogue ; the six-pocket table has fallen into comparative 
 disuse, its place being filled by the table with four pockets ; 
 and, finally, the tables of large dimensions are rapidly 
 being superseded by those of a size intermediate — the 
 American and French standards — viz., eleven feet in length, 
 by five and a half in width. By discarding the side-pockets, 
 much has been added to the playing surface of the cushions, 
 which are now available for angular combinations previously 
 impracticable ; and by reducing the size of the table, much 
 of the labor, discomfort, and dissatisfaction to which that 
 billiard -player, who is an amusement-seeker merely, is sub- 
 
11 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 jected on a full-sized table, have been obviated. These 
 changes, however, do not call for the slightest alteration or 
 modification of the contents of this volume. The principles 
 governing American Billiards remain the same, though the 
 appliances are somewhat different. Hazards have been 
 abandoned by our best amateur and professional players, it 
 is true ; but even in the earliest edition of this Manual, 
 which was published at a time when hazards were the rule, 
 and caroms the exception, the former were treated of very 
 sparingly. The author, foreseeing that hazards must ulti- 
 mately give way to caroms, preferred to anticipate public 
 opinion, and so confined his illustrations and instructional 
 remarks chiefly to the latter style of strokes. It was his 
 aim to create and foster a taste for caroms ; and if, through 
 the medium of this book, he has been successful, that success 
 is the more gratifying to him because in other ways and in 
 other places — in the public journal, in the public billiard-room, 
 in the school of instruction, in conversation, and in his corres- 
 pondence — he has for twenty years labored to install caroms in 
 the place of hazards. But one other change is needed, and 
 then the American or four-ball game, which, being more anala- 
 gous to the habits of the American people, has, after many 
 years of trial, been found better adapted to their tastes than 
 any other system of play, may unquestionably challenge 
 comparison, even in a purely artistic sense, with the French 
 or three-ball game. I mean, of course, the excision of the 
 "pushing" stroke, — a stroke which, whether difficult or not, 
 appears extremely simple to the unpractised eye, and in so 
 far is availed of as a reproach to the American game and 
 the American professional player. It is not properly a part 
 
INTRODUCTION. ' ' 111 
 
 of American Billiards, and at one time a penalty was 
 exacted for playing it. For this reason, therefore, if for 
 no other, the author, who has always opposed it as a need- 
 less and unjustifiable innovation, would prefer to see its use 
 abandoned, more particularly in trials of skill between master 
 players. 
 
 The vast increase in the number of players during the 
 past few years is due to a great extent to the sojourn among 
 us of two justly celebrated French experts, who, by their 
 masterly expositions of the beauties of the carom game, 
 opened up to the mass of American amateurs, and to 
 many professionals as well, a new field for experiment — a 
 field wherein they were vouchsafed an inexhaustible fund of 
 amusement, and at the same time afforded the broadest 
 latitude for study. 
 
 Though, of itself, the game, of which the French experts 
 are the recognized expositors, took no permanent hold upon 
 our players, it must be admitted that their exhibitions in our 
 chief cities have tended greatly to popularize Billiards — not 
 so much, perhaps, because of the number who have seen 
 their fantastic performances with cue and balls, as of the 
 greater number, who have read or heard of them. It must 
 also be acknowledged that the National Tournament of 1863 
 contributed not a little to develop the latent aptitude of our 
 people for this most fascinating and engaging of pastimes. 
 If it did not advance the interests of Billiards in any other 
 way, the National Tournament certainly left its ineffaceable 
 impress for good, and not for evil, when it introduced the 
 four-pocket table and conferred official sanction upon the 
 carom game. But to the State Tournament, most of all, is 
 
IV ISTTKODUCTION. 
 
 due the surprising progress of Billiards since 1863. This 
 institution, having for its object the creation and maintenance 
 of a wholesome spirit of rivalry among leading players, is 
 of Connecticut birth. The tournament held in Hartford for 
 the Billiard championship of the State was the first event of 
 the kind, and led to similar contests in Massachusetts, 
 Pennsylvania, Canada West, Maine, Maryland, Virginia, 
 Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Canada East, and likewise 
 in innumerable towns, cities, and counties. By means of 
 these tournaments, a local interest in Billiards has been 
 engendered, which, by gradual expansion, is permeating 
 the entire continent ; and by this means, too, our players 
 are rapidly becoming proficient — so much so, that where 
 twenty years ago there were but three or four who could 
 lay claim to excellence, there are now hundreds. 
 
 But it is in the home circle that Billiards, rising superior 
 to the prejudices that once trammelled it, has of late years 
 found its most ardent devotees. In no country, if we except 
 France, is there a greater number of female billiard-players. 
 It must be taken into account, however, in forming an esti- 
 mate of the comparative favor with which Billiards is 
 regarded in the two countries, that in America it is yet 
 in its swaddling-clothes ; while France, pardonably boasting 
 of thousands upon thousands of lady-players, claims the 
 delightful game as her own, by virtue of invention centu- 
 ries ago. By-and-by, as the superior advantages of Bil- 
 liards, both as an amusement and an exercise, become more 
 generally known here, even France, in the chief city of 
 which there are said to be no less than twenty-seven 
 thousand billiard-tables, will be behind this country in 
 
IJSTTEODUCTIOlSr. ' V 
 
 the matter of female players. As it is, no fashionable 
 residence is now erected without due provision being made 
 for a billiard-room ; and in families where, but a few 
 years ago, Billiards was a play unknown, the billiard table 
 is now the most honored of the household gods. Indeed, 
 nearly one-half the tables now manufactured are for dwell- 
 ing-houses. 
 
 Michael Phelan. 
 
 New York, December, 1866. 
 
PEEF AC E 
 
 Several years ago, the present author had prepared a 
 collection of diagrams and notes, out of which it was his 
 earnest desire to compile such an Essay on Billiards as might 
 really promote the scientific development of the noble game. 
 
 But being at the time too closely engaged to devote the 
 necessary amount of labor to such a production, the work 
 fell short, in every way, of his just expectations — though he 
 has heard from many good authorities that, " with all its 
 imperfections on its head," it was nevertheless the most com- 
 plete and thorough manual that had previously been issued 
 on the subject. 
 
 Apart from the friendly partiality of these critics, the 
 author has since reviewed the work, with as little prejudice 
 as the circumstances would permit ; and he has found that 
 although a majority of the principles, and nearly all the 
 examples therein laid down, are correct — still, as a whole, 
 the treatise lacks that systematic arrangement, in the ab- 
 sence of which it is impossible to arrive at scientific deduc- 
 tions by legitimate means. The thread of the argument is 
 correct enough, but it needs to be unravelled : there are 
 nearly all the materials for. a fine building there, but the 
 Scientific Edifice is still unfinished and unfurnished. 
 
 Now, at a time when kinder fortune has placed more 
 leisure at his command, he has undertaken the present vol- 
 ume, with a serious desire to correct the inaccuracies and 
 inadvertencies which disfigure his former essay. Whether 
 successfully or not, he has devoted his best care, and the 
 
VI ORIGINAL PREFACE. 
 
 whole teachings of his experience, to make this bool a prac- 
 tical help and guide to every student of the game — whether 
 that student be a mere novice, for the first time handling his 
 cue, or a player of high standing, who has won matches 
 where the billiard-fame of his country was at stake. It is 
 the property of every science to be infinite ; and the best of 
 us are but students, who can learn fresh lessons every hour, 
 if our eyes are not blinded by the idea that we have already 
 arrived at perfection. 
 
 In the diagrams which illustrate the text, he has confined 
 himself to such positions as are best calculated to explain 
 the essential principles of the game ; and has avoided those 
 curious or " fancy shots," as they are called, which, though 
 of interest to the accomplished player, it is almost impossible 
 to explain or render credible to tha uninitiated, except by 
 ocular demonstration. 
 
 The code of rules drawn up for simplifying and giving 
 uniformity to the various games of billiards, as played in the 
 United States, will be found, the author confidently believes, 
 the most ample and satisfactory ever laid before the public. 
 
 Finally : in that portion of the treatise which is purely 
 rudimentary — the quantities of motive power, the different 
 kinds of stroke, and so forth — the present volume must 
 necessarily have much in common with its predecessor ; but 
 the similarity is rather superficial than exact, for even in 
 these matters many points will now be found elucidated, 
 which the haste and insufficiency of the former work left 
 either vaguely or erroneously accounted for. 
 
 With these few remarks — made rather to anticipate 
 attacks than to boast of what is here accomplished — the 
 author would subscribe himself, 
 
 The public's most obedient servant, 
 
 MICHAEL PHELAK 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Preface. 
 
 Chapter 1 13 
 
 Introductory and General — some account of the Origin of 
 Billiards, and an Appeal to the Ladies of America in its 
 favor, 13. 
 
 Chapter II 29 
 
 On the Machinery of Billiards — the Table and its Appur- 
 tenances — improvements in the Cue and Cushions — 
 the Cue, 30. The Balls, 33. The Counters, Chalk, 
 and Artificial Bridge, 34. A Billiard Room — its proper 
 Dimensions — on the Arrangement of the Lights, 35. The 
 Cushions, their Importance and Scientific Requirements, 
 36. Faultiness of India Rubber, and other Cushions — 
 opinion of Edward Russell Mardon thereon, 38. 
 
 Chapter III 4% 
 
 The General Principles of the Game defined, with a view 
 to their Practical Application — conditions of a Good 
 Attitude, 43. How to make the Natural Bridge, 45. 
 The Lady's Attitude in Playing Billiards, 46. The 
 Cue, its Weight, &c, 49. The Cue Leather, on the 
 Selection of, 51 
 
Vll 1 CONTENTS. 
 
 Plate of Cue-Positions 52 
 
 The Centre, Follow, Jump, Perpendicular Force, 
 and Force, 52. Principal Sections or Points, in which 
 the Ball should be struck to produce Different Effects — 
 illustrated by Plate, 57. 
 
 Chapter IV . 65 
 
 Definition of Technical Phrases employed in the Game 
 of Billiards — Hazard, Carom, Kiss, Scratch, Force, 
 Follow, Jump, Bank, Miss, Miscue, Burst, Privilege, 
 Taking a Hazard, Killed or Dead Ball, Playing for 
 Safety, Hug, Jaw, Doublet or Cross, Foul Stroke or 
 Shot, Full Ball, Quarter Ball, Half, Fine or Cut-Ball, 
 Own or Cue-Ball, and Object-Ball, Break, Stringing for 
 Lead, Discount, Playing Spot-Ball, Billiard Sharp (a full 
 description of the animal), Love Game, Count, &c, &c. 
 
 A Table of the Motive Powers, 75 
 
 To be used in Executing the Different Problems, which 
 follow. Plate of Illustrations, 77. 
 
 Diagram No. I 82 
 
 Simple Angles, produced by Playing with Different Quan- 
 tities of Power. 
 
 Diagram No. II 8Q 
 
 On Double, or Compound Angles. 
 
 Diagram No. Ill 90 
 
 On the Change of Axis, and its Effect on the Angles. 
 
 Diagram No. IV 94 
 
 On the Effect of the Different Degrees of Strength when 
 two Balls come in Contact. 
 
 Diagram No. V 97 
 
 The Principles of a " Follow," and a " Force." 
 
CONTENTS. IX 
 
 Diagram No. VI 100 
 
 Further Illustration of the " Follow' ■ and " Force." 
 
 Diagram No. VII • . . . 10G 
 
 On Twisting Shots. 
 
 Diagram No. VIII 110 
 
 On the Effect the Side-Stroke will have on the Cue-Ball, 
 after contact with the Cushion. 
 
 Diagram No. IX 113 
 
 Effect of the Side-Stroke and Twist continued. 
 
 Diagram No. X 117 
 
 Further Illustration of the Side-Stroke. 
 
 Diagram No. XI 119 
 
 Illustrations of the "Kiss" and Side-Stroke. 
 
 Diagram No. XII 122 
 
 Further Illustrations of the " Kiss" and Side-Stroke. 
 
 Diagram No. XIII 126 
 
 Further Illustrations of the " Kiss" and Force. 
 
 Diagram No. XIV 129 
 
 More of the " Kiss." 
 
 Diagram No. XV 182 
 
 Forming Curves by a Follow and a Force. 
 
 Diagram No. XVI 135 
 
 On Managing the Balls so as to leave good Breaks. 
 
 Diagram No. XVII 133 
 
 Another Illustration of Managing or " Nursing" the Balls. 
 
X CONTENTS. 
 
 Diagram No. XVIII 110 
 
 Further Illustration of Nursing or Managing the Balls. 
 
 Diagram No. XIX 144 
 
 Taking Advantage of the Chances for making Points. 
 
 Diagram No. XX 148 
 
 Some Fancy Shots in Common Use. — J. N. White's Favor- 
 ite Shot, Fig, 4, same Diagram. 
 
 Diagram No. XXI 154 
 
 Advantages of the Perpendicular Stroke. 
 
 Diagram No. XXII 157 
 
 On Execution and Judgment. 
 
 Diagram No. XXIII 160 
 
 A Stroke from the "Billiard Cue." 
 
 Diagram Wo. XXIV 103 
 
 A Shot of Mr. C. Bird's. 
 
 Diagram No. XXT 166 
 
 Showing the Position of the different Spots on the Billiard 
 Table — also the Semicircles or Playing Points for the 
 English and French Games. 
 
 Chapter V.. 169 
 
 A Code to Regulate and Reduce to Uniformity the differ- 
 ent Games of Billiards, as Played in the United States 
 and elsewhere. 
 
 A Code to Regulate thf American or Four-Ball Game 172 
 
 On Stringing for the Lead, 172. On Leading-, and on Open- 
 ing of the Game, 173. On Foul Strokes, 173. On For- 
 feitures, 177. On Cases where the Balls are in Contact, 
 179. On Withdrawing from, without Finishing, a Game, 
 
CONTENTS. XI 
 
 180. On Cases in which the Marker must Replace the 
 Balls, if called on, as Nearly as Possible in their Former 
 Position, 181. On the Duty of Players to Each Other, 
 and of the Marker and Spectators to the Players, 183. 
 On the Marker's Duties in Particular, 184. Further 
 Rules for the Foregoing Game, when Played as a Four- 
 handed Game, 186. Further Rules for the same Game, 
 when played by three Independent Players, 187. 
 
 A Code to Regulate the Game op Fifteen-Ball Pool 188 
 
 With Full Instructions for Every Question that can arise 
 in its Course. 
 
 Rules for the Doublet, or French Game 191 
 
 •With the Same. 
 
 Rules for the Three-Ball, or French Carom Game 194 
 
 With the Same. 
 
 Diagram XXVI 199 
 
 Illustrating the Three-Ball Carom Game. 
 
 Diagram XXVII 202 
 
 On the Same. 
 
 Diagram XXVIII 205 
 
 Further Illustrating the Same. 
 
 Rules for the Russian Game 207 
 
 With the Same. 
 
 Rules for the Spanish Game 209 
 
 With the Same. 
 
 Rules for the English Game 210 
 
 Rules, fqr Two -Ball Pool..,., t ,.., 215 
 
XU CONTENTS. 
 
 Rules ior Pin Pool 220 
 
 As Played in New York. 
 
 Rules Observed in Playing Pin Pool 226 
 
 At Michael's Billiard Rooms, in San Francisco. 
 
 Rules for the Game of English Pool 232 
 
 Rules for Pool Playing at the Last Player. 232 
 
 Rules for the Nearest Ball Pool 237 
 
 Instructions to the Marker 239 
 
 For Keeping the American, or Four-Ball Game. 
 
 Chapter VI .'. 241 
 
 General Summary of Instructions. Conclusion. 
 
 Appendix 247 
 
 " Attitude is Everything" 247 
 
 With Illustrations. 
 
 Shakspeare a Billiard Player 253 
 
 Ancient and Modern Billiards 256 
 
 With Illustrations. 
 
THE GAME OF BILLIARDS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY AND GENERAL — SOME ACCOUNT OF THE ORIGIN OF BIL- 
 LIARDS, AND AN APPEAL TO THE WIVES AND SISTERS OF AMERICA IN 
 ITS FAVOR. 
 
 Man does not live that lie may work — at least he 
 ought not so to live in. a well-regulated condition of 
 society. On the contrary, we should rather work that 
 we may live ; and whatever system of political economy 
 does not embrace certain hours of relaxation, and cer- 
 tain methods of amusement, is a false and pernicious 
 idolatry, having Mammon for its God, and man's best 
 energies and happiness as the victims to be sacrificed 
 upon its unholy altar. 
 
 There are two extremes of population, in which the 
 sanitary needs of amusement stand a chance of being 
 overlooked or crowded down by still sterner necessities. 
 
 Where the population is so dense as we find it in the 
 manufacturing districts of England, not a moment can 
 be spared from the incessant demands which compe- 
 tition makes on toil : labor is there so redundant that 
 it loses its proper value, and nothing but the strictest 
 
 [18] 
 
14 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 and most unremitting devotion to business can secure 
 even the barest necessaries of life. Where wealth is 
 monopolized in the hands of a few, while the millions 
 are forever hovering on the very brink of starvation, 
 it would be absurd to look either for a general diffu- 
 sion of intelligence, or for any system of amusement 
 superior to that afforded by the gin-palace and the dog- 
 fight. 
 
 Again, on the other hand, where the population is 
 disproportionately small when compared with the vast 
 resources which lie around it, in a new and undeveloped 
 country — where wealth runs to waste on every hand 
 for the want of labor to collect and garner it — where 
 every man is free to become his own master and create 
 a future for himself independent of any other help, — 
 in such a condition of society toil rises to an unnatural 
 importance ; we reckon time not by hours, but by dollars ; 
 and hence it is we find, that in the earlier settlement of 
 our country, the grim, puritanical spirit of the original 
 immigrants not only discouraged " unprofitable amuse- 
 ments" by preaching and denunciation from the pulpit, 
 but even went so far as to prohibit the most innocent 
 recreations by positive and penal enactments. 
 
 How short-sighted such a policy ! what ignorance of 
 man's real nature is betrayed in this bigoted and narrow 
 course ! For the desire for amusement has been im- 
 planted in man, and in all other animals as well, as one 
 of the primitive instincts, and for the most important 
 purposes : it teaches us in childhood the use of our vari- 
 ous faculties — it inspires us with ambition and dexterity, 
 and helps to unfold the mind by bringing it into con- 
 
The Game of Billiards. 15 
 
 tact and rivalry with the minds of kindred youth. In 
 manhood it is the best promoter of bodily health, and 
 enables us to sustain those serious toils which, if un- 
 relieved by some more pleasing stimulant, would soon 
 succeed in degrading us to the level of mere human 
 .machines. 
 
 Instead, therefore, of railing against the popular de- 
 sire for amusement, true wdsdom would rather seek to 
 encourage the spirit, and direct it into such channels as 
 w r ould best promote the objects for the accomplishment 
 of which we were endowed with it by nature ; and true 
 policy would suggest, that, instead of adopting the Ko- 
 man plan, where the circuses, or public games, embraced 
 the mortal struggles of the gladiators and the deadly 
 contests between men and wild beasts, we should return, 
 as much as possible, to the old Egyptian system, by 
 which the public recreations were made the vehicle of 
 imparting all the most important scientific truths, in a 
 form so agreeable and simple, that the very meanest in- 
 tellect was capable of appreciating and recollecting their 
 cogency. Thus the original game of cards, as taught by 
 the builders of the pyramids, conveyed a knowledge of 
 the whole system of practical astronomy — the " court 
 cards," as we call them now, representing the different 
 constellations which rule the year, and the numerals 
 being marked in such a manner, as to indicate precisely 
 the different periods for the overflow and subsidence 
 of the Nile, and the various agricultural operations 
 thereon dependent. 
 
 But cards have long since lost their character of 
 primitive simplicity and instruction ; they have degen- 
 
16 The Game of Billiakds. 
 
 erated to far different service; and, though still 
 valuable, in some slight degree, for the arithmetical 
 combinations which they illustrate, it is felt, in the first 
 place, that their use is fraught with peril ; and, in the 
 second, that they are destitute of that bodily exercise, 
 without which amusement ceases to be healthful. 
 
 Chess is indeed a splendid game, and may be called 
 the tournament of intellects ; it affords a field for the 
 development of the very highest efforts of genius — its 
 capacities are infinite, and, if worked out in a legitimate 
 spirit, would form a mental discipline, not one whit in- 
 ferior to the abstrusest propositions of mathematics. It 
 is, infect, so much of a discipline, that it almost ceases 
 to be a game ; it is exhaustive of the brain, and Sir 
 Walter Scott declared, as his reason for abandoning 
 chess (of which, like Napoleon, he had been passionate- 
 ly fond), that "the last game he played with Lockhart, 
 his son-in-law, cost him more mental labor, and left his 
 faculties more prostrate, than the composition of the 
 best novel he had ever written." 
 
 Chess, therefore, though an excellent exercise for the 
 mind, is too rigorous and concentrated to be considered 
 an amusement; it is merely an intellectual combat, 
 which calls for no muscular energy, or physical accom- 
 plishment ; it teaches neither quickness to the eye nor 
 readiness to the hand; and its nature is so sedentar}^ and 
 intense, as to be absolutely prejudicial to health, if pur- 
 sued to any great extent. But it possesses this advantage 
 over cards — an advantage to which we wish to call partic- 
 ular attention — that its intrinsic intellectual excitement 
 is so strong, as to render unnecessaiy the money inter- 
 
The Gx\me of Billiards. 17 
 
 est, or money bets, which, are found, to a great ex- 
 tent, essential to the full enjoyment of the others. 
 
 Again, in the game of Bowling, we have great physi- 
 cal energy displayed, while t\e mind is left in almost 
 utter inactivity. A certain physical knack is to be 
 acquired, for the purpose of impelling a ball of a cer- 
 tain weight, to hit an object at a certain distance, in a 
 certain way ; but when once this difficulty is mastered, 
 we exhaust the whole resources of the game. The 
 physical exercise is often too severe, and there is not 
 variety enough to afford a natural excitement — in the 
 absence of which we are all too apt to apply ourselves 
 to the money- interest of a bet, to make up for the de- 
 ficiency which is inherent in the nature of the game. 
 
 From the preceding remarks — if we have caused our 
 meaning to be understood — it will be seen that a game, 
 to satisfy all the requirements and avoid all the dan- 
 gers of a public amusement, should contain within 
 itself the following indispensable prerequisites: 
 
 In the first place, it should exercise and discipline 
 the faculties and resources, both of the mind and body, 
 without exhausting or disgusting either ; and, 
 
 In the second place, it should contain within itself 
 sufficient mental excitement and ambition to render the 
 extrinsic interest of a money bet superfluous to its 
 full enjoyment. 
 
 These, as we understand the matter, are the two es- 
 sential points to be consulted in the selection of a game 
 to be adopted as a public and national amusement; 
 and these we confidently affirm, and the experience oi 
 the world will support our assertion, are to be found 
 
18 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 alone in their perfection in that which has worthily 
 been styled 
 
 "THE noble game of billiards." 
 
 This game is peculiarly in harmony with the me- 
 chanical genius of our people ; it combines science with 
 gymnastics, teaching the eye to judge of distances, the 
 mind to calculate forces, and the arm to execute with 
 rapidity and skill whatever the mind and eye combine 
 to dictate for its execution ; it expands the chest, while 
 giving grace and elegance to the form,* and affords 
 even to the illiterate mind a practical basis for the ap- 
 preciation of mathematical and geometric truth. Al- 
 ready this game is the most popular in the thickly- 
 settled parts of the country; and there is a growing 
 disposition to adopt it as one of the national character- 
 istics. Thousands of our wealthiest and most in- 
 telligent citizens no longer consider their mansions 
 complete without a billiard-room ; and when we con- 
 
 * According to the best opinion of anatomists, there are in the 
 neighborhood of four hundred muscles in the human body ; and 
 beauty of person, as well as health, will much depend upon each of 
 these muscles being brought into action under proper circumstances, 
 and to a suitable extent. Now, the game of Billiards calls into ac- 
 tion each and every one of the sinews, tendons, joints and muscles 
 of the frame, as any one who will take the trouble to watch a single 
 game, must be satisfied for himself. In walking, striking, stretch- 
 ing, stooping, and leaning back, the requirements of an ordi- 
 nary game place the player in almost every attitude that it is 
 possible to conceive. To this testimony of our own senses, we could 
 add that of the best medical authors, if we thought that such were 
 needed to give weight to a proposition which demonstrates itself. 
 
The Game of Billiakds. 19 
 
 sider the sedentary habits into which our American 
 ladies have lately fallen, we cannot fail to rejoice for 
 tneir sakes, that their homes will henceforth be adorned 
 with a means of recreation, which Avill pleasantly 
 compel them to take the needful exercise, and, at the 
 same time, so largely contribute to make home attrac- 
 tive to the sex upon whose presence their enjoyments 
 to a great extent depend. 
 
 The origin of this delightful game, like the birth- 
 place of Homer, is a contested point, and its antiquity, 
 like that of many elderly spinsters, is involved in con- 
 siderable doubt. By some it is supposed to have been 
 imported from the Persians during the Consulship of 
 the Eoman Lucullus ; by others, the honor of intro- 
 ducing it into Europe from the Bast, is assigned to the 
 Emperor Caligula. 
 
 But be these things as they may, we have no au- 
 thentic record of its existence, until the return of the 
 Knights Templars to Europe, on the termination of 
 the first crusade ; so that, if known at all to the Eo- 
 mans, as is generally supposed, it must have perished 
 along with many other noble arts on the overthrow of 
 their empire ; and unless the diggers at Herculaneum 
 and Pompeii, bring us up the charred remains of a bil- 
 liard-table, the matter must forever remain a subject 
 of uncertain speculation. 
 
 In all probability, however, the game, like that of 
 chess, has an eastern origin; the Templars brought it 
 back with them from the Holy Land, and it soon be- 
 came the favorite amusement and means of health to 
 which the cloistered monks of that period were permit- 
 
20 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 ted by their superiors to have recourse : and however 
 much, in these latter days, it may have come to be re- 
 garded as a " carnal amusement,'' we have abundant 
 evidence that it was cradled in the monasteries, whk'h 
 were then the fountain heads and only sources of the 
 Christian faith. 
 
 Having been introduced into Europe by the Knights 
 Templars, the game of billiards shared their fate ; and 
 when the power and wealth of that chivalric order 
 tempted the cupidity, and prompted the jealousy of 
 the European monarchs to their overthrow, the game 
 disappeared along with the fortunes of its masters, 
 nor was it again revived until the peaceful disposition 
 of Louis XI. of France induced him to prefer its plea- 
 sant emulation to the bloody tournaments that were 
 then the pastimes of his court. 
 
 By one of his successors, Henry III., it was still more 
 widely patronized ; and to that monarch it stands in- 
 debted for its appellation of " The noble game." The 
 kings of France were, at all times, its most powerful 
 and steadfast friends. 
 
 Again we find that the unfortunate Mary Stuart, 
 Queen' of Scots, complains in a letter to the Archbishop 
 of Glasgow, dated Fotheringay, and written the very 
 evening before her death, that her " Billiard table has 
 just been taken away from her, as a preliminary step 
 to her punishment." Doubtless, Mary having been 
 married to the Dauphin of France, was introduced to 
 the game during her stay in Paris. 
 
 You see, therefore, ladies, that you will run no risk 
 of being considered "too masculine in j^our tastes," if 
 
The Game of Billiards. 21 
 
 you devote yourselves to this delightful household re- 
 creation ; for a woman, and a queen, whose misfortunes 
 are only surpassed by the lustre of her accomplish- 
 ments, has here set you, many centuries ago, an ex- 
 ample of loving ft with a fervor which even the near 
 approach of death could not efface. No doubt also, 
 Queen Elizabeth, who was chiefly emulous and jealous 
 of her cousin's superior beauty and accomplishments, 
 must have been a passionate votary of the game ; and 
 in this manner only can we explain the anachronism 
 which Shakspeare commits when he makes Cleopatra 
 (Act II. scene 5) exclaim to Charmian, "Let us to 
 billiards!" 
 
 Beyond question, this was one of the compliments 
 to the whims and caprices of his mistress, with which 
 the poet was in the habit of interlarding such compo- 
 sitions as he wished might find favor in her eyes. On 
 this point, see a pleasant article, entitled " Shakspeare 
 a Billiard Player," which will be found in Appendix. 
 
 Indeed, we have often thought that whoever would 
 start a good calisthenic academy, with billiard tables, 
 and other apparatus for the physical recreation of the 
 gentler sex, would entitle himself to be looked upon as 
 a public benefactor. The majority of complaints, con- 
 sumption included, which afflict the female world, arise 
 almost exclusively from the w r ant of exercise, and suit- 
 able amusements. We are told so by the doctors, and 
 we know it from our daily experience. 
 
 Now, the game of billiards, though a very gentle one, 
 calls every muscle of the body into active life ; its 
 attitudes are an diversified as the position of the balls 
 
22 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 upon the board, and yet there is not one of them that 
 is not fraught with easy gracefulness and vigor. In 
 the ordinary course of an hour's billiard playing, a 
 person will walk from two to three miles round the 
 table, besides exerting every sinew of his body in 
 other and different directions ; and yet so frequent are 
 the pauses, and so absorbing the interest, that the idea 
 of fatigue is the very last that will enter the head.* 
 ■ The grand feature which, we trust, will eventually lead 
 to the general adoption of billiards, as the game for 
 home — the game to be introduced into the houses, and 
 shared with the families of all who are wealthy enough 
 to afford such an inexpensive luxury — is this : that it 
 will admit of being enjoyed in common by both the male 
 and female members of the family or circle. Neither 
 sex can enjoy an amusement so rationally, or innocently, 
 when alone : for they exert a happy influence on each 
 other when in company, and more than one half of the 
 vices and follies which affect society, result from the 
 separation of the sexes in the pursuit of their different 
 amusements. Those giant plague-spots of society, as 
 at present constituted, gambling and intemperance, 
 seldom dare to show their features in the drawing-room, 
 
 * Exercise to be efficacious for good even in the healthy, must be 
 excited, sustained, and directed by that nervous stimulant or odic 
 force, as it is called, which gives the muscles the chief part of their 
 strength, and contributes to the sustenance of the parts in a state 
 of activity. In short, to obtain the full advantage of the nervous 
 stimulus in exercise, we must be interested in what we are doing. 
 Billiards supplies this excitement, and, therefore, it is, that the exer- 
 cise which we take at the game is so particularly healthy. 
 
