LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. if™? |fei9to J | JXL0 A/5' f UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, f NEW AND COMPLETE ITALIAN GRAMMAR. ^•fe^CtZ *ffa>& //. 'm NEW AND COMPLETE ITALIAN GRAMMAR: A short Introduction to the Italian Pronunciation ; Plain and Concise Rules and Obser- vations upon the nine Parts of Speech, exemplified and sanc- tioned by Passages taken from the best Italian Writers ; such as Boccaccio, Bembo, Petrarca, Tasso, Ariosto, Metastasio, etc. to which are annexed instructive and entertaining Exercises ; A short Appendix on Italian Ortho- graphy ; A Vocabulary, English and Italian, and a Number of Phrases which very frequently occur in Conversa- tion ; A Select Collection of Repartee^, Witticisms, etc. m Italian ; CONTAINING, A Collection of Italian Letters upon various subjects ; Specimens of Italian Poetry, with the Rules thereof; . A Table, which presents in one PoirtcfView, a clear and succinct Method c declining every Noun and 1 ) *r line and feminine. If names, instead of being arbitrarily masculine or feminine, were to follow the nature of things, and be either masculine or feminine only according to their sex, how much easier would our lan- guage be, especially for Englishmen. The number is either singular or plural j the singular is used when we speak of one thing only, as, The ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 29 n. 10.) La giovane veggendo che Vora era tarda, ancora che le parole delvecchio la spaventassero, disse, etc. (Bocc. g. 2. n. 3.) The first il and the first la in the two prece- ding examples must be considered as Articles, because the one is prefixed to Re, the other to Giovane, both nouns ; but the second il and the second la affixed to a verb are pronouns, and mean, farebbe morirelui, spaventassero lei.j I said, lastly, shews its gender, number, and case ; for the Article, as it will appear below, varies according to the gender, number, and case. There are in the Italian language two sorts of Arti- River, II Fiume. The plural, when we speak of more than one, as, The Rivers, J Fiumi. There are six cases* 3 ; the nominative, the genitive, the dative, the vocative, the ablative. * They are derived from the Latin words, nominare, generare, dare, accusare, vocare, auferre. For the nomi- native marks the subject of a discourse ; the genitive what belongs to a subject; the dative the subject to which something is given; the ac- cusative the subject acted upon by another ; the vocative the calling to a subject; the ablative the taking from a subject. *3 A much simpler, and more accurate division of the Italian cases is, that into nominative, and objective, as in English. Thus, II popolo ricusb ogni ragionamento dhiccordo. The people rejected all discourse of accommo- dation. In this sentence, the last substantive is governed in the same manner in both languages, but because the preposition is Di, of, the case of the noun is called genitive, by those who consider that the dignity of every language requires the same number of cases, as belongs to Latin nouns. Had the preposition signified to, though the noun would have been just the same, the case would be called dative by Vergani. The learner would do well to consider all nouns as either nominatives, or objectives. The possessive case is wanting to Italian nouns inasmuch as possession is always denoted by the use of the preposition, and not by a change in the termination of the noun. f We sometimes find the Article before a verb, as E passeggiare, lo stare, il parlare, etc. ; but in that case a substantive is always under- stood between the article and the verb, that is to say, L'atto, il modo, and the like ; as LUdto di passeggiare, il modo di parlare, etc. We like- wise meet sometimes with the Article before an adverb, as, E' I dove, e 1 I quando tutto gli narrai (Dittam. lib. 1, cap. 7.) Come, e perchc venisti tu qui ? ed egli mirispose : del come nonti caglia, ma ilperche ti diro (Filo. lib. 6, num. 145,) But in these cases the adverbs are looked upon as nouns, or rather they are adverbs converted into nouns ; and it is the same thing as to say, B luogo, e il tempo tutto gli narrai : Del modo non it caglia, ma il inotivo ti dirb. 3* 30 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. cles,* 4 one definite, viz. That which indicates the gen* der, and the number of the nouns to which it is prefixed ; the other indefinite! 5 which is called by the Italian gram- marians Segnacaso^ and is made use of before the nouns taken in an indefinite and indeterminate sense. In the English language there is only one definite article, which is prefixed to nouns, either masculine or feminine, and serves as well for the singular as for the plural ; but in the Italian language there are three different definite arti- cles, viz. 17. Lo. La. First Article used before the masculine nouns beginning with a consonant. Sing. Nom. H maestro the master Gen. Del maestro of the master Dat. Al maestro to the master Ace. H maestro the master Voc. O maestro O master Abl. Dal maestro from or by the master. Plur. Nom. I maestri^ the masters Gen. Dei or de 1 maestri of the masters Dat. Ai or a* maestri to the masters Ace. I maestri the masters Voc. O maestri O masters Abl. Dai or da* maestri from or by the masters. *4 That which Vergani calls the indefinite article is, in fact, the ab- sence of any article. Thus, Camera in casa di Lelio, a room, 4*c. Ac- cording to Vergani, the word camera has the indefinite article. f 5 The term Segnacaso is only applied to the prepositions di, of, a, to, and da, from; because of, to, and from, are considered signs of the geni- tive, dative, and ablative cases. The rejection of these cases reduces the Segnacaso to the rank of a common preposition. J Segnacaso means the sign for the cases of the nouns. § Li, Belli, alii, dalli, instead of I, dei, ai, dai, seem to be rather obsolete. ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 31 Se cond Article used before the masculine nouns which begin with an S followed by another consonant * or with Z. Sing. Nom. Lo sdegno\ the anger Gen. Dello sdegno of the anger Dat. Alio sdegno to the anger Ace. Lo sdegno the anger Voc. O sdegno O anger Abl. Dallo sdegno from or by the anger. Plur. Nom. Gli sdegni\ the angers Gen. Degli sdegni of the angers Dat. Agli sdegni to the angers Ace. Gli sdegni the angers Voc. O sdegni v O angers Abl. Dagli sdegni from or by the angers. Sing. Nom. Lo zio§ the uncle Gen. Dello zio of the uncle * The Italians call the S followed by another consonant & impura, t The poets are not very exact in making use of the Article Lo, dello, alio, dkllo, before the S impura. Petrarch says, Essendo il spirto dal bel nodo sciolto; and Ariosto, Che delle liquid'' onde al specchio siede. Yet our best prose writers are very tenacious of this rule. They even go so far as to add an I to the word beginning with an S impura, when they can- not change the preceding word ending in a consonant, and they say, lo sono stalo in Ispagna, instead of Spagna : Se non isbaglio, instead of Se noi i sbaglio. | Gigli thinks that the plural of Lo scoglio should be excepted from this rule, to avoid the harshness of Gli scogli, etc. § Buommattei is of opinion, that we ought say il Zio in the singular, and Gli Zii in the plural. I do not see any reason for this irregularity. It is true, that it takes place in the word Dio, especially in prose : for we say // Dio in the singular, and Gli Dei in the plural ; as, II Dio de* Cristiani, Gli Dei de' Gentili ; but, in my opinion, this irregularity is better grounded than the former, having for its ground — custom ; Quern penes arbitrium est, et jus, et norma loquendi : in verse I find Lo Dio, perhaps, because Lo Dio appears more sonorous, solemn, and majestic. "32 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. Plur. Dat. Alio zio to the uncle. Ace. Lo zio the uncle Voc. O zio uncle Abl. Dallo zio from or by the uncle Nora. Gli zii the uncles Gen. Degli zii of the uncles Dat. Agli zii to the uncles Ace. Gli zii the uncles Voc. O zii uncles Abl. Dagli zii from or by the uncles. We make use of the same Article before the mascu- line nouns beginning with a vowel ; but we cut off the vowel in the singular, and add an apostrophe, as follows : Sing. Nom. Uamico the friend Gen. DelV amico of the friend Dat. AlV amico to the friend Ace. Uamico the friend Voc. O amico O friend Abl. DalV amico from or by the friend. Plur. Nom. Gli amici* the friends Gen. Degli amici of the friends Dat. Agli amici to the friends Ace. , Gli amici the friends Voc. O amici friends Abl. Dagli amici from or by the friends, When the nouns begin with an J, we cut off the Jin the Article and say, GT ingegni, GV incendj, degV ingegni^ degV incendj, etc. * The Article and the following vowel must be pronounced together, as' one syllable : Gli Jl-mici, Gli A-mori, etc. and not Gli-Jl-mici, Gli- Jl-mori, etc. ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 33 Third Article used before a feminine noun beginning with a consonant. Sing. Nom. La tavola the table Gen. Delia tavola of the table Dat. Alia tavola to the table Ace. La tavola the table Voc. O tavola table Abl. Dalla tavola from or by the table. Plur. Nom. Le tavole the tables Gen. Delle tavole of the tables Dat. Alle tavole to the tables Ace Le tavole the tables Voc O tavole tables Abl. Dalle tavole from or by the tables, When a f2minine noun begins with a vowel, we decline it thus : Sing. Nom. I2isola the island Gen. DelP isola of the island Dat. AlP isola to the island Ace. L' isola the island Voc. O isola island Abl. DalV isola from or by the irland. Plur. Nom. Le isole the islands Gen. Delle isole of the islands Dat. Alle isole to the islands Ace, Le isole the islands Voc. O isole islands Abl. Dalle isole from or bv the islands When the nouns begin with an E, as Eminenza^ Esecu* zione, etc. we retrench the Article in the plural, and write and prpnounce V Eminenze, UEsecuz%oni y etc. except 34 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. some nouns which have the same termination, both in the singular and in the plural, as, Effigie, Estasi; then we do not retrench the Article in the plural, in order that one number may be distinguished from the other. The indefinite article, or Segnacaso* 6 has only three cases; the genitive, the dative, and the ablative, and serves both for the masculine and feminine gender : Di before a consonant, and 2)' with an apostrophe before a vowel, is the sign of the genitive. A before a conso- nant, and sometimes Ad before a vowel, is the mark of the dative: Da is that of the ablative, which, in my opin- ion, should not be altered before a vowel, in order to dis- tinguish the ablative from the genitive. f Indefinite Article before a consonant. Nom. Londra London Gen. Di Londra of London Dat. A Londra to London Ace. Londra London Voc. Londra or O Londra Londc; cr O London Abl. Da Londra from London. Indefinite Article before a Vowel. Nom. Alessandro Alexander Gen. D' Alessandro of Alexander Dat. Ad Alessandro to Alexander *6 See note 5. t It is a general rule, that Di serves for the genitive, A for the dative, Da for the ablative ; yet we sometimes use the one for the other; as, Si senti dentro di dolcezza oppresso E di pieloso affetto tocco il core. (Ariosto.) Here Di is used instead of Da. A is sometimes used instead of Di, as, In abito di peregrini ben forniti a danari e gioje (Bocc. 3. 9.) Some- times instead of Da, Amendue gli fece pigliare a tre suoi servitori (Bocc. 2. 6.) Dais likewise sometimes used instead of A, as, Vimenerb da lei l e son certo ch? elia vi conosera Bocc. 2, 10.) ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 35 Ace. Alessandro Alexander Voc. ^Alessandro or O Alessandro Alexander Abl. Da Alessandro from or by Alexander. It is a very difficult matter to determine when we must make use of the indefinite Article. Custom is the only rule in this point, as in many others. Some lay it down as a general rule, that all proper names take the indefinite Article. Although this rule is subject to many excep- tions, yet it may be of some use. For this reason : Dio, or Iddio, God (Iddio is used only in the nomina- tive,) is declined with the indefinite Article, because he is only one, except when it is preceded by an adjective, a pronoun, or followed by some words which imply posses- sion and dominion.* Papa, on the contrary, when it stands by itself as a substantive, takes the definite Article, II Pap ace fe sol-en- nemente celebrare le sponsalizie (Bocc. 2. 3.) But when it is followed by a proper name, it is used with the indefinite Article ; as, Papa Bonifazio, Papa Benedetto, etc. Di Papa Bonifazio, Di Papa Benedetto, etc. Likewise, Santo, Santa, Prate, Suora, Monsignore, etc. admit of the 'definite article, when they stand alone, as U Santo, La Santa, II Prate, la Suora, etc. but they take the inde- finite Article, when they are joined to a substantive, as * The following examples from Metastasio confirm what I ha.e as- serted above : Ecco it fin de* medvagj, Iddio gli soffre Felici un tempo. Lode al gran Dio che oppresse Gli empj nemici suoi. Tutto son pieno Tutto del vostro Dio. Altri non amo, Non conosco altro Dio, che il Dio d 1 Jibramo. 36 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. San Pietro, Santa Teresa, Fra Bernardo, Suor Serafina, Monsignor Delia Casa, etc.* Pietro, Antonio, Vittoria, Elizabetta, and other proper names, take the indefinite Article, except when they de- note an individual distinction, or a particular appellation, especially the author or subject of some composition: For instance, La Fiammetta del Boccaccio, La Merope del Maffei, L* Orlando delV Afiosto, V Aminta del Tas- so, U Temistocle, del Metastasio. We say also, I Danti, I Petrarchi, I Tassi, in the plural ; observe, however, that when we put the names before the surnames, then we make use of the indefinite Article, even when we speak of an author, as Lodovico Ariosto, Torquato Tasso, Pietro Metastasio, etc.f * Observe that Santo, Frate, Suora, Monsignore, are abridged. We likewise abridge Uno, hello, buono, grande, quelle, and say, Un mese, bel soggiorno, buon pane, gran teatro, quel libro : but when the aforesaid words are followed by a noun beginning with an S impura, or a Z, they admit of no abridgement, and we say, Santo Stefano, Prate Zenobio, Bello Studio, and so on. When they precede a word beginning with a vowel, they take an apostrophe, thus, SanV Antonio, QueWuomo, Grand? amico, and so forth. This last is abridged both in the masculine and feminine gender, both in the singular and plural number : for we say, Gran palazzo, gran casa, gran palazzi, gran case. In short, we generally cut off the last vowel, when it is preceded by L, M, N, R, a.s,facil sog- getto, farem cost, men caro, cuor generoso, instead of facile so g getto, far emo cosi, meno caro, cuore generoso, though it would not be a fault to say, fa- cile soggetto, etc. Hence it appears how false is the charge of monotony, which some foreigners bring against the Italian language, imagining that all the Italian words end in a vowel. There is a verse in Petrarch containing eight different words, and there are but two ending in^ a vowel. The verse is the following. Fior frond'' erb' 1 ombr 1 antr 1 ond? aure soavi. t What has been said concerning the names and surnames, may be ^observed in the following stanza of Ariosto: La, Bernardo Capel, la veggo Pietro Bembo, che il puro, e dolce idioma nostro Levatofuor del volgaruso tetro, Quale esser dee, ci ha col suo esempio mostro. Gaspar Obizi e quel che li vien dietro Ch 1 ammira, e osserva il si ben speso inchiostro ; Io veggo il Fracastero, il Bevazzano, Trifon Gabriele, e il Tasso piu lontano. ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 37 The proper names of towns are used with the indefinite article, a?, Londra, Parigi, Roma, etc. Di Londra, di Parigi, di Roma, and so on. We must except some few which admit of the definite Article, as, U Cairo, La Mi- randola, H Borgo San Sepolcro, and perhaps a few more. The proper names of the parts of the world, of king- doms, countries, islands,* rivers, etc. may be used either with the definite or with the indefinite Article. When we intend to mark the materials of which any thing is composed, we make use of the indefinite genitive, and say, U mortajo di pietra, La ghirlanda d'alloro, Le collonne di porfido, etc. provided we take such materials in a general and indeterminate manner. We likewise make use of the indefinite genitive when we speak of an employment, or office in an indeterminate manner ; as, Gli uomini di corte, I soldati di guardia, etc. The indefinite genitive is also used when we speak of a thing contained within another, as, Una cassa dizucchero, Una botte di vino, etc., or when we intend to denote the possession, or the belonging of one thing to another ; as, II padron di casa, II re di Francia, La sala di West- minster. When in English some before a noun is either expressed or understood, we make use of the definite genitive Del, Del- lo, Delia, as, Portaiemi del pane, Datemi delta earned etc. * With respect to islands some of them admit as well of the definite, as of the indefinite Article ; as, Corsica, or La Corsica, Sardegna, or La Sardegna, etc. Some admit only of the ;definite Article, as, H Giglio, VElba, La Gorgona : some ethers take only the indefinite, as, Cipri, Corfu, Majorca, Minorca, Malta, Lipari, Negroponte. f Sometimes we omit the Article, and say, o mangio care, Egli bete vinG, or, lo non mangio came, Egli non beve vino. 4 38 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. PRAXIS UPON ARTICLE^. Without a* friend the world j is but | a wilderness. Senza amico m. mondo m. \ non e che \ deserto m* Prosperity! gains friends, and adversity | tries them. Prosperitd f. procura amici m. avversitd f. | liprova* y Honour, like life, when once lost never returns. Onore m. come vita f. perduto mai ritorna* Man | is but | a composition of good and evil ; dia- Uomo | non e che | composto bene male ; dia- monds have flaws, and roses have thorns ; the sun manti m. lianno maglie f. rose f. lianno spine f. sole m. has its shade, and the moon her spots. ha sua ombra f. luna f. sue macchie f. To-day ought to be the disciple of yesterday : it is a doverebbe essere discepolo m. e great advantage to learn, what is to be avoided gran vantaggio m. imparare quel che e da sfuggirsi .by the misfortunes of others. disgrazie f. altri m. Pride | should be | by young men carefully avoided, Superbia f, j dovrebbe essere \ giovani m. evitata by old men utterly despised, and by all men suspected vecchj m. sprezzata tutti uomini sospettata and feared, temuta. * A, Uno for the masculine, and una for the feminine. | In English, when nouns are taken in their widest sense, as, Pros- perity, Honour, Man, Philosophy, etc. they are declined with the indefi- nite Article ; but in Italian they are always declined with the definite Article. ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 39 are wanting | to poverty, but all things mancano \ povertd f. tutte cose Some things cose f. are wanting to avarice. avarizia f. Beauty without virtue is like poison concealed in] a Bellezza f. senza virtu f. e come veleno m. nascosto gold box. oro scatola f. To be angry is to revenge the faults of others upon Andare in collera e vendicare falli m. altri m. sopra ourselves. noi stessi. The satisfaction derived from revenge is only momen- soddisfazione f. derivata vendetta f. e momen- tary; but that which | is to be gained | from clemency tanea ma quella che \ si acquista \ clemenza f. lasts for ever. dura per sempre. The first duty of a sovereign is to consider every primo dovere m, sovrano m. e di considerare ogni thing, and to remember that he has himself two sove- cosa f. ricordarsi die egli ha due sov- reigns, God and the Law. rani Dio ^ e gg e f* This is a law that should be observed betwixt Questa e legge f. che doverebbe essere osservata fra the giver and the receiver : the one should instantly donatore m. ricevitore m. uno doverebbe forget the 2 benefit he has conferred, and the other should dimenticare benefizio m. che ha conferito altro doverebbe always have it in remembrance, averlo in memoria, 40 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. Our passions are like the seas agitated by the winds ; Nostre passioni f. sono come mari m. agitati venti m» and as God has set bounds to these, so should we to those : ha post o limit i m. questi, cosinoi dovremmo quelle I so far they shall go and no farther | } si avanzeranno tanto, e non piu. \ Philosophy is then only valuable, when | it serves J for Filosojia f. 6 serve the law of life, and not for the ostentation of science. legge f* vita f. ostentazione f* scienza f. OF THE NOUN. The Noun, called by the ancient Latins, the name by which things are understood*, is commonly divided into substantive and adjective. The substantive is that which can stand by itself in the sentence without the help of any other noun ; for instance, Casa, Chiesa are substan- tive nouns ; because they can subsist by themselves with- out expressing whether the house is handsome or ugly, whether the church is large or small ; and for this reason they are called substantives, bearing a resemblance to the substance defined by philosophers, that which subsists by itself. The adjective is a word added to a substantive, to express its quality, as Un uomo buono, un panno nero. Sometimes the substantive is understood, as when we say, Ibuoni amano la virtil; il nero di questo panno non mi piace. In the former example we understand uomini, in the latter colore, they may therefore be calledjftdjectives converted into substantives, or used like substantive^ * Vocabidunij per quod res intelligentur. ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 41 The substantive nouns are divided into common, and pro- per: commonly called, likewise, appellatives, are those which may be appropriated to many things, as, Uomo, Citta, Flume, which may be applied to all men, cities, and rivers. Proper names are those which are peculiar to one thing or person only, as, Parigi, Firenze, Carlo, Alessandro. Adjective nouns are those which express the quality of a substantive- Now as the quality may be expressed in three different degrees, viz. simply, without any augmentation or diminution, as, Buono, Cattivo, Grande, Piccolo; or with some augmentation or diminution, as, Migliore, Peggiore, Maggiore, Minore ; and, finally, with all the excess of augmentation or diminution, as, Ottimo, Pessimo, Gran- dissimo, Piccolissimo : so the first are called positives, the second comparatives, the third superlatives. As in the Italian language not every positive has its own compara- tive (which is mostly the case in English), our language not admitting of Bello, Belliore, Savio, Saviore, as the English say, handsome, handsomer, wise, loiser, we are forced to have recourse to piil to augment the positive, as E cosa pericolosa il Jidarsi a uno piii forte di noi (Sal v.), and to meno to diminish it, as, Quanto ciascuna e men bella di lei, Tanto cresce il desio che mHnnamora. (Petr.) It must be observed here, that in our comparisons we chiefly use the preposition di, where the English make use of than, and the French of que* : and in this we imi- tate the Greek language. * We sometimes make use of che in our comparisons ; but only before a verb, an adjective, or an adverb ; as, Le cose malfatte, e di gran lunga passate sono troppo piu agevoli a riprendere, che ad emendare (Bocc. 4. 3.) Egli epiugialloj che bianco; e meglio tardi, che max. 4* 42 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. When we mean to heighten or lessen our comparisons, we say, via piu, via meno, assai piu, assai meno, molto piu, molto meno ; as, L? Asia e via piu, or assai piu, or molto piupopolata delV Europa. L? Africa e via meno, or assai meno, or molto meno popolata delV Europa*. The superlatives in the Italian language (some few ex- cepted)! are formed from the positive, changing the last vowel into issimo, if masculine, into issima, if feminine, as, Bello, Bellissimo, Bella, Bellissima\ ; and this might be called superlative absolute, because it expresses a quality in the highest degree without any relation to any other thing, and is rendered in English very handsome. But when the English put before the adjective the particle most, and say, the most handsome, or the handsomest, then the Italians express this superlative thus, Tlpiil hello, ha piu bella ; as, Discolorato hai, Mortc, ilpiu bel volto Che mai si vide, (Petr.) Deh conservate La piu bella opera vostra, etemi Dei ! (Metas.) This superlative may be called relative, because it ex- presses the quality in the highest degree, with relation to another thing. We sometimes repeat the positive, and then it is con- sidered as a superlative : Elle si vorrebbon vive vive metier nel fuoco (Bocc. 5. 10.) Basi, e diventb piccin piccino (Buon.) * There is another sort of comparison, which is as follows : II mio amico e si, or cost, or tanto, or altrettanto fedele, quanta il vostro : ^ My friend is as faithful as yours. We may likewise leave out si, cosi, tan- to, altrettanto, and say, II mio amico efedele quanto il vostro. t The superlatives, which are not formed from the positives, are Ot- timo, Pessimo, Massimo, Minimo, Supremo, Injimo, and perhaps a few others, which are taken from the Latin. I Celebre, integro, salubre, make celeberrimo, integerrimo, saluberrimo. ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 43 The superlative adverbs are composed by changing the last vowel of the superlative noun into amente ; as, from Poverissimo, Poverissimamente, from Felicissimo, Felicis- simamente ; except benissimo, ottimamente, and perhaps a few more, which I do not now remember. The nouns both substantive and adjective admit of some augmentation or diminution in their own simple and positive signification by adding certain syllables to the end ; and this is a beauty peculiar to the Italian language. They admit of an augmentation by changing the last vowel into one, ona, otta, occio, occia, actio, accia; as, from uomo we make uomone, or rather omone, and omaccione, a very bulky man ; uombtto, uomoccio, or rather omotto, omacciotto, omoccio, a tallish stout fellow ; uomaccio, or omaccio, ominaccio, a tall, clumsy, and worthless fellow : from donna we make donnona, or rather donnone*, a stout manly woman, donnota, donnoccia, a woman rather tall and stout ; donnaccia, an impudent and despicable woman. Observe that the two last terminations actio, accia, are always used to imply contempt; whereas, the others are only augmentative, and convey no bad meaning. Our language abounds with diminutives. We make use of them to shew either contempt or kindness. The diminutives of contempt commonly end in uccio\, upola, aglia, ame, icciatto, icciuolo, icciuola ; as, uomuccio, or omuccio, a little insignificant fellow; casupolaa. small con- * Although we often hear in common conversation, donnona, campa- nona, etc. yet the best authors, and those who speak properly, use to make them masculine ; as for instance, Tu sei un bel donnone Da non trovar nella tua beltafondo. (Berni.) Suonate it campanone, ecco it consiglio Delle vedove ch'entra. (Buonarroti.) f Uccio is sometimes a diminutive of kindness ; as, U mio caro vecchi- nccio, my poor old man. 44 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. temptible house ; gentaglia, gentame, the dregs of the people ; uomicciato, or omicciatto, omicciatolo, a poor sil- ly fellow ; libricciuolo, or libercolo,. a small insignificant book ; donnicciuola, a contemptible little woman. The diminutives of kindness end in iwo, etto,ello r in the mascu- line, and in ina, etta, ella, in the feminine ; as, Poverino, poveretto, poverella ; poverina, poveretta, poverella, poor creature, or poor little creature. There are a great many more diminutives in the Italian language, which it would be too tedious to mention. We have even diminutives of diminutives ; as, Bambinelluccio, vecchiettino, veccMarellino,\x\&. the like; but these things will be better learned by practice, the master of all lan- guages ; usus teplura docebit. In the Italian language, nouns, both substantive and adjective, have a different termination in the plural. The rule is as follows ; the nouns ending in A in the singular (if feminine, as they chiefly are) end in E in the plural ; as, Donna, Donne, Princippessa, Principesse, etc. If they are masculine, their plural ends in I, as Poeta, Poeti, Profeta, Profeti, etc. All nouns ending in E, or O, in the singular, whether masculine or feminine, terminate in Jin the plural ; as Padre, Padri, Madre, Madri, Maes- tro, Maestri*, Mano, Mani, etc. We must except from this rule a few nouns, which, ending in E in the singular, retain the same termination in the plural ; as, Spezie, Effigie, Superficie, Requie, and perhaps a very few others, if any. The nouns which end. in 1" in the singular, such as, Dio- cesi, Ipotesi, Estasi, Antitesi, Metamorfosi, etc. are not subject to any variation in the plural, and the difference of the number is sufficiently pointed out by the article. * Uomo makes uomini in the plural, and not Uomi. ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 45 Monosyllables and nouns which have an accent upon their last vowel never vary in the plural : and we say, il Re La Cittd, La Virtu, in the singular ; and i Re Le Cittd, Le Virtu, in the plural. These nouns are curtail- ed, originally being Cittade, or Cittate, Virtude, or Vir- tute,Rege, etc. which are now little used, except in poetry. Farebbe il suo dolor pietade a un sasso. (Metas.) iMm e vera pietade Quella che mostra, no, ma cmdeltade. (Menage.) E V esser da te vinte, e in guerra dome Recansi a gloria le provincie, e i Regi. (Tasso.) Some masculine nouns admit of a double singular, as y Cavaliere, Cavaliero, Console, Consolo, Destriere, Destri- ero, Leggiere, Leggiero, Pensiere, P ensiero ,Mestiere,Mes- tiero, etc. but their plural is always in 7, according to the rule above fixed for the nouns ending in E or in O in their singular. There are some, feminine nouns which have a double singular and a double plural; as Frode, Froda, Fronde, Fronda, Ale, Ala, Arme, Arma, Lode, Loda, Canzone, Canzona*. They make in the plural, Frodi, Frode, Frondi, Fronde, Mi, Ale, Armi, Arme, Lodi, Lode, Can- oni, Canzone. These nouns are always feminine in both their singulars and both their plurals. There are, however, others which have at the same time two singulars and two plurals, one masculine, the other feminine; as, II fonte, La fonte, II folgore, Lafol- gore, II fine, La fine, U carcere, La carcere ; and in the plural, I fonti, Le fonti, etc. There are besides some nouns, which, though they have only one singular, have however a double plura^ * I do not find Canzona very much used by the best authors ; yet it is very common all over Tuscany. 46 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. one masculine, the other feminine ; as Castello, Braccio? Labbro, Osso, Ciglio, Dito, Filo, Ginocchio, Corno, Grido, Lenzuolo, Membro, Legno, etc. which make in the plural, I castelli, and Le castella, I bracci, Le brac- elet, I labbri, Le labbra, and so on. Finally, some nouns want the singular, and others want the pJural ; for instance, Esequie, Nozze, Vanni*, Spezie (when it means aromati), Rent, are without singular; Niuno, Nessuno, Veruno, Ciascuno, Qualche, Qualcuno, Ciascheduno, Ognuno, Qualunque, Qualsivoglia, Ogni, are without plural; although they commonly say in Tus- cany, Ognisanti, Nessuni, etc. We likewise read in Boc- caccio, / miei affanni ogni altri trapassano ; and in Pe- trarch, Addormentato in qualche verdi boschi. But in this they are not to be followed. The nouns ending in Co or in Go, in the singular, if you except Porco, which makes Porci, take an H in the plural, when either of these two terminations is preceded by a consonant; as, Solco, Solchi; Arco, Arclii ; Albergo, Alberghi, etc. but when Co and Go are preceded by a vowel they are then turned sometimes into Ci and Gi, sometimes j.nto Chi and Ghi, for which there is no fixed rule, it depending entirely on practice ; for instance, Canonico or Calonaco (as they say in Tuscany,) Nemico, Medico, Monaco, Istorico, make in the plural Canonici or Cahnaci, Nemici, Medici, Monad, Istorici. On the con- trary, Antico, Cieco, Abbaco, Fico, Fuoco, make in the plural Antichi, Ciecki, Abbachi, Fichi, Fuochi. Mago, Astrologo, Sparago, make in the plural Magi, Astrologi, Sparagi; and Drago, Spago, Ago, Piego, Intrigo, make Draghi, Spaghi, Aghi, Pieghi, Intrighi, etc. * Vanni is only a poetical word : Si che al mio volo Vim addoppi i vanni (Petr.) ITALIAN GRAMMAR, 47 The feminine nouns ending in Ca or Ga, are subject to no irregularity ; they all end in Che and in Ghe, in the plural; therefore Musica, Parca, Verga, Spranga, etc. make in the plural Musiche, Parche, Verghe, Sprange y etc. We sometimes make use of foreign names ending in a consonant : as Alatiel, Natan, etc. These in their own natural termination without any change are indeclinable, and we should say, Molte Alatiel, Molti Natan, etc. but when we give them an Italian termination, as Alatielle, Natanno, etc. which is very often the case ; as, for exam- ple, we say, Gerusalemme, Gabriello, Rafaello, etc. they then become declinable, and are governed by the same rule as other Italian names. With respect to the gender of substantive nouns, al- though there is no general rule how to form the feminine from the masculine* yet when they end in A in the sin- gular, we often make the feminine gender in essa; as, II poeta, La poetessa, II profeta, La prof et essa, etc. Those ending in E sometimes are turned into the feminine gen- der by changing E into essa ; as, II principe, La princi- pessa; sometimes only changing E into .4; as, II marchese, La marchesa, II padrone, La Padrona, etc. When the-masculine nouns ends in tore; as, Impcratore, Elettore, etc. the feminine often ends in trice, as, Impera- trice, Elettrice, etc. With respect to the adjectives which in English are indeclinable, and in Italian declinable, there is a general rule how to form the feminine from the masculine. Those adjectives which in the masculine end in O must always end in A in the feminine, as, Caro padre , Cara madre. Those which end in E in the masculine do not alter their termination in the feminine ; and we say as well, Verde 48 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. prato, as, Verde Pianta, though one is masculine and the other feminine. There are some adverbs of quantity, as, Tanto, Molto, Troppo, which often become adjectives, and agree with the substantive, not only in the number, but also in the gender ; as, Tanta gente, molte persone, troppi affarL On the contrary, there are adjectives, which sometimes be- come adverbs. Thus Guarini says in his Pastor Fido : Che se ben dritto miro Questi beni mortally Mtro non son che mali. And Tasso : Come i ministri al duro officio intenti Vide ; precipitoso urtb le genti. Dritto is for drittamente, precipitoso for precipitosamentCc There are nouns which denote number, and are called numeral : they are divided into cardinal or absolute, or- dinal, distributive, and collective. Cardinal # or absolute, are those that imply number absolutely ; as Uno,Una, Due,] Tre, Quattro, Cinque, Sei, Sette, Otto, Nove, Died, Undid, Dodici, Tredici, Quat- tordici, Quindici, Sedici, Diciassette, Diciotto, Didanove, Venti, Ventuno,\ Ventidue, etc. Trenta, Quarranta, Cin- * They are called Cardinal from the Latin word Car do, being the foundation and origin of other numbers. f We often hear in Florence Dua instead of Due, there is no instance of it in good authors. In poetry we often meet with Duo and Dui ; as, Lo splendor feri gli occhi ai duo fratelli. (Petr. ) Di lei degno egli, e degna ella di lui, Ne meglio s'accoppiaro unqu 1 altri dui. (Ariosto.) | Observe, that when the number Ventuno, Trentuno, etc. precedes a substantive, the substantive is always singular ; as, Ventuno Studo, Trenturf anno ; but when the number follows the substantive, then the substantive is plural ; as, Tennemi Amove anni ventuno ardendo. (Petr.) ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 49 quanta, Sessanta, Settanta, Ottanta, Norfanta, Cento, Du- gento, Trecento, Mille, Duemila, Millione, etc. These are ( commonly adjectives ; for we say, Un uomo, Una donna. Due fratelli, Tre sorelle, Cento persone, etc. though they are sometimes used substantively ; as L'uno, 11 due, II tre, etc. and at play we say, Tre cinqui, Tre setti, Tre novi, etc. Ordinal numbers are those which point out the order and the place of one thing with respect to another ; as, Primo > Secondo, Terzo, Quarto, Quint o, Sesto, Settimo, Ottavo, Nono, Decimo, Undecimo, Duodecimo, Decimoterzo, Decimo quarto, etc. Ventesimo, Ventesimo primo, etc. Trentesimo, Quara?itesimo, Cinquantesimo, Sessantesimo, Settantesimo, Ottantesimo, Novantesimo, Centesimo, Mil- lesimo, Penidtimo, Ultimo. These are commonly adjec- tives ; for we say, II primo tomo, La Seconda edizione. La ierza volta, etc. It is true that we sometimes say, Un terzo, Un quarto, Un quint o, etc. These are called distributives. . Lastly, the collectives are those which express a deter- minate quantity; as, Una decina, una ventina,un centinajo, unmigliajo, etc. These are always substantives. PRAXIS UPON NOUNS. Among the precepts and aphorisms admitted by general Fra precetto m. aforismo in. ammesso consent, and inculcated by frequent repetition | there consenso m. inculcato frcquente ripetizione f. | non ve is none | so famous amongst the masters of ancient wisdom, fi*e alcuno | cosifamoso maestro m. antico sapienzaf. quanta as that compendious lesson : | Know thyself.* | quello succinto lezione f. \ Conosci te stesso. \ * Nosce te ipsum. \ 5 50 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. Superficial pecfiple are more agreeable the first time ( Superficiale gente f. e piacevole primo voltaf. \ you are | in* their company, than ever afterwards : men che voi siete | loro compagnia f. dipoi uomo of judgment improve every succeeding conversation ; giudizio m, piacciono piii ogni successive) conversazione/. beware therefore of judging by one interview. guardatevi dunque giudicare abboccamento m. People are very apt to compare their present situation Alcuni sono inclinato paragonare loro presente stato m. with the best that is past, or with a better of other con\ migliore che e passato altri people ; whereas quite the contrary would always laddove contrario sarebbe sempre be more politic, and generally more reasonable. politico ragionevole. Men and statutes that are admired in an elevated situa- Uomo statuaf. che sono ammirato elevato situa- tion have a very different effect upon us when we zione f. hanno differente effetto m. noi ci approach them. The first, appear less than | we accostiamo primo sembrano \ ce imagined them, | the last greater. li figurammo | | ultimo grande. Learning is, like mercury, one of the most powerful Scienza f. potente * When there is an article after the preposition in, we do not say In ilj in lo, in la, etc. but nel, nello, nella, etc. as, Nel prato, nello studio, nelP amove, nella campagna, and in the plural, JW, or nei pratif negli studj 9 negli amori, nelle campagne. f When aft.er con there is the article il, or V, we say col, and coW in 1 singular, as, Col ssnno, colV amove, and coi, or co\ and cogli, or con gli the plural ; as, Coi, or co' paventi, cogli, or con gli amid. the in ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 51 and excellent things in the world in skilful hands ; in eccellente cosa f. mondo m. jperito manof. unskilful, the most mischievous. imperito pericoloso, A man writes very often much better | than he lives : | scrive spesso meglio \ die non vive | he proposes his schemes of life in a state of abstraction propone piano m. vita f. stato m. astrazionef. and disengagement, exempt from the enticements of hope, libertd f. lusinga f. speranza f. the solicitations of affection, the importunities of appetite, instigazione f. affetto m. importunita, f. appetito m. or the depressions of fear, and is in the same state avvilimento m. timore m. e medesimo stato m. | with him that | teaches upon land the art of navigation, ( di chi | insegna terra f. arte f. navigazione f, to whom the sea is always smooth, and the wind always cui mare m. e sempre tranquillo vento m. prosperous. favorevole. It is good for a man to wish the best, to meditate upon* JEJ' bene per uomo desiderare meditare su the worst, and patiently to suffer whatsoever j may soffrire qualunque cosa happen. | | accade \ We should take a prudent care for the future, | but so Dovremmo prendere cura f. per\futuro m. \ ma in * When this preposition su is followed by the article il, instead of saying su il in the singular and su i in the plural, Ave say sidy and s«', or sui ; as, Sul prato, su J , or suiprati. t See the next note. 52 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. as to enjoy | the present; | it is no part of wisdom j maniera di godere \ presente m. \ non e da uomo savio \ to be miserable to-day, because | we may happen to be essere \ possiamo esserlo j so j to morrow. A man | should never be ashamed | to own, he has j non dovrebbe max vergognarsi \ di confessare che ha been in the wrong, | which is but saying | in other words, sbagliato | lo che vuol soltanto dire | altro parola f. that he is wiser to-day | than he was | yesterday. \ che egli e savio | che non era | As men are sometimes in an admirable frame and dispo- uomo sono alcuno volta f. sition of mind, it should be one of the greatest tasks of mentef. dovvrebbe essere impresaf. wisdom | to keep ourselves so, | and never to go out of sapienza f. | il conservarci cosi \ allontanarci that which is the agreeable part of our character. da quello che e parte f. carattere m. What sculpture is to a block of marble, education | is Quel che sculptura I pezzo m. marmo m. educazione \ loe | to a human soul. The philosopher, the saint, the hero, | umano animaf. jilosofo m. santo m. eroe m. the wise, the good, or the great man lies hid and concealed savio buono grande uomo stanno nascosto celato in a plebian, which a proper education might have plebeo m. che proprio educazione f. avrebbe potuto disinterred and brought to light. disotterrare produrre luce f. Anciently the Romans worshipped virtue and honour Romano m, adoravano virtu f. onore m. ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 53 as gods : | whence it was that | they built two temples, dio m. | percib \ fabbricarono tempio m. i which were so situated, that none could enter the tem- qualierano talmente situatiche nessuno poteva entrare tem- ple of honour without passing through the temple of virtue. pio m. senza passare per* tempio m. There is a mean in all things ; even virtue itself Vi e mezzo m, tutto cosaf. jino virtu f. stesso has its stated limits, which not being strictly observed, ha stabilito limite m. i quali non essendo osservato it ceases to be virtue. ella cessa di essere. Some old men by continually praising the time of their Alcuno vecchio m. lodando tempo m. loro youth would almost | persuade us, | that there were no gioventit f. vorrebbero | persuaderci | che non vi erano fools in their days ; but unluckily | they are left them- sciocco m. loro giorno m. ma | essi sono stati lasci- selves | for examples. ati | esempio m. When we are very young, we have scarcely an idea of siamo giovane m. abbiamo idea f. becoming old ; when we are old, we have scarcely a diventar vecchio m. '■ remembrance of having been young. ricordanza essere stati | We are always complaining | that our days are few 9 Ci lamentiamo continuamente \ die nostro giorno m. sono and | acting as if there would be no end of them. | poco operiamo come se non dovessero aver max fine. I * When the preposition per is followed by the article U, we say, Pel, pe*, or pei : as, pel tempio, pe\ or pei tempj. 5* 54 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. Man is the only creature endowed with the power of e solo creatura f. dotato (turn it of tke)potenzaf. laughter ; | is he not | also the only one that deserves to riso m. | non e egli \ solo che merita d? be laughed at? essere deriso. OF THE PRONOUN. I now enter upon a very intricate subject, Buommattei himself has not treated it with sufficient perspicuity. I shall endeavour to explain it in the clearest manner I can. A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun, as its sub- stitute, or representative*. Pronouns are divided into four principal classes, viz. personal, possessive, demonstrative, and relative. OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. Personal pronouns are those which denote persons, and are used instead of them. There are three persons which maybe the subject of any discourse : the person who * Pronoun is derived from the Latin Pro, instead, and Nomen, noun. It sometimes happens, that we pass over in silence some names, either from motives of respect, or hatred, or for elegance, and often through ne- cessity. The name is not mentioned out of reverence and respect in the two following examples : A riverenza di colui, a cui tutte le cose vivono. (Bocc.) Chi per tante Ignote solitudini infeconde Ci guidj, ci nutrl, potremo adesso Temer che n' abbandoni ? (Metast.) In the following verses of Tasso the name is omitted through hatred : Or colui regge a suo voler le slelle, E noi siam giudicate alme rubelle. ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 55 speaks, and is expressed by the pronoun, Io : Io veggio il meglio, ed al peggior m? appiglio. — (Pet.) The person whom we speak to, and is expressed, by the pronoun, Tu : Tu vedrai Italia, e V onorata riva. — (Petr.) The person we speak of, and is expressed, by the pronoun Egli, if of the masculine gender ; by the pronoun Ella, if of the feminine: Venne imaginandosi, cli* Ella fosse sua moglie, Egli sud marito. — (Varchi.) But as those who speak, the persons spoken to, and the persons spoken of, may be many, so each of them has a plural number : Io has for its plural, Noi, Tu has Vox; the plural of Egli and Ella, is Eglino, Elleno; as will be seen more distinct- ly by what follows. First Person of both Genders*, Sing. Nom. M I Gen. Di me of me Dat. A me to me Ace. Me me Abl. Da me from me Plur. Nom. Noi% we Gen. Di noi of us * It is needless to point out the sex in the first and second persons, for they are supposed to be present, and therefore their sex is common- ly known ; but, as the third person may be absent, and in many re- spects unknown, a distinction of gender seems to be necessary. f Io is often abridged both in verse and in prose, but especially in verse : I E Varco, e le saette, ond? ifuipunto* (Petr.) Qual donna cantera, «' V non canV io ? (Bocc.) Remark in this last verse Io, twice repeated with a great deal of ele- gance and energy. J You will sometimes find in poetry ^i« used instead of Noi, for the sake of rhyme : Facciam noi quel che si pub far per nui. (Ariosto.) 56 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. Dat. A noi to us Ace. Noi us Abl. Da noi from us We make use of the particle Mi in the third and fourth case of the singular, instead of a me, and me; as, Voi mi prometteste di farmi parlare con la donna vostra, e mi avete fatto parlare con una statua di marmo — (Bocc; 3. 5.); that is to say, Voi prometteste a me, etc. and me avete fatto parlare, etc. Ci, serves in the third and fourth case of the plural, instead of a noi and noi ; as, Corre- ranno alle case, e V avere ci ruheranno — (Bocc. 1.2.); that is to say, ruheranno a noi. &icuramente se tu ieri ne afflig- gesti, tu ci hai oggi tanto diliticate — (Bocc. 1. 1 ) ; that is to say, hai diliticate noi. Ne is now and then made use of in the third and fourth case of the plural number. In the fourth case, it is used in the foregoing example, Se tu ieri ne affiiggesti, that is to say, affiigesti noi, and in the. third it is used in the follow- ing : II mandarlo fuori di casa nostra cost infermo ne so- rebbe gran biasimo ; that is to say, sarebbe a noi gran bi- asimo. This particle ne, instead of a noi and noi is still more used in poetry than in prose. Exam. Che non ambiziosi avari affetlL Ne spronaro alV impresa, o ne fur guida. (Tasso.) Perche con lid cadra quella speranza, Che ne fe vaneggiar si Inngamente. (Petr.) And Annibal Caro in his excellent translation of the iEneid, where Virgil says, Troius JEneas tua nos ad limina misit, renders it thus : Quel Trojano Enea, CW a te ne manda. ITALIAN GRAMMAR. Second Person of both Genders. Sing. Nom Tu* thou Gen. Di te of thee Dat. A. te to thee Ace. Te thee Abl. Da te from thee Plur. Nom Voi\ ye or you Gen. Di voi of you Dat. A voi to you Ace. Voi you Abl. Da voi from vou 57 Ti serves for the third and fourth case in the singular, and vi for the third and fourth case in the plural; as, Ora viene quel tempo, net quale ti potro chiaramente mostrare, se io ti amo— (Bocc. 3. 5.); that is to say, Potro jnostrare a te, se io amo te. Quando di venir vi piaccia. Ellavi attenderd in casa sua — (Bocc. 2. 5.) ; that is to say, Quan- do piaccia a voi. Ella attenderd voi, etc. Third Person for the masculine Gender, Sing. Nom. Egli\, or Esso^ he Gen. Di lui, or di Esso of him * The ancients often used /we for tu: Perche ti rarnmarichi tue ch? io mi porta da te ? — (Boee. 3. 6.) f The poets sometimes use Via instead of Voi, as they use J\~ui in- stead of JVbi : In questo stato son, donna, per vui. (Petr.) It is very common in Tuscany to say, Vd* and AV instead of Voi and JVbi; as, Vo' parlate bene Italiano. L \o,siamostatia vedere la Gaileria, etc. t We sometimes find EUo, Ei, and £', instead of Egli, or Esso, and especially in poetry. Exam. E rallegrisi il del, or' EHo e gito. (Petr.) Ei, die modesto e si e&aC Essa e bella, Brama assai, poco spera, e nulla chiede. (Tasso.) Ed £' si stava in se tuitc raccolto. (Petr.) § The difference between Egli and Esso, Ella and Essa, consists in tins j that Esso and Essa serve both for reasonable beings and for in- 58 ! ITALIAN GRAMMAR. Dat. A lui, or a JEsso to him Ace. Lui, or JEsso him Abl. Da lui, or da JEsso from him. Plur. Nom, JEglino* or Essi they Gen. Di loro or di Essi of them Dat. A loro, or a Essi to them Ace. Loro, or Essi them Abl. Da loro, or da Essi from them We make use of gli instead of a lui; as, Costui, quart- do tu gli sarai rincresciuta con gran vitupero di te medesi- ma, ti caccerd via — (Bocc); that is to say, quando sarai rincresciuta a lui. Likewise instead of lui, the fourth case, we make use of il, or lo ; but the last is more com- monly used by the moderns, and especially in prose. Examples: Tutti vestiti co' camici, e> co' piviali, con libri in mano, e con le croci innanzi cantando, con grandissima festa e solennita il recarono cdla chiesa — (Bocc. 1. 1.) ; that is to say, recarono lui alia chiesa, viz. Ser Ciappel- letto. Per lo comun bene della republka lo dicliiararono Re, e loro Signore — (Giov. Villani, lib. 1.) ; that is to say, dicliiararono lui, viz. Numa Pompilio. In the third case, of the plural we say, loro instead of a loro; as, lo dissi loro, lo mando loro, etc.; and serves as well for the mas- culine as for the feminine. In the fourth case of the plural animate things, and Egli and Ella serve for animate and reasonable be- ings only ; it would then be a mistake, speaking of a battle to say, Fvr rono in lei uccisi trenta mila uomini, instead of Furono in essa uccisi. Esso is sometimes an expletive, and, in that case it never changes its termination, and we say. Con esso lid, con esso lei, con esso loro, etc., cominciano a cantare, e le valli con esso loro rispondono. — (Bocc.) * I also sometimes find EM, Egli, E\ instead of Eglino or Essi. Ex. E veggio ben quant' elli a schivo ni > hanno. — (Petr.) Come eglihanno tre soldi vogliono le figliuole de' Geniiluomini. — (Bocc. 7. 8.) Coloro sono di nero vestiti, percioche e 1 non sono ancora quindici di, che tin lorfratello fu ucciso. — (Bocc. 3. 7.) ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 59 we say, gli and K, instead of loro or essi. Example : Avea tre figliuoli, e tutti e treparimente gli amava — (Bocc. 1. 13.) Tutti dunque i miei di saran, Germana, Neri cost ? Non li sperar sereni. J (Metast.) Observe that gli is made use of before the vowels, and li before the consonants . Third Person for the feminine. Ella, or Essa she Dilei, or di Essa of her A lei, or a Essa to her Lei, or Essa her Da lei, or da Essa from her. Elleno, Elle or Esse they G^n. Di loro, or di Esse of them Dat. A loro, or a Esse to them Ace. Loro, or Esse them Abl. Da loro, or da Esse from them. We make use of le in the dative singular instead of a lei; as, La donna con la sua f ante si consiglib, se ben fat- to le paresse, clC Ella ussasse quel bene die innanzi la aveva la fortuna mandato — (Bocc. 2. 2.) La*, is used in the accusative singular, instead of lei, and le in the accu- * We of.en hear in Florence, La mi scusi, la mi faccia il favor e, eta. instead of Ella mi scusi, Ella mi faccia ilfavore, e f c. Father Bartoli has laid it down as a rule, that we ought to say, La and not Ella af er the words ending in E ; such as Se, che, perche, etc. Not finding this rule observed by good authors, I do not know what to determine about it. I should rather think, that we mi^ht make an elision in the preceding word, and say, Stella vieiie, mi far a piacere, desidero, ch? ella mi scriva, etc For he who says, Ella in the first case, is sure not to be in an «ror. Sing. Norn Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl. Plur. Nom 60 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. I lo Me Mi, me Thou Tu Thee Ti,te He Egli Him Lo, gli, lui She Ella Her La, le, lei sative plural, instead of loro, or Esse] 1 . Example: H marito credulo alle altrui falsila la fa uccidere, e mangiare f7 A long experience in the use of Vergani's grammar has taught the editor the insufficiency of the rules which it furnishes for the proper understanding of the personal pronouns in the oblique cases. The fol- lowing table has always been found more intelligible by his scholars. Personal Pronouns. We Noi Us Ci, noi Ye Voi Your Vi, voi They mas. Eglino Them Li, loro ' They fern. Elleno i Them Le, loro Here it will be seen that me, thee, us, you, and Ihem, are rendered each by two words by Italian. They are ail objective, and consequent- ly subject to the government of verbs and prepositions. This govern- ment, by preposition, may be either expressed or understood, making three modes of government with only two forms of the objective, there- fore, one form must be subject to two governments. In the third person singular, there is a form for each government. Thus, Mi, Ti, Lo, La, Ci, Vi, Le, ] P luraL Mi, ^ Ti, J Gli, Le, Ci, Vi, > are governed by verbs active. are governed by prepositions understood Me, Te, Lui, Lei, Noi, Vol, Thus, give him to me. date lo a me. Loro is subject to all the governments by verbs and prepositions. are governed by prepositions expressed. But, give me the horse. datemi il cavallo. ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 61 «' lupi — (Bocc. 3. 6.) La Ninetta, che il desiderio dette sorelle sapeva, in tarda volonta di questo fatto le accese, che, etc. — (Bocc. 4. 3.) According to the above declensions, we plainly see, that in the nominative case we must make use of Io, tu, egli, ella ; it is therefore a manifest error to say, Lui mi strive spessissimo, instead of, egli mi scrive spessissimo ; Lei gode ottima salute, instead of Ella gode ottima salute, though you hear it very often in Italy, and especially out of Tuscany. There are, however, some exceptions, which I think it proper to mention. 1st. There is one in the verb essere, which, when it is placed between two pro- nouns and means the transformation of the one into the other, governs the fourth case instead of the first. Ex- ample : Credendo cK io fossi te, mi ha con un bastone tutto rotto — (Bocc. 9. 7.) 2dly, After the adverb come, or sic- come. Example : Costoro, che daW altra parte erano, sic- come lui, maliziosi, etc. — (Bocc. 2. 4.) 3dly, In exclama- tions of joy or grief, in which the personal pronoun is put in the fourth case, as in Latin : Oh Padre ! oh caro Padre ! oh mefelice ! (Metast.) Of the Pronoun Se, which serves for either Gender and Number : it wants the first and fifth Case, and signifies the Return or Reflection of the Action on any third Person. Norn. Wanting Gen. Di se of one's self, himself, or herself Dat. A se to one's self, himself, or herself Ace. Se one's self, himself, or herself Voc. Wanting Abl. Da se from one's self, himself, or herself 62 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. The particle Si stands instead of this pronoun, in the third and fourth case of both genders and numbers.* 8 Exam. Comepiuttostopote,sifecechiamare Antigono — (Bocc. 3. 6.) ; that is, fece chiamare a se. Chi a legger romanzi, cki a giuocare a? scacchi, chi a tavole, mentre gli altri dormivano, si diede — (Bocc. 9. 9.) ; that is to say, se diede. All the personal pronouns may be joined with stesso or medesimo, stessa, or medesima ; as, Io stesso, or Io medesi- mo, myself, di me stesso, or di me medesimo, of myself, and so forth. Instead of medesimo, some say, medesmo and medemo; as for medesmo, I should not scruple to make use of it in poetry, since Petrarch says, Di me medesmo meco mi vergogno : but as for medemo, though it is very common at Rome, I do not find it in good authors. Observe that all the above-mentioned particles, or con- junctive pronouns, as the generality of grammarians call them, viz. mi, ci, ne, ti, vi, lo ; gli, li; le, la, le, si, must always be joined to the verb, and for this reason they are commonly called conjunctive pronouns. We may often place them either before the verb, or after ; as, lo vedeva, or vedevalo, viprego, or pregovi, etc. but the last mode is never used in conversation, arid seldom in familiar style. When the above pronouns are put after a verb of one syllable, or a verbending inanaccented vowel, as, fa, nar- rero, etc. we take off the accent, and double in both cases the consonant of the conjunctive pronouns, and say, fam- mi, narrerotti, etc. Exam. Fammi, the puoi, delta tua grazia desrno (Petr.) Ma dond' io voglia incominciar gp incanli. E con quai modi or narrerrotti avanti. (Tasso.) *8 Si and se are subject to the same rule as mi and me* See note 7. ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 63 Gli only is excepted, which cannot be altered, and we write, and say, digli, dirbgli, etc. Observe besides, that these conjunctive pronouns, mi, ti, si, ci, vi, si, when they are followed by some particles beginning with one of these consonants, L, N, as, Lo, li, le, ne, etc. or by gli, are always changed into me, te, se, ce, ve, as, Egli promette di mandarmelo, te ne parlero domani, se ne andb a Roma, ce ne pentiremo, ve gli spedird, etc. ; gli and le in the singular become when lo follows glie, as, glielo scrivero, gliene parlero, etc. It must be moreover observed, that the Italians often use the particle ne to express of him, of her, of it, some of them, from them, by them, with them ; in short, it answers to the French particle en* When it is accented, it means neither, or nor ; as, lo non posso ne parlare, ne tacere — (Firenzuola.) • OF THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. The possessive pronouns are called so, because they denote possession. * Dans les biens que Vhomme entasse, QuHl sait peu se moderer ! II semble quHl n'en amass e Qw' a dessein d 1 en desirer. In the foregoing French verses there is en twice, and it may be ren- dered into Italian thus : Quantopoco sa Vuomo moderarsinelle ricchezze, che aduna ! Sembra, che non ne accumiili, che per maggiormente deside* 64 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. Declension of a masculine Noun with the possessive Pronoun. Sing. Norn. 11 mio, il tuo, il suo, il nostro, il vostro, My, thy, his or her, our, your, il loro libro. their book. Gen. Del mio, del tuo 1 del suo, del nostro, del Of my, of thy, of his or her, of our, of vostro, del loro libro. your, of their book. Dat. Al mio, al tuo, al suo, al nostro, al To my, to thy, to his or her, to our, to vostro, al loro libro. your, to their book. Abl. Dal mio, dal tuo, dal suo, dal From my, from thy, from his or her, from nostro, dal vostro, dal loro libro. our, from your, from their book. Plur. Nom. Imiei, i tuoi, i suoi, inostri, i vostri, i loro My, thy, his or her, our, your, their libri. books. Gen. .De' miei, de' tuoi, de' suoi, de' nostri, de' Of my, of thy, of his or her, of our, of vostri, de^ loro libri. your, of their books. Dat A* miei, d* tuoi, «' suoi, a' nostri, a? To my, to thy, to his or her, to our, to vostri, a loro libri, your, to their books. ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 65 Abl. Da? miei, da? tuoi, da? suoi,* da? From my, from thy, from his or her, from nostri, da? vostri, da? loro libri. our, from your, from their books. Declension of a feminine Noun with the possessive Pronoun. Sing. Nom. La mia, la tua, la sua, la nostra, la vostra, My, thy, his or her, our, your, la loro casa. their house. Gen. Delia mia, della tua, della sua, della nostra, Of my, of thy, of his or her, of our, della vostra, della loro casa. of your, of their house. • Dat. Alia mia, alia tua, alia sua, alia nostra, To my, to thy, to his or her, to our, alia vostra, alia loro casa. to your, to their house. Abl. Dalla mia, dalla tua, dalla sua, dalla From my, from thy, from his or her, from nostra, dalla vostra, dalla loro casa. our, from your, from their house. * The poets, for the sake of rhyme, often use tux and sui instead of tuoi and suoi. Deh ! non espor Voggetto Dei dolci affetti tux AW odio, al mo, ed agV insulti altrui. (Metast.) Nessuno e reo y Se basta a' falli sui Per difesa portar Vesempio altrui. (Idem.) 6* (56 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. Plur. Nom. Le mie, le tue, le sue, le nostre, le vostre, My, thy, his or her, our, your> le loro case, their houses. Gen. Delle mie, delle tue, delle sue, delle nostre, Of my, of thy, of his or her, of our, delle vostre, delle loro case. of your, of their houses. • Dat. Alle mie, alle tue, alle sue, alle nostre, alle To my, to thy, to his or her, to our, to vostre, alle loro case. your, to their houses. Abl. Dalle mie, dalle tue, dalle sue*, dalle From my, from thy, from his or her, from nostre, dalle vostre, dalle loro case. our, from your, from their houses. The English and the French make use of the indefinite article before the possessive pronouns. The Italians chiefly use the definite. It must however be observed, that names of quality and dignity, as, Signoria, Excellenza, Santitd, Maestd, Altez- za, Paternitd, etc. when the possessive pronoun is placed before them, require, the indefinite article, and we say, Vostra Signoria, Vostra Eccellenza, Vostra Santitd, Vos- tra Maestd, etc. di vostra Signoria, di vostra Eccellenza, etc. but when we place the pronoun after them, we then make use of the definite article ; as, La Signoria vostra, * The common people in Florence say mia instead of miei and mie, tua instead of tuoi and tue, sua instead of suoi and sue; as, Questi danari sono mia, queste cose sono tua, Vada pe' fatti sua, etc. This barbarism has even escaped the pen of some very good authors ; such as Boccac- cio, Firenzuola, etc. but in this they are by no means to be imitated. ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 67 UAltezza vostra, La Santitd vostra, etc. Delia Signoria vostra, delV Altezza vostra, etc. Names of kindred, when preceded by the possessive pronouns, either take or reject the definite article; and we may say, La mia sorella, il suo nipote, as well as, mia sorella, suo nipote, etc. except Padre and Madre, which require the indefinite Article ; but when they are followed by the possessive pronouns, or accompanied by an adjec- tive, they always take the definite article, as, H padre vos- tro, la madre mia, il fratello suo, il vostro caro padre, la mia tenera madre, ilsuo diletto frattello, etc. In the plural we always make use of the definite article, and say, Le mie sorelle, Le loro madri, Le loro Eccellenze, etc. When the possessive pronoun is accompanied by a de- monstrative, it requires the indefinite article; as, quest o vostro libro, quella sua casa, di questo vostro libro, di quella sua casa, etc. I now proceed to speak OF DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. The demonstrative pronouns are those which particu- larize or point at persons or things. Some of them de- note a person or thing near to him who speaks ; some a person or thing near to him who is spoken to ; and others a third person or thing remote from him who speaks, and from him who is spoken to. Pronouns demonstrative of a Person or Thing nearer to him who speaks than to him who is spoken to. Sing. Nom. Questi*, or questo this man, or thing * Questi is always used substantively, and in the nominative only, according to the Academicians of La Crusca, when we speak of a man. For it means this man, QuesV uomo : Exam! Questi or Macone adora, efu Crisliano. (Tasso.) 68 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. Gen. Di questo of this man, or thing Dat. A questo to this man, or thing • Ace. Questo this man or thing Abl. Da questo from this man, or thing. r. Nom. Questi these men, or things Gen. Di questi of these men, or things Dat. A questi to these men, or things Ace. Questi . these men, or things Abl. Da questi from these men, or things Feminine Gender. Sing. Nom. Questa Gen. Di questa Dat. A questa Ace. Questa Abl. Da questa this woman, or thing of this woman, or thing to this woman, or thing this woman, or thing from this woman, or thing. Plur. Nom. Quest e these women, or things Gen. Di queste of these women or things Dat. A queste to these women, or things Ace. Queste these women, or things Abl. Da queste from these, etc. Costui and Costei, which are substantive pronouns, are only used to denote persons ; the first signifies this man, the second this woman. They are declined like Questo and Questa, and in the plural they both make Costoro*. When they are used in familiar style, they generally imply dis- Questi ; that is to say, Ismeno. In the other cases we use questo, which may be used either by itself, or with a substantive.^ * Sometimes by a poetical or rhetorical fiction, inanimate things are exhibited as persons. They then become either male or female. In that case we may use Costui and Costei. Dante, speaking of Italy, personi- fies it thus : Costei ch' e fatta indomita, e selvaggia. ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 69 respect. The same must be understood of Colui and Coleu Pronouns demonstrative of a person or thing nearer to him who is spoken to, than to him who speaks. Masculine Gender. Sing. Norn. Cotesti*, Cotesto that man, or thing Gen. Di cotesto of that man or thing Dat. A cotesto to that man, or thing Ace. Cotesto that man, or thing Abl. Da cotesto from that man, or thing Plur. Nom. Cotesti those men, or things Gen. Di costesti of those men, or things Dat. A cotesti to those men, or things Ace. Cotesti those men, or things Abl. Da costesti from those men, or things Feminine Gender. Sing. Nom. Cotesta that woman, or thing Gen. Di cotesta of that woman, or thing Dat. A cotesta to that woman, or thing Ace. Cotesto that woman, or thing Abl. Da costesta from that woman, or thing Observe, that Costui and Costei are sometimes used in the genitive without an article ; as, Pargoletto poss' io nel costui regno il piede, (Petr.) that is to say, nel regno di costui meaning amore. Sallabaetto usci di casa costei, (Bocc. 8. 10.) that is to say, di casa di costei. * "What I have said of Questi is to be understood of Cotesti, which is to be used in the nominative only, to express CotesV uomo, that man. Codesto and Codesta, instead of Cotesto and Cotesta, are often used by modern authors. Therefore I wonder that they are not taken notice of by our best grammarians, such as Buommattei, Corticelli, and others. However, I should not scruple to use them, since I find them mentioned and approved of in the remarks upon BuommatteV s Grammar, which are made by eminent men, and chiefly by Scdvini, one of our best prose writers. Plur. Nom. Coteste Gen. Di coteste Dat. A coteste Ace. Coteste AW. Da coteste 70 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. those women, or things of those women, or things to those women, or things those women, or things from those women, or things We sometimes find, though not very often, Cotestui and Cotestei, both substantives, and having the same significa- tion; as, Cotestf uomo, Cotesta donna, that man, that woman. They are declined like Cotesto and Cotesta, both making Cotestoro in the plural. Pronouns demonstrative of a Person or Thing, remote from him who speaks, and from him who is spoken to. Masculine Gender, Sing. Nom. Quegli*, or Quello Plur. Quellif Gen. Di quello Di quelli Dat. A quello A quelli Ace. Quello Quelli Abl. Da Quello Da Quelli * Quegli, and sometimes quei in the nominative case, signifies queW uomo, that man. Exam. Qaegli abbisogna di poco che poco desidera.(Bocc. 10. 9.) Non edifica quei, che vuol gV imperi Su fondamenti edificar mondani. (Tasso.) t We always make use of Que 1 Quei, or Quegli, instead of quelli, when followed by a noun or pronoun. Example : Que 1 duo pien di paura, e di sospetto. (Petr.) Ecco quei che le carte empion di sogni* (Idem.) Espero un giorno DHnvolar quegli allori alle tue chiome Cola sidV are istesse, Che il timor de' mortali offre al tuo nome. (Metast.) Observe, that Ave use quegli when the noun begins with a vowel. In the singular, when quello is followed by a noun, we abridge it thus ; Quel libro, quelV uomo, etc. ITALIAN GRi LMMAR, Feminine Gender* ing. Nom. Quella Plur * Quelle Gen. Di quella Di quelle Dat. A quella A quelle ' Ace. Quella Quelle Abl. Da quella Da quelle* 71 Colui and Colei, which make in the plural Coloro, are substantives, and are used to denote persons!. They are declined like quello and quella. Observe, however, that Colui and Colei, as well as Costui and Costei, with their plurals, take no article in the genitive, when they are placed before a noun, and preceded either by a preposition or an article. We have many instances of it in Boccac- cio ; as, In colui scambio, al colei grido, nella costui ebrez- za, per gli coloro beni, per lo costoro amore, instead of, In iscambio di colui, al grido di colei, etc. Cio is a pronoun neuter, and indeclinable, which serves indiscriminately for questo, cotesto, quello ; as, Fate cio^ * I would recommend all possible attention to the use of the demon- strative pronouns. Questo and Questa correspond to the Latin hie, hcec, hoc : Cotesto, Cotesta, to iste, ista, istud : Quello and quella, to Hit, ilia, Mud. Those who were neither born in Tuscany, nor have regu- larly studied the Italian language, are liable to err in the use of the above-mentioned pronouns. When at Florence, I received the follow- ing letter from a friend at Modena : Mi obbligherete infinilamente, se mi provvederete un esemplare delle opere del Jlachiavelli ultimaniente stam~ pate iu questa citta ; ne ho fatto ricerca presso cotesii librari, e -non le ko potuto trovare, etc. It must here be observed, that he uses Questa Citta instead of cotesta Citta meaning Florence, where I then was, and cotesti librari instead of questi librari, meaning the booksellers of Modena, where the writer was. This is a great fault, and may be attended with disagreeable consequences, especially in trade, by one place being mis- taken for another. f What I have observed of Costui and Costei may be applied to Colui and Colei ; that is to say, they are sometimes used to express inanimate things by poetical fiction. Petrarch introduces death speaking thus : P son colei, si importuna, e /era Chiamata son da voi. 72 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. che vi place, Cid che vox dite evero, Eeco cid chevolevo? etc. — (Annibal Caro.) OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS. Relative pronouns are those which refer to a person, or thing, before-mentioned. They are quale, che, chi, cui. Quale, which, when it is used as a relative pronoun al- ways takes the definite article, as, H quale, la quale, del quale, della quale, etc. and relates either to a person or thing before named. Example : Con volonta, e mandato di Clemente Papa Quinto, il quale allora sedea, fu eletto in Re de' Romani — (Dav.) Una montagna, aspra, ed erta, presso alia qualeun bellissimo piano, e dilettevole e riposto. — (Bocc.) I said that quale takes the definite article* when used as a relative pronoun, because it sometimes signifies an abso- lute quality, and then it does not admit of the definite ar- ticle. Example : Seco pensando quali infra piccol termine dovean divenire — (Bocc. 6. 5.) Also when quale is used in a doubtful or interrogative manner, it requires the indefinite article, as in the follow- ing examples : Potete scegliere de 1 due, qua! piu vi place. (Bembo.) Io non so quale Poter hai tu sopra gli affetti. (Metast.) Qual utile, qualfede Sperar si pub daW oppressor di Roma ? (Idem.) When it expresses resemblance or likeness, it is used * Those who make use of the indefinite article with quale, when it is a relative pronoun, and does not imply an interrogation, are in a very great error : yet there are a good many who ignorantly write, La lettera quale io vi scrissi, instead of la quale io vi scrissi. If they are not perfect strangers to the Latin language, they ought to consider that quale with the definite article answers to the Latin, qui, quce,lquod, and without the definite article to the Latin qualis, quale. ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 73 without any article whatever, especially when it has a reference to tale, Example : Divenuto nel viso quale e la scolorita cenere — -(Firenzuola.) Tal qual or me vedete giovinetta, Quivi accompagno amore. (Am. Vis. Canto 16.) Finally, quale is used without the article when it means some, as in the following verse. E quai* morti da lid, quai presi vivi. (Petr.) Che is referred to both genders and numbers, serves to point out things as well as persons, and is declined with the indefinite articlef. When it is used in a neuter sense (but not interroga- tively) it admit* ef the definite article, and means la qual cosa, della qual CGsa, etc. Example : H che degV innamo- rati uomiui non avviene — (Bocc.) that is to say, la qual cosa, etc. Chi serves to both genders arid numbers, and signifies he who, she who, or those ioho\, Example : Chi vuol veder quantunque pub Natura, JE' I del Ira noi, vcnga a mirar costei. (Petr.) It sometimes signifies alcuno che, any who. Example : E non v 1 e chi ??i' uccida ? (Metast.) Sometimes it means chiunque, whoever. Example: Vinca chi vucle, indifferent e io sono. (Idem.) And at others,' ale imi, some. Example : A chi la speme, A chi manca il timor. (Idem.) It is always declined with the indefinite article. * Quai instead of quali. f Che is not always a relative j:>ronoun, but sometimes a conjunction, as in this example : Dille, che si consoli ; DiUe, che ??i' ami, e dille, Che parti fido Achille, Chefidotornera. (Metast) I Sometimes he who, she who, these who, those who, etc. are rendered into Italian thus : Quello che, quella che, quelli, or coloro che, etc. 7 7*4 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. Cui, which signifies quale, is of both genders and num* bers. It is one of those which the grammarians call de- fective, because its nominative is wanting. It is declined with the indefinite article, which may be suppressed when this pronoun is placed before the noun, as it appears in the following examples. Quesf uomo, i cui costumi sono degni d? un Eroe — (Salvini.) Questa fanciulla, il cui nome e Isabella le cui labbra pajono due rubinetti, etc — Bocc. Tu, cui concesse il cielo, e dielti* infato Voler il gusto, e poter cib, che vuoL (Tasso.) In the above examples, i cui costumi, is instead of i cos- tumi di cui, or del quale, il cui nome, le cui labbra, instead of il nome, le labbra di cui, or della quale, Tu, cui concesse il cielo, instead of, Tu, a cui concesse il cielo. It even seems, that in these cases the article ought to be sup- pressed.! It must be observed, that instead of del quale, della quale, di cui, di che, dal quale, dalla quale, da cui, da che, con cui, con che, per cui, etc. we often use onde, and chiefly in poetry ; as in these examples : Vane speranze, ond? io viver solea. (Petr.) DeW empia Babilonia, ond? efuggita Ogni vergogna, ond 1 ogni bene e fori. (Idem.) 77 siiono D' quei sospiri, ond\ io nudriva il core In sul mio primo giovanile error e. (Idem.) * A poetical license, instead of telo diede. f What I have said of cui may be applied to altrui, others. Exam. E 1 unfoglio infame, Che concept, che scrisse Non la ragion, ma la viltade altrui. (Metast.) Non volli far della mia gloria altrui Neppur minima parte. (Tasso.) In the former example altrui is instead of di altrui, of others. In the latter, instead of ad altrui, to others. Sometimes altrui is declined with the definite article, and used as a substantive, but then it means other people's property, as in the following example : Non hisogna deside- rare V altrui — (Segneri.) We must not covet other people's property. ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 75 Altro, which may be called an improper pronoun, means other ; as, un altro giorno, un* altra settimana, another day, another week : but when it is not followed by a noun, and has no reference to any, it means another thing. Ex- ample : Altro e parlar di morte altro e morire, — (MafFei.) When altri is used in the singular number, it signifies some. Example : Sia desiin cib, ck* io voglio : altri disperse- Sen vada errando : altri rimanga uccriso : Jlltri in cure d'amor lascive immerse- Idol sifaccia un dolce sguardo, un riso. (Tasso.) Ciascuno, ciascheduno, nessuno, ognuno, qualcuno, qual- cheduno, taluno, veruno, ogni, qualche, are never used in the plural number, as I have already observed in the treatise on nouns. PRAXIS UPON PRONOUNS. He who loves study, says Seneca, is neither a burden ama studio m. dice e peso m. to himself, nor to others. altrui. Zeno hearing a young man speak too freely, told him : Zeno ne sentendo giovane m. parlare disse per 64 For this reason we have two ears, and but one tongue, questo ragione f. abbiamo orecchia f. lingua f. that we should hear much, and speak little." accioche ascoltassimo parlassimo poco. A talkative fellow desiring to learn | of | Isocrates, he ciarlone m. bramoso cf imparare | from \ Isocrate asked him | double | his usual price ; because, said he, chiese j il doppio del | solito prezzo m. disse 76 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. "I must | both teach j him to speak, and to | hold his devo | insegnare \ a parlare tongue." | | tacere \ When Socrates was asked, which of mortal men j was Quando Socrate fu domandato mortale uomo to be accounted } nearest to the gods in happiness, he era da stimarsi \ Dio m* felicitd f answered, "that man who is in want of the fewest things." rispose uomo ha bisogno m. poco cosa f. When the same philosopher j was building | himself a stesso Jilosofo j stava fabbricando j house at Athens, being asked by one who observed the casa f. Atene essendo interrogate osservd smallness of the design, why he j would not have j an picciolezza f. disegno m. | non voleva j abode more suitable to his dignity? he replied, that he abitazione f. adattato dignitd f. rispose should think himself sufficiently accommodated if he could crederebbe accomodate se potesse see that narrow habitation filled | with [ real friends. vedere angusto abitazione f. pieno j of | reale amico m. The same philosopher, one of the poorest though great- medesimo jilosofo povero benche gran- est men | in | Athens, observing the pomp and luxury of de uomo \ of j Atene osservando pompa f lusso m. his { fellow-citizens, | " How many wants, says he, have j concittadino m. | Quant o bisogno m. dice hanno the rich and great, from which I am entirely free !" ricco p. sono esente. Cato being asked, how it happened that he | had no j C atone essendo interrogate come accadeva | non aveva \ ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 77 statutes erected to him, whilst Rome was crowded with statua f. eretto Roma f, era ripieno those of so many others, u I would rather, answered he, tanto altro m. vorrei piuttosto rispose j people | should inquire, why I have them not, than { che gente f. j ricercasse ho complain that I have them." lagnarsi ho Demetrius Phalerius being informed, that the people of Demetrio Falereo essendo informato popolo m. Athens had destroyed all the numerous statues they Atene aveva distrutto tutto numeroso statua f. had formerly erected to his honour, " j It matters not, j j avevano eretto in onore ?n. Non importa says he, since they cannot obliterate the 'actions which dice poiche non possono cancellare azione f. acquired them." acquistarono. It was a fine answer of Diogenes, who being asked in fu hello risposta f. Diogene essendo richiesto mockery, why philosophers were the followers of rich filosofo m. erano seguace ricco men, and not rich men of philosophers, replied, "Because uomo rispose the one knew what they had need of, and the other { did conoscevano avevano bisogno altro m. j non lo conosce- not." vano. The Emperor Titus remembering once at supper, that Imperatore Tito ricordandosi cena f. giorno m. during that day | he had done nobody | a kindness, | non aveva fatto a nessuno \ grazia f. 7 * 78 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. "My friends, says he, I have lost this day." amico m. dice ho perduto giorno m. It is mentioned | in j Jiistory to the honour of the Em- e ricordato | in the | storia f. onore m. peror Alexander Severus, that he | would in no case per- Alessandro Severo \ non voleva in nessuncaso per- mit | offices to be sold; for said he, "He who buyeth mettere | che carica f. si | vendessero diceva compra roust sell." deve vendere. Anacharsis the Scythian, who was accounted one of the Anacarsi Scita m. era riputato wisest men of his age, being reproached by an imperti- saggio nomo secolo m. essendo rimproverato nent Athenian | with the | barbarity of his country, told Ateniese \ of the \ barbarie f. p atria f. him, " My country may disgrace me, but thou art a dis- disse pud disonorare ma tu dis- grace to thy country." onore m. Callicratidas, the Spartan general, being persuaded Callicratida Spartano generate essendo persuaso | in | a battle to save himself | by retreating. | "No, | in | battaglia f. di salvare | col batter la ritirata \ answered he, the Spartans can equip another fleet, | rispose possono allestire jlotta f. \ should this be lost, | but I can never recover my reputa- se questa venisse a perdersi | posso ricuperare riputa- tion, if I forfeit it | by | basely flying before the enemy," zione f. perdo \ not expressed | faggendo nemico m. ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 79 When Diogenes received a visit in his tub from Alex- Diogene riceve visita f. botte f. Ales- ander the Great, and was asked, what petition he had to sandro grande supplica f. aveva da offer: "I have nothing," said he, "to ask, but that you offerire non ho nienf altro disseda domandare senon would remove to the other side, that you | may not, che vi scostiate banda f, affinche \ non possiate | by intercepting the sun-shine, take from me what you coir impedirmi splendor del sole togliere non cannot give me." potete dare. Philip, King of Macedon, having heard that the great Filippo Re Macedonia avendo sent it o Alexander, his son, sang once at a feast, | to the | wonder Alessandro jiglio ?n, canto festa f. | with \ sorpresa f, and envy of the best musicians there; | "Art not thou invidia f. musico m. \ Non ti ashamed," | said he to him, " to sing so well?" vergogni | disse di cantar si bene Themistocles being asked how he would marry his Temistoch vorrebbe maritare daughter, whether to one of small fortune or to one that figliuola f. se fortuna f. o was rich, but of an ill reputation, | made answer | " I had fosse ma cattivo riputazione f. | rispose \ vorrei rather have a man without an estate, than to have an piuttosto avere senza richezza f. avert estate without a man." We read of a philosopher, who de< hred of himself, that Leggiamo dicfvarj the first year | he entered | upon the | study of philoso- anno m. \ cK* egli entro \ in the \ studio m. filoso- 80 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. phy he knew all things, the second year he knew some- fia f. sapeva ogni cosa f. anno sapeva quaL thing, but the third year nothing. | The more | he studied, che cosa | more \ studiava the more he declined in the opinion of his own knowledge, scadeva opinione f. dottrina f. and saw more of the shortness of his understanding, vedeva brevitd f. intendimento m. Aristotle precipitated himself into the Euripus, because Aritoteh precipitb Euripo he | could not | understand its ebb and flow. By the | non poteva \ intendere jiusso e riflusso m. per same logic he might at his first entrance | on | philosophy logica f. poteva ingresso m, \ in | have destroyed himself, and we may fairly doubt in which avere possiamo dubitare of the elements he ought to have perished. | elemento m. | averbbe dovuto perire. \ OF THE VERB. A verb is a word which signifies to be, to do, or to suf- fer. Verbs are divided into personal and impersonal. The personal is that which admits of three persons, both in the singular and in the plural. The impersonal only admits of the third person singular; as, Piove, Tuona, etc. It rains, it thunders, etc. The personal is either transitive or intransitive : The transitive signifies an action which really or in- tentionally passes over to the object, and is commonly call- ed active; as, J7 Padre ama i figliuoli, the father loves the sons. ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 81 The intransitive signifies an action confined to the agent and which does not pass over to any object; as, lo dormo, lo passeggio, I sleep, I walk. These verbs are commonly called neuter. The mood of a verb is the manner of representing the being, action or passion, and there are five of them ; the indicative, the imperative, the optative, the conjunctive, and the infinitive. The indicative shews the action or passion ; as, lo amo, lo sono amato, lo amava, lo era amato, etc. I love, I am loved, I loved, I was loved, 'etc. The imperative commands, intreats, or exhorts; as, Da luogo alia ragione, raffrena il concupiscibile appetito — (Bocc. 10. 8.) The optative shews a certain desire or wish ; as, Pia- cesse a Dio che cid fosse vero ; oh ! se Vavessi saputo, etc. would to God it were true ; had I known it, etc. The conjunctive, likewise called subjunctive, is that which is always joined with some other mood. The infinitive points out the action or passion in gene- ral, without any distinctioneither of persons or numbers; as, Amare, to love, vedere, to see, udire, to hear, essere amato, to be loved, seen, heard, etc. Tenses denote the periods of time, in which an action is, was, or shall be done, and these are but three in the physical order of nature; viz. the present, the past, and the future ; but they undergo various divisions, according to the nature of each mood, as will appear in the conjuga- tions. The numbers are two, singular and plural. There are three persons in both numbers, viz. Io, Tu, Egli or Ella, in the singular ; Noi 9 Voi, Eglino or El- leno 9 in the plural. 82 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. The due distribution of verbs into moods, tenses, num- bers, and persons, is called conjugation. There are three regular conjugations, which are distinguished by the ter- mination of the infinitive. The first ends in are, as, Par- lare, to speak ; the second in ere, as, Temere, to fear; the third in ire, as, Capire, to comprehend. Before I proceed to them, I think it necessary to conju- gate the two verbs Essere, to be, and Avere, to have, which help in the formation of the compound tenses of all other verbs, and do not require the help of any to form their own. For this reason they are called auxiliaries. Conjugation of the Auxiliary Verb Essere, to be. INDICATIVE MOOD. 1. PRESENT TIME Correct. Obsolete. Poetical. Vulgar. I am io sono* — — so Thou art tu sei or se'f — — — *H.e or she is egli or ella e — — ene, ee "We are noi siamo semo, sejamo — siano, siemo You are voi siete — seie slate They are eglino, or elleno sono enno — so, sonno * All verbs may be conjugated with the personal pronoun, or with- out, when there is no doubt of any equivocation ; but if, instead of saying Io era, tu fossi, I were to say, Era, fossi, without a pronoun, the expression might be equivocal, not being known whether I mean Io era or Egli era, I was, or he was, Io fossi, or Tu fossi, I might be, or thou mightst be ; therefore in these cases I should think it necessary always to make use of the pronoun. f When we speak to one person only we ought to make use of Tu, and say for example, Tu sei un onesV uomo, thou art an honest man ; but it is now used only in poetry, and in the sublime, or in speaking with persons of the lowest rank, as familiarly used it implies disrespect. We make use of voi, when we speak to our inferiors, or to our equals when intimately acquainted with them ; but when we intend to show some respect, we always make use of Vossignoria, V. S. and to avoid the frequent repetition of it, we use the feminine pronoun ella, which is always referred to V. S. either expressed or understood. ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 8 2. IMPERFECT. Correct. Obsolete. Poetical. Vulgar. I was* era, or ero — — — Thou wast eri — - — — He was era — — _~ We were eravamo savamo eramo — You were eravate savate erate eri They were erano — — erono 3. PRETERITE. Correct. Obsolete. Poetica 1. Vulgar. I was fui] — — — Thou wast/osfi fostn — fusti He was fu — fue — We were fummo — — fussimo, fossimo You were foste — — fosti, fusti, fuste They were/wrono fuoro forOjfurno » funno fur, fur o 4. FUTURE. Corrrect. Obsolete. Poetical. Vulgar. I shall be sard sarbe — serb Thou shalt be sarai — serai He shall be sard same fi e,fia sera We shall be saremo — sareno You shall be sarete — — serete They shall be sarani 10 — fi eno, L fiano seranno * Some rigid grammarians think, that the first person of the imper- fect should end in a, as, io era, io aveva, etc. and that it is a fault to say io ero, io avevo, etc. though custom begins to be in its favour, at least in common conversation and familiar writings. For my part, I should think it necessary, for the sake of avoiding all doubt, that the first per- son of the imperfect tense, when the pronoun is omitted, should always end in o ; this is my custom, but Siegua ogniuio il suo stile, io sieguo il mio. (Metast.) f The English and Germans have not in their verbs this distinction of the imperfect, and they say in both tenses, I was, Ich ivar. They are, therefore, apt to take one tense for the other, which materially changes the meaning. They ought to observe, that the imperfect ex- presses an action which was doing, and which was not yet accomplished during the time of another past action. The preterite expresses an action, which is, or ought to be entirely past. For instance, if I say, Io andava a casa di N. quanda r' incontrai, I was going to N.'s when I met you, Andava in this case is imperfect, because it is not known whether I really went to N.'s house or not ; but if I say, andai ieri a casa di W., in that case it is preterite, because it is fully understood that I went there. The imperfect likewise expresses an habitual action, or one often repeated in time past ; as, A Roma andavo quasi tutti igiorni alia Villa Medici, at Rome I went almost every day to Villa Medici, that is to say, I used to go. 84 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 5. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Correct. Wanting Be thou sii, or sia Let him be sia Let us be siamo Be you siate Let them be sieno, or siano Obsolete. PoeticaL 6. OPTATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE MOODS. Correct. I may be sia Thou mayst be sii, or sia He may be sia We may be siamo You may be stale They may be siano Obsolete. Poetical. Correct. I should be sarei Thou should st be saresti He should be sarebbe We should be saremmo You should be sareste They should be sarebbero 7. IMPERFECT. Obs. PoeticaL saria, fora sariamo sariena, sariano, forano Correct. I might be fossi Thou mightst he fossi He might be fosse We might be fossimo You might be foste They might be fossero 8. PRETERPERFECT. Obsolete. Poetic. fussi fussi fusse fussimo fiiste fussey-o, fussono Vulgar. Vulgar. Vulgar. sarebbi sarave sarebbamo saresti serieno To be Being Correct. essere 9. INFINITIVE MOOD. I Obsolete. Poetical. Vulgar. fosse j fusse fosse, fuss fossi, fussi fossamOj fussemo fosti, fusti fossino, fussino Vulgar. esse\ essare Correct. essendo neW essere * 10 coW essere 10. PARTICIPLE ACTIVE. Obsolete. sendo. siando Poetic. Vulg. * 10 The proper termination of the present participle is ante for the first, and ente for the second and third conjugations, the terminations ITALIAN GRAMMAR, 85 11. PARTICIPLE PASSIVE. Correct. Obsolete. | Poetical. | Vulgar. Been stato, ta, ti, te \ essuto, issuto, suto | — | — The compound tenses are formed by adding the passive participle to the simple tense ; as, Io sono stato, or stata, I have been; Noi siamo stati, or state, we have been \ Io era stato, I had been, and so on. # The negative is expressed in Italian by putting non be- fore the verb ; as, Io non sono, non sono stato, etc., I am not, I have not been, etc. * In the imperative mood, when there is a negation, we make use of the infinitive instead of the second person singular, and say, Nonessere, instead of Non sii, non avere, non abhi, non ama, non temi, non senti, which is owing to the verb devi being undei stood; as, Non devi essere, thou must not be. In interrogations we use the personal pronoun after the verb; as, Sono io ? ho io? amo io? etc., am I? have I? do I love ? etc., and in the compound tenses we put it after the auxiliary verb; as, Sono io stato ? ha io avuto? ho io amato ? etc., have I been ? have I had ? have I loved ? etc. It is true, that we often omit the pronoun, even in ando and endo belonging to the gerunds. The present participles arc wanting to the majority of Italian verbs, and are, therefore, not named by Vergani ; but the gerund should by no means be mistaken for them, inasmuch as they are only used with verbal powers, while the present participles are rarely used except as nouns. Thus, amando, loving, is the gerund, but amante, the participle, signifies one loving, that is clover. Grammatical construction would allow the expression, un? amante, amando, etc., a lover, loving, etc., but not un\ amando amante, because the word loving, when rendered amando, is not an adjective, but purely a part of the verb amare, to love. * As the English and French, to form the compound tenses of the verb essere, to be, m?,ke use of the auxiliary verb avere, to have, and say i" have been, j'ai ete, which is in Italian, Io ho stato, so they are liable to err in this respect. We agree in this with the Germans, who say, Ich bin g ewe sen. 8 86 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. interrogation, and say, sono stato ? ho avuto ? etc., the in- terrogation being sufficiently expressed by a change in the tone or accent ; but as without the pronoun it is less ex- pressive, I would therefore advise foreigners, who do not always know how to make use of the necessary inflection of that tone or accent which is required, to add the pro- noun, in order to avoid any doubt whatever. Conjugation of the Auxiliary Verb Avere, to have. INDICATIVE MOOD. I. PRESENT TENSE Correct. Obsolete. Poetical. Vulgar. I have io ho abbo, ao aggio hoe Thou hast tu hai abbi — — He has egli ha abbe, ae ave — We have noi abbiamo aggiamo avemo abbiano, aviamo You have voi avete — — aete, ate They have eglino anno abbono, aono — — • 2. IMPERFECT. Correct. Obsolete. Poetical. Vulgar. I had aveva, or avevo avava avea aevo Thou hadst avevi avei — aevi He had aveva avie avea, avia ava We had avevamo avavamo — avemio You had avevate avavate — avevi, avi They had avevano avavano avieno aveano avano 3. PRETERITE. Correct. Obsolete. Poetical. Vulgar. I had ebbi — — ei Thou hadst avesti avestu — — He had ebbe — — — We had avemmo — — aemo, ebba- mo, avessimo You had aveste — — avesti, aeste, aesti They had ebbero,OT ebbon — — ebbeno ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 87 4. FUTURE. Correct. Obsolete. Poet. Vulgar. I shall or will have avrb avarbj avroe — averb, arb, aurb Thou shalt or wilt have avrai avarai — — He shall or will have avra avara, avare — — We shall or will have avremo avare mo — — You shall or will have avrete avarete — — They shall or will have avranno avaranno — — 5. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Correct. Obsolete. Poetical. Vulgar. FFanfmg-. Have thou abbi — — — Let him have abbia — — abbi Let us have abbiamo — — aviamo Have ye abbiaie — aggiate aviate Let them have abbiano — — abbino 6. OPTATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Correct. Obs. Poetical. Vulgar. I may have abbia — aggia abbi Thou maysthave abbi, or abbia — aggi — He may have abbia — abbi We may have abbiamo — — aviamo You may have abbiate — — aviate They may have abbiano — • — abbino 7. IMPERFECT. Correct. Obs. Poetical, Vulgar. I should have avrci — avre 7 averei, ar?d> avrebbi Thou shouldst have avresti He should have avrebbe ■ avria — We should have avremmo — avriamo avrebbamo, avrebbemo You should have avreste — avresti They should have avrebbero, — avriano arian-o,areb- or avrebbono bevo 8. PRETERPERFECT. Correct. Obs. Poetic Vulgar. I might have avessi' — — aess e, avesse Thou mightst have avessi — • avei ti He might have avesse — — aves si We might have avessimo — — aess emo,avessemo You might have aveste — — aess ai i, avessi, 'esti They might have avessero, or — — aess ino, aves sin o avesson 88 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. To have Having Correct. avere Correct ' avendo con arere colV avert in avere ^nelV avere 9. INFINITIVE MOOD. Obsolete. Poetical. Vulgar, abbiare 10. PARTICIPLE ACTIVE. Obsolete. abbiendo Poetical. Vulgar, aendo Had 11. PARTICIPLE PASSIVE. Correct. I Obsolete. Poetical. Vulgar. avuto, ta, ti, te \ abbiuto — | auto, aula To form the compound tenses it is only necessary to add to the simple tense the passive participle avuto, which always retains the same termination, be the gender or number of the persons governing the verb whatever it may, contrary to the verb essere, in which a man says, Io sono stato, and a woman, Io sono stata, and in the plural, noi siamo stati, and noi siamo state; all the verbs, therefore, which are conjugated with the auxiliary verb essere, are governed by this same rule ; as, H padre h rispettato, La Madre e amata, etc. the father is respected, the mother is beloved, etc. Those that are conjugated with the verb avere, to have, never change the termination, as, Io ho lo- dato, Ella ha biasimato, Noi abbiamo scritto: observe that I said, with respect to the persons of the verb, for with respect to things the case is different, as appears in the following example : #11 Sig7ior, gran cose in picciol tempo haifatte Che lunga eta, poire in obblio non puote y Eserciti, et citta, vinti, e disfatte, Superati disagi, e strade ignote. (Tasso.) * 11 When the object precedes the verb, the participle is made to agree with it, even though it be used with the verb, avere, to have ; but when the object follows the verb, the participle is independent of it, being then considered a part of the verb. See the examples given above* ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 89 We sometimes use the verb avere, in the third person, instead of the verb essere : as, Io gli parlai, non ha gran tempo, in Londra ; that is to say, non e gran tempo : Una delle piil belle di guella Cittd, benche poche ve tC abbiano che possano chiamarsi belle; that is to say, benche poche ve ne sieno* The verb avere before the infinitives with the particle vi, as, Io mi lusingo, tu ti lusinghi, egli si lusinga, noi ci lusinghia- mo, voi vi lusingate, eglino si lusingano, Io mi lusingava, and so forth. I flatter myself, thou flatter'st thyself, he flatters himself, etc. We may likewise say, Io lusingomi, egli lusingasi, etc. See page 62. These verbs are called reflective or recip- rocal. Of impersonal verbs, some are absolutely so ; as, Piove, Nevica, Lampeggia, Tuona, etc. it rains, it snows, it lightens, it thunders, etc. Others are made impersonal by the addition of the particle si: Example, Credesi, che la marina da Reggio a Gaeta sia la piii dilettevol parte d* Italia— (Bocc. 2. 4.) This particle answers to the French on: for when the French say, on croit, ondit, on fait, we commonly say, si crede, si dice, si fa or credesi, as in the foregoing example, dicesi, fassi, etc. we may likewise say, Vien creduto, Vien detto, Vienfatto, etc. which expresses the same meaning, viz. they think, they say, they do, or people think, etc. Lastly, There are some verbs which are called defec- tive, because they have not all the moods, tenses, and per- sons, which are common to other verbs; such are, Calere, gire, ire, licere, olire, redire, solere, etc. but these will be found in the list of the irregular verbs. ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 99 OF THE PARTICIPLE. This part of speech is called participle, because it par- takes both of the noun and of the verb.* The participle is either active or passive. The active, which may also be called Gerund with the Latins, signifies action ; as, Amaudo, Temendo, Capendo,\ Observe that in the verbs of the first conjugation the active participle ends in ando ; as, Amando, Parlando, Passeggiando, etc. from Amare, Parlare, Passeggiare,eic. In the second and third conjugation it terminates in endo ; as, Temendo, Capendo, etc. . The passive participle is that which signifies passion; as, Amato, Temuto, Capito. In the first conjugation it ends in ato and ata y as, Ama- to, Amata. In the second, when ere is long, it ends in uto, uta; as, Temuto \ Temuta, etc. except rimanere, the passive participle of which is rimasto, or rimaso. When ere is short, the passive participle is subject to a great many variations. For instance, when the preterite ends in ssi, as, Lessi, Elessi, Trassi, etc. the participle is in tto, as, Letto, Eletto, Tratto, etc. When the preterite ends in si, preceded by a vowel, as, Accesi, Difesi, etc. then the participle si is changed into so, as, Acceso, Difeso, etc. except Chiesi, Risposi, Misi, Which make in the parti- ciple Chiesto, Risposto, Messo, etc. Those verbs, which have their preterite in 7si,as, Scelsi, Sciolsi, etc. have their passive participle in Ito, as, Scelto, Sciolto, etc. except Calsi and Valsi, the participle of which is Caluto, Valuta, Valso. * Participium ita dictum, quia partem capit a nomine partem a verbo, i. e. inflexiotiem a nomine, signification em a verbo, — (Prise.) t See note 10. 100 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. The verbs, whose preterite terminates in nsi, Piansi f Giunsi, Finsi, have their participle in nto, as, Pianto 9 Giunto, Finto, etc. When the preterite ends in rsi, as Arsi, Sparsi, Accor- si, Scorsi, etc. the participle ends sometimes in rso, as ? Arso, Sparso, sometimes in rto, as, Accorto, Scorto. The verbs of the third conjugation generally have their passive participle in ito, ita, as, Capito, Capita, from Ca- pire* There are however some few exceptions, viz. Compa- rire, Aprire, Morire, Offrire, Profferire, which make in the passive participle Comparso, Aperto, Morto, Offerto, Profferto. Observe that the participle must agree with the thing spoken of, that is to say, it must be either masculine or feminine, according to the gender of the thing which is mentioned. For example, we ought to say, La lettera, che ho ricevuta, the letter which I have received, and not La lettera che ho ricevuto. Le commissioni che mi avete date, the orders which you have given me, and not Le commissioni, che mi avete dato ; except when the noun is placed after the participle, in that case we may say, Ho ricevuto la lettera, etc. mi avete dato le commissioni, etc. OF THE ADVERB. An adverb is a part of speech which added to verbs, ex- presses some circumstance belonging to them, and is, with respect to the verb, what the adjective is with respect to the substantive.* * Mverbium est pars orationis indeclinabilis, cujus significatio verbis adjicitur : Hoc enim perficit adverbium verbis additum. quod adjectiva ng» mina appellativis nominibus adjuncts — (Prise, ljb. 15. p. IQ03.) ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 101 Many adverbs are formed from the adjectives fry adding mente, as from dotto, dottamente, fromprudente, prudente- mente, etc. Some adverbs have their positive, comparative, and superlative degree; as, Bene, well, meglio, better, ottima- mente, very well ; male, bad, peggio, worse, pessimamente, very bad. ISome others form their comparatives by add- ingpiil; as, dottamente, learnedly, piil dottamente, more learnedly ; and their superlatives by changing amente into issimamente ; as, dottissimamente, very learnedly. Some adverbs have likewise their diminutives; as, Be- nino, adagino, pocliino, pocolino, pochetto, tantino, tanti- nello, etc. which are the diminutives of Bene, adagio, poco, tanto, etc. There are adverbs of time; as, Ora, adesso,jeri, doma- ni, oggi, prima, poi, un pezzofa, subito, talora, etc. Of place ; as, Dove, or ove* qui, quivi, ivi, ld % cold, cos- ft, costl, qua, vi, ci.] Of quality ; as, Dottamente, prudent emente, etc. Of quantity; as, Assai, molto, poco, pio, troppo, meno, etc. Of affirmation, or negation ; as, Si, si bene, no y non, non gid, non max, etc. * In poetry we sometimes use xC with an apostrophe, instead of dove, or ove. For example : LT' son or le richezze 2 u 9 soil gli onori ? (Petr.) f With respect to these two last adverbs, vi and ci, which signify there in English, it must be observed, that we ought to make use of vi when we speak of a place distant from us ; as, In America vi sono molti Earopei; and of ci when we speak of a place which we are in ; as, In Inghilterra ci si sono molti mercanti richissimi. Some people are not very exact in this particular ; however, I think this is the rule, and it ought to be observed. Ci sometimes means of it, on it, etc. as in the following example : Pensaci, e poi del mio. destin decidi. (Metast) Think of it and then decide my fate. 9* 102 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. Of order; as, A vicenda, gradatamente, successivamente, Pun dopo V altro, primier anient e, finalmente, etc. Of choice ; as, Anzi, meglio, piuttosto, etc. Of exhortation ; as, Or su, su via, di grazia, etc. OF THE PREPOSITION. A Preposition so called from the Latin word Pr&ponere, "is a part of speech devoid itself of signification, but so formed as to unite two words that are significant, and that refuse to coalesce or unite of themselves." — (Harris's Hermes, p. 261.) Prepositions chiefly denote the being in a place ; as, Accanto, allato, presso, vicino, sopra, sotto, in, su, etc. It must be observed, that when an article follows the prepo- sition in, we do not say, In lo, in la, but, nel, nello, nella, etc. as, Nel prato, nello studio, nella camera, etc. and in the plural nei, or ne' pratl, negli studj, nelle camere, etc. Likewise, when su is followed by the article, we say Sul, sullo, sulla, etc; as, sul tavolino, sullo scrigno, sulla panca ; and in the plural sui, or su* tavolini, sugli scrigni, sulle panche. They likewise denote The moving from a place ; as, Da, indi, fuori, etc. The moving to a place ; as, A or ad before the vowels, infino, verso, etc. therefore, we always put the preposition a or ad after the verbs andare and venire. Observe, that some prepositions govern one case, some another. For instance, Appie,* 12 fuori, appresso, contro, dentro, in guisa, etc. govern the genitive case. *12 The learner should understand by this observation of Yer- gani's, that the prepositions which, as he says, govern the genitive case, are used in connection with another preposition, di, of, that those ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 103 Accanto, accosto, a fronte, addosso, dinanzi, dirimpetto, fino, etc. govern the dative. Circa, eccetto, giusta, lungo, dopo, etc. govern the ac- cusative. Di la, di quel, etc. govern the ablative. When the preposition con, with, is followed by an arti- cle, some modern authors write col, colla, collo, as, col senno, colla mano, collo studio, and in the plural, coi, or co' senni, colic mani, cogli studj. But I would rather advise the learner to write col, con la, con lo, and in the plural coi, or co\ con le, con gli. Exam. Mollo egli oprb col senno, e con la mano. (Tasso.) Efa con gli atti dolci, e col bel viso. Piu che con le arti lor Circe, o Medea. (Idem.) Instead of saying, con me, con te, con se, we sometimes say, meco, teco, seco. Poets sometimes say, con meco, con teco, con seco. They likewise say, nosco, vosco, instead of con noi, con voi. Exam. Ragionando con meco, ed io con lid. (Petr.) Gite sicuri omai, c/i' amor vien vosco. (Idem.) But, -Pictoribus, atque Poetis Quidlibet audendi semper juit aquapotestas. (Hor.) OF THE CONJUNCTION. A Conjunction " is a part of speech void of signification itself, but so formed as to help the signification by making which govern the dative require also a, to, and that those which govern the ablative reouire also, da, from. Thus, contro di, against, accanto a, beside, and di la da, beyond; Contro, however, aid many others that are often used with di, or a, may likewise be used alon«. 104 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. two or more significant sentences to be one significant sentence. "'* — (Harris's Hermes, p. 238.) The following are the most common, viz. Of cause, Perche, imperciocche, acciocche affinche, etc. Of doubt, or suspension, Se,purche, datoche, se mai,etc. Of negation, Nd, non, non gia, ne, etc. Of exception, Fuori, fuorche, se non, eccettuato, etc. Of explanation, Cioe, etc. Of copulation, E, ancora, anche, similmente, altresi, etc. Of addition, In oltre, oltraccib, ancora, dipiu, etc. Of disjunction, O, ovvero, ne, etc. OF THE INTERJECTION. The interjection expresses the affection of the speaker. If we want to express joy, we avail ourselves of the fol- lowing interjections: Viva, bene, bravo, buono, etc. If grief, we use the following: Ah, ahi, aims, oime, etc. If anger, Oh, puh, via, via, etc. If fear, Oh Dio, oime, deh, oh se, non piu, etc. If contempt, or disapprobation, Oibo, ih, uh, etc. If approbation, Si bene, buono, etc. There are many more which will be easily learned by practice. PRAXIS UPON THE FOREGOING PARTS OF SPEECH. A petty prince of Italy having known that a French piccolo principe m. Italia f. sapere * Conjunctionis notionem veteres pernio inconsultiiis prodidere ; neque enim quod ajunt partes alias conjungit, (ipce, enim partes per se conjungun* tur) sed conjungit orationes plures, — (Seal.) ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 105 gentleman who resided at his court had | ridiculed | him, residere corte f. \ mettere in ridicolo j sent one to bid him depart from his dominions within mandare dire partire stato m. three days. "He does me-| too great J a favour," said giorno m. fare \ troppo | grazia f. dire the Frenchman, "in granting me so much time : for I do concedere tanto tempo m, aver not want above three quarters of an hour to obey him." bisogno di quarto m. ora f. obbedire An Archbishop of Florence said to a Cardinal : " Men Firenze Cardinale are very unfortunate, all their happiness consists in the infelice consistere goods either of the soul, the body, or fortune, and yet bene m. anima f. corpo m. fortuna f. they are always plagued by crafty lawyers, ignorant phy- "iorrmntare sicians, or bad divines." A certain man said, that wine has two bad qualities ; cattivo qualita f first, if you mix water with it, you spoil it; secondly, if mescolare acqua rovinare you mix none with it, it will spoil you. A poor man finding one night some thieves in his house/ trovare ladro m. casa f. told them, without putting himself in a passion, "I can- senza collera f. not imagine what you expect to find in my house in the immaginarsi aspettare trovare nighttime, since I can find nothing in it myself in the day notte giorno time." 106 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. One day a poet presented himself to Henry IV., with a poeta m. presentare . Enrico confidence which exceeded his poetical talents ; but the confidenza eccedere poetico talento m. king not knowing either his person or his writings, asked Re conoscere scritto m. domandare him what was the nature of his occupations. " Sire, I make natura f. occupazione f. fare anagrams, but I am very poor." " I believe so indeed," anagramma m. povero credere said Henry, " for you have | made choice | of a.very bad | scegliere | mestiere m. trade." A noble Athenian, out of his mind, fancied all the ves- Ateniese . sensi p. immaginare bas- sels that came into the port to be his own ; when removed timento m. venire porto m. guarire from his indisposition he declared, that he never had more dichiarare pleasure than whilst he was distempered, which he re- piacere m. n- membered very well, adding that his friends would have cordarsi aggiungere amico m. . < obliged him very much to have let him enjoy a happiness obbligare lasciare godere felicita f. that put him him in possession of all things, without mettere possesso m. cosa f. depriving any body of the least. privare Sudden joy may kill as well as sudden grief. Diago- gioja affanno m. ras Rhodius hearing that his three sons were victorious at sentire figlw vittorioso ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 107 the Olympic games in one day, died immediately in that giuoco m. morire transport of joy; and the story of Zeuxis, the famous irasporto m. storia f. painter, is yet more strange, who having made the por- pittore fare n- traiture of an old woman very oddly, died with laughing tratto m. vecchia ridere at the conceit. Melancholy, says the Spectator, is a kind of demon specie f. demonio that haunts our island, and often conveys itself to us in an frequentare isola f. transmettere easterly wind. A celebrated French novelist, continues orientate vento m. continuare he, in opposition to those who begin their romances with cominciare romanzo m. the flowery season of the year, enters on his story thus: stagione f. anno m. entrare cosl " In the gloomy month of November, when the people of mese m. England hang and drown themselves, a disconsolate lover Inghilterra appiccare annegare amante walked out in the fields," etc. passeggiare campo ?n. In England they blame every one who talk freely, let biasimare parlare his conversation be never so entertaining and improving. In France, they look upon every man as a gloomy mortal considerare whose tongue does not make an uninterrupted noise : lingua f. tumore m. these judgments are both unjust. giudizio m. 108 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. In former times, says Huet, there were no books but antico tempo m. libro m. what were manuscripts ; their price consequently was manuscritto prezzo m. great, and their number small. At present we have so numero m. many grammars, dictionaries, compendiums, that every gramatica f. dizionario m. compendio m. difficulty is nearly removed from the path of erudition, difficolta f. togliere sentiero m. There is, therefore, the same difference between a learn- differenza f. dot- ed man of ancient and one of modern times, as between to moderno che Christopher Columbus, the discoverer of the new world, Cristoforo Colombo mondo m. and the waterman who daily passes from Dover to Calais. barcaruolo m. passare Adam, says an author, being desirous to know and see Adamo autore desideroso conoscere vedere his race, whose numbers had overs; r< ad the earth, and razza f. sparger si sopia terra f. whose fame had reached the heavens, particularly the fama f. arrivare cielo m. Europeans, as the most distinguished, determined to visit Europeo distinto dcterminare visitare the celebrated nations of this part of the globe. He nazione f.\ globo m. descended in Italy. Arts, agriculti; and architecture,* scendere Italia arte f. had so entirely changed the face of the earth and the in- cambiare faccia f. a- habitants, that he immediately disclaimed them as his bitante rinunziare ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 109 offspring. He then turned his steps to France, Germany, discendenti m. volgere pas so m. Francia /. Germania f. Holland, and England, yet found nothing to awaken his Ollanda f. Inghiltelrra f. trovare svegliare paternal affection; but the moment he cast his eyes upon affctto m. gettare occhio m. the Spanish realms, the great progenitor's heart was filled Spagnuolo reame m. cuore m. riempire with rapture. Behold ! said he, these, these are my true gioja f. children, in whom time has made no change. They and figliuolo m. cambiamento m. their country are in the same state in which I and nature left paese m. stato m. lasciare them. When two Englishmen meet, says Johnson, their first Inglcse incontratsi talk is of the weather, but this is a natural consequence, discorso m. tempo m. consequenza f. continues he, of this changeable sky, and uncertain sea- continuare cielo mm sta* son. In this island every man goes to sleep unable to gione f. isola f. andare dormire guess whether he shall behold in the morning a bright or indovinare vedere mattina f. cloudy atmosphere, whether his rest shall be lulled by a atmosfera f. riposo m. conciliare shower, or broken by a tempest. rompere tempesta f. M. Montesquieu said after his travels, that Germany viaggio m. 10 110 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. was made to travel in, Italy to sojourn in, England to fare viaggiare soggiornare think in, France to live in. pensare vivere The qualities requisite to conversation, says Johnson, are qualita f. richiesto exactly represented by abowlof punch. Punch is a liquor rap pre sent are compounded of spirit and acid juices, sugar and water. The comporre spirito acido sugo m. zucchero m. spirit volatile' and fiery is the proper emblem of vivacity acqua f. igneo emblemma m. and wit ; the acidity of the lemon will very aptly figure rappresentare pungency of raillery, and acrimony of censure. Sugar is burla f censura f. the natural representative of luscious adulation and gentle adulazione f. complaisance ; and water is the proper hieroglyphic of compiacenza f. easy prattle, innocent and tasteless. We ought, there- ciarla f. dovere fore, to temper the acid of satire with the sugar of civility, temperare satira f. civilta f. the heat of wit with the frigidity of chatter, and that will colore m. cicaleccio m. make the true punch of conversation. formart conversazione f. Metaphysical writers, said Voltaire, are like minuet dan- Metafisico scrittore ITALIAN GRAMMAR. HI cers, who being dressed to the greatest advantage, make accomodare vantaggio m. fare a couple of bows, move through the room in the finest inchino m. sola f attitudes, display all their graces, are in continual motion attitudine f. spiegare grazia f movimento without advancing a step, and finish at the same identical avanzare passo m. Jinire stesso point from which they set out. punto m. partire The Physicians, says the- Spectator, are a most formi- medico Spettatore dable body of men. This body in our own country may corpo m. be described like the British army in Caesar's time. Some descrivere Britannico armata f. Cesare of them slay in chariots, and some on foot. If the in- ammazzare fan- fantry do less execution than the charioteers, it is because teria they cannot be carried so soon into all quarters of the potere portare town, and despatch so much business in so short time. citta f spedire affare m. breve 'Besides this body of regular troops, there are stragglers, truppa f ramingo m. who without being duly listed and enrolled, do infinite arrolare mischief to those who are so unlucky as to fall into their sfortunato cadere hands. mano /. 