-/^ '^r-. <^^ ^ '' "' ^ .^ V ^/"" " ' "% %:^ ^ V ^ ._ ... y. - : \ - ^ -^^ r^^ cJ- '>*. ^' - ' --^v. ..vV ,;.)> - ,,:' ^. ^^- -. N>^ -^ b ': .-V-- - ^ <^. "- b.0^ r.--bbv^. ^'; b,^ '^^.x b -•...::%'' -^^ v:^^ ^ ^' ^ ^b " :^ •^ " Ab . ^ -,:j o^, 'c- K> ^ . - .^ b> o> ^ . ^ ■■ ^ ' , % ' -^^ ob * - -• > <-. .V, .V ' ■> 'X^ ■ ^^ - 7 ~ _ ^' /. ' * XX ■-^'- * -"? "b- \XX '/■-. 0' ' -'-• > OO' "^y- v^^ O. V.' -^' 1 ,. '/• -^ -N '/: ':^. '•^^ ^N^ <.^^- .-^ vO C ',. •''a. A^ '^^. •' » 1 ^ ^^ . S .\-^ ,i^ ■''>. ^^• \ .^-^ '^-^^ -y~ 'A v^ ■> ., ■o- . ■> O. vV \ .. ,#■ " :J I » l'^ <, ^>. c^^ o- >^ >0 O. \V 0^ .^v- aX^ %^^ CO ^^- .^^' • -N '^^^ C^^ ,0 ^^ x^^ ■"% 0^- \\- , ') \. 9- ' / :X\^ ■C^- -fi o 0' ■-*-, CD 00 CO CO < 2 ' — I > u Memorial of Lynn, ESSEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. EMDRACING AN HISTORICAL SKETCH, 16^9-18^6, BY jfo€^u^^.^J--/2,J^ AND NOTICES OF THE MAYOHS, -WlT¥l PORTRAITS. ■<»»■ K^o"-fm LYNN: PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE CITY COUNCIL. KIMBALL & COURTIS, PRINTERS. 1876. >^j Fr^ ! ""Zj^e fY Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1877, by James R. Newiialt,, In (!i(' OfTice of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. PREFACE. The following Resolution of Congress is to bo referred to as the occasion of the publication now in the reader's hand: Joint Resolution on the Cklebration of the Centennial in the Seveual Counties or Towns. Be it resolved by the Senate and Iloiise of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled. That it bo, and is hereby rec- ommended by the Senate and House of Representatives to the people of the several Statics that they asseml)le in their several counties or towns on the approaching Centennial Anniversary of our National Independ- en(;e, and that tliey cause to have delivered on such day an Historical Sbeti'h of said county or town from its formation, and that a copy of said sketch maybe filed, in print or manuscript, in the Clerk's oflice of said county, and an additional copy, in print or mannscript, be fded in the oflice of the Librarian of Congress, to the intv^-nt that a complete record may thus be obtained of the progress of our institutions during the First Centennial of their existence. [Approved March 13, 1876.] For reasons which need not be here recapitulated, Lynn did not engage in a formal celebration of the Cextenxial Yeah ; though the day was observed in various patriotic ways. An historical address was attempted, at the First Methodist Cliurch ; but the time was so limited that few points could be satisfactorily pre- sented, and the City Council, deeming a neglect to comply with the Resolution an omission of duty, afterward took action in the matter, and requested the individual whose name appears in the title page to prepare the Sketch. Having had an opportunity to examine several " Centennial Memorial " books, prepared by other cities, the writer has been surprised at the manner in which the Resolution of Congress was in some instances responded to, but has no disposition to assume that Lynn has done better than they. Few have given so many dates, facts, and statistical details, in connection with their de- scriptive and rhetorical chapters. But this laborious course has been pursued for the purpose, especially, of enabling those who, in the future, may desire to know something of our condition in [Hi] iv PREFACK. this Centennial Year, to gain at least a tolerably fair view. We Bay laborious course, for few people unacquainted with book- making can have any just conception of th(> ainount of labor and really toilsome application required in the i)roduction of almost any work, but especially one of this kind. Dr. Living-stone, in ViUi preface to his African Travels, says, " Those who have never carried a book through the press can form no idea of the amount of toil it involves. The process has increased my respect for authors a thousand fold." The following arc the names of the joint special committee ap- pointed by the City Council to attend to the publication : Mayor Lewis, and Aldermen Alfred A. Mower and Nathan A. Ramsdell ; President George T. Newhall of the Council, and Councilmen Eben Beckford, of Ward Three, John Shaw, 'id, of Ward Five, and John A. Sanderson, of Ward Six. Mayor Lewis and Presi- dent Newhall formed the sub-coinmittee of publication, and have done their duty faithfully. The latter gentleman took special charge in the preparation of the Portraits and other Illustrations, and in various ways rendered valuable service, besides writing the biographical sketch of the hrst Mayor. Small as our volume is, upon its pages appear the names of many worthy sons and daughters who have labored faithfully in promoting the interest and extending the fame of our common home; and the purpose will not be acconq:)lished if even the dullest and most fastidious does not find among them genial and profitable companions, examples fitted to stimulate the noblest ambition. But licre is our Offering; sent forth in good faith, and in the ardent hope that when Father Time has completed another cen- tennial round, this generation may all bo safe in Paradise ; and the one then occupying our place as far in advance of us on the high road of human progress as we claim to be in advance of those who a century ago occupied the heritage. COISTTENTS. CHAPTER I. Introductory Remarks — Commencement of Settlement — First Church — Names of First Comers — Early Ministers, with Notices of some of their Descendants — Early Lay-Settlers, with Family Notices — First Ph3^sicians — First Lawyers — Noted Women 9 CHAPTER IL The Settlement receives its name of Lynn — Ancient and Hon- orable Artillery Company, with Notice of Lynn Members — Merrimac and Saug'us Rivers — L"on Works — Lynn made a Market Town — Material and Moral Condition of the Set- tlers — Administration of Andros, with Notice of Ran- dolph's Petition for a Grant of Nahant, and the Town's Action thereon 3G CHAPTER in. Lynn in Time of Indian Incursions and Wars — Glimpse of the Place in 1150 — Dag'yr, the Shoemaker, Comes — Charac- ter of the Early Shoe Business — Condition of Things in Revolutionary Times, and Patriotism of the People — New Life after the Revolution 47 CHAPTER IV. The Shoe Business, since the Revolution, its progress and Present Condition, with Notice of the Introduction of the Morocco Manufacture by Ebenezer Breed — Patriotic Action of Lynn in Time of Shays's Rebellion, in the Building of the United States fort in Boston Harbor, in 1812, and in the South Carolina Nullification, in 1832 — Lynn, During the War of the Rebellion — Death of President Lincoln — Deco- [v] VI CONTENTS. ration Day — Soldiers' Moiinmcnt — First Celebration of Independence, in Lynn — Centennial Observance, 1876 — Social and Pecuniary Condition of tlie People 59 CHAPTER V. Territorial Situation of Lynn — Romantic Localities — Moll Pitcher — Geological Features — Flora — Ponds — Brooks and Springs^Shorcs and Beaches — Modern Household Con- veniences — Facilities for Travel — Exemption of Lynn from Destructive Visitations — History of Lynn — Visits of In- dians 77 CHAPTER VI. Present Aspect of Lynn — Public Buildings — Business Struc- tures — Dwellings — Streets — Drives — Statistical Tables. ... 93 CHAPTER VII. General Remarks — Biographical Sketches of Alonzo Lewis and James R. Newhall — Chronological Table i>f Impor- tant anil Interesting Events since the First Settlement of Lynn 116 PART II. Portraits of Mayors of Lynn, with Biograpliical Notices. . . . 139 ILLUSTRATIONS. Views op Lynn. Facing the title page, and between pages 92 and 93, are three pictures which perhaps give as fair an idea of the general appearance of the jDlaco as could be obtained from elevations. Of course the busy character of the streets, the stately proportions of the finer buildings, and points of landscape beautj^, cannot appear in such illustrations, how- ever charming to the beholder the original views may be, with their diversity of coloring, and enlivened by moving ob- jects. These Views were taken in the absence of foliage, otherwise they would have appeared blurred, as Lynn is well supplied with beautiful trees. City Hall. Facing page L39 is a View of the City Ilall, erected at a cost of $312,000. The corner stone was laid Nov. 28, 1865, and the building was dedicated Nov. 30, 1801, with appropriate ceremonies, in the presence of a very large as- semblage. A full account of the proceedings on that inter- esting occasion may be found in a neat little volume published soon after, and hence it is not necessary to speak of them in the present work. Ancient Shoemaker's Shop, between pages 60 and 61. Modern Shoe Manufactory, between pages 60 and 61. Ancient School House — once on Lynn Common— between pages 104 and 105. Cobbet Scnooi, House, built in 1872, between pages 101 and 105. [vii] VUl ILLUSTRATIONS. Portraits. No special allusion to the Portraits is necessary in this, place, they being accompanied by Biographical Notices. They appear as follows : Baker, Daniel C, faces p Breed, Andrews, Breed, Hiram N., Bnl'l'Lim, James N., Davis, Edward S., Hood, George, Johnson, Wm. F., Lewis, Alonzo, ge 151 159 175 187 171 143 1G7 121 Lewis, Jacob M., faces page 195 Mudge, Benj. F., " " 147 Mudgc, Ezra W., " " 1G3 Neal, Peter M., " " 179 Nowhall, James R., " " 125 Richardson, T. P., " " 155 Usher, Roland G., " " 183 Walden, Edwin, " " 191 HISTORICAL SKETCH. CHAPTER I. Introductory Remarks — Commencement of Settlement — First Church — Names of First Comers — Early Ministers, with Notices of some of their Descendants — Early Lay-Settlers, with Family Notices — First Physicians — First Lawyers — Noted Women. What is true of an individual, in the attainment and security of material prosperity, is true of a community — integrity and sagacity being the foundation stones, enter- prise and prudence the constructive elements. And so by parity of reasoning we say, what is true of a single city, town, or village, is true of a nation. In an obscure individual or in an obscure scrap of territory may orig- inate the germ of a far-spreading and excellent growth. With perhaps excusable fondness for their genial home, the people of Lynn have sometimes felt that the position her name is fairly entitled to occupy among those of the more duteous children of our fiivored land has not been fully accorded — that the service she has rendered in the ii-reat onward march of the nation has too far been over- looked. But she is not jealous nor disheartened, and would not bo V)oastful. It may be asked, lioweA'er : What, indeed, has she done wortliy of peculiar commend- ation? These pages, we trust, will alTord evidence that she has, at least, not fallen short of her duty. She early 2 10 HISTORICAL SKETCH. became the seat of a serviceable manufacture, which has done more to enrich New England, and possibly the whole country, than any other ; and has tenaciously adhered to it through prosperous and adverse times, till at this day she stands foremost of all places in the land in that branch of trade. Is not that something worthy of remembrance in this Centennial Year — some- thing worthy of commendation ? In the preparation of this brief Historical Sketch of the City of Lynn, in the County of Essex, and State of Massachusetts, in accordance with the Resolution of Congress, it will be the simple aim to furnish an histori- cal outline, fdling out, so far as space may permit, with such details as appear most aptly to illustrate the char- acter, progress, and condition of the little community, from the days of its infantile struggles and successes among the earliest New England settlements down to this National Centennial Year, 1876. Well, then, lot us revert to the far-off year 1G29, and, on a genial day of early summer, behold a little band of sctilers pausing upon the rocky heights that traverse the eastern l)ordcr of the beautiful plain on which the city stands — p.-iusing for an initiatory view of the land which was to tliem a land of promise. Upon their left stretches out the ever-sounding sea — the sea whose blue bosom is now studded witli white sail^ and lined with smoky train.^ ; Init then a solitary waste, or marked only by tlie tiny Indian craft. Before them lies the woody plain on wliich their rude habitations are about to be reared ; IIISTOllICAL SKETCH. 11 and a score of miles beyond, illuminated by the morning sun, rise the lonely hills of Shawmut, then overshadowed by the ancient forest, but soon to be crowned by the humble homes of the pioneer settlers of Boston. They descend to the plain and rest a while beside a sedgy pond, refreshing themselves from the scanty store their traveling wallets contain and slaking their thirst from a running brook. But time with them is precious ; and soon, with stout heart and ready hand, they com- mence to rear a sheltering roof. The old woods resound with the noise of the ax and^ hammer, and the wary Indian nnd reposing beast are startled by the strange echoes. They toil on through mid-day's lustrous hours, and cease not till the sun goes down and the crescent of the new moon glows in the western sky. Then they wash in the cool waters and partake of their humble evening meal. And lastly, in thankfulness and hope, they join in prayer and sacred song, and seek repose be- neath the roof they have so hastily reared. So passed, as we may wxdl imagine, the first day in the settlement of Lynn — a day in the balmy month of June, 1629. A settlement without a Christian church, and that of strict puritanical order, was a thing entirely inconsistent with the purposes of the New England fathers, and so, in 1G32, though few in number and scattered over a large extent of territory, the Lynn settlers determined to main- tain public worship. The First Church was then estab- lished ; and the same ecclesiastical organization has 12 HISTORICAL SKETCH. continued to this day, maintaining its integrity through all tlio periods of doctrinal change to wliich almost every one of the first twenty New England churches was sooner or later sulgccted. The history of the early churches is so hlcndcd witli the secular history of the settlements that the local historian who would attempt to carry forward either alone would encounter interminal)le perplexities. This arises cliiefly, perhaps, from the semi-union of Chur>/]i and State that long existed ; the ministers fre- (picntly having questions referred to them hy the legis- latun,' and courts for determination on "christian," in distinction from "legal," principles. The Levitical law was about as often appealed to as are the reports or stat- utes at this day. Over the First Church, during its long history, more than one eminent divine has 1)een settled — we need only mention Bachelor, Whiting, Coltl;)et, and Shepard, wliose names will he recoginzed as among the most prominent, not only in ecclesiastical aftairs, hut political, during tlieir times. But before all others, clerical ov lay, it is fitting tliat Edmund Ingalls and his lirother Francis Ingalls sliould be named, thoy Iieing the first white persons known to hav(! had ('stal)lis]i('d habitations witliin our Itorders. The first located near what is now tlie picturesque little G;dd Fish pon 1 ; and tlio otli'.-r, prolialdy, within the limit i of Swampscott. From t]ies(> two pioneers havc^ desccmlcvl tlio numerous and resp(>ctid>](' Tngalls familv of the [)f(\s(Md, day. They a[)[)enr ti) liave been well littiMl for the enterprise they engaged in — hardy and deter- HISTORICAL SKETCH. 13 mined, prepared to face tlie dangers and endure the • privations of a lonely wilderness life — cheered only by the high motives that induced their coming. The first minister was Stephen Bachelor. lie made some stir in the community, but it does not appear that any specially meritorious results followed his agitations. It is from liim, however, that the Bachelor family, now so prominent in various parts of the country, descended. The second minister was Samuel AYhiting, who came from Lynn Regis, in England ; and it was in compliment to him that the settlement was called Lynn, it having been distinguished by its old Indian name of Saugus down to IGoT. He was a man eminent for learning and serenity of character, and remained the revered spiritual guide of the people for the long period of forty-three years. His conjugal companion, who cheerfully shared his privations and w^earying labors in this then wilder- ness, had come from a home of refinement and luxury. She vras a sister of Oliver St. John, who was Chief Justice of England during the Commonwealth, and could trace her lineage by sev(>ral lines unmistakal)ly to Wil- liam the Conrpienn- — yea, even to the renowned Danish sovereign Canute, the story of whose memorable rebuke to his courtiers at the seaside is so familiar to every school-boy. To tliis venerable pair our whole nation is deeply in- debted, in tliat, throngli our entire history, descendants of theirs have appeared rendering exceUent service in 14 HISTORICAL SKETCH. important national departments. Among them have arisen more than one eminent in literature, and in divin- ity ; more than one eminent as commanders in the mar- tial field ; more than one eminent at the bar, on the bench, and in the councils of the nation : to say nothing of the multitude of sons and daughters who have honor- ably acquitted themselves in the less conspicuous but still important duties pertaining to the sweet quietude of domestic life. The name of Whiting is preserved in one of our pleasant streets, and in one of our principal schools. It would be gratifying, were it allowable, to formally notice a score of those wlio liave, during the different periods of our history, rendered themselves especially deserving of remembrance. Three descend- ants took part in the battle of Lexington, namely, Tim- othy Whiting and his two sons, Timothy and John. The former of the sons became a Captain, and the latter a General, in the Continental army. The lion. William Whiting, a distinguished solicitor of Boston, who died in 1870, and l)y whose filial hand the modest granite obelisk was erected in tlie (Jld Burying Ground in Lynn to the memory of his revered ancestor, spent many agreeable hours in genealogical investi- gations, and published a volume tracing the various windings of the family line. His own life was a most us;;i'ul one, an;l he was conspicuous in various depart- ments of pa1)Uc concern — was Presivlential Elector in 1808 ; Ilepresentative from Boston in tlie Forty-third Congress ; Solicitor of the War Department, at AVash- HISTORICAL SKETCH. 15 ington, three years, 1862-'G5. Ilis opportune writings during the critical times of the Rebellion created a pro- found impression. Soon after the commencement of hos- tilities he boldly advocated an essential change in the policy of the government in carrying on the contest ; and his " War Powers of the President," and papers on Military Arrests, Military Government, Reconstruction, or the Return of the Rebellious States to the Union, and War Claims against the United States, will long be referred to as able and sagacious expositions. In 1871, an edition, comprised in a volume of seven hundred and twenty-five pages, was issued. Perhaps it is not our duty to add that Major-General Whiting, of the Confederate army, who ranked next to Beauregard as the ablest officer in the engineer depart- ment of the Southern service, was a son of Col. John Whiting and a direct descendant from our venerable minister. He graduated at the public Latin School in Boston, in 1839, and a few years after at West Point, where he took foremost rank in the engineer corps. He was taken prisoner while in command of the Confederate forces at the mouth of Cape Fear river, and died while a prisoner in New York harbor. lie is represented to have been a man of rare accomplishments. The celebrated Thomas Cobcet was installed as a colleague with Mr. Whiting over the Lynn church in 1637, and remained till 1050. He was one of the most prolific writers of all the early New England ministers, and exercised considerable political influence. His name 16 HISTORICAL SKETCH. is perpetuated in the stately brick school-house in Frank- lin street, erected in 1871. He removed to Ipswich, after nearly twenty years' residence in Lynn, and died there in 1G85. At his funeral were provided one barrel of wine, two barrels of cider, eiglity-two pounds of sugar, half a cord of wood, four dozen pairs of gloves for men and women, and " some spice and ginger for the cider," — all indicating that he was a man of note. And here, perliaps, may properly be introduced a few words respecting one or two of the early lay-settlers and their meritorious descendants. It is interesting and profitable to trace ancestral lines ; and one who has no respect for liis ancestors has no right to claim respect from his posterity. To the cultivated mind, especially, such study has a peculiar charm ; for one may thus withdraw from the distracting scenes around him, and enjoy com- munion with those who have been blessings to their race, lie can thus, at least, choose such companions as may be congenial, free from the obtrusion of the disagreeable. " Whatever withdraws us from the power of our senses," says Dr. Johnson; "whatever makes the past, the dis- tant, or the future predominate over the present, ad- vances us in the dignity of thinking beings." Edward Holyoke is founs Prospect," printed in London, in 1634 — a volume of a hundred pages. Not many things had then happened in the settlements worthy of record ; but his descriptions are lively and interesting. He was quite a young man when he came ; and after going back to England and having his book printed, returned with his wife. He represented the town in the General Court, in 1G36 ; but there is some doubt as to how many years he was in Lynn. He was some- what of a rambler : went with the party who settled Sandwich, in 1637; and finally, it has been stated, died in Concord, May 14, 1671, aged eighty-six; but that would make him fiir too old at his first coming. There is some mistake in the figures, or the Concord resident was another man. An edition of his work was printed in 1764, and another in 1865. But it will not be possible to follow on the lines of many of the early settlers, however enticing the com- pany might prove. And perhaps, as the published His- tory of Lynn contains much information relating to the old families, it is unnecessary here. A passing word, however, may be permitted for a descendant of William Hewes, who was among the early comers. David Hewes, a native of Lynnfield, and a lineal descendant of William, was the individual who had the honor of driving the spike of solid gold which completed, on the lOth of May, 1860, the great Atlantic and Pacific Railroad. The spike, however, was withdrawn for one less templing to pilfer- ing hands, and deposited in the San Francisco museum. 4 26 HISTORICAL SKETCH. Having said sometliing of the early ministers of Lynn, it is meet that the pioneers in the other learned profes- sions should not be passed by in entire silence. Half a century had elapsed before any regularly established physician was found here. The warfare against disease was carried on chiefly by roots and herbs and simple concoctions. Every prudent housewife preserved her odorous bundles, and when the time of need came made ready her ointments and other healing preparations. To tliis very day, in some of the ancient garrets the con- firmatory scents survive in the permeated rafters. From their Indian neighbors the settlers received much inform- ation regarding the use of the medicinal products of the meadows and woods ; and the preparation of some of the h(!aling draughts and compounds thus derived may now b<; considered as among the lost arts. In 1G80, wo find Dr. Philip Reed established here. But little is to be found by which to judge of his skill as a physician or of his standing as a man. He, how- ever, appears not to have been exempt from some of the superstitions and prejudices of his time ; for we find him, during the same year (IGSO), complaining to the court in Salem against Mrs. Margaret Gifford, a very respectable woman, for practising witchcraft ; deposing tliat "he verily believed that she was a witch, for there were some things which could not be accounted for by natural causes." He might, of course, have been a iiood doctor while a believer in witchcraft; for such was the common belief of the period. His complaint HISTORICAL SKETCH. 