The Game of Billtaeds. 23 
 
 while they often obtrude their unwelcome presence into 
 places, from which ladies are excluded. 
 
 Look, ladies, at the billiard table as a means of do- 
 mesticating your husbands and brothers — as a means 
 of making home so agreeable that they will seldom 
 care to leave it, except on business or in your society 
 — and say, if the general introduction of the game as 
 a household appendage be not worth your very serious 
 consideration. 
 
 A first-class table, furnished with all the modern 
 improvements, would cost much less than the price 
 of a good piano ; it would permit any number from 
 two to ten to play on it at once with ease, and would 
 
 * We have often heard gentlemen regret that they could not have 
 a billiard table in their own houses, on account of a prejudice which 
 their wives entertained, that the game was connected with gambling. 
 No illusion could be more baseless, or more prejudicial to the best 
 interests of families : baseless, for the game is no more a gambling 
 one than chess — its intellectual interest suffices without the un- 
 natural stimulus of a bet ; and the ladies might, with much more 
 reason, object to the election of a President, because we know that 
 large sums are constantly staked upon the success of the rival can- 
 didates. It is prejudicial, we add, because everything that makes 
 home less agreeable to the head of a family, tends in so much to 
 alienate him from that sphere in which his pleasures should be found. 
 If the true domesticating influence of billiards were understood, 
 every wife would be most anxious to provide her husband with a 
 table ; for the mind needs amusement after the business of the day, 
 and persons who have been sitting for eight or ten hours at the desk 
 or in the library need exercise ; the game of billiards combines 
 these two essentials in their most pleasing form, and what wife 
 would not rather see her husband enjoy himself at home than find 
 him obliged to go abroad for relaxation ? 
 
24 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 likewise afford amusement and a certain amount of 
 mathematical instruction to as many as could con- 
 veniently sit round and watch the progress of the 
 game. 
 
 In France and Germany, and in this country also to 
 a growing extent, the ladies have for many years par- 
 ticipated in this noble game. The greatest, the wisest, 
 and one of the purest of modern women, the celebrated 
 Madame de Stael, was to enthusiastic advocate of bil- 
 liards, and one of the most brilliant players of her age ; 
 even when exiled to Switzerland by order of Napoleon 
 she overstayed the time limited for her departure from 
 Paris, in order that she might personally superintend 
 the removal of her billiard table. The late Duchess 
 de Berri was also very fond of the game, and highly 
 skilled in its execution ; her example gave the tone to 
 Parisian fashion, and to-day the billiard room is re- 
 garded as an indispensable adjunct to every chateau of 
 any pretension on continental Europe. 
 
 In country houses, removed from the theatres and 
 operas, the balls and soirees of metropolitan society, 
 the " noble game" would supply the place of these ex- 
 citements with something healthier and purer. We 
 should all sleep more soundly, if we made it a rule to 
 play billiards for an hour or two each evening, before 
 going to bed. Our wives and children would be more 
 healthy and happy, more affectionate and fond of 
 home ; for there is nothing which endears the family 
 circle so intimately, as the recollection of amusements 
 shared in common — of games in which we all took 
 part. 
 
The Game of Billiards. 25 
 
 it the game of billiards, more than at any other 
 g* ne or exercise within our knowledge, the observer 
 of national characteristics will have an opportunity of 
 studying those peculiarities of the individual whose 
 aggregate is the character of his country. Thus' we 
 find, that the Frenchman, whose artistic eye and mathe- 
 matical genius make him the best military strategist of 
 all the European nations, is also by far the most 
 brilliant billiard player to be found in the world : his 
 conceptions are daring, and his execution has all the 
 finish and rapidity of one with whom it would be pre- 
 sumption for a less gifted player to contend : his open- 
 ing is a succession of coups d'etat, and if we did not 
 know that his pace was a " killing one," we should 
 feel tempted to throw down the cue in despair, and ask 
 the marker how much we had to pay for the table ? 
 But, alas ! his success is his destruction ; his most bril- 
 liant coup de main only accelerates his ruin : he is in- 
 toxicated by the triumph his own genius has in part 
 achieved, and the vivacity of his play evaporates before 
 the game is half concluded. For single strokes of 
 almost miraculous adroitness he puts forth all the skill 
 he is master of; but for the patient foresight and self- 
 restraint which are necessary to a prudent management 
 of the balls, he is utterly unfit. He would not forego 
 the chance of a brilliant shot, even though he knew 
 that it must leave the balls in a position from which 
 his adversary may make an easy run to game: he 
 cares not to win, so long as he can make it clear that 
 he could win, if he chose always to play as carefully as 
 he does upon occasion : so long as he is confessed to be 
 2 
 
26 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 the "most brilliant billiard player," lie cares not who 
 is called "the best." 
 
 The Englishman, on the other hand, in this, as in 
 almost everything else, is the direct reverse of his late 
 imperial and imperious ally : he looks to the result, and 
 does not care the snap of one of his portly fingers by 
 what means the victory has been gained, so long as it 
 is his, de facto: he knows that his conceptions, though 
 profound, are far from lively ; and he flatters his tardy 
 execution by the maxim that " all great bodies move 
 slowly." He is the very essence of patience and labor- 
 ious foresight in his play ; if care could win a game 
 the Englishman would never lose. But he is so op- 
 posed to "rashness" of every kind — so averse to those 
 progressive ideas which he in general sums up under 
 the head of "impracticable," that he would lose a 
 stroke which, though difficult, is probable, rather than 
 forfeit that reputation for prudence upon w r hich he es- 
 pecially prides himself. He " forgets to remember," 
 as the saying is, that it was care killed the cat ; and 
 though his game is a very strong one, and perhaps of 
 the two more safe than the Frenchman's, still it is 
 marred by excess of caution, and numberless counts 
 are lost from the timidity which will not stretch forth 
 its hand to grasp them. 
 
 Halfway between these two, and combining the pe- 
 culiarities of each, stands the American billiard player. 
 With much of the Frenchman's vivacity, and all his 
 hardihood, his conceptions are bold enough to seize all 
 the possible advantages of a stroke, and his manipula- 
 tion, though less delicate than the Frenchman's, is su- 
 
The Game of Billiards. 27 
 
 perior to the Englishman's in quickness, ease and 
 force. On the other hand, he is proverbially a man 
 that calculates the cost of his whistle before sitting 
 down to enjoy it : the problem of each stroke passes 
 rapidly through his head before he strikes ; and though 
 he does not " manage the balls" (as a general rule) so 
 exactly as the plodding Englishman, he foresees the posi- 
 tion in which they will be placed clearly enough for 
 all practical purposes, and his judicious audacity 
 gives him counts, which the more timid player would 
 lose for the simple want of trying. 
 
 It has always been an easy task to speak well of the 
 Athenians in Athens; but we cannot be accused of 
 flattering our readers, when we simply state a fact, 
 which every observer of experience must have long 
 since noted : to wit, that the Frenchman is the most 
 brilliant, the Englishman the most careful, the Ameri- 
 can the most successful — and therefore, if that be anv 
 argument, as it is commonly admitted to be the most 
 conclusive — the very best of billiard players. 
 
 The German game is by far too ponderous and spec- 
 ulative a theme for us, to attempt its discussion : its 
 theories are no doubt correct— at least, in the absence 
 of other proof, we must believe them so ; but as all hu- 
 man attainments fall short of the ideal, their execution 
 does not bear any due proportion to the amount of 
 thought that has been expended on the solution of each 
 problem. They are continually attempting fantastic 
 strokes, which have little else except their difficulty 
 to recommend them ; and their play has all the labori- 
 ousness of the Englishman 's> without being directed to 
 
28 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 a purpose of the same practical use. Their minds are 
 too metaphysical for a game in which manual dexter- 
 ity, and mathematical precision of the eye, are the two 
 grand essentials of success ; and, however excellent 
 their speculations on the abstract science of the game 
 may be, we find that they are frequently aroused there- 
 from by an announcement that the art of their oppo- 
 nent has turned their dream of victory into a dream 
 that is never to be realized. 
 
 Italian players play very much as the French ; and 
 we have never seen enough of the Eussian mode of 
 play to pronounce an opinion. 
 
 Not only national character, but individual as well, 
 may be profitably studied in a billiard saloon ; for un- 
 der the genial and exciting influence of the game, he 
 must be a very cold-blooded or designing man indeed, 
 who will not suffer his real nature, at some moment of 
 interest, to break through and exhibit itself. 
 
 Having made these prefatory remarks in a spirit of 
 conciliation, and with a hope that they may help to 
 dissipate some of the well-meaning but mistaken prej- 
 udice, which persists in confounding this truly scien- 
 tific game with the blind and reckless chances upon 
 which the gambler stakes and loses all he has on earth 
 — health, character and fortune — we shall now pro- 
 ceed, as well as we are able, to a more particular con* 
 sideration of the game of billiards as an art. 
 
CnAPTEE H. 
 
 ON THE MACHINERY OF BILLIARDS — THE TABLE AND ITS ArPURTEN- 
 ANCES — IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CUE AND CUSHIONS— THE OPINION 
 OF A GOOD AUTHORITY. 
 
 We will suppose that our reader is a perfect novice 
 in the noble game — one who does not know a billiard 
 from a faro table, but imagines that there is a very 
 dangerous similitude 'between the morals and appear- 
 ance of the two. 
 
 Let us now strive to dissipate his ignorance. 
 
 The Billiard Tables commonly in use are twelve 
 feet long by six across. The length may vary, but the 
 proportions must remain the same ; that is to say, the 
 table must be twice as long as it is broad. 
 
 The frame of the ordinary table is made of rosewood, 
 oak, mahogany, or other woods, at the option of the 
 purchaser. The bed or surface of the table is of timber, 
 marble, or slate, and should stand at an elevation of 
 some two and thirty inches from the floor. This bed 
 is covered with a fine green cloth, and around its sides 
 run cushions made of some elastic substances, and 
 covered with a similar protection. At the four corners 
 of the table there are holes made large enough to re- 
 ceive the ivory balls, and beneath these holes are 
 pockets of silken netting, into which said balls may 
 safely drop. At each side, exactly in the middle of the 
 
80 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 length, there are similar pockets, making six in all ; 
 and along the top of the sides you will observe little 
 pieces of ivory or mother-of-pearl imbedded at regular 
 intervals, as if to mark some particular distance on the 
 board. These are called the "sights," and their use 
 will be explained hereafter; it is enough for the pres- 
 ent to observe that there are six of them along each 
 side, and three at top and bottom. 
 
 Formerly each table had a " passe" or iron arch 
 affixed to it, through which the balls, at particular 
 periods of the game, were obliged to be played ; but 
 this obstructive and useless appendage has long since 
 disappeared, and its place is supplied by what is called 
 the u string," — an imaginary line drawn across the top 
 of the board, midway between the corner and side 
 pockets. 
 
 The Cue is a long, straight, tapering pole of well- 
 seasoned white ash, tipped with leather, varying in 
 length from five feet to five feet five inches, and in 
 weight from seven to twenty ounces. It is very desir- 
 able to establish uniformity in everything connected 
 with the game, as otherwise a change of instruments 
 may disarrange our previous calculations, and render 
 our experience futile ; for this purpose we lay it down 
 as a general rule, that the cue should be two and a half 
 times the weight of the ball with which we play. 
 
 The improved cue, though the scientific perfection 
 of the game depends so much upon its mastery, is 
 comparatively a modern innovation, and was assailed 
 in its infancy with the same arrogant and blinded 
 venom which we find in our own day displayed 
 
The Game of Billiards. 31 
 
 towards other improvements of fully equal import 
 ance. * Be it known, then, that up to the com- 
 mencement of the present century, the mace was the 
 instrument with which the game of billiards was 
 almost universally played. This mace consists of a 
 square-fronted box- wood head, attached to a fine ash 
 pole, of some four or five feet in length ; it is still much 
 used by ladies and children, in their first attempts to 
 learn the rudiments of the game. But to return to the 
 cue as it was known to our grandfathers at the com- 
 mencement of the present century; it was an improve? 
 ment on the mace, we admit, being little more than the 
 mace without the head ! It was a simple wooden pole, 
 not tipped with anything to break the harshness of the 
 stroke, and its improvement over its predecessor con- 
 sisted chiefly in the fact, that in playing with it the 
 idea of making a natural "bridge" with the left hand 
 on the table was first eliminated. 
 
 When this step in advance had been made, it was 
 confidently asserted that the force of progress could 
 no further go; the game of billiards had already 
 reached its grand climacteric — its zenith, and any fur- 
 ther attempt at an advancement would be a step in the 
 downward course. 
 
 And yet, at that very time, a new discoverer was 
 preparing to effect a thorough revolution in the 
 game, and one, which has undoubtedly increased 
 the scientific capacities of play to an immense 
 extent. Monsieur Minguad, to whom we are in- 
 debted for the present wonder working capabili- 
 ties of the cue, was a professional billiard player, 
 
32 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 who had frequent reason to lament the "miscues" or 
 false strokes which were unavoidable, where hard 
 wood came in contact with slippery ivory. To soften 
 down the harshness of his stroke and to avoid these 
 slips, he conceived the idea of covering the end of his 
 cue with leather ; and we can only compare the dis- 
 coveries which followed, to those made by Aladdin, 
 when, in attempting to clean the lamp of the genii, he 
 rubbed it, and found that by rubbing he had created a 
 spell which placed an army of magicians under his 
 control. No theoretical deduction suggested to Min- 
 gaud the wonderful phenomena that would result from 
 the apparently unimportant change ; but we must give 
 him credit for the untiring and indefatigable boldness 
 with which he pursued his chance-made discoveries to 
 their legitimate conclusion. 
 
 How astonished were the billiard players and the 
 billiard table manufacturers of Mingaud's day, by the 
 results of his invention ! These latter gentlemen then 
 thought, as still they seem to think, that unto them 
 belonged a patent monopoly for all the improvements 
 that were, or could, or might at any time hereafter be 
 made in the noble game ; and when the cue with a leather 
 tip was first brought before their august consideration, 
 they did not fail to lavish on the discoverer such epi- 
 thets as " innovator, 7 ' "dreamer," and others of an 
 equally complimentary character. 
 
 " But facts are chiels that winna ding, 
 And downa be disputed," 
 
 as Eobert Burns said long ago ; and when the mde- 
 
The Game of Billiards. 33 
 
 pendent amateurs of Paris saw the practical operation 
 of Mingaud's discovery —when they saw the ordinary 
 laws of motion apparently reversed in obedience to the 
 whim of the person wielding the (then modern) cue — 
 when they saw him, with a perfect mastery of his own 
 ball, sometimes force it to describe a curve around a 
 hat placed in the middle of the board — sometimes 
 compel it to make angles diametrically opposed to the 
 ordinary laws as hitherto expounded and believed — 
 when they saw the same ball apparently possessing 
 scarce enough force to arrive at a cushion, suddenly 
 gather strength at the moment of contact, and fly off 
 with increasing velocity. When they saw these things, 
 we say, it seemed to them like magic, and it was lucky 
 for Mingaud that the statutes against sorcery had been 
 repealed before his day. 
 
 These miracles, as they then seemed, have since be- 
 come familiar and explainable. Their exact principles 
 and practice will be illustrated in our subsequent engrav- 
 ings ; and, with such simple instructions as we mean 
 to give, the merest neophyte of the present day will 
 be enabled, after a few experiments, to perform such 
 strokes as would have won him a w r ide renown in the 
 days of his respected grandfather. 
 
 The balls ; should be of a uniform size, and from 
 two and a quarter to two and a half inches in diame- 
 ter. Those of two and three-eighths in diameter, if 
 made of the best East India ivory, close-grained and 
 properly seasoned, will average a weight of seven 
 ounces each, and are those best suited to the game, 
 and now most commonly in use. Great care shouM 
 2* 
 
34 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 be used in the selection of the ivory out of which these 
 balls are turned ; for if not perfectly dry, or, in other 
 words, seasoned, when put upon the lathe, the moisture 
 will be drawn forth by the heated atmosphere of the 
 billiard room, and either an imperceptible bias or a 
 perceptible crack will be the result. In either case the 
 ball will be rendered useless for the purposes of scien- 
 tific play. The ivory brought from the island of Cey- 
 lon is the best that can be used for billiard balls, the 
 tusks being far more solid than those from Africa, less 
 friable than those from Continental Asia, and more 
 elastic in proportion to their density than any other. 
 They are dreadfully dear, however ; and if any invent- 
 ive genius would discover a substitute for ivory, pos- 
 sessing those qualities which make it valuable to the 
 billiard player, he would make a handsome fortune for 
 himself, and earn our sincerest gratitude. 
 
 The Artificial Bridge is an instrument that should 
 never be used, when it is any way possible, without 
 serious inconvenience, to form a natural bridge by 
 stretching forward across the table. It is made of an 
 ash pole inserted in a cross-head of a bridge form, with 
 three or more notches in its upper side. In any of 
 these notches w r e may rest the cue, when the balls are in 
 such a position as not otherwise to be readily reached. 
 
 The Chalk should be carefully selected from the 
 best French brands ; for if impure, or retaining any 
 of the grit or grease which we sometimes find in com- 
 mon grocer's chalk, it is worse than useless, and will 
 rather increase than diminish the chances of a miscuc. 
 
 The Counters, if for a public room, should be hung 
 
The Game of Billiards. 35 
 
 upon a wire about four and a half feet above the table, 
 and running lengthwise with it. When placed trans- 
 versely, as is sometimes done, they are more apt to 
 distract the player's eye. For a private room, where 
 no marker is kept, a light mahogany frame with the 
 counters hung on wires across it, will be found the most 
 convenient: it can be placed upon the chimney-piece, 
 or on a stand at either end of the table. 
 
 A Billiard Boom for a single table should be 
 twenty-four feet long by eighteen wide — but twenty- 
 two by sixteen would do upon a pinch. Why will 
 not our architects, in their plans for modern mansions, 
 make suitable provision for that amusement, without 
 which no gentleman's establishment (more especially 
 if a country one) can now be considered perfect? 
 Even if the builder of a house have no taste for the 
 game himself, he should look beforehand, and consider 
 that such an accommodation might form an important 
 item in the price which a succeeding tenant would be 
 willing to pay for it. For two tables, the room ought 
 to be twenty -four by thirty ; for three, twenty-four by 
 forty-two, and so on, in proportion to the number of 
 tables. The light, if possible, should descend from 
 above, through ample skylights, so as to bring the 
 table within a general focus, and thus prevent any 
 shadow being thrown from the balls or cushions. The 
 gas-light should be raised about three feet six inches 
 from the bed of the table, and supplied with horizontal 
 burners, as by such an arrangement no shadow is cast 
 trom the pipe. The floor, if carpeted at all, should be 
 covered with some thick soft material, to prevent injury 
 
86 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 to tlie balls in case of their "jumping" the cushions. 
 If not carpeted, as by some preferred, particular care 
 should be taken to have the heads of the nails in the 
 floor driven down, for a like reason. 
 
 The Cushions of the table are the last, but by no 
 means the least, of the appurtenances of billiards, to 
 which we devote our attention. Indeed, we purposely 
 omitted them from their natural connection, in order to 
 give a clearer view of their importance, when taken in 
 connection with the whole. 
 
 The game of billiards, as we know, is a series of 
 mathematical combinations and effects, depending in 
 part upon the laws of motion, and in part upon a just 
 appreciation of the angles of incidence and reflexion 
 which are made by the balls, as they bound from side 
 to side, across, and up and down the board. Every 
 motion of the balls, supposing the machinery of the ta- 
 ble to be correct, can be calculated beforehand, with 
 the precision of an astronomical thesis. The weight of 
 the ball is so much — the.-force applied to it is so much 
 : — the angle at which it strikes is one of so many de- 
 grees — and the result must infallibly be so and so. If, 
 therefore, we could suppose the whole machinery of the 
 billiard table brought up to the standard of absolute 
 perfection,* and that an automaton player, equally 
 
 * We find, in a work written by Edward Eussell Mardon, a cel- 
 ebrated English player, to whom we shall have occasion to refer 
 hereafter, a true, and most amusing account of the origin of India- 
 rubber cushions. It is so good, that we make no apology for quot- 
 ing it in extenso : 
 
 " One of the inventors of the India-rubber cushions, being a bil- 
 
The Game of Billiards. 37 
 
 perfect, could be made, the game would then lose "the 
 delightful flavor of uncertainty" which, even with the 
 best of players, gives to it its present excitement and 
 zest, and would become a congeries of propositions, as 
 dry and uninteresting as the tables of arithmetic. To 
 the imperfections of our physical and mental nature — 
 to the variability of our nervous condition, and the 
 misjudgments of the eye, we owe that admixture of un- 
 certainty which forms the highest zest of all cultivated 
 and refined amusements. 
 
 Until very recently indeed, the cushions used, were 
 notoriously and grossly defective. Those made of 
 cloth, from their undue passiveness and want of elas- 
 
 Hard-table manufacturer, as well as an excellent player, and quite 
 capable of judging correctly, respecting the precision of an angle, 
 placed his maiden cushions on a table of his own, and proceeded, ere 
 they were exhibited, to try their effect. The balls had not been 
 many times struck, before the incorrectness of the angle became ap- 
 parent, and their immediate removal was contemplated. The table, 
 however, having been engaged by gentlemen at a given hour, and 
 the intervening time not allowing of their being replaced by others, 
 the cushions were permitted to remain. The gentlemen arrived — they 
 commenced playing. The speed, the extraordinary speed, filled them 
 with amazement ; and, as the games went on, their delight kept 
 pace with their surprise. The inventor smiled, and, if I am rightly 
 informed, thus expressed himself : ' If the public is pleased, the 
 cushions may as well remain.' But, had the table, upon which the 
 experimental cushions were placed, been first played upon by scientfic 
 players, the absurdity would have been at once condemned ; their 
 removal would instantly have taken place ; and cushions, too fast to 
 be correct, would never have disgraced a game, whose beauties and 
 scientific properties are governed by, and wholly dependent upon, 
 ihe truth of an ande." 
 
68 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 ticity, had the effect of deadening the original force, to 
 an extent which made the angle of reflexion incalcula- 
 bly more obtuse than that of incidence : while, on the 
 other hand, those made of India-rubber, from their ex- 
 cessive elasticity and resistance, permitted the imping- 
 ing ball to bury itself too deeply in their surface — thus 
 the ball, as it were, extemporizing a cushion in front 
 of it, and rebounding at an angle more acute than 
 the angle at which it struck. To India-rubber, as at 
 first used — that is to say, in its raw condition — there 
 were serious atmospherical objections; in frosty weath- 
 er it became as hard as an adamantine democrat, and 
 required to be thawed out semi-hourly, by the applica- 
 tion of tin tubes filled with boiling water ; while in 
 sultry summer days, the rubber melted, and assumed 
 the consistency of baker's dough — for which the reme- 
 dy, if any, would seem to be a semi-hourly icing. In 
 the intermediate intervals between these various opera- 
 tions, it must be evident that the cushion, so boiled or 
 iced, would present a different consistency each mo- 
 ment, and, therefore, must necessarily reflect the im- 
 pinging balls at various angles ; and thus, no amount 
 of experience could enable a player to counteract by 
 calculation the radical defect ; for his ball, striking at 
 an angle of 40°, when the cushion was very warm, 
 might slide off at the angle 20° ; while, striking at the 
 same angle, when the cushion was a trifle colder, it 
 would be tossed back at the angle of 50° — and so 
 on, through all the varieties of heat and cold.* 
 
 * la a work on billiards, published as long since as 1844. by 
 p]dward Russell Mardon, a famous English player, we find some 
 
The Game of Billiards. 89 
 
 Objections of a like nature, though arising from dif- 
 ferent causes, attached to all the other cushions which 
 had been devised at various times and by various per- 
 sons, with a view to remedy this admitted evil ; until 
 at last, the writer, a billiard-player, who had 
 suffered much from the irregularities which were be- 
 yond his control, and which often rendered his most 
 careful play of no avail — determined to try whether 
 his 'practical experience of the evil might not enable 
 him to hit upon a remedy ; and was at last fortunate 
 enough to discover a combination of substances which 
 seemed to supply the long sought for desideratum. 
 
 That his discovery was a valuable one was proved 
 by the eagerness with which the established manufac- 
 turers of billiard tables laid hold of, and appropriated 
 
 observations, which we quote for the support of our remarks. He 
 is speaking of the necessity of correct cushions and graduated 
 strengths : 
 
 " In order that success may be insured, it is necessary that the 
 speed of the bed of the table and the return from the cushion should 
 be equal ; and that they should, of course, continue so from day to 
 day ; but I am informed by a maker of experience, intelligence, and 
 close observation, that cushions, stuffed with India-rubber, are so 
 susceptible of change of temperature, that the effect of it has even 
 been experienced during the continuance of a match. Thus the 
 best of strengths at eleven in the morning, might prove the worst 
 of strengths at five in the afternoon !" * * * " How wretched, 
 to a player possessing an eye accustomed to geometrical demonstra- 
 tion, must appear the running of the balls, when returning from 
 cushions so palpably untrue ; and how mortifying to witness the un- 
 favorable result of a well-played stroke, that ought, with correctness 
 of angle, to have insured the winning of the game." 
 
40 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 its improvements. That the cushions formerly in use 
 were defective and irregular, had never hitherto been 
 denied. But when the inventor announced his inten- 
 tion of protecting his discovery by a patent, and thus 
 reaping some portion of the reward of experiments 
 which, though now successful, had not been carried on 
 without much anxiety and expense- — and when the 
 protecting patent was at length, despite their combined 
 opposition, granted to him, — the whole merits of the 
 case were changed, and the cushions formerly con- 
 demned as irregular were extolled as the acme of per- 
 fection, while his combination — which they had pirated 
 and used, so long as they could do so without lender- 
 ing themselves liable to the penalties of the law — be- 
 came the object of their united defamation. In fact, it 
 seemed as if the guild of " regular manufacturers," as 
 they called themselves, considered that to them be- 
 longed a " heaven-born right" to be the sole intro- 
 ducers of any improvement into their particular branch 
 of mechanics ; and though they failed themselves to 
 make the improvements which were needed, they were 
 determined that no " outsider" should shame their in- 
 efficiency by proclaiming in his own name a discovery 
 from which a new era in the game of billiards should 
 be elated. If the inventor would have sold his patent- 
 right to them, they were prepared to pay liberally (so 
 they said) for its use ; but as he had no confidence in 
 their professions, and no guarantee that they would 
 not, from motives of a mistaken economy, supply an 
 inferior combination to that specified in his patent, 
 (thereby injuring his discovery in public estimation,) 
 
The Game of Billiards. 41 
 
 the discoverer declined to make any arrangement of 
 the sort, and from that moment it became the object 
 of his opponents to destroy the favorable impression 
 which the combination cushions had already made, 
 wherever used. 
 
 But as this may be regarded as an affair of private 
 competition, and as the billiard-playing public have 
 given an emphatic verdict in favor of the invention, 
 the subject may be dismissed for the present. 
 
 The author does so the more gladly, from the per- 
 sonal nature of the discussion. He would have avoided 
 it altogether, had not the frequent publications made 
 on the other side, of a defamatory nature, rendered 
 this simple statement due to justice, and to the merits 
 of a case in which all who would promote the scien- 
 tific development of Billiards, must be deeply inter- 
 ested. 
 
 Of the further improvements made in the Model 
 Tables which bear his name, the author is restrained 
 from speaking by motives which can be easily appre- 
 ciated. He will only say that every subsequent im- 
 provement in the models (improvements since ratified 
 and secured to him by the grant of additional patents), 
 was dictated by practical inconveniences which he ex- 
 perienced in the old ; and referring the reader to an 
 article from the Scientific American, dated Dec. 23d, 
 1855, and descriptions of the improvements which he 
 has subsequently patented, which will be found in the 
 Appendix, he will now take his leave of the " machinery 
 of the game of billiards," and apply himself to its 
 practical and scientific illustration. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 HE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE GAME DEFINED, WITH A VIEW TO 
 THEIR PRACTICAL APPLICATION IN THE DIAGRAMS WHICH ARE TO 
 FOLLOW. 
 
 The art of playing billiards must be taught by prac- 
 tical experience ; no amount of intellectual study can 
 impart to a novice the manual dexterity and adroitness 
 which are essential to the accomplishment even of the 
 very simplest strokes. But a student may save him- 
 self months — we had almost written years — of labor- 
 ious investigation and experiment, by learning thor- 
 oughly, beforehand, the principles of the science which 
 he is afterwards to practice and master as an art. It 
 will be no small gain for him if these pages instruct 
 him how to start right, from the commencement — if he 
 is made to understand what he will be required to do, 
 before he attempts to do it ; and if he is given such an 
 intelligent view of the game as will cause him to ap- 
 preciate, from the outset, the value of the different ex- 
 periences which each successive stroke will give. 
 
 Wherever it is possible for the student to place 
 himself under a competent professional instructor, dur- 
 ing the first month of his noviciate, he should by no 
 means neglect to avail himself of the immense advan- 
 tages which may be thus acquired. He will be given 
 the full benefit of his teacher's experience, and may 
 
 [42] 
 
The Game of Billiakds. 43 
 
 thus make more scientific progress in a month than 
 another player, not possessed of such assistance, could 
 make in a year. The original discovery of any one of 
 Euclid's propositions might be the task of a lifetime, 
 and could only be achieved by a person of mathemati- 
 cal genius ; but with the aid of an instructor, and the 
 benefit of his experience, a boy of very ordinary 
 powers may master the whole six books in as many 
 months. 
 
 Not only the novice, but the average amateur also, 
 would do well to avail himself of the assistance of a 
 tutor. As a month's teaching would raise the novice 
 to the rank of an average player, so the same instruc- 
 tion would elovate the average amateur to the rank of 
 a professional master. 
 