112 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. The following is one of the most agreeable follies of seguente jpiacevole follia f. Ariosto : Orlando, nephew to Charlemange, runs mad because nipote Carlomagno divenire 'matto the fair Angelica prefers Medoro to him. Astolfo, a hello Angelica jpreferire Medoro knight errant, finding himself one day in the terrestial cavaliere err ante trovare giorno m. paradise which was upon the top of a very high moun- paradiso ?n. cima f. alto mon- tain, to which he had been carried by his flying horse, tagna f. portare volare cavallo m+ meets St. John there, who tells him, that if he would have incontrare Giovanni dire volere Orlando cured he must make a voyage with him into guarire fare the moon. Astolfo, who had a great mind to see new luna f. voglia f. nuovo countries, | did not stand much upon entreaty ; there im- paese m. | nonfarsi molto pregare | . mediately came a fiery chariot, which carried the | Apostle venire carro m. portare apostolo and the knight up into the air. Astolfo being no great aria f. philosopher, was surprised to find the moon so much jilosofo sorprendere luna f. larger than it appeared to him when he was upon the grande apparire earth; to see rivers, seas, mountains, cities, forests; but terra f. fiume m. mare m. montagna f. cittd f. foresta f+ that which appeared most remarkable, was a valley, where parere valle f % ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 113 you might find any thing that was lost in our world, pot ere cosa f. perdere mondo m. crowns, riches, fame, and an infinity of hopes; the time corona f. ricchezza f. speranza f. we spend in play, the verses we present to great men and consumare giuoco m. verso m. presentare princes, and the sighs of lovers ; yet 3 though every principe sospiro m. amante m. thing is there, even the donation of Constantine. fino dono f. Constantino What do you think is not to be found in the moon? credere trovare "Folly," all that ever was upon earth is kept there pazzia f. terra f. conservart* still.* OF EXPLETIVES. Grammarians mean by Expletives some particles, which, although they are not absolutely necessary for grammati- tical construction, serve, however, to give a particular strength and energy to discourse. The most common are the following: Bene, Or bene, SI bene. Exam. JE bene, volete voi farlo? well, will you do it? Or bene, qual partito prenderemo noi? well, what course shall we take 1 Gli domandai, se gli bastava Vanimo di cacciarlo via: ed egli rispose, si bene — (Salv.); I asked * Sol la Pazzia non v y e poca ne assai, Che sta quaggiii, ne se ne parte mat 10* 114 x ITALIAN GRAMMAR. him, if he had courage to send him away, and he answer* ed, yes. Pure. Exam. La cosa e tanto da ridere cTC io pur la diro — (Firenz.) the thing is so laughable that I must tell it. When^?wre is put before an adverb of time, it means just ; as, I Signori erano pur allora arrivati, the gentlemen were just then arrived. Poi. Exam. Non e poi vero quanto mi diceste, what you told me is not true. Gia. Exam. Non credo io gid, che ve ne avrete a male, — (An- nibal Caro.) I do not think you will take it ill. Mai. This is likewise an expletive, since we say sometimes mat sempre, mai si, mai no, only meaning sempre, si, no, always, yes, no ; yet it gives a greater force to the expres- sion. Bello. Exam. II vostro vestito e belV, e fatto, your suit of clothes is finished. Ho pagato cinquecento belle guinee, I have paid five hundred guineas. Tutto. * Exam. Son tutto stanco, I am quite tired. La donna udendo costui parlare, il quale ella credeva mutolo tutta stordi, (Bocc. 3. 1.) the woman hearing that man speaking whom she thought dumb, was quite amazed. ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 115 Altrimenti. Exam. Io non so altrimenti, chi egli sia, I do not know who he is. Via. Exam. Se spacciar voile le cose sue, gliele convenne gettar via, (Bocc. 2. 4.) if he wished to get rid of his goods, he was obliged to throw them away. Egli. Exam. Che tempo fa egli 1 how is the weather? Che ora eegli? what o'clock is it? Egli e ora di desinare, it is dinner time. Ella. Exam. Ella non andra sempre cost, it shall not always be so. Esso. See page 57, note §. Non. Exam. Egli e piic dotto, ch' io non crerfeva, he is more learned than I thought. Temo, chc voi non mi abbandoni- ate, I am afraid you will forsake me. This idiom can- not be literally translated, since the word non would make no sense in English ; but in French it would admit of a literal translation thus : 11 est plus savant que je ne croyais ; je crains que vous ne m'abandonniez. Mi, Ti, Ci, Vi, Si, Ne. Exam. Io mi credeva, che voifostepartito,\ thought you were gone. Desidero, che tu con noi ti rimanga questa sera, I wish thou wouldst stay with us to-night. Noi ci sederemo qui, we will sit down here. Noji so, se voi vi 116 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. conosciate un certo Calandrino, I do not know whether you are acquainted with one Calandrino. Del Palagio $' usci, efuggissi a casa sua, (Bocc.) he left the palace, and ran to his own house. Chetamente rtandb sino allajines- tra, he went gently as far as the window. Mi, Ti, Si, etc. when they are followed by a pronoun, are changed into Me, te, se, etc. Exam. Non me V aspetta- vo da voi, I did not expect it from you. Qudlo che noi vorrem fare a te, tu tel vedrai nel tempo avvenire, (Bocc. 10. 7.) thou shalt see in future what we intend to do with thee. Comperati i capponi, insieme coi compagni suoi se li mangib, (Firenzuola,) having bought the capons, he ate them them with his companions. OF THE ITALIAN SYNTAX. Syntax is a Greek word which means Construction, viz. the right placing and connecting of words in a sentence. The natural order of words is the following : the nomina- tive substantive should always be placed first ; the adjec- tives belonging to it should have the second place ; if the nominative has an article, the article must necessarily precede it, then the verb should follow; and if there be an adverb, it ought to be put immediately after the verb; then the accusative, and so forth. But as there is no language which has so much affinity to the Latin as the Italian, so there is none which admits of so many trans- positions of words. Exam. In questi tempi avvenne, che la cittd di Faenza lungamente in guerra, ed in mala Ven- tura stata, alquanto in miglior disposizion ritornb, e fu a ciascuno, die ritornarvi volesse, liberamente conceduto il potervi ritornare — (Bocc.) The natural arrangement of words in the foregoing example ought to be as follows : ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 117 Avvenne in questi tempi, che la citta di Faenza stata lunga- mente inguerra, ed in mala ventura ritornd alquanto in miglior disposizione, e fu liberamente conceduto il potervi tornare a ciascuno, che volesse ritornarvi. This construction is more conformable to our present style than the former, forsuch transpositions of words are now but sparingly used in prose, and he who would adopt the style of Boccaccio, Bembo, Delia Casa,etc. would be ridiculed and considered as an affected and pedantic writer. As I have occasionally spoken of the Italian Syntax, treating of the different parts of speech, I shall not dwell upon it, being sensible that the reading of our best au- thors will more contribute to the improvement of learners than any rules upon this subject. Therefore I shall im- mediately proceed to speak OF THE ITALIAN ORTHOGRAPHY. Orthography is the art of writing words correctly, that is to say, with such figures or letters as are authorised by custom. Our language has this advantage over many others, that we write all our words in the same manner as they are pronounced. I shall, therefore, only treat of the Ac- cents, the Apostrophe, and the words which in our lan- guage are either augmented or abridged. The accent is a mark over some letters or syllables, to regulate their pronunciation. We have two accents, one acute ('), the other grave ("). The acute is but seldom used in our language. We only set it over some few words, such as, Balia, when it means power, Gia, when it means he or she went, Stro- piccio, when it signifies friction, in order to distinguish 118 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. them from Balia, Gid, Stropiccio, which, not being ac- cented, mean nurse, already, I rub. The grave accent is much oftener used than the acute. First, We place it on the last vowel of nouns ending in ta, such as, Liberia, Caritd, Pietd, etc. when they derive from Latin nouns terminating in tas, viz. Libertas, Cha- ritas, JPietas, etc. We also accent the substantives end- ing in u, such as, Virtu, Servita, and the like. 2dly, On the last vowel of the third person singular of the preterites of all the regular, and of many irregular conjugations ; as, Parlb, Teme, Capl, Sentl, Mori, etc. Likewise on the last vowel of the first and third persons singular of the future tenses in all verbs ; as, Parlerb, Parlerd, Temero, Temerd, Capirb, Capird, Faro, Fard, Tacerb, Tacerd, Sentird, Sentird, etc. 3dly, On the final letter of monosyllables, which have a diphthong ; as, Gid, Cib, Pud, etc. Other monosyllables, such as, Me, Sta, Su, etc. are not accented, since they are pronounced in the same manner either with the accent or without. We must except some (ew, which being suscep- tible of two different meanings, require an accent in order to prevent any ambiguity. For instance, we set an accent over e, when it is a verb, to distinguish it from the con- junction. We also put an accent on di, when it means either day, or say, the imperative of the verb dire, to say, to distinguish it from di, the sign of the genitive case. The accent is likewise placed over dd, the third person singular of the present tense of the verb dare, to give, that it may not be confounded with the segnacaso da, from: the same must be said of Si, Ld, Li, Ne. We accent them when they mean yes, there, nor, and we write them without an accent, when they are articles or conjunctive pronouns. ITALIAN GRAMMAR. H9 4thly, We set the accent on the last vowel of some words, when they must be pronounced somewhatstronger, and with a greater pause ; as, Ohime, Cost, Pero, etc. The Apostrophe is a mark like a comma placed at the top of a letter to denote an elision. It is, therefore, gene- rally made use of in the articles, when they precede a noun beginning with a vowel, as, jL' amico, L 1 isola, deW amico, deW isola, etc. as I have observed in the treatise on articles, which I refer to. We often make an elision of the Jin the article or con- junctive pronoun 17, when a vowel precedes it, and put an apostrophe in its stead ; as in the following examples. Ebbe Argante unaspada, eHfabbro egregio & else, e' I porno lefe 1 gemmato, e

mel, tel, sel, etc. in- stead of Non lo, me lo, te lo, se lo, etc. Exam. Ah chi mi toglie la mia pace antica 1 £' amove ? Io nol distinguo : alcun mel dica. (Metast.) Instead of Verso, when it means towards, we sometimes say ver, but particularly in poetry. Exam. ■ Or ce ?i' andremo omai, Io ver Gerusalem, tu verso Egitto. (Tasso.) Lastly, Santo, Grande, when they are used like adjec- * The words wherein the vowel preceding the two IPs or the two nrCs, is either J or 0, as, Spillo, crollo, etc. are excepted from the above rule. f Augello, Fratello, Capello, make, also, sometimes in the plural Ca- pet, Fratei, Jlugei, and especially in poetry. Exam. Parmi d' udir gli augei lagnarsi, e P acque Mormorando fuggir per P erba vcrde. (Petr.) 124 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. lives, lose their last syllable before a consonant, except the Z and the S impura. A nice ear, and a frequent perusal of our best authors, will tell when the aforesaid abbreviations and contractions may be used with propriety and elegance. I shall only^ make a few general remarks, which may be of use to the learner^ Observe first, That the last words of a sentence should never be abridged in prose. # Observe also, That the words which have an accent upon the last syllable, are never curtailed ; except Che, with its compounds, viz. Perche, benche, poichl, and the like. It is moreover to be observed, that the words ending in A are never contracted before a consonant ; for we al- ways say, Una donna, alcuna persona, nessuna pena, etc. and never, Un donna, alcun persona, nessun pena, etc. The adverb ora, with all its compounds, viz. Allora, talora, ancora, etc. and the word Suora, when used as an adjec- tive, are excepted from this rule. Lastly, We do not abridge those words which terminate in a diphthong, such as Occhio, specchio, cambip, etc. The moderns commonly write their plural with a j, as, Occhj, specchj, cambj, etc. I should think, however, that when the I is long, as it is ixiMormorio, eicalio, natio, etc. we should * Poets frequently end a sentence with curtailed words, as in the following examples, which is not, in my opinion without a particular beauty and energy* Chi mai d 1 iniqua stella Provo tenor piu rio ? Chi vide mai del mio Piu tormentato cor ? Passo di pene in pene T Questa succede a quella ; Ma V ultima che viene $ sempre la peggior^ (Metasu) ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 125 write the plural with two iVs, viz. Mormorii, cicalii, natii, etc. at least the pronunciation seems to require it. This is enough with respect to the grammatical rules. I have omitted none of those which are the most necessary and essential. I shall only exhort the learners to perfect themselves by a frequent perusal of our best prose writers, and of our celebrated poets, for I am very confident that no man can pretend to a thorough knowledge of any lan- guage whatever, without being acquainted with the Poets. Let, then, those who aim at perfection, never be weary (according to Horace's precept) of perusing them night and day, nocturnd versare manu, versare diurnd ; and when they come to taste and relish the beauties of Pe- trarca, Tasso, Ariosto, they may then justly boast of having made a great proficiency in the Italian language. 126 A VOCABULARY, ENGLISH AND ITALIAN God, The Trinity, — Father, — Son, — Holy Ghost, Jesus Christ, The Virgin Mary, — Jlngels, — Archangels, — Saints, A Prophet, An Evangelist, An Apostle, Heaven, Paradise, Hell, The Devil, — World, — Sky, — Sun, — Moon, — Stars, — Clouds, Dio, Iddio La Trinita II Padre II Figliuolo Lo Spirito Santo Gesu Cristo La Madonna Gli Angeli Gli Arcangeli I Santi Un Profeta Un' Evangelista Un' Apostolo, II Cielo, II Paradiso U Inferno II Diavolo II Mondo II Firmamento 11 Sole La Luna Le Stelle Le Nuvole ENGLISH AND ITALIAN. 127 — Rain, — Rainbow, — Lightning, — Thunder, — Thunderbolt, — Hail, — Snow, — Frost, — Ice, — Fog, — Dew, — Wind, A Storm, The Deluge, the flood, — Earthquake, — Elements, — Earth, — Water, — Fire, — Air, — Heat, — Cold, — Sun rising, — Morning, JYoon, The Sun-set, — Evening, — Night, To-day, To-morrow, The day after To morrow La Pioggia L' Arcobaleno II Lampo, il Baleno II Tuono II Fulmine La Grandine La Neve II Gelo II Ghiaccio La Nebbia La Rugiada II Vento Una Burrasca II Diluvio II Terremoto Gli Elementi La Terra U Acqua, II Fuoco L' Aria II Caldo, II Freddo II Levar del Sole La 3Jattina Mezzo Giorno II Tramontar del Sole La Sera La Notte * Oggi Domani Posdomani 128 A VOCABULARY, Yesterday, An Hour, Half an hour A Quarter of an hour A Minute, A Moment, A Day j A Week, A Month, A Year, An Age, The Beginning, — Middle, — Fnd, Monday, Tu sday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday, A Holy Day, A Working Day, January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August^ September, Jeri Un' Ora Una Mezz' Ora Un Quarto d' Ora Un Minuto Un Momento Un Giorno Una Settimana Un Mese Un Anno Un Secolo II Principio II Messo II Fine, or La Fine Lunedi Martedi Mercoledi Giovedi Venerdi Sabato Domenica Un Giorno di Festa Un Giorno di Lavoro Gennajo Febbrajo Marzo Aprile Maggio Giugno Luglio Agosto Settembre ENGLISH AND ITALIAN. 129 October, November, December, The Seasons, — Spring, — Summer, — Autumn, — Winter, New Year's Day Lent, Good Friday, Easter Sunday, Whitsuntide, All Saints'* Day, Christmas, A Man, An old Man, A Woman, An old Woman, A young Man, A young Woman, A Siceetkeart, A Boy, A Girl, A Child, A Nurse, A Husband, A Wife, A Widower, A Widow, The Master , Ottobre Novembre Dicembre Le Stagioni La Primavera La State L' Autunno L' Inverno II Capo d' Anno La Quaresima II Venerfli Santo II Giorno di Pasqua La Pentecoste Ognisanti, or Tutti i Santi II Giorno di Natale Un' Uomo Un Vecchio Una Donna Una Vecchia Un Giovane Una Giovane Un' Amante Un Ragazzd Una Ragazza Un Bambino Una Balia Un Marito Una Moglie Un Vedovo Una Vedova II Padrone 130 A VOCABULARY, The Mistress, — Man-servant, — Maid-servant, A Foreigner, — blind Man, — deaf 31 an, — dumb Man, — Rogue, — Thief, The Head, — Hair, — Face, — Forehead, An Eye, The Eyes, — Eye-brows, — Eye-lids, — Temples, — Nose, — Cheeks, — Ears, — Mouth, — Lips, — Teeth,* — Gums, — Tongue, — Jaws, — Chin, — Throat, — Aeck, — Shoulders, — Back, La Padrona II Servo La Serva Un Forestiero Un Cieco Un Sordo Un Mutolo Un Furfante Un Ladro II Capo I Capelli II Volto La Fronte Un Occhio Gli Occhi Le Ciglia Le Palpebre Le Tempia Ii Naso Le Guance Gli Orecchi LaBocca I Labbri, Lc Labbra I Denti Le Gengive La Lingua Le Mascelle II Mento La Gola II Collo Le Spalle La Schiena ENGLISH AND ITALIAN. 131 The Arms, — Elbow , — Hands, — Right Hand, — Left Hand, — Fingers, — Thumb, — Fore Finder, — Little Finger, — Nails, — Fist, — Sides, — Breast, — Stomach, — Heart, — Liver, — Bowels, — Lungs, — Ribs, — Thighs, — Knees, — Legs, — Feet, — Heels, — Bones, — Skin, — Blood, — Veins, — Flesh, — Fat, — Nerves, — Scull, Le Braccia II Gomito Le Mani La Mano Destra La Mano Sinistra I Diti, Le Dita II Pollice L' Indice II Dito Mignolo Le Unghie II Pugno I Fianchi II Petto Lo Stomaco II Cuore II Fegato Le Budella I Pulmoni Le Costole Le Coscie Le Ginocchia Le Gambe IPiedi I Calcagni Le Ossa La Pelle II Sangue LeVene La Carne II Grasso I Nervi II Cranio 132 A VOCABULARY, The Brain, — Spleen, — Gall, — Milk, — Senses, — Sight, — Hearing, — Smell, — Taste, — Feeling, — Head-aehe, — 2 1 ooth-aehe, — Fever, — Cough, A Cold, The Small-pox, — Measles, — Gout, — Palsy, Life, Death, The Soul, — Mind, .Reason, Memory, Wisdom, Folly, Love, Hatred, Hope, Fear, Pleasure, II Cervello La Milza 11 Fiele II Latte I Sensi La Vista L'Udito L'Odorato II Gusto II Tatto II Mai di Testa II Mai di Denti La Febbre La Tosse UnTnfreddatura II Vajuolo La Rosolia La~Gotta La Paralisia La Vita La Morte L' Anima Lo Spirito La Ragione La Memoria La Sapienza La Pazzia U Amore L' Odio La Speranza II Timore II Piacere ENGLISH AND ITALIAN. 133 Grief j * Boldness, Shame, Envy, Anger, Despair, Peace, Sadness, The Linen, A Shirt, — Handkerchief, — Neckcloth, The Stockings, — Garters, — Shoes, — Buckles, — Slippers, — Hat, — Coat, — Waistcoat, — Breeches, — Drawers, A Morning Goien, — Goicn, — Petticoat, The Stays, An Apron, The Ruffles, — Gloves, A Mnff, - Cloak, — Sfcord, II Dolore, L' Affanno L' Ardire La Vergogna L' Invidia La Collera La Disperazione La Pace La Malinconia La Biancheria Una Camicia Un Fazzoletto Una Cravatta Le Calzette Le Legacce Le Scarpe Le Fibbie Le Pianelle II Cappello L' Abito, 11 Vestito La Camiciuola I Calzoni Le Mutande Una Veste da Camera Una Veste, Una Gonna Una Gonnella .IlBusto Un Gembriule I Manichini I Gnanti Un Manicotto Un Ferrajolo Una fSpada 12 134 A VOCABULARY, A Wig, The Boots, — Spurs, A Whip, — Cane, — Watch, — Great Coat, The Ear-rings, A Ribbon, — Fan, The Bracelets, — Jewels, The Ring, A Nosegay, — JYecdle, — Pin, — Comb, — Looking-glass, The Patches, — Thimble, A Pair of Scissars, Some Thread, Some Silk, A Distaff, — Spindle, Breakfast, Dinner, Supper, A Meal, Some Bread, White Bread, Una Perrucca Gli Stivali Gli Sproni Una Frusta Una Canna Un Oriolo Un Pastrano Gli Orecchini Un N astro Un Ventaglio Le Smaniglie Le Gioje L' Anello Un Mazzo di Fiori Un' Ago Uno Spillo Un Pettine Uno Specchio INei II Ditale Le Forbici Del Filo Delia Seta ( Una Conocchia ( Una Rocca Un Fuso Colazione Pranzo Cena Un Pasto Del Pane Pan Bianco ENGLISH AND ITALIAN. 135 Brown Bread, New Bread, Stale Bread, Hot Bread, The Crumb, — Crust, Some Broth, Soup, Meat , Boiled Meat, Roast Meat, Stewed Meat, Mutton, Lamb, Veal, Beef, Pork, Bacon, Jl Sucking Pig, Ham, Jl Ducky • — Chicken, Some Greens, Jl Salad, — Rabbit, — Hare, — Goose, — Turkey, — Pheasant, — Partridge, — Woodcock, — Quail, Pan Nero Pan Fresco Pan Duro Pan Caldo La Mollica La Crosta Del Brodo Delia Zuppa Delia Carne Del Lesso DelP Arrosto Dello Stufato Castrato Agnello Vitello Manzo Porco Lardo Un Porcellin di Latte Presciutto Un' Anatra Un Polio Degli Erbaggi Un' Insalata Un Coniglio Una Lepre Un' Oca Uu Gallinaccio Un Fagiano Una Pernice Una Beccaccia Una Quaglia 136 A VOCABULARY, Jl Lark, — Pigeon, — Pic, Some Sausages, Eggs, Butter, Cheese, Salt, Oil, Vinegar, Sauce, Mustard, . Lemon, Oranges, The Desert, Some Water, Peer, Wine, White Wine, Peel Wine, Brandy, A Glass, — Napkin, The Table Cloth, — Spoon, — Fork, — Knife, — A Dish, — Plate, — Bottle, — Salt- Cellar, Coffee, Una Lodola Un Piccione Un Pasticcio Deile Salsiccie Delle Uova Del Butirro Del Formaggio Del Sale Dell' Clio Dell' Aceto Delia Salsa Delia Mostarda Del Limone Degii Aranci Le Frutta DelP Acqua Delia Birra Del Vino Vino Bianco Vino Rosso Acquavita Un Bicchiere Una Salvietta La Tovaglia II Cucchiajo La Forchetta II Coltello Un Piatto Un Tondo Un Fiasco Una Saliera Caffe ENGLISH AND ITALIAN. 137 Chocolate, Tea, A Town or City, — House, — Street, — Church, — Steeple, — College, — School, An Hospital, An Lin, A Coffee-house, — • Public-house, — Stable, — Shop, — Ware-house, The Play-house, — Post-office, — Custom-house, — Exchange, — Prisons, jl Bridge, The Gates, A Wall, The Door, -Key, — Bolt, — Lock, — Cellar, — Well, — Garden, — Stair-case, 12* Cioccolata The Una Citta Una Casa Una Strada Una Chiesa Un Campanile Un Collegio Una Scuola Uno Spedale Un' Albergo Un Caffe Un' Osteria Una Stalla Una Bottega Un Magazzino II Teatro La Posta La Dogana La Borsa Le Carceri Un Ponte Le Porte Una Muraglia L'Uscio La Chiave II Chiavistello La Serratura La Cantina II Pozzo II Giardino La Scala 138 A VOCABULARY, The Chimney \ — Windows, — First Floor 9 — Second Floor, A Garret, — Room, Jin Apartment, A Closet, — Study, — Chair, An Arm-chair, Jl Looking-glass, — Picture, — Clrck, — Table, — Bed, The Curtains, A Blanket, The Bolster, A Pillow, The Sheets, A Cradle, — Candlestick, The snuffers, — Fire-tongs, — Fire-shovel, — Bellows, A Spit, — Kettle, — Broom, — Pail, The Library, II Cammino Le Finestre II Primo Piano II Secondo Piano La Soffitta Una Camera Un' Appartamento Un Gabinetto Uno Studio Una Sedia Una Sedia d'Appoggio Uno Specchio Una Pittura Un' Orologio Una Tavola Un Letto I^e Cortine Una Co pert a II Capezzale Un Guanciale Le Lenzuola Una Culla Un Candeliere Lo Smoccolatojo Le Molette La Pnlletta II Soffietto Uno Spiedo Una Caldaja Una Scopa Una Secchia LaLibreria ENGLISH AND ITALIAN. 1S9 A Book, — Pocket-book, The Paper, A Pen, — Fen-knife, An Ink-stand, The Ink, — Sand-box, A Line, The Country, A Village, — Hamlet, — Mountain, — Hill, — Forest, — Wood, — Country-seat, An Estate, A Pigeon-house, — Shepherd, — Shepherdess, — Field, — Meadow, — Ditch, — Fledge, The Grass, -Hay, A Mill, The Corn, A Spade, — Plough, — Scythe, Un Libro Un Taccuino La Carta Una Penna Un Temperino Un Calamajo L' Inchiostro II Polverino Una Riga La Campagna Un Viilaggio Un Casale Una JVlontagna Una Collioa 'Una Foresta Un Bosco Una Villa Un Podere Una Colombaja Un Pastore Una Pastore 11a Un Canipo Un Prato Un Fosso Una Siepe L' Erba II Fieno Un Mulino II Graoo Una Zappa Un' Aratro Una Falce 140 A VOCABULARY, An Almond-tree, — Apple-tree, A JB( ech-tree, An Elm, A Fig-tree, An Oak, A Pine-tree, — Fir-tree, An Olive, — Orange-tree, A Pear -tree, — Poplar-tree, — Plum-tree, — Peaeh-tree, — Walnut-tree, — Vine, An European, — American, — Asiatic, — African, — Italian, A Sardinian, — Corsican, — Genoese, — Piedmontese, — Tuscan, — Venetian, — Neapolitan, — Sicilian, — Homan, An Englishman, A Scotchman, Un Mandorlo — Melo — Faggio Un' Olmo Un Fico Una Quercia Un Pino Un' Abete — Olivo — Arancio Un Pero — Pioppo — Susino — Pesco — Noce UnaVite Un' Europeo — Americano — Asuttico — Africano — Italiano Un Sardo — Corso — Genoese — Piemontese — Toscano — Veneziano — Napolitano Un Siciliano Un Romano Un' Inglese Uno Scozzese ENGLISH AZ- T D ITALIAN. 141 An Irishman, A Frenchman, — - Spaniard, — Portuguese, — Swiss — German, — Fleming, — Dutchman, An Austrian, A Bohemian, — Hungarian, — Polander, — Saxon, — Prussian, — Swede, — Dane, — Russian, — Turk, — Grecian, — Persian, The Emperor, — Empress, — King, — Queen, A Prince, — Princess, — Duke, — Duchess, — Marquis, — Marchioness, — Count, — Countess, Un' Irlandese Un Francese Uno Spagnuolo Un Portoghese Uno Svizzero Un Tedesco Un Fiammingo Un' Olandese Un' Austriaco Un : Un' Ungaro Un Polafeco Un Sassone Un Prufesiano Uno Svezzese Un Danese Un Russo Un Turco Un Greco Un Persiano L'Imperatore L'lniperatrice II He La Retina II Principe La p 'rincipessa Un Duca Una Duchessa Un Marchese Una Marchesa Un Conte Una Contessa 142 A VOCABULABY, A Bar on, — Baroness, — Knight, — JYobleman, — Lady, An Ambassador, A Governor, Jin Envoy, A Consul, The Pope, A Cardinal, — Bishop, An Abbot, A Canon, — Chaplain, — Rector, — Curate, — Priest, — Monk, The Grandfather, — Grandmother, — Father, — 31 other, — Son, — Daughter, — Brother, — Sister, — Uncle, — JYephew, — Aunt, —- JYiece, A Father-in-law, Un Barone Una Baronessa Un Cavaliere Un JNobile Una Dama Un' Ambasciatore Un Governatore Un' Inviato Un Console II Papa Un Cardinale Un Vescovo Un' Abate Un Canonico Un Capellano Un Rettore Un Curato Un Prete Un Frate II JNonno La Nonna II Padre La Madre II Figlio La Figlia II Fratello La Sorella Lo Zio 11 JVipote La Zia La Nipote II Suocero ENGLISH AND ITALIAN. 143 A Mother-in-law, — Son-in-law, — Daughter-in-law, — step-father, — step-mother, — step-son, — step-daughter, — Brother-in-law, — sister-in-law, — God-father, — God-mother, — God-son, — God- daughter, — Cousin, The Relations, — Parents, An Orphan, Alexander, Anselm, Anthony, Augustine, Baptist, Bartholomew Benedict, Charles, Dominick,] Francis, Gregory, Hierom, Hilary, La Suocera II Genere La JNuora II Pardrigno La Madrigna U Figliastro La FiHiastra II Co^nato La Co^nata II Padrino La Madrina II Figiioecio La Figlioccia ( Un Cugino, m. \ Una Cugina,/. I Parenti I Genitori ( Un' Orfano, m. ^Un'Orfana,/. Alessandro Anselmo Antonio Agostino Battista Bartolomeo Benedetto Carlo Domenico Francesco Gregorio Girolamo Ilario 144 A VOCABULARY. John, Giovanni James, Giacomo Lewis, Luigi Veter, Pietro Stephen, William, Stefano Guglielmo Ann, Anna Jane, Giovanna Magdalen, Maddalena Margaret, Margherita Mary, Maria Agnes, Caroline,* .Agnese Carolina Charlotte, Carlotta Elizabeth, Elizabetta Eve, Eva Judith, Ginditta Rose, Rosa Briget, Brigida Catharine, Caterina Cecily., Clara, Cicilia Chiara Dorothy, Eleanor, Dorotea Eleonora Frances, Francesca Lucy, Helen, Lucia Elena Isabel, Isabella Constance, Costanza ■ FAMILIAR PHRASES, 145 FAMILIAR PHRASES, How do you do. Sir ? I am very welly and you. Sir, how do you do ? Always ready to serve you. 1 am, very glad to see you in good health. You look very well. You look ill. I am not very well. I am sorry for it Did you sleep well last night ? I did not close an eye all night. How does your br other do ? How does your sister do 7 How does your lady do ? She is a little indisposed. What is the matter ivith her ? What ails her ? She has got the head-ache. She has got the tooth-ache. She has got a cold. She does nothing but cough. She must be let blood. FRASI FAMILIARI. Come sta Vossignoria ?* Sto benissimo, ed ella ? Sempre disposto a servirla ? Godo estremamente di ve- derla in buona salute. Ella ha un' ottima ciera. Ella ha cattiva ciera. Non isto troppo bene. Me ne displace. Ha ella dormito bene la noite passata ? Non ho mai chiuso un 5 oc- chio in tutta la notte. Come sta il suo signor fra- tello? Come sta la sua signora sorella ? Come sta la sua signora sposa , Ella e alqnanto indisposta. Che cosa ha ? Che male ha ? Ha il mal di testa. Ha il mal de' denti. Ella e infreddata. Non fa altro che tossire. Bisogna, ch' ella si faccia cavar sangue. * The style of respect in Italian is to address another by the third person singular, sometimes expressing, but more commonly implying the word Vossignoria. See p. 82, note f 13 146 FAMILIAR PHRASES, She is to take physic to- morrow. She must be careful of herself She was well last night. I will go and see her to- night. My mother is also indis- posed?. She has got a sore throat. 1 am sorry to hear she is ill I hope it will be nothing. How old is she ? She is seventy years old. I did not think she was so old. What o'clock is it ? It is one o'clock. It is half past one. It is three quarters past one. It is near two. It has struck three. It wants a quarter of four. It is past seven. It is almost tvjelve. It is time to go home. How is the weather ? It is fine weather. It rains, it does not rain. It is but a shower. It will be over presently. It is but a flying cloud. It rains as fast as it can pour. Domani ella prendera me- dicina. Bisogna ch' ella s' abbia cura. Jeri sera ella stava bene. Andro a vederla questa sera. Anche mia madre e indis- posta. Ha male alia gola. Mi dispiace di sentire ch' ella stia male. Spero che non sara niente. Q,uanti anni ha ella ? Ella ha settant' anni. Non la credeva cosi vecchia. Che ora 6? E un 1 ora. E un' ora, e mezzo. E un' ora, e tre quarti. E vicino alle due. Son sonate le tre. Sono le quattro meno un quarto. Sono le sette passate. Sono quasi le dodici. E tempo d' andare a casa. Che tempo fa ? Fa bel tempo. Piove, non piove. Non e che una scossa. Cessera subito. Non e che una nuvola pas- saggiera. Diluvia. ENGLISH AND ITALIAN. 