27 against Mrs. Gifford, however, resulted in no serious injury to her. Dr. John Henry Burchstead settled here iu 1G85, being then a young man. He was a native of Silesia. Til IGOO he married widow Mary Kertland, and hy her liad two sons, also physicians, one of whom became a surgeon in the British navy. The doctor lived on the south side of Essex street, between High and Pearl streets, on the site afterward occupied by his son. Dr. Henry Burchstead, and more recently by Dr. Hazeltine. It was the latter. Dr. Henry, who, when the whale seventy- five feet ill length was landed on King's beach, Dec. 0, 1755, rode with his horse and chair into his mouth, and subsc(![ucntly had two of the bones set up as gate-posts at his residence, where they remained more than fifty years. Dr. John Henry continued in practice here some thirty-six years, and died Sept. 20, 1721, aged sixty- four years. His grave, in the Old Burying Ground, is marked by a substantial stone bearing this inscription : Silesia to New Enjjiaud sent this man, To do their all that any healer can ; But he who conquered all diseases must Find one who throws him down into the dust. A chemist near to an adeptist come, Leaves here, tlirown by, his caput mortuum. Reader, physicians die as others do ; Prepare, for thou to this art hastening too. Near the close of the seventeenth century, Dr. John Caspar Richter von Crowninscheldt settled in tlie beautiful region of the ^liiieral spring, ou our north- 28 HISTORICAL SKETCH. eastern border. It does not, however, appear that he came to practice as a physician. He is stated to have been educated at the University of Leipsic, and to have Qed from Germany on account of a duel. The noted Crowninshiold family descended from him. Some of the apple-trees which he planted are said to be still standing. From the time of these pioneers in the healing art, Lynn has never been without skillful practitioners, and many of her sons have gone forth to do good service in the alleviation of human sutforing. But we are admon- ished that space cannot be allowed for multiplied notices of individuals, however meritorious. And now a word in relation to legal practitioners. The first lawyer who settled in Lynn was Benjamin Merrill, who came in 1808, and opened an office in the southwesterly chamber of the house still standing on the corner of North Common and Park streets. lie was a young man of fine talents and education, and, what is of the first importance in a lawyer, of oxcellont charac^ter and good hal)its. He remained hero, however, but a short time ; lor a deputation of worthy citizens called on him, with the modest re«|uest that he would (juit the town. They stated that theretofore they had jogged along in a reasonably peaceful way, but ap|)reliended tliiit as a lawyer he would bo likely to stir up strife, and do more liarm than good. Ilis ready reply was that he certainly should not remain where a vacancy was HISTORICAL SKETCH. 29 more desirable than his company, and immediately pack- ing lip his legal chattels, departed for Salem. And Lynn thus lost one who, without doubt, would have done much to elevate her name and add to her prosperity. He be- came eminent in his profession ; continuing in practice, at Salem, till the time of his death, July 30, 1847, at the age of sixty- three, having received the degree of LL. D. at Cambridge in 1845. He himself related his experience in Lynn to the writer, and added that, not- withstanding the uncivil nature of the invitation to leave, the humor of the thing forbade his taking offence. He likewise added that the Lynn people, so far from exhibit- ing any personal ill-feeling, for many years intrusted him with much of their best business, which he endeav- ored to dispose of faithfully and to their satisfaction. Some four years after, that is, in 1812, Reuben P. Washburn commenced practice in Lynn. lie, too, was a young man of excellent character, a graduate of Dart- mouth in the 1808 class, and had studied under Judge Jackson, of Boston. His office was in a chamber of the old Caleb Wiley building, corner of Western avenue and Federal sireet ; and he married a daughter of Rev. Mr. Thacher, of the First Church. He was a personal friend of Judge Story and other eminent men in law and letters. His practice here could not have been large, and in 1817 he removed to Vermont, where he was soon elevated to the judicial bench, and to the end of his useful life main- tained an unsullied reputation. He died in 18G(), at the age of seventy-nine. His son, Peter Thacher Washburn, 30 HISTORICAL SKETCH. born ill Lynn, Sept. 7, 1814, died in office, as Governor of Vermont, Feb. 7, 1870. Governor Wasbbnrn graduated at Dartmouth in 1835, studied law at tlie Cambridge school, and was for eight years reporter of the Vermont Supreme Court decisions. He was likewise the compiler of digests and other useful legal volumes. On the opening of the war of the Rebel- lion he was commander of the Woodstock Light Infantry, and, on the first call of the President for troops, raised a full company and departed for the scene of strife. Soon after his arrival in Virginia he became acting colonel of the regiment of which his company formed a part, lie was, however, soon called home to assume the duties of Adjutant and Inspector-General of the State, and con- tinued in the office till the close of the war. In 1809 he was elected Governor ; but his health having been much impaired by arduous application to public duties, he bore the gubernatorial honors but a few months before being stricken down by death. lie seems to have been a man of pre-eminent integrity and honor, both in his practice as a lawyer and in all his public offices ; and the enco- miums bestowed on him indicate a high appreciation on the part of those whom he so faithfully served. " lie was," remarks the Vergennes Vermonter, "one of the few living illustrations of Phillips's positive men. They are randy met with in public or private life. Vermont api)reciated him, and he will be mourned as one of the few in public life whose sense of justice was stronger than personal preference or even the dictation of party." HISTORICAL SKETCH. 31 The Springfield (Mas.s.) Rcpublioan says : "It was in the office of Adjutant-General that Gov. Washburn's fitness for public service was first made known to the people. His accuracy of dealing was as certain and as rigid as mathematics. The discharge of a public duty was with him reckoned among the 'exact sciences.' If he had been less honest than he was, he would still have followed honesty from sheer devotion to its straight- forwardness, its absolute correctness. We speak of this characteristic, not to elevate it above his unimpeachable integrity, but because it is what marks him among gov- ernors. Vermont has had honest executives before ; but it has been some time since she had a governor who governed, who picked up the loose ends in her admin- istrative departments and set everything in order. He was not only above jobbing and lobbying, railroad or otherwise, but he forbade his private secretary to use so much as a two-cent stamp of the State's property except for public purposes. With the same regard for the fit- ness of things, he introduced almost military formality in his intercourse with subordinates ; not that he was at all ' set up ' by his position, but he would have order and system in everything, insisting on every man's knowing his proper place and his responsibilities." And here we must leave the legal line, regretting the necessity of passing unnamed the numbers who have succeeded those spoken of, some of whom have acquitted themselves right worthily. 32 HISTORICAL SKETCH. But it may be asked, is it not claiming quite too much for Lynn to assume that the good deeds of descendants of her children, especially those who perhaps never knew their kinship, should be set down to her credit? Such a question, indeed, opens a wide and fertile field for the curious and questioning mind to disport in. Suc- cinctly it may be met by another question — for instance, Had not Thomas Parker and John Bancroft settled in Lynn, in the peaceful condition of farmers, and been surrounded by just such circumstances and influences as they were, would the world ever have known Theo- dore Parker the theologian or George Bancroft the his- torian? The virtues of the soil that nurtures a parent stock may invigorate the issue of the seed that becomes scattered to the four winds. Without our ancestors we should not have existed. Oar lives arc extensions of theirs, and necessarily affected l)y transmitted influences. But for such genealogical inquiries, suggestive as they are, little space can be afforded. It would not be unfit, however, here to name one other individual — William Gray, for so many years popularly known by the inele- gant contraction of "Billy" Gray, a lineal descendant of one of the early settlers, and himself born in Lynn on the 27th of June, 1750. It is believed to have been uni- versally conceded that, lV)r a consideralde period during the latter part of the last and the beginning of the present century, Mr. Gray was the most prominent and successful merchant of which New England could boast. His commercial lines extended to every continent ; and HISTORICAL SKETCH. 33 he had at one time not less than sixty sail of square- rigged vessels in service. In wealth he probably had no equal cast of New York ; and, notwithstanding his great losses under the decrees of Bonaparte and his sulTerings from the embargo, remained in undoubted credit, never flinching in his support of the latter, as a political measure, unpopular as it was in the com- mercial districts of New England. In 1810 he was elected Lieutenant - Governor, and remained in office two years. His dignity of manners and unswerving truthfulness insured him great respect, and his wealth enabled him largely to gratify his naturally generous inclinations. He died in Boston, Nov. 4, 1825, having lived there nearly twenty years, and left several sons and a daughter, all maintaining positions of the highest respectability. At present several of his descendants are occupying stations of honor and usefulness. Having alluded to a few of the worthy men among the settlers of Lynn, and their descendants, it is fitting that at least one or two of the women should not be passed by unnoticed. Mrs. Whiting has been spoken of. Then there was her neighbor, Lady Susan IIumfrey, wife of John IIumfrey. They came in 1G34. She was a daughter of the Earl of Lincoln, and, as Mather remarks, " of the best family of any nobleman then in England." It does not appear, however, that she was a woman of any extraordinarily high endowments, and she seems to have been quite unable to adapt herself, like Mrs. 5 34 HISTORICAL SKETCH. Whiting, to the condition of things here. She became weary, lonely, and homesick ; and with her husband returned to England in 1G41, leaving children who in after years had sad cause to lament the loss of a mother's care and training. Mr. Ilumfrey was a man conspicu- ous in Old as well as New England, and had aspired to a governorship in the West Indies ; but being baffled in his expectations there, and losing much of his property, like many others of feverish ambition, he returned to his native land disappointed and dejected. During his short sojourn here he was active in public duties and enter- prises, and acceptably filled high offices of trust — 'Was an Assistant and Major-General of the Colony. But the enduring footprints which his talents, his rank, and his acquirements qualified him to impress on the virgin soil of America are not to be found. The discontents and chafings of his wife, to which writers have alluded as in a large measure accounting for the f\iilures of his life, while not accepted as sufiicient, cannot be regarded as without serious influence. A large portion of Mr. Humfrey's estate was sold to Lady DebopwVH Moody, who came here in 1G40. She belonged to a noble family, was an active and influen- tial spirit, and liad given some trouble to the authorities in England, persisting, in opposition to the statutes, in residing from her own home. On the 21st of April, IGoO, tlie Star Chamber ordered tlint "Dame Deborah Moody, and the others, shall return to their heredita- ments in forty days, in the good example necessary to IIISTOUICAL SKETCH. 35 the poorer classes." Lecliford, the good ohl London lawyer who came to Boston in 1G38, and unsuccessfully attempted to live by his profession there, says : " Lady Moody lives at Lynn, but is of the Salem church. She is, good lady, almost undone by buying Master Hum- frey's farm." She soon became obnoxious to the people of Lynn by her opinions touching baptism, maintaining that the baptism of infants was unwarranted and sinful. For this, and certain antinomian views which she was forward to express and maintain, she was excommuni- cated and retired to the Dutch on Long Island. She was a Avoman of great worth and considerable wealth, and through her means and energy of character would no doubt have proved a most valuable member of this little community, had their religious predilections allowed her to remain unmolested. After settling on Long Island she suffered greatly by the depredations and attacks of the Indians, her house being several times assailed. The Governor of New York was gresitly indebted ti> her in a pecuniary way on various occasions, and readily accorded to her some important privileges, showing in many forms his confidence in her integrity and merits. She was one of the patentees of Gravesend, in King's county, the patent being from Governor Kieft, and written in Dutch and English. CHAPTER IT. The Settlement receives its Name of Lynn — Ancient and Honor- able Artillery Company, with Notice of Lynn Members — Merrimac and Saug-us Rivers — Iron Works — Lynn made a Market Town — Material and Moral Condition of the Settlers — Administration of Andros, with Notice of Randolph's Peti- tion for a Grant of Nahaut, and the Town's Action Thereon. The enactment of the General Court, in 1637, chang- ing the name of the settlement from Saugus to Lynn, is so brief that space may be allowed for its insertion in full ; and here it is : " Saugust is called Lin " — only four words, with no modern decoration of a single Whereas or Aforesaid. A good specimen of the ancient direct and crisp style of legislation. As before remarked, the name of Lynn came from Lynn Regis, in Norfolk, England, a place Avhich for centuries had been of some note, if not of great importance. It is situated near the point where the Ouse enters the ocean, and is supposed to have de- rived its name from its site, lehn, in the ancient language of Britain meaning "spreading waters." Others, how- ever, claim that the name came from the Saxon lc7i, a farm or tenure in fee ; though the same word was sometimes used to signify church lands. In Doomsday Book, A.D. 1086, the place is called Lenne. Early in [36] HISTORICAL SKETCH. • 37 the seventeenth century it belonged to the see of Nor- wich, and was then named Bishop's Linne ; but when the revenue of the bishopric came into the hands of the king, it was known as King's Lynn, or Lynn Regis. Most commonly, from that time to the present, it has been called simply Lynn. The famous military organization now known as the Ancient and Honorable Artillery was formed in 1638. Daniel Howe, of Lynn, was chosen Lieutenant, and there were five others from the town in the ranks. Lieut. Howe seems to have been a man of determined character ; in action bold, perhaps somewhat rash. He commanded the vessel that in 1640 took the Lynn emigrants to the western part of Long Island. On their arrival, the Dutch laid claim to the territory on which they located, and set up the arms of the Prince of Orange on a tree. Lechford says, "Lieut. Howe pulled down the Dutch arms," and Winthrop adds that in place thereof an Indian drew "an unhandsome face." These proceedings came near resulting in serious difficulty. But Kieft, the Dutch governor, exercised his authority with forbearance, and the matter was presently adjusted. In Wood's Sketch of Long Island, the affair is succintly stated in this manner : "13 May, 1640, Gov. Kieft sent Cornelius Van Ten Hoven, the secretary, the under sheriff, a sergeant and twenty-five soldiers to Scout's Bay, to break up a settlement of the English, who had torn down the state's arms and carved a fool's head on 38 • HISTORICAL SKETCH. the tree. The party set out on the 14th and returned on the 15th. They found a company of eight men, and a woman with an infant, who had erected one house and were engaged in erecting another. The party brought six of the men to the Governor. On examination it appeared that they came from Lynn, near Boston. . . . After they had been examined, and signed an agreement to leave the phice, they were dismissed." Military discipline was of the first importance in those days of alarm, and the " Military Company of the Massachusetts," as the Ancient and Honorable was first called, was projected as a sort of school for tactics. For many years it was regarded almost with awe. But its usefulness for the original purpose has long since ceased, though as a semi-social organization it is still held in high repute. Geological indications, it has long been maintained, strongly support the belief that, at a remote period in the past, the Merrimac river, after entering Massachu- setts from New Hampshire, instead of pursuing its pres- ent course by Lowell, Lawrence, and Haverhill, and discharging its waters at Newbury port, followed the more direct line to Lynn, there casting in its contribu- tion to the Atlantic. It would l)o profitless here to attempt a disLpiisition on the interesting topic, or to talk of what might have been ; but this we know, the western border of Lynn is now for a long distance traversed by the merry little Saugus, and much that is interesting HISTORICAL SKETCH. 39 in our local history is connected with that picturesque stream. Formerly, the border territory of Lynn ex- tended miles beyond the river ; but solitary settlements grew into hamlets, they into villages, and, becoming ambitious of separate municipal honors, were erected into towns. It was in 1643 that Iron Works were established on the margin of this little river, by a respectable company in England ; and they were the first, it is affirmed, in all America. It was once claimed that the works in Brain- tree, in Norfolk county, were commenced a year or two earlier, but the later researches seem to place beyond a doubt the priority of these at Lynn. Smelting, forging, and casting were pursued for some years, the bog-iron found in the vicinity furnishing the raw material. Vari- ous other kinds of work in metals and simple machinery appears also to have been carried on at the establish- ment, to a limited extent, and probably somewhat by individual enterprise. There were well-skilled workmen here ; and that the undertaking was considered of great public importance is manifest from its frequent mention in the Colonial Records, and the occasional enactments of the General Court in its favor. It is stated that the dies for the first coins ever struck in North America were prepared hero, namely, the famous pine-tree shillings, sixpences and threepences, of 1G52. It is likewise claimed that here, too, was constructed tlie first fire- engine ever made in America. The modern style of 40 HISTORICAL SKETCH. that useful implement of husbandry, the scythe, seems to have been invented by a noted workman here ; and the Court granted him a seven years patent for his "engine for the more speedy cutting of grasse." The old English scythe had a short, straight handle, like a bush cutter. In a letter dated Sept. 30, 1G48, Win- throp remarks, "The furnace runs eight tons per week, and their bar iron is as good as Spanish." But pecuniarily the Iron Works do not appear to have answered the expectations of their projectors. The cus- tomers had very little ready money ; and, though the manufactured articles were offered at a cheap rate for coin, yet, as the General Court curtly told them in an admonitory letter, an ax at twelve pence was not cheap to one who had not twelve pence wherewith to buy it. And then again, they were very soon involved in vex- atious and expensive lawsuits — those pernicious luxuries in which projectors of new enterprises are so apt to in- dulge. Hubbard says that, "instead of drawing out bars of iron for the country's use, there was hammered out nothing but contention and lawsuits." However, they continued in a lingering way for many years, when the fires of the forges were finally extinguished, the clink of the hammer ceased, the begrimmed workmen departed, the buildings were razed, and the heaps of scoria only remained, for creeping vegetation in the slow march of years to envelop in a vesture of green. And these cinder banks, as they are called by the dwellers about there, have remained, for more than two centuries, HISTORICAL SKETCH. 41 to this Centennial Year, now apparently grassy hillocks. The curious sometimes dig through the sliallow covering of soil which conceals these scores of tons of slag, in wliich frequently are found bits of charcoal as fresh in appearance as when ejected from the sooty portals ; and occasionally pieces of iron casting. In 1646 Lynn became a Market Toavn ; that is, it is presumed, a town in which, on an established day of each week, an open market was held for the sale and exchange of commodities — an arrangement by which the settlers from the different neighborhoods could meet at a fixed place and barter their spare productions for others of which they were in need, there being scarcely any money in circulation. The settlers here must have lived comparatively well, so fiir as food was concerned ; better, no doubt, than many on the frontiers. Their nearness to the sea enabled them at all times to draw supplies of excellent fish. The children, even, could resort to the clam banks, which never refused a generous discount, and to the lobster rocks. There were small farms in every direction, and the farmer and the fisher- man fraternally exchanged the products of their industry. In the brawny arm of the settler, as we thus see, his wealth was chiefly found. There were few speculations to be resorted to for sudden gain — or loss ; and, as steady employment is a great promoter of contentment, not many discontented spirits appeared roving about to the disturbance of the busy workers. 42 HISTORICAL SKETCH. Did space permit, it would be pleasant to linger a wliile in the company of the old settlers ; to observe their simple manners, their recreations, their domestic arrange- ments. We should find thiit, after all, their feelings, thoughts, and aspirations were of the same nature as our own. The old sought quietude and repose ; the middle- aged were ambitious toilers ; the youthful loved, wedded, and retired to their own firesides ; the children had their sports and bickerings. But sometimes things wore a disturbing aspect. There were fears of bloody incursions by the red men ; much land remained to be laid open to the vivifying influences of the sun ; there were no manu- factures, and the garments they brought with them were " patch upon patch." Yet their spirits were buoyant in the exercise of the freedom denied them in the land they had left, and in full faith that they were laying the foundations of a great social faln-ic. It is undoubtedly true that the settlers early conceived the idea of inde- pendence. In Cromwell's time, New England came very near being actually recognized as an independent com- monwealth. Evelyn, who was a member of the English Board of Tra(h' and Plantations, says in his journal, under date lOTl : " There was a fear of tlieir breaking from all dependence on this nation." And Edward Bandolph, in 1077, iu answering some inquiries touching the disregard of Massachusetts for the British Navigation Laws, says : " All nations have h^oo lilierty to come into its ports and vend their commodities without any restraint ; and in this as well as other things that Government would make HISTORICAL SKETCH. 