 The present chapter will be devoted more particu- 
 larly to the instruction of beginners'; but we are con- 
 fident, at the same time, that its careful perusal may 
 be of service to all. For how many are there who. 
 play billiards mechanically, and execute the most 
 beautiful propositions without once pausing to exam- 
 ine and admire the essential scientific beauty which 
 is involved in their mechanical play ! Let them once 
 be made aware of the true principles of the art which 
 they profess, and the pursuit of it will forever after 
 yield them a double pleasure. And first let us con- 
 sider the 
 
 CONDITIONS OF A GOOD ATTITUDE. 
 
 The acquisition of a good attitude is a point of 
 the first importance to the young student of billiards* 
 
44 
 
 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 and yet, from its purely physical nature, is a subject 
 which almost defies the control of any written rules. 
 There are peculiarities of height and figure which ren- 
 der the rules that would be excellent in one case, 
 totally inapplicable in the other; thus it is impossible 
 to define by inches the distance at which a player 
 should stand from the table, when about to strike ; for 
 not only will the different statures of men cause a dif- 
 ference of position — but, even with the same player, 
 different positions of the ball will call for correspond- 
 ing changes of attitude. 
 
 Under these circumstances, the best we can do is 
 to give a general direction, which each student must 
 apply for himself to his own particular case. Let him 
 stand with his left foot slightly advanced, his left arm 
 extended and resting on the table to form a bridge, 
 and his body, not facing the table squarely, but form- 
 ing an ac.ite angle with the side at which he stands ; 
 
' The Game of Billiards. 45 
 
 let him relax all the muscles of his limbs into their 
 usual and most natural posture — for rigidity of body 
 is at all times awkward and ungraceful, and seriously 
 interferes with play. The cue, though allowed to rest 
 loosely in the hand at the time of drawing back, should 
 be held firmly at the moment of contact with the ball ; 
 and in all strokes, except the "jump" and " perpen- 
 dicular force," the direction of the cue should be main- 
 tained as much as possible in the horizontal. The 
 striking motion should be confined to the arm, and 
 chiefly to the lower division of it; the "shoulder- 
 hitters," in billiards, or those persons who throw their 
 bodies forward after the cue, would do well to re- 
 nounce the "noble game," and turn their evident 
 capacities to what its professors call "the noble art of 
 self-defence." Their shoulder-hitting might make them 
 first rate pugilists, but totally unfits them for a game 
 in which delicacy of touch and firmness of body, eye 
 and purpose, are the grand essentials of success. The 
 body should remain immovable as a rock, while the 
 right arm swings to and fro at a sufficient distance to 
 avoid contact with the side, when advancing. All 
 spasmodic motion and muscular contortions should be 
 avoided ; mere bodily strength in the player will not 
 give strength to his stroke ; the quantity of motion 
 imparted to the ball will correspond precisely with 
 the weight of the cue multiplied by the velocity with 
 which it is advancing at the instant of contact; and 
 therefore the only force required from the player, even 
 for the strongest stroke, is force enough to cause his 
 cue to move forward at a rate of speed which, multi- 
 
46 The Game of Billiards. ' 
 
 plied by its gravity, will give the required result. As 
 aforesaid, this motion should emanate especially from 
 the fore-arm. It is impossible to describe exactly what 
 we wish to convey ; but if our readers, when striking, 
 will imagine that they are throwing a lasso, and give 
 the same quick, steady force of wrist to the cue that 
 is required in flinging the coil, they will understand 
 exactly what we mean. 
 
 It is owing to the knowledge of this secret, that 
 men, physically weak, are frequently more than a 
 match in billiard-strength for players who have the 
 proportions of Hercules, and the " dead pull" of Samp- 
 son when he brought down the pillars of the temple 
 on the heads of the assembled heathen. 
 
 The attitude of ladies, when playing, is much sim- 
 pler, from the fact that, as they almost universally 
 use the mace, they are not called upon to lean forward 
 to form a bridge with the left hand. The end of the 
 mace which they hold, should be rested between the 
 thumb and second finger, in such a position that the 
 eye may run along it from its top to the point of con- 
 tact; the head of the mace should be in contact with 
 the ball at the moment of playing; and when the 
 purpose of the stroke is determined, the forefinger 
 should be brought firmly down upon the end. It is 
 quickness, not actual physical force, that imparts 
 strength to the ball, whether shoved with the mace 
 or struck by the cue. As for the attitude in which a 
 lady should stand while playing billiards, no instruc- 
 tion is neefled ; perfect ease is perfect grace, and per- 
 fect ease of position is the grand desideratum for the 
 
The Game of Billiards. 47 
 
 billiard-player. As the ladies are always graceful, or 
 at least study to be so, they will naturally observe 
 that ease of attitude which it is only necessary to en- 
 force upon the ruder and more awkward sex. 
 
 To the male novice we would say : avoid all stiff- 
 ness and parade — avoid all affected dignity. Let your 
 dress and attitude be such as to afford your body a 
 perfect mastery of its own movements. A practiced 
 eye can discriminate at the first glance on entering a 
 billiard-room, which is the really skilful player, and 
 which the pretentious bungler, by merely noting the 
 contrast which the good player's easy grace presents 
 to the rigid formalism of the other. Paganini, in his 
 younger days, when he taught the violin, used to give 
 his pupils six months time in which to practice how to 
 hold the instrument and bow. When they understood 
 that thoroughly, he could teach them, he said, the 
 remainder of the art in a few weeks. 
 
 Now, without requiring so long an apprenticeship — 
 without, in fact, requiring any apprenticeship at all — 
 if the student will only allow himself to stand in his 
 natural position, we insist upon it that the attitude and 
 mode of holding the cue are just as important to the 
 billiard-player, as Paganini pronounced the things 
 aforesaid to be to the aspiring musician. 
 
 The left foot should be pushed slightly forward, 
 pointing straight ahead, while the right is withdrawn, 
 and turned outwards, at whatever angle is habitual 
 and most convenient to the player. The body should 
 be fairly balanced, for without this equilibrium, we 
 can neither have grace nor ease. The left arm, when 
 
48 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 necessary, should be advanced and rested on the table 
 — the left hand being extended, as in the cut, to form 
 a u bridge." 
 
 The bridge is formed by placing the left hand about 
 six inches from the ball to be played on, and then 
 drawing it up until it rests on the ends of the. fingers 
 and wrist, or ball of the hand, at an angle which is 
 here represented. The thumb is then brought up 
 firmly to the forefinger, so as to form a groove in 
 which the cue may slide. The wrist, and points of 
 the fingers, should be moderately pressed upon the 
 table, to give strength and solidity, and then you have 
 a "bridge" over which you may travel pleasantly and 
 safely, into the golden realm of billiards. 
 
 The right arm, holding the cue, should be a little 
 withdrawn, bent so as to form an obtuse angle at the 
 elbow, and kept sufficiently far from the body to ren- 
 der its advance and retreat unimpeded; for if the 
 player fall into the habit of allowing the arm, while 
 striking, to rub against the side, he may as well give 
 up all further attempts to learn the game, until he shall 
 have first unlearned that habit. The cue should be 
 held firmly, but without effort, in the hand, and moder- 
 ately pressed upon the bridge, so as to avoid vibration 
 while in the act of making the stroke ; especially, in 
 all attempts at making the " force," "following," and 
 
The Game of Billiards. 49 
 
 "twist 7 ' strokes, which will be described hereafter. 
 Our readers may get a better idea of our meaning by 
 studying the accompanying plate, and placing them- 
 selves in what we may literally call " the striking 
 position," which the gentleman there occupies. 
 
 The attitude in which a lady stands while playing 
 billiards, is less difficult to explain, and may almost be 
 studied from the illustration. The mace is a simpler 
 instrument, inasmuch as it requires no bridge to be 
 formed, and, consequently, no exertion in leaning or 
 stretching forward over the table ; but where a lady 
 uses the cue in playing, as we counsel them to do, the 
 same rules will of course apply to her that we have 
 laid down in the preceding paragraphs. 
 
 But to return to our directions for gentlemen, who 
 really Keed more guiding: let the arm hang free, and 
 strike with the whole of it; but keep the body firm, 
 and do not let the right shoulder move forward in the 
 same direction with the arm when you strike. Let 
 the stroke be delivered in an even, easy, and regular 
 manner. Avoid all spasmodic movements, for they 
 spoil the aim. Do not bring the end of the cue too 
 close to the ball. Let there be a distance of from one 
 to two inches between them, depending on the charac- 
 ter of the shot you wish to make. 
 
 Select a cue in harmony with your physical powers, 
 and accustom yourself as much as possible to play 
 with cues of a similar weight. If you play regularly 
 in any billiard-saloon, they will be happy to keep a 
 cue for your especial use. From fifteen to sixteen 
 ounces are fair weights, according to the size of 
 
 3 
 
50 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 the balls now used in play. A cue, if too heavy, 
 will paralyze the nerves of the arm and render 
 them unable to estimate correctly the amount of force 
 employed : if too light, on the other hand, it will call 
 for an amount of force so great as to be incompatible 
 with a steady and deliberate aim. Finally, let the 
 cue be straight, for any crookedness in this instrument 
 distracts the eye, and may seriously interfere with the 
 manual correctness. The cues with inlaid and orna- 
 mental stocks are more to be admired than desired. 
 As memorials of either friendship or victory they are 
 most excellent ; but for playing — give us the simple 
 ash pole, tipped with leather. 
 
 In a little poem in the Appendix, entitled " Atti- 
 tude is Everything," the writer — a celebrated amateur 
 of this city, and one for whose many favors we here de- 
 sire to make our sincere acknowledgments — has hit, 
 off admirably some of the leading peculiarities of style 
 which disfigure even the most careful play. His 
 poem fitly illustrates the adage that nothing forbids 
 us to tell sober truths with a laughing lip ; and as we 
 could add nothing to the force of his descriptive sar- 
 casm, it is better to let our readers have his observa- 
 tions — with all which we entirely agree — put forward 
 in his own pleasant style. The poem, with copious 
 illustrations, will be found in the Appendix. 
 
 The leather is an important feature of the cue — in 
 fact, an all-important one to any player who deals 
 much in the strokes which are technically described as 
 "forcing," "twisting," and "following." With an in- 
 ferior leather, his /play will be paralyzed by mis-cues. 
 
The Game of Billiards. 51 
 
 In selecting the cue-leather, choose from the "best 
 French brands, such as possess the finest fibre, and are 
 at the same time solid, pliable, and elastic ; and see to 
 it that you have a good, solid under-leather, say a six- 
 teenth of an inch in thickness, as that will save the 
 point of the cue from breaking away, and will last 
 longer than a thin one. Before being fitted on to the 
 cue, they should be thoroughly well beaten out on a 
 lapstone, so as to prevent them from spreading in the 
 course of play ; but that side of them which is next 
 the cue should be roughened with a file or sandpaper, 
 as also the cue itself, in order that the adhesive wax 
 may be able to take good hold. Each must decide for 
 himself the exact degree of convexity in the leather 
 which will best suit his play. "When the point of the 
 leather becomes glazed from excessive play, a little 
 sandpaper should be used to roughen it, so that the 
 chalk may stick. 
 
 To the best of our ability, we have now placed our 
 reader in a good attitude, and given him such an in- 
 strument as he requires for the commencement of his 
 studies. Let us now caution him against two opposite 
 faults, into which beginners are too apt to fall. Some 
 strike too precipitately, delivering the stroke before 
 their cue has got properly rested on the bridge. Others, 
 at the imminent risk of lockjaw, keep sawing their 
 cue backwards and forwards on the bridge aforesaid, 
 at least a score of times, before they can screw their 
 courage up to the striking point. We sometimes 
 almost fear to see their thumbs drop off* worn through 
 and through by this protracted friction. In a brass- 
 
52 
 
 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 finder's store or marble-mantle manufactory, these 
 " polishers" would be invaluable. Aim calmly, strike 
 firmly but gently, and content yourself at first with 
 centre-strokes: when you have thoroughly mastered 
 these, you will find the " follow" and " force," the 
 "jump" and "twist" strokes easy; but if you attempt 
 to learn them all together, you will get them so 
 jumbled and confused in your mind as to be indistin- 
 guishable forever after. Bear this in mind also, that 
 in all ordinary strokes the cue should be held as much 
 as possible in a horizontal position. The perpendicu- 
 lar, force and jump strokes, are, of course, excepted. 
 
 Foice. 
 
 When you have mastered the centre-stroke, you will 
 then begin to study the different effects which differ- 
 ent modes of striking will produce. These you will 
 find illustrated in the accompanying plate, and we 
 shall endeavor to explain, not only what the effects 
 will be, but the principles from which the different 
 phenomena take their rise, and which are necessary to 
 account for them. 
 
 The cne stroke, marked 1, is called the CENTBE- 
 
The Game of Billiards. 53 
 
 stroke, and supposing the ball so struck, to meet the 
 object ball "dead full," or strike it in the centre, the 
 motion originally imparted to the cue-ball would be 
 transmitted to the other, and the cue-ball would come 
 to a full pause, while the object-ball advanced in the 
 same right line, and with a force equal to that origin- 
 ally imparted to the cue-ball — minus the friction of the 
 intervening space and the amount necessary to over- 
 come the specific gravity of both. But the friction 01 
 the table, meanw T hile, has imparted a rotatory motion 
 to the cue-ball independent of the original impelling 
 force ; so that when the impelling force is all transmit- 
 ted to the object-ball, the individual rotatory motion 
 will still remain, and the cue-ball may rotate a few 
 lengths farther until this has been exhausted. 
 
 The stroke (3) is called the following stroke ; and 
 supposing the cue-ball to be impelled against the ob- 
 ject-ball by such a force, it will continue to follow or 
 advance in the same right line with the object ball, 
 although with a decreased momentum. This arises 
 from the fact, that by striking the cue-ball above the 
 centre of gravity, we impart to it a forward rotatory 
 motion wholly independent of the impelling force. 
 When, therefore, the striking force is transmitted to 
 the object-ball, this motion still remains unimpared, 
 and causes it to advance irrespective of the loss of 
 force of which it was originally independent. 
 
 The stroke (4) is called the jump, and is of less im 
 portance than the others. It causes the ball to spring 
 up more or less from the table, according to the degree * 
 of strength with which it has been struck. The jump- 
 
54 The Game cf Billiards. 
 
 ing motion is thus imparted on the same principle that 
 a ball will rebound, if flung or dropped against any 
 elastic surface, or if possessed of any elasticity itself. 
 
 The stroke (5) we may call the perpendicular 
 force, and is one of very difficult accomplishment, 
 and therefore seldom played, except in the French 
 carom game, where no pushing strokes are allowed. 
 Still, there may be cases — the player's ball, for in- 
 stance, being placed between two other balls, and in 
 such close proximity to both that a carom can be effec- 
 ted by no other means'* — where it will be useful to 
 understand it. Its principle is identical with — or 
 rather the exact converse of — that on which the Force 
 is made, and as No. 2 is the most common, we may 
 allow its explanation to stand for both. 
 
 Stroke 2 is called the force, and is one of the*most 
 beautiful and useful in the game. By striking the 
 ball below the centre, and with a quick, sharp force, 
 two completely distinct and even antagonistic move- 
 ments are imparted to the ball. The one urging it to 
 advance in the direction of the impelling force — the 
 other inclining it to rotate backwards on its individual 
 axis, Let us imagine a wheel, for instance, with the 
 rim taken off, and suspended on its axis in the air, 
 and we shall then understand the principle in a 
 
 * The reader will see, in one of the succeeding diagrams, a very 
 curious instance of this necessity, which actually occurred to the 
 author when he was playing a match in San Francisco against M. 
 Damon, who was then esteemed the ablest French billiard-player in 
 California. Had he then failed to make the perpendicular force, 
 the game would in all probability have gone against him. 
 
The Game of Billiards. 
 
 55 
 
 moment. The same principle will also apply to side 
 and quarter strokes, and it is therefore the more im- 
 portant to have it clearly understood from the com* 
 mencement. 
 
 If we strike the cart-wheel fair in the centre (No. 1), 
 its only tendency, supposing it to be suspended in the 
 air, will be to advance forward in the direction of the 
 impelling force. If we strike it forward and above the 
 centre (No. 3), two tendencies will be imparted ; the 
 one to advance in the direction of the force — the other 
 to rotate forward on its own axis. In the following 
 stroke, which is the same, when the force is imparted 
 to the other ball, the rotatory motion still remains to 
 carry the cue ball forward. If we strike it downward 
 and forward (stroke 4), there will be a tendency to 
 mmp up from the concussion, and also to advance in 
 a line with the impelling force. This can be under- 
 stood better by striking an India-rubber ball down- 
 ward and upon the side with a hammer, when the ball 
 i s at rest on any solid bed ; it will instantly spring up, 
 and bound forward from the point at which it has 
 been struck. If we strike one of the spokes of the 
 
56 The Game of Billiakds. 
 
 cart wheel (No. 5), almost perpendicularly downward 
 and from above the centre of gravity, the tendency to 
 rotate backward would be the only one communicated 
 to the wheel. But with the ball — which is a wheel 
 with an infinitude of spokes — this tendency may be 
 paralyzed or held suspended for an indefinite period 
 by the forward" force, but will quickly re-assert itself, 
 and cause a retrograde effect. If we hit the wheel 
 below its centre of gravity (No. 2), the double tendency 
 to move forward in the direction of the impelling force 
 and rotate backward, will be at once perceived; as 
 soon, therefore, as the forward force has been either 
 exhausted by the counteracting tendency of rotation, 
 or imparted to another ball by striking it, the wheel 
 or ball will tend to retrograde to the point from which 
 it started. 
 
 Let this double tendency of motion — -this active and 
 suspended force communicated to the balls, by the act 
 and manner of striking — be attentively studied, audit 
 will greatly assist the billiard-player to solve the other- 
 wise inexplicable problems which will be presented in 
 the very outset of the game. 
 
 Quite similar, or rather, quite analogous to the ef- 
 fects produced by striking a ball either above or below 
 its centre, on a line drawn through the centre, and 
 perpendicular to the bed of the table, will be the effects 
 caused by striking the ball either to the right or left 
 of the centre, on a line drawn horizontally through 
 the centre, and therefore parallel with the table's bed. 
 "When the ball is thus struck, at a distance of one- 
 quarter or one-half from the centre, it will have the 
 
The Game of Billiards. 
 
 57 
 
 double tendency to move forward in the direction of 
 the impelling force, and rotate horizontally toward the 
 side upon which it has been struck. Thus, when 
 struck one-quarter or one-half above or below the 
 centre on the perpendicular line, it will rotate perpen- 
 dicularly either forward or backward. When struck 
 in a similar way on the horizontal central line, it will 
 rotate horizontally toward the side on which it is 
 struck ; but 1 when struck at one-quarter or one h? l f. 
 
 Perpendicular. 
 
 Diagonal. 
 
 Diagonal. 
 
 Horizontal. 
 
 on a line intermediate between the horizontal and per- 
 pendicular, it will rotate diagonally, with & lateral and 
 following tendency, if struck above the centre ; and 
 with a lateral and retrograding motion if struck below. 
 The foregoing diagram may make our meaning clearer; 
 and it is a point of such importance that, even at the 
 risk of tediousness, we wish to impress it on the stu- 
 dent's mind. 
 
 3* 
 
58 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 Within the circle which represents the full side of a 
 billiard-ball turned toward us, are drawn five diame- 
 ters on the following plan ; one perpendicular to the 
 bed of the table ; one horizontal or parallel thereto ; 
 and two diagonals, one drawn from the left to right, 
 the other from right to left, and both equi-distant from 
 the horizontal and perpendicular diameters. 
 
 These diameters are intersected by concentric circles 
 drawn respectively, with a radius of one-eighth and 
 one-fourth of the whole diameter ; but, for simplicity's 
 sake, we have marked these | and £, meaning thereby 
 the half and the fourth of the half diameter. We have 
 also, on the horizontal, marked the points at which a 
 concentric circle, with a radius of three-fourths of the 
 half diameter (six-eighths of the whole) would intersect; 
 and each reader, for himself, may mark this point upon 
 the other lines, when told to strike f above, below, or 
 to the right or left. Both upon the perpendicular and 
 horizontal, we have dotted off subdivisions of eighths 
 of the whole diameter, and the same may be applied 
 by the reader to the diagonals, we only omitting them 
 in order to avoid an appearance of complexity. Other 
 authors, we know, have classified the billiard-ball into 
 much minuter sections ; but the more important subdi- 
 visions are here given, and, with the aid of the wrist 
 in striking, these will be found to answer for all prac- 
 tical purposes. There are finer touches to be sure; 
 but for the present they would only confuse and per- 
 i)lex the student, and lead him into attempting things 
 which are beyond his skill. The attempt, for instance, 
 to strike the ball outside of the points marked \ on the 
 
The Game of Billiards. 59 
 
 various diameters, generally leads the novice into a 
 number of miscues ; whereas, by striking within the 
 points so marked, with a slightly-increased force and 
 quickness, the effects desired can be produced, without 
 incurring any liability of the kind. 
 
 To abbreviate as much as possible^ we shall have 
 recourse to initials only to illustrate our diagrams. A, 
 standing for above the centre ; B, for below it ; E, to 
 the right of it ; L, to the left ; and D, for diagonal. 
 The points marked ±, |, f , &c, &c, are those at which 
 we suppose the ball to be struck. As the student 
 advances, he will, of course, ex 'necessitate, devise new 
 lines and measures for himself. As his mastery of the 
 cue becomes more perfect, it will reveal to him the 
 points at which his peculiar play requires that the ball 
 should be touched, to produce a desired effect; but 
 this explanatory diagram was indispensable to a right 
 understanding of our subsequent instructions — though 
 we know well that it neither is, nor could any diagram 
 possibly be, sufficiently explicit for all the exigencies 
 of play. It would require the Newtonian Fluxions to 
 calculate the variations of the ball, when struck at 
 different distances from the centre : but the reader can 
 readily bear in mind what A, B, D, E, and L, will 
 hereafter stand for. 
 
 The diagram following, (in which we suppose that 
 we are looking down upon the balls) will explain 
 the different motions imparted to the object-ball on 
 being struck by the cue-ball, in the manners which 
 are called, in billiard parlance, "Full," "Quarter,' 
 "Half," and "Fine." 
 
60 The Game of Billiakds. 
 
 The heavy lines mark the course in which the cue- 
 ball advances to strike the object-ball. The dotted 
 lines show the direction in which the object-ball will 
 be driven by the contact. Let it be remarked as well, 
 that in the quarter-ball, half-ball, and fine ball strokes, 
 the part of the cue-ball which strikes the object-ball 
 will exactly correspond to the part which is struck, 
 provided the balls be of equal size. It is physically 
 impossible with your own ball full, to strike the ob- 
 ject-ball quarter. The lines drawn between the cue 
 and object-balls, in the preceding diagram, show the 
 exact relation which the parts coming in contact must 
 bear each to the other. 
 
 The principle exhibited in this diagram is the key 
 to the hazard portion of the game. In hazards, we 
 may remark, that the point to be gained is to be able 
 to make the object-ball move in whatever direction 
 you want it : while in the carom game, you care not 
 how the object-ball may move after it has been touched 
 — so far as that particular stroke is concerned — pro- 
 vided you can command the curves and angles, force, 
 speed, and retrogradation of your own ball. 
 
 We say that the position which the object-ball may 
 assume after being struck, is unimportant in the carom 
 game, so far as that particular stroke is concerned ; but 
 in the management of the balls, and the ability to leave 
 them in a position favorable to the next play- — or un- 
 favorable to your opponent, if you think it impossible 
 to count j^ourself — the grand strength and science of the 
 game is found. Mere u brilliant strokes" by no means 
 constitute a first-class scientific billiard-player ; caution, 
 
61 
 
 <'<S° 
 
The Game of Billiards. 63 
 
 coolness, foresight, and ability to leave the balls in a 
 position from which a good run may be secured (if the 
 player is sure of his stroke), are of infinitely more im- 
 portance. The really scientific player will never per- 
 mit himself to be led astray by the mere certainty and 
 ease of making one successful stroke, into a posi- 
 tion from which no further benefit can be expected ; 
 he will either forego all present gain to himself, in order 
 to diminish the chances of a greater gain to his adver- 
 sary ; or even attempt a more difficult play, from which 
 it is likely some more favorable break may ensue. The 
 thorough master of the game is he who never makes a 
 count without leaving the balls in a position from which 
 another count may be reasonably expected ; or, should 
 this be imposible, then in such a position as will ren- 
 der the making of a count by his opponent extremely 
 difficult. From a break which appears worthless to 
 the novice, the scientific player may make a splendid 
 run ; and he does so from "attending to the proverb, 
 which tells us all " to look before we leap. " 
 
 When the player thoroughly understands the fore- 
 going diagram, and is able to execute the necessary 
 strokes, we may call him a master of the hazard game. 
 It is not our intention to give any regular instructions 
 on this portion of the game, further than those already 
 given as to the modes of striking the cue and object- 
 balls ; for when the player has perfected himself in the 
 execution of the theories herein laid down, he will only 
 have to aim steadily at the exact part of the ball to be 
 struck, to be certain of success. In doing so, he may 
 assist himself by drawing an imaginary line from the 
 
61 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 centre of the pocket aimed at, through the centre of 
 the object-ball; and where that diameter terminates, is 
 the exact point at which you must strike, to accomplish 
 the hazard. 
 
 By attending to the principles already laid down, 
 even the novice can become his own hazard-master, 
 and it would be a waste of time and space to dilate 
 any further upon a subject which is already ex- 
 hausted. 
 
 The next part of our subject proper, relates to the 
 degree of strength with which it is necessary to strike 
 for the accomplishment of various objects. But of this 
 we shall treat hereafter, with diagrams to illustrate our 
 meaning. 
 
 Meantime, as we shall have to make increasing use 
 of such technicalities as " hazard," " carom," " kiss," 
 and so forth — terms completely unintelligible to the 
 novice — we had better devote a short chapter to an 
 explanation of the phrases peculiar to the noble game. 
 
CHAPTEK IV. 
 
 DEFINITION O* TECHNICAL PHRASES EMPLOYED IN THE GAME OF 
 BILLIAKDS. 
 
 Hazard. — You make a hazard when you drive any 
 of the balls into any of the pockets. A winning hazard 
 when yon hole or pocket either of the red balls or 
 your adversary's ; a losi?ig hazard when your own ball 
 is pocketed by your own act. A double hazard is 
 when you pocket two of the balls with the same 
 stroke. 
 
 Carom. — This word is derived from the French 
 carambolage, and you carom when you hit more than 
 one of the balls on the table with your own. In Eng 
 land this is called a "cannon," being evidently a corrupt 
 derivative. 
 
 Kiss. — When the ball you play with strikes another 
 ball more than once, they are said to kiss ; or when two 
 balls not played with come in contact. 
 
 Scratch. — When accident befriends you, and you 
 win a stroke or count without either intending or de- 
 serving it, you are said to have made a scratch. 
 
 Force. — When your own ball retrogrades after 
 
66 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 coming in contact with another. We have explained 
 this in the preceding chapter. 
 
 a Follow. — When your own ball rolls on after another 
 ball which it has impelled forward. (See last chapter.) 
 
 Jump. — When you force your ball by a downward 
 stroke (as previously explained) to ricochet or leap up 
 from the table. 
 
 Bank. — When you make your owxi ball hit any of 
 the cushions before striking the object-bajl. The mace 
 is sometimes used, even by good players, to make this 
 stroke. 
 
 Miss. — When you fail to strike any of the balls upon 
 the table. 
 
 Miscue. — When the cue, either from want of chalk 
 or being badly handled, slips off the ball without ae 
 complishing the intended stroke. 
 
 Burst. — A term chiefly used at pin pool to signify 
 that the player has exceeded the number which is 
 placed as the common limit to the game, and has con- 
 sequently either to retire from the game or take a 
 privilege of another life. 
 
 Privilege. — A word used in some games of Pool 
 to express that the player, having lost the lives, or 
 chances, which were given to his ball on its entry into 
 the game, now wishes to purchase still another chance 
 as a privilege from the other players. 
 
The Game of Billiards. 67 
 
 Taking- a Hazard. — A term used to express that a 
 player is so confident of making a certain hazard that 
 he will undertake to do it, under penalty of losing, in 
 case he does not succeed, as many lives as he would 
 have gained if successful. The phrase is most fre- 
 quently employed in two-ball pool. 
 
 Killed, or dead Ball. — When a ball in pool has 
 lost its lives, and its chances are not renewed by privi- 
 leges, it is said to be killed. 
 
 Playing for Safety.— When you forego a possible 
 advantage, in order to leave the balls in such a position 
 that your opponent can make nothing out of them. 
 
 Hug. — When any of the balls run close alongside 
 
 of a particular cushion, they are said to hug it. 
 
 * 
 
 Jaw. — When a ball is prevented from dropping into 
 a pocket by the cushions which extend like jaws on 
 either side. 
 
 " Timber-lick," "Bowery Shot" and "German- 
 towner" are synonymous terms, all applying when 
 the balls played with and at, are jarred together — a 
 pushing shot. 
 
 Doublet or Cross. — When the ball to be pocketed 
 is first made to rebound from the opposite cushion. 
 
 Foul Stroke or Shot. — Any stroke made in vio- 
 lation of the known rules of the game. 
 
 Full Ball, Quarter Ball, Half Ball, Fine 
 or Cut Ball, Own or Cue-Ball, and Object- 
 Ball. — For a correct definition of these, see the prece- 
 
C8 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 ding chapter, which il read, mark, learn, and inwardly 
 
 digest." 
 
 Break. — The position the balls are left in after a 
 shot has been made. 
 
 Stringing for the Lead. — A preliminary to the 
 game, by which it is decided who shall have the 
 choice of lead and balls. See subsequent rules for the 
 game on this point. 
 
 Discount. — When one player is so much the supe- 
 rior of another that he allows all the counts made by 
 his opponent to be deducted from his own reckoning, 
 he is said to " discount" his adversary's gains. Thus, 
 if his opponent make a run of ten, ten is added to his 
 count, and ten deducted from the discounter's reckon- 
 ing ; but the discounter cannot lose what he has not 
 got. In other words, these deductions must only be 
 made from the count he has at the time of the loss, 
 and cannot be recovered out of counts he may after- 
 wards make. In double and treble discount, twice 
 and thrice the amount of his opponent's gains are de- 
 ducted from the player's score. In no other game in 
 the world are such immense odds possible as in bil- 
 liards ; for the difference between players may be as 
 infinite as the variety of geometrical and dynamic 
 problems which the balls are capable of illustrating; 
 and a man of what is called a mathematic head, close 
 observation, temperate habits, -steady nerves, and large 
 experience, may give almost any odds to an inferior 
 player, and still have a fair chance of success. 
 