147 It is foggy weather. It is very unwholesome iveather. It is a very cold morning. I am very cold. Is there afire in the par- lour ? Let us warm ourselves. The wind blows cold. It is very hot. The iveather is quite changed. What season do you like best? Winter is too cold a sea- son. It is too hot in summer. I like ivinter better than summer. 1 like summer better than winter. Spring is the most plea- sant of all the seasons. It is neither too hot nor too cold. We have had no spring this year. We had no summer last year. The seasons are out of order. All the trees are full of fruit. The country people will have no reason to com- plain this year. The days are very much shortened or lengthened. E un tempo nebbioso. E un tempo molto malsano. E una mattina molto fredda. Ho un gran freddo. Yi e fuoco nella sala ? Scaldiamoci. Fa un vento freddo. Fa molto caldo. II tempo e affatto cambiato. Q,ual delle stagioni le piace piu? L' inverno e una stagione troppo fredda. Nella state fa troppo caldo. L 7 inverno mi piace piu del- la state. A me la state piace piu dell 5 inverno. La prin^ivera e la piu pia- cevoledi tuttele stagioni. Non e ne troppo caldo ne troppo freddo. Quest' anno non abbiamo avuto primavera. L' anno passato non avem- mo state. U ordine delle stagioni e rovesciato. Tutti gli alberi sono pieni di frutti. I contadini non avranno motivo di lagnarsi quest' anno. I giorni sono molto accor- ciatij or allungati. 148 FAMILIAR PHRASES, It is night very early. I fear we shall have a very severe winter. Winter begins early. Where do you come from ? 1 come from the Royal Exchange. Where are you going ? lam going home. You arein a great hurry. Let us go into this Coffee- house. 1 have no time. 1 cannot stay. Well then, I will wait on you home. 1 cannot follow you. You walk too fast. Do you know that gentle- man ? lam very well acquainted ivith him. We are old acquaintance. Where did you become 1 acquainted? At Paris. 1 know him, by sight. I know him by 'reputation. Do you remember what 1 told you ? I do not remember it. I have quite forgotten it. It is gone out of my head. Do you understand me ? Do you understand Ita- lian ? E presto notte. Temo, che avremmo no inverno molto rigido. L' inverno comincia per tempo. Di dove venite ? Vengo dalla Borsa reale. Dove andate % Vado a casa. Avete una gran fretta. Entriamo in questo Caffe Non ho tempo. Non posso trattenermi. Bene dunque, v'accompag- nerd fino a casa. Non posso seguitarvi. Voi camrninate troppo pres- to. Conoscete quel signore % Lo conosco molto bene. Siamo conoscenti vecchj. Dove avete fatto conoscen- za insieme? A Parigi. Lo conosco di vista. Lo conosco per fama. Vi ricordate di quel, che vi ho detto ? Non me ne ricordo. L' ho affatto dimenticato. M' e uscito di mente. Mi capite? Capite Y Italiano? ENGLISH AND ITALIAN. 149 Do you speak Italian? 1 do not understand it ? Why donH you learn it ? I ivill learn it very soon. The Italian language is very easy. When you begin to take a liking to it, you will im- prove in it impercept- ibly. Is there any news ? They talk of peace. They talk of war. There are great" things upon the carpet. Is ii true ? lean assure you of it. Be so kind as to hear me. You are absent; why don't you listen when I speak. There is a handsome young lady. Her complexion is like li- lies and roses. She is pfair beauty. What sparkling eyes she has ! What fine hair ! Hoiv red her lips are ! Her neck is as white as alabaster. What a fine shape ! What a majesty in her carriage ! Parlate voi Italiano? Non lo capsico. Perche non 1' imparate ? L' imparero quanto prima. La lingua Italiana e facilis- sima. Quando comincerete, a prendervi gusto, vi farete progress! senza accor- gervene. Vi sono nuove ? Siparla di pace. Si parla di guerra. Vi sono gran cose sul tap- peto. E egli vero? Posso assicurarvene. Abbiate la bonta d' ascol- tarmi. Voi siete distratto; perche non m' ascoltate, quando io parlo ? Ecco una bella signorina ! La sua carnaggione e simi- le ai giglj, ed alle rose. E una bella biondina. Che occhj vivi ella ha ! Che bei capelli ! Che labbri verraiglj ! U suo collo e bianco come Falabastro. Che bella vita! Che maesta nel suo porta- mento ! 13* 150 FAMILIAR PHRASES, Are you tired ? Let us rest a little. Let us go and see Mr. A. Who is there ? Is the gentleman at home? The gentleman is in his closet. He is writing. May one speak to him ? Stay a moment, lam go- ing to tell him. Sir, Mr. A. is asking for you. Desire him to come in. lam very glad to see you, my dear friend. I came to speak to you about a little business. 1 shall take care of your business. Rely upon me. Will you breakfast with me ? As you please. I cannot eat so early in the morning. As for my part, lam very hungry. I wonder at it. late no supper last night. Did you eat nothing at all? Nothing but bread and butter. Do you call that eating no supper at all ? Siete voi stanco 1 Riposi- amoci un poco. Andiamo a vedere il signor A. Chi e la? II signore e egli in casa? II signore e nel suo gabi- netto. St a scrivendo. Si pud parlargli? V. S. aspetti un momenta Vado a dirglielo. II signor A. la domanda. Fatelo entrare. Ho molto piacere di veder- vi, amico caro. Son venuto per parlarvi d'un interessuccio. Prendero a cuore il vostro affare. Riposatevi sopra di me. Volete voi far colazione meco ? Come vi piace. Non posso mangiar la mat- tina cosi a buon' ora. In quanto a me tft> una grandissima fame. Ne sono sorpreso. Jeri sera non cenai. Non mangiaste niente af- fatto ? Nient' altro che pane e but- irro. E questo lo chiamate non cenar del tutto ? ENGLISH AND ITALIAN. 151 lam used to eat a hearty supper. Dinner is our best meal in England. I regularly eat four meals a day, when I am well. Ask my brother if he will have his breakfast. • He is but just up. Welt, we shall breakfast together. Let us make some tea and coffee. Hike chocolate better. Well, you shall have some. The water is boiling. The tea is very weak. Your coffee is too strong. That can be easily reme- died. This chocolate is good for not '.in ? at all. The tea is excellent. Do you take sugar in it ? To be sure. And I always drink it without. Every one has his taste. What fine china. DorUt go yet. You shall dine with we. With all my heart. Let us go into the dining- room Lets sit at table. Sono solito a fare una buo- na cena. In Inghilterra il pranzo e il nostro miglior pasto. 10 fo regolarmente quatro pasti al giorno, quando sto bene. Domandate a mio fratello, se vuol far colazione. E appunto levato. Bene, faremo colazione in- sieme. Facciamo del the, e del caffe. Mi piace piu la cioccolata. E bene, ne avrete. L' acqua bolle. lithe e molto 'ebole. 11 vostro caffe e troppo forte, Yi si pud remediar facil- mente. Questa cioccolata non val niente. II the e eccellente. Vi mettete zucchero? Certamente. Ed iolo bevo sempre senza, Ognuno ha il suo gusto. Che bella porcellana ! Non ve ne andate ancora. Dovete pranzar meco. Volentierissimo. Entriamo nella sala. Mettiamoci a tavola. 152 FAMILIAR PHRASES, This soup seems to me very good. I knoio that youlike soup. As for my part I dorit like soup at all. Eat of this boiled meat. There, help yourself Take the soup away. You do not eat. The fricassee of chickens is very nice. You don't seem to like it much. I reserve ?nyself for the roast meat. Be so good as to carve that turkey. Who will dress the sal- lad? Put a good deal of oil to it, and little vinegar. Sir, your health. I thank you, Sir. Why donH you drink ? DonHyou like that wine ? It is very good, but lam no great drinker. Thai's a very fine desert. What shall we do this af- ternoon ? Shall we go and take a walk ? It could not be finer weath- er for walking. Let us take a walk then. Questa zuppami par molto buona. So che vi piace la zuppa. Per me non amo punto la zuppa. Mangiate di questo lesso. Tenete, servitevi. Levate la zuppa. Voi non mangiate. La fricassea di pollastri e qualche cosa di delicato. Non pare che vi piaccia molto. Mi riserbo pel rosto. Abbiate la bonta di trinciar quel gallinacio. Chivuol condir Finsalata? Mettetevi molt' olio, e poco aceto. Signore, a la vostra salute. Grazie, Signore. Perch e non bevete ? Non vi piace quel vino ? E ottimoj ma non sono gran bevitore. Quello e un bellissimo des- sert. Che faremo noi dopo pran- zo? Vogliamo noi fare una pas- seggiata. II tempo non puo esser migliore per passeggiare. Andiamo dunque a fare un giro. ENGLISH AND ITALIAN. 153 It is too bad weather. We must stay at home. Well j let us play at cards. As you please. As you will What game shall we play atl These two gentlemen will play at 'piquet; they like it, I know. As for you two, I know that you donH like play- ing at cards, therefore you will play at chess. What shall we play for ? We won'J play very high, lam the most unfortunate in the world at gaming. Who is to deal ? The gentleman is to deal. (Shuffle the cards well. Cut. I play hearts, and call for the king of spades. Clubs and the king of diamonds. I have the worst cards in the pack. You must have good cards, since I have nothing. Are you going so soon ? Why wonH you stay and sup with us! II tempo e troppo cattivo. Bisogna stare in casa. E bene, giuochiamo alle carte. Come vi piace. Come volete. A che giuoco giuocheremo noi? Questi due signori giuoche- ranno a picchetto ; so che 1' amano. In quanto a voi altri due, so che non vi piace di giuocare alle carte, per- cio, voi giuocherete agli scacchi. Di quanto giuocheremo? Non giuocheremo di molto. Sono il piu sfortunato del mondo al giuoco. A chi tocca a far le carte ? Tocca al signore. Mescolate bene le carte. Alzate. Giuoco a' cuori, e chiamo il Re di picche. Fiori e il Re di quadri. Ho le peggiori carte del mazzo. Voi dovete necessariamente aver buone carte perche io non ho niente. Volete andarvene cosi pres- to? Perche non volete restar a cenna con noi ? 154 FAMILIAR PHRASES, / cannot^ I must go to the ball. I wish you much pleasure. I thank you for your good company. ' Good night. Which is the way to ? How far is from hence to W ? Twenty-four miles. How can 1 go from hence to it ? You may take post-horses You may take a place in the stage coach. Are you alone ? I must have a horse for my servant. How good the roads are ! The dust flies, and is very troublesome. This carriage is so easy one might sleep in it. Now ice are arrived. Why do you come so latel You got up this morning too late. Nobody awaked me, I was very sleepy. Why doiit you desire somebody to call you d7 Have you got your les- son ? Non posso, devo andare alia festa di ballo. Vi auguro del piacere. Vi ringrazio della vostra buona compagnia. Buona sera, buona notte. Qual e la strada per andare a ? Quanto v 5 e di qui a W — ? Venti quattro iniglia. In qual maniera posso io andarvi? Potete prender cavalli di posta. Potete prendere un posto nella diligenza. Sjete voi solo ? Mi bisogna un cavallo pel mio servitore. Che buone strade ! La polvere vola, ed incom- moda assai. Questa carozza e tanto co- moda, que vi si potrebbe dormire. Eccoci arrivati. Perch e venitecosi tardi? Voi vi siete levato troppo tardi questa mattina. Nessuno m' ha svegliato, avevo un gran sonno. Perch e non pregate qual- cuno di chiamarvi? Avete imparato la lezione ? ENGLISH AND ITALIAN 155 It is too long and too hard. Have you done your exer- ci se 7 Lefs see y shew it me. It is full of faults. What bad Italian ! You dovHt mind the rules. Why don! t you consult the grammar ? You take no pains. Where did you leave off last t i me ? Here. You read too fast. Read more slowly. You dorit understand what you read. Have you looked for that word ? You must look for your words. How do you say in Ita- lian ? You are mistaken. What a noise ! Hold your tongue. Will you give me leave to out, Sir ? Go, and make haste back again. Shut the door. I found it open. What does that signify ? Have you got all that you want 'I Ella e troppo lunga, e trop- po difficile. Avete fatto il vostro tema? Vediamo, mostratemelo. E pieno d' errori. Che cattivo Italiano ! Voi non badate alle regole. Perch e non consultate la grammatica? Voi non vi date nessuna pena. Dove avete lasciato l'ultima volt a? am. Voi leggete troppo presto. Leggete piu adagio. Voi non capite quel che leg- gete. Avete cercato quellaparola ? Bisogna che cerchiatele pa- role. Come dite in Italiano -? Sbagliate. Che fracasso ! Tacete. Vuol ella darmi il permesso d'u scire ? Andate e tornate subito. Chiudete l'uscio. L'ho trovato aperto. Che importa? Avete quanto v'occorre? 156 FAMILIAR PHRASES, / have neither pen nor ink. The ink is good for noth- ing. The pen is very bad. Cannot you make a penl Try this. This is a good one. What is the matter with you! Mr. A. hinders me from getting my lesson. He laughs at me. He pulls me by the hair. Come hither both of you. Is this the way to learn your lesson ? Pray. Sir, forgive me for this time. I will never do it any more. Every body complains of you. I hope you will be better for the future. Yes, I will, I assure you. So much the better ; if yon are good and dili- gent I shall love yon. Sir, I am overjoyed to see you. Where have you been this long while ? We have been these tivo months in the country. Non ho ne penna ne in- chiostro. L'inchiostro non val niente. La penna e cattivissima. Non sapete temperar una penna? Provate questa. Questa e buona. Che avete ? II signor A. m'impedisce d'imparar la mia lezione. Si burla di me. Mi tira pe' capelli. Venite qui tutti e due. E questa la maniera d'im- parar la lezione ? Di grazia, ella mi perdoni per questa volta. Non lo faro mai piu. Ognuno si lagna di voi. Spero che sarete migliore in avvenire. Lo saro certamente. Tanto meglio, se sarete bu- eno, e diligente, io vi vor- ro bene. Signore, ho un grandissimo piacere di vedervi. Dove siete stato tutto ques- to tempo ? Sono due mesi, che siamo in villa. ENGLISH AND ITALIAN. 157 Are you come to toion to stay. No, Sir, I go back to- morrow morning. How do you enjoy your- self in the country ? How do you pass away the time ? 1 bestow part of it upon books. 1 sometimes go hunting. What do you hunt ? Sometimes we hunt a stag, and sometimes a hare. How do you like fishing ? Extremely, but I fish very seldom. We are too far from the river. They say there is a new play acted tonight; shall we go and see it ? With all my heart. Let us go immediately. There is abundance of people. These ladies are very finely drest. That lady is as hand- some as an ansrel. Do you know her ? I have that honour. The play is over. Let us gj home. Where are you going, Sir? 14 Siete ora venuto in citta per restarvi? No signore, mene ritorno domani mattiua. Come vi diver tite in cam- pagna ? Come passate il tempo ? Ne consacro una parte a 5 libit Vadoqnalchevolta a caccia. A qua! caccia ? Alcune volte del cervo, ed alcune altre della lepre. Come vi piace la pesca? Estremamente, ma pesco rarissime volte. Siamo troppo lontani dal fiume. Dicono, che vi sia una corn- media nuova questasera, anderemo noi a vederla? Molto volontieri. Andiamo subito. G'e moltissima gente. Quelle signore sono vestite molto bene. Quella signora e bella, come un angelo. La conoscete ? Ho quest' onore. La commedia e finita. Andiamo a casa. Dove andate. signore ? 158 FAMILIAR PHRASES, i" am going to Dover. When do you set out ? Immediately. Do you go thither in a coach or on horseback ? accoglie, ti difende, e ti sostiene. When Themistocles thus nobly answers — J\Ii difenda chi vuol nacqui in Atene. [J Restar for restarono, § The Octave is a stanza of eight verses, each composed of eleven syllables, therefore termed Endecasillabi, They are the same as those 204 SPECIMENS OF Ei, che modesto e si, com' eissa e bella, Brama assai, poco spera, e nulla chiede ; Ne sa scoprirsi o non ardisce, ed ella O lo sprezza o nol vede o non s'avvede : Cosi finora il misero ha servito O non visto o mal noto o mal gradito. S'ode 1'aniiunzio intanto, e che s'appresta Miserabile strage al popol loro. A lei che generosa e quanto onesta Viene in pensier come salvar costoro : Move fortezza il gran pensier, l'arresta Poi la vergogna, e il verginal decoro, Vince fortezza, anzi s'accorda, e face * Se vergognosa, e la vergogna audace* . La Virgine tra' 1 vulgo usci soletta Non copri sue bellezze e non l'espose, Raccolse gli occhi, andd nel velf ristretta, Con ischive maniere e generose : Non sai ben dir, s'adorna, o se negletta Se caso, od arte il bel volto compose, Di natura, d'amor, de' cieli amici Le negligenze sue sono artificj. Mirata di ciascun passa, e non mira L'altera donna, e innanzi al re sen viene ; Ne perch6 irato il veggia, il pie ritira, Ma il fiero aspetto intrepida sostiene. Vengo, Signor, gli disse (e intanto 1'ira Prego, sospenda, e il tuo popolo affrene) Vengo a scoprirti, e vengo a darti preso Quel reo, che cerchi, onde sei tanto offeso. used in the Sonnet : only the first verse rhymes with the third and fifth, the second with the fourth and sixth, and the seventh with the eighth. * Face, a poetical expression for fa, the third person singular of the present tense of the indicative mood of the verb fare. | Vel for velo. ITALIAN POETRY. 205 AH' onesta baldanza, alP improvviso Folgorar di bellezze altere, e sante, Quasi confuso il re, quasi conquiso Frend lo sdegno, e placd il fier sembiante, S'egli era d'alma, o se costei di viso Severa manco, e i diveniane amante : Ma ritrosa belta ritroso core Non prende, e sono i vezzi esca d'amore. Fu stupor, fu vaghezza, e fu diletto, S'amor non fu che mosse il cor villano : Narra, ei le dice, il tutto : ecco io commetto Che non s'offenda il popol tuo cristiano. Ed ella : il reo si trova al tuo cospetto ; Opra £ il furto, Signor, di questa mano, Io l'immagine tolsi : io son colei, Che tu ricerchi, e me punir tu dei. Cosi al pubblico fato il capo altero OfFerse, e il voile in se sola raccorre. Magnanima menzogna, or quando e il vero Si bello, che si possa a te preporre ? Riman sospeso, e non si tosto il fero Tiranno all' ira, come suol, trascorre. Poi la richiede ; Io vub, che tu mi scopra Chi die* consiglio, e chi fu insieme all' opra. Non volsi far della mia gloria altrui .Ne pur minima parte (ella gli dice) Sol di me stessa io consapevol fui Sol consigliera, e sola esecutrice. Dunque in te sola (ripiglio colui) Caderal'ira mia vendicatrice. Diss' ella: e giusto, esser a me conviene, Se fui sola all' onor, sola alle pene, Qui comincia il Tiranno a risdegnarsi : Poile dimanda, ov' hai l'immago ascosa? Non la nascosi (a lui risponde) io Parsi, El'arderla stimailaudabil cosa : * Die for diede or dette* 18 206 SPECIMENS 05* Cosl almen non potra piti violarsi Per man de ? miscredenti ingiuriosa: Signore, o chiedi il furto, o il ladro chiedi; Quel nol vedrai in eterno, e questo il vedi. Benche ne furto e il mio, ne ladra io sono, Giusto e ritor cio ch' a gran torto e tolto. Or questo udendo in minacevol suono Freme il Tiranno, e il fren dell' ira e sciolto. Non speri piu di ritrovar perdono Cor pudico, alta mente, o nobil volto : E indarno amor contro lo sdegno crudo Di sua vaga bellezza a lei fa scudo* Presa e la bella donna, e incrndelito II re la danna entro un incendio a morte, Gia '1 velo, e '1 casto manto e a lei rapito : Stringon le molli braccia aspre ritorte, Ella si tace, e in lei non sbigottito, Ma pur commosso alquanto e il petto forte : E smarisce il bel volto in un colore Che non e pallidezza, ma candore. Divulgossi il gran caso, e quivi tratto Gia ? 1 popol s' era : Olindo anco v'accorse. Dubbia era la persona, e certo il fatto, Venia* che fosse la sua donna in forse. Come la bella prigioniera in atto Non pur di rea ma di dannata ei scorse, Come i ministri al duro uflizio intenti Vide ; precipitoso urtd le genti. Al re grid5, non e, non e gia rea Costei del furto, e per follia sen vanta ; Non pens5, non ardi, ne far potea Donna sola, e inesperta opra cotanta: Come ingannd i custodi, e della dea Con qual arti invold Timmagin santa? Se' 1 fece, il narri ; Io 1' ho, Signor, furata; Ahi tanto amo la non amante amata. * Venia for veniva. ITALIAN POETRY. 207 Soggiunse poscia: Io la, cPonde riceve L'altra vostra meschita e l'aura, e il die, Di notte ascesi, e trapassai per breve Foro, tentando inaccessibil vie : A me Toner, la morte a me si deve, Non usurpi costei le pene mie: Mie son quelle catene, e per me questa Fiamma s'accende, e il rogo a me s'appresta. Alza Soffronia il visa, e umanamente Con occhi di pietade in lui rimira. A che ne vieni, o misero innocente ! Qual consiglio, o furor ti guida o tira ? Non son io dunque senza te possente A sostener cio che d'un uom pud l'ira ? Ho petto anch' io, ch' ad una morte crede Di bastar solo, e compagnia, non chiede. Cosi parla all' amante, e nol dispone Si ch' egli si disdica, o pensier mute.* * Oh spettacolo grande, ove a tenzone Sono amore, e magnanima virtute! Ove la morte al vincitor si pone In premio, e'i mal del vinto e la salute* Ma piu s'irrita il re quant' ella, ed esso Epiu constante in incolpar se stesso. Pargli che vilipeso egli ne resti, E che in disprezzo suo sprezzin le pene. Credasi (dice) ad ambo, e quella, e quest! Vinca, e la pal ma sia qual si conviene. Indi accenna ai sergenti, i quai son presti A legar il garzon di lor catene. Sono ambo stretti al palo stesso, e volto Eil tergo al tergo, e'l volto ascoso al volto. Composto e lor d'intorno il rogo omai E gia le fiamme il mantice v'incita : * Mutt for miUh 208 SPECIMENS OF Quando il fanciullo in dolorosi lai Proruppe, e disse a lei ch' e seco unita : Questo dunque e quel laccio, ond' io sperai Teco accoppiarmi in compagnia di vita? Quest' e quel foco, ch' io credea, che i cori Nedovesse infiammar d'egualiardori? Altre fiamme, altri nodi Amor promise Altri ce n'apparecchia iniqua sorte. Troppo (ahi ben troppo) ella gia noi divise, Ma duramente or ne congiunge in morte. Piacemi almen, poiche in si strane guise Morir pur dei, del rogo esser consorte, * Se del letto non fui? duolmi il tuo fato, II mio non gia poich' io ti moro a lato* Ed o raia morte avventurosa appieno O fortunati miei dolci martiri, S'impetrerd, che giunto seno a seno L' anima mia nella tua bocca io spiri. E venendo tu meco a un tempo meno, In me fuor mandi gli ultimi sospiri. Cosi dice piangendo, ella il ripiglia Soavemente, e in tai detti il consiglia. Amico, altri pensieri, altri lament! Per piu. alta cagione il tempo chiede. Che non pensi a tue colpe, e non rammenti Qual Dio promette ai buoni ampia mercede ? Soffri in suo nome, e sian dolci i tormenti E lieto aspira alia superna sede, Mira il Ciel, com'e bello, e mira il sole Ch' a se par che n'inviti, e ne console. Qui il vulgo de' Paganiil pianto estolle Piange il fedel, ma in voci assai piil basse, Un non so che d'inusitato, e molle Par che nel duro petto al re trapasse: Ei presentillo, e si sdegnb, ne voile Piegarsi, e gli occhi torse, e si ritrasse, ITALIAN POETRY. 209 Tu sola il duol comun non accompagni, Sofronia, e pianta da ciascun non piagni.* Terzine del Mttastasio.\ l'origine delle leggi. Quando ancor non ardiva il pino audace Grave di merci dispiegare il volo Sul mobil dorso d'ocean fallace. Era alle genti noto un lido solo, Ne certo segno i campi distinguea, Ne curvo aratro rivolgeva il suolo. Per gli antri e per le selve ognun traea Allor la vita, ne fra sete o lane Le sue ruvide membra ravvolgea. * There is another species of Stanzas of six verses : the first rhym- ing with the third, the second with the fourth, and the two last togeth- er; as in the following example: Dive che Hsacro ed onorato fonte Dove gloria si beve in guardia avete Dal vostro onibroso e solitario monte Un tempio meco afabricar scendete, Un tempio ou' immortal poscia s' adori Qaesta donna de^ Galii e Dea de* cori. (Marino.) There is also another sort of Stanzas, called Quarta Rima, It con- sists of four verses the first of which rhymes with the fourth, the second with the third. f The Terzine or Capitoli, are heroic verses, or EndecasittaU, dispos- ed in such a manner, that the first and third verses of the first stanza may rhyme together, the second with the first and the third of the second stanza, and the second of the second stanza with the first and third of the third stanza, thus continuing to the end of the composition,* which must close with a stanza of four verses, that every verse may have another to rhyme with. We have likewise Capitoli in terza rima &f slippery verses, or sdruccioli, as the Jlrcadia of Sannazarc, Opurafede, o dolcc usanza Vetera 1 Or conosco ben io, cli > il mondo instabile Tanto peggiora piti, quaniopiti invetera* 18* 210 SPECIMENS OF Che non temeano ancor le membra umane II duro ghiaccio degli alpestri monti, Ne i raggi che cadean dal sirio cane, La pioggia, e il sol sulle rugose fronti Battean sovente, ma il disagio istesso Gli rendeva a soffrir stabili, e pronti. A ciascun senza tema era concesso Dal medesimo tronco il cibo corre, Ed estinguer la sete al fonte appresso. Avvenne poi che desiando porre Due sul frutto vicin l'adunca mano, L'uno e 1' altro tentar la preda torre. E quindi accesi di furore insano Con Tunghie pria si laceraro* il volto, Poi con l'armi irrigarf di sangue il piano. Indi piti d' un si vide insieme accolto Solo per tema del potere altrui, Cui fiero sdegno il freno avea disciolto. Poi, per aprir ciascuno i sensi sui Con la lingua accennava il suo parere, Che fu il modo primiero offerto a lui. Perche sente ciascuno il suo potere, Come il piccol fanciullo appena e nato Ne dimostra col dito il suo volere. Scherza il torello alia sua madre a lato, Ed appena spuntarsi il corno sente, Che a cozzar dallo sdegno e gia portato» Ed adulto Paugello immantinente Se stesso affida ad inesperti vanni, Ove il poter natura a lui consente. Poi volendo del Ciel fuggire i danni Varie pelli alle membra s'adattorno ;J Indi tessean di lane i rozzi panni. * Laceraro for lacerarono. f Irrigar for irrigarono. X Mattorno for adattarono. ITALIAN POETRY. 211 E ciascun componendo il suo soggiorno Per sicurezza i lor tugurj uniti Cinser di fosse, e di muraglie intorno. Ma perche varie idee, varj appetiti Volgono 1'uom ; percib sempre fra loro Erano semi di discordie, e liti. Onde per ritrovar pace, e ristoro Fu duopo esser soggetti a patti tali Che del cotnun voler immago foro.* Cosl le varie menti de' mortali DalP utile comun prendendo norma Resero tutti i lor desiri uguali. Che in van tenta ridursi a certa forma Corpo civil, se sol de' proprj affetti Ogni stolto pensier seguita l'orma. Anzi anch' a' dotti, e nobili intelletti Tant' e piil necessario il gitisto freno Quant' han di variar maggiori oggetti. II saggio vive sol libero appieno, Perche del ben oprare il seme eterno Dell' infinito trae dal vasto seno. Egli discerne col suo lume interno Che da una sola idea sorge e dipende Delle create cose il gran governo. II dotto e quel che solo a gloria attende, Qual e colui che di Febeo furore Tra Palme Muse la sua mente accende. Ma il saggio e quel che mai non cangia il core, E sempre gode una tranquilla pace In questo breve trapassar dell' ore. * Foro for/wrono. 212 SPECIMENS OF Egli e so], ch' alle leggi non soggiace, Perche sol con le leggi egli ccnviene, E di quelle e compagno, e non seguace* Ei le sue voglie a suo piacer trattiene, E sciolto vola da mortale impero, A cui legati ambizion ci tiene. Egli e che conducendo il suo pensiero Per lo cammin delle passate cose Mira delie future il corso intero. Egli in se stesso ha sue ricchezze ascose Ne mai pervo^lia di grandezza umana Di se la guida alia fortuna espose. Ed egli e che con mente accortae sana Le leggi in contra, e con la propria vita Ogni ingiuria da quelle anche allontana. Come Socrate il saggio ognor n' addita, ' Che per non violar le leggi sante Sparger si contento ranima ardita, Ei fu ch' avendo i cari amici avante Del suo giorno fatal nel punto estremo Disse con voce debile, e tremante : Amici, il mio morire io gia non temo ; Perocche quanto aceorcio il viver mio, Tanto alio spirto* di prigionc io scemo* E questa mortal vita non desio, Acciocche Talma del suo fango pura Ritorni lieta alio splendor natio, Che in questa spoglia che il goder ci fura, Colui la propria vita ha piii disteso, Che non dai giorni il viver suo misura, Ma da quel che conobbe ed ha compreso. ♦ Spirto for spirits ITALIAN POETRY. 213 Versi sciolti tratti dal Pastor Fido del Guarini* Come il gelo alle piante, ai fior l'arsura La grandine alle spiche, ai semi il verme Le reti a'cervi ed agli augelli il visco : Cosi nemico all' uom fu sempre Amore. E chi foco chiamollo, intese molto La sua natura perfida, e malvagia. Che se'l fuoco si mira oh come e vago ! Ma se si tocca oh come e crudo ! il mondo Non ha di lui phi spaventevol mostro, Come fera divora, e come ferro Pugne, e trapassa, e come vento vola : E dove il piede imperioso ferma Cede ogni forza, ogni poter da loco. Non altramente Amor ; che se tu'l miri In duo begli occhi, in una treccia bionda Oh come alletta e piace; oh come pare Che gioja spiri, e pace altrui prometta ! Ma se troppo t'accosti, e troppo il tend, Si che serper cominci, e forza acquisti, Non ha tigre l'Ircania, e non ha Libia Leon si fero, e si pestifero angue Che la sua ferita vinca, o pareggi. Crudo pixi che l'Inferno, e che la morte : Nemico di pieta ministro d'ira : E finalmente Amorprivo d'amore. * The Italians have preserved in their language many peculiarities of the Latin tongue. The present species of verse was taken from the same ; the Italians term it Sciolto, the English blank verse. It is fre- quently mixed with one of twelve syllables called Sdrucciolo or slippery. Of this kind is the following passage of the famous translation of the JEneid by Annibal Caro. Verranno i Teucri al regno di Lavinio Di cib V affido. Ma ben tosto tPesservi Si pentiranno. Guerre, guerre orribili Sorger ne veggio, e pien di sangue il Tevere. They are sometimes intermixed with verses of ten syllables, the last words of which have an accent upon the last vowel, and are called Tronchi. Of this nature is Annibal Caro's translation of the following line of Virgil. Exanimisque tremens procumbit humi bos, §i scosse, barcollb, morto cade\ l 214 SPECIMENS OF Canzone di Giovanni Milton. Ridonsi Donne Giovani amorosi, M'accostandosi attorno, e perche" scrivi, Perche in scrivi in lingua ignota e strana Verseggiando d'amor, e come Fosi ? Dinne sela sua speme sia mai vana, E de' pensieri lo miglior t' arrivi ; Cosi mi van burlando : Altri rid t'aspettano, ed altre onde Nelle cui verdi sponde Spuntera adhor adhor alia tua chioma I/immortal guiderdon d' eterne frondi. Perche alle spalle tue soverchia soma? Canzon dirotti, e tu per me rispondi: Dice mia Donna, e'l suo dire e il mio cuore. Questa e lingua di cui si vanta amore. Epigramma di Monsieur Menage. Chi creduto l'avrebbe? L'empia, la cruda Iole Del mio partir si duole : A quel finto dolore Non ti fidar, mio core ; N m e vera pietade Quella die mostra, no, ma crudeltade. Dell' aspro mio martire La cruda vuol gioire, Udir la cruda i miei sospiri ardenti, E mirar vuole i duri miei tormenti.