43 the world believe they are a free State, and do act in all matters accordingly." The moral condition of the people was, without doubt, more than ordinarily elevated, though still ranging con- siderably below perfection. Among the early comers were a few turbulent spirits, whose purpose was rather to avoid the restraints of their old homes than to gain any good in their new. By the Colony Records it is made evident that there was considerable intemperance. Some of the drinks the sale of which is now proscribed by what are called the prohibitory enactments of the New England States, were then freely used. Tea and coffee were not known hereabout before the eighteenth century, and malt lirpiors w^ere in common use. Lynn, as well as every other town, had her places for "breeding malt," to use the ancient phrase ; and the ' ' Industrie ' ' was encour- aged. Then the. cheap distillations from the West Indies began to appear as soon as there were people enough to induce the avaricious English, Dutch, and Spanish traders to visit the coast ; the Indians as well as the abandoned whites being ready to dispose of anything they possessed in exchange for the "fire-water" for which they had such intolerable thirst. There was also considerable profimity and slanderous small talk, as too certainly appears by the records ; for the courts then took cognizance of a great many things that would now l)e passed by as idle tattle. But, on tlie whole, it may be fairly claimed that the colonists, as a people, were pious, industrious, and prudent in speech and behavior. 44 HISTORICxVL SKETCH. Our ancestors appear wisely to have considered that next to reli2:ion, outside of hibor for the bare neccessities of food, clothing, and shelter, education was the thing most neeilful ; and hence we find that primitive seat of learn- ing, the little red-top school-house, early nestling in the hallow or adorninir the hillside. The nidimental branches necessary in the management of the limited business af- fairs of tlie day were freely taught ; but Latin was with many deemed of leading importance ; indeed, it was recognised 1)y the General Court as highly beneficial in contests with "the old deludor, Satlian." A mysterious apprehension seems to have existed that the arch-enemy's assaults could be most successfully resisted by wordy bat- teries in that language. And, by the way, it should ever be borne in mind, while considering most points in the early history of New England, antl endeavoring to ascertain the underlying purpose of many eccentric legis- lative acts, that the belief in the personal and direct interference of the evil one in the affairs of men prevailed throughout the christian world. We, of this day, dis- believe in such personality ; or, if we pretend otherwise, allow no practical operation to our pretension. The great witchcraft outbreak of 1G92 — called the Salem Witchcr.ift, though violently disturbing other places as well — -would never have taken place without that idea of the l)lack man roving up and down with the red book, seeking out such weak mortals as would pledge them- selves to surrender to him their souls at death, for the privilege of invisibly plagueing their enemies while here HISTORICAL SKETCH. 45 on earth. Without cxphiiiations arising from the belief here indicated, many of the strange episodes in our early history would remain void of intelligible elucidation. And it ill-becomes one generation to ridicule the faith of another ; for it does seem as if, in the revolution of ages, essentially the same conceptions re-appear as surely as the cycles of the seasons recur. During the disordered period of the Administration of Sir Edmond Andros, the people of Lynn were seriously agitated, and determined, with patriotic zeal, to main- tain their rights, politically and personally ; for it soon appeared that, besides the oppressive measures which affected the whole people, some- local interests were endangered. Edward Randolph, the Governor's sec- retary, petitioned for a grant of the beautiful peninsula of Naliant, which then formed, and remained till 1853, an outlying district of Lynn. Notice was sent to the town that if any one had a claim to the land he might appear before the Governor and Council on the 7th of March, 1G88, and exhibit the same, and show why the land should not be granted to the petitioner. Quite a ferment followed ; for it was well known that Randolph was in high favor with Andros, who would do all he could to further the interests of his favorite. The principal inhabitants engaged in an active defence. They urged tliat the land liad been honestly purchased of the natives, and to some extent improved for more than fifty years. They showed that it was divided into planting lots, by 46 HISTORICAL SKETCH. vote of the town, as early as 1G56 ; that it was fenced ; that lots were manured and planted, and a few tenements erected ; that, by hard labor and at considerable expense, it had been brought from its originally barren condition * to be of real value for planting and pasturage. The effrontery of the petition was well calculated to irri- tate, aside from the wrong of having their property thus unceremoniously wrested from them. For some time the danger seemed imminent, for Randolph was a wily man- ager, able and plausible. The petition, however, was finally dismissed, and the town breathed freely once more. But the proceedings were such as in no measure to allay the great and growing prejudice against the Governor. And in 1G89, when the uprising people made him a prisoner at Fort Hill in Boston, the minister of the Lynn church. Rev. Jeremiah Shepard, led on a small but determined band of participants. In a paper in Lambeth palace, which is thought to have been written by Ran- dolph himself, occurs this passage: "April 10th, about 11 o'clock the country came in, headed by one Shepard, teacher of Lynn, who were like so many wild bears ; and the leader, mad with passion, more savage than any of his followers. All the cry was for the Governor and Mr. Randolph." In the extremity of affairs, a Committee of Safety for the county of Essex was appointed. And to this com- mittee the people of Lynn made a formal statement of the prominent causes of complaint ; which statement may be found in the History of Lynn. CHAPTER ni. Lynn in Time of Indian Incursions and Wars — Glimpse of the Place in 1750 — Dagyr, the Shoemaker, Comes — Character of the Ear\j Shoe Business — Condition of Things in Revolution- ary Times, and Patriotism of the People — New Life after the Revolution. Though Lynn, from the peculiarity of her location, was never herself in much danger from savage incur- sion, she always manifested the most lively sympathy for the border settlers who were so constantly exposed to un- heralded descents of hostile Indians, with tomahawk, scalping-knife and torch. For the relief of the sufferers she was ever ready to contribute from her slender means, and to despatch her brave sons for the dismal campaigns. As early as 1636, in the great Pequot war, Capt. Na- thaniel Turner of Lynn, who afterwards became so con- spicuous in the history of Connecticut, commanded a company. Indeed it was by this means that Lynn lost the worthy Capt;iin, for during the campaign he arrived upon territory more to his liking than his old home, and removed after the close of the war. lie was one of the founders of New Haven, and purchased from the Indians the territory now occupied by the beautiful town of Stam- ford. His fate was melancholy. He sailed for England [47] 48 HISTORICAL SKETCH. in January, 1G48, in the interest of tlie colony, in a ves- sel which was never heard of afterward. And when the famous phantom ship appeared off the harbor of New Haven, the next year, and so suddenly faded away, it was thou2:ht to be a miraculous indication of the fiite of the vessel in which he had embarked. In a second expedition, in 1G37, Lynn furnished twen- ty-one men, the largest number sent by any place herea- bout, excepting Boston, from which twenty-six went. In 1G75, when the renowned King Philip took the field in that final struggle, Lynn readily supplied her full quota, several of her promising youth falling in battle — two, with the "flower of Essex," at the memorable Bloody brook ambuscade. In these and other Indian and French wars the soldiers were compelled to endure hardships and face dangers which no other wars in this quarter of the world have known ; but they marched on to final triumph. A glimpse of Lynn, in the middle of the last century, may be obtained from the travelling notes of a New York merchant, who journeyed east in 1750. lie says he put up at Mr. Ward's in " Lyn, which is a small country Towne of ab*^ 200 Houses, very pleasantly situated, and alTords a Beautifull Rural Prospect." He arrived at about one o'clock, " and dyned on fryd Codd." After dinner, being refreshed by a glass of wine, he pursued his journey to Salem, " through a barren, rocky coun- try," and the next day, after visiting Marblehead, re- turned to Boston, stopping again at Mr. Ward's in Lynn, where he " dyned upon a fine mongrel goose." HISTORICAL SKETCH. 49 It was in 1750 that a Welsh shoemaker, named John Adam Dagyr, settled in Lynn. lie was a remarkably skillful workman, and took great pains to instruct others. He was an enthusiast, in his way, and became noted, far and near, as " the celebrated shoemaker of Essex." It is often curious and not unprofitable to trace in a commu- nity the development of some great matter to its small beginning ; to see, in the simple efforts of an obscure in- dividual, the germ of a great enterprise. The shoe and leather trade is at this day the most important branch of industry in all New England ; and the most surely re- munerative, notto say enriching. Lynn is, and ever has been, since the days of Dagyr, at the head of that trade ; and had not this poor Welshman, for he was poor and died in the almshouse, settled here at the time he did, it is not at all probable that the city would ever have occu- pied the position she now does. At that time she had not attained any prominence in population or trade ; a number of sister settlements had quite outstripped her, owing, perhaps, chiefly, to their maritime advantages. There was nothing noteworthy in her position or condition. Dagyr had so strong a desire to excel in his employment that he is represented to have sometimes procured English or French shoes, and in presence of brother craftsmen dissected them to discover the hidden sources of their excellence. By his efforts the business began to take root and flourish. Several who could command a small capital commenced manufacturing for the Boston market, and even for more distant places, and soon the 7 50 HISTORICAL SKETCH. trade began to overshadow all other industrial pursuits. We find the Boston Gazette saying, October 21, 17G4, " It is certain that women's shoes made at Lynn, do now exceed those usually imported, in strength and beauty, but not in price." And the editor facetiously adds, " the northern colonists have sense enough, at least the sense of feeling ; and can tell where the shoe pinches. The deli- cate ladies begin to find by experience that the shoes made at Lynn are much easier than those of the make of Mr. Hose of London." For many years the trade was carried on in an humble way, as of course the demand was limited. The manu- facturer, with perhaps a journeyman and an apprentice or two, pursued his labors in a shop of some ten by twelve feet, and once a week or so proceeded to Boston on foot with the products of his enterprise in a bag on his shoul- der ; or if his trade had been large enough to warrant the additional expense, with a horse and saddle bags, or one of the primitive wheel carriages then in use, return- ing at night with a provision of stock for the coming week, and possibly with a little ready money. These were the days of small things in this now vast business ; yet tliey reach down to the time of the Revolution, to the archetype of this great Centennial Year. Tlie common course of things had been much the same in Lynn as in oth(n' non-commercial settlements, thnnigli Colonial and Provincial times, down to the Revolution. Mechanics had come in as their hibor was demanded, and HISTORICAL SKETCH. 51 Jill onlinary needs could be supplied. The tillage lands yielded fair crops, the sea casting up large quantities of manure, which the husbandman could take at the mere cost of transportation ; and the fisherman was reasonably sure at all times of an adequate reward for his labor jind peril. Several towns had been settled by emigrants from the place, and these had extended the acquaintance and social and material interests, in various directions. Read- ing, Wakefield, Sandwich, Yarmouth, Hampton and Amluu'st, in New England, and Southampton and other places on Long Island, owed in a large degree their ex- istence to emigrants from Lynn. The people appear generally to have been satisfied that on the w'hole their condition was a favorable one, though it is undeniable that not only the excitable spirits, but the sober and considerate were at times agitated on po- litical questions, and entertained serious forebodings. They breathed the free air of the hills, and wdth every inspiration a restlessness of restraint was nurtured — the free air, unburdened by old traditions, unhampered by fetters of sycophantic obedience ; and hence, as before remarked, the idea of political independence was very early conceived. It can be traced all along ; even in the roving speech of the village orator in his town meeting. Yes, the Town Meeting, that precious New England in- stitution in wdiich every citizen w^as at liberty to raise his voice in the discussion of all measures and devices affecting the public interest ; where all were on a level, and where old and young, rich and poor, appeared in 52 HISTORICAL SKETCH. watch and ward of right and freedom. But as popula- tion increased, the town meeting hecame unwieldy and the city council took its place. The people of Massachusetts were very slow in coming to look with favor on the city form of government. There was no city in the state, till 1822, and then Boston, with a population of 45,000 re- luctantly became one; but it seemed to many like barter- ing safety for convenience. We were speaking of things as they existed about rev- olutionary times. Daily wants were to be supplied and daily exertion, in a material way, was necessary. The people were industrious, rising early and laboring dili- gently. Very few indeed were exempt from the neces- sity of personal exertion. That an immense amount of hard work was bestowed on the land was attested by the extensive arable fields that had been cleared, their pro- ductive condition, and the miles of cobble-stone wall by which they were surrounded. That peculiar kind of fencing which still adorns the landscape at least in most parts of eastern New England is unknown in many parts of the land. In the outlying portions of Lynn, there still remain extensive ranges which were laid by the hardy liands of the early inhalntants, as their mossy and weather-stained fronts abundantly attest ; and while look- ing upon tliem one is not only reminded, iu a sentimental way, of the toil expended in tlicir erection, but also in a practical way, that they afforded a convenient appropria- tion of waste material that cumbered the land. Our ancestors, to use a common figurative phrase, were accus- HISTORICAL SKETCH. 53 toraecl to bring down as many birds with one stone as they could, and here was a cheap, durable and easily- repaired fencing that could bo erected by comparatively unskilled hands from material that needed removal from the land. For many years large quantities of flax were raised in Lynn, and used in the domestic manufacture of a very durable though not particularly smooth or handsome kind of cloth. The fields looked extremely picturesque when covered with the long supple stalks, crowned with blue blossoms. The flax was rotted in the pond on the north- eastern border of the town, still known as the Flax pond ; and in almost every family were to be found the break, the hatchel, and the little spinning wheels. Many of the latter are still preserved as curious relics of the old times ; wheels which once soberly revolved at the touch of the gentle dame, or gaily whirred at the laughing maiden's tap. And where are they now — the laughing maiden and the gentle dame ? It is not necessary to remark that though for some years premonitory symptoms of revolution had become more and more marked, actual hostilities were precipi- tated by the unwise imposition of taxes by the home government — by stamp duties, duties on tea and other articles of daily use — ^by the Boston Port Bill and by the Boston Massacre. By the tax on tea, especially, the people of Lynn Avcre much excited. They held town meetings and passed resolutions strongly condemnatory 54 HISTORICAL SKETCH. of the act, and enjoining abstinence from the use of the article. They voted that no person should hold any office of profit who would not discountenance its use ; and that no taverner or retailer should be recommended for a license who would not do the same. They also resolved, " That we highly disapprove of the landing and selling of sucli teas in America, and will not suffer any teas, subjected to a particular duty, to be landed or s.dd in this town ; and that we stand ready to assist our brethren of Boston or elsewhere, whenever our aid shall l)e required, in re- pelling all attempts to land or sell any teas poisoned with a duty." Other significant resolutions were passed; one, unanimously, that " We will use our endeavors to promote our own manufactures amongst us." Mr. Lewis mentions that during the tea fever, a report having been put in circulation through the town tliat Mr. Bowler, Avho had a bake-house and a little shop on Water Hill, had a quantity of tea in store, a company of women went to his house, demanded the tea, and destroyed it. But he quietly adds that it was asserted that the women put on extra pockets on the memorable night, wliich they filled with the fragrant leaf for their own private consumption. It is well attested that at least two Lynn men were actors in the great tea-steeping feat in Boston harbor, on the night of December IG, 1773 — Abner Chcever was one ; and from his shoe, on his return, was taken a quantity of the tea which is still preserved. The same Mr. Chee- ver, now known historically as Col. Abner Cheever, was in the battle of Bunker Hill, and there received a bullet HISTORICAL SKETCH. 55 ill his neck, which was never extracted, though he lived many years. And coming down to the gloomy days of the war, we find Lynn in no sense lagging behind in the patriot's march. She can boast of having furnished two Colonels, three Captains, five Lieutenants, a number of non-com- missioned officers and not less than a hundred and fifty privates for the Continental army. Four of her sons were killed in the battle of Lexington, a fact showing that she was awake and stirring at the very dawn of the great conflict. Among the four who lost their lives on this memorable occasion was Abednego Ramsdell, who, as he was hastening along, was hailed by a woman in the neigh- borhood who warned him not to go, as she had a presenti- ment that he would never return. He kept on, remarking that he might be killed, but he hoped not till he had had a shot at a redcoat, to make the account square. At the battle of Bunker Ilill the Lynn regiment was commanded by Col. John Mansfield. On the second of August, 17 7C, the town furnished a company for the ex- pedition to Canada, and allowed ten pounds eacli to such as enlisted. In the winter of 1777 two young men from Lynn died on board the loathsome Jersey prison ship in New York harbor. In 1780 the town granted so much money as would purchase twenty-seven hundred dollars, to pay the soldiers. And within two years they granted several thousand pounds, old teniu', for the same purpose. And she lost, during the war, fifty-six of her promising 56 • HISTORICAL SKETCH. sons. These are but a few of the incidents, of the same character, that may be found recorded ; but they are sufficient to indicate her hearty co-operation in all patri- otic measures. It would bo gratifying, did space allow, to give sketches of some of tlie local patriots of those days, recalling not only valiant achievements on the field, but noble acts in the more retired lines of duty. There was Landlord Newhall, who kept the tavern on the Boston road, just west of Saugus river, taking charge of that noted estab- lishment in 1774. Before his time, a pictured lion and unicorn decorated the sign-boarvl that swung from the ponderous oaken arm in front of the house ; but he soon replaced those emblems by the more hopeful representa- tion of a rising sun. He was an abundant provider, social in his habits, and unwearied in his efforts to render his house an attractive traveller's home. The poor of the neighborhood and the indigent wayfarer he freely re- lieved ; and to the sick and wounded soldier his door was ever open. In connection with the tavern he carried on a farm ; and his business, on the whole, was quite ex- tensive. It was not uncommon for an entire company of hungry soldiers, and not unknown for even a regiment, to make their appearance and halt for a meal. And they were always welcome. To provide for such emergencies, he kept on hand fatted oxen wliich might bo promptly slaughtered, the beef being at once disposed of in great boilers prepared expressly for the cooking ; his large kitchen garden, represented to have occupied some six HISTORICAL SKETCH. 