The Game of Billiards. 69 
 
 Playing Spot Ball. — Is when the player is not 
 limited to the number of times he may pocket the red 
 ball from the. Spot. 
 
 Billiaed Sharp. — The billiard Sharp is a danger- 
 ous species of animal, now happily almost extinct in 
 these latitudes ; he is to be shunned wherever met, and 
 the following are among the more prominent signs which 
 nature has stamped upon him, as a caution to the un- 
 wary : He is always either over-dressed or seedy ; after 
 a " run of luck" he comes out in patterns of the " nois- 
 iest" and loudest description ; his hair is always settled 
 by a barber — in all probability his mustachios have 
 been dyed; and you may observe in him, whether his 
 apparel be gaudily vulgar or seedily decayed, a con- 
 stant effort to ape and " put on the genteel." The very 
 anxiety of the effort defeats the success of its execution; 
 and the voice of the rook betrays his nature, even 
 though he has clothed himself in the feathers of some 
 plundered pigeon. 
 
 The Sharp, as a general thing, is a retired marker, who 
 fancies it is no longer " respectable" to work for an 
 honest living; and also fancies that he is "smart" 
 enough, and has "learned tricks enough" at his former 
 business, to enable him to "win as much money as he 
 wants" from the less experienced amateurs of the game, 
 who figure in his vocabulary as " the flats." Let not our 
 friends, the markers, think that we desire to cast a slur on 
 their calling: there are "black sheep" in pulpits as well 
 as in billiard saloons ; and the business cannot be held 
 responsible for the evil-minded persons who are ocea* 
 
70 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 sionally admitted. Sometimes the Sharp is a reduced 
 gentleman of loose morality and habits — one who is 
 careful to assure you that "he has seen better days" — 
 a man, perhaps, who has been plucked in his youth 
 by Sharps now dead and gone, and who endeavors 
 to make the knowledge so bitterly acquired, support 
 him in idleness and affluence, after his friends have 
 been estranged by his vices, and his fortune (if he 
 ever had any) been exhausted upon pimps and extrav- 
 agance. 
 
 These sharps are rarely seen in a respectable saloon : 
 they rather patronize those peculiar establishments 
 where a couple of billiard tables are made the " fence," 
 behind which some less reputable occupation is carried 
 on ; and here they are at home, and in their glory. 
 They are familiar with the proprietors, and make them- 
 selves useful in a large variety of characters, in return 
 for which they are received as "dead-heads" through 
 the day, and sometimes given a sleeping place under 
 the table when night comes on, and finds them unpro- 
 vided with any other lodging. The natural excite- 
 ment of the game is not sufficient for your Sharp ; 
 indeed you may detect him at once by his eagerness 
 after the first game — which he is generally careful to 
 lose — " to bet a dollar or so with you just to give the 
 game an interest." He is the particular friend of any 
 one who will ask him to "take a drink," and his 
 duties to the house embrace the offices of lounger, run- 
 ner, talker, player, sponge, shoulder-hitter, and referee. 
 This last-named character he is particularly proud of: 
 refer to him any question, upon almost any subject, 
 
The Game of Billiards. 71 
 
 and he will attempt an answer, totally regardless of 
 whether he ever in his life heard a word about the 
 matter before, or not ; and his peculiar hobby is to be 
 called upon to decide disputed points in billiards — of 
 which he considers himself the only recognized author- 
 ity, and that his ipse dixit should be law. 
 
 He is also very fond of urging others to make bets. 
 lie knows more about the game, he sa}^s, than any 
 other living man, and if he only had a little capital to 
 back him — with his experience, a fortune might be 
 made in a few days! Not, however, that he is desti- 
 tute — far from it : if you judge him by his present ap- 
 pearance you will be most miserably sold : for he 
 tells* you that he has "been upon a spree," but is now 
 (and has been for some years, to our certain knowl- 
 edge), in expectation of a remittance of a few thousand 
 dollars or so from the governor, which will make all 
 right. Or, perhaps he is an Englishman (according to 
 his own account), just come into possession of an enor- 
 mous fortune by the death of a wealthy relative in 
 India : the fortune "that was to have arroven, has not 
 yet arriv," but the steamer is already some days over- 
 due, and if you will just accommodate him in the mean- 
 time with the loan of one dollar {five if you look 
 green, fifty if you are tipsy), you may rely upon it that 
 he will repay you with interest an hundred-fold as 
 soon as " that cussed steamer" has come in, and the 
 first moiety of his estate is lodged in the hands of 
 his family banker. So strong is the delusion which 
 constant habit has imposed upon these miserables, 
 that they feel quite offended if refused, and will 
 
72 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 get angry if they see a chance : whereas, if a party, to 
 get rid of their importunity, or as a punishment to 
 himself for having descended to talk to one of such a 
 tribe, flings them a dollar, or fifty cents, they feel 
 none of the gratitude that such an act would inspire in 
 the bosom of the common beggar, but attribute the 
 success, which is really the result of disgust or weari- 
 ness, to their own superior "smartness" and the stran- 
 ger's imbecility. " I guess I was more than a match 
 for that fellow," thinks the Sharp; "I talked him out 
 of it — he couldn't resist me nohow :" — -and the dollar so 
 acquired is dearer to his diseased imagination than 
 would be fifty times that sum, if gained in any honest 
 way. 
 
 As we said before, he is fond of urging others to 
 make bets— it being impossible for himself to do so, 
 (though he would be sure to win,) until either the for- 
 eign steamer, or the remittance from the governor 
 arrives. He is a matchmaker — yes sir-ee ! and the 
 best matchmaker to be found on the hither side of Jor- 
 dan. Only let him tell you how to lay your wagers, 
 and with whom, and you will be sure to win, for he is 
 never mistaken. He tells A to bet against B, for that 
 he can surely beat him; he is so sure of it, that he 
 will go halves with A in the bet, though the loss, if 
 lost, would strip him of his last red cent. To B he re- 
 peats the same story, and offers the same conditions. 
 The match is made, we will suppose, and the Sharp is 
 sure of his share, let who will come to the wall. When 
 either party wins, he will slap him on the shoulder, and 
 say — " There ! didn't I tell you you could beat him?" 
 
The Game of Billiards. 73 
 
 He coolly pockets his half of the winnings, and when 
 the loser reminds him that he promised to share half 
 the losses as well, he is suddenly seized with a great 
 deafness, or remembers that he left his purse in the 
 oyster shop below stairs, and must go look for it; or 
 perhaps, if his victim does not look like a fighting-man, 
 he tells him to "shut up," and that he will pay him 
 either when the remittance comes to hand, or on the 
 first Sunday that happens to fall in the middle of next 
 week. Or perhaps he may condole with the loser: 
 tell him the result has amazed him — that he never saw 
 more beautiful play in his life than that made by his 
 victim ; that nothing but the irregularity of the balls 
 or the falseness of the table could have defeated such 
 really splendid play: and if "the flat" be verdant 
 enough to accept this coin of flattery in lieu of the solid 
 currency out of which he has been swindled, the Sharp 
 will give him any quantity of it, and on the very lowest 
 terms : " another drink" is all he charges for his half- 
 hour's eulogy. 
 
 To these sources of profit, the Sharp adds that of 
 runner and peripatetic blower to disreputable houses 
 engaged in the manufacture of billiard tables. They 
 supply him with clothes, to enable the fellow to mingle 
 in respectable society, and allow him an enormous 
 percentage for every billiard table sold to a stranger 
 through his agency. 
 
 The Sharp, when engaged as " blower," has a double 
 duty to perform ; he is not only to puff up such houses 
 as may have hired him, or with which he is on 1erms 
 of agency ; he must also pull down, as far as in him 
 
 4 
 
74 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 lies, the reputation of such manufacturers as have the 
 honesty to despise and scorn the means by which he 
 earns his wretched and dishonorable livelihood. 
 
 Having said thus much of the genus — with the his- 
 tory and peculiarities of which we could fill a volume 
 were we so disposed — it can scarcely be necessary to 
 add that their habits are migratory and uncertain to 
 the last degree. As soon as they have made " a hit" 
 in one saloon, they dodge off to another, and thus go 
 the rounds of the city until all the dens which harbor 
 them are, in their own vernacular, " played out." They 
 then spread their wings for " fresh fields and pas- 
 tures new," and thus come back, after a lapse of some 
 years, to the city from which they started, having suf- 
 fered various degrees of ignominy and want in the 
 course of their wanderings through other towns. 
 
 Avoid all such, ye novices ; and should a stranger 
 in a strange room ask you to play with him for any 
 sum " just to give an interest to the game," compare 
 him mentally with the sketch here furnished, and if 
 you find any definite resemblance, be careful to refuse. 
 
 Love Game. — Is a condition in which novices will 
 be very apt to find themselves, if they commence by 
 challenging an experienced player. 
 
 Count. — Is the reckoning of the game. To make 
 a count means, to make a stroke which will add some 
 figures to yonr reckoning. 
 
 Masse. — This h the French term for what is de- 
 nominated, on page 52, and elsewhere throughout 
 this work, " The Perpendicular Stroke." 
 
The Game of Billiards. 75 
 
 A TABLE OF THE MOTIVE FOWEKS 
 
 TO BE USED IN EXECUTING THE DIFFERENT PROBLEMS LAID DOWN 
 IN THE SUCCEEDING DIAGRAMS. 
 
 Previous to the author's former work on the game 
 of billiards, no writer on th$ subject had ever attempted 
 to lay down a scale of the different amounts of strength 
 that would be required for the execution of the differ- 
 ent strokes ; and yet without some such scale, all writ- 
 ten instructions might be compared to the play of 
 Hamlet, with the prince's character omitted. Of what 
 use can it be to tell the direction in which the cue-ball 
 should be driven, and the point at which the object- 
 ball should be struck, unless we can place a definite 
 limit to the strength to be employed in the execution 
 of the problem ? For the . angles will vary, as the 
 strength is increased or diminished ; and unless some 
 graduated scale can be applied to every stroke, the in- 
 structions, so far as practical utility to the student is 
 concerned, might as well be omitted altogether. 
 
 This subject was forced upon the author's notice 
 when engaged in teaching the game, many years ago. 
 His pupils used to complain, that though they made 
 the force, or twist, or following strokes as directed, and 
 struck the object-ball at the point laid down, the result 
 did not answer their expectations, nor ^ras it similar 
 to the result of the same stroke when played by him. 
 
 What, then, could the tutor do? If he told them 
 to play "a little harder," ll a good deal harder," "a 
 
76 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 great deal harder," " not quite so hard," " not half so 
 hard," " twice as hard," " extremely hard," — he found 
 that these terras were indefinite, and that no two of 
 them agreed in their interpretation. One of them, if 
 told to play "a little harder," would drive his ball 
 over the opposite cushion, and away to the far end of 
 the room; while the same order, given to another, 
 would not call forth the requisite amount of strength. 
 Under these circumstances, he found that the first 
 step in tuition must be, to afford the novice an accu- 
 rate idea of the different quantities of strength re- 
 quired for the execution of different strokes ; the table 
 of motive powers, illustrated in the diagram on page 
 75, was constructed, and each pupil had to practice 
 until he could very nearly approximate the different 
 strokes, as laid down under their respective numbers. 
 This exercise will be found very serviceable to the stu-. 
 dent, not only for giving him an idea of the quantities 
 of motive power, but also imparting general steadiness 
 and certitude to his aim. 
 
 In this table the author has taken the amount of 
 power requisite to propel a ball from the string to the 
 opposite cushion, and thence back to the cushion be- 
 hind the string, as the unit of his calculation. This 
 power is marked as Quantity of Power, Number One • 
 or, for shortness sake, Q. P., No. 1. 
 
 To propel it from the string to the opposite cushion, 
 thence back to the cushion behind the string, and 
 thence half way down the table, is marked as Q. P., 
 No. 2. 
 
 To propel it from the string to the opposite cushion, 
 
11 
 
 ¥ 
 
 $ 
 
 u 
 
 P4 
 
 
 <y 
 
 
 F 
 
 E*§ 
 
The Game of Billiards. 79 
 
 thence back to the cushion behind the string, and 
 thence on to the cushion which it first struck, is Q. 
 P., No. 3. 
 
 To propel it from the string to the opposite cushion, 
 thence back to the cushion behind the string, thence 
 back to the cushion it first struck, and thence half-way 
 down the tab^e, is marked as Q. P., No. 4. 
 
 These divisions will be found to answer the earliest 
 requirements of the player. As he advances in the 
 practice of the game, he will learn to graduate as far 
 below Q. P., No. 1, as one-eighth of that power, which 
 is ordinarily low enough for all practical purposes ; 
 from thence he can ascend, in the proportion of eighths, 
 to Q. P., No* 4, beyond which it is almost impossible 
 to retain the command of the balls with any certainty 
 of aim. 
 
 Let it be borne in mind that great cue-strength is 
 not produced by any violent muscular or bodily con- 
 tortions; it depends far more on the looseness and 
 quickness of the arm, and the jerk which is imparted 
 by the wrist. The motion made, when striking with 
 the cue, should be somewhat similar, in sudden quick- 
 ness, to that made in throwing the lasso ; and refer- 
 ence should here be made by the student to the in- 
 structions in Chapter III on this point, under the 
 heading " Conditions of a good attitude." 
 
No. 1. 
 
83 
 
 EXPLANATION OF DIAGEAM NO. L 
 
 This diagram exhibits the simple angles produced 
 by playing a ball with the different quantities of power 
 hereafter set forth. For example: play from the Spot 
 at the head of the table at the middle nail or sight 
 opposite, with Q. P. No. 1, or upwards, and the ball, if 
 struck fairly in the centre, will return over its original 
 course, and hit the corresponding nail behind the Spot. 
 [In this proposition, and in all others, we suppose the 
 cushions to be correct, and the tables level.] 
 
 Again, play the ball from either of the points marked 
 2, with Q. P. 2 1, and it will return over the correspond- 
 ing line at an angle of reflection equal to that of inci- 
 dence. 
 
 Play from point 3, on a line between the centre of 
 the lower corner pocket, and the nail at the bottom of 
 the table, as marked, with Q. P. No. 3, and the ball will 
 be returned at a similar angle into the opposite pocket. 
 So also with point 4, played on a line between the 
 middle pocket and nail with Q. P. No. 3£. 
 
 It will be observed that the more obtuse the angle 
 sought to be made, the greater quantity of power must 
 be used to effect the object. 
 
 The student who desires to succeed should study 
 this diagram carefully, and familiarize both his eye and 
 hand with its practical execution. Let him practice it 
 
84 . 
 
 as here laid down, and pay particular attention to the 
 quantities of power required for the formation of differ- 
 ent angles. This is a matter in which each must buy 
 his own experience. 
 
 The diagram also exhibits the control which the 
 player exercises over his ball by means of the twist or 
 side stroke. 
 
 Playing always from the spot at the middle nail of 
 the lower cushion, the ball can be brought back over 
 the lines marked 2, 3, and 4, at each side of the spot 
 from which it is played, according as it has been twisted 
 to the right or left. The amount of the twist will de- 
 pend upon the distance from its centre at which the 
 cue-ball is struck, and the ability of the player to im- 
 part the peculiar motion necessary to effect such strokes. 
 Considerable judgment is also required to graduate 
 the proper quantity of strength. The rebound of the 
 ball will incline to that side— whether left or right — 
 on which the ball was struck. 
 
 For example: to cause your ball to return over line 
 2 to the right, strike it with Q. P. 1^ a mere shade to 
 the right of the centre. 
 
 To cause it to return over line 3, strike it with the 
 same Q. P. | E. . 
 
 Over line 4, strike with Q. P. 2.J, } E, } B, or midway 
 between the perpendicular and diagonal below. The 
 tendency to rotate backward imparted by striking the 
 ball below the centre, exhausts the progressive motion 
 and favors the full development of the twist. 
 
No. 2. 
 
87 
 
 DIAGRAM NO. H. 
 
 Exhibits the same principle as the preceding one, 
 with double or compound angles made. There can be 
 no better test of the correctness of the cushions than 
 a trial of these strokes. If the cushions are true, the 
 ball, no matter how often doubled, will repeat its 
 original angle at each fresh rebound. Thus, if stroke 
 2 had been played with increased power, the ball would 
 have been pocketed in the left hand upper corner 
 pocket — supposing, for the sake of argument, that 
 cushions absolutely perfect could be found. Of course, 
 however, nothing human is perfect ; and the cushions 
 most nearly approaching these requirements are the 
 best. 
 
 The stroke marked 1, though the ball has there to 
 travel over a shorter distance, requires to the full as 
 much power as stroke 3, which moves over thrice the 
 space. This is caused by the greater obtuseness of the 
 angle made by 1. If stroke 1 were played witl less 
 power, the angle would be more obtuse. 
 
No. 3. 
 
' 
 
 91 
 
 DIAGRAM NO. IIL 
 
 Exhibits the different angles which will result from 
 the same stroke when played with different amounts 
 of force. For example : play from the position marked 
 with Q. P. No. 2, and the ball after taking three cushions, 
 as shown in the line marked 1, will be delivered into 
 the opposite corner pocket. 
 
 Play the same stroke with Q. P. No. 3, and the in- 
 creased strength will cause acuter angles, as shown in 
 the lines marked 2. Increase the power still more, 
 and the lines marked 3 will be given. 
 
 To account for these -changes we must bear in mind 
 that a change of axis takes place from the moment of 
 contact with the first cushion, and is repeated as often 
 as the ball strikes. This change of axis has no effect, 
 however, until the ball comes in contact with the second 
 cushion. The change which inclines the ball from a 
 horizontal to a perpendicular axis, will be strong in 
 proportion to the quantity of power used in play. 
 When the ball is struck violently against the cushion, 
 the cushion, as it were, grips its side, and sends it spin- 
 ning forward with a stronger inclination to the per- 
 pendicular; this change causes the ball to be thrown 
 back from the second and third cushions at angles of 
 reflection more obtuse than those of incidence. 
 
92 
 
 Supposing the ball to be struck fairly in its centre, 
 its axis, up to the time of striking the first cushion, 
 will be horizontal ; the effect of contact is to incline 
 this motion to change for one on a perpendicular axis; 
 but the former impulse not having been entirely de- 
 stroyed, there is a sort of compromise made between 
 the conflicting inclinations, and a diagonal axis, the 
 mean between the two, is evolved. This diagonal will 
 incline more closely to the perpendicular, in proportion 
 to the increase of power employed. But its angles will 
 again be modified by its subsequent contact with cush- 
 ions 2 and 3 ; and finally, as the strength becomes ex- 
 hausted, the ball will again resume its horizontal axis 
 in obedience to the laws of gravity and the friction of 
 the table. 
 
No. 4. 
 
95 
 
 DIAGRAM NO. IV. 
 
 This diagram serves to show the effect of the differ- 
 ent degrees of strength when two balls come in contact. 
 For instance, play the cue-ball with Q. P. J, at the ball 
 in the centre of the circle, full enough to make the 
 latter travel over the line drawn from it to the cushion, 
 and a carom on the ball at the lower section of the 
 circle will be effected ; increase that strength to Q. P. 2, 
 and the carom on the ball next above it will be made; 
 then try Q. P. 3|, and a carom on the third ball will be 
 effected. In playing these strokes, the cue-ball must 
 be struck in the centre, and the object-ball each time 
 in the particular place required to make it roll over 
 the line which is continued to the lower cushion. 
 
96 
 
 DIAGRAM NO. V. 
 
 Now that we have endeavored to explain the effect 
 of the different quantities of power, we will attempt to 
 point out the principles of a "Follow," and a "Force." 
 Figure 1, in this diagram is intended to exemplify 
 "the Force." 
 
 The intention of this stroke is to pocket ball 1, and 
 carom upon ball 2. Play the cue-ball | B, Q. P. 2, and 
 strike the object ball j E. For an explanation of the 
 reason why the cue-ball rebounds to ball 2, see plate 
 of cue -positions, stroke 2, marked "Force," with the 
 remarks thereon. 
 
 Figure 2 shows the" Following-stroke," ball 1 being 
 driven into the corner pocket, while a carom is effected 
 upon ball 2. Strike the cue-ball \ A, withQ. P. l£. 
 For further explanations, see same plate, (cue-positions,) 
 stroke 3, with its accompanying explanations. 
 
No. 5. 
 
No. 6. 
 
101 
 
 DIAGRAM NO. VI. 
 
 This plate is intended to further illustrate the " force" 
 and " follow." The cue-ball is that at which the cue 
 is pointed ; the object-ball is that in the centre of the 
 table ; the balls marked 1, 2, 3, 4, are the ones to be 
 caromed on; the lines marked 1, 2, 3, 4, show the 
 course the object-ball will take when struck so as to 
 make such caroms as represented on the' balls of cor- 
 responding numbers. For example: to play so as to 
 cause the cue-ball to follow on in a direct line after the 
 object-ball; strike the object-ball dead full, the cue- 
 ball to be struck exactly in the perpendicular central 
 line, I A, with Q„ P. 1, or more, at the player's option. 
 To effect a force in a straight line backwards to the 
 place from whence the cue-ball started, strike the 
 object-ball dead full, and the cue-ball £ to \ B, with 
 Q. P. 2^-; giving it at the same time the peculiar motion 
 referred to in the diagram of cue-positions, describing 
 the "force." 
 
 To carom on ball 1 in the lower circle, strike the 
 cue-ball \ A, with Q. P. 3, and the object-ball will take 
 the direction of the line 1. 
 
 To effect a carom by a force on ball 1, of the upper 
 circle, strike the cue-ball \ B, \ L, Q. P. 3, the object- 
 
102 
 
 ball taking the same direction as in the preceding 
 stroke. m 
 
 To carom on balls o or 4 on the opposite side of the 
 same semicircle, the same Q. P. is to be used as in mak- 
 ing the foregoing caroms, and the object-ball is to be 
 struck in the same manner, only of course on the oppo- 
 site side — which will cause it to pursue the lines marked 
 3 and 4. 
 
 The lines marked 1, 2, 3, and 4, should claim the 
 attention of the reader. It will be seen that these lines 
 are but slightly apart, compared to the balls thus 
 numbered, which fact goes to show that to effect a 
 " spread" it is not necessary to hit the object-ball so far 
 off from the centre as would appear at the first glance; 
 and here we might as well remark, that this is a danger- 
 ous error which beginners are liable to fall into at first, 
 both as regards the object-ball, and striking the cue- 
 ball. By getting too far away from the centre of the 
 object-ball the consequence is a failure to effect the 
 stroke played for, and striking the cue-ball in like 
 manner is productive of "miscues," and other mis- 
 haps equally fatal. 
 
 This diagram serves to show also, the almost absolute 
 control a skilful player can exercise over the cue-ball 
 by being possessed of the knowledge and ability to 
 strike it in the proper place, and to apply that peculiar 
 strength and motion to it which are requisite to accom- 
 plish the various strokes attempted. 
 
 Thanks to Mingaud for giving us the leather on the 
 point of the cue, for without the aid of that, our efforts 
 would be vain; but with it, and the knowledge and 
 
103 
 
 ability to use it, the result is as we see. Some of tlie 
 very simplest shots are at variance with all the known 
 rules of dynamics, and it would puzzle the most pro- 
 found mathematician to account in theory for the effects 
 which are practically illustrated by men not pretend- 
 ing to any scientific education whatsoever. 
 
 With these remarks we pass from the " following" and 
 " forcing" shots, and speak of the effect of the "twist," 
 or side-stroke, on the course of the cue-ball before 
 striking a cushion. 
 
No. 7. 
 
107 
 
 DIAGRAM NO. VII. 
 
 • 
 
 The circle in the centre represents a hat, a plate, or 
 any object of similar magnitude placed there as an ob- 
 stacle which the player's art is required to overcome. 
 
 The propositions — to play the ball from either side 
 or corner pocket around the hat, and hole it in the 
 corresponding pocket opposite — are identical in prin- 
 ciple, though requiring a different elevation of the cue, 
 and different varieties of power. 
 
 To effect the stroke from corner to corner, the cue 
 must be elevated at an angle of at least 45 degrees, as 
 shown in the position described as a Perpendicular 
 Force (marked 5), on the diagram of cue-positions, in 
 an earlier portion of this work. To make the bail 
 curve round the hat, passing outside it to the right, 
 from corner to corner,— strike it with the Perpendic- 
 ular Force \ L, with Q. P. 2 to 3. Pay particular 
 attention to the necessity for a quick, impulsive, lasso- 
 throwing movement, as set forth in the instructions 
 which are appended to the "force" (marked 2) in the 
 aforesaid diagram. 
 
 To make the ball curve round the object to the left, 
 strike with the same elevation and power, but change 
 the£ L, to iLR. 
 
 To effect the stroke from the side-pocket, an eleva- 
 
108 
 
 tion of five degrees more will be required ; the Q. P. may 
 be reduced to 2|, or even a little less ; but in proportion, 
 as the strength and elevation are diminished, it becomes 
 necessary to increase that peculiar lasso-motion to which 
 we have before made reference. 
 
 In playing these and all other twisting shots, due 
 allowance must be made for the curve before the player 
 aims ; or his ball will inevitably go wide of its mark, 
 either to right or left. If the length of the shot is 
 such that the curve will amount to a foot, then the 
 player must aim a foot to the right or left of the point 
 at which he really desires his ball to touch. 
 
No. 8. 
 
Ill 
 
 D1AGEAM NO VIIL 
 
 The purpose of this diagram is to show the effect 
 the side-stroke will have on the cue-ball after contact 
 with the cushion. Although the object-ball may be 
 struck in the same place, the cue-ball can be made to 
 take widely-different courses, as represented. The ob- 
 ject in figure 1, is to pocket ball 1 in the corner pocket, 
 and carom on ball 2 or 3. To effect the carom on ball 
 
 2, hit the object-ball where the line from the pocket 
 would terminate were it continued directly through 
 the centre of the ball. Strike the cue-ball \ E, on the 
 horizontal central line, with Q. P. 1|-. To carom on ball 
 
 3, strike the cue-ball £ L, i B, with Q. P. 2J-. 
 Figure 2. — To carom on ball 2, strike the object- 
 ball fine, as represented in diagram, and the cue-ball \ 
 L, } B, with Q. P. 2^. The object in striking the cue- 
 ball below the centre in this stroke, is to communicate 
 to it a motion similar to that in the forcing shot; 
 such motion will have the effect of contracting the 
 angle produced by the ball rebounding from the 
 cushion. 
 
 To carom on ball 3, the object-ball is to be hit as in 
 the preceding stroke. The cue-ball to be struck -J- E, 
 with Q. P. 1. 
 
112 
 
 DIAGEAM NO. IX. 
 
 EFFECT OF THE SIDE STROKE AND TWIST CONTINUED. 
 
 Figure 1. — To play on ball 1, pocket it in corner, and 
 carom on ball 2 or 3. To carom on ball 2, hit tlie ob- 
 ject-ball so as to bole it, strike the cue-ball { E, } A, 
 with Q. P. 2. To carom on ball 3, strike the object-ball 
 \ L, T V A, with Q. P. 2h 
 
 Fig. 2. — To play on the ball on the spot, and pocket 
 it in corner-pocket, and carom on balls 1, 2, 3, or 4 : 
 To effect the carom on ball 1, strike the cue-ball \ A, 
 T \ L, with Q. P. 3. To carom on ball 2, strike the cue- 
 ball £ A, ± K, with Q. P. 2|. To carom on ball 3, 
 strike the cue-ball ± B, ± L, with Q. P. 3. To carom 
 on ball 4, strike cue-ball \ B, T \ L, with Q. P. 3. 
 
No. 9. 
 
No. 10. 
 
117 
 
 DIAGRAM NO. X. 
 
 FURTHER ILLUSTRATION OP THE SIDE STROKE, 
 
 To play with the cue-ball and pocket the object-ball 
 in the side pocket, and carom on balls 1, 2, 8, 4, or 5. 
 To carom on ball 1, strike the cue-ball £ A, with 
 Q. P. 1. To carom on ball 2, strike the cue-ball £ B, 
 I E, with Q. P. 2|> To carom on ball 3, strike the 
 cue-ball £ E, on horizontal line, with Q. P. 2%. To 
 carom on ball 4, strike the cue-ball } A, |- L, with 
 Q. P. 3. To carom on ball- 5, strike the cue-ball % E, 
 ^ B, with Q. P. 3^-. Thus, it may be perceived, that 
 with the aid of the side-stroke and force, the cue-ball 
 can be made to take almost any course the player de- 
 sires. The object-ball is to be hit so as to hole it in 
 the side-pocket, in each of these caroms. 
 
118 
 
 DIAGEAM NO, XI. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OP THE KISS AND SIDE STROKE. 
 
 To play on ball 1, and carom on balls 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 
 and 7. To carom on ball 2 by a kiss, strike the cue- 
 ball i A, i L, with Q. P. 2i, the object-ball to be hit 
 I R. To carom on ball 3, strike with same strength 
 the object and cue-ball, hitting as above, only on the 
 opposite side. To carom on ball 4, strike the cue-ball 
 I R, I B, Q. P. 2|, the object-ball to be hit fine on the 
 left. To' carom on ball 5, strike the cue-ball } L ; i B, 
 with Q. P. 3, the object-ball to be hit f L. To carom 
 on ball 6, strike the cue-ball £ E on the horizontal 
 line with Q. P. 2, the object-ball fine to the right. 
 To carom on ball 7, strike the cue-ball £ B, £ L, 
 with Q. P. 3£, the object-ball to be hit a half ball to 
 the left. 
 
No. 11. 
 
No. 12. 
 
123 
 
 D1AGEAM NO. XIL 
 
 FURTHER ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE KISS AND SIDE STROKE. 
 