* * This is a translation of the following Epigram of Buchancs : Ilia mihi semper prcesenti dura Jfeara Me quoties ah sum semper abesse dolet. Non desiderio nostri, non rnceret amore, Sed se non iiostro posse dolore frui. ITALIAN POETRY. 215 Sceltad' alcuni passaggi del Metastasio^ ■ Non e prudenza Ma follia de' mortali L'arte cruclel di presagirsi i mali. Sempre e maggior del vero L'idea d' una sventura Al credulo pensiero Dipinta dal timor. Chi stolto il mal fignra, AfTretta il proprio affanno, Ed assicura un danno Quando e dubbioso ancor. Attilio Regolo, Atto I Scena XI, Mai non si vide ancora In periglo si grande La Gloria mia! ma questa Gloria, o Dei Non e dell' aline nostre Un affetto tiranno? Al par d'ogni altro Domar non si do.vrebbe? Ah no ! De vili Questo e il lingnaggio — Inutilmente nacque Chi sol vive a se stesso : e sol da questo Nobile affetto ad obbliar s'impara Se peraltrui. Quanto ha di ben la terra Alia Gloria si dee. Vendica questa L'umanita dal vergognoso stato In cui saria senza il desio d'onore : Toglie il senza al dolore, Lo spavento ai perigli, Alia morte il terror. Dilata i regni, Le citta cnstodisce : alletta, aduna Seguaci alia virtu, cangia in soav I feroci costumi, E rende l'uomo imitator de' Numi. Idem, Atto IL Scena VII * Next to the verse of eleven syllables that of seven is the most har- monious ; and Metastasio has happily mixed it with that of eleven, without giving to it any determinate place, only consulting his nice and judicious ear. 216 SPECIMENS OF Se a ciascun l'interno affanno Si leggesse in fronte scritto Quanti mai che invidia fanno Ci farebbero piet& ! Si vedria* che i lor nemici Hanno in seno, e si riduce In parere a noi felici Ogni lor felicita. Giuseppe Riconosciuto, Parti J. Deh cosi presto Non condannarmi. Oh come Siam degli altri a svantaggio Facili a giudicar ! Misero afletto Del troppo amar noi stessi ! Al nostro fasto Lusinga e il biasmof altrui. Par che s'acquisti Quanto agli altri si scema. Ognun procura Di ritrovare altrove O compagni all' errore, O Terror ch' ei non ha. Cambian per questo Spesso i nomi alle cose. In noi veduto II timore e prudenza, Modestia la vilta : veduta in altri E vilt& la modestia, La prudenza e timor. Quindi poi siamo Si contend di noi ; quindi succede Che tardi il ben, subito il mal si crede. Ibidem. Quando il costume Si converte in natura L'alma, quel che non ha, sogna, e figura, Sogna il guerrier le schiere * Si vedria for si vedrebbe. t Biasmo contracted from biasimo. ITALIAN POETRY. 217 Le selve il cacciator ; E sogna il pescator Le reti, e l'amo. Sopito in dolce obblio Sogno pur io cosl Colei che tutto il dl Sospiro e chiamo. Artaserse, Atto I. Scena VL Ai grandi acquisti Gran coraggio bisogna, e non conviene Temer periglio, o ricusar fatica ; Che la fortuna e degli audaci arnica. Non fidi al mar che frerae La temeraria prora Chi si scolora, E teme, Sol quando vede il mar. Non si cimenti in campo Chi trema al suono, al lampo D'una guerriera tromba D'un bellicoso acciar. Demetrio, Atto IL Scena X. Insana gioventii ! Qualora esposta Ti veggo tanto agl' impeti d'amore Di mia vecchiezza io mi consolo, e rido. Dolce e il mimr dal lido Chi sta per naufragar ; non che ne alletti II danno altrui, ma sol perche l'aspetto D'un mal che non si soffre e dolce oggetto. Ma che 1 l'eta canuta. Non ha le sue tempeste ? ah ! che pure troppo Ha le sue proprie, e dal timore dell' altre Sciolta non e. Son le follie diverse Ma folle e (fgunno : e a suo piacer n'aggira 19 218 SPECIMENS OF L'odio o l'amor, la cupidigia o l'ira. Siam navi all' onde algenti Lasciate in abbandono ; Impetuosi venti I nostri affetti sono : Ogni diletto e scoglio : Tutta la vita e un mar. Ben qual nocchiero in noi "Veglia raggion, ma poi Dal procelloso orgoglio Si lascia trasportar. Olimpiade^ Atto II. Scena.V. Perche bramar la vita ! E quale in lei Piacer si trova? Ogni fortuna e pena, E miseria ogni eta. Tremiam fenciulli D'un guardo al minacciar. Siam gioco adulti Di fortuna, e d'amor. Gemiam canuti Sotto il peso degli anni. Or ne tormenta La brama d'ottenpre: or ne trafigge Di perdere il timore : eterna guerra Hanno i rei con se stessi ; i giusti l'hanno Coll' invidia e la frode. Ombre, delirj, Sogni, follie son nostre cure : e quando II vergognoso errore A scoprir s'incomincia, allor si muore. Demofoonte, Atto III. Scena I* Sia luminoso il fine Del viver mio. Qual moribonda face Scintillando s'estingua. Alfin che mai Esser pud questa morte? Un ben ? s'affretti : Un mal? Fugirasi presto Dal timor d'aspetta lo Che e mal peggiort 4 . E della vita indegno Chi a lei pospon la gknia : a cid che nasce ITALIAN POETRY. 219 Quella e comun : dell' alme grandi e questa Proprio, e privato ben. Tema il suo fato Quel vil che agli altri oscuro Che ignoto a se mori nascendo ; e porta Tutto se nella tomba ; ardito spiri Chi pud senza rossore Rammentar come visse allor che muore. Temistoch, Atto III. Sccna I. A TABLE, she DELE. (9) MASCULINE GENDER. Masculine or Sing. II maestro, (2) the mas£e? Consonant. Del maestro, of the mai i Al maestro, to the mas ion Dal maestro, from the n ion Plur. I maestri, the master ondon. Dei, or de' maestri, of the mas Masculine or Ai, or a' maestri, to the mas Vowel. Dai, or da' maestri, from the rr der Sing. Losdegno,(3) the anger :ander Dello sdegno, of the ang under Alio sdegno, to the ang llexander. Dallo sdegno, from the a * .Plur. Glisdegni, the angers' Degli sdegni, of the angi t Agli sdegni, to the angi Dagli sdegni from the a; (Toface\ [10] some to some, some to some. INFINITIVE MOOD. fE. to — Par-lare Tem-ere Cap-ire 10. Part. act. —ing ando endo endo 11. Part, pal — ed or M. F. ato ata M. uto M. ito F. uta F. ita befor^ned all common with with a vowel. Avith a vowel are (1) The definite article is used nouns masculine beginning with a conscbsoriant, Z. — (4) Thus are declined all common ng (6) Gli is apostrophed only before nouns declined like LHsola, etc. (8) Le is apo (9) The indefinite article serves for b me, of me, etc. before possessive pron pronouns, as Questo, cotesto, quello, el before uno, or una, as Un uomo, a r Del pane, bread, or some bread, etc, N. B. All nouns which end in A in commonly are, they change A into E, etc. except a few nouns, which, endii ending in / in the singular, do not monosyllables. , ma>le 8. Preter. J might — assi assi asse assimo aste assero. essi essi esse essimo este essero. issi issi isse issimo iste issero. uns, as, Jo, I, Di e demonstrative e, etc. Finally, substance, as, eminine, as they <*i, mano, mam, requie. Nouns vowel, and of ctd 221 A N ALPHABETICAL LIST OF THE IRREGULAR VERBS. CONJUGATED IN THOSE TENSES IN WHICH THEY VARY FROM THE REGU- LAR ONES. The Figures 1, 2, 3, etc. mark the Tenses, as in the preced- ing Table. ABBORR-ire, to abhor, like Ca- pire, the third regular conjuga- tion. It is often conjugated as follows, and especially m poe- try : I. o, i, e(2), iamo, ite, ono 5. t, a, iamo, ite, ano 6. a, i, or a, a, iamo, iate, ano Accadere, v. Cadere. The former is an impersonal verb. Accen-dere, v. Prendere 3. Accensi, ed accense, with II. Accenso, are poetical ex- pressions (3) Acchiudere, v, Chiudere Accingere, v. Cingere Accogliere, v. Coaiiere Acconsentire, v. Sbborrire Accor-gersi, to perceive 3. si, gesti se, gemmo, geste, sero 11. to. The compound tenses are formed with essere, and this is the case with all re^ flective verbs. Accorrere, v. Correre Accrescere, v. Crescere (2) Ei brama onore e* I suo contrario abborre. (3) E spesso V un contrario alV altro accense. Per non trovarvi i duo bei lumi accensi. (Idem.) 19* Addivenire, v. Venire; the first is an impersonal verb Adducere (obsolete), v. Addurre Addu-rre, to bring, to allege I. co, ci, ce, ciamo, cete, cono 3. ssi, cesti, sse, cemmo, ceste, ssero 4 rrb, rrai, rra, rremo, rrete, rranno 5. ci, ca, ciamo, cete, cano 6. ca, ca, ca, ciamo, date, cano 7. rrei, etc. j 8. cessi, etc. 10. cendo II. addotto Affiggere, v. Affliggere 11. affisso Affii-ggere, to afflict 3. ssi, ggesii, sse, ggemmo, ggeste, ssero 11. tto. AfFrangere, v. Frangere Aggiacere, v. Giacere Aggiungere, v. Giungere Algere, a verb used chiefly in poetry, and only in the third (Petr.) A TABLE, shewing the Declension of Nouns, and the Conjugati DEFINITE ARTICLE. (1) FEMININE GENDER. MASCULINE. Plur. Gli amici, ( Degli amici, AgB amici, Dagli amici, of the regular Verbs. INDEFINITE ARTICLE. ( Before proper Names, whether Masculi Feminine, bcgiiiiuil" mil] .1 C.jusunan Londra, London DiLondra, of London PARTITIVE ARTICLE. [10] Sing. Del, dello, della, dell', son A del, a dello, a della, a dell', to, Plur. Dei, or de', degli, delle, son Ad'ei.orde'.fciegli.a'delle, to, INFINITIVE MOOD. INDICATIVE. || IMPERATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Par-lare Cap-ire 11). P.ni.a. 1. — ing ando endc 11. Part. pass. 1. Present. Ida— Idid— auate ; Prel I shall, or'ioiH. Do you— 6. Present. That Imay— 7. Imper. I should, or would— Zelbe irebbero. 8. Preter. / might— asri essi Z.-U Thus a. e declined all con (6) Gli is apostrophed only before, declmed like i'iso/a, etc. (8) Le i- (9)Theindehn,l. ,ri, 1 rv, thah/sasGi' ingegjy. —(2) Thus are declined all , , Finally, ■A int., / in the plural, as, PrWu, pneli, He. Iflhcv an- feminine, as they .ml- ,„ '.\.r 0,11k- plural, me in I, as, PauVo, Padri, «..»», »,«m, ■ termination in thi plural, as. Spexie, tffigie, superfine, requie. Nouns ie same is to be understood of nouns ending in an accented vowel, and of 222 . AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF person singular of the present tense, viz. edge, and in the first and third person singular of the preterite of the indicative mood ; viz. alsi, alse Ammettere, v. Mettere Ancidere, (4) v. Uccidere Andare, (5) to go 1. vado or vo, vai, va, andiamo, andate, vanno 3. andrb, etc. better than anderb, etc 5. va, vada, andiamo, andate, va- dano 6. vada, vadi or vada, vada, an- diamo, andiate, vadano 7. andrei, etc. Angere, (6) a defective verb, and used only in poetry Anteporre, v. Porre Antidire, v. Dire Antivedere, v. Vedere Antivenire, v. Venire Appa-rire, to appear I. — re in poetry (7) 3. rsi or rvi, risti, rse, or rve, — rvero II. rso Appartenere, v. Tenere Appendere, v. Sospendere Applaud ire, v. AJoborrire Apporre, v. Porre Apprendere, v. Prendere Ap-riie, like Dormire, except 3. ersi, or ril, risti, erse, qr n, rimmo, riste, ersero, or rirono 11. erto Ar-dere, to burn 3. si, desti, se demmo, deste, sere 11. so Ardire, to dare, like the regular verb capire ; only we never say ardiamo, ardiate, ardendo, these inflections being like those of the verb ardere, to burn. We make use in the above tenses of the regular verb osare, or else we say abbiamo ardire, abbiate ardire, avendo ardire, in order to prevent any ambiguity that might arise Attendere, v. Rendere Arridere, v. Ridere Arrogere, to add, a defective and poetical verb (8) Ascendere, v. Scendere Asco-ndere, to conceal 3. si, ndesti, se, ndemmo, ndeste, sero 11. so. Ascrivere, v. Scrivere Asper-gere, to sprinkle 3. si, gesti, se gemmo, geste, sero 11. so. Assalire, v. Salire Assentire, v. Abborrire Assi-dersi, to sit down 3. si desti, se demmo, deste, sero 11. so (9) Assistere, to assist 11. Assistito Assolvere, v. R isolvere (4) Ancidere is rather a poetical expression. Exam. E se un tempo V ancide alfine il sana. (Pastor Ficlo.) (5) This verb is often made reflective with the participle ne; as, an- darsene, which answers to the French s- en alter. In the second person singular of the imperative mood, we double the t, and say vattene, and sometimes vanne, especially in poetry. Its compound tenses are formed with essere. We also *make use of the verb andare instead of dovere ; as Questo non va detto, quello non andava, falto, etc. meaning, Questo non deve dirsi, quello non dovevafarsi, etc. (6) Potria Hfuoco, allentar che'* I cor tristo ange. (Petr.) (7) D' auro ha la chioma ed or dal bianco veto Traluce involta, or discoperta appare. (Tasso.) (8) E duolmi ch? ogni giorno arroge al danno. (Petr.) (9) The compound tenses are formed with essere. THE IRREGULAR VERBS. 223 • v. Venire Assu-mere, to assume 3. nsi, mesti, unse, memmo, meste, nsero 11. nto Astenere, v. Tenere Astrarre, v. Trarre Astringere, v. Stringere Attendere, v. Prendere Attenere, v. Tenere Attingere, v. Cingere Attor-cere, to hoist 3. si, cestij se, cemmo, teste, sero 11. to Attrarre, v. Trarre Awellere, v. Svellere Avvenire, i Avvenirsi, [ Of these two verbs the former signifies to happen, and is imper- sonal ; the latter to meet with, and is reflective Benedicere, ) obsolete Benedire, ) v. Dire Be-re, ( I ) t o drink 1. o,i, e, jamo, ete, ono 2. evo, evi, eva, evamo, evate, evano 3. vvi, esti, we, emmo, este, vvero 4. rb, rai, ra, remo, rete, ranno 5. i, a, jamo, ete, ano 6. a, i, or a, a, jamo, jate, ano 7. rei, resti, rebbe, remmo, reste, rebbero 8. essi, essi, esse, essimo, este, es- sero 10. endo 11. vuto Benvolere, v. Volere Ca-dere, to fall I. do, or ggio, in poetry (2) di, de, diamo, dete, dono 3. ddi, desti, dde, demmo, deste, ddero 6. da, da, da, or ggia in poetry, (3) diamo, diate, dano 4. drb, drai, drci, dremo, drete, dranno 7. drei, etc. 10. dendo, or ggendo in poetry (4) Ca-lere, to care for. Impersonal verb 3. Ise 6. caglia Capere, a defective and obsolete verb, instead of which we make use of the verb Capire. In the Dictionary of La Crusca I find Cape (5) Capeva, and no other tenses Cedere, v. Concedere II. ceduto, and never cesso Cherere a defective verb 1. — chere in poetry (6) Chie-dere, to ask 1. do, ggo, or ggio, di, de, or re, (7) diamo, dete, dono, ggono, or ggicno 3. si, or dttti, desti, se, or dette, demmo, deste, sero, or dettero 11. sto Chiu-dere, to that up 3. si, desti, se, demmo, deste, sero (1) We likewise make use of bevere, which is a regular verb: but in- stead of bevei, beve, beverono, beverb, beverei, etc., we say, bevvi, bevve, bevvero, berb, berei, etc. (2) Or mi sollevo, or caggio. (Petr.) (3) Q,ual uom ch? aspetti che sul collo ignudo Jid or ad or gli caggia ilferro crudo. (Tasso.) (4) // Nil

S e > giamo. gete, gono 3. si, gesti, se, gemmo, geste, sero 11. to Circoncidere, v. Dividere Circoncingere, v. Cingere Circonscrivere, v. Scrivere Circonvenire, v. Venire Co-gliere, or Corre, to gather I. glio, or I go, gli, glie, glianio, gliete, gliono, or Igono 3. Isi, gliesti, Ise, gliemmo, glieste, hero 4. corro, etc. 5. git, glia, or Iga, gliamo, gliete, gUano, or Igano II. Ito Colere, an obsolete and defective verb (8) Collidere, v. Dividere Commettere, v. Mettere Commovere, v. Movere Comparire, v. Apparire Compiacere, v. Piacere Compiangere, v. Piangere Comporre, v. Porre Comprendere, v. Prendere Compromettere, v. Promettere Compungere, v. Ungere Conce-dere, to grant 3. ssi, dei, or detti, desti, sse, de, or dette, demmo, deste, ssero, or dettero Conce-pire, like Capire, R. (9) 11. duto, or sso Conchiudere, v. Chiudere Concorrere, v. Correre Coneuocere, v. Cuocere Condescendere, v. Scendere Condolere, v. Dolere Condurre, v. Addurre 11. condutto, in poetry (1) Confare, v. Fare Configgere, v. Affliggere Confondere, v. Fondere Cono-scere, to know 3. bbi, scesti, bbe, scemmo, sceste, bbero 11. sciuto Conquidere, v. Dividere Conscrivere, v. Scrivere Consentire, v. Abborrire Consistere, v. Assistere Construire, like Capire R. 11. construito, or construtto Consumere, v. Assumere Contendere, v. Prendere Contenere, v. Tenere Con tor cere, v. Torcere Contradire, v. Dire Contrafare, v. Fare Contraporre, v. Porre Contrarre, v. Trarre Contrascrivere, v. Scrivere Convenire, v. Venire Convertire, v. Abborrire Convincere, v. Vincere Convivere, v. Vivere Convolgere, v. Volgere Coprire, v. Aprire Corre, a con .faction of the verb Cogliere Correggere, v. Leggere Co-rrere, to run 3, rsi, rrest/,rse, rremmo, rreste, rsero 11. rso Corrispondcie, v. Rispondere Corrodere, v. Rodere Corrompere, v. Rompere Cospergere, r. Aspergere (8) This verb is seldom used but in poetry, wherein colo and cole are sometimes introduced. Exam. Al loco torno. Che per te consacrato onoro, e colo. (Petr.) (9) Tasso makes use of cone epe for concepisse. Exam. Cupidamente ella concepe, e figlia. (1) E* gita al Cielo, ed hammi a tal conductto Che gli occhi, miei non lassan loco asciutc. (Petr.) THE IRREGULAR VERBS. 225 Costringere, v. Stringere Cre-scere, to grow 3. bbi, scesti, bbe, scemmo, sceste, bbero 11. sciuto Crocifiggere, Affiggere Cu-cire, to sew 1. cio, ci, ce, ciamo, cite, ciono 2. civo y etc. 3. cii, etc. 4. cirb, etc. 5. ci, cia, ciamOj cite, ciano 6. cia, etc. 7. cirei, etc. 8. cissi, etc. Cuocere, to do, to boil, bake, dress 1. cuoco, ci, ce, cociamo, cete, cuocono 2. cocevo, etc. 3. cossi, cuocesti, or cocesti, cosse, cuocemmo, cuoceste, or coceste, cossero 4. cocerb, or cuocerb, etc. 7. cocerei, or cuocerei, etc. 8. cocessi, or cuocessi, etc. 10. cocendo 11. co Wo Cuoprire, r. Coprire Dare, to give (2) 1. do, dai, da, diamo, date, danno. 3i died?', or Mi, desJi, diede, dette, or die, demnio, deste, di- edero, dettero, diedono, die- rono, and in poetry dier, diero, dc?ino (3) 5. da, dia, and formerly, dea, diamo, date, dieno, diano, deano 6. dia, dia, dia, diamo, diate, dieno, or diano 7. darei, etc. 8. dessi, dessi, dess&, dessimo, deste, dessero, or dessono Decadere, v. Cadere Decidere, v. Dividere Decrescere, v. Crescere Dedurre, v. Addurre Deludere, v. Cliiudere Demergere, v. Aspergere Deporre, v. Porre Derelinquere, (4) to forsake Deridere, v. Dividere Descrivere, v. Scrivere Desiare, to icish for. This verb is used only in poetry (5). In prose we commonly use deside- rare, or bramare which are reg- ular verbs Detergere, v. Aspergere Detrarre, v. Trarre Diacere (obsolete) v. Giacere Dicadere, v. Cadere Dicere (obsolete) v. Dire Discrescere, v. Crescere Difendere, v. Prendere Diffondere, v. Fondere Dimettere, v. Mettere Dipingere, r. Cingere Diporre, v. Porre Di-re, to say 1. co, ci, ce, ciamo, te, cono 2. cevo, cevi, ceva. cevamo, ce* vate, cevano 3. ssi, cesti, sse, cemmo, ceste, ssero 4. rb, etc 5. di, ca, ciamo, te, cano 6. ca, chi, or ca, ca, ciamo, date, cano 10. cendo 11. detto Dirigere, v. Erigere (2) The verbs compounded of dare, or stare, suoh as secondare, circon- dare, accostare, sovrastare, are regular. (3) Tal risposto diero. (Dante.) Ov' e U bel ciglio, e V una, e Valtra stella Ch? al corso del mio viver lume denno ? (Petr.) (4) Derelinquere is entirely Latin, and seldom used ; only the passive participle derelitto is now and then employed by good authors. (5) I find no tenses used by our poets, but dem, desta, desiare. 226 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF Discendere, v. Scendere Dischiudere, v. Chiudere Disciogliere, v. Cogliere Disciorre, a contraction of Disci- ogliere Disconvenire, v. Venire Discoprire, v. Coprire Discorrere, v. Correre Disdire, v. Dire Disfare, v. Fare Disgiungere, v. Giungere Dismettere, v. Mettere Disparire, v. Apparire Disperdere, v. Perdere Dispergere, v. Aspergere Dispiacere, v. Piacere Disporre, v. Porre Dissolvere, v. Risolvere Distendere, v. Prendere Distin-guere, to distinguish 3. si, guesti, se, guemmo, gueste, sero 11. to Distogliere, v. Cogliere Distorcere, v. Torcere Distorre, a contraction of Disto- gliere Distrarre, v. Trarre Distruggere, v, Struggere Disvellere, v. Svellere Ditenere, v. Tenere Diyedere, v. Vedere Divellere, v. Svellere Divertire, v. Abborrire Divestire, v. Dormire Divi-dere, to divide 3. si, desti, se, demmo, deste, sero 11. so Divolgere, v. Volgere Dolere, an impersonal verb, which signifies to ache, as, Mi duole la testa, my head aches, etc. Do-lersi, a defective verb, to com- plain 1. Igo, glio, duoli, duole, gliamo, lete, Igono, or gliono 3. Isi, or leijlesti, Ise, lemmo, leste, Isero 4. rb, etc. 5. duoli, Iga, or glia, gliamo, lete, Igano, or gliano 6. glia, or Iga, Iga, Iga, gliamo, gliate, gliano, or Igano 7. rrei, etc. (6) Dorm-ire, to sleep 1. o, i, e, iamo, ite, ono 5. i, a, iamo, ite, ano 6. a, a, a, iamo, iate, ano Dovere, to be obliged 1. devo, debbo, or deggio, devi, debbi, or dei, deve, debbe, dee, or de' in poetry, (7); dobbia- mo, dovete, debbono, deggiono, or deono 3. dovelti, dovesti, dovette, dovcm- mo, doveste, dovettero 4. dovrb, dovrai, dovra, etc. 5. debba, debba, debba, deggia, or debbia, dobbiamo, dobbiate, deb- bano f deggiano, or or dcbbiano z (8) 7. dovrei, etc. (9) Ducere and Durre, to lead, both obsolete ; instead of them we make use of Condurre Effondere, v. Fondere Eleggere, v. Leggere Elicere, to draw (1) Eludere, v. Chiudere (6) The compound tenses are formed with essere. (7) Si la suso, e, quariV esser de\ gradita. (Petr.) (8) Mentre son ques'ti alle beW opre intenti Perche debbiano tosto in uso porse. (Tasso.) (9) I find in Petrarch devrb, devrei, devria, for dovro, etc. (1) Tasso has very eloquently made use of the third person singular of the present tense of the indicative mood, in the following verse: Questojinto dolor da molti elice Lagrime vere : But I do not find any other tense or person used by our poets. THE IRREGULAR VERBS. 227 Emergere, v. Aspergere Emungere, v. Mungere Equivalere, v. Valere Er-igere, to erect, or raise 3. essi, igesti, esse, igemmo, igeste, essero 11, etto Er-gere, to erect 3. si, gesti, se, gemmo, geste, sero U.to Erompere, v. Rompere Escire, v. Uscire Escludere, v. Chiudere Esigere 11. esatto Esistere, v. Assistere Esp-elie>*e, to expel 3. ulsi, ellesti, ulse, ellemmo, el- teste, ulsero 11. ulso Esporre, v. Porre Espr-imere, to express 3. essi, imesti, esse, imemmo, imeste, essero 11. esso Estendere, v. Spendere Estinguere, v. Distinguere Estrarre, v. Trarre Facere, (obsolete) v. Fare Fare, to do 1. jo, or faccio, fai, fa, and face in poetry (2); facciamo, fate, fanno 2. facevo,faceva, or facea, face- vi, faceva, facea, and fea in poetry (3); facevamo, etc. 4. feci, or fei, facesti, or festi, fece, fe\ and feo in poetry (4); facemmo, faceste, fecero, and poetically fero (5) and fenno (6) 3. fa, faccia, facciamo, fate, fac- ciano 6. faccia, faccia, faccia, faccia- mo, facciate, facciano 8. facessi, facessi, facesse, and poetically fesse (7), facessi- mo, faceste, facessero 9. farei, faresli, farebbe, or fa- ria, faremmo, fareste, fareb- bcro, farebbono, or fariano 10. facendo 11. fatto Ferire, to strike, like Capire I. fero, feri, fere, are poetical expressions (8). I likewise find feruto forjfmto in Dante, and in some other ancient poets, but it is never used by any modern writer of note. Fiedere, to strike, a poetical ex- pression (9) Figgere, v. Affiggere II. fitto and ^550 Fingere, v. Cingere Fondere. to melt 3. fust, fondesti, fuse, fondenn- mo, fondest e, fusero 11. fuso (2) Che pro se con quegli occhi ella neface Di state un ghiaccio, unfuoco quando verna ? (Petr.) (3) Audace e baldo, II fea degli anni e deW amore il caldo. (Tasso.) (4) Italia, Italia, o tu cuifeo la sorte Dono infelice di bellezza, etc. (Filicaja.) (5) Molti cadendo compagnia gli fero. (Tasso.) (6) Ove son le bellezze accolte in ella Che gran tempo di me lor voglia fenno ? (Petr.) (7) // maggior don che Dio per sua larghezza Fesse creando. (Dante.) (8) Chi sa come difende, e come fere. Soccorso a' suoi perigli altro non chere. (Tasso.) (9) Ecco io chino le braccia, e V appresenlo Senza difesa U peU \ ,-r che no' Ifiedi ? (Tasso.) 228 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF Frammettere, v. Mettere Fran-gere, to break 3. si, gesti, se, gemmo, geste, sero 11. to Frapporre, v. Porre Friggere, v. Affiggere Fulgere, a defective verb 3. — fidse Fuggire, v. Dormire Gia-cere, to lie down I. ccio, ci, ce, cjiamo, cete, cciono 3. cqui, cesti, cque, cemmo, ceste. cquero 5. ci, ccia, cciamo, cete, cciono 6. ccia, ccia, ccia, cciamo, cciate, cciano II. ciuto Gire, to go, a defective verb, used only in poetry 1. gite, you go 2. givo, giva, or gia, givi, giva, or gia, givamo, givate, givano, or giano 3. gii, gisti, gi, or gio, gimmo, giste, girono 5. gite, go (you) 8. gissi, etc. 11. gito Giugnere, v. Giungere Giun-gere, to arrive or join 3. si, gesti, se, gemmo, geste, sero 11. to Illudere, v. Eludere Imbere, v. Imbevere Imbevere, v. Bevere or Bere Immergere, v. Aspergere Impellere, v. Espellere Impendere, v. Sospendere Imporre, v. Porre Imprendere, v. Prendere Imprimere, v. Esprimere • Inchiudere, v. Chiudere Incidere, v. Uccidere Includere, v. Chiudere Incorrere, v. Correre Increscere, (impersonal verb) v. Crescere Inducere, (obsolete) v. Indurre Indurre, v. Addurre Infingere, v. Cingere Infondere, v. Fondere Inframettere, v. Mettere Infrangere, v. Frangere Inghiottire, v. Abborrire Ingiungere, v. Giungere Inscrivere, v. Scrivere Insistere, v. Assistere Insorgere, v. Risorgere Instruire, to instruct 3. instruii or iristrussi, etc. 14. inslruito or instrutio Intendere, v. Prendere Intercedere, v. Concedere Interdire, v. Dire, Intermettere, v. Mettere Interporre, v. Porre Interrompere, v. Rompere Intertenere, v. Tenere Intervenire, iv Venire Intignere, v. Intingere Intingere, v. Cingere Intramettere, v. Mettere Intraprendere. v. Prendere Intridere, v. Dividere Introdurre, v. Addurre Intromettere, v. Mettere Intrudere, v. Chiudere Invadere, v. Persuadere Iiavolgere, v. Volgere Involvere, a poetical expression (1) 1 1 . involto Ire, to go. This is a defective verb, and seldom used but by poets. The inflections in use are the following 2. iva, he was going, ivano, they were going 4. iremo, we shall go, irete, you shall go,iranno, they shall go 5. ite, go, (you) (2) 11. ito. This participle is more used by the Tuscans, than An- dato, gone (1) Ecco U nemico e qui, mira la polve Che sotto orrida nube il Cielo involve. (2) Ite veloci edopprimete irei. (Idem.) (Tasso.) THE IRREGULAR VERBS. 229 Istruire, v. Instruire Languire, v. Abborrire Lassare, to leave. A regular verb, which is frequently used in po- etry instead of Lasciare Le-dere, to offend 3. si, desti, se, demmo, deste, sero 11.50 Leeere, a poetical expression, (3) v. Licere Leggere, to read 3. lessi, leggesti, lesse, leggemmo, leggeste, lessero ll.letto Licere, to be lawful, permitted, etc. A defective and impersonal verb, which is seldom used but in poetry (4). The only in- flections of this verb, and of the verb Leeere, are Lice and Lece for the third person singu- lar of the present tense of the indicative mood, and Lecito for the participle passive Lu-cere, to shine. This verb is without a participle 3. ssi, cesli, sse, cemmo, ceste, ssero Maledire, v. Dire Malfare, v. Fare Manomettere, v. Mettere Mantenere, v. Tenere Mentire, v. Abhorrire Mergere, v. Aspergere Mettere, to put 3. misi, mettesti, mise, mettemmo, metteste, misero 11. messo Mor-dere, to bite 3. si, or detti, desti, se, or dette, demmo, deste, sero, or dettero 11. so Morire, to die I. muojo, and poetically moro (5), muori, muore, or more, muojamo, or moriamo, morite, muojono, or morono 3. morii, moristi, mori, and mo- no in poetry, etc. (6) 4. morrb and morirb, etc 5. muori, or mori, muoja, or mo- * ra, muojamo, or moriamo, mo- rite, muojano, or morano 6. muojo, muoj, or muoja, muoja, muojamo, muojate, muojano 7. morrei, or morirei, etc. II. morto, which is sometimes used for ucciso, killed Movere,v. Muovere Mugnere, v. Mungere Mun-gere, to milk 3. si, gesti, se gemmo, gestc, sero U.to Muovere, to move I. muovo, or movo, vi, ve, movia- mo, vete, muovono 3. mossi, movesti, mosse, movem- mo, moveste, mossero moverb, etc. 5. muovi, muova, moviamo, mo- vete, muovano 10. movendo II. mosso Na-scere, to be born 3. cqui, scesti, cque, scemmo, sceste, cquero U.to Nascondere, v Ascondere Negare, to deny 3. nego, and niego, neghi, and . nieghi, nega, and niega, neghiamo, and nieghiamo, ne- gate, negano, and nitgano. (3) Ormai ti lece Per te stesso parlar con chi ti piace. (Petr.) (4) Per quanto lice Al destin de 1 mortali esserfelice, (Metast.) (5) Io di dolor mi moro, E non lo posso dir. (Metast.) (6) E tal mono qual visse. Dante. 20 230 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF 5. nega and niega, etc. 6. neghi and nieghi, etc. Negl-igere, to neglect 3. essi, igesti, esse, igemmo, igeste, essero 11. etto Nocere, v. Nuocere Nudrire, v. Nutrire * Nuocere, to hurt 1. nuoco, ci ce, ciamo, cete, cono 3. nocqui, nuocesti, or nocesti, nocque, nuocemmo, ceste, noc- quero 5. nuoci, nuoca, nociamo, nocete, nuocano 6. nuoccia, or nuoca, etc. 11. nuociuto, or nociuto Nutrire, v. Abborrire Occidere, v. Uccidere Occorrere, v. Correre Odire, v. Udire Offendere, v. Prendere Offerire, v. Offrire Offrire, v. Abborrire Oli-re, a defective verb 2. va, vi, va, — vano Omettere, v. Mettere Opporre, v. Porre Opprimere, v. Esprimere Ottenere, v. Tenere Pa-rere, to appear I. jo, ri, re, jamo, rete, jono 3. rvi, esti, rve, remmo, reste 9 rvero 4. rrb, etc. 5. ri, ja, jamo, rete, jano 6. ja, ja, ja, jamo, riate, jano 7. rrei, etc. I I. ruto, or rso. The compound tenses are formed with the auxiliary verb essere Partire, v. Dormire Pascere, to feed 1 1. pasciuto Pavere, to fear, a defective and poetical verb I. pave, he or she fears (7) Pentirsi, a reflective verb. Its compound tenses are formed with essere, it is conjugated like dormire Perc-uotere, to strike 3. ossi, uotesti, osse, uotemmo, uoteste, ossero I I. osso Per-dere, to lose 3. dei, or si, desti, de, dette, or se, demmo, deste, derono, dettero, or sero Permettere, v. Mettere Perseguire, v. Seguire Persistere, v. Assistere Persua-dere, to persuade 3. si, desti, se, demmo, deste, sero 11.50 Pervenire, v. Venire Pervertire, v. Abborire Piacere, v. Giacere Piagnere, v. Piangere Piangere, v. Frangere Pignere, v. Pingere Pingere, v. Ginger e Pio-vere, to rain, an* impersonal verb 3. we, and sometimes bbe Ponere, v. Porre Porgere, v. Scorgere Porre, anciently Ponere, to put 1. pongo, poni, pone, poniamo, or ponghiamo, ponete, pongono 2. ponevo, etc. 3./xm, ponesti, pose, ponemmo, poneste, posero 4. porrb, etc. 5. poni, ponga, poniamo, or pon- ghiamo, ponete, pongano 6. ponga, ga, or ghi, ga, ghiamo, ghiate, pongono (7) Tasso used, with great propriety, the third person singular of the present tense ; •\2 cosi di leggier si turba, o pave, and I think that no other tense or person may be properly used. THE IRREGULAR VERBS. 