57 acres, furnishing the vegetable accompaniments. The whole establishment was kept under his immediate su- pervision ; and for some years he is said hardly ever to have retired to a bed for rest, but to have slept in an easy chair. His pati-iotism was certainly healthy, thougli perhaps displayed in an eccentric way. Lynn suffered many privations during the war, but rose with an unsullied name at its triumphant close, hail- ing with joy unspeakable the sun of liberty as its vivify- ing beams shot through the land, and feeling a hearty consciousness that she had done her part in the attain- ment of the glorious result. With the close of the Revolution the people entered upon a now and more energetic life. Yankee character began to develop with greater freedom, individual enter- prise to receive a new impulse, commercial pursuit and mechanical ingenuity to arouse to greater activity. Yet, as war is always demoralizing in its effects, it cannot be denied that for many years the pious and sober-minded had cause to lament over the condition of things. And then the agitations incident to the formation of our po- lilical institutions were allowed to divert tlie mind in a large degree from every interest of a less obtrusive char- acter — from schools, from many of the ordinary appli- ances for intellectual advancement. Not that this was universally the case ; to suppose that would be to ignore a vital point in New England character. It was not long, however, before the elasticity of the true American 58 HISTORICAL SKETCH. spirit began to assert itself, the higher purposes of life to be more fully recognized, and those ameliorating measures to be put in operation which have resulted in so many blessings to the succeeding generations, And how noble a thing it would be for the human race, if all wars could result as beneficially as the American Revo- lution. CHAPTER IV. The Shoe Business, since the Revolution, its Progress and Pres- ent Condition, with Notice of the Introduction of the Morocco Manufacture by Ebenezer Breed — Patriotic Action of Lynn in Time of Shays's Rebellion, in the Building of the United States fort in Boston Harbor, in 1812, and in the South Carolina Nulli- fication, in 1832 — Lynn, During the War of the Rebellion — Death of President Lincoln — Decoration Day — Soldiers' Mon- ument — First Celebration of Lidependence, in Lynn — Centen- nial Observance, 1876 — Social and Pecuniary Condition of the People. Soon after the close of the Revolution the Shoe Manu- facture was fully established and reckoned the leading employment of the place. And some of the shrewd business men, seeming to have a prophetic vision of the position it was to occupy in future years, set about placing things on as firm a foundation as possible. Among the most efficient laborers in that behalf was Ebenezer Breed, a native of the town. He made himself acquainted with all that was to be learned in Lynn, and while yet a young man went to Philadelphia, where he engaged in a profit- able business connected with the trade here. In 1792 he visited Europe, and not only sent over quantities of the better and most fashionable kinds of shoe stock, but also some skilled workmen to instruct the operatives at [59] GO HISTORICAL SKETCH. home in tlie more elegant mysteries of the art. He seemed determined to prove that as fine and substantial slioos could be made in Lynn as in Europe ; and he suc- ceeded. But the business in a measure languished, for shoes could 1)0 imported from England ami France and sold cheaper than the manufacturers here could afford them. Finding such to be the condition of things, Mr. Breed, in conjunction with some others in the trade at Philadelphia, set about endeavoring to induce Congress, which then held its sessions in that city, to impose a duty on imported shoes sufScient to protect the home manufacture. They resorted to a little shrewd manage- ment to effect their purpose. Among other schemes a dinner party was given ; for they well knew that an appeal to the stomach is in many cases more irresistible than an appeal to the head. Sundry members of Con- gress were invited to the ban)|uet, as well as divers charming ladies ; among the latter the celebrated Dolly Payne, afterward JMrs. President Madison. JMr. Madi- son himself, who was an influential member of Congress, was also there. One or two of the ladies appear to have l)een aware of the ulterior purpose of the party, and were not averse to assisting in a li'ood cause. It need only be added tliat a very satisfactory act was passed, and Lynn rose on the event. To Mr. Breed also belon2:s the honor of having: intro- diiced (he manufacture of morocco leather into the conn tiy. And for his success the National Committee of Commerce and Manufactures gave him a vote of thanks. CD (-■ CO H U w h CO h < U O m < h :z w o HISTORICAL SKETCn. Gl But like many others who have pursued the public good rutlicr than their individual interest, Mr. Breed was called to endure the frowns of fortune, not unliivoly through his own indiscretion. Many of his last years were passed in Avant and misery, an. ^ ,. OJ (Si (A CO OJ < ■l ■% c c' "£ 1:^ o O % > c J a u I — I > m CO <_. < ^ 2 ■J. tl. 2 ^ Z o >• J ^ Z 'V' ■— 5 u M ■^ > c CHAPTER VI. Present Aspect of Lynn — Public Buildings — Business Structures — Dwellings — Streets — Drives — Statistical Tables. It will be attempted in this chapter to show as fully as may be the present condition of things among us. And to this end a variety of statistical tables will be in- troduced, which have been carefully prepared and are as full as circumstances would permit. Preliminary to the tables, however, a few remarks are proper. Till within some twenty-five years Lynn has preserved rather the aspect of a large country village than a com- pact city, the nature of the principal business and the manner of conducting it not demanding extensive ware- houses, workshops, or buildings of any kind ; and the dwellings, generally, though presenting an appearance of thrift and good taste, could claim but little in the way of elegance. The streets, the churches and other public buildings, partook of the same general character. The city form of government was adopted in 1850 ; and soon a change in appearance became manifest. Though wood is yet chiefly used in the construction of dwellings, even those of the most expensive style, brick has been con- [93] 94 HISTORICAL SKETCH. sidcrably in demand for erections for business purposes. The necessity for very much hirger buihlings now than formerly arises from changes in the mode of conducting the business ; changes arising, in their turn, from the in- troduction of machinery in every (h'partment of manu- facture. The completion of the new City Hall, in 1807, perhaps more thaii anything else induced the later efforts in the direction of architectural improvement, especially in our public buildings ; teachings by visible example being often the most effectual. Our streets are for the most part remarkably level, and kept in good repair, wide enough for all common pur- poses, and with sidewalks most assuredly susceptible of that improvement which year liy year they are receiving, and it is hoped will continue to receive, by pavements of brick and asphalt. None of the carriage ways are paved with stones or blocks, in the ohl style ; but the principal thoroughfares have thick layers of crushed stone, covered by gravel, forming a bed compact and easy for vehicles. The drives everywhere in the suburbs furnish a rich va- riety of woodland and seashore scenery, and many points of historic interest ; and in the warm season, especially, are enlivened by the numbers who resort here during their summer vacations. The markets are well provided with meats, as our proximity to Boston affords every facility for replenish- ment ; and the gardens and cuUivat(Ml fields in the out- skirts furnish supplies of excellent i'ruits and vegetables. And then as to the matter of clothing and personal HISTORICAL SKETCH. 95 adornment. Our stores are well supplied with every- thing needful ; and more expansive desires may be grat- ified by a visit to tlie metropolis at little cost of time and money. Much has at times been said about the suffer- ings of local trade, about the cheapness of travel de- pressing home trafQc ; but the pertinent question comes, Is the public, as a whole, benefited by these facilities? There is no condition in life in which individuals may not suffer by the very means which benefit the community at large ; and for one of us to endeavor to obstruct the in- terests of all our neighbors, in pursuance of an advan- tage to ourselves, verges a little on selfishness. But to our tables. The following are the names of twelve of the early settlers, with the number of voters of the same names, now in Lynn : Newhall 95 Breed 76 Johnson 54 Lewis 49 Alley 41 Ingalls 34 Phillips 25 Allen 23 Collins 23 BurriU 21 Mansfield 18 Graves 13 And this has been about the relative position of the families, with few exceptions, for fifty years — pei'haps a much longer pe- riod. Among the leading ones, however, Alley has dropped from the second or third to the fifth. In 1831, Newhall stood at 62, and Bi'eed and Alley both at 44. 96 HISTORICAL SKETCH. POPULATION. The Population of Lynn, at the close of the Revolution, was just about 2,000. And to show the after progress, the fol- lowing table is appended, with the prefatory remark that Lynn- field was set off in 1814, Saugus in 1815, Swampscott in 1852 and Nahant in 1853 : 1783 2,000 1800 2,83t 1810 4,08T 1820 4,515 1830 6,138 1840 9,367 1850 14,257 1860 10,083 1870 28,233 Items from census returns of 1875 : Total Population 32,600 Males 15,277 Females n,323 Unmarried Males 8,279 Unmarried Females 8,995 Blind— males, 3, females 17 20 Deaf — males, 64, females 67 131 Paupers — males 40, females 21 61 Number above 10 years who can neither read nor write "iSe n i m1^ i I Hn^Pi I^^rrfi ^H [■■• M^-. Mw^ ' ( ggg'.^ Ifi- Wmv at i ,- , - — '" 1^^, I^WS ' Ml ! '^ '' s9l 1 ^ -= nBSu "^ ' J ■■ 1 iSB "* >» ■■V* " - H "■ hrm^ f/5 CO < Z Z >^ > CO (^ CO T~> 00 >. in OJ < 2 S x.'^ Z 1 Z ^ a: "m 2 K f-H £ C' 1- ^ L- U t— ( > niSTOllICAL SKETCH. 97 VALUATION, POLLS, RATE OF TAXATION, VOTERS. The City form of govorinneiit was adopted in 1850. Our pro- gress since that time in some important particulars is illustrated by the following table : Real Estate. Personal Estate. Total. N :o. Polls. Tax per $1,000. 1850 $3,160,515 $1,674,328 $4,834,843 3,251 $9.00 1855 6,403,852 2,880,797 8,284,649 4,081 7.50 1860 6,291,460 3,357,605 9,649,065 3,933 8.80 1861 6,296,385 2,936,323 9,232,708 3,615 11.20 1862 6,279,541 2,946,097 9,225,768 3,682 11.50 1863 6,298,475 3,155,422 9,453,897 3,768 12.00 1864 6,528,762 2,936,179 9,464,941 3,712 15.00 1865 7,014,008 3,604,998 10,619,006 3,983 20.00 1866 8,892,068 5,853,495 14,745,563 4,668 16.50 1867 9,722,165 5,613,802 15,335,967 5,430 17.60 1868 10,562,962 5,548,837 ■ 16,111,799 6,048 16.60 1869 12,515,057 5,849,487 18,361,544 6,584 19.60 1870 14,277,212 6,649,903 20,927,115 6,773 17.20 1871 17,742,993 6,642,633 24^385,626 7,558 19.60 1872 21,102,028 6,461,897 27,563,925 9,174 16.(m) 1873 21,925,071 5,531,367 27,456,438 8,512 18.-!0 1874 22,105,574 5,667,539 27,773.113 8,419 16.80 1875 21,930,751 6,147,052 28,077,803 7,960 17.40 1876 19,896,808 6,040,623 25,937,431 8,189 16.80 The whole number of Voters, in 1875, was 7,713 6,638; Naturalized, 1,075. Native, 13 98 HISTORICAL SKETCH. VALUE OF WATER WORKS. Breed's Pond, land and buildings .... $30,306 00 Reservoir and land adjacent 131,483 00 Main pipes, hydrants, &c 545,827 00 Engine House and land 55,113 00 Engine and pumps 63,020 00 Birch Pond 69,887 00 Force main, pipe and land 24,014 00 Meters, boxes, &c 3,876 00 Workshop and stable 1,600 00 $925,726 00 Tlie number of gallons drawn from the City Reservoir, during 1875, was 471,387,756. VALUE OF CITY PROPERTY. The Water Works are not included in this valuation : Total of Real Estate $959,725 00 Total of Personal Estate 77,944 88 $1,037,669 88 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 99 RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, CITY DEBT. The Receipts, Expenditures, and Debt of Lynn, during the time it lias been a city, are shdwn by the following table : Ai)pro. and Receipts, Expenditures. €i ty Debt. 1850 $45,000 00 $36,704 19 March 1, 1851, $71,398 15 1851 60,657 99 59,120 82 Marc hi, 1852, 76,600 75 1852 68,242 96 67,631 00 Marc hi. 1853, 74,550 75 1853 53,518 61 48,711 56 Marc hi, 1854, 74,500 00 1854 56,875 20 55,512 73 Dec. 30, 1854, 76,950 00 1855 65,136 39 64,265 27 Dec. 31, 1855, 86,550 00 185G 75,922 71 75,646 52 Dec. 31, 1856, 102,300 00 1857 78,264 34 77,050 86 Dec. 31, 1857, 112,150 00 1858 68,784 34 68,568 39 Dec. 31, 1858, 109,150 00 1859 88,458 38 82,323 69 Dec. 31, 1859, 107,600 00 18G0 110,607 28 101,569 51 Dec. 31, 1860, 123,100 00 18G1 133,227 20 112,880 36 Doc. 31, 1861, 172,300 00 18G2 239,783 57 197,650 45 Dec. 31, 1862, 240,300 00 18G3 234,195 92 195,986 85 Dec. 31, 1863, 281,800 00 18G4 325,125 68 287,033 90 Dec. 31, 1864, 355,800 00 18G5 331,404 30 263,783 24 Dec. 31, 1865, 378,500 00 1866 445,839 52 360,327 85 Dec. '*> 1 1866, 430,500 00 1867 523,817 65 453,107 56 Dec. 31, 1867, 607,500 00 1868 395,186 03 369,176 47 Dec. 31, 1868, 707,500 00 1869 477,619 07 477,172 44 Dec. 31, 1869, 803,500 00 1870 524,776 72 499,583 25 Dec. 31, 1870, 910,000 00 1871 1,055,249 22 1,003,309 56 Dec. 31, 1S71, 1,476,000 00 1872 1,170,057 78 1,020,972 51 Dec. 31, 1872, 1,844,000 00 1873 884,464 75 858,642 69 Dec. 31, 1873, 2,212,000 00 1874 720,743 88 662,410 31 Dec. 31, 1871, 2,310,501) 00 1875 613,382 8i 619,772 11 Dec. 31, 1875, 2,296,000 00 1876 508,708 06 487,068 01 Dec. 31, 1876, 2,256,000 00 As to the Debt, it will not be forgotten that there may be un- collected taxes and assessments, cash on hand and other items by which it wc)uld in a sense be materially redu<;ed. And, as the finances are of peculiar interest, it is thought desirable to here in- sert the tabular statement given in the Inaugural Address of Hon. Samuel M. Bubier, Mayor, delivered January 1, 1877 ; the nee- 1!)0 HISTORICAL SKETCH. essarily slow passage of our work through the press enabling us so to do : FUNDED LOAN 5^ per cent. Bonds due March 1, 1S79 5 per ccTit. Bonds due Nov. 1, 1882 6 per cent. Bonds due Feb. 15, 1885 6 per cent. Bonds due April 1, 1895 (i per cent. Bonds due April 1, 1896 T [)er cent. Notes due Nov. 20, 187 i 7 per cent. Notes due Jan. 15, 1878 7 per ceJit. Notes due Sept. 3, 1878 G per cent. Notes due Feb. 15. 1887 per cent. Notes due Dec. 1, 1890 G per cent. Notes due Dec. 10, 1890 $60,000 77,500 25,000 70,000 120,000 30,000 50,000 25,000 25,000 100,000 50,000 $632,500 00 SCHOOL HOUSE LOAN. 6 G per cent. Bonds due April 1, 1896 6 per cent. Not(!s due July 1, 1892 . CITY HALL LOAN. 5| per cent. Notes due Aug. 15, 1884 6 per cent. Notes due Aug. 15, 1881 . 6 per cent. Notes due Aug. 15, 1886 6 per cent. Notes due Feb. 15, 1887 . ■WATER LOAN. 6 per cent. Bonds due July I, 1891 . 6 per cent. Bonds due July 1, 1891 . 6 per cent. Bmids dur Jan 1, 18!)6 . 7 per cent. Notes du(> July 1, 1878 . 7 per cent. Notes d,ie July 1, l!^78 . 7 per cent. Notes due July 1, 1^78 . 6 per cent. Notes due July 1, 1885 . 6 per cent. Notes due Dec. 1, 1890 . $100,000 50,000 $150,000 00 $40,000 10,000 100,000 152,000 $302,000 00 $300,000 100,000 50,000 250,000 50,000 50,000 21,500 100,000 $921,500 00 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 101 TEIU'OUARY LOAN 4 per cent. Notes due Feb. 1, 1817 . 3 per cent. Notes due June 1, ISIT . 6^ per cent. Notes due Nov. 2, 1817 6 per cent. Notes due April 29, 1811 $150,000 25,000 50,000 25,000 $250,000 00 RECAPITULATION. Funded Loan, Bonds and Notes . ... $632,500 School House Loan, Bonds and Notes . . 150,000 City Hall Loan, Bonds and Notes . . . 302,000 Water Loan, Bonds and Notes 921,500 Temporary Loan,- Notes 250,000 $2,256,000 00 Balance of City Hall Sinking Fund . $106,048 11 Balance of City Debt Sinking Fund . 60,421 90 Cash on hand 20,592 28 Value of Uncollected Taxes .... 188,030 24 Tax Deeds 48,901 12 Due and allowed on State Aid . . . 11,000 00 Sewerage Assessments due 8,500 00 Gross Total Debt $455,494 25 $1,800,505 15 102 HISTORICAL SKETCH. CITY EXPENDITURES. The following items, relating to the ^''ear 1875, will perhaps give as fair idea of the ordinary purposes for which money is ap- propriated, and the relative amounts, as can be done. But such items vary much from year to year : Abatement of Taxes $32,698 88 Board of Health 47 59 City Hall Expenses 6,197 02 City Hall Sinking Fund 8,000 00 City Debt Sinking Fund 12,000 00 City Debt Reduction ^. . 24,500 00 Contingencies • • . . . 19,891 67 Drainage 15,242 82 Fire Department 41,771 48 Highway Department 48,205 21 Interest Account 158,637 87 Introduction of Water 28,477 43 Laying Out and Altering Streets . . . 5,409 96 Lighting Streets 9,820 35 Poor Department 50,472 08 Public Grounds 834 47 Public Library 5,000 00 Police Department 25,088 18 Pine Grove Cemetery 5,000 00 Printing and Stationery 2,741 52 School Department 98,443 15 Salaries 20,397 05 Sidewalks and Street Crossings .... 775 38 $619,772 11 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 103 VITAL STATISTICS, 1876. Number of Births during the year, about 800. Number of Marriages, 321. Number of Deaths, TIT. The following table will be found interesting, as showing the kinds of disease most prevalent hero — this year, ISTG, probably furnishing a fair average : Causes of Death. Abscess Accident Apoplexy Asthma Bilious Fever . . . Bronchitis Cancer Canker Childbirth Cholera Infantum . . Cholera Morbus . . Congestion of Lungs Consumption . . , Convulsions . . . . Croup Delirium Tremens Diarrhoea Diphtheria . . . . Disease of Brain . . Disease of Bowels . Disease of Ileart . . Disease of Kidneys . Disease of Liver . . Disease of Spine . . Disease of Stomach . Dropsy Males. F'm'l's. 1 11 8 2 1 2 1 1 1 4 5 6 4 3 5 23 27 1 2 4 2 55 60 2 4 3 2 2 1 50 71 9 5 7 5 13 9 8 5 o O 2 2 1 1 5 9 Tot. 1 19 3 2 2 5 11 7 5 50 3 6 115 6 5 2 1 121 14 12 22 13 5 3 1 14 104 HISTORICAL SKETCH. (Vital Statistics — Continued.) Causes of Death. Dysentery Erysipelas Ilijcmorhage of Lungs Hip Disease Ilydroceplialus Infantile and Premature Insanity Measles Meningitis Old Age Paralysis Pluritis Pneumonia Prostatilis Rheumatism Scarlet Fever Scrofula Small Pox Still Born Stricture of Rectum Teething Typhoid Fever Unknown Whooping Cough Totals Males. T'm'Vs. Tot. 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 I 2 3 11 10 21 3 3 8 4 7 2 3 5 8 19 27 5 5 10 ' 2 2 18 19 37 1 1 2 2 4 2 4 6 2 2 5 5 21 18 45 1 1 2 6 8 5 5 10 28 29 57 1 1 s 346 371 717 w M P o X I o o X o H W O ■< < Z z > '/) D O o o DC o CO H CQ m o HISTORICAL SKETCH. 105 SCHOOLS. Two or three of the finest and most expensive buildings in the city were erected for school purposes. The Cobbet School IIouso, on Franklin street, and the Ingalls, on Essex street, both com- pleted in 1812, are among the best in the state. Women were elected as members of the School Committee, for the first time, Dec. 12, 1870. The following will be sufficient to show the present condition of educational matters here. The statistics relate to 1875, and to none but the public day schools : Whole number of schools — Primary, 51; Grammar, 7; High, 1) 59 Number of Pupils 4,788 Average attendance 4,212 Amount expended for each child between 5 and 15 years old $16 43 Number of Teachers — (Male, 7; Female, 101) 108 Whole amount appropriated — grant of City and receipts $107,812,97 Teachers' Salaries 71,955 49 Committee's Services 1,041 55 Value of School Buildings 462,000 00 As a brief statement touching the character of our public schools, it may be said that in the Grammar schools youth ma_y be fitted for all the common demands of business life, and lay a iouu- rm. Chemistry. Fall. Latin. Tiiir 1 Trigonometry or Rhetoric. Tin*m. (jeology. Winter. Latin. Fourth Surveying or Rhetoric. Term. Piiysiology. Spring. Latin. First Botany. Tei-m. French. Summer.! Latin. j Second ! Astronomy. Term, i French. Fall, i Latin. t Third j English Literature. Term. I French. Winter, i Latin. Fourth English Literatui'e. Term. French. Spring. Latin. Eugiish Departmout. Algebra. Ilisiory. Eug. Graui'r with written ex. Algebra. History. Physical Geography. Algebra. Natural Philosophy. Physical Geography. Geometry. Natural Philosophy. Book-Kceplng. Geometry. Chemistry. Book- Keeping. Geometry. Chemistry. Etymology. Trigonometry. Geology. Etymology and Composition. Surveying. Physiology. Rhetoric. Botany. French. Rhetoric. Asti'onomy. Frond). C'onsiitution of United States. Englisli Literature. French. Astronomy. Astronomy and French. English Literatui'e. Milton or Shakspeare. Pupils fitting for college will take the classical course of th.e first year. Afterwards in Lalin, C;usar"s Commontario>i (Chase and Stuart's S-rics). Virgi], Latin, Proso Composition. In Greek, Greek Lessons an I Gram- mar. Anabasis, Greek Proso Composition, Iliad (three books), Mitchell's Ancient and Modern Geography. HISTOIUCAL bKETCIL 107 FIRES, FIRE DEPARTMENT, INSURANCE. Lynn, during her whole liistory, has been almost singularly free i'roni disastrous hres. The two most destructive ones took place, one on Market street, on the night of Christmas day, 1868, involving a loss of some $300,000, and the other on Munroo street, on the night of Jan. 25, 18G9, involving a loss of about $170,000. But the average yearly loss has been small. In 1875, which was perhaps a year of fair average, there were fifty-nine alarms, a few of such trifling account as to be classed as false. The total loss was $11,179.00. Insurance, $9,801.00. Loss above insurance, $1,378.00. The Fire Department is organized in a satisfactory manner, and much commended for its efficiency. There are four Steam Fire Engines, with hose, hooks, ladders, and every other necessary equipment. An Electric Fire Alarm is attached to church bells in the different neighborhoods, and Chemical Hand Extinguishers are provided. The people very generally keep well insured against loss by fire. The custom of insuring in the great companies that abound in {he large cities, many of which have agencies here, render local asso- ciations in a great degree unnecessary. The Lynn Mutual Fire Insurance Company was established in 1828, and has continued in remarkably successful operation. At the present time it has at risk property to the amount of $1,500,000. The Saugus Mutual Fire Insurance Company, incorporated in 1852, also has a large amount at risk in Lynn. 108 HISTOllICAL SKETCH. Mayors, IVitk the Dates of titcir Innuijuration, George Hood. Geoi-ge Hood. Benj. F. Mudge. Daniel C. Baker. T. P. Ricli:u-d.son. Andrews Breed. Ezra W. Mndge. Ezra W. Mndgo. Wm. F. Johnson. Edward S. Davis. Edward S. Davis. Iliram N. Breed. Peter M. Neal. Peter M. Neal. Peter M. Neal. Peter M. Neal. Roland G. Usher. Fvoland G. Usher. Ptoland G. Usher. Jam(\s N. Bufium. Edwin Walden. Edwin Walden. James N. Bufium. Jaeob M. Lewis. Jaeob M. Lewis. Jac ob M. LeAvis. Jacob M. Lewis. 1850. May 14. 1851. April 7. 1852. June 16 1853. April 4. 1854. April 3. 1855. Jan. 1. 1856. Jan. 7. 1857. Jan. 5. 1858. Jan. 4. 1859. Jan. 3. I860. Jan. 2. 1861. Jan. 7. 18G2. Jan. 6, 1863. Jnn. 5. 1664. Jan. 4. 1865. Jan. 2. 1866. Jan. 1. 1K67. Jan. 7. 1868. Jan. 6. 1869. Jan. 4. 1870. Jnn. 3. 1871. Jnn. 2. 1872. Jan. 1, 1873. Jan. 6. 1874. Jan. 5. 1875. Jan. 4. 1876. Jan. 3. Presidents of the Common Council, With tlic Vfars in which Ihrij were ElcctrJ. 1850. Daniel C. Baker. 1851. James R. NewhalL 1852. Edward S. Davis. 1853. Edward S. Davis. 1854. Gustavus Attwill. 1855. Gilbert ILaAvkes. 1856. Edward S. Davis. 1857. Edward S. Davis. 1858. Edwin Q. Bacheller. 1859. Nathan Clark. 1800. Noah Robinson. 1861. George II. Chase. 1803. George II. Chase. 1803. Jesse L. Attwill, 1804. Jesse L. Attwill. 1865. Jesse L. Attwill. 1800. Jesse L. Attwill. 1867. Theodore Attwill. 1868. Theodore Attwill. 1809. Nathan M. Hawkes. 1870. Nathan M. Hawkes. 1871. Bowman B. Breed. 1872. Nathan M. Hawkes. 1873. Bowman B. Breed.* 1874. William C. Holder. 1875. George D. Whittle. 1876. George T. Newhall. *l)r. r.!-coU died Dec. 10, and Ezra Baker was elected President for the remaiuder oi t iie year. HlfeTOUlCAL SKETCH. 109 CHIEF OFFICERS OF THE CITY, Since its Incorporation. Tear. 1850-1. 1851-2. 1852-3. 1853-4. 1851. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 18G0. 1801. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. City Clerks. William Bassett. William Bassett. William Bassett, Charles Mcrritt. Charles Merritt. John Batchelder. Charles Merritt. Charles Merritt. Charles Merritt. Eph'm A. Ingalls. Eph'm A. Ingalls. Beiij. Benj. Benj. Bcnj. Benj. I Benj. Benj. ! Bcnj. I Bcnj. I Benj. ; Benj. Bciij. Benj. I Benj. Benj J. Jones. Jones. Jones. 1. Jones. I. Jones. I. Jones. II. Jones. I. Jones. Jones. Jones. n. Jones. I. Jones. I. Jones. 1. Jones. 1. Jones. Chas. E. Parsons. City Treasurers. Ezra W. Mudge. Ezra W, Mudge. Ezra W. Mudge. Ezra W. Mudge. Ezra W. Mudge. Ezra W. Mudge. William Bassett. William Bassett. William Bassett. William Bassett. William Bassett. William Bassett. William Bassett. William Bassett. William Bassett. Elbridge Lovcjoy Elbridgo Lovcjoy Elbridge Lovcjoy Elbridge Lovcjoy Warren Newhall. Warren Newhall. Ceo. D. Whittle. Geo. D. Whittle. Charles F. Patch. Thos. B. Knight. Thos. B. Knight. Thos. B. KniR-ht. City Marshals. Caleb M. Long. Caleb M. Long. J. A. Thurston. J. A. Thurston. James Stone. J. A. Thurston. Timothy Munroe. James Patch. James Patch. James Patch. J. A. Thurston. James Dillon. J. A. Thurston. James Stone. James Stone. DauM N. Barrett. Dan'l N. Barrett A. G. Shepherd. A. G. Shepherd. A. G. Shepherd. A. G. Shepherd. Dan'l N. Barrett. Dan'l N. Barrett. Dan'l N. Barrett. Edward P. Allen. Charles II. Kent. Charles II. Kent. 110 IIISTOIUCAL SKETCH. POLICE COURT. This Court was established in 1849. Number of Criminal cases entered in 1815, 141 ; of Civil cases, StO, Justices. 