 Explanation of Fig. 1. — The three balls num- 
 bered 1, 2, and 3 in this figure, are intended to be the 
 cue-balls, ball A the object-ball, and ball B the one to 
 be caromed on; the lines marked 1, 2, and 3 the course 
 the cue-balls will take, according to their respective 
 numbers. For example, play with ball 1, from position 
 as represented, with Q. P. 2i, strike it i A, the object- 
 ball to be hit I to the right, and the carom will be 
 effected by the u kiss." Then again play with ball 2 
 with the same strength, strike it ^ A, }E, the object- 
 ball to be hit \ E, and the carom will be effected by 
 the cue-ball describing curves similar to those marked 
 by line 2. Again, play with ball 3, strike it \ R, \ A, 
 with Q. P. 3-J-, and the carom on ball B will be effected 
 by a sort of hugging tendency of the cue-ball, after 
 forming curves similar to those represented by line 3. 
 
 The student should pay particular attention to this 
 Figure, as there are certain principles represented by 
 it, which will be very essential for him to have a 
 knowledge of. 
 
 In all of these strokes the cue-ball has a following 
 tendency, caused by the cue striking it above the 
 centre, consequently it hugs the cushion. In No. 1 
 
124 
 
 this tendency is effected by the simple stroke above 
 the centre, but in Nos. 2 and 3 the cue-ball also re- 
 quires striking to the right, as well as above the centre, 
 owing to its relative position to the object-ball. 
 
 In No. 2, | E is sufficient to effect this purpose, but 
 in No. 3 the cue-ball must be struck \ E, in conse- 
 quence of the greater acuteness of the angle formed by 
 the lines drawn from it to the object-ball, and from the 
 latter to ball B. If, in these two strokes, the cue-ball 
 were struck to the left, it would either stop under the 
 cushion, or take a direction to the left, the very oppo- 
 site to that which the striker intended. 
 
 Fig. 2. — To play on ball C, and carom on ball D, 
 strike the cue-ball \ L, with Q. P. 1, the object-ball to 
 be hit dead full. To carom on ball B, hit the object- 
 ball dead full; strike the cue-ball \ A, with Q. P. 2^. 
 
No. 13. 
 
127 
 
 DIAGBAM NO. XIII. 
 
 FURTHER ILLUSTRATION OF THE KISS AND FORCE. 
 
 Fia. 1. — To play on ball 1, kiss on ball 2, and carom 
 on ball 3. Hit the object-ball |- E, strike the cue-ball 
 i A, i L, with Q. P. 2. 
 
 Fig. 2. — To play on ball 1, carom on ball 3, and, 
 by a force, carom on ball 2. Strike the cue-ball \ B, 
 { E, with Q. P. 3|, the object-ball to be hit fine on the 
 left, as represented in diagram. 
 
128 
 
 DIAGEAM NO. XIV. 
 
 MORE OF THE KISS. 
 
 To play on ball 1, and, by a kiss, carom on ball 2. 
 Strike the cue-ball | B, -J L, with Q. P. 3|-, the object- 
 ball to be hit r V E. 
 
 The object of this diagram is to show the effect of a 
 twist on the cushion. "When played as represented, 
 the cue-ball will be thrown off in a direction opposite 
 to that it would have taken, had it hit the cushion 
 where ball 1 is situated. The dotte.d line is intended 
 to show the course the ball would have taken, had it 
 been played without the " twist" or side-stroke. 
 
No. 14. 
 
No. 15. 
 
133 
 
 DIAGRAM NO. XV. 
 
 FORMING CURVES BY A FOLLOW AND A FORCE. 
 
 Fig. 1. — To place a ball upon each spot, and carom 
 upon them by means of a follow, the cue-ball trans- 
 cribing a curve around a hat, which occupies the posi- 
 tion of the circle. Strike the cue-ball % A, |- L, with 
 Q. P. 3, the object-ball to be hit i E, so that it shall 
 take the direction of the dotted line. 
 
 Fig. 2. — To effect a carom with a force, the cue-ball 
 transcribing a curve around a hat occupying the posi- 
 tion of the circle. Strike the cue-ball | B, \ L, with 
 Q. P. 3|, and the object-ball \ E. In effecting this 
 stroke, the bridge and cue require to be somewhat ele- 
 vated, to give a slight hop to the cue-ball. 
 
134 
 
 DIAGRAM NO. XVI. 
 
 MANAGING THE BALLS SO AS TO LEAVE GOOD " BREAKS." 
 
 A perfect mastery of this art is probably the most 
 important to the player, of all other branches of the 
 science. After he has mastered the follow, the force 
 and the twist, skill, science, and judgment combined are 
 the three essentials for the student to acquire. For 
 instance, the player may have a simple stroke, either 
 a hazard or a carom, which, when effected, will leave 
 the balls in a position where even an adept would find 
 it difficult to count. There may, at the same time, be 
 other strokes on the table less easy to effect, but which, 
 if made, would leave the balls in a position favorable 
 for a run ; in such a case judgment would decide that 
 the player should attempt the more difficult stroke, to 
 avail himself of the prospective advantages which prob- 
 ably will result from it. Judgment makes the great 
 difference between players — one exercising it frequently 
 contending successfully against an opponent who is his 
 superior in execution. 
 
 Strike the cue-ball J B, f L, with Q. P. 2|, the ob- 
 ject-ball to be hit so as to make it roll over the lines, 
 as represented, and the player will have a break of 
 balls, which, with judicious management, will enable 
 him to effect a long run. 
 
No. 16. 
 
No. 17. 
 
139 
 
 DIAGRAM NO. XVH 
 
 ANOTHER ILLUSTRATION ON MANAGING OR NURSING THE BALLS* 
 
 FlG. I- — To play on ball 1, and effect a carom, leav- 
 ing a good break : strike the cue-ball % B, | L, with 
 Q. P. 1£, the object-ball to be hit so as to make it roll 
 over the line, as marked, and the balls will approxi- 
 mate the positions designated by the black spots. 
 
 Fig. 2.— To effect a carom, and leave a break similar 
 to that designated by the black spots : play the cue-ball, 
 as represented, against the cushion, striking it •§• L, 
 with Q. P. li. 
 
140 
 
 DIAGRAM NO. XVIII. 
 
 FURTHER ILLUSTRATIONS ON NURSING OR MANAGING THE BALLS. 
 
 We will suppose the cue-ball to be in hand, and one 
 of the balls a trifle out of the string, the other two in po- 
 sitions as designated. Here are three different positions 
 represented by Nos. 1, 2, and 3, in either of which the 
 cue-ball may be placed. To play from position marked 
 1, and force back as represented : strike the cue-ball 
 f B, I L, with Q. P. 1^, hitting the object-ball so that 
 it rolls over and returns by line 1. Again, from po- 
 sition 2 : strike the cue-ball f B, f L, with Q. P. 3, the 
 object-ball to be hit so as to roll over line 2. From 
 position 3 : strike the cue-ball ± E, with Q. P. 2, the 
 object-ball to be hit f E, so as to make it roll over line 
 4 ; and the presumption is, that good breaks will be 
 the result of each stroke. 
 
No. 18. 
 
No. 19. 
 
145 
 
 DIAGRAM NO. XIX. 
 
 TAKING ADVANTAGE OF THE CHANCES FOR MAKING POINTS. 
 
 In playing billiards we frequently find the balls in 
 a position where a count can be effected in several dif- 
 ferent ways. In such cases, it is advisable for the 
 player to take into consideration the probabilities of 
 effecting the stroke, and the position of the balls there- 
 after. If the stroke be at all doubtful, he should play 
 where he would have the greatest prospect of success, 
 or, in other words, "take the chances." 
 
 "We will again suppose the cue-ball to be in hand, 
 and the player wishing to secure a good break. If he 
 is playing the usual game, it would be advisable for 
 him. to play on the object-ball, so as to pocket it and 
 return over line 1, in this way taking three chances to 
 make a count. If he is playing caroms alone, it would 
 be better for him to play on the left of the object-ball, 
 so as to draw it back in the string, as near the other 
 balls as possible. To make the first stroke : strike the 
 cue-ball | A, { E, with Q. P. 2|, and if the object-ball 
 be pocketed in -the corner, as represented, the carom 
 will be made on one of the balls numbered 2 and 3. 
 To make the second stroke : strike the cue-ball { A i 
 i E, with Q. P. 2|, the object-ball to be hit £ L. 
 
 r 
 
No. 20. 
 
149 
 
 DIAGRAM NO. XX. 
 
 SOME FANCY SHOTS IN COMMON USE. 
 
 We have hitherto confined our attention to the illus- 
 tration of ^hat may be called the regular game, and 
 the explanation of those principles which are essential 
 even to common proficiency ; we did so, lest the student 
 should embarrass his first efforts with attempting strokes 
 beyond his skill. 
 
 In the above diagram we have set forth a few of the 
 fancy shots, now in very general use, and proposed 
 among good players as a test of peculiar skill. In cer- 
 tain positions of the game, the adept will find them do 
 good service ; but we must still caution the novice that 
 the penalty, should he attempt them, will very likely 
 be a rupture of the cloth. It is almost impossible to 
 give an exact verbal description of these strokes ; and 
 players who aspire to make them, should put them- 
 selves, for a day at least, under the tuition of a com- 
 petent instructor ; it would be cheaper to pay him five 
 dollars for an hour's instruction, and then be master 
 of the art, than have to pay thirty dollars for a new 
 cloth, and still remain ignorant of what had caused the 
 mistake. 
 
 Fig. 1. — To play on ball 1, and, by a perpendicular 
 force, bring back the cue-ball so as to carom on ball 2 : 
 the cue-ball is the central one in this figure. The cue 
 should be elevated, as marked in the plate of cue po- 
 
150 
 
 sitions, to an angle of at least forty-five degrees ; the 
 cue-ball should be struck as marked and described in 
 said plate, with Q. P. 2 — the object-ball to Tbe struck 
 dead full. 
 
 Fig. 2 — Is another perpendicular force, the object 
 being to carom on balls I and 2, as represented. Ele- 
 vate the cue, as before, and take aim for that part of 
 the indented line where the curve first begins to act ; 
 strike the cue-ball -J E, with Q. P. 2%. 
 
 These strokes are particularly needed in playing the 
 French carom game, and are much practiced by the 
 eminent players of France. Their usual game having 
 no hazards in it, they excel in caroms, on the principle 
 that makes a blind man's sense of touch so much more 
 exquisite than the same sense in persons who can both 
 see and feel ; — so masterly is their execution of these 
 particular forces, that were we to delineate some of the 
 shots which we have seen them make, and made our- 
 selves under their instructions, the reader would be in- 
 clined to suspect us of pushing his credulity too far. 
 For our own part, we profess no peculiar expertness 
 in these strokes — at least none that M. Berger would 
 consider wonderful ; for the nature of our game does 
 not so frequently call for them. The novice must be 
 careful to arrest his cue after the stroke is delivered, 
 for otherwise the cloth may suffer ; this is all the more 
 difficult from the quickness, vigor, and vivacity which 
 the stroke imperatively demands. The remaining 
 problems are less difficult. 
 
151 
 
 Fig. 3. — To play on ball 1, and by a curve to clear 
 ball 2, and carom on ball 3. Strike the cue-ball -J- A, 
 } B, with. Q. P. 3 1 ; the object-ball must be struck 
 
 tVB. 
 
 Fig. 4 — Is to play on ball 1, and, by a curve which 
 shall clear ball 2, to carom back on ball 3 : to do this, 
 strike the cue-ball ^ B, £ L, with Q. P. 3|-, the cue to 
 be elevated at an angle of not more than thirty degrees. 
 This degree of elevation will give a combination of the 
 "jump" and "perpendicular force" strokes, marked in 
 the plate of cue positions, without which the stroke 
 could not be made. The jump will cause the cue-ball 
 to advance beyond ball 2, because its retrograding 
 motion cannot come into play, until after its contact 
 with the table ; as soon as the friction begins to act 
 against the retrograding tendency (i. e., after it has 
 jumped beyond ball 2), it will then recede, in a carve, 
 as marked, and strike ball 3. Mr. J. N. White, of 
 Philadelphia, particularly excels in this shot. 
 
 FlG. 5 — Is intended to show the effect of the side- 
 stroke and force, on TJie angle which the cue-ball will 
 make after coming in contact with the cushion, the 
 object-ball being previously struck. Strike the cue- 
 ball \ B, \ L, with Q. P. 3i, so as to strike the object- 
 ball dead full. The cue-ball will return to the cushion, 
 and fly off at the angle marked ; which angle will be 
 obtuser, and made on the opposite side to what it would 
 have been, had not the cue-ball touched the object- 
 ball but continued on to the end cushion opposite. 
 
No. 21. 
 
 ' i 
 
 1 L. 
 
155 
 
 DIAGRAM NO. XXI. 
 
 This diagram is introduced to show the advantage 
 which may inure to the player, by possessing the 
 ability to execute perpendicular strokes. This posi- 
 tion of the balls actually occurred in a match played 
 in San Francisco, between the author and a celebrated 
 French player, where the reputation of both players 
 was at stake. The game was the French three-ball 
 carom game, in which no pushing shots are permitted. 
 The parties were playing 100 points up, the French- 
 man having but three points to make, while the writer 
 required twenty-one to win the game. Such were the 
 conditions of the game when the position of the balls, 
 as shown in the diagram, presented itself; and the au- 
 thor, playing a perpendicular stroke, effected a carom, 
 from which he secured a run of nine, and eventually 
 won the game. A represents the striker's ball, C that 
 of his opponent, and B the red ball. The small dots 
 show the relative positions of the balls, after the stroke 
 was effected — No. 1 being the striker's ball, 3 the red, 
 and 2 the opponent's ball. 
 
156 
 
 DIAGKAM NO. XXII. 
 
 The diagram is intended to illustrate both execution 
 and judgment. This position of the balls also occurred 
 in the match referred to in the description of the pre- 
 ceding diagram, and was the game-shot of the rubber. 
 It would have been a much simpler method of making 
 the stroke for the author to have played upon No. 2, 
 than taken the side-cushion and caromed directly upon 
 No. 3. But, in case the stroke had been unsuccessful, 
 the balls would have been left in a favorable position 
 for the opponent. It must be recollected that the 
 French three-ball carom game is as much a game of 
 defence as attack ; hence, safety is an essential element, 
 to which the player must direct his attention. No. 1 
 represents the striker's ball, No. 2 that of his opponent, 
 and 8 the red ball ; hence, it will be readily seen that 
 the striker, by playing the shot as represented in the 
 diagram, would have left the balls in a much safer po- 
 sition had he proved unsuccessful, than would have 
 been the case had he failed in making the simpler 
 carom. 
 
No. 22. 
 
Na 23. 
 
161 
 
 DIAGKAM NO. XXIII. 
 
 The sliot, as represented in the diagram, is to play 
 with ball No. 1, effecting a carom on balls 2 and 3, 
 and pocketing balls 2 and 3 in the corner where ball 3 
 is represented. 
 
 To effect this shot play on ball 2 dead fall, with 
 strength enough to make it travel over the space 
 covered by the line, as laid down in the diagram. 
 Strike, the cue-ball about \ A, \ B, with Q. P. 3| to 4, 
 and it will hug the cushion as represented, and carom 
 on ball 3 and pocket it. The twist communicated 
 to the cue-ball will then act on the side-cushion, and 
 cause it to roll out of the way ere ball 2 reaches its 
 place of destination. 
 
 This proposition will not be new to any readers of 
 the Billiard Cue, to which paper it was originally con- 
 tributed by the writer. It seems simple now, when 
 the lines are drawn which illustrate it; but as the 
 proposition first appeared— the position of the balls 
 being only indicated, and not the method of effecting 
 the shot — many attempts were made, before the stroke 
 was finally accomplished by one of our most distin- 
 guished amateurs. 
 
162 
 
 DIAGRAM NO. XXIV. 
 
 This diagram shows a favorite stroke of Mr. C. Bird, 
 of Philadelphia; who is frequently requested by his 
 friends to make it. The object is to take six cush- 
 ions, and effect the carom on balls 1 and 2, as repre- 
 sented. 
 
 Strike the cue-ball § L, with Q. P. 3£ to 4, the ob- 
 ject-ball to be hit fine on the right. 
 
m 
 
 i 
 
 
 No. 25. 
 
 Aft 
 
 
 F 
 
 ooopo 
 oqpo 
 
 ooo 
 
 °2? 
 
 v^y 
 
 <f 3.1.2* |, 
 
 # . , j 
 
167 
 
 DIAGRAM NO. XXV, 
 
 The letters A, B, C, and D, on the diagram opposite, 
 show the position of the Spots on the billiard table. 
 In placing them, a line is drawn down the centre of 
 the table, from the centre nails or sights in the head 
 and lower cushions ; another line is then drawn from 
 the centre sights in the side cushions, across the table, 
 and where the lines intersect, the spots are placed. 
 The spot at A, being next the head of the table, is the 
 light red spot, and an imaginary line across the table 
 at this point is the string; the spot at B is the dark 
 red spot. 
 
 The spot at C is the English spot, which is to be 
 thirteen inches from the end or lower cushion, and is 
 used in playing the English game, but in this country 
 it is generally put about nine inches from the lowei 
 cushion. 
 
 The spot at D is for two ball pool, and is placed 
 about five inches from the lower cushion. 
 
 E shows the Pin Pool spots, that in the centre being 
 number five; each of the others should be placed 
 about 2i inches from it, in the position represented on 
 diagram. 
 
 F shows the position of the balls in playing fifteen 
 ball pool. The balls ai<e placed in a triangular fram* f 
 
168 
 
 so as to insure exactness — the base of the triangle being 
 parallel with the end, or lower cushion of the table. 
 The highest number, fifteen, should be placed on the 
 deep red spot, at B. 
 
 Figures 1 and 2 show the positions of the semicircles, 
 or playing points, for the English and French games. 
 
 In playing the English game, the semicircle is drawn 
 from the light red spot, with a radius of ten inches. 
 In England the spot is placed two feet six inches from 
 the cushion. 
 
 The semicircle for the French game is drawn with a 
 radius of four and a half inches' on the French table, 
 but on the American full-sized table, it should have a 
 radius of five inches. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 A CODE TO REGULATE AND REDUCE TO UNIFORMITY THE DIFFERENT 
 GAMES OF BILLIARDS, AS PLAYED IN THE UNITED STATES AND 
 ELSEWHERE. 
 
 To establish such a billiard-code as would meet with 
 the general approbation and consent of billiard-players 
 in all parts of the Union, would indeed be "a consum- 
 mation most devoutly to be wished " — a consummation, 
 also, more to be prayed for than expected. 
 
 In things the most trivial, as in things the most 
 grave, it is difficult to make any large majority of men 
 view any matter in precisely the same light. Some 
 are prejudiced to this side, and others have their early 
 convictions inclining them to that. All may deplore 
 the disagreement — all may sigh for a uniformity of 
 system ; but few are prepared to abandon their peculiar 
 ideas, without the sacrifice of which no uniformity can 
 be attained. 
 
 In the rules laid down for playing the various games 
 of billiards, this evil has been further aggravated' by 
 the petty jealousies of those engaged in the billiard 
 business. Each one establishes a code of regulations 
 for himself — a code in which it would appear to be his 
 object to differ as much as possible from the codes 
 
 8 
 
170 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 adopted by the other brethren of his profession. Cer- 
 tain manufacturers of quasi billiard tables, not knowing 
 anything of the game themselves, and therefore not be- 
 ing competent to decide which of these conflicting 
 codes is correct, pick out whichever one comes readiest 
 to hand, and accompany the sale of everything they 
 call a table with a framed and printed copy of this 
 1 V code." In this way the country is flooded with con- 
 flicting rules, which frequently cause disputes that 
 might otherwise be avoided. 
 
 " Let the cobbler stick to his last," is a maxim of 
 great wisdom and antiquity ; and one would really 
 think, according to recent developments, that these 
 " manufacturers" might find employment for some time 
 further in attempting to improve the cushions and 
 other parts of their table gear, which are notoriously 
 defective and condemned. As a general rule, they are 
 ignorant of the game, and opposed to any innovation in 
 its mechanical appliances, even though the innovation 
 contains the most important improvement. Their 
 ignorance we account for on the same principle that 
 is said to make "the confectioner less fond of sweet- 
 meats than any man in the parish." From the hour 
 of their apprenticeship they look upon the table as 
 the object of their labor and the means of obtaining 
 bread. They never associate the board with any 
 sensations of amusement ; and when in search of pleas- 
 ure, they will seek it in whatever game can least 
 remind them of their toil. That they should be op- 
 posed to innovations is extremely natural, therefore 
 *— seeing that they take no individual interest in the 
 
The Game of Billiakds. 171 
 
 science of tile game, and that every alteration requires 
 so much more time and trouble, and throws them so 
 much out from the miil-horse round in which- the y 
 have been accustomed to proceed without progressing. 
 
 In drawing up the following rules, the author hopes 
 they are such as may meat with general adoption. He 
 has practiced what he preaches in the forepart of this 
 article, and sacrificed such of his private opinions as he 
 found to be at variance with the customs most in vogue. 
 He has seen differences arise and lead to angry words, 
 in cases where both players were correct, according to 
 the codes in use in the different sections from which, 
 each came. They met perhaps on " neutral ground " 
 — in a city where the code was entirely different from 
 that professed by either; and who could then deter- 
 mine from which side the concession should be made ? 
 
 In the sincere hope of obviating these difficulties 
 for the future, the author has compiled this code, with 
 a view to its general adoption as the standard law; 
 and to prove that he is actuated by a sincere desire for 
 uniformity, and not by any vain conceit that his stand- 
 ing as a billiard-player is such as to make his ipse dixit 
 be received as incontrovertible, he hereby promises to 
 be governed by any other code w r hich a convention of 
 billiard-players, from the different sections of the 
 Union, may be induced to agree upon. 
 
 He flatters himself that he has already done enough 
 for the game of billiards, to guarantee that he has the 
 development of its scientific principles sincerely at 
 heart : his improvements in the tables and cushions, 
 more especially, were not made without the sacrifice 
 
172 The Game of Billia^m. 
 
 of much time and money. The latter has been amply, 
 and more than amply repaid to him by the generous 
 appreciation which the billia'rd-playing public have 
 bestowed on the result of his labors: but it would re- 
 quire something more than money to compensate either 
 himself or his friends for the bitterness of calumny 
 with which those who are naturally opposed to all in- 
 novations, as afore-mentioned, have since pursued both 
 the inventions and inventor. 
 
 It would, indeed, be a much desired result, should 
 these rules be universally adopted. 
 
 A CODE TO EEGULATE THE AMERICAN, OR FOUR 
 BALL GAME. 
 
 RULE I. 
 
 ON STRINGING FOR THE LEAD. 
 
 Whoever, playing from within the string against the 
 lower cushion, can bring his ball nearest to the cush- 
 ion at which he stands, is entitled to the choice of lead 
 and balls. Provided, 
 
 1st. That the player's ball, in stringing, has not 
 touched any other ball upon the table ; 
 
 2d. Nor fallen into any of the pockets; in either 
 case he loses the choice. 
 
The Game of Billiards. 173 
 
 rule n. 
 
 ON LEADING. 
 
 1st. In leading, the player's ball must be played 
 with sufficient strength to pass below the deep-red 
 ball, or he loses his choice. 
 
 2d. It must not be played with so much strength as 
 to repass the deep-red ball a second time, after having 
 rebounded from the foot of the table. In this. latter 
 case, it is optional with the adversary to make the 
 player spot his ball on the pool spot, play it over again, 
 or take the lead himself. [The lead shall be con- 
 sidered a stroke.] 
 
 RULE III. 
 
 ON THE OPENING OF TIIE GAME. 
 
 Once the lead is made, the game is considered as 
 commenced, and neither player can withdraw except 
 under the circumstances hereafter specified. But no 
 count or forfeiture can be made until each player has 
 played one stroke. 
 
 RULE IY. 
 
 ON FOUL STROKES. 
 
 The penalty for a foul stroke is this: that the 
 player cannot count any points he may have made by 
 
174 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 such stroke, and that his adversary is entitled to the 
 next play. The following are among the strokes called 
 foul : 
 
 1st. If either player use his opponent's ball to play 
 with, the stroke is foul ; and, if successful, he cannot 
 count, provided the error is found out before a second 
 shot is made. But, 
 
 2d. Should two or more strokes have been made 
 previous to the discovery, the reckoning cannot be 
 disturbed, and the player may continue his game with 
 the same ball. And, 
 
 3d. If it be found that the players have changed 
 balls during the game, and if the change can be 
 brought home to neither in particular, each must keep 
 th£ ball he has, and let the game proceed. 
 
 4th. Should both the white balls be off the table to- 
 gether, and should either player, by mistake, pick up 
 the wrong one and play with it, the stroke must stand, 
 and he can count whatever he has made. [The reason 
 of this is obvious ; for both balls being in hand and 
 having alike to play from any point within the string, 
 no possible advantage could arise from using the other's 
 ball. Whereas, when the balls are on the table, the 
 case is totally different; for your opponent's ball might 
 be advantageously placed, while your own was directly 
 the reverse.] 
 
 5th. If the striker plays at a ball before it is fully at 
 
The Game of Billiakds. 175 
 
 rest, or while any other ball is rolling on the table, the 
 stroke is foul and no count can be effected. 
 
 6th. If, when in the act of taking aim, a player 
 should touch the ball more than once with his cue, the 
 stroke is considered foul. 
 
 7th. If the player, when pushing his own ball for- 
 ward with the butt of his cue, does not withdraw the 
 butt before the cue-ball touches the object-ball, the 
 stroke is foul. 
 
 8th. If, when a red ball is holed, or forced off the 
 table, the striker, before playing, does not see that said 
 red ball is replaced upon its proper spot — supposing 
 such spot to be unoccupied — the stroke he may make, 
 while the red is not in its proper place, is foul. But 
 should the spot be covered by any other ball, when 
 the red is pocketed or forced off, the red must remain 
 off the table until its proper position is vacant, and all 
 the balls cease rolling. 
 
 9th. If, when the player's ball is in hand, he does 
 not cause it to pass outside the string, before touching 
 any of the object-balls or cushion (except in a case 
 mentioned in the following rule), the stroke is foul, 
 and his opponent may choose whether he will play 
 with the balls as they are, have them replaced in their 
 original positions, or cause the stroke to be played 
 over a second time ; or, should the player make a 
 losing hazard under such circumstances, the penalty 
 may be enforced. 
 
176 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 10th. Playing at a ball whose base, or point of eon- 
 tact with the table, is outside of the string, is con- 
 sidered playing out of the string ; and the stroke is a 
 fair one, even though the side which the cue-ball 
 strikes is hanging over, and therefore within the string. 
 
 11th. If, after making a successful stroke, the player 
 obstructs the free course of the balls upon the table, 
 he becomes subject to the penalties of a foul stroke, 
 and cannot score his points. 
 
 12th. If the player, with his ball in hand, play at 
 an object-ball that is exactly on the string, the stroke 
 is foul ; for a ball on the string must be treated as if 
 within it. 
 
 13th. If the striker, through stretching forward or 
 otherwise, has not at least one foot on the floor while 
 striking, the shot is foul, and no points can be reckoned. 
 
 14th. If a player shall alter the stroke he is about 
 to make, at the suggestion of any party in the room — 
 even if it be at the suggestion of his partner in a 
 double match, except where a special agreement is 
 made that partners may advise — the altered stroke 
 which he plays is foul, and he cannot count any points 
 that may be won thereby. 
 
 15th. A touch is a shot. And if a player, by 
 accident or design, touch or disturb any ball on the 
 table, other than his own, it is foul ; he has, however, 
 the privilege of playing a stroke, provided his own 
 ball has not been touched, but can make no count on 
 the shot. 
 
 16th. In playing a shot, if the cue leaves the ball, 
 and touches it again, the stroke is foul. 
 
The Game of Billiaeds. 177 
 
 17th. Placing marks of any kind whatever, either 
 upon the cushions or table, is foul ; and a player, 
 while engaged in a game, has no right to practice a 
 particular stroke on another table. 
 
 EULE V. 
 
 ON FORFEITURES. 
 
 1st. If the player fails to hit any of the balls upon 
 the table with his own ball, he forfeits one, which must 
 be added to his adversary's count. 
 
 2d. The player forfeits too when his own ball is 
 pocketed, after having touched a white one, and this 
 totally irrespective of its having touched one or both 
 of the reds. 
 
 But there is one case connected with the lead, in 
 which a person can lose three even after touching the 
 white — to wit : when he first strikes the red, and then 
 pockets himself off his opponents ball. In all other 
 cases, he can only lose two, when his own ball shall 
 have touched his opponent's before going into the 
 pocket. The additional penalty of one in this case 
 is exacted for having first touched the red. 
 
 3d. He forfeits two to his opponent, also, when he 
 causes his ball to jump off the table or lodge on the 
 top of the cushion, after having touched his opponent's 
 ball. 
 
 4th. When his own ball is pocketed, or jumps off 
 the table, or lodges on the cushion, as before descri- 
 bed, without either having touched any ball at all, or 
 
178 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 having only touched one or more red ones, the player 
 forfeits three. 
 
 [In and around New York, three is the highest 
 number that a player can be mulcted in for any single 
 stroke ; but, in some other parts of the Union, they 
 add to this forfeiture any number of points which he 
 may otherwise have made by the stroke. Surely the 
 penalty of three, and to lose his count and hand, ought 
 to be enough to satisfy a Shylock.] 
 
 5th. If the player cause any ball to jump off the 
 table, and should it, by striking against any of the 
 by-standers, be flung back upon the board, it must 
 still be looked upon and treated as if it had fallen to 
 the floor. If a red ball, it must be spotted ; if a white 
 one, held in hand; and if it be the cue-ball, the player 
 shall forfeit two or three to his opponent, conforma- 
 bly to the terms laid down in the two preceding 
 paragraphs. 
 
 6th. Though the striker, when playing with the 
 wrong ball, cannot count what points he may make, 
 except in those cases mentioned in the second, third 
 and fourth paragraphs of Eule IV. ; nevertheless, 
 whatever forfeitures he may incur while playing with 
 the wrong ball, he is bound to pay, as if he had been 
 playing with his own. 
 
 7th. Any player who has commenced a game, as 
 specified in Eule II., must either finish or forfeit it, 
 except under the circumstances particularly set forth 
 in Eule VII. 
 
The Game of Billiards. 179 
 
 RULE VI. 
 