231 7. porrei, etc 8. ponessi, etc. 10. ponendo 11. posto Posporre, v. Porre Possedere, v. Sedere Po-tere, to be able 1. sso, puoij pub and puote in poetry (8) ; ssiamo, tete, ssono, and nno in poetry (9) 3. tei, testi, te and in poetry, teo (1) 4. trb, etc. 6. ssa, ssi, or 55a, 5sa, ssiamo, ssiate, ssano 7. £rei, tresti, trebbe, tria, or na in poetry (2) ; tremmo, treste, trebbero, triano Precidere, v. Uccidere Precorrere, v. Correre Predire, v. Dire Prefiggere, v. Affiggere Premettere, v. Mettere Pre-ndere, to take 3. si, ndesto, se, ndemmo, ndeste, sero 11.50 Preporre, v. Porre Prescrivere, v. Scrivere Presedere, v. Sedere Presumere, v. Assumere Presuporre, v. Porre Pretendere, v. Prendere Prevalere, v. Valere Prevedere, v. Vedere Prevenire, v. Venire Produrre, v. Addurre Profondere, v. Fondere Promettere, v. Mettere Promovere, v. Promuovere Promuovere, v. Muovere Proporre, v. Porre Prorompere, v. Rompere Prosciogliere, t?. Prosciorre Prosciorre, v. Corre, or Cogliere Proscrivere, v. Scrivere Proseguire, v. Seguire Prosuniere, v. Assumere Proteggere, v. Leggere Protendere, v. Tendere Protrarre, v. Trarre Provedere, v. Vedere Provenire, v. Venire Pugnere, v. Pungere Pungere, v. Ungere Putrefare, v. Fare Raccendere, v. Accendere Racchiudere, v. Chiudere Raccogliere, v. Raccorre Raceorre, v. Corre j and Cogiiere Ra-dere, to shave, 3. si, desti, se, demmo, deste, sero 11. so Raggiugnere, v. Raggiungere Raggiungere, v. Giungere Rattenere, v. Tenere Rawolgere, v. Volgere Recere, to vomit, 11. recvuto Recidere, v. Dividere Red-imere, to redeem 3. ensi, imesti, ense, imemmo, imeste, ensero 11. redento Red ire, to return, or come bach This is a defective verb, and entirely poetical. The inflex- ions in use are the following : 1. riedo, I return, riedi, thou returnest, riede, he returns (3) Reggere, v. Leggere Rendere, v. Prendere (8) Questi or Macone adora, efu Chrisiiano, Ma i primi riti ancor lasciar non puote. (Tasso.) (9) * Le tue braccia Che scuoter forse, e sollevarla ponno. (Petr.) (1) Questefur V arti onde milf alme e mille Prender furtivamente ellepoteo. (Tasso.) (2) Ma qual suon poria mai salir tanV alto ? (Petr.) (3) Gia riede Primavera Qol suofiorito aspetto, etc, (Metast.) 232 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF 3. rest, or rendei, etc. Reprimere, v. Esprimere Rescrivere, v. Scrivere Resistere, v. Assistere Riaccendere, v. Accendere Riaprire, v. Aprire Riardere, v. Ardere Riavere, v. Avere Ribenedire, v. Benedire Ribere, v. Bere Ricadere, v. Cadere Richiedere, v. Chiedere* Ricidere, v. Recidere Ricingere, v. Cingere Ricogliere, v. Cogliere Ricomporre, v. Comporre Ricondurre, v. Condurre Ricongiungere, v. Congiungere Riconoscere, v. Conoseere Riconvenire, v. Venire Riconvertire, v. Convertire Ricoprire, v. Coprire Ricorrere, v. Correre Ricredere, v. Credere Ricrescere, v. Crescere Ricuocere, v. Cuocere Ridere, v. Dividere Ridire, v. Dire Ridurre, v. Addurre Rifare, v. Fare Rifondere, v. Fondere Rifrangere, v. Frangere Rif rigger e, v. Friggere Rifuggire, v. Fuggire Rifulgere, v. Fulgere Rileggere, v. Leggere Rilucere, v. Lucere Rima-nere, to dwell I. ngo, ni, ne, niamo, nete, ngono 3. si, nesti, se, nemmo, neste, sero 4. rb, etc. 5. ni, nga, niamo, nete, ngano 6. nga, ngdy nga, niamo, niate, ngano 7. rrei, etc. II. so, or sto Rim'ettere, v. Mettere Rimordere, t>. Mordere Rimovere, v. Muovere Rimuovere, v. Muovere Rinascere, v. Nascere Rinchiudere, v. Chiudere Rincrescere, v. Increscere Rinvenire, v. Venire Rinvestire, v. Dormire R-involgere, v. Volgere Ripartire, v. Abborrire Ripentire, v. Pentire Ripercuotere, v . Percuotere Riperdere, v. Perdere Ripiangere, v. Piangere Riporre, v. Porre Riprendere, v. Prendere Risapere, v. Sapere Rischiudere, v. Chiudere Riscrivere, v. Scrivere Riscuotere, v. Percuotere Risedere, v. Sedere Risentire, v. Dormire Risol-vere, to resolve 3. si, vesti, se,vemmo,veste, sero 11. uto Risor-gere, to rise up again 3. si, gesti, se, gemmo, geste, sero 11. to. Risospingere, v. Cingere Risovvenire, v. Venire Rispingere, v. Cingere Rispo-ndere, to answer 3. si, ndesti, se, ndemmo, nde$te t sero 11. sto Ristringere, v. Stringere Ritenere, v. Tenere Ritingere, v. Cingere Ritogliere, t\ Togiiere Ritorcere, v. Torcere Ritorre, v. Torre Ritrarre, v. Trarre Rivedere, v. Vedere Rivendere, v. Vendere Rivenire, v. Venire Rivestire, v. Dormire Rivivere, v. Vivere Rivolgere, v. Volgere Riuscire, v. Uscire Ro-dere, to gnaw 3. si, desti, se, demmo, deste, sero 11. so Rompere, to breafc THE IRREGULAR VERBS. 233 3. ruppi, rompesti, ruppe, rom- pemmo, rompeste, ruppero 11. rctto Sal-ire, to ascend 1. go, or saglio, i, e, ghiamo, or sagliamOj ite, gono, or so- gliono 5. i, ga, or saglia, ghiamo, ite, gano, or sagliano 6. ga, or sag/ia, g/ii, or go, go, or saglia, ghiamo, or sagliamo, ghiate, or sagliate, gano, or sog/iono Sapere, fr> fcnoto I. 50, sal, so, sapiamo, sapete, sanno 3. sep^i, sapesti, seppe, sapemmo, sapeste, seppero 4. saprb, etc. 5. so/jpi, sappia, sappiamo, sap- piate, sappiano 6. sappia, etc. 7. saprei, etc. Scadere, t>. Cadere Sce-gliere, io choose 3,lsi, gliesti, Ise, gliemmo, gli- este, hero II. Ito Sce-ndere, to descend 3. si, ndesti, scendemmo, ndeste, sero 11. so Scernere, to discern, a defective verb, the inflections of which are, 1. scerno, scerni, scerne Schiudere, v. Chiudere Sciogliere, v. Cogliere Sciorre, v. Corre Scommettere, v. Mettere Scomporre, v. Comporre Sconfiggere, v. Figgere Scontorcere, v. Torcere Sconvenire, v. Venire Sconvolgere, v. Volgere Scoprire, v. Coprire Scor-gere, to discover 3. si, gesti, se, gemmo, geste, sero Scorrere, v. Correre Scri-vere, to write 3. ssi, vesti, sse, vemmo, veste, ssero 11. tto Scuotere, v. Percuotere Sedere, to sit down 1. seggo, or siedo, siedi, siede, sediamo, sedete, seggono, or siedono 5. siedi, segga, or sieda, sediamo, sedete, seggono, or siedano 6. segga, or sieda, etc. Sedurre, v. Addurre Seguire, to follow 1. segno, or sieguo, segui, or sie- gni, segue, or siegue, seguia- mo, seguite, seguono, or sie- guono 5. segui, or siegui, segua, or siegua, seguiamo, seguite, se- guano, or sieguano 6. segua, or siegua, etc. Sentire, v. Dormire Servire, v. Dormire Sfuggire, v. Dormire Silere, a defective verb used only in poetry (4) Smentire, v. Abborrire Smovere, v. Movere Smungere, v. Mungere Smuovere, v. Muovere Socchiudere, v. Chiudere Soccorrere, v. Correre Soddisfare, v. Fare Soffrire, v. Dormire Soffriggere, v. Friggere Soggiacere, v. Giacere So-lere, to be accustomed, a defec- tive verb (5) (4) Preso dal nuovo canto stupe, e sile. (Petr.) (5) The tenses wanted are formed with the auxiliary verb Essere, and the passive participle Solito, viz. Iofui solito, etc. which answers to the Latin Fui solitus. We may likewise say, Io sono solito, lo era solito, and so on through all the tenses. 20* 234 ALPHABETICAL LIST Of I. glio, suoli, suole, gliamo, lete, gliono % levo, or leva, etc. 6. glia, glia, glia, gliamo, gliate, gliano i 10. Undo II. Mo Sommergere, v. Aspergere Sommettere, v. Mettere Sopprimere, v. Esprimere Sopraggiungere, v. Giungere Soprascrivere, v. Scrivere Soprasedere, v. Sedere Sopravenire, v. Venire •Sopravivere, v. Vivere Suprintendere, v. Intendere Sorgere, v. Risorgere 11. surto for sorto is sometimes made use of in poetry (6) Sorprendere, v. Prendere Sorreggere, v. Reggere Sorridere, v. Ridere Soscrivere, v. Scrivere Sospendere, v. Intendere Sospingere, v. Cingere Sostenere, v. Tenere Sottintendere, v. Intendere Sottomettere, v. Mettere Sottoscrivere, v. Scrivere Sottrarre, v. Trarre Sovvenire, v. Venire Sovvertire, v. Convertire Spar-gere, to spread 3. si, gesti, se, gemmo, geste, sero 11. so Sparire, v. Apparire Spe-ngere, to extinguish 3. nsi, gnesti, nse, gnemmo, gneste, nsero 11. nto Spe-ndere, to spend 3. si, ndesti, se, ndemmo, ndeste, 11. so Spiacere, v. Piacere Spingere, v. Cingere Sporgere, v. Porgere Sprovedere, v. Provedere Stare, v. Dare Stendere, v. Prendere Stingere, v. Tingere Storcere, v. Torcere Stravedere, v. Vedere Stravolgere, v. Volgere Stringere, to bind fast 11. stretto Stru-ggere, to melt 3. ssi, ggesti, sse, ggemmo y ggeste, ssero Stupere, to wonder, a defective verb, and merely poetical I. stupe, he wonders (7) Succedere, v. Concedere Succingere, v. Cingere Svellere, or Sverre, 3. svelsi, svellesti, svelse, svel- lemmo, svelleste, svelsero II. svelto Svenire, v. Venire Svestire, v. Dormire Svolgere, v. Volgere Supporre, v. Porre Sussistere, v. Esistere Tacere, v. Giacere Tangere, a defective and poetical verb, of which we only find 1.— tange (8) Tendere, v. Prendere Te-nere, to hold 1. ngo, tieni, tiene, niamo, rule, ngono 3. nni, nesti, nne, nemmo, neste, nnero 4. tirrb, etc. 5. tieni, tenga, niamo, nete, ngatiQ 6. nga, etc. (6) Argante, Argante stesiso adun grand 1 urto Di Rinaldo abbattuto appena e surto, (Tasso.) (7) Preso dal nuovo canto stupe, e sile. (Petr.) (8) Io sonfatta da Dio sua merce, tale Che la vostra miseria non mi tange. (Dante.) THE IRREGULAR VERBS. 235 7. terrei, etc Tergere, v. Aspergere Tingere, v. Cingere Togliere, v. Cogliere Torcere, v. Attorcere Tradurre, v. Addurre Trafiggere, v. Amiggere Tralucere, v. Lucere Traere, v. Trarre Tra-rre, to draw *• ggo, ggh gge, or e, ggiamo, ete, ggono 2. evo, etc. 3. ssi, esti, sse, emmo, este, ssero 4. rrb, etc. 5. traij tragga, traiamo, traete, traggano 6. tragga, etc. 7. trarrei, etc. 8. traessi, etc. 10. traendo 11. tratto Trascegliere, v. Scegliere Trascendere, v. Scendere Trascorrere, v. Correre Trascrivere, v. Scrivere Trasfondere, v. Fondere Trasmettere, *. Mettere Trasporre, v. Porre Trattenere, v. Tenere Travedere, v. Vedere Travestire, v. Dormire Travolgere, v. Volgere Va-lere, to be worth I. glio, li, le, gliaino, lete, gliono 3. Isi, lesti, Ise, lemmo, teste, hero 4. rrb, etc. 5. li, glia, gliamo, lete, gliano 6. glia, etc. 7. rrei, etc. II. luto, Iso Uccidere, v. Dividere Udire, to hear 1. odo, odi, ode, udiamo, udite, odono 5. odi, oda, udiamo, udite, odano 6. oda, oda, oda, udiamo, udiate, odano Vedere, to see I. do, ggo, ggio, di, de, diamo, ggiamo, dete, dono, ggono 3. vidi, or veddi, vedesti, vide, or vedde, vedemmo, vedeste, vide- ro, or veddero 4. vedrb, etc. 5. vedi, veda, or vegga, vediama, veggiamo, vedete, vedano, or veggano. 6. veda, or vegga, etc 7. vedrei, etc II. veduto, or visto Venire, (9) to come I. venso, vieni, viene, veniomw, venite, vengono 3. venni, venisti, venne, vtnimr raw, veniste, vennero, 4. verrb, etc. 5. vieni, venga, veniamo, venitt vengano 6. venga, ga, ga, veniamo, or vengiamo, veniate, venghiate, vengano 7. verrei, etc II. venuto Vestire, v. Dormire Vigere, a defective verb I. — vige Vin-cere, to conquer 3. si, cesti, se, cemmo, ceste, aro II. to Vi-vere, to live 3. ssi, vesti, sse, vemmo, teste, ssero 11. vuto, or ssuto (9) We sometimes make a reflective verb of Venire, viz. Venirsent. Exam. Mirata da ciascun passa e non mira La bella Donna t innanzi al Re sen viene. (Tasso.) Sometimes Viene is used instead of E, it is, as, Vien detto, vien suppostv, it is said, it is supposed. 236 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF Ug-nere, v. Ungere Un-gere, to anoint 3. si, gesti, se, gemmo, geste, sero 11. to Volere, (1) to be willing 1. voglio, and vo\ vuoi, vuole, vogliamo, volete, vogliono 3. volli, vollesti, voile, volemmo, voleste, vollero 4. vorrb, etc. 6. voglia, etc 7. vorrei, etc. Vol-gere, to turn 3. si, gesti, se, gemmo, geste, sero 11. to Uscire, to go out 2. esco, esci, esce, usciamo, «#- cite, escono, 5. esci, esca, usciamo, uscite, et~ cano 6. esca, etc (1) Volere is sometimes used for Dover e, as, St vuoh oiseroare, etc it is to be observed, etc. where si vuole means si deve. 237 A TRANSLATION, AS LITERAL AS POSSIBLE, or THE ITALIAN PASSAGES QUOTED IN THE COURSE OF THE GRAMMATICAL RULES AND OBSERVATIONS. JV. B. The Author has thought proper to give the Translation of the Italian Passages at the end of the work, that the attentive learner may first attempt to construe them by himself which will very much con- tribute to his improvement, andthen consult, if he choses, this translation, which he can easily do, as the Author has carefully mailed the beginning of every Italian passage, and the page wherein it is inserted. Page 25. DI QUESTI, etc. Amongst these there are some so igno- rant, that they do not know the alphabet. Voi non, etc. You did not learn the alphabet. Page 28. Avvisossi, etc. He was firmly of opinion, that if the king should come to the knowledge of it, he would undoubtedly order him to be put to death. Page 29. La Giovane, etc. The young woman seeing that the hour was late, although the words of the old man frightened her, said, etc. E* I dove, etc. I related eveiy circumstance to him, as to time and place. Come e perche, etc. How and why art thou come here ? and he answered, How I came, inquire not ; but I will tell thee why. Page 31. Essendo, etc. The soul being departed from her beautiful body. Che delle, etc. Who sits at the mirror of the liquid stream. Page 34. Si senti dentro, etc. He felt himself inwardly overcome with joy, and his heart moved with tender feelings. In abito, etc. In the dress of pilgrims, well provided with money and jewels. Amendue, etc. He ordered them both to be taken by three of his servants. Vi menerb, etc. I shall take you to her, and I am certain that she will recollect you. 238 A LITERAL TRANSLATION OF Page 35. II papafece, etc. The Pope ordered, that the wedding should be solemnly celebrated. Ecco ilfin de 1 malvagj, etc. Behold the end of wicked people, God suffers them to be happy for a time Praise to the great God who oppressed his impious enemies 1 am altogether full of your God, I do not love any other, I do not acknowledge any other God, but the God of Abraham. Page 36. La Bernardo Capel, etc. There I see Bernard Capello, there I see Peter Bembo, who having restored our language, then vulgar and obscure, to its native purity and softness, has shewn us with his example what it ought to be ; Gaspar Obiziis he who follows him, who admires and observes his successful attempts. I see Fracas- toro, Bevazzano, Trifon, Gabriele, and a little farther I see Tasso. Page 41. E cosa pericolosa, etc. It is a dangerous thing to trust our- selves to those who are stronger than we. Quanto ciascuna, etc. The desire which inflames my breast, increa- ses in proportion as every one is less handsome than she. Le cose malfatte, etc. Things illy done, and done a long while ago, are much easier to be found fault with than to be amended. Egli e, etc. He is more yellow than white, it is better late than never. Page 42. VAsia, etc. Asia is much more populous than Europe; Africa is much less populous than Europe. ' Discolorato hai, etc. O, Death, thou hast discoloured the handsomest countenance that ever was seen. Deh conservate, etc. O, eternal gods, preserve the handsomest work of your hands. EHe si vorrebbon, etc They would commit themselves quite alive to the flames. Bast, etc. He was frightened , and became, as it were, quite inanimate. Page 43. Tu sei un bel, etc. Thou art a fine masculine woman ; the extent of thy beauty is not to be measured. Suonate, etc. Ring the great bell ; behold the assembly of the widows which enter. Page 45, Farebbe, etc. His grief would move a stone to pity. Non e vera pietade, etc. That which she manifests is not true pity, but cruelty. E V esser da te, etc. Provinces and kings think it a glory to be con* quered, and subdued by thee in war. Page 46. Si che al mio, etc. So that anger may give double wings for my flight, Imiei affanni, etc. My sorrows surpass all others. Jiddormentato, etc. Being asleep in some green woods. Page 48. Che se ben dritto, etc. For if I judge rightly these transitory goods are nothing else but evils. Come i ministri, etc. When he saw the officers intent on their cruel duty, he rushed precipitately through the crowd. Lo splendor, etc. The splendor struck the eyes of the two brothers. J>i lei degno egli, etc. He worthy of her and she worthy of him, nor ever were two people more happily joined together. Tennemi, etc. Love inflamed my breast for twenty-one years* ITALIAN PASSAGES. 239 Page 54. A riverenza di, etc To the honour of Him, by whom all things have their being. , Chi per tante, etc. Can we now fear that he will abandon us, who has guided and conducted us through so many unknown and barren deserts ? Or colui regge, etc. Now he governs the stars at his will, and we are accounted rebellious souls. Page 55. Io veggio, etc. I see the best, and follow the worst. Tu vedrai, etc. Thou shalt see Italy and its honoured coasts. Venne imntaginandosi, etc. He imagined that she was his wife, and he her husband. Page 56. Vox mi prometteste, etc. You promised me to let me speak with your wife, and you have made me speak with a statue of marble. Correranno alle case, etc. They will run to our houses, and steal from us what we have. Sicuramente se tu jeri, etc. Certainly if thou didst distress us yester- day, thou hast pleased us so much to day, etc. Page 55. E V arco, etc. And the bow and the arrows, from and with which I was wounded. Qucd donna, etc. What woman shall sing, if I do not sing? Facciam noi^ etc. Let us do all that it is in our power to do. Page 56. B mandarlo fuori, etc. To send him out of our house so infirm, Would be a conduct very blameable in us. Che non ambiziosi, etc. For ambitious or covetous desires did not move as to this enterprise, nor were our guide. Perche con lui, etc. For with him that hope shall fall which made us frantic so long. Quel Trojano, etc. That Trojan Eneas, who sends us to thee. Page 57. Perche ti, etc. Why dost thou grieve that I leave thee? In questo stato, etc. In this situation I am on thy account, my fair one. Vd > parlate, etc. You speak the Italian language well. JW siamo, etc. We have been to see the gallery. Page 55. Ora Viene. Now the time comes, in which I shall be able to shew thee plainly whether I love thee. Q,uando di venir, etc. When it may please you to come, she will wait for you at her house. E rallegrisi, etc. May heaven rejoice, where he is gone. Ei che modesto, etc. He who is as modest as she is handsome, de* sires much, expects little, and asks nothing* Ed e' si stava, etc. And he was quite wrapt up in himself. Page 58. Cominciano a cantare, etc. They begin to sing and the val- leys echo their songs. E veggio ben, etc. I plainly see how much they dislike me. ( Come egli hanno, etc. When they have a little money, they wish to have the daughters of gentlemen. •Voloro sono, etc. They are dressed in black, because it is not yet a fortnight since one of their brothers was killed. £)ostui quando, etc. This man when he is weary of thee, will Send thee away to thy great disgrace. 240 ^ LITERAL TRANSLATION OP Tutti vestitiy etc. All clothed in albs and copes, with books in their hands, and with crosses before them, singing, with great cere- mony and solemnity, carried him to the church. Per lo comun bene, etc. For the common good of the republic, they declared him their king and their lord. Page 59. Avea tre figliuoli, etc. He had three children, and loved them all equally. Tutti dunque, etc. Will then all my days, sister, be thus gloomy ? Do not hope to have them serene. La donna, etc. The woman consulted her servant, whether she thought it expedient that she should avail herself of that favour- able opportunity, which fortune had thrown in her way. Page 60. II marito, etc. The husband believing the false represent- ations, causes her to be killed, and devoured by wolves. Page 61. La Ninetta, etc. Nancy, who knew the inclination of her sisters, roused in them such a desire of it, that, etc. Credendo che, etc. Mistaking me for thee, he has bruised me all over with a stick. Costoro che, etc These who on the other hand were as malicious as he. Oh Padre ! etc. Oh> Father ! oh, dear Father ! oh, happy that I am ! Page 62. Come piuttosto, etc. As soon as he could, he ordered Anti- gonus to be called to him. Chi a legger, etc. Some gave themselves up to read romances, some to play at chess, and some at draughts, whilst the others slept. Di me medesmo, etc I am inwardly ashamed of myself. Fammi, etc. Render me worthy of thy bounty, for it is in thy power. Ma dond' io, etc But now I will tell thee first of all, from whence I intend to begin my enchantments, and in what manner. Page 63. Io non posso, etc. I can neither speak, nor be silent. Page 65. Deh ! non espor, etc Pray do not expose the object of thy sweet affections to the hatred, the contempt, and the insults oi others. Nessuno e reo, etc. No one is guilty, if it is enough to bring the example of others for a defence of one T s crimes. Page 67. Questi or, etc. This man now adores Mahomet, and was a Christian. Page 68. Costei ch? e fatta, etc This country which is become wild and savage. Pargoletto, etc. When a child I set my foot in his kingdom. Salabaetto usci, etc. Salabaetto came out of her house. Page 70. Quegli abbiscgna, etc. He wants little, who desires little. Non edifica, etc. He does not build empires, who would build them upon worldly foundations. Que' duo, etc. Those two full of fear and suspicion. Ecco quel, etc. Behold those who fill books with imaginary tales. Espero un giorno, etc. And I hope a one day to snatch those laurels from thy head, upon the very altars which the fear of men erects to thy nam e. ITALIAN PASSAGES. 241 Page 71. P son colei, etc. I am the same whom you call so importu- nate and cruel. Page 72. Con volonta, etc. By the will and command of Pope Cle- ment V., who then reigned, he was elected king of the Romans. Una montagna, etc. A rugged and steep mountain, near which is found a most beautiful and delightful plain. Seco pensando, etc. Thinking within themselves, what they should become in a short time. Page 72. Potete, etc. You may choose of the two which you please. Io non so quale, etc. You have, I do not know what degree of power over the affections of people. Qual utile, etc. What advantage, what faith, can be expected from the oppressor of Rome ? Page 73. Divenuto, etc. Having become in his countenance like the colour of ashes. Tal qual or, etc. Young as you see me now, I here accompany cupid. E quai morti, etc. And some killed by him, and some taken alive, B che, etc Which is not the case with people in love. Dille che, etc. Tell her to console herself, tell her to love me, and tell her that Achilles departed faithful, and that he will return faithful. Page 73. Chi vuol veder, etc. He who wishes to see all that Nature and Heaven can produce amongst us, let him come to contemplate this woman. E non u'e, etc. And is there no one who will put me to death ! Vinca, etc. Conquer who will, I am indifferent. A chi la speme, etc. Some are without hope, and some without fear. Page 74. QuesV uomo, etc. This man, whose manners are worthy of a hero. Questa fanciulla, etc. This girl, whose name is Isabella, whose lips appear like two rubies. Tu cut concesse, etc. Thou to whom Heaven has granted and allot- ted to will what is just, and to be able to perform what thou wilt. Page 74. Vane speranze, etc. Vain hopes with which I used to live. DeW empia, etc. Of the wicked Babylon, from which all shame is fled, and all good is banished. H suono, etc. The sound of those sighs with which I fed my heart in my first youthful errors. Page 75. Mtvo e parlar, etc. To speak of death, and to die, are two things. Sia destin, etc. Let my will be like fate, let some of them go dis- persed and wandering, let some be killed, let others, plunged in wanton thoughts of love, place their happiness in a sweet look or a smile. Page 74. E unfoglio, etc. It is an infamous paper, which not reason, but the baseness of others conceived and dictated. Non vollifar, etc. I did not wish that others should have the least part in my glory. Page 81. Da luogo, etc. Give way to reason, bridle thy unlawful desires. •.* 21 242 A LITERAL TRANSLATION, &c. Page 83. Siegua, ognuno, etc. Let every one follow his own way, I follow mine. Page 88. Signor gran cose, etc. My Lord, thou hast done great things in a short time, which cannot be forgotten in many centuries ; armies conquered, cities destroyed, hardships borne, and unknown ways passed through. Page 98. Credesi che, etc. It is thought that the sea coast from Reg- gio to Gaeta, is the most pleasant part of Italy. Page 101. ZP son or, etc. Where now are riches ? Where are honours ? Page 103. Molte egli oprb, etc. He effected much by his wisdom and his exploits. Efa con gli atti, etc. She does more with her sweet manners and beautiful countenance, than Circe or Medea with their arts. Ragionando, etc. Speaking with me, and I with him. lie sicuri, etc. Go with confidence, for love accompanies you. Page 119. Ebbe Argante, etc. Argante had a sword, and the eminent artist made its hilt and pommel of gold, set with jewels. La ragion delle genti, etc. He neither cares nor reflects whether the rights of people and the ancient customs are injured or not. Andremo, etc. We shall set out, thou at the rising, and I at the set- ting of the sun. Cortesemente, etc. He kindly asked who they were. Page 120. E se' I tempo, etc. If opportunity does not favour our ar- dent wishes, etc. Qua? sono stati, etc. Which have been the years, the days, and the hours. Dir parea, etc. Seemed to say, take of me what thou canst. Page 120. Cost me\ etc. Thus it will best be seen, if my valour is equal. to thine. V Idra, etc. The hydra was silenced by the sound. Iovo* condurti, etc. I will take thee into the most dreadful cavern. Ve 1 mobile, etc. See, thou changeable youth, to what I am reduced. Page 121. Io sonodisposto, etc. I am ready to go there. Gli amici, etc. Both your friends and relations intreat you. Pommi, etc Place me in heaven, on earth, or in hell. Ned ella scopre, etc. Nor does she discover a passion which he does not feel. La sua villa, etc His country house was situated upon a hill. La donde, etc There from whence your lofty mosque receives the air, and the light. V alma mia, etc. My soul, which never departed thence. Page 123. I dolci sguardi, etc The sweet looks, and the fine words. Io vo 1 che, etc. I wish that thou would'st give me those guilty per- sons, as a reward for my future service. Ah chi mi toglie, etc. Who takes from me my former peace? Is it love I cannot distinguish. Let somebody tell me. Or ce n* andremo, etc Now we shall go, I towards Jerusalem, thou towards Egypt. •Parrot, etc Methinks I hear the birds complaining, and the water running with murmur through the green fields. J* 243 A LIST OP A FEW EMINENT ITALIAN WRITERS, Earnestly recommended to the attention of those who are desirous of becoming acquainted with the Elegance and Beauty of the Italian Language, many of whom have been repeatedly quoted in this work. ALAMANNI, La Coltivazione, Poema in verso sciolto con le Annota- zioni del D. Giuseppe Bianchini da Prato. ALGAROTTI, Opere. ALLEGRI, Lettere e Rime d* Alessandro Allegri. ANGUILL ARA, Metamorfosi d'Ovidio in ottava rima. ARIOSTO, Orlando Furioso e Satire, BANDIERA, Cornelio Nipote. BECC ARIA, Dei Delitti, e delle Pene. BELLINI, Discorsi di Notomia. BEMBO, Opere. BENTIVOGLIO, Opere. BOCCACCIO, Opere. BOCCALINI, Ragguagli di Paraasso, BUOMMATTEI, Delia lingua Toscana. BUONARROTI, La Fiera, La Tancia, Commedie in versi. CARO, Eneide di VirgiUo, e Lettere. CASA, Opere di Monsignor Giovanni Delia Casa, COTTA, Rime. CRESCEMBENI, Istoria della Volgar Poesia. CRUSCA, Voccabolario degli Accademici Delia Crusca. DANTE, La divina Commedia di Dante Alighieri. DAVANZATI, Volgarrizzamento degli Annali di Tacito. DA VILA, Istoria delle guerre civili di Francia. DOLCE, Orazioni di Cicerone. FIRENZUOLA, Opere di Agnolo Firenzuola, FRISI, Elogio del Galileo. FRUGONI, Opere. GANGANELLI, Lettere, GALILEI, Opere, 244 LIST OF ITALIAN WRITERS. GIAMBULLARI, Storia d' Europa. GIANNONE, Storia civile del Regno di Napoli. GOLDONI, Commedie. GUARINI, Pastor Mo. GUICCIARDINI, Storia d' Italia. LETI, Opere di Gregorio Leti. MACCHIAVELLI, Opere. MAGALOTTI, Opere. MAFFEI, Opere del Marchese Scipion Maffei. MANFREDI, Opere. MANNI, Lezioni di lingua Toscano. MARCHETTI, Traduzion di Lucrezio. METASTASIO, Opere. MURATORI, Opere. PETRARCA, Rime di Francesco Petrarca. PROSE Florentine di diversi Autori raccolte da Carlo Dati, ed altri. REDI, Esperienze naturali, e Lettere familiari di Francesco Redi. REMIGIO FIORENTINO, Epistole d' Ovidio. ROSA, Satire di Salvator Rosa. SALVIATI, Opere del Cavalier Leonardo Salviati. SALVINI, Prose Toscane, e Discorsi Accademici di Antonmaria Sal- vini. SANNAZARO, Opere. SANSOVINO, Opere. SARPI, Opere di Fra Paolo Sarpi. SEGNERI, Opere di Paolo Segneri della Compagnia di Gesu. SEGNI, Storia Fiorentina. TASSO, Gerusalemme Liberata, e V Aminta. TIRABOSCHI, Storia della Letteratura Italiana. VALLISNERI, Opere. VARCHI, Opere di Benedetto Varchi. VILLANI, Croniche Florentine. ZANOTTI, (Francesco), Ragionamenti cinque dell' ArtePoetica. ZAPPI Poesie, THE END. Foreign and Classical Bookstore, FRENCH, SPANISH, ITALIAN, AND GERMAN SCHOOL BOOKS. Le Lecteur Francois de la jednesse, ou Choix d' historiettes morales, anecdotes, fables en prose et en vers, &c. Precede des premiers- elemens de la prononciation et de la conversa- tion. Redige par F. B. Gardera. 1 Vol. 12mo. $1. 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