1849. Thomas B. Newhall. I86G, James R. Newhall Special Justices. 1849. Benjamin F. Mudg-e. 1849. James B. Newhall. 1867. Nathan M. Ilawkes. 1872. Bollin E. Harmon. Ci.EKKS. 1849. Thomas B. Newhall. 1862. Henry C. Oliver. ANCIENT AND HONORABLE ARTILLERY COMPANY, This venerable organization was formed in 1638, for the purpose of discipline in military tactics. The following are the names of the members from Lynn : Smith, Benjamin. Cold am, Clement. Coh;, John. Hutchinson, Samuel. Baker, Thomas. Cray, Benjamin. Robinson, Robert. Breed. Daniel N. Jiiluison, (Jeorge. Neal, Ebenezer. Usher, Roland G. Fay, Richard S. jr. 1638. Ballard, William. 1643. 1638. Hewes, Joseph. 1645. 1638. Howe, Daniel (Lieut.) 1648. 1638. Tomlins, Edward. 1652. 1638. Turner, Nathaniel. 1694. 1638. Walker, Richard. 1717. 1639. Bennet, Samuel. 1821. 1640. Ilnmirey, John. 1822. 1640. Marshall, Thomas. 1822. 1611. Bridges, Robert. 1822. 1611. Ilumfrey, John, jr. 1851. 1641. Ofley, Adam. 1860. 1642. Wood, John. UISTOIUCAL SKETCU. Ill POST OFFICE. The Lynn Post Office was established in 1795, before which time the people went to Boston for their mail matter. It was first kept on Boston street, corner of North FcMleral. The names of the Postmasters follow : 1795. James Robinson. 1802. Ezra Ilitchings. 1803. Samnel Mnlliken. 1807. Elijah Downing-. 1808. Jonathan Baclieller. 1829. Jeremiah 0. Stickney. 1839. Thomas J. Marsh. 18^1. Stephen Oliver. 1842. 1843. 1849. 1853. 1858. 1861. 1869. Thomas B. Newhall. Benjamin Mndge. Abner Anstin. Jeremiah C Stickney. Leonard B. Usher. George IT. Chase. John Batchclder. RAILROADS AND TELEGRAPH. 1838. Eastern Railroad — steam. 1860. Lynn and Boston Railroad — horse. 1874. Lynn Street Railway — horse. 1875. Boston, Revere Beach and Lynn Railroad gange — steam. 1858. Electric Telegraph established. narrow MILITARY. The military of the City consists of three full and well-disci- plined Infantry Companies — the Lynn Light Infantry, the City Guards, and tlio Wooldrodge Cadets. 112 HISTORICAL SKETCH. RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. The twenty-six Religious Societies of Lynn stand denomina- tionally as follows : Methodist, (1 African) ... 7 Baptist • .... 5 Congregational (Trinitarian) . 1 Roman Catholic 2 Universalist 2 Protestant Episcopal .... 2 Congregational (Unitarian) . 1 Friends 1 Second Advent 1 Christian 1 BENEVOLENT, LITERARY, REFORMATORY, AND OTHER SOCIETIES. Masonic Institutions — five in number, embracing in the ag- gregate some 450 members. Lynn Free Public Library. Number of volumes, 21,650. Yearly delivery of books, about 75,000. A City institution. Young Men's Christian Association. Number of members, 440. Odd Fellows' Institutions — four in number, with a membership of 1,000 males and about 100 females. Odd Fellows' llall, on Market street, corner of Summer, one of the finest and most ex- pensive buildings ever erected in Lynn, was dedicated on Mon- day, Oct. 7, 1872, the corner stone having been laid June 12, 1871. Knights of Pythias — two lodges, embracing in all 372 mem- bers. Knights of St. Crispin — onelodge, with a membership of 2,500. Lynn City Mission — commenced in 1872 — supported by the churches and individual contributions. Lynn Choral Union — a musical organization with some 225 members. Grand Army of the Republic — Post No. 5 — 300 members. HISTOIUCAL SKETCH. 113 Lynn Home for Aged Women — incorporated Feb. 6, 1874. Its object is to provide fur tlio support of aged indigent females, not <^)tlierwise provided for. Lynn IIospitai, — formally opened March 31, 1875. Te.mi^eiiaxce Societies — six principal organizations, with an aggregate membership of about 2,000. Mutual Benefit Societies. There are six of these useful asso- ciations, formed for mutual aid in cases of sickness, and for con- tribution for the relief of families of deceased members. The ag- gregate membership is about 5,000. Ladies' Benevolent Societies. There are several of these, under different names, each having its own sphere of action, and all active in the relief of suffering among those who are not so readily reached by other means. The " Lynn Female Benevolent So- ciety " was organized in 1814, and the "Lynn Female Fragment Society" in 1820. Bands of Music, (military) — four in number, named Lynn Brass Band, Lynn Cornet Band, Union Band, and Wyoma Brass Band. Then we have the Lynn Yacht Club, the character of which is indicated by its name ; the Lynn Editors' and Printers' Associa- tion; the Lynn Medical Society, and a multitude of minor associa- tions formed for various purposes of social intercourse and char- itable work, which it would be tedious to individualize, the above being sufficiently suggestive for the present purpose. 15 114 HISTOKICAL SKETCH. BANKS. Lynn has three Banks for discount and deposit and two for saving's, namely : First National, incorporated in 1814, as Mechanics Bank, Capital, $500,000. Central National, incorporated in 1840, as Laighton Bank Capital, $200,000. National City, incoi-porated in 1854, as City Bank. Capital, f;300,000. Lynn Institution for Savings, incorporated in 1826. Deposits, about $1,800,000. Number of depositors, about 5,450. Lynn Five Cents Savings Bank, incorporated in 1855. De- posits, some $1,100,000. Number of depositors, 8,200. SHOE BUSINESS. Number of pairs made last year 10,04*7,200 Ag-greg-atc value $12,559,000 Number of manufacturers 116 The above is perhaps sufficient for our present purpose, as this, the principal part of our home industry, is spoken of somewhat at large elsewhere. We are aware tliat those amounts disagree with the State returns, but if not exact, they are as near the truth as careful inquiries and estimates can make them. IIISTOllICAL SKETCH. 115 NEWSPAPERS. Lynn Serai-weekly Reporter, $4.50 per year, established in 1854. Lynn Transcript, weekly, $2.00 per year, established in 1867. Lynn Record, weekly, $2.00 per year, established in 1872. Lynn City Item, weekly, $1.00 per year, established in 1876. The Vindicator, weekly, $2.00 per year, established in 1876. The first newspaper in Lynn was commenced in 1826. Since which date quite a number have lived and died. From the vigor of the five now in existence, however, it may reasonably be pre- dicted that they are destined to long lives. They all rank as in- dependent, in religion and politics. STATISTICAL ITEMS. Number of Streets, Courts and Squares, 438. Aggregate length of streets, between 90 and 100 miles. Number of Families, 7, 467. Number of Dwellings, 5,667. Products of Industry — Manufactures and Fisheries, $20,876,396, Agriculture, $88,311. Total, $20,964,707, Libraries — Free Public, 1 ; private circulating, 4 ; association, 1 ; Sunday school, 19. Total, 25. Grocery Stores, 110. Clergymen, 32. Physicians — male, 30, female, 7. Total, 37. Lawyers, 17. Printing Offices, 10. Photograph Establishments, 7. CHAPTER VIT. General Remarks — Biographical Sketches of Alonzo Lewis and James R. Newhall — Chronological Table of Important and In- teresting Events since the First Settlement of Ljnin, V)Y the foregoing statistical details, perhaps as good an idea of tlic present condition of tilings in Lynn may 1)0 o1)tained as by any other means. And in drawing this imperfect sketch to a close, but little further is to be said. An attempt has been made to show something of the character and condition of the early settlers, the perils to which they were exposed, and the heroism with which they met them, the privafions which they suffered and the patience with which they were endured. With occasionally somewhat long strides we have followed the generations down to the present Centennial Year of the Republic, showing something of what has been done by the sons and daughters of Lynn for the advancement of the nation in the various departments of human pro- gross. We would not be over-boastful, though to have a lively sense of one's own worth may not be reprehen- sible if unaccompanied by depreciation of others. But let us now, at this interesting period of our history, se- [IIG] HISTORICAL SKETCH. 117 riously ask if we have fuithruUy acquitted ourselves. Have we contributed, as we should, to the nation's honor, fame, greatness? Have we been true to our trust, the trust of one talent if so it be? I think our record is fair. In the cheerless days of the Indian conflicts, in the . trying ones of the Revolution, in the later wars, Lynn, we have seen, has not been wanting in her con- tributions of men and money. And above all, in the great conflict with our erring brethren at the South, she did more than hor duty, if that were possible. But the successes of war, though more dazzling than those of peace, cannot be so directly beneficial to mankind, for wars are always demoralizing, and it often requires gen- erations to heal the moral wounds they produce ; hence it well becomes a christian people, while exulting in their victories, to lament their necessity. Turning, now, from the martial field, let it be asked, Have we honorably acquitted ourselves in the political duties of a free people — in the support of honest men as rulers, of honest measures in the various departments of government? Have we faithfully discharged those pecuniary obligations, in the form of taxation, reason- ably required for the maintenance of law and order, and otherwise borne our part in the support of measures es- tablished for the protection and thrift of us all ? Mean indeed are those selfish few, who, while enjoying the benefits of good government, are unwilling to share in the burdens necessary for its support. Have sucli of us as have been elevated to offices of trust endeavored to 118 HISTORICAL SKETCH. act only as becomes the true lover of his country, or has our patriotism been of that spurious kind which is lim- ited to the certainty of emolument? The grand Centennial Exhil)ition now in progress at Philadelphia will show something of our achievements in industrial occupations ; but in the more impju'tant prov- ince of moral and intellectual attainment, how do we really stand ? If we have not acted our part w^ell, let the coming generations take heed from our failure, so that, when another Centennial Year arrives, a better ac- count may be rendered. Could one of the little band of settlers who first en- tered upon this goodly heritage come forth from his unknown resting place, Jind contemplate our achieve- ments in the various material pursuits of human life, how unbounded would be his amazement. Our steam- driven machinery, our railroads, our telegraphs, and otlier magnificent results of attainment in scientific knowledge, and skill in mechanical appliances, would astonish him. But would his interest en;l here ? I>y no means. Re- ligion was a leading purpose of his coming, and that would be uppermost in his estimate. Would he lie shocked at our recession from the old faith ? Or would he see in the various institutions of which we are so proud — our institutions for the relief of human suffering in every form, for the advancement of knowledge in every department, for the recovery of man's noltler at- tril)utes from the dominion of the sensual and de^ilish — that which would force him to the conclusion that the faith HISTORICAL SKETCH. 119 of which such things arc bum cannot be vain? And would he, think you, after taking his brief but comprehensive view — his view of our physical economy, our material progress and attainment, our moral and intellectual status — congratulate us as free, liberal, and progressive, or would he turn back to his sepulchral home, mourning over unfaithfulness, inconsistency and worldliness? It is a touching if not a melancholy thought, that when another Centennial Year shall dawn, not one of all the thousands who breathe the vital air of these free hills, yea, of all the tens of millions who occupy this fa- vored land, will be upon the face of the earth. Not one ? Nay, possibly here and there a hoary-headed cen- tennarian may be found tottering just on the confines of the unknown, land, impatient to pass within the veil and be at rest. When the issuing of the present volume was deter- mined on, and the suggestion to insert portraits adopted, it was proposed that the likenesses should be confined to the Mayors. Had the scope of the volume permitted, it would have been desirable to introduce those of other individuals who have added to the prosperity or fame of our city ; but a selection such as any one, however honest and fair, could possibly make, would in some in- stances have been regarded as invidious. The Com- mittee of the Council who had the matter in charge, however, desired to so far transcend the suggested limit 120 HISTORICAL FKETCII. as to insert the likenesses of the " two Historians." as they were pleased to call them. The fitness of intro- ducing that of Mr. Lewis could not be ([uestioned ; an 1 as to the other, it will readily l^e perceived that under tsio circumstances deference should be paid to the flattering request of the Committee. It is often the case that the less we know of a man the hiii'her he stands in our estimation ; and a little mystery is pretty sure to mag- nify. Nevertheless, very few who are long in this world pass such barren lives that no passages of interest or real benefit are afforded. And not unfrequently is it the case that the lessons to be drawn from the lives of those in the humbler walks are the most widely useful, because the great multitude arc companions in those walks, and can the more fully perceive the snares and oljstacles to be avoided. But these remarks are general, and have no special reference to the matter in hand ; so let us pro- ceed with our allotted task. rn yo e.-it^Lo , UliSTOlUCAL SKETCH. 121 ALONZO LEWIS. Mr. Lewis was born in Lynn on the 28t]i of Au- gust, 1794, in the modest little dwelling still standing on Boston street, nearly opposite Bridge. He was a son of Zachariah Lewis, who could trace his lineage to an early settler ; and his mother, whose maiden name was Mary Iludson, appears to have descended from the f imily of Henry Iladson, the distinguished English nav- igator, whose name is perpetuated in the noble river which contributes so largely to the riches of New York, and in the stormy bay of the icy north. Though not a college graduate, Mr. Lewis had many educational accomplishments ; and as early as his eight- eenth year was r|ualified to take charge of a district school ; and in such a school, at Chester, N. II., ho then began his career as a teacher. In after life he writes : " I commenced the profession of school teacher from tlie love of it, and devoted all my energies to its advance- ment." After teaching in one or two other places, we find him, in 1823, preceptor of Lynn Academy ; in which position, however, he did not long remain. Sab- sequently, for twelve years, he taught in our public schools, and then found it expedient to turn his attention to other pursuits. In the capacity of surveyor and civil engineer his services were much in demand, from his promptness and accuracy ; and as an architect he dis- played good taste and facility in the preparation of plans. 16 122 HISTORICAL SKETCH. Teaching and surveying may, indeed, be set down as the occupations of his life, tliough as a writer he was fre- quently employed. Ho early directed his attention to historical studies, especially such as pertained to his native place. Many hours of those usually devoted by others of his profes- sion to recreation, perhaps many that should have been devoted to rest, he employed in his fovorito investiga- tions ; and for his success in rescuing from the tide that so relentlessly sweeps on to oblivion so much that is inter- esting and valuable to us, is deserving of being forever held in grateful remembrance. The first edition of his History of Lynn was published in 1829, the second in 1844, and the third, with a continuation from the last date, by the writer of this sketch, in 18G5. It would be useless to attempt here an extended notice of his labors in this direction, the result having so long been before the public. Mr. Lewis was also a poet of no ordinary ability, and widely known as the " Lynn Bard." As early as 1823 he published a volume which was well received by the public, and by the press highly commended. Another edition, with so many additions as perhaps to entitle it to be called a new work, appeared in 1831, in a duo- decimo volume of 208 pages. Besides these, occasional pieces from his pen graced various periodicals of the day. To his poetical conceptions are to be attributed many of the expressive names by which the romantic and pic- turesque localities within our borders are now known ; and most of our older streets are designated by names suggested by him. Ho likewise publisiied a map of the town, and with great labor prepared a plan of the Na- hant lots, as anciently laid out, a plan which has proved HISTORICAL SKETCH. 123 of very great value, in these later years, when lauds there have so increased in price. In view of his useful labors, there and elsowhcro, the town granted him, many years ago, for a nominal sum, a considerable tract, which from his survey appeared to be overplus or without an owner ; and from this ho might have realized quite a sum. In a quiet way he made a great many suggestions which resulted beneficially, and many a day did he de- vote to the service of the public, perhaps unasked, and without a thought of claiming pecuniary reward. In- deed he was one of those, whom we occasionally meet, who seem willing to be useful from a higher motive than personal recompense ; and had it not been for certain eccentricities of temper, that occasionally made him an uncomfortable companion, he would have lived in the high- est esteem of others and with more satisfaction to himself. It was mainly through the efforts of Mr. Lewis that the lighthouse on Egg Rock was erected, in 185G. The carriage road to Naliant, along the harbor side of the beach, was constructed under his supervision, in 1848. The city seal was engraved from a drawing made by him. And other matters of a public character, like these, some of which have been named in previous pages, might be alluded to as indications of his watchfulness and interest in things about him. The worldly condition of Mr. Lewis was not always pros- perous, if his own statements were fully accepted ; yet his income for the period covered by his services as teach- er, at least, was sufficient to supply all common wants. The truth is that, like many others of genius, ho was quite unable to bring his mind to the exact reckoning of expenditure and gain necessary for thrift under circum- stances like his. And his occasional hasty complaints 124 HISTORICAL SKETCH. about sufTering actual want are rather to be regarded as the imaginings of a sensitive mind, depressed and weary of Imffetings. There was a strong religious element in liis character, though he was rather given to denomina- tional change. For the principal part of his manhood, however, he was strongly attached to the Episcopal church, and did much to sustain its early foothold in Lynn. In 1833 he applied for admission as a candidate for lioly orders, and his testimonials were signed by the standing committee of the Diocese ; but he does not ap- pear to have pursued his intention. lie was three times married ; or rather twice, for his second companion was an ostensible more than a real wife, and from her he was soon separated, it appearing tliat she had another living hus1)and. His first wife was Frances Maria Swan, of jMethuen, Mass., a woman of eminent virtues and rare social attractions. By her he had six children; and she died May 2", 1830. His other wife, whom he married Aug. 27, 1855, was Annie Ilsley Hanson, of Portland, Me., a lady of great worth, and much younger than himself ; and by her he had two children, one of whom, and the widow, still survive. Some twenty years before his death Mr. Lewis built a pictuvesfiuc little cottage on Beach street, so near the water that the sonorous waves might lull him to nightly repose — a real poet's cot and in a poet's niche. There he made his home for the remainder of his life, and there he died on Monday, January 21, 18G1. .M 1-!^ ■\ '^l ^^{%^iyi^^^r^^--/2^yv^^ HISTORICAL SKETCH. 125 JAMES ROBINSON NEWHALL. It is a delicate task for one to write of himself, unless he has that in his history tlio worthiness of which is pa- tent and not to be questioned, it requiring no poet to assure us that we seldom see ourselves as others sec us. But to the task. The subject of this sketch was born in Lynn on Christ- mas day, 1809, in the old Hart house that stood on Boston street, at the southwest corner of North Federal, the same which on this Centennial Fourth of July dis- appeared in a patriotic lilazc, amid the shouts of young America. All his genealogical lines run back to early Lynn settlers. His father's name was Benjamin, and he was a direct descendant from Thomas, the first white person born here. Ilis mother was a daughter of Joseph Hart, who descended from Samuel, one of the first en- gaged at the ancient iron w^orks. Both his grandmothers were granddaughters of Hon. Ebenezer Burrill, a man conspicuous in colonial times and brother of the "be- loved Speaker." At the age of eleven he left the paternal roof with his worldly possessions in a bundle-handkerchief, to make his way in the wide w^oiid, his mother having died a year or two before, and his father having a large family to provide for. But little wortliy of mention occurred till the summer of 1824, when, after having worked daily and attended various schools, he entered the Salem 126 HISTORICAL SKETCH. Gazette office to learn the art and mystery of printing. Having served there for two or three years, he conceived a strong desire to gain a better knowledge of book print- ing than could be obtained in Salem ; and in furtherance of this desire procured a place in Boston ; and before attaining his majority was installed foreman of one of the principal book offices there, his duties, in a general way, then being to direct the work and read proofs. And of this period many pleasing recollections are retained. In the office were printed a large number of classical and scientific works, and some of the most eminent men of the time frequently dropped in. Anecdotes almost with- out number, of such men as Dr. Channing, Dr. Bow- ditch, the Cambridge professors, and many of the literary rank and file of that day, could be related. He was now much his own master, had agreeable as- sociates, and on the whole was in a very desirable situa- tion. And here a little incident, which occurred about this time, obtrudes on the recollection, and may as well have utterance. With two or three young men he was accustomed almost every evening, after work hours, to spend a while in the counting-room of a drug store on Milk street, in wdiich one of the number was a clerk ; and often on the way home they would stop at the sa- loon under old Julian Hall, on the corner of Congress street, and call for a dish of oysters or some other re- freshment, and at the bar for a drink, such being the fashion of the time — not one, however, ever drinking to excess. The practice continued for some time ; but late on a certain moonlight night, as three of the associates came out of the saloon, one of them with some gravity remarked, "I do not know how it is with you, but T begin to feel as if I must stop here every night." A HISTORICAL SKETCH. ' 127 brief discussion followed this suggestion that dangerous habits might be forming, and it was promptly agreed that the last visit to the saloon had been made ; and the agreement was faithfully kept. One of the three is now and has been for many years a highly respected Unita- rian clergyman ; another was long since commander of an East Indiaman, and the third is writing this line. Possibly to some young man a hint worth considering may appear in this trifling narration. While still under age, the subject of this sketch, some- what in the roving spirit of young printers, went to New York, and the very day after his arrival found employ- ment in the Conference office, the largest then in the city ; and with a little excusable pride, perhaps, may refer to his reputation there as being the fastest type- setter in the establishment. But at the age of twenty-two he returned to his na- tive place, where, after busying himself for several years in various ways, chiefly in connection with printing and the book business — excepting two or three intervals of absence, during one of which he was again in New York, employed in the editorial department of a daily journal, and Avri ting for one or two weeklies — by the kind invitation of a legal friend, he commenced the study of law. Completing a regular course, in May, 1847, he entered the bar, and has ever since remained in the profession. On the 24th of August, 1866, he was commissioned as Judge of the Lynn Police Court, with which he had been connected, as Special Justice, from the time of its establishment, in 1840, and still remains in the oflice — a position of care, responsibility, and often embarrassment ; was appointed a Trial Justice of Juvenile Oflenders, soon after the establishment of the 128 HISTORICAL SKETCH. jurisdiction — an office of peculiar interest and impor- tance ; lias been a Justice of the Peace and Notary Public some thirty years, and at times served in muni- cipal positions. From youthful waverings in religious faith, he found timely rest in the Episcopal fold ; was one of the ear- liest members of St. Stephen's church ; and, having ad- hered to it through its days of adversity, cannot fail to rejoice in its days of prosperity. Being interested in historical researches, he published, in 183G, the "Essex Memorial"; in 18G2, "Lin, or Jewels of the Third Plant;ition " ; and in 18G5, the " History of Lynn," comprising the admirable work of Mr. Lewis, with a continuation eml)racing some twenty- one years. Alwa,ys retaining a lingering love for the compositor's case, he has long kept a Ibnt or two of typo wherewith to amuse leisure hours, and within the last ten or a dozen years has completed more than a thousand book pages from which electrotype or stereotype plates have been cast. In 1854, he erected the somewhat conspicuous stone dwelling on the base of Sadler's Rock, near the junction of Walnut and Ilolyokc streets — a point not only of much historic interest, but affording some of the most exten- sive and delightful views in our whole territory — and continues there to reside. In October, 1837, he was united in marriage with Miss Dorcas B. Brown, only daughter of Capt. William BrowMi, of Salem, and hy her had one son, who died at the age of ten, his mother having died soon after his birih. In ]8')3, he was again married, the second wife being jMrs. Elizabeth Campbell, daughter of Hon. Josiah Newhall ; and that relation remains unsevered. HISTORICAL SKETCH. 