 ON CASES WHERE TIIE BALLS ARE IN CONTACT 
 
 According to the rule observed prior to 1858, 
 if the cue ball were in actual contact with any other, 
 no count could be made by the player under any cir- 
 cumstances, though he would be obliged to strike and 
 separate the balls at least one inch. This rule was 
 manifestly unjust, and its injustice heightened by the 
 fact that while the player could not win, he could 
 lose as in common cases, should he either pocket his 
 own ball, cause it to jump off the table or lodge on 
 the cushion. Unjust in itself and different from the 
 practice in most other places, it was further aggravated 
 by the difficulty recently experienced of finding balls 
 of well-seasoned ivory,— almost all new balls being 
 incorrect from shrinkage after a little use, and there- 
 fore apt to fall together from no want of skill on the 
 player's part 
 
 At the request of a majority of leading players, 
 amateur and professional, the rule, observed since 
 1858, under which no count could be effected uhless 
 the striker first played upon some ball other than 
 that with which his own was in contact, has been 
 amended as below. The new rule went into effect 
 January 1, 1867, 
 
 I.- When the cu§*ball is in contact with any other 
 ball, the striker m$y effect a count either by playing 
 
180 The Game of Billiards 
 
 first upon some ball other than that with which his 
 own is in contact, or by playing first against the 
 cushion, or by a masse. In either of the two j last- 
 mentioned cases, it is immaterial which ball the 
 returning cue-ball strikes first. 
 
 2d. This stipulation observed, the play can then 
 be pursued entirely as if the balls had not been in 
 contact. 
 
 RULE VII. 
 
 ON WITHDRAWING FROM, WITHOUT FINISHING A GAME. 
 
 1st. The player may protest against his adversary's 
 standing in front of him, or in such close proximity 
 as to disarrange his aim. 
 
 2d. Also, against loud talking, or any other annoy- 
 ance by his opponent, while he is making his play. 
 
 3d. Also, against being refused the use of the 
 bridge, or any other of the instruments used in that 
 room in playing, except where a special stipulation 
 to the contrary was made before commencing the 
 game. 
 
 4th. Or in case his adversary shall refuse to abide 
 by the marker's, or company's decision, on a disputed 
 point, which it was agreed between them to submit to 
 the marker, or company, for arbitration ; in any one, 
 or all of the foregoing pases, if the discourtesy be per- 
 
The Game of Billiards. 181 
 
 sisted in, the party aggrieved is at liberty to withdraw, 
 and the game shall be considered as drawn, and any 
 stakes which may have been depending on such, must 
 be returned. 
 
 5th. Should the interruption or annoyance have 
 been accidental, the marker, if so requested by the 
 player, who is entitled to repeat his stroke, must re- 
 place the balls as near as possible in the position they 
 occupied before the player made the stroke in which 
 he was interrupted. 
 
 KULE YIII. 
 
 OX CASES IN WHICH THE MARKER MUST REPLACE THE BALLS, IP 
 
 CALLED ON, AS NEARLY AS POSSIBLE IN THEIR FORMER 
 
 POSITION. 
 
 1st. In the case mentioned in the 5th paragraph of 
 preceding rule. 
 
 2d. Where any of the balls when at rest are moved 
 by accident. 
 
 3d. Where any of the balls while rolling, are sud- 
 denly obstructed, either by accident or design. In this 
 case the marker, if so requested by the players, shall 
 place the interrupted ball as nearly as possible in the 
 situation which it would apparently have occupied had 
 it not been stopped. 
 
 4th. Where the cue-ball, resting on the edge of a 
 
132 T HE Game of Billiards. 
 
 pocket, drops into it, before the striker has time to 
 play. 
 
 5th. Where the object-ball, in a similar position, is 
 rolled back into the pocket by any of the ordinary 
 vibrations of the table or atmosphere. 
 
 6th. In all cases aforementioned, where it is speci- 
 fied that in consequence of a foul stroke, the player's 
 opponent shall have the option, either of playing at 
 balls as they are, or causing them to be replaced by 
 the marker. 
 
 7 th. When either or both of the red 'balls are 
 pocketed, or forced off the table, it is the marker's 
 duty to spot them before another stroke is played — 
 except the spot appropriate to either be occupied by 
 one of the playing balls, in which case the red one 
 must be kept in hand until its position is un- 
 corered. 
 
 8th. If, after playing a ball, the player should at- 
 tempt to obstruct or accelerate its progress by striking 
 it again, blowing at it, or any other means, his oppo- 
 nent may either play at the balls as they stand, or call 
 upon the marker to replace them in the position they 
 would otherwise have occupied. 
 
 9th. If the striker, in the act of taking aim, or other- 
 wise, move his ball ever so little, it is a stroke ; and 
 should he strike the ball again, his opponent has the 
 same option as in the preceding paragraph. 
 
The Game of Billiards. 183 
 
 EULE IX. 
 
 ON THE DUTY OF PLAYERS TO EACH OTHER. 
 
 1st. Each player must look after his own interest, 
 and exercise his own discretion. His opponent can 
 not be called on to answer such questions as " Is the 
 ball outside or inside the string?" "Are the balls in 
 contact?" and so forth. These are questions for the 
 player's own judgment to decide. 
 
 2d. Each player should attend strictly to his own 
 game, and* never interfere with his adversary's, except 
 when a foul stroke or some other violation of these 
 rules naay call for forfeiture. 
 
 EULE X. 
 
 ON THE DUTY OP THS MARKER, AND THE SPECTATORS, TO THE 
 PLAYERS. 
 
 1st. In a single game, no one, not even the marker, 
 has a right to interfere with the play, or point out an 
 error which either has been or is about to be commit- 
 ted. The player to whose prejudice the foul stroke is 
 made, must find that out for himself. 
 
 2d. Even after a stroke has been made, no one in 
 the room has any right to comment on it, either for 
 praise or blame ; for the same stroke may occur again 
 in the course of the game, and the player's play be 
 
184 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 materially altered by the criticism to wliicli he has just 
 been listening. 
 
 3d. Let marker and spectators keep their places as 
 much as possible, for if they crowd or move around 
 the table, they are liable to interfere with the players, 
 and certain to distract their attention. 
 
 4th. When the spectators are appealed to by the 
 marker, for their opinion on a point which he has been 
 asked, but finds himself unable to decide, such of them 
 as are well acquainted with the game should answer 
 according to the best of their knowledge -and belief. 
 Those who know little or nothing of the game would 
 oblige themselves and others by at once confessing 
 their incompetency. Either they may not have seen 
 the disputed stroke, or seeing it, they may not have 
 been familiar with its merits. 
 
 RULE XI. 
 
 ON THE MARKER'S DUTIES IN PARTICULAR. 
 
 The marker's duties may be thus summed up : 
 1st. To proclaim each count in a voice that can b 
 heard by the player at his own table. 
 
 2d. To post the total run made by each player 
 -before the next begins to strike. , 
 
The Game of Billiakds. 185 
 
 3d. To spot the balls when necessary. 
 
 4th. To furnish the bridge and other implements of 
 he game, when called for. 
 
 5th. To see that the player be not obstructed in his 
 stroke by being crowded by the spectators. 
 
 6th. To decide without fear or favor all questions 
 of order and fairness which shall be officially laid be- 
 fore him for his opinion. But, 
 
 7th. Let him never volunteer a remark upon any 
 portion of the game. 
 
 8th. Let him never touch a ball himself, nor allow 
 any other person except the players to touch one, 
 except when officially called upon to replace the balls, 
 as specified in Rule VII., or when asked to decide as 
 to which is the ball that properly belongs to the player. 
 In this case, should the spot be turned down on the 
 table, he may lift the ball to ascertain the fact — but 
 ■never let him touch them voluntarily. 
 
 8th. Finally, when called upon to decide a disputed 
 point, of which he has no personal knowledge — the 
 fairness of a shot which was made when he was look- 
 ing elsewhere, for instance — let him proclaim silence, 
 and take the opinion of such of the company as avow 
 themselves competent to judge. The voice of the ma- 
 jority should be allowed to settle all debate; bun 
 should their decision be flagrantly in conflict with any 
 
186 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 of tlie well-known and admitted rules hereinbefore laid 
 down, the party who fancies himself aggrieved may 
 give notice of appeal to lay the question before what 
 the lawyers would call "a jury of experts" — the 
 marker, meanwhile, or some other responsible parly, 
 holding the bets, if any, which depend on the decision. 
 This appeal is final ; and must be made before another 
 Stroke is played. 
 
The Game of Billiards. 187 
 
 FURTHER RULES FOR THE FOREGOING GAME, 
 
 WHEN PLAYED AS A FOUR-HANDED MATCH. 
 
 In a four-handed match. — two playing in partnership 
 against two— the foregoing rules of the single game 
 must be substantially observed, with the following 
 additions : 
 
 In this double match the player's partner is at 
 liberty to warn him against playing with the wrong 
 ball, or playing, when his ball is in hand, at an object- 
 ball within the string; but he must not give him any 
 advice as to the most advantageous mode of play, &c, 
 &c, except it has been otherwise agreed before the 
 opening of the game. 
 
 FURTHER RULES FOR THE SAME GAME, WHEN 
 PLAYED BY THREE INDEPENDENT PLAYERS. 
 
 Rule XII. 
 
 The rules of the single American game are substan- 
 tially binding on the three-handed game, with the fol- 
 lowing additions, to meet the increase of players : 
 
 1st. The players commence by stringing for the lead, 
 and he who brings his ball nearest to the cushion (as 
 in the single game) wins the choice of lead, balls and 
 play ; and he who brings his ball next nearest to the 
 cushion has the next choice of play. 
 
188 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 2d. All forfeitures in this game count for both of tho 
 opponents, at the same rate as in the single-handed 
 
 game. 
 
 3th. He who can first make sixty-six points is out ; 
 the other two continue until one reaches the hun- 
 dred. 
 
 4fh. When he who has first made sixty-six, thus 
 winning the game, the next player adopts his ball, 
 as that ball is entitled to its run, and also to the next 
 play. 
 
 5th. If the player should cause both his opponents 
 to become sixty-six by a forfeiture, neither of the par- 
 ties can claim game thereon, but must win it by their 
 next count. But if only one of the opponents be in a 
 position to become sixty-six by a forfeiture, then the 
 forfeiture reckons as usual, and that opponent wins the 
 game when such forfeiture is made. 
 
 So much for the American, or four-ball game. 
 
 FIFTEEN BALL POOL. 
 
 This is an excellent game for the novice — full of 
 pleasant excitement, and offering better opportunities 
 for hazard practice than almost any other on the 
 board. 
 
 As its name imports, there must be fifteen object 
 balls employed in playing it — balls made expressly 
 for the game, and numbered from 1 to 15. These 
 
The Game of Billiaeds. 189 
 
 balls are placed in the form of a triangle upon the 
 table — a wooden frame being employed to save 
 trouble and insure correctness. The deep red ball, 
 inscribed with the highest number, occupies its usual 
 place upon the board, and forms the apex of the tri- 
 angle, pointing upwards towards the string. Each 
 player is to pocket as many balls as he can, the 
 number on each ball pocketed being scored to his 
 credit; so that not he who pockets the largest number 
 of balls, but he whose hazards -when added up yield 
 the largest total, will win the game. Thus, A. might 
 pocket all the balls numbered from 1 to 7, and his 
 total would be but 28; w r hile B., with a better eye to 
 the main chance, would walk away from him by pock- 
 eting the two balls marked 14 and 15, giving a total 
 of 29. 
 
 There is only one cue-ball (the white) used, each 
 player playing with it as he finds it on the table, or 
 from behind the string, if it be in hand. The follow- 
 ing are the rules : 
 
 1st. The order of playing may be settled as for 
 two-ball pool. The player plays from behind the 
 string, as in the ordinary * game, and may miss if he 
 likes — but the miss, and all misses at this game, will 
 score three against him. The other players follow him 
 in their order of rotation. 
 
 - 2d. The player, if it pleases him, may use either the 
 butt of the cue or the mace; and jam his own ball 
 against the others, not being obliged to withdraw'the 
 
190 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 mace or cue before the cue-ball comes in contact with 
 the object-ball. 
 
 3d. As the sum total of the figures on the 15 balls 
 amounts only to 120, of which 61 is more than half, 
 w r hoever makes the latter number first is winner, and 
 may claim the stakes. 
 
 4th. Three points are deducted from a player's 
 score, for making a miss or a losing hazard, or forcing 
 his own ball off the table. 
 
 5th. If the player pockets one or more of the object- 
 balls and his own ball at the same time, he cannot 
 score for the numbered balls, which must be placed on 
 the spot, or in a line behind it, if the spot be occupied, 
 and he forfeits three for his losing hazard. 
 
 6th. A hazard is good in this game, even when tiie 
 cue and object-balls are in contact. 
 
 7th. As in the ordinary game, the player, when the 
 cue-ball is in hand, may play from any place within 
 the string at any object-ball outside it. 
 
 8th. And should none of the object-balls be outside, 
 he may spot that which is nearest out of the string on 
 the deep red spot, and play accordingly. 
 
 9th. Should there be a tie between two or more of 
 the highest players, its decision may be referred to the 
 
The Game of Billiards. 191 
 
 succeeding game ; and whoever counts. highest in that, 
 shall be declared the victor of the former one, totally 
 independent of the game that is then on hand. A man; 
 might thus win an undecided game of fifteen-ball pool 
 by scoring one in the succeeding . game, provided 
 neither of his adversaries scored anything at all. 
 
 10th. Should they again be tied in the second 
 game, it may be referred to a third. 
 
 11th. This game • is sometimes played for small 
 stakes, but more frequently the only issue to be de- 
 cided is — who shall pay for the use of the table ? This 
 charge must be met by the player who has the lowest 
 count, and it is quite possible in this game for a play- 
 ers count (owing to forfeitures of various kinds) to be 
 half a dozen or a dozen worse than nothing. Thus, if 
 A. had neither won nor forfeited anything, while B. 
 had pocketed balls 5. and 3, but had also made three 
 forfeitures — B. would have to pay, as his forfeitures 
 amounting to 9 and his assets only to 8, would leave 
 him worse off by one than A., who stood at simple 
 zero, while B. was zero minus one. 
 
 RULES FOR THE DOUBLET, OR FRENCH GAME. 
 
 This game is played with one red ball and two 
 white — one for each of the players. 
 
 The red ball is spotted on the deep red spot, and 
 the white balls must be played from within what is 
 called the string. This string differs from ours, inas- 
 
192 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 much, as it is not a line drawn across the table from 
 any place behind which a player may play. The 
 string is a semi-circle drawn with a radius of four, and 
 a half inches, having the spot on the ordinary string 
 line for its centre, and the string line itself for its base. 
 From within this semi-circle the balls must be played 
 on the opening of the game, or when they are in hand ; 
 and while so playing, the striker is confined to the end 
 cushion at which he stands, not being allowed to pass 
 outside or in advance of either corner pocket. 
 
 To make a count the player must make the object- 
 ball strike a cushion, and cross the board before falling 
 into the pocket — this is called a doublet or cross ; or 
 force one ball to kiss the other into the pocket; or 
 make a carom, or receive the count as a forfeiture from 
 his opponent. 
 
 The game commences by stringing for the lead as in 
 the ordinary American game, and he who brings his 
 ball back nearest to the head cushion at which he 
 stands, is the winner, and can play first or make his 
 adversary do so, at discretion. For making a miss he 
 forfeits one. For pocketing his own ball after it has 
 hit the white, — or for causing his own ball to jump off 
 the table or lodge on the cushion after it has hit the 
 white, he forfeits two, and this irrespective of whether 
 it may, or may not have touched a red ball. 
 
 If he pockets his own ball after it has touched the 
 red ball only, or onuses it to jump off the table, or 
 lodge on the cushion a r ter it has touched the red only, 
 or pockets it without having touched any ball at all, 
 he forfeits three. 
 
The Game of Billiards. 193 
 
 If he Holes the red ball direct, without crossing or 
 kissing i% in, he forfeits three; and for pocketing the 
 white in the same way, loses two. 
 
 For pocketing the red ball, either by a cross or kiss, 
 he gains three. 
 
 For holing his opponent's ball in the same way, he 
 gains two. 
 
 For an ordinary carom he gains two. 
 
 For a carom off the red on the white, and pocketing 
 the white, he gains four. 
 
 For a carom off the white on the red, the red being 
 pocketed, he gains jive. [It, of course, must be under- 
 stood in all these cases, that the ball pocketed has been 
 previously crossed, kissed, or caromed in; for if it 
 was holed directly, without the doublet, kiss, or carom, 
 he would lose in an inverse ratio to the gains here 
 set down. Thus, if he caromed on the white and red, 
 and pocketed the red directly, he would lose five. For 
 pocketing both under similar circumstances, seven; and 
 should he pocket his own ball along with the two 
 others, he would lose nine, under any circum- 
 stances.] 
 
 No pushing, or what we call " foul shots," are allow- 
 ed in this game. The player must withdraw his cue 
 or mace from his own ball, before it comes in contact 
 with the object-ball, otherwise he forfeits the stroke, 
 and can count no points he may have made by it. 
 
194 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 RULES FOR THE THREE-BALL, OR FRENCH CAROM 
 
 GAME. 
 
 This game is generally played on a table without 
 pockets, made especially for the carom game ; it is 
 here more frequently, however, played upon the com- 
 mon table. 
 
 The players string for the lead as in the preceding 
 game, but the winner is entitled to have his opponent's 
 ball spotted within the semicircular string. 
 
 Hazards do not count in this game. No pushing 
 strokes are allowed. 
 
 Each carom, fairly made, counts one for the player. 
 
 "When the game is played on a common table, each 
 time the red is pocketed, it must be replaced on the 
 deep red spot : and each time the pla} r er holes his ad- 
 versary's ball, at the same time making a carom, the 
 ball pocketed must be spotted on the spot within the 
 semicircular string. 
 
 Should the player pocket his own ball after mak- 
 ing a carom, he is entitled to his count, and the 
 next play, as if no such accident had occurred ; the 
 only penalty is, that he must play from within the 
 semicircle, at a ball outside the string. But should 
 none of the balls be outside, in this case he may call 
 upon the marker to spot the red on the deep red spot,: 
 and play at it. 
 
 Each time a ball is forced off the table, it must be 
 spotted, or played as above ; but should both spots be 
 occupied, the ball must be placed on the centre of the 
 
The Game of Billiards. 195 
 
 table. If no carom was made by it before jumping 
 off, it must be spotted ; if a carom was made by it, it 
 must be played from within the semi-circle, as is laid 
 down in the preceding paragraph. 
 
 The following additional rules for this game were 
 adopted in a match which the writer recently played. 
 Their substance was as follows, but the wording has 
 been slightly varied for the sake of greater clearness 
 to the general reader. 
 
 1st. The parties shall string fot 1 lead, the winner 
 being entitled to have his opponent's ball spotted, on 
 the spot within the semi-circles, or to spot his own 
 ball as he may choose. 
 
 2d. Whenever at the commencement, or in conse- 
 quence of having being pocketed or jumped off, the 
 player's ball shall have been spotted within the semi- 
 circle, it shall be considered as if in hand (having 
 been only put there to give the adversary a chance of 
 caroming,) and may be played from any point within 
 the semi-circle. 
 
 3d. When the player's ball is in hand, he must 
 keep his body in playing, within line of the two end 
 pockets at the head of the table. 
 
 4th. If, when the playing ball is in hand, the two 
 other balls should be within the string, the player can 
 have the red ball spotted on the deep red spot. 
 
 5th. Should the player's ball be held, not having 
 
196 Tiie Game of Billiards. 
 
 counted, and the other white bull be on its spot, not 
 having rolled there, it must be taken off, and the 
 white ball held, be placed on the spot. 
 
 6th. If the upper spot be occupied either by the red 
 ball, or by a white ball having rolled there, and the 
 other be held, it must go on the centre spot. 
 
 7th. The red ball having been held and its spot 
 being occupied it must go the centre spot — should two 
 of the spots be occupied, it must go on the third. 
 
 8th. All shots shall be fair, no pushing being al- 
 lowed. 
 
 9th. If the player touches in any manner, any of 
 the balls, it shall be considered a shot, and any second 
 touch shall be considered foul. Should the player 
 touch his or any other ball before making his stroke, 
 his opponent may have the balls replaced— but should 
 the player touch a ball after his stroke has been made, 
 his adversary may have only the ball so touched, 
 placed where it ought to have rested had it not been 
 touched. 
 
 10th. If the player's ball touch another he cannot 
 count, but he may play his ball. Should he touch the 
 other ball with his, the balls must be spotted, and his 
 opponent play in hand. 
 
 11th. Each carom fairly made shall count one. No 
 penalty shall attach to a miss, nor to the pocketing of 
 the player's ball. 
 
The Game of Billiards. 197 
 
 12th. No mace shall be permitted in the game, but 
 each player shall have the privilege of using the 
 bridge. 
 
 In this game the writer made some interesting shots, 
 a few of which are illustrated in the following dia- 
 grams. 
 
198 
 
 DIAGRAM NO. XXYI. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR PLAYING NO. 26. 
 
 Strike the cue-ball £ above the centre, \ left ; the 
 object-ball to be hit £ right. Play hard enough to 
 make the object-ball return, as far back from the lower 
 cushion as its original position. 
 
 There are several modes of effecting a carom on the 
 balls as represented in diagram No. 26, for instance, by 
 forcing back direct on the ball, or with a strong twist 
 the reverse of the one indicated on diagram, causing 
 the cue-bail to take the upper cushion, or by playing 
 on the left of the object-ball, and taking two cushions 
 — but in this, above all other games played on the 
 billiard table, the greatest foresight and calculation 
 are necessary, as it is not only a game of attack, but 
 also of defence. By playing in the manner represented 
 on diagram, if a count was not made, the balls would 
 be " safe," as the cue-ball would have gone below the 
 opponent's ball, and the object ball would have rolled 
 back again above it, thus leaving the opponent's ball 
 between the two, which is the strong defensive part of 
 the game. 
 
No. 26. 
 
No. 27. 
 
203 
 
 DIAGRAM NO. XXVII. 
 
 HOW TO PLAY NO. 27. 
 
 . Strike the cue-ball \ above, \ left, play hard — the 
 object-ball to be hit \ right, as indicated in diagram. 
 This shot was made by Mr. Phelan in the fifth 
 game. 
 
204 
 
 DIAGKAM NO. XXVIII. 
 
 HOW TO PLAY NO. 28. 
 
 Strike the cue-ball \ left of centre, play hard — the 
 object-ball to be hit \ right, as indicated in diagram. 
 
 This is rather a risky shot to play, as if it missed, 
 the chances were that a fair prospect of a count would 
 have been left to the opponent— but as a general rule 
 it is best to play for such shots, especially if the player 
 be ahead, as was the case in this instance. 
 
No. 28. 
 
The Ga^le of Billiakds. 207 
 
 RULES FOR THE RUSSIAN GAME. 
 
 This is a very agreeable variety of the game, and 
 ought to be more popular in this country than it is. 
 
 Five balls are required to play it ; two white ones 
 for the players, and a red, a blue, and a yellow ball for 
 the. board. The blue must be placed on the light red 
 spot, the yellow on the spot between the pockets, and 
 the red on tile deep red spot. 
 
 In this country it is most usually played one hun- 
 dred points up ; although in Germany and Eussia the 
 game is forty. 
 
 The peculiarity of the Eussian game is, that certain 
 balls are confined to certain pockets, and that a differ- 
 ent count is attached to each color, both in the hazards 
 and the caroms made off it, and the forfeitures lost 
 from it. The following are the rules : 
 
 1st. The player may pocket his opponent's ball in 
 any pocket, and will count two. 
 
 2d. The same rule applies to the red, and counts 
 three. 
 
 3d. The same also to the blue, and counts four. 
 
 4th. But the yellow, or Caroline ball, as it is termed, 
 when holed in either of the side pockets, counts six for 
 
208 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 the player, — but if pocketed in any of the corner 
 pockets, the player forfeits six. 
 
 5th. If the striker pocket his own ball without hitting 
 any of the balls upon the table, he forfeits three — after 
 hitting the white, two; after hitting the red, three; 
 after hitting the blue, four ; and after touching the 
 yellow or Caroline, six. 
 
 6th. Thus, again, in caroms : A carom on the white 
 and red scores two; on the red and blue, or blue and 
 red, three ; a carom off or on the white and yellow, 
 three ; and a carom on or off a yellow with a red or 
 blue, counts four. 
 
 7th. The same penalties attach to the player who 
 has caused his ball to jump off or lodge on the cushion 
 as if he had pocketed his own ball. 
 
 8th. The striker, when leading off, or having his ball 
 in hand, may play from any point within the string, 
 at any ball outside of it. 
 
 9th. In addition to the penalties specified in Eule 5, 
 for a losing hazard, the player also loses whatever 
 points he may have otherwise made by the stroke. 
 
 10th. After the striker has pocketed any of the ob- 
 ject-balls, he can play next at any ball on the table. 
 
 11th. But after a carom stroke, where no ball has 
 been holed, he must play next on the yellow, no matter 
 what be its position. 
 
The Game of Billiards. 209 
 
 12th. To continue play there must be a hazard after 
 every carom ; otherwise the second carom counts for 
 the player, but he loses his hand. 
 
 13th. Carom points will not count to win the game. 
 The winning stroke must be a hazard. 
 
 14th. For every ball he touches in giving the lead, 
 the player loses one point ; and should his ball occupy 
 the spot of any of the three balls he may have displaced, 
 he must take it up and lead over again. He cannot 
 score any points made on the leading stroke 
 
 RULES FOR THE SPANISH GAME. 
 
 This game is seldom seen in the Northern States, 
 but is very common in some parts of the South, as also 
 in Mexico and California. 
 
 It introduces a new element into the game of billiards, 
 in the shape of five wooden pins ; diminutive little 
 things, which are set up in a diamond pattern between 
 the two side pockets, each pin being about two and a 
 half inches from the other, as in pin pool. 
 
 Nine pins are sometimes used instead of five, but 
 the manner of playing remains the same. 
 
 The game is generally played thirty-one up, and is 
 scored by hazards, caroms and knocking down the 
 pins. The rules are extremely simple : 
 
 1st. For every pin the player knocks down after first 
 striking a ball with his own ball, he gains two points. 
 
210 The Game of Billiard^. 
 
 2d. If lie knock down the middle pin alone, lie gains 
 five. 
 
 3d. For pocketing his opponent's ball the player 
 gains two, and two for each pin he may have knocked 
 down by the same stroke. 
 
 4th. If he pocket the red ball he gets three, and two 
 for each pin, &c. 
 
 5th. If the player pocket his own ball, cause it to 
 jump over the side, or lodge on the cushion, without 
 having touched any of the other balls, he loses three. 
 
 6th. But if he does any of the aforementioned things 
 after having touched any of the balls, he loses in 
 addition to the three, whatever points he would other- 
 wise have made by his play, at the regular rate of 
 counting. 
 
 In other respects — as regards foul strokes, and so 
 forth — the rules of the ordinary American game may 
 all be applied to the Spanish, with such additions as 
 are hereinbefore set down. 
 
 EULES FOR THE ENGLISH GAME. 
 
 This game is the only one much played in this coun- 
 try, in which the player pocketing his own ball — or 
 making a losing hazard, as it is termed — is allowed 
 to count for it. For this reason it is sometimes called 
 the "Winning and losing Carambole game," to sig- 
 
The Game of Billiards. 211 
 
 nify the three kinds of strokes for which the player is 
 permitted to score. 
 
 In stringing for the lead, the same semicircular 
 baulk is used. at the string line, which we have already 
 described, in giving the rules of the French doublet 
 game. In England the red ball is spotted thirteen inches 
 from the lower cushion ; but is here generally placed at 
 nine. The string is a semicircle at the head of the table, 
 drawn with a- radius of ten inches, from which the cue- 
 ball is always played when in hand. Otherwise, the 
 game is commenced as with us. The following are the 
 distinctive rules of the English game — in other respects, 
 where it is not specified to the contrary, the rules of 
 the American four-ball game are binding : 
 
 1st. Where odds are given in the game, the player 
 receiving them must break the balls either by striking 
 the red, or giving a miss, for which he forfeits one. 
 
 2d. If he chooses to miss, the stroke must be play- 
 ed with the point, not the butt, of his cue. 
 
 3d. The game, as played in England at present, is 
 commonly fifty up; but in this country sixty-three is 
 the more usual rule. 
 
 4th. If a player forces the object-ball off the table, 
 he cannot score any counts he may have otherwise 
 made by the shot. 
 
 5th. Forcing your own ball off the table after it 
 has struck another, involves no forfeiture. 
 
212 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 6 th. But if your own ball jumps off without having 
 touched either of the object-balls, it is called a " coup," 
 and you lose three points. 
 
 7th. In the score of the game, a hazard made 
 either with your opponent's ball, or by pocketing your 
 own, counts two. 
 
 8th. Either to pocket the red or to pocket your own 
 off the red, counts three, 
 
 9th. For pocketing your own and adversary's ball, 
 four. 
 
 10th. For a carom and hazard, made with either of 
 the whites, four. 
 
 11th. For holeing a red ball and either of the 
 whites, jive. 
 
 12th. For a carom and a hazard, either made with 
 or off the red ball, five. 
 
 13th. For pocketing your own and the red ball, six. 
 
 14th. For making a carom where the white ball is 
 first struck, and for pocketing your own and oppo- 
 nent's balls, six. 
 
 15th. For pocketing the two whites, and making a 
 carom off the red, seven. 
 
 16th. For pocketing all the balls, where the white 
 is first struck, seven. 
 
 17th. For doing the same, where the red is first 
 .struck, eight. 
 
The Game of Billiards. 213 
 
 18th. For pocketing your own, the red, and mak- 
 ing a carom, eight. 
 
 19th. For pocketing all the balls and caroming 
 where the white is first struck, nine. 
 
 20th. For the same where the red is first struck, ten, 
 which is the highest that can be made by any single 
 shot in this game. 
 
 21st. The player may continue to play so long as 
 he makes a count each stroke, except when his hand 
 is forfeited for a foul shot. 
 
 22d. It is entirely at the option of the opponent 
 whether he will enforce the penalty for a foul stroke, 
 or play with the balls as they are left. But if he 
 neglects or is disinclined to claim the forfeiture, the 
 player may count all the points made by the foul stroke, 
 and continue his game as if no error had occurred. 
 