120 OIEail^OasrOLOG-IC^L TJ^JBXJE, IG29. Five families, chief among- them Edmund Ing-alls and his brother Francis, arrive and commence the settlement. 1630. Thomas Newhiill born ; being the first person of European parentage born here. 1630. Wolves kill several swine belonging to the settlers, Sept. 30. 1630. Fiity settlers, chiefly farmers, and many of them with families, arrive and locate in difierent parts of the tei'ritory. 1631. Governor Winthrop passed through the settlement Oct. 28, and noted that the crops were plentiful. 1632. First Church, being the fifth in the colony, formed ; Stephen Bachelor, minister. 1633. A corn mill, the first in the settlement, built on Strawberry Brook. 1634. John Ilumfrey arrives and settles on his farm, near Nahant street. 1634. The settlement sends her first Representative — Capt. Na- thaniel Turner — to the General Court. 1634. William Wood, one of the first comers, publishes his " New England's Pro.'^pect." 1635. Philip Kertland, the first slioemaker, arrives. 1637. Name of the settlement changed from Saugus to Lynn. 1637. At this time there were thirty-seven ploughs owned in the Colony, most of them in Lynn. 1637. Settlement of Sandwich commenced by emigrants from Lynn. 1638. First division of lands amonc: the inhabitants. 1639. Ferry established across Saugus river. 1639. First bridge over Saugus river at Boston street crossing built. 1640. Richard Sadler, first Clerk of the Writs, appointed. 17 130 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 1643. Iron Works established on Saugus river ; first in AmcriCti. 1G44. Ilug-h Bert and Samuel Bennett, of Lyini, presented to the grand jury, as " common sleepers in time of exercise." Both were fined. 1646. Lynn made a market town — Tuesday, the lecture day, being' appointed market day. 1G58. Dungeon Rock supposed to have been rent by an earth- quake, entombing alive Thomas Veal, the pirate, with treasure. 1666. A year of disasters. Several die of small pox. " Divers are slain by lightning." Grasshoppers and caterpillars do murli mischief. 1669. Boniface Burton dies, aged 113 years. lOTl. A year remarkable for storms. A violent snow storm, Jan. 18, with much thunder and lightning. 1680. Dr. Philip Tioad, the first physician liere, complains to the Court of Mrs. Margaret Gifford, as a witch. 1680. The great Newtonian comet appears in November, exciting much alarm. 1681. The Court allows Lynn to have two licensed public houses. 1682. Old Tunnel Meeting-house built. 1686. Lidiau Deed of Lynn given, Sept. 4. 1687 Tliomas Ncwhall, the first white person born here, dies in March, aged 51. 1688. Excitement about Edward Randolph's petition to Gov. Andros for a grant of Nahant. 1692. Great witchcraft excitement. 1694. A church fast appointed by Rev. Mr. Shepard, July 19, for the arrest of the " spiritual plague " of Quakerism. 1696. Severe winter ; coldest since the settlement commenced. 1697. Much alarm in Lynn on account of the small pox. 1706. Second division of land among the inhabitants. 1708. A fast held on account of the ravages of caterpillars and canker worms. 1716. Extraordinary darkness at noonday, Oct. 21 ; dinner tables lio-hted. 1717. Memorable snow storms, Feb. 20 and 21 ; one-story houses buried. 1719. Northern Lights observed for the first time, Dec. 17; a startling display. HISTORICAL SKETCH. 131 1723. Terrific storm, Feb. 24, the sea raging and rising to an alarming height. 1723. First mill on Saugus river, at Boston street crossing, built. 172G. £13.15 awarded to Nathaniel Potter, for linen manufac- tured at Lynn. 1745. Mr. Whitelield preaches on Lynn Common, creating much excitement. 1749. Great drijught, hot summer, and immense multitudes of grasshoppers. 1750. John Adam Dagyr, an accomplished shoemaker, arrives. 1755. Greatest earthquake ever known in New England, Nov. 18. 1755. Whale, seventy-five feet in length, landed on King's Beach, Dec. 9. 1759. Bear, weighing 400 pounds, killed in Lynn woods. 17G8. Joseph Williams kills a catamount in Lynn woods. 1770. Potato rot prevails. Canker worms commit great ravages. 1775. Battle of Lexington, April 19 — five Lynn men killed. 177G. Twenty-six negro slaves owned in Lynn. 1780. Memorable Dark Day, May 19; houses lighted as at night. 1782. Whole number of votes for governor given in L^-nn, 57; and all but 5 for Hancock. 1784. General Lafayette passed through Lynn, Oct. 28, the people tuniiiig out to do him honor. 1788. General Washington passed through town, in October, receiving afioctionatc greetings from ohl and young. 1793. Lynn post office established ; and first kept on Boston street, near Federal. 1794. On Christmas day, at noon, in the open air, the thermom- eter stood at SO degrees. 1795. Brig Peggy wrecked on Long Beach, Dec. 9, and eleven lives lost. 179G. The first fire engine for public use purchased. 1800. Memory of Washington honored ; procession and eulogy, Jan. 13. 1800. An elephant first shown in L,yini. 1800. First dancing school opened. 1800. Manufacture of morocco leather introduced. 1803. Boston and Salem Turnpike opened, and Lynn Hotel built. 132 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 1803. A enow storm took place in May ; and the singula,!- spec- tacle was presented of fruit trees in bloom and the ground covered with snow. 1803. Miles Shorey and wife killed by lightning, July 10. 1804. Independence first celebrated in Lynn. 1804. Snow fell in July. 1805. First Masonic Lodge — Mount Carmel — constituted June 10. 1808. First law oflice in Lynn opened. 1808. Great bull fight at Ualf Way House. Bulls and bull dogs engaged. 1808. Lynn Artillery chartered, Nov. 18, and two brass field pieces allowed them. 1808. Trapping of lobsters first practiced at Swampscott. 1812. Lynn Light Lifantry chartered, June 30. 1813. Moll Pitcher, celebrated fortune-teller, died April 9, aged 75. 1814. Lynnfield incorporated as a separate town. 1814. First Town House built. 1814. First bank established. 1815. Saugns incorporated as a separate town. 1815. Terrific southeast gale, Sept. 23; ocean spray driven sev- eral miles inland. 1816. Great horse trot on the Turnpike, in Lynn, Sept. 1 ; said to be the first in New England. Major Stackpole's " Old Blue " trotted three miles in eight minutes and forly-two seconds. 181Y. President Munroe passed through Lynn. 1819. The great sea-serpent appeared off Long Beach. 1824. General Ladiyette visited Lynn, Aug. 31, receiving an en- thusiastic welcome; was addressed by Capt. John White in behalf of the town, and returned an affectionate reply. 1825. First Lynn paper — the Weekly Mirror — issued Sept. 3. 1827. Broad and brilliant night arch, Aug. 28. 1828. A whale, sixty feet long, cast ashore on Whale Beach, May 2. 1829. Splendid display of frosted trees, Jan. 10. 1830. Donald McDonald, a Scotchman, dies in Lynn Almshouse, Oct. 4, aged 108 years. lie was at the battle of Quebec when Wolfe fell, and with Washington at Braddock's defeat. HISTORICAL SKETCH. 133 1833. Extraordinary shower of iiu-tcors, Nov. 13. 183V. Surplus United States revenue distributed. Lynn re- ceived $14,879.00, and applied it to the payment of the town debt. 1838. Eastern Raih-oad opened for travel from Boston to Salem, Aug. 28. 1841. The first picture by the new art known as Daguerreotype or photography ever taken in Lynn, was a landscape, taken this year by James R. Newhall, by an instrument ipaported from France. 1843. A splendid comet ; first appeared about noondaj^ Feb. 1. 1843. Schooner Thomas wrecked on Long Beach, March 1*1, five men perishing. 1843. Breed's Pond formed. Theophilus N. Breed built a dam across the valley, on the northeast of Oak street, flowing some fifty acres, and thus forming the pond and securing water power for his iron works. 1846. Mexican war commenced. Lynn furnished twenty vol- unteers. 184G. Congress boots began to be manufactured. 184G. Destructive fire on Water Hill, Aug. 9. Largo brick silk- printing establishment, spice and cofi"ee mill, and two or three smaller buildings, destroyed. 1847. President Polk made a short visit to L3''nn, July 5. 1848. Carriage road over harbor side of Long Beach built. 1848. Lynn Common fenced. 1848. George Gray, the Lynn hermit, dies Feb. 28, aged 78. 1849. Lynn Police Court established. 181:9. Large emigration to California. 1850. Lynn adopts the city form of government. 1850. Pine Grove Cemetery consecrated, July 24. 1850. Thirteen persons of a picnic party from Lynn drowned in Lynnfield pond, Aug. 15. 1850. Ten hour system generally adopted. Bells rung at six p. m. 1851. On March 18, and April 15, the tide, during violent storms, swept entirely over Long Beach. 1851. John J. Perdy was murdered at his boarding house, Mar- ket street, June 28. 1851. Hiram Marble commences the excavation of Dungeon Rock. 1852. Swampscott incorporated as a separate town. 134 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 1852. Louis Kossuth, the Hungarian exile, is enthusiastically re- ceived in Lynn, May 6. 1852. Death uf Henry Clay noticed by the tolling- of bells and raising- of ilags at half-mast, July 3. 1852. Funeral services in memory of Daniel Webster were held in the First Congregational Church, Oct. 29, the day on which the statesman was buried at Marshfield. 1853. Nahant incorporated as a separate town, JNIarch 29. 1853. Prize light on Lynnfield road, Jan. 3 ; parties arrested. 1853. Illuminating gas first lighted in Lynn, Jan. 13. 1853. Cars commence running over Saugus Branch Railroad, Feb. 1. 1853. Patrick McGuire fatally stabbed in Franklin street, Sept. 26. 1855. City charter so amended that the municipal year com- mences on the first Monday of January instead of first Monday of April. 1856. Two bald eagles appeared on the ice in Lynn harbor, Jan. n. 1856. Ezra R. Tebbetts, of Lynn, killed by a snow-slide from a house in Bromfield street, Boston, Feb. 12. 1856. Egg Rock Light shown for the first time, Sept. 15. 185T. Bark Tedesco wrecked at Sv/ampscott, all on board, twelve in number, perishing, Jan. 18. 1857. Small pearls found in muscles at Floating Bridge and Flax ponds. 1857. Trawl fishing began to be practiced this year. 1858. Telegraphic communication between Lynn and other places established. 1858. Lnpromptu Atlantic cable celebration, Aug. 17, on the ar- rival of the news of Queen Victoria's message to Presi- dent Buchanan. 1858. Blue fish ajjpear in tlie offing, in large numbers, in early autuiini, and arc supposed to have carried on a success- ful war against tlie menhaden, as bushels of the latter were picked up dead on the shore. 1858. Magnificent comet, Donatis, visible in the northwest, in the autumn. 1858. Catholic Cemetery consecrated Nov, 4, by Bishop Fitz- patrick. HISTORICAL SKETCH. 135 1859. British bark Vernon, from Messina for Boston, driven ashore on Long Beach, Feb. 2. Crew saved by life- boat. 1859. Roman Catholic Chnrcli, Ash street, burned, May 28. 1859. Brilliant display of nortliern lights; whole heavens cov- ered, Aug. 28. 1859. Union Street Methodist meeting-house destroyed by fire Nov. 20. 1859. Lynn church bells were tolled at sunrise, noon and sunset, Dec. 2, in observance of the execution of John Brown, at Charlestown, Va. 1860. Harbor so frozen, in January, that persons walked across to Bass Point. 1860. Shoemakers' great strike commenced in February. 1860. Prince of Wales passed through Lynn, Oct. 20. 1860. First horse railroad cars commence running, Nov. 29. 1860. Market street first lighted by gas, Dec. 1. 1861. Alonzo Lewis, Iiistorian and poet, dies, Jan. 21, aged 66. 1861. Splendid comet suddenly appears, July 2, the tail of which had actually swept the earth three days before, producing no disturbance, and only a slight apparently auroral light in the atmosphere. 1861. The extensive edifice known as Nahant Hotel destroyed by fire, Sept. 12. 1861. Lynn Light Infantry and Lynn City Guards, two full com panics, start for the seat of the Southern Rebellion, April 16, only four days after the attack on Fort Sum- ter, and but five hours after the arrival of the requisi- tion of President Lincoln. 1862. Lynn Free Public Library opened. 1862. Enthusiastic war meeting on Lynn Common, Sunday, Aug. 31 ; services omitted at churches. 1862. Soldiers' Burial Lot, in Pine Grove Cemetery, containing 3,600 square feet, laid out. 1862. Nathan Breed jr. murdered in his store, on Summer street, Dec. 23. 1863. Extraordinary i-avages of caterpillars and canker worms. 1864. The thermometer rose to 104 degrees in shady places in Lynn, June 25 ; indicating the warmest day, here, ol which there had been any record. 136 , HISTORICAL SKETCH. 1864. Groat droug-ht and extensive fires in the woods during the summer. 1864. First steam fire engine owned by the city arrived, Aug. 11. 1864. The old Town House, (built in 1814), burned Oct. 6, and Joseph Bond, confined in the lockup, 1)urncd to death. 1864. The schooner Lion, from Rockland, Me., was wrecked on Long Beach, Dec. 10, and all on board, six in nundx'r, perished. Tlieir cries were heard above the storm, but they Could not be reached. 1865. News of the fall of Bichmond received, April 3. Great rejoicing — bells rung, buildings illuminated, bonfires kindled. 1865. News of the assassination of President Lincoln received, April 15, Mourning insignia displayed in public build- ings and churches. 1865. Corner stone of City Hall laid, Nov. 28. 1866. Gen. Sherman passed through Lynn, July 16, and was cor- dially greeted. 1866. A meteoric stone fell in Ocean street, in September. 186*1. Terrific snow storm, Jan. 17. 1807. Balloon ascension from Lynn Common, July 4. 1807. City Hall dedicated, Nov. .30. 1868. Decoration Day observed, May 30. Soldiei's' graves strewed with flowers. 1868. Hiram Marl)le, excavator of Dungeon Rock, died Nov. 10, aged 05, having pursued his arduous and fruitless labors about 17 years. 1868. Very destructive fire on Market street, Dec. 25. Lyceum building. Brazier's and Bubier's brick blocks destroyed. Whole loss about $300,000. 1869. Mary J. Hood, a colored woman, died Jan. 8, aged 104 years and 7 months. 1869. Anotlier destructive fire occurred on the night of Jan. 25. It comuicnccd in the brick shoe manufact(iry of Bdwin H. Johnson, on Munroe street, and consumeil j)roperty to the amount of some ^^170, 000. 1869. On the ev(!ning of April 15, there was a magnificent Jis- l)lay of beautifully tinted aurora borealis, during which a meteor of great brilliancy shot across the eastern sky. HISTORICAL SKETCH. 137 1869. Severe gale on Wcdiiosday afternoon, Sept. 8 ; next in vi- olence to that of ^^ept 2:3, 1S15. Several small build- in!:^s (l(;stroye(l, and a innltitud(! of trees uprooted. More than four hundred shade trees prostrated in I^ynn. 1869. The Turnpike through Lynn, from Salem to Chelsea Bridge, became a public highway this year. 1869. Sidney B. Pratt died, Jan. 29, aged 5i. Ue was long in a successl'ul (>xpress business, and left by will, for the benefit of the Free Public Library, $10,000. 1870. Young Men's Christian Association incorporated, March ?>!. 1870. The first regatta of the Lynn Yacht Club took place, June 17. 1870. Land near Central railroad depot sold at $5 per square foot ; the highest rate up to this time. 1870. The new brick market house on Central avenue opened for trade, Nov. 19. 1871. Electric fire alarm established. 1871. President Grant passed through Lynn, Oct. 10. 1872. City Hall bell raised to its position in the tower, March. 2, 1872. Meeting of City Council commemorative of the recent death of Prof. Morse, inventor of the electric telegraph, April 16. 1872. S. 0. Breed's box factory, foot of Commercial street, struck by lightning, and totally consumed, Aug. 13. The sum- mer of this year was remarkable for the frequency and severity of its thunder storms. 1872. Brick house of worship of First Church, South Common street, corner of Vine, dedicated, Aug. 29. 1872. Ingalls and Cobbet school houses dedicated. 1872. Odd Fellows' Hall, Market street, corner of Summer, dedicated Oct, 7. 1872. Brick and iron depot of Eastern Eailroad, Central Square, built. 1872. Singular disease, called epizootic, prevailed among horses during the latter part of autumn. Wliecl carriages al- most entirely ceased to run, excepting as drawn by oxen, and sometimes by men. All sorts of odd turnouts ap- peared in the streets. The disease, tlu)Ugli not in many cases fatal, was disabling and evidently painful, being a kind of catarrhal fever. 18 138 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 1872. Much speculation in real estate ; prices high, and business active. 1872. Pino Hill Reservor built. 1873. Pumping' engine at Public Water Works, Walnut street, first put in operation Jan. 1 1, sending water from Breed's Pond into the Pino Hill Reservoir. 1873. English sparrows make their appearance in Lynn — prob- ably the progeny of those imported into Boston. 1873. Soldiers' Monument, Park square, dedicated Sept. 17. 1873. Concrete street crossings began to be laid this year. 1873. Grand Masonic parade, Oct. 22. 1873. Friends' Biennial Conference hold in Lynn, Nov. 19. 1873. Birch Pond formed, by running a dam across Birch Brook vallo3^ on the east of Walnut street, near Saugus line. 1873. Two whales appeared off Egg Rock, Nov. 30. 1874. " Lyuii Home for Aged Women " incorporated. Feb. G. 1874. Grand celebration of St. Patrick's Day in Lymi, Mai'ch 17 by the Irish organizations of Essex county. 1875. Lynn Hospital formally opened, March 31. 1875. Boston, Revcro Beach and Lynn Railroad opened for travel, July 22. ISIiS. Sea ser[)ent alleged to have been seen off Egg Rock, in August. 1875. .The General Convention of Universalists in the United States commenced a session here Oct. 20 ; weather good and attemlance large ; Christian courtesy extended by poo[)le of all denominations, in the entertainment of del- et'Tites. 1875. Grea,t doi)ression in business affairs ; many tradesmen and merchants fail, and real estate almost unsalable even at gr(^atly reduced prices. 1875. Unusual number of " tramps," that is, homeless wanderers from place to place, aj)pear in Lynn, and receive tempo- rary relief 1876. Tlie great World's Exposition, at Philadelphia, opens May 10. A number of our business men place articles of their manui'acture on exhibition, and on the whole the city makes a good show. A largo number of men, women and children from Lynn attend the exhibition during the six months it remains open. Alhrrtype, Farhe^ Co. CITY HALL, LYNN, MASS. 1867. PART II. With Biographical Notices. When the twelve living individuals coming within the category above indicated were informed of the desire of the committee of the City Council, having in charge the publication of the present volume, to have the Portraits of all the Mayors appear, with brief Biographical No- tices, a little diffidence was manifested by some as to being made thus to figure ; but the propriety of the thing was so apparent that irresolution was overcome, and the necessary material furnished. It will be readily understood that the true purpose was not to give histories of the lives and characters of the individuals ; but simply to present such facts as would indicate the principal features of their personal history, and show their general usefulness in the community by whom they were honored. Under such a view, it will be seen that the propriety of the eulogistic style would be questionable. Indiscriminate laudation would cer- tainly be unwarrantable. Simple facts form the basis on which a proper judgment must rest ; and, without such a basis, praise is a mere phantom. As the lawyer says [139] 140 HISTORICAL SKETCH. to iho witness, " Give us the facts and we will draw in- ferences ani ^\ "^m^.- At Jf tfj ^ -<>r ^. /^- MAYORS OF LYNN. 175 HIRAM NICHOLS BREED. Mr. Breed was born in Lynn, Sept. 2, 1809, and was a son of Asa Breed, born Feb. 21, 1783, a direct de- scendant from Allen Breed, who settled in Lynn in 1G30. The Breed family, during our whole history, has main- tained the highest rank, numerically, with the exception of the Newhall, which considerably outnumbers any other. The subject of this sketch, after receiving a district school education, was put to the common employment of the youth of that period in this place, namely, the trade of shoemaking. And that occupation ho has pursued for the greater portion of his life. The old-fashioned shoe- maker's shop was an unrivalled school in its way — a school in which the free discussions on every topic of public or private interest had a tendency to make men intelligent in every way except, perhaps, in mere book- learning. The discussions often led to reflection and in- vestigation, and whoever possessed ability was pretty sure to have it recognized. Mr. Breed was, at a comparatively early age, called to take a part in the management of public affairs ; and for many years has held responsible offices. Ho was in various positions in the old town government, and held the office of Selectman when it expired. On the adoption of the city form ho was one of the first Board of Alder- men, being likewise returned for the same position the next year. He was a member of the Legislature in 176 MAYORS OF LYNN. 1848 and 1850 ; and a member of the Constitutional Convention in 1853. By Governor Bontwell he was ap- pointed a Coroner, wliicli ofiicc he eontinnes to fill ; was City Assessor in 1858 and '50, arid Surveyor of High- ways from 1809 to 1874, inelusive, with the exeeption of 1871. And while speaking of him as filling the im- portant oflice of Surveyor of Highways, it should be re- marked that he seems always to have taken a lively interest in the condition of the streets. Many years ago his services began to be appreciated in that department ; and some of his suggestions then, and at later periods, have been highly approved. We have extensive avenues besides those devoted to business, to be looked after. And while nature has furnished so much that is grand and delightful in scenery, it would be a pity to have the roads so neglected that our owai citizens, and the many strangers who gather here in the watering season, could not enjoy their recreative excursions. Under Mr. Breed's administration the public ways have not Iteen neglected ; but in saying this there is no disposition to intimate that they have under any other ; and we must congratulate ourselves on the common reputation that the drives about Lynn are surpassed by hardly any in this part of the country, both as regards their natural location and condition. Mr. Breed was elected Mayor for 18G1, a year espe- cially filled with unusual demands, anxieties and perplex- ities, for it was the opening year of the great Rebellion, New duties and responsibilities were then pressing, and untried measures were to be adopted. It required firm- ness to withstand unreasonable demands, and judgment to meet all proper claims. The success of his admin- istration under these circumstances entitles him to much HIRAM N. BREED. 177 credit. It was a difficult task to shape and put in operation the measures tliat resulted so favorably to the soldiers and their families, while at the same time other public interests were vigilantly guarded. Something of the modest spirit with which he entered upon his duties as Mayor may be gathei'cd from the opening pas- sage of his Inaugural Address : " Called from a laborious but honorable occupation to fill the position of Mayor of this city, and well acquainted with my many deficiences for this important trust, I feel confident that, seeking to know my duty, I shall be able by assiduity and industry to discharge the duties with a measure of satisfaction to myself and my constituents." Perhaps his habit of careful investigation, before proceeding to action, in matters of real importance, is one of his most prominent characteristics — never too hasty, and never liable to be driven on by the unadvised urgency of those who always stand ready to press others while no responsibility rests on themselves. Mr. Breed belongs to one of the old families of the eastern section of the town, and has lived to see great improvements in the vicinity of his birth place. Ocean street, which is now justly reckoned one of the finest avenues in the county, if not in the State, he has seen opened through lands, not indeed barren, but occupied only for purposes of husbandry. He also had much to do Avith the laying out of Breed, Foster and Nichols streets, now filled with a thrifty population. And to his energy and enterprise that whole section is indebted for many of those improvements which have changed it from its former quaint and rather ancient aspect to one pleasant and attractive. Mr. Breed, though considerably in years, as the dates 23 178 MAYORS OF LYNN. in this sketch show, is still remarkably vigorous, both mentally and physically, the result, no doubt, of a tem- perate and prudent course of life, with the basis of a naturally good constitution. On the 4th of July, 1830, he married Nancy, a daughter of Caleb Stone, and by her had ten children, namely, Henry N., Asa N., Edwin E., Betsey A., Martha E., Laura J., Abbie M., Julia r., Nathan D. C, and Clara L, c/ -C^^. MAYORS OF LYNN. 179 PETER MORRELL NEAL. Mr. NeaLj the tenth Mayor of Lynn, was born at Doiighty's Fulls, a small village in North Berwick, Me., Sept. 21, 1811. His parents, Elijah and Comfort (Mor- rell) Neal, were worthy members of the religious Society of Friends, who instilled into the minds of their children the principles of sobriety and temperance, and an abiding * faith in the doctrines of Christianity unmixed with sec- tarian prejudices. Mr. Neal has continued his connec- tion with that society, whose cardinal principles he believes in, and whose mode of worship he admires. Both the Neal and Morrell families were among the first settlers in the southwest section of Maine, then a part of Massachusetts, which was known as the District of Maine till 1820, when it was admitted into the Union as an independent State. The Morrell family was a large and influential part of the community in those early days, and from it have sprung many men of distinction, some of whom have filled the highest places of trust in the gift of the people of the State of Maine. Sixty years ago the district schools in the country were not of a high grade, but such as they were Mr. Neal in his youth attended till he was fifteen years of age, when he went to Providence, R. I., and became a pupil of the Friends' Boarding School, where he remained most of the time till he was twenty-one years of age ; teaching school, however, in the country during the winters, and pursuing his studies at the institution during the remain- 180 MAYORS OF LYNN. der of the time, with the exception of one season, when he uttended the Academy at South Berwick. In 1832 ho went to Porthmd, Me., and continued his studies, principally in the languages, under a private tutor, preparing himself to enter college ; but the next year, there being what he and his friends considered a good opening, ho abandoned his college prospects, and commenced a school there, and was quite successful. He can now enumerate among his former pupils some of the best professional and business men in that section of the State. In 183G he married Lydia, daughter of Edward Cobb, of Portland. They have four children, Edward C, Mary Louisa, Ellen M., and William E. In 1842 the inhabitants of his native village concluded to establish a High School there, and invited Mr. Neal to become its Principal. He accepted the position, returned to North Berwick, and taught school till 1850. From too close application to his duties his health failed him, and he made up his mind that he must quit teaching and engage in some business that required more active and out of doors exercise. He came to Lynn, and formed a partnership with Philo Clifford, to do a general lumber business on Beach street. They dissolved in 1859. Mr. Neal continued the busi- ness alone till 18G3, when he formed another partnership with Nehemiah Lee, at the old stand, and did quite an extensive business till 1870, when ho sold out his in- terest to Mr. Lee. In 1872 he again commenced the lumber business on his new wharf, called Yacht Club Wharf, on Beach street, opposite Tudor street. Very soon after he came to Lynn ho was elected to the Common Council, and subsequently for a number of PETER M. NEAL. 181 years ho was a member of the School Committee, and at one time Chairman of the Board. On the Gth of January, 18G2, he was inaugurated Mayor, and was re-elected to that office the three fol- lowing years. In those stirring times, during the War of the Rebel- lion, when loyal individuals were doing all they could to preserve the Union from disruption, the cares devolving upon the chief magistrates of our towns and cities were varied and constant. During the four years of his ad- ministration he generally worked from sixteen to eighteen hours daily, rarely leaving his office till one or two of the clock in the morning. He was indefatigable in his exertions in alleviating the suffi^rings of our soldiers and their families, and many times visited the army and hos- pitals, carrying relief to the sick and wounded, and good cheer to those who were doing their duty in camp. He has often been heard to say that, although attended with much sadness, he looks back upon the time spent among the wounded, sick and dying, with more satisfaction than upon any other period of his life, because he was en- abled to relieve much distress both of body and mind — carrying as he did news from absent ones at home, and returning the last sad messages to wives, mothers and children, from the dying soldier. During these visits he sometimes, w^ithin the space of two or three weeks, visited no less than twenty thousand sick and wounded soldiers, and bears testimony to their fidelity and patriotism, for there was very little murmur- ing at their lot. Even under the greatest physical suf- fering they were cheerful, and endured all with the greatest fortitude, evincing to the world that they at least believed they were in the line of duty. 182 MAYORS OF LYNN. Mr. Neal's labor for the soldier did not cease with the close of his official duties, but for many years he was almost- daily consulted upon matters connected with the war, and obtained, for many soldiers and widows, pen- sions from the government, for which service he would never receive any compensation, although many times urged to do so. In politics Mr. Neal was originally a Whig, and cast his first vote in 1832, for Henry Clay. He afterwards joined the Free Soil party, and on the formation of the Republican party he was their first candidate for a seat in the Legislature of Massachusetts, but was defeated. He represented his district (consisting of Ward Four, Lynn, and the town of Nahant), in the House of Repre- sentatives in 1870 and 1871, and was the Senator from the First Essex District in 1876. r^-vivh?' MAYORS OF LYNN. 183 ROLAND GREENE USHER. The Usher family was founded in New England some time previous to 1G38 by two brothers, Ilczekiali and Robert, from the latter of whom the subject of this sketch is directly descended. The family was prominent during the Colonial and early Provincial days, as is shown by the abundant evidence in the contemporaneous records. From the above date to the present its members have constantly resided in this vicinity, having become es- pecially identified with Boston, Medford, Cambridge, Charlestown and this city. Hezekiah, one of the original founders of the Old South Church, Boston, was the first bookseller and pub- lisher in English America, and indeed the only one in New England as late as 1GG4. He was Representative and one of the Selectmen of Boston for several years, was possessed of considerable wealth, and was a man of great activity and influence. Robert became associated with the New Haven settlement, and held various offices there, but on his death, in 1GG9, his family rejoined their relatives in this vicinity, in accordance with a desire ex- pressed in his will. John, son of Hezekiah, continued his father's business, receiving in 1G72, by special act of the General Court, the first copyright ever granted and secured by law in this country. He was Colonel of the Boston Regiment, at one time Treasurer and Receiver General for New England, and later was Lieutenant Gov- ernor and Commander-in-Chief of New Hampsliirc for 184 MAYORS OF LYNN. quite a long period. He was also one of the councillors of President Dudley, and later held the same relation towards Sir Edmund Andros. lie was employed by Mas- sachusetts to negotiate the purchase of the Province of Maine from the heirs of Sir Ferdinando Gorges, which he effected in 1G77 — " an absolute, perfect and independ- ent estate of and in the said county Palatine," being conveyed to said Usher. Robert, above mentioned, had a son Robert, who had a son John, who had a son Rob- ert, who had a son Eleazer. Roland Greene, the eleventh Mayor of Lynn, son of said Eleazer and Fanny (Bucknam) Usher, was born at Medford, Jan. 6, 1823. At an early age he, with some other members of the family, came to this city, where they have since resided. After learning the morocco dresser's trade, he chiefly engaged, till the breaking out of the war, in mercantile pursuits, having, however, been for several years a mem- ber of the Common Council and Board of Aldermen ; he had also represented this city in the Massachusetts House of Representatives. In the year 1840 lie joined the Lynn Light Infantry, was afterwards elected its First Lieuten- ant, and on the formation of the now historic "Eighth" Regiment became its Lieutenant Colonel, lie was on the staff of the Eii^hth as rea'imental Paymaster when it left for Washington, on the 17th of April, 18G1. In the following July he was commissioned by President Lincoln as Paymaster in the regular army force, in which capacity he served till the close of the war, his principal appointments being as Paymaster-in-Chief of the famous Department of the Gulf, also of the Department of An- napolis, and later of the Department of Virginia and North (Carolina ; having at these times the supervision and direction of from twenty to thirty paymasters. ROLAND G. USHER. 185 The responsibilities, the arduous and trying duties, the anxieties and dangers of a disbursing officer, amid the excitement and confusion of the camp, the difficulty at- tendant on safely transporting at sucli times the very' large sums of money needed, give a peculiar significance to the following letter, indicative of his record with the War Department : Paymaster General's Office, War Department, ) Washington, February 14, 1871. ) Maj. Gen. B. F. Butler: — Ifij Dear Sir: — In reply to your request for a letter from this office, indicating the official record of Col. R. G. Usher during the time he served as an officer of this department, it afibrds mo pleasure to respond, because from an in- timate personal knowledge in his case I am able to bear emphatic testimony to the value and excellence of his services. Col. Usher was appointed a Paymaster at the beginning of the war, in 18G1. lie served through the entire war, and retired to civil life on his own application for discharge. That he was an active and faithful officer is well attested by the records of the department. But that he was more, an energetic, intelligent and reliable officer in positions of unusual responsi- bility, I can, of my personal knowledge, certify. During his term of service, ho disbursed upwards of thirty-one and a half millions of the public money, promptly, faithfully, and satisfactorily accounting for every dollar entrusted to his charge. His conduct and bearing won the conQdence and esteem of this office, and caused me to regret that his own interests and inclina- tions were averse to a permanent continuance in this department. Very respectfully, B. W. BRICE, Paymaster General. Upon the re-organization of the State militia, in 18GG, he was appointed Aide-de-Camp on the staff of Major General B. F. Butler, commanding, and held that po- sition during the ten years following. For three years, beginning January, 18GG, he was 2i 186 MAYORS OF LYNN. Mayor of this city. During this time the police force was rc-organizcd, a complete system of sewerage commenced, and the fine City Hall, with the exception of the base- ment, put under contract, erected and dedicated. Such a building for municipal purposes had been so long needed that the occasion of its dedication was a genuine gala day for Lynn, hardly equalled by any sim- ilar event since that of the " Old Tunnel." Its erection indicated a fresh and vigorous impulse which affairs in Lynn had felt in consequence of the very large business developed by the necessities of the war, and the rapid growth of the country. Colonel Usher assumed the duties of the mayoralty at this time when, the war having ended, the city, which had meanwhile grown largely in wealth and population, seemed to have aroused itself to new life and vigor. He was elected a member of the Executive Council of the Commonwealth for three successive years, under Gov- ernors CuUock and Claflin, serving on the Iloosac Tunnel Committee and signing the memorable contract for its completion. He was appointed March 3, 1871, by President Grant, United States Marshal for the District of Massachusetts, and at the expiration of his term, in 1875, was re-ap- pointed, receiving the compliment of the recommenda- tion, by letter, of Justice Clillbrd, of the U. S. Supreme Court, Judge Shepley, of the U. S. Circuit Court, and Judge Lowell, of the U. S. District Court. This po- sition he at present occupies. Ho married, June 5, 1844, Caroline-M., daughter of Daiii(d-Lee and J^.Iary (Barry) Mudge. Their children were, Caroline- Anna, Abbott-Lester, Edward-Preston, and Caroline-Mudge. ■f^-^^t^cJ cy/, ^U^ff'^''^'^^^^ MAYORS OF LYNN. 187 JAMES NEEDHAM BUFFUM. Mr. Buffum, the twelfth Mayor of Lynn, was born in North Berwick, Mc., on the IGth day of May, 1807. His parents were prominent members of the Society of Friends, held in high esteem for untiring devotion to the best interests of that society, and a faithful discharge of the duties of life. His father was widely known and beloved as the "peace maker," from his success in settling the quarrels and disputes of the neighborhood. Energy and courage distinguished his mother, whose un- flagging hope and serene faith sustained her husband in the dark hours of life. Mayor Buffum's opportunities for education in early life were meager. Three winter months, under a poorly trained teacher, was all the town could give its children. At sixteen years of age, with little learning and less money, he left home to seek his fortune. Beginning at Salem, Mass., to learn his trade of a house-builder, he stayed there and at Lynn till 1827 ; then, eager for a better education, he went to the Friends' School, at Prov- idence, and remained there a year. The expense of this year was defrayed by the hard work and self-denial of three subsequent years spent in Salom, in the organ factory of Messrs. Hook. Tliough his genius for me- chanics soon made him skillful in that business, he re- solved to return to Lynn and resume his old work of building houses. Faithful and thorough, ho was for twenty years a leading carpenter of this rapidly growing 188 MAYORS OF LYNN. town ; and Idj his sagacity and active interest in all public improvements did as much as any other citizen to build up and ornament Lynn. He was the first to use the first steam engine set up there, and to him is owing the introduction pf the " planing machine." Hardly anything has more facilitated the shoe trade of Lynn than this great invention. Bitterly opposed at first, Mr. Buffiim has lived to see this great instrument of saving labor recognized as the best friend of the working man. The opening of new streets, the improvement of do- mestic architecture, the introduction of gas, had in Mr. Buffum one of their earliest and most efficient friends. One of his most remarkable and successful enterprises was taking the neglected and unsightly acres of Rocks Pasture, a mass of rock overlooking Lynn, and con- verting it into a garden, with land and ocean views un- surpassed by any spot on Massachusetts Bay ; now crowded with pleasant homes. Mr. Buffuin may safely claim that he has never lived on the toil or genius of others ; but he has himself created wealth, enriching others and benefitting the city while pursuing his own career. But man owes a more sacred debt to his times than merely to improve the material condition of those about him. This duty Mr. Buffum has not neglected. In 1831 a distant relative, Mr. Arnold Buffum, brought to his house William Lloyd Garrison. This was the be- ginning of a life-long friendship. Profoundly moved by Garrison's appeals, Mr. Buffuin devoted himself with characteristic energy to the anti- slavery and kindred movements. Thenceforward his house was the home of all social reformers ; the appeal for temperance, peace, anti- JAMES N. BUFFUM. 189 slavery, woman's rights, for relief to labor, found shelter always under his roof. With means, voice and pen ho gave to all his generous aid. Attending all the large conventions, he took an active and influential part, be- coming soon a fluent, able and attractive speaker, and exerting a wide influence. "While New England was hunting-ground for the slaveholder, the fugitive was always safe under Mr. Buffum's roof. On the IGth of August, 1845, he sailed with Frederic Douglass for Great Britain, spending a year there and in Ireland. Their addresses had a marked effect in stirring the sympathy of the Old World, and secured him many valuable friends. Mr. Buffam's position in the anti- slavery and other reforms necessarily made him bitterly unpopular. Not that personally he ever had an enemy. Indeed, no man has been a more general favorite. But advanced views on grave questions inevitably bar one from political life ; and the Garrisonian party, to which Mr. Buffuin belonged, distinctly renounced all part in the government. But after the war had changed this, and when many of what had been his advanced views were accepted by the community, he was welcomed to the political ranks, and did efficient service there. In 18G8 he served as one of the Massachusetts Electors in the first election of Gen. Grant. In 1SG9 he was chosen Mayor, and discharged the duties of the office with eminent success. In his In- auGTural Address he recommended the introduction of o water iVn* the city, and had the satisfaction of seeing it done during his administration. He was again elected in 1872, and may chiim that the plans ho advocated, however criticised or opposed at the time, have been finally crowned with general approbation. 190 MAYORS OF LYNN. In the Legislature he represented Lynn in 1874. There his business tact, ability in debate, and skill in the management of business, were conspicuous. No man in the city better represents the self-sustaining energy and pluck, the inventive genius and resources which we asso- ciate with the Yankee race. Hardly another can be found who, while seeing and fostering the business interest and material prosperity of Lynn, has been so true to the spirit of progress, so devoted a philanthropist, and so fair a specimen of the honorable manhood of Lynn. In- dependent in thinking for himself, far-sighted in seeing the nation's true honor and highest welfire, honest in his willingness to stand by his convictions and suffer with them and for them, he came late into political of&ce. But his success has shown that a man may be humane and philanthropic without losing his skill in business or State affairs, and that the true man is not only the best example for the young, but the ablest servant of the State, . w r»' r^'^ to ^Wvj-U-v \W ^vVcV' v\-v MAYORS OF LYNN. 191 EDWIN WALDEN, Edwin Walden, the thirteenth Mayor of the city, was born in Lynn, Nov. 25, 1818. His ancestors were among the early settlers of New England. William and Rich- ard Walden, or Waldron (the spelling is not uniform), were settled in Dover, New Hampshire, in 1635. Wil- liam left no children. Richard, from whom Mr. Walden traces his descent, is frequently mentioned in the annals of the settlement. He was a member of the House of Deputies for twenty-four years, and for eight years its Speaker. He was killed by the Indians, June 27, 1G81), when he was more than eighty years of age. The ancestors upon the mother's side came to Massa- clnisotts at an early date, and settled in Worcester county. Tli(^ farm upon which Mrs. W. was born is still owned by the family, having descended from father to son through six generations. The first resident of Lynn who bore the fomily name was Nathaniel Walden, the grandfather of the subject of this sketch. He was a native of that portion of Dan- vers now called West Peabody, and came to Lynn when a young man to learn the trade of a shoemaker. He married, in 1790, Hannah Ramsdell, of Lynn, and soon after settled in the neighborhood known as Breed's End. He had six: sons and two daughters. Caleb "Walden, tlie oldest son of Nathaniel, was born May 13, 1791. He adopted his father's occupation, and followed it with steady industry for more than sixty 192 MAYORS OF LYNN. years. In 1817 he married Betsey Houghton, a daughter of Peter Houghton, of Harvard, Mass. They lived, after the modest fashion of those days, in their own house on Summer street, in West Lynn, and gave to their chihlren as many advantages as lives devoted to daily toil could well secure. On the first day of the year, 1837, the mother died, leaving a son (Edwin) and two daughters. The father lived to a good old age, closing his busy and useful life April 20, 18C9. Mr. Walden's opportunities for early mental training were quite limited, lie had a good New England home, and such privileges as the district school in West Lynn could give to any lad who loved books and study. At the age of thirteen he began to work with his father, at his trade. His school days were over ; but he had acquired the rudiments of an education, and a decided taste for reading. His early associates remember him as one who was accustomed to read long and often to his shopmates, and to join heartily in the lively discussions that wore sure to follow. By such means, aided by the lyceum and the debating-club, he attained a rare facility in the use of ap- propriate language, that has found ample employment in recent years. In the spring of 1843 Mr. Walden removed to Ver- non, Connecticut, to commence, in a small way, the manufacture of shoes for his new employer. Returning to Lynn after a four years' absence, he was engaged for a short time in the purchase and sale of periodicals. In 1850 he was again in the shoe business, and soon after entered the field as a manufacturer ; a calling which he has prosecuted with reasonable success until the present time. Mr. Walden's public services began in connection with the old-time fire department, of which he was an active EDWIN WALDEN. 