 23d. When the white ball stands on the deep red 
 spot, while the red ball has been either pocketed or 
 forced off the table, the red must be placed on the 
 string-line spot. Should this also be occupied, the red 
 must then be placed on the spot between the side* 
 pockets. 
 
 24th. For a miss, the player loses one to his adver- 
 sary. For a miss when he pockets his own ball as 
 well, or causes it to jump off or lodge on the cushion, 
 Ihree. 
 
214 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 25th. Where a carom or hazard is made by a 
 striker playing with the wrong ball, the player cannot 
 count, and his opponent may have the balls broken ; 
 but if nothing be made, then the opponent may play 
 with whichever ball he likes, but must continue to 
 play therewith to the end of the game. 
 
 [Note. — To have "the balls broken," is a technical 
 phrase, which means to have them replaced as they 
 stood at the opening of the game.] 
 
 26th. When the two object-balls are within the 
 string and the player's ball in hand, he cannot play at 
 them except from a cushion outside of baulk. 
 
 27th. A player whose ball is in hand cannot play at 
 a cushion within the string in order to strike a ball that 
 is outside of it. Under such circumstances, he must 
 send his ball outside of baulk before it touches any- 
 thing, or can be acknowledged as in play. 
 
 28th. If a player chooses to give a miss within the 
 baulk line, it is at the option of his adversary to com- 
 pel him to play outside. 
 
 29th. If a player, after making a hazard or carom, 
 takes up his own ball or any other ball, under the idea 
 that the game is over, his opponent can either demand 
 that the balls shall be broken, or have them replaced 
 exactly where they were. 
 
 30th. If, after a miss or coup, the player take up any 
 of the balls, under the' idea that the game is over, he 
 loses the game. 
 
The Game of Billiards. 215 
 
 • 
 31st. When a player has made a foul stroke, it is 
 always at the option of his opponent to have the balls 
 broken, or replaced by the marker. 
 
 In cases not specifically provided for by any of the 
 foregoing rules, let it be understood that the rules of 
 the ordinary American game are binding. 
 
 RULES FOR THE GAME OF TWO-BALL POOL. 
 
 This game is not much in use at present, though 
 about a dozen years ago it was universally in vogue. 
 It is opened in the following way, and any number of 
 players from 2 to 20 may be engaged in it at once. 
 
 A number of little balls (as many balls as tfcere are 
 players) are dropped into a pocket, from which, after 
 having been shaken, they are drawn at random by the 
 marker and presented to the different players. These 
 little balls are numbered one, two, three, &c, up to the 
 number of players ; and the number engraved on the 
 ball which the marker hands to the player decides his 
 position in the game, and the order of rotation. 
 
 This game, as its name implies, is generally played 
 for a small pool, into which each player contributes the 
 price of his ball. At present these stakes are generally 
 limited to an amount which, in the aggregate, will 
 suffice to pay for the use of the tables ; but the disuse 
 into which the game has generally fallen arises, in all 
 probability, from the dislike which the modern school 
 of billiard-players feel, to the principle of a bet, how- 
 ever smalL 
 
216 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 When a professional player plays against a profes- 
 sional player, a bet is sometimes made, as a matter of 
 necessity, to pay each player for his time ; but such 
 bets are of a purely business character, and can in no- 
 wise be associated with gambling. It is a very rare 
 thing indeed in these days, and growing rarer every 
 day, to see an amateur stake money on his skill; the 
 only money question depending on the game in ninety- 
 nine cases out of every hundred, is — Who shall pay for 
 the table ? Sometimes they add to this a couple of 
 cigars, or refreshments; but the practice of betting 
 money is growing obsolete, and hence the decline of 
 the billiard sharps, who have had to seek " green 
 fields and pastures new" for the exercise of their dis- 
 reputable ingenuity. 
 
 There are only two balls used in this game — -a red 
 and a white ; consequently there can be no caroms. 
 The players are called Numbers One, Two, Three, &c, 
 according to the figures on the balls drawn from the 
 pocket, and the player must always make his cue-ball 
 of the ball which was object-ball in the preceding stroke, 
 except when a ball has been pocketed. In this case there 
 must be a new lead — the next player leading with the 
 red ball, and being followed with the white ball from 
 the string. Subjoined we give the specific rules for 
 two-ball pool : 
 
 1st. Player Number One must lead with the red, but 
 has the privilege of spotting his ball, in case the lead 
 does not please him. But if, in a pushing lead, he 
 does not withdraw his mace or cue from the ball before 
 
The Game of Billiards 217 
 
 it passes the middle pockets, the stroke is foul, and 
 player Number Two has the option of playing at the 
 ball as it is left, having the lead played over again, or 
 causing the red to be spotted on the pool spot. 
 
 2d. Each player has one, two or more.lives, as may 
 be agreed on. When he forfeits these he is said to be 
 dead, except when he obtains what is called a " privi- 
 lege," meaning one chance more, 
 
 3d. This privilege, except where all the players con- 
 sent to its remaining open, must be taken by the first 
 man " killed ;" and the person so killed must determine 
 whether he will accept it or not at once, before another 
 stroke is played. [This is the strict rule of the game, 
 and as such may be enforced ; but as a general practice, 
 the privilege remains open until taken up by some one 
 of the players.] 
 
 4th, After a game has been commenced, no one can 
 take a ball, except with the consent of all who are 
 already in the gama ; and after the privilege is gone, 
 no stranger can be admitted to the game under any 
 circumstances, % 
 
 5th. Any person in the pool whose lives are not 
 exhausted, and who thinks a hazard may be made in 
 a certain position, can claim the stroke, or "take the 
 hazard," as it is technically called, in case the striker 
 does not choose to risk that particular stroke himself. 
 Should the person who takes the hazard fail to execute 
 it, he loses a life. 
 
 10 
 
218 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 6th. The player has the best right to take a hazard, 
 and must be marked if he fails to pocket the ball, in 
 case any other player in the pool has offered to take it. 
 
 • 7th. In playing out of his turn, the player loses a 
 life, unless he pockets the object-ball, in which case 
 the ball pocketed loses a life, and the next in rotation 
 to the person who ought to have played, plays. 
 
 8th. But if one player misdirect another by calling 
 on him to play, when it is not his turn, the misdirector, 
 and not the misdirected, loses a life, and the next in 
 turn must lead with the red as usual. 
 
 9th. "Whoever touches any of the balls while run- 
 ning, forfeits a life. This rule is invariable, and can 
 only be relaxed by the consent of all the players. 
 
 10th. No player can own or have an interest in 
 more than one ball at a time ; nor can he buy another 
 ball, nor own an interest in another ball, while his 
 own ball is either alive or privileged. 
 
 11th. After the number which he drew is dead, he 
 may buy that of another player, and take his place ; 
 but if the seller only dispose of an interest in his ball, 
 he must either continue to play it himself or sell out 
 his ball in toto, in which latter case any member of the 
 original pool may buy and finish out the game. 
 
 12th. But no person not included in the original 
 pool can be permitted to buy in and play ; though out- 
 
The Game of Billiards. 219 
 
 siders may purchase an interest in a ball, still permit- 
 ting the original member of the pool to play it. 
 
 13th. If the leader sells his number upon the lead 
 the purchaser must either allow the lead made to stand 
 or the ball may be spotted at his option. 
 
 14th. A lead once made cannot be changed, even 
 when the next player sells his ball to a third party ; 
 but the leader has, at all times, the option of having 
 his ball spotted. 
 
 15th. No player can strike twice in succession, under 
 any circumstances, except when there are only two 
 players left, and one of them has holed his opponent's 
 ball. In that case, the person who has pocketed the 
 ball must lead for his adversary to play on. 
 
 16th. When only two players are left, and either of 
 them wishes to divide or sell, his opponent shall have 
 the first right of buying, provided that he offers as 
 much as is offered by any of the others who are en- 
 titled (by having been in the original pool) to purchase. 
 But should he not offer as much, then the ball may be 
 sold to the highest duly-qualified bidder. 
 
 17th. If a player, playing on the lead, places his bal 
 outside of the string, and has his attention called to 
 the fact by the leader before the time of striking his 
 ball, it is optional with the leader either to compel him 
 to play the stroke over again or let the balls remain as 
 they are. 
 
220 The Game or Billiards. 
 
 18th. If it be found that the marker has not thrown 
 out balls enough for the number of players at the com- 
 mencement of the game, his mistake will not alter the 
 conditions of any bets which may have been made 
 amongst those to whom balls were actually distributed ; 
 these stand irrespective of his error. The balls must be 
 again shaken up, and thrown over, and then the game 
 commences. . 
 
 With the foregoing exceptions, the rules of the ordi- 
 nary American game as to striking with both feet off 
 the floor, interrupting your adversary when in the act 
 of striking, &c, &e», may be apolied to two-ball pool. 
 
 KULES FOR THE GAME OF PIN POOL 
 
 AS PLAYED IN NEW YORK. 
 
 This game is a very amusing one, and seems to have 
 been made up out of the odds and ends of half a dozen 
 others: it has pins in it like the Spanish game, small 
 numbered balls, like two-ball pool, and reminds us of 
 Vingt-un at cards, by the player's liability to " burst" 
 if he exceeds a certain number. Pin pool might in- 
 deed be called Trente-un, as thirty-one is the winning 
 number. The following rules are for the game, as 
 played in New York and its vicinity, and may be 
 adapted in the important matter of counts, forfeitures, 
 &c, to the game as played in all other parts of the 
 Union. In Philadelphia, and other places, four balls 
 are used in playing it. "We shall therefore lay down 
 rules for the regular game as played here ; for to enter 
 
The Game of Billiakds. 221 
 
 into -all the varieties would be an endless task ; and 
 when once the general rules are understood, the different 
 variations may be readily brought within its operation. 
 The game of pin pool, then, is played with two white 
 balls and one red, together with five small wooden 
 pins, which are set up in the middle of the table, 
 diamond-fashion, as in the Spanish game. But in the 
 latter game, each pin had the value of two points ; 
 while in this, each pin has a value to accord with the 
 position it occupies. 
 
 i* 
 
 3# 6# 2* 
 
 The pin nearest the string line is called No. 1 ; the 
 pin to the right of it, No. 2 ; to the left, No. 3 ; the 
 pin farthest from the string line, No. 4 ; and the cen- 
 tral pin is No. 5 ; these numbers are generally chalked 
 on the table in front of each particular pin. 
 
 Neither caroms nor hazards count; for pocketing 
 your own ball, or causing it to jump off the table, or 
 lodge on the cushion, or for missing altogether, you 
 lose nothing. The only penalty is, that the ball so 
 offending shall be spotted about five inches from the 
 lower cushion, midway between the corner pockets. 
 
 When the pins are arranged, the rotation of the play- 
 ers is determined in like manner as in two-ball pool. 
 After which, each player receives from the marker a little 
 number-ball, which is termed his private ball, the num- 
 ber of which is not known to any of his opponents. 
 
222 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 The object of the players is to knock down as many 
 pins as will count thirty-one, when the number on the 
 private ball is added to their aggregate: thus, if a 
 player's private ball be No. 9, he will have to gain 
 twenty-two points on the pins before calling "Trente-un," 
 and whoever first gets thirty-one points in this manner, 
 wins the pool. 
 
 When the rotation of the players is decided, the red 
 ball is spotted about five inches from the bottom of 
 the table, and midway between the pockets, on a line 
 drawn down the centre. The game is then commenced. 
 
 Kale 1st. Player No. 1 must play with either of 
 the white balls at the red, or place his own ball on the 
 deep-red spot. 
 
 2d. Player No. 2 must play at either ball, or spot 
 his own ball on the light-red spot. 
 
 3d. Players No. 1 and No. 2 may play from any 
 part within the string. No. 2 can play on any ball 
 outside the string, and should none be so situated, he 
 may have the red ball placed on its appropriate spot 
 
 4th. After the second stroke has been played, the 
 players in their order may play with or at any bail 
 upon the board. 
 
 5th. Unless the plaj^er has touched some ball upon 
 the board before knocking down a pin, the stroke, under 
 all circumstances, goes for nothing, and the pin or pins 
 must be replaced. But should two balls be in con- 
 act, the player can play with either of the balls so 
 
The Game of Billiards. 22S 
 
 touching, direct at the pins, and any count so made is 
 good. 
 
 6th. If a player, with one stroke, knocks down the 
 four outside pins and leaves the central one untouched, 
 under any and all circumstances he wins the game. 
 
 7th. But if the player has knocked down pins, whose 
 aggregate number, when added to the number on his 
 private ball, exceeds a total of thirty one, he is then 
 "burst," and must then drop out of the game, unless 
 he claims the " privilege." If he wishes to claim this, 
 he must do <so before another stroke is made, as other- 
 wise he can only reenter the game by the consent of 
 all the players. 
 
 8th. Players having bursted, can claim " privilege" 
 as often as they burst ; and when privilege is granted, 
 the player draws a new private ball from the marker, 
 and has then the option either of keeping that which 
 he originally drew, or adopting the new one then drawn : 
 but one or other he must return, or else he cannot, 
 under any circumstances, be entitled to the pool. 
 
 9th. Every privilege taken succeeds the last number 
 of the players in the order of its play. Thus, if there 
 are ten players, and No. 2 bursts, he appears again 
 under privilege, as No. 11, and follows No. 10 ; and 
 all the players that are burst after him, will have to 
 follow No. 11, in the order of their reentry into play. 
 So that if it be the highest number in the pool that 
 bursts, he will follow on immediately after choosing his 
 private ball. 
 
224 The Gajke of Billiards. 
 
 10th. If a player make a miss, or pocket his own 
 ball, or cause it to jump off the table or lodge on the 
 cushion ; or if, after jumping off it should be thrown back 
 upon the table by any of the bystanders — under any of 
 these circumstances, the ball must be placed on the spot 
 five inches from the bottom cushion on the central 
 line — or should that be occupied, then on the deep-red 
 spot — or should that also be occupied, then upon the 
 light-red spot. 
 
 11th. Should the spot appropriated to any of the pins 
 which have been knocked down, be occupied by any 
 of the balls, said pin must remain off until said spot 
 is again uncovered. 
 
 12th. If a player has made thirty-one, he must pro- 
 claim it before the next stroke is made — for which pur- 
 pose a reasonable delay must be made between each 
 play, more especially in the latter portion of the game. 
 But if a player has made thirty-one, and fails to an- 
 nounce it before next play (a reasonable time having 
 passed), then he cannot proclaim the fact until the 
 rotation of play again comes round to him. In the 
 meanwhile, if any other player makes the number and 
 proclaims it properly, he is entitled to the pool, wholly 
 irrespective of the fact that the number was made, 
 though not proclaimed before. 
 
 13th. Merely touching a pin or shaking it, goes for 
 nothing, and the pin must be replaced on its spot. To 
 count a pin, it must be either knocked down or remov- 
 ed two full inches from the spot on which it stood, in 
 
The Game of Billiards. 225 
 
 which case it shall be counted, even though it main- 
 tains the perpendicular. 
 
 14th. A player cannot use any count he may have 
 made by playing out of his turn : but if he has made 
 pins enough to burst him by such stroke, the loss is 
 established, unless in cases where he was called on to 
 play by some other of the players, who either believed 
 or pretended it was his turn. Li such case he cannot 
 be burst by his stroke, and he whose turn it was to 
 play, plays next in order. 
 
 15th. Pins which have been knocked down by a 
 ball whose course has in anywise been illegitimately 
 interfered with, do not count; nor can pins knocked 
 down by any other ball set in motion by the same 
 play, be reckoned. 
 
 16th. If a ball jump off the table and be thrown 
 back by any of the bystanders in such a way as to 
 knock down pins, such pins do not count, and the ball 
 must be spotted as aforementioned, and the pins re- 
 placed. But if any other ball set in motion by the 
 same stroke gets pins, the pins so made by the other 
 ball must be reckoned. 
 
 17th. If the marker finds that there are any of the 
 private balls missing, it is then his duty to announce 
 the number of the missing ball ; as in no case can a 
 player having that ball, or more than one private ball 
 in his possession, win the pool. His other duties con- 
 sist of keeping and calling the game at each stroke, 
 
 10* 
 
226 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 and seeing that the pins and balls be spotted when 
 and as required. 
 
 18th. A player taking a privilege is entitled to a 
 strike, to secure his stake to the pool. 
 
 EULES OBSERVED IN PLAYING PIN POOL, 
 
 at Michael's billiard rooms, san francisco. 
 
 In San Francisco, from the mixed character of its 
 population, a new set of rules became absolutely ne- 
 cessary, to reduce into somethi ug like settled order the 
 innovations which players from different nations made 
 in the established usages of the game. The following 
 rules were drawn up by the author, while residing in 
 San Francisco, and are still the regular law of the game 
 as it is there played : 
 
 1st. Two balls must be placed upon the spots at the 
 foot of the table. 
 
 2d. The person drawing the No. 1 ball must play from 
 the string at the head of the table. 
 
 3d. When a player makes a miss, or hits a pin before 
 hitting a ball, the ball played with shall be spotted at 
 the foot of the table. In case of there being a ball 
 upon the spot at the foot of the table, the ball shall be 
 spotted upon the spot nearest the same. 
 
 4th. Should a player make more than thirty-one, he 
 shall declare himself lursted, before another stroke be 
 made, for the safety of the rest of the players. 
 
The Game of Billiards. 227 
 
 5th. If a player make a stroke and make pins, and 
 wish to plant, he must, on so making pins, declare that 
 he plants, before another stroke is made. 
 
 6th. If any other player should wish to plant, he can 
 do so, on making pins. 
 
 7th. And if those who plant have the same number, 
 counting their ball and the board, the player planting 
 first shall still be good, and the last planter shall be 
 bursted; but if the last planter is nearer thirty-one 
 than the first, the first planter shall be bursted. 
 
 8th. If a player in the game should burst, he can pur- 
 chase any ball still in the game, by consent of the 
 player owning such ball. 
 
 9th No player can play the planter's ball but himself. 
 
 10th. When a player is absent, and his number is 
 called three times, the gamekeeper shall play the ball, 
 at the risk of the player owning such ball. 
 
 11th. Any number scored wrong upon the board, 
 shall be corrected before the player, whose score is 
 wrong, shall have played. If he neglect to correct 
 such mistake before he plays, it shall stand as scored 
 upon the board. 
 
 12th. No player can purchase a ball until his own be 
 dead. 
 
 13th. No player can purchase a ball after having seen 
 more than one, without the consent of the rest of the 
 players. 
 
228 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 14th. If a player, at one stroke, should knock down 
 the four outside pins, and leave the centre pin standing, 
 it shall be counted as thirty-one, and the player mak- 
 ing the stroke, wins the pool. 
 
 loth. If the planter should make the four outside pins, 
 as in Eule 14, or should make thirty-one for the plaj^er 
 planted upon, it is pool for the player planted upon. 
 
 16th. The planter plants upon the preceding player. 
 
 17th. The player preceding the planter, shall be en- 
 titled to a stroke before the planters play counts pn 
 him. 
 
 18th. After a stroke is made, sufficient time must be 
 allowed the player to add up his game, and to proclaim 
 pool, if he makes it, or to plant, if he wishes to, before 
 the next play. If he neglect to claim the pool before 
 the next play, he must wait until his turn to play comes 
 again, when he may declare pool, but if another makes 
 pool in the meantime, that other is entitled to it, and 
 not he who first made it. 
 
 19th. Should a ball stop on any of the spots intended 
 for the pins, such pins are to remain off the table until 
 those spots so occupied become vacant. Provided, 
 such pin or pins be down. 
 
 20th. Should a ball roll against a pin, and cause it to 
 lean over, or move it off the spot, without knocking it 
 down, the player cannot claim such pin, as nothing 
 counts but knocking the pins down. But when tho 
 
The Qame of Billiards. 229 
 
 pins are moved two inches from the spots, they are con- 
 sidered down, whether down or standing. 
 
 21st. Should a player play out of his turn, he cannot 
 count the pins made by such stroke, but if he make pins 
 enough to burst him, it is his own loss — provided he 
 was not called on to play ; in such case he cannot lose 
 by it, and any count made by such stroke is null. He 
 whose turn it was to play, when the other played out 
 of turn, plays next in order. 
 
 22d. But one privilege is allowed in the game, (the 
 first player bursted,) unless by consent of all the 
 players. 
 
 23d. In taking a privilege, the player has the right 
 to draw a second private ball, and to choose between 
 that and his original ball ; but he must decide quickly 
 which ball he will keep, before the next stroke be 
 made. 
 
 24th. Each privilege follows the last number, in rota- 
 tion, the first privilege playing immediately after the 
 last player in the original game, the second privilege 
 follows the first, and so on. If the last player burst 
 and take a privilege, he plays on, immediately after 
 choosing his private ball. 
 
 25th. If the balls are touching each other, the player 
 can play with either of the balls so touching, straight 
 at the pins, without touching another ball, and any 
 count so made is good except when the play conflicts 
 with Rules 26, 27 and 31. 
 
230 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 26th. Any pin knocked down by jarring the table, 
 blowing upon the ball, or altering or intercepting its 
 course in running, does not count, nor is the plaj^er 
 entitled to any pin or pins that may be made by any 
 ball (though not interfered witli), during the same 
 play. 
 
 27th. Should a ball jump off the table, and come in 
 contact with a player, or any other person, and fall 
 back on the table and knock down pins, such pin or 
 pins so knocked down shall not count, and the ball 
 must be spotted; but if another ball gets pins by the 
 same stroke, the pins so made are counted. 
 
 28th. Should a player, in the act of striking his ball 
 or playing, knock down pins otherwise than with the 
 ball played with or at, he is not entitled to such pins, 
 or any others he may make by the same stroke. 
 
 29th. Should a player, in the act of playing, touch the 
 ball with his cue before the stroke is made, it shall be 
 declared a miss, and the ball be spotted. 
 
 30th. The gamekeeper is not responsible to the winner 
 of a pool for more than the actual amount of stakes 
 received from the players in such pool. 
 
 31st. The player is not entitled to any pins knocked 
 down unless his private ball be placed in its proper 
 place in the board. 
 
 32d. The players themselves are to see that all pins 
 
The Game of Billiards. 231 
 
 properly knocked down, be placed to their respective 
 credit. 
 
 83d. The player in this game, as in billiards, has the 
 sole right of looking after his own interests, and neither 
 the gamekeeper nor any of the bystanders have any 
 right to dictate to or advise him, unless by the consent 
 of all the players. 
 
 84th. The gamekeeper shall collect the stakes, and 
 make up the pool ; deal out the small balls to the play- 
 ers ; see that the balls and pins are properly spotted ; 
 that there are no more private balls out than there are 
 players in the pool ; and if any balls are missing, pro- 
 claim its number to the players — as the pool cannot be 
 won by such ball ; — call out each number in its turn 
 to the players, and proclaim, loud enough for them to 
 hear it, the number they already count, from pins 
 knocked down. 
 
 35th. No person is considered in the game unless his 
 stakes be paid in. 
 
 36th. All other contingencies not herein provided for, 
 are to be referred to the gamekeeper, whose decision 
 shall be final. 
 
The Game of Billiards. 
 
 RULES FOR THE GAME OF ENGLISH POOL. 
 
 There are several ways of playing pool,— name./, 
 with as many balls as there are players ; or with 
 two balls only, the players playing in turns, and 
 with the alternate balls ; playing at the nearest ball; 
 playing at the last player; or the player playing at 
 whichever ball he chooses. But the most .popular 
 mode is that in which the player plays at the last 
 player. This is likewise the fairest way of playing the 
 game. 
 
 The following are the rules for the game according 
 to this last method : 
 
 RULES FOR POOL PLAYING AT THE LAST PLAYER. 
 
 1st. When colored balls are used in playing this game, 
 the players must play progressively as the colors are 
 placed on the marking-board, the top color being 
 No.l. 
 
 2d. Each player has three lives at starting. No. 1 
 places his ball on the winning and losing spot — No. 2 
 plays at No. 1 — No. 3 at No. 2, and so on, each person 
 playing at the last ball: unless it should be in hand, 
 then the player plays at the nearest ball. 
 
 3d. If a striker should lose a life in any way, the 
 
The Game of Billiards. 233 
 
 next player plays at the nearest ball to his own ; but 
 if his (the player's) ball be in hand, he plays at the 
 nearest ball to the centre of the baulk line, whether in 
 or out of the baulk. 
 
 4th. Should a doubt arise respecting the distance of 
 balls, it must (if at the commencement of the game, or 
 if the player's ball be in hand) be measured from the 
 centre spot in the circle ; but if the striker V ball be not 
 in hand, the measurement must be made from his ball 
 to the others; and in both cases it must be decided by 
 the marker, or by the majority of the company ; but 
 should the distances be equal, then the parties must 
 draw lots. 
 
 5th. The baulk is no protection at Pool under any 
 circumstances. 
 
 6th. The player may lose a life by any one of the 
 following means : — by pocketing his own ball ; by 
 running a coup; by missing the ball; by forcing his 
 ball off the table; by playing with the wrong ball ; by 
 playing at the wrong ball; or by playing out of 
 his turn. 
 
 N.B. A life is lost by a ball being pocketed, or 
 forced off the table by the adversary. 
 
 7th. Should the striker pocket the ball he play3 at, 
 and by the same stroke pocket his own, or force it over 
 the table, he loses the life, and not the person whose 
 ball he pocketed. 
 
234 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 8th. Should the player strike the wrong ball, he pays 
 the same forfeit to the person whose ball he should 
 have played at, as he would have done if he had 
 pocketed it. 
 
 9th. If the striker miss the ball he ought to play at, 
 and strike another ball, and pocket it, he loses a life, 
 and not the person whose ball he pocketed ; in which 
 case, the striker's ball must be taken off the table, and 
 both balls should remain in hand, until it be their turn 
 to play. 
 
 10th. If the striker, whilst taking his aim, inquire 
 which of the balls he ought to play at, and should be 
 misinformed by any one of the players, or by the 
 marker, he does not lose a life ; the ball must, in this 
 case, be replaced, and the stroke played again. 
 
 11th. If information is required by the player, as to 
 which is his ball, or when it is his turn to play, he has 
 a right to an answer from the marker, or from the 
 players. 
 
 12th. When a ball or balls touch the striker's ball, 
 or are in a line between it and the ball he has to play 
 at, so that it will prevent him hitting any part of the 
 object-ball, they must be taken up until the stroke be 
 played, and after the balls have ceased running they 
 must be replaced. 
 
 18th. If a ball or balls are in the way of a striker's 
 cue, so that he cannot play at his ball, he can have 
 them taken up. 
 
The Game of Billiards. 235 
 
 14th. When the striker takes a life, he may con- 
 tinue to play on as long as he can make a hazard, or 
 until the balls are all off the table, in which latter case 
 he plays from the baulk, or places his ball on the spot 
 as at the commencement. 
 
 15th. The first person who loses his three lives is 
 entitled to purchase, or, as it is called, to star (that be- 
 ing the mark placed against his lives on the board to 
 denote that he has purchased), by paying into the pool 
 the same sum as at the commencement, for which he 
 receives lives equal in number to the lowest number of 
 lives on the board. 
 
 16th. If the first person out refuse to star, the second 
 person may do it ; but if the second refuse, the third 
 may do it, and so on, until only two persons are left in 
 the pool, in which case the privilege of starring 
 ceases. 
 
 17th. Only one star is allowed in a pool. 
 
 18ttt. If the striker should move another ball whilst 
 in the act of striking his own ball, the stroke is con- 
 sidered foul; and if by the same stroke he pocket a 
 ball, or force it off the table, the owner of that ball 
 does not lose a life, and the ball must be placed on its 
 original spot ; but if by that stroke he should pocket 
 his own ball, or force it off the table, he loses a life. 
 
 19th. If the striker's ball touch the ball he has to 
 play at, he is then at liberty either to play at it or at 
 any other ball on the table, and it is not to be consid- 
 
286 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 ered a foul stroke : in this case, however, the striker 
 is liable to lose a life, by going into a pocket or over 
 the table. 
 
 20th. After making a hazard, if the striker should 
 take up his ball, or stop it before it has done running, 
 he cannot claim the life, or the hazard, from the person 
 whose ball was pocketed; it being possible that his 
 own ball might have gone into a pocket if he had not 
 stopped it. 
 
 21st. If, before a star, two or more balls are pocketed 
 by the same stroke, including the ball played at, each 
 having one life, the owner of the ball first struck has 
 the option of starring ; but should he refuse, and more 
 than one remain, the persons to whom they belong 
 must draw lots for the star. 
 
 22d. Should the striker's ball stop on the spot of a 
 ■ ball removed, the ball which has been removed must 
 remain in hand until the spot is unoccupied, and then 
 be replaced. 
 
 23d. If the striker should have his next player's ball 
 removed, and stop on the spot it occupied, the next 
 player must give a miss from the baulk to any part of 
 the table he thinks proper, for which miss he does not 
 lose a life. 
 
 24th. If the striker has a ball removed, and any other 
 than the next player's ball should stop on the spot it 
 occupied, the ball removed must remain in hand till the 
 one on its place be played, unless it should happen to 
 
The Game of Billiards. 237 
 
 be tlie turn of the one removed to play before the one 
 on its place, in which case that ball must give place to 
 the one originally taken up ; after which it may be re- 
 placed. 
 
 25th; If the corner of the cushion should prevent the 
 striker from playing in a direct line, he can have any 
 ball removed for the purpose of playing at a cushion 
 drst 
 
 26th. The two last players cannot star or purchase ; 
 but they may divide, if they are left with an equal 
 number of lives each ; the striker, however, is entitled 
 to his stroke before the division. 
 
 27th. All disputes to be decided by a majority of the 
 players. 
 
 28th. The charge for the play to be taken out of the 
 pool before it is delivered up to the winner. 
 
 THE NEAREST BALL POOL. 
 
 In this Pool the players always play at the nearest 
 ball out of the baulk ; for in this Pool the baulk is a 
 protection. 
 
 1st. If all the balls be in the baulk, and the striker's 
 ball in hand, he must lead to the top cushion, or place 
 the ball on the winning and losing spot. 
 
 2d. If the striker's ball be within the baulk line, and 
 
238 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 he lias to play at a ball out of the baulk, he is allowed 
 to have any ball taken up that may chance to Ik 
 in his way. 
 