193 member for fourteen years. He also held !i eommission as Lieutenant in the Lynn Artillery, the oldest of our chartered military organizations. In 1853 he was a member of the Common Council. While serving in that body, he was chosen an Alderman, and also a Repre- sentative to the General Court for the session of 1854, iluring which he was a meml)er of the committee that reported the original Iloosac Tunnel bill. He was again a Representative in 1857 ; and was a Senator from the First Essex District in 18G0 and 18G1. In 18G5 he was appointed by Gov. Andrew one of the Inspectors of the State Prison for a term of three years. The war for the suppression of the Rebellion devolved upon our municipal authorities new and grave responsi- bilities. In these Mr. Waldeu had a full share. He was for three years an Alderman during the administration of Mayor Neal, and subsequently, for a like term, a mem- ber of the Common Council. His name is honorably associated with all the important measures of those busy years, especially with the legislation that gave to the city the Public Library, the City Hall, and the steam fire en- gine with the consequent re- organization of the fire de- partment. Mr. Walden entered upon his iluties as Mayor Jan. 3, 1870. His term of service comprised two years of great business activity. There were urgent demands for exten- sive improvements in streets, for commodious school build- ings in the populous portions of the city, and for a permanent water supply. To these as to all other mat- ters pertaining to his official trusts, Mr. Walden gave t!ie closest study, bringing to the discharge of his dutii^s ex- perience, tact, a habit of careful investigation, and famil- iarity with the forms and methods of public business. His 25 194 MAYORS OF LYNN. administration was distinguished by harmony and unity of purpose in all departments of the government. During these years, in accordance with the recom- mendations of the Mayor, the fine ])uihlings now occupied by the Cobbet and Ingalls schools were erected ; the fire- alarm telegraph was introduced and put in successful op- eration ; decisive action was taken in reference to the Soldiers' Monument ; careful surveys were made of the ponds and water-courses of Lynn and its vicinity ; ex- tensive v/ater- works were constructed ; and water for man- ufacturing and domestic uses was first brought to the city. Since 1871 Mr. Walden has been constantly in public service as President of the Public Water Board, and for a portion of the time as a Representative in the General Court. In 1873 he was appointed by Gov. Washburn one of the Commissioners to superintend the erection of the State Asylum for the Insane for Eastern Massachusetts. For many years he has been favora1)ly known as a speaker and writer. In official reports he has discussed questions of public policy in a manner that has given his writings a permanent value in relation to our municipal history. His speeches in deliberative bodies, though never long, have commanded the attention of his asso- ciates, and have exerted a favorable influence upon the course of public l)usiness. With voice and pen he has been the persistent advocate of progress. Recognizing all that was good in the past, he has been in earnest co- operation with tlie men who liave done the most to make the new ways better than the old. Mr. AValden married, in 1850, Ann Maria, daughter of Henry Farmer, of Boston. Tlieir oldest daughter, Helen Maria, died in infancy. Their surviving children arc, Edwin jr., Annie Farmer, William, Charles Henry, and Charlotte Matilda. r. f , cyCjL^.o^c,j MAYORS OF LYNN. 195 JACOB MEEK LEWIS. This gentleman stands as the fourteenth, in order of time, in our list of Mayors, and, with the exception of Hon. P. M. Neal, is the only one retained in office through a continuous term of four years. Mr. Lewis's family is strictly native to Lynn ; his ancestor, Edmund Lewis, having been the first to settle, in IGoO, on the street afterwards named for him, and on the spot near which Mayor Lewis was himself born, Oct. 13, 1823, being the son of Robert and Hannah (Humphrey) Lewis. He was married, October 13, 1845, to Roxanna, daughter of Joshua and Sally Stone, but had no children. Mr. Lewis may be very well described as a man of the people. His whole history is one highly iUustrative of the common fortune of our better classes, while it is so diversified as to identify him in experience and interests with a rather unusually large share of our leading indus- tries. His family not being one of fortune, he spent his earlier youth in the common school, and afterwards, for a short time, in the " Lynn Academy," alternating these opportunities with the occupati(ni of the shoe bench, at that period the almost in^ ariable heritage of the boy of Lynn. After his marriage he passed two years in business as a grocer, on Lewis street ; and ten years subsetjuently as a fisherman, hailing from tlie neigliboring villag(* of Swampscott. He finally, however, laid aside all these 196 MAYORS OF LYNN. less remunerative (tailings, and, lia\ing formed a part- nerslii[» with Mr. Thomas Collyer, also of Lynn, estab- lislied liimself as a shoe manufacturer in 1858, on Union street, near the center of the city. The house of Lewis ;i!id Collyer is still active, and doing' a substantial business. A youth and earlier mavdiood mad.e ui> like this could hardly fail, with common sense and good New^ England shrewdness, to qualify its subject for almost any duty found in a pr)|»ular government. The fair, though not liberal, education he had enjoyed, wdth the experience of sue h varied and important callings, left his mind en- dowed with a. large stock of the practical wisdom of life, and impressed with the surest and nujst useful of all the facts of ordinary knowledge. It may bo said, without flattery, that of this Mr. Lewis has given extended and agreeable evidence. In 1852 he filled a seat in the Common Council, in the delegation from Ward Three. And this makes Mr, Lewis the seventh Mayor of Lynn who has had previous experience in that branch. Dur- ing following years he spent nine different terms in the Board of Aldermen in successive association with Mayors Davis, Neal, Usher and Walden. lie is thus also the seventh Mayor who base done service in the Board, and shared with Messrs. Neal, Usher and Wahlen alone the advantage of practical knowledge in both divisions of the government. On the establishment of the Public Water Board, in 1871, he was made one of its meniberis, and shared influ- entially in the d(d3ates so copiously arising out of the water ([uestion in tliat and the succeeding years. His course in all these positions w^as always such as com- manded liigh respect, though he was thus connected with JACOB M. T-RWIS. 197 some of the most diiricult periods of the imuiicipiil his- tory. In 1800 liis inihieiice was hchl of high value (hiriuu: the eml)arrassments of the " Great Strike " of that year ; and in 180;^, 'Go, '64 and '05, he was a sub- stantial member of tlie well-remembered " War Board," whieh eontiimed througli all that critical time almost without alteration of membership, and the duties of which were more severe, probably, than those of any before or since. And as the life and character of every public officer are largely identified with tlie events and recur- rences of his time of prominence, and usually to be rec- ognized as definitely connected with the progress, so it appears pertinent to allude to a few more notable things that, happening in the administration of the subject of this sketch, are natural accessories in this brief biog- raphy. The patriotic feeling of the citizens of Lynn, freely moving itself toward a recognition of the services and sacrifices of the men whose lives had been given in de- fence of the nation, had already decided that some val- ualde public work should be erected to commemorate the worth of those noble vindicators of American liberty. The deliberations on the point had resulted in the selec- tion of a classical design for a public monument from the hand of Mr. John A. Jackson, an American artist of Florence, Italy. During the summer of 1873, the construction of this work, located in Park Square, was favorably completed, and on the 17th of September of that year the "Soldiers' Monument," the first and almost the only specimen of ornamental art ever yet provided at public expense in Lynn, was consecrated with appropriate ceremonies. Mr. Lewis's incumbency in the office of Mayor com- 198 MAYORS OF LYNN. mencecl in January, 1873, and terminated in January, 1877. He is a gentleman of peculiarly (juiet and un- obtrusive manners, easy and agreeable to all, yet rather inclined to reserve in his general deportment. His ac- tion is usually cautious, never precipitate, but always firm ; and though he may take a position with what seems to be slowness, he is rarely, if ever, under the necessity of retreating from it afterward. His adminis- trations have been marked with a decided regard for public economy, and it was probably in a good degree owing to his efforts that, in his last two oflQcial years, a very gratifying reduction was actually made in the public debt of the city ; yet no enterprise looking to the real good of the community has ever failed for want of en- couragement from him. In person Mr. Lewis is of average height, with a florid complexion and some disposition to stoutness. His whole appearance is that of a calm-spirited, thought- ful man, whose aim has been to live well and happily himself, and do what he might to secure the like benefit to those around him. INDEX. Surnames appear in this Index arranged alphabetically with the subjects.] A. Abbott, 143. Adams, 04, 65, 1G3. Address to President Adams and Ids reply, 04, 05. Aired Women, Home for, 113, 138. All( n. (^5, lOU. Alley, 74, 95. Ancient and Honorable Artillery, 37, 110. An h-ew, 109, 193. An(h-os, 45, 1.30. 184. Animals, 81, 129, 131. Assassination of President Lincoln, 71. Attwill, lOS. Austin, HI. B. Bachelor and Batclielder, 12, 13, 108, 109, 111, 129, 171. Baker, 108, 110, 140, 151, 152, 154. Ballard, 110. Bancroft, 20, 21, 23. 32. Bands of IMusic. 113. Banks, for Discount and for Sav- ings, 114. Barrett, 109. Bassett, 109. Beaches and Sliores, 85, 86. Benevolent, Literary and other So- cieties, 112. B;nn(tt. 110, 130. Bert, 130. Bickford, 150. Biddle, 72, 74. B I o ( ; u A p 1 1 1 o A L Sketches and Peksonai. Notices: Bachelor, Rev. Stephen, 13. Baker, Daniel C, Mayor, 151. BroGUAi'nicAL Sketches and Pei;sonal Notices, continued. Breed, Andrews, Mayor, 159. Breed, Khcnezer, .5!). Breed. Hi ram N.. JNIayor, 175. Bnfium, James N., Mayor, 187. I5urehstead, Dr. John Henry, 27. Biirrill, George, 18. Cobbet, Rev. Thomas, 15. Davis, Edward S., Mayor, 171. Gray, William, :?2. Ilolyoke, Edwiird, 16. Hood, George. IMayor, 143. Ilumfrey, Lady Susan, 33. I n ^al 1 s , Ed m u n d a n d Fran c i s , 1 2 . Johnson, Wm. F., Mayor, 167. Lewis, Alonzo, 121. Lewis, Jacob M., Mayor. 195. Merrill, Benjamin, 28. Moody, Lady Deborah, 34. Mudge, Benj. F., Mayor, 147. Mudge, Ezra W., Mayor, 163. Nc'al. Peter M.. Mayor, 179. Newhall, Dr. Horatio, 23. Newhall, James R., 125. Newhe.U, Landlord, 56. Pickering, Timothy, 18. Richardson, T. P., Mayor, 1.55. Usher, Rokmd G.. Mayor. 183. W;ilden, Edwin, Mayor, 191. Washburn, Reuben F. and son, 29, 30. Whiting, Rev. Samuel and wife, 13. Wood, William, author, 24. Birch Pond formed, 138. Blainh.ird, 103. l)onip:irle, 33. r.ond, 130. Bonlires, 71, 125. Boilwell. 176. Bowditch, 126. Bowler, 54, 145. [199] 200 INDEX. Braddotk, 132. Bray, 1G6. Bro('d, 24. 59, (50, Gl, 70, '.>5, lOH, 1 10, 133. U3, IK), 159, 100, Kil. 175, 170, 177, 17H. Bre.HFs Pond formed, 133. Bricp, 1!^3. BridL!;ps, (;-urnnmo), 110. Briniblct'om. 159, 100. Brooks, (water), H2. Brown, 128, 135. Bubier, 99, 151. Buekuam, 184. Builuni, 108, 187, 188, 189. Bull Fight at Half Way House, 132. Bnlloek, 180. Burclistead, 27. Biirrill, 18, 95, 125. 146. Burton, 130. Butler, 185. C. Campbell, 128. Celestial Piienomena. 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136. Cemetery, Pine (irove, 133. Centennial Year, Lvnn, in. 73. 93, 116. Chadwell, 163, 174. Channing, 126. Chase, 74, 108, 111, 154, 163. Cheever, 54. Chesapeake and Shannon, battle of, 67. Choral Union, 112. Chronological Table, 129. Chnrehes, 112. City Clerks, 109. City Debt, Expenditures and Re- eeij)ts, 99. City Marshals, 109. City Mission, 112. City Property, Valuation of, 97, 98. City Treasurers, 109. Clatlin, 186. Clark, 108. Clay, 134, 182. Clergymen, number of, 115. Clerks, City, 109. Cliftbrd, 180, 186. Cobb, 180. Cobbet, 12, 15. Coldani, 110. Cob', 110. Collins, 95, 146. CoUyer, 196. Commencement of Settlement, 10. Common Council, Presidents of, 108. Court, Police, 110, 133. Cox, 160. Cromwell, Oliver, 42. Crowiiinscheldt, 27. Currier, 74. Cushing, 23. D. Dagyr, 49, 131. Dana, 20. Dark Days, 1,30, 131. Davis, 108, 162, 171, 172, 174, 196. Deaths, Causes of, (Vital Statistics), 103. Deitlts bv Drownmg, 131, 133. 133. 134. Debt, City, Expenditures and Re- ceipts, 99. Decoration Day, 72. DeCormi'^, 74. Deed of Lynn, Indian, 130. D(\xter, 170. Diamond, Mary. 78. Dillon, 109. Donohoe, 75. Douglass, 189. Downing, 111. 167. Drowning, Deaths by, 131, 133, 133, 134. Dudley, 184. Dungeon Rock, 77, 130, 133. Dwellings, 93. 115. E. Eai-ly Settlers, condition of, 42. Eaton, 75. Editors* and Printers' Association, 113. Education in early times, 44. Egg Rock Light, 1.34. Electric Telegraph, HI, 137. Epizootic, horse disease, 137. Evelyn, 42. Events, Chronoloaical Taljle of, 129. Excitement concerning Andros and Randolph, 45. Expenditures, City. Receipts and Debt, 99, 102. Exposition, World's, at Phialdel- phia, 64, 138. F. Families, old, 95. Number of, in 1875, 115. Farmer, (surname), 194. Fay, 110. INDEX. 201 Financial Condition of Lynn, 99, 100, 101. Firos, Fi'G Dopai'tment, Insurance, 107, 133, 13.'), 130. First Clinrcli gathered, 11. First Settlers, 12. First white jxrson horn in Lynn. 23. Fisheries and Manufactures, 41, 53 00, 61, 11.5, 131. Flax, cultivation of, .53. Flora of Lvnn. 80. Free Masons, 112, 132. 138. Frosted Tre(>s, 132. Funeral, provisions at R<>v. Mr. Cob'bet's, 10. G. Garrison, 188. Geology of Lynn. 38, 79. Gilford, 26, 27, 130. Golden Spike of Pacific Raih'oad, 25. Gorges, 184. Gowan, 22. Grand Army of the Republic, 112. Grant, 137, 186, 189. Graves, 95. Gray, 32. 110, 133. Green, 18. H. Hancock, 131. Hanson, 124. Harmon, 110. Harris. 75. Hart, 22, 125. Hartwell, 167. Hath.away, 16. Haven, 21. Hawkes, 108, 110. Hay den, 118. Hazeltine, 27. Hewes, 25, 1 10. High School, studies in, 106. Hills, (surname), 74. Hills (elevations) of Lynn, 81. Hinks. 70. Hitching-, 111. Holder, 108. Holmes, 74. Holyoke, 16, 83. Holyoke, Mount, 17. Holyoke Spring. 17, 83. Home for Aged Women, 113, 138. Hood, 108, 136, 143, 144. 145. 1 16. Hook, 187. Hooker, 89. Horse Disea.se, (epizootic), 137. Horse Trot, lirst, 132. Hose, (surname), 50. IIospit:il, Lvnn, 113, 138. Houghton, 192. Howe, 37, 110. Hudson, 70, 121. Il'imfrev, 33, 34, 35, 110, 129, 195. Ilurd, 100. Iluse, 103. Hutchinson, 19, 110. I. Independence, celebrations of. in Lynn. 73, 132. Indian Deed of Lynn, 1.30. Indians, Visits of, 91. Indian Wars, Lynn's action con- cerning, 49. 01. Ingalls, 12, 70, 95, 109, 129, 145 Ircson, 116. Iron Works, 39, 130. Jackson, 67, 72, 163. 197. Johnson, 16, 95. 108, 110. 146. 167, 168, 169. Jones, 109. Judges of Lynn Court, 110, 127 K. Kent, 109. Kertland, 22, 27, 129. Kieft. Dutch Governor, 35, 37. Knight, 109. Knights of Pythias, 112. Kossuth, 134. Ladies' Benevolent Societies, 113. Lafayette, Gen., visits Lynn, 131, 132. Lawyers, 28, 29, 115. Lechfor.l, 35. Lee, 71, 180. Lewis. 54, 7,5, 87, 91, 95, 108, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 128, 135, 145, 195, 196, 197, 198. Libraries, 112, 115, 135, 1.37. Lighting of Dwellings. 89. Lincoln, 6;), 71, 136, 184. Lion, schooner, wrecked, lives lost, 136. Long, 109. Lovejoy, 109. 802 INDEX. Lynn, its nanu^, aspect and condi- tion at dilVcrcnt periods, 30, 41, 43. 48. 75, 93, 116. L>nnlicld, 133. Drowning of 13 persons, in Pond, 133. M. Madison, 60. Mansiicld, 55, 95. 146. M.-inufacUuvs .-ind Fisheries, 41. 53, 60. 61, 115, 131. Marble, 133. IMarkot Supplies, 94. M:irki^t Town. Lynn, made, 41. Marsh, 111. MS. JNLnrshall. 11(». Masonic Institutions, 112, 132, 138. Ma':li< r, 83. Mayous of Lynn, Diographiml Skct:hcs of, iviUi Portrait-^, vL: : Baker, Daniel C, 151. Breed, Andrews, 159. Breed, Ilinini N., 175. Buluim, Jani<\s N., 187. D.ivis, Edward S., 171. Hood, Geori!,!'. 113. Jolinson. William F., 167. Lewis, JaeohjNL, 195. Miiilge, B njamin F., 147. Mudi;e, E:'.ra, Warren, 163. Neal, Peter ]M., 179. Riehard-on, Thomas P.. 155. U>^h: r, Pv(dand G., 183. Walden, Edwin, 191. Mayoi's of Lynn, List of, with dates of ina'gnralion, 108. McDonald, 132. McGuire, 134. Medical Society, 113. Merrill, 28. Mcrritt, 109. Meteors, shower of, in 1833, 133. (See Celestial Phenomena.) MiUtary of Lynn, HI, 132, 135. Mineral Spring, 83. Ministers, number of, 115. Mission. Citv, 112. Monument, Soldiers', 72, 138. Moody, 34. Morocco manufacture, 60, 01, 131. Morrell. 179. Morse, 137. Mndge. 108, 100. 110, 147, 148, 149, 150, 1G3, 161, 165, 186. IMuUiken, 111. IMuni'oe. 70, 109, 1.32. MtiHc, Bnuls of, 113. Mutual Benefit Societies, 113. N. Nahant, 45, 85. Name of Lynn, origin of, 36. Neal, 108, 'llO, 17^), ISO, 182, 193, 195, 196. Netileton, 72. N'ewhall.23, 56, 60, 74, 75, 95, 108, 109, 111, 116, 125, 128, 129, 142, 146, 151, 1.55, 161, 174. Newspapers antl Printing Offices, 115. Nullification, South Carolina, 07. Nye, 147. 0. Odd Fellows, 112, 137. Old Families, number of voters of, 95. Oliver, 110, 111. Onslow, 19. Orcult, IGO. Ossian, 92. Otley, 110. Parker, 20, 32. Par-^ons, 109. Pa'.cli, 109. Payne, GO. Peggy, In-ig, wrecked, 131. Purdy, 133. Personal Notices. (See Biograph- ical Sketches.) Petition for Nahant, by Randolph, 45. Phenomena. (See Celestial Phe- nomena.) Philip, (Indian King), 48. Phillips, SO, 95, 167. Physicians, 26, 115. Pickering, 18. Pierson. 23. Pine Hill Reservoir, 138. Pine Tree Coins, 39. Pitcher, Moll, 7-^, 132. Police Court, 110, 133. Polk, President, 133. Ponds, 82. Birch, 138. Breed's, 133. Population table, 96. P o i: T K A I T S , ivith Biographical SkcMics. Baker, Daniel C, faces page 151 Breed, Andrews, " " 159 Breed, Hiram N., " " 175 Buffum, James N., " " 187 Davis, Edward S., " " 171 INDEX. 203 POK TRAITS, •wilh Biographical Sketches, continued. Hood, Gcori^e, faces page 143 Johnson, Wm. F., " '' 167 Lewis, Alonzo, " " 121 L(!wis, Jacob M., «' " 105 Mndge, Benj. F., " " 117 Mudgc", Ezra W., " " 1G3 Ncal, Peter JNI., " " 179 Nowliall, Jas. R., " " 123 Richardson, T. P., " " 155 Ushcr,.Roland G., " " 183 Walden, Edwin " " 191 PostOliicc, 111, 131, Pratt, 137. President Jolin Adams, Address to, and Reply, 61, 05. Presidents of Common Council, list of, 108. Printing Offices and Newspapers, 115. Public Library, 112, 135, 137. Pynchon, 17. R. Railroads, steam and horse, 111, 133, 134, 135, 138. Ramsd 11. 55. 146, 191. Randolph, 42. 45, 46. 130. Rebellion. Shays's, 66. Rebellion, Southern, Lynn's action in, 09. Ri'ccipt^, City, Expcnditm*es and Debt, 99. Reed, 26, 130. Religious S(K-icti('S, 112. Reservoir, Pin-.- Hill, 1H8. Revolutionary Times, 50 to 53. Rhodes, 146, 167. Richardson, 74, 108, 143, 155, 156, 1.57. Richmond, fall of, 71. Robinson, 108, 110, HI. Sadler, 129. Sanderson. 74. Schools, 105. Scoit, 24. Scythe, improvement in, 40. Sea Serpent, 132, 133. Settlement of other places by Lynn people, 51. Shakspeare, 16. Shays's Rebellion, 66. Shep ird and Shepherd, 46, 109. Sheplcy, 186. Sherman. 136. Shipwrecks, 131, 1.33, 131, 135, 136. Slioe Business, 49, 59, 114. Slioemakers' Strike, 135, 173. Shores an 1 Beaches, 85, 86. Skinner, 100. Small Pox. 130. Smith, 110. Societies. Benevolent, Literary, (fcc, 112, 113. Soldiers' Monument, 72, 138, 194, 197. Spiritual Interference, Witchcraft, &c., 26. 44, 130. Springs, 82. Slatis\ics, (tables), 95 to 1 15. Steele, 74. Stickn(-y, 111, 147. St. John, 13. Stone, 109. 170, 178, 195. Stone Walls, 52. Stores, 115. Storms, 87, 130, 131, 132, 137. Story, 29. Streets, Courts, Squares, 94, 115. Swan, 124. T. Tables, Statistical, 95 to 115. Tapley, 70, 155. Tavern, Landlord Ncwhall's, 56. Tea Tax and Tea desti-oyed in Lvnn, 51. Tcbbetts, 134. Tedesco, bark, wrecked. 134. Temperance Societies, 113, 172. Thacher, 29. Thomas, scljooner, wrecked, 133. Thurston, 109. Tomlins, 110. Town receives name of Lynn, 38. Tracy, 80. Travel, modes of, 89. Trees, indigenous, 81. Trouble with the Dutch, 37. Turner, 47, 110, 129. Tyng, 24. U. Usher, 70, 72, 75, 108, 110, 111, 183, 184, 185, 186, 196. Valuation, Polls, Taxation, Voters, 97. Viilue of City Property, 98. Van Ten Haven, 37. Veal, the pirate, 130. 204 INDEX. Vernon, bark, wrecked, 135. Vinton, 21. Vital Statistics, 103. w. Walden, 108, 191, 194, 196. Walker, 110. Ward, 48. Washburn, 29, 31, 194. Washin-ton, 18, 131, 132. Water Works, 98, 138, 194. Webster, 134. Whales, 27, 131, 132, 138. Wheaton, 19. Whitefield, 131. Whiting, 12 to 15, 33, 34. Whittle, 108, 109. Wiley, 29. Willar,!, 163. Wintlirop, 129. Witchcraft, &c., 26. 44, 130. Wolfe, 132. Wood. 24. 82, 63. 86, 110, 129. World's Exposition at Philadel- phia, 64, 138. Y. Yacht Club, 113, 137. Young Men's Christian Associa- tion, 112. 137. '\ '>• > •■^, ^0- !>■ N-^ ./ ^V -' .■ ,>. -I', '^- , :^ \^^ '> •-/."',.,,. ^ ^\^^\. ' c- \' ' <-■ v-= ^^^.^' '^' ■ - -V^^ / .J ,vv' f- .A -X ^^ ."-•'. '''; .A^ 0' s . ^ x'\ ^^^' ■•>-, x ^ - '■-^- ' > ■' V. ^ ./- • 1^ ^ ■ ^ -N^ \ '■' if ft o. ■ 0- •, ^ Oo ^ ^. C^^ *.■ C A> -.. ^x^^ i^' •V^' ./• ■' ■/ I •^.V. .a\^ \ V \' -' r A'' -^- .V-^ -^' A ,\^ \. •/■- . C^' \ x^-'^ .■\' %. .^ '■-I'-. <^ -y ^^^^ "sc^ / ..■^^ ■•. -x-^-' x^^' •^- A.^^ ^■^^ > ■' \ ■o O- X'- ,^ 0^ -,_ - .r ^^ v^-> -r ' •■ X ,x> ■'•/■ x^^^ x\ X--' •-':-.. ,X' x^ •/• <>. c^^ '/■ ^■ A^ U <.:> -c^ ' • A- ■A' ,. :s ,^>^ v-^^ ~ A.^ .nX .xv^' ->.. ^ ■• <- -^- ".4^ A 'J. V x^^ ■^' xX~ 0^ A ■^:. /■ ,x> .A ■^:j- .\\^ .x^^' %- \\- ^' .<< a\^ ^

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