 3d. If all the balls be within the baulk, and the 
 striker's ball not in hand, he plays at the nearest ball. 
 
 All the other rules of the former pool are to be ob- 
 served at this. 
 
The Game of Billiards. 239 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS TO THE MARKER, 
 
 FOR KEEPING COUNT OF THE AMERICAN, OR FOUR BALL GAME 
 
 1st. Give the striker two for pocketing his oppo- 
 nent's ball, or for caroming on a white and red. 
 
 2d. Give him three for each red ball pocketed, or 
 for a carom on the two red balls. 
 
 3d. Give him four for caroming on a red and white, 
 and pocketing his opponent's ball. 
 
 4th. Give him five for caroming on all the balls, 
 no matter in what order they are touched ; also, five 
 for holeing a red ball and caroming on his opponent's, 
 and five for caroming on the two red balls and pocket- 
 ing his opponent's. 
 
 5th. Give him six when he caroms on the two red 
 balls, and pockets one of them. 
 
 6th. Let him have seven when he caroms on a 
 white and red ball, and pockets both ; the same when 
 he caroms on all the balls, and pockets the white. 
 
 7th. For pocketing one of the red balls, &nd carom- 
 ing on all the others, let him have eight ; also for 
 caroming on the two reds, pocketing one of them, and 
 also his opponent's ball; 
 
•240 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 8th. Give him nine for caroming on the two reds, 
 and pocketing them. 
 
 9th. For caroming on all the balls and pocketing a 
 red ball and his opponent's, give him ten, 
 
 10th. For caroming on all the balls and pocketing 
 the two reds, let him have eleven. 
 
 11th. Let him have thirteen (the highest figure 
 that can be won by one stroke in this game) when he 
 caroms on all, and pockets all the balls, except his 
 own. 
 
 12th. Give his adversary one when the player 
 makes a miss, or fails to hit any of the balls on the 
 table with his own. 
 
 13th. Give his opponent two when the player's ball 
 jumps over the side of the table, or lodges on the top 
 of the cushion after it has struck a white ball ; two, 
 also, if the player pockets his own ball after touching 
 his opponent's. 
 
 14th. The opponent takes three w r hen the striker 
 pockets his own ball, without touching any other on 
 the table, or after it has touched a red ; or causes it to 
 jump off the table or lodge on the cushion, under the 
 same circumstances. 
 
The Game of Billiards. 241 
 
 CHAPTEE YL 
 
 GENERAL SUMMARY OF INSTRUCTIONS. 
 
 In the foregoing pages our sole object has been to 
 assist the student by such simple and practical instruc- 
 tions as, with the assistance of the diagrams, would 
 facilitate his acquirement of the true principles and 
 execution of the game. We might have given accom- 
 plished players a higher estimate of our individual 
 proficiency, had we entered into the minutiae of prob- 
 lems which are possible, but most difficult of attain- 
 ment. But, in order to secure simplicity and useful- 
 ness, it became necessary to sacrifice whatever personal 
 advantage this latter course might have produced. 
 Our book is designed as an aid to amateurs, and not as 
 a test for the capacities and expertness of professional 
 or first-class players. These latter must be well aware, 
 from experience, that there are delicacies and mysteries 
 of execution which they accomplish daily, but could 
 no more be described in words, than the last finishing 
 touches with which the painter gives life and indivi- 
 duality to the dead features of his portrait. We have 
 before said, and again repeat, if possible more emphati- 
 cally, that the novice, to profit by our labors, must 
 either put himself at first under the tuition of a com- 
 petent master, or study our problems with the cue in 
 one hand and the book on the table before him. 
 
 li 
 
242 The Game of Billiakps. 
 
 Let the quantities pf power be practiced with pa- 
 tience, until they are thoroughly acquired; every hour 
 devoted to obtaining mastery of the strength and direc- 
 tion of the cue, will save months of miserable failure 
 in ,the different experiments of the game. Let the 
 student, also, practice the different kinds of strokes — ■ 
 force, follow, jump, and so forth, separately, devoting 
 a certain time to each, and not passing on to the next 
 until he has mastered the preceding one, and taken 
 good note of the varieties of angles which, under dif- 
 ferent circumstances, it will produce from the cushion. 
 By trying them one after another, instead of each by 
 itself, the results become as inextricably confounded 
 as the different flavors of a French ragout. The cush- 
 ions are to billiards what the chords are to music ; 
 until their properties are understood, no equable and 
 harmonious play can be established. 
 
 These remarks are specially applicable to any player 
 who aspires to a knowledge of " nursing," in its bil- 
 liard and not babyish sense. By mastering the Quan- 
 tities of Power, and making such deductions as expe- 
 rience will shortly teach for the loss of strength im- 
 parted to the object-ball, the player will eventually be 
 enabled to manage and foretell precisely in what posi- 
 tions the balls will be left at the end of a contemplate 
 stroke. If that position be one from which no furthe 
 advantage to him can be hoped ; or one which — sho 
 he fail in his immediate object — would leave the ba 
 so arranged that his adversary might reasonably < 
 pect a fine opening ; or should any other, even morn 
 difficult mode of play occur to him, in which, if sue- 
 
The Game of Billiards. 243 
 
 cessful, a much finer disposition of the balls would be 
 left, or a disposition much less favorable to his adver- 
 sary ; in any one or all of these contingencies, dis- 
 cretion will be found the better part of valor, and 
 in the end it will appear that, not the brilliancy, but 
 the persistent good judgment of the shots will carry 
 off the palm. 
 
 This art of nursing the balls is indeed the most 
 difficult attainment and crowning glory of the game: 
 to discover when the balls are separated to the four 
 corners of the table, some device or series of devices 
 which, with good execution, will gradually bring them 
 nearer and nearer, finally bringing them within one 
 corner or against a cushion, where the least touches of 
 the cue will make a succession of caroms ; or w r here 
 a vigorous stroke will make some one of them travel 
 over a great space, and yet come back to its cluster as 
 infallibly as the young birds to the nest ; or where 
 this is impossible — no further run to be made and the 
 count exhausted — then to scatter them over the table 
 in worse than Siberian exile one from another, so that 
 the player who succeeds may inherit only a barren 
 kingdom ; — in these things consists the highest excel- 
 lence of the judicious player, and he who can do these 
 hings best is certain of success in the course of con 
 inuous play. The danger of this art, however, un- 
 *. the player feel very sure of his own skill, is serious 
 id not lightly to be incurred. Should he bring the 
 ils together and then, by a miss, so leave them for 
 his opponent — he may look out for a run which will 
 slightly damage his chances of the game. Wherever 
 
244 The Game of Billiards. 
 
 here is danger of his missing the next shot, it would 
 be prudent rather to separate the balls in the worst 
 position possible for the succeeding player, and wait 
 patiently for another chance. 
 
 It should always be borne in mind that the game 
 will not be decided by the player's capacity to perform 
 any particular stroke ; the most brilliant shot is a mis- 
 take, if it does not leave the balls in a position from 
 which another count can be effected. Let the student, 
 while he plays for the stroke before him, keep an eye 
 on the ensuing stroke, of which that stroke will be the 
 father ; let him see to it, that this offspring shall not 
 be a disgrace and expense to him. When the balls 
 are so placed that no count can be reasonably expected, 
 then play for safety, and divide the balls in the way 
 least likely to turn to your opponent's profit. 
 
 The student, moreover, should avoid the dangerous 
 temptation of playing hard for a " scratch." Let him 
 invariably play for some definite object, and then, 
 should he 'fail, he will have learned something that 
 may insure success another time ; but the scratch game 
 does away with all ideas of scientific proficiency, and 
 every count so acquired is a positive obstacle in the 
 path of any future and permanent progress. The fable 
 of the hare and the tortoise is an old one, but it will 
 receive new confirmation if two novices commence — 
 the one playing as we direct, and the other playing 
 wildly for the chances. After a few months' steady 
 practice of the different kinds of stroke, and quantities 
 of power, our pupil would then commence the actual 
 game, with advantages which would quickly place him 
 
The Game of Billiaeds. 245 
 
 in the front rank of scientific payers ; while the other 
 would be years before attaining the average proficiency, 
 and never could hope for a higher rank, until he un- 
 learned the absurdities of his own teaching, and had 
 gone back to the point from which the other started. 
 
 Remember, always, that a game is never lost until 
 the last point has been strung off: if your adversary 
 be a long way ahead of you, it is all the more your 
 duty to take advantage of those careless strokes, into 
 which his apparent superiority will be likely to betray 
 him. Deal tenderly with your opponent's ball ; do 
 not pocket it, if any other play will serve your pur- 
 pose; if it be tucked under the cushion, reflect on the 
 stroke that is to follow, before you disturb its dreams ; 
 and bear in mind that it is better to play for two and 
 win, than for thirteen, which you will be likely to 
 miss. It is easier, also, — or if not, it is at least much 
 better — to chalk your cue and strike, than to make a 
 miscue and then chalk. Our final advice to the learner 
 is, to take sufficient time and care to insure success to 
 his stroke. 
 
 The author would indeed be ungrateful, did he foil 
 to acknowledge the kind and valuable help which has 
 been given him, both by amateurs and professional 
 friends, in the compilation of this treatise. He would 
 gladly acknowledge his indebtedness to each by name, 
 were it not that he knows they are of the class who 
 
 " Do good by stealth, and blush to find it fame." 
 
 Let them, thereforfe, take the will for the deed ; and 
 believe us, that for their friendly help and many gener 
 
246 The Game of Billiards 
 
 ous favors, not only in this, but in all other matters 
 wherewith we have been professionally connected, 
 Ave thank them with a sincerity which is too deep and 
 fervent to be expressed in such words as are ours to 
 offer. 
 
 To conclude — for the writer makes no pretence to 
 the refinements of authorship, and his language, here 
 and there, may be open to unfriendly criticism — he 
 would say that the theories and principles laid down 
 in the foregoing pages have been those he himself 
 has followed, during a career which, in its own humble 
 way, has not been unattended with distinction ; and if 
 any professional litterateur — or professional player, for 
 the matter of that — should take exception to any of 
 the matters which he has here laid down, as the result 
 of his own experience, he can only say that he will be 
 happy to meet them in his own, or any other billiard 
 saloon where the tables are correct, and decide the 
 question in dispute by a direct appeal to the balls. 
 However insignificant he may be with a pen in his 
 hand, he flatters himself that with a cue he would be 
 able to teach a majority of his critics a lesson it would 
 profit them to know. They might teach him " the 
 whole duty of man," upon paper; but, on the tables, 
 he could teach them the whole duty of a billiard- 
 player. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 To -nis Poem we have made due reference in the text, at its appropriate place 
 T' ** -er.ses originally appeared in the Billiard Cue. 
 
 "ATTITUDE IS EVERYTHING." 
 
 In very slight things a man's idiosyncracy 
 
 Slyly peeps out, and we havn't a doubt 
 That many a man whom his neighbors may thinK crazy, 
 
 Only displays in more notable ways 
 Some peculiar distinguishing characteristic, 
 Which, were it at all like our own, we should praise. 
 But severely condemn when 'tis antagonistic. 
 
 These distinguishing traits are most forcibly shown 
 In a game, which of late, has most popular grown ; 
 A very correct psychological steelyards 
 For character weighing — of course, we mean billiards 
 E'en attitude, sometimes, may give us a cue 
 To a man's inner life ; so, dear reader, if you 
 Havn't any objections, we'll hazard a few 
 Illustrations, by which we'll endeavor to prove 
 The truth of the statements we've ventured above 
 
 The first we select from th' incongruous mass, 
 Is a strongly marked type of a numerous class : 
 
2±8 Appendix. 
 
 The young man, who, his exquisite elegance shows 
 
 By the studious grace of his delicate pose, 
 
 And who handles his cue with so dainty an air, 
 
 That you're forced to agree with his friends, who declare 
 
 His games " very pretty to look at,' 7 although 
 
 In the matter of counting, His only so so. 
 
 As a contrast, we next your attention will claim 
 For the athletic player, whose vigorous frame 
 
 Makes him play what is commonly called a "strong game , w 
 
 Who always declares that -'there's six on the balls ;" 
 
 Sends them all round the table 'till one of them falls 
 
 Into one of the pockets — he doesn't much care 
 
 Into which ; for, as every one's fully aware, 
 
 In love, war, and billiards, all chances are fair ; 
 
 And as to his caroms, you safely may swear 
 
 If there's one on the table, he's sure to be " there ;" 
 
 For his ball goes so fast, that, unless it should drop 
 
 In a pocket, it's very safe never to stop 
 
 Until one of the others, (fulfilling the laws 
 
 Of physics, which show each phenomenon's cause,) 
 
 By assuming its motion, compels it to pause. 
 
 The third we advance to the threshold of fame 
 Is the young man, que void, who " plays his own game :" 
 Who displays at his scratches no kind of remorse, 
 And eternally tries some impossible "force," 
 Which results in a jump and a follow combined ; 
 While his cue, at a " forty-five" angle inclined, 
 
Appendix. 
 
 2-19 
 
 As if conscious of sad disgrace, seems nothing loth 
 To hide half its length through a hole in the cloth. 
 
 Turn we next to the youth whose deliberate game 
 Is displayed in the pause that he makes ere his aim 
 
 Is finally taken : — His cue raised in air, 
 He scans evYy angle and cushion with care ; 
 Studies all of his shots in their smallest details, 
 Then, proceding to .execute,^ — commonly fails ! 
 
 "We pass to a player who's quite the reverse 
 Of the last, and, if such a thing's possible, worse : 
 We allude to him, who — -after striking his ball, 
 Finds it requisite over the the table to sprawl ; 
 And makes with his cue little comets of chalk 
 On the cloth as he follows his shot :— -Then he'll walk 
 
250 
 
 Appendix. 
 
 Up to some of his friends, and, extending his hand, 
 Proclaims loudly that " Really, he can't understand 
 
 How so simple a carom he failed to do right, 
 
 For he saw Phelan make the shot, only last night I" 
 
 Then, again, there's the man, from whom Heaven preserve us, 
 Whose careful aim makes his antagonist nervous : 
 
 Who saws with his cue, until really you wonder 
 
 He don't saw his thumb and fore-finger asunder ; 
 
 If you watch him, you'll find, ere it comes to your chance, 
 
 You're performing a sort of St. Vitus's dance. 
 
 There's the player, too, who, when he misses a count, 
 Of profanity utters a startling amount : 
 His toe cocked in air with an exquisite grace, 
 And the greatest anxiety marked on his face, 
 
Appendix. 
 
 251 
 
 Ho looks half way between a " young man about town," 
 And George Christy about to commence a break-down ; 
 
 And he swears — how he swears!— when to count he's not abk* 
 At leather, chalk, cue, cushions, cloth, balls, and table ; 
 And if his opponent should happen to " scratch it," 
 Perhaps he's not morally certain to " catch it." 
 
 Who's this? who distorts all his human proportions 
 By the wildest of wild calisthenic contortions ? 
 Is't a maniac ? No, gentle reader, not so : 
 'Tis the man who points out where his ball ought to go, 
 
 By twisting his head, arms, and body about ; 
 
 And who startles your ears with a lunatic shout 
 
 As he screams at the balls, to " go in" or " keep out ;" 
 
252 Appendix. 
 
 When one of his efforts successfully ends, he 
 
 Howls, dances, and raves in a regular frenzy. 
 
 But if his attempts chance to finish in failure, 
 
 Groans, dismal as dirges, and deep growls assail your 
 
 Auricular organs, as, sunk in despair, 
 
 He writhes himself into the nearest arm-chair. 
 
 And now, reader dear, if you'll lend us your ear, 
 We'll tell you, in confidence, how to keep clear 
 Of all of the errors we've held up to view, 
 And, without absurd habits, to manage your cue. 
 
 If you think it worth while 
 
 To play billiards in style, 
 And make " running" that's only surpassed by the Croton, 
 
 As Cuttle would say, 
 
 In his forcible way, 
 "Overhaul Phelan's book, and when found, make a note on!" 
 
Appendix. 
 
 253 
 
 The following little jeu d'esprit from the pen of a distinguished dramatist and 
 nctor, which originally appeared in the Billiard Cue, we feel tempted to reproduce 
 here — assured that its ingenuity cannot fail to amuse the reader. 
 
 HAKSPEARE A BILLIARD PLAYER. 
 
 We have stumbled on a most 
 important discovery ; or rather a 
 most important discovery has at 
 length been made by our critical 
 and protracted investigations. We 
 have found beyond controversy 
 that the "sweet Swan of Avon- 7 
 was a most devoted billiard player; 
 and that nearly every term em- 
 ployed in the game is & direct quo- 
 >2^ tation from the writings of that 
 C immortal bard. In every play of 
 j his, there are allusions to the game, 
 and in every allusion he proves 
 himself its master ; not one of its 
 intricacies has escaped his all-seeing eye. " Let us to billiards," he 
 exclaims, in Antony and Cleopatra, (Act II., scene 5.) " My cue is 
 villainous," he complains in King Lear, (Act I. scene 1.) "Why 
 these balls bound," or "jump," he indignantly cries in All's Well 
 that Ends Well, (Act II. scene 3.) "I did present him with those 
 Paris balls," he announces in Henry the Fifth; (Act I. scene 2.) 
 thereby proving that French balls and cues were then thought better 
 than English. "When my cue comes, call me," he orders in the Mid- 
 summer Night's Dream, (Act IV. scene 1.) from which we may judge 
 that he had sent it to. whoever was then the " King of the Billiard 
 Leatherers" for a new top. "Every one according to his cue," he 
 adds in the same play, (Act III. scene 1.) meaning, doubtless, that a 
 man should proportion his " strength" to the weight of the cue with 
 which he plays. "Remember you your cue?" he inquires in the 
 Merry Wives of Windsor, (Act III. scene 3.) thereby insinuating that 
 
 12 
 
251 Appendix. 
 
 every first-class player should have a private or peculiar cue, the 
 weight and force of which he might remember. Speaking of the 
 old style of cushions, he denounces them in Coriolanus, (Act V. scene 
 3.) as " cushio?is no softer than the flint," and then turning prophet- 
 ically towards Michael Phelan, he begs in his most solemn manner, 
 (same play, Act. III. scene 1.) "Let them have cushions by you V 7 
 He is familiar with such terms as " hazard," "lead," "scratch," 
 " light spot," " Billiard sharp," and so forth • in fact, we may say 
 with truth that he is "fully posted." "Take your hazard back 
 again," he says to some brother player in the Merchant of Venice, 
 (Act I. scene 1.) "Your hazard shall be made," he again exclaims 
 in the same play, (Act II. scene 1.) as if to encourage a hesitating 
 partner. "Nor hazard aught for lead, 17 he continues in the 7th 
 scene of the same act — showing clearly enough, (what indeed we 
 would expect from his wisdom,) that he did not consider the mere 
 " lead," per se, worth " stringing" for. That he was partial to 
 " hazards," we may infer from what he says in King John, (Act V. 
 scene 6.) " I will upon all hazards well believe;" and we account 
 for the preference when we remember that, as " cushions" had not 
 then been much improved — being in fact "no softer than flint," as he 
 himself says — the more delicate beauties of " the carom game" could 
 not possibly have been known to him. In Timon of Athens, (Act V. 
 scene 5.) there occurs a word which we believe our readers will 
 agree with us in regarding as <a printer's error, (and it is confessed 
 that there are thousands of such, even in the most careful editions of 
 Knight and Collier.) It ought to read, "and by the hazard of the 
 spotted ball;" but for "ball" the word "die" has been falsely inter- 
 polated in a majority of the editions. "1 understand kisses," Shaks- 
 peare proudly asserts in the first part of Henry the Fourth, (Act III. 
 scene 2.) and that he knew the French Doublet or Cross-game is evin- 
 ced by the phrase "the last of many doubled kisses," which we find 
 in Antony and Cleopatra, (Act I. scene 5.) When some disappointed 
 player cries "ay, ay, a scratch, a scratch," perhaps he is not aware 
 that he is quoting Romeo and Juliet, (Act III. scene 1.) or should he 
 vary the phrase, by saying, "that is but scratched," he may possibly 
 not know that these words are taken from Hamlet, (Act IV. scene 7.) 
 " You cannot see the white spot," is a phrase in common use, but 
 trace it back, and you will find it in the Merry Wives of Windsor, 
 (Act IV. scene 5.) When the balls run along the cushion, we often 
 
Appendix. 255 
 
 bay, " when they do hug," and going back to Titus Andronicus, we 
 lind the same description in Act III. scene 1. " Would thou wouldst 
 burst," yells Timon of Athens, (Act IV. scene 2.) and Timon, we 
 know, was a "flat" who had probably got "cleaned out" by some 
 " sharp" at " pool ;" and this conjecture is strengthened by the con- 
 fession in the Tempest, (Act IV. scene 1.) "but to lose our bottles in 
 the pool," from which we may reasonably infer that the party had 
 been playing for champagne. That they had been playing for some- 
 thing, we have proof in the same play, (Act 1. scene 2.) where the 
 poet says, "I pray thee mark," indicating that the marker was part- 
 icularly requested to attend to his duties, as the " bottles" were 
 depending on the issue. " I have banked," he says in King John, 
 (Act V. scene 2.) and in King Lear, (Act V. scene 3.) he makes use 
 of another term only appropriate to " pool," where he cries, " It is 
 my privilege." In Romeo and Juliet, (Act III. scene 5.) he desig- 
 nates Billiard-Sharps as "unpleasing sharps," and in Henry VEIL, 
 (Act I. scene 3.) he speaks of " honorable points," as if in contra- 
 distinction to the "points" made by them. The cushions, as we have 
 hinted, were poor, and not reliable in his time ; and thus we see that 
 in Winter's Tale, (Act IV. scene 1.) he confesses, " I fear the angle" 
 — meaning doubtless, the incorrectness of the angle of reflection on 
 the board. How triumphantly does he shout in Julius Caesar, (Act 
 IV. scene 3.) "I .put it in the pocket ;" and if the foregoing extracts 
 are not enough to convince the most incredulous that Shakspeare 
 was a billiard player, and played a pretty strong game in his time, 
 then we can only promise that another sheaf of extracts and quota- 
 tions shall be given in our succeeding issue. 
 
 Yive la bagatelle! which, in English, means three cheers for Bil- 
 liards ! 
 
THE HAND-BOOK OF BILLIAKD3. 
 
 Ancient a,ndl Modern. Billiarcls,. 
 
 The period of the introduction of the game of Billiards 
 
 is lost in the lapse of time, yet we are aware that it has 
 
 existed for several centuries, for Shakespeare refers to it 
 
 • in his play of " Antony and Cleopatra." It is probable 
 
 that it was originally derived from the game of Bowls, 
 
 (From Strutt's Sports and Pastimes.) 
 
 which was variously modified until we find that it was 
 played with a stick or mace, and the balls driven through 
 an arch. From this early game, as played upon the 
 ground in the open air, the transition was easy to an 
 indoor pastime, which was played upon a table. The 
 arch upon the ground was changed into irons, placed upon 
 the bed of the table, and were called "pass irons." On 
 the following page, we give a representation of a billiard 
 scene, extracted from " The School of Recreation/ 7 a 
 little volume published in the year 1*10. 
 
THE HAND-BOOK OF BILLIARDS. 
 
 «W||P if I 
 
 We here see the position of the balls and pass irons, 
 and also the batons. or raaces with which the balls were 
 driven upon the table. This game was played upon a 
 wooden table with elevations around the sides to prevent 
 the balls from falling upon the floor. 
 
 Billiards was, no doubt, played in France and other 
 continental countries some time before its introduction in 
 England. But little advance in the character of the 
 
THE HAND-BOOK OF BILLIARDS. 
 
 game, nowever, had been made for a long period, yet in 
 the following caricature of English Billiards in 1780, we 
 
 h iX^V- -!. 
 
 find that the pass irons had been discarded and cues and 
 maces employed to propel the balls upon the tables, while 
 
THE HAND-BOOK OF BILLIARDS. 
 
 cloth was already used to cover the bed, cushions had 
 been annexed" and pockets inserted in various positions 
 Thus it will be seen that between the years 1710 and 
 1780, vast improvements had been made in the Machinery 
 of Billiards. Most of these improvements were due to 
 the ingenuity of the French, and they finally succeeded in 
 modifying billiards completely by the invention of the 
 carom game and the application of the leather to the 
 cue, which latter discovery should render the name of 
 Mingaud immortal with the billiard world. 
 
 Various materials, such as cotton, tow, &c, were used 
 for the interior of cushions, but list or cloth finally 
 obtained the preference, and, until within a few years, 
 has been universally employed. About thirty-five years 
 ago, indki rubber cushions were attached to a billiard 
 table by a London manufacturer, and were by him con- 
 sidered a failure, but accident favored their use, and they 
 are now universally employed in England. 
 - The English rubber cushions, however, are unreliable 
 and inaccurate, being made of the crude and not the 
 vulcanized article. The balls, when played with any 
 strength against these cushions do not return in true 
 angles, and in addition, are liable to jump, thus marring 
 that accuracy which the real merits of the game demand. 
 In France, the cushions of the cheap varieties of Bil- 
 liard Tables are constructed of spiral springs, but on all 
 first class tables, cloth cushions are still applied. All 
 attempts in this latter country to manufacture cushions of 
 india rubber, have proved to be failures and have conse- 
 quently been generally discarded. In America, india 
 rubber has been employed for many years in the construc- 
 tion of billiard cushions, but these have been subjected to 
 the same causes of failure as in England, viz.: inaccuracy, 
 and the vicissitudes of temperature — variations of heat 
 and cold were found to modify very materially the charac- 
 ter of these cushions, and in cold weather they were 
 found to be completely unplayable. Heated sand bags 
 and water bags, and various other contrivances were 
 
THE HAND-BOOK' OF BILLIARDS. 
 
 invented to obviate this difficulty, but all of them have 
 proved to be unreliable and unsatisfactory. Vulcanized 
 rubber, however, was found to be unaffected by these 
 vicissitudes of temperature, but cushions constructed of it 
 were like those made of the original material, inaccurate, 
 in consequence of the imbedding of the ball, which ren- 
 dered the angle of reflexion more acute than the angle of 
 incidence. The cut here introduced will illustrate our 
 remarks. 
 
 For instance : w r hen the ball struck tha cushion ob- 
 liquely, it pushed the too elastic rubber before it, and the 
 obstacle thus made threw back the ball at a hopelessly 
 incorrect angle. The lines a and b in the accompanying 
 engraving, show the angles produced on the ordinary rub- 
 ber cushion, compared with the line of the correct angle, 
 the strength of the stroke in each case being equal. The 
 line marked a is the angle from the ordinary vulcanized 
 rubber — that marked b from the unvulcanized. 
 
 Continual progress was being made in the game of Bil- 
 liards, and each new class of players that sprang up, 
 exhibited marked proficiency over their predecessors 
 
THE HAND-BOOK OF BILLIARDS. 
 
 The tables were also being gradually improved ; marble 
 and slate beds were being demanded, and the cloth 
 cushions, as yet the best, were generally esteemed by 
 those most qualified to judge, unequal to the exigencies 
 demanded by the ever progressing game. Faster cushions 
 were required, and while those made of rubber were uni- 
 versally acknowledged to offer ample quickness, yet this 
 was rendered unsatisfactory by their want of accuracy. 
 "Speed with Truth" were the great requisites universally 
 demanded, and the brains of inventors were intensely 
 wrought upon to satisfy these general requirements. It 
 was evident to all that vulcanized rubber promised more 
 in itself than any other known substance ; but, how to 
 manipulate it, so as to bring about the great ends, was 
 the puzzle of which no solution had yet been offered. 
 After numerous fruitless attempts, fortune favored Mr. 
 Michael Phelan, by suggesting to him certain combina- 
 tions of other substances with vulcanized rubber ; the 
 thought was put into practice, a table was made with 
 these combination cushions, and, lo ! the problem was 
 solved, and cushions securing "Speed with Truth," were 
 at last obtained. 
 
 The attention of the inventor was not alone directed to 
 securing the speed and accuracy of the cushions. The 
 huge projecting pocket irons were reduced in size and 
 brought dow T n to the level of the rail ; the cushions w r ere 
 lowered half an inch, thus enabling the player to strike 
 his ball fairly when lying in contact with them, and the 
 novelty of the square jaws added more than two feet to 
 their actual playing surface. For these inventions, a 
 patent w r as granted by the United States in 1856. Not 
 contented, however, with these gratifying results, experi- 
 ments were continued, and numerous minor improvements 
 effected. These experiments finally culminated in the 
 great improvements patented by Phelan & Collender, 
 in 1857, 1858, 1859 and 1860, by which cushions more 
 accurate than any hitherto in use, and apparently inde- 
 structible, were introduced to the public. 
 
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THE HAND-BOOK OF BILLIARDS. 
 
 The English Billiard 
 Tables are very large, 
 measuring twelve feet 
 by six within th'e cush- 
 ions, have eight legs 
 and present altogether 
 a heavy appearance. 
 The French tables mea- 
 sure about ten feet by 
 five, and as manufac- 
 tured in Paris, are ex- 
 ceedingly clumsy to the 
 American eye. During 
 the late visit of Mr. 
 Berger to this country, 
 that gentleman and Mr. 
 Phelan had numerous 
 consultations together, 
 concerning the manu- 
 facture of French Bil- 
 liard Tables, and their 
 deliberations resulted in 
 the preparation of a 
 table which combines 
 all the excellence of 
 the French with the 
 lightness and grace of 
 the American styles. 
 The annexed is an il- 
 lustration of the Ber- 
 ger & Phelan French 
 Carom Table. 
 
 The standard Amer- 
 ican Billiard Table oc- 
 cupies a position midway between the French and English 
 styles, larger than the former but somewhat less in size 
 than the latter, measuring twelve feet by six outside of 
 the cushions. The American Table, as Manufactured by 
 
THE HAND-BOOK OF BILLIARDS. 
 
 Phelan & Collender, for perfection of workmanship, 
 accuracy, durability, and graceful elegant appearance far 
 transcends anything in the Billiard line now produced in 
 any other part of the world. The unprecedentedly rapid 
 increase in their business, and the wonderfully enlarging 
 numbers of billiard players in America during the last 
 few years, prove the truth